Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
fj    Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


University  of  Illinois  Library 


JUN  0  3  19 


ML  03 


L161  — H4I 


-    I 


' 


I 


UBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOfJ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  P1ATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND   EDITOR 


VOLUME    I 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  PIATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME   I 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  PIATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME   I 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


Copyright,   1919 

bj 
THE  AMERICAN   HISTOBICAL  SOCIETY 


INTRODUCTORY 


The  past  thirty  years,   beginning  with   the  reorganization  of  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  in  1886,  constitute  an  epoch  in  historical 
work  in  Indiana.     In  part  this  has  been  only  a  local  feature  of  the 
general  awakening  of  interest  in  American  history,  due  primarily  to 
passage  through  the  centennial   anniversaries  of  the  great  events  of 
American  beginnings.    Independent  of  that,  there  has  been  in  Indiana 
a  systematic  effort  to  gather  and  put  in  print  authentic  historical  matter 
that  has  resulted  in  five  volumes  of  Publications  of  the  Indiana  .His- 
torical Society,  and  twelve  volumes  of  the  Indiana  Magazine  of  History 
—the  latter  due  to  the  self-sacrificing  efforts  of  Mr.  George  S.  Cottman, 
— in  addition  to  numerous  volumes  by  individual  authors.     In  this 
period  the  State  University  and  several  colleges  have  taken  up  special 
^research  work  in  history  in  their  courses  of  study,  and  the  public  has 
**)  profited  by  the  publication  of  a  number  of  papers  of  this  origin. 
•it       But  Indiana  history  has  also  been  the  beneficiary  of  much  of  the 
^research  of  historical  societies  in  her  sister  states,  and  especially  those 
.  -included  in  old  Northwest  Territory.     A  single  illustration  will  show 
,^he  importance  of  this.    When  I  published  my  "Indiana,  a  Redemption 
*;from  Slavery",  in  1888,  I  thought  I  had  got  to  the  bottom  of  the  local 
"^slavery  history;  but  in  the  last  dozen  years,  the  fact  has  been  developed, 
}in  Illinois,  that  Thomas  Jefferson  had  his  hand  on  the  opposition  to 
s^ slavery  all  through  our  territorial  history;  and,  what  is  more  surprising, 
r^his  touch  with   the   movement  was   through   Baptist  churches,   whose 
^  connection  with  the  movement  had  not  even  been  noticed.     It  is  a 
^"^matter  of  gratification  to  be  able  to  present  this  phase  of  the  matter, 
'A;  and  give  the  credit  where  it  belongs,  in  the  present  publication.     The 
<^y  bringing  to  light  of  this  and  many  other  material  facts  not  only  justifies 
'the  rewriting  of  Indiana  history,  but  justifies  the  statement  that  we 
only  now  reached  the  point  when  the  earliest  history  of  Indiana 
be  written  authoritatively.     In  these  regards,  the  succeeding  pages 
>will  speak  for  themselves. 

J.  P.  DUNN. 


J 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I 
THE  PREHISTORIC  HOOSIER 1 

CHAPTER  II 
THE  INDIANA  INDIANS 43 

CHAPTER  III 
THE  EUROPEAN  CLAIMANTS 98 

CHAPTER  IV 
THE  AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 137 

CHAPTER  V 
THE  NORTHWEST  TERRITORY 182 

CHAPTER  VI 
INDIANA  TERRITORY 226 

CHAPTER  VII 

THE  NEW  STATE 286 

CHAPTER  VIII 

UNDER  THE  FIRST  CONSTITUTION 334 

v 


• 


- 


vi  CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  IX 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OP  1851 435 

CHAPTER  X 
DRIFTING  INTO  WAR 498 

CHAPTER  XI 
THE  CIVIL  WAR 569 

CHAPTER  XII 
AFTER  THE  WAR - 672 

CHAPTER  XIII 
AN  ERA  OF  REFORM 728 

CHAPTER  XIV 
MEDICAL  HISTORY  OF  INDIANA'S  FIRST  CENTURY 787 

CHAPTER  XV 
EDUCATION 860 

CHAPTER  XVI 
TRANSPORTATION,  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 924 

CHAPTER  XVII 
CHARITIES  AND  CORRECTION 975 

CHAPTER  XVIII 
TEMPERANCE    1027 

CHAPTER  XIX 
NEW  HARMONY.  .  ...  ..1071 


CONTENTS  vii 

CHAPTER  XX 

. 

THE  WORD  HOOSIER 1121 

CHAPTER  XXI 
HOOSIER   CHARACTER.  . 1156 


. 


.- 


INDEX 


Abbott,  William  I...  2093 

Abolition  party,  first  appearance  of,  236 

Abolitionists,  510 

Ackerman,  John  K..  1746 

Act    concerning     the     introduction     of 

Negroes   and    Mulattos   into   Indiana 

Territory,  243 
Adams,  Andy,  2021 
Adams,  Charles  K..  2028 
Adams,  J.  Otis,  1766 
Adams,  Joseph  1)..  1987 
Adams,  Sarah  K.,  1083 
Adams,  Wayman,  1650 
Adams,  William  H.,  1842 
Address  of  the  Carrier  of  "The  Indian- 
apolis Journal,"  1123 
Ade,  George,  1813 
Adirondacks,  63 
Administration    of    1865,   Julian    speech 

attacking,  682 
Admission  of  state,  286 
Admission  of  State  to  Union,  Centennial 

of,  781 
Admission  to  the  bar,  qualifications  for, 

770 

"Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville,"  116 
Advocate  of  temperance,  700 
After  the  Civil  War,  672 
After  war  elections,  694 
Agricultural  education.  909 
Agricultural  implements,  947 
Agricultural  labor,  941 
Agriculture,    Wabash    and    Erie    Canal's 

value  to,  411 
Aicher,  Amalia,  1541 
Aichhorn  Karl  C.,  1819 
Ahlgren,  Carl  J.,   1508 
Aldridge.  Hal  A..  2068 
Alerding.  Herman  J.,  1660 
Alexander,  Arthur  A.,  1613 
Aley,  Robert  J.,  1982 
Algonkin  languages,  40 
Algonkins,  7  3 
Alien  and  Sedition  laws,  218 
Allderdice,  Joseph,  1681 
Alldredge,  John  S.,  2061 


Allen.  John  K  .  2122 

Allison,  William  IV.   1607 

Alloys,  experiments  in,  949 

Alloiiez,  Father,  56,  59,  60,  72 

Altar  mounds,  24 

Amendments  to  Constitution,  711 

American  Conchology,  1086 

American  Entomology,  1086 

American  Fur  Company.  116 

American    Indian    Mission    Association, 

361 
American   lotus,   preparation   by    Miami 

women,  77 

American  Medical  Association,  828 
American  Occupation,  137 
American     Railway     Express    Company, 

1675 

Ames.  K.  K..  893 
Ammunition,     manufacturing    of,     Civil 

war,  595 
Amo,  86 

Amt,  J.  Henry,  2180 
Anderson,  86,  952 
Anderson,  Albert  B..  1778 
Anderson,  William,  86 
Andrew,  Abram  P.,  1374 
Andrew,  Mary,  1516 
Andrew,  William  L.,  1514 
Andrews,  Charlton,  1988 
Andrews,  James  M.,  745 
Anesthetics,  833 
"Annals  of  the  West,"  1202 
Anoka,  86 

Anthony,  Charles  H.,  1324 
Anthony  Family,  1323 
Anthony,  Harvey  M.,  1325 
Anti-Gambling    law,    adopted    at    Vin- 

cennes  Aug.  4,  1790  (illustration).  204 
Anti-rat  law,  831 
Anti-Saloon    League,   1064 
Anti-slavery  League.  529 
Anti-slavery  Library  Society,  509 
Anti-slavery  literature,  509* 
Anti-slavery  newspapers.  347 
Anti-slavery  paper,  first   in   the  United 

States,  517 


IX 


INDEX 


Anti-slavery  people  aroused,  246 

Anti-slavery  sentiment,  346 

Anti-suffrage  faction,  690 

Antitoxin,  835 

Antitoxin  law,  831 

"An  Unmarked  Grave,"  273 

Apperson,  Edgar  L.,  2141 

Apperson,   Elmer,  2141 

Apportionment  law  of  1915,  726 

Apportionment   laws   of    1891   and   1885, 

opinions  on,  724 
Arbitrary  arrests,  638 
Arlm.-k.lr.  X.  L.,'  1530 
Armstrong,  James,  126 
Ann'    of   the   Xorthwest.   equipment   of, 

275 

Army  rations  assailed,  593 
Arnold.  Matthew,  1017 
Arsenal,  Civil  war,  595 
Arthur.  David  C..  2262 
Article  IX,  Constitution  of  1816,  863 
Article    XIII,    Xegroes    and    Multattoes, 

471 

Articles  of  Compact,  193 
Articles  of  Confederation,  183 
Artifacts,  28 

Artificial  cooling  of  meat*,  943 
Art.  -I-     1203 

Akbury    (DePauw)    University.  897,  911 
Ajiseniaipia.  188 

A--i--.in«-nt.  average  rate  of.  754 
A--'—  -iM«-nt-.  752 
Atkins,  Elias  C..  1854 
Atkinn.  Henry  C.,  1856 
Atkinson.   Eleanor,  2035 
Atlantic  cable,  celebration  of  laying.  432 
Attack  on  Fort  Harrison.  268 
Attack  on  Iroquoi*  Fort  (illustration)  54 
At  water.  Caleb,  28 
Atwood.  Francis  I.     1244 
Aubry.    M  .   13O 
Auction  of  books.  1209 
Aujrhinbauffli.  Sidney  I...  1717 
Aujrur.  William  H.,  2055 
Ault.   Nel»on   L..   1317 
Austin.  ThonuM  H  .  1743 
Aii-tm    Wilbur  <;..  1786 
Australian   Ballot  Law,  741 
Australian   Ballot   System,  744 
Authorized    liquor    agent*.    1046 
Automobile,  first.   948;    Indiana   product, 

Mi 

Automobile  industry.  939.  946 
Author-     medical.    819 
Axlry.  .lame*.  102H 
Ayreo.  .lame*  E  ,  2005 
o,   13.  25 


B*<hman    Frederick  M..  1929 

B».-on.    \lr-     Albion    K      779:    (Portrait! 

7*0 

»'...•  ..,,     Hilary   E..  2168 
K«.M.  V.  H..'  2217 


Badger,  Oliver  P.,  458 

Badolett,  John,  245,  301,  975;  First 
Chancellor  of  Indiana  (portrait),  245 

Baer,  Samuel  \\ .,  1260 

Bailey,  John  W.,  1993 

Bailey,  Robert  W.,  2070 

Baird,  Patrick,  296 

Baker,  Lieut. -Gov.  Conrad,  692,  695, 
1012;  (portrait)  696 

Baker,  Francis  E.,  1771 

Baker,  Hugh  J.,   1802 

Baker,  John  H.,  1469 

Baker,  Paul,  1599         -:-'-\:'. 

Baker,  Rayman  H.,  1671 

Baldwin,  Edgar  M.,  1338 

Baldwin,  Elihu  W.,  911 

Ball,  John  H.,  1435 

Ballard,  Curtis  W.,  2218 

Ballot  law,  proposed,  745 

Ballweg,  Frederick,  2040 

Ballweg,  Frederick  W.,  2040 

Baltzell,  Robert  C.,  1820 

Bankruptcies,  702 

Bank  of  Vincennes,  327 

Bank  Tax  Fund,  478 

Banks,  412,  446;   early,  323 

Banta,  David  I)..  1169,  1372 

Baptist  Church,  first  in  Indiana,  253 

Baptiste  Peoria,  83 

Baptists,  253 

"Baptized  Churches  of  Christ  Friends  to 
Humanity,  on  Cantine  Creek,"  253 

Barbour,  Lucian,  1334 

Barnard.  Herman  J.,   1509 

Barnes.  Albert  A.,  2026 

Barnes.  Barzillai  <  >..  2080 

Barnett.  John  T.,  1752 

Barnhill,  John   F  ,  819 

Barrett,  James  M.,  745;    (portrait)    747 

Barrett  Law,  748 

Barringer.  John  M.,  1879 

Bartel.  Adam  H.,  1884 

Barth,  Lewis  L.,  2254 

Bass.  John  H.,  1444 

Batcheler.  Charles  E..  1345 

Bates,  Charles  A.,  1361 

Bates  Edward,  604 

Bates.  Hervey,  1697 

Bates.  William  O.,  129,  1524 

Batt.  Charles   K.,  1838 

Battle  of  Romney   (illustration ».  600 

Battle  of  the  Fallen  Timbers  (illustra- 
tion). 209 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  282;  (illustra- 
tion), 282 

Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  266 

Bauer.  Carl  E..  2245 

Baxter  Bill.  701.  703 

Baxter.  J.  W..  10 

Baxter  law,  1056 

Baxter,  William.  699;   (portrait).  700 

Beach.  Leslie  W.,  1603 

Beadle.  John  H..  2263 


INDEX 


Bean,  Mrs.  C.  W.,  1137 

Beard,  John.  478,  566;   (portrait),  479 

Beasley,  John  T.,  1595 

Bebee  case,  1052 

Beckman.  Howard  W.,  1575 

Beebe,  George  T.,  1771 

Beecher,  Henry  W.,  406.  893,  1177 

Beecher's  church  (1893),  (illustration), 
407 

Beeson,  John  T..  1287 

Beggs  brothers,  235 

Beggs,  Charles,  254 

Beggs,  James.  254 

Behm,  Adam  <>..  1319 

Bell,  Reginald   I...   1659 

Bender,  Ernest  H-,  1673 

Benefiel,  John.  301 

Bennett,  Henry  W..  1682 

Bennett,  Thomas  W.,  1572 

Bentham,  Jeremy,   1087 

Berkebile.  Earl.  1763 

Bernhardt.  Ada  L.  S..  2208 

Berry.  \\Tiiteford  M.,  2037 

Berryhill,  John  S.,  1300 

Beveridge,  Albert  J.,  761,  1862;  (por- 
trait), 762 

Bicknell,  Ernest  P.,  1024 

Bioknell.  George  A.,  1792 

Biddle.  Horace  P.,  1220 

Bieler,  Charles  L.,  1575 

Bieler.  Jacob  L..  1573 

Bienville.  Governor,  110 

Bigger,  Samuel'.  425;    (portrait).  426 

Big  Grade  at  Madison  (illustration).  401 

Bill  for  internal  improvements,  393;  his- 
tory of.  384 

Bill  of  Bank  of  the  State  of  Indiana. 
Jeffereonville  Branch  (illustration)  412 

Bill  to  establish  schools.  869 

Bingham,  Joseph  J..  589 

Birch  Creek  reservoir,  409 

Birdsell.  John  C..  1482 

Birkbeck,  (Morris)  Indiana  in  1818.  1200 

Bissot,  Francois,  109 

Bissot,  Jean  B..  107 

Blark,  Charles  H.,  1299 

Black  Hawk   (postoffice),  86 

Blackburn.  Eugene.  2004 

Blackford.  Isaac.  893;   (portrait),  335 

Blake.  James.  391.  881.  893 

Blatchley,  Willis  S..  1292 

Blind,  988:  education  of,  1003;  provision 
for.  1002 

Bliss.  William   S..  2177 

Block  of  Oolite  Limestone  (illustration). 
967 

"Blocks  of  five."  729.  735 

Blue  Jacket.  207 

Blue  Jeans  Williams,  708 

Blue.  Lulu  I..  1287 

Blue,  Perry  H.,  1286 

"Blue  Ribbon"  movement.  715.  1060 

"Blue  sky  law,"  779 


Board  of  Health,  828 ;  membership,  1918. 

831 

Board  of  State  Charities,  1022 
Board  of  Trade  Map,  1853,  973 
Boards  of  trade,  974 
Bobbs'  Free  Dispensary.  853 
Bobbs,  John  S.,  823,  1000;  (portrait),  851 
Bockhotf,  William  F.,  2284 
Bohlen,  Oscar  D.,  1845 
Bohn,  Armin.  1795 
Bohn,  Arthur,  1796 
Bohn,  Gustavus,  1795 
Bolley,  Henry  L.,  1999 
Bolton,  Nathaniel.  460 
Bolton.  Sarah  T..  999;  (portrait).  460 
Bond.  Shadrach.  224,  233 
Bond,  William  C.,  1662 
Bonds,  393 

Bone,  Alfred  R..  2233 
'•Bone  Bank"  on  the  Wabash,  30 
Bone  House  (illustration),  23 
Bonham,  George  L.,  2048 
Bonner,  Walter  W.,  1894 
Book  auction,  1209 
Book,  first  known  to  have  been  printed 

in  Indiana,  1209 

Boon,  Ratliff.  374;   (portrait).  373 
Boone  (Daniel),  Capture  of.  147 
Boone,  Franklin  M.,  1251 
Boone.  John.  298 
Booth,  Newton.  1382 
Burden.  James  W.,  439 
Borghim,  Gutzon.  853 
Borough  of  Vincennes.  245 
Burton.  Fredolin  R.,  1973 
Bossingham,  John  E..  2257 
Boundaries  of  land  claims.  231 
Bovard.  George  F..  2005 
Bowen,  John  M.,  1482 
Bowers.  O.  Dale,  1473 
Bowers.  Rose  A.,  816 
Bowles,  William  (portrait).  650 
Bowsher,  D.  D.,  1902 
Bowsher  Co.,  Inc..  N.  P..  1901 
Bowsher.  Jay  C.,  1903 
Bowsher.  Ne'lson  P.,  1902 
Boy  Blacksmith.  1151 
Boyd,  Harrington,  1896 
Boyle.  Guy  A..  2009 
Bradford.  "Oscar  C..  2092 
Bradshaw,  Arthur  E..  1368 
Bradway.  Olna  H.,  1560 
Bragdon.  Chalmer  L..  1220 
Braley.  C.  H.,  1403 
Brandon,  J.  Clifton.  1806 
Brannum.  Joseph  G.,   1738 
Brattain.  John  C.  F.,  1962 
Bray.  Madison  J.,  2076;    (portrait),  841 
Brazil  Block.  959 
Brebuer.  Frank  D..  1666 
Breckenridgip.  Judge.  662 
Breech -loading  gun  invention.  606 
Breen,  William  P.,  1889 


INDEX 


Anti-slavery  people  aroused,  246 

Anti-slavery  sentiment,  346 

Anti-suffrage  faction,  690 

Antitoxin,  835 

Antitoxin  law,  831 

"An  Unmarked  Grave,"  273 

Apperson,  Edgar  L.,  2141 

Apperson,  Elmer,  2141 

Apportionment  law  of  1915,  726 

Apportionment   laws   of    1891   and   1885, 

opinions  on,  724 
Arbitrary  arrests,  638 
Arbuckle,  N.  L.,'  1530 
Armstrong,  James,  126 
Army   of  the   Northwest,  equipment   of, 

275 

Army  rations  assailed,  593 
Arnold,  Matthew,  1017 
Arsenal,  Civil  war,  595 
Arthur.  David  C..  2262 
Article  IX,  Constitution  of  1816,  863 
Article    XIII,    Negroes    and    Multattoes, 

471 

Articles  of  Compact,  193 
Articles  of  Confederation,  183 
Artifacts,  28 

Artificial  cooling  of  meats,  943 
Artists,   1203 

Asbury    (DePauw)    University,  897,  911 
Assenisipia,  188 

Assessment,  average  rate  of,  754 
Assessments,  752 
Atkins,  Elias  C.,  1854 
Atkins.  Henry  C.,  1856 
Atkinson,  Eleanor,  2035 
Atlantic  cable,  celebration  of  laying,  432 
Attack  on  Fort  Harrison,  268 
Attack  on  Iroquois  Fort  (illustration)  54 
Atwater,  Caleb,  28 
Atwood,  Francis  L.,  1244 
Aubry,  M.,  130 
Auction  of  books,  1209 
Aughinbaugh,  Sidney  L.,  1717 
Augur,  William  H.,  2055 
Ault,  Nelson   L.,  1317 
Austin,  Thomas  R.,  1743 
Austin,  Wilbur  G.,  1786 
Australian  Ballot  Law,  741 
Australian  Ballot  System,  744 
Authorized   liquor  agents,   1046 
Automobile,  first,  948;   Indiana  product, 

948 

Automobile  industry,  939,  946 
Authors,   medical,   819 
Axley,  James,  1028 
Ayres,  James  E.,  2005 
Aztecs,  13,  25 

Barhman.  Frederick  M.,  1929 

Bacon,   Mrs.   Albion   F.,   779;    (Portrait) 

780 

Bacon,  Hilary  E.,  2168 
Badet.  F.  H.,  2217 


Badger,  Oliver  P.,  458 

Badolett,  John,  245,  301,  975;  First 
Chancellor  of  Indiana  (portrait),  245 

Baer,  Samuel  W.,  1260 

Bailey,  John  W.,  1993 

Bailey,  Robert  W.,  2070 

Baird,  Patrick,  296 

Baker,  Lieut.  -Gov.  Conrad,  692,  695, 
1012;  (portrait)  696 

Baker,  Francis  E.,  1771 

Baker,  Hugh  J.,  1802 

Baker,  John  H.,  1469 

Baker,  Paul,   1599 

Baker,  Rayman  H.,  1671 

Baldwin,  Edgar  M.,  1338 

Baldwin,  Elihu  W.,  911 

Ball,  John  H.,  1435 

Ballard,  Curtis  W.,  2218 

Ballot  law,  proposed,  745 

Ballweg,  Frederick,  2040 

Ballweg,  Frederick  W.,  2040 

Baltzell,  Robert  C.,  1820 

Bankruptcies,  702 

Bank  of  Vincennes,  327 

Bank  Tax  Fund,  478 

Banks,  412,  446;   early,  323 

Banta,  David  D.,  1169,  1372 

Baptist  Church,  first  in  Indiana,  253 

Baptiste  Peoria,  83 

Baptists,  253 

"Baptized  Churches  of  Christ  Friends  to 
Humanity,  on  Cantine  Creek,"  253 

Barbour,  Lucian,  1334 

Barnard,   Herman  J.,   1509 

Barnes,  Albert  A.,  2026 

Barnes.  Barzillai  O.,  2080 

Barnett,  John  T.,  1752 

Barnhill,  John  F.,  819 

Barrett,  James  M.,  745;    (portrait)    747 

Barrett  Law,  748 

Barringer,  John  M.,  1879 

Bartel,  Adam  H.,  1884 

Barth,  Lewis  L.,  2254 

Bass.  John  H.,  1444 

Batcheler,  Charles  E.,  1345 

Bates,  Charles  A.,  1361 

Bates   Edward,  604 

Bates.  Hervey,  1697 

Bates,  William  O.,  129,  1524 

Batt,  Charles   S.,  1838 

Battle  of  Romney  (illustration).  600 

Battle  of  the  Fallen  Timbers  (illustra- 
tion), 209 

Battle  of  the  Thames,  282;  (illustra- 
tion), 282 

Battle  of  Tippeoanoe,  266 

Bauer,  Carl  E..  2245 

Baxter  Bill.  701.  703 

Baxter,  J.  W.,  10 

Baxter  law,  1056 

Baxter,  William.  699;   (portrait),  700 

Beach,  Leslie  W.,  1603 

Beadle.  John  H.,  2263 


INDEX 


XI 


Bean,  Mrs.  C.  W.,  1137 

Beard,  John,  478,  566;    (portrait),  479 

Beasley,  John  T.,  1595 

Bebee  case,  1052 

Beckman,  Howard  W.,  1575 

Beebe,  George  T.,  1771 

Beecher,  Henry  W.,  406,  893,  1177 

Beecher's    church    (1893),    (illustration), 
407 

Beeson,  John  T.,  1287 

Beggs  brothers,  235 

Beggs,  Charles,  254 

Beggs,  James,   254 

Behm,  Adam  O.,  1319 

Bell,  Reginald  L.,  1659 

Bender,  Ernest  H.,  1673 

Benefiel,  John,  301 

Bennett,  Henry  W.,  1682 

Bennett,  Thomas  W.,  1572 

Bentham,  Jeremy,   1087 

Berkebile,  Earl,  1763 

Bernhardt,  Ada  L.  S.,  2208 

Berry,  Whiteford  M.,  2037 

Berryhill,  John  S.,  1300 

Beveridge,    Albert    J.,    761,    1862;     (por- 
trait), 762 

Bicknell,  Ernest  P.,  1024 

Bicknell,  George  A.,  1792 

Biddle,  Horace  P.,  1220 

Bieler,  Charles  L.,  1575 

Bieler,  Jacob  L.,  1573 
•  Bienville.  Governor,  110 

Bigger,  Samuel!  425;    (portrait),  426 

Big  Grade  at  Madison  (illustration),  401 

Bill  for  internal  improvements,  393;  his- 
tory of,  384 

Bill   of   Bank   of  the   State   of   Indiana, 
Jeffersonville  Branch  (illustration)  412 

Bill  to  establish  schools,  869 

Bingham,  Joseph  J.,  589 

Birch  Creek  reservoir,  409 

Birdsell.  John  C.,  1482 

Birkbeck,  (Morris)  Indiana  in  1818,  1200 

Bissot,  Francois,  109 

Bissot,  Jean  B..  107 

Black,  Charles  H.,  1299 

Black  Hawk   (postoffice),  86 

Blackburn,  Eugene,  2004 

Blackford,  Isaac.  893;   (portrait),  335 

Blake.  James.  391.  881.  893 

Blatchley,  Willis  S.,  1292 

Blind,  988;  education  of,  1003;  provision 
for,   1002 

Bliss.  William  S.,  2177 

Block  of  Oolite  Limestone  (illustration). 
967 

"Blocks  of  five,"  729,  735 

Blue  Jacket.  207 

Blue  Jeans  Williams,  708 

Blue,  Lulu  L.  1287 

Blue,  Perry  H.,  1286 

"Blue  Ribbon"  movement,  715,  1060 

"Blue  sky  law,"  779 


Board  of  Health,  828;  membership,  1918, 

831 

Board  of  State  Charities,  1022 
Board  of  Trade  Map,  1853,  973 
Boards  of  trade,  974 
Bobbs'  Free  Dispensary,  853 
Bobbs,  John  S.,  823,  1000;  (portrait),  851 
Bockhoff,  William  F.,  2284 
Bohlen,  Oscar  D.,  1845 
Bohn,  Armin,  1795 
Bohn,  Arthur,  1796 
Bohn,  Gustavus,  1795 
Bolley,  Henry  L.,  1999 
Bolton,  Nathaniel,  460 
Bolton,  Sarah  T.,  999;   (portrait),  460 
Bond,  Shadrach,  224,  233 
Bond,  William  C.,  1662 
Bonds,  393 

Bone,  Alfred  R.,  2233 
"Bone  Bank"  on  the  Wabash,  30 
Bone  House   (illustration),  23 
Bonham,  George  L.,  2048 
Bonner,  Walter  W.,  1894 
Book  auction,  1209 
Book,  first  known  to  have  been  printed 

in  Indiana,  1209 

Boon,  Ratliff,  374;   (portrait),  373 
Boone  (Daniel),  Capture  of,  147 
Boone,  Franklin  M.,  1251 
Boone,  John,  298 
Booth,  Newton,  1382 
Borden,  James  W.,  439 
Borglum,  Gutzon,  853 
Borough  of  Vincennes,  245 
Bortpn,  Fredoliti  R.,  1973 
Bossingham,  John  E.,  2257 
Boundaries  of  land  claims,  231 
Bovard,  George  F.,  2005 
Bowen,  John  M.,  1482 
Bowers,  O.  Dale,  1473 
Bowers,  Rose  A.,  816 
Bowles,  William  (portrait),  650 
Bowsher,  D.  D.,  1902 
Bowsher  Co.,  Inc.,  N.  P..  1901 
Bowsher,  Jay  C.,  1903 
Bowsher,  Ne'lson  P.,  1902 
Boy  Blacksmith,  1151 
Boyd,  Harrington,  1896 
Boyle,  Guy  A.,  2009 
Bradford,  Oscar  C.,  2092 
Bradshaw,  Arthur  E.,  1368 
Bradway,  Olna  H.,  1560 
Bragdon.  Chalmer  L.,  1220 
Braley,  C.  H.,  1403 
Brandon,  J.  Clifton,  1806 
Brannum,  Joseph   G.,   1738 
Brattain,  John  C.  F.,  1962 
Bray,  Madison  J.,  2076;    (portrait),  841 
Brazil  Block,  959 
Brebuer,  Frank  D.,  1666 
Breekenridge,  Judge,  662 
Breech-loading  gun  invention.  606 
Breen,  William  P.,  1889 


XII 


INDEX 


Breitwieser,  Joseph  V.,  2010 

Bribery,  punishment  of,  746 

Bridges,  938 

Bright,   Jesse   D.,    451,   554,    587,    1052; 

(portrait),  555 
Bright,  Michael  G.,  556 
Bright's  "overt  act,"  588 
Brock,  Earl  E.,  1827 
Brock,  Frank  H.,  1413 
Brock,  Ray  C.,  2022 
Broderick,  Case,  2130 
Brodhead,  Col.,  163 
Brooke  School  for  Boys,  1803 
Brooks,  Wendell  S.,  1804 
Brown,  Arthur  V.,  1874 
Brown,  Austin  H.,  442,  1925 
Brown,  Daniel,  2245 
Brown,  David,  329 
Brown,  Demarchus  C.,  2230 
Brown,  Edgar  A.,  1978 
Brown  Family,  1925 
Brown,  Frank  R.,  1409 
Brown,  Garvin  M.,  1926 
Brown,  George,  612 
Brown,  George  P.,  909 
Brown,  George  W.,  2143 
Brown,  Henry  B.,  911 
Brown,  Hilton  U.,  1647 
Brown,  John,  382,  558 
Brown,  Lewis,  1679 
Brown,  Omer  F.,  2018 
Brown,  O.  L.,  1653 

Brown  report  on   Indiana  limestone,  962 
Brown,  Ryland  T.,  811,  962,  1044,  1055; 

(portrait),  1045 
Brown,    Samuel    R.,    18;    description    of 

mounds,  18 
Brown,  Stuart,  2093 
Brown,  William   J.,   1925 
Browne,  John  W.,  252 
Browning,  Eliza  G.,  1788 
Brownlee,  James,  296 
Bruce,  Casselman  L.,  1678 
Bruns,  Edward  W.,  1362 
Brush,  Henry,  274 
Bryan,  William  J.,  756 
Bryan,  William  L..  905,  1359 
Bryant,  James  R.  M.,  487 
Bryant.  William  M.,  2041 
Buck,  Charles  S.,  1265 
Buck.  Ollie  H.,  2024 
Buckingham.  Ebenezer,  Jr.,  355 
Buddenbaum,   Louis   G.,   1537 
Buffum,  Arnold.  509 
Building  of  canals,  384 
Building  stone,  961 
Bullerdick.  Omer  D..  2132 
Bulson,  Albert  E.,  Jr.,  816 
Bundy,  Omar,  1873 
Buning,  John  H.,  1926 
Burford,  William  B..  1495 
Burgess,  James  P.,  1029 
Burgess.  John  K.,  1948 


Burial  mounds,  1 

Burnet,  Judge,  230 

Burnet,  Harry  B.,  1812 

Burnett,  Frances  H.,  1137 

Burns,  Harrison,  1398 

Burns,  Lee,  1399 

Burnside,  Ambrose  E.,  606 

Burnsworth,  Mrs.  Z.   (portrait),  852 

"Burnt  District,  The,"  1150 

Burnt  District  of  New  York  (map),  1152 

Burr,  Aaron,  249;  movements  of,  382 

Burr,  David,  388 

Burris,  Harry,  1663 

Burton,  C.  M.,  164 

Burton,  James  C.,  1394 

Burton,  Joseph  R.,  1929 

Burtt,  Joe  B.,  2223 

Buschmann,  Charles  L.,  2134 

Bush,  George  P.  (portrait),  1181 

Busse,  E.  P.,  827 

Busseron,  Francis,  346 

Butler,  Amos  W.,  1024 

Butler,  Charles,  403;    (portrait),  405 

Butler,  Charles  E.,  1308 

Butler,  John  M.,  1450 

Butler,  Richard,  191 

Butter  and  cheese  making,  954 

Buttler,  Arthur,  1706 

Buttler,  William,  1706 

Butts,  Nathan  T.,  703 

Byram,  Oliver  T.,  1692 

Byrd,  Charles  W.,  220 

Cabot,  John,  98 

Cadillac,  Lamothe,  47,  59,  106 

Cairns,  Anna  S.,  2015 

Callahan,  James  M.,  2068 

Calland,  Joseph  E.,  1671 

Calumet  river,  87 

Camden,  M.  H.,  1625 

Campaign  names,  586 

Campbell,  Alexander,  1102,  1177 

Campbell,  Henry  F..  1745 

Campbell,  John  B.,  269 

Campbell,  John  L.,  911 

Campbell,  Marvin,  1322 

Campbell,  William,  121 

Camp  Douglas,  661 

Camp  meeting,  1177 

Camp  Morton,  613.  972;    (map),  614 

Camp  Morton  Gate   (illustration),  655 

"Campus  Martius."  Ohio  Company's  Fort 
at  Marietta  (illustration),  197 

Canal  around  falls  of  the  Ohio,  245,  382 

Canal  boats,  391 

Canal  bonds,  404 

Canal,  ceremony  at  building  of,  389 

Canals,  245,  382;  building  of,  384;  diffi- 
culty of  maintaining.  399:  surveys,  387 

Canby,  General  E.  R.  S.,  609 

Canning  industry.  954 

Cannon,  William   T..  1316 

Canteen   Creek  Baptist   church,   249 


.f 


INDEX 


Xlll 


Canthorn,  Henry,  233 

Capital,  at  Corydon,  288,  308 ;  first  effort 

to  remove,  287;  location  of  permanent, 
.  361 ;  new  at  Indianapolis,  363 ;  actual 

work  of  removal,  367 
Capitol,  first  Indiana  State,  370 
Capitulation  of  Post  Vincennes,  160 
Captives  (illustration),  57 
Capture  of  Caskaskia,  148 
Capture  of  Vincennes,  151 
Care  for  the  poor,  976 
Carey,  Angeline  P.,  1185 
Carey  Mission,  360 
Carhart,  Joseph,  921 
Carithers,  Oliver  L.,  1528 
Carleton,  Emma  N.,  1285 
Carlisle,  Charles  A.,  2275 
Carnefix,  Louis  W.,  1760 
Carnegie,  Andrew,  921 
Carpenter,  Charles  G.,  2073 
Carpenter,  Orville  0.,  2093 
Carr,  Clement  V.,  2044 
Carr,  George  W.,  442;    (portrait),  441 
Carr,  Thomas,  298 
Carriages  and  wagons,  946 
Carrington,  Edward,  192 
Carrington,  Gen.  H.  B.,  652,  663 
Carroll,  J.  J.,  1672 
Carson,  Franklin  R.,  1731 
Carter,  Charles  E.,  1757 
Carter,  Laura,  816 
Carter,  Vinson,  1829 
Cartier,  Jacques,  98 
Carver,    Jonathan,    15;    description    of 

mounds,  15 
Case,  Marvin  T.,  1303 
Cuss,  Lewis,  354,  499 
Castleman,  John  B.,  658;   (portrait),  657 
Cates,  Joseph,  1570 
Cavanaugh,  John,  1564 
Cave,  Alfred  N.,   1841 
Cawley,  Edgar  M.,  1833 
Cayuga,  87 
Celebration  of  ratification  of  the  Pota- 

watomi  treaty,  1033 
Celeron,   expedition   of,   121;    Route   of. 

1749  (map),  119 

Census  Bureau  report  on  Indiana,  944 
Centennial  Anniversary  of  Establishment 

of  Indiana  Territory,  759 
Centennial  Commission,  781 
Centennial  Memorial,  781 
Centennial   of   admission   of   Indiana    to 

Union,  781 

Centennial  of  the  State,  709 
Center  of  Mound  Building  Nation,  13 
Central  Canal,  393,  401 
Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

823,  825 

Central  States  Medical  Monitor,  814 
Ceremony  at  building  of  canal,  389 
Certified  schools,  913 
Chalybeate  Springs,  970 


Chapel,  Indiana  State  Prison,  Michigan 
City  (illustration),  986 

Chapman,  Jacob,  442 

Chappelsmith,  John,  1088 

Charitable  institutions,  980;  legislation 
for,  996;  statistics,  1020 

Charitable  legislation,  1020 

Charities,  824 

Charities  and  Correction,  975 

Charities,  State  Board  of,  1022 

Charity  Organization  Society,  1020 

Charles,  A.  A.,  1623 

Charles,  Etta,  816 

Charles  Smith's  Steam  Mill  Company, 
329 

Charlevoix,  Father,  61 

Charlton,  Thomas  J.,  1010;  (portrait), 
1011 

Chase,  Charles  D.,  1968 

Chase,  Dudley  H.,  1967 

Chase,  William  M.,  1203 

Cheese-making,  954 

Chenoweth,  Harry  W.,  1471 

Chersonesus,  188 

Chicago,  site  of,  59 

Children  of  Mound  Builders,  33 

Children's  Aid  Society,  1020 

Children's  Guardians,  1021 

Children's  Reading  Circle,  921 

Chitwood,  Mary  L.,  1397 

Choctaws,  39 

Christian,  Wilmer  F.,  Sr.,  1512 

Christie,  George  I.,  1254 

Church,  Charles  H.,  2063 

Church  history  during  British  occupation. 
131 

Churchman,  W.  H.,  1003 

Cincinnati,  197;  first  literary  center  in 
the  West,  1207 

Circuit  Courts,  establishment  of,  338 

City  Dispensary,  853 

Civil  service  reform,  283 

Civil  War,  498,  569,  836;  first  call,  594; 
total  call  for  men  in  1861,  594;  draft. 
594;  soldiers,  594;  arsenal,  595; 
equipment  and  supplies,  595;  manu- 
facturing of  ammunition,  595;  Sani- 
tary Commission,  596,  613;  first  regi- 
ment called,  596;  military  hospital, 
596;  record  of  Three  Months  Soldiers, 
598;  movements  of  Indiana  troops, 
599;  statistics.  601;  Indiana's  quota. 
601;  shipbuilding,  605;  warships,  605; 
money  contributions,  613;  nurses,  613; 
minute  men,  623;  conditions,  631; 
crime  during,  639;  governor's  control 
over  militia,  641;  government  carried 
on  by  War  Governor,  642;  financial 
conditions.  642;  return  and  public  re- 
ception of  Indiana  troops,  670 

Clapp,   Moses   E.,  1807 


XIV 


INDEX 


Clark    county,    stone    fort,    5;    Map    of 
Stone    Fortification    and    Mounds,    6; 
mounds,  9;   stone  mounds,  9 
Clark,  George  R.,  168,  179,  183,  186,  382, 
1018;  (portrait),  141;  military  service, 
143;   report  to  Governor  Henry,  143; 
public     instructions,     147;     expedition 
against,   153;    letter  to  Hamilton    (il- 
lustration), 159;  Thomas  E.  Watson's 
comment  on,  166;   success,  169;  route 
in  Indiana  (map),  173 
Clark,  Marion  E.,  1298 
Clark,  Marston  G.,  382 
Clark,  S.  Earl,  2133 
Clark,  William,  228 
Clark,  W.  A.,  2049 
Clarke,  Grace  J.,   1317 
Clark's  Grant,  226 

Clay,  Henry,  439,  513;  reception  by  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  513 
Claycombe,  Lloyd  D.,  1582 
Claypool,  Jefferson  H.,  1569 
Claypool,  John  W.,  1234 
Claypool,  Solomon,  1233 
Cleveland,  Grover,  720 
Cleveland,  William  F.,  2146 
Clinehens,  Stephen  A.,  1846 
Clift,  Lawrence,  1852 
Clinton,  DeWitt,  385 
Clow,  John  W.,  2103 
Chine,  William  J.,  2162 
Clyburn,  Henley,  2006 
Coal  miners  relief,  748 
Coal,  production  from  1912-1915.  959 
Coate,  M.  W.,  2014 
Cobb,  Thomas  R.,  1935 
Coburn,  Henry  I.,  893 
C'oburn,  Henry  P.,  896 
Cockrum,    James    W.,    527;     (portrait), 

528 
Cockrum,   William   M.,    528;    (portrait), 

533 

Coffin,  Charles  E.,  1745 
Coffin.  Charles   F.,  1009,   1014 
Coffin,  George  V.,  1876 
Coffin,  Levi.  508 

Coffin.  Rhoda  M.,  1014;    (portrait).  1015 
Cole,  Charles  A.,  2061 
Cole,  E.  P.,  493 
Cole,  George  L.,  1484 
Coleman.  Harold  G.,  1493 
Coleman.  William  H.,  1950 
Colfax.    Schuyler,    465,    565,   645,    1580; 

(portrait),  -467 
Colgrove,  Philip  T..  2055 
Colleges   denominational,   911 
Colleges,  sectarian.  897 
Collet,  Hippolyte,  132 
Collet,  Luke,  132 
Collett.  John,  1 
Collier.  Clinton  C..  2231 
Collings.  William  P.,  2230 
Collins,  Caroline  V.,  2095 


Collins,  Napoleon,  612 

Colonial  Charter  Claims   (map),  184 

Colonial  claims,  183 

Colonization  in  Liberia,  470 

Colonization  Society,  470,  471,  1003 

Colorado  Seminary,  1000 

Columbia,  founded,  196 

Columbus,  Christopher,  98 

Commerce,  924 

Commissioned  schools,  913 

Commission  to  erect  a  new  State  House, 

709 

Commission  to  investigate  taxation,  753 
Committee  on  Education,  488,  867 
"Common    School    Advocate,"    881,    882, 

890,  893 

Common  School  Convention,  891 
Common  School  Fund,  477,  489 
Common  school  movement,  882 
Common  school  system,  reform  of,  473 
Common    schools,    877;    report   on,    887; 

uniform  system,  482 
Company    F.,    Twenty-seventh    Indiana 

Regiment,  1199 
Company  of  the  Occident,  110 
Comparison    of   Jefferson    and    Johnston 

petitions,  257 
Comstock,  Horace  A.,  1566 
Communistic  experiment,  1071 
Community  House  No.   2    (illustration), 

1116 

Community  life,  1094 
Community  No.  2,  1105 
Community  No.  3,  1105 
Conder,  Croel  P.,   1649 
Conduitt,  Allen  W.,  1707 
Confederate  conspiracy,  659 
Confederate  conspirators,  trial  of,  665 
Confederate   plots,  abandonment  of,  660 
Confederate  prisoners   plan  escape,  661; 

plot  to  release,  654 

Confederate  soldiers,  seized  steamers,  660 
Confiscation  Act,  634 
Conflict  of  charters,  182 
Congress  of  1788  confirms  land  titles  of 

French   settlers,   201 
Congressional  Township  Fund,  477 
Conklin.  Seth,  519 
Connecticut   Western   Reserve,   214 
Conner,  William,  1476 
Connolly,    John,    137;    acts    of    at    Fort 

Pitt,  138 

Conrey,  J.  A.,  2227 
Consolidated   schools.    913 
Constitution,   First.   334;    movement   for 
new,  438;   amendments,  711;  proposed 
changes,   771 ;    antiquated,   776 
Constitution  of  1816,  435.  975,  1073 
Constitution  of  1851,  435;   adopted.  496 
Constitutional  amendments,  legal  opinion 

on,  712 

Constitutional  convention.  440,  709;  sec- 
ond, 350;  cost  of,  443 


INDEX 


xv 


Constitutional   Convention   of    1816,   863 

Constitution-making,   393 

Contest  between  Owen  and  Bright,  464 

Controversy  of  governors,  376 

Controversy    over    Green    River    Island, 
759 

Convention  for  admission  as  State,  296 

Convention  of  1816,  295 

Conventions,  546,  724 

Cook,  Harry  V.,  1351 

Cook,  John  E.,  558 

Cook  raid,  561 

Cooke,  Marjorie  B.,  2061 

Coolidge,  Mary  R.,  1977 

Coonse,  Harvey,  1710 

Cooper,  Edward  L.,  1470 

Cooper,   George   W.,    1940 

Copperhead   speeches,   693 

Coquillard,  Alexis,  1464 

Corn  club,  914 

Cornelius,  Paul  B.,   1893 

Cornstalk,  88 

Cory,  Elnathan,  2072 

Cory,  Thomas,   2077 

Corydon,  295,  366,  787;  chosen  for  cap- 
ital, 288;  capital  of  the  State,  308 

Cost  of  constitutional  convention,  443 

Cost  of  Moving  State  Library   (illustra- 
tion), 371 

Cottman,  George,  1135,  1154 

Cotton,  William,  297 

Coudert,    Mrs.     Charles    duPont,     1204; 
(portrait),  1205 

Coulter,  John  M.,  905 

Coulter,  Stanley,  1936 

Counties,   lay-off  of,  307 

"Country  Contributor,"  1196 

Country  doctor,  789 

County  option  law,  767,  1064 

Court  house  of   1811-12,  295 

Courts,   early,   334,   338 

Cowing,  Hugh  A.,  1611 

Cox,  Charles  R.,  1969 

Cox,  Edward  T.,  1,  5,  12,  14,  35;    (por- 
trait), 36 

Cox,  Jeremiah,  296 

Cox,  Linton   A.,  1437 

Cox,  Millard.  2108 

Cravens.  William,   1028 

Crawford,  Anna  M.,  1447 

Crawford,  Andrew  ,1.,  2123 

Crawford.  Charles  M.,   1446 

Crawford,  Hugh,  121 

Crawford,  John  L..  2124 

Crawford,  William  H.,  277 

Crawford,  W.  O.,  2083 

"Crazy  Asylum"   (illustration),  981 

Creager,  Edwin  F.,  1794 

Creation,  Miami  theory  of,  63 

Crecraft.  Albert  N..  2259 

Cresap.  Michael,  121 

Cressey,  T.  R..  893 

Crime 'during  Civil  war,  639 


Cring,  Charles  C.,  2139 

Critchfleld,  Frederick  H.,  2126 

Crittenden  Resolution,  583 

Crockett,  Charles  E.,  1330 

Crockett,  Elmer,  1330 

Croghan,  George,  121,  127;  report,  128 

Croghan,  William,  382 

Crone,  Frank  L.,  1824 

Cross,  Charles  M.,  1393 

Crowe,  John  F.,  875,  901 

Crumpacker,  Harry  L.,  2079 

Cruse,  James  S.,  2195 

Culley,  D.  V.,  893 

Culter,  Mary  M.,  1971 

Culver,  T.  Talmadge,  2196 

Cumback,  Will,   1947 

Cummins,  James  L.,  1843 

Curtis,  William  8.,  2047 

Cushman,  Moe  A.,  1545 

Custer,  Lafayette  P.,  744 

Cutler,  Ephraim,  221,  252 

Cutler,  Manasseh,  192 

Dablon.  Father,  34 

Dafler,  Wesley  W.,  1488 

Dagenet,   Charles   E.,   82;    (portrait),  83 

Dagenet,  Christmas,  82 

Dana,  Edmund,  384 

Dane,    Nathan,    192;     on    Ordinance    of 

1787,  193 

"Daniel  Gray."  1182 
Daniels,  Edward.  1460 
Danielson,  Emu,  1389  «'• 

Danton   of  Indiana  Democracy,   556 
Darby     (William)     on    Indiana    schools, 

1817.  1201 

Dark  Hollow  Quarry  Company,  965 
Darneille,  Isaac,  243 
Darrach,  Eugene  H.,  2242 
Darrach,  George  M.,  2242 
D*Artaguiette,   117 
Daugherty,  William  W..  1863 
Daughters  of  Temperance,  1043 
Davis,  Arch,  1293 
Davis,  George  W.,  1885 
Davis,     Jefferson,     499;     indictment     of, 

682 
Davis,  Jefferson  C.,  608,  1563;   (portrait), 

609 

Davis,  John   C..   1564 
Davis,  Ray,  1901 
Davis,  Thomas  T.,  237,  245 
Davis,  Will  J.,  2287 
Dawley.  Chella  M..  2084 
Dawson,  Louis.   1659 
Day.  Thomas  C.,  2205 
Dayton.  Jonathan,  382 
Deaf,  988 

Deaf  and  dumb,  instruction  of,  990 
Deal.  Mrs.  Samuel  M.,  1138 
Dean,  Ward  H.,  1910 


XVI 


INDEX 


Dearborn  County,  Ancient  Forts   (map), 

16 

Death  of  Tecumseh  (illustration),  282 
de  Beaubois,  Father,  111,  112 
de  Bellerive,  St.  Ange,  118 
de  Boisbriant,  Pierre  D.,  110 
Decker,  Luke,  235 
Deed  of  land,  first  Indiana,  48 
Defense  of  Fort  Harrison  (illustration), 

267 

Defensive  mounds,  1,  12 
Defrees,  Joseph  H.,  1831 
DeGroote,  John  F.,  1329 
DeHority,   Edward  C.,  1669 
DeHority,  Frank  E.,  1766 
de  la  Balme,  Col.,  171 
De  La  Matyr,  uilbert,  1245 
de  Lumber  ville,  Jean,  58 
de  LaSalle,  Sieur,  100 
Delaware,  88    • 

Delaware  prophet,  revelations  of,  125 
Delegation  to  President,  676 
Dellett,  Oliver  J.,  1714 
DeUinger,  John  H.,  2163 
DeMent,  Edward  A.,  1421 
Deming,  Elizur  H.,  811;    (portrait),  511 
Democratic  Conventions,  724 
Democratic  meeting  disturbed,  592 
Democratic   party,   554;    four   prominent 

war  leaders  of,  592 
Democratic  platform,  plank  of,  667 
Democrats,  498;  Free  Silver,  756;  Gold, 

756 

Demonetization  of  silver,  755 
Denby,  Charles,  1823 
Denman,  Matthias,  197 
Denny,  Caleb  S.,  1797 
Denny's  drawing  of  Site  of  Fort  Wayne 

in   1790,   206 

Denominational   colleges,   911 
Denton,  George  K.,  2259 
DePauw,  John,  299 
DePauw  University,  299,  897,  911 
DePauw,  Washington  C.,  1355 
DePrez,  John  D.,  1653 
de  Richardville,  Drouet,  117 
Deschler,  Louis  G.,  1518 
De  Soto,  98 
De  Soto  chronicles,  37 
De  Vaudreuil.  Governor,  letter,  108 
Devernai,  Julian,  132 
Devin.  Alexander,  301 
de  Vincennes,  Sieur,  107,   112 
de  Vinsenne,  Francois  Morgan.  113 
DeWitt,  Simeon,  191 
Diary  of  William  Owen,  260 
Dickey,   George  W.,   1968 
Dickinson,  Joseph,  1250 
Dickinson,  Joseph  J.,   1251 
"Dictionary  of  Slang,  Jargon  and  Cant," 

1142 

Dietz,  Charles  L..  2015 
Dietz,  Robert  H..  2015 


Dill,  Howard  A.,  1576 

Dill,  James,  296 

Dilling,  Frank  M.,  2228 

Dillon,  John  B.,  1269 

Dime  Savings  and  Loan  Association, 
1020 

Dingle,  Mary,  1898 

Directors  of  the  poor,  977 

Discoveries,  medical  and  surgical,  831 

Discovery  of  gold,  498 

Diseases,  early,  797 

Disher,  W.  H.,  1591 

Dissette,  James  I.,  1779 

District  Medical  Society,  798 

"Divinely  Led,"  facsimile  of  Preface, 
1113 

"Divinely  Led,  or  Robert  Owen's  Grand- 
daughter," 1112 

Division  Act  of  1800,  224 

Division  Act  of  1809,  261 

Dix,  Dorothea  L.,  993,  1001,  1007;  (por- 
trait), 1002 

Dixie  Highway,  783 

Doctors,  pioneer,  794,  798 

Dodge,  Henry,  1558 

Dodge,  Wallace  H.,  1477 

Dodson,  Charles  <  >.,  1690 

Dolmetsch,  Eugene  C.,  1637 

Domestic  wants  of  Indians,  80 

Donations  by  physicians,  853 

Doney,.C.  P.,  1496 

Dongan,  Governor,  58,  104;  discussion 
of  troubles  between  French  and  Eng- 
lish, 104 

Doran,  Francis  H.,  2114 

Dorste,  Louis  T.,  1818 

Douglas,  Stephen  A.,  576 

Douglass,  Frederick,  694 

Dowden,  Ross,  2075 

Doyle,  Percy  H.,  1793 

Doyle,  William,   1347 

Draft  commissioner,  Civil  war,  602 

Draft,  Civil  war,  594 

Draft  exemption  payment,  Civil  war, 
602 

Drake,  James  P.,  461 

Drake,  Priscilla,  461 

Dred  Scott  decision,  564,  775 

Dreiser,  Theodore,  1185,  1188 

Dresser,  Paul,  1190 

Drifting  into  War,  498 

Drug  law,  831 

Duckworth,  Edward  A.,  1931 

Dudley  letter,  729;  (reproduction  of), 
736 

Dudley,  William  W.,  739;  (portrait). 
739* 

Duffey,  Luke  W.,  1951 

du  Jaunay.  Peter,  132 

Duke  (Basil),  on  Morgan  Raid.  622 

Dumb,  instruction   of,   990 

Dumont,  Ebenezer,  584,  1392 

Dumont,  John,  878 


INDEX 


xvii 


Dumont,  Julia  L.  (portrait),  871;  char- 
acteristic letter  of,  874 

DuMoulin,  John,   217,  232 

Duning,   William   H.,   1478 

Dunlap,  James  B.,  1036 

Dunmore,  Earl  of,   137 

Dunmore's  War,  139,  142 

Dunn,  Benjamin  F.,  1335 

Dunn,  Catherine  T.,  1185 

Dunn,  Ernest  G.,  Jr.,  1385 

Dunn,  Ernest  G.,  ST.,  1386 

Dunn,  George  G.,  2095 

Dunn,  George  H.,  2102 

Dunn,  Jacob  P.,  2289 

Dunn,  William  M.,  550,  875;  (portrait), 
876 

Dunn,  Williamson,   875 

Dunning,  Paris  C.,  434;    (portrait),  433 

Durbin,  Winfield  T.,  763;  (portrait), 
764;  economies,  764 

Durham,  James  H.,  1957 

Durret,  R.  T.,  141,  146,  171 

Dye,  Augustus  T.,  1804 

Dye,  Charity,  1694 

Dye,  Edward  R.,  2089 

Dynes,  Eldon  L.,  2039 

Eads,  James  B.,  1210;    (portrait),  603 

Eads,  William  H.,  296 

Eagle,  The,  323 

Earl  of  Dunmore,  137 

Earlham  College,  886;  first  building  (il- 
lustration), 892;  (illustration),  899 

Early  American  literature,  1209 

Early  banks,  323 

Early  courts,  334,  338 

Early  domestic  medicine,  788 

Early  elections,  233,  242,  263,  337 

Early  fauna  of  Indiana,  75 

Early  financial  condition  of  the  United 
States,  177 

Early  industries,  941 

Early   medical   practice,   801 

Early  missionaries  at  Vincennes,  131 

Early  politics,  286,  374 

Early  Surveys  and  Land  Grants  (map), 
216 

Earth  Mounds  Near  Anderson  (map),  26; 
Randolph  County  (map),  11 

Earth  works,  1,  12 

East  Chicago,  87,  952 

Eastern  Tndiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
749,  823,  826 

Easthaven,  1020 

Eastman,  Joseph,  1646 

Eberhardt,  Arthur  W.,  1689 

Eberhardt,  George  J.,   1688 

Eberhart,  Frederick  G.,  1825 

Edenharter,  George  F.,  825,  2051 

Edgar,  John,  217,  223,  227,  232,  239 

Edgerton,  Jonathan  O.,  2117 

Edible  lichen,  73 


Editorial  attack  on  the  administration, 
1861,  593 

Education,  860;  general  system  of,  310; 
committee  on,  488,  867;  vocational, 
779;  agricultural,  909;  of  the  blind, 
1003 

Educational  journal,  881 

Educational   papers,  920 

Edwards,  Richard   A.,  2076 

Eel  river,  88 

Effigy  Bowls   (illustration),  33 

Egglesfon,  Edward,  1309 

Eggleston,  George  C.,  1309 

Eichholtz,  George  W.,  2025 

Eighty-sixth  Indiana  Regiment,  600 

Elder,  John  R.,  2033 

Elder,  Joseph  G.,  2274 

Elder,  William  L.,  2034 

Electoral  votes  in  1817,  340 

Election  frauds,  452 

Election  of  1908,  769 

Election  of  1916,  783;  plea  for  honest, 
730,  771;  scandals,  741 

Electioneering  in  early  days,  337 

Elections,  early,  233,  242,  263,  337; 
changes  in,  447;  after  war,  694;  after 
the  Civil  war,  708;  1876-1886,  703: 
1886-7,  721;  honest,  726,  771 

Elkhart,  88,  953 

Elliott,  Byron  K.,  1857;    (portrait),  486 

Elliott,  C.  Edgar,  1904 

Elliott,  Charles  J.,  1940 

Elliott,  Ebenezer  N.,  874 

Elliott,  George  A.,  1341 

Elliott,  George  B.,  1275 

Elliott,  Herbert  M.,  1933 

Elliott,  Jehu  T.,  1341 

Elliott,  Joseph  T.,  1275 

Elliott,  Robert,  2047 

Elliott,  William  H.,  1342 

Ellis,   Frank,  2001 

Ellis,  Horace,  2072 

Ellison,  Oscar  E.,  1493 

Ellsworth,  John  C.,  1332 

Elmore,  James  B.,  1336 

Elston,  Isaac  C.,  1435 

Elwood,  953 

Emancipation,  682;  gradual,  of  slaves, 
252 

Emancipation  Proclamation.  641 

Emerson,  Charles  P.,  814,  1504 

Emslie,  John  P.,  1470 

Enabling  Act,  867 

"English  Conquest  of  the  Northwest," 
173  . 

"English  Dialect  Dictionary,"  1146 

English,  William  E.,  2158  ' 

English,  William  H.,  146,  711,  731,  2154; 
(portrait),  714 

Epidemics,  903 

Equipment,  Civil  war,  595 

Era  of  reform,  728 

Erb,  Frederick  H..  Jr..  1453 


xvin 


INDEX 


Esarey,  Sol  H.,  1716 

Escape  of  Morgan,  624 

Espy,  Josiah,  244,  382,  422 

European  claimants,  98 

European  grant,   first   covering   Indiana, 

98 

Evans,  Edgar  H.,  1608 
Evans,  John,  811,  994,  999;  (portrait), 

995 

Everett,   Edward,   1208 
Ewing,  Nathaniel,  329;    (portrait),  328 
Expedition  against  Clark,  153 
Experiments  in  alleys,   949 
Explanation  -of  Feast  of  the  Dead,  21 
Exposition  building,  972 

Face  of  an  Oolitic  Quarry  (illustration), 

964 
Facsimile    title    page    of    first    Indiana 

Medical  Book,  807 
Fadely,  Lewis   E.,  1407 
Fahnley,  Frederick,  2008 
Fairbank,  Calvin,  524;    (portrait),  523 
Fairbanks,  Charles  W.,  758;   1221;    (por- 
trait),  757 

Fair,  first  at  Indianapolis,  972 
"Fair  God,  The,"  429 
Fallen  Timbers,  Battle  of   (illustration), 

209 

Falls  of  the  Ohio,  383 
Family  mounds.  22 
"Family  Visitor,"  1043 
Farmers  Library,  243 
Farmers  &  Mechanics  Bank  of  Madison. 

332 

"Farmers    and   Mechanics   Journal,"    347 
Farnham,  John  H.,  877 
Farragut,  629 
Farwell,  Hart  F..  2165 
Farwig.  Henry  H.,  1482 
Fasig.  Daniel.  2249 
Fate  of  Mound  Builders,  35 
Father  of  American  Geology,  1084 
Fauna  of  Indiana,  early,  75 
Fauntleroy,   Constance,    1107 
Faust,  William  A.,  1414 
Fauvre,  Frank  M..   1439 
Feast  of  the  Dead,  explanation  of,  21; 

(illustration),  20 
Federalists,  218,   220;    oppose  admission 

of  the  state,  219 
Fee,  John,  1288 
Fee  system,  749 
Fenstcrmaker,   J.    Ralph.    1934 
Ferguson.  Thomas.  2016 
Ferree,  William  M.,  1639 
Ferris,  Ezra.  296 
Feuerlicht,  Morris  M.,  1846 
Fifer,  Claude,  1995 
Fifth  mayor  of  Indianapolis,  889 
Financial    conditions    during    the    Civil 

war.  642 
Financial  history,  764 


Financial  system,  provision  for  State, 
322 

Findlay,  James,  230 

Fink,  E.  J.  W.,  1826 

Finley,  George,  60,  65 

Finley,  Ida  D.,  1564 

Finley,  John,  1122,  1129,  1156;  (por- 
trait), 1147,  2264;  reputation  as  a 
poet,  1148 

Finley,  Robert  W.,  223 

"Fire  Lands,"  214 

First  automobile   (illustration),  948 

First  book  known  to  have  been  printed 
in  Indiana,  1209 

First  Building  of  Indiana  University 
(illustration),  862 

First  call  in  Civil  war,  594 

First  Chancellor  of  Indiana,  245 

First  Constitution,   334 

First  District  Medical  Society  of  In- 
diana, 798 

First  European  grant  covering  Indiana, 
98 

First  Fair,  Indianapolis,  972 

First  fort  built  by  white  men,  109 

First  geological  survey  of   Indiana,  959 

First  Indiana  deed  of  land,  48 

First  Masonic  Temple,  Built  1848-50  (il- 
lustration), 496 

First  medical  practitioners,  794 

First  medical  society,  798 

First  move  for  Statehood,  219 

First  native  Hoosier  to  produce  a  book 
of  literary  merit,  1210 

First  Ohio  Company  Colony  (illustra- 
tion), 195 

First  person  operated  on  for  gall  stones 
in  the  world,  852 

First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianap- 
olis, 1181 

First  priest  ordained  from  the  West, 
1209 

First  regiment  called  into  service  in 
Civil  war.  596 

First  schools.  860 

First  State  Fair,  504 

First  State  Fair  Grounds  (illustration), 
505 

First  State  House  of  Indiana,  located  at 
Corydon  (illustration),  294 

First  Sunday  School  at  Indianapolis, 
1003 

First  temperance  paper,  1043 

First  Temperance  Society,  1003 

First  Thanksgiving  proclamation  in  In- 
diana. 421 

First  Union  soldier  killed  in  oattle  after 
Fort  Sumter  was  taken,  599 

Fishback.  Frank  R.,  1572 

Fisher,  Isaac,  994 

Fisher,  William   F.,   1618 

Fitch,  Graham,  557,  849;  (portrait), 
849 


INDEX 


xix 


Five   Nations,   52,   53 

Flag   of    Society   of   Colonial   Wars,   for 
Indiana  (illustration),  129 

Flat-boats,  239,  925 

Fleming,  James  R.,  1455 

Fletcher,  Calvin,  896,  933,  1425 

Fletcher,  James  C.,  1210 

Fletcher  Sanatorium,  817 

Fletcher,  Stoughton  A.,  1236 

Fletcher,  Stoughton  A.,  Jr.,  1430 

Fletcher,   William   B.,   817,    1658;    (por- 
trait), 825 

Flour  mill  and  grist  mill  products,  945 

Flower,  Edward,  1083 

Flower     Mission     Training     School     for 
Nurses,  1020 

Floyd,  Davis,  235,  298 

Flying  Squadron  Foundation,  1065 

Flynn,  William,  853 

Foltz,  Frederic,  1590 

Foltz,  Herbert  W.,  1589 

Foltz,  Howard  M.,  1590 

Food  and  drug  law,  831 

Foods,  Indian,   72,   76 

Foorman,  Amos  N.,   1277 

Foote  vault,  962 

Foote,  Winthrop,  961 

Fordney,  Josepn  W.,  1843 

Foreign  immigration,  439 

Foreign  vote,  452 

Forests,  1166 

Forrest,  J.  Dorsey,  2225 

Forrey,  George  C.,  Jr.,  1592 

Fort  Azatlan,  description  of,  1;   springs 
at,  2:  map  of,  3 

Fort    Chartres,    111;    Ruins    of    Powder 
Magazine   (illustration),  111 

Fort  Defiance  built.  211 

Fort   Greenville,   210 

Fort  Hamilton,  207 

Fort  Harrison.  499;  attack  on,  268;  De- 
fense of   (illustration),  267 
Fort  Jefferson,  207;   difficulty   of   main- 
taining, 180 
Fort  Miamis,  59,  122 
Fort  Pitt.   137 
Fort  Pontchartrain,  106 
Fort  Recovery,  207,  210 
Fort  Saekville  captured.  160;  Vincennes, 

1779   (illustration),  156 
Fort  Stanwix,  treaty  of,  187 
Fort  of  Vincennes,  130 
Fort  Wayne,  89 ;  post  at,  113 ;  Site  of  in 
1790     (illustration).    206;    built,    211: 
in  state  of  siege,  268 
Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  Railroad,  1000 
"Fort     Wayne     Medical     Journal-Maga- 
zine." 815 

"Fort  Wayne  Medical  Magazine,"  815 
Forts,  207 

Forts,  stone,  5;  first  built  bv  white  men, 
109 


Fortune,  Charles  M.,  160<J 

Fortune,  William,  1415 

Fosdick,  William,  1379 

Fosler,   John,   1873 

Foster,  Craven  T.,  1798 

Foster,  Family,  1798 

Foster,  John  W.,  1882 

Foster,  Robert  S.,  610,  1748;    (portrait), 
611 

Foster,  Ronald  A.,  1799 

Foster,   Samuel,   1798 

Foster,  Samuel  M.,  2282 

Four  prominent  war  leaders  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic party,  592 

Fourteen  Mile  Creek,  7 

Fourth  of   July,   1863,   648 

Foucher,  Anthony,  132,  1209 

Fowke,  Gerard,  24,  27,  35 

Fox,  William  F.,  2169 

Francis,  Charles  W.,  1507 

Francis   Family,   1504 

Francis,  Joseph  M.,   1981 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  187,  191 

Franklin  College,  886;  first  building  (il- 
lustration), 892 

Frazier,  John  S.,  1414 

Fred,  Samuel,   1904 

Free  banks,  446 

Free   kindergartens,   1020 

"Free  Labor  Advocate  and  Anti-Slavery 
Chronicle,"  510 

Freeman,  John,   506 

Freeman,   Thomas,   355 

Freeman's  Corners,  355 

Free  schools,  483,  877,  891,  893 

Free   Silver   Democrats,   756 

Free  silver  issue,  756 

Free   Soil   vote,   499 

Free  Soiler,  prominent,  542 
Free   Soilers,  498 
French  and  Indian  war,  122 
French,  Burton  L.,  1838 

French  Grant,  214 

French   Lick,   853;    (illustration),   969 
French  Relation  of  1718,  109 
French   settlers.   213;    Congress   of    178« 
confirms    land    titles,     201;     Clearing 
Land  at  Galliopolis    ( illustration  i.  213 
Frenzel,  John  P.,  743 
Friedley,  Harmon  H.,  1614 
Friends,  509 

"Friends  to  Humanity,"  253 
Friends  Yearly  Meeting,  513 
Frontier  characters,  121 
Frontier  influences,  1164 
Frontier  life,  1169 
Frontier   Life    (Turner),   1158 
Frontier  political  oratory,  1174 
Frontier   settlements,    1156 
Frontier  towns,  1164 
Frontier  women,  1169 
Fugitive  Slave  law.  500,  506 
Fugitive    slaves,    521" 


XX 


INDEX 


Fuller,  Hector,  2214 
Funeral   customs,   Indian,   69 
Funk,  Walter  A.,  1318 
Furniture  and   refrigerators,   947 
Fur  traders,  rivalry  of,   118 
Furs,  957 

Gable,  Orlo  H.,  1466 

Gabriel's  Rock,  1078;   (illustration),  1079 

Gage,   General,   137 

Gallagher,  William  D.,  1207 

Galliher,  Charles  W.,  1958 

Games  and  sports  of  Mound  Builders,  32 

Garber,  M.  C.,  544 

Gardner,  Clyde  W.,  1872 

Gardner,  Fred  C.,  1582 

Gardner,  Jared,  2005 

Gardner,  Joseph  C.,  1498 

uarrett,  John  J.,  1930 

Garrison  Marching  Out  (Vincenries)  (il- 
lustration), 152 

Gartside,   Forrest   J.,   2038 

Gas  wells,  959 

Gates,   Alfred   B.,   1700 

Gates,  Austin  B.,  1756 

Gates,  Edward  E.,  1702 

Gates,  Frederick  E.,  1756 

Gates,  Glen  W.,  2112 

Gates,  Harry  B.,  1701 

Gates,  William  N.,  1702 

Gavisk,  Francis  H.,  2192 

Geddes,  Robert,  1680 

General  system  of  education,  310 

Geographer  of  the  Main  Army,  191 

Geographer  of  the  Southern  Army,   191 

Geological  survey  of  Indiana,  first,  959 

George,  Eliza  E.,  613 

Georgia  mounds,  22 

Gerard,  R.  H.,  1320 

Gernstein,  Bernard,  1659 

Ghost,  Dance,   124 

Gibault,  Father,  133,  148,  171,  180; 
reaches  Vincennes,  134 

Gibson.  John,  228,  283 

Gillespie,  Bryant  W.,  1448 

Gillespie,  Laura  A..  1449 

Gillespie,  Mrs.  B.  W.,  1449 

Gillilan,  Strickland  W.,   1150,  1712 

Gillman,  Joseph,  196 

Gilmer.  Frank,  1315 

Gilmore,  Allan   E.,   1463 

Gilmore,  Russell  A.,  1463 

Gilmore,  Wallace  L.,  1463 

Gilmore,  William  G.,  1463 

Girard.  William  T.,  599 

Girls'  Reformatory,  1016 

Gist,  Christopher,  121 

Glass   manufacturing,  947 

Glasscott,  John,  1636 

Glasscott,  Thomas,   1637 

Glossary  of  Indiana  names,  86 

Glossbrenner,  Alfred  M.,  2056 


Goble,  Daniel  S.,  1742 

Godfrey,  Francois,  43,  89,  271 

Godfrey,  Gabriel,  43,  65,  75,  80,  96; 
(portrait),  46 

Gold  Democrats,  756 

Golden,  Dale  D.,  1986 

Golightly,  William  J.,   1979 

Goodell,  Charles  E.,  2167 

Goodrich,  James  P.,  785;    (portrait),  784 

Good  Roads  Movement,  783 

Goodwin,  Thomas  A.,  900,  1140 

Gookins,  J.  ¥.,  599,  600 

Gordon,  John  N.,  2010 

Gordon,  Jonathan  W.,  1404;  (portrait). 
472 

"Gore,  The,"  226 

Goslee,  Mary  O.,  2022 

Gossora,  James  M.,  2167 

Gougar,  John  D.,  1311 

Gough,  John  B.,  1039 

Gould  (B.  A.)   on  Indiana  Men,  1199 

Government  carried  on  by  War  Gov- 
ernor, 642 

Government  House  of  the  Territory  of 
Indiana,  Vincennes  (illustration),  23S 

Governor  of  Indiana,  proclamation  from, 
1185 

Governor's  Mansion,  Corydon  (illustra- 
tion), 308 

Governors  Mansion  in  the  Circle  (illus- 
tration), 438 

Governors,  controversy  of,  376 

Gradual  emancipation  of  slaves,  252 

Graham,  Archibald  C.,  1237 

Graham,  John  K.,  298 

Graham,  William,  299 

Grain  Mill,  Primitive   (illustration).  927 

Grand-daughter  of  The  Little  Turtle,  79 

Grand  jury  system,  objection   to,  446 

Grant,  U.   S.,  629,  630,   648 

Gravier,  Father,  32 

Gray,  Isaac  P.,  709,  718;   (portrait),  723 

Great  Conflagration  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
(illustration),  1143 

Great  Hare,  63 

Greathouse,  Frank  M.,  1975 

Greek  fire,  661 

Green,  Alonzo   P.,   1456 

Green,  Conant  L.,  1457 

Green  River  Island,  controversy  over, 
759 

Greenbackism,  702 

Greenville  Treaty  line,  224 

Gresham.  Walter  Q.,  1565 

Grist  mills,  939;  products,  945 

Grenfell,  St.  Leger,  657 

Griffin,  John,  228 

Griffith,  Thomas  J.,  1326 

Griffon,  61;    (illustration),   62 

Griswold,  Edward  H.,  2104 

Gronendyke,  Oliver  J..  1438 

Gross,  Luther  M..  2018 


INDEX 


xxi 


Grossart,  Frederick  C.,  1887 

Grover,  Arthur  B.,  1534 

Grover,  Ira,  1533 

Grow,  Galusha  A.,  536 

Guerrillas,  640 

Gurley,  Phineas,  406 

i  Justin.  Amos  N.,  1774 

Guthrie,  William  A.,  1548 

Gutzwiller,  Carl,  1536    . 

Gwathmey,  John,  382 

Gwin,  William,  612;    (portrait),  635 

Habits  of  Indians,  47 

Hack,  Elizabeth  M.,  1420 

Hack,  Oren  S.,  1419 

Hackedorn,  Hillis  F.,  1510 

Hackelman,  Pleasant  A.,  565,  606;  (por- 
trait), 607 

Hackman,  Frederick,  1483 

Haerle,  George  C.,  2120 

Haerle,  William,   2120 

Hagelskamp,  George,  1886 

Haimbaugh,  Frank  D.,  2108 

Haimbaugh,  Mary  C.,  1476 

Haines,  Matthias  L.,  1389 

Hall,  Arnold  A.  B.,  1594 

Hall,  Arthur  F.,  1395 

Hall,   Basil,   1168 

Hall,  Baynard  R.,  873 

Hall,  Columbus  H.,  1592 

Hamill,  Chalmers  M.,  1831 

Hamilton,  Henry,  140;  preparing  expe- 
dition against  Clark,  153;  (portrait), 
164 

Hamilton,  William  L.,  1530 

Hammerschmidt,  Louis  M.,  1906 

Hammond,  952 

Hammond,  Abram  A.,  567;  (portrait), 
565 

Hammond.  Edwin  P.,  1314 

Hamtramck,  John  F.,  198;  ordinances, 
198;  letter  to  Gen.  Wayne,  198;  gov- 
ernment, 199;  Signature,  199;  Tomb 
(illustration),  199;  service  to  people 
of  Vincennes,  203;  at  Detroit,  212 

Hand,   Edward,   140 

Haner,   Frank  H..   1875 

Haney,  William  E.,  2064 

Hanley,  Michael  T.,  2130 

Hanly,  J.  Frank,  765,  767,  1065;  (por- 
trait), 768 

Hanna,  Charles  A.,  101 

Hanna,  John,  1953 

Hanna,    Robert,    296 

Hanna,  Samuel,  388,  413 

Hannegan,  Edward  A.,  1523 

Hannum,  James  M..  1378 

Hanover  College.  911;  first  building  (il- 
lustration), 892 

Hanover,  John  T.,  529;   (portrait),  531 

Hansen,  John.  527 

Hanson,  Sarah,  1536 

Hardin,  Harley  F.,  1355 


Hardin,  Newton,   1820 

Harding,  Stephen  S.,  512 

Hardy,  Horace  G.,  2059 

Harmar,  Josiah,  198 

Harmonists,  1075 

Harney,  John  H.,  874 

Harper,  H.  Frank,  5 

Harper,  Ida  H.,  1706 

Harper,   Samuel  A.,  2236 

Harrington,  John   J.,  Jr.,   1638 

Harris,  Addison  C.,  1689 

Harris,  Bert  H.,  1988 

Harris,  James  W.,  1954 

Harrison,  Alfred,   1536 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  564,  728;  (portrait), 

730 

Harrison,  Caroline  S.,  1411 
Harrison,  Christopher,  375,  384 
Harrison,  Hugh  H.,  1536 
Harrison,  John,  382 
Harrison,  John  S.,  728 
Harrison,  Joseph  W.,  1443 
Harrison,  J.  C.  S.,   352 
Harrison,  William  H.,  218,  221,  248,  268; 

in  command  at  Fort  Washington,  228; 

secretary  of  Northwest  Territory,  228; 

arrives  at  Vincennes,  229;    (portrait), 

229;  preparing  for  operations  for  war, 

271 

Harsh,  Abraham,  2124 
Hart,  F.  E.,  1765 
Harting,  William  E.,  2021 
Hartley,  Clarence   A.,  2145 
Hartloff,  Charles  W.,  2145 
Hartman,  George  W.,  2213 
Harvey,  Jonathan   S.,  454 
Harvey,   Lawson   M.,   1558 
Harvey,    Thomas    B.,    1553;     (portrait), 

829 

Haskett,  Orlando  D.,  1615 
Havelick,  Pearl  A.,  1847 
Havens,   Ben,   1674 
Havens,  C.  H.,  1990 
Haworth,  C.  V.,  2011 
Hay,  Frank  M.,  1369 
Hay,  John.  1530 
Hayden,  Walter  B.,   1249 
Hayes,  Charles  E.,  1761 
Hayes,  Halbert  R.,   1767 
Haynes  Auto  Company,  949 
Haynes,  Elwood,  948,  1215 
Haynes,  Paul  P.,  1494 
Hays,  Meade  S.,  1357 
Hay  wood,  George  P.,   1302 
Health  laws,  830 

Health  of  State  in  early  days,  371 
Health  resorts,  969 
Hearsey.  Harry  T.,  1704 
Heath,  Frederick  W.,  2029 
Heatwole,  Joel  P.,  1918 
Heckewelder,  John.  163 
Heitschmidt,  August  C.,  2118 
Heller,  F.  G.,  1693 


XXII 


INDEX 


Hemenway,  James  A.,  1761 

Henderson,  Albert,  1399 

Henderson,  Charles  K..  1400 

Hendren,  Gilbert  H.,  2237 

Hendricks,  Thomas  A.,  569,  626,  665, 
697,  704,  705,  708,  730,  726,  903,  1858; 
(portrait),  590 

Hendricks,  William,  302,  374,  384,  704 

Henneman,  John   B.,    1138 

Hennings,  Joseph    K.,  1847 

Henry,  Albert  J.,  2104 

Henry,  Charles  L.,  1780 

Henry,  James  H.,  893 

Henry  Phippe  Institute  for  Tuberculosis, 
835 

Henshaw,   Frederic   R.,   1738 

Herman  and  Bebee  cases,  1052 

Heron,  Alexander,  2199 

Heron,  Helen  M.,  2199 

Herz,  Adolph,  1871 

Herz,   Milton,   1872 

Hesler,  Jennie  M.,  1305 

Hester,  Lincoln,  1304 

Hess,  Michael,  2012 

Hetherington,   Benjamin    F.,   1366 

Hetherington,  Frederick  A.,  1367 

Hiatt,  Julius  E.,  1537 

Hiatt,  Thomas,  1994 

Hibbard,  James  F.,  1639;    (portrait),  855 

Hides  and  furs,  957 

Hielscher,  Theodore,  553 

Hilburt,   Frank,   1808 

Hileman,  Alonzo  J.,  2073 

Hilgemeier,  Frank,  1529 

Hines,  Thomas  H.,  617,  656,  658;  (por- 
trait), 618 

Hitt,  Mrs.  George  C.,   1349 

Hoag,  William   G.,  2016 

Hobbs,  Barnabas  C.,  331,  870,  1009; 
(portrait),  896 

Hobson's  Choice,  209 

Hodges,  Mrs.  Edward  F.,  1431 

Hoffman,  Edward  G.,  1400 

Hogan,  William  J.,  1888 

Hogston,  Alfred,  1531 

Hogue,  John  L.,  2070 

Hoke,  Jacob  F.,  Jr.,   1943 

Holaday,  Alpha  L.,  1346 

Holland,  J.  G.,  1182 

Holliday,  F.  C.,  1195 

Holliday,  John  H.,  584,  1225 

Hollis,  Charles  C.,  2117 

Holloway,  David  P.,  681;   (portrait),  680 

Holloway,  William  A.,  2014 

Hollweg,  Louis,  1517 

Holman,  Jesse  L.,  334 

Holman,  Joseph,  296 

Holman,  Sidney  L.,  2132 

Holman,  William   S.,   564 

Holmes,  Henry  A..  2007 

Holmes,  Ira  M.,  1464 

Holmes,  Oliver  W..   855 

Holmes,  William  H.,  2008 


Holt,  Sterling  R.,  2200 

Home  industries,  412 

Homestead   bill,   536 

Honest  elections,  726,  771 

I  lousier,  1160;  origin  of  name,  1121; 
early  use  of  word,  1155;  first  native 
to  produce  book  of  literary  merit, 
1210 

"Hoosier  Year,  The,"  1185 

"Hoosier's  Nest,  The,  1122,  1123,  1161; 
facsimile  of  opening  lines.  1124;  (re- 
production of  painting),  1132;  (illus- 
tration), 1138 

Hoosier's  War  Record,  A,  2214 

Hoozier,  William,   1152 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  268 

Hord,  Oscar  B.,  665,  714 

Hornaday,  William  T.,  1741 

"Horsehead,"  228 

Horsley,  William  E.,  2149 

I  Ins  hour,  Samuel  K.   (portrait),  885 

Hospital  Board,  819 

Hospital  for  treatment  of  tuberculosis, 
1025 

Hospital  stewards,  849 

Hospitals,  821 

Hospitals  for  the  insane,  823 

Hoss,  P.  E.,  1910 

Houser,  James  A.,  1291 

Houses  of  Correction,  1005 

Houses  of   Refuge,   1008 

Housing   law,   779 

Hovey,  Alfred  R.,  1535 

Hovey,  Alvin  P,,  481,  486;  (portrait), 
483 

Hovey,   Benjamin,  382 

Hovey,  Otis,    911 

Howard,  James,  953 

Howard  Ship  Yard,  953 

Howard,  Tilghman  A.,  1166,  1959;  (por- 
trait), 1167 

Howard,  Timothy  E.,  1700 

Howat,  William   F.,  2244 

Howe,  Daniel  W.,  1745 

Hubbard,  Erastus  W.,  1778 

Hubbard,  R.  M.,  1360 

Hubbard,  Walter  J.,  1779 

Hubbard,  Willard  W.,  1779 

Hudson,    Grant   L.,    1360 

Huffman,  Gideon,  1540 

Hull,   Matthew   R.,   1151 

Humphrey,  Louis,  794,  811 

Hundred  Associates,  99 

Hunt,    Nathaniel,    297 

Hunter,  Charles  R.,  1601 

Hunter.  James   W.,  2013 

Huntington,  89,  953 

Hurst,   Henry,   145 

Hurty,  John   N.,   1606 

Hurty.  Josiah,  493 

Hussbn,   Peter,   1474 

Huston,  Frank   C.,  1551 

Hutchins,  Thomas.  191 


•. 


INDEX 


XXlll 


Hutchinson,  David,  820 
Hutchinson   family,   1039 
Hydrophobia  law,  831 

Iberville,  Pierre  L.,  106 

Iddings,  Mary  C.,  819 

Idols,  Mound  Builders,  34 

Iglehart,  John  E.,  1986 

lies,  Orlando   B.,   1930 

Illinoia,   188 

Illinois  Company,  187 

Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the  Lakes, 
1000 

Illinois  Grant,  236 

Immigration,   439 

Improvements,  bill  for  internal,  393; 
history  of  bill  for  internal,  394;  in- 
ternal, 410 

Increase  of  manufactures,  951 

Indenture  law,  246 

Independent  property  rights  for  married 
women,  454 

Indian  agriculture,  74 

Indian  corn,  73 

Indian  council  at  Vincennes,  264 

Indian  employment,  supervisor  of,  82 

Indian  land  grant,  381 

Indian  mounds,  description,  18 

Indian   names,  glossary,   86 

Indian  potatoes,  77 

Indian  Signatures    (illustration),  51 

Indian  Springs,  969 

Indian  system,  beginning  of  present,  355 

Indian  Territory,  separate,  361 

Indian  traders,  187,  228 

Indian  women,  life  of,  81 

Indiana  about  1819,  direct  interest  in 
Northwest  Territory,  224;  First  State 
Governor,  289;  "Walking  history  of," 
479;  quota  in  Civil  war,  601;  War- 
den's description  of,  1158;  in  1828, 
Hall's  description  of,  1161;  first  book 
known  to  have  been  printed  in,  1209 

Indiana  Asbury  University,  900 

Indiana  Board  of  State  Charities,  824 

Indiana  Boys'  School,  1010 

Indiana  Business  College,  2138 

Indiana   camp   meeting,   1177 

Indiana  Canal  Company,  245,  382 

Indiana  Central  Medical  College,  812 

Indiana  Central  University,  912 

Indiana    Company,    187 

Indiana  delegation  to  President,  676 

Indiana  Good  Roads  Association,  939 

Indiana  Harbor,  952 

Indiana  Historical  Commission,  members 

of    (illustration),  782 
Indiana  Historical  Society,  877 

Indiana  Hoosier   (boat),  1155 

Indiana  Hospital  for  Insane  Criminals, 

1004 
Indiana  in  1811  (map),  224 

Indiana  in   1817.   showing  effect   of  La- 


Salle's  report  of  his  route  from  Lake 
Erie  to  the  Illinois  (map),  351 

Indiana  Journal  of  Medicine,  814 

Indiana  lands,  main  survey  of,  355 

Indiana  Library  Association,  920 

Indiana  limestone,  965 

Indiana  Medical  College,  853 

Indiana  Medical  College  of  Laporte,  811 

Indiana  Medical  College,  Indianapolis, 
811 

Indiana  Medical  Journal,  814 

Indiana  nurses,  818 

Indiana  School  for  the  Blind,  Indianap- 
olis (illustration),  1006 

Indiana  State  Board  of  Health,  828 

Indiana  State  Farm,   1025 

Indiana  State  Library,  823 

Indiana  State  Medical  Association,  Jour- 
nal of,  806 

Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  805,  828 

Indiana  State  Medical  Society  and  Asso- 
ciation, presidents  of,  808 

Indiana  State  Prison,  Michigan  City  (il- 
lustration), 991 

Indiana  State  School  for  the  Deaf,  992 

Indiana  State  Soldiers'  Home,  Lafayette, 
1012 

Indiana  State  Wesleyan  Anti-Slavery 
Convention,  518 

Indiana  survey  system,  354 

Indiana  Teachers'  Reading  Circle,  921 

Indiana  Territory,  226,  933;  population 
in  1800,  226;  government  begun,  228; 
difficulty  of  communication  between 
different  parts,  239;  free  negroes  in 
1810,  244;  Centennial  Anniversary  of 
Establishment  of,  759 

"Indiana,  The,"  391 

Indiana  troops  (Civil  war)  return  and 
public  reception,  670 

Indiana  Tuberculosis  Hospital,  Rockville 
(illustration),  1026 

Indiana  Union  of  Literary  Clubs,  920 

Indiana  University,  853,  865;  first  build- 
ing (illustration),  862 

Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine, 
812 

Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  1844 

(illustration),  516 

Indianapolis,  89 ;  new  capital,  363 ;  origin 
of  name,  364;  route  from  Lake  Michi- 
gan to,  382;  chief  source  of  water 
supply  to,  402;  city  charter,  891; 
early  schools,  894;  in'l855,  503;  inter  - 
.  urban  lines,  955 

Indianapolis   and   Her   Railroad   Connec- 
tions (map),  973 
Indianapolis    Benevolent    Society,    1003, 

1020 

Indianapolis  Boys  Club,  1278 
Indianapolis  Commercial  Club,  974 
Indianapolis  Flower  Mission,  819 
''Indianapolis  Journal,"   569 


XXIV 


INDEX 


Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  815 

Indianapolis  Medical  Society,  805 

"Indianapolis  News,"   1647 

Indianapolis,  Ralston's  plat  of  1821 
(map),  362 

Indianapolis,  Second  State  House  (illus- 
tration), 455 

"Indianapolis  Sentinel,"  737 

Indianapolis  Water  Company,  598 

Indians,  28,  43-85;  religion,  34,  61,  67; 
traditions,  39;  languages,  40,  47,  60; 
habits,  45,  47;  tribes,  52;  wars,  53,  59, 
205;  mythology,  61,  124;  customs, 
69;  food  of,  72,  76;  Perrot's  descrip- 
tion of,  75;  domestic  wants  of,  80; 
tribal  organization,  81;  removal  of, 
82;  sail  for  France.  112;  troubles,  118; 
uprising,  cause  of,  134;  lawlessness, 
204;  titles,  264;  treaties,  264,  354, 
388;  hostilities,  268;  titles  in  Indiana, 
extinguishment  of,  354;  schools,  358 

Indians  Driving  off  Eclipse  of  Moon 
(illustration),  71 

Indigent  deaf  and  blind,  988 

industrial  domination,  699 

Industries,  canning  and  preserving,  954; 
hides  and  furs,  957;  home,  412;  ter- 
rapin, 958 

Infant  blindness  law,  831 

Innes,  Judge,  204 

Insane  hospitals,  823,  980,  993,  1018 

Insane,  statistics  on,  982 

Insley,  William  H.,  2066 

Instruction  of  deaf  and  dumb,  history 
of,  990 

International   bimetallism,   757 

Internal  improvements,  382,  410;  bill  for, 
393;  history  of  bill,  394 

Interurban  railroads,  955 

Itinerant  preachers,  1176 

Intoxication,  Wayne's  order  regarding, 
227 

Invasion  of  Indian  country,  179 

Investigating  Committee,  1022 

Iron  and  steel,  945 

Iroquois,  52,  53 

iroquois   Captives    (illustration),   57 

Iroquois  Fort,  Attack  on  (illustration), 
54 

Irvin,  Arthur  B.,  2261 

Iserman,  Edmund  F.,  1475 

Isgrigg,  David  M.,  2064 

"Jacobin  clubs,"  222 

Jacoby,  Elias  J.,  1945 

James,  John  H.,  2181 

Janert,  Albert,  2000 

Jarrard,  Thomas  E.,  2261 

Jay,  John,  treaty,  212 

Jefferson  and  Johnston  petitions,  com- 
parison of,  257 

Jefferson  County  mounds,  9;  stone  fort, 
9 


Jefferson  County,  Stone  fort  (map),  8 

Jefferson's  "Notes  on  Virginia,"  257 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  188,  220,  222,  252, 
254;  proposed  states  in  Northwest 
Territory  (map),  188;  opinion  on  slav- 
ery, 247 

Jeffersonville,  953 

»eff ergon ville  Township  Public  Library, 
2152 

Jenkins,  D.  C.,  2002 

Jennings,  Augustus,  1611 

Jennings  County  mounds,  9;  stone  forti- 
fications, 9 

Jennings,  Harry  E.,  1651 

Jennings,  John,  1610 

Jennings,  Jonathan,  262,  286,  297,  354, 
376,  383,  386;  candidate  for  Governor, 
292;  (portrait),  289 

Jerry  Collins  and  Doctor  Cool  (illustra- 
tion), 1036 

Jessup,  Jennie  B.,  1434 

Jessup,  Maria  A.,  816 

Jesuit  "Relations,"  21,  24,  28,  30,  33,  38, 
55,  56,  58,  64,  72 

Jewett,  Charles  W.,  1301 

Jillson,  William  M.,  1246 

John  Jay  treaty,  212 

John,  Robert,  388 

Johnson,  Alexander  (portrait),  1023 

Johnson,  Andrew,  536,  693;  inaugurated, 
676 

Johnson,  Benjamin  B.,  1467 

Johnson,  Emsley  W.,  1588 

Johnson,  Henry  W.,  1457 

Johnson,  Honest  F.,  230 

Johnson,  John,  299,  334 

Johnson,  John  W.,  1472 

Johnson,  J.  Wallace,  2036 

Johnson,  Mary  E.,  1137 

Johnson,  Richard  O.,   1519 

Johnson,  William,  52,  121,  122,  126 

Johnston  and  Jefferson  petitions,  com- 
parison of,  257 

Johnston,  Annie  F.,  779,  2184 

Johnston,  Harriet  M.,  2125 

Johnston,  Washington,  256 

Joliet,  Louis,  67 

Jones,  A.,  1340 

Jones,  Aquilla,  758,  1956 

Jones,  Arthur  H.,^648^ •""" 

Jones,  Charlea-e^lO,  22 

Jones,   Daniel  A.,  2253 

Jones,   Eronk  M.,  2221 

Jones, /Gabriel,  183 

Jones,  XJeorge  W.,  1513 

Jones,  (A  Edwin,  2253 

Jones,  John  R.,  179,  235,  258;  (portrait), 
259 

Jones,  Oliver  P.,   1238 

Jones,  Thomas  M.,  1883 

Jones,  Walter,  1853 

Jones,  William  A.,  909 

Jones,  William  M.,  1833 


, 
• 


INDEX 


XXV 


Jordan,  Arthur,  1489 

Jordan,  David  S.,  905 

Joss,  Frederick  A.,  1931 

Jouett,  Matthew  H.,  141 

"Journal  of  tne  Indiana  State  Medical 
Association,"  806,  816 

"Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  815 

Judah,  Mrs.  John  M.,  1139 

Judah,  Samuel,  317;  portrait,  316 

Judges,  334;   early,  196 

Judicial  decisions,  Roosevelt's  plan  for 
recall  of,  774 

Julian,  George  W.,  534,  542,  546,  564, 
624,  632,  678,  698,  1150;  (portrait), 
538;  speech  on  slavery,  632 

Julian,  Isaac,  550;  speech,  attacking  ad- 
ministration of  1865,  682;  speech  of 
October  25,  1868,  694 

Jungclaus,  William  P.,  1711 

Jury  trial,  450 

Kahn,  David,  1544 

Kahn,  Henry,  1678 

Kahn,  I.  Ferdinand,  1545 

Xankakee,  89 

Kankakee  portage,  45 

"Kansas  City  Star,"  737 

Kaskaskia,  capture  of,  148 

Kast,  Marie,  816 

Kattman,  Frank  A.,  1869 

Kaufman,  Rex  ]).,  2046 

Kautz,  John  A.,  1969 

Kean,  John,  192 

Keely  cures,  1037 

Keightley,  Edwin  W.,  2090 

Keller,  Amelia  R.,   816,   1881 

Kern,  Omer  M.,  1421 

Kemper,  G.  W.  H.,  820,  1670;  (portrait), 
786 

Kennedy,  Dumont,  1305 

Kennington,  Robert  E.,  1440 

Kenyon,  Clarence  A.,  939 

Kern,  John  W.,  769 

Kerr,  Michael  C.,  564,  651,  1534 

Ketcham,  Jane  M.,  816 

Kidnaping  case,   atrocious,   352 

Kidnaping  free  negroes,  341,   506 

Kidnaping  of  slaves,  532 

Kilgore,  David,  394;    (portrait),  395 

Killikelly,  Sarah  H.,  1196,  1433 

Kilsokwa,  The  Setting  Sun,  90;  (por- 
trait), 79 

Kimball,  Nathan,   609 

Kindergartens,  free,  1020 

King  (Rufus)  on  Ordinance  of  1787,  193 

King,  W.  F.,  831 

Kinnard,  George  S.,  1965 

Kinney,  Amory,  346 

Kinsey,  Carl  D.,  2235 

Kinsey,  Oliver  P..  911 

Kiper,  Roscoe,  1575 

Kirk,  Alvin  T.,  1408 

Kirk,  Clarence  L.,  1350 


Kirkpatrick,  Lex  J.,  1402 

Kitchell,  Jirah  A.,  1296 

Kittredge,  Jonathan,   1031 

Kizer,  Robert  P.,  1436 

Klausmann,  Henry  W.,  1624 

Klumpp,  John  F.,  2126 

Klute,  George  E.,  1875 

Klute,  John  H.,  1879 

Knabe,  Helene    (portrait),   817 

Knapp,  Frank  H.,  2238 

Knauff,  Henry,  1992 

Knights  of  Elvas,  37 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  434,  640 

Knightstown  Springs,  1011 

Knollenberg,  Everard  B.,  1876 

Knollenberg,  Henry  W.,  1875 

Know  Nothingism,  537,  543 

Knox  county  mounds,  13 

Knox  County  Seminary,  317 

Koehler,  Charles  F.,  1684 

Koelln,  Henry,  2084 

Kokomo,  90,  953 

Koons,  Martin  L.,  1676 

Kop,  Peter,  1199 

Korbly,  Bernard,  1641 

Korbly,  Charles  A.,  Jr.,  1641 

Korbly,  Charles  A.,  Sr.,  1640 

Koss,  Louis,  1720 

Kramm,  Harry  D.,  1710 

Kreimeier,  Elmer,  1575 

Krietenstein,  George  W.,  2118 

Kroh,  Cora  E.,  2140 

Kroh,  James  H.,  2139 

Krout,  Caroline  V.,  1924 

Krout,  Mary  H.,  1922 

Kuchenbuch,  Herman,  2137 

Kuessner,  A  malm    (Mrs.  Charles  duPont 

Coudert),  1204;   (portrait),  1205 
Kuhn,  Charles,  1299 
Kuhn,  John  A.,  1299 
Kuhn,  William  F.,  1299 
Kuhner,  Godlip  C.,  1983 
Kyle,  John  J.,  819 

LaBalme,  175 
Laboratory  Law,  830 
Lacy,  Flay  S.,  1946 
Lafayette,  953 
Lafltau,  23,  54,  57,  71 
Lagle,  William  H.,  1837 
Lagro,  90 
LaHontan,  21,  71 
Lake  Maxinkuckee.  91 
Lake    Michigan,   route   from    to   Indian- 
apolis. 382 
Land  act,  191 

Land  chief  wealth  of  the  country,  217 
Land  claims,  boundaries  of.  231 
Land  deed,  first  Indiana.  48 
Land  grant,  Indian,  381 
Land  grants,  early    (map),  216 
Land,  Harry,  1467 
Land.  Walker  E.,  1486 


XXVI 


INDEX 


' 


Landers,   Pierce  J.,   1498 

Landis,  Kenesaw  M.,  1849 

Landon,  George  W.,  1664 

Lane,  Daniel  C.,  298,  367 

Lane,  Henry  S.,  547,  550,  564,  1174; 
(portrait),  551 

Lane,  James  H.,  1548;   (portrait),  432 

Lane,  Joseph,  1540 

Langsenkamp,  Frank  H.,  1845 

Langsenkamp,  William,   1934 

Languages,  Indian,  Algonkin,  40;  Mus- 
cogean,  41 

Lanier,  James  F.  D.,  333,  403,  419,  643, 
1032;  (portrait),  418 

Lapenta,  Vincent  A.,  1590 

Laporte,  953 

La  Potherie,  45,  70 

LaSalle,  56;  letter  of  August  22,  1682, 
56;  discoveries,  99;  (portrait),  100; 
description  of  Ohio  district,  101 ;  writ- 
ings of,  103;  (map),  105;  Colony,  106 

Lasher,  Norman  J.,  1349 

Lasselle,  Hyacinthe,  346 

Last  Union  soldier  killed  in  battle,  599 

Lauck,  John,  1755 

Laughlin,  C.  E.,  827 

Lauter,  Herman,  1944- 

Lauter  Company,  H.,  1944 

Law  concerning  negro  slaves,  237 

Law  concerning  servants,  237 

Law,  John  (portrait),  115 

Law  schools,  744 

Lawrence,  John  F.,  2252 

Law-son,  Charles  G.,  2105 

Lawton,  Henry  W.,  761 

Leakey,  Joseph  K..  1672 

Leathers,  James  M.,  1274 

Leathers,  William  W.,   1273 

le  Drou,  Pierre,  272 

Lee,  Richard  H.,  192 

Lee's  surrender,  670 

Leeds,  Frank  R,,  2136 

Leedy,  Ulysses  G.,  1691 

Leeson,  Colonel  K.,  1966 

Leeson,  Richard  L.,  2033 

Legend  of  origin  of  Miami*.  44 

Legg  Brothers,  1811 

Legg,  Charles  D.,  2195 

Legg,  Christopher  E.,  1811 

Legislation,  1864,  670 

Legislation  for  charitable  institutions, 
996 

Legislation,  temperance  work  effect  on, 
1041 

Legislative  Reference  work,  749 

Legislature   of    1889.    1021 

Legrande,  Pacome,  131 

Le  Gras,  M.,  181 

Lehmanowsky,  John  J.,  1132.  1145 

LeJeune,  Father,  21,  64,  69 

Lemaux,   George,   1242 

Lemcke,  Julius  A.,  1343 

Lemcke,  Ralph   A.,   1345 


Lemen  diary,  247 

Lemen,  James,  298,  352 

Lemen,  John,  247 

LeMercier,  Father,  28 

Lenfestey,  John  R.,  2232 

Lensmann,  John  H.,  2193 

LePetit,  Father,  34,  38 

Lerman,  Meyer,  1655 

LeRoy,  John  W.,  1377 

Lesh,  Charles  P.,  1603 

LeSueur,   30,  245 

"Letters  of  Decius,"  242 

Levering,  Julia  H.,  1399 

Levering,  Mortimer,  1400 

Levi  Coffin  House,  Fountain  City  (illus- 
tration), 509 

Levy,  Henry,  1354 

Levy,  Leopold,  1353 

Levy,   Marie   C.,   1355 

Levy,  Theresa,  1354 

Lewis,  Dio,  1057 

Lewis,  George  B.,  1549 

Lewis,  Thomas  R.,  2182 

Lewis,  Walter  H.,  2116 

Lewis,  Walter  L.,  2120 

Lexington,   323 

Libby,  Charles  L.,  1997 

Liberia,  colonization,  470 

Library,  709,  914;  medical,  822;  Sun- 
day School,  914;  township  school,  916; 
conditions  of  the  state,  916;  juvenile 
fiction,  917 ;  rural,  920 ;  traveling,  920 ; 
public,  921;  school,  921 

Library  Commission,  920 

Library   provision,  918 

Library   Society,   1118 

License  system,  703 

Lieber,  Herman,  1736 

Lieber,  Otto  R.,   1737 

Lieber,  Richard,  2219 

Lieutenant  Governor,  duration  of  office, 
720;  contest  for,  721 

Lilly,  Eli,  1888 

Lilly,  James  W.,  1401 

Lilly,   William   H..   339 

Limestone,  Brown's  report  on  Indiana's. 
962;  statistics,  968 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  581,  631,  655;  speecli, 
582;  assassination,  670;  remains  in 
the  Capitol,  670;  Emancipation,  682 

Lindey,  Carl  S..  1661 

Lindley,  Jonathan,   315 

Line,  John,  1376 

Linn,  William,  142 

Linthicum,  Edward,  2175 

Linthicum,  Porter  H.,  2175 

Liquor  decision,  1054 

Liquor  law,  local  option,  492 

Liquor  League.  781,  1061 

Liquor  legislation,  1052 

Liquor   licenses,   748,   1042 

Liquor  question,  767 

Lister,   Joseph,   833 


INDEX 


XXVll 


Literature,  1185;  fund,  475;  western, 
1306;  of  the  Great  Valley,  1206;  early 
American,  1209;  first  native  Hoosier 
to  produce  book  of  literary  merit,  1210 

Little,  Abraham,  254 

L,ittle  Turtle,  37,  47,  52,  84,  175,  205, 
207,  210;  granddaughter  of,  79,  90; 
Indian  name  of,  92;  (portrait),  270; 
grave  of,  271 

Livezey,  John  C.,  1561 

Local  option  liquor  law,  492,  1042 

Lockwood,  Bertha  G.,  1397 

Lockwood,  George  B.,  1071;  (portrait), 
1072 

Lockwood,  Kufns  A.  (portrait),  567,  2266 

Lockwood,  Virgil  H.,  1396 

Logan  (Chief),  228 

Logan,  Robert  J.,   2043 

Logansport,  90,  955 

"Logansport  Pharos,"  742 

'•Log  Convention,"  262 

Log  Schoolhouse  in  Wayne  County  (il- 
lustration), 868 

Logsdon,  Edwin  D.,  1410 

Lomax,  William,  811,  853,  1653;  (por- 
trait), 834 

Long,  Benjamin  F.,  1955 

Long,  Clara,  812;    (portrait),  813 

Long,  Crawford  W.,  833 

Long,   Robert   W.,   812;    (portrait),    813 

Long  Hospital,   906;    (illustration),   810 

Longcliff,  1018 

Komi,   Edward  J.,   1849 

"Looking  Back  from  Sunset  Land,"  522 

Lookout   Mountain,   648 

Loramie,   Peter,  121 

Loramie's  Station,  121 

Lorenz,  John  W.,  2030 

Losantiville,  197 

Louisiana  purchase,  239 

Louisville  and  Portland  Canal,  subscrip- 
tion to,  385,  1135 

Lowe,  Richard,  1636 

Lowe,  William.  299 

Lowry,  James  H.,  1272 

Loyd.  Creth  J.,  1878 

Luecke,  Martin,  1334 

Luhring,  Oscar  R..  1974 

Lupear,  Alic  J.,  1727 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  30 

Lyon,  Matthew,  243 

Maag,  Bernard  J.,  Jr.,  1484 

Maas,   George  L.,   1791 

Macadamized  road,  393 

Maclure,     William,     481,     1084,     1114: 

estate,    1118 
Macluria,  1105 
Madden,  John  J.,  1785 
Madden,  Thomas.  1784 
Maddox.  John  W.,  349 
"Madison  Courier,"  544 
Madison,  James,  165,  220 


Madison  Preceptoral  Institute,  884 

Madison  railroad  scheme,  400 

Madstone,  792 

Magee,  Rufus,   1961 

iviagnetic  Telegraph,  425 

Major,  Charles,  1194,  1366 

Main  Market  Highways  to  Be  Built  in 
Indiana  (map),  940 

Main  survey  of  Indiana  lands,  355 

Malarial  disease,  371 

Malott,  Volney  T.,  1585 

Malott,   William    P.,   1751 

Mancourt,  Charles  P.,  1832 

Manhattan,  91 

Manitos,   prayer  to,  62 

Mann,  Charles  B.,  2090 

Manning,  Frank  R.,  1689 

Manson,  Mahlon  D.,  720,  1504 

Manufactures,  944;  increase  of,  951, 
pioneer,  939 

Manwaring,   Solomon,   296 

Marest,  Father,  114 

Marietta,  195 

Marion,  953 

Marion  County  Medical  Society,  822 

Markle,  Major,  344 

Marott,  George  J.,  2086 

Marple,  E.  A.,  2135 

Marquette,  Father,  65,  67,  80 

Marquette's   Monster    (illustration),  66 

Married  women,  independent  property 
rights  for,  454 

Marsee,  Joseph  W.,  796 

Marshall,  Henry  W.,  2270 

Marshall,  John,  214 

Marshall.  Thomas  R.,  321,  769,  776.  1226; 
(portrait),  772 

Martin,  Asinae,  613 

Martin   (Betsey)  on  Temperance,  1034 

Martin,  Charles   E.,   1835 

Martin,  Evan  J.,  2179 

Martin,  Harry  A.,  1670 

Martin,  Henry  R.,  1893 

Martin,  William  A.,  1386 

Martindale,  Charles  A.,  1788 

Martinsville,   854,   969 

Mason.  Augustus  L.,  1799 

Masonic  Temple,  Built  1848-50,  (illus- 
tration), 496 

Masons,  change  of  customs,  1039 

Massie,  Nathaniel.  223 

Masters,  M.  I.,  1770 

Mathew,   Theobald,  1039 

Matthews,  Claude,  755;  (portrait),  754; 
Administration,  758 

Matzke,  Julius,  1822 

Maumee  river,  74,  91 

Maxwell.  David  H..  297 

Maximilian,   Prince,  30 

May,  Edward  R.,  465 

May,   Edwin.   709 

May,  Ray,  1662 

Mayer,    Herman    A.,    1918 


XXV111 


INDEX 


Mayhew,  Royal,  491,  886,  893 

McAbee,  Daniel  II..  1947 

McAdams,  William,  66 

McArthur,  Dunca.ii  354 

McArthur,  General,  276 

McBride,  Bert,  2162 

McBride,  Robert  W.,   1899 

McCabe,  James,  746 

McCarty,  Enoch,  296 

McCarty,   Nicholas,    500 

McClellan,  George  B.,  597 

McClung,  John  A.,  1182 

McClure,  Robert  G.,  1516 

McConaha,  Everett  R.,  1479 

MeCormick,  O.  N.,   1394 

McCormick  Theological  Seminary,  901 

McCoy,  Cassius  C.,   1882 

McCoy,  Christiana,   (portrait),  356 

McCoy,  Eliza,  361;    (portrait),  360 

McCoy   Indian   school,  358 

McCoy,  Isaac,  82,  84,  355,  1030,  1182; 
(portrait),  356 

McCracken   C.  J.,   2122 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  412,  413,  1165;  (por- 
trait), 414 

McCulloch,  Oscar  C.,  748,  1020 

McCullough,  Thomas,  J772 

McCutcheon,  George  B.,  1818 

McCutcheon,  John   T.,   1877 

McDaniel,  Charles  M.,  2246 

McDonald,  Joseph  E.,  669,  704,  705,  714; 
letter,  663;  (portrait),  664 

McDowell,  Ephraim,  788 

McElheny,  Franklin  K.,  1980 

McFall,  George,   1764 

McGettigan,  John  E.,  1597 

McGilliard,  M.  V.,  1278 

McGuire,  William  M.,  2180 

Mcllvaine,  W.  A.,  1994 

Mclntire,  J.  S.,   1769 

Mclntire,  Robert,   299 

Mclntosh,  Sarah  N.,  2240 

Mclntosh,  William,  260 

McKamy,  Anna  T.,  817 

McKee,  Edward  L.,  2190 

McKee,  Robert  S.,  2188 

McKinsey,  William  P.,  2037 

McMahan,  Adah,  816,  1828 

McMahan,  Herbert  B.,  1809 

McMurtrie,  Uz,  1783 

McRae,  Emma  Mont.,  921;  (portrait), 
922 

McShirley,  Ella  B.,  1944 

McWhirter,  Felix  T.,  1734 

McWilliams,  Nannie  E.,  1468 

Mears,  George  W.,  (portrait),  822 

Mears,  J.   Ewing.   822 

Meat  packing,  945 

Meats,  artificial  cooling  of,  943 

Mechling,  Jacob  E.,  1252 

Medical  and  surgical  discoveries.  831 

"Medical  and  Surgical  Monitor,"  814 

Medical  authors.  819 


Medical  book,  facsimile  title  page  of 
first,  807 

Medical  Colleges,  811 

Medical  Convention  of  1849,  802 

Medical  fads,  790 

Medical  History  of  Indiana's  first  cen- 
tury, 787 

Medical  journals,   814 

Medical  libraries,   822 

Medical  officers  in  Volunteer  regiments, 
Civil  war,  848 

Medical  practice,  early,  801 

Medical   registration,   793 

Medical   schools,   794 

Medical   society,   first,  798 

Medical  teachers,   821 

Medicine,  early  domestic,  788;  laws  reg- 
ulating practice  of,  792;  laws  of  1897, 
793 

Meeker,    Thomas   S.,    1454 

Mees,  Carl  L.,   1526 

Meier,  Lewis,  1728 

Meigs,  Return  J.,  196,  223 

Meister,   Doris,  818,   1816 

Mellett,  Jesse  II.,  1412 

Mellor,  Walter  H.,  2074 

Meloy,  Alfred  O.,  1359 

Members  of  the  Convention  for  Admis- 
sion as  State,  296 

Memorial  for  statehood,  290 

Memorial  of  early  convention  of  1801, 
235 

Memorial  on  Care  of  the  Unfortunate, 
979 

Menard,  Pierre,  233 

Mendenhall,  William,  1665 

Menominee,  359 

Mercer,   William    S.,   1999 

Merchants  associations,  974 

Mercuric,  Phillip  B.,  1475 

Mercy  Hospital,  1000 

Meredith,  Henry  C.,  1457 

Meredith,  Solomon,  893;    (portrait),  691 

Meredith,  Virginia  C.,  1457 

Mermet,  Jean,  131 

Merrill,  Catharine,  818,  1440 

Merrill,  Samuel,  364,  380,  412;  (por- 
trait), 368 

Merrimac,  600 

Methodist  Book  Concern,  1000 

Methodist  church  discipline,  1028 

Methodists,  518,  1195 

Metropolitan  Police  bill,  716 

Metzger.  Albert  E.,  1538 

Meurin,  Father,  133,  135 

Meuser,  Robert  J.,  1645 

Mexican  war,  429,  835 

Meyer,  Frederick  J..  1715 

Meyer,  Henry.  1350 

Miami  Ax.  with  Mound  Builder  Sto»» 
Head,  (illustration)  20 

Miami  chiefs,  84 

Miami  Company,  212 


INDEX 


XXIX 


Miamis,  39,  45,  92;  legend  of  origin  of 
tribe,  44;  origin  of,  47;  dialect,  60; 
theory  of  creation,  63;  food  of,  72; 
agricultural,  74;  hostile,  120 

Michigania,  188 

Michigan  City,  92,  953 

Michigan  City  prison,  1004 

Michigan  Road,  380 

Military  hospital,  Civil  War,  596 

Military  arrests,  638 

Military  Commission,  665 

Military  situation  in  the  west,  (1780), 
176 

Military  supplies,   (1812),  272 

Military  usurpation,  667 

Militia,  Civil  war,  641;  War  Governor's 
control  over,  641 

Miller,  Abram  O.,  845,  849 

Miller,  Calvin  S.,  2106 

Miller,  Clem,  1899 

Miller,  Dick,  1568 

Miller,  Edward  C.,  1598 

Miller,  Enrique  C.,  1392 

Miller,  Fred,  2017 

Miller,  George  F.,  661 

Miller,  Joaquin,  1192;  early  life.  1183; 
tribute  to  pioneers,  1157;  (portrait), 
1159 

Miller,  John  F.,  610;    (portrait),  630 

Miller,  Robert  F..  1371 

Miller  Ryell  T.,  2285 

Miller,  Samuel  D.,  1503 
Miller,   William   H.   H.,   1501 

Milligan,  James  W.,  827 

Millikan,  Frank  M.,   1867 

Millikan,  Lynn   B.,   1783 

Millikan,  Thomas  B.,  1380 

Milling,  941 

Mills,  Caleb,  474,  494,   891,  894.   911 

Milroy,  Robert  H..  607;   (portrait),  637 

Milroy,  Samuel.  299,  376 

Minear,  S.  P.,  1896 

Mineral  waters,  853,  968,  1018 

Mineral  wealth,  958 

Mineral  wells,  970 

Minerva  Club,  first  women's  club  in  the 

United  States,   1112 
Minnick,  Ira   A.,   1726 
Minor,  Benjamin  B.,  1558 
Minor,  John  R.,  744 
Minshall,  Levi.   797 
Minute  men.  Civil  war,  623 
Misener,  Richard  H.,  1935 
Mishawaka,  92.  953 
Missionary  Ridge,  648 
Missionaries,  at  Vincennes,  131 
Mississinewa,  92 
Mississippi  Company,  111 
Mississippi  river,  604 ;  navigation  on,  628 
Mississippi  Valley  in   1801,   (map),  234 
Missouri  Compromise,  347,  504,  539 
Missouri  Enabling  Act  348 


Moccasin  from  Mammoth  Cave,  (illustra- 
tion), 31 
Moccasin  from  Salts  Cave,  (illustration), 

31 

Mogle,  Alvah  E.,  1838 
Mogg,  Millard  E.,  1771 
Money  contributions  for  Civil  war  pur- 
poses, 613 

Money   difficulty,   402 
Money  question.  715 
Monger,  Ora.   1479 
Monitor,   600 

"Monitor  and  the  Merrimac,"  1192 
Monninger,  Gottfried,  1975 
Montgomery,  Chester  R.,  2213 
Montgomery,  Edwin  R.,  2140 
Montgomery,  Hugh  T.,  2212 
Monument  to  Col.  Richard  Owen,  (illus- 
tration), 616 

Moodey,  John  W.,   (portrait),  799 
Moody,    William    V.,    1191,    1213;    (por- 
trait), 1193 

Mooney,  James  E.,  124;    (portrait),  123 
Moore,  Asa,  388 
Moore,  Benjamin  F.,  1990 
Moore,  Harry  C.,  1869 
Moore,  Henry,  2110 
Moore,  John  W.,  2208 
Moore  law,  1064 
Moore,  Otto  N.,  2111 
Moore,  Roll  W.,  1895 
Moorehead,  W.  K.,  33 
Moores,  Charles  W.,  1461 
Moorhead,  George  A.,  1921 
Moredock,   John.   233 
Moreland,  John  R.,  1177 
Morgan,  Otho  H.,  2234 
Morgan  raid  through  Indiana.  619;   map 
of  route,  621;  Basil  Duke  account  of, 
622;  claims  for  damages  in,  623 
Morgan's  escape,  624 
Morris  Canal  and  Banking  Company,  404 
Morris,  John,  1422 
Morris,  Robert  A.,   1356 
Morris,  Judge  John,  1422 
Morris,  Thomas  A..  597;    (portrait),  598 
Morrison,  Charles  B.,  1513 
Morrison,   John   1..  487;    (portrait),   488 
Morrison-Reeves  Library,  2208 
Morrison,   Bbbert,   233,  239 
Morrison,  Sarah   P.,  905,  915 
Morrison,  William.   217,  232 
Morrow.  Carl   F.,   1762 
Morse,  Elijah  A.,  2084 
Morse,  Prof.,  422 
Morss,   Samuel  E.,  737,  757;    (portrait), 

751 

Morton.  Oliver  P..  536.  544.  546,  564, 
580.  593  625.  629.  631.  641.  662.  678. 
1011;  speech  for  secession.  573;  mes- 
sage to  special  session  of  the  legis- 
lature in  1861,  587;  letter  to  Lincoln, 
627;  (portrait),  645;  as  a  lawyer. 


INDEX 


646;  assumption  of  power,  648;  "Ma- 
sonic Hall  speech,"  692 

Moser,  Newton  A.,  1488 

Mote,  Marcus,  206,  515,  1132;  Quaker 
Artist,  515 

Motor  speedway,  939 

Mott,  Frederick  R.,  2247 

Mouch,  Charles  W.,  1531 

Mound  Builders,  1.  11,  17,  25,  31,;  Fab- 
rics from  Kentucky  Caves,  (illustra- 
tion), 31;  dwelling,  31;  games  and 
sports,  32;  idols,  34;  origin  and  fate, 
35 

Mound  Builder  Stone  Head,  (illustra- 
tion), 29 

Mound  Building  Nation,  center  of,  13 

Mounds,  1-42;  Indian,  description,  18; 
Jefferson  County,  Clark  County,  Jen- 
nings County,  9;  Knox  County,  13; 
purpose  of,  38;  Randolph  County,  12 

Mount  Evans,  1001 

Mount  Jackson  Tavern,  999 

Mount,  James  A.,  759,  1306;  (portrait), 
760 

Movements  of  Indiana  troops  in  Civil 
war,  599 

Mudlavia,  854 

Mueller,  J.  George,  1992 

Mueller,  Lillian  B.,  817 

Mulattoes,  471;  status  of,  465 

Muncie,  90,  93,  953 

Murphy,  Charles  J.,  2107 

Murphy,  Edward,   823 

Murphy,  Francis,   1060 

Murray,  Amelia  M.,  503,  1136 

Murreil,  John,   342 

Muscogean  languages,  41 

Muscogees,  39 

Museum,   709 

Muskrats,   399 

Musseling,  958 

Mussel -shells,   collecting  of,   958 

Mustard,   Daniel   F.,    1289 

Mustard,  Fred  E.,  2028 

Mythology,  Indian,  61 

Xackenhorst,  William,  1363 

Nappanee,  93 

Nashoba,  Frances  Wright's  Colony,  (il- 
lustration), 1087 

National   Conventions,   544 

"National  Enquirer,"  1065 

National  highway,   783 

National   prohibition,   1065 

"National   Republican,"   1072 

National  Road,  936 

National  Road  Bridge  (Old)  over  White 
River,  (illustration).  937 

National  Temperance  Convention,  1037 

Natural  gas.  961 

Nave,  Joseph   S.,  1313 

Navigable  streams,  930 

Navigable  waters  common  highways,  194 


Needham,  Harry  S.,  1921 

Neff,  Charles  H.,  2023 

Xeff,   Joseph   E.,    1458 

Negley,  David  D.,  1620 

Xegley,  Harry  E.,  1622 

Negro  question,  632 

Negro   suffrage,  466,  676,   686,   694 

Negroes,  471 ;  act  concerning  introduc- 
tion of  into  Indiana  Territory,  243; 
in  Indiana  Territory  in  1810,  244;  kid- 
naping of,  341 ;  status  of,  465 

Nemeth,  Desiderius  D.,  1336 

Nesbit,  Wilbur  D.,  2239 

Netz,  Benjamin  F.,  1667 

Neu,  John  B.,  2091 

Neu,  William  J.,  2091 

New  Albany,  953 

Newby,  Leonidas   P.,   1858 

New  Constitution,  497;  movement  for, 
438 

New,  Robert  A..  298,  338 

Newell,   (James)   Journal,   139 

New  Foundland  banks,  98 

New  Harmony,  14,  481,  1071;  colony,  35; 
first  community  at,  1074;  industries, 
1081;  labyrinth,  1083;  women,  1086; 
Pelham's  description  of,  1093 ;  com- 
munity, failure  of.  1100;  schools,  1114 
Workingmen's  Institute  and  Library, 
1117 

Newman,  Omer  L..  2020 

"New  Moral  World."  1084 

"New   Purchase.  The,"  354 

Newspapers,  550,  1128,  1202;  anti-slav- 
ery, 347 

New  York  great  fire,  1151 

Nichol.  George  E.,  1775 

Nicholas,  war  chief,  118 

Nichols,   Clarence   W.,    1272 

Nicholson  law,  1061,  1064 

Nicholson,   Meredith.   1121,   1138.   1526 

Nicholson  Remonstrance  law,  767 

Nicholson,  Timothy,   1022 

Nightingale,  Florence,  818 

Niles,  William,  1383 

Noble,  James,  296,  367,  374 

Noble,  Noah,  412,  420;    (portrait),  421 

Noel,  James  W.,  1480 

Noel,  S.  V.  B..  891 

Non-commissioned   schools.   913 

Normal  School  opened,  908 

Normal    schools,    907;    908 

Norris,  Roy,  1487 

North  Bend,  197 

Northern  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane, 749,  823,  826;  (illustration).  998 

Northern  Indiana  Normal  School.  911 

Northrup,  Leonard  E.,  1699 

Northwest  Territory,  182,  222;  proposed 
states  in,  188;  slavery  in.  215;  In- 
diana's direct  interest  in,  224;  divided, 
226 

"Northwestern  Christian  Advocate,"  1000 


INDEX 


XXXI 


Northwestern  Christian  (Butler)  College, 
illustration),  892 

Northwestern  University,  1000 

Norton,  Thomas  M.,  1786 

Norton.  William  J.,  1787 

Notre  Dame  University,  911;  first  build- 
ing, (illustration)  892;  (illustration) 
912 

Nowlin,  H.  L.,  1583 

Nullification   message,   579 

Nuner,  J.  F.,  1543 

Nurses,  818;  Civil  war,  613 

Nusbaum,  Oliver  P.,  1585 

Oakes,  John  D.,  1532 

O'Bannon,  Lew  M.,  2283 

O'Brien,  Michael  G.,  2049 

Observation  mounds,  10 

O'Connor,  Michael,   1713 

O'Connor,  William  L.,  1713 

Ohio  Company,  187,  192,  194,  212;  lands, 
194 

Ohio  county,  94;  smallest  in  State,  307 

Ohio  district,  LaSalle's   description,   101 

Ohio  river,  94,  101 

Ohio  Steamboat  Navigation  Company, 
928 

Oil  wells,  959;    (illustration),  960 

Olcott,  John  M.,  908 

Old  Bacon  Home,  Station  on  the  Under- 
ground Railroad,  (illustration),  545 

Old  Bates  House,  where  Lincoln  spoke, 
(illustration),  581 

Old  Capitol  Hotel,  295;  (illustration), 
305 

Old  City  Hospital,  Indianapolis,  (illus- 
tration), 795 

Old  Constitutional  Elm,  Corydon,  (illus- 
tration), 300 

"Old  Lemen  fort,"  247 

Old  Rappite  cemeterv,  1117 

Old  State  Bank  Building,  Brookville,  (il- 
lustration 1 ,  324 

Olds,  Lee  M.,  2148 

Olds.  Walter,  2147 

Oliver,  James,  1473 

Oliver,  Joseph  D.,  1641 

Ontario,  93 

Oolitic  limestone,  advantage  of,  965; 
block  of.  (illustration),  967 

Oolitic  quarry,  face  of,  (illustration), 
964 

V'ppenheim.  W.   S..  750 

Orbison.  Charles  J..   1817 

Order  of  American  Knights.  649,  663 

Order  of  Good  Templars,  1039 

Ordinance  of  1787.  193.  233.  251,  340, 
787.  929,  1073:  Facsimile  of  the  Sixth 
Article  of.  192;  modification  of,  236 

Ordinance  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the 
public  lands,  190 

Oregon    nuestion.   498 

Origin  of  Mound  Builders,  35 


Origin  of  name   Indianapolis,  364 

Origin  of  the  Miamis,  47;  legend  of,  44 

Orth,  Godlove  S.,   708 

Osborn,  Charles.  517 

Osborn,   John   W.,   344;    (portrait),    345 

Osborne,  Clarence  E.,  1509 

Osborne,  V.  H.,  1346 

Osborne,  William  C.,  2199 

Osceola,  94 

Oswego,  94 

Ottawas,  60 

Otto,  William  T..  565 

Ouiatanon  post,   113,   122 

Owasco,  94 

Owen-Campbell  debate,  1102;  Mrs.  Trol- 

lope's  account  of,  1102;   (illustration), 

1103 

Owen,  David  D.,  35,  959,  1071.   1081 
Owen,   Robert    D.,    398,    458.    575,    1073, 

1083,    1085.    1111;    Memorial    to,   461; 

religious    belief,    1091 ;    Monument    to, 

(illustration),   1106 

Owen,  Richard,  6-15;   Monument   to,  616 
Owen,  William,  1079;  diary.  260 
Owens,  John,  254 

Pack  horses,  924 

Packet  "Governor  Morton"  at  Old  Na- 
tional Bridge,  (illustration),  931 

Painted  Monsters,  67 

Painting,   1203 

Palmer,  John  M.,  756 

Palmer,  J.  Lewis,  1769 

Panic  of  1819-20,  325;  of  1873,  701;  of 
1893,  755 

Parke,  Benjamin,  240.  242,  254.  301.  329, 
331,  354,  869;  Home  of,  (illustration), 
332 

Parker,  Charles  T..  1357 

Parks,  Beaumont.   874 

Parrott,   Burton   E.,   1534 

Parry  Family,   1367 

Parry,  St.  Clair,  1368 

Parsons,  Samuel  H..   191.   196 

Parsons.  William  W.,  909 

Parvin.  Theophilus,  814,  819,  822.  1634; 
(portrait).  832 

Pasteur.  835 

Patoka   river.   94 

Pattison,  Joseph  H..  1796 

Paul,  Joseph  O.,  1853 

Paul,  W.   B..,   1497 

Payne,  Gavin  L..  2249 

Payne,  George  W.,  1820 

Peart.  Morlev  W..  1787 

Peck,  John  M..  249:    (portrait),  250 

Peck,   Mrs.    Edwin   H..    1494 

Pelham.  William.  1093;  description  of 
New  Harmony,  1093 

Pelieipia,   189 

Penal  farm.  779 

Penal  institutions,  982 

Pennington,  Dennis,  298 


xxxn 


INDEX 


Pennington,  Joel,  801 

Pension  money,  330 

People's   Party,  542 

Peoria,  Baptiste,  83 

Perkins,  James  11.,  1202 

Perkins  letter,  492 

Perkins,  Samuel  E.,  1240 

Perrey,  Jean  F.,  233 

Perrot,  memoir,  61;  description  of  In- 
dian customs,  73-79;  description  of  In- 
dians, 75 

Perry,  Charles  C.,  1686 

Perry,  John  C.,  1765 

Perry,   Col.   Oran,    673;    (portrait),    675 

Perry's  victory  on  the  lake,  282 

Personal  prejudice  in  politics,  697 

Peru,  94 

Pestalozzi's  school,   1085 

Petering,  Carl  F.,  1377 

Peters,  John  C.,   1612 

Peters,  John   II..  2066 

Peterson,  Classon  V.,  1937 

Petroleum,  959 

Pettit,  John,  445,   490,;    (portrait),  449 

Pfaff,  Orange  G.,  1281 

Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences, founder  of,  1084 

"Philadelphia  Gazette,"   1091 

"Philanthropist,  The,"  517 

Phillips,  Samuel  G.,  1996 

"Philo  Parsons,"  660 

Phipps  Institute  for  Tuberculosis,  835 

Physicians,  early,  788,  794,  797;  pioneer, 
794,  798,  806;  women,  816 

Piasa  Bird  (illustration),  66 

1'msa  Rock,  66 

Piatt  claims,  278 

Piatt,  John  H.,  273;    (portrait),  276 

Piatt,  John  J.,  1694 

Piatt  Relief  Bill,  277 

Picken,  William  N.,  1690 

Pickens,  Samuel  <>..  1681 

Pickering,  Timothy,  190 

Pictured  rocks,  65 

Picturesque  old  stone  mill  941 

Piehl,  W.  Clifford,  1469 

Piel,  Charles   F.,   1244 

Piel,  William  F.,  1243 

Pine,  Milton   B.,  2251 

Pinnell,  Julius  W.,.1758 

Pioneer  advocate  of  women's  rights  in 
America,  1089 

Pioneer  temperance  society,  1030 

Pioneers,  1156;  labor  of,  1168;  religious 
sentiment  of,  1171 

Pittsburgh  big  fire,  1151 

Place,  Dixon  W.,  1865 

Plank  of  Democratic  platform,   667 

Plank  road,  938 

Playgrounds  law,  831 

Plea  for  honest  elections,  730 

Plot  to  release  Confederate-  prisoners, 
654 


Plummer,  Mary  W.,  1674 

Pluto's   Well,   1018 

Poem,  Anti-slavery,  Ryland  T.  Brown, 
1046 

Poindexter,   Bertha   F.,  2153 

Police  force,  control  of,  716 

Political,  affairs  of  1817,  334;  history  in 
1854,  537;  campaign  of  1860,  563; 
legislation,  720;  corruption,  729;  ora- 
tory, frontier,  1174 

Political   parties,   440;    strength  of,  703 

Politics,  territorial,  262;  early,  286,  374; 
before  Civil  war,  558;  after  Civil  war, 
676 

Polk  Milk  Plant    (illustration),  956 

Polke,  William,  301 

Pollock,  Oliver,  178 ;  commercial  agent  at 
New  Orleans,  179 

Polypotamia,  189 

Pontiac's  conspiracy,  124 

Pool,  W.  W.,   1552 

Poor,  care  for,  976 

Pope,   Frederick  J.,   1675 

Population,  411;  1815,  787;  1880,  828; 
1910,  951 

Pork-house,  largest,  943 

Pork  packing,  941 

Portages,  388 

Porter,  Albert  G.,  564,  715,  716;  (por- 
trait), 717 

Porter,  Edwin  M.,  1834 

Porter,  Gene  Stratton,  1196,  1754 

Porter,  H.  R..  1742 

Porter,  Moses,  212 

Posey,  Gen.  Thomas,  284;   (portrait),  279 

Post  Ouiatanon,  122 

Post  Vincennes,  127,  128,  131;  estab- 
lished. 129 

Potawatomi  Treaty,  380;  celebration 
of  ratification  of,  1033 

Potawatomi  tribe,  82,  94 

Potter,  Merritt  A.,  1682 

Potter,  Theodore,  819 

Potter,  William  S.,   1940 

Pottlitzer,  Edward  L.,  1939 

Pottlitzer,  Leo,  1938 

Potts,  Alfred  F.,  1918 

Powell,  A.   P.,   1877 

Powell,  Hannah,  613 

Powell,  Major,  47 

Powell,    Nettie    B.,    817 

Powell,  Perry  E.,  1897 

"Practicability  of  Indian  Reform,"  361 

Prange,  Anthony,  1694 

Prange.  Fred,  1703 

Pratt,  Daniel  D..  565.  1496 

Prayer  Stick,  126;    (illustration),  125 

Prayer  to  the  Manitos.  62 

Preachers,  itinerant,  1176 

Prehistoric  Hoosier.  1 

"Prehistoric  Men  of  Kentucky,"  (Young), 
32 

Prehistoric  population,  30 


INDEX 


XXXlll 


Preparation  of  American  lotus  by  Miami 
women,  77 

Presbyterian  Education  Society,  877 

Preserving  industry,  954 

Presidential  campaign  of  1888,  740 

Presidential  nominations,  713 

Presidential  vote  in  1864,  670;  in  1893, 
1758 

Presidential  voting,  339 

Priest,  first  ordained  from  the  West, 
1209 

Primitive  Grain  Mill   (illustration),   927 

Primitive  medical  fads,  790 

Prince,  William,  235 

Prior,  Abner,  215 

Prison,  Michigan  City,  1004  (illustra- 
tion), 991 

Prisons  and  prison  discipline,  1012 

Pritchett,  Willis  S.,  2235 

Private  schools,  886 

Prominent  slave  cases,  525 

Proclamation  forbidding  spirituous  liq- 
uors to  Indians,  230 

Proclamation  from  the  Governor  of  In- 
diana, 1185 

Production  of  coal,  1912-15,  959 

Prohibition,  1042;  law,  contested,  1066; 
law,  overthrow  of,  1056;  national, 
1065;  of  1855,  1046 

Prominent  slave  cases,  519,  527 

Property,  taxable,  411 

Prophet,  Tracy  W.,  1409 

Prophet.  The,  266,  269 

Prophet's  town,  94,  266 

Proposed  ballot  law,  745 

Props,  John  C.,  2190 

Propst,  James  M.,  1572 

"Protectionist,  The,"  509 

Provision  for  a  state  financial  system, 
322 

Prunk.  Byron  r..  1991 

Public  Depository  law,  767 

Public  instruction.  Superintendent  of, 
487;  report  of  superintendent,  913 

Public  ownership  of  western  lands, 
182 

Public  lands,  ordinance  for  the  survey 
and  sale  of,  190 

Public  libraries,  921 

Public   playgrounds   law,   831 

Public  Savings  Insurance  Company  of 
America.  2169 

Public  schools,  867,  896,  912 

Public  water  supply  law,  831 

Pulse.  William  C.,  1879 

Pulszky,  Francis.  1135 

Pu's/ky,  Mme.  Theresa,  1135;  visit  to 
Indianapolis,  502 

Punishment  of  bribery,  746 

Purdue  Engineering  Building  (illustra- 
tion). 919 

Purdue.  John  1252 

Purdue  University.   812,   909 


Pure  food  and  drug  law,  831 
Purpose  of  mounds.  38 
Puterbaugh,  Roy  H.,  1950 
Putnam,  Frederic  W.,  1 
Putnam,  Rufus,  191 
Pyatt,  Jacob,  121 
Pyramid,  The,  13 

Quaker  Artist,  515,  1132 

Quakers,  509;   reception  to  Henry  Clay, 

513 
Qualifications  for  admission  to  the  bar, 

770 

Quarantine  law,  831 
Questions   submitted   to  candidates,   500 
Quigg,  Eugene  K.,  1480 
Quigley,  James   A.,   1483 
Quinine,  prohibitive  price  of,  803 
Quinlan,  John  R.,  1421 

Kabb,  Joseph  M..  2071 

Race  prejudice,  638 

Rafinesque,   1090 

Rafts.  924 

Raid  through  Indiana.  619 

Railroad  assessment.  752 

Railroads,  380.  391,  401,  410;  in  1856. 
955;  interurban.  955;  steam,  955 

Railroad   track,   first   in   Indiana,   391 

Raitano,  Harry  E.,  1655 

Ralston,  Alexander.  363;  plat  of  In- 
dianapolis, 1821  (map),  362 

Ralston,  Samuel  M.,  778.  1187.  1228: 
(portrait),  777 

Randolph  County,  Earth  mounds  (map). 
11 

Randolph  County  mounds,  12 

Randolph.  John.' 235 

Randolph.  Thomas.  261 

Rankin.  William  H.,  2215 

Rapp,   Frederick.   302,   1074 

Rapp.  George.  1074 

Rappite  cemetery,  1117 

Rappite  Church    (illustration).  1098 

Rasles.  Sebastian,  24 

Ratcliffe,  Charles  D..  1293 

Rathert.  William.   2194 

Ratification  of  Potawatomi  treaty,  cele- 
bration of.  1033 

Rau.  John.  1970 

Rauch,  George  W..  1965 

Ray,  James  B..  374,  379;    (portrait),  381 

Ray,  James  M.,  412.  1002 

Read,  Ezra   (portrait),  800 

Reading  circles,  921 

Reavis,  William  J.,  2096 

Rebel  invasion.  616 

Recall  of  judicial  decisions,  Roosevelt's 
plan  for,  774 

Recker.  Gustav  A.,   1714 

Reconstruction.  676;   legislation.  681 

"Record  of  Ancient  Races  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley."  66 


XXXIV 


INDEX 


Record  of  Three  Months  Soldiers,  Civil 
war,  598 

Records,  Walter  G.,  1981 

Reed,  Alfred  L.,  2031 

Reed,  Frank  I.,  1580 

Reed,  F.   T.,  2279 

Reed,   Isaac,   1180 

Reed,  Myron  W.,  1260 

Reehling,  Peter  J.,  2077 

Reese,  Samuel,  988 

Reformatory  influences,  987 

Reform  legislation,  779 

Reform  of  Common  School  system,  473 

Reform  record,  legislature  of  1889,  1021 

Reform   School,   1009 

Reforms,   748 

Refrigerators,  947 

Reichart,  Frederick,  302 

Reisner,  George   A.,   1799 

"Relation    of    1679-80"    (LaSalle),    52 

"Relation  of  1695"   (Cadillac),  59 

"Relation  of  1718,"  French,  109 

"Relations,"  Jesuit,  21,  24,  30,  33,  38, 
55,  56,  58,  64,  72 

Religion  of  Indians,  34,  61 

Religious  establishment  in  Indiana  dur- 
ing the  French  and  British  dominions, 
131 

Religious  mouifds,  13 

Religious  oratory,  1174 

Religious  sentiment  in  1819,  1180 

Religious  sentiment  of  pioneers,  1171 

Removal  act,  367 

Removal  of  capital,'  actual  work  of,  367 

Removal   of   Indians,   82 

Remster,  Charles,   1949 

Repeal  bill,  264 

•'Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  for 
1892-3,"  124 

Republican  party,  556 

Republican  Tariff  Commission,  729 

Reserved  lands.  314 

Reticule  from  Salts  Cave  (illustration), 
31 

Return  of  Indiana  troops  from  Civil  war. 
670 

Revenue,  separation  of  State  and  Munic- 
ipal, 750 

Reynolds,  David,  429;   (portrait),  430 

Reynolds,   Joseph   J.,    1277 

Reynolds,  Myron  G..  2060 

Reynolds.  Robert.  233 

Rhodes,  Clarence  R.,  1358 

Rhodes,  Samuel  S.,  1358 

Rice.  Luther  V.,  2278 

Richardson,   Benjamin   A.,  2053 

Richardson,  Nathan  H.,  2055 

Richardville,  Jean  B.,  94 

Richardville,  John  Baptiste.  84 

Richey,  James  C.,  1667 

Richmond,  953 

Ridgway,  Nathan,  1649 


Ridpath,  John  C.,  1491 

Riesenberg,  Henry,   1491 

Riley,  James,  386 

Riley,  James  E.,  1352 

Riley,  James  Whitcomb,  1133,  1185, 
1683;  (portrait),  1186 

Riley,  Reuben  A.,  550 

Rinne,  Charles  H.,  1935 

Risk,  Charles  M.,  1658 

Ristine,  Joseph,  903 

Ritchey,  James,   995 

Ritter,  Dwight  S.,  1262 

Ritter,  Eli  F.,  1062,  1262;  (portrait), 
1063 

Ritter,  Mary  T.,  817 

Ritter,  Ralph,  1807 

River  transportation,  929 

Rivers,  101,  194 

Roach,  Joseph  R.,  2116 

Roach,  William  A.,  1618 

Road  law,  935 

Roads,  371.  393,  933;   early,  936 

Roanoke,  95 

Robb,  Charles  J.,   1958 

Robb,   David,   301 

Robb,  J.  S.,  1141 

Roberts,  James  E.,  2198 

Roberts,  John,  2198 

Robertson,  Robert,  254 

Robinson,  Arthur  R.,  2165 

Robinson,  Woodfin  D.,  2241 

"Rock  houses,"  30 

Rock-Spring  Seminary,  250 

Rockwood,  George  O."  2203 

Rockwood,  William  E.,  2203 

Rockwood,  William   O.,  2202 

Roehm,  Frank  E.,  2083* 

Roesener,  Charles   F.,  1972 

Roeske,  Arthur,   2081 

Rogers,  George  P.,  1297 

Rogers,  Jesse  B.,  2069 

Rogers,  Joseph  G.,  826,  1018 

Roland,  Charles  W.,  1602 

Romey.  William  H.,  1870 

Roof,  Robert  M.,  2098 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  163;  plan  for  re- 
call of  judicial  decisions,  774 

Root,  Henry  A.,  2099 

Rose.    Benoni    S.,   1982 

Rose,  Chauncey,   1485 

Rose.  David  G.,  615 

Rose,   Franklin   M.,  2151 

Rose,  Jacob  W.,   1810 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  1526 

Roseberry.  John  D.,  1817 

Rosecrans,  General,  652 

Rosenthal,  Albert   M..  2210 

Rosenthal.   Moses,  2209 

Rosey,  Frank,  1289 

Ross,  John  A.,  2121 

Rothley.    Victor   H.,   2204 

Roush,  Wilbur  C.,  1839 


INDEX 


XXXV 


Route  from  Lake  Michigan  to  Indian- 
apolis, 382 

Route  of  Celoron,  1749,   (map)    119 

Routh,  Estle  C.,   1625 

Roy,  Pierre  G.,  107,  108;   (portrait),  109 

Royse,  James   T.,  2082 

Ku'tmsh.  Preston  C.,  2240 

Rubush,  William  A.,  1567 

Ruckle,  Nicholas  R.,  1909 

Ruddy,  Howard  S.,  1683 

Ruddell,  Rieliard,   1220 

Ruff,  George  W.,  1668 

Ruing  of  Powder  Magazine  Fort  Char- 
tres,  (illustration),  111 

Runeie,  Constance  F..  story  of  her  con- 
version, 1107;  (portrait),  1109 

Runeie,  James,  987 

Rural  libraries,  920 

Rush.  Benjamin.   1030 

Russell,  John  F..  1882 

Russiaville,  95 

Ryan,  John  H.,  1757 

Sacred  Enclosure  mounds,  27 

Saffer,  Mendle,  2134 

St.  Ange  de  Bellerive,  118 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  115,  194,  204,  207.  218, 

227;   loses  office,  220;    (portrait),  221; 

last  years  of,  222 
St.  Clair  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 

Slavery,  352  " 

St.   Clair,   William    217,   232 
St.  Francis  Xavier  Church,  erected  1786, 

134;    (illustration),  135 
St.  John,  John   P.,   1901 
St.  Joseph  County  Savings  Bank 
St.  Joseph  river,  -45,  95 
St.  Louis,  214 

Saint  Mary-of-the-Woods.  912 
St.  Mary's  river,  95 
St.  Mery,  Moreau,  117 
Salaries   of  State  officers,  310 
Sale  of  lands,  316 
Saline  Fund,  478 
Sallee,  Alva  C.,  1283 
Saloon  license,  767 
Sandage,  William  L.,  1740 
Sanders,  John,  Clark's  guide,  147;   (por- 
trait), 146 

Sanders.  Thurman  C.,  1979 
Sanitary  Commission.  Civil  war,  596,  613 
Sanitary  schoolhouse  law,  831 
Sansberry,   Charles    T.,    1411 
Saratoga,  188 
Sargent.   Winthrop,    114.    181,    194,   196, 

201,  220 
Sargent's  reply  to  citizens  of  Vincennes, 

202 

Saw  mills,  939 
Say,  Thomas,  1085 
Schauer,  George  S.,  1724 
Scheibler.  Frank   S.,   1748 
Schlegel,   Fred  J.,  1726 


Schlosser  Brothers,  954,  1550 

Schlosser,  Henry,  1551 

Schmidt,  Gustave  G.,  1643 

Schneider,  Jacob  U.,  1984 

Schoenberger,  Frank  A.,  2097 

Schoolbook  trust,  748 

Schoolcraft,   1080 

School  for  Feeble-minded  Youth,  Fort 
Wayne,  (illustration).  1019 

School  for  the  Blind,  Indianapolis,  (il- 
lustration), 1006 

School  fund,  refunding,  749 

School   funds,  477 

School  law  of  1852,  480 

School  libraries,  916,  921 

School  of  Industry,  1117 

School  question.  887 

School  teachers,  906 

School  tuition,  494 

Schools,  877,  912;  McCoy  Indian.  358: 
reform  of  Common  School  system,  473 ; 
free,  483 ;  unuorm  system  of,  487 ;  first. 
860;  bill  to  establish,  869;  common. 
877;;  special,  878;  superintendent  of. 
879;  private,  886;  illustrations  of  first 
buildings,  892;  early  Indianapolis. 
894;  tax-supported,  895;  of  territorial 
period,  900;  normal,  907.  908:  in  1817, 
(Darby),  1201 

Schortemeier,  Henry   E.,   1522 

Schrader,   Christian   F.,   1499 

Schrader,  Christian  A.,  1500 

Schroeder,  Henry  C.,  1942 

Schurman,  Edward,  2170 

Schurmann,  Gustavus,  2169 

.  chuster.  Jacob.  2131 

Schutz,  Leon  B.,  2043 

Schweitzer,  Ada  E..  817 

Schweitzer,  Richard  H.,  1654 

Scioto  Company,  212 

Scoggan.  David-  B..  1528 

Scott,   Charles,   206 

Scott,  Emmet  H..  1631 

Scott.  Homer  H.,  1340 

Scott,  James,  297.  334.  865 

Scott,  Samuel  T.,  862 

Scott,  William,  1995 

Scudder,  Janet.  1726 

Sculpture.  1203 

Searles.  Ellis,  1800 

Seaward,  Harry  B.,  2001 

Secession,  opinions  on  569,  573 

Seeker,  William  R.,  1646 

Second  Constitutional  convention.  350 

Second  Indiana  Regiment  at  Buena  Vis- 
ta, 431 

Second  State  House,  Indianapolis,  (illus- 
tration), 455 

Secret  political  orders,  648 

Sectarian  colleges,  897 

Seeburger,  Louis  P,.  1964 

Seeds,  Russel  M.,  1248 

Seiberling.   A.  G..  1657 


XXXVI 


INDEX 


Sell,  Charles  II.,  2051 

Seminaries,  886 

Senat,    Antoine,    131 

Senate  Committee  on  Education,  867 

"Sentinel,"  758 

Separation  of  State  and  municipal  rev- 
enue, 750 

Seramur,  John  F.,  1683 

Servant,  objection  to  word,  1162 

Sessions,  Kenosha,  817 

.Setting  Sun — Kilsokwa,  79 

Settlements,    mixed,    1165 

Settlers  ordered  off  lands,  291 

Seventy  ninth  Indiana  Regiment,  600 

Sewall"  Mary  W.,  1679  « 

Seybert,  D.  L.,  1594 

Shafer,  John  C.,   1815 

Sharpe,  Joseph   K.,   1432 

Sharpe,  Joseph  K.,  Jr.,  1432 

Sharts  Benjamin  F.,  1960 

Shea,  John  G.,  131 

Sheets,  William,    (portrait),  444 

Sheerin,  Simon  P.,  742;    (portrait),  741 

Shields,   Clarence   V.,   1465 

Shields,  Frank  B.,  1348 

Shields,   Patrick,   298 

Shipbuilding,  928,  953;  during  Civil  war, 
605 

Shipshewana,  95 

Shirk,  Elbert  H.,  1985 

Shirley,  B.  E.,  1809 

Shively,  Benjamin  F,,  769 

Shooting  oil  well,  (illustration),  960 

Shortridge,  Abram  C.,  918,  920 

Shumaker,  Edward  S.,  1064 

Shurtleff  College,   250 

Siddall.  J.  P.,  602 

Siegert,  Julius  G.,   1333 

Sifers,   "Doc,'    794 

Signal   mounds,   1 

Signatures,  Indian,  51      , 

Silver  Creek  church,  253 

Silver,  demonetization  of,  755 

Simmons,   Edgar   A.,   1973 

.Simon.  Milton  N..  1842 

Sims,  Fred  A.,  1720 

Sims,  Thetus   W.,   1138 

Singer  Sewing  Machine  Company,  951 

Sinking   Fund,   478 

Sioux,  59 

Sipe.   Richard  V.,   1461 

Sixth  Article  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
(illustration),  192 

Sixty-ninth   Infantry   in  Mobile,  672 

Skinner.  John  H.,  1913 

Slack,   Lemuel    E.,   1735 

Slade,  William,  493 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  945 

Slave  cases,  344,  347,  472,  506,  519,  525, 
527 

Slavery,  341.  468,  632;  admission  of, 
190;  established,  216;  proviso,  214, 
235,  303;  modification  of,  217;  trou- 


bles, 241;  petitions,  246,  256;  Thomas 
Jefferson's  opinion  on,  247;  in  the  ter- 
ritories, 500;  debate,  512;  question, 
223,  226,  231,  247,  292,  471,  500,  504, 
548,  1208;  test  case,  346 

Slaves,  law  concerning,  237;  gradual 
emancipation  of,  252;  kidnaping  of, 
532 

Slocum,   Frances,   81,  93 

Sluss,  John  W.,  819 

Small,  John,  224 

Small,  Orange  L.,   1840 

Smart,   James   H.,    909;    (portrait),   910 

Smith,  Andrew,  1688 

Smith,  A.  G.,  750 

Smith,  Caleb  B.,  565,  1610 

Smith,  Charles,  Steam  Mill  Company, 
329 

Smith,  Charles  I.,  2069 

Smith,  Charles  W.,  2277 

Smith,   Dwight,    1475 

Smith,  Edward  A.,   1565 

Smith,  George  H.,  1677 

Smith,  Harry  B.,  1754 

Smith,  Hiram  L.,  1675 

Smith,  Hubbard  M.,  798,  1624 

Smith,  James,  301 

Smith,  Jesse  D.,   1663 

Smith,  Louis  F.,  1581 

Smith,  Oliver  H.,  334.  336,  1122,  1603 

Smith,  Oscar  C.,  1989 

Smith,  Samuel  E.,  826 

Smith,  W.  Edwin,  1600 

Smith,  William  G.,  1405 

Smither,  Henry  C.,  1576 

Smithsonian  Institution,   1107 

Smock,  Samuel,  297 

Smogor,  Clement,  1261 

Smythe,  G.  C.,  820 

Snider,  Albert  G.,   1831 

Snider,  George  W.,  1830 

Snider,  L.   A.,   1270 

Social  conditions  in  1794.  341 

Society  of  Friends,  517,  1009 

Soldier's  and  Sailor's  Monument,  749 

Soldier's  and  Sailor's  Orphans  Home.  749 

Soldier's  and  Seamen's  Home.   1010 

Soldier's  Friend,   The,   596 

Soldiers'    Home,    595 

Soldiers,  height  of,  1199 

Solitude,   1168 

Soltau,  John  A.,  1685 

Sons  of  Liberty,  648;  number  in  Indiana, 
656;  governor's  stand  on,  662 

Sons  of  Temperance,  1039,  1041.  1043 

Sorin,  Edward.  911 

South   Bend,  45,   95,  951 

South  Hanover  College.  875  , 

South   Sea  bubble,  326  •) 

Southeastern  Hospital  for  the  pisane, 
823,  827;  Madison,  1020;  Evdnsville 
(illustration),  1013  ) 

Southern    Indians,   religion.   34 


INDEX 


XXXVll 


Southern  Insane  Hospital,  749 
' .  Spahr,  John  O.,  1553 

Spanish- American    War,    760;    surgeons, 

848 

Spaulding.  Andrew  J.,  1777 
Special  schools,  878 
Special  session  of  the  legislature  in  1861, 

Morton's  message  to,  587 
Speech  on  slavery,  632 
Speier,   Nathan,   1288 
Spink,  Mary  A.,  817,  1872 
Spink,  Urbane,  818 
Spirit  Panther,  64 

Spirituous  liquors,  proclamation  forbid- 
ding to  Indians,  230 
Spooner,  John  C.,  2262 
Sports  of  Mound  Builders,  32 
Spraker,  David  C.,  1959 
Springs,  2;   chalybeate,   970 
"Squatter  sovereignty,"  254 
"Squaw  Campaign,"  141 
Stafford,   Earl   E.,   1635 
Stalnaker,  Frank  D.,  1687 
Staley,  Joseph  H.,  1447 
Stanley,  Lewis   E.,   1469 
Stanley,  Mary  C.,  819 
Stansbury.   Ele.    1406 
Stanton,  "Harry  L.,  1541 
Staples.  Alexander,  2243 
Star  Publishing  Co.,  1745 
Starr,  John  2258 
State  Anti-Slavery  Society,  511 
State  Archaeological  Society,  15 
State   Bank,   479 

State  Bank  of  Indiana,  412,  413,  446 
State  Bank.  Vincennes,  324 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  504,  972 
State  Board  of  Charities  and  Corrections, 

748,  1022 

State  Board  of  Health,  828 
State  bonds,  393 
State  Capitol,  598;  first,  370 
State  Chamber  01  Commerce,  974 
State  charities,  1005 
State  conventions,  549 
State  debt  reduced.  763 
State  Educational  Society,  895 
State  equality,  583 
State  Exposition,  702 
State  Fair,  702;   first,  504 
State  financial  system,  provision  for,  322 
State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  1,  36 
State  Hospital,   812 
State  House.  Commission  to  erect  new, 

709;     April    30.    1865,     (illustration), 

668;    (illustration),   710 
State  Librarian.  749 
State  Housing  Association,   779 
State    Library.    709,    749;    inaugurated, 

310;  cost  of  moving,  371 
State  Library  Commission,  920 
State   Medical   Convention  of  1849,   802 
State  Museum,   709 


State  Normal  School,  (illustration),  902 
State  Offices  at  Corydon,   (illustration), 

312 

State  Printer,  442 
State  prison,  establishment  of,  984 
State  roads,  371 
State  school  tax,  481 
State   seal,  378;    (illustration),   379 
State   seminary,   314,   873 
State  Tax  Board,  752 
State  Teachers'  Association,  907 
State   Temperance  Alliance,   1056 
State  temperance  convention,  1044 
State  Temperance   Society,  1032 
State  University,  474,  476,  897,  901,  903 ; 

disposition    of,     486;     appropriations, 

904 
Statehood,   first    move    for,   219;    moves 

for,  240;  convention,  295 
Station   on   the   Underground   Railroad, 

(illustration),  545 
Statistics    law,    830;     Civil    war,    601; 

limestone,  968 

Status  of  negroes  and  mulattoes,  465 
Staub.  Michael  W.,   1993 
Steamboats,   928 
Steam  Boiler  Incrustation,  1018 
Steam  railroad  travel,  955 
Steamers  seized  by  Confederate  soldiers, 

660 

Steel,   945 

Steele,  Alvah  C.,  2200 
Steele,   Theodore   C.,   1843 
Stein,  Theodore,  2100 
Stein.  Theo  Jr.,  1968 
Stembridge.  Mary,  2075 
Stempfel,  Theodore,  1617 
Stephens,  Josiah.   382 
Stephenson,   Edward  E..   1547 
Stephenson,  John  E..  1546 
Stephenson,  Joseph  M.,  2179 
Stephenson,  MacCrea.  1547 
Stephenson,  Robert  H.,  1547 
Stephenson,  Rome  C.,  1268 
Stephenson,  William  H.  H.,  1546 
Sterne,  Albert  E.,  1718 
Stevens,  Ambrose  A..  615 
Stevens,  Thaddeus   M.,   1665 
Stevenson,  William  E.,  1580 
Stewart,  Alexander  M.,  1271 
Stewart,  Oliver  W.,  1785 
Stewart,  Robert  R.,  1271 
Stewart,  W.  T.,  1816 
Stidger,  Felix  G..  652;    (portrait),  653 
Still    (Peter).   Story  of.   519 
Stilson,  Edmund  R..   1730 
Stimson,  Fred  J.,  1568 
Stimson,  Samuel  C.,  2271 
Stimson.  Stella  C.,  2272 
Stitea,  Benjamin,   196 
Stockman,  George  W.,  943 
Stockton,  Sarah,  818 
Stoddard,  Amos,  67 


XXXV111 


INDEX 


Stoddard,  James   M.,   2164 

Stolle,  Anton,  1486 

Stone,  Barton  W.,  1176 

Stone  fort,  Clark  County.  5 

Stone  Fort  in  Jefferson  County,  (map), 
8 

Stone  fortifications,  Jennings  County,  9 

Stone  mill,  picturesque  old,  941 

Stone  mounds,  Clark  County,  9 

Stone  quarries,  962 

Stone,  R,  French,  819 

Stone,  Winthrop  E.,  910 

Storen,  Mark,  1692 

Stormon,  David,  519 

Story  of  Peter  Still.  519 

Stott,  William   T.,  2113 

Stout,  Edward  E.,  2102 

Stout,  Floyd  W.,  1455 

Stout,  Harry,  2102 

Stoy,  Mary  C.,  1329 

Stoy,   William   V.,   1329 

Strange,  John,   1029.   1032,  1174,  1178 

Strange,  John  T..  1347 

Stratton.  Stephen.  2271 

Stratton- Porter,  Gene,  1196 

Strauss.  Isaac  R.,  1889 

Strauss.  Juliet  -V.,  "the  Country  Con- 
tributor," 1196,  1890;  (portrait),  1197 

Street  improvements,  748 

Street  railroad  strike,  Indianapolis,  778 

Streetor.  Catherine  A.,  1523 

Streight.  Abel  D.,  571;    (portrait).  572 

Stuart,  Gilbert,  270 

Stuart.  William  /.,  1343 

Stuckmeyer,  Charles  H.,   1362 

Stuekmeyer,  Edward  A..  1974 

Studebaker,  Clement,  1235 

Studebaker,  Henry,  1235 

Studebaker  Plant",  South  Bend  (illustra- 
tion), 952 


Surgeons  in  Civil  war,  836;  in  colored 
regiments,  Civil  war,  847;  in  Minute 
Men  regiments,  Civil  war,  847;  Span- 
ish-American war,  848;  Volunteer 
Navy,  Civil  war,  848;  appointed  by 
the  President  in  the  Volunteer  Army, 
849 

Surgical/discoveries,  831 

Surplus;  Revenue  Fund.  478 

Survey  of  Vincennes  tract,  355 

Survey,  main,  of  Indiana  lands,  355 

•survey  system,  354 

Survey  and  sale  of  public  lands,  ordi- 
nance for,  190 

Surveys  and  land  grants,  early  (map), 
216 

Surveys,  canal,  387 

Sutton,  George  (portrait),  820 

Swamp  lands,  933 

Swain,  David  F.,  1497 

Swain,   Joseph,    905;    (portrait),   906 

Swain,  William  M.,  1813 

Sweet,  B.  J.,  660 

Sweitzer,  Clara  M..  1638 

Switzer,  George  W..  2206 

Swygart.  John  A.,  1257 

Sylvania,  188 

Symmes,  John  C.,  196,  223.  1092 

System  of  education.  310 

Taggart,  Alexander,  1777 

Taggart,  James  E.,  2151 

Taggart,  Thomas.   742 

Talbot,  Henry  H.,  1310 

Talcott,  Thad  M.,  Jr.,  1318 

Talon,  General,   101 

Tamm,  August,  1698 

Tanner,  Gordon,  577;   ( portrait ).  579 

Tarkington,  Booth,  1194,  1232 

Tarascon,  Louis  A.,  928 


Student  Building.  Indiana  University  (il-       Tardiveau,  Bartholomew.  214 


lustration),   864 

Sturm.  August  D..  1792 

Sudhoff.  Charles  H.,  1478 

"Sufferers  Lands."  214 

Suffrage,  439,  451,  684 

Suffrage  act,  261 

Sufirar  Loaf  Moui.d.  13,  25 

Sulsrove,  Berry.  569,  580.  589,  1122 

Sullivan.  Jeremiah,  877,  893.  364,  389. 
1032;  (portrait),  365 

Sunday  school  libraries,  914 

Sunday  Schools,  1177;  first  at  Indian- 
apolis. 1003 

Sun-worshipers,   34 


253 


Tariff,  714.  729.  737 
Tapscott,  Walter  A.,  1660 
Tarrant,  James,  253 
"Tarrant's  Rules  Against   Slavery." 
Tauer.  Paul  O.,  2210 
Taxable  property,  411 
Taxation,    750;    commission    to    investi- 
gate, 753;  system,  448 
Tax  commissioners,  750 
Tax  investigations.  750 
Tax  laws,  violation  of,  751 
Tax-supported  schools,  895 
Taylor,  Henry  A.,  2127 
Taylor,  James  H.,  1731 


Superintendent     of    Public     Instruction.      Taylor,  Samuel  J.,  2041 


487:  report  of.  913 

Superintendent  of  schools,  879 

Supervisor  of  Indian  Employment.  82 

Supplies.  Civil  war,  595 

Supposed    Human    Footprints  'in    Lime- 
stone (illustration),  1079 

Supreme  Court,  776 


Taylor,  Silas  E.,  1638 

Taylor,  Waller,  245 

Taylor,  William,  2127 

Taylor,  William  F.,  2129 

Taylor,  Zachary,  268 

Teachers,  494;  medical,  821;  pioneer,  870 

Teal.  Angeline.  1326 


INDEX 


XXXIX 


Teal,  Norman,  1326 

Tecumseh  (P.  O.),  96 

Tecumseh,  Death  of   (illustration),  282 

Tecumtha,  264,  282;    (portrait),  272 

Teeple,  David  H.,  1744 

Tee-total,  origin  of  word,  1037 

Telegraph  line,  423 

Temperance,  227,  492,  537,  715,  766,  776, 
1027;  advocate  of,  700 

"Temperance  Advocate,  The,"  1043 

"Temperance  Chart,"  1043 

Temperance  convention,  1044 

Temperance  organization,  first,  1029 

Temperance  paper,  first,  1043 

Temperance  singers,  1039 

Temperance  Society,  first,  1003;  pioneer, 
1030 

Temperance  Society   of  Marion   County, 
1032 

Temperance  work,  effect   on   legislation, 
1041 

"Temperance  Wreath,"  1043 

Templars    of    Honor    and    Temperance, 
1039 

Temple  mounds.  1,  13 

Temporary  government  of  Western  Ter- 
ritory, 188 

Tennessee  Manumission   Society,  517 

Terninger,  Frederick  W.,  826 

Terraced  Mound,  14 

Terrapin  industry,  958 

Terre  Haute,  952 

"Terre  Haute  Evening  Tribune,"  1072 

Terrell,  Charles  H.,  1351 

Territorial  Judges   228;  legislature,  218; 
schools,  900;  politics,  262 

Test  slavery  case,  346 

Thanksgiving  Day,  422 

Thanksgiving,   first   proclamation   in  In- 
diana, 421 

"The  Griffon,"  106 

"The  Indiana,"  391 

Theological  debate.  458 

Thieme,  Theodore  F.,  1891 

Third  Wesley  Chapel   (illustration),  802 

Thirteenth    Indiana    Regiment,   600 

Thomas,  Burtis  P.,  2171 

Thomas,  Earl  A.,  2211 

Thomas,  Henry  H.,  2091 

Thomas.  Jesse  B.   (portrait),  255 

Thomas,  Martha  V.,  1256 

Thomas,  William,  2244 

Thompson,  Charles  B.,  1673 

Thompson,  Charles  F.,  2255 

Thompson,  Edward  R.  2058 

Thompson,  Edwin  E.,  1258 

Thompson,  John.  1860 

Thompson,  Maurice,  1598 

Thompson,  Richard  W.,  893,  2117 

Thomson  certificate,  facsimile  of,  791 

Thomson.  Samuel,  790 
.  Thomsoniasn,   790 

Thornton,  William  W.,  1619 


Thorntown,  96 

Tiedeman,  Christopher  G.,  1067 

Tiffin,  Edward,  223 

Tillett,  Joseph  X.,  2058 

Timmons,  Benjamin  F.,  1880 

Tippecanoe,  96 

Tippecanoe  Battleground  near  LaFayette 
(illustration),  263 

Tippecanoe,  Battle  of,  266 

Tippecanoe  Camp  and  Battle  (map),  265 

Tippecanoe  County,  96 

Tippecanoe  .Lake,  96 

Tippecanoe  River,  96 

Tipton,  Ernest  L.,  1599 

Tipton,  John,  387,  1591 

'lobacco,  69 

Todd,  John,  169,  181 

Todd,  Robert  N.,  1661 

Todd,  S.  S.,  811 

Todd,   W.  Newell,  1485 

"Tom  Marshall  Constitution,"  776 

Tonty,  47 

Topeka,  96 

Total  abstinence,  1031 

Total  call  for  men  in  1861,  Civil  War, 
594 

Totems,  23 

Township  school  libraries,  916 

Tracy,  J.  Ross,  2248 

Training  School  for  Nurses,  1020 

Trainer,  Felix  J.,  1452 

Transportation,  392,  924;  by  water,  924 

Traveling  libraries,  920 

"Travels  of  Jonathan  Carver,"  15 

Treason  organizations,  649 

Treaties,  212 

Treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix,  187 

Treaty  of  October,  1818,  354 

Treaty  of  Utrecht,   110 

Treaty  with  Potawatomis  at  Chippewa- 
nung,  1836;  (illustration),  74 

Trees,  Fred  L.,  1977 

Trial  by  jury,  450 

Tribal  mounds,  22 

Tribal  organization,  Indian,  81 

iribal  organization  in  Indiana,  85 

Tribe  of  Ben  Hur,  The,  1320 

Tribes,   Indian,   52 

Trinity  Springs,  969 

Trollope  (Mrs.),  account  of  Owen-Camp- 
bell debate.  1102 

Troost,  Gerard.  1086 

Trouble  between  Julian  and  Morton,  679 

Troubles  between  French  and  English, 
Dongan's  discussion  of.  104 

Trueblood,  Benjamin  F.,  1743 

Trueman.  Major,  209 

Tuberculosis  hospital,  779 

Tuberculosis,  hospital  for  treatment  of, 
1025 

Tubesing,  Harry  H..  1474 

Tunnel  mill,  941;   (illustration),  942 

Tupper,  Benjamin,  191 


xl 


INDEX 


Turkey  Run  (illustration),  1173 

Turner,  F.  J.,  1156 

Turpie,  David,  564,  589,  704,  706,  1211; 

(portrait),  626 

Tuttle,  Joseph   F.,   911;    (portrait),   915 
Twenty-first  Indiana  Regiment,  600 
"Twin  State"  process,  290 
Twining,  William,  882;   (portrait),  881 
Tyner,  James  N.,  1617 

Uhl,  Jessie  M.,  2064 
Umphrey,  William  A.,  1703 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  500,  504 
"Uncle  Tom,"  Indianapolis  negro,  506 
Underground    Railroad,    526,    529,    882; 

Station  on   (illustration),  545 
Underground   Railroad  Lines  in   Indiana 

(map),  541 

Uniform  system  of  common  schools,  482 
Union    Literary   Institute,   914 
Union  spirit,  585 
Union  Theological  Seminary,  405 
Union  Railway,  598 
Union  victories,  669 
United  States,  early  financial  condition, 

177 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  1071 
University,     897;     appropriations.     904: 

first  woman  student,  905 
University  Fund,  477 
University  of  Denver,  1000 
University,  State,  865 
Urban  population,  951 
Usher,  John  P.,  1583 
Utrecht,  treaty  of,  110 

Vail,  Joshua,  243 

\ail.  Samuel,  243 

Vajen,  Caroline  C.,  2095 

Vajen,  John  H.,  2094 

Valparaiso  University,  911 

Van   Briggle.  Lilburn  H.,  1605 

Van  Buren,  Martin,  498 

Van  Camp,  Cortland,  2267 

Vance,  Samuel  C.,  382 

Vandalia  Company's  claim.  187 

Vanderburgh,  Henry,  115,  215,  218,  228: 
tragic  death  of  son,  116;  report  to  Sar- 
gent, 116 

Van   Dpusen.  Orritt  S.,  2142 

Van   Kirk,  John   P.,  1370 

Van  Mntre,  Howard  M.,  1854 

Van  Osdol.  James  A..  2045 

Vainer,  George  W.,  2229 

Varnum,  James  M.,  196 

Vawter.  Charles  B.,  1601 

Velpeau,  833 

Veneman.  Albert  J.,  2009 

Venesection,  791 

Vermillion  County,  96 

Vigo,  Francois,  178,  235 ;  advanced  money 
for  army  supplies,  177;  (portrait),  178 

Vigran,  Benjamin,  1904 


Vincennes,  City  of,  181,  197;  post  at, 
113;  foundation  of,  113;  origin  of 
name,  116;  defense  of,  117;  early 
missionaries  at,  131;  description  of 
mission  at,  132;  cathedral,  134;  cap- 
ture of,  151;  capitulation  of,  160; 
oath  of  inhabitants  of,  151 ;  Crarrison 
Marching  Out  (illustration),  152;  In- 
dian account  of  the  capture  of,  163; 
memoir,  173;  address  of  inhabitants, 
201;  Sargent's  reply  to  citizens.  202; 
Hamtramck's  service  to  people  of,  203 ; 
capital,  225;  population  in  1800,  226; 
in  1801,  230;  injury  by  pestilence,  373 

Vincennes  Fort,  130;  fort  abandoned,  170 

Vincennes  Historical  and  Antiquarian 
Society,  113 

Vincennes  Post,  127.  128.  129,  131 

Vincennes,  Sieur  de,   107,  109,  117 

Vincennes  tract,  survey,  355 

Vincennes  University,  315  861,  866: 
bonds,  320;  claim,  318.  448.  767;  (il- 
lustration), 319 

Vinton,  Henry  H.,  1939 

Virginia  Baptists  253 

Virginia  cession,  185 

Virginia  law  "concerning  servants,"  237 

Virginia  Peace  Congresw.  580,  583 

Vital  statistics  law,  830 

Vivier,  Louis,  132 

Vocational  education    779.  913 

Volney,  Count,  72 ;  on  Indiana  natives. 
1199 

Vonnegut,  Clemens,  2173 

Vonnegut,  Franklin,  2174 

Voorhees,  Daniel  W.,  565.  663,  704,  706: 
(portrait),  559 

Vote  buying,  746 

Vote,  foreign,  452 

\\  abash.  96 

Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  388,  393,  403; 
aqueduct  over  the  St.  Mary's  at  Fort 
Wayne  (illustration),  386;  repudiation 
of  debt,  404;  value  to  agriculture.  411 : 
bonds,  713 

Wabash  and  Erie  debt,  886 

Wabash  Cemetery,  33 

Wabash  College,  911:  first  building  (il- 
lustration), 892 

Wabash   County,   96 

Wabash  Land  Company,  187 

Wabash  River,  96 

Wacker,   August,   1806 

Wacker.  Charles  J.,  2089 

Waco,  97 

Wade,  Harry.  1739 

Wade,  Will  H.,  1464 

Wadsworth.  Sarah,  77;  (portrait).  68 

Wapons,  946 

Waits.  Charles  J.,  1617 

Wakarusa,  97  • 

Wales,  Ernest  De  W.,  819 


INDEX 


xli 


Walker,  Edwin,  1962 

"Walking  history"  of  Indiana,  479 

Wallace,  David,  420,  445,  1059;  (por- 
trait), 423 

Wallace,  James  B.,  1311 

Wallace,  Lew,  429,  499,  579,  586,  596, 
599,  1059,  1194,  1867;  (portrait).  585 

Wallace,  Zerelda  G.,  1059;  (portrait), 
1058 

Walled  enclosure,  largest  in  the  state, 
12 

Wallick,  John  F.,  1708 

Walton,  William  M.,  1645 

"Walum  Olum,"  1090 

Wampler,  Frank,  2101 

War  conditions,  631 

War  Department  factory,  953 

War  governor,  control  over  militia,  641 

War  nurses,  613 

War  of  1812,  268 

War  spirit,  585 

War  with  Mexico,  429 

Warder,  Robert  B.,  10 

Warren,  Josiah,  1088 

Wars:  French  and  English,  118;  French 
and  Indian,  122;  Indian,  53,  59 

Warships,   Civil   war,   605 

Washington,  George,  122,  215 

Washington  County  launched.   196 

Washingtonian  Society.  1038 

Watelsky,  Nathan,  1446 

Water  routes,  835 

Waterman,  Luthor  D..  853.  2221 

Water  supply,  chief  source  to  Indian- 
apolis', 402 

Water  supply  law,  831 

Water  transportation,  924 

Water-ways,  933 

Watkins,  Ernest  R.,  1814 

Watson,  David  E.,  1282 

Watson,  (Thomas  E.),  comment  on 
George  Rogers  Clark,  166 

Watt,  Harry  W.,  2263 

Wayne  County,  population  of,  in  1800, 
226;  separate  territorial  government, 
239 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony,  ("Mad  An- 
thony,") 74,  208;  order  regarding  in- 
toxication, 227;  Orderly  Book,  208 

Webb,  Charles  E.,  1491 

Webb,  Fred  G.,  1960 

Weber,  George  H.,  2183 

Weber,  John,  2183 

Weber,  Joseph  F.,  1773 

Weber  Milk  Company,  2183 

Webster,  Daniel,  478 

Weeks,  Raymond,  1139 

Weer,  Frank  W.,  1768 

Weidely,  George  A.,  1695 

Weinshank,  Theodore,  1364 

Weinstein,  Joseph  H.,  2170 

Weir,  Ellsworth  E.,  1382 

Weisor,  Conrad.  121 


Weiss,   Anna,    1581. 

Weist,  Jacob  R.,  820 

Welborn,  James   Y.,  2106 

Welborn,  William  C..  2197 

Weller,  Charles  E.,  1387 

Wells,  Arthur  T.,  1393 

Wells,  oil  and  gas,  959 

Wells,  William,  86 

Werwinski,  Joseph  A.,  2186 

Wesley  Chapel,  805 

Wesley.  John,  1178 

West  Baden,  853,  969 

West  Baden  Hotel  (illustration).  971 

West,  Henry  F.,  887,  889,  896;  (por- 
trait), 889 

Western  Eagle,  The,  302 

Western  Literary  Institute  and  College 
of  Professional  Teachers,  873 

Western  literature,  1206 

"Western  Register  and  Terre  Haute  Ad- 
vertiser," 347 

Western  Territory,  temporary  govern- 
ment of,  188 

Whigs,  498 

Whisler,  Ralph  P.,  1471 

Whitcomb,  James.  427;    (portrait),  428 

White,  Charles,  911 

White,  Haffield,  195 

White,  John  H..  1284 

White  River.  97.  932 

White,  William  M.,  1462 

Whiteley,  Amos.  Jr..  2143 

Whitewater  Canal.  :\m.  :!!»9 

Wliittington,  Elva  1).,  1295 

Whittington.  William  T.,  1294 

Wickemeyer.  Raymond  H.,  1585 

Wilcox,  George   H.,   1643 

Wild  onion,  78 

Wilder,  John  T.,  2270 

Wiley,  Charles  F.,  2032 

Wiley,  Harriet,  818 

Wiley,  Harvey  W..  1733 

Wiley,  Ulric  Z.,  1626 

Wilkinson,  James.  207 

Willard,  Ashbel  P.,  536,  559.  562,  1008; 
(portrait),  563 

Willard  school,  992 

Williams,  Alice  B.,  817 

Williams,  "Blue  Jeans."  708 

Williams,  Francis  M.,  1596 

Williams,  James  D.,  1017,  1894;  (por- 
trait), 707 

Williams,  Jesse  L.,   (portrait),  390 

Williams,  John  F.,  1951 

Williams,  John  J.,  599 

Williams,  Josephus,  1661 

Williams.  Samuel,  narrative,  274 

Wilson,  George  R.,  354,  1264 

Wilson,  Henry  L..  1721 

Wilson,  John'L.,  1722 

Wilson,  John  R.,  743,  756;  (portrait), 
743 

Wilson.  M.'ilford  B..  1723 


xlii 


INDEX 


Wilson,  William  T.,  2003 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  776 

Wimmer,  Vaughn.  1668 

Winaniac,  97 

Winn,  Homer  V.,  1750 

'^Winning  of  the  West,  The"  (Roosevelt), 

163 

Winona,  97 

Winona  Assembly  and  Schools.  1072 
Winslow,  Jennie  'l.,  1867 
Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.,  419 
Winslow,  William  W..  1866 
Wintersteen,  diaries  H.,  2057 
Wishard,    William    H.,    811,    849,    1627; 

(portrait),   793 
WUhard,  William  X.,  1629 
Woleott,   Eben   H.,   1781 
Wolfe,  Norman  F.,  1371 
Wolff,  Charles,  2019 
Wolfson,  Aaron,  1707 
Woman  suffrage,  454 
Women    Crusaders    in    Saloon    (illu«trn- 

tion),  1050 
Women,  independent  property  rights  for 

married,  454 
Women  physicians,  816 
Women's    Christian    Temperance    Union, 

1058    ' 
Women's    Clubs,    Minerva    first    in    the 

United  States,  1112 
Women's  Crusade,  1057 
Women's  Prison  and  Girls'  Reformatory, 

1016 

Women's  Prison  Board,  1017 
Women's   rights,   456;    pioneer   advocate 

of,  in  America,  1089 
Wood,  Aaron,  1132,  1140 
Wood,  Charles  A.,  1358 
Wood,  John  G.,  1607 
Wood,  Thomas.  104 
Woodard,  Horace  G.,  1658 
Woodard,  Walter  C.,  2289 
Woodmere.   1020 
Woods,  William  A.,  738 
Woods,  William  D.,  1696 
Woollen.  Herbert  M.,  2085 
Woollen,  Milton  A.,  2085 
Woollen,  William  W.,  2255 


\Voolverton,  Jacob.  1265 

Workmen's  Compensation  Law,  771 

Workingmen's  libraries,  916 

Works    on    Hill    North    of    Hardinsbuif; 

Dearborn  County    (map),  16 
Worthington,  B.  A".,  1911 
U'orthington,  Thomas,  223 
Wright,  Anna  M.,  1283 
Wright,  Bert  L.,  1852 
Wright,  C.  A.,  1484 
Wright,  Frances,   462,   1086;    (portrait  i 

463,  1089 

Wright,  Frank  J.,  1916 
Wright,  Fred  D.,   1790 
Wright,  Isaac,  2035 
Wright,  Jacob  T.,  1282 
Wright,  Joseph  A.   (portrait),  501 
Wright,  Trevor  D.,  1675 
Wrigley,  Sarah,  1122 
Writers,  1185 
Wyandotte,  97 
Wyckoff,  Stanley,  1717 
Wylie,  Andrew,  874,  877,  879 
\Vylie,  Arthur,  1616 
\Vyman,  Clara  L.,  1257 
\Vyman,  George,  1256 
\\ynn,  Frank  B.,  2280 
Wynne,  Thomas  A.,  1246 

X-ray,  832 

Yatiky.  Henry  C.,  1452 

Yellow  river,  97 

Young,  Bennett  H.,  32 

Young,  George  M.,  1953 

Young  Men's  Temperance  Society,  1037 

Young  People's  Reading  Circle,  921 

\  oung.  William  T.,  1248 

Yount,  Warren  J.,  1823 


Zeigler,  R.  A.,  1763 
'/Aon,  William  R..  1656 
Zoercher,  Philip.  2046 
Zollman.  Charles  K./2149 
Zorn.  Robert  P.,  1253 
Zuttermeister,  Charles  E.,  1478 
Zuver,  John  H.,  2177 
Zwick,  Charles,  1730 
Zwick,  Henry  F.,  1729 


. 


. 


• 


• 


Indiana  and  Indianans 


CHAPTER  I 
THE  PREHISTORIC  HOOSIER 

.ii 

"Marley  was  dead  to  begin  with",  and  so  were  the  Mound  Builders 
of  Indiana;  but  unhappily  these  left  no  such  adequate  and  satisfactory 
records  as  there  were  in  Marley 's  case.  In  consequence  it  has  not  been 
possible  to  organize  any  society  of  Sons  or  Daughters  of  the  Mound 
Builders  because  of  the  dearth  of  genealogical  material.  It  is  generally 
assumed  that  all  of  the  prehistoric  men  of  this  region  were  Mound 
Builders,  but  there  is  no  assurance  of  this.  Indeed,  unless  it  be  assumed 
that  they  were  fighting  among  themselves,  it  is  certain  that  they  had 
hostile  contemporaries,  for  their  extensive  fortifications  show  a  state 
of  "preparedness"  that  is  inconsistent  with  anything  but  a  well- 
grounded  fear  of  attack. 

Their  mounds,  or  earth  works,  have  been  divided  by  some  authorities 
into  four  classes,  viz.  1,  Defensive  mounds;  2,  Observation  or  Signal 
mounds;  3,  Temple  or  Religious  mounds;  and  4,  Burial  mounds.  Of 
these  the  last  named  are  by  far  the  most  numerous ;  and  the  first  named 
are  the  more  impressive.  All  four -classes  are  found  in  Indiana,  and 
some  of  the  more  remarkable  ones  are  worthy  of  detailed  description. 
One  of  the  most  notable  is  known  as  Fort  Azatlan,  near  Merom.  It  was 
so  named  by  Prof.  John  Collett,  the  Indiana  geologist,  from  Aztlan,  the 
legendary  place  of  origin  of  the  Aztecs.  In  1871,  Mr.  Frederic  Ward 
Putnam,  the  noted  anthropologist,  in  company  with  Prof.  Cox,  then 
State  Geologist  of  Indiana,  Prof.  Collett,  and  others,  examined  this 
work,  and  Mr.  Putnam  said  of  it : 

"The  fort  is  situated  on  a  plateau  of  loess,  about  one  hundred  and 
seventy  feet  in  height  above  low  water,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river. 

Vol.  I— 1 


2  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

On  the  river  side,  the  bank,  which  principally  consists  of  an  outcrop  of 
sandstone,  is  very  steep,  and  forms  the  western  line  of  the  fortification, 
while  deep  ravines  add  to  its  strength  on  the  other  sides;  the  weak 
points  being  strengthened  by  earth  works.  The  general  course  of  the 
work  is  from  the  north,  where  it  is  very  narrow  (not  over  50  feet) 
owing  to  the  formation  of  the  plateau,  south  along  the  river  bank  about 
725  feet  to  its  widest  portion  (at  H)  which  is  here  about  375  feet  east 
and  west.  From  this  point  it  follows  a  deep  ravine  southerly  about  460 
feet  to  the  entrance  end  of  the  fort.  The  bank  traversed  by  the  entrance 
road  is  here  much  wider  than  at  other  portions,  and  along  its  outer  wall, 
running  eastward,  are  the  remains  of  what  was  evidently  once  a  deep 
ditch.  The  outer  wall  (A,  B)  is  about  30  feet  wide  and  is  now  about 
1V2  feet  high ;  a  depressed  portion  of  the  bank,  or  walk  way,  then  runs 
parallel  with  the  outerwall,  and  the  bank  (C,  D)  is  then  continued  for 
about  20  feet  further  into  the  fort,  but  of  slightly  less  height  than  the 
front.  Through  the  center  of  these  banks  there  are  the  remains  of  a 
distinct  roadway  about  ten  feet  in  width. 

"Prom  the  northeastern  corner  of  this  wide  wall  the  line  continues 
northwesterly  about  350  feet  along  the  eastern  ravine  to  a  point  where 
there  is  a  spring,  and  the  ravine  makes  an  indenture  of  nearly  100  feet 
to  the  southwest.  The  mouth  of  the  indenture  is  about  75  feet  in  width 
and  the  work  is  here  strengthened  by  a  double  embankment  (E,  F). 
The  natural  line  of  the  work  follows  this  indenture  and  then  continues 
in  about  the  same  northerly  course  along  the  banks  of  the  ravine  to 
the  narrow  portion  of  the  plateau  about  550  feet  to  the  starting  point. 
There  is  thus  a  continued  line,  in  part  natural  and  in  part  artificial, 
which  if  measured  in  all  its  little  ins  and  outs  would  not  be  far  from 
2,450  feet. 

"Besides  the  spring  mentioned  as  in  the  indenture  of  the  eastern 
ravine,  there  is  another  spring  in  the  same  ravine  about  175  feet  to 
the  north  of  the  first,  and  a  third  in  the  southwestern  ravine  about  125 
feet  to  the  west  of  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  work. 

"Looking  at  all  the  natural  advantages  offered  by  this  location,  it 
is  the  one  spot  of  the  region,  for  several  miles  along  the  river,  that 
would  be  selected  today  for  the  erection  of  a  fortification  in  the  vicinity, 
with  the  addition  of  the  possession  of  a  small  eminence  to  the  north, 
which  in  these  days  of  artillery  would  command  the  fort.  Having  this 
view  in  mind  a  careful  examination  was  made  of  this  eminence  men- 
tioned, to  see  if  there  had  ever  been  an  opposing  or  protective  work 
there,  but  not  the  slightest  indication  of  earthwork  fortification  or  of 
mounds  of  habitation  was  discovered. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  3 

"The  interior  of  this  fortification  contains  much  of  interest.  On 
crossing  the  outer  wall  a  few  low  mounds  are  at  once  noticed,  and  all 
around  are  seen  large  circular  depressions.  At  the  southern  portion  of 


FORT  AZATLAN,  NEAR  MEROM,  IND. 

the  fort  these  depressions,  of  which  there  are  forty-five  in  all,  are  most 
numerous,  thirty-seven  of  them  being  located  south  of  a  line  drawn 
from  E  on  the  northern  side  of  the  indenture  of  the  eastern  ravine  to 
the  projecting  extreme  western  point  of  the  fort  at  H. 

"These  depressions  vary  in  width  from  ten  to  twenty-five  or  thirty 
feet,  and  are  irregularly  arranged,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  en- 


2 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


On  the  river  side,  the  bank,  which  principally  consists  of  an  outcrop  of 
sandstone,  is  very  steep,  and  forms  the  western  line  of  the  fortification, 
while  deep  ravines  add  to  its  strength  on  the  other  sides;  the  weak 
points  being  strengthened  by  earth  works.  The  general  course  of  the 
work  is  from  the  north,  where  it  is  very  narrow  (not  over  50  feet) 
owing  to  the  formation  of  the  plateau,  south  along  the  river  bank  about 
725  feet  to  its  widest  portion  (at  H)  which  is  here  about  375  feet  east 
and  west.  From  this  point  it  follows  a  deep  ravine  southerly  about  460 
feet  to  the  entrance  end  of  the  fort.  The  bank  traversed  by  the  entrance 
road  is  here  much  wider  than  at  other  portions,  and  along  its  outer  wall, 
running  eastward,  are  the  remains  of  what  was  evidently  once  a  deep 
ditch.  The  outer  wall  (A,  B)  is  about  30  feet  wide  and  is  now  about 
ll/2  feet  high ;  a  depressed  portion  of  the  bank,  or  walk  way,  then  runs 
parallel  with  the  outerwall,  and  the  bank  (C,  D)  is  then  continued  for 
about  20  feet  further  into  the  fort,  but  of  slightly  less  height  than  the 
front.  Through  the  center  of  these  banks  there  are  the  remains  of  a 
distinct  roadway  about  ten  feet  in  width. 

"From  the  northeastern  corner  of  this  wide  wall  the  line  continues 
northwesterly  about  350  feet  along  the  eastern  ravine  to  a  point  where 
there  is  a  spring,  and  the  ravine  makes  an  indenture  of  nearly  100  feet 
to  the  southwest.  The  mouth  of  the  indenture  is  about  75  feet  in  width 
and  the  work  is  here  strengthened  by  a  double  embankment  (E,  F). 
The  natural  line  of  the  work  follows  this  indenture  and  then  continues 
in  about  the  same  northerly  course  along  the  banks  of  the  ravine  to 
the  narrow  portion  of  the  plateau  about  550  feet  to  the  starting  point. 
There  is  thus  a  continued  line,  in  part  natural  and  in  part  artificial, 
which  if  measured  in  all  its  little  ins  and  outs  would  not  be  far  from 
2,450  feet. 

"Besides  the  spring  mentioned  as  in  the  indenture  of  the  eastern 
ravine,  there  is  another  spring  in  the  same  ravine  about  175  feet  to 
the  north  of  the  first,  and  a  third  in  the  southwestern  ravine  about  125 
feet  to  the  west  of  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  work. 

"Looking  at  all  the  natural  advantages  offered  by  this  location,  it 
is  the  one  spot  of  the  region,  for  several  miles  along  the  river,  that 
would  be  selected  today  for  the  erection  of  a  fortification  in  the  vicinity, 
with  the  addition  of  the  possession  of  a  small  eminence  to  the  north, 
which  in  these  days  of  artillery  would  command  the  fort.  Having  this 
view  in  mind  a  careful  examination  was  made  of  this  eminence  men- 
tioned, to  see  if  there  had  ever  been  an  opposing  or  protective  work 
there,  but  not  the  slightest  indication  of  earthwork  fortification  or  of 
mounds  of  habitation  was  discovered. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  3 

"The  interior  of  this  fortification  contains  much  of  interest.  On 
crossing  the  outer  wall  a  few  low  mounds  are  at  once  noticed,  and  all 
around  are  seen  large  circular  depressions.  At  the  southern  portion  of 


'    100  FT         '  *00    fT 


FORT  AZATLAN,  NEAR  MEROM,  IND. 

the  fort  these  depressions,  of  which  there  are  forty-five  in  all,  are  most 
numerous,  thirty-seven  of  them  being  located  south  of  a  line  drawn 
from  E  on  the  northern  side  of  the  indenture  of  the  eastern  ravine  to 
the  projecting  extreme  western  point  of  the  fort  at  H. 

"These  depressions  vary  in  width  from  ten  to  twenty-five  or  thirty 
feet,  and  are  irregularly  arranged,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  en- 


• 


4  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

graving,  where  they  are  represented  by  the  black  circles.  One  of  the 
six  depressions  opposite  the  indenture  of  the  eastern  ravine  is  oval  in 
shape,  and  is  the  only  one  that  is  not  nearly  circular,  the  others  varying 
but  a  foot  or  two  in  their  diameters. 

' '  Two  of  these  depressions  were  dug  into  and  it  was  found  that  they 
were  evidently  once  large  pits  that  had  gradually  been  filled  by  the 
hand  of  time  with  the  accumulation  of  vegetable  matter  and  soil  that 
had  been  deposited  by  natural  action  alone.  In  some  instances  large 
trees  are  now  growing  in  the  pits  and  their  many  roots  make  digging 
difficult.  A  trench  was  dug  across  one  pit  (J)  throwing  out  the  soil 
carefully  until  the  former  bottom  of  the  pit  was  reached  at  a  depth 
of  about  five  feet.  On  this  bottom  ashes  and  burnt  clay  gave  evidence 
of  an  ancient  fire,  and  at  a  few  feet  on  one  side  several  pieces  of  pottery, 
a  few  bones  of  animals,  and  one  stone  arrowhead  were  found.  A  soot 
had  evidently  been  struck  where  food  had  been  cooked  and  eaten,  and 
though  there  was  not  time  to  open  other  pits  there  is  no  doubt  but  that 
they  would  tell  a  similar  story,  and  the  legitimate  conclusion  to  be 
drawn  from  the  facts  is  that  these  pits  were  the  houses  of  the  inhabi- 
tants or  defenders  of  the  fort,  who  were  probably  further  protected 
from  the  elements,  and  the  arrows  of  assailants,  by  a  roof  of  logs  and 
bark  or  boughs.  The  great  number  of  the  pits  would  show  that  they 
were  for  a  definite  and  general  purpose  and  their  irregular  arrangement 
would  indicate  that  they  were  not  laid  out  with  the  sole  idea  of  acting 
as  places  of  defence,  though  those  near  the  walls  of  the  fort  might 
answer  as  covers  from  which  to  fire  on  an  opposing  force  beyond  the 
walls,  and  the  six  pits  near  the  eastern  indenture,  in  front  of  three 
of  which  there  are  traces  of  two  small  earth  walls,  and  the  two  com- 
manding the  entrance  of  the  fort,  would  strengthen  this  view  of  the  use 
of  those  near  the  embankment. 

"In  many  of  the  ancient  fortifications  that  have  been  described  by 
Mr.  Squier  and  others,  pits  have  been  noticed,  but  they  have  been  only 
very  few  in  number  and  have  been  considered  as  places  for  the  storage 
of  food  and  water.  The  great  number  in  this  small  earthwork,  with 
the  finding  that  one  at  least  was  used  for  the  purpose  of  cooking  and 
eating  food,  is  evidence  that  they  were  used  for  some  other  purpose 
here,  though  some  of  the  smaller  ones  may  have  answered  for  store- 
houses. 

"The  five  small  mounds  were  situated  in  various  parts  of  the  en- 
closure. The  largest  (G)  was  nearly  fifty  feet  in  diameter  and  was 
probably  originally  not  over  ten  feet  in  height.  It  had  been  very 
nearly  dug  away  in  places,  but  about  one-fifth  of  the  lower  portion  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  5 

not  been  disturbed.  From  this  was  exhumed  one  nearly  perfect  human 
skeleton  and  parts  of  several  others  that  had  been  left  by  former  ex- 
cavators. This  mound  also  contained  several  bones  of  animals,  princi- 
pally of  deer,  bear,  opossum  and  turtles;  fragments  of  pottery,  one 
arrowhead,  a  few  flint  chips,  and  a  number  of  thick  shells  of  unios  two 
of  which  had  been  bored  near  the  hinge.  This  mound  has  yielded  a 
number  of  human  bones  to  the  industry  of  Dr.  H.  Frank  Harper. 

"The  second  mound  (I)  which  was  partly  opened,  was  some  twenty- 
five  feet  in  diameter  and  a  few  feet  in  height,  though  probably  once 
much  higher.  In  this  a  number  of  bones  of  deer  and  other  animals 
were  found,  several  pieces  of  pottery,  a  number  of  shells  and  a  few 
human  fx>nes.  The  other  three  mounds,  one  of  which  is  not  over  ten 
or  twelve  feet  in  diameter  and  situated  the  furthest  to  the  north,  were 
not  examined  internally. 

"The  position  of  all  the  mounds  within  the  enclosure,  which  are 
indicated  by  the  white  circles  on  the  cut,  is  such  as  to  suggest  that  they 
were  used  as  observatories,  and  it  may  yet  be  questioned  if  the  human 
and  other  remains  found  in  them  were  placed  there  by  the  occupants 
of  the  fort,  or  are  to  be  considered  under  the  head  of  intrusive  burials 
by  a  later  race.  Perhaps  a  further  study  of  the  bones  may  settle  the 
point.  That  two  races  have  buried  their  dead  within  the  enclosure  is 
made  probable  by  the  finding  of  an  entirely  different  class  of  burials 
at  the  extreme  western  point  of  the  fortification,  indicated  on  the  en- 
graving by  the  three  quadrangular  figures  at  H.  At  this  point  Dr. 
Harper,  the  year  previous,  had  discovered  three  stone  graves,  in  which 
he  found  portions  of  the  skeletons  of  two  adults  and  one  child.  These 
graves,  the  stones  of  one  being  still  in  place,  were  found  to  be  made 
by  placing  thin  slabs  of  stone  on  end,  forming  the  sides  and  ends,  the 
top  being  covered  by  other  slabs,  making  a  rough  stone  coffin  in  which 
the  bodies  had  been  placed.  There  was  no  indication  of  any  mound 
having  been  erected,  and  they  were  placed  slightly  on  the  slope  of  the 
bank.  This  kind  of  burial  is  so  distinct  from  that  of  the  burials  in  the 
mound  that  it  is  possible  that  the  acts  may  be  referred  to  two  distinct 
races  who  have  occupied  the  territory  successively,  though  they  may 
prove  to  be  of  the  same  time  and  simply  indicate  a  special  mode  adopted 
for  a  distinctive  purpose. ' ' 1 

Even  more  striking  is  the  "stone  fort"  in  Clark  County.  Prof.  E. 
T.  Cox,  who,  after  surveying  it,  pronounced  it  "one  of  the  most  re- 
markable stone  fortifications  which  has  ever  come  under  my  notice", 
gave  the  following  description  of  it: 


Bulletin  of  Essex  Institute,  Vol.  3,  No.  2,  November,  1871. 


on  fhp  Ohio  Kh-er.'l  MilrvEniit  of  CluufoaUrwB.  Clarke  €«.,., 
Iiiiliuna. 
T.  C  OX  JXlute  ffeotyr/*/ 

anif 


..-/ititlanf  . 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  7 

"The  locality  selected  for  this  fort  presents  many  natural  advantages 
for  making  it  impregnable  to  the  opposing  forces  of  pre-historic  times. 
It  occupies  the  point  of  an  elevated  narrow  ridge  which  faces  the  Ohio 
river  on  the  east,  and  is  bordered  by  Fourteen  Mile  Creek  on  the  west 
side.  This  creek  empties  into  the  Ohio  a  short  distance  below  the 
fort.  The  top  of  the  ridge  is  pear  shape,  with  the  part  answering  to 
the  neck  at  the  north  end.  This  part  is  not  over  twenty  feet  wide  and 
is  protected  by  precipitous  natural  walls  of  stone.  It  is  two  hundred 
and  eighty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  slope  is  very 
gradual  to  the  south.  At  the  upper  field  it  is  two  hundred  and  forty 
feet  high  and  one  hundred  steps  wide.  At  the  lower  timber  it  is  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  high.  The  bottom  land  at  the  foot  of  the 
south  end  is  sixty  feet  above  the  river.  Along  the  greater  part  of  the 
Ohio  river  front  there  is  an  abrupt  escarpment  of  rock  entirely  too 
steep  to  be  scaled,  and  a  similar  natural  barrier  exists  along  a  portion 
of  the  north  west  side  of  the  ridge  facing  the  creek.  This  natural  wall 
is  joined  to  the  neck  by  an  artificial  wall  made  by  piling  up,  mason 
fashion,  but  without  mortar,  loose  stone,  which  had  evidently  been 
pried  up  from  the  corniferous  layers  at  the  point  marked  D.  This 
made  wall  at  this  point  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  long.  It 
is  built  along  the  slope  of  the  hill  and  had  an  elevation  of  about 
seventy-five  feet  above  its  base,  the  upper  ten  feet  being  vertical.  The 
inside  of  the  wall  is  protected  by  a  ditch.  The  remainder  of  the  hill 
is  protected  by  an  artificial  stone  wall  built  in  the  same  manner  but  not 
more  than  ten  feet  high.  The  elevation  of  the  side  wall  above  the 
creek  bottom  is  eighty  feet.  Within  the  artificial  walls  are  a  string 
of  mounds  which  rise  to  the  height  of  the  wall  and  are  protected  from 
the  washing  from  the  hill  sides  by  a  ditch  twenty  feet  wide  and  four 
feet  deep.  The  position  of  the  artificial  walls,  natural  cliffs  of  bedded 
stone,  as  well  as  that  of  the  ditch  and  mounds  will  be  better  understood 
by  a  reference  to  the  accompanying  map. 

"The  top  of  the  enclosed  ridge  embraces  ten  or  twelve  acres,  and 
there  are  as  many  as  five  mounds  that  can  be  recognized  on  the  flat 
surface,  while  no  doubt  many  others  existed  which  have  been  obliterate 
by  time  and  through  the  agency  of  man  in  his  efforts  to  cultivate  a 
portion  of  the  ground.  A  trench  was  cut  into  one  of  these  mounds  in 
search  of  relics.  A  few  fragments  of  charcoal  and  decomposed  bones 
and  a  large,  irregular  diamond-shaped  boulder,  with  a  small  circular 
indentation  near  the  middle  of  the  upper  part  that  was  worn  quite 
smooth  by  the  use  to  which  it  was  put,  and  a  small  piece  of  fossil  coral — 
favorites  goldfussi — comprised  all  the  articles  of  note  which  were  re- 


N 


••;.     -     ..?; 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  9 

vealed  by  the  excavation.  The  earth  of  which  the  mound  is  made 
resembles  that  seen  on  the  side  of  the  hill  and  was,  probably,  in  most 
part  taken  from  the  ditch.  The  margin  next  to  the  ditch  was  protected 
by  slabs  of  stone  set  on  edge  and  leaning  at  an  angle  corresponding  to 
the  slope  of  the  mound.  This  stone  shield  was  two  and  a  half  feet 
wide  and  one  foot  high.  At  intervals  along  the  great  ditch  there  are 
channels  formed  between  the  mounds  that  probably  served  to  carry 
oif  surplus  water  through  openings  in  the  outer  wall. 

"On  the  top  of  the  enclosed  ridge,  and  near  to  the  narrowest  part 
(D)  there  is  one  mound  much  larger  than  any  of  the  others  and  so 
situated  as  to  command  an  extensive  view  up  and  down  the  Ohio  River, 
as  well  as  affording  an  unobstructed  view  east  and  west.  There  is  near 
this  mound  a  slight  break  in  the  cliff  of  rock  which  furnished  a  narrow 
passage  way  to  the  Ohio  River.  Though  the  locality  afforded  many 
natural  advantages  for  a  fort  or  stronghold,  one  is  compelled  to  admit 
that  much  skill  was  displayed  and  labor  expended  in  rendering  its 
defense  as  perfect  as  possible  at  all  points.  Stone  axes,  pestles,  arrow 
heads,  spear  points,  totems,  charms  and  flint  flakes  have  been  found  in 
great  abundance  in  plowing  the  field  at  the  foot  of  the  old  fort. ' ' 2 

There  is  another  stone  fort  of  about  the  same  size  as  this  a  little 
farther  up  the  Ohio  valley  in  Jefferson  County.  It  stands  on  the  bank 
of  Big  Creek,  eighty  feet  above  the  creek  bed,  and  incloses  about  ten 
acres.  On  the  north  and  south  sides  of  this  bluff  there  are  steep  stone 
cliffs  from  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  height,  which  converge  at  the  west 
side,  leaving  only  a  narrow  strip  there  without  natural  protection. 
This  point  is  covered  by  an  artificial  stone  wall  similar  to  those  of  the 
preceding  fortification;  and  so  is  the  east  side,  where  the  north  and 
south  lines  are  about  four  hundred  feet  apart.  This  long  stretch  of 
made  wall  was  originally  about  ten  feet  thick  at  the  base,  and  is  so 
curved  as  to  plainly  indicate  its  defensive  purpose.3  There  are  some 
other  stone  fortifications  in  Indiana,  but  they  are  smaller.  One  in 
Jennings  County  is  75  feet  in  diameter,  and  stands  on  a  cliff  75  feet 
above  an  adjacent  stream.4 

There  are  also  several  stone  mounds  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State.  Two  of  these,  in  Clark  County,  are  unique.  They  are  made 
of  flat  stones,  methodically  piled  up  so  as  to  leave  a  small  opening  in 
the  interior,  and  connecting  with  these  are  long,  low  entrance  ways 


2  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1873,  pp.  126-7. 

3  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1874,  p.  32. 

«  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1875,  p.  174. 


10  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  stone,  arched  over,  somewhat  resembling  Eskimo  igloos.  Some  of 
the  people  in  the  vicinity  believe  that  there  were  underground  passages 
connecting  these  mounds  with  a  cave  near  by.5  The  other  stone  mounds 
that  have  been  described  are  solid.  Of  these  three  are  near  the  town 
of  Deputy,  in  Jefferson  County.  One  of  them  is  oval  in  shape,  135 
feet  long  and  60  feet  wide.  The  other  two  are  much  smaller,  and  so 
are  similar  mounds  elsewhere,  as  in  Ripley  and  Scott  counties.6  All  of 
these  mounds  that  have  been  opened  have  been  found  to  contain  human 
bones,  and  usually  bones  of  animals,  and  other  matter.  It  is  hardly 
questionable  that  these  are  burial  mounds.  Old  writers  mention  this 
mode  of  sepulture  among  the  Southern  tribes,  especially  when  the  dead, 
for  some  reason  or  other,  could  not  be  taken  to  the  customary  places  of 
burial  for  interment  with  the  usual  rites.  Adair  says:  "In  the  woods 
we  often  see  innumerable  heaps  of  small  stones  in  those  places  where, 
according  to  tradition,  some  of  their  distinguished  people  were  either 
killed  or  buried,  till  the  bones  could  be  gathered :  there  they  add  Pelion 
to  Ossa,  still  increasing  each  heap,  as  a  lasting  monument  and  honour 
to  them,  and  an  incentive  to  great  actions."7  Bartram  noted  "vast 
heaps  of  stones",  marking  the  graves  of  Cherokee  warriors  who  had 
fallen  in  a  disastrous  battle  with  the  whites.8  Dr.  Brickell  mentioned 
at  a  much  earlier  date  the  custom  of  the  Carolina  Indians  to  make  such 
monuments.9  Mr.  Charles  C.  Jones,  the  learned  Georgia  anthropologist, 
says:  "In  order  to  designate  the  grave  of  a  remarkable  warrior,  who 
had  fallen  in  battle,  and  whose  body  could  not  at  the  time  be  brought 
home  by  his  companions,  the  Cherokees  and  other  nations  inhabiting 
hilly  regions  were  wont  to  cover  the  body  of  the  slain  with  stones 
collected  on  the  spot.  Every  passer-by  contributed  his  stone  to  the 
pile,  until  it  rose  into  a  marked  and  permanent  memorial  of  the 
dead."10 

In  the  descriptions  of  the  first  two  forts  above,  mention  is  made 
of  "observation  mounds",  and  it  is  probable  that  these  were  made  at 
other  points  for  defensive  purposes.  In  a  report  on  Ohio  and  Switzer- 
land counties,  Mr.  Robert  B.  "Warder  says:  "Dr.  J.  W.  Baxter,  of 
Yevay,  gives  me  the  following  account  of  a  series  of  mounds  or  signal 


«  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1874,  p.  29. 

"See  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1874,  pp.  35,  197-9;   8th  Kept.  Peabody   Mus.,  Vol.   1, 
p.  47;  Bulletin  No.  1,  Brookville  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.  (1885)  p.  35. 
i  History  of  the  American  Indians,  p.  184.     London,  1775. 
*  Travels  through  North  and  South  Carolina,  etc.,  p.  346.    London,  1792. 
»  Natural  History  of  North  Carolina,  p.  380.    Dublin,  1737. 
10  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  p.  201.    N.  Y.  1873. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


11 


stations,  occupying  prominent  points  along  the  Ohio  river,  and  so 
located  that  each  may  be  seen  from  the  next  above  and  below.  These 
command  nearly  the  whole  bottom.  From  the  station  below  Patriot  the 
observer  may  look  across  Qallatin  County,  Kentucky,  and  the  valley 
of  Eagle  creek  to  the  bight  of  land  in  Owen  County.  Both  this  mound 
and  one  near  Rising  Sun  exhibit  traces  of  fires  that  were  doubtless 
used  as  telegraphic  signals  by  the  Mound  Builders.  The  mounds  at  the 


EARTH  MOUNDS  IN  RANDOLPH  COUNTY 

* 

following  places  form  a  complete  series,  though  others  may  have  been 
used  when  the  country  was  timbered:  Rising  Sun;  near  Gunpowder 
creek,  Kentucky;  the  Dibble  farm,  two  miles  south  of  Patriot;  the 
•'North  Hill",  below  Warsaw,  Kentucky;  the  Taylor  farm,  below 
Log  Lick  creek;  opposite  Carrollton,  Kentucky;  below  Carrollton.  A 
greater  number  of  wild  grapes,  plums,  crabapples  and  onions  are 
found  near  the  mounds  than  elsewhere."  ll 

"  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1872,  p.  413. 


12  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  addition  to  the  stone  forts,  there  are  several  earth  works  whose 
defensive  character  is  obvious.  The  most  extensive  of  these  is  on 
White  River  in  Randolph  County,  and  is  described  by  Prof.  Cox  as 
follows:  "The  largest  walled  enclosure  in  the  State  is  situated  near 
the  town  of  Winchester,  in  Randolph  County.  It  is  figured  in  Squier 
and  Davis'  Antiquities  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  but  as  that  plat  was 
inaccurately  made  it  is  reproduced  here  from  actual  measurements 
made  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette.  It  contains  thirty-one  acres,  and  a  good 
portion  of  it  lies  within  the  boundary  of  the  Randolph  County  fair 
ground,  the  remaining  portion,  with  the  exception  of  the  public  road- 
way on  the  west  end,  lies  in  cultivated  fields,  so  that  the  whole  work 
is  in  a  fair  way  to  be  obliterated.  There  are  two  gateways,  one  on  the 
eastern  end,  twelve  feet  wide,  and  has  no  defenses,  Sugar  Creek  and  the 
intervening  bluff  probably  being  deemed  sufficient;  but  at  the  west 
end  there  is  an  embankment  in  the  shape  of  a  half  circle  which  overlaps 
the  gate  and  complicates .  the  passage-way.  The  enclosure  is  in  the 
shape  of  a  parallelogram  with  curved  angles;  the  sides  are  1,320  feet 
long,  and  the  ends  1,080  feet.  There  is  a  mound  in  the  centre  100  feet 
in  diameter  and  nine  feet  high.  When  the  horses  are  trotting,  at  fair 
times,  this  mound  is  covered  with  spectators,  as  it  commands  a  view 
of  the  entire  track.  I  once  had  the  pleasure  of  witnessing  a  spirited 
trot  from  the  top  of  this  mound.  The  walls  of  the  enclosure  are  from 
eight  to  nine  feet  high  where  they  have  not  been  disturbed  by  the  plow. 
A  cross  section  of  the  half-circle  at  the  west  gate  is  shown  on  the  plate ; 
it  has  a  slight  ditch  on  the  inside ;  also  a  cross  section  of  the  main  wall, 
which  has  no  fosse.  You  will  perceive  that  the  location  for  this  large 
and  remarkable  work  was  selected  with  due  regard  to  protection  against 
the  sudden  attack  of  an  enemy.  It  is  at  the  junction  of  Sugar  Creek 
and  White  River,  which  affords  protection  on  two  sides,  and  the  mound 
in  the  centre  served  as  a  look-out  station."12 

I  am  inclined  to  doubt  the  conclusion  of  Prof.  Cox  as  to  the  purpose 
of  the  mound,  as  its  elevation  would  make  it  no  higher  than  the  walls, 
and  there  is  no  indication  that  it  was  higher  originally.  I  think  it 
more  probable  that  this  was  a  walled  town,  and  that  the  mound  was 
for  the  residence  of  the  chief,  or  cacique,  and  the  temple;  but  that  is 
a  matter  of  conjecture,  based  on  facts  which  will  appear  later.  The 
fact  that  no  large  quantity  of  Mound  Builder  relics  and  refuse  have 
been  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  so  large  an  establishment, 
whether  a  town  or  merely  a  fort,  would  indicate  that  it  was  not  occupied 
for  a  great  length  of  time. 


d.  Geol.  Report,  1878,  J>.  134. 

' 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  13 

Near  Vincennes,  in  Knox  County,  there  are  three  large  works  of  a 
different  character,  which  were  described  by  Prof.  Collett.  It  is  neces 
sary  to  remember  that  he  was  a  believer  that  the  Mound  Builders  were 
the  ancestors  of  the  Aztecs,  and  that  he  was  one  of  those  enthusiastic 
scientists  to  whom  a  plausible  theory  assumed  the  character  of  a 
demonstrated  fact,  in  order  to  appreciate  the  assurance  of  the  following 
description :  ' '  Temple  Mounds. — This  region  was  well  to  the  center 
of  the  Mound  Building  Nation.  Remote  from  the  dangers  incident 
to  a  more  exposed  situation  and  encircled  by  a  bulwark  of  loving  hearts 
— forts,  walled  enclosures,  and  citadels  were  unnecessary,  and  not 
erected  as  it  exposed  points  on  their  frontier.  Perhaps  the  seat  of  a 
Royal  Priesthood,  their  efforts  essayed  to  build  a  series  of  temples 
which  constituted  at  once  capitol  and  holy  city — The  Heliopolig  of 
the  West.  Three  sacred  mounds  thrown  upon  or  against  the  sides  of 
the  second  terrace  or  bluff  east  and  southeast  of  Vincennes  are  the 
result,  and  in  size,  symmetry  and  grandeur  of  aspect,  rival  if  not  excel 
any  prehistoric  remains  in  the  United  States.  All  three  are  truncated 
cones  or  pyramidal;  and  without  doubt,  erected  designedly  for  sacred 
purposes,  the  flat  area  on  the  summit  was  reserved  for  an  Oratory  and 
Altar  as  in  the  Teocalli  of  Mexico. 

"The  Pyramid,  one  mile  south  of  Vincennes,  is  placed  on  a  slightly 
elevated  terrace  surrounded  by  a  cluster  of  small  mounds.  It  is  oblong, 
with  extreme  diameter  from  east  to  west  at  the  base  of  three  hundred 
feet,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide,  and  is  forty -seven  feet  high.  The 
level  area  on  the  summit  fifteen  by  fifty  feet  is  crowded  with  intrusive 
burials  of  a  later  race. 

"The  Sugar  Loaf  Mound  on  Mr.  Fay's  land,  just  east  of  the  city 
line,  is  built  against  and  upon  the  side  of  the  bluff,  but  stands  out  in 
bold  relief  with  sharply  inclined  sides.  Diameter  from  east  to  west  two 
hundred  and  sixteen  feet,  from  north  to  south  one  hundred  and  eighty 
feet,  and  towering  aloft  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  above  Vincennes 
Plain,  it  commands  by  twenty-seven  feet  the  high  plateau  to  the  east. 
Area  on  top  sixteen  by  twenty-five  feet.  The  following  section  was 
developed  by  sinking  a  shaft  centrally  from  the  top: 


14  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

STRUCTURE  OF  SUGAR  LOAF  MOUND 

Loess  sand  10  ft.  00  in. 

,  Ashes,  charcoal  and  bones 10  in. 

Loess  sand 17  ft.  00  in. 

Ashes,  charcoal  and  bones 10  in. 

Loess  sand   9  ft.  00  in. 

Ashes,  charcoal  and  bones 2  ft.  00  in. 

Red  altar  clays,  burned 3  ft.  00  in. 


42  ft.    8  in. 

"This  shaft  closely  approached  or  actually  reached  the  former 
surface  of  the  hill.  It  settles  decisively  the  artificial  origin  of  the 
mound,  and  indicates  a  temple  three  stories  high. 

"The  Terraced  Mound  on  Burnett's  land,  one  mile  E.  N.  E.  of 
Vincennes  court  house,  has  an  east  and  west  diameter  of  three  hundred 
and  sixty-six  feet,  from  north  to  south  two  hundred  and  eighty-two 
feet,  and  rises  to  an  elevation  of  sixty-seven  feet  above  the  plain,  with 
a  level  area  on  top  ten  by  fifty  feet.  A  winding  roadway  from  the  east 
furnished  the  votaries  of  the  sun  easy  access  to  the  summit." 

Prof.  Collett  seems  to  have  been  under  the  impression  that  the 
Aztecs  burned  their  human  sacrifices  on  the  summits  of  their  teocallis, 
but  this  is  not  the  case.  The  victims  heart  was  cut  out,  and  consumed 
in  a  censer  before  the  idol,  but  his  body  was  taken  away  to  be  eaten. 
Whoever  made  the  Sugar  Loaf  Mound,  it  can  hardly  be  considered  a 
sacrificial  mound.  That  would  involve  the  supposition  that  they  began 
sacrificing  when  it  was  only  three  feet  high,  and  immolated  such  a  num- 
ber of  victims  as  to  make  a  deposit  of  ashes,  charcoal  and  bones  two 
feet  deep;  that  on  this  they  put  nine  feet  of  soil,  and  then  immolated 
to  the  extent  of  ten  inches  more  of  ashes;  then  seventeen  feet  more  of 
earth,  followed  by  ten  inches  of  sacrificial  remains ;  and  finally  a  cover- 
ing of  ten  feet  of  earth.  You  must  also  suppose  the  sacrificial  priests 
wading  around  in  these  layers  of  ashes  until  the  deposits  attained  the 
thickness  named.  The  tax  on  imagination  is  too  great.  Some  more 
plausible  explanation  is  needed,  and  one  will  be  suggested  further  on. 
It  may  be  mentioned  here,  however,  that  the  Aztec  temples  had  on  their 
tops  huge  stone  idols,  which  could  not  well  be  removed  from  the  vicinity, 
or  concealed ;  and  nothing  of  that  sort  has  ever  been  found  in  Indiana. 

It  is  also  due  to  Prof.  Cox  to  say  that  he  was  also  a  doubter.  In 
fact  his  scientific  training  at  New  Harmony  made  him  so  cautious  that 
he  said  that  all  efforts  to  define  the  purposes  of  the  mounds,  "beyond 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  15 

the  fact  substantiated  by  exploration,  that  some  of  the  mounds  were 
used  as  sepulchers  for  the  dead,  is,  in  my  opinion  sheer  guesswork." 
In  1877  Prof.  Cox  delivered  an  address  on  Archaeology  before  a  newly 
organized  State  Archaeological  Society.  In  this  he  refers  to  Prof. 
Collett's  report,  quoted  above,  in  which  the  Knox  County  mounds  had 
been  classified  as  "mounds  of  habitation,  sepulchral  and  temple 
mounds",  and  said:  "Archaeologists  have,  as  I  think,  without  due  con- 
sideration, classified  the  mounds  into  altar  and  sacrificial  mounds, 
sepulchral  or  burial  mounds,  lookout  mounds  and  mounds  of  habita- 
tion. When  we  dig  into  a  mound  and  find  that  it  contains  human  bones, 
it  may  then  with  propriety  be  called  a  sepulchral  or  burial  mound.  But 
to  speak  of  others  as  altar  mounds  or  mounds  of  worship,  mounds  of 
habitation  or  lookout  mounds,  is  assigning  to  them  a  purpose  which  can 
not  be  sustained  unless  fortified  by  some  better  proof  than  the  mythical 
writings  of  Spanish  historians.  It  is  a  common  occurrence  to  find  in 
mounds  some  ashes  and  charcoal  mixed  with  human  bones,  and  for  this 
reason  the  builders  have  been  accused  of  cremating  their  dead.  So  far 
I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  charred  human  bones,  though  charred 
wood  and  charcoal  are  of  common  occurrence.  A  few  fragments 
of  charred  bones  are  reported  by  Squier  and  Davis  in  their  so-called 
sacrificial  mounds  at  Mound  City,  Ohio.  My  own  opinion  is  that 
mounds  were  simply  erected  as  burial  places  for  the  bones  of  dead 
chiefs  or  other  persons  high  in  authority.  The  bones  were  sprinkled 
over  with  ashes  and,  finally,  with  earth.  Where  ashes  and  charcoal  are 
found  in  mounds,  but  no  bones,  it  is  possible  that  the  latter  disappeared 
from  decay.  Charcoal,  as  is  well  known,  is  the  most  durable  of  all 
known  substances."13 

The  opinion  of  Prof.  Cox  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Indians  of  the 
Ohio  Valley,  when  the  whites  came  in  contact  with  them.  None  of  them 
pretended  to  any  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  these  mounds,  but  re- 
garded them  as  burial  places  of  past  generations.  All  the  Indians  I 
have  talked  with  on  the  subject  regard  the  exploration  of  the  mounds 
by  the  whites  as  desecration.  The  Indians  never  disturbed  them  except 
to  make  additional  burials.  This,  and  the  fact  that  burial  mounds 
w«re  the  only  kind  reached  by  the  early  missionaries  of  this  region,  fur- 
nishes the  explanation  of  the  remarkable  lack  of  mention  of  mounds  in 
the  early  French  chronicles  of  the  Northwest.  The  earliest  notice  of  any 
in  this  region  that  I  have  ever  found  is  in  the  Travels  of  Jonathan 
Carver,  in  1768,14  as  follows: 


is  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1878,  p.  149. 
"  London,  1779,  p.  56. 


. 


16 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


"One  day  having  landed  on  the  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  some  miles 
below  Lake  Pepin,  whilst  my  attendants  were  preparing  my  dinner, 
I  walked  out  to  take  a  view  of  the  adjacent  country.  I  had  not  pro- 
ceeded far  before  I  came  to  a  fine,  level,  open  plain,  on  which  I  per- 
ceived at  a  little  distance  a  partial  elevation  that  had  the  appearance 
of  an  intrenchment.  On  a  nearer  inspection  I  had  greater  reason  to 
suppose  that  it  had  really  been  intended  for  this  many  centuries  ago. 


WORKS  ON  HILL  NORTH  OF  HARDINSBURG,  DEARBORN  COUNTY 

Notwithstanding  it  was  now  covered  with  grass,  I  cbuld  plainly  discern 
that  it  had  once  been  a  breast-work  of  about  four  feet  in  height,  extend- 
ing the  best  part  of  a  mile,  and  sufficiently  capacious  to  cover  five 
thousand  men.  Its  form  was  somewhat  circular,  and  its  flanks  reached 
to  the  river.  Though  much  defaced  by  time,  every  angle  was  distin- 
guishable, and  appeared  as  regular,  and  fashioned  with  as  much  mili- 
tary skill  as  if  planned  by  Vauban  himself.  The  ditch  was  not  visible, 
but  I  thought  on  examining  more  curiously,  that  I  could  perceive  there 
certainly  had  been  one.  From  its  situation  also,  I  am  convinced  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  17 

it  must  have  been  designed  for  this  purpose.  It  fronted  the  country, 
and  the  rear  was  covered  by  the  river ;  nor  was  there  any  rising  ground 
for  a  considerable  way  that  commanded  it;  a  few  straggling  oaks  were 
alone  to  be  seen  near  it.  In  many  places  small  tracks  were  worn  across 
it  by  the  feet  of  the  elks  and  deer,  and  from  the  depth  of  the  bed  of 
earth  by  which  it  was  covered,  I  was  able  to  draw  certain  conclusions 
of  its  great  antiquity.  I  examined  all  the  angles  and  every  part  with 
great  attention,  and  have  often  blamed  myself  since  for  not  encamping 
on  the  spot  and  drawing  an  exact  plan  of  it.  To  show  that  this  descrip- 
tion is  not  the  offspring  of  a  heated  imagination,  or  the  chimerical  talk 
of  a  mistaken  traveler,  I  find  on  enquiry  since  my  return,  that  Mons. 
St.  Pierre  and  several  traders  have,  at  different  times,  taken  notice  of 
similar  appearances,  on  which  they  have  formed  the  same  conjectures, 
but  without  examining  them  so  minutely  as  I  did.  How  a  work  of  this 
kind  could  exist  in  a  country  that  has  hitherto  (according  to  the  general 
received  opinion)  been  the  seat  of  war  to  untutored  Indians  alone, 
whose  whole  stock  of  military  knowledge  has  only,  till  within  two  cen- 
turies, amounted  to  drawing  the  bow,  and  whose  only  breast-work  even 
at  present  is  the  thicket,  I  know  not.  I  have  given  as  exact  an  account 
as  possible  of  this  singular  appearance,  and  leave  to  future  explorers 
of  these  distant  regions  to  discover  whether  it  is  a  production  of  nature 
or  art.  Perhaps  the  hints  I  have  here  given  might  lead  to  a  more 
perfect  investigation  of  it,  and  give  us  very  different  ideas  of  the 
ancient  state  of  realms  that  we  at  present  believe  to  have  been  from  the 
earliest  period  only  the  habitations  of  savages." 

Carver  was  a  well  read  man,  and  of  an  inquiring  mind.  His  state- 
ment demonstrates  the  prevailing  ignorance  of  such  mounds  at  that 
time,  and  this  ignorance  was  natural.  It  will  be  noted  that  his  discovery 
was  in  a  prairie,  where  he  could  view  the  entire  work  from  one  point. 
At  that  time  most  of  the  great  works  of  the  Ohio  Valley  were  covered 
by  dense  forests,  the  trees  on  the  mounds  not  differing  from  the  sur- 
rounding trees.  A  person  going  through  the  woods  at  that  time  might 
cross  such  a  fortification  as  that  in  Randolph  County,  and  never  dream 
that  he  had  crossed  anything  more  than  two  small  natural  ridges.  It 
was  not  until  the  Americans  began  the  settlement  and  survey  of  this 
region  that  the  remains  of  the  Mound  Builders  began  to  be  known ; 
and  among  the  first  to  attract  attention  were  those  at  Cincinnati.  It  has 
been  stated  that  "the  eminent  naturalist,  C.  A.  LeSueur,  of  New  Har- 
mony, was  the  first  to  make  mention  of  mounds  in  this  State 
(Indiana)."15  This  is  erroneous.  LeSueur  did  not  come  to  Indiana 

"Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1878,  p.  126. 

Vol.  1—2 


18  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

until  1826,  and  there  is  at  least  one  very  interesting  mention  of  mounds 
before  that  date.  Mr.  Samuel  R.  Brown  visited  the  State  ten  years 
earlier,  and  in  1817  published  his  Western  Gazeteer,  in  which  are 
several  mentions  of  Indiana  mounds,  the  most  interesting  being  the 
following  as  to  those  in  the  Whitewater  Valley : 

"The  traces  of  ancient  population  cover  the  earth  in  every  direction. 
On  the  bottoms  are  a  great  number  of  mounds,  very  unequal  in  point 
of  age  «and  size.  The  small  ones  are  from  two  to  four  feet  above  the 
surface,  and  the  growth  of  timber  upon  them  small,  not  being  over  one 
hundred  years  old;  while  the  others  are  from  ten  to  thirty  feet  high, 
and  frequently  contain  trees  of  the  largest  diameters.  Besides,  the 
bones  found  in  the  small  ones  will  bear  removal,  and  exposure  to  the 
air,  while  those  in  the  large  ones  are  rarely  capable  of  sustaining  their 
own  weight;  and  are  often  found  in  a  decomposed  or  powdered  state. 
There  is  a  large  mound  in  Mr.  Allen's  field,  about  twenty  feet  high, 
sixty  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  which  contains  a  greater  proportion 
of  bones  than  any  one  I  ever  before  examined,  as  almost  every  shovel 
full  of  dirt  would  contain  several  fragments  of  a  human  skeleton. 
When  on  Whitewater,  I  obtained  the  assistance  of  several  of  the  inhabi- 
tants, for  the  purpose  of  making  a  thorough  examination  of  the  internal 
structure  of  these  monuments  of  the  ancient  populousness  of  the 
country.  We  examined  from  fifteen  to  twenty.  In  some,  whose  height 
was  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet,  we  could  not  find  more"  than  four  or  five 
skeletons.  In  one  not  the  least  appearance  of  a  human  bone  was  to  be 
found.  Others  were  so  full  of  bones  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  they 
originally  contained  at  least  one  hundred  dead  bodies;  children  of 
different  ages,  and  the  full  grown,  appeared  to  have  been  piled  together 
promiscuously.  We  found  several  scull,  leg  and  thigh  bones  which 
plainly  indicated  that  their  possessors  were  men  of  gigantic  stature. 
The  scull  of  one  skeleton  was  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick ;  and  the  teeth 
remarkably  even,  sound  and  handsome,  all  firmly  planted.  The  fore 
teeth  were  very  deep,  and  not  so  wide  as  those  of  the  generality  of 
white  people.  Indeed,  there  seemed  a  great  degree  of  regularity  in 
the  form  of  the  teeth,  in  all  the  mounds.  In  the  progress  of  our 
researches  we  obtained  ample  testimony  that  these  masses  of  earth 
were  formed  by  a  savage  people,  yet  doubtless  possessing  a  greater 
degree  of  civilization  than  the  present  race  of  Indians.  We  discovered 
a  piece  of  glass  weighing  five  ounces,  resembling  the  bottom  of  a 
tumbler,  but  concave;  several  stone  axes,  with  grooves  near  their  heads 
to  receive  a  withe,  which  unquestionably  served  as  helves;  arrows 
formed  from  flint,  almost  exactly  similar  to  those  in  use  among  the 
present  Indians;  several  pieces  of  earthern  ware;  some  appeared  to  be 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  19 

parts  of  vessels  holding  six  or  eight  gallons;  others  were  obviously 
fragments  of  jugs,  jars  and  cups;  some  were  plain,  while  others  were 
curiously  ornamented  with  figures  of  birds  and  beasts,  drawn  while 
the  clay  or  material  of  which  they  were  made  was  soft  and  before  the 
process  of  glazing  was  performed.  The  glazier's  art  appears  to  have 
been  well  understood  by  the  potters  who  manufactured  this  aboriginal 
crockery.  The  smaller  vessels  were  made  of  pounded  or  pulverized 
muscle  shells,  mixed  with  an  earthern  or  flinty  substance,  and  the  large 
ones  of  clay  and  sand.  There  was  no  appearance  of  iron;  one  of  the 
sculls  was  found  pierced  by  an  arrow,  which  was  still  sticking  in  it, 
driven  about  half  way  through  before  its  force  was  spent.  It  was 
about  six  inches  long.  The  subjects  of  this  mound  were  doubtless  killed 
in  battle,  and  hastily  buried.  In  digging  to  the  bottom  of  them  we 
invariably  came  to  a  stratum  of  ashes,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  thick, 
which  rests  on  the  original  earth.  These  ashes  contain  coals,  fragments 
of  brands,  and  pieces  of  calcined  bones.  From  the  quantity  of  ashes 
and  bones,  and  the  appearance  of  the  earth  underneath,  it  is  evident 
that  large  fires  must  have  been  kept  burning  for  several  days  previous 
to  commencing  the  mound,  and  that  a  considerable  number  of  human 
victims  must  have  been  sacrificed  by  burning  on  the  spot!  Prisoners 
of  war  were  no  doubt  selected  for  this  horrid  purpose.  Perhaps  the 
custom  of  the  age  rendered  it  a  signal  honor  for  the  chieftains  and 
most  active  warriors  to  be  interred,  by  way  of  triumph,  on  the  ashes 
of  their  enemies,  whom  they  had  vanquished  in  war.  If  this  was  not 
the  case,  the  mystery  can  only  be  solved  by  supposing  that  the  fanaticism 
of  the  priests  and  prophets  excited  their  besotted  followers  to  voluntary 
self-devotion.  The  soil  of  the  mounds  is  always  different  from  that  of 
the  immediately  surrounding  earth,  being  uniformly  of  a  soft  vegetable 
mould  or  loam,  and  containing  no  stones  or  other  hard  substances,  to 
'press  upon  the  dead  and  disturb  their  repose.' 

"Almost  every  building  lot  in  Harrison  village  contains  a  small 
mound;  and  some  as  many  as  three.  On  the  neighboring  hills,  north 
east  of  the  town,  are  a  number  of  the  remains  of  stone  houses.  They 
were  covered  with  soil,  brush,  and  full  grown  trees.  We  cleared  away 
the  earth,  roots  and  rubbish  from  one  of  them,  and  found  it  to  have 
been  anciently  occupied  as  a  dwelling.  It  was  about  twelve  feet  square; 
the  walls  had  fallen  nearly  to  the  foundation.  They  appeared  to  have 
been  built  of  rough  stones,  like  our  stone  walls.  Not  the  least  trace 
of  any  iron  tools  having  been  employed  to  smooth  the  face  of  them  could 
be  perceived.  At  one  end  of  the  building  we  came  to  a  regular  hearth, 
containing  ashes  and  coals;  before  which  we  found  the  bones  of  eight 
persons  of  different  ages,  from  a  small  child  to  the  heads  of  the  family. 


20 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  positions  of  their  skeletons  clearly  indicated  that  their  deaths  were 
sudden  and  simultaneous.  They  were  probably  asleep,  with  their  feet 
towards  the  fire,  when  destroyed  by  an  enemy,  an  earthquake  or 
pestilence."  16 


THE  FEAST  OP  THE  DEAD 
From  Lafitau's  Moeurs  des  Sauvages  Ameriquains,  Paris,  1724 

The  statement  of  facts  in  this  extract  is  so  careful  and  intelligent — 
as,  indeed,  all  of  Mr.  Brown's  observations  were — that  one  wonders 
why  it  did  not  occur  to  him  that  the  occupants  of  the  stone  house  may 

i«  Ind.  Hist.  Coll.  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  pp.  152-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  21 

have  been  placed  there  after  death,  and  that  the  incinerated  occupants 
of  the  mounds  might  have  been  corpses.  The  probable  explanation  is 
that  he  was  not  familiar  with  Indian  mortuary  customs,  and  had  the 
common  American  idea  of  that  time  that  the  chief  occupation  of  the 
Indians  was  burning  prisoners.  Most  of  the  Indian  tribes  gave  a  great 
deal  of  attention  to  the  care  of  their  dead.  The  custom  of  placing 
bodies  on  scaffolds  was  preliminary  to  burial  or  cremation,  the  object 
being  to  get  rid  of  the  flesh,  as  the  bones  were  considered  the  essential 
portion  of  the  remains.  La  Hontan's  account  of  his  journey  to  "the 
Long  River"  may  be  fictitious,  but  he  gave  a  correct  statement  of  the 
custom  of  some  tribes  when  he  wrote:  "The  savages  that  live  upon  the 
long  River  burn  their  Corps,  as  I  insinuated  before ;  but  you  must  know 
that  they  keep  them  in  vaults  or  Cellars  till  they  have  a  sufficient 
number  to  burn  together,  which  is  performed  out  of  the  village,  in  a 
place  set  apart  for  that  Ceremony."  17  Some  tribes  that  buried  instead 
of  cremating  had  the  same  custom  of  accumulating  corpses  before  bury- 
ing. Thus,  Father  Jouvency,  one  of  the  earliest  missionaries,  says: 
"Every  eight  or  ten  years  the  Hurons,  which  nation  is  widely  extended, 
convey  all  their  corpses  from  all  the  villages  to  a  designated  place,  and 
cast  them  into  an  immense  pit.  They  call  it  the  day  of  the  Dead."18 
In  his  Relation  of  1636,  Father  Le  Jeune,  speaking  of  the  Huron  Feast 
of  the  Dead,  gives  this  explanation  of  their  custom : 

"Returning  from  this 'feast  with  a  Captain  (chief)  who  is  very 
intelligent,  and  who  will  some  day  be  very  influential  in  the  affairs  of 
the  country,  I  asked  him  why  they  called  the  bones  of  the  dead  atisken 
(i.  e.  souls — literally  "in  the  bones").  He  gave  me  the  best  explana- 
tion he  could,  and  I  gathered  from  his  conversation  that  many  think 
we  have  two  souls,  both  of  them  being  divisible  and  material,  and  yet 
both  reasonable;  the  one  separates  itself  from  the  body  at  death,  yet 
remains  in  the  Cemetery  until  the  feast  of  the  Dead — after  which  it 
either  changes  into  a  Turtledove,  or,  according  to  the  most  common 
belief  it  goes  away  to  the  village  of  souls.  The  other  is,  as  it  were, 
bound  to  the  body,  and  informs,  so  to  speak,  the  corpse;  it  remains  in 
the  ditch  of  the  dead  after  the  feast,  and  never  leaves  it,  unless  someone 
bears  it  again  as  a  child.  He  pointed  out  to  me,  as  a  proof  of  this 
metempsychosis,  the  perfect  resemblance  some  have  to  persons  deceased. 
A  fine  Philosophy,  indeed.  Such  as  it  is,  it  shows  why  they. call  the 
bones  of  the  dead  atisken  'the  souls'."  19 


"  Thwaite  's  La  Hontan,  p.  473. 
is  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  1,  p.  267. 
i«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  10,  p.  287. 


20 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


- 


The  positions  of  their  skeletons  clearly  indicated  that  their  deaths  were 
sudden  and  simultaneous.  They  were  probably  asleep,  with  their  feet 
towards  the  fire,  when  destroyed  by  an  enemy,  an  earthquake  or 
pestilence."  16 


THE  FEAST  OF  THE  DEAD 
From  Lafitau's  Moeurs  des  Sauvages  Ameriquains,  Paris,  1724 

The  statement  of  facts  in  this  extract  is  so  careful  and  intelligent — 
as,  indeed,  all  of  Mr.  Brown's  observations  were — that  one  wonders 
why  it  did  not  occur  -to  him  that  the  occupants  of  the  stone  house  may 

i«  IuJ.  Hist.  Coll.  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  pp.  152-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  21 

have  been  placed  there  after  death,  and  that  the  incinerated  occupants 
of  the  mounds  might  have  been  corpses.  The  probable  explanation  is 
that  he  was  not  familiar  with  Indian  mortuary  customs,  and  had  the 
common  American  idea  of  that  time  that  the  chief  occupation  of  the 
Indians  was  burning  prisoners.  Most  of  the  Indian  tribes  gave  a  great 
deal  of  attention  to  the  care  of  their  dead.  The  custom  of  placing 
bodies  on  scaffolds  was  preliminary  to  burial  or  cremation,  the  object 
being  to  get  rid  of  the  flesh,  as  the  bones  were  considered  the  essential 
portion  of  the  remains.  La  Hontan's  account  of  his  journey  to  "the 
Long  River"  may  be  fictitious,  but  he  gave  a  correct  statement  of  the 
custom  of  some  tribes  when  he  wrote :  ' '  The  savages  that  live  upon  the 
long  River  burn  their  Corps,  as  I  insinuated  before ;  but  you  must  know 
that  they  keep  them  in  vaults  or  Cellars  till  they  have  a  sufficient 
number  to  burn  together,  which  is  performed  out  of  the  village,  in  a 
place  set  apart  for  that  Ceremony."  17  Some  tribes  that  buried  instead 
of  cremating  had  the  same  custom  of  accumulating  corpses  before  bury- 
ing. Thus,  Father  Jouvency,  one  of  the  earliest  missionaries,  says: 
' '  Every  eight  or  ten  years  the  Hurons,  which  nation  is  widely  extended, 
convey  all  their  corpses  from  all  the  villages  to  a  designated  place,  and 
cast  them  into  an  immense  pit.  They  call  it  the  day  of  the  Dead."18 
In  his  Relation  of  1636,  Father  Le  Jeune,  speaking  of  the  Huron  Feast 
of  the  Dead,  gives  this  explanation  of  their  custom : 

"Returning  from  this  feast  with  a  Captain  (chief)  who  is  very 
intelligent,  and  who  will  some  day  be  very  influential  in  the  affairs  of 
the  country,  I  asked  him  why  they  called  the  bones  of  the  dead  atisken 
(i.  e.  souls — literally  "in  the  bones").  He  gave  me  the  best  explana- 
tion he  could,  and  I  gathered  from  his  conversation  that  many  think 
we  have  two  souls,  both  of  them  being  divisible  and  material,  and  yet 
both  reasonable ;  the  one  separates  itself  from  the  body  at  death,  yet 
remains  in  the  Cemetery  until  the  feast  of  the  Dead — after  which  it 
either  changes  into  a  Turtledove,  or,  according  to  the  most  common 
belief  it  goes  away  to  the  village  of  souls.  The  other  is,  as  it  were, 
bound  to  the  body,  and  informs,  so  to  speak,  the  corpse;  it  remains  in 
the  ditch  of  the  dead  after  the  feast,  and  never  leaves  it.  unless  someone 
bears  it  again  as  a  child.  He  pointed  out  to  me,  as  a  proof  of  this 
metempsychosis,  the  perfect  resemblance  some  have  to  persons  deceased. 
A  fine  Philosophy,  indeed.  Such  as  it  is,  it  shows  why  they  call  the 
bones  of  the  dead  atisken  'the  souls'."  19 

if  Thwaite  's  La  Hontan,  p.  473. 
is  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  1,  p.  267. 
is  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  10,  p.  287. 


1 


22  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

The  Southern  Indians  generally  collected  decaying  bodies  of  their 
dead  in  "bone  houses"  or  "charnel  houses",  as  the  DeSoto  chroniclers 
called  them,  to  save  them  for  burial ;  and  there  are  a  number  of  descrip- 
tions of  these  places,  and  of  the  horrible  old  custodians  who  cleaned 
the  flesh  from  the  bones,  by  early  chroniclers.  After  citing  and  quoting 
extensively  from  early  observers,  Mr.  Charles  C.  Jones  sums  up  the 
Georgia  field  as  follows: 

"Tumuli  filled  with  numerous  skeletons  may  be  regarded  as  Family 
or  Tribal  Mounds.  The  Indians  of  Southern  Georgia  frequently  burnt 
their  dead.  This  custom,  however,  was  not  universal,  and  it  obtained 
to  a  very  limited  extent  among  the  tribes  resident  in  the  middle  and 
upper  portions  of  the  State.  The  practice  of  reserving  the  skeletons 
until  they  had  multiplied  sufficiently  to  warrant  a  general  cremation 
or  inhumation  seems  to  have  been  adopted.  It  was  no  easy  task  for 
the  aborigines  to  erect  a  tumulus.  Hence,  saving  the  construction  of 
grave  mounds  in  honor  of  distinguished  personages,  the  labor  of 
sepulchral  mound-building  was  postponed  until  the  accumulations  of 
the  bone-house  claimed  the  attention  of  an  entire  community.  *  *  • 
Upon  the  islands  and  headlands  along  the  coast,  the  skeletons,  with  a 
requisite  amount  of  wood,  were  first  placed  in  a  pile  upon  the  ground. 
Fire  was  then  applied,  and,  above  the  smouldering  remains  carelessly 
heaped  together,  a  mound  of  earth  was  erected.  The  charred  bones  and 
partially  consumed  fragments  of  wood  are  seldom  seen  until  we  have 
reached  the  level  of  the  plain  upon  which  the  tumulus  stands.  With 
rare  exceptions,  tribal  mounds  of  this  description  contain  but  a  single 
stratum  of  bones,  showing  that  when  the  cremation  was  ended  and  the 
tumulus  finished,  it  was  never  reopened.  As  may  well  be  expected,  the 
bones  in  these  mounds  are  disposed  without  order.  Being  at  best  but 
fragmentary  in  their  character,  they  are  intermingled  with  ashes, 
charred  pieces  of  wood,  broken  pottery,  cracked  pipes,  and  other  relics 
sadly  impaired  by  the  action  of  fire.  The  fires  kindled  in  solemnization 
of  these  funeral  customs  were  so  intense  as  in  some  instances  to  crack 
the  stone  celts  deposited  with  the  dead.  Shell  ornaments  entirely  dis- 
appear, and  the  ordinary  clay  pipes  are  generally  broken  to  pieces."20 

Such  is  the  only  adequate  explanation  that  has  ever  been  offered  for 
those  mounds  in  which,  as  Mr.  Brown  stated,  he  "invariably  came  to 
a  stratum  of  ashes,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  thick,  which  rests  on 
the  original  earth."  His  "stone  residence"  was  apparently  an 
abandoned  "bone  house.",  from  whose  vicinity  the  relatives  of  the 
occupants  had  been  driven  away  without  time  to  bury  their  dead.  The 

zo  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  pp.  191-2. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


23 


skeletons  found  above  the  basic  layer  of  ashes  were  probably  the  results 
of  "intrusive  burials"  by  the  Indians.  In  the  mound  in  which  no 
remains  were  found,  the  fire  had  presumably  been  sufficient  to  reduce 
everything  .to  ashes.  Of  course  this  explanation  will  not  apply  to 
mounds  that  have  no  layer  of  ashes  at  the  bottom,  for  there  were  Indian 


BONE  HOUSE 
(After  Lafitau) 

tribes  that  did  not  cremate,  as  well  as  tribes  that  did.  And  not  only 
did  tribes  with  differing  burial  customs  live  in  close  contact,  as  is  stated 
above  in  regard  to  the  Georgia  Indians,  but  in  some  cases  even  parts 
of  the  same  tribe  had  different  customs.  Thus,  among  the  Ottawas 
those  of  the  Great  Hare  totem,  or  clan,  cremated  their  dead  while  those 
of  the  other  two  clans,  of  the  Bear  and  the  Carp  totems,  buried  without 
cremating. 


22 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


The  Southern  Indians  generally  collected  decaying  bodies  of  their 
dead  in  "bone  houses"  or  "charnel  houses",  as  the  DeSoto  chroniclers 
called  them,  to  save  them  for  burial ;  and  there  are  a  number  of  descrip- 
tions of  these  places,  and  of  the  horrible  old  custodians  who  cleaned 
the  flesh  from  the  bones,  by  early  chroniclers.  After  citing  and  quoting 
extensively  from  early  observers,  Mr.  Charles  C.  Jones  sums  up  the 
Georgia  field  as  follows: 

"Tumuli  filled  with  numerous  skeletons  may  be  regarded  as  Family 
or  Tribal  Mounds.  The  Indians  of  Southern  Georgia  frequently  burnt 
their  dead.  This  custom,  however,  was  not  universal,  and  it  obtained 
to  a  very  limited  extent  among  the  tribes  resident  in  the  middle  and 
upper  portions  of  the  State.  The  practice  of  reserving  the  skeletons 
until  they  had  multiplied  sufficiently  to  warrant  a  general  cremation 
or  inhumation  seems  to  have  been  adopted.  It  was  no  easy  task  for 
the  aborigines  to  erect  a  tumulus.  Hence,  saving  the  construction  of 
grave  mounds  in  honor  of  distinguished  personages,  the  labor  of 
sepulchral  mound-building  was  postponed  until  the  accumulations  of 
the  bone-house  claimed  the  attention  of  an  entire  community.  *  *  * 
Upon  the  islands  and  headlands  along  the  coast,  the  skeletons,  with  a 
requisite  amount  of  wood,  were  first  placed  in  a  pile  upon  the  ground. 
Fire  was  then  applied,  and,  above  the  smouldering  remains  carelessly 
heaped  together,  a  mound  of  earth  was  erected.  The  charred  bones  and 
partially  consumed  fragments  of  wood  are  seldom  seen  until  we  have 
reached  the  level  of  the  plain  upon  which  the  tumulus  stands.  With 
rare  exceptions,  tribal  mounds  of  this  description  contain  but  a  single 
stratum  of  bones,  showing  that  when  the  cremation  was  ended  and  the 
tumulus  finished,  it  was  never  reopened.  As  may  well  be  expected,  the 
bones  in  these  mounds  are  disposed  without  order.  Being  at  best  but 
fragmentary  in  their  character,  they  are  intermingled  with  ashes, 
charred  pieces  of  wood,  broken  pottery,  cracked  pipes,  and  other  relics 
sadly  impaired  by  the  action  of  fire.  The  fires  kindled  in  solemnization 
of  these  funeral  customs  were  so  intense  as  in  some  instances  to  crack 
the  stone  celts  deposited  with  the  dead.  Shell  ornaments  entirely  dis- 
appear, and  the  ordinary  clay  pipes  are  generally  broken  to  pieces."20 

Such  is  the  only  adequate  explanation  that  has  ever  been  offered  for 
those  mounds  in  which,  as  Mr.  Brown  stated,  he  "invariably  came  to 
a  stratum  of  ashes,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  thick,  which  rests  on 
the  original  earth."  His  "stone  residence"  was  apparently  an 
abandoned  "bone  house",  from  whose  vicinity  the  relatives  of  the 
occupants  had  been  driven  away  without  time  to  bury  their  dead.  The 


20  Antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  pp.   191-2. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


23 


skeletons  found  above  the  basic  layer  of  ashes  were  probably  the  results 
of  "intrusive  burials"  by  the  Indians.  In  the  mound  in  which  no 
remains  were  found,  the  lire  had  presumably  been  sufficient  to  reduce 
everything  to  ashes.  Of  course  this  explanation  will  not  apply  to 
mounds  that  have  no  layer  of  ashes  at  the  bottom,  for  there  were  Indian 


BONE  HOUSE 
(After  Lafitau) 

tribes  that  did  not  cremate,  as  well  as  tribes  that  did.  And  not  only 
did  tribes  with  differing  burial  customs  live  in  close  contact,  as  is  stated 
above  in  regard  to  the  Georgia  Indians,  but  in  some  cases  even  parts 
of  the  same  tribe  had  different  customs.  Thus,  among  the  Ottawas 
those  of  the  Great  Hare  totem,  or  clan,  cremated  their  dead  while  those 
of  the  other  two  clans,  of  the  Bear  and  the  Carp  totems,  buried  without 
cremating. 


24  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  reason  for  this  was  given  by  Father  Sebastian  Basics  in  his 
letter  of  Oct.  12,  1723.  The  Great  Hare  was  the  Algonkin  demiurge, 
otherwise  known  as  Michaboo,  Manabozho,  Nanaboush,  or  Wisakatca- 
kwa,  and  Rasles  gives  their  tradition  that:  "Before  quitting  the  earth 
he  directed  that  when  his  descendants  should  die,  their  bodies  should 
be  burned,  and  their  ashes  scattered  to  the  winds,  so  that  they  might 
be  able  to  rise  more  easily  to  the  sky."  The  verity  of  this  had  been 
established  by  the  fact  that  they  had  left  a  member  of  the  clan  unburned 
during  a  protracted  and  distressing  cold  spell,  until  an  old  woman 
pointed  out  their  offense,  and  his  cremation  was  followed  by  a  thaw — 
q.  e.  d.21  Squier  and  Davis  mention  22  three  mounds,  one  of  them  "nine 
feet  high  and  forty  feet  in  diameter"  that  appeared  to  be  composed 
entirely  of  "something  resembling  long  exposed  and  highly  compacted 
ashes,  intermingled  with  specks  of  charcoal,  small  bits  of  burned  bones 
and  fragments  of  sandstone  much  burned."  Gerard  Fowke  thinks  this 
was  "made  up  of  the  material  gathered  on  a  village  site,  and  containing 
all  the  debris  of  culinary  and  other  domestic  occupations. "  23  It  is 
rather  difficult  to  imagine  savages  indulging  in  so  tremendous  a  sanitary 
clean-up ;  and  the  facts  may  be  explained  on  the  theory  that,  for  some 
reason,  the  builders  were  prevented  from  completing  these  mounds  by 
covering  them  with  earth. 

Cremation  also  furnishes  the  reasonable  explanation  of  what  are 
called  "altar  mounds",  which  have  at  the  base  a  raised  structure  of 
clay,  usually  with  a  sort  of  basin  at  the  top.  As  the  name  indicates, 
these  have  been  considered  places  where  human  beings  were  sacrificed, 
and  this  idea  is  still,  widespread,  although  its  absurdity  has  often  been 
pointed  out.  As  Morgan  puts  it: 

"Wherever  human  sacrifices  are  known  to  have  occurred  among  the 
American  aborigines,  the  place  was  an  elevated  mound  platform  and 
the  raised  altar  or  sacrificial  stone  stood  before  the  idol  in  whose  wor- 
ship the  rites  were  performed.  There  is  here  neither  a  temple  nor  HM 
idol ;  but  a  hollow  bed  of  clay  covered  by  a  mound  raised  in  honor  over 
the  ashes  of  a  deceased  chief,  for  assuredly  such  a  mound  would  not 
have  been  raised  over  the  ashes  of  a  victim.  Indians  never  exchange  i 
prisoners  of  war.  Adoption  or  burning  at  the  stake  was  the  alternative 
of  capture;  but  no  mound  was  ever  raised  over  the  burned  remains. 
Another  use  suggests  itself  for  this  artificial  basin  more  in  accordance 
with  Indian  usages  and  customs,  namely,  that  cremation  of  the  body 

21  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  67,  pp.  153,  157. 

«P.  180. 

2*  Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,  p.  320. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  25 

of  a  deceased  chief  was  performed  upon  it,  after  which  the  mound  was 
raised  over  his  ashes."24 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  of  the  Mound  Builder  problem, 
from  the  historical  point  of  view,  is  this  sacrificial  theory.  Among  the 
early  settlers  of  the  Ohio  Valley  there  were  dozens  of  men  who  were 
well  read  and  intelligent,  as  learning  went  at  that  time ;  and  most  of  the 
speculations  as  to  the  Mound  Builders  came  from  them.  It  was  natural 
that  they  should  adopt  the  sacrificial  idea,  because  they  commonly 
believed  that  the  Mound  Builders  were  the  ancestors  of  the  Aztecs,  and 
they  were  familiar  with  the  Spanish  chronicles  of  the  conquest  of 
Mexico  through  English  translations.  Thus,  Gen.  Harrison,  who  had 
given  the  subject  much  attention,  in  his  discourse  on  the  Aborigines  of 
the  Ohio  Valley,  indorses  the  view  of  Bishop  Madison,  of  Virginia,  that 
the  Aztecs  and  the  Mound  Builders  "are  one  and  the  same  people", 
and  avers  that,  "There  were  a  numerous  priesthood,  and  altars  often 
smoking  with  hecatombs  of  victims".  Harrison,  like  many  others,  was 
familiar  with  the  classics  and  knew  that  the  Greeks  and  Romans  offered 
portions  of  their  ordinary  food  to  the  gods,  before  eating.  They  were 
in  general  better  acquainted  with  the  Bible  than  the  present  residents 
of  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  knew  about  the  reservation  of  parts  of  the 
Jewish  sacrifices  as  food  for  the  priests  and  their  families;  and  they 
were  familiar  with  the  Apostolic  troubles  over  eating  "meats  offered 
to  idols".  But  they  did  not  catch  the  fact,  as  they  might  have  done 
from  the  Spanish  chronicles,  that  the  Aztecs  were  cannibals,  and  that 
only  the  hearts  of  the  victims  went  to  the  gods,  while  the  bodies  were 
eaten  by  the  worshippers;  and  they  did  not  know  that  when  the 
Europeans  came  in  contact  with  them,  all  of  the  American  Indians 
were  cannibals.  Anyone  who  harbors  the  idea  that  a  tribe  of  cannibals 
would  waste,  by  burning  them  up,  enough  perfectly  good  captives  to 
make  a  layer  of  ashes  two  feet  thick,  or  even  two  inches  thick,  is  sadly 
deficient  in  knowledge  of  human  nature;  especially  when  the  high  cost 
of  cannibal  living  is  considered. 

After  the  publication  of  Prescott's  Conquest  of  Mexico,  which  was 
widely  read,  and  accepted  as  conclusive,  the  belief  in  the  sacrificial 
theory  was  even  more  firmly  established;  and  it  is  not  surprising  that 
a  man  like  Prof.  Collett,  educated  in  that  period,  should  have  held  the 
views  above  quoted  as  to  the  mound  at  Vincennes.  The  probable  expla- 
nation of  Sugar  Loaf  Mound  is  that  it  is  the  result  of  three  general 
cremations,  one  superimposed  on  another.  It  may  be  suggested  also, 


2«  Lewis  H.  Morgan,  Houses  of  the  Mound  Builders ;  in  Contributions  to  North 
American  Ethnology,  Vol.  4,  p.  217. 


! 


-      /  M  =  250  FT 

EARTH  MOUNDS  NEAR  ANDERSON 
(Plate  E.) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  27 

as  to  cases  of  unusually  large  ash  deposits,  that  the  exigencies  of  war 
may  at  times  have  called  for  the  cremation  of  numbers  of  corpses,  with- 
out waiting  for  the  flesh  to  decay,  and  in  that  case  there  would  have 
been  a  large  increase  in  the  amount  of  fuel  required  for  consumption 
of  the  remains. 

There  is  another  class  of  mounds  sometimes  called  "sacred  enclo- 
sures", and  to  this  class  some  have  referred  the  remarkable  mounds 
near  Anderson,  which  are  the  best  preserved  of  the  large'  works  in 
Indiana.  "The  principal  work  in  a  group  of  eight,  shown  on  plate  E, 
is  a  circular  embankment  with  a  deep  ditch  on  the  inside.  The  central 
area  is  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  contains 
a  mound  in  the  center  four  feet  high  and  thirty  feet  in  diameter.  There 
is  a  slight  depression  between  the  mound  and  the  ditch.  The  gateway 
is  thirty  feet  wide.  Carriages  may  enter  at  the  gateway  and  drive 
around  the  mound,  as  the  ditch  terminates  on  each  side  of  the  gateway. 
The  ditch  is  sixty  feet  wide  and  ten  and  a  half  feet  deep ;  the  embank- 
ment is  sixty-three  feet  wide  at  the  base  and  nine  feet  high,  and  the 
entire  diameter  of  the  circle  is  three  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet."25 

The  work  marked  H  is  181  feet  long,  and  its  wall  was  originally  six 
feet  high.  The  walls  of  the  other  works  were  two  to  three  feet  high. 
These  mounds  were  covered  with  trees  not  distinguishable  from  those 
of  the  surrounding  forest,  some  trees  on  the  walls  being  four  feet  in 
diameter.  These  works  are  located  on  the  south  side  of  White  river, 
on  a  bluff  seventy-five  feet  above  the  water.  At  the  foot  of  the  bluff 
are  several  fine  springs.  The  purpose  of  such  mounds  presents  a  wide 
field  for  conjecture;  and  without  any  material  danger  of  being  proven 
wrong — or  right. 

The  extent  of  these  structures  in  the  Ohio  Valley  has  usually  been 
taken  as  a  demonstration  of  a  large  population.  This  has  been  disputed 
in  recent  years,  but  the  estimates  of  those  who  argue  for  a  small  popula- 
tion seem  to  prove  the  opposite.  For  example,  Mr.  Fowke  gets  this  con- 
clusion from  an  elaborate  estimate:  "On  the  estimate  of  30,000,000 
cubic  yards  for  the  prehistoric  works  of  the  State,  one  thousand  men, 
each  working  three  hundred  days  in  a  year,  and  carrying  one  wagon 
load  of  earth  or  stone  in  a  day,  could  construct  all  the  works  in  Ohio 
within  a  century."  What  a  bagatelle!  Perhaps  it  would  seem  more 
impressive  in  the  equivalent  terms  of  one  hundred  thousand  men  for 
one  year,  or  ten  thousand  men  for  ten  years.  And  who  was  providing 
food  for  these  laborers!  The  Indians  often  went  hungry  even  when  all 
hands  were  giving  their  time  to  procuring  food.  Such  an  estimate 

zslnd.  Geol.  Report,  1878,  pp.  129-32. 


28  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

implies  a  population  far  in  excess  of  any  Indian  population  known  in 
the  Ohio  Valley  in  historic  times. 

But  more  impressive  than  these  earth-works,  both  as  to  the  amount 
of  population  and  as  to  the  antiquity  of  the  Mound  Builders,  are  the 
artifacts  that  are  found  scattered  over  the  soil  everywhere.  When  the 
white  men  first  knew  this  region,  Ohio  and  the  southern  two-thirds  of 
Indiana  were  covered  by  dense  forests.  When  the  forests  were  removed, 
and  cultivation  began,  the  plows  began  turning  up  arrow-heads,  spear- 
heads, stone  hoes,  mortars,  pestles,  discoidal  stones,  and  other  remains 
of  prehistoric  man 's  occupancy.  The  Indians  could  not  have  left  them, 
for  there  were  not  enough  of  them,  and  they  did  not  live  in  the  forested 
country.  The  forest  feature  of  the  problem  is  usually  discussed  on  the 
basis  of  a  removal  of  the  forest  by  prehistoric  man,  and  a  subsequent 
reforestation;  but  this  is  impossible.  No  savage  nation  could  have 
cleared  all  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  these  artifacts  are  found  every- 
where. The  only  possible  explanation  is  that  they  were  scattered  before 
the  forest  existed. 

Caleb  Atwater  thought  that  these  remains  were  to  be  credited  to  the 
Indians,  and  not  to  the  Mound  Builders.  He  says:  "They  consist  of 
rude  stone  axes  and  knives,  of  pestles  used  in  preparing  maize  for  food, 
of  arrowheads,  and  a  few  other  articles  so  exactly  similar  to  those  found 
in  all  the  Atlantic  States,  that  a  description  of  them  is  deemed  quite 
useless."  And  after  giving  his  reasons  for  believing  that  the  Indian 
population  was  much  greater  on  the  sea  coast  than  in  the  interior,  he 
proceeds:  "Hence  the  numerous  other  traces  of  Indian  settlements, 
such  as  the  immense  piles  of  the  shells  of  oysters,  clams,  &c.  all  along 
the  sea  shore,  the  great  number  of  arrowheads  and  other  articles  belong- 
ing to  them,  in  the  eastern  states,  and  their  paucity  here."  2e 

This  seems  a  strange  statement  now,  but  when  it  was  written  the 
forests  had  not  been  removed  sufficiently  to  permit  knowledge  of  the 
quantity  of  such  remains.  Moreover  it  was  not  then  known  that  the 
Mound  Builders  used  stone  implements  not  materially  different  from 
those  of  the  Indians,  though  they  used  some  that  the  Indians  did  not. 
A  curious  case  of  this  is  one  of  a  stone  ax,  found  on  the  site  .of  a  Miami 
village  on  the  Wabash,  the  head  of  which  was  an  unfinished  Mound 
Builder  ceremonial  stone,  which  some  Indian  had  found,  and  fitted  with 
a  hickory  handle.27  There  is  no  question  that  the  Indians  gladly  used 
Mound  Builder  arrow  and  spear  heads,  axes,  and  other  implements 
whenever  they  found  them.  An  interesting  illustration  of  this  is  given 
by  Father  Le  Mercier,  in  the  Relation  for  1667-8,  as  follows : 

20  Arch.  Amer.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  Ill,  113. 

»T  Moorehead.    The  Stone  Age  in  North  America,  Vol.  1,  p.  394. 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


29 


"Arriving  (over  Lake  Champlain)  within  three  quarters  of  a  league 
of  the  Falls  by  which  Lake  St.  Sacrement  (Lake  George)  empties,  we 
all  halted  at  this  spot,  without  knowing  why,  until  we  saw  our  savages 
at  the  water-side  gathering  up  flints,  which  were  almost  all  cut  into  shape. 
We  did  not  at  the  time  reflect  upon  this,  but  have  since  then  learned 


MIAMI  Ax,  WITH  MOUND  BUILDER  STONE  HEAD 
Found  in  Indiana 

the  meaning  of  the  mystery;  for  our  Iroquois  told  us  that  they  never 
fail  to  halt  at  this  place,  to  pay  homage  to  a  race  of  invisible  men  who 
dwell  there  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake.  These  beings  occupy  themselves 
in  preparing  flints,  nearly  all  cut,  for  the  passers-by,  provided  the  latter 
pay  their  respects  to  them  by  giving  them  tobacco.  If  they  give  these 
beings  much  of  it,  the  latter  give  them  a  liberal  supply  of  these  stones. 


28 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


implies  a  population  far  in  excess  of  any  Indian  population  known  in 
the  Ohio  Valley  in  historic  times. 

But  more  impressive  than  these  earth-works,  both  as  to  the  amount 
of  population  and  as  to  the  antiquity  of  the  Mound  Builders,  are  the 
artifacts  that  are  found  scattered  over  the  soil  everywhere.  When  the 
white  men  first  knew  this  region,  Ohio  and  the  southern  two-thirds  of 
Indiana  were  covered  by  dense  forests.  When  the  forests  were  removed, 
and  cultivation  began,  the  plows  began  turning  up  arrow-heads,  spear- 
heads, stone  hoes,  mortars,  pestles,  discoidal  stones,  and  other  remains 
of  prehistoric  man's  occupancy.  The  Indians  could  not  have  left  them, 
for  there  were  not  enough  of  them,  and  they  did  not  live  in  the  forested 
country.  The  forest  feature  of  the  problem  is  usually  discussed  on  the 
basis  of  a  removal  of  the  forest  by  prehistoric  man,  and  a  subsequent 
reforestation ;  but  this  is  impossible.  No  savage  nation  could  have 
cleared  all  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  these  artifacts  are  found  every- 
where. The  only  possible  explanation  is  that  they  were  scattered  before 
the  forest  existed. 

Caleb  Atwater  thought  that  these  remains  were  to  be  credited  to  the 
Indians,  and  not  to  the  Mound  Builders.  He  says:  "They  consist  of 
rude  stone  axes  and  knives,  of  pestles  used  in  preparing  maize  for  food, 
of  arrowheads,  and  a  few  other  articles  so  exactly  similar  to  those  found 
in  all  the  Atlantic  States,  that  a  description  of  them  is  deemed  quite 
useless."  And  after  giving  his  reasons  for  believing  that  the  Indian 
population  was  much  greater  on  the  sea  coast  than  in  the  interior,  he 
proceeds :  ' '  Hence  the  numerous  other  traces  of  Indian  settlements, 
such  as  the  immense  piles  of  the  shells  of  oysters,  clams,  &c.  all  along 
the  sea  shore,  the  great  number  of  arrowheads  and  other  articles  belong- 
ing to  them,  in  the  eastern  states,  and  their  paucity  here."28 

This  seems  a  strange  statement  now,  but  when  it  was  written  the 
forests  had  not  been  removed  sufficientl-y  to  permit  knowledge  of  the 
quantity  of  such  remains.  Moreover  it  was  not  then  known  that  the 
Mound  Builders  used  stone  implements  not  materially  different  from 
those  of  the  Indians,  though  they  used  some  that  the  Indians  did  not. 
A  curious  case  of  this  is  one  of  a  stone  ax,  found  on  the  site  .of  a  Miami 
village  on  the  Wabash,  the  head  of  which  was  an  unfinished  Mound 
Builder  ceremonial  stone,  which  some  Indian  had  found,  and  fitted  with 
a  hickory  handle.27  There  is  no  question  that  the  Indians  gladly  used 
Mound  Builder  arrow  and  spear  heads,  axes,  and  other  implements 
whenever  they  found  them.  An  interesting  illustration  of  this  is  given 
bv  Father  Le  Mercier,  in  the  Relation  for  1667-8,  as  follows: 


Arch.  Amer.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  Ill,  113. 

Moorehead.     The  Stone  Age  in  North  America,  Vol.  1,  p.  394. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


29 


"Arriving  (over  Lake  Champlain)  within  three  quarters  of  a  league 
of  the  Falls  by  which  Lake  St.  Sacrement  (Lake  George)  empties,  we 
all  halted  at  this  spot,  without  knowing  why,  until  we  saw  our  savages 
at  the  water-side  gathering  up  flints,  which  were  almost  all  cut  into  shape. 
We  did  not  at  the  time  reflect  upon  this,  but  have  since  then  learned 


MIAMI  Ax,  WITH  MOUND  BUILDER  STONE  HEAD 

Found  in  Indiana 

• 

the  meaning  of  the  mystery;  for  our  Iroquois  told  us  that  they  never 
fail  to  halt  at  this  place,  to  pay  homage  to  a  race  of  invisible  men  who 
dwell  there  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake.  These  beings  occupy  themselves 
in  preparing  flints,  nearly  all  cut,  for  the  passers-by,  provided  the  latter 
pay  their  respects  to  them  by  giving  them  tobacco.  If  they  give  these 
beings  much  of  it,  the  latter  give  them  a  liberal  supply  of  these  stones. 


30  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

The  occasion  of  this  ridiculous  story  is  that  the  Lake  is,  in  reality,  often 
agitated  by  very  frightful  tempests,  which  cause  fearful  waves, 
especially  in  the  basin  where  Sieur  Corlart,  of  whom  we  have  just 
spoken,  met  his  death;  and  when  the  wind  comes  from  the  direction  of 
the  Lake,  it  drives  on  this  beach  a  quantity  of  stones  which  are  hard, 
and  capable  of  striking  fire. ' '  28  This  story  may  have  another  value.  The 
locality  can  probably  be  identified ;  and  a  flint  workshop  in  the  soil 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  may  furnish  some  geologist  data 
for  estimating  the  antiquity  of  man  in  America. 

Another  evidence  of  large  prehistoric  population  that  has  come  to 
light  since  Mr.  Atwater  wrote  is  extensive  shell  heaps,  of  which  he  knew 
nothing  because  they  were  covered  with  earth,  some  of  them  ten  feet 
deep.29  There  are  also  stone  fire  places,  often  in  connection  with  shell 
heaps.  Some  of  these  occur  in  river  terraces,  which  makes  their 
antiquity  questionable;  but  others  are  far  above  high  water  mark  as 
in  the  case  of  the  celebrated  "Bone  Bank", -on  the  Wabash,  which  has 
been  described  by  LeSueur,  Prince  Maximilian,  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  and 
others.  These  shell  heaps  show  that  fresh  water  mussels  and  snails 
were  very  largely  used  for  food  by  prehistoric  man;  but  the  Indians 
did  not  eat  them.  'I  have  been  assured  by  old  Indians  that  their  people 
never  ate  snails  or  mussels,  and  I  have  never  found  a  statement  by  any 
person  who  had  been  with  the  Indians  that  they  did  eat  them. 

That  these  people  were  largely  agricultural  is  obvious.  The 
numerous  stone  hoes  could  have  been  used  only  for  cultivation,  and  the 
numerous  mortars  and  pestles  could  have  been  used  only  for  grinding 
grain.  Permanent  mortars  have  been  found  in  connection  with  what 
are  called  "rock  houses",  i.  e.  projecting  rock  strata  which  form 
cavernous  shelters.30  But  how  came  these  various  stone  weapons  and 
implements  to  be  scattered  so  widely  over  the  face  of  the  country  ?  Such 
implements  are  made  much  more  easily  than  is  commonly  supposed,  by 
workmen  who  are  skilled,31  but  still  the  labor  is  considerable,  and  the 
materials  often  had  to  be  procured  at  long  distances.  That  they  were 
much  valued  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  caches  of  them  have  been  found 
where  they  were  hidden  away  as  treasure.  It  is  certain  that  their 
owners  would  not  throw  them  away,  or  lose  them  if  they  could  avoid 
it.  The  hunter  would  recover  the  arrow  he  had  shot,  or  the  spear  he 
had  thrown,  if  he  could  do  so.  Presumably  then  these  articles  were 

zs  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  51,  pp.  182-3. 

2»Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1872,  pp.  142,  408,  414;  1873,  pp.  125,  185,  371;  1878,  pp. 
127,  128. 

so  Ind.  Geai.  Report,  1872,  pp.  82,  88. 

«i  Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,  pp.  524-6,  636-45. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


31 


lost  by  the  owners,  and  this  necessarily  implies  a  large  number  of  people 
to  lose  them. 

It  is  not  known  how  the  Mound  Builders  were  housed.  That  some 
of  them  lived  in  caves  in  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  is  clearly  shown; 
but  most  of  the  caves  of  Indiana  would  be  uninhabitable  on  account  of 
inundation,  and  the  evidences  of  any  temporary  occupation  would  soon 
disappear  for  the  same  reason.  Marengo  cave  would  have  been 


MOCCASIN 

'  From  Salts  Cave 


MOCCASIN' 
From  Mammoth  C:iv. 


RKTICfLlv 
.From  SuhsCavi-  . 


MOUND  BUILJJER  FABRICS  FROM  KENTUCKY  CAVES 

habitable,  but  there  is  no  indication  that  it  was  known  either  to  the 
Mound  Builders  or  to  the  Indians.  Wyandotte  cave  was  occupied  to 
some  extent,  but  apparently  only  for  the  purpose  of  mining  the  stalag- 
mite formations.  What  was  done  with  the  material  is  not  known,  but 
it  may  have  been  used  for  making  those  stone  ornaments  which  are 
ordinarily  called  "marble."  It  is  not  credible  that  there  were  not  some 
sort  of  houses  in  connection  with  their  extensive  earth  works,  and  the 
absence  of  any  remains  of  habitations  presumably  means  that  the  habita- 


- 


30 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  occasion  of  this  ridiculous  story  is  that  the  Lake  is,  in  reality,  often 
agitated  by  very  frightful  tempests,  which  cause  fearful  waves, 
especially  in  the  basin  where  Sieur  Corlart,  of  whom  we  have  just 
spoken,  met  his  death ;  and  when  the  wind  comes  from  the  direction  of 
the  Lake,  it  drives  on  this  beach  a  quantity  of  stones  which  are  hard, 
and  capable  of  striking  fire. ' '  -8  This  story  may  have  another  value.  The 
locality  can  probably  be  identified ;  and  a  flint  workshop  in  the  soil 
under  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  may  furnish  some  geologist  data 
for  estimating  the  antiquity  of  man  in  America. 

Another  evidence  of  large  prehistoric  population  that  has  come  to 
light  since  Mr.  Atwater  wrote  is  extensive  shell  heaps,  of  which  he  knew 
nothing  because  they  were  covered  with  earth,  some  of  them  ten  feet 
deep.29  There  are  also  stone  fire  places,  often  in  connection  with  shell 
heaps.  Some  of  these  occur  in  river  terraces,  which  makes  their 
antiquity  questionable ;  but  others  are  far  above  high  water  mark  as 
in  the  case  of  the  celebrated  "Bone  Bank",  on  the  Wabash,  which  has 
been  described  by  LeSueur,  Prince  Maximilian,  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  and 
others.  These  shell  heaps  show  that  fresh  water  mussels  and  snails 
were  very  largely  used  for  food  by  prehistoric  man;  but  the  Indians 
did  not  eat  them.  'I  have  been  assured  by  old  Indians  that  their  people 
never  ate  snails  or  mussels,  and  I  have  never  found  a  statement  by  any 
person  who  had  been  with  the  Indians  that  they  did  eat  them. 

That  these  people  were  largely  agricultural  is  obvious.  The 
numerous  stone  hoes  could  have  been  used  only  for  cultivation,  and  the 
numerous  mortars  and  pestles  could  have  been  used  only  for  grinding 
grain.  Permanent  mortars  have  been  found  in  connection  with  what 
are  called  "rock  houses",  i.  e.  projecting  rock  strata  which  form 
cavernous  shelters.30  But  how  came  these  various  stone  weapons  and 
implements  to  be  scattered  so  widely  over  the  face  of  the  country  ?  Such 
implements  are  made  much  more  easily  than  is  commonly  supposed,  by 
workmen  who  are  skilled,31  but  still  the  labor  is  considerable,  and  the 
materials  often  had  to  be  procured  at  long  distances.  That  they  were 
much  valued  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  caches  of  them  have  been  found 
where  they  were  hidden  away  as  treasure.  It  is  certain  that  their 
owners  would  not  throw  them  away,  or  lose  them  if  they  could  avoid 
it.  The  hunter  would  recover  the  arrow  he  had  shot,  or  the  spear  he 
had  thrown,  if  he  could  do  so.  Presumably  then  these  articles  were 


28  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  51,  pp.  182-3. 

2»Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1872,  pp.  142,  408,  414;  1873,  pp.  125,  185,  371;  1878,  pp. 
127,  128. 

so  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1872,  pp.  82,  88. 

»i  Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,  pp.  524-6,  636-45. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


31 


lost  by  the  owners,  and  this  necessarily  implies  a  large  number  of  people 
to  lose  them. 

It  is  not  known  how  the  Mound  Builders  were  housed.  That  some 
of  them  lived  in  caves  in  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee  is  clearly  shown; 
but  most  of  the  caves  of  Indiana  would  be  uninhabitable  on  account  of 
inundation,  and  the  evidences  of  any  temporary  occupation  would  soon 
disappear  for  the  same  reason.  Marengo  cave  would  have  been 


- 

• 

^  '-. 

• 

i 

• 


MOCCASIN 

I'nilil  Sails  Cavi- 


MOCCASIN 
From  Mammoth  Ca\v 


kinrici  I.K 

From  S.ili>  C.ivi- 


MOUND  BUILDER  FABRICS  FROM  KENTUCKY  CAVES 

habitable,  but  there  is  no  indication  that  it  was  known  either  to  the 
Mound  Builders  or  to  the  Indians.  Wyandotte  cave  was  occupied  to 
some  extent,  but  apparently  only  for  the  purpose  of  mining  the  stalag- 
mite formations.  What  was  done  with  the  material  is  not  known,  but 
it  may  have  been  used  for  making  those  stone  ornaments  which  are 
ordinarily  called  ' '  marble. "  It  is  not  credible  that  there  were  not  some 
sort  of  houses  in  connection  with  their  extensive  earth  works,  and  the 
absence  of  any  remains  of  habitations  presumably  means  that  the  habita- 


32  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tions  were  of  very  perishable  material.  Mr.  Morgan  advanced  the 
ingenious  theory  that  some  of  the  inclosures  were  of  villages,  in  which 
joint-tenement  houses,  similar  to  the  long  houses  of  the  Iroquois  were 
ranged  along  the  inside  of  the  walls.  This  is  possible,  but  the  lack  of 
remains  both  of  houses  and  of  the  naturally  looked  for  contents  of 
houses,  in  such  locations,  makes  the  theory  improbable. 

Remains  of  Mound  Builders  work,  other  than  in  metal  and  stone, 
are  better  preserved  in  the  Kentucky  caves  than  elsewhere,  probably 
on  account  of  the  saltpeter  deposits.  Among  them  are  cloth,  moccasins, 
bags,  cords,  and  other  articles  made  of  vegetable  fiber;  pieces  of  melon 
and  squash  rinds,  corn-cobs,  tobacco,  seeds  of  watermelons,  grapes,  sun- 
flowers; numbers  of  gourd  cups  and  bottles;  and  one  entire  gourd  con- 
taining seeds,  some  of  which  grew,  and  furnished  a  present  supply  of 
Mound  Builder  gourds.  The  story  of  all  this,  and  much  more  is  tolii 
in  a  most  interesting  way  in  Col.  Bennett  H.  Young's  Prehistoric  Men 
of  Kentucky.  Among  other  curious  things  he  mentions  a  small  bag 
or  reticule,  apparently  intended  for  a  child's  plaything. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  Mound  Builder  has 
probably  been  taken  too  seriously.  All  known  savage  tribes  have  their 
games  and  sports,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  prehistoric  man  should 
not  have  indulged  in  amusements.  It  is  now  generally  accepted  that  the 
discoidal  stones,  which  so  long  puzzled  antiquarians,  were  used  in  some 
game  similar  to  the  chungke  game  of  the  southern  Indians;  which  was 
described  by  Adair,  DuPratz,  and  other  old  writers.  It  was  played 
on  a  carefully  leveled  plot  of  ground,  something  like  a  croquet  ground 
but  longer,  by  two  players,  who  have  specially  prepared  poles  about 
eight  feet  long.  One  of  them  rolls  a  round,  flat  stone,  three  or  four 
inches  in  diameter,  and  both  follow  and  throw  their  poles.  The  one 
who  lodges  his  pole  closest  to  the  stone  wins;  and  winning  was  impor- 
tant, for  it  was  a  great  gambling  game.  There  was  found  on  a  ridge 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Vanderburgh  County  "an  area,  the  surface 
level  and  apparently  paved  with  plastic  clay  500  by  200  feet",  which 
is  believed  to  be  a  prehistoric  chungke  yard ;  and  on  which  six  discoidal 
stones  were  found.32 

Many  of  these  stones  are  too  small  for  this  game  as  played  by  adults ; 
but  there  may  have  been  other  games.  Father  Gravier  mentions  one 
among  the  Houmas  as  follows:  "In  the  middle  of  the  Village  is  a  fine 
and  very  level  open  space,  where,  from  morning  to  night,  young  men 
exercise  themselves.  They  run  after  a  flat  stone,  which  they  throw  in 
the  air  from  one  end  of  the  square  to  the  other,  and  try  to  Make  it  fall 

az  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1875,  'p.  299. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


33 


On  two  Cylinders,  which  they  roll  wherever  they  think  the  stone  will 
fall. "  33  It  is  also  possible  that  these  smaller  stones  may  have  been  toys 
for  children.  Indians  are  very  indulgent  to  their  children,  and  they 
had  home-made  dolls  and  other  toys,  as  well  as  playthings  of  their  own 
construction.  In  the  Relation  of  1634,  Father  LeJeune  says:  "The 
little  savages  play  at  hide-and-seek  as  well  as  the  little  French  children. 
They  have  a  number  of  other  childish  sports  that  I  have  noticed  in  our 
Europe;  among  others  I  have  seen  the  little  Parisians  throw  a  musket 
ball  into  the  air  and  catch  it  with  a  little  bat  scooped  out;  the  little 
montagnard  savages  do  the  same,  using  a  little  bunch  of  Pine  sticks, 
which  they  receive  or  throw  into  the  air  on  the  end  of  a  pointed  stick. ' ' 34 


THREE  EFFIGY  BOWLS 
From  the  Wabash  Cemetery 

Mound  Builder  children  were  like  other  children.  In  1898  repre- 
sentatives of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  made  extensive  investi- 
gation of  a  prehistoric  cemetery  in  Indiana  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash 
river.  In  the  report  of  it,  Mr.  W.  K.  Moorehead  says:  "There  is  a 
pathetic  interest  in  the  fact  that  many  children  skeletons  were  found 
during  the  course  of  the  explorations.  The  mothers  placed  alongside 
the  little  bodies  clay  toys,  such  as  rattles,  miniature  dishes,  bowls  and 
bottles.  These  served  the  same  purpose  in  ancient  times  as  do  the  toy 
dishes  and  playthings  used  by  our  children.  There  were  also  pendants, 
small  shells,  shell  discs  and  other  ornaments  buried  by  the  head  or  at 
the  wrists  of  these  infants  and  children.  The  toy  dishes  are  crudely 

s»  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  65,  p.  147. 
s<  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  7,  p.  97. 

Vol.  I— » 


32 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tions  were  of  very  perishable  material.  Mr.  Morgan  advanced  the 
ingenious  theory  that  some  of  the  inclosures  were  of  villages,  in  which 
joint-tenement  houses,  similar  to  the  long  houses  of  the  Iroquois  were 
ranged  along  the  inside  of  the  walls.  This  is  possible,  but  the  lack  of 
remains  both  of  houses  and  of  the  naturally  looked  for  contents  of 
houses,  in  such  locations,  makes  the  theory  improbable. 

Remains  of  Mound  Builders  work,  other  than  in  metal  and  stone, 
are  better  preserved  in  the  Kentucky  caves  than  elsewhere,  probably 
on  account  of  the  saltpeter  deposits.  Among  them  are  cloth,  moccasins, 
bags,  cords,  and  other  articles  made  of  vegetable  fiber;  pieces  of  melon 
and  squash  rinds,  corn-cobs,  tobacco,  seeds  of  watermelons,  grapes,  sun- 
flowers ;  numbers  of  gourd  cups  and  bottles ;  and  one  entire  gourd  con- 
taining seeds,  some  of  which  grew,  and  furnished  a  present  supply  of 
Mound  Builder  gourds.  The  story  of  all  this,  and  much  more  is  tolJ 
in  a  most  interesting  way  in  Col.  Bennett  H.  Young's  Prehistoric  Men 
of  Kentucky.  Among  other  curious  things  he  mentions  a  small  bag 
or  reticule,  apparently  intended  for  a  child's  plaything. 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  Mound  Builder  has 
probably  been  taken  too  seriously.  All  known  savage  tribes  have  their 
games  and  sports,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  prehistoric  man  should 
not  have  indulged  in  amusements.  It  is  now  generally  accepted  that  the 
discoidal  stones,  which  so  long  puzzled  antiquarians,  were  used  in  some 
game  similar  to  the  chungke  game  of  the  southern  Indians;  which  was 
described  by  Adair,  DuPratz,  and  other  old  writers.  It  was  played 
on  a  carefully  leveled  plot  of  ground,  something  like  a  croquet  ground 
but  longer,  by  two  players,  who  have  specially  prepared  poles  about 
eight  feet  long.  One  of  them  rolls  a  round,  flat  stone,  three  or  four 
inches  in  diameter,  and  both  follow  and  throw  their  poles.  The  one 
who  lodges  his  pole  closest  to  the  stone  wins;  and  winning  was  impor- 
tant, for  it  was  a  great  gambling  game.  There  was  found  on  a  ridge 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  Vanderburgh  County  "an  area,  the  surface 
level  and  apparently  paved  with  plastic  clay  500  by  200  feet",  which 
is  believed  to  be  a  prehistoric  chungke  yard ;  and  on  which  six  discoidal 
stones  were  found.32 

Many  of  these  stones  are  too  small  for  this  game  as  played  by  adults : 
but  there  may  have  been  other  games.  Father  Gravier  mentions  one 
among  the  Houmas  as  follows:  "In  the  middle  of  the  Village  is  a  fine 
and  very  level  open  space,  where,  from  morning  to  night,  young  men 
exercise  themselves.  They  run  after  a  flat  stone,  which  they  throw  in 
the  air  from  one  end  of  the  square  to  the  other,  and  try  to  Make  it  fall 


3=  Ind.  Geol.  Report,  1875,  p 


.  299. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


.'{3 


On  two  Cylinders,  which  they  roll  wherever  they  think  the  stone  will 
fall."  33  It  is  also  possible  that  these  smaller  stones  may  have  been  toys 
for  children.  Indians  are  very  indulgent  to  their  children,  and  they 
had  home-made  dolls  and  other  toys,  as  well  as  playthings  of  their  own 
construction.  In  the  Relation  of  1634,  Father  LeJeune  says:  ''The 
little  savages  play  at  hide-and-seek  as  well  as  the  little  French  children. 
They  have  a  number  of  other  childish  sports  that  I  have  noticed  in  our 
Europe ;  among  others  I  have  seen  the  little  Parisians  throw  a  musket 
ball  into  the  air  and  catch  it  with  a  little  bat  scooped  out;  the  little 
montagnard  savages  do  the  same,  using  a  little  bunch  of  Pine  sticks, 
which  they  receive  or  throw  into  the  air  on  the  end  of  a  pointed  stick. ' '  34 


THREE  EFFIGY  BOWLS 
From  the  Wabash  Cemetery 


Mound  Builder  children  were  like  other  children.  In  1898  repre- 
sentatives of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  made  extensive  investi- 
gation of  a  prehistoric  cemetery  in  Indiana  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash 
river.  In  the  report  of  it,  Mr.  W.  K.  Moorehead  says:  "There  is  a 
pathetic  interest  in  the  fact  that  many  children  skeletons  were  found 
during  the  course  of  the  explorations.  The  mothers  placed  alongside 
the  little  bodies  clay  toys,  such  as  rattles,  miniature  dishes,  bowls  and 
bottles.  These  served  the  same  purpose  in  ancient  times  as  do  the  toy 
dishes  and  playthings  used  by  our  children.  There  were  also  pendants, 
small  shells,  shell  discs  and  other  ornaments  buried  by  the  head  or  at 
the  wrists  of  these  infants  and  children.  The  tov  dishes  are  crudelv 


Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  65,  p. 
Jesuit   Relations,  Vol.   7,  p. 

Vol.  I— S 


147. 
97. 


34  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

made,  some  of  them  not  even  baked.  Often  small,  waterworn  pebbles 
had  been  placed  within  the  toys. "  33  It  is  quite  possible  that  many  of 
the  problematic  articles  found  in  mounds  are  merely  playthings  of  the 
children.  And,  so,  probably  were  the  pebbles  found  with  these  toys. 
The  Ottawas  had  a  tradition  of  four  Indians  who  picked  up  some  pieces 
of  copper  on  the  shore  Lake  Superior,  and  were  rebuked  by  a  manito 
who  cried,  "Who  are  those  robbers  carrying  off  from  me  my  children's 
playthings?"  Father  Dablon  explains:  "Those  little  pieces  of  Copper 
that  they  were  carrying  off  are  the  toys  and  playthings  of  the  Savage 
children,  who  play  together  with  little  stones. ' ' 36 

The  southern  Indians  furnish  the  explanation  for  some  of  the  figure 
pottery  of  the  Mound  Builders.  In  speaking  of  the  Natchez  temple, 
Father  LePetit  says:  "Another  separate  shelf  supports  many  flat 
baskets,  very  gorgeously  painted,  in  which  they  preserve  their  idols. 
These  are  figures  of  men  and  women  made  of  stone  or  baked  clay,  the 
heads  and  the  tails  of  extraordinary  serpents,  some  stuffed  owls,  some 
pieces  of  crystal,  and  some  jaw-bones  of  large  fish.  In  the  year  1699 
they  had  there  a  bottle  and  the  foot  of  a  glass,  which  they  guarded  as 
very  precious."37  These  little  clay  images  are  quite  common  among 
Mound  Builder  relics,  and  so  are  crystals  of  various  sorts.  Such  idols 
indicate  the  temperament  of  the  worshipers.  There  is  something 
somber  in  the  character  of  people  that  can  worship  an  idol  like  the 
Aztec  war  god  Huitzilopochtli,  with  his  insatiate  craving  for  the  life 
of  men,  that  does  not  exist  in  a  people  with  a  comfortable  lot  of  small 
idols  which  can  be  laid -on  the  shelf  between  periods  of  worship. 

Moreover,  the  religion  of  the  southern  Indians  furnishes  the  explana- 
tion of  another  Mound  Builder  characteristic.  In  spite  of  all  attempts 
to  ridicule  the  idea,  the  extensive  prehistoric  works,  and  especially  large 
mounds  erected  over  only  one  or  two  bodies,  do  indicate  a  centralized 
authority  of  which  there  is  no  record  among  the  northern  Indians.  In 
the  southern  tribes  the  caciques  had  despotic  authority,  as  is  witnessed 
by  all  chroniclers,  from  those  with  De  Soto  to  the  French  missionaries. 
The  masses  not  only  fought  the  Spaniards  to  the  death  at  the  cacique's 
command,  but  also  at  his  command  went  into  slavery  to  the  same 
Spaniards.  At  the  death  of  a  cacique,  numbers  of  his  subjects  volun- 
tarily offered  themselves  for  death,  in  order  to  accompany  and  serve 
him.  They  were  sun-worshipers,  and  the  cacique,  as  the  "Brother  of 
the  Sun"  combined  divine  attributes  with  temporal  power.  Their 

35  Bulletin  3,  Phillips  Academy,  p.  65. 
3«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  54,  p.  155. 
37  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  68,  p.  125. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  35 

governments  were  theocracies,  in  which  the  ruler  was  not  merely  ' '  God 's 
anointed",  but  also  was  himself  divine.  •   •> 

The  questions  of  the  origin  and  the  fate  of  the  Mound  Builders 
have  been  discussed  for  more  than  a  century  without  decision.  Some 
conclusions  have  been  fairly  established,  but  more  of  a  negative  than 
of  a  positive  character.  The  questions  involve  to  some  extent  the  ques- 
tion of  the  antiquity  of  man  in  America,  and  this  has  always  colored 
the  discussion.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  last  century,  most  writers 
felt  themselves  bound  by  Bible  chronology,  and  the  dispersion  of  man- 
kind from  a  common  source  after  the  deluge.  In  the  last  half  century 
there  has  been  an  equally  slavish  subserviency  to  the  Darwinian  Theory. 
Mr.  Darwin  decided  that  man  must  have  originated  in  the  old  world, 
because  he  was  descended  from  the  catarhine  apes,  and  there  were  only 
platyrhine  monkeys  in  America;  and  in  consequence  everything  show- 
ing antiquity  of  man  in  America  has  been  assailed  and  belittled  in 
every  possible  way.  But  after  all  this  assault,  what  may  be  taken  as 
the  latest  unprejudiced  summary  of  the  matter  concedes  man's  exist- 
ence here  in  the  Glacial  period.38 

But  even  on  that  basis,  immigration  is  the  only  possible  solution  for 
the  evolutionists.  As  Mr.  Fowke  puts  it :  "If  the  existence  of  a  'glacial' 
or  '  paleolithic '  man  in  this  country  can  be  proven,  or  if  it  can  be  shown, 
as  Powell  contends,  that  America  was  inhabited  while  man  was  still 
but  little  beyond  the  stage  of  a  wild  beast,  his  presence  can  be  accounted 
for  in  only  three  ways: — He  gradually  developed  here  from  a  lower 
stage  into  a  human  being;  there  was  a  land  connection  between  the 
eastern  and  western  hemispheres  which  no  longer  exists ;  or  there  were 
islands,  or  possibly  continents,  now  destroyed,  so  distributed  that  he 
could  be  accidentally  carried  from  one  to  another. ' ' 39  The  literature 
of  the  subject  has  grown  to  appalling  proportions,  and  Mr.  Fowke 's 
book  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  compendiums  of  it  that  has  been 
made ;  but  his  bias  causes  him  to  attack  statements  of  fact  by  observers 
as  well  as  statements  of  opinion.  He  assails  the  description  of  the  stone 
fort  in  Clark  County,  quoted  above  from  Prof.  Cox,  with  almost  pre- 
historic ferocity.40  Nothing  could  be  more  uncalled  for.  Edward 
Travers  Cox  was  born  in  Culpeper  County,  Virginia,  and  when  four 
years  old  was  brought  to  Indiana  by  his  father,  who  joined  the  New 
Harmony  colony.  He  grew  up  in  that  most  intellectual  atmosphere 
in  America;  studied  chemistry  and  geology  under  David  Dale  Owen, 

38  Henry  W.  Haynes,  in  Winsor  's  Narr.  and  Crit.  Hist,  of  Am.,  Vol.  1,  Chap.  6. 

39  Archaeological  History  of  Ohio,  p.  43. 
«>Ib.  pp.  65-6. 


36 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


whose  assistant  he  became  through  all  the  years  while  New  Harmony 
was  the  headquarters  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  until  Dr.  Owen's  death  in  1859.  He  was  then  engaged 
in  mining  investigations  for  private  parties,  for  the  national  govern- 
ment and  for  the  state  of  Illinois,  until  1868,  when  he  was  made  State 
Geologist  of  Indiana.  He  held  that  position  until  1880,  and  was  of 


PROF.  EDWARD  TRAVERS  Cox 

immense  benefit  through  his  work  on  the  coal  fields,  and  other  economic 
geological  research.  Later  he  was  an  authoritative  mining  expert  on 
the  Pacific  slope,  in  New  York  City,  and  in  Florida,  where  he  was  in 
charge  of  large  phosphate  interests,  until  his  death,  on  Jan.  7,  1907. 
It  is  equally  absurd  to  question  his  ability,  his  veracity,  or  his  conserva- 
tism. If  the  statements  of  Prof.  Cox  as  to  matters  of  fact  cannot  be 
accepted,  we  may  as  well  burn  up  all  past  records  and  provide  by 
statute  that  hereafter  no  person  shall  examine  a  mound  unless  accom- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  37 

panied  by  two  hostile  witnesses,  of  opposing  political  parties,  who  shall 
be  examined  under  oath  as  to  the  results  of  the  work. 

When  Count  Volney  visited  this  country,  in  1795,  he  met  and  inter- 
viewed at  length  the  great  Miami  chief,  The  Little  Turtle.  Volney 
explained  to  him  his  theory  that  the  Indians  were  descendants  of 
Tartars  who  had  made  their  way  to  this  continent.  The  Little  Turtle 
inquired  what  was  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  going  over  to  Asia,  and 
becoming  the  ancestors  of  the  Tartars,  and  Volney  replied  that  he  knew 
of  no  objection  except  that  the  Black  Gowns  would  not  allow  it.  With 
true  Hoosier  independence,  The  Little  Turtle  expressed  his  opinion  that 
the  Black  Gowns  did  not  know  any  more  about  it  than  other  people. 
The  situation  is  not  greatly  changed  today.  Among  ethnologists  the 
general  tendency  is  to  the  belief  that  the  Mound  Builders  were  the 
ancestors  of  some  of  the  Indian  tribes,  probably  the  Muscogeans.  This 
faith  is  largely  based  on  the  mention  of  Indian  mound  building  by  the 
De  Soto  chronicles,  but  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  claims  that  they 
record  any  earth  work  approaching  that  of  the  Mound  Builders  in 
extent  is  not  well  founded. 

The  strongest  statement  in  them  is  that  of  the  Knight  of  Elvas,  as 
to  the  town  of  Ucita:  "The  chief's  house  stood  near  the  beach,  upon 
a  very  high  mount  made  by  hand  for  defense."41  De  Biedma,  speak- 
ing of  the  town  of  Icasqui,  says:  "It  is  the  custom  of  the  Caciques  to 
have  near  their  houses  a  high  hill,  made  by  hand,  some  having  the 
houses  placed  thereon."42  Ranjel  says:  "This  Talimeco  was  a  village 
holding  extensive  sway,  and  this  house  of  worship  was  on  a  high  mound 
and  much  revered."43  He  also  says  of  the  town  of  Athahachi,  "The 
chief  was  on  a  kind  of  balcony,  on  a  mound  at  one  end  of  the 
square."  44  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  "the  Inca",  says  these  Indians  built 
mounds  to  escape  floods,  which  would  have  been  a  "thoughtful 
Gretchen"  performance  in  a  country  with  as  many  superfluous  hills 
as  the  United  States.  But  he  was  not  with  the  expedition,  and  he  says 
that  only  the  caciques  and  their  attendants  had  houses  on  the  mounds. 
This  is  the  sum  of  the  mounds  mentioned  and  there  is  not  a  word  about 
any  of  them  being  used  for  defense  in  any  way.  This  is  very  significant, 
for  the  chroniclers  were  all  soldiers,  and  they  described  all  the  defenses 
they  met  in  their  repeated  conflicts.  Thus,  the  Knight  of  Elvas  says 
of  the  town  of  Ullibahali:  "The  place  was  enclosed,  and  near  by  ran 
a  small  stream.  The  fence,  which  was  like  that  seen  afterwards  to  other 

4i  Bourne  'e  Narratives  of  De  Soto,  Vol.  1,  p.  23. 
42 Ib.  Vol.  2,  p.  27. 
<3  Ib.  p.  101. 
44  Ib.  p.  120. 


36 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


whose  assistant  he  became  through  all  the  years  while  New  Harmony 
was  the  headquarters  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  until  Dr.  Owen's  death  in  1859.  He  was  then  engaged 
in  mining  investigations  for  private  parties,  for  the  national  govern- 
ment and  for  the  state  of  Illinois,  until  1868,  when  he  was  made  State 
Geologist  of  Indiana.  He  held  that  position  until  1880,  and  was  of 


PROP.  EDWARD  TRAVERS  Cox 

immense  benefit  through  his  work  on  the  coal  fields,  and  other  economic 
geological  research.  Later  he  was  an  authoritative  mining  expert  on 
the  Pacific  slope,  in  New  York  City,  and  in  Florida,  where  he  was  in 
charge  of  large  phosphate  interests,  until  his  death,  on  Jan.  7,  1907. 
It  is  equally  absurd  to  question  his  ability,  his  veracity,  or  his  conserva- 
tism. If  the  statements  of  Prof.  Cox  as  to  matters  of  fact  cannot  be 
accepted,  we  may  as  well  burn  up  all  past  records  and  provide  by 
statute  that  hereafter  no  person  shall  examine  a  mound  unless  accoin- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  37 

panied  by  two  hostile  witnesses,  of  opposing  political  parties,  who  shall 
be  examined  under  oath  as  to  the  results  of  the  work. 

When  Count  Volney  visited  this  country,  in  1795,  he  met  and  inter- 
viewed at  length  the  great  Miami  chief,  The  Little  Turtle.  Volney 
explained  to  him  his  theory  that  the  Indians  were  descendants  of 
Tartars  who  had  made  their  way  to  this  continent.  The  Little  Turtle 
inquired  what  was  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  going  over  to  Asia,  and 
becoming  the  ancestors  of  the  Tartars,  and  Volney  replied  that  he  knew 
of  no  objection  except  that  the  Black  Gowns  would  not  allow  it.  With 
true  Hoosier  independence,  The  Little  Turtle  expressed  his  opinion  that 
the  Black  Gowns  did  not  know  any  more  about  it  than  other  people. 
The  situation  is  not  greatly  changed  today.  Among  ethnologists  the 
general  tendency  is  to  the  belief  that  the  Mound  Builders  were  the 
ancestors  of  some  of  the  Indian  tribes,  probably  the  Muscogeans.  This 
faith  is  largely  based  on  the  mention  of  Indian  mound  building  by  the 
De  Soto  chronicles,  but  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  claims  that  they 
record  any  earth  work  approaching  that  of  the  Mound  Builders  in 
extent  is  not  well  founded. 

The  strongest  statement  in  them  is  that  of  the  Knight  of  Elvas,  as 
to  the  town  of  Ucita:  "The  chief's  house  stood  near  the  beach,  upon 
a  very  high  mount  made  by  hand  for  defense. "  4 1  De  Biedma,  speak- 
ing of  the  town  of  Icasqui,  says:  "It  is  the  custom  of  the  Caciques  to 
have  near  their  houses  a  high  hill,  made  by  hand,  some  having  the 
houses  placed  thereon."42  Ranjel  says:  "This  Talimeco  was  a  village 
holding  extensive  sway,  and  this  house  of  worship  was  on  a  high  mound 
and  much  revered."43  He  also  says  of  the  town  of  Athahachi,  "The 
chief  was  on  a  kind  of  balcony,  on  a  mound  at  one  end  of  the 
square."44  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  "the  Inca",  says  these  Indians  built 
mounds  to  escape  floods,  which  would  have  been  a  "thoughtful 
Gretchen"  performance  in  a  country  with  as  many  superfluous  hills 
as  the  United  States.  But  he  was  not  with  the  expedition,  and  he  says 
that  only  the  caciques  and  their  attendants  had  houses  on  the  mounds. 
This  is  the  sum  of  the  mounds  mentioned  and  there  is  not  a  word  about 
any  of  them  being  used  for  defense  in  any  way.  This  is  very  significant, 
for  the  chroniclers  were  all  soldiers,  and  they  described  all  the  defenses 
they  met  in  their  repeated  conflicts.  Thus,  the  Knight  of  Elvas  says 
of  the  town  of  Ullibahali :  ' '  The  place  was  enclosed,  and  near  by  ran 
a  small  stream.  The  fence,  which  was  like  that  seen  afterwards  to  other 


•"Bourne's  Narratives  of  De  Soto,  Vol.  1,  p.  23. 
42  Ib.  Vol.  2,  p.  27. 
«  Ib.  p.  101. 
«Ib.  p.  120. 


38  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

towns,  was  of  large  timber  sunk  deep  and  firmly  into  the  earth,  having 
many  long  poles  the  size  of  the  arm,  placed  crosswise  to  nearly  the 
height  of  a  lance,  with  embrasures,  and  coated  with  mud  inside  and 
out,  having  loop-holes  for  archery. ' '  48  And  Ranjel  says :  ' '  They  came 
to  an  old  village  that  had  two  fences  and  good  towers,  and  these  walls 
are  after  this  fashion:  They  drive  many  thick  stakes  tall  and  straight 
close  to  one  another.  These  are  then  interlaced  with  long  withes,  and 
then  overlaid  with  clay,  within  and  without.  They  make  loop-holes  at 
intervals  and  they  make  their  towers  and  turrets  separated  by  the 
curtain  and  parts  of  the  wall  as  seems  best.  And  at  a  distance  it  looks 
like  a  fine  wall  or  rampart  and  such  stockades  are  very  strong. ' ' 46  He 
also  says  as  to  the  town  of  Pacaha :  ' '  This  town  was  a.  very  good  one, 
thoroughly  well  stockaded;  and  the  walls  were  furnished  with  towers 
and  a  ditch  round  about,  for  the  most  part  full  of  water  which  flows 
by  a  canal  from  the  river.  *  *  *  In  Aquixo  and  Casqui  and 
Pacha,  they  saw  the  best  villages  seen  up  to  that  time,  better 
stockaded  and  fortified."47 

It  is  quite  safe  to  assume  that  the  real  purpose  of  these  mounds  was 
the  same  as  that  stated  by  Father  LePetit  as  to  similar  mounds  in  the 
villages  of  the  Natchez.  He  says:  "The  Sun  is  the  principal  object 
of  veneration  to  these  people ;  as  they  cannot  conceive  of  anything  which 
can  be  above  this  heavenly  body,  nothing  else  appears  to  them  more 
worthy  of  their  homage.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  great  Chief  of 
this  nation,  who  knows  nothing  on  the  earth  more  dignified  than  him- 
self, takes  the  title  of  brother  of  the  Sun,  and  the  credulity  of  the  people 
maintains  him  in  the  despotic  authority  which  he  claims.  To  enable 
them  better  to  converse  together,  they  raise  a  mound  of  artificial  soil, 
on  which  they  build  his  cabin,  which  is  of  the  same  construction  as  the 
temple.  •  «  •  When  the  great  Chief  dies,  they  demolish  his  cabin, 
and  then  raise  a  new  mound,  on  which  they  build  the  cabin  of  him  who 
is  to  replace  him  in  this  dignity,  for  he  never  lodges  in  that  of  his  prede- 
cessor." 48  It  is  much  more  probable  that  the  mound  in  the  Randolph 
County  inclosure,  previously  described,  which  is  100  feet  in  diameter 
and  only  9  feet  high,  was  intended  for  the  Chief's  cabin  and  the  temple 
than  that  it  was  designed  for  observation  purposes. 

But  the  fact  that  the  southern  Indians  did  not  build  fortifications 
of  earth  is  no  more  argument  that  they  were  not  descendants  of  the 
Mound  Builders  than  would  be  the  fact  that  we  build  houses  of  brick 

«»Vol.  1,  p.  85. 

<«  Ib.  Vol.  2,  p.  115. 

«Tlb.  p.  139. 

«a  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  68,  pp.  127,  129. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  39 

and  stone,  instead  of  the  log  houses  of  a  century  ago,  an  argument  that 
we  were  not  descendants  of  the  log  house  builders.  The  defences  they 
did  build  were  the  same  as  those  commonly  built  by  the  northern 
Indians,  except  that  their  stockades  were  coated  with  clay,  which  pro- 
tected them  from  fire.  They  may  have  learned  from  their  enemies  that 
stockades  were  more  easily  constructed  and  more  easily  defended  than 
earth  walls.  The  fact  that  they  built  mounds,  and  that  the  building 
was  connected  with  their  religion;  coupled  with  the  fact  that  their 
mortuary  customs  furnish  the  rational  explanation  of  our  burial 
mounds,  and  their  games  furnish  an  explanation  for  our  discoidal 
stones,  puts  them  in  closer  relation  to  the  Mound  Builders  than  any 
other  living  people.  Of  course  it  is  possible  that  the  Mound  Builders 
were  entirely  exterminated ;  or,  what  would  be  more  probable  by  Indian 
custom,  that  the  adults  were  killed,  and  the  children  adopted  by  the 
conquerors;  but  if  not  exterminated,  their  most  probable  descendants 
are  among  these  tribes  of  the  southern  states. 

With  our  present  light,  which  may  never  be  increased,  the  origin 
and  fate  of  these  people  are  merely  matters  of  conjecture;  and  in  that 
line  there  is  an  interesting  suggestion  in  the  tribal  legends  of  the 
southern  Indians.  The  Muscogees  and  the  Choctaws  have  traditions 
that  their  ancestors  came  out  of  a  hole  in  the  ground — not  a  lone  father 
and  mother  of  a  future  people,  but,  as  Captain  Romans  recorded  it: 
"their  whole,  very  numerous  nation,  walked  forth  at  once,  without  so 
much  as  warning  any  neighbor."  All  traditions  have  some  sort  of 
foundation,  and  Indian  traditions  are  commonly  based  on  a  perversion 
of  some  word.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  instead  of  compounding 
entire  words,  as  we  do,  they  make  compounds  of  syllables  of  the  primary 
words,  or  even  represent  them  by  a  single  letter.  In  consequence  a  very 
slight  change  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  compound  word  may  make  as 
startling  a  change  in  the  meaning  as  was  made  in  the  historic  poem 
when  the  printer  dropped  the  "r"  from  "friend",  and  the  poet 
lamented  that  "so  slight  a  change  should  change  a  friend  into  a  fiend." 
It  would  be  simple  and  natural  for  a  tribe  that  had  formerly  lived  in 
caves  to  develop  such  a  tradition  as  that  above  from  the  fact  that  they 
had  come  out  of  the  caves  for  future  residence.  An  exactly  similar 
perversion  of  this  concept,  "coming  out",  will  be  found  in  the  following 
chapter  in  a  legend  of  the  origin  of  the  Miamis.  If  we  assume  that  the 
Mound  Builders  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  were  driven  into  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  where  part  or  all  of  them  took  refuge  in  caves;  and  that 
centuries  later  they  migrated  or  were  driven  into  the  Gulf  States,  we 
have  at  least  a  basis  for  explanation  of  a  large  part  of  the  known  facts. 


40  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

But  more  forcible  than  all  of  these  considerations  is  the  considera- 
tion of  language.  The  most  astounding  delusion  as  to  Indian  languages 
is  the  idea,  constantly  repeated  by  ethnologists  and  anthropologists, 
that  they  <;are  not  inflected  as  European  languages  are."  In  reality 
the  Algonkin  languages  are  more  highly  inflected  than  any  existing 
European  language,  as  may  be  shown  by  two  simple  Miami  sentences, 
as  follows: 

na-wa'-ka  wa-pi'-si-ta  lam'-wa,  I  see  a  white  dog. 
na-ma'-ni  wa-pi'-ki  sa'-ni,  I  see  a  white  stone. 

It  will  be  noted  that  each  of  these  words  ends  with  a  vowel,  and  in 
the  Miami  every  word  ends  in  a  vowel  sound  when  fully  pronounced, 
although  these  vowel  endings  are  commonly  dropped  in  many  cases  in 
ordinary  conversation.  The  basic  grammatical  distinction  of  the  lan- 
guage is  between  the  animate  and  the  inanimate,  the  animate  including 
those  things  that  have,  or  are  supposed  to  have,  sentient  life.  Things 
of  the  vegetable  world  are  not  animate  unless  personified  for  some  suffi- 
cient reason.  To  coordinate  it  with  Gender,  Number  and  Person,  we 
will  call  this  quality,  or  distinction  "Sentience".  The  ending  "a"  of 
lam'-wa  indicates  that  the  object  named  is  animate;  the  ending  "i"  of 
sa'-ni  indicates  that  the  object  named  is  inanimate;  and  these  two 
objects  control  the  inflection  of  the  remaining  words  in  the  sentences. 
In  Miami  no  verb  is  transitive  unless  the  action  actually  passes  over 
to  some  other  person  or  thing,  and  when  transitive,  the  inflection  indi- 
cates the  Sentience,  and  usually  the  Person  and  Number  of  the  object. 
Na-wa'-ka,  of  itself,  means  I  see  him,  or  her,  i.  e.  something  animate, 
third  Person,  singular  Number.  Na-ma'-ni,  of  itself,  means  I  see  it, 
something  inanimate,  and  therefore  necessarily  third  Person.  All  ad- 
jectives are  verbs  in  form,  conjugated  as  other  intransitive  verbs. 
Wa-pi'-si-ta,  of  itself,  means  he  or  she  is  white.  Wa-pi'-ki,  of  itself, 
means  it  is  white.  If  I  wish  to  say  "I  am  white",  I  cannot  use  either 
of  these  forms,  but  must  say  wa-pi'-si-a'-ni. 

The  distinguishing  characteristic  of  most  of  the  languages  of  North 
and  South  America  is  not  "agglutination",  or  "polysynthesis",  which 
exist  to  some  extent  in  all  languages,  but  this  basic  grammatical  dis- 
tinction of  Sentience.  In  all  inflected  Old  World  languages,  Aryan, 
Semitic,  or  any  other,  the  basic  grammatical  distinction  is  of  sex.  Any- 
one who  has  attended  a  high  school  is  familiar  with  the  "hie,  haec,  hoc," 
and  "meus,  mea,  meum,"  of  the  Latin,  and  the  others  are  similar. 
After  wide  investigation,  and  inquiry  of  missionaries,  I  have  been  un- 
able to  find  any  Old  World  language  that  has  this  distinction  of  Sen- 
tience— not  even  the  Eskimo,  which  is  common  to  both  continents.  It 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  41 

is  an  universally  recognized  rule  of  philology  that  no  language  ever  loses 
its  grammar  on  account  of  contact  with  other  languages.  Thus,  English 
has  changed  in  words  and  pronunciation  until  the  original  Anglo-Saxon 
is  like  a  foreign  language.  It  has  adopted  thousands  of  words  from 
Latin  and  various  other  languages,  but  it  has  naturalized  them,  and 
English  grammar  is  still  Teutonic.  Under  this  rule,  it  is  impossible 
that  a  people  having  the  'basic  grammatical  distinction  of  sex  should 
change  it  to  a  basic  distinction  of  Sentience ;  and  this  appeals  to  common 
understanding,  for  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  how  such  a  change  could 
occur  in  a  language  handed  down  from  father  to  son. 

The  most  notable  exception  to  this  American  characteristic  is  in  the 
Muscogean  languages.  The  Choctaw,  for  example,  has  no  inflection 
whatever,  its  place  being  supplied  by  adjuncts.  The  Choctaw  word 
ha-tak  means  man  or  men,  with  no  change  of  form  for  Person,  Number 
or  Case,  and  Gender  shown  only  by  the  meaning  of  the  word  itself. 
Neither  does  it  affect  in  any  way  the  form  of  the  verb.  On  the  principle 
stated,  such  a  language  could  not  be  derived  from  an  Algonkin  source, 
or  vice  versa.  We  have  then  at  least  two  independent  origins  of  lan- 
guage on  this  continent,  both  independent  of  the  Old  World;  and  this 
would  be  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  southern  Indians  were 
descendants  of  the  Mound  Builders.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  exist- 
ing records  of  Indian  languages  do  not  furnish  sufficient  material  for 
the  full  development  of  this  theory.  Max  Muller  expressed  his  surprise 
that  Americans  had  not  given  more  attention  to  the  record  and  study 
of  Indian  languages,  and  so  have  a  few  Americans;  but  the  work  has 
made  little  progress,  and  the  opportunity  for  it  is  rapidly  passing  away, 
all  for  the  lack  of  money  by  those  who  see  its  importance.  If  any 
American  of  wealth  desires  a  monument  more  imperishable  than  stone 
or  brass,  he  could  not  secure  it  more  certainly,  or  more  economically, 
than  by  endowing  a  Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Indian  Languages. 

But  an  independent  origin  of  language  on  this  continent  implies  an 
independent  origin  of  man;  and  here  we  come  into  opposition  to  both 
the  Black  Gown  and  the  Darwinian.  What  of  it?  Both  of  them  ought 
to  concede  the  Divine  origin  of  at  least  one  teaching  of  the  Bible,  and 
that  is:  "The  truth  shall  make  you  free."  In  this  case  the  difference 
between  the  Old  and  the  New  Worlds  is  even  deeper  than  language.  It 
reaches  to  the  habits  of  thought  of  the  people.  Whether  you  regard  the 
Old  Testament  as  a  Divine  revelation  or  a  compilation  of  tradition,  you 
must  admit  its  antiquity.  From  the  first  it  is  full  of  the  sex  idea — 
"male  and  female  created  he  them";  "male  and  female"  they  went 
into  the  ark;  the  promise  "Thou  shalt  be  blessed  above  all  people: 
there  shall  not  be  male  or  female  barren  among  you,  or  among  your 


42  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

cattle ' ' ;  and  the  curse  of  childlessness  which  caused  the  mother  of  John 
the  Baptist  to  speak  of  ' '  my  reproach  among  men ' '.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Indian,  without  domestic  animals,  cared  little  for  the  sex  of  the 
animal  he  pursued  for  food.  The  important  thing  to  him  was  what  was 
alive  and  what  was  not.  There  is  a  large,  and  probably  growing,  class 
who,  with  conscious  superiority,  dismiss  any  suggestion  of  a  direct  ac* 
of  creation  with  the  statement  that  it  is  not  scientific.  Very  well.  To 
all  such  I  offer  this  nut  to  crack.  On  what  scientific  principle  will  you 
account  for  the  unquestionable  fact  that  from  the  Hebrews,  whose  lan- 
guage, religion,  and  daily  habit  of  thought  were  saturated  with  the 
sex  idea,  there  suddenly  developed  the  three  unprecedented  and  ab- 
solutely unique  concepts  of  a  Sexless  Trinity,  a  Sexless  Heaven,  and  a 
Virgin  Birth  ? 


CHAPTER  II 

. 

THE  INDIANA  INDIANS 

In  the  last  quarter  of  a  century,  the  best  Miami  interpreter  in  Indiana 
was  Gabriel  Godfrey.  He  was  a  son  of  Francois  Godfrey,  a  French 
Miami  half  blood  and  his  wife  Sakwata,  a  Miami  woman.  It  is  stated 
in  local  histories  that  Francois  Godfrey 's  Indian  name  was  Pah-lons'-wa, 
but  he  had  no  Indian  name,  and  this  is  merely  the  Miami  effort  to  pro- 
nounce his  French  name.  They  have  no  sound  of  "f  ",  "r",  or  "v"  in 
their  language,  and  substitute  "p"  for  "f",  and  "1"  for  "r".  Gabriel 
was  born  near  Hartford  City,  in  Blackford  County,  January  1,  1834, 
and  a  few  days  later  his  mother  asked  an  old  Indian  friend  to  give  him 
a  name,  as  is  often  done  by  the  Indians.  The  old  man  gave  him  his  own 
name,  "Wa'-pa-na-ki'-ka-pwa,  or  White  Blossoms.  The  old  man  held 
the  tribal  office  of  Ka'-pi-a,  which  they  usually  translate  "overseer", 
but  which  is  more  nearly  equivalent  to  umpire  or  judge.  His  chief 
function  was,  in  case  of  a  receipt  of  annuity  goods,  or  on  a  joint  hunt, 
to  see  that  an  equitable  distribution  was  made  of  the  proceeds.  Gabriel 
was  sometimes  called  Ka'-pi-a  on  this  account,  but  the  title  did  not  be- 
long to  him.  Neither  was  he  a  chief,  but  simply  an  amiable,  honorable 
gentleman,  who  bore  adversity  bravely,  and  was  universally  respected. 

Indeed  his  good-heartedness  was  his  financial"  ruin.  His  father's 
family  was  one  of  those  left  in  Indiana  when  the  rest  of  the  tribe  was 
moved  to  Kansas,  and  was  given  several  reservation  tracts,  one  half 
section  of  which  was  in  the  Mississinewa  valley,  opposite  Peru,  near 
which  Francois  had  a  trading  house.  To  this  Gabriel  succeeded,  and  on 
it  he  erected  a  fine  brick  home,  where  he  kept  open  house  for  all  his 
Indian  and  white  acquaintances ;  and  he  never  lacked  for  company.  He 
held  one  office — that  of  road  supervisor — and  he  blamed  politics  for  his 
reverses.  Politicians  persuaded  the  Indians  that  they  had  the  right  of 
suffrage,  and  ought  to  vote;  and  after  they  began  voting  the  County 
Commissioners  decided  that  they  ought  to  be  taxed,  and  put  the  Indian 
lands  on  the  tax-duplicate.  At  that  time  the  national  government  was 
not  giving  as  much  care  to  its  "wards"  as  it  does  now,  and  the  Indians 
had  to  look  out  for  themselves.  The  brunt  of  the  litigation  fell  on  God- 
frey ;  and  after  the  case  had  dragged  along  for  thirteen  years,  and  what 

43 


44 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  left  of  his  property  had  gone  for  costs  and  attorney's  fees,  it  was 
dismissed. 

He  had  no  schooling.  When  he  was  about  ten  years  old  his  father 
sent  him  to  Vincennes  for  instruction  by  M.  Bellier,  the  village  peda- 
gogue, but  within  a  week  the  youthful  student  was  so  homesick  that  he 
was  packed  back  home.  However  he  had  a  bright  mind  and  a  fine 
memory.  The  book  of  nature  was  very  attractive  to  him,  and  he  be- 
came an  encyclopedia  of  forest  lore  and  local  history.  His  excellence 
as  an  interpreter  was  due  to  his  general  information  and  the  fact  that 
he  knew  English  so  well  that  he  could  think  in  it  as  well  as  in  Miami. 
No  Indian  interpreter  is  "vtfry  reliable  until  he  reaches  that  point.  I 
did  considerable  language  work  with  him  in  the  last  five  years  of  his 
life — he  died  on  August  14,  1910 — and  one  day,  when  we  were  talking 
about  the  early  history  of  the  Miamis,  he  gave  me  the  following  legend 
of  the  origin  of  the  tribe,  which  he  had  learned  from  Ki-tun'-ga  (i.  e. 
Sleepy,  commonly  known  to  the  whites  as  Charley.)  who  used  to  take 
the  boys  fishing  at  night,  and  tell  them  stories  while  waiting  for  a 
bite: 

A-HON'-DJI  KIN-DO'-KI  PI-A'-WATC    MI-A'-MI-A'-KI. 
WHENCE      FIKST  THEY  CAME  THE  MIAMIS. 


Mi-ta'-ml  Mi-a'-mi-a'-ki 

In  the  beginning  the  Miamis 

sa-ka'-tci-wft-tclk'.  A-hon'-dji 
they  came  out. 


ni-pln-gon'-dji 
from  the  water 

sa-ka'-tci-wfi-wate' 
From  where  they  came  out 


Sa'-ki-wa-yun'-gi 
Coming  Out  Place 

nfi-wfi-yo'-sa-tcik' 
the  first  ones 

sa-ka'-kwe-lo'", 
catch  hold  of", 


I-ta'-mmg. 
it  is  named. 


Ni-pln-gon'-dji 
From  the  water 


'Pa-mit'-ta-nok 
'Limbs  of  trees 


nun  -gi 
now 


sa-ka'-tci-wi-tcik' 
they  came  out 

Ni-an'-dji         ma'-tci-ka-tik' ; 
From  there      they  went  away 


mo-ki-tci'-ki. 

they  came  to  the  top. 

il-H'-ti-tcik'.  Na'-hi 

they  told  each  other.  And  when 

ni-a'-hi  a-mm-o'-ta-tclk'. 

there  they  made  a  town. 


min-o'-ta-ni 
the  town 


na-ka-tan'-gik. 
they  left  it. 


Ka-pot'-wa" 
After  a  while 

kwi-ta-ka'-kl 
other 


n'go'-ti 
one 


a-pwa'-yat. 
he  went  back 


A-pwft'-pi-at 
When  he  came 


to-s&n'-i-a'-ki 
Indians 


na-wa'-kik 
he  saw  them 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  45 

Sa'-ki-wa-yun'-gi.  Na-pa'-sa  na'-pi 

(at)  Coming  Out  Place.        He  was  surprised       but 

fl-la-ta'-wa-tcik'        il-la-ta'-wai-ang'.          Na-hi'-sa         wen' -da-watc' 
they  talked  (as)  we  talk.  And  then         he  called  them 

Ma-ta'-kis-sa'-na-ka'-na        il-la-tci'-ki  i'-na  to-san'-i-a'-kl. 

Old  Moccasins  he  named  them        those          Indians. 

Mot'-yi       n 'gi'-ka-li'-ma-so'       wan'-dji-na-ko'-si-watc'. 
Not  I  do  not  know          of  what  tribe  they  were. 

Mot'-yi-wa-yak        kl-ka-li'-ma-wat'        a'-hi          i-a'-watc.  O-ni'-nl 

Nobody  he  knows  where       they  went.        This 

nm-gi'-ki  i-ci'-mi-wa'-tci,        ran'-gi-a  Sa'-ka-kwat' 

my  mothers      they  told  me,          my  mother      .She  Takes  Hold 

a-ml-sa'-H  Wa-pan'-gl-kwa.       Tca'-kl       to-san'-l-a'-kl 

her  elder  sister       Swan  woman.  All  the  Indians 

ki-o'-ca-ki       a-lam'-tan-gik'.        Si-pi'-wi        Sa'-ki-wa-sl-pi'-wi 
old  they  believe  it.        The  river       Coming  Out  River 

wen'-dan-gik'        a-hon'-dji          sa'-ka-tcl-wfi-watc'.       I-ni'-m 
they  call  it.  from  where      they  came  out.  That 

wi-on-gon'-dji      mn'-ji       wen-di'-tcl-tci'-ki       Sa'-ka-kwat', 
on  account  of       often          they  give  names         She  Takes  Hold, 

Sa-ka'-ko-nang'       Sa-ka'-ko-kwfi. 
He  Grasps  It,         Holding  Woman. 

The  river  referred  to  is  the  St.  Joseph's,  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
Sa-ki-wa-yun-gi  is  the  name  of  South  Bend.  This  fable  teaches  many 
things,  and  first  the  tendency  of  mankind  to  make  stories  to  fit  names. 
The  obvious  source  of  the  story  is  the  fact  that  in  the  early  period  the 
site  of  South  Bend  was  the  beginning  of  the  portage  to  the  Kankakee, 
and  consequently  the  coming  out  place  for  travelers  going  that  way, 
while  the  chief  distinction  of  the  river  was  that  it  was  the  way  to 
reach  the  portage.  Godfrey  started  with  the  statement  that  he  got 
the  story  from  Ki-tun'-ga;  but  he  winds  up  with  the  statement  that 
his  mother  and  aunt  told  him  about  it,  and  that  all  the  old  Indians  be- 
lieved it.  It  was  a  general  tradition,  and  yet  the  common  use  of  the 
portage  had  not  been  discontinued  as  much  as  a  century  when  Godfrey 
was  a  boy.  It  was  not  used  by  the  Miamis  after  they  settled  in  Indiana, 
for  they  were  never  a  ' '  canoe  people ' '.  La  Potherie  says  of  them : 
"They  travel  by  water  very  rarely  but  are  great  walkers,  which  has 


. 


46  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

caused  them  to  be  called  Metousceptinioueks,  or  Pilgrims".  They  did 
not  use  birchbark  canoes  in  Indiana,  partly  because  suitable  birch  did 
not  grow  here,  and  partly  because  a  boat  of  that  kind  would  soon  be 
made  useless  by  the  stones  and  snags  of  our  rivers.  An  Indiana  Indian 


GABRIEL  GODFROY 
(Wa'-pa-na-ki'-ka-pwa — or  "White  Blossoms) 

had  little  use  for  a  boat  except  for  hunting  and  fishing,  and  a  dug-out 
was  entirely  satisfactory  for  these  purposes.  The  French  fur  traders 
used  bateaux  or  the  large  dug-outs  called  pirogues.  In  emergency,  In- 
dians, French  and  pioneer  Americans  would  make  a  raft  of  logs  tied 
together  with  vines,  which  the  Canadians  called  a  "cajeu. " 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  47 

The  story  also  illustrates  a  habit  of  mind  of  the  Indian.  The  first 
essential  of  wood-craft  is  to  know  "the  reason  of  things",  and  he  was 
constantly  seeking  them.  An  Indian  will  revert  to  anything  unusual  or 
strange  again  and  again,  until  he  works  out  some  explanation  for  it. 
In  this  case  the  story  is  confirmed  not  only  by  the  names  of  the  place 
and  the  river,  but  also  by  the  personal  names.  Indian  babies  were 
often  named  on  account  of  some  little  peculiarity  manifested  in  the 
first  few  days  of  their  lives,  and  such  names  as  these  were  originally 
adopted  for  infants  that  showed  a  disposition  to  clutch  at  objects,  as 
many  babies  do,  and  later  were  still  more  widely  spread  by  the  practice 
of  naming  for  relatives  and  friends.  But  all  this  was  forgotten  when 
such  a  fine  theory  of  the  name  was  presented.  Such  stories  are  common 
everywhere.  Within  fifty  years  the  Winnebagoes  invented  a  story  that 
the  name  of  Chicago  originated  from  a  monster  manito  skunk  being  seen 
to  land  at  that  place,  whence  the  name  "Place  of  the  Skunk."  In  reality 
the  name  means  "Place  of  garlic — or  wild  onions",  the  same  stem, 
ci-kag,  occurring  in  both  words,  as  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  testimony 
of  Tonty,  LaMothe  Cadillac,  and  other  early  writers.  In  like  manner 
the  Romans  made  the  story  of  Romulus  and  Remus  to  fit  the  name  of 
Rome;  and  we  have  half-a-dozen  wholly  unfounded  stories  to  explain 
the  word  "Hoosier". 

As  to  the  words  of  the  story,  it  wiE  be  noted  that  some  of  them  do 
not  end  with  a  vowel.  This  is  due  to  the  common  practice  of  the  Miami 
to  abbreviate  in  ordinary  conversation,  just  as  we  use  can't  and  don't, 
when  the  context  shows  all  that  the  ending  would  show.  As  to  spelling, 
all  Indian  words  in  this  book  are  in  the  uniform  orthography  recom- 
mended by  Major  Powell,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  which  may  be 
briefly  stated  as  follows:  All  unmarked  vowels  have  the  "Continental" 
force,  which  is,  e  as  a  in  fate  or  ey  in  they ;  a  as  in  far ;  i  as  in  pique, 
or  e  in  me ;  o  as  in  note ;  u  as  in  rule ;  w  and  y  are  always  consonants, 
as  in  wet  and  yet.  The  short  vowels  are  a  as  in  bat ;  e  as  in  bet ;  I  as  in 
bit,  and  u  as  in  but.  Others  are  a  as  in  law,  and  u  as  in  pull.  The 
diphthongs  are  ai  as  i  in  pine ;  au  as  ou  in  out ;  ai  as  oi  in  boil.  The 
consonants  have  their  usual  English  force,  with  these  exceptions:  g  is 
always  hard  as  in  gig ;  c  is  always  soft  as  sh  in  shall ;  tc  is  sounded  as 
ch  in  chin ;  j  is  as  z  in  azure ;  dj  is  as  j  in  judge ;  q  represents  a  rare 
sound  of  gh,  similar  to  German  ch. 

Finally,  the  story  comes  as  near  accounting  for  the  origin  of  the 
Miamis  as  any  offered  elsewhere.  In  his  speech  to  Gen.  Wayne  at  the 
treaty  of  Greenville,  The  Little  Turtle,  the  Miami  head  chief,  said: 
"It  is  well  known  by  all  my  brothers  present,  that  my  forefathers 
kindled  the  first  fire  at  Detroit;  from  thence  he  extended  his  lines  to 


46 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


caused  them  to  be  called  Metousceptinioueks,  or  Pilgrims".  They  did 
not  use  birchbark  canoes  in  Indiana,  partly  because  suitable  birch  did 
not  grow  here,  and  partly  because  a  boat  of  that  kind  would  soon  be 
made  useless  by  the  stones  and  snags  of  our  rivers.  An  Indiana  Indian 


GABRIEL  GODFROY 

(Wa'-pa-na-ki'-ka-pwa — or  "White  Blossoms) 

• 

had  little  use  for  a  boat  except  for  hunting  and  fishing,  and  a  dug-out 
was  entirely  satisfactory  for  these  purposes.  The  French  fur  traders 
used  bateaux  or  the  large  dug-outs  called  pirogues.  In  emergency,  In- 
dians, French  and  pioneer  Americans  would  make  a  raft  of  logs  tied 
together  with  vines,  which  the  Canadians  called  a  "eajeu. " 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  47 

The  story  also  illustrates  a  habit  of  mind  of  the  Indian.  The  first 
essential  of  wood-craft  is  to  know  "the  reason  of  things",  and  he  was 
constantly  seeking  them.  An  Indian  will  revert  to  anything  unusual  or 
strange  again  and  again,  until  he  works  out  some  explanation  for  it. 
In  this  case  the  story  is  confirmed  not  only  by  the  names  of  the  place 
and  the  river,  but  also  by  the  personal  names.  Indian  babies  were 
often  named  on  account  of  some  little  peculiarity  manifested  in  the 
first  few  days  of  their  lives,  and  such  names  as  these  were  originally 
adopted  for  infants  that  showed  a  disposition  to  clutch  at  objects,  as 
many  babies  do,  and  later  were  still  more  widely  spread  by  the  practice 
of  naming  for  relatives  and  friends.  But  all  this  was  forgotten  when 
such  a  fine  theory  of  the  name  was  presented.  Such  stories  are  common 
everywhere.  Within  fifty  years  the  Winnebagoes  invented  a  story  that 
the  name  of  Chicago  originated  from  a  monster  manito  skunk  being  seen 
to  land  at  that  place,  whence  the  name  ' '  Place  of  the  Skunk. ' '  In  reality 
the  name  means  "Place  of  garlic — or  wild  onions",  the  same  stem, 
ci-kag,  occurring  in  both  words,  as  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  testimony 
of  Tonty,  LaMothe  Cadillac,  and  other  early  writers.  In  like  manner 
the  Romans  made  the  story  of  Romulus  and  Remus  to  fit  the  name  of 
Rome;  and  we  have  half-a-dozen  wholly  unfounded  stories  to  explain 
the  word  "Hoosier".  ,  : 

As  to  the  words  of  the  story,  it  will  be  noted  that  some  of  them  do 
not  end  with  a  vowel.  This  is  due  to  the  common  practice  of  the  Miami 
to  abbreviate  in  ordinary  conversation,  just  as  we  use  can't  and  don't, 
when  the  context  shows  all  that  the  ending  would  show.  As  to  spelling, 
all  Indian  words  in  this  book  are  in  the  uniform  orthography  recom- 
mended by  Major  Powell,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  which  may  be 
briefly  stated  as  follows:  All  unmarked  vowels  have  the  "Continental" 
force,  which  is,  e  as  a  in  fate  or  ey  in  they ;  a  as  in  far ;  i  as  in  pique, 
or  e  in  me ;  o  as  in  note ;  u  as  in  rule ;  w  and  y  are  always  consonants, 
as  in  wet  and  yet.  The  short  vowels  are  a  as  in  bat ;  e  as  in  bet :  I  as  in 
bit,  and  u  as  in  but.  Others  are  a  as  in  law,  and  u  as  in  pull.  The 
diphthongs  are  ai  as  i  in  pine ;  au  as  ou  in  out ;  ai  as  oi  in  boil.  The 
consonants  have  their  usual  English  force,  with  these  exceptions:  g  is 
always  hard  as  in  gig ;  c  is  always  soft  as  sh  in  shall ;  tc  is  sounded  as 
ch  in  chin ;  j  is  as  z  in  azure ;  dj  is  as  j  in  judge ;  q  represents  a  rare 
sound  of  gh,  similar  to  German  ch. 

Finally,  the  story  comes  as  near  accounting  for  the  origin  of  the 
Miamis  as  any  offered  elsewhere.  In  his  speech  to  Gen.  Wayne  at  the 
treaty  of  Greenville,  The  Little  Turtle,  the  Miami  head  chief,  said: 
"It  is  well  known  by  all  my  brothers  present,  that  my  forefathers 
kindled  the  first  fire  at  Detroit;  from  thence  he  extended  his  lines  to 


48  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  headwaters  of  the  Scioto;  from  thence  to  its  mouth;  from  thence 
down  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash ;  and  from  thence  to  Chicago, 
on  Lake  Michigan".  This  may  possibly  be  true,  but  it  certainly  is  not 
true,  as  he  farther  asserted,  that  the  territory  described  "has  been  en- 
joyed by  my  forefathers,  time  immemorial,  without  molestation  or  dis- 
pute". Of  assertions  of  title  to  this  region,  that  can  be  considered 
historical,  the  one  that  reaches  farthest  back  into  the  past  is  in  a  deed 
given  by  the  Iroquois  sachems  to  King  William  of  England  in  1701, 
and  it  is  here  presented  as  the  starting  point  in  Indiana  history. 

THE  FIRST  INDIANA  DEED  OP  LAND  1 

To  All  Christian  &  Indian  People  in  This  Paarte  of  the  World  and 
in  Europe  Over  the  Great  Salt  Waters,  to  Whom  These  Presents  Shall 
Come — Wee  the  Sachims  Chief  men,  Captns  and  representatives  of  the 
Five  nations  or  Cantona  of  Indians  called  the  Maquase  Oneydes  Onnan- 
dages  and  Sinnekes  living  in  the  Government  of  New  Yorke  in  America, 
to  the  north  west  of  Albany  on  this  side  the  Lake  Cadarachqui  sendeth 
greeting — Bee  it  known  unto  you  that  our  ancestors  to  our  certain 
knowledge  have  had,  time  out  of  mind  a  fierce  and  bloody  warr  with 
seaven  nations  of  Indians  called  the  Aragaritkas  whose  chief  comand 
was  called  successively  Chohahise  2 — The  land  is  scituate  lyeing  and 
being  northwest  and  by  west  from  Albany  beginning  on  the  south  west 
side  of  Cadarachqui  lake  and  includes  all  that  waste  Tract  of  Land 
lyeing  between  the  great  lake  off  Ottawawa  (Lake  Huron)  and  the  lake 
called  by  the  natives  Sahiquage  and  by  the  Christians  the  lake  of  Swege 
(Lake  Erie)  and  runns  till  it  butts  upon  the  Twichtwichs  (Miamis)  and  is 
bounded  on  the  right  hand  by  a  place  called  Quadoge  (near  Chicago)  con- 
teigning  in  length  about  eight  hundred  miles  and  in  bredth  four  hundred 
miles  including  the  country  where  the  bevers  the  deers,  Elks  and  such 
beasts  keep  and  the  place  called  Tieugsachrondio,  alias  Fort  de  Tret  or 
wawyachtenok  (Ouiatanon)  and  so  runs  around  the  lake  of  swege  till  you 
come  to  place  called  Oniadarondaquat  which  is  about  twenty  miles  from 
the  Sinnekes  Castles  which  said  seaven  nations  our  predecessors  did  four 
score  years  agoe  totally  conquer  and  subdue  and  drove  them  out  of  that 

1  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.  Vol.  4,  p.  909.     In  his    encyclopedic    Narrative    and    Critical 
History  of  the  U.  8.,  Winsor,  in  discussing  British  claims  based  on  this  transfer, 
says:     "No  treaty  exists  by  which  the  Iroquois  transferred  this  conquered  country 
to  the  English."    Vol.  5,  p.  564.    He  does  not  mention  this  deed,  though  he  quotes 
documents  that  refer  to  this  transaction,  presumably  not  having  noticed  its  existence. 

2  The  chiefs  of  "the  Neutral  Nation"  were  called  "Tsohahissen"  (Jesuit  Bela- 
tions,  Vol.  21,  p.  207)  and  the  author  of  the  Relation  of  1641-2  expresses  his  belief 
that  "the  Neutral  Nation"  originally  meant  "all  the  other  nations  which  are  wrath 
and  southwest  of  our  Hurons. " 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  49 


country  and  had  peaceable  and  quiet  possession  of  the  same  to  hunt 
bevers  (which  was  the  motive  caused  us  to  war  for  the  same)  for  three 
score  years  it  being  the  only  chief  place  for  hunting  in  this  parte  of  the 
world  that  ever  wee  heard  of  and  after  that  wee  had  been  sixty  years 
sole  masters  and  owners  of  the  said  land  enjoying  peaceable  hunting 
without  any  internegotion,  a  remnant  of  one  of  the  seaven  nations 
called  Tionondade  (Hurons)  whom  wee  had  expelled  and  drove  away 
came  and  settled  there  twenty  years  agoe  disturbed  our  beaver  hunting 
against  which  nation  wee  have  warred  ever  since  and  would  have  sub- 
dued them  long  ere  now  had  not  they  been  assisted  and  succoured  by 
the  French  of  Canada,  and  whereas  the  Governour  of  Canada  aforesaid 
hath  lately  sent  a  considerable  force  to  a  place  called  Tjeughsaghronde 
the  principall  passe  that  commands  said  land  to  build  a  Forte  there 
without  our  leave  and  consent,  by  which  means  they  will  possess  them- 
selves of  that  excellent  country  where  there  is  not  only  a  very  good 
soile  but  great  plenty  of  all  manner  of  wild  beasts  in  such  quantities 
that  there  is  no  maner  of  trouble  in  killing  of  them  and  also  will  be  sole 
masters  of  the  Boar  ( ?beaver)  hunting  whereby  wee  shall  be  deprived 
of  our  livelyhood  and  subsistance  and  brought  to  perpetual  bondage  and 
slavery,  and  wee  having  subjected  ourselves  and  lands  on  this  side  of 
Cadarachqui  lake  wholy  to  the  Crown  of  England  wee  the  said  Sachims 
chief  men  Captns  and  representatives  of  the  Five  nations  after  mature 
deliberation  out  of  a  deep  sence  of  the  many  Royall  favours  extended 
to  us  by  the  present  great  Monarch  of  England  King  William  the  third, 
and  in  consideration  also  that  wee  have  lived  peaceably  and  quietly  with 
the  people  of  albany  our  fellow  subjects  above  eighty  years  when  wee 
first  made  a  firm  league  and  covenant  chain  with  these  Christians  that 
first  came  to  settle  Albany  on  this  river  which  covenant  chain  hath,  been 
yearly  renewed  and  kept  bright  and  clear  by  all  the  Governoure  suc- 
cessively and  many  neighbouring  Governmts  of  English  and  nations 
of  Indians  have  since  upon  their  request  been  admitted  into  the  same. 
Wee  say  upon  these  and  many  other  good  motives  us  hereunto  moving 
have  freely  and  voluntary  surrendered  delivered  up  and  forever  quit 
claimed,  and  by  these  presents  doe  for  us  our  heires  and  successors 
absolutely  surrender,  deliver  up  and  for  ever  quit  claime  unto  our 
Great  Lord  and  Master  the  King  of  England  called  by  us  Corachkoo 
and  by  the  Christians  William  the  third  and  to  his  heires  and  successors 
Kings  and  Queens  of  England  for  ever  all  the  right  title  and  interest 
and  all  the  claime  and  demand  whatsoever  which  wee  the  said  five 
nations  of  Indians  called  the  Maquase,  Oneydes,  Onnondages,  Cayouges 
and  Sinnekes  now  have  or  which  wee  ever  had  or  that  our  heires  or  suc- 
cessors at  any  time  hereafter  may  or  ought  to  have  of  in  or  to  all  that  vast 
Tract  of  land  or  Colony  called  Canagariarchio  beginning  on  the  north- 

Vol.  1—4 


50  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

west  side  of  Cadarachqui  lake  and  includes  all  that  vast  tract  of  land 
lyeing  between  the  great  lake  of  Ottawawa  and  the  lake  called  by  the 
natives  Cahiquage  and  by  the  Christians  the  lake  of  Swege  and  runns 
till  it  butts  upon  the  Twiohtwichs  and  is  bounded  on  the  westward  by 
the  Twichtwichs  by  a  place  called  Quadoge  contenting  in  length  about 
eight  hundred  miles  and  in  breath  four  hundred  miles  including  the 
County  where  Beavers  and  all  sorts  of  wild  game  keeps  and  the  place 
called  Tjeughsaghrondie  alias  Fort  de  tret  or  Wawyachtenock  and  so 
runns  round  the  lake  of  Swege  till  you  come  to  a  place  called  Oniagar- 
umlaquat  which  is  about  twenty  miles  from  the  Sinnekes  castles  includ- 
ing likewise  the  great  falls  oakinagaro,  (Niagara)  all  which  (was) 
formerly  posest  by  seaven  nations  of  Indians  called  the  Aragaritka 
whom  by  a  fair  warr  wee  subdued  and  drove  from  thence  four  score 
years  agoe  bringing  many  of  them  captives  to  our  country  and  soe 
became  to  be  the  true  owners  of  the  same  by  conquest  which  said  land 
is  scituate  lyeing  and  being  as  is  above  expressed  with  the  whole  soyle 
the  lakes  the  rivers  and  all  things  pertaining  to  the  said  tract  of  land 
or  colony  with  power  to  erect  Forts  and  castles  there,  soe  that  wee  the 
said  Five  nations  nor  our  heires  nor  any  other  person  or  persons  for 
us  by  any  ways  or  meanes  hereafter  have  claime  challenge  and  demand 
of -in  or  to  the  premises  or  any  parte  thereof  alwayes  provided  and  it 
is  hereby  expected  that  wee  are  to  have  free  hunting  for  us  and  the 
heires  and  descendants  from  us  the  Five  nations  for  ever  and  that  free 
of  all  disturbances  expecting  to  be  protected  therein  by  the  Crown  of 
England  but  from  all  the  action  right  title  interest  and  demand  of  in 
or  to  the  premises  or  every  of  them  shall  and  will  be  utterly  excluded 
and  debarred  for  ever  by  these  presents  and  wee  the  said  Sachims  of 
the  Five  Nations  of  Indians  called  the  Maquase,  Oneydes,  Onnandages, 
Cayouges  and  Sinnekes  and  our  heires  .the  said  tract  of  land  or  Colony, 
lakes  and  rivers  and  premises  and  every  part  and  parcell  thereof  with 
their  and  every  of  their  appurtenances  unto  our  souveraigne  Lord,  the 
King  William  the  third  &  his  heires  and  successors  Kings  of  England 
to  his  and  their  proper  use  and  uses  against  us  our  heires  and  all  and 
every  other  person  lawfully  claiming  by  from  or  under  us  the  said 
Five  nations  shall  and  will  warrant  and  for  ever  defend  by  these 
presents — In  Witness  whereof  wee  the  Sachims  of  the  Five  nations 
above  mentioned  in  behalf  of  ourselves  and  the  Five  nations  have 
signed  and  sealed  this  present  Instrument  and  delivered  the  same  as 
an  Act  and  deed  to  the  Honble  John  Nanfan  Esqr  Lieutt  Govr  to  our 
Great  King  in  this  province  whom  wee  call  Corlaer  in  the  presence  of 
all  the  Magistrates  officers  and  other  inhabitants  of  Albany  praying 
our  Brother  Corlaer  to  send  it  over  to  Carachkoo  our  dread  Souveraigne 
Lord  and  that  he  would  be  graciously  pleased  to  accept  of  the  same. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


51 


Actuin  in  Albany  in  the  middle  of  the  high  street  this  nineteenth  day 
of  July  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  His  Majty's  reign  Annoque  Domini 
1701. 


SlNNBKJBS 


Tehonwaren 
Sooahao 

Tocoquat 


genie    (i»a). 
wanne  (L  a). 

(L.). 


Sodsio 
Thodiino/* 

Nijuch 


MAQCASB  SACHIMB 

V^,  gO   (LS. 

Onoeher     QJl**~~*L^  anorum  (L  a). 

Teoni     ty^     "*"••%  ahigarawe 
alias  Hendrik  (L  a). 

Tirogareo      *T-^W»  a''as  Cornelia  (L  a). 

Siaen  (^_^j        S^f*"*  (*••)• 

««^^» 
Tuoch  v_J/         rachbou(La). 


Ach 


CATOUOBS  SACHUM 
wanne  (La.). 

jago— (L  a). 

sagentigquoa  (La.). 
ONMAMDAOB  SACHIMS 
nawadiqua  (La.) 

wadochon  (LO). 

/ 

*     A  taehede  (L  a), 
ganaattie  (L  a) 

rirebo  (L  a). 

ONEYDE  SACHIMS 

ronda  (L  a). 


Sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  us 


Pr  Schuyler 

J  Jansen  Bleeker  Mayor 
Johs  Bleeker  Recorder 
John  Abeel  Alderman 
Johannes  Schuyler  Aldern 
David  Schuyler  Aldermn 
Wessells  ten  Broek  Alderman 


Dyrk  "Wessels  justice 
James  Weenies 

Jonathan  Broadhurst  high  Sheriff 
M.  Clarkson  Secretary 
S  Clows  Surveyor 
Rt.    Livingston    Secretary    for   the 
Indian  affares 


Johannes  Roseboom  Alderman          John  Baptist  van  Eps) . 
Johannes  Cuyler  Alderman  r-i™r«<.«»«  rn««=«  t          *     • 

this  is  a  true  Copy 


Lawrence  Claese  ^ 

(Signed)  John  Nan  fan. 


52  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

This  deed  was  drawn,  of  course,  by  a  representative  of  the  British 
government,  probably  Nanfan,  as  he  was  the  active  agent  in  the  matter, 
and  is  designed  to  make  the  Iroquois  claim  as  strong  as  possible.  The 
assertion  of  "peaceable  and  quiet  possession"  is  as  unfounded  as  the 
similar  claim  of  The  Little  Turtle.  But  the  general  statement  of  the 
extent  of  the  Iroquois  conquest  is  confirmed  by  all  English  and  French 
chroniclers  who  had  any  information  on  the  subject,  and  its  historical 
truth  is  beyond  question.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  more  explicit 
information  is  given  as  to  the  "seaven  nations  of  Indians  called  the 
Aragaritkas ",  but  even  that  was  made  more  clear  by  others.  In  his 
letter  of  Nov.  13,  1763,  when  the  interior  of  the  country  was  very  much 
better  known  than  in  1700,  Sir  William  Johnson  said:  "The  Five 
nations  having  in  the  last  Century  subdued  the  Shawanese,  Delawares, 
Twighties  (Miamis)  &  western  Indians  so  far  as  lakes  Michigan  & 
Superior,  *  *  *  In  right  of  conquest,  they  claim  all  the  Country 
(comprehending  the  Ohio)  along  the  grearRidge  of  Blew  Mountains  at 
the  back  of  Virginia,  thence  to  the  head  of  Kentucke  River,  and  down 
the  same  to  the  Ohio  above  the  Rifts,  thence  Northerly  to  the  South  end 
of  Lake  Michigan,  then  along  the  eastern  shore  of  said  lake  to  Missili- 
mackinac  thence  easterly  across  the  North  end  of  Lake  Huron  to  the 
great  Ottawa  River  (including  the  Chippawae  or  Missisagey  Country) 
and  down  the  said  River  to  the  Island  of  Montreal".3  • 

Among  the  French,  no  one  was  better  acquainted  with  the  situation 
than  LaSalle,  and  in  his  relation  of  1679-80  he  said  of  the  Iroquois: 
"They  are  shrewd,  tricky,  deceitful,  vindictive,  and  cruel  to  their 
enemies,  whom  they  burn  in  little  fires  with  torture  and  cruelty  incred- 
ible. Although  there  are  among  them  only  about  2,500  warriors,  as 
they  are  the  best  armed  and  most  warlike  of  all  North  America,  they 
have  defeated  and  then  exterminated  all  their  neighbors.  They  have 
carried  their  arms  on  all  sides  to  800  leagues  around,  that  is  to  say 
to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  to  Hudsons  Bay,  to  Florida,  and  even  to 
the  Mississippi.  They  have  destroyed  more  than  thirty  nations,  brought 
to  death  in  forty  years  more  than  600,000  souls,  and  have  made  desert 
most  of  the  country  about  the  great  lakes".4  In  his  letter  to  Frontenac, 
of  Aug.  22,  1682,  he  says  of  the  Iroquois:  "Those- who  wish  to  hunt 
beaver,  finding  few  north  of  the  lake  (Ontario)  where  they  are  com- 
paratively rare,  go  to  seek  them  towards  the  south,  to  the  west  of  Lake 
Erie,  where  they  are  in  great  abundance;  because,  before  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Illinois,  and  of  the  Kentaientonga  and  Ganeiensaga,  whom 
the  Iroquois  defeated  a  year  since,  and  of  the  Chaouanons,  Ouabachi, 
Tistontaraetonga,  Gandostogega,  Mosopolea,  Sounikaeronons  and  Ochi- 

»  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol,  7,  p.  572. 
«  Margry,  Vol.  1,  p.  504. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  53 

tagonga,  with  whom  they  have  also  been  contesting  for  several  years, 
they  dared  not  hunt  in  these  parts  infested  by  so  many  enemies  who 
had  the  same  fear  of  the  Iroquois,  and  little  habit  of  profiting  by  the 
skins  of  these  animals,  having  commerce  with  the  English  but  very 
rarely,  because  they  could  not  without  great  labor,  time  and  risk. ' ' 3 

This  is  the  most  explicit  statement  of  the  situation  as  to  Indiana, 
for  this  beaver  land  is  necessarily  northern  Indiana,  and  probably  these 
seven  tribes  named  by  LaSalle  are  "the  seaven  nations".  The  Chaou- 
anons  (Shawnees)  and  Mosopolea  (or  Monsoupolea)  had  fled  into  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  and  are  so  located  on  the  map  of  Father  Mar- 
quette  in  his  voyage  down  the  Mississippi,  in  1673.  He  says  in  his 
journal  the  Shawnees  "are  the  people  the  Iroquois  go  far  to  seek  in 
order  to  wage  an  unprovoked  war  upon  them".6  The  Gandostogega 
were  the  Conestogas.  By  the  Ouabachi  he  evidently  means  the  people 
living  on  the  Wabash  river,  and  by  the  Tistontaraetonga  the  people 
living  on  the  Maumee,  for  he  says  elsewhere  that  the  Iroquois  called  the 
Maumee  "  Tiotontaraeton  ".7 

This  extraordinary  war,  which  so  profoundly  affected  Indiana,  be- 
gan before  the  year  1600,  between  the  Adirondacks,  who  were  the  tribe 
specifically  called  Algonkitts  by  the  French,  and  the  Iroquois.  It  was 
in  progress  when  the  French  made  their  first  settlement  in  Acadia, 
lasted  for  a  century;  and  affected  the  attitude  of  the  Indians  in  all  of 
our  early  wars.  Golden  gives  a  long  account  of  it,  beginning:  "The 
Adirondacks  formerly  lived  three  hundred  Miles  above  Trois  Rivieres, 
where  now  the  Utawawas  are  situated ;  at  that  time  they  employ  'd  them- 
selves wholly  in  Hunting,  and  the  Five  Nations  made  planting  of  Corn 
their  Business.  By  this  Means  they  became  useful  to  each  other,  by 
exchanging  Corn  for  Venison.  The  Adirondacks ,  howeyer,  valued 
themselves  as  delighting  in  a  more  manly  Employment,  and  despised  the 
Five  Nations,  in  following  Business,  which  they  thought  only  fit  for 
Women".  The  Adirondacks  treacherously  murdered  five  Iroquois 
youths,  and  this  brought  on  a  quarrel,  which  led  the  Adirondacks  to 
make  war  on  the  Iroquois.  Golden  continues:  "The  Five  Nations  then 
lived  near  where  Mont  Real  now  stands ;  they  defended  themselves  at  first 
but  faintly  against  the  vigorous  Attacks  of  the  Adirondacks,  and  were 
forced  to  leave  their  own  Country,  and  fly  to  the  Banks  of  the  Lakes 
where  they  live  now.  As  they  were  hitherto  Losers  by  the  War,  it 
obliged  them  to  apply  themselves-to  the  Exercise  of  Arms,  in  which  they 
became  daily  more  and  more  expert.  Their  Sachems,  in  order  to  raise 
their  People's  Spirits,  turned  them  against  the  Satanas,  a  less  warlike 


s  Margry,  Vol.  2,  p.  237. 

«  Shea 's  Disc,  and  Exp.  of  the  Miss.,  p.  42. 

^  Margry,  Vol.  2,  p.  243. 


54 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Nation,  who  then  lived  on  the  Banks  of  the  Lakes;  for  they  found  it 
was  difficult  to  remove  the  Dread  their  People  had  of  the  Valour  of  the 
Adirondacks".8 

The  Iroquois  soon  subdued  and  drove  out  the  Satanas,  which  is  their 


ATTACK  ON  IROQUOIS  FORT 
(After  Lafitau) 

name  for  the  Shawnees,  and  then  turned  their  attention  to  the  Adiron- 
dacks, whom  they  finally  overcame.  As  refugees  from  a  defeated  tribe 
took  refuge  with  another  tribe,  the  Iroquois  attacked  their  host  and  so 
the  war  spread  from  tribe  to  tribe.  The  chief  cause  of  Iroquois  success 


s  Hist,  of  the  Five  Nations.    London,  1748,  p.  22. 


. 
. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  55 

was  that  they  obtained  fire-arms  from  the  Dutch  before  the  other  tribes 
secured  them ;  but  even  with  this  advantage  they  could  not  have  endured 
their  losses  in  battle  but  for  their  practice  of  adopting  captive  children 
and  bringing  them  up  as  Iroquois.  The  statement  of  Colden  is  confirmed 
on  the  French  side  by  the  Jesuit  Relation  of  1659-60,  which  states  that 
the  war  began  in  the  preceding  century,  and  that  the  Iroquois  had  the 
worst  of  it  until  the  Dutch  settled  at  Manhattan,  and  furnished  them 
with  fire-arms.  It  says  that  by  virtue  of  these  weapons  "they  actually 
hold  dominion  for  five  hundred  leagues  around,  although  their  number 
is  very  small".  It  estimates  their  warriors  at  only  2,000,  and  adds :  "If 
anyone  should  compute  the  number  of  pure-blooded  Iroquois,  he  would 
have  difficulty  in  finding  more  than  twelve  hundred  of  them  in  all  the 
Five  Nations,  since  these  are,  for  the  most  part,  only  aggregations  of 
different  tribes  whom  they  have  conquered, — as  the  Hurons;  the  Tion- 
nontatehronnons,  otherwise  called  the  Tobacco  Nation ;  the  Atiwendaronk, 
called  the  Neutrals  when  they  were  still  independent ;  the  Riquehronnons, 
who  are  the  Cat  Nation  (Erie)  the  Ontwagannhas,  or  fire  Nation;  the 
Trakwaehronnons,  and  others,  who,  utter  Foreigners  although  they  are, 
form  without  doubt  the  largest  and  best  part  of  the  Iroquois".9 

This  concurrent  testimony  fairly  establishes  the  Iroquois  declaration 
that  they  drove  all  of  the  inhabitants  out  of  Indiana  about  the  year  1621 ; 
and  it  is  certain  that  when  the  French  first  came  in  contact  with  the 
tribes  known  as  Indiana  Indians  they  were  located  far  to  the  west. 
In  a  description  of  "the  recently  discovered  nations"  in  1657-8,  and 
their  location  with  reference  to  the  new  missionary  establishment  of 
St.  Michel,  which  was  on  the  Bay  of  the  Puans,  or  Green  Bay,  on  the 
west  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  following  passages  occur : 

"The  fifth  nation,  called  the  Aliniouek  (Illinois)  is  larger;  it  is  com- 
puted at  fully  20,000  men  and  sixty  villages,  making  about  a  hundred 
thousand  souls  in  all.  It  is  seven  days  journey  westward  from  St. 
Michel. 

"The  sixth  nation,  whose  people  are  called  Oumamik  (Miamis)  is 
distant  sixty  leagues,  or  thereabout,  from  St.  Michel.  It  has  fully  eight 
thousand  men,  or  more  than  twenty-four  thousand  souls".10 

Even  here  the  Iroquois  followed  them,  and  within  a  few  years  part 
of  them  were  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi,  where  the  Illinois  and 
the  "Wawiatanons  (Weas)  are  located  on  Joliet's  map  of  1674.  There 
was  one  Miami  tribe,  however,  known  as  the  Miamis  of  Maramech,  which 
remained  throughout  this  period  on  the  Wisconsin  river  with  the  Kick- 
apoos  and  Mascoutins,  and  of  this  joint  settlement  the  Relation  of  1671 
says:  "They  have  together  more  than  three  thousand  souls,  being  able 


»  Jesuit  Eel.,  Vol.  45,  p.  203-7. 

10  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  44,  p.  247. 


•TV  i 


54 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Nation,  who  then  lived  on  the  Banks  of  the  Lakes;  for  they  found  it 
was  difficult  to  remove  the  Dread  their  People  had  of  the  Valour  of  the 
Adirondacks".8 

The  Iroquois  soon  subdued  and  drove  out  the  Satanas,  which  is  their 


ATTACK  ON  IROQUOIS  FORT 
(After  Lafitau) 

name  for  the  Shawnees,  and  then  turned  their  attention  to  the  Adiron- 
dacks, whom  they  finally  overcame.  As  refugees  from  a  defeated  tribe 
took  refuge  with  another  tribe,  the  Iroquois  attacked  their  host  and  so 
the  war  spread  from  tribe  to  tribe.  The  chief  cause  of  Iroquois  success 

*  Hist,  of  the  Five  Nations.    London,  1748,  p.  22. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


55 


was  that  they  obtained  fire-arms  from  the  Dutch  before  the  other  tribes 
secured  them ;  but  even  with  this  advantage  they  could  not  have  endured 
their  losses  in  battle  but  for  their  practice  of  adopting  captive  children 
and  bringing  them  up  as  Iroquois.  The  statement  of  Colden  is  confirmed 
on  the  French  side  by  the  Jesuit  Relation  of  1659-60,  which  states  that 
the  war  began  in  the  preceding  century,  and  that  the  Iroquois  had  the 
worst  of  it  until  the  Dutch  settled  at  Manhattan,  and  furnished  them 
with  fire-arms.  It  says  that  by  virtue  of  these  weapons  "they  actually 
hold  dominion  for  five  hundred  leagues  around,  although  their  number 
is  very  small".  It  estimates  their  warriors  at  only  2,000,  and  adds:  "If 
anyone  should  compute  the  number  of  pure-blooded  Iroquois,  he  would 
have  difficulty  in  finding  more  than  twelve  hundred  of  them  in  all  the 
Five  Nations,  since  these  are,  for  the  most  part,  only  aggregations  of 
different  tribes  whom  they  have  conquered, — as  the  Hurons;  the  Tion- 
nontatehronnons,  otherwise  called  the  Tobacco  Nation ;  the  Atiwendaronk, 
called  the  Neutrals  when  they  were  still  independent ;  the  Riquehronnons, 
who  are  the  Cat  Nation  (Erie)  the  Ontwagannhas,  or  fire  Nation;  the 
Trakwaehronnons,  and  others,  who,  utter  Foreigners  although  they  are, 
form  without  doubt  the  largest  and  best  part  of  the  Iroquois".9 

This  concurrent  testimony  fairly  establishes  the  Iroquois  declaration 
that  they  drove  all  of  the  inhabitants  out  of  Indiana  about  the  year  1621 ; 
and  it  is  certain  that  when  the  French  first  came  in  contact  with  the 
tribes  known  as  Indiana  Indians  they  were  located  far  to  the  west. 
In  a  description  of  "the  recently  discovered  nations"  in  1657-8,  and 
their  location  with  reference  to  the  new  missionary  establishment  of 
St.  Michel,  which  was  on  the  Bay  of  the  Puans,  or  Green  Bay,  on  the 
west  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  following  passages  occur : 

"The  fifth  nation,  called  the  Aliniouek  (Illinois)  is  larger;  it  is  com- 
puted at  fully  20,000  men  and  sixty  villages,  making  about  a  hundred 
thousand  souls  in  all.  It  is  seven  days  journey  westward  from  St. 
Michel. 

"The  sixth  nation,  whose  people  are  called  Oumamik  (Miamis)  is 
distant  sixty  leagues,  or  thereabout,  from  St.  Michel.  It  has  fully  eight 
thousand  men,  or  more  than  twenty- four  thousand  souls".10 

Even  here  the  Iroquois  followed  them,  and  within  a  few  years  part 
of  them  were  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi,  where  the  Illinois  and 
the  "Wawiatanons  (Weas)  are  located  on  Joliet's  map  of  1674.  There 
was  one  Miami  tribe,  however,  known  as  the  Miamis  of  Maramech,  which 
remained  throughout  this  period  on  the  Wisconsin  river  with  the  Kick- 
apoos  and  Mascoutins,  and  of  this  joint  settlement  the  Relation  of  1671 
says:  "They  have  together  more  than  three  thousand  souls,  being  able 

s  Jesuit  Eel.,  Vol.  45,  p.  203-7. 

10  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  44,  p.  247. 


56  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  furnish  each  four  hundred  men  to  defend  themselves  from  the  Iro- 
quois,  who  come  to  seek  them  even  in  these  distant  lands". 

In  the  Relation  of  1672-4,  Father  Allouez  describes  this  joint  settle- 
ment on  the  Wisconsin  as  composed  of  "twenty  cabins  of  ilinoues 
(Illinois)  thirty  large  cabins  of  Kikabou  (Kickapoos)  fifty  of  Mas- 
koutench  (Mascoutins)  over  ninety  of  miamiak  (Miamis)  and  three  of 
ouaouiatanoukak  (Ouiatanons  or  Weas)  ".  Later  in  the  same  document, 
having  mentioned  the  mission  to  the  Potawatomis  at  Green  Bay,  and 
that  to  the  Outagamis  west  of  it,  he  says:  "Still  farther  to  the  west- 
ward, in  the  woods,  are  the  atchatchakangouen  ll,  the  Machkoutench, 
Marameg,  Kikaboua,  and  Kitchigamich ;  the  village  where  the  atchat- 
chakangouen are,  and  whither  come  the  Ilinoue,  the  Kakackioueck  (Kas- 
kaskias),  Peoualen  (Peorias),  ouaouiatanouk,  memilounioue,  pepikoukia, 
kilitika,  mengakoukia,  some  for  a  short  time,  others  for  a  long  time. 
These  tribes  dwell  on  the  Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  all  speak  the 
same  language".12 

The  changes  of  location  of  these  tribes  in  the  next  thirty  years  were 
due  to  French  influence,  and  the  only  record  of  any  of  them  being 
within  Indiana  in  that  time  is  LaSalle's  statement  of  finding  a  mixed 
village  of  Miamis,  Mascoutins  and  Ouiatanons  at  the  west  end  of  the 
South  Bend  portage  in  1679 ;  and  he  says  of  them :  ' '  The  Miamis  lived 
formerly  at  the  west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Illinois ;  whence,  from  fear  of 
the  Iroquois,  they  fled  beyond  the  Mississippi,  where  they  established 
themselves.  The  Jesuit  fathers  sent  them  presents  for  several  years  to 
induce  them  to  return  to  their  old  homes,  and  they  concluded  finally  to 
detach  a  party  who  located  at  the  head  of  the  Teatiki  (Kankakee) 
river".13  LaSalle  recurs  to  this  in  his  letter  of  Aug.  22,  1682,  as 
follows : 

"The  Miamis  had  formerly  been  forced  to  abandon  their  ancient 
territory  by  fear  of  the  arms  of  the  Iroquois,  and  had  fled  to  that  of 
the  river  Colbert  (Mississippi)  towards  the  West,  among  the  Otoutanta 
(Otoes),  the  Paote  (lowas)  and  the  Mascoutins  Sioux  who  "received 
them  four  years  ago.  Having  made  their  peace  with  the  Illinois,  a  part 
of  these  same  Miamis,  invited  by  presents  from  the  Jesuits  who  live  at 
Green  Bay,  moved  nearer  them,  under  the  conduct  of  Ouabichagan, 
which  is  to  say  the  White  Necklace,  chief  of  the  principal  tribe  named 
Tchatchakigoa,  which  is  to  say  in  their  language  the  Crane,  and  of  one 
named  Schaouac,  which  is  to  say  the  Eagle.  This  nation  established 

1 1  Elsewhere  called  Tchatohakigoa,  who  were  the  Crane  clan  of  the  Miamis,  called 
Twigh-twighs,  or  Twightwees  by  the  Iroquois  and  English,  who  were  later  located  at 
Fort  Wayne;  and  who  were  called  "Elder  Brothers"  by  the  other  Miamis. 

12  Jesuit  Belations,  Vol.  58,.  pp.  23,  41. 
is  Margry,  Vol.  1,  p.  505. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


57 


itself  to  the  West  of  the  lake  of  the  Illinois,  on  this  side  of  the  great 
river  and  had  much  commerce  for  several  years  with  the  Jesuit 
Fathers".14 

The  return  movement  to  the  east  will  be  considered  in  connection 


..-* 


\ 


IROQUOIS  CAPTIVES 
(After  Latitau.    Above,  at  night;  below,  by  day) 

with  the  French  establishments,  but  it  may  be  mentioned  here  that 
LaSalle's  activities  aroused  the  Iroquois  to  more  vigorous  efforts.  When 
they  were  taken  to  task  by  M.  de  la  Barre,  in  council,  in  1684,  for  attack- 


Margry,  Vol.  2,  p.  215. 


56 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  furnish  each  four  hundred  men  to  defend  themselves  from  the  Iro- 
quois,  who  come  to  seek  them  even  in  these  distant  lands". 

In  the  Relation  of  1672-4,  Father  Allouez  describes  this  joint  settle- 
ment on  the  Wisconsin  as  composed  of  "twenty  cabins  of  ilinoues 
(Illinois)  thirty  large  cabins  of  Kikabou  (Kickapoos)  fifty  of  Mas- 
koutench  (Mascoutins)  over  ninety  of  miamiak  (Miamis)  and  three  of 
ouaouiatanoukak  (Ouiatanons  or  Weas)  ".  Later  in  the  same  document, 
having  mentioned  the  mission  to  the  Potawatomis  at  Green  Bay,  and 
that  to  the  Outagamis  west  of  it,  he  says:  "Still  farther  to  the  west- 
ward, in  the  woods,  are  the  atchatchakangouen  11,  the  Machkouteuch, 
Marameg,  Kikaboua,  and  Kitchigamich ;  the  village  where  the  atchat- 
chakangouen are,  and  whither  come  the  Ilinoue,  the  Kakackioueck  (Kas- 
kaskias),  Peoualeu  (Peorias),  ouaouiatanouk,  memilounioue,  pepikoukia, 
kilitika,  mengakoukia,  some  for  a  short  time,  others  for  a  long  time. 
These  tribes  dwell  on  the  Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  all  speak  the 
same  language".12 

The  changes  of  location  of  these  tribes  in  the  next  thirty  years  were 
due  to  French  influence,  and  the  only  record  of  any  of  them  being 
within  Indiana  in  that  time  is  LaSalle's  statement  of  finding  a  mixed 
village  of  Miamis,  Mascoutins  and  Ouiatanons  at  the  west  end  of  the 
South  Bend  portage  in  1679;  and  he  says  of  them:  "The  Miamis  lived 
formerly  at  the  west  of  the  Lake  of  the  Illinois ;  whence,  from  fear  of 
the  Iroquois,  they  fled  beyond  the  Mississippi,  where  they  established 
themselves.  The  Jesuit  fathers  sent  them  presents  for  several  years  to 
induce  them  to  return  to  their  old  homes,  and  they  concluded  finally  to 
detach  a  party  who  located  at  the  head  of  the  Teatiki  (Kankakee) 
river".13  LaSalle  recurs  to  this  in  his  letter  of  Aug.  22,  1682,  as 
follows : 

"The  Miamis  had  formerly  been  forced  to  abandon  their  ancient 
territory  by  fear  of  the  arms  of  the  Iroquois,  and  had  fled  to  that  of 
the  river  Colbert  (Mississippi)  towards  the  West,  among  the  Otoutanta 
(Otces),  the  Paote  (lowas)  and  the  Mascoutins  Sioux  who  received 
them  four  years  ago.  Having  made  their  peace  with  the  Illinois,  a  part 
of  these  same  Miamis,  invited  by  presents  from  the  Jesuits  who  live  at 
Green  Bay,  moved  nearer  them,  under  the  conduct  of  Ouabichagan, 
which  is  to  say  the  White  Necklace,  chief  of  the  principal  tribe  named 
Tfhatehakigoa,  which  is  to  say  in  their  language  the  Crane,  and  of  one 
named  Schaouac,  which  is  to  say  the  Eagle.  This  nation  established 


11  Elsewhere  called  Tchatchakigoa,  who  were  the  Crane  clan  of  the  Miamis,  called 
Twigh-twiglis,  or  Twightwees  by  the  Iroquois  and  English,  who  were  later  located  at 
Fort  Wayne:  anil  who  were  called  "Elder  Brothers"  by  the  other  Miamis. 

i-  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  08,  pp.  23,  41. 

i-iMargry,  Vol.  1,  p.  505. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


57 


itself  to  the  West  of  the  lake  of  the  Illinois,  on  this  side  of  the  great 
river  and  had  much  commerce  for  several  years  with  the  Jesuit 
Fathers".14 

The  return  movement  to  the  east  will  be  considered  in  connection 


IROQCOIS  CAPTIVES 
(After  Lafitau.    Above,  at  night;  below,  by  day) 

. 

with  the  French  establishments,  but  it  may  be  mentioned  here  that 
LaSallc's  activities  aroused  the  Iroquois  to  more  vigorous  efforts.  AVhen 
they  were  taken  to  task  by  M.  de  la  Barre,  in  council,  in  1684,  for  attat-k- 


'Olargry,  Vol.  2,  p.  215. 


58  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ing  the  French,  the  Iroquois  chief  Grangula  replied:  "We  have  robbed 
no  Frenchmen  but  those  who  supply 'd  the  Illinese  and  the  Oumamis 
(our  enemies)  with  fusees,  with  powder,  and  with  ball;  these  indeed  we 
took  care  of  because  such  arms  might  have  cost  us  our  life.  *  *  * 
We  fell  upon  the  Illinese  and  the  Oumamis  because  they  cut  down  the 
trees  of  peace,  that  serv'd  for  limits  or  boundaries  to  our  Frontiers. 
They  came  to  hunt  Beavers  upon  our  lands ;  and  contrary  to  the  customs 
of  all  the  savages,  have  carried  off  whole  Stocks,  both  Male  and 
Female".15 

After  the  destruction  of  LaSalle's  establishment  on  the  Illinois, 
Father  Jean  de  Lamberville  reported  from  the  Iroquois:  "Last  year 
they  brought  700  Illinois  captives,  all  of  whom  they  keep  alive.  They 
killed  and  ate  over  600  others  on  the  spot,  without  counting  those  whom 
they  burned  on  the  road.  They  saved  the  children  who  could  live 
without  the  milk  of  their  mothers,  whom  they  had  killed ;  but  the  others 
were  cruelly  roasted  and  devoured.  *  *  *  They  are  beginning  to 
attack  some  of  our  allies  called  the  Oumiamis,  a  nation  of  the  bay  des 
Puants,  and  they  have  already  burned  6  or  7  of  these,  without  counting 
those  whom  they  have  massacred".16  On  Nov.  4,  1686,  he  wrote:  "The 
army  of  200  Senecas  returns  this  month  of  September  to  the  country 
of  the  Omiamicks,  500  of  whom  they  say  they  brought  away  or 
took  prisoners".17 

In  1687,  in  reply  to  Gov.  Dongan's  appeal  to  them  to  make  peace 
with  the  Western  tribes,  and  secure  the  beaver  trade  for  the  English, 
the  Iroquois  replied:  "As  for  the  Twichtwicks  Indians,  who  are  our 
mortal  enemies,  and  have  killed  a  great  many  of  our  people  a  Beaver 
hunting,  wee  know  not  whether  wee  can  effect  a  peace  with  them ;  never- 
theless upon  our  Excellency's  desire  wee  will  try  and  doe  our  en- 
deavour".18 But  peace  was  not  to  come  from  their  efforts.  That  same 
year  Gov.  Denonville  of  Canada  with  a 'French  force,  to  which  were 
joined  a  hundred  and  eighty  coureurs  de  bois  and  a  large  body  of 
western  Indians,  including  Miamis  and  Illinois,  invaded  the  Seneca 
country  and  inflicted  a  severe  defeat  on  them.  His  Indian  allies  cele- 
brated the  victory  by  eating  twenty-five  of  their  Iroquois  enemies,  and 
it  is  probable  that  no  other  meal  ever  served  in  the  state  of  New  York 
gave  greater  satisfaction  to  the  guests.  This  banquet  marked  the  ter- 
mination of  Iroquois  terrorism  in  the  western  regions.  The  Iroquois 
turned  on  the  French,  and  in  the  war  that  raged  along  the  St.  Lawrence 
their  strength  was  so  broken  that  they  became  cautious  about  attacking 

«  Thwaite-'s  La  Hontan,  pp.  81-2. 
i«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  62,  p.  7. 
"N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  3,  p.  489. 
is  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  3,  p.  443. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  59 

the  western  tribes,  who  were  now  as  well  armed  as  themselves;  and 
with  the  exception  of  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  Fort  Miamis  in  1695, 
there  was  no  further  trouble  from  them  in  the  western  country. 

This  Fort  Miamis  was  at  the  site  of  Chicago.  At  that  time  La 
Mothe  Cadillac  was  the  French  commander  in  the  west,  and  in  his  Re- 
lation of  1695,  after  describing  the  Indian  locations  west  of  Lake 
Michigan,  he  says:  "The  post  of  Chicagou  comes  next.  This  word 
signifies  the  River  of  Garlic,  because  a  very  great  quantity  of  it  is 
produced  naturally  there  without  any  cultivation.  There  is  here  a 
village  of  the  Miamis,  who  are  well-made  men;  they  are  good  warriors 
and  extremely  active.  "We  find  next  the  river  of  St.  Joseph.  There  was 
here  a  fort  with  a  French  garrison,  and  there  is  a  village  of  this  same 
nation  of  Miamis.  This  post  is  the  key  to  all  the  nations  which  border 
the  north  of  Lake  Michigan,  for  to  the  south  there  is  not  any  village 
on  account  of  the  incursions  of  the  Iroquois;  but  in  the  depths  of  the 
north  coast  country  and  looking  toward  the  west  there  are  many,  as 
the  Mascoutins,  Piankeshaws,  Peorias,  Kickapoos,  lowas,  Sioux  and 
Tintons".19  In  other  words,  the  Miamis  had  begun  moving  to  the  east, 
but  had  not  ventured  farther  than  these  two  posts  at  Chicago  and  La- 
Salle's  old  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph,  and  south  of  these, 
"there  is  not  any  village".  In  1696  Father  Pierre  Francois  Pinet 
established  his  mission  of  L'Ange  Gardien  just  north  of  Chicago,  and 
there  were  said  to  have  been  two  villages  of  Miamis  in  its  vicinity, 
numbering  three  hundred  cabins.20 

In  the  meantime  the  Miamis  had  become  involved  in  war  with  the 
Sioux,  and  LaMothe  Cadillac  states  that  in  1695  the  Sioux  treacherously 
attacked  them,  and  killed  three  thousand  of  them.21  This  prolonged 
and  destructive  warfare  makes  somewhat  credible  the  large  early  esti- 
mates of  the  numbers  of  these  tribes,  as  compared  with  those  of  later 
date.  In  1718,  M.  De  Vaudreuil  reported  the  strength  of  the  Miamis, 
Ouiatanons,  Piankeshaws  and  Pepikokias,  then  composing  the  Miamis 
nation  proper,  at  fourteen  to  sixteen  hundred  warriors.  The  French 
estimates  of  1736  gave  the  Miamis  only  550  warriors  and  the  Illinois 
600.22  The  English  estimates  of  1763  gave  the  Miamis  800  warriors, 
and  the  estimate  of  Col.  Bouquet  and  Capt.  Hutchins,  in  1764,  gives  the 
Miami  tribes  one  thousand  warriors. 

As  Father  Allouez  says,  all  of  these  tribes  of  the  Illinois  and  Miamis 
spoke  the  same  language,  but  with  one  material  dialect  difference  which 
divided  them  into  two  nations,  as  named ;  but  the  dialects  are  commonly 


i»  Margry,  Vol.  5,  pp.  123-4. 

20  Shea's  Catholic  Church  in  Colonial  Days,  p.  537. 

21  Margry,  Vol.  5  p.  323. 

22  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  9,  p.  1052. 


60  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

known  as  the  Miami  and  the  Peoria,  the  latter  word  having  become 
synonymous  with  "Illinois".  In  the  Peoria  (properly  Pi-o'-ri-a)  there 
is  no  sound  of  "1",  and  where  that  sound  occurs  in  the  Miami  it  is 
replaced  by  the  sound  of  "r";  while  in  the  Miami  there  is  no  sound  of 
"r",  and  the  substitution  is  reversed.  The  cities  of  Peoria,  in  Illinois, 
and  Paoli,  in  Kansas,  are  continuing  memorials  of  this  difference  in 
dialect.  The  names  given  by  Father  Allouez  are  in  the  Miami  form. 
Ilinioue  means  "he  is  a  man",  but  what  a  member  of  that  nation  called 
himself  was  I-ri'-ni-wa.  The  name  Miami  is  used  by  the  other  division 
but  it  is  not  of  their  language,  for  they  cannot  give  any  meaning  for 
it.  It  is  most  probably  the  name  given  them  by  the  Delawares,  Wemi- 
amiki,  which  means  "all  beavers",  or  figuratively,  "all  friends — or 
relatives".  The  tribes  that  were  located  in  Illinois  during  the  English 
and  American  periods  used  the  Peoria  dialect,  and  those  located  in  In- 
diana used  the  Miami  dialect.  Of  the  tribal  names,  Mascoutin  is  prac- 
tically translated  in  the  English  name  "Fire  Nation",  and  Kickapoo  is 
derived  by  Schoolcraft  from  n 'gik'-a-boo,  or  "otter's  ghost".  These 
two  tribes  were  not  members  of  the  Illinois-Miami  nation,  but  were 
closely  related  to  it. 

Marameg,  otherwise  written  maramak  or  maramech,  is  the  Peoria 
word  for  catfish.  The  old  chroniclers  usually  made  the  Miami  form 
malamak,  and  the  Chippewa  form  manamak.  This  was  a  common  Algon- 
quian  name  for  streams,  which  we  have  preserved  in  the  Merrimac  of 
New  England,  and  the  Maramec  of  Missouri.  Kitchigami  means  great 
water,  and  probably  implies  residence  near  one  of  the  great  lakes. 
Kaskaskia  is  kak-kak'-kl-a,  which  is  their  name  for  the  katydid. 
Pi-o'-ri-a,  Pe-o-li-a  or  Pe-wa-li-a,  which  are  forms  of  the  same  word,  is 
the  Miami  pa-wa'-li-a,  or  prairie-fire.  Ouaouiatanon  is  presumably  wa- 
wi'-a-tan'-wi,  an  eddy,  literally  "it  goes  in  a  round  channel",  with  the 
terminal  locative.  It  is  necessarily  a  place  name,  but  it  might  refer  to 
any  place  where  there  was  an  eddy,  and  there  is  no  tradition  of  what 
place  is  meant.  George  Finley,  who  is  of  Piankeshaw  descent,  thinks 
that  Piankeshaw  is  from  pi-an-gi'-sa,  which  means  "they  separated,  or 
went  apart,  unwittingly",  which  is  very  plausible.  But  the  Gravier 
mss.  dictionary,  which  is  preserved  in  the  Watkinson  library  at  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  gives  the  meaning,  "slit  ears";  and  Godfroy  said  the  idea 
it  conveyed  to  him  was  of  "something  scattered  about  the  ears".  Pos- 
sibly it  refers  to  an  old  Miami  custom  of  hair-dressing.  In  the  Relation 
of  1670-1,  Father  Allouez  says  that  the  Ottawas  wear  their  hair  "short 
and  erect",  and  that  the  Illinois  "clipping  the  greater  part  of  the  head; 
as  do  the  above  named  people,  they  leave  four  great  mustaches,  one  on 
each  side  of  each  ear,  arranging  them  in  such  order  as  to  avoid  incon- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  61 

venience  from  them".23  The  meaning  of  Pepikokias  is  lost,  as  is  their 
identity.  They  united  with  the  Miamis  of  Maramech  in  locating  on  the 
Kalarnazoo  river,  in  Michigan,  about  1700,  and  it  is  probable  that  these 
two  constituted  what  were  known  as  the  Eel  Eiver  Indians  in  Indiana. 

The  Miamis  of  today  have  lost  even  the  tradition  of  their  ancient 
mythology,  though  they  retain  some  of  its  ideas  and  customs.  It  is 
known  historically  that  they  had  the  same  general  beliefs  as  the  other 
Algonquian  tribes;  and  these  are  set  forth  most  satisfactorily  by  Nicolas 
Perrot,  who  was  almost  constantly  with  these  tribes,  and  especially  with 
the  Miamis,  from  1665  to  1699.  Father  Charlevoix  took  most  of  his 
material  on  this  subject  from  Perrot 's  memoir.  As  there  is  a  very 
general  misconception  of  their  beliefs,  it  is  worth  while  to  reproduce 
here  a  part  of  Perrot's  statement: 

"It  cannot  be  said  that  the  Indians  profess  any  doctrine;  it  is  un- 
questionable that  they  do  not  follow,  so  to  speak,  any  religion.  They 
observe  merely  some  Judaic  customs,  for  they  have  certain  feasts  in 
which  they  do  not  use  a  knife  to  cut  cooked  meats,  but  devour  them  with 
the  teeth.  The  women  have  also  the  custom  when  they  give  birth  to 
children,  to  be  for  a  month  without  entering  the  lodge  of  their  hus- 
band, and  they  cannot  during  this  time  eat  with  men,  or  of  what  has 
been  prepared  by  men.  For  them  special  cooking  is  done. 

"The  Indians  have,  for  their  principal  divinities,  the  Great  Hare, 
the  sun,  and  the  manitos  (diahles),  I  mean  those  who  are  not  converted. 
They  invoke  most  often  the  Great  Harte,  because  they  respect  and  adore 
him  as  the  creator  of  the  land,  and  the  sun  as  the  originator  of  light 
but  if  they  put  the  manitos  in  the  number  of  their  divinities,  and  invoke 
them,  it  is  because  they  fear  them,  and  ask  life  of  them  when  they  make 
their  invocations.  Those  among  the  Indians  whom  the  French  call 
medicine-men  (jongleurs)  speak  to  the  demon  that  they  consult  con- 
cerning war  and  the  chase. 

"They  have  many  other  divinities,  to  whom  they  pray  and  which 
they  find  in  the  air,  on  the  earth,  and  in  the  earth.  Those  of  the  air 
are  the  thunder  and  the  lightning,  and,  in  general,  all  that  they  can 
see  but  are  unable  to  comprehend,  as  the  moon,  eclipses,  and  the  whirl- 
winds of  unusual  winds.  Those  which  are  on  the  earth  consist  of  all  evil 
and  harmful  creatures,  particularly  the  serpents,  panthers,  and  other 
animals  or  birds  similar  to  griffons.24  They  also  include  those  which 
are  extraordinary  for  beauty  or  deformity  among  their  kind.  Those 
which  are  in  the  earth  are  the  bears,  which  pass  the  winter  without  eat- 

23  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  55,  p.  217. 

2*  Cham  plain  reported  and  pictured  the  griffon  in  the  fauna  of  the  country,  from 
the  descriptions  of  the  natives. 


62 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ing,  nourishing  themselves  only  by  the  substance  which  they  draw  from 
the  navel  by  sucking.  They  regard  in  this  way  all  the  animals  that 
sojourn  in  caverns  and  holes,  which  they  invoke  when,  in  sleeping,  they 
have  dreamed  of  any  of  them. 

"They  make  for  these  kinds  of  invocations  a  feast  of  food  or  tobacco, 
to  which  the  old  men  are  invited,  and  relate  in  their  presence  the  dream 


THE  GRIFFON 
(From  Oeuvres  de  Champlain,  Quebec  Ed.  1870) 

which  they  have  had  as  the  cause  of  the  feast,  which  they  owed  to  the 
one  of  whom  they  had  dreamed.  Then  one  of  the  old  men  acts  as  spokes- 
man, and,  naming  the  creature  to  which  the  feast  is  given  he  addresses 
to  him  the  following  words:  'Have  mercy  on  him  who  offers  to  thee 
(mentioning  each  thing  offered  by  name) ;  have  mercy  on  his  family; 
grant  to  him  whatever  he  needs'.  All  the  assistants  respond  in  unison 
'0!  0!'  many  times,  until  the  prayer  is  concluded;  and  this»  word  'O' 
signifies  the  same  with  them  as  it  does  with  us". 

This  illustrates  the  only  kind  of  prayer  to  the  manitos  (ma-net'-o- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  63 

wa'-ki)  that  the  Miamis  use  at  present,  or  probably  used  at  that  time, 
i.  e.  supplication  accompanying  an  offering.  The  fundamental  concept 
of  the  Miami  faith  is  that  there  is  "no  getting  something  for  nothing". 
This  is  due  to  the  character  of  the  manitos,  for  outside  of  the  ideas  in- 
culcated by  Christian  teaching,  they  have  no  conception  of  any  super- 
natural being  that  is  absolutely  good  or  absolutely  bad.  All  of  them 
can  be  placated,  and  will  treat  you  well  if  placated,  but  are  liable  to  do 
you  an  injury  if  not  placated.  And  these  prayers,  invocations  and 
feasts  are  not  to  the  earthly  animals  named  by  Perrot  but  to  the  spirit, 
or  manito  animals  of  the  same  name.  The  earthly  animals  are  regarded 
as  the  descendants  of  the  spirit  animal,  or  as  under  its  special  protection, 
and  may  receive  consideration  on  that  account,  but  they  are  not  objects 
for  prayer  or  invocation,  and  never  were.  Neither  are  there  now  any 
of  the  formalities  of  assemblage  mentioned  by  Perrot.  The  modern 
practice,  for  it  still  continues  to  some  extent  with  the  old  people,  and 
this  without  regard  to  their  professions  of  Catholic  or  Protestant  faith, 
is  for  the  person  making  the  offering  to  address  the  manito  direct,  calling 
him  Ni-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our  grandfather)  or,  in  abbreviated  form,  Ma'-ca. 
In  the  address,  however,  they  use  "secret  words",  that  I  have  never 
been  able  to  learn. 

The  Great  Hare,  otherwise  known  as  Michaboo,  Manabozho,  Nana- 
bozho  Nanaboush,  Messou,  Oisakedjak,  etc.,  was  perhaps  the  nearest 
approach  to  a  beneficent  supernatural  in  the  Miami  theogony.  They 
have  lost  all  trace  of  him  now  except  in  their  legends  of  Wi-sa'-ka- 
tcak'-wa,  who  was  the  incarnation  of  Michaboo,  and  who  was  not  a. 
worshipful  character  as  presented  in  these  legends.  This  is  no  doubt 
the  result  of  a  prolonged  debasement  of  the  original  conception.  As 
Brinton  aptly  puts  it:  "This  is  a  low,  modern  and  corrupt  version  of 
the  character  of  Michaboo,  bearing  no  more  resemblance  to  his  real 
and  ancient  one  than  the  language  ind  acts  of  our  Savior  and  the 
apostles  in  the  coarse  Mystery  Plays  of  the  Middle  Ages  do  to  those 
revealed  by  the  Evangelists".28 

The  Miami  theory  of  creation  start*  with  the  proposition  that  "there 
was  nothing  but  water  before  the  earth  (i.  e.  the  visible  earth,  the  dry 
land)  was  created;  and  that  on  this  vast  expanse  of  water  floated  a 
great  raft  of  logs,  on  which  were  all  the  animals  of  all  kinds  that  are 
on  the  earth,  of  which  the  Great  Hare  was  chief".  The  Great  Hare  told 
the  animals  that  if  he  could  get  some  earth  from  beneath  the  water, 
he  could  make  a  land  large  enough  for  them  to  live  on.  The  beaver 
was  first  induced  to  dive  for  this  purpose,  but  after  a  long  stay  came 
up  insensible  from  exhaustion,  and  unsuccessful.  The  otter  then  tried, 

ze  The  Myths  of  the  New  World,  p.  194. 


62 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ing,  nourishing  themselves  only  by  the  substance  which  they  draw  from 
the  navel  by  sucking.  They  regard  in  this  way  all  the  animals  that 
sojourn  in  caverns  and  holes,  which  they  invoke  when,  in  sleeping,  they 
have  dreamed  of  any  of  them. 

"They  make  for  these  kinds  of  invocations  a  feast  of  food  or  tobacco, 
to  which  the  old  men  are  invited,  and  relate  in  their  presence  the  dream 


THE  GRIFFON 
(From  Oeuvres  de  Champlain,  Quebec  Ed.  1870) 

which  they  have  had  as  the  cause  of  the  feast,  which  they  owed  to  the 
one  of  whom  they  had  dreamed.  Then  one  of  the  old  men  acts  as  spokes- 
man, and,  naming  the  creature  to  which  the  feast  is  given  he  addresses 
to  him  the  following  words:  'Have  mercy  on  him  who  offers  to  thee 
(mentioning  each  thing  offered  by  name)  ;  have  mercy  on  his  family; 
grant  to  him  whatever  he  needs'.  All  the  assistants  respond  in  unison 
'O!  0!'  many  times,  until  the  prayer  is  concluded;  and  this1  word  'O' 
signifies  the  same  with  them  as  it  does  with  us". 

This  illustrates  the  only  kind  of  prayer  to  the  manitos  (ma-net'-o- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  63 

wa'-ki)  that  the  Miamis  use  at  present,  or  probably  used  at  that  time, 
i.  e.  supplication  accompanying  an  offering.  The  fundamental  concept 
of  the  Miami  faith  is  that  there  is  "no  getting  something  for  nothing". 
This  is  due  to  the  character  of  the  manitos,  for  outside  of  the  ideas  in- 
culcated by  Christian  teaching,  they  have  no  conception  of  any  super- 
natural being  that  is  absolutely  good  or  absolutely  bad.  All  of  them 
can  be  placated,  and  will  treat  you  well  if  placated,  but  are  liable  to  do 
you  an  injury  if  not  placated.  And  these  prayers,  invocations  and 
feasts  are  not  to  the  earthly  animals  named  by  Perrot  but  to  the  spirit, 
or  manito  animals  of  the  same  name.  The  earthly  animals  are  regarded 
as  the  descendants  of  the  spirit  animal,  or  as  under  its  special  protection, 
and  may  receive  consideration  on  that  account,  but  they  are  not  objects 
for  prayer  or  invocation,  and  never  were.  Neither  are  there  now  any 
of  the  formalities  of  assemblage  mentioned  by  Perrot.  The  modern 
practice,  for  it  still  continues  to  some  extent  with  the  old  people,  and 
this  without  regard  to  their  professions  of  Catholic  or  Protestant  faith, 
is  for  the  person  making  the  offering  to  address  the  manito  direct,  calling 
him  Ni-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our  grandfather)  or,  in  abbreviated  form,  Ma'-ca. 
In  the  address,  however,  they  use  "secret  words",  that  I  have  never 
been  able  to  learn. 

The  Great  Hare,  otherwise  known  as  Michaboo,  Manabozho,  Nana- 
bozho  Nanaboush,  Messou,  Oisakedjak,  etc.,  was  perhaps  the  nearest 
approach  to  a  beneficent  supernatural  in  the  Miami  theogony.  They 
have  lost  all  trace  of  him  now  except  in  their  legends  of  Wi-sa'-ka- 
tcak'-wa,  who  was  the  incarnation  of  Michaboo,  and  who  was  not  a 
worshipful  character  as  presented  in  these  legends.  This  is  no  doubt 
the  result  of  a  prolonged  debasement  of  the  original  conception.  As 
Brinton  aptly  puts  it :  "  This  is  a  low,  modern  and  corrupt  version  of 
the  character  of  Michaboo,  bearing  no  more  resemblance  to  his  real 
and  ancient  one  than  the  language  a"nd  acts  of  our  Savior  and  the 
apostles  in  the  coarse  Mystery  Plays  of  the  Middle  Ages  do  to  those 
revealed  by  the  Evangelists".25 

The  Miami  theory  of  creation  starts  with  the  proposition  that  "there 
was  nothing  but  water  before  the  earth  (i.  e.  the  visible  earth,  the  dry 
land)  was  created;  and  that  on  this  vast  expanse  of  water  floated  a 
great  raft  of  logs,  on  which  were  all  the  animals  of  all  kinds  that  are 
on  the  earth,  of  which  the  Great  Hare  was  chief".  The  Great  Hare  told 
the  animals  that  if  he  could  get  some  earth  from  beneath  the  water, 
he  could  make  a  land  large  enough  for  them  to  live  on.  The  beaver 
was  first  induced  to  dive  for  this  purpose,  but  after  a  long  stay  came 
up  insensible  from  exhaustion,  and  unsuccessful.  The  otter  then  tried, 


28  The  Myths  of  the  New  World,  p.  194. 


64  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

but  with  no  better  success.  Then  the  muskrat  went  down,  and  after 
a  stay  of  twenty-four  hours  came  up  insensible;  but  in  one  of  his 
clenched  paws  they  found  a  grain  of  sand,  from  which  Michaboo  made 
an  island. 

They  proceeded  to  occupy  this  island,  which  was  increased  from 
time  to  time  by  Michaboo  until  it  became  the  continent;  and  when  one 
of  the  animals  died  Michaboo  would  take  its  body  and  make  a  man  of 
it,  as  he  did  also  with  the  bodies  of  fish  and  animals  found  on  the  shores. 
This  was  the  ascribed  reason  for  the  animal  totems  of  the  various  clans, 
and  their  claimed  descent  from  various  animals.  It  will  be  noted  that 
Michaboo  required  matter  with  which  to  create  anything.  The  Indians 
had  no  conception  of  creation  by  fiat,  or  of  making  something  from 
nothing.  They  believed  that  matter  was  eternal,  and,  as  Perrot  says, 
' '  In  regard  to  the  ocean  and  the  firmament,  they  believe  that  these  were 
from  eternity".  This  creation  legend  had  numerous  variant  forms.20 
In  several  of  these  the  story  of  Michaboo  appears  to  be  a  flood  legend 
instead  of  a  creation  legend ;  and  this  is  true  of  one  recorded  even 
earlier  than  that  of  Perrot.  In  his  Relation  of  1633,  Fatlier  LeJeune 
records  the  Montagnaise  legend  of  Messou,  their  Michaboo,  who  offended 
certain  water  manitos;  and  they  brought  on  the  flood,  from  which  He 
restored  the  earth.27  But  in  all  of  these  the  deluge  was  prior  to  the 
creation  of  man  by  Michaboo;  and  this  fact  must  be  kept  in  mind  in 
considering  the  Indian  conception  of  divinity. 

It  is  singular  that  Michaboo  and  Mi-ci-bi-si  are  confused  in  some 
authoritative  works,28  as  they  were  not  only  distinct,  but  also  enemies, 
and  both  of  them  are  frequently  mentioned  by  travelers.  Mi'-ci-bi-si  is 
the  Chippewa  name  of  the  panther,  or  as  La  Hontan  puts  it:  "The 
Michibichi  is  a  sort  of  Tyger,  only  'tis  less  than  the  common  Tyger,  and 
not  so  much  speckl'd".29  The  Spirit  Panther,  which  bears  this  same 
name  of  Mi'-cl-bi'-si  (i.  e.  the  big  cat)  was  "the  god  of  the  waters"  or 
"the  manito  of  the  waters  and  the  fishes".80  He  was  supposed  to  dwell 
in  deep  places  where  the  water  seems  to  boil  up  in  lakes  and  rivers,  and 
this  motion  of  the  water  is  caused  by  moving  his  tail.  The  Indiana 
offered  him  gifts  to  secure  his  aid  in  fishing,  and  to  secure  protection 


"See  Journal  of  Am.  Folk  Lore,  Vol.  4,  p.  193;  Report  Bur.  of  Ethnology, 
1892-3,  pp.  161-209;  Emerson's  Indian  Myths,  pp.  336-71;  Peter  Jones  and  the 
Ojibway  Indians,  p.  33;  Kohl's  Kitchigami,  p.  386;  Algic  Tales,  Vol.  1,  p.  166. 

2T  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  5,  p.  155;  Vol.  6,  p.  157. 

2»Brinton's  Myths  of  the  New  World,  p.  197;  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  50,  p.  328. 

»  Thwaite  'a  La  Hontan,  p.  345. 

so  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  50,  p.  289;  Vol.  54,  p.  155;  Vol.  67,  p.  159;  Blair '• 
Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  1,  p.  59, 


'.  •'--'.-:•.: 

:   •:--'-' :•.*•',    : 

. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  65 


from  the  dangers  of  navigation.  These  dangers  were  frequent  in  the 
use  of  birch-bark  canoes,  and  whenever  the  lakes  were  rough  the  mis- 
sionary passengers  were  grieved  by  the  idolatry  of  the  Indians,  who 
believed  in  "safety  first"  when  it  could  be  obtained  by  throwing  a 
little  tobacco  to  Mi'-ci-bi'-si.  The  French  travelers  sometimes  called 
this  manito  L'Homme  Tyger,  because  he  was  represented  as  having  the 
face  of  a  man. 

The  Miami  name  of  this  manito  is  Len'-m-pm'-ja,  or  the  Man-Cat, 
and  a  pool  where  he  is  residing  is  called  Len'-ni-pin'-ja-ka'-mi.  There 
is  one  of  these  places  on  the  Mississinewa  river,  and  there  are  some 
startling  legends  concerning  events  there.  He  is  also  the  "spirit"  that 
was  supposed  to  inhabit  Lake  Manitou,  in  Fulton  County ;  and  he  gives 
the  name  to  the  Shawnese  clan  to  which  Tecumtha  belonged  of  Manetuwi 
Msi-pessi,  of  which  it  is  said:  "The  Msi-pessi,  when  the  epithet  mi- 
raculous (manetuwi)  is  added  to  it,  means  a  'celestial  tiger,'  i.  e.,  a 
meteor  or  shooting  star.  The  manetuwi  msi-pessi  lives  in  water  only,  and 
is  visible  hot  as  an  animal,  but  as  a  shooting  star."  31  But  the  activities  of 
this  manito  are  not  confined  to  the  water.  He  corresponds  to  the  "Fire 
Dragon"  of  other  mythologies;  and  when  they  see  a  meteor,  the  old 
Miamis  say  that  it  is  Len'-ni-pin'-ja  going  from  one  sea  to  another. 
Godfrey  said  that  the  reason  he  stayed  in  deep  waters  was  to  avoid 
setting  the  world  on  fire;  but  Finley  said  that  it  was  to  avoid  danger 
of  being  harmed  by  Tcing'-wi-a,  the  Thunder,  who  is  a  sort  of  American 
Thor.  Although  not  now  worshipped,  Tcing'-wi-a  is  still  regarded  as  a 
manito,  but  the  lightning  is  considered  the  effect  of  his  blows.  Hence, 
the  Miamis  do  not  say  that  anything  has  been  struck  by  lightning,  but 
by  Thunder.  Finley  says  that  one  of  Lenm-pin-ja  's  horns  is  white,  and 
one  blue. 

In  this  connection,  it  is  of  interest  to  refer  to  the  celebrated  pictured 
rocks  which  were  formerly  on  the  Mississippi  river  just  above  Alton, 
but  which  have  now  been  quarried  away.  When  Father  Marquette 
made  his  nrst  trip  down  the  Mississippi  he  had  been  warned  against 
it  by  the  Menominees,  who  told  him  that  the  great  river  was  "full  of 
horrible  monsters,  which  devoured  men  and  canoes  together",  and  that 
at  one  point  there  was  a  demon  that  barred  navigation.32  He  made 
light  of  the  warning,  but  apparently  was  on  the  lookout  for  them ;  and 
he  saw  one,  for  he  says:  "We  saw  on  the  water  a  monster  with  the  head 
of  a  tiger,  a  sharp  nose  like  that  of  a  wildcat,  with  whiskers  and  straight 
erect  ears.  The  head  was  gray  and  the  neck  quite  black;  but  we  saw 


31  Report  Bureau  of  Eth.  1892-3,  p.  682. 

32  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  59,  p.  97. 

Vol.  1—5 


66  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

no  more  creatures  of  this  sort".33  A  little  later,  when  he  reached  the 
pictured  rocks,  he  wrote:  "While  skirting  some  rocks,  which  by  their 
height  and  length  inspired  awe,  we  saw  upon  one  of  them  two  painted 
monsters  which  at  first  made  us  afraid,  and  upon  which  the  boldest 
savages  dare  not  long  rest  their  eyes.  .They  are  as  large  as  a  calf :  they 
have  horns  on  their  heads  like  those  of  a  deer,  a  horrible  look,  red  eyes, 
a  beard  like  a  tiger's,  a  face  somewhat  like  a  man's,  a  body  covered  with 
scales,  and  so  long  a  tail  that  it  winds  all  around  the  body  passing  above 
the  head  and  going  back  between  the  legs,  ending  in  a  fish's  tail". 


MABQUETTE'S  MONSTER 
(Len'-nl-pm'-ja,  or  Man-Cat  of  the  Peorias  and  Illinois;  Mi-ci-bi'-si,  of 

the  Northern  tribes.) 

This  rock,  which  had  numerous  other  pictographs  in  addition,  has 
been  quite  a  puzzle  to  antiquarians,  and  has  been  known  as  "the  Piasa 
Rock"  since  William  McAdams  published  his  "Record  of  Ancient 
Races  in  the  Mississippi  Valley",  in  1887,  in  which  he  said  it  was  so 
called.  Mr.  McAdams  was  a  farmer  of  the  vicinity,  who  took  great 
interest  in  prehistoric  matters,  and  he  performed  a  real  service  by  pre- 
serving two  pictures  of  Marquette's  monsters.  The  best  one,  which  is 
labeled  "Flying  Dragon",  and  inscribed  "Made  by  Wm.  Dennis,  April 
3d,  1825",  is  reproduced  here.34  McAdams  says:  "The  name  Piasa  is 
Indian,  and  signifies  in  the  Illini  'The  Bird  which  devours  men'  ". 


33  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  59,  p.  111. 

a*  Both  pictures  were  reproduced  in  the  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  with 
an  extended  discussion,  in  1892-3,  p.  640. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  67 

•  "  O  ,   •'    .;' 

There  is  no  such  word  in  the  Illinois,  and  it  would  not  have  that  mean- 
ing if  there  were.  Amos  Stoddard  came  nearer  to  it  seventy-five  years 
earlier,  when  he  wrote:  "What  they  (Joliet  and  Marquette)  call 
Painted  Monsters  on  the  side  of  a  high  perpendicular  rock,  apparently 
inaccessible  to  man,  between  the  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  known  to 
the  moderns  by  the  name  of  Piesa,  still  remain  in  a  good  state  of  preser- 
vation. ' ' 35  That  this  was  the  early  pronunciation  is  shown  by  the 
following  entry  in  the  Executive  Journal  of  Indiana  Territory:  "Jan- 
uary 1st,  1807.  A  Liscence  was  granted  to  Eli  Langford  to  keep  a 
ferry  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi  in  St.  Glair  County  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri  and  two  miles  from  Pyesaw  Rock. ' ' 3e 

The  Illinois  and  Miami  name  is  Pa-i'-sa,  plural  Pa-i'-sa-ki,  which  is 
the  name  of  a  race  of  "little  men"  corresponding  to  the  elves  and  ko- 
bolds.  They  are  rather  friendly  to  men,  and  will  not  injure  you  unless 
you  intrude  on  their  preserves.  They  live  under  the  water  usually,  and 
are  the  sarae  people  who  were  said  to  make  arrow-heads  for  Indians  in 
the  preceding  chapter.  When  an  Indian  dies,  two  of  them  come  to  guide 
his  spirit  over  the  Milky  Way,  which  is  the  path  of  departed  spirits  to 
the  "happy  hunting  grounds".  The  monster  represented  is  Len'-m- 
pm'-ja,  or  Mi'-ci-bi'-si,  and  his  picture  was  probably  believed  to  have 
been  placed  there  as  warning  of  the  Len'-m-pm'-ja-ka'-ml,  which  Mar- 
quette found  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  five  miles  farther  down.  It 
is  probable  that  the  stories  of  a  race  of  dwarfs  in  this  country  originated 
in  Indian  legends  of  the  Pa-i'-sa-ki,  just  as  the  report  of  griffons  came 
from  their  Mi'-ci-bi'-si  stories. 

In  the  earliest  Peoria  and  Miami  texts  and  vocabularies,  the  word 
used  for  "God"  is  Ki'-ci-ma-net'-o-wa  (The  Great  Spirit — varied  in 
other  dialects  to  Gi'-tci-ma-ni'-to,  etc.),  and  this  is  still  used  by  some 
of  the  Algonquian  tribes  for  the  white  man 's  God.  With  the  Miamis  it 
has  been  dropped  so  completely  that  I  have  never  found  a  Miami  who 
had  heard  the  word,  though  they  all  understood  its  primary  meaning  at 
once.  In  1797,  when  Volney  obtained  his  Miami  vocabulary,  he  gave  for 
"God"  the  alternative,  "Kitchi  Manetoua  or  Kajehelangoua".  The 
latter  word.  Ka-ci'-hi-lan'-gwa,  means  literally  "he  who  made  us  all", 
and  unquestionably  in  its  original  use  referred  to  Michaboo.  But  both 
of  these  words  are  now  out  of  use,  and  K&-ci'-hi-wi-a,  i.  e.  the  Creator, 
is  now  used  for  "God".  The  explanation  of  this  is  that  Ki'-ci-ma-net'- 
o-wa  was  the  name  of  the  Great  Serpent,  who  was  not  a  beneficent 
spirit,  but  merely  the  most  powerful  of  the  manitos,  and  with  rather  a 

"  Sketches  of  Louisiana,  Phila,  1812,  p.  17. 
»«Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.  Vol.  3,  p.  138. 


68 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


worse  disposition  than  most  of  them.  He  was  an  enemy  of  Michaboo, 
and  altogether  corresponded  more  nearly  to  the  old  world  conception  of 
the  devil  than  to  the  conception  of  God.  The  Miamis  and  Illinois  were 
more  rapidly  Christianized  than  any  of  the  other  western  tribes,  and, 
no  doubt,  when  the  true  character  of  Ki'-ci-ma-net'-o-wa  was  learned  by 
the  missionaries,  their  influence  was  used  to  discontinue  the  use  of  the 


SARAH  WADSWORTH 
(Wi-ka'-pi-min-dja,  or  The  Linn  Tree.    A  Wea  woman,  native  of  Indiana) 

word.  I  am  confident  that  the  Miamis  never  had  any  conception  of  a 
divine,  omnipotent,  beneficent  spirit,  similar  to  the  Christian,  Jewish, 
or  Platonic  conceptions  of  God,  until  they  got  it  from  the  missionaries ; 
and  I  think  this  was  true  of  all  the  Indians. 

In  his  dealings  with  the  manitos,  the  Miami  took  no  chances;  and 
therefore,  in  addition  to  offerings  and  prayers,  if  he  knows  any  charms 
that  will  prevent  injury,  he  uses  them  also.  In  proposing  an  offering 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  69 

one  says  to  another:  "A-ko'-la  (smoke)  na-ma'-wa-ta'-wi  (let  us  offer) 
ki-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our  grandfather).  Grandfather  is  the  most  respectful 
and  endearing  term  that  can  be  used  to  an  elder  or  superior ;  in  familiar 
usage  it  is  shortened  to  Ma'-ca.  Tobacco,  which  is  especially  agreeable 
to  all  intelligent  manitos,  is  smoked  and  puffed  out  towards  the  location 
of  the  manito,  or  sometimes  thrown  on  the  fire  to  ascend  in  smoke  or 
thrown  into  the  water  or  the  air.  The  word  for  sacrifice  implies 
throwing. 

In  addition  to  tobacco,  the  old  Miamis  use  a  mixture  of  the  common 
everlasting  (Gnaphalium  polycephalum),  which  the  Weas  call  pa'-wfi- 
ki'-ki,  and  the  Miamis  pat-sa'-ki  (odorous),  and  the  leaves  of  the  red 
cedar.  These  are  dried,  rubbed  to  powder  in  the  hands,  and  thrown  to 
the  manito.  This  is  accompanied  by  a  prayer:  "Ni-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our 
grandfather)  lam-pa'-na-ci'-so-la'-mfi  (do  not  harm  us)  ki-ta'-ma-kl-a''- 
li-mi-lo'-ma  (have  mercy  on  us)".  Sarah  Wadsworth  (Wi-ka'-pa- 
mm'-dja,  or  Linn  Tree)  informed  me  that  one  day  an  ugly  cyclone  cloud 
was  moving  down  from  the  North  towards  their  house,  in  Oklahoma, 
when  she  ran  out  on  one  side  of  the  house  and  offered  the  above  incense 
and  invocation ;  and,  unknown  to  her,  Aunt  Susan  Medicine  (Wa'-no- 
kam'-kwa,  or  Fog  Woman)  went  out  on  the  other  side  and  did  the  same. 
They  each  also  threw  out  a  shovelful  of  hot  coals,  which  the  storm 
manito  cannot  cross.  The  cloud  broke  in  two,  and  the  two  parts  went 
around  them  without  injury.  The  Miamis  had  a  small  variety  of  tobacco, 
which  they  raised  themselves,  that  was  used  for  offerings. 

Some  of  the  most  lasting  of  their  old  beliefs  are  in  their  funeral 
customs.  With  little  regard  to  their  Christian  affiliations,  the  Miamis 
believe  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul;  and  they  do  not  believe  in  the 
existence  of  a  hell.  They  believe  in  a  "happy  hunting  ground",  which 
they  call  a-tci'-pai-a  a'-hi  wi-a'-ki-wa'-tci  (where  the  spirit  dwells) 
This  delightful  spirit  land  is  reached  by  a  long  road,  including  what  we 
call  the  Milky  Way,  and  which  the  Miamis  call  a-tci'-pai-i-ka-na'-wS. 
(the  spirit  path).  This  was  the  original  Algonquian  belief,  as  Father 
Le  Jeune  recorded  it  in  1634:  "They  call  the  milky  way  Tchipai 
meskanau,  the  path  of  souls,  because  they  think  the  souls  raise  them- 
selves through  this  way  in  going  to  that  great  village".37  In  their 
funerals,  at  least  until  quite  recently,  they  observed  the  Indian  cere- 
monial, whether  accompanied  by  Christian  services  or  not.  In  this 
some  prominent  or  old  person  takes  position  at  the  foot  of  the  grave, 
and  delivers  an  address  to  the  dead,  which  they  call  pS-ko'-ma-ta.  A 
typical  form  of  this  address,  which  is  varied  more  or  less  at  the  will  of 
the  speaker,  is  as  follows: 


87  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  6,  p.  181. 

. 


68 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


worse  disposition  than  most  of  them.  He  was  an  enemy  of  Michaboo, 
and  altogether  corresponded  more  nearly  to  the  old  world  conception  of 
the  devil  than  to  the  conception  of  God.  The  Miarais  and  Illinois  were 
more  rapidly  Christianized  than  any  of  the  other  western  tribes,  and, 
no  doubt,  when  the  true  character  of  Ki'-cl-ma-net'-o-wa  was  learned  by 
the  missionaries,  their  influence  was  used  to  discontinue  the  use  of  the 


SARAH  WADSWORTH 
(Wi-ka'-pi-min-dja,  or  The  Linn  Tree.    A  Wea  woman,  native  of  Indiana) 

word.  I  am  confident  that  the  Miamis  never  had  any  conception  of  a 
divine,  omnipotent,  beneficent  spirit,  similar  to  the  Christian,  Jewish, 
or  Platonic  conceptions  of  God,  until  they  got  it  from  the  missionaries; 
and  I  think  this  was  true  of  all  the  Indians. 

In  his  dealings  with  the  manitos,  the  Miami  took  no  chances;  and 
therefore,  in  addition  to  offerings  and  prayers,  if  he  knows  any  charms 
that  will  prevent  injury,  he  uses  them  also.  In  proposing  an  offering 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  69 

one  says  to  another:  "A-ko'-la  (smoke)  na-ma'-wa-ta'-wi  (let  us  offer) 
ki-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our  grandfather).  Grandfather  is  the  most  respectful 
and  endearing  term  that  can  be  used  to  an  elder  or  superior ;  in  familiar 
usage  it  is  shortened  to  Ma'-ca.  Tobacco,  which  is  especially  agreeable 
to  all  intelligent  manitos,  is  smoked  and  puffed  out  towards  the  location 
of  the  manito,  or  sometimes  thrown  on  the  fire  to  ascend  in  smoke  or 
thrown  into  the  water  or  the  air.  The  word  for  sacrifice  implies 
throwing. 

In  addition  to  tobacco,  the  old  Miamis  use  a  mixture  of  the  common 
everlasting  (Gnaphaliurn  polycephalum),  which  the  Weas  call  pa'-wa- 
ki'-ki,  and  the  Miamis  pat-sa'-ki  (odorous),  and  the  leaves  of  the  red 
cedar.  These  are  dried,  rubbed  to  powder  in  the  hands,  and  thrown  to 
the  manito.  This  is  accompanied  by  a  prayer:  "  N  i-ma'-co-mi'-na  (our 
grandfather)  lam-pa'-na-ci'-so-la'-ma  (do  not  harm  us)  ki-ta'-ma-ki-a'- 
li-mi-lo'-ma  (have  mercy  on  us)".  Sarah  Wadsworth  (Wi-ka'-pa- 
min'-dja,  or  Linn  Tree)  informed  me  that  one  day  an  ugly  cyclone  cloud 
was  moving  down  from  the  North  towards  their  house,  in  Oklahoma, 
when  she  ran  out  on  one  side  of  the  house  and  offered  the  above  incense 
and  invocation ;  and,  unknown  to  her,  Aunt  Susan  Medicine  (Wa'-no- 
kam'-kwa,  or  Fog  Woman)  went  out  on  the  other  side  and  did  the  same. 
They  each  also  threw  out  a  shovelful  of  hot  coals,  which  the  storm 
manito  cannot  cross.  The  cloud  broke  in  two,  and  the  two  parts  went 
around  them  without  injury.  The  Miamis  had  a  small  variety  of  tobacco, 
which  they  raised  themselves,  that  was  used  for  offerings. 

Some  of  the  most  lasting  of  their  old  beliefs  are  in  their  funeral 
customs.  With  little  regard  to  their  Christian  affiliations,  the  Miamis 
believe  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul;  and  they  do  not  believe  in  the 
existence  of  a  hell.  They  believe  in  a  "happy  hunting  ground",  which 
they  call  a-tci'-pai-a  a'-hi  wi-a'-ki-wa'-tci  (where  the  spirit  dwells) 
This  delightful  spirit  land  is  reached  by  a  long  road,  including  what  we 
call  the  Milky  Way,  and  which  the  Miamis  call  a-tci'-pai-i-ka-na'-wa 
(the  spirit  path).  This  was  the  original  Algonquian  belief,  as  Father 
Le  Jeune  recorded  it  in  1634:  "They  call  the  milky  way  Tchipai 
meskanau,  the  path  of  souls,  because  they  think  the  souls  raise  them- 
selves through  this  way  in  going  to  that  great  village".37  In  their 
funerals,  at  least  until  quite  recently,  they  observed  the  Indian  cere- 
monial, whether  accompanied  by  Christian  services  or  not.  In  this 
some  prominent  or  old  person  takes  position  at  the  foot  of  the  grave, 
and  delivers  an  address  to  the  dead,  which  they  call  pa-ko'-ma-ta.  A 
typical  form  of  this  address,  which  is  varied  more  or  less  at  the  will  of 
the  speaker,  is  as  follows^ 

37  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  6,  p.  181. 


70  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Ni'-ka    I'-ci-non'-gi  a-m'-gwi-lat'-kwi  mi'-to-sa'-m-wi'-a-nl 

Friend,  as  it  is  now  you  have  come  to  the  end  you  were  living 

I-a'-kwa-mi'-si-lo'  a-i'-ci   i'-a-i'-a-m.  A-pwa-lap'-so-lo'.     Wis'-sa 

Make  every  effort  where  you  are  going.    Do  not  look  back.    Many 

ka'-tl    ko-ta'-H-wa'-ki;     ka'-ti    sa'-ki-ha'-ki.  I-a'-kwa-mi'-si-lo' ; 

will      they  tempt  you ;  will      they  frighten  you.    Do  your  best ; 

I'-ci-ka'-ti  na-wa'-tci,       a-wa'-man-gwi'-ki  mm'-dji-ma'-ha 
then  will  you  see  him,     our  relatives  long  ago 

na-wa-tci'-ki.  I-a'-kwa-mi'-si-lo' ;  I'-ci-ka'-ti  na-pil-sa'-tcl, 

you  see  them.  Do  all  you  can ;      then  will   you  get  to  him, 

ki-ma-co-mi'-na.      Na-n&'-ta-w!  mi-kwa'-li-ma-ka'-ni  ki-ma'-co-mi'-na. 
our  grandfather.    Always  you  think  of  him,     our  grandfather. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  this  address  the  important  personage  of 
the  spirit  world  is  not  Ka-ci'-hi-wi-a,  but  Ki-ma'-co-mi'-na ;  and  this 
originally  meant  Michaboo.  Those  in  attendance  at  the  funeral,  who 
so  desire,  throw  bits  of  earth  into  the  grave,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
prevent  the  spirit  from  returning  to  trouble  them.  They  dislike 
spiritual  visitations,  and  when  apprehensive  of  them,  they  made  a  circle 
of  ashes  about  the  lodge,  or  house,  which  the  spirits  cannot  cross.  They 
also  used  a  vegetable  "medicine"  called  black  root  (ma-ka'-ta-wa- 
tcip'-ki),38  which  they  rubbed  on  a  gun-barrel,  and  then  fired  the  gun 
at  any  strange  noise  which  they  suspected  to  be  made  by  spirits,  at  the 
same  time  asking  m-ma'-co-mi'-na  to  make  the  bullet  hit  the  mark. 

This  is  a  survival  of  an  ancient  and  widespread  faith.  La  Potherie 
recounts  how  the  Miamis  fired  guns,  beat  drums,  and  yelled  vociferously 
during  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  and  the  chiefs  gave  the  explanation : 
' '  Our  old  men  have  taught  us  that  when  the  Moon  is  sick  it  is  necessary 
to  assist  her  by  discharging  arrows  and  making  a  great  deal  of  noise,  in 
order  to  cause  terror  in  the  spirits  who  are  trying  to  cause  her  death; 
then  she  regains  her  strength,  and  returns  to  her  former  condition. 
If  men  did  not  aid  her  she  would  die,  and  we  would  no  longer  see 
clearly  at  night ;  and  thus  we  could  no  longer  separate  the  twelve  months 
of  the  year '  *.39  This  unfailing  remedy,  as  shown  by  Lafitau,  was  general 
with  the  natives  of  America.  Civilized  man  probably  makes  enough 
noise  to  secure  the  result  without  any  special  effort. 

»«  I  have  not  seen  this  plant,  but  imagine  that  it  is  Rudbeckia  hirta,  as  the  Indian 
said,  ' '  the  Whites  call  it  Bachelor  'a  Button,  because  a  button  grows  on  the  top,  which 
is  in  the  midst  of  a  brown  flower.  The  stalks  are  from  two  to  three  feet  tall." 

••Blair's  Indian  Tribes^  Vol.  2,  p.   121. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


71 


The  general  loss  of  their  original  religion  myths  by  the  Miamis  is 
due  to  their  general  early  acceptance  of  Christianity.  The  pioneer 
missionaries  pronounced  them  "very  docile",  "the  most  civil  and  most 


INDIANS  DEIVING  OFF  ECLIPSE  OF  MOON 

(After  Lafitau.    The  lower  part  portrays  the  12th  Chapter  of  the  Book 
of  Revelation,  which  Lafitau  considered  analogous) 

liberal"  of  the  western  tribes,  and  having  "a  docility  which  has  no 
savor  of  barbarism".40  Their  conversion  also  had  a  material  effect  on 
their  habits  and  physical  characteristics.  La  Hontan  says  of  the  west- 


«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  59,  pp.  101-3 ;  Vol.  55,  p.  213. 


- 

• 


70 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Ni'-ka     I'-ci-non'-gi  a-m'-gwi-lat'-kwi  mi'-to-sa'-ni-wi'-a-ni 

Friend,  as  it  is  now  you  have  come  to  the  end  you  were  living 

I-a'-kwa-mi'-si-lo'  a-i'-ci    I'-a-i'-a-m.  A-pwa-lap'-so-lo'.     Wis'-sa 

Make  every  effort  where  you  are  going.    Do  not  look  back.    Many 

ka'-ti    ko-ta'-li-wa'-ki ;     ka'-ti    sa'-ki-ha'-ki.  I-a'-kwa-ml'-si-lo' ; 

will       they  tempt  you ;  will      they  frighten  you.    Do  your  best ; 


I'-ci-ka'-ti  na-wa'-tci, 
then  will  you  see  him, 


a-wa'-man-gwi'-ki  min'-dji-ma'-ha 
our  relatives  long  ago 


na-wa-tci'-kl.  I-a'-kwa-mi'-si-lo' ;  I'-ci-ka'-ti  na-pil-sa'-tcl, 

you  see  them.  Do  all  you  can ;       then  will    you  get  to  him, 

ki-ma-co-mi'-na.      Na-na'-ta-wi  mi-kwa'-li-ma-ka'-nl  ki-ma'-co-mi'-na. 
our  grandfather.    Always  you  think  of  him,     our  grandfather. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  this  address  the  important  personage  of 
the  spirit  world  is  not  Ka-ci'-hi-wl-a,  but  Ki-ma'-co-mi'-na ;  and  this 
originally  meant  Michaboo.  Those  in  attendance  at  the  funeral,  who 
so  desire,  throw  bits  of  earth  into  the  grave,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
prevent  the  spirit  from  returning  to  trouble  them.  They  dislike 
spiritual  visitations,  and  when  apprehensive  of  them,  they  made  a  circle 
of  ashes  about  the  lodge,  or  house,  which  the  spirits  cannot  cross.  They 
also  used  a  vegetable  "medicine"  called  black  root  (ma-ka'-ta-wa- 
tcip'-ki),38  which  they  rubbed  on  a  gun-barrel,  and  then  fired  the  gun 
at  any  strange  noise  which  they  suspected  to  be  made  by  spirits,  at  the 
same  time  asking  ni-ma'-co-mi'-na  to  make  the  bullet  hit  the  mark. 

This  is  a  survival  of  an  ancient  and  widespread  faith.  La  Potherie 
recounts  how  the  Miamis  fired  guns,  beat  drums,  and  yelled  vociferously 
during  an  eclipse  of  the  moon,  and  the  chiefs  gave  the  explanation : 
"Our  old  men  have  taught  us  that  when  the  Moon  is  sick  it  is  necessary 
to  assist  her  by  discharging  arrows  and  making  a  great  deal  of  noise,  in 
order  to  cause  terror  in  the  spirits  who  are  trying  to  cause  her  death; 
then  she  regains  her  strength,  and  returns  to  her  former  condition. 
If  men  did  not  aid  her  she  would  die,  and  we  would  no  longer  see 
clearly  at  night ;  and  thus  we  could  no  longer  separate  the  twelve  months 
of  the  year".39  This  unfailing  remedy,  as  shown  by  Lafitau,  was  general 
with  the  natives  of  America.  Civilized  man  probably  makes  enough 
noise  to  secure  the  result  without  any  special  effort. 


S8  I  have  not  seen  this  plant,  but  imagine  that  it  is  Rudheckia  hirta,  as  the  Indian 
said,  ' '  the  Whites  call  it  Bachelor 's  Button,  because  a  button  grows  on  the  top,  which 
is  in  the  midst  of  a  brown  flower.  The  stalks  are  from  two  to  three  feet  tall." 

»» Blair's  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.   2,  p.   121. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


71 


The  general  loss  of  their  original  religion  myths  by  the  Miamis  is 
due  to  their  general  early  acceptance  of  Christianity.  The  pioneer 
missionaries  pronounced  them  "very  docile",  "the  most  civil  and  most 


•    . 


.. 


INDIANS  DRIVING  OFF  ECLIPSE  OF  MOON 

(After  Lafitau.    The  lower  part  portrays  the  12th  Chapter  of  the  Book 
of  Revelation,  which  Lafitau  considered  analogous) 

liberal"  of  the  western  tribes,  and  having  "a  docility  which  has  no 
savor  of  barbarism".40  Their  conversion  also  had  a  material  effect  on 
their  habits  and  physical  characteristics.  La  Hontan  says  of  the  west- 


«o  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  59,  pp.  101-3 ;  Vol.  55,  p.  213. 


72  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ern  Algonkins  at  the  earliest  period  of  contact  with  the  French :  ' '  They 
are  neither  so  strong  nor  so  vigorous  as  most  of  the  French  in  raising 
of  weights  with  their  arms,  or  carrying  burdens  on  their  backs;  but  to 
make  amends  for  that  they  are  indefatigable  and  inured  to  hardships, 
insomuch  that  the  inconveniences  of  cold  and  heat  have  no  impression 
upon  them ;  their  whole  time  being  spent  in  the  way  of  exercise,  whether 
at  running  up  and  down,  at  hunting  and  fishing,  or  in  dancing  and 
playing  at  foot  ball,  or  such  games  as  require  the  motion  of  the  legs".41 
This  was  the  result  of  a  Spartan  athletic  training  which  was  especially 
characteristic  of  the  Miamis;  and  La  Hontan  further  speaks  of  their 
sexual  continence,  in  this  connection,  and  their  explanation  that 
excesses  "so  enervate  them  that  they  have  not  the  same  measure  of 
strength  to  undergo  great  fatigues,  and  that  their  hams  are  too  weak 
for  long  marches  or  quick  pursuits". 

In  his  letter  to  the  Provincial,  on  Oct.  21,  1683,  Father  Beschefer 
says  of  the  conversion  of  these  Indians  by  Father  Allouez:  "With 
regard  to  the  superstitions  of  the  Miamis,  he  has  not  much  trouble  in 
disabusing  them  about  these,  because  nearly  all  consist  in  the  very 
strict  observance  of  certain  fasts,  of  several  days  duration — which  the 
old  men  cause  the  youth  to  undergo,  in  order  that  they  may  discover 
during  their  sleep  the  object  upon  which  their  good  fortune  depends 
and  no  sooner  had  the  father  shown  them  the  vanity  of  those  dreams 
than  the  young  men,  delighted  to  be  freed  from  that  obligation,  which 
to  them  seemed  a  very  hard  one,  abandoned  the  fasts.  The  old  men 
have  also  been  compelled  to  admit  that  their  only  reason — which  they 
had  nevertheless  covered  with  specious  pretext  of  religion — was  to  inure 
the  young  men  to  fatigue,  and  to  prevent  their  becoming  too  heavy".42 

The  food  of  the  Miamis  is  a  matter  of  ethnologic  interest.  Count 
Volney,  who  was  a  firm  believer  in  the  influence  of  climate,  soil  and 
food  on  the  human  race,  said  of  the  Indians  on  the  Wabash:  "They 
have  a  good  soil,  with  finer  maize,  and  greater  plenty  of  game  than  are 
found  east  of  the  mountains.  Hence  it  is  that  the  natives  are  a  stout, 
well-formed  race.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Shawanese,  the  stature 
of  those  women  astonished  me  more  than  their  beauty".  At  that  time 
(1797)  the  Miamis  had  adopted  some  of  the  white  man's  food,  for 
William  Wells  told  Volney:  "They  raise  so"me  corn  and  potatoes,  and 
even  cabbages  and  turnips.  Their  captives  have  planted  peach  and 
apple  trees,  and  taught  them  to  breed  poultry,  pigs,  and  even  cows;  in 
short  they  are  as  much  improved  as  the  Creeks  and  the  Choctaws".48 


<i  Thwaite's  La  Hontan,  p.  415. 

«z  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  62,  p.  205. 

«3  View  of  the  Clhnate  and  Soil  of  the  II.  S.,  p.  360. 


••"  V:  •••....  '•=  "  '.. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  73 

If  food  had  affected  their  physique,  its  effects  must  have  begun 
long  before  their  contact  with  the  whites;  and  they  evidently  had  this 
advantage  at  an  early  day.  Perrot  notes  the  difference  between  the 
food  supplies  of  the  tribes  of  the  wooded  countries  and  those  of  the 
prairies.  Of  the  former  he  says :  ' '  The  kinds  of  food  which  the  savages 
like  best,  and  which  they  make  the  most  effort  to  obtain,  are  the  Indian 
corn,  the  kidney  bean,  and  the  squash.  If  they  are  without  these  they 
think  they  are  fasting,  no  matter  what  abundance  of  meat  and  fish  they 
may  have  in  their  stores,  the  Indian  corn  being  to  them  what  bread  is 
to  Frenchmen.  The  Algonkins  (i.  e.  the  Canada  tribe),  however,  and 
all  the  northern  tribes,  who  do  not  cultivate  the  soil,  do  not  lay  up 
corn;  but  when  it  is  given  to  them  while  they  are  out  hunting,  they 
regard  it  as  a  special  treat. 

"Those  people  commonly  live  only  by  hunting  or  fishing;  they  have 
moose,  caribou  and  bears,  but  the  beaver  is  the  most  common  of  all  their 
game.  They  consider  themselves  very  fortunate  in  their  hunting  expe- 
ditions when  they  encounter  some  rabbits,  martens,  or  partridges,  from 
which  to  make  a  soup ;  and  without  what  we  call  tripe  de  roche — which 
you  would  say  is  a  species  of  gray  moss,  dry,  and  resembling  oublies,44 
and  which  of  itself  has  only  an  earthy  taste,  and  the  flavor  of  the  soup 
in  which  it  has  been  cooked — most  of  their  families  would  perish  of 
hunger.  Some  of  these  have  been  known  who  were  compelled  to  eat 
their  own  children,  and  others  whom  starvation  has  entirely  destroyed. 
For  the  north«rn  country  is  the  most  sterile  region  in  the  world,  since 
in  many  places  one  will  not  find  a  single  bird  to  hunt;  however  they 
•  gather  there  plenty  of  blueberries  in  the  months  of  August  and  Septem- 
ber, which  they  are  careful  to  dry  and  keep  for  a  time  of  need".45 

But  passing  from  these  wooded  countries  to  the  lands  of  the  Miamis 
and  Illinois,  Perrot  continues:  "The  savage  peoples  who  inhabit  the 
prairies  have  life-long  good  fortune ;  animals  and  birds  are  found  there 
in  great  numbers,  with  numberless  rivers  abounding  in  fish.  Those 
people  are  naturally  very  industrious,  and  devote  themselves  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  which  is  very  fertile  for  Indian  corn.  It  also 
produces  .beans,  squashes  (both  large  and  small)  of  excellent  flavor, 
fruits,  and  many  kinds  of  roots.  They  have  in  especial  a  certain  method 
of  preparing  squashes  with  the  Indian  corn  cooked  while  in.  its  milk, 


«*  These  are  wafers,  used  to  fasten  paper  together.  The  reference  is  to  the 
gelatinous  character  of  the  plant.  Tripe  de  roche  is  the  edible  lichen,  Umbilicaria 
dillenii.  It  is  used  for  food  only  as  a  last  resort;  and  Father  Andre  well  says  of  it: 
"It  is  necessary  to  close  one's  eyes  when  one  begins  to  eat  it."  (Jesuit  Relations, 
Vol.  55,  p.  151.) 

«  Blair 's  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  1,  p.  102. 


74 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


which  they  mix  and  cook  together  and  then  dry,  which  has  a  very  sweet 
taste.  Finally,  melons  grow  there  which  have  a  juice  no  less  agreeable 
than  refreshing". 

The  Miamis  were  equally  agricultural  in  their  homes  on  the  Wabash 
and  Maumee.46  The  expeditions  of  the  whites  against  them  made  a 
specialty  of  destroying  their  crops,  and  Wilkinson,  Scott  and  others 
call  attention  to  the  extent  of  their  fields.  Gen.  Wayne  wrote:  "The 
very  extensive  and  highly-cultivated  fields  and  gardens  show  the  work 


TREATY  WITH  POTAWATOMIS  AT  CHIPPEWANUNG,  1836 
(From  painting  by  Winters)     . 

of  many  hands.  The  margins  of  those  beautiful  rivers,  the  Miamis  of 
the  Lake  (Maumee)  and  Auglaize  appear  like  one  continued  village 
for  a  number  of  miles  both  above  and  below  this  place;  nor  have  I  ever 
before  beheld  such  immense  fields  of  corn  in  any  part  of  America,  from 
Canada  to  Florida".47 

It  was  noted  by  the  French  that  the  Miamis  raised  a  kind  of  corn 
differing  from  that  raised  by  the  Indians  about  Detroit,  and  it  was  said : 
"It  is  whiter,  of  the  same  size  as  the  other,  the  skin  much  finer,  and 


*«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  55,  p.  213;  Vol.  69,  p.  219;  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  9,  pp. 
891-2. 

"Dillon's  Indiana,  p.  346. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  75 

the  meal  much  whiter".48  This  is  probably  what  the  Miamis  called 
no-kin'-gwa-mi'-ni,  or  soft  corn,  because  it  ground  easily.  It  was  used 
for  lye  hominy,  and  was  the  favorite  corn  for  parching,  as  it  was  easily 
chewed.  Parched  corn,  not  ground,  is  called  klt'-sa-min'-gi ;  when 
ground,  as  it  usually  was  when  carried  for  food,  it  is  called 
ki-ta'-sa-ka'-m.  Corn  in  the  milk  was  preserved  by  boiling  and  then 
drying  it.  This  is  called  min-dji'-pi  co-ko'-sa-min'-gi.  The  favorite  corn 
of  the  Miamis  of  recent  times  is  what  the  whites  call  "squaw  corn", 
and  they  call  ik-ki'-pa-kin'-gwa-mi'-nl  (blue  corn),  or  sometimes 
to-sa'-ni-a  min-dji'-pi  (Indian  corn),  or  Mi-a'mi  mln-dji'-pi  (Miami 
corn).  This  is  an  early  variety,  and  sweeter  than  ordinary  corn.  The 
Indians  are  very  fond  of  a  soup  made  of  scraped  green  corn,  which  is 
called  min-dji'-pi  n'po'-pi,  or  corn  soup. 

Perrot  further  says:  "The  various  kinds  of  animals  that  the 
(prairie)  country  furnishes  are:  buffaloes,  elks,  bears,  lynxes,  raccoons, 
and  panthers,  whose  flesh  is  very  good  for  food.  There  are  also  beavers, 
and  black  and  gray  wolves,  whose  skins  serve  as  their  garments;  and 
still  other  animals  which  also  they  use  for  food.  The  birds  or  fowls  of 
the  rivers  and  swamps  are :  swans,  bustards,  wild  geese,  and  ducks  of  all 
kinds.  Pelicans  are  very  common,  but  they  have  an  oily  flavor,  whether 
alive  or  dead,  which  is  so  disagreeable  that  it  is  impossible  to  eat  them. 
The  land  birds  are  turkeys,  pheasants,  quails,  pigeons,  and  curlews  like 
large  hens,  of  excellent  flavor.  In  that  region  are  found  still  other  birds, 
especially  innumerable  cranes".49 

This  translation  is  somewhat  doubtful.  If  Perrot  did  not  intend  to 
include  deer  in  "cerfs",  which  is  here  translated  "elks",  he  omitted 
the  most  important  food  animal  of  the  region.  He  certainly  did  not 
mean  what  we  cemmonly  call  lynxes  (i.  e.  the  Canadian  lynx)  by  "chats 
cerviers",  for  they  are  not  found  in  the  prairie  country  south  of  Canada. 
What  he  probably  intended  was  the  common  wildcat  (bay  lynx  or  bob 
cat)  which  was  common  in  the  region  referred  to  wherever  woods  were 
found.  Godfrey  informed  me,  however,  that  the  Indians  ate  only  the 
ribs  of  the  wildcat,  and  believed  that  eating  the  legs  would  cause  cramps. 
Like  other  sensible  people,  the  Indians  would  eat  almost  any  animal  or 
bird  in  case  of  emergency,  but  they  had  preferences.  They  did  not 
ordinarily  eat  wolves,  foxes,  minks,  or  skunks ;  nor  the  smaller  animals, 
such  as  ground  squirrels,  weasels,  rats  or  mice.  They  ate  groundhogs, 
and  considered  porcupines  a  delicacy,  except  in  the  pine  woods,  where 
the.ir  flesh  tastes  of  pine.  Godfrey  said  he  never  knew  an  Indian  to  eat 


«  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  9,  p.  891. 
«•  Blair's  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  1,  p.  114. 


• 

74 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


which  they  mix  and  cook  together  and  then  dry,  which  has  a  very  sweet 
taste.  Finally,  melons  grow  there  which  have  a  juice  no  less  agreeable 
than  refreshing". 

The  Miamis  were  equally  agricultural  in  their  homes  on  the  Wabash 
and  Maumee.46  The  expeditions  of  the  whites  against  them  made  a 
specialty  of  destroying  their  crops,  and  Wilkinson,  Scott  and  others 
call  attention  to  the  extent  of  their  fields.  Gen.  Wayne  wrote:  "The 
very  extensive  and  highly-cultivated  fields  and  gardens  show  the  work 


. 


TREATY  WITH  POTAWATOMIS  AT  CHIPPEWANUNG,  1836 
(From  painting  by  Winters) 


of  many  hands.  The  margins  of  those  beautiful  rivers,  the  Miamis  of 
the  Lake  (Maumee)  and  Auglaize  appear  like  one  continued  village 
for  a  number  of  miles  both  above  and  below  this  place ;  nor  have  I  ever 
before  beheld  such  immense  fields  of  corn  in  any  part  of  America,  from 
Canada  to  Florida".47 

It  was  noted  by  the  French  that  the  Miamis  raised  a  kind  of  corn 
differing  from  that  raised  by  the  Indians  about  Detroit,  and  it  was  said : 
"It  is  whiter,  of  the  same  size  as  the  other,  the  skin  much  finer,  and 


«  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  55,  p.  213;  Vol.  69,  p.  219;  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  9,  pp. 

QQ1    O  . 

O*7 -L  '£t, 

*i  Dillon's  Indiana,  p.  346. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  75 

the  meal  much  whiter".48  This  is  probably  what  the  Miamis  called 
no-kln'-gwa-nri'-ni,  or  soft  corn,  because  it  ground  easily.  It  was  used 
for  lye  hominy,  and  was  the  favorite  corn  for  parching,  as  it  was  easily 
chewed.  Parched  corn,  not  ground,  is  called  kit'-sa-mm'-gl ;  when 
ground,  as  it  usually  was  when  carried  for  food,  it  is  called 
kl-ta'-sa-ka'-ni.  Corn  in  the  milk  was  preserved  by  boiling  and  then 
drying  it.  This  is  called  mm-dji'-pi  co-ko'-sa-mm'-gi.  The  favorite  corn 
of  the  Miamis  of  recent  times  is  what  the  whites  call  "squaw  corn", 
and  they  call  ik-ki'-pa-kin'-gwa-mi'-ni  (blue  corn),  or  sometimes 
to-sa'-ni-a  mm-dji'-pi  (Indian  corn),  or  Mi-a'ml  min-dji'-pi  (Miami 
corn).  This  is  an  early  variety,  and  sweeter  than  ordinary  corn.  The 
Indians  are  very  fond  of  a  soup  made  of  scraped  green  corn,  which  is 
called  min-dji'-pi  n'po'-pi,  or  corn  soup. 

Perrot  further  says:  "The  various  kinds  of  animals  that  the 
(prairie)  country  furnishes  are :  buffaloes,  elks,  bears,  lynxes,  raccoons, 
and  panthers,  whose  flesh  is  very  good  for  food.  There  are  also  beavers, 
and  black  and  gray  wolves,  whose  skins  serve  as  their  garments;  and 
still  other  animals  which  also  they  use  for  food.  The  birds  or  fowls  of 
the  rivers  and  swamps  are :  swans,  bustards,  wild  geese,  and  ducks  of  all 
kinds.  Pelicans  are  very  common,  but  they  have  an  oily  flavor,  whether 
alive  or  dead,  which  is  so  disagreeable  that  it  is  impossible  to  eat  them. 
The  land  birds  are  turkeys,  pheasants,  quails,  pigeons,  and  curlews  like 
large  hens,  of  excellent  flavor.  In  that  region  are  found  still  other  birds, 
especially  innumerable  cranes".49 

This  translation  is  somewhat  doubtful.  If  Perrot  did  not  intend  to 
include  deer  in  "cerfs",  which  is  here  translated  "elks",  he  omitted 
the  most  important  food  animal  of  the  region.  He  certainly  did  not 
mean  what  we  cemmonly  call  lynxes  (i.  e.  the  Canadian  lynx)  by  "chats 
cerviers",  for  they  are  not  found  in  the  prairie  country  south  of  Canada. 
What  he  probably  intended  was  the  common  wildcat  (bay  lynx  or  bob 
cat)  which  was  common  in  the  region  referred  to  wherever  woods  were 
found.  Godfrey  informed  me,  however,  that  the  Indians  ate  only  the 
ribs  of  the  wildcat,  and  believed  that  eating  the  legs  would  cause  cramps. 
Like  other  sensible  people,  the  Indians  would  eat  almost  any  animal  or 
bird  in  case  of  emergency,  but  they  had  preferences.  They  did  not 
ordinarily  eat  wolves,  foxes,  minks,  or  skunks ;  nor  the  smaller  animals, 
such  as  ground  squirrels,  weasels,  rats  or  mice.  They  ate  groundhogs, 
and  considered  porcupines  a  delicacy,  except  in  the  pine  woods,  where 
their  flesh  tastes  of  pine.  Godfrey  said  he  never  knew  an  Indian  to  eat 


«  N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  9,  p.  891. 
«»  Blair 's  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  1,  p.  114. 


76  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

a  dog,  though  they  certainly  did  in  early  times.  Possibly  this  is  a  change 
of  custom  due  to  a  change  of  dogs,  from  their  original  wolf  dogs  to  the 
more  valuable  or  less  edible  European  varieties. 

Of  the  water  birds,  it  is  not  certain  what  Perrot  meant  by  bustards 
(outardes),  for  the  European  bustard  is  a  land  bird,  more  like  a  turkey 
than  any  other  American  bird.  Possibly  he  meant  the  American  bittern, 
which  is  eaten  both  by  whites  and  Indians,  and  I  can  testify  that  a  young 
bittern  is  very  palatable.  He  probably  measured  his  ' '  curlews  like  large 
hens"  by  extent  rather  than  weight,  as  the  northern  curlew,  the  largest 
of  all,  seldom  weighs  over  a  pound  and  a  half,  though  it  is  two  feet  in 
length.  Godfrey  said  that  the  Indians  ate  all  the  water  fowl  except 
those  that  taste  fishy  such  as  loons,  fish-ducks  and  herons.  Of  land  birds, 
he  thought  they  did  not  eat  hawks  and  owls  until  they  learned  to  do  so 
from  the  whites.  They  did  not  eat  woodpeckers,  as  they  say  that  eating 
them  will  make  one  deaf.  With  these  exceptions  they  ate  all  birds  of  any 
size.  They  did  not  eat  frogs,  snakes,  lizards,  mussels  or  snails.  Of  turtles 
they  ate  only  the  soft-shell  and  snapping  turtles.  They  considered  the 
flesh  of  the  water-dog  (menobranchus)  poisonous.  Godfrey  said  his  dog 
bit  one,  and  it  made  him  sick,  although  he  did  not  eat  any  of  it. 

As  to  edible  roots  Perrot  says  they,  "have  in  their  country  various 
kinds  of  roots.  That  which  they  call  — — ,  meaning  'bear's  root',  is  an 
actual  poison  if  it  is  eaten  raw ;  but  they  cut  it  in  very  thin  slices,  and  cook 
it  in  an  oven  during  three  days  and  three  nights;  thus  by  heat  they  cause 
the  acrid  substance  which  renders  it  poisonous  to  evaporate  in  steam, 
and  it  then  becomes  what  is  commonly  called  cassava  root".  This  is  a 
good  description  of  the  Indian  turnip  (Arisaema  triphyllum),  but  the 
Miamis  call  it  wi'-ko-pai'-si-a,  which  does  not  mean  "bear's  root". 
I  think  that  Perrot  here  confuses  his  omitted  word  with  the  meaning  of 
"macopin",  which  literally  would  mean  bear  root.  The  Miamis  do  not 
now  use  this  word,  nor  know  to  what  it  refers,  but  it  was  in  common 
use  in  Perrot 's  time,  and  the  Illinois  river  was  called  Macopin  river. 
Makopin  is  said  to  be  the  Chippewa  name  of  the  water-chinquepin ;  but 
micoupena  was  the  Peoria  name  of  the  white  water-lily,  Nymphaea 
tuberosa,  and  the  name  of  the  Illinois  river  was  probably  corrupted  from 
this  word.  The  "oven"  mentioned  was  a  hole  dug  in  the  ground,  and 
heated  by  a  fire  in  it,  after  which  it  was  cleaned  out,  filled  with  food, 
and  covered  over.  Further  mention  of  its  use  is  made  in  connection  with 
the  wild  onion. 

Perrot  continues:  "Also  in  winter  they  dig  from  under  the  ice,  or 
where  there  is  much  mud  and  little  water,  a  certain  root  of  better  quality 
than  that  which  I  have  just  mentioned ;  but  it  is  only  found  in  the  Louisi- 
ana country,  some  fifteen  leagues  above  (below)  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  77 

consin.  The  savages  call  this  root  in  their  own  language  pokekoretch; 
and  the  French  give  it  no  other  name  because  nothing  at  all  resembling 
it  is  seen  in  Europe.  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  root,  about  half  as  thick 
as  ones  arm,  or  a  little  more;  it  also  has  firm  flesh,  and  externally 
resembles  an  arm;  in  one  word,  you  would  say  at  sight  of  these  roots 
that  they  are  certainly  great  radishes.  But  cut  it  across  the  two  ends, 
and  it  is  no  longer  the  same  thing ;  for  you  find  inside  it  a  cavity  in  the 
middle,  extending  throughout  its  length  around  which  are  five  or  six 
other  and  smaller  cavities,  which  also  run  from  end  to  end.  To  eat  it, 
you  must  cook  it  over  a  brazier,  and  you  will  find  that  it  tastes  like 
chestnuts.  The  savages  are  accustomed  to  make  provision  of  this  root; 
they  cut  it  into  pieces  and  string  them  on  a  cord,  in  order  to  dry  them 
in  the  smoke.  When  these  pieces  are  thoroughly  dry,  and  as  hard  as 
wood,  they  put  them  into  bags  and  keep  them  as  long  as  they  wish.  If 
they  boil  their  meat  in  a  kettle,  they  also  cook  therein  this  root,  which 
thus  becomes  soft ;  and,  when  they  wish  to  eat,  it  answers  for  bread  with 
their  meat.  It  is  always  better  with  considerable  grease;  for  although 
this  root  is  very  sweet  and  has  a  good  flavor,  it  sticks  to  the  throat  in 
swallowing  and  goes  down  with  difficulty,  because  it  is  very  dry.  The 
women  gather  this  root,  and  recognize  it  by  the  dried  stem,  which  appears 
sticking  up  above  the  ice.  The  shape  (of  the  dry  top)  is  like  a  crown, 
of  red  color ;  it  is  as  large  as  the  bottom  of  a  plate,  and  is  full  of  seeds 
in  every  way  resembling  hazelnuts;  and  when  these  are  roasted  under 
hot  cinders  they  taste  just  like  chestnuts". 

This  plant  is  plainly  Nelumbium  luteum — the  American,  lotus,  yellow 
water-lily,  water  chinquepin,  wankapin  or  yoncopin.  Sarah  Wadsworth 
informed  me  that  the  common  mode  of  its  preparation  by  the  Miami 
women  was  to  gather  the  roots  (tubers),  soak  them  in  lye  to  loosen  the 
skin,  and  then  peel  and  boil  them.  The  seeds  were  likewise  soaked  in 
lye,  and  shelled.  Of  these  they  made  soup  or  cooked  them  as  desired. 
The  Miami  name  of  the  plant  is  pok'-ci-kwal-ya'-ki,  i.  e.  full  of  holes, 
or  nostrils,  which  will  be  appreciated  by  those  who  are  familiar  with 
the  plant. 

Perrot  continues:  "That  country  also  produces  potatoes;  some  are 
as  large  as  an  egg,  others  have  the  size  of  ones  fist,  or  a  little  more.  They 
boil  these  in  water  by  a  slow  fire  during  twenty-four  hours ;  when  they 
are  thoroughly  cooked  you  will  find  in  them  an  excellent  flavor,  much 
resembling  that  of  prunes — which  are  cooked  in  the  same  way  in  France, 
to  be  served  with  dessert".  This  passage  has  caused  no  little  worry  to 
students  of  Perrot,  to  know  just  what  plant  he  refers  to.  Possibly  he 
meant  more  than  one,  for  there  are  several  "Indian  potatoes".  First 
of  these  is  the  psoralea  esculenta,  or  pomme  de  prairie,  or  navet  de 


78  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

prairie  of  the  western  plains,  which  I  think  may  be  excluded  as  foreign 
to  the  Algonquian  region,  and  probably  unknown  to  Perrot.  The  Jeru- 
salem artichoke  (helianthus  tuberosa)  appears  to  me  to  meet  his  descrip- 
tion more  nearly  than  any  other  one  plant,  and  its  tubers  were  eaten  by 
the  Indians.  Possibly  he  may  refer  to  the  ground-nut,  or  ground-bean, 
Apios  tuberosa.  The  tubers  of  this  plant  were  called  "rosaries"  by  the 
early  Canadians,  because  they  resembled  beads,30  and  the  Miami  name, 
a-pi-ka'-ni-ta  is  similar  to  a-pi-ka'-na-ki,  which  is  their  name  for  ' '  peace 
beads".  Another  plant  called  Indian  potato,  is  the  " man-of-the-earth ", 
Ipomea  pandurata,  which  is  of  the  morning-glory  family." 

Perrot  continues:  "The  tribes  of  the  prairies  also  find  in  certain 
places  lands  that  are  fertile,  and  kept  moist  by  the  streams  that  water 
them,  whereon  grow  onions  of  the  size  of  ones  thumb.  The  root  is  like 
a  leek,  and  the  plant  which  grows  from  it  resembles  the  salsify.  This 
onion,  I  declare,  is  so  exceedingly  acrid  that  if  one  tries  to  swallow  it, 
it  would  all  at  once  wither  the  tongue,  the  throat,  and  the  inside  of  the 
mouth ;  I  do  not  know,  however,  whether  it  would  have  the  same  injurious 
effect  on  the  inside  of  the  body.  But  this  difficulty  hardly  ever  occurs, 
for  as  soon  as  one  takes  it  into  his  mouth  he  spits  it  out ;  and  one  imagines 
that  it  is  a  certain  wild  garlic,  which  is  quite  common  in  the  same  places, 
and  has  also  an  insupportable  acridness.  When  the  savages  lay  in  a 
store  of  these  onions,  with  which  the  ground  is  covered,  they  first  build 
an  oven,  upon  which  they  place  the  onions,  covering  them  with  a  thick 
layer  of  grass;  and  by  means  of  the  heat  which  the  fire  communicates 
to  them  the, acrid  quality  leaves  them,  nor  are  they  damaged  by  the 
flames ;  and  after  they  have  been  dried  in  the  sun  they  become  an  excel- 
lent article  of  food".  The  wild  onion  is  still  eaten  by  the  Miamis  as  an 
early  vegetable,  but  without  this  formidable  preparation.  They  are 
washed,  cut  fine,  and  fried  in  grease  until  they  wilt ;  then  a  little  water 
is  added,  with  salt,  pepper,  and  enough  flour  to  cream.  This  removes  the 
acrid  taste. 

Perrot  continues:  "The  prairies  inhabited  by  the  Illinois  produce 
various  fruits,  such  as  medlars,  large  mulberries,  plums,  and  abundance 
of  nuts,  as  in  France ;  and  many  other  fruits.  As  for  the  nuts,  some  are 
found  as  large  as  a  hen  ( 's  egg)  which  are  so  bitter  and  oily  that  they 


so  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  6,  p.  273. 

»i  The  mss.  dictionary,  ascribed  to  Le  Boulanger,  preserved  in  the  John  Carter 
Brown  Library,  at  Providence,  gives  the  following  definitions:  "  pokicorewafci, 
hollow  roots";  "micopena,  large  root  in  the  water";  "apena,  pi.  apeniki,  potatoes"; 
wicapisia,  root  for  guarding  themselves  from  death  from  serpents  that  they  fear. 
The  bulb  is  white,  and  rises  out  of  the  ground.  The  stem  is  a  foot  high,  the  leaves 
of  four  ribs  (or  on  four  sides),  and  a  little  red  button  on  the  top. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


79 


are  good  for  nothing  for  eating.  There  are  also  strawberries  in 
abundance,  raspberries  and  potatoes.  But  the  people  farther  north,  as 
far  up  as  Wisconsin,  have  no  longer  these  medlars,  and  those  who  are 


KILSOKWA — THE  SETTING  SUN 
(Granddaughter  of  The  Little  Turtle) 

still  farther  away  are  without  these  nuts  like  those  of  France".  The 
medlars  are,  no  doubt,  persimmons.  The  "bitter  and  oily"  nuts  are 
more  doubtful.  He  wrote  "as  large  as  a  hen",  and  Father  Tailhan  adds 
the  "egg"  explapation,  but  even  that  does  not  help  much,  unless  Perrot 
meant  to  include  the  outer  covering  when  referring  to  the  size ;  in  which 


78 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


prairie  of  the  western  plains,  which  I  think  may  be  excluded  as  foreign 
to  the  Algouquian  region,  and  probably  unknown  to  Perrot.  The  Jeru- 
salem artichoke  (helianthus  tuberosa)  appears  to  me  to  meet  his  descrip- 
tion more  nearly  than  any  other  one  plant,  and  its  tubers  were  eaten  by 
the  Indians.  Possibly  he  may  refer  to  the  ground-nut,  or  ground-bean, 
Apios  tuberosa.  The  tubers  of  this  plant  were  called  "rosaries"  by  the 
early  Canadians,  because  they  resembled  beads,50  and  the  Miami  name, 
a-pi-ka'-ni-ta  is  similar  to  a-pi-ka'-na-ki,  which  is  their  name  for  "peace 
beads".  Another  plant  called  Indian  potato,  is  the  " man-of-the-earth ", 
Ipomea  pandurata,  which  is  of  the  morning-glory  family.51 

Perrot  continues:  "The  tribes  of  the  prairies  also  find  in  certain 
places  lands  that  are  fertile,  and  kept  moist  by  the  streams  that  water 
them,  whereon  grow  onions  of  the  size  of  ones  thumb.  The  root  is  like 
a  leek,  and  the  plant  which  grows  from  it  resembles  the  salsify.  This 
onion,  I  declare,  is  so  exceedingly  acrid  that  if  one  tries  to  swallow  it, 
it  would  all  at  once  wither  the  tongue,  the  throat,  and  the  inside  of  the 
mouth ;  I  do  not  know,  however,  whether  it  would  have  the  same  injurious 
effect  on  the  inside  of  the  body.  But  this  difficulty  hardly  ever  occurs, 
for  as  soon  as  one  takes  it  into  his  mouth  he  spits  it  out ;  and  one  imagines 
that  it  is  a  certain  wild  garlic,  which  is  quite  common  in  the  same  places, 
and  has  also  an  insupportable  acridness.  When  the  savages  lay  in  a 
store  of  these  onions,  with  which  the  ground  is  covered,  they  first  build 
an  oven,  upon  which  they  place  the  onions,  covering  them  with  a  thick 
layer  of  grass;  and  by  means  of  the  heat  which  the  fire  communicates 
to  them  the  .acrid  quality  leaves  them,  nor  are  they  damaged  by  the 
flames;  and  after  they  have  been  dried  in  the  sun  they  become  an  excel- 
lent article  of  food".  The  wild  onion  is  still  eaten  by  the  Miamis  as  an 
early  vegetable,  but  without  this  formidable  preparation.  They  are 
washed,  cut  fine,  and  fried  in  grease  until  they  wilt ;  then  a  little  water 
is  added,  with  salt,  pepper,  and  enough  flour  to  cream.  This  removes  the 
acrid  taste. 

Perrot  continues:  "The  prairies  inhabited  by  the  Illinois  produce 
various  fruits,  such  as  medlars,  large  mulberries,  plums,  and  abundance 
of  nuts,  as  in  France ;  and  many  other  fruits.  As  for  the  nuts,  some  are 
found  as  large  as  a  hen  ( 's  egg)  which  are  so  bitter  and  oily  that  they 

so  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  6,  p.  273. 

5i  The  mss.  dictionary,  ascribed  to  Le  Boulanger,  preserved  in  the  John  Carter 
Brown  Library,  at  Providence,  gives  the  following  definitions:  "pokicorewaki, 
hollow  roots ";  "micopena,  large  root  in  the  water";  "apena,  pi.  apeniki,  potatoes"; 
wicapisia,  root  for  guarding  themselves  from  death  from  serpents  that  they  fear. 
The  bulb  is  white,  and  rises  out  of  the  ground.  The  stem  is  a  foot  high,  the  leaves 
of  four  ribs  (or  on  four  sides),  and  a  little  red  button  on  the  top. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


79 


are  good  for  nothing  for  eating.  There  are  also  strawberries  in 
abundance,  raspberries  and  potatoes.  But  the  people  farther  north,  as 
far  up  as  Wisconsin,  have  no  longer  these  medlars,  and  those  who  are 


KILSOKWA — THE  SETTING  SUN 
(Granddaughter  of  The  Little  Turtle) 

still  farther  away  are  without  these  nuts  like  those  of  France".  The 
medlars  are,  no  doubt,  persimmons.  The  "bitter  and  oily"  nuts  are 
more  doubtful.  He  wrote  "as  large  as  a  hen",  and  Father  Tailhan  adds 
the  "egg"  explanation,  but  even  that  does  not  help  much,  unless  Perrot 
meant  to  include  the  outer  covering  when  referring  to  the  size ;  in  which 


80  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

case  he  might  have  intended  the  pig-nut  or  the  buckeye.  Tailhan  suggests 
that  he  refers  to  a  fruit  described  by  Marquette,  the  size  of  an  egg,  which 
he  broke  in  two  pieces,  ' '  in  each  of  which  there  were  eight  or  ten  seeds 
inclosed.  They  have  the  shape  of  an  almond,  and  are  very  good  when 
they  are  ripe.  The  tree,  however,  which  bears  them,  has  a  very  bad 
odor,  and  its  leaf  is  like  that  of  the  walnut".  It  is  hard  to  imagine  what 
Marquette  referred  to  unless  it  was  the  pawpaw,  and  it  can  scarcely  be 
called  a  bitter  and  oily  nut.  The  Miamis  ate  pawpaws,  but  did  not  eat 
may-apples.  With  the  nuts  may  be  included  the  acorns  of  several  species 
of  oak,  which  they  gathered  and  cooked. 

The  Miamis  availed  themselves  of  "greens"  of  various  kinds,  some 
of  which  are  not  used  by  the  whites,  as,  for  example,  the  flowers  of  the 
mulberry,  which  they  gathered  and  cooked  as  a  vegetable.  Their  prefer- 
ence in  greens  is  for  the  shoots  of  the  common  (purple)  milkweed,  which 
is  prepared  much  the  same  as  asparagus.  Godfrey  said  that  milkweed 
"has  substance",  and  that  it  could  be  used  in  place  of  potatoes.  They 
do  not  eat  the  shoots  of  the  smaller  species  of  asclepias,  or  of  the  white- 
flowered  milkweed,  which  they  call  la-mon-das'-sa,  or  "pups",  and  pro- 
nounce poisonous.  They  use  the  shoots  of  poke,  but  Godfrey 's  belief  was 
that  they  did  not  use  poke,  mushrooms,  or  wild  lettuce,  until  they  learned 
to  eat  them  from  the  whites.  He  was  probably  wrong  as  to  this,  as  the 
instruction  concerning  the  use  of  native  plants  came  the  other  way.  Of 
mushrooms,  the  Miamia  eat  the  morels  and  the  two  large  gyromitras — 
esculenta  and  brunnea.  They  do  not  eat  puff-balls,  believing  that  they 
cause  dropsy — in  fact  the  name  given  to  them,  pa-sa'-to-wa-ka'-ni,  means 
"thing  that  causes  dropsy".  The  edible  sponge  mushrooms,  which  they 
used,  as  mentioned,  are  called  mi-no-sa'-ka-i,  which  is  the  name  given  to 
tripe. 

Most  of  the  domestic  wants  of  the  Indians  were  supplied  without 
much  difficulty.  For  example,  cordage  of  all  kinds  was  obtained  from 
the  inner  bark  of  the  linn  tree.  For  temporary  use  this  needed  no  prepa- 
ration. When  boys  went  hunting  with  men,  jt  was  their  first  work  to  get 
linn  bark  to  hobble  the  horses,  while  the  men  hunted.  When  rope  was 
wanted  for  permanent  use,  the  squaws  boiled  this  bark,  and  twisted  or 
braided  it  while  it  was  damp.  If  they  wanted  canoes  lighter  than  dug- 
outs, they  made  them  of  the  bark  of  the  water-elm  or  hickory,  the  pig-nut 
hickory  being  considered  best.  They  cut  down  a  tree,  and  peeled  off  the 
bark  with  flat  sticks.  In  the  spring,  when  the  trees  were  beginning  to 
leave,  the  bark  came  off  easily,  and  at  other  times  they  had  to  pound  it 
to  loosen  it.  This  kind  of  bark  was  also  used  for  tables  for  drying  corn, 
berries  and  fruit.  The  strips  of  bark  were  pressed  out  flat  till  they  dried, 
and  were  then  laid  on  poles  placed  in  forked  sticks.  It  was  also  used  for 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  81 


sugar  troughs,  by  bending  the  ends  up  and  fastening  them.  The  joints 
in  these  and  in  canoes  were  stopped  with  gum  from  evergreen  trees  and 
beeswax.  When  through  with  a  season 's  sugar-making,  the  troughs  were 
soaked,  straightened  out,  and  dried,  after  which  they  were  piled  up  like 
shingles  for  the  next  year ;  and  when  thus  cared  for  they  would  serve  for 
several  years.  They  also  made  boxes  of  this  kind  of  bark,  and  in  gen- 
eral used  it  for  most  of  the  purposes  for  which  we  use  boards. 

Although  there  is  a  general  impression  among  white  people  that  the 
life  of  an  Indian  woman  was  one  of  drudgery,  there  is  practical  agree- 
ment of  all  actual  witnesses  that  her  work  was  not  so  hard  as  that  of  the 
average  frontier  white  woman.  It  was  also  on  a  social  basis  that  made 
it  much  less  trying.  A  typical  testimony  is  the  following  from  Mary 
Jemison,  a  white  captive  among  the  Senecas:  "  Notwithstanding  the 
Indian  women  have  all  the  fuel  and  bread  to  procure,  and  the  cooking 
to  perform,  their  task  is  probably  not  harder  than  that  of  white  women 
who  have  those  articles  provided  for  them ;  and  their  cares  are  certainly 
not  half  as  numerous  nor  as  great.  In  the  summer  season  we  planted, 
tended  and  harvested  our  corn,  and  generally  had  all  our  children  with 
us ;  but  we  had  no  master  to  oversee  or  drive  us,  so  that  we  could  work 
as  leisurely  as  we  pleased.  *  *  *  In  the  spring  they  chose  an  active 
old  squaw  to  be  their  driver  or  overseer,  when  at  labor,  for  the  ensuing 
year.  She  accepts  the  honor,  and  they  consider  themselves  bound  to 
obey  her.  When  the  time  for  planting  arrives,  and  the  soil  is  prepared, 
the  squaws  are  assembled  in  the  morning,  and  conducted  into  a  field, 
where  each  plants  one  row.  They  then  go  into  the  next  field  and  plant 
once  across,  and  90  on  till  they  have  gone  through  the  tribe.  If  any 
remains  to  be  planted,  they  again  commence  where  they  did  at  first  (in 
the  same  field)  and  so  keep  on  till  the  whole  is  finished.  By  this  rule 
they  perform  their  labor  of  every  kind,  and  every  jealousy  of  one  having 
done  more  than  another  is  effectually  avoided."  5Z 

The  tribal  organization  was  managed  by  a  head  chief,  a  war  chief 
and  band  chief.  The  bands  were  merely  communities,  usually  of  rela- 
tives. After  the  removals  from  the  state,  those  who  remained  had 
bands  as  follows:  Ml-cm'-gwa-min'-dja 's  band,  near  Jalapa,  on  the 
Mississinewa  were  called  Wis-sa'-ki-ha'-ki.  The  Slocum  family,  lower 
down  the  Mississinewa,  were  called  Ci-pa'-ka-na'-ki,  from  Ci-pa'-ka- 
na  (The  Awl)  the  husband  of  Frances  Slocum.  Those  of  the  settle- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa  were  called  Na-ma'-tci-sin-wa'-ki ; 
those  on  upper  Eel  River  Ki-na-pi'-ko-ma-kwa'-ki ;  those  on  Pipe  Creek 
Pwa-ka'-na-kl  The  Miamis  about  Port  Wayne  were  called  Ki-kai'-a-ki, 


»2  See  collected  authorities  in  Archeological  Hist,  of  Ohio,  pp.  481-5. 

Vol.  I— « 


82  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  those  from  Roanoke  to  Little  River  were  called  Na-kau'-wi-ka'-mi- 
a'-ki,  or  people  of  the  Aboite  River.  There  could  be  no  better  illustration 
of  the  way  in  which  Indian  tribal  names  were  multiplied  in  earlier  days. 

The  early  settlement  of  Indiana  did  not  call  for  any  removal  of 
Indians,  as  they  were  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  the  American 
immigration  was  into  the  southern  portion.  The  first  to  feel  the  demand 
of  the  whites  for  more  land  were  the  Delawares,  who  had  settled  on  White 
River  about  1750,  by  permission  of  the  Miamis,  and  who  by  their  treaty 
of  1818  removed  within  three  years  thereafter.  The  other  Indians 
remained,  but  were  gradually  pushed  into  narrower  limits.  None  of 
them  wished  to  leave,  and  for  several  years  they  successfully  opposed 
removal.  In  the  report  of  the  treaties  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa, 
in  1826,  the  Commissioners,  Lewis  Cass,  James  B.  Ray  and  John  Tipton, 
say:  "It  was  impossible  to  procure  the  assent  of  the  Pattawatamies  or 
Miamis  to  a.  removal  west  of  the  Mississippi.  They  are  not  yet  prepared 
for  this  important  change  in  their  situation.  Time,  the  destruction  of 
the  game,  and  the  approximation  of  our  settlements  are  necessary  before 
this  measure  can  be  successfully  proposed  to  them.  It  was  urged  as  far 
as  prudence  permitted,  and  in  fact,  until  it  became  apparent  that  further 
persuasion  would  defeat  every  object  we  had  in  view".53 

The  removal  of  the  Potawatomis  began  under  the  treaty  of  1832,  the 
last  of  their  removals  being  that  of  Menominee's  band  in  1838,  under 
circumstances  of  great  hardship  to  them,  and  causing  the  death  of  Father 
Petit,  who  accompanied  them.64  In  1840  the  greater  part  of  the  Miamis 
agreed  to  removal;  and  in  1844  a  contract  was  made  with  Thomas 
Dowling  for  their  removal ;  but  they  did  not  get  started  until  1846,  the 
first  party  reaching  their  destination,  Osage  River  Agency,  in  November 
of  that  year.  There  were  three  parties  or  sections  in  this  removal,  all 
under  charge  of  Christmas  Dagenet,  who  died  on  the  third  trip. 

Christmas  Dagenet  was  a  son  of  Ambrose  Dagenet,  an  early  French 
settler,  who  was  with  Harrison  in  the  Tippecanoe  campaign.  Ambrose 
married  Mi-cm'-gwa-min'-dja,  (Burr  Oak  tree)  a  Wea  woman,  and  their 
son  Christmas  was  born  Dec.  25,  1799,  at  the  old  Wea  town  above  Terre 
Haute.  On  Feb.  16,  1819,  Christmas  was  married  by  Rev.  Isaac  McCoy, 
at  his  mission  school  in  Parke  County,  to  Mary  Ann  Isaacs,  daughter 
of  Chief  Joseph  Isaacs  of  the  Brotherton  Indians.  Their  grandson, 
Charles  E.  Dagenet,  is  now  Supervisor  of  Indian  Employment,  for  the 
national  government.  He  was  born  on  the  reservation  in  Kansas, 
Sept.  17,  1873,  and  accompanied  his  parents  to  Oklahoma  in  1882.  He 


Am.  State  Papers,  Indians,  Vol.  2,  p.  684. 
True  Indian  Stories,  Dunn,  p.  234. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


83 


was  educated  at  Carlisle,  learning  the  printers  trade ;  edited  The  Miami 
Chief,  at  Miami,  Oklahoma,  for  two  years ;  and  then  entered  the  Govern- 
ment service  on  Sept.  1,  1894,  as  a  teacher  among  the  Sioux,  in  South 
Dakota.  He  was  promoted  successively  to  Disciplinarian,  Clerk,  and  in 
1905  to  his  present  responsible  position,  which  he  has  filled  most 
efficiently.  He  married  Esther  Miller  (As-san'-zan-kwa,  or  Sunshine 


CHARLES  E.  DAGENET 


Woman)  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Miller,  or  Ma'-to-sa'-m-a,  the  last  of  the 
Miami  head  chiefs  in  Kansas.  She  was  also  a  Carlisle  graduate,  and  a 
successful  teacher  in  the  Government  service. 

After  the  death  of  Christmas  Dagenet  his  widow  remained  in  Kansas, 
where  she  married  Baptiste,  a  full-blood  Peoria,  who  is  known  historically 
as  Baptiste  Peoria,  and  who  was  of  notable  service  to  the  emigrant 
Indians.  While  these  were  in  Indiana  and  Illinois  the  havoc  wrought 
among  them  by  whisky  was  shocking,  but  when  they  got  to  Kansas  it  was 


82 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  those  from  Roanoke  to  Little  River  were  called  Na-kau'-wi-ka'-mi- 
a'-ki,  or  people  of  the  Aboite  River.  There  could  be  no  better  illustration 
of  the  way  in  which  Indian  tribal  names  were  multiplied  in  earlier  days. 

The  early  settlement  of  Indiana  did  not  call  for  any  removal  of 
Indians,  as  they  were  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  and  the  American 
immigration  was  into  the  southern  portion.  The  first  to  feel  the  demand 
of  the  whites  for  more  land  were  the  Delawares,  who  had  settled  on  White 
River  about  1750,  by  permission  of  the  Miamis,  and  who  by  their  treaty 
of  1818  removed  within  three  years  thereafter.  The  other  Indians 
remained,  but  were  gradually  pushed  into  narrower  limits.  None  of 
them  wished  to  leave,  and  for  several  years  they  successfully  opposed 
removal.  In  the  report  of  the  treaties  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa, 
in  1826,  the  Commissioners,  Lewis  Cass,  James  B.  Ray  and  John  Tipton, 
say:  "It  was  impossible  to  procure  the  assent  of  the  Pattawatamies  or 
Miamis  to  a,  removal  west  of  the  Mississippi.  They  are  not  yet  prepared 
for  this  important  change  in  their  situation.  Time,  the  destruction  of 
the  game,  and  the  approximation  of  our  settlements  are  necessary  before 
this  measure  can  be  successfully  proposed  to  them.  It  was  urged  as  far 
as  prudence  permitted,  and  in  fact,  until  it  became  apparent  that  further 
persuasion  would  defeat  every  object  we  had  in  view".53 

The  removal  of  the  Potawatomis  began  under  the  treaty  of  1832,  the 
last  of  their  removals  being  that  of  Menominee's  band  in  1838,  under 
circumstances  of  great  hardship  to  them,  and  causing  the  death  of  Father 
Petit,  who  accompanied  them.54  In  1840  the  greater  part  of  the  Miamis 
agreed  to  removal;  and  in  1844  a  contract  was  made  with  Thomas 
Bowling  for  their  removal ;  but  they  did  not  get  started  until  1846,  the 
first  party  reaching  their  destination,  Osage  River  Agency,  in  November 
of  that  year.  There  were  three  parties  or  sections  in  this  removal,  all 
under  charge  of  Christmas  Dagenet.  who  died  on  the  third  trip. 

Christmas  Dagenet  was  a  son  of  Ambrose  Dagenet,  an  early  French 
settler,  who  was  with  Harrison  in  the  Tippeeanoe  campaign.  Ambrose 
married  Mi-cm'-gwa-mm'-dja,  (Burr  Oak  tree)  a  Wea  woman,  and  their 
son  Christmas  was  born  Dec.  25,  1799,  at  the  old  Wea  town  above  Terre 
Haute.  On  Feb.  16,  1819,  Christmas  was  married  by  Rev.  Isaac  McCoy, 
at  his  mission  school  in  Parke  County,  to  Mary  Ann  Isaacs,  daughter 
of  Chief  Joseph  Isaacs  of  the  Brotherton  Indians.  Their  grandson, 
Charles  E.  Dagenet,  is  now  Supervisor  of  Indian  Employment,  for  the 
national  government.  He  was  born  on  the  reservation  in  Kansas, 
Sept.  17,  1873,  and  accompanied  his  parents  to  Oklahoma  in  1882.  He 


53  Am.  State  Papers,  Indians,  Vol.  2,  p.  684. 
«  True  Indian  Stories,  Dunn,  p.  234. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


83 


was  educated  at  Carlisle,  learning  the  printers  trade ;  edited  The  Miami 
Chief,  at  Miami,  Oklahoma,  for  two  years ;  and  then  entered  the  Govern- 
ment service  on  Sept.  1,  1894,  as  a  teacher  among  the  Sioux,  in  South 
Dakota.  He  was  promoted  successively  to  Disciplinarian,  Clerk,  and  in 
1905  to  his  present  responsible  position,  which  he  has  filled  most 
efficiently.  He  married  Esther  Miller  (As-san'-zan-kwa,  or  Sunshine 


CHARLES  E.  DAGKNET 


Woman)  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Miller,  or  Ma'-to-sa'-ni-a,  the  last  of  the 
Miami  head  chiefs  in  Kansas.  She  was  also  a  Carlisle  graduate,  and  a 
successful  teacher  in  the  Government  service. 

After  the  death  of  Christmas  Dagenet  his  widow  remained  in  Kansas, 
where  she  married  Baptiste,  a  full-blood  Peoria,  who  is  known  historically 
as  Baptiste  Peoria,  and  who  was  of  notable  service  to  the  emigrant 
Indians.  While  these  were  in  Indiana  and  Illinois  the  havoc  wrought 
among  them  by  whisky  was  shocking,  but  when  they  got  to  Kansas  it  was 


.       • 


84  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

appalling.  Not  only  "boot-leggers"  but  licensed  traders,  in  open  viola- 
tion of  law,  supplied  them  with  all  the  liquor  they  could  pay  for,  and 
that  of  the  vilest  quality.  Everybody  knows  something  of  the  crimes  of 
violence  in  civilized  communities  caused  by  intoxication,  but  on  a  lawless 
frontier,  among  these  uncivilized  people,  the  deaths  from  violence  due 
to  whisky,  exceeded  deaths  from  all  other  causes  in  proportion  of  more 
than  five  to  one.  Isaac  McCoy,  who  saw  the  work  in  progress,  said:  "Of 
this  murderous  traffic  one  cannot  think  without  horror,  nor  speak  without 
indignation  tempting  him  to  transcend  the  bounds  of  moderation.  We 
talk  of  Indians  being  distressed  and  destroyed  by  war;  but  we  destroy 
them  much  faster  in  times  of  peace  than  in  times  of  war.  If  the  bloody 
history  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico,  in  the  sixteenth 
century  is  revolting  to  the  feelings  of  the  reader,  what  must  we  say  of 
our  own  countrymen  in  this  nineteenth  century?  They  murdered  by 
slavery  in  the  mines,  or  by  cross-bows  and  blood-hounds ;  but  we  murder 
by  poison,  which  if  more  slow  in  its  effects,  is  more  insidious,  and  certain, 
and  dreadful".85 

Baptiste  had  been  in  the  government  service  much  of  the  time  for 
thirty  years,  and  under  his  leadership,  the  demoralized  remnants  of  the 
Peorias,  Weas,  Kaskaskias,  and  Piankeshaws  confederated  before  their 
treaty  of  1854;  and  under  his  leadership  they  removed  to  Oklahoma  in 
1867,  where  Baptist*  died,  Sept.  13,  1873,  at  the  age  of  80  years.  The 
Western  Miamis  did  not  join  this  federation  until  1873,  and  then  not 
fully.  They  held  the  land  jointly,  but  had  separate  annuities,  and 
separate  tribal  organization. 

After  the  death  of  The  Little  Turtle,  in  1812,  his  nephew,  John 
Baptiste  Richardville  (Pm-ji'-wa,  or  The  Wild  Cat)  was  made  head 
chief  and  retained  that  office  until  his  death,  in  1841,  when  his  son-in-law 
To'-pi-a,  or  Francis  Lafontaine,  became  head  chief.  He  went  west  with 
the  removed  Miamis  in  1846;  and  on  his  return,  took  sick  and  died  at 
Lafayette,  Ind.,  in  the  spring  of  1847.  After  that  there  was  no  head 
chief  of  the  Miami  Nation.  The  emigrant  Miamis,  however,  had  made 
O-san'-di-a,  or  Poplar  Tree,  their  chief;  but  this  did  not  include  the 
Weas  and  Piankeshaws,  who  had  preceded  them.  He  was  followed  by 
Na'-wi-lan-gwan'-ga,  or  Four  Wings,  called  "Big  Legs"  by  the  whites, 
until  his  death  in  1858 ;  then  John  Osandia  until  1860 ;  then  N&p-cln'-ga, 
or  Lies  in  his  Place,  until  1862;  then  John  Big  Leg  (Wan-za'-pT-a,  or 
Sunrise)  until  1867.  He  died  while  east  to  make  a  treaty,  at  the  home 
of  his  sister-in-law  Kfl-so'-kwa,  in  Indiana.  Lam-ki-kam'-wa,  or  Stamps 
Hard,  was  then  made  chief,  but  was  soon  impeached,  and  succeeded  by 


History  of  Baptist  Missions,  p.  564. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  85 

John  Roubideau  (A-tci'-pan-gwi-a,  or  Snapping  Turtle).  In  a  short 
time  charges  were  made  against  Roubideau,  and  at  his  trial  ruffians  were 
brought  in  to  break  up  the  council,  which  adjourned  to  avoid  trouble; 
but  Roubideau  resigned,  and  Thomas  Miller  and  David  Gibaut  were 
elected.  They  were  joint  chiefs  when  the  Western  Miami*  who  removed 
to  Oklahoma  made  this  change,  in  1873. 

In  Indiana,  tribal  organization  was  a  mere  formality  after  1846 
except  that  Mi-cin'-gwa-mm'-dja's  band  held  their  reserve  in  common 
until  it  was  partitioned,  under  the  act  of  Congress  of  June  10,  1872, 
among  the  sixty-three  members  then  living,  each  of  whom  received  a 
patent  for  his  share.  With  this  the  last  remnant  of  Indian  tribal  title 
to  lands  in  this  State  was  extinguished. 


. 
- 


• 


GLOSSARY  OF  INDIAN  NAMES  AND  SUPPOSED  INDIAN 

NAMES,  IN  INDIANA 


ABOITE.  River  and  township  in  Allen  County;  corrupted  from  the 
French  name  Riviere  a  Boitte,  or  a  Bouette,  meaning  "River  of 
Minnows".  The  Miami  name  is  Na-kau'-wi-ka'-mi,  or  "Sandy 
Water". 

AMO.  Town  in  Hendricks  County.  Said  to  be  the  Potawatomi  a'-mo,  or 
honey-bee;  in  reality  the  Latin  amo,  I  love. 

ANDERSON.  County  seat  of  Madison  County,  named  for  William  Ander- 
son, Delaware  head  chief,  whose  Indian  name  was  Kok-to'-wha-nund, 
or  "Making  a  cracking  Noise".  The  Delaware  name  of  his  town  at 
this  point  was  Wa'^pi-mms'-kink,  or  "Chestnut  Tree  Place". 

ANOKA.  Town  in  Cass  County.  Said  to  be  a  "made-up"  name,  but  is 
also  a  Sioux  adverb  meaning  "on  both  sides". 

APIKONIT.  Miami  name  of  Capt.  Wm.  Wells ;  abbreviated  form  of  &-pi- 
ka'-ni-ta,  meaning  the  "groundnut",  Apios  tuberosa. 

ASHKUM.  Reservation  and  village  of  Potawatomi  chief  of  that  name,  in 
Miami  County.  Signifies  "anything  continuous". 

ATCHEPONGQUAWE.    See  Butternut  Creek. 

AUBBEENAUBBEE.  Township  in  Fulton  County,  and  reservation  of 
Potawatomi  chief,  Aub'-bi-naub'-bi.  Means  "Looking  Backward" — 
equivalent  to  our  slang  term  "rubber-neck". 

BLACK  HAWK.  Postoffice  in  Vigo  County,  named  for  celebrated  Sauk 
Chief  Mfi-ka'-ta-mi'-ci-kiak'-kiak,  or  Black  Sparrow  Hawk. 

BLACK  LOON.  Reservation  in  Cass  County  for  Miami  named  MS.-ka'-ta- 
mon'-gwa,  or  Black  Loon. 

BUCKONGEHELAS.  Commonest  form  of  name  of  Delaware  war  chief,  and 
his  town  on  White  River.  Properly  Pak-gant'-ci-hi'-las,  or  "Breaker 
to  Pieces". 

BUTTERNUT  CREEK.  Tributary  of  the  Salominee  in  Jay  County.  Indian 
name,  usually  written  Atchepongquawe,  is  Miami  at-tci'-pang- 
kwa'-wa  or  "Snapping  Turtle  Eggs". 

86 


,:-X 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  87 

CAKIMI.  Potawatomi  woman,  for  whose  children  reservation  known  as 
Burnett  Reserve,  on  the  Wabash  below  the  Tippecanoe,  was  made 
by  the  treaty  of  1818.  The  name  is  Ka-ki'-mi,  meaning  Run  Away 
from  Home. 

CALUMET.  Two  streams  in  northwestern  Indiana  tributary  to  Lake 
Michigan,  the  names  of  which  were  formerly  written  Calomick,  Killo- 
mick,  Kenomick,  or  Kennoumic.  These  are  dialect  variations  of  the 
same  word,  ranging  from  Ken-nom'-kia  in  the  Potawatomi  to 
Ge-kel'-i-muk  in  the  Delaware,  and  signifying  a  body  of  deep,  still 
water. 

CAYUGA.  Postoffice  in  Vermillion  County.  Corrupted  from  the  Iroquois 
Gwa-u'-geh,  said  to  mean  "the  place  of  taking  out";  i.  e.  the  begin- 
ning of  a  portage.  . 

CEDAR  CREEK.  Tributary  of  the  St.  Joseph,  in  Allen  County.  A  literal 
translation  of  its  Potawatomi  name,  Mes-kwa'-wa-si'-pi.  The  town  of 
the  Potawatomi  chief  Metea  was  at  its  mouth,  and  was  called  Mes- 
kwa'-wa-si'-pi-o'-tan,  or  Cedar  Creek  Town. 

CHARLEY.  A  Miami  who  had  a  reservation  in  Wabash  County,  adjoining 
the  City  of  Wabash.  A  creek  emptying  there  is  called  Charley  Creek. 
His  Indian  name  was  Ki-tun'-ga,  or  Sleepy. 

CHECHAUKKOSE.  Reservation  and  village,  in  Marshall  County,  of 
Potawatomi  chief,  Tci'-tca-kos,  or  Little  Crane. 

CHICAGO.  (East)  Town  in  Lake  County.  Means  "Place  of  Wild  Onions". 

CHINQUAQUA.  Reservation  in  Cass  County.  Corruption  of  Cin-gwa'- 
kwa,  the  Miami  term  for  all  the  smaller  evergreen  trees. 

CHICHIPE  OUTIPE.  Given  by  Father  Petit  as  the  Potawatomi  name  of 
the  Catholic  mission  at  Twin  Lakes,  in  Marshall  County.  The  first 
word  is  ci-ci'-pa,  or  duck ;  second  word  not  identified. 

CHIPPECOKE.  Common  form  of  name  of  Indian  village  at  Vincennes, 
also  written  Chipkawkay,  etc.  These  are  corruptions  of  the  abbrevia- 
tion of  the  Miami  name,  Tcip-ka'-ki-un'-gi,  or  Place  of  (edible)  Roots. 
The  Delaware  name,  written  Chuphacking,  Chupukin,  or  Chub- 
hicking,  has  the  same  meaning. 

CHIPPEWANAUNG.  Treaty  ground  in  Fulton  County,  of  treaties  with 
Potawatomis,  in  1836.  The  name  refers  to  the  proximity  of  Chip- 
wanic  Creek. 

CHIPWANIC.  Tributary  of  the  Tippecanoe,  near  Manitou  Lake,  in  Fulton 
County.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  Tcip'-wa-nuk',  or  Ghost  Hole. 

CHOPINE.  French  nickname,  meaning  a  pint  measure,  applied  to  two 
Miamis  who  had  reservations  in  Whitley  and  Allen  counties,  respec- 
tively. Old  Chopine's  name  was  Ma-kwa'-kia,  or  Beaver  Head. 
Young  Chopine  was  Pi-kan'-ga,  or  Striking. 


86  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

COESSE.  Town  in  Whitley  County.  Corruption  of  Potawatomi  nick- 
name of  a  Miami  band  chief,  pronounced  Ku-wa'-zi  by  Potawatomis, 
and  Ko-wa'-zi  by  Miamis;  and  meaning  "Old  Man". 

CORNSTALK.  Postoffice  in  Howard  County ;  also  Pete  Cornstalk  Creek,  a 
small  stream  in  the  same  county.  So  called  from  the  nickname  of  an 
old  Miami,  whose  real  name  was  A-san'-zang,  or  Sunshine. 

DEER  CREEK.  Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  emptying  below  Delphi.  For- 
merly called  Passeanong  Creek,  and  same  name  given  to  Deer  Creek 
prairie,  opposite  its  mouth.  This  is  the  Miami  name,  meaning  ' '  The 
Place  of  the  Fawn". 

DELAWARE.  Name  of  county,  town,  and  several  townships.  This  is  an 
English  word,  referring  to  the  residence  of  the  Delaware  Indians  on 
Delaware  River,  which  was  named  for  Lord  De  La  Warr,  Governor 
of  Virginia.  They  call  themselves  Lenni  Lenape,  or  True  Men;  and 
the  western  Indians  usually  called  them  Wa'-pa-na'-kl,  or  Eastlanders. 

DORM  IN".  Prairie  in  Laporte  County.  Corruption  of  m'da'-min,  the 
Potawatomi  word  for  maize  or  corn. 

DRIFTWOOD.  Name  of  the  East  Fork  of  White  River.  Said  to  be  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Miami  name  On'-gwa-sa'-ka,  which  means  driftwood. 
In  the  Reminiscences  of  Col.  John  Ketcham,  p.  11,  the  name  is  given 
Hangonahakwasepoo,  which  is  evidently  Delaware. 

EAGLE  CREEK.  Tributary  of  White  River,  in  Marion  County.  Chamber- 
lain says:  "Its  Indian  name  was  Lau-a-shinga-paim-honnock,  or 
Middle  of  the  Valley". 

EEL  RIVER.  Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  emptying  at  Logansport.  This 
and  the  French  name,  L'Anguille,  are  translations  of  the  Miami  name 
of  the  stream  which  is  Ki-na-pi'-kwo-ma'-kwa,  literally  snake  fish. 

EEL  RIVER.  Tributary  of  White  River  in  Greene  County.  The  Delaware 
name  was  Cak'-a-mak,  literally  slippery  fish. 

ELKHART.  Tributary  of  the  St.  Joseph  of  Lake  Michigan ;  also  city  and 
county.  The  name  was  originally  Elk  Heart,  or  Elksheart,  which, 
like  the  French  name  Coeur  de  Cerf,  is  a  literal  translation  of  the 
Potawatomi  name,  Mi-ceh'-weh-u'-deh-Ik'.  The  name  refers  to  the 
shape  of  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  stream. 

FALL  CREEK.  Tributary  of  White  River  in  Marion  County.  Chamberlain 
gives  the  Delaware  name  as  " Soo-sooc-pa-hal-oc,  or  Spilt  Water". 
Sokpehelluk, .  or  sookpehelluk,  is  the  Delaware  word  for  a  waterfall. 
The  Miami  name  of  the  stream  is  Tcank'-tun-un'-gT,  or  "Makes  a 
Noise  Place".  Both  names  refer  to  the  falls  at  Pendleton,  the  only 
material  waterfall  in  central  Indiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  89 

FLAT  BELLY.  Reservation  in  Noble  and  Kosciusko  counties  for  the  band 
of  Pa'-pa-ki'-tcl,  of  which  the  English  name  is  a  literal  translation. 
His  village  was  at  what  is  now  called  Indian  Village,  in  Noble 
County. 

PORT  WAYNE.    See  Ki'-ki-un'-gi. 

GODFHOY.  Reservation  of  Francois  Godfrey.  He  had  no  Indian  name. 
The  name  Pah-lons'-wah,  given  in  local  histories  is  the  Indian  effort 
at  pronouncing  Francois. 

HUXTINGTON.  County  seat  of  Huntington  County.  The  Miami  name  is 
Wi'-pi-tca'-ki-un'-gi,  or  Place  of  Flints,  referring  to  a  flint  ridge 
which  crosses  the  limestone  here. 

ILE  A  L  'AiL.  French  name  meaning  Island  of  Garlic,  for  a  small  island 
in  the  Wabash,  in  Carroll  County.  The  name  is  used  in  the  treaty  of 
St.  Mary 's,  in  1818,  to  locate  a  reservation  to  the  children  of  Antoine 
Bondie. 

INDIANAPOLIS.  On  account  of  its  location  at  the  mouth  of  Fall  Creek, 
the  Miamis  called  this  place  Tcank'-tun-un'-gi,  or  "Makes  a  Noise 
Place". 

ILLINOIS.    The  stem  il-li'-m, .signifying  "men",  with  French  ending. 
IROQUOIS.     Charlevoix  derives  this  from  their  word  hiro,  meaning  "I 
have  spoken";  others  as  meaning  "real  serpents".    In  Indiana  it  is 
the  name  of  a  river  tributary  to  the  Kankakee,  and  a  township  in 
Newton  County. 

JOSINA  CREEK.  Corruption  of  To-san'-ia,  common  Miami  abbreviation 
of  Met'-o-san'-ia,  Miami  chief  whose  village  was  at  its  mouth.  It  is 
made  Metocinyah  Creek  on  some  maps.  See  Metosania. 
KANKAKEE.  Father  Charlevoix  says  the  name  is  Theakiki,  which  the 
Canadians  had  corrupted  to  Kiakiki.  The  Potawatomi  name  is  Teh'- 
yak-ki'-kl'  or  Swampy  country.  Father  Marest  wrote  it  Huakiki, 
which  is  a  corruption  of  the  Miami  name  M 'wha'-ki-ki,  or  Wolf 
Country.  French  map  makers  from  these  corruptions,  developed 
Qui-que-que,  and  Quin-qui-qui,  which  were  Anglicized  to  Kan-ka-kee. 
KEKIONGA.  Common  form  of  name  of  Indian  town  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
now  in  use  for  Fort  Wayne.  It  is  a  corruption  of  Kls'-ka-kon,  or 
Ki'-ka-kon,  an  Ottawa  tribe  that  had  a  town  there;  the  meaning  is 
"Clipped  Head".  The  French  called  them  Queues  Coupees.  The 
Miamis  corrupted  this  to  Ki'-ki-un'-gi,  and  lost  its  meaning.  They 
now  call  Gen.  Wayne  Ki'-ki-a,  because  Ki'-ki-un'-gi  would  literally 
mean  Ki'-ki-a's  place. 

KENAPACOMAQUA.  Common  form  of  name  of  Miami  town  at  site  of 
Logansport,  destroyed  by  Gen.  Wilkinson  in  1791.  The  Indian 
word  is  Ki-na-pi'-kwo-ma'-kwa.  meaning  eel,  or  snake  fish.  It  is  the 
name  given  to  Logansport,  and  to  Eel  River  which  empties  there. 


90  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

KENTUCKY.  A  stream  in  southern  Indiana.  Its  meaning  is  uncertain, 
as  it  is  not  known  from  what  language  it  comes,  and  statements  of 
the  original  form  vary  from  Kain-tuck  to  Cantuckey.  The  Kentucky 
river  in  the  State  of  Kentucky  was  formerly  also  called  Cuttawa, 
which  probably  is  an  Algonquian  word  for  Cherokee.  The  Miami 
name  for  a  Cherokee  is  Ka-to'-wa. 

KEWANNA.  Postoffice  in  Fulton  County,  and  reservation  for  Potawatomi 
chief  Ki-wa'-na,  the  Prairie  Chicken.  The  word  also  means  "lost". 

KICKAPOO.  Creek  in  Warren  County.  The  meaning  of  the  word  is 
uncertain;  but  Schoolcraft  thought  it  a  corruption  of  N'gikaboo, 
meaning  "Otter's  Ghost". 

KITHTIPPECANUNK.  Common  form  of  name  of  The  Prophet's  Town,  at 
the  mouth  of  Tippecanoe  river.  It  means  Tippecanoe  Town,  or 
Place.  See  Tippecanoe. 

KILLBUCK.  Creek  in  Madison  County,  named  for  Charles  Killbuck,  a 
Delaware  who  lived  there.  It  is  the  family  name  of  the  descendants 
of  a  prominent  Delaware  who  was  converted  by  the  Moravian  mis- 
sionaries. 

KILSOKWA.  Granddaughter  of  The  Little  Turtle.  Born  1810;  died 
Sept.  4,  1915.  Pronounced  Kil-so'-kwa.  Her  father,  Little  Turtle's 
son,  was  named  Wak-cln'-ga,  or  The  Crescent  Moon,  literally  "Lying 
Crooked".  She  married  Antoine  Revarre,  and  passed  her  later 
years  near  Roanoke,  in  Huntington  County. 

KOKOMO.  County  seat  of  Howard  County ;  also  small  stream  near  there. 
Named  for  a  Thorntown  Indian,  whose  name  was  Ko-ka'-ma,  or  The 
Diver. 

LAORO.  Town  in  Wabash  County,  from  Le  Gros,  the  French  nickname 
of  a  Miami  chief  who  lived  there.  The  Miamis  called  him  0-sa'- 
mo-ni,  which  means  nothing,  and  is  no  doubt  a  corruption  of  On'za- 
la'-mo-ni,  the  original  name  of  the  Salominie  River,  which  empties 
at  this  point,  and  which  the  Indians  gave  the  same  name.  See  Sala- 
monie. 

LITTLE  DEER  CREEK.  Stream  in  Miami  County.  The  Miami  name  is 
a-pas'-si-a,  which  is  their  word  for  fawn. 

LITTLE  MUNSEE.  A  Delaware  town  four  miles  east  of  Anderson,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Moravian  mission.  For  meaning  see  Muncie. 

LITTLE  RIVER.  Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  through  which  the  portage  to 
the  Maumee  was  reached.  Its  Miami  name  is  Pa-wi'-kam-si'-pi,  or 
"Standing  Still  River",  i.  e.  with  no  current. 

LOOANSPORT.  County  seat  of  Cass  County,  named  for  Captain  Logan, 
a  Shawnee  Indian.  His  Indian  name  was  Spemica  Lawba,  or  High 
Horn.  The  Indians  sometimes  call  Logansport  Ki-na-pi'-kwo-ma'- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  91 

i 

kwa,  because  it  is  on  the  site  of  the  old  Miami  Town  of  that  name; 
and  sometimes  call  it  Sa'-ki-wa'-ki,  because  it  is  at  the  mouth  of  Eel 
River. 

MACHESAW.  Common  form  of  name  of  reservation  for  a  Potawatomi 
named  Ma'-tcis-sa,  or  Bleating  Fawn. 

MANHATTAN.  Postoffice  in  Putnam  County,  named  for  Manhattan 
Island,  New  York.  The  original  form  of  the  word  was  Manatte — in 
Hudson 's  journal  it  is  Mana-hata — which  is  almost  certainly  intended 
for  the  Delaware  word  "menatey",  meaning  an  island. 

MAJENICA.  Postoffice,  and  creek,  in  Huntington  County,  named  for  a 
Miami  chief,  Man-ji'-m-kia,  or  Big  Frame. 

MAKKAHTAHMOWAY.  Common  form  of  name  of  a  Potawatomi  chief,  Ma- 
ka'-ta-m'wa,  or  Black  Wolf,  who  had  a  joint  reservation  with  Menomi- 
nee,  at  Twin  Lakes,  in  Marshall  County. 

MANITOU.  Lake  in  Fulton  County.  This  is  the  Potawatomi  ma-ni'-to. 
referring  to  a  spirit  or  monster  said  to  inhabit  the  lake. 

MAUMEE.  River  of  northeastern  Indiana,  tributary  to  Lake  Erie.  The 
name  is  a  corruption  of  Mi-a'-mi.  It  was  formerly  called  Ottawa 
River  from  the  residence  of  part  of  that  tribe  on  its  banks.  John 
Johnston  gave "  Cagh-a-ren-du-te,  or  Standing  Rock"  as  the  Wyandot 
name  of  the  stream. 

MARAMECH.  Old  name  of  a  bam]  of  Miamis.  It  is  the  Peoria  word  for 
catfish,  sometimes  written  maramek  or  maramak.  The  Miami  form  is 
mi-al'-lo-mak,  sometimes  written  malamak,  and  the  Odjibwa  form  is 
manamak,  or  manumaig.  The  Miamis  of  Maramech  were  probably 
incorporated  in  what  were  known  as  the  Eel  Rivers  at  a  later  date. 

MASCOUTIN.  A  tribal  name,  which  is  substantially  translated  in  their  old 
name  of  the  Fire  Nation. 

MAXINKUCKEE.  Lake  in  Marshall  County ;  name  corrupted  from  the 
Potawatomi  name,  Mog-sin'-ki-ki,  or  Big  Stone  Country.  The  Miamis 
called  it  Mang-san'-ki-ki,  which  has  the  same  meaning.  In  the  report 
of  the  survey  for  the  Michigan  Road,  the  name  is  given  Mek-sin-ka- 
keek  (Ind.  Doc.  Journal,  1835,  Doc.  No.  8.). 

MAZAQUA.  Reservation  in  Cass  County  for  Miami  chief  Mi-zi'-kwa,  mean- 
ing hail  or  hailstone. 

MEMOTWAY.  Reservation  in  Fulton  County  for  band  of  Potawatomi  chief 
Meh'-mot-we',  or  The  Cat  Bird.  The  literal  meaning  of  the  word  is 
"complaining",  or  "crying  out  from  pain",  referring  to  the  bird's 
note. 

MENOMINEE.  Potawatomi  reservation  in  Marshall  County,  and  village  at 
Twin  Lakes,  for  band  of  Mi-nom'-i-ni.  The  name  means  wild  rice. 


• 

92  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

MERRIAM.  The  Miamis  call  this  town  Tci'-kam-un'-gi,  or  Place  of  the 
Twin,  because  McClure,  who  had  a  trading  post  there,  had  a  twin 
brother. 

MESHINGOMESHIA.  Most  common  corruption  of  name  of  reservation  in 
Wabash  and  Grant  counties  for  band  of  Miami  chief  Mi-cm'-gwa- 
mm'-dja,  or  Burr  Oak  Tre*. 

MESQUABUCK.  Reservation  and  village  in  Kosciusko  County,  at  site  of 
town  of  Oswego,  for  Potawatomi  chief  Mes'-kwa-buk'.  The  name 
means  "reddish  or  copper  colored". 

METEA.  Postoffice  in  Cass  County,  named  for  Potawatomi  chief,  Mi'-ti-a, 
or  "Kiss  Me".  His  Village  was  at  the  mouth  of  Cedar  Creek,  q.  v. 

METOSANYAH.  Reservation,  same  as  Meshingomeshia,  q.  v.,  his  father; 
also  a  neighboring  creek.  The  name  M&'-to-san'-ia,  commonly  ab- 
breviated to  To-s&n'-ia  means  Indian,  or  literally,  "the  living". 

MIAMI.  Name  of  county,  town,  townships  and  streams,  all  named  for  the 
Miami  nation.  The  plural  form  is  Mi-a'-mi-a'-kl,  but  the  early 
French  chroniclers  wrote  it  Oumiamiouek  or  Oumiamiak,  which  is 
presumably  their  corruption  of  Wemiamik,  the  Delaware  name  of  the 
Miamis,  as  given  in  the  Walum  01  urn,  meaning  literally  "all 
beavers",  and  figuratively  "all  friends". 

MICHIGAN.  Name  of  lake  and  city;  probably  of  Odjibwa  origin;  com- 
pounded of  Mi'-ci,  meaning  "great",  and  sa'-gi-e'-gan,  meaning 
"lake". 

MISHAWAKA.  Town  in  St.  Joseph  County.  The  name  is  a  corruption 
of  the  Potawatomi  m 'ce'-wa-ki'-ki,  meaning  "country  of  dead  trees", 
i.  e.  a  deadening. 

MISHIKINOQKWA.  Name  of  the  celebrated  chief  Little  Turtle,  also  his 
village  on  Eel  River,  pronounced  mi'-ci-ki-noq'-kwa,  the  "q"  repre 
senting  a  sound  of  "gh"  similar  to  German  "x:h".  The  literal 
meaning  is  "the  Great  Turtle's  wife",  but  specifically  it  is  the  name 
of  the  painted  terrapin  (chrysemys  picta).  It  is  commonly  used  as 
a  personal  name  by  the  Miamis. 

MISSISSINEWA.  Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  emptying  at  Peru.  The  name 
is  a  corruption  of  the  Miami  name  Na-ma'-tci-sin'-wi,  which  means 
"it  slants",  or  as  applied  to  a  stream,  "it  has  much  fall". 

MODOC.  Postoffice  in  Randolph  County.  The  name  is  said  to  be  the 
Shasteeca  word  for  ' '  enemy. ' ' 

MOHAWK.  Postoffice  in  Hancock  County,  named  for  the  Iroquois  tribe. 
The  name  is  said  to  be  corrupted  from  Maugwawogs,  meaning  "man- 
eaters". 

MONON.  Postoffice,  township  and  creek.  This  is  a  Potawatomi  word, 
equivalent  to  the  word  "tote"  as  used  in  the  South. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  93 

MOTA.  Reservation  and  town  in  Kosciusko  County.  The  name  is  pro- 
nounced mo'-te,  and  means  a  jug,  or  big  bottle. 

MUKKONSQUA.  Name  given  to  the  celebrated  captive  Prances  Slocum. 
It  is  pronounced  muk-kons'-kwa,  and  means  Little  Bear  Woman. 

MTIKKOSE.  Reservation  and  village  in  Marshall  County,  meaning  Little 
Beaver. 

MUNCIE.  County  seat  of  Delaware  County,  formerly  called  Munseetown 
or  Muncey  Town.  This  word,  also  spelled  Monsy  and  Monthee,  was 
originally  Mm'-si  or  Min'-thi-u,  meaning  "people  of  the  stony  coun- 
try". The  Delaware  name  of  their  town  which  stood  here,  or  of  the 
old  town  just  above  it  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  was  Wa'-pi-ka- 
mi'-kunk,  or  White  River  Town.  The  name  Outainink,  sometimes 
applied  to  it,  is  the  Delaware  u'-ten-mk,  which  means  "place  of  the 
town",  or  "place  where  the  town  was". 

MUSKACKITUCK.  River  in  southern  Indiana,  often  improperly  written 
Muscatatack.  The  Delaware  name  was  Mosch-ach'-hit-tuk — "ch" 
sounded  as  in  German — or  Clear  River.  In  Ind.  House  Journal, 
1820-1,  p.  54,  the  name  is  given  Muschachetuck. 

MUSKELONGE.  Lake  in  Kosciusko.  The  name  means  "the  great  pike". 
The  Odjibwa  form  of  this  word  is  maskinonge. 

NANCY  TOWN.  Delaware  village  on  White  River,  properly  Nantikoke, 
from  an  Indian  of  that  name  who  lived  there.  The  Nantikokes  were 
a  sub-tribe  of  the  Delawares,  the  name  meaning  ' '  tide- water  people ' '. 

NAPPANEE.  Town  in  Elkhart  County.  The  name  is  the  Missisauga 
n&'-pa-ni,  meaning  "flour". 

NASWAWKEE.  Reservation  in  Marshall  County,  of  Nas-wa'-ka,  a  Pota- 
watomi  chief.  The  name  means  "The  Feathered  Arrow". 

NEAHLONGQUAH.  Reservation  in  Allen  County,  for  a  Miami  named 
Nfi-wi'-leng-won'-ga,  meaning  "Four  Wings".  He  was  called  "Big 
Legs"  by  the  whites. 

NOTAWKAH.  Potawatomi  chief  who  shared  the  Menominee  reservation 
in  Marshall  County.  The  name  No-ta'-ka  means  "he  hears",  or  "he 
listens". 

OKAWMAUSE.  Potawatomi  reservation,  properly  O'-ko-mouse,  meaning 
"Little  Chief". 

ONTARIO.  Postoffice  in  Lagrange  County.  Schoolcraft  says  this  is  a 
Wyandot  word — originally  on-on-ta-ri-o — meaning  "beautiful  hills, 
rocks,  waters". 

OSAGE.  Name  of  Miami  town  at  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa,  given  be 
cause  an  Osage  Indian  lived  there.  The  Miami  name  was  Wa-ca'-ci, 
which  is  their  name  for  the  Osage  tribe. 


94  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

OHIO.  River  and  county.  Ohio  is  an  Iroquois  exclamation  signifying 
"beautiful".  The  Miami  name  of  the  river  is  Kan-zan'-za-pi'-wi, 
or  Pecan  River. 

OSCEOLA.  Postoffice  in  St.  Joseph  County,  named  for  the  Seminole  chief. 
The  word,  properly  os'-y-o-hul'-la,  is  the  name  of  the  great  "medfcine 
drink"  of  the  Creeks,  called  "black  drink"  by  the  whites,  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  leaves  of  the  cassena  or  yaupon  (ilex  vomitoria). 

OSWEGO.  Town  in  Kosciusko  County,  at  the  outlet  of  Tippecanoe  Lake. 
The  word  is  Iroquois,  meaning  "flowing  out".  The  town  is  on  the 
site  of  the  Potawatomi  village  of  Meskwabuk. 

OTSEGO.  Township  in  Steuben  County.  The  name  is  Iroquois,  from 
the  New  York  lake,  and  is  said  to  refer  to  a  rock  in  that  lake. 

OTTAWA.  Early  name  of  the  Maumee  River.  This,  or  its  short  form, 
Tawas,  is  said  to  mean  "traders". 

OUIATANON.  Miami  tribe,  and  French  post  on  the  Wabash,  now  short- 
ened to  Wea.  It  is  from  the  Miami  wa-wi'-a-tan'-wi,  meaning  "an 
eddy",  literally  "it  goes  in  a  round  channel";  and  the  terminal 
locative;  i.  e.  "Place  of  the  eddy". 

OWASCO.  Postoffice  in  Carroll  County.  An  Iroquois  word  meaning 
"floating  bridge". 

PATOKA.  River,  tributary  to  the  Wabash.  Pa-to'-ka  is  the  Miami  word 
for  Comanche,  a  number  of  whom  were  held  as  slaves  by  the  Illinois 
and  Miamis  in  early  days.  The  French  wrote  it  Padocquia  or 
Padouca. 

PERU.  The  site  of  this  city  was  called  ik'-ki-pis-sm'-nung,  or  Straight 
Place,  by  the  Miamis,  because  the  Wabash  at  this  point  is  straight 
for  about  two  miles. 

PIANKESHAW.  Miami  tribe.  The  name  is  pronounced  Pi-un-gi'-ca ; 
meaning  uncertain. 

PIPE  CREEK.  Stream  and  township  in  Cass  County.  The  name  is  a 
literal  translation  of  the  Miami  name  of  the  stream,  Pwa-ka'-na. 

PESHEWA.  Common  corruption  of  Pm-ji'-wa,  the  name  of  Jean  Baptiste 
Richardville,  last  head  chief  of  the  Miami  nation.  The  word  is  the 
name  of  the  wildcat,  but  is  now  commonly  used  for  the  domestic 
cat. 

PONCEAU  PICHOU.  An  American  corruption  of  Panse  au  Pichou,  the 
French  name  of  Wildcat  Creek;  a  literal  translation  of  the  Miami 
name,  Pm-ji'-wa-mo'-tai,  or  Belly  of  the  Wildcat.  Written  also 
Ponce  Passu. 

POTAWATOMI.  Indian  tribe.  The  name  means  Makers,  or  Keepers,  of  the 
Fire. 

PROPHET'S  TOWN.    See  Kithtippiekanunk. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  95 

RACCOON  CREEK.    Tributary  of  the  Wabash.    The  name  is  a  translation 

of  the  Miami  name,  a-se-pa'-na-si-pi'-wi. 
KOANOKE.    Town  in  Huntington  County.    The  name  is  the  word  used 

by  the  Virginia  Indians  for  their  shell-money ;  written  also  roenoke, 

rAwrenock,  etc. 
RUSSIAVILLE.    Town  in  Howard  County.    The  name  is  a  corruption  of 

Richardville,  the  name  originally  given  to  the  County,  in  honor  of 

the  Miami  chief. 
ST.  JOSEPH  RIVER.    Tributary  of  Lake  Michigan.    The  Miami  name  is 

Sa-ki-wa-si-pi'-wi,  or  Coming-out  River,  referring  to  the  portage  at 

South  Bend.    The  Potawatomi  form  of  the  name  is  Sag'-wa-si'-bi. 
ST.  JOSEPH  RIVER.    The  north  fork  of  the  Maumee.    The  Miami  name  is 

Ko-tci'-sa-si'-pi,  or  Bean  River. 
ST.  MARY'S  RIVER.     South  fork  of  the  Maumee.     The  Miami  name  is 

Ma-me'-i-wa  si-pi'-wi,  or  Sturgeon  Creek.     John  Johnson  said  the 

Shawnee  name  was  Cokotheke  sepe,  or  Kettle  River. 
SALAMONIE.     Tributary  of  the  Wabash.     This  is  a  corruption  of  the 

Miami  name   On'-za-la'-mo-ni,  the  Miami  name  of  the  blood-root 

(sanguinaria  Canadensis),  literally  "yellow  paint",  which  is  given 

to  this  stream. 
SHANKITUNK.    Stream  in  southern  Indiana.    The  word  probably  means 

"Shady  place". 
SHAWNEE.     Creek  and  township  in  Fountain  County,  named  for  the 

Indian  tribe.    The  name  means  "Southerner".    The  Miami  form  is 

Ca-wan'-wa. 
SHEPAHCANNAH.     The  Miami  husband  of  Frances   Slocum;   and  his 

village  on  the  Mississinewa.     The  word  means  "the  awl";  and  is 

pronounced  Ci-pa'-ka-na.     In  later  years  he  became  deaf,  and  was 

called  Ka-kip'-ca,  or  The  Deaf  Man ;  and  his  village  was  called  The 

Deaf  Man's  Village. 
SHIPSHEWANA.     Postoffice  in  Lagrange  County,  also  creek  and  lake, 

named  for  a  Potawatomi  Indian,  Ciip'-ci-wa'-no,  or  "Vision  of  a 

Lion". 
SOUTH  BEND.    The  site  of  South  Bend  was  called  Sa'-ki-wa-yun'-gi,  or 

"Coming  out  place",  i.  e.  the  beginning  of  a  portage. 
SUGAR  CREEK.    Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  originally  called  Sugar  Tree 

Creek,  which  is  the  meaning  of  the  Miami  name  Sa-na-mm'-dji  si- 
pi'-wi. 
TATAPACHSIT.    A  Delaware  chief,  otherwise  known  as  The  Grand  Glaize 

King,  and  his.  town  on  White  River.    Ta-ta-pach'-si-ta  is  the  Miami 

form  of  his  name,  and  means  "It  splits  in  a  circle — or  spiral".    The 

Delaware  form  is  Ta-ta-pach-ski,  recorded  in  a  Pennsylvania  treaty 


96  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

as  " Tatabaugsuy  or  The  Twisting  Vine".  The  word  is  probably 
the  name  of  the  American  Woodbine  (lonicera  grata),  the  one  twist- 
ing woody  vine  of  the  Delaware  habitat. 

TECUMSEH.  Postoffice  in  Vigo  County,  named  for  the  Shawnee  Chief 
Ti-kum'-tha.  The  name  means  "going  across"  or  "Crossing  over"; 
and  as  he  belonged  to  the  Spirit  Panther  clan,  it  indicates  a  meteor 
crossing  the  sky. 

THORNTOWN.  In  Boone  County.  Godfrey  gave  the  name  of  the  Indian 
village  here  as  Ka-wi-a-ki-un-gi  or  "Place  of  Thorns."  Sarah  Wads- 
worth  called  it  Ka-win-ja-ki-un-gi,  i.e.,  "Thorn  Tree  Place." 

TIPPECANOE.  River,  lake,  county,  town  and  townships.  The  name  is  a 
corruption  of  the  Potawatomi  Ki-tSp'-I-kon-nong,  meaning  Ki-tap'- 
i-kon  place  or  town.  Ki-tap'-i-kon  is  their  word  for  the  buffalo  fish, 
and  was  the  name  of  the  river.  See  Kithtappecanunk. 

TOPEAH.  Reservation  in  Allen  County  of  Miami  chief,  known  as  Fran- 
cois Lafontaine.  His  Miami  name,  To'-pi-a,  means  "Frost  on  the 
Bushes". 

TOPEKA.  Postoffice  in  Lagrange  County,  named  for  city  in  Kansas.  The 
word  is  the  Shawnee  name  of  the  Jerusalem  artichoke  (helianthus 
tuberosus). 

TRAIL  CREEK.  Tributary  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  Michigan  City.  The 
name,  and  the  French  name,  Riviere  du  Chemin,  are  translations  of 
the  Potawatomi  name,  Mi-e'-we-si-bi'-we. 

TWIGHTWEES.  English  name  for  the  Miamis,  formerly  written  Twich- 
twichs,  Tawixtwis,  or  twigh-twighs,  probably  the  Iroquois  word  for 
"snipe" 

VERMILLJON.  Tributary  of  the  Wabash,  and  County  named  for  the  river. 
Hough  gives  the  Indian  name  as  Osanamon,  which  is  an  Algonquian 
name  for  Verraillion  paint,  meaning  "yellow-red".  The  French 
called  the  river  Vermilion  Jaune.  The  Miamis  use  a-la-mo'-ni  for 
vermilion  paint. 

WABASH.  River,  county,  city  and  townships.  The  Miami  name  of  the 
river  is  Wa'-ba-ci'-kl,  or  Wa'-pa-ci'-ki,  "b"  and  "p"  being  convert- 
ible in  Miami.  This  is  an  adjective  implying  that  the  object  to 
which  it  is  applied  is  pure  or  bright  white,  inanimate,  and  natural. 
In  this  case  it  refers  to  the  limestone  bed  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
stream. 

WABASH.  County  seat  of  Wabash  County.  The  Miamis  called  this 
location  Ta'-kmg-ga'-mi-un'-gi,  or  "Cold  (running)  Water  Place", 
referring  to  a  fine  spring,  known  as  Paradise  Spring,  Hanna's 
Spring,  or  Treaty  Spring. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  :>  97 

WACO.  Postoffice  in  Daviess  County.  The  name  is  that  of  a  sub-tribe 
of  the  Witchita  Indians,  pronounced  We'-ko,  and  sometimes  written 
in  the  Spanish  form  Hueco.  It  is  said  to  be  their  word  for  "heron". 

WAKARUSA.  Postoffice  in  Elkhart  County,  named  for  the  Kansas  stream. 
It  is  said  to  mean  "hip-deep". 

WALUM  OLUM.  The  celebrated  record  obtained  from  the  Delaware 
Indians  on  White  River.  The  name  is  pronounced  wa'-lum  o'-lum, 
and  means  "painted  record". 

WAPASEPAH.  Reservation  in  Allen  County,  for  Wa'-pa-se'-pa-na,  or 
The  White  Raccoon,  a  Miami. 

WAWASEE.  Lake  and  postoffice  in  Kosciusko  County,  named  for  a  Pota- 
watomi  chief  Wa'-wi-as'-si.  This  is  the  word  for  the  full  moon, 
literally  "the  round  one". 

WAWPECONG.  Postoffice  in  Miami  County.  Sarah  Wadsworth  says  this 
place  was  originally  called  Wa'-pi-pa-ka'-na,  or  shell-bark  hickories, 
from  a  number  of  these  trees  growing  there. 

WEA.  Creek,  postoffice  and  prairie  in  Tippecanoe  County.  The  name 
is  an  abbreviation  of  Ouiatanon,  which  see. 

WESAW.  Reservation  and  creek  in  Miami  County  named  for  the  Miami 
chief  Wi'-sa.  The  name  means  the  gall-bladder. 

WHITE  RIVER.  The  largest  tributary  of  the  Wabash.  Its  Miami  name 
is  Wa'-pi-ka-mi'-ki,  or  "white  waters".  The  Delawares  some- 
times used  this  name,  and  sometimes  called  it  Wa'-pl-ha'-ni,  or 
White  River. 

WINAMAC.  County  seat  of  Pulaski  County,  named  for  a  Potawatomi 
chief,  Wi'-na-mak'.  The  word  means  "cat-fish";  literally  "mud 
fish". 

WINNEBAGO.  An  old  Indian  town,  whose  site  is  now  in  the  suburbs  of 
Lafayette.  The  name  means  "people  of  Winnipeg",  and  Winnipeg 
means  "stinking  water". 

WINONA.  Lake  and  Assembly  ground  near  Warsaw.  The  name  is  the 
same  as  the  Wenonah  of  Longfellow's  Hiawatha.  It  is  a  Sioux 
proper  name,  given  to  a  female  who  is  a  first-born  child. 

WYALUSINO.  Stream  in  Jennings  County,  named  for  the  Pennsylvania 
stream.  Heckewelder  says  that  the  word — "properly  M'chwihillu- 
sink" — means  "at  the  dwelling-place  of  the  hoary  veteran". 

WYANDOTTE.  Postoffice  in  Crawford  County,  named  for  the  Indian 
tribe.  The  name  probably  means  "People  of  One  Speech".  The 
tribe  is  also  known  by  its  French  name,  Huron. 

YELLOW  RIVER.  Tributary  of  the  Kankakee,  which  Brinton  identifies 
with  the  Wisawana  (Yellow  River)  of  the  Walum  Olum.  The  Pota- 
watomi name  of  this  stream  is  We-thau'-ka-mik',  or  "Yellow 
Waters". 

Vol.  I— T 


CHAPTER  III 
THE  EUROPEAN  CLAIMANTS 

The  first  European  grant  covering  Indiana  quickly  followed  the  dis- 
covery of  America  by  Christopher  Columbus,  for  in  1493,  Pope  Alexander 
VI,  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  issued  a  bull  granting  to  the  crowns  of  Castile 
and  Aragon,  "all  lands  discovered,  and  to  be  discovered,"  beyond  a  line 
drawn  from  pole  to  pole  one  hundred  leagues  west  from  the  Azores  or 
Western  Islands,  excepting  only  any  lands  that  had  previously  been 
occupied  by  any  other  Christian  nation,  of  which,  of  course,  there  were 
none  on  this  continent.  The  other  Christian  monarchs  paid  little  respect 
to  this  title,  however,  and,  in  1496,  Henry  VII  of  England  issued  a 
patent  to  John  Cabot  and  his  sons,  "to  seek  out  and  discover  all  islands, 
regions  and  provinces  whatsoever,  that  may  belong  to  heathens  and  in- 
fidels," and  "to  subdue,  occupy  and  possess  those  territories,  as  his 
vassals  and  lieutenants."  Armed  with  this  authority,  Cabot  and  his 
son  Sebastian,  in  the  next  two  or  three  years,  probably  discovered  the 
mainland  of  North  America,  and  skirted  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
Labrador  to  Florida. 

Very  little  resulted  from  this  except  the  resort  of  various  European 
nations  to  the  New  Foundland  banks  .for  fishing.  The  principal  object 
of  Columbus  had  been  to  find  a  direct  route  to  the  East  Indies  to  trade 
for  spices,  and  especially  for  pepper.  For  the  next  century  the  explor- 
ers were  chiefly  engaged  in  efforts  to  find  a  Northwest  or  Northeast 
passage  to  "Cathay,"  for  the  same  purpose,  except  that  the  Spaniards, 
having  found  a  more  direct  road  to  wealth  by  plundering  the  natives 
of  Mexico  and  Peru  of  their  gold  and  silver,  turned  business  enterprise 
largely  in  that  direction.  In  1534  Jacques  Cartier  discovered  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  and  later  brought  over  two  hundred  colonists,  who 
abandoned  their  settlement  after  two  years  of  hardship.  In  1538-42, 
De  Soto  made  his  eventful  progress  through  the  Gulf  states,  murdered 
some  thousands  of  Indians,  and  demonstrated  that  the  natives  of  the 
United  States  had  no  personal  property  that  was  worth  taking.  This 
exempted  those  unfortunates  from  the  advantages  of  civilization  until 
in  1607  the  English  settled  in  Virginia,  in  1608  the  French  settled  in 
Canada,  and  in  1609  the  Dutch  discovered  the  Hudson  River.  The  fur 

98 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  99 

trade  now  became  the  chief  attraction  in  North  America,  and  was  the 
controlling  factor  in  our  history  for  the  next  century  and  a  half. 

During  this  period,  nobody  in  Europe  attached  any  importance  to 
North  America  for  any  other  purposes,  except  as  a  dumping  ground  for 
penal  colonies  and  other  objectionables.  Even  Oliver  Cromwell  tried 
to  induce  the  New  Englanders  to  remove  to  Jamaica.  Trevelyan  very 
pertinently  says:  "So  little  was  the  Anglo-Saxon  plantation  of  the 
North  American  continent  due  to  the  deliberate  action  of  statesmen, 
or  to  any  man's  foreknowledge  of  the  vast  destinies,  that  Charles  I  gave 
the  New  World  to  the  Puritans  by  attempting  to  suppress  them  in  the 
Old ;  while  Cromwell  in  his  greater  eagerness  to  spread  the  Gospel  and 
the  British  race,  attempted  a  State  policy  of  removal,  which,  if  it  had 
been  carried  through,  would  have  ruined  or  at  least  diminished  the 
colonial  expansion  prepared  by  individual  energy  and  religious  perse- 
cution. ' ' l 

The  French  statesmen  showed  more  appreciation  of  the  importance 
of  their  American  possessions,  but  not  very  much. more.  In  1627  Car- 
dinal Richelieu  organized  the  company  of  the  Hundred  Associates  to 
promote  the  colonization  of  New  France ;  and  in  1663  Colbert  sent  over 
new  supplies  of  colonists  and  a  strong  detachment  of  troops ;  but,  with 
the  French  as  with  the  English,  colonial  expansion  was  chiefly  due  to 
colonial  effort.  So  far  as  the  fur  trade  was  concerned,  the  French  had 
the  advantage  in  racial  character.  They  accommodated  themselves  to 
Indian  life  and  customs  much  more  readily.  A  witty  French  lady  ob- 
served that  it  was  vastly  easier  to  make  an  Indian  of  a  Frenchman  than 
to  make  a  Frenchman  of  an  Indian.  This  distinction  was  obvious  in  the 
clergy  as  well  as  in  the  colonists.  The  British  made  an  effort  to  put 
Anglican  clergymen  with  the  Iroquois  in  place  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries 
of  the  French,  but  they  could  not  endure  Indian  cooking  and  the  uncon- 
ventionality  of  Indian  life,  and  soon  retired  in  disgust.  Of  still  more 
importance  was  the  fact  that  the  company  system  of  English  coloniza- 
tion did  not  offer  the  same  opportunity  to  enterprising  individuals  that 
the  French  governmental  system  offered.  It  is  hardly  imaginable  that 
an  English  LaSalle  could  have  obtained  the  inducements  in  any  British 
colony  that  sustained  the  efforts  of  the  great  French  expansionist,  whose 
explorations  first  brought  knowledge  of  the  lands  of  Indiana. 

In  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  considerable  activity  among  the 
advocates  of  an  early  discovery  of  some  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio 
by  English  colonists,  in  the  course  of  whose  arguments  it  has  been 
thought  desirable  to  question  that  LaSalle  discovered  the  Ohio  in  1669-70, 


England  Under  the  Stuarts,  p.  324. 


- 


SIEUR  DE  LA  SALLE 

(From  a  painting  by  Leon  Meyer,  owned  by  Mme.  Suchet  de  la 
Buesnerie.  Presents  three  reputed  likenesses:  Above,  the  Margry 
portrait ;  lower  left,  a  medallion  belonging  to  M.  Edward  Pelay  of  Rouen ; 
lower  right,  profile,  belonging  to  the  Public  Library  at  Rouen;  center, 
the  La  Salle  arms.) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  101 

and  followed  it  to  a  point  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash.  The  leader 
in  this  assault  is  Mr.  Charles  A.  Hanna,  who  says :  ' '  The  evidence  as  to 
LaSalle  having  explored  any  other  tributary  of  the  Ohio  than  (possibly) 
the  Wabash  bears  so  many  marks  of  having  been  fabricated  after  1684, 
for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  French  claim  to  the  Ohio  Valley, 
that  it  seems  to  the  writer  only  a  question  of  time  when  that  evidence 
must  be  declared  to  be  wholly  false."2  This  has  been  followed  by  some 
investigators  who  should  have  known  better,3  for  there  is  an  abundance 
of  evidence  completely  refuting  any  such  theory.  Mr.  Hanna  is  pre- 
sumably, not  familiar  with  the  literature  on  the  subject,  or  he  would  not, 
in  his  lengthy  discussion  of  it,  have  omitted  any  mention  of  such  contem- 
poraneous records  of  LaSalle 's  Ohio  expedition  as  Sieur  Patoulet's  letter 
of  November  11,  1669,  stating  that  "Messrs,  de  la  Salle  and  Dolier, 
accompanied  by  twelve  men,  had  set  out  with  a  design  to  go  and  explore 
a  passage  they  expected  to  discover  communicating  with  Japan  and 
China;"  or  Intendant  General  Talon's  report  of  October  10,  1670: 
' '  Since  my  arrival  I  have  dispatched  persons  of  resolution,  who  promise 
to  penetrate  further  than  has  ever  been  done ;  the  one  to  the  West  and 
Northwest  of  Canada,  and  the  others  to  the  Southwest  and  South;"  or 
Colbert's  reply  in  February,  1671:  "The  resolution  you  have  taken  to 
send  Sieur  de  la  Salle  towards  the  South,  and  Sieur  de  St.  Luisson  to 
the  North,  to  discover  the  South  Sea  passage,  is  very  good."4 

Mr.  Hanna 's  argument  is  based  on  a  misunderstanding  of  a  frag- 
mentary document  quoted  by  Margry,  which  is  an  attempt  of  LaSalle  to 
reconcile  the  DeSoto  accounts  of  the  River  Chucagoa  with  his  own 
acquaintance  with  the  country,  and  an  equal  misunderstanding  of  other 
documents  quoted  by  him.  The  fragmentary  document  opens  with  a 
reference  to  the  Chickasaws,  and  continues:  "The  Chucagoa,  which  is 
to  say  in  their  language  the  great  river,  as  Mississippi  in  Ottawa,  and 
Mascicipi  in  Illinois,  is  the  river  which  we  call  St.  Louis.  The  River 
Ohio  is  one  of  its  branches,  which  receives  two  others  quite  large  before 
emptying  into  the  River  St.  Louis,  that  is  to  say  the  Agoussake  from  the 
north  and  the  river  of  the  Chaouenons  from  the  south.  This  river  flows 
from  east  to  west,  and  therefore  it  should  empty  into  or  join  the  Mis- 
sissippi, for  the  Takahagane,  who  live  on  the  banks  of  the  Chucagoa,  are 
not  more  than  three  days  from  the  Mississippi  where  we  saw  them  coming 
down  and  returning."  5 


=  The  Wilderness  Trail,  p.  87. 

3  Alvord   and  Bidgood,   in   First  Explorations   of   the   Trans- Allegheny    Region, 
j-p.  23-4. 

«N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  ix,  pp.  787,  64,  789;  Margry,  Vol.  1,  p.  81. 
s  Margry,  Vol.  2,  pp.  196-203. 


• 


iEi'R  DE  LA  SALLE 


• 
'• 


(From  a  painting  by  Leon  Meyer,  owned  by  Mine.  Suchet  de  la 
Buesnerie.  Presents  three  reputed  likenesses:  Above,  the  Margry 
portrait ;  lower  left,  a  medallion  belonging  to  M.  Edward  Pelay  of  Rouen ; 
lower  right,  profile,  belonging  to  the  Public  Library  at  Rouen ;  center, 
the  La  Salle  arms.) 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  101 

and  followed  it  to  a  point  below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash.  The  leader 
in  this  assault  is  Mr.  Charles  A.  Hanna,  who  says:  "The  evidence  as  to 
LaSalle  having  explored  any  other  tributary  of  the  Ohio  than  (possibly) 
the  Wabash  bears  so  many  marks  of  having  been  fabricated  after  1684, 
for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  French  claim  to  the  Ohio  Valley, 
that  it  seems  to  the  writer  only  a  question  of  time  when  that  evidence 
must  be  declared  to  be  wholly  false."2  This  has  been  followed  by  some 
investigators  who  should  have  known  better,3  for  there  is  an  abundance 
of  evidence  completely  refuting  any  such  theory.  Mr.  Hanua  is  pre- 
sumably, not  familiar  with  the  literature  on  the  subject,  or  he  would  not, 
in  his  lengthy  discussion  of  it,  have  omitted  any  mention  of  such  contem- 
poraneous records  of  LaSalle 's  Ohio  expedition  as  Sieur  Patoulet's  letter 
of  November  11,  1669,  stating  that  "Messrs,  de  la  Salle  and  Dolier, 
accompanied  by  twelve  men,  had  set  out  with  a  design  to  go  and  explore 
a  passage  they  expected  to  discover  communicating  with  Japan  and 
China;"  or  Intendant  General  Talon's  report  of  October  10,  1670: 
"Since  my  arrival  I  have  dispatched  persons  of  resolution,  who  promise 
to  penetrate  further  than  has  ever  been  done ;  the  one  to  the  West  and 
Northwest  of  Canada,  and  the  others  to  the  Southwest  and  South;"  or 
Colbert's  reply  in  February,  1671:  "The  resolution  you  have  taken  to 
send  Sieur  de  la  Salle  towards  the  South,  and  Sieur  de  St.  Luisson  to 
the  North,  to  discover  the  South  Sea  passage,  is  very  good. ' ' 4 

Mr.  Hanna 's  argument  is  based  on  a  misunderstanding  of  a  frag- 
mentary document  quoted  by  Margry,  which  is  an  attempt  of  LaSalle  to 
reconcile  the  DeSoto  accounts  of  the  River  Chucagoa  with  his  own 
acquaintance  with  the  country,  and  an  equal  misunderstanding  of  other 
documents  quoted  by  him.  The  fragmentary  document  opens  with  a 
reference  to  the  Chickasaws,  and  continues:  "The  Chucagoa,  which  is 
to  say  in  their  language  the  great  river,  as  Mississippi  in  Ottawa,  and 
Mascicipi  in  Illinois,  is  the  river  which  we  call  St.  Louis.  The  River 
Ohio  is  one  of  its  branches,  which  receives  two  others  quite  large  before 
emptying  into  the  River  St.  Louis,  that  is  to  say  the  Agoussake  from  the 
north  and  the  river  of  the  Chaouenons  from  the  south.  This  river  flows 
from  east  to  west,  and  therefore  it  should  empty  into  or  join  the  Mis- 
sissippi, for  the  Takahagane,  who  live  on  the  banks  of  the  Chucagoa,  are 
not  more  than  three  days  from  the  Mississippi  where  we  saw  them  coming 
down  and  returning. ' '  5 


-  The  Wilderness  Trail,  p.  87. 
s  Alvord    and   BSdgood,    in    First   Explorations    of    the    Trans-Allegheny    Begion, 
jp.  23-4. 

<  X.  Y.  Col.  Does.,  Vol.  ix,  pp.  787,  64,  789;  Margry,  Vol.  1,  p.  81. 
Margry,  Vol.  2,  pp.  196-203. 


102  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Ta-ka-ha-ka-ni  is  the  Miami  word  for  tomahawk,  and  this  was  pre- 
sumably the  band  of  some  chief  of  that  name.  Obviously  LaSalle  did 
not  see  them  when  he  was  descending  or  ascending  the  Mississippi,  as 
they  were  three  days'  journey  from  it.  What  he  plainly  means  is  that 
he  saw  them  when  he  descended  the  Ohio,  and  was  forced  to  take  to  the 
land  on  account  of  the  "vast  marshes."  Mr.  Hanna  mis-translates 
LaSalle 's  statement  of  1677,  that  he  discovered  the  Ohio  and  followed  it 
to  a  place  "ou  elle  tombe  de  fort  haut  dans  de  vastes  marais."  These 
words  do  not  mean  "where  it  falls  from  very  high  into  vast  marshes," 
but  "where  it  empties  after  a  long  course  into  vast  marshes."6  Mr. 
Hanna  takes  an  unwarranted  liberty  in  translating  the  verb  descendre 
' '  explore, ' '  and  making  LaSalle  say  that  he  had  been  unable  to  explore  the 
"St.  Louis."  It  is  plain  that  he  had  in  mind  hi*  descent  of  the  Ohio, 
which  he  explicitly  says  is  a  branch  of  the  St.  Louis,  and  means  that  he 
had  been  unable  to  descend  the  latter. 

LaSalle 's  idea  that  the  Ohio  emptied  into  vast  marshes  can  be  ex- 
plained only  on  the  supposition  that  he  came  down  the  river  in  a  time  of 
flood,  when  the  low  lands  near  its  mouth,  which  were  then  covered  with 
canebrakes,  would  have  had  the  appearance  of  a  marsh.  And  this  same 
supposition  is  required  to  explain  every  other  reference  he  makes  to  it. 
In  this  same  document  he  says  that  the  Ohio  "is  much  larger  in  all  its 
course  than  the  Mississippi;"  and  in  his  letter  of  1680  he  says  it  is 
"always  as  large  and  larger  than  the  Seine  at  Rouen,  and  always  deeper." 
As  Rouen  is  the  head  of  sea  navigation  on  the  Seine,  it  is  apparent  that 
LaSalle  has  seen  the  Ohio  but  once,  and  then  in  flood.  That  LaSalle  was 
completely  puzzled  is  fully  stated  in  this  document.  He  says:  "I  am 
not  able  to  say  certainly  whether  these  two  rivers  (the  Chucagoa  and  the 
Mississippi)  join;"  and  gives  his  reasons.  He  says  that  "surely  the 
relation  of  Fernand  Soto  is  not  a  chimera,"  and  yet  the  towns  named  by 
him  are  unknown  on  the  Mississippi,  and  the  size  of  the  Chucagoa  is  too 
great  for  the  Mississippi,  which  "is  no  larger  than  the  Loire  at  its 
mouth."  Further,  "unless  all  the  maps  are  wrong"  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  is  near  Mexico,  and  its  discharge  is  to  the  East-South-East, 
and  not  to  the  South ;  which  condition  is  only  possible  in  the  region  where 
the  Escondido  (the  Rio  Grande)  is  shown  to  empty.  Another  thing 
which  he  says  "makes  me  think  the  Chucagoa  is  other  than  the  Missis- 
sippi" is  that  no  large  tributary  enters  the  Mississippi  from  the  east. 
He  had  seen  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  but  it,  being  then  at  low  water,  would 
not  do  for  the  Ohio  that  he  had  descended.  And  this  state  of  mind  is 
shown  in  the  Franquelin  map  of  1684,  which  was  certainly  based  on  in- 


« Indiana,  in  Am.  Commo.nwealth  Series,  p.  10,  and  note. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  103 

formation  from  LaSalle,  and  which  carries  the  Ohio,  also  called  Chucagoa 
and  Casquinambou,  far  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  then  circling, 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  where  the  Escondido,  or  Rio  Grande  enters. 
And  that  is  probably  why  LaSalle  took  his  colony  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande  instead  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  (Espiritu  Santo) 
which  on  Franquelin's  map  is  a  short  stream,  heading  south  of  the  Ohio, 
or  Chucagoa. 

It  is  not  possible  to  understand  the  writings  of  LaSalle,  or  of  anyone 
else  at  this  period,  unless  several  things  he  kept  in  mind.  And  first,  what 
is  now  Ohio  and  Indiana  was  entirely  uninhabited,  on  account  of  the 
raids  of  the  Iroquois.  Second,  this  region  was  unexplored,  because,  aside 
from  the  efforts  to  find  a  passage  to  the  South  Sea,  the  only  exploration 
was  by  fur  traders;  and  they  did  not  go  where  there  were  no  Indians. 
Third,  there  is  no  little  confusion  from  the  fact  that  different  Indian 
tribes  had  different  names  for  the  same  stream.  And  fourth,  both 
writers  and  map-makers  assumed  the  unknown  to  explain  the  known; 
and  occasionally  made  mistakes  in  so  doing.  One  of  LaSalle 's  state- 
ments that  has  been  widely  misunderstood,  and  especially  as  to  his 
acquaintance  with  Indiana,  is  his  reference  to  the  Maumee  portage,  in 
which  he  says  that  he  will  not  go  to  the  beaver-hunting  land  "hereafter 
except  by  Lake  Erie,  in  which  will  end  the  navigation  of  my  barques." 
He  continues:  "The  river  which  you  have  seen  marked  in  my  map  on 
the  south  side  of  this  lake,  and  towards  the  end,  called  by  the  Iroquois 
Tiotontaraeton  is  indeed  the  route  to  go  to  the  river  Ohio  or  Olighin- 
sipou,  which  is  to  say  in  Iroquois  and  in  Ottawa  the  Beautiful  river. 
The  distance  from  one  to  the  other  being  considerable,  the  communica- 
tion is  more  difficult ;  but  at  a  day  from  its  mouth  into  Lake  Erie,  where 
it  flows  through  beautiful  prairies,  in  gunshot  of  its  banks,  there  is  a  little 
lake  from  which  flows  a  stream  six  or  eight  yards  wide,  more  than  six 
feet  deep  where  it  leaves  the  lake,  and  which  soon  changes  to  a  river  by 
the  junction  of  a  number  of  similar  streams  which  after  a  course  of  more 
than  a  hundred  leagues  without  rapids  receives  another  little  river  which 
comes  from  the  neighborhood  of  that  of  the  Miamis,  and  five  or  six  other 
considerable  streams,  and  then  flowing  more  rapidly  along  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  it  discharges  into  that  of  the  Illinois  two  leagues  below  the 
village,  and  from  there  into  the  Mississippi.  It  is  called  the  Ouabanchi 
or  Aramoni.  This  route  is  the  shortest  of  all.  •  *  •  This  river, 
called  Ouabanchi  or  Aramoni,  by  which  I  expect  to  hold  communication 
between  Fort  Frontenac  and  the  Illinois,  has  some  veins  of  copper. ' ' 7 

The  Aramoni,  as  has  long  been  known,  is  the  Vermillion  of  Illinois. 


'Margry,  Vol.  2,  pp.   243-5. 


104  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  name  (Miami  a-la-mo-m)  meaning  paint,  and  specifically  vermilion 
paint.  Of  course  there  is  no  such  connection  as  LaSalle  describes,  and 
he  probably  confused  some  Indian's  account  of  an  actual  route  of  this 
kind,  which  was  in  use  then,  and  afterwards.  It  is  to  ascend  the 
Maumee,  and  its  northern  fork,  the  St.  Joseph,  to  Fish  Creek,  and  up 
that  to  Fish  Lake,  in  Steuben  County,  Indiana,  near  which  heads  Pigeon 
River,  a  tributary  of  the  St.  Joseph  of  Lake  Michigan,  a  stream  often 
run  by  fishermen  to  this  day.  But,  on  account  of  LaSalle 's  description, 
this  imaginary  stream  was  represented  on  maps  for  years  afterwards,  or 
the  Kankakee  was  extended  well  over  to  Lake  Erie.  But  this  is  always 
entirely  independent-  of  the  Ohio,  and  there  is  no  known  map  of  this 
period,  or  for  some  years  later,  that  indicates  any  portage  from  the 
Maumee  to  the  Wabash.  .  -j.  .,' 

It  is  quite  possible  that  Thomas  Wood  discovered  the  head  waters  of 
the  Great  Kanawha  before  1669,  and  also  possible  that  Englishmen 
reached  the  head  waters  of  the  Tennessee  still  earlier;  but  that  does  not 
affect  LaSalle 's  discovery  of  the  .Ohio.  There  was  no  secrecy  about  his 
movements,  and  the  idea  that  the  accounts  of  them  were  fabricated  after 
1684  is  an  historical  absurdity.  Indeed  his  discoveries  were  soon  known 
in  the  English  jcolonies,  and  freely  admitted.  In  a  discussion  of  the 
troubles  between  the  French  and  the  English,  in  his  report  of  February 
22,  1687,  Governor  Dongan  of  New  York  says:  "The  great  difference 
between  us  is  about  the  Beaver  trade  and  in  truth  they  have  the  advan- 
tage of  us  in  it  @  that  by  noe  other  meanes  than  by  their  industry  in 
making  discoveries  in  the  country  before  us. 

"Before  my  coming  hither  noe  man  of  our  Governmt.  ever  went  be- 
yond the  Sinicaes  country.  Last  year  some  of  our  people  went  a  trading 
among  the  farr  Indians  called  the  Ottawais  inhabiting  about  three 
months  journey  to  the  West  @  W.  N.  W.  of  Albany  from  whence  they 
brought  a  good  many  Beavers.  *  *  *  It  will  be  very  necessary  for 
us  to  encourage  our  young  men  to  goe  a  Beaver  hunting  as  the  French 
doe. 

"I  send  a  Map  by  Mr.  Spragg  whereby  your  Lopps.  may  see  the 
several  Governmts  &c.  •  how  they  lye  where  the  Beaver  hunting  is  @ 
where  it  will  be  necessary  to  erect  our  Country  Forts  for  the  securing  of 
beaver  trade  @  keeping  the  Indians  in  community  with  us. 

"Alsoe  it  points  out  where  theres  a  great  river  discovered  by  one 
Lassal  a  Frenchman  from  Canada  who  thereupon  went  into  France  @ 
as  its  reported  brought  two  or  three  vessels  with  people  to  settle  there 
which  (if  true)  will  prove  not  only  very  inconvenient  to  us  but  to  the 
Spanish  alsoe  (the  river  running  all  along  from  our  lakes  by  the  back  of 
Virginia  @  Carolina  into  the  Bay  Mexico)  @  its  beleeved  Nova  Mexico 


. 


*v»_\  vua6on<L*rjriMi>rrj*yg 

**&g£*&Si 

^--2^5Bh***»1 

in'?""        JJ 


*+*<&$& 

*«^C^M^- 


MAP  OF  LA  SALLE'S  COLONY 


106  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

can  not  bee  far  from  the  mountains  adjoining  to  it  that  place  being  in 
36d  North  Latitude  if  your  Lope,  thought  it  fit  I  co\ild  send  a  sloop  or 
two  from  this  place  to  discover  that  river."  8 

In  1679  LaSalle  had  built  The  Griffon,  a  bark  of  60  tons,  on  the  Upper 
Niagara  River,  and  in  it  sailed  through  the  Great  Lakes  to  Green  Bay, 
where  he  loaded  it  with  furs,  and  sent  it  back  east.  Then,  in  bark  canoes, 
he  made  his  way  to  the  St.  Joseph  River,  and  by  the  South  Bend  portage 
to  the  Eankakee,  and  on  to  the  Illinois  River.  His  first  establishment 
there;  its  destruction  by  the  Iroquois;  and  his  second  fort  on  Starved 
Rock,  are  primarily  matters  of  Illinois  history,  but  about  the  latter  were 
gathered  all  of  the  Indians  that  subsequently  were  located  in  Indiana. 
These  were  in  the  villages  of  Oiatenon,  Ouabona,  Pepikokia,  Peanghichia, 
Miamy,  and  Marameeh,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  section  of  the 
Franquelin  map,  their  total  being  over  twenty-three  hundred  warriors, 
as  marked.  There  was  no  material  change  of  location  for  several  years 
after  the  assassination  of  LaSalle,  in  1687. 

The  next  prominent  figure  among  the  French  in  the  West,  after 
LaSalle,  was  Lamothe  Cadillac,  who  was  placed  in  command  in  1694, 
and  continued  until  1697.  In  that  year  the  Treaty  of  Ryswick  gave 
Louis  XIV  some  opportunity  to  look  after  his  American  possessions,  and 
he  soon  approved  the  plans  of  Cadillac  for  fortifying  the  Detroit  River, 
which  was  recognized  as  the  key  to  the  lakes.  In  1700  Robert  Livingston, 
Colonial  Secretary  of  Indian  Affairs,  urged  the  establishment  of  a  post 
at  the  same  place  by  the  English,9  but  Cadillac  anticipated  them,  and 
in  the  summer  of  1701,  came  to  the  place  with  fifty  soldiers  and  fifty 
colonists  and  built  Fort  Pontchartrain,  a  picket  inclosure  sixty  yards 
square.  A  number  of  the  western  Indians  located  near  the  fort,  and 
others  began  moving  eastward.  At  the  same  time  another  influence  came 
from  the  south.  In  1699  Pierre  Lemoyne  Iberville  was  sent  from  France 
to  make  an  establishment  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  He  built  a 
fort  at  Biloxi,  which  was  removed  to  Mobile  two  years  later.  In  1700  the 
Cahokias  and  Kaskaskias  left  the  Illinois  with  Father  Marest,  and  estab- 
lished themselves  on  the  Mississippi  at  their  well  known  villages,  and 
these  gradually  developed  into  settlements  of  the  frontier  Frenchmen. 
In  1702  Iberville  asked  for  the  removal  of  the  Illinois  Indians  to  the 
lower  Ohio,  which  was  not  attempted ;  but  in  that  year  Sieur  Juchereau, 
"Lieutenant  criminel  de  Montreal,"  came  with  thirty-five  Canadians 
and  established  a  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  to  collect  buffalo  skins, 
and  a  band  of  Mascoutins  located  there  to  aid  in  the  hunting.  Juchereau 


«N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  100-1. 
«N.  Y.  Col.  Docs.,  Vol.  4,  p.  650. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  107 

died  a  few  months  later,  and  the  fort  was  abandoned  in  1704  by  M. 
de  Lambert,  who  commanded  there  after  Juchereau's  death.10  This 
Juchereau  has  been  confounded  with  Juchereau  St.  Denys,  who  has  also 
been  mixed  with  other  Juchereaus.  They  are  "unscrambled"  by  M. 
Pierre  Georges  Roy,  in  the  Revue  Canadienne  for  January,  1917,  pp. 
49-60. 

Cadillac  was  appointed  Governor  of  Louisiana  in  1710,  and  left 
Detroit  the  next  year,  being  succeeded  there  by  Capt.  Joseph  Guyoii 
Dubuisson.  In  1712  the  Detroit  post  was  attacked  by  the  Mascoutins, 
and  the  garrison  was  in  dire  straits  until  a  large  force  of  friendly 
Indians  was  brought  to  the  rescue  by  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes.  These 
soon  had  the  best  of  the  Mascoutins,  who  begged  for  their  lives ;  but  the 
French  and  their  Indian  allies  sternly  refused  any  terms.  The  Mascou- 
tins then  fled  to  the  Maumee,  whither  they  were  pursued,  and  there  de- 
feated with  great  slaughter.  The  Crane  tribe  of  the  Miamis  then  located 
at  the  site  of  Fort  Wayne,  and  the  remainder  of  the  Miamis,  who  were 
generally  grouped  as  "Ouyatanons"  by  the  French,  soon  took  up  their 
residence  on  the  Wabash,  in  the  locations  which  they  retained  for  the 
next  century. 

Vincennes  had  been  in  disgrace  for  furnishing  liquor  to  the  Indians 
— the  Canadian  authorities  were  trying  to  enforce  prohibition  as  to 
Indians  at  that  time — but  his  services  had  demonstrated  how  invaluable 
he  was  on  the  frontier,  so  he  was  restored  to  favor,  and  stationed  with 
the  Miamis  at  Kiskakon  (later  corrupted  to  Kekionga),  their  village  at 
the  site  of  Fort  Wayne,  where  he  died  in  1719.  This  was  Jean  Baptiste 
Bissot,  second  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  who  hag  often  been  mistaken  for  the 
founder  of  the  Indiana  post  on  the  Wabash.  The  fief  of  Vincennes  is  a 
beautiful  tract  of  land  just  below  Quebec,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  opposite  the  lower  end  of  the  Isle  of  Orleans,  with  seventy 
arpents  front  on  the  river,  and  a  league  in  depth.  It  is  high  towards  the 
river  with  several  small  streams,  one  of  which  was  used  to  run  a  grist 
mill.  It  was  granted  to  Francois  Bissot  (Byssot)  on  November  3,  1672. 
He  was  a  Norman  who  conducted  a  number  of  successful  business  enter- 
prises in  the  colony,  and  his  children  intermarried  with  the  best  Canadian 
families,  one  of  his  daughters  being  the  wife  of  Joliet,  the  discoverer  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Jean  Baptiste  was  declared  of  age  in  1687  by  the  Sovereign  Council, 
and  went  to  France  to  seek  an  appointment.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
military  establishment,  and  thereafter  spent  most  of  his  time  in  the  West, 
his  wife,  Marie-Marguerite  Forestier,  remaining  at  Quebec,  to  which  her 


10  Indiana,  in  Am.  Commonwealth  Series,  pp.  36-40. 


138  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

husband  paid  visits  as  his  service  permitted.  The  succession  to  his  title 
has  long  been  a  puzzle  to  students  of  Indiana  history;  and  it  was  re- 
served to  M.  Pierre  Georges  Roy,  a  descendant  of  the  former  owner  of 
the  fief  of  Vincennes,  and  an  accomplished  scholar,  to  find  the  solution 
in  Indiana's  centennial  year.  It  is  in  a  letter  of  Governor  De  Vaudreuil 
to  the  Council  of  Marine,  dated  October  24,  1722,  and  preserved  in  the 
Canadian  archives,  being,  in  part,  as  follows : 

"I  have  received  the  letter  which  the  Council  did  me  the  honor  to 
write  on  June  14,  last,  in  which  it  had  the  kindness  to  mention  the 
approval  of  his  Royal  Highness  of  the  efforts  I  have  made  to  induce  the 
Indians  at  the  River  St.  Joseph  and  on  the  Kankakee  to  form  settlements, 
and  my  action  in  sending  Sr.  Du  Buisson,  Captain,  to  establish  a  post  at 
the, home  of  the  Miamis  and  to  command  at  this  post  as  well  as  at  that  of 
the  Ouiatanons,  and  to  so  manage  the  Miamis  as  to  counteract  the  prac- 
tices which  the  English  continue  to  use  to  attract  the  Indians  to  Orange 
(New  York)  *  *  *  The  stockade  fort  which  h,e  has  had  made,  and 
which  was  finished  last  May,  is  one  of  the  best  there  is  in  the  upper 
country.  It  is  strong  indeed,  and  a  shelter  from  the  insolence  of  the 
Indians.  •  This  post,  which  is  considerable,  ought  to  have  a  missionary. 
It  would  be  possible  to  send  one  in  1724  if  the  Council  sends  to  Canada 
next  year  the  four  Jesuits  I  have  asked. 

' '  The  band  of  forty  or  fifty  Ouiatanons  who  were  established  on  the 
Kankakee  have  decided  to  return  to  their  ancient  home  since  they  have 
seen  that  the  majority  of  the  nation  did  not  wish  to  abandon  it.  The 
Sieur  de  Vincennes,  the  son,  who  is  only  a  cadet  in  the  troops,  commands 
at  the  home  of  this  tribe  under  the  orders  of  Sieur  Du  Buisson;  he  has 
been  there  since  1718,  and  he  has  become  very  useful  for  the  great  influ- 
ence he  has  acquired  among  these  Indians,  who  retain  for  him  the  same 
attachment  that  they  had  for  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  his  father.  His 
services  merit  the  careful  attention  of  the  Council.  If  I  haid  foreseen  the 
establishment  which  the  King  has  made  this  year  of  a  second  ensign  in 
each  of  the  twenty-eight  companies  which  his  Majesty  maintains  in  Can- 
ada, I  should  have  proposed  to  the  Council  that  he  have  one  of  the  places 
which  were  not  filled  by  the  petty  ensigns.  These  are  now  filled,  but  as 
there  are  three  second  ensigns  with  orders  for  active  duty,  who  should 
not  be  admitted  to  this  rank  except  in  places  that  happen  to  become 
vacant,  I  humbly  pray  the  Council  to  accord  a  similar  order  for  active 
duty  to  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  so  that  he  may  receive  the  first  place  that 
becomes  vacant  after  Sieurs  Le  Verrier,  Sabrevois  and  Lignery  have  been 
promoted."  n 

11  Correspondance  Generate,  Can.  Archives,  Vol.  44.  This,  with  much  other  valu- 
able matter  collected  by  M.  Boy,  is  printed  by  him  in  Vol.  7,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc. 
Publications,  under  the  title  "Sieur  de  Vincennes  Identified." 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


109 


Jean  Baptiste  Bissot  had  but  three  sons ;  and  of  these  Pierre  died  in 
infancy,  and  Michel  when  two  years  old.  The  remaining  son,  Francois 
Marie,  was  born  June  17,  1700,  and  was  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes  who 
figured  in  Indiana  from  1719  to  1736.  Judge  Law  says  that  he  signed 
his  name  "Francois  Morgan  de  Vinsenne,"  which  is  explained  by  the 
facts,  first,  that  he  did  not  know  how  to  spell  either  his  name  or  his  title ; 
second,  that  when  christened,  his  godfather  was  Francois  Margane  de 


PlERFE-GEORGES  EOY 

Batilly,  his  cousin ;  and  third,  that  being  in  the  service  at  the  same  time 
as  his  father,  who  signed  his  name  ' '  Bissot  Vensenne, ' '  he  took  his  god- 
father's family  name  for  distinction,  as  was  commonly  done  by  the  Cana- 
dians; and  writing  it  "Margan,"  it  was  mistaken  by  Judge  Law  for 
"Morgan,"  which  is  not  a  French  name.  The  letter  is  also  valuable  as 
showing  that  the  stockade  fort  at  the  site  of  Fort  Wayne  was  completed 
in  May,  1722,  and  this  was  the  first  fort  built  by  white  men  within  the 
bounds  of  Indiana.  The  "fort  of  the  Ouiatanons"  described  in  the 
French  relation  of  1718,  was  an  Indian  stockade,  such  as  they  commonly 


1)3  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

husband  paid  visits  as  his  service  permitted.  The  succession  to  his  title 
has  long  been  a  puzzle  to  students  of  Indiana  history;  and  it  was  re- 
served to  M.  Pierre  Georges  Roy,  a  descendant  of  the  former  owner  of 
the  fief  of  Vincennes,  and  an  accomplished  scholar,  to  find  the  solution 
in  Indiana's  centennial  year.  It  is  in  a  letter  of  Governor  De  Vaudreuil 
to  the  Council  of  Marine,  dated  October  24,  1722,  and  preserved  in  the 
Canadian  archives,  being,  in  part,  as  follows : 

"I  have  received  the  letter  which  the  Council  did  me  the  honor  to 
write  on  June  14,  last,  in  which  it  had  the  kindness  to  mention  the 
approval  of  his  Royal  Highness  of  the  efforts  I  have  made  to  induce  the 
Indians  at  the  River  St.  Joseph  and  on  the  Kankakee  to  form  settlements, 
and  my  action  in  sending  Sr.  Du  Buisson,  Captain,  to  establish  a  post  at 
the  home  of  the  Miamis  and  to  command  at  this  post  as  well  as  at  that  of 
the  Ouiatanons,  and  to  so  manage  the  Miamis  as  to  counteract  the  prac- 
tices which  the  English  continue  to  use  to  attract  the  Indians  to  Orange 
(New  York)  *  *  *  The  stockade  fort  which  he  has  had  made,  and 
which  was  finished  last  May,  is  one  of  the  best  there  is  in  the  upper 
country.  It  is  strong  indeed,  and  a  shelter  from  the  insolence  of  the 
Indians.  •  This  post,  which  is  considerable,  ought  to  have  a  missionary. 
It  would  be  possible  to  send  one  in  1724  if  the  Council  sends  to  Canada 
next  year  the  four  Jesuits  I  have  asked. 

' '  The  band  of  forty  or  fifty  Ouiatanons  who  were  established  on  the 
Kankakee  have  decided  to  return  to  their  ancient  home  since  they  have 
seen  that  the  majority  of  the  nation  did  not  wish  to  abandon  it.  The 
Sieur  de  Vincennes,  the  son,  who  is  only  a  cadet  in  the  troops,  commands 
at  the  home  of  this  tribe  under  the  orders  of  Sieur  Du  Buisson ;  he  has 
been  there  since  1718,  and  he  has  become  very  useful  for  the  great  influ- 
ence he  has  acquired  among  these  Indians,  who  retain  for  him  the  same 
attachment  that  they  had  for  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  his  father.  His 

services  merit  the  careful  attention  of  the  Council.  If  I  had  foreseen  the 

. 

establishment  which  the  King  has  made  this  year  of  a  second  ensign  in 
each  of  the  twenty-eight  companies  which  his  Majesty  maintains  in  Can- 
ada, I  should  have  proposed  to  the  Council  that  he  have  one  of  the  places 
which  were  not  filled  by  the  petty  ensigns.  These  are  now  filled,  but  as 
there  are  three  second  ensigns  with  orders  for  active  duty,  who  should 
not  be  admitted  to  this  rank  except  in  places  that  happen  to  become 
vacant,  I  humbly  pray  the  Council  to  accord  a  similar  order  for  active 
duty  to  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  so  that  he  may  receive  the  first  place  that 
becomes  vacant  after  Sieurs  Le  Verrier,  Sabrevois  and  Lignery  have  been 
promoted."  n 

11  Correspomlance  Generale,  Can.  Archives,  Vol.  44.  This,  with  much  other  valu- 
able matter  collected  by  M.  Roy,  is  printed  by  him  in  Vol.  7,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc. 
Publications,  under  the  title  "Sieur  de  Vincennes  Identified." 

• 


• 

. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


109 


Jean  Baptiste  Bissot  had  but  three  sons ;  and  of  these  Pierre  died  in 
infancy,  and  Michel  when  two  years  old.  The  remaining  son,  Francois 
Marie,  was  born  June  17,  1700,  and  was  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes  who 
figured  in  Indiana  from  1719  to  1736.  Judge  Law  says  that  he  signed 
his  name  "Francois  Morgan  de  Vinsenne,"  which  is  explained  by  the 
facts,  first,  that  he  did  not  know  how  to  spell  either  his  name  or  his  title ; 
second,  that  when  christened,  his  godfather  was  Francois  Margane  de 


ROY 


Batilly,  his  cousin ;  and  third,  that  being  in  the  service  at  the  same  time 
as  his  father,  who  signed  his  name  "Bissot  Yensenne,"  he  took  his  god- 
father's family  name  for  distinction,  as  was  commonly  done  by  the  Cana- 
dians; and  writing  it  "Margan,"  it  was  mistaken  by  Judge  Law  for 
"Morgan,"  which  is  not  a  French  name.  The  letter  is  also  valuable  as 
showing  that  the  stockade  fort  at  the  site  of  Fort  Wayne  was  completed 
in  May,  1722,  and  this  was  the  first  fort  built  by  white  men  within  the 
bounds  of  Indiana.  The  "fort  of  the  Ouiatanons"  described  in  the 
French  relation  of  1718,  was  an  Indian  stockade,  such  as  they  commonly 


110  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

put  around  their  villages,  or  adjoining  them,  whenever  they  were  located 
in  exposed  positions.  The  letter  also  makes  evident  the  hostile  attitude 
of  the  French  and  the  British,  which  increased  in  intensity  for  the  next 
forty  years. 

The  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession  had  closed  with  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713 ;  and  the  15th  section  of  that  treaty  contained  this  pro- 
vision :  ' '  The  subjects  of  France  inhabiting  Canada,  and  others,  shall 
give  no  hinderance  or  molestation  to  the  five  nations  or  cantons  of 
Indians,  subject  to  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain,  nor  to  other  natives 
of  America  who  are  friends  to  the  same.  In  like  manner,  the  subjects 
of  Great  Britain  shall  behave  themselves  peaceably  towards  the  Ameri- 
cans who  are  subjects  or  friends  to  France ;  and  on  both  sides  they  shall 
enjoy  full  liberty  of  going  and  coming  on  account  of  trade.  As  also  the 
natives  of  those  countries  shall,  with  the  same  liberty,  resort,  as  they 
please,  to  the  British  and  French  colonies,  for  promoting  trade  on  one 
side  and  the  other  without  any  molestation  or  hinderance,  either  on  the 
part  of  British  subjects  or  of  the  French.  But  it  is  to  be  exactly  and 
distinctly  settled  by  commissaries,  who  are,  and  who  ought  to  be 
accounted  the  subjects  and  friends  of  Britain  or  of  France."  12 

The  treaty  had  similar  provisions  for  free  trade  between  France  and 
England,  which  were  met  with  riotous  objection  by  the  protectionists  of 
England.  On  this  side  of  the  water  the  treaty,  in  this  feature,  was 
treated  as  a  "  scrap  of  paper, ' '  except  in  so  far  as  it  aided  either  side  to 
get  the  Indian  trade  away  from  the  other.  This  meant  that  each  would 
side  with  the  Indians  in  any  quarrel  with  the  other,  and  furnish  them 
with  arms  and  ammunition ;  also,  as  rum  was  the  most  attractive  com- 
modity to  the  Indians,  all  restraint  on  its  sale  was  soon  thrown  off,  and 
the  Indian  road  to  ruin  was  made  smooth.  On  account  of  the  energy 
with  which  the  English  sought  the  Indian  trade,  our  Indians  were  hardly 
settled  in  Indiana  before  the  French  began  trying  to  induce  them  to 
move  back  to  the  west,  where  the  English  could  not  so  easily  reach  them. 

Meanwhile  the  English  had  secured  the  friendship  of  the  southern 
Indians,  who  were  enemies  of  the  Algonquian  tribes,  and  incidentally 
hostile  to  the  French,  who  supplied  them  with  arms ;  and,  in  consequence, 
trouble  opened  in  that  direction.  Louisiana  had  been  granted  to 
Anthony  Crozat  in  1712,  but  in  1717  he  surrendered  his  charter,  and 
the  Mississippi  Valley  was  turned  over  to  the  Company  of  the  Occident. 
The  Illinois  country,  including  southern  Indiana,  was  added  to  Louisiana 
for  governmental  purposes,  and  Bienville  was  made  governor.  In  1718 
Bienville  sent  his  cousin.  Pierre  Dugue  de  Boisbriant,  with  one  hundred 


"McDonald's  Select  Charters,  p.  232. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  111 

men,  to  build  a  fort  on  the  upper  Mississippi  for  the  protection  of  ' '  the 
upper  settlements"  from  the  pacific  English  and  their  Indian  allies.  He 
se^cted  a  point  some  sixteen  miles  above  Kaskaskia  and  completed  the 
fort  in  1720,  naming  it  Fort  Chartres  in  honor  of  the  Due  de  Chartres. 
This  was  a  stockade  fort  of  logs,  which  was  replaced  thirty-four  years 
later  by  a  substantial  stone  fortress,  under  the  command  of  the  Chevalier 
Macarty. 

The  year  1720  was  eventful,  for  in  addition  to  the  completion  of  Fort 
Chartres,  which  was  the  seat  of  government  of  Illinois  and  southern 
Indiana  during  the  French  period,  the  Mississippi  Company,  into  which 


Rrixs  OP  POWDER  MAGAZINE  FORT  CHARTRES 

the  Company  of  the  Occident  had  merged,  on  September  15  of  that  year 
asked  the  government  to  establish  a  post  on  the  Ouabache  (i.  e.  the 
Wabash  and  the  lower  Ohio,  treated  as  one  stream)  and  place  a  company 
of  troops  there  "to  occupy  first  the  entire  country,  and  prevent  the 
English  from  penetrating  it. ' ' 13  Moreover,  in  this  year  Kaskaskia  was 
made  a  parish,  and  Father  de  Beaubois  was  located  there  as  priest. 
He  was  very  ambitious  to  enlarge  his  jurisdiction  by  an  Indian  mission, 
but  being  in  Louisiana,  and  the  dividing  line  between  that  province  and 
Canada  crossing  the  "Wabash  at  about  the  site  of  Terre  Haute,  all  of  the 
Indiana  Indians  were  in  Canada.  He  therefore  united  in  the  call  for  a 
post  on  the  Ouabache,  and  a  missionary  priest.  Everyone  who  came 
within  his  reach  was  duly  impressed  with  the  importance  of  a  post  on 

is  Margry,  Vol.  5,  p.  624. 


" 


110 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


put  around  their  villages,  or  adjoining  them,  whenever  they  were  located 
in  exposed  positions.  The  letter  also  makes  evident  the  hostile  attitude 
of  the  French  and  the  British,  which  increased  in  intensity  for  the  next 
forty  years. 

The  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession  had  closed  with  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713 ;  and  the  15th  section  of  that  treaty  contained  this  pro- 
vision :  ' '  The  subjects  of  France  inhabiting  Canada,  and  others,  shall 
give  no  hinderance  or  molestation  to  the  five  nations  or  cantons  of 
Indians,  subject  to  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain,  nor  to  other  natives 
of  America  who  are  friends  to  the  same.  In  like  manner,  the  subjects 
of  Great  Britain  shall  behave  themselves  peaceably  towards  the  Ameri- 
cans who  are  subjects  or  friends  to  France ;  and  on  both  sides  they  shall 
enjoy  full  liberty  of  going  and  coming  on  account  of  trade.  As  also  the 
natives  of  those  countries  shall,  with  the  same  liberty,  resort,  as  they 
please,  to  the  British  and  French  colonies,  for  promoting  trade  on  one 
side  and  the  other  without  any  molestation  or  hinderance,  either  on  the 
part  of  British  subjects  or  of  the  French.  But  it  is  to  be  exactly  and 
distinctly  settled  by  commissaries,  who  are,  and  who  ought  to  be 
accounted  the  subjects  and  friends  of  Britain  or  of  France."  12 

The  treaty  had  similar  provisions  for  free  4rade  between  France  and 
England,  which  were  met  with  riotous  objection  by  the  protectionists  of 
England.  On  this  side  of  the  water  the  treaty,  in  this  feature,  was 
treated  as  a  "scrap  of  paper,"  except  in  so  far  as  it  aided  either  side  to 
get  the  Indian  trade  away  from  the  other.  This  meant  that  each  would 
side  with  the  Indians  in  any  quarrel  with  the  other,  and  furnish  them 
with  arms  and  ammunition ;  also,  as  rum  was  the  most  attractive  com- 
modity to  the  Indians,  all  restraint  on  its  sale  was  soon  thrown  off,  and 
the  Indian  road  to  ruin  was  made  smooth.  On  account  of  the  energy 
with  which  the  English  sought  the  Indian  trade,  our  Indians  were  hardly 
settled  in  Indiana  before  the  French  began  trying  to  induce  them  to 
move  back  to  the  west,  where  the  English  could  not  so  easily  reach  them. 

Meanwhile  the  English  had  secured  the  friendship  of  the  southern 
Indians,  who  were  enemies  of  the  Algonquian  tribes,  and  incidentally 
hostile  to  the  French,  who  supplied  them  with  arms ;  and,  in  consequence, 
trouble  opened  in  that  direction.  Louisiana  had  been  granted  to 
Anthony  Crozat  in  1712,  but  in  1717  he  surrendered  his  charter,  and 
the  Mississippi  Valley  was  turned  over  to  the  Company  of  the  Occident. 
The  Illinois  country,  including  southern  Indiana,  was  added  to  Louisiana 
for  governmental  purposes,  and  Bienville  was  made  governor.  In  1718 
Bienville  sent  his  cousin.  Pierre  Dugue  de  Boisbriant,  with  one  hundred 


12  McDonald's  Select  Charters,  p.  232. 


• 


- 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  111 

men,  to  build  a  fort  on  the  upper  Mississippi  for  the  protection  of  "the 
upper  settlements"  from  the  pacific  English  and  their  Indian  allies.  He 
sejfcted  a  point  some  sixteen  miles  above  Kaskaskia  and  completed  the 
fort  in  1720,  naming  it  Fort  Chartres  in  honor  of  the  Due  de  Chartres. 
This  was  a  stockade  fort  of  logs,  which  was  replaced  thirty-four  years 
later  by  a  substantial  stone  fortress,  under  the  command  of  the  Chevalier 
Macarty. 

The  year  1720  was  eventful,  for  in  addition  to  the  completion  of  Fort 
Chartres,  which  was  the  seat  of  government  of  Illinois  and  southern 
Indiana  during  the  French  period,  the  Mississippi  Company,  into  which 


Rnxs  OF  POWDER  MAGAZINE  FORT  CHARTRES 

the  Company  of  the  Occident  had  merged,  on  September  15  of  that  year 
asked  the  government  to  establish  a  post  on  the  Ouabache  (i.  e.  the 
Wabash  and  the  lower  Ohio,  treated  as  one  stream)  and  place  a  company 
of  troops  there  "to  occupy  first  the  entire  country,  and  prevent  the 
English  from  penetrating  it."13  Moreover,  in  this  year  Kaskaskia  was 
made  a  parish,  and  Father  de  Beaubois  was  located  there  as  priest. 
He  was  very  ambitious  to  enlarge  his  jurisdiction  by  an  Indian  mission, 
l:ut  being  in  Louisiana,  and  the  dividing  line  between  that  province  and 
Canada  crossing  the  "Wabash  at  about  the  site  of  Terre  Haute,  all  of  the 
Indiana  Indians  were  in  Canada.  He  therefore  united  in  the  call  for  a 
post  on  the  Ouabache,  and  a  missionary  priest.  Everyone  who  came 
within  his  reach  was  duly  impressed  with  the  importance  of  a  post  on 


Margry,  Vol.  5,  p.  624. 


112  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  Ouabache.  Father  Charlevoix  explained  it  in  1721,  and  La  Harpe 
urged  it  in  1724. "  In  1725  Dugue  de  Boisbriant  wrote  to  the  Company 
that,  because  of  the  failure  to  establish  a  post  on  the  Wabash,  "  it  is  mu0h 
to  be  feared  that  the  English  will  take  possession  of  it,  and  this  would 
entirely  ruin  the  Upper  Colony,  because  it  would  be  easy  for  them,  with 
the  prodigious  quantities  of  merchandise  which  they  ordinarily  carry, 
to  win  all  of  the  Indians  of  this  region."  15 

In  the  early  spring  of  1725  Father  de  Beaubois  started  to  France  to 
get  something  done.  The  Chevalier  de  Bourgmont  gathered  twenty-two 
Indians  at  New  Orleans,  to  accompany  him ;  but  as  they  were  about  to 
embark,  their  ship  sank  at  its  moorings,  and  all  of  them  declined  to  try 
another  ship  except  six,  who  are  listed  as  follows:  "Agapit  Chicagou, 
chief  of  the  Metchigamia,  an  Illinois  nation;  Menspere  (a  Missouri  chief), 
Boganienhein  (Osage),  Aguiguida  (Otoptata) ;  also  Ignon  Ouaconisen, 
daughter  of  the  Missouri  chief,  and  a  slave  named  Pilate,  of  the  Atanana 
nation."  They  had  a  great  reception  in  France;  saw  all  the  wonders  of 
Paris  and  Versailles,  went  to  the  opera,  and  were  taken  hunting  by  the 
King.  The  account  of  their  visit  filled  thirty-three  pages  of  Le  Mercure 
de  France.16  The  Queen  was  desirous  of  seeing  them,  but  the  King,  who 
was  fifteen  years  old  and  just  married,  feared  that  their  "assortment 
sauvage  &  trop  bizarre"  might  be  bad  for  her  health,  and  so  the  unfor- 
tunate bride  had  to  be  content  with  an  interview  with  Father  de 
Beaubois. 

Father  de  Beaubois  secured  orderg  for  a  post  on  the  Ouabache ;  also 
a  missionary  for  the  same ;  also  some  nuns  to  establish  a  convent  at  New 
Orleans.  The  missionary,  Father  D  'Outreleau,  and  the  nuns,  who  estab- 
lished the  celebrated  Ursuline  convent  at  New  Orleans,  embarked  at 
L 'Orient  for  America,  Feb.  22,  1727,  on  the  ship  La  Gironde,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Vauberci,  and  after  a  rough  voyage,  arrived  at 
New  Orleans  at  the  end  of  July.17  But  opposition  had  arisen.  The 
plan  involved  the  movement  of  the  Sieur  de  Vincennes  into  Louisiana, 
with  a  part  of  the  Wabash  Indians,  and  Gov.  de  Vaudreuil  of  Canada 
did  not  wish  to  lose  either  Vincennes  or  the  Indians;  so  both  Canada 
and  Louisiana  began  bidding  for  Sieur  de  Vincennes,  who  was  recog- 
nized by  all  as  the  one  man  who  could  control  the  Indians.  Action  was 
delayed,  and  meanwhile  the  English  were  coming  closer,  and  the 
Chickasaws  were  becoming  bolder  in  their  raids.  Finally,  on  Oct.  15, 


i«  French's  Hist  Coll.  of  La.,  pt.  3,  pp.  114,  123. 
is  Margry,  Vol.  6,  p.  657. 
J«  Vol.  1,  1725;  December,  pp.-2827-2859. 

IT  For  detailed  account  of  these  events,  see  The  Mission  to  the  Ouabache,  Ind.  Hist. 
Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  3,  No.  4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  113 

1730,  the  Governors  of  Canada  reported:  "The  Ouiatanons  have  been 
led  away  into  the  jurisidiction  of  Louisiana  by  Sieur  de  Vincennes."  18 
It  had  been  intended  to  establish  the  post  at  the  junction  of  the  Wabash 
and  the  Ohio,  but  the  Indians  were  unwilling  to  risk  so  exposed  a  situ- 
ation, and  so  the  location  was  made  at  Vincennes,  the  place  being  called 
by  the  Indians  Tcip-ka-ki-un-gi,  or  Place  of  Boots  (corrupted  by  the 
whites  to  Chip-kaw-kay,  Chippecoke,  &c.)  on  account  of  the  plenty  of 
edible  roots  in  the  adjoining  prairies. 

The  allowance  for  salaries  and  support  of  the  new  post  begins,  in 
the  French  budget,  with  July,  1731;  in  the  same  year  the  post  first 
appeared  on  a  map,  and  was  first  mentioned  in  official  correspondence. 
On  March  7,  1733,  Vincennes  reported:  "You  have  done  me  the  honor 
to  ask  me  to  send  you  a  statement  of  the  works  finished  and  to  be  con-, 
structed.  There  is  only  a  fort  and  two  houses  in  it,  and  there  should 
at  once  be  built  a  guard  room  with  barracks  for  lodging  the  soldiers. 
It  is  not  possible  to  remain  in  this  place  with  so  few  troops.  It  will 
need  thirty  men  with  an  officer.  I  am  more  embarrassed  than  ever  in 
this  place  by  the  war  with  the  Chickasaws  who  have  come  here  twice 
since  spring.  It  is  only  twelve  days  since  the  last  party  brought  in 
three  persons,  and  as  it  is  the  French  who  have  put  the  tomahawk  in 
their  hands,  I  am  obliged  to  be  at  expense  continually. " 19  In  1735  a 
few  Canadian  families  settled  at  the  post;  and  so  the  first  permanent 
settlement  in  Indiana  was  begun.  The  post  at  Fort  Wayne  was  built 
ten  years  earlier,  but  it  was  temporarily  abandoned  later.  Post  Ouia- 
tanon  was  also  probably  established  prior  to  this  time,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Wabash,  a  short  distance  below  Lafayette,  on  a  ridge  lying  west 
of  Sand  Ridge  Church;  but  it  was  abandoned  before  the  American  oc- 
cupation. 

Inasmuch  as  there  is  a  large  amount  of  "local  history"  in  print  claim- 
ing an  earlier  date  for  the  foundation  of  Vincennes,  it  becomes  an  es- 
sential part  of  the  history  of  the  State  to  explain  its  being.  The  error 
began  with  Judge  John  Law,  in  an  address  delivered  by  him  on  Feb. 
22,  1839,  before  "The  Vincennes  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Society." 
It  was  evidently  the  result  of  extended  research  in  the  documents  access- 
ible at  Vincennes  and  in  the  Illinois  settlements;  and  the  substance  of 
the  results  of  his  research  is  contained  in  the  following  paragraph : 

"Francois  Morgan  de  Vinsenne  ('Vinsenne,'  for  so  he  spelled  his 
name)  was  an  officer  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  France,  and  served 
in  Canada  probably  as  early  as  1720,  in  the  regiment  'de  Carignan.'  At 


is  Ind.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  Vol.  12,  p.  134. 
is  The  Mission  to  the  Ouabache,  p.  304. 

Yol.  1—8 


114  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

any  rate,  as  we  are  informed,  he  was  engaged  in  some  service  with  an 
other  officer  on  the  lakes  towards  Sault  St.  Marie,  for  the  Governor  of 
Canada,  M.  de  Vaudreuil,  in  1725.  At  what  time  he  took  possession 
here  is  not  exactly  known,  probably  somewhere  about  the  year  1732. 
There  is  nothing  on  our  records  to  show,  but  an  act  of  sale  made  by 
him  and  Madame  Vinsenne,  the  daughter  of  Monsieur  Philip  Longprie 
of  Kaskaskia.  and  recorded  there.  The  act  of  sale,  dated  5th  January, 
1735,  styles  him  'an  officer  of  the  troops  of  the  King,'  and  'command- 
ant au  poste  du  Ouabache';  the  same  deed  expressing  that  Madame 
Vinsenne  was  absent  at  the  Post.  Her  signature  being  necessary  to  the 
deed,  she  sent  her  mark,  or  cross,  which  is  testified  to  as  hers,  'X  the 
mark  of  Madame  Vinsenne,'  and  showing  that  the  good  lady  was  not 
very  far  advanced  in  the  rudiments,  though  her  husband  was  com- 
mandant, and  her  father  the  wealthiest  citizen  of  Kaskaskia.  The  will 
of  Monsieur  Longprie,  his  father-in-law,  dated  the  10th  of  March,  1735, 
gives  to  him,  among  other  things,  408  Ibs.  of  pork,  which  he  wishes  '  kept 
safe  until  the  arrival  of  Mons.  Vinsenne',  who  was  then  at  the  Post. 
There  are  other  documents  there  signed  by  him  as  a  witness  in  1733-4 ; 
among  them  one  of  a  receipt  for  100  pistoles,  received  from  his  father- 
in-law,  on  his  marriage.  From  all  these  proofs,  I  think  it  evident  that 
he  was  here  previous  to  1733,  and  left  with  his  command,  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Chickasaws,  in  1736,  by  orders  from  his  superior  offi- 
cer at  New  Orleans.  *  *  *  On  looking  at  the  register  of  the  Catholic 
church,  it  will  be  found  that  the  change  of  name  from  Vinsenne  to  Vin- 
cennes,  its  present  appellation,  was  made  as  early  as  1749.  Why  or 
wherefore  I  do  not  know.  I  wish  the  original  orthography  had  been  ob- 
served, and  the  name  spelled  after  its  founder,  with  the  V  instead  of 
the-  'c,'  as  it  should  be." 

Of  course  the  change  of  spelling  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  parish 
priest  knew  how  to  spell,  at  least  better  than  Sieur  de  Vincennes;  and 
the  "regiment  de  Carignan"  is  merely  an  unfortunate  pretension  to 
learning;  but  with  these  exceptions  Judge  Law's  conclusions  in  this 
passage  are  quite  accurate.  Unfortunately  he  found  a  reference  in  a 
letter  of  Father  Marest,  dated  Nov.  9,  1712,  to  Sieur  Juchereau's  post 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  or  "Ouabache"  as  it  was  then  called;  and  took 
it  for  a  reference  to  Vincennes;  and  this  caused  him  to  abandon  the 
uniform  tradition  that  the  settlement  was  begun  by  the  Sieur  de  Vin- 
cennes. The  error  was  quickly  pointed  out,  but  Judge  Law  refused  to 
abandon  it ;  and  subsequent  writers  tried  to  fortify  his  position  by  fic- 
titious records  and  manufactured  tradition.  In  reality  local  tradition 
was  exhausted  half-a-century  before  Judge  Law's  time,  by  Major  Henry 
Vanderburgh.  "Winthrop  Sargent,  the  Secretary  of  Northwest  Terri- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


115 


tory,  had  been  charged  with  the  duty  of  carrying  out  the  provisions 
of  a  resolution  of  Congress,  adopted  in  1788,  for  adjusting  the  land 
claims  of  the  French  settlers.  He  called  on  Vanderburgh  for  informa- 
tion as  to  the  Vincennes  settlement,  and  he  could  not  have  made  a  bet- 
ter selection.  Vanderburgh  was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1760,  and  en- 
tered the  5th  New  York  Regiment,  Continental  Line,  as  lieutenant,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  being  later  promoted  to  captain.  He  came  west 


JUDGE  JOHN  LAW 

about  1788  and  located  at  Vincennes,  where,  in  February,  1790,  he 
married  Frances  Cornoyer,  daughter  of  Pierre  Cornoyer,  one  of  the 
principal  residents  of  the  place.  In  1791  Gov.  St.  Clair  appointed  him 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Probate  Judge  for  Knox  County.  In  1799  he 
was  selected  by  President  Adams  as  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cil of  the  Territory,  and  was  chosen  President  of  that  body.  In  1800 
he  was  made  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  Terri- 
tory, and  held  that  office  until  his  death  on  April  5,  1812.  It  was  his 


. 
' 


114 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


any  rate,  as  we  are  informed,  he  was  engaged  in  some  service  with  an 
other  officer  on  the  lakes  towards  Sault  St.  Marie,  for  the  Governor  of 
Canada,  M.  de  Vaudreuil,  in  1725.  At  what  time  he  took  possession 
here  is  not  exactly  known,  probably  somewhere  about  the  year  1732. 
There  is  nothing  on  our  records  to  show,  but  an  act  of  sale  made  by 
him  and  Madame  Vinsenne,  the  daughter  of  Monsieur  Philip  Longprie 
of  Kaskaskia,  and  recorded  there.  The  act  of  sale,  dated  5th  January, 
1735,  styles  him  'an  officer  of  the  troops  of  the  King,'  and  'command- 
ant au  poste  du  Ouabache';  the  same  deed  expressing  that  Madame 
Vinsenne  was  absent  at  the  Post.  Her  signature  being  necessary  to  the 
deed,  she  sent  her  mark,  or  cross,  which  is  testified  to  as  hers,  'X  the 
mark  of  Madame  Vinsenne,'  and  showing  that  the  good  lady  was  not 
very  far  advanced  in  the  rudiments,  though  her  husband  was  com- 
mandant, and  her  father  the  wealthiest  citizen  of  Kaskaskia.  The  will 
of  Monsieur  Longprie,  his  father-in-law,  dated  the  10th  of  March,  1735, 
gives  to  him,  among  other  things,  408  Ibs.  of  pork,  which  he  wishes  'kept 
safe  until  the  arrival  of  Mons.  Vinsenne',  who  was  then  at  the  Post. 
There  are  other  documents  there  signed  by  him  as  a  witness  in  1733-4 ; 
among  them  one  of  a  receipt  for  100  pistoles,  received  from  his  father- 
in-law,  on  his  marriage.  From  all  these  proofs,  I  think  it  evident  that 
he  was  here  previous  to  1733,  and  left  with  his  command,  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  Chickasaws,  in  1736,  by  orders  from  his  superior  offi- 
cer at  New  Orleans.  *  *  *  On  looking  at  the  register  of  the  Catholic 
church,  it  will  be  found  that  the  change  of  name  from  Vinsenne  to  Vin- 
cennes,  its  present  appellation,  was  made  as  early  as  1749.  Why  or 
wherefore  I  do  not  know.  I  wish  the  original  orthography  had  been  ob- 
served, and  the  name  spelled  after  its  founder,  with  the  V  instead  of 
the  'c,'  as  it  should  be." 

Of  course  the  change  of  spelling  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  parish 
priest  knew  how  to  spell,  at  least  better  than  Sieur  de  Vincennes;  and 
the  "regiment  de  Carignan"  is  merely  an  unfortunate  pretension  to 
learning;  but  with  these  exceptions  Judge  Law's  conclusions  in  this 
passage  are  quite  accurate.  Unfortunately  he  found  a  reference  in  a 
letter  of  Father  Marest,  dated  Nov.  9,  1712,  to  Sieur  Juchereau's  post 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  or  "Ouabache"  as  it  was  then  called ;  and  took 
it  for  a  reference  to  Vincennes;  and  this  caused  him  to  abandon  the 
uniform  tradition  that  the  settlement  was  begun  by  the  Sieur  de  Vin- 
cennes. The  error  was  quickly  pointed  out,  but  Judge  Law  refused  to 
abandon  it ;  and  subsequent  writers  tried  to  fortify  his  position  by  fic- 
titious records  and  manufactured  tradition.  In  reality  local  tradition 
was  exhausted  half-a-century  before  Judge  Law's  time,  by  Major  Henry 
Vanderburgh.  Winthrop  Sargent,  the  Secretary  of  Northwest  Terri- 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


115 


tory,  had  been  charged  with  the  duty  of  carrying  out  the  provisions 
of  a  resolution  of  Congress,  adopted  in  1788,  for  adjusting  the  land 
claims  of  the  French  settlers.  He  called  on  Vanderburgh  for  informa- 
tion as  to  the  Vincennes  settlement,  and  he  could  not  have  made  a  bet- 
ter selection.  Vanderburgh  was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  in  1760,  and  en- 
tered the  5th  New  York  Regiment,  Continental  Line,  as  lieutenant,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  being  later  promoted  to  captain.  He  came  west 


JUDGE  JOHN  LAW 

about  1788  and  located  at  Vincennes,  where,  in  February,  1790,  he 
married  Frances  Cornoyer,  daughter  of  Pierre  Cornoyer,  one  of  the 
principal  residents  of  the  place.  In  1791  Gov.  St.  Clair  appointed  him 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Probate  Judge  for  Knox  County.  In  1799  he 
was  selected  by  President  Adams  as  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cil of  the  Territory,  and  was  chosen  President  of  that  body.  In  1800 
he  was  made  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  Terri- 
tory, and  held  that  office  until  his  death  on  April  5,  1812.  It  was  his 


116  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

son  whose  tragic  death,  while  acting  as  agent  for  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, is  recounted  by  Irving  in  The  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonne- 
ville.  Judge  Vanderburgh 's  report  to  Sargent  is  in  these  words: 

"In  answer  to  Col.  Sargent's  enquiries,  Major  Vanderburgh  has  the 
honor  of  replying  as  follows,  viz. 

"Vincennes  had  its  name  from  Monsieur  de  Vincennes,  who  was  the 
first  Frenchman  that  encamped  on  this  ground  as  he  passed  with  French 
troops  from  Canada,  to  Louisiana,  in  or  about  the  year  1737.  Monsieur 
de  Vincennes  was  afterwards  burnt  with  a  Jesuit  by  the  Chickasaws. 
It  appears  that  there  were  no  more  than  three  French  families  here  in 
the  year  1745. — That  Monsieur  St.  Ange,  the  only  French  officer  that 
ever  commanded  here  arrived  in  the  year  1747  or  48, — That  he  com- 
manded here  till  the  18th  May  1764,  on  which  day  he  appointed  Monsieur 
Rusherville,  who  it  appears  was  then  doing  the  duty  of  Captain  of  the 
Militia,  to  succeed  him  and  gave  him  instructions  accordingly, — after 
the  death  of  Rusherville,  which  happened  in  the  year  1767,  Lieutenant 
Chapard  commanded  until  his  decease,  when  the  command  devolved 
on  Monsieur  Racine  St.  Marie,  the  Ensign,  who  always  received  his 
orders  from  the  British  commandants  in  the  Illinois; — my  informants 
have  not  been  able  to  mention  the  duration  of  these  respective  commands, 
— Monsieur  Racine  continued  to  command  till  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Abbet, 
a  British  officer  in  the  year  1777,  who  returned  to  Detroit  the  same  year 
after  building  a  small  Fort,  and  leaving  the  command  with  Monsieur 
Bolon,  who  surrendered  the  same  to  Capt.  Helmes,  of  the  Virginia  troops 
in  July,  1778 — Governor  Hamilton  arrived  in  Nov.  or  Dec.  in  the  same 
year,  and  took  Helmes  and  the  Governor  prisoners  and  repaired  the 
works, — he  was  taken  by  General  Clark,  in  the  month  of  February  1779. 
The  population  of  this  place  appears  then  to  have  been  about  three 
hundred  families, — at  this  time  there  are  about  110  houses  in  the  Vil- 
lage in  which  people  dwell,  and  about  75  in  the  country — I  estimate  the 
number  of  souls  upwards  of  1.200.  30,000  bushels  of  Indian  corn  raised 
last  year,  and  12,000  bushels  of  Wheat,  weighing  about  60  Ibs.  to  a 
bushel.  28th  Oct.  1797.  "20 

It  will  be  noted  that  tradition,  when  tradition  actually  existed,  put 
the  dates  of  the  founding  of  the  post,  and  the  coming  of  St.  Ange  later 
than  the  reality,  instead  of  earlier ;  but  aside  from  this  feature  Vander- 
burgh 's  statement  is  a  quite  full  statement  of  the  civil  government,  which 
consisted  chiefly  of  the  will  of  the  Commandant,  at  Vincennes  as  well 
at  the  other  two  Indian  posts,  Ouiatanon  and  Fort  Wayne.  Life  at  all 
of  them  was  a  monotonous  affair,  except  for  occasional  trouble  with 


20  Farmers  &  Mechanics  Journal — Vincennes — March  29,  1823. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  117 

the  Indians,  which  was  usually  stirred  up  by  the  English.  The  first 
and  greatest  of  these  came  in  1736,  when  Gov.  Bienville,  of  Louisiana, 
determined  to  invade  the  Chickasaw  country,  and  called  on  the  upper 
settlements  for  assistance.  Vincennes,  with  a  part  of  his  little  garri- 
son, and  a  band  of  Indians,  joined  D 'Artaguiette,  with  a  contingent 
from  Fort  Chartres,  and  this  force,  arriving  in  the  enemy's  country 
before  the  Louisiana  troops,  undertook  to  attack  alone;  but  fell  into 
an  ambuscade,  and  were  routed  with  great  slaughter.  It  was  a  terrible 
blow  to  the  little  settlements — as  Toussaint  Loizel  wrote :  "  It  is  a 
mortal  desolation  to  us  poor  people  of  Illinois  to  see  ourselves  deprived 
of  so  many  brave  men."  An  idea  of  it  may  be  had  from  the  state- 
ment of  the  "Monsieur  Rusherville, "  mentioned  above  as  the  successor 
of  St.  Ange  at  Vincennes,  as  recorded  by  Moreau  St.  Mery  in  1739,  in 
his  history  of  Louisiana : 

"Relation  made  by  Sieur  Drouet  de  Richard ville  of  the  engagement 
which  M.  de  Artaguiette  had  with  the  Chickasaws  in  the  month  of 
March  1736,  on  the  way  to  Fort  St.  Frederic.  He  reports  that  in  this 
engagement  three  of  his  brothers  were  killed;  that  he  himself  received 
two  gunshot  wounds,  one  in  the  left  arm,  and  one  at  the  base  of  the 
stomach,  and  an  arrow  wound  in  his  wrist;  that  he  was  taken  arms  in 
hand  by  three  Chickasaws  and  brought  to  a  village  with  22  French,  of 
whom  20  were  burned  at  the  stake,  among  others ;  Father  Senat,  Jesuit ; 
Messrs,  d'  Artaguiette,  de  Vincennes,  de  Coulanges,  de  St.  Ange  fils, 
Du  Tisne,  d'Esgly  de  Tonty  the  younger.  These  gentlemen  were  burned 
with  Father  Senat  on  the  day  of  the  fight,  from  3  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon to  midnight.  The  others  who  were  burned  were  officers  and  militia- 
men. Sieur  Courselas,  or  Coustillas,  officer,  was  burned  three  days  later 
at  the  large  village,  with  an  Iroquois  from  the  Sault  St.  Louis;  Sieur 
Courselas  had  been  detailed  with  35  men  to  guard  the  ammunition. 
Being  misled  he  came  to  the  village  of  the  Chickasaws  without  know- 
ing where  he  was  going.  He  was  not  able  to  learn  what  became  of  the 
35  Frenchmen  who  were  with  Courselas.  He  was  conducted  to  the 
cabin  of  the  chief  of  the  village  of  Joutalla,  where  he  was  guarded  for 
six  months  by  the  young  men,  •  after  which  he  was  given  full  liberty, 
and  hunted  with  the  Chickasaws."21 

There  is  some  additional  light  thrown  on  this  tragic  affair  by  the 
following  reference  to  it  in  a  defense  of  the  Jesuits  after  their  expul- 
sion from  Louisiana  in  1763:  "In  1736,  Father  Senat,  missionary  to 
the  Illinois,  was  appointed  to  accompany  Mi  d 'Artaguiette,  who  con- 
ducted a  party  of  French  against  the  Chickasaw.  The  enterprise  was 


21  Ind.  Mag.  of  History,  Vol.  12,  p.  135. 


118  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

unfortunate.  The  French  were  upon  the  point  of  being  surrounded  by 
the  savages  when  the  missionary  was  warned  that  he  still  had  time  to 
escape. .  He  was  offered  a  horse,  but  refused  it,  remembering  the  purpose 
of  his  voyage  and  the  need  that  the  French  captives  would  soon  have 
of  his  succor.  He  was  seized  with  them  and  led  as  they  were  to  tor- 
ture; a  savage  woman,  utterly  ignorant  of  the  Christian  religion,  was 
a  witness  of  their  death.  She  reported,  a  little  while  afterward,  that 
the  French  who  were  captured  by  the  Chickasaw  had  been  thrown  upon 
a  lighted  pile  of  wood  in  a  large  cabin,  'after  they  had  sung  in  order 
to  go  on  high. '  Seeing  their  manner  and  their  gestures,  she  had  compre- 
hended that  the  prayers  which  they  were  singing  were  to  guide  them 
to  heaven."22 

After  this  calamity,  St.  Ange,  the  father,  who  was  commanding  tem- 
porarily at  Fort  Chartres,  and  whose  eldest  son,  Pierre,  had  been  killed 
with  Vincennes,  asked  the  place  of  Vincennes  for  his  younger  son,  Louis, 
who  was  then  at  a  post  in  Missouri,  and  the  request  was  granted.  ' '  St. 
Ange ' '  was  a  nick-name  of  the  father,  his  real  name  being  Robert  Gros- 
ton;  and  our  new  Commandant,  probably  to  distinguish  himself  from 
his  father,  also  assumed  his  mother's  nick-name,  "Bellerive."  The 
French  indicated  a  nick-name  by  the  word  "dit";  and  in  the  course 
of  years,  Louis  Groston,  dit  St.  Ange,  dit  Bellerive,  came  to  be  known 
as  Sieur  de  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive ;  and  this  has  served  all  the  purposes 
of  "the  boast  of  heraldry"  quite  as  well  as  if  it  had  been  a  genuine  title 
of  nobility. 

The  wars  between  the  French  and  the  English  in  America  were  fought 
far  to  the  east  of  Indiana,  and  had  little  effect  on  the  settlements  here, 
the  only  immediate  troubles  were  due  to  the  rivalry  of  the  fur  traders, 
and  occurred  while  the  two  nations  were  at  peace.  In  1733  there  were 
three  French  traders  killed  by  some  Ouiatanon  youths  in  a  drunken  affray 
growing  out  of  a  trading  squabble,  but  this  was  purely  local  and  per- 
sonal, and  was  settled  without  bloodshed.  In  1745  a  band  of  Hurons, 
under  their  war  chief  Nicholas,  were  offended  by  the  French  at  Detroit, 
and  removed  from  the  Detroit  River  to  the  north  side  of  Sandusky 
Bay.  Late  in  the  same  year  a  party  of  English  traders  from  Pennsyl- 
vania visited  "Sandosket"  and  had  a  very  friendly  reception  from 
Nicholas,  who  gave  them  permission  to  erect  a  blockhouse  and  trad- 
ing post  at  Sandosket.  From  that  time  English  influence  grew  rapidly 
in  the  "West.  On  June  23,  1747,  five  French  traders  from  near  Vin- 
cennes arrived  at  Sandosket  with  a  lot  of  peltries.  Nicholas  was  in- 
censed at  their  coming  to  his  village  without  his  consent,  and,  by  advice 


111.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  10,  .p.  88. 


1 


H 


o 

K 
§ 


•4- 

— 


120  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  the  English  traders,  seized  them  and  their  goods.  The  next  day  he 
had  the  French  traders  killed,  and  sold  their  peltries  to  the  English 
traders.  Under  instructions  from  the  Governor  of  Canada,  the  Chevalier 
de  Longueuil,  Commandant  at  Detroit,  demanded  the  surrender  of  the 
murderers,  the  expulsion  of  the  English  traders  from  the  town,  and  fu- 
ture alliance  with  the  French.  These  demands  were  not  complied  with, 
and  an  expedition  against  Sandosket  was  prepared.  Meanwhile  Nicholas 
was  also  preparing  for  trouble  and  by  August,  1747,  had  formed  a  con- 
spiracy of  parts  of  nearly  all  of  the  western  tribes  except  the  Illinois 
to  drive  the  French  out  of  the  country.  On  one  of  the  holidays  of 
Pentecost  all  of  the  French  forts  were  to  be  taken  by  surprise,  and  the 
French  were  to  be  massacred.  The  plot  was  revealed  by  a  squaw;  and 
the  energetic  measures  of  M.  de  Longueuil  prevented  most  of  the  con- 
templated work.  The  chief  success  was  at  Fort  Miamis,  at  Kekionga. 
Ensign  Douville,  who  commanded  there  was  absent,  having  gone  to 
Montreal  with  Coldfoot  and  the  Hedgehog,  two  friendly  Miami  chiefs, 
when  the  hostile  Miamis  took  the  fort  by  surprise,  and  burned  it  to  the 
ground.  The  eight  men  who  formed  the  garrison  were  made  prisoners, 
but  were  afterwards  released.  Kekionga  was  abandoned  until  in  Febru- 
ary, 1748,  Sieur  Dubuisson  came  with  a  party  of  French  soldiers  from 
Detroit  and  rebuilt  the  fort.  On  September  22,  1748  a  force  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  soldiers  from  Montreal  arrived,  at  Detroit,  and 
Nicholas  sued  for  peace,  which  was  granted.  On  April  7,  1748,  he 
destroyed  his  village  and  the  English  blockhouse,  and,  with  one  hundred 
and  nineteen  warriors  and  their  families,  began  his  removal  to  the 
Ohio  River,  just  below  the  Wabash,  where  he  died  in  the  fall  of  the  same 
year. 

The  hostile  Miamis  moved  over  into  Ohio.  A  part  of  them,  under 
a  chief  called  La  Demoiselle,  located  on  the  Big  Miami,  opposite  th? 
mouth  of  Loramie's  creek,  and  the  remainder,  under  Le  Baril,  located 
on  a  small  tributary  of  the  Ohio  known  as  Riviere  Blanche.  The  maps 
of  the  period  would  indicate  that  this  was  White  Oak  Creek,  in  Brown 
County,  Ohio ;  but  M.  de  Vergennes,  Minister  of  Louis  XVI,  in  his 
Memoir  on  Louisiana,  mentions  but  this  one  stream  between  the  "Scu- 
hiato"  (Scioto)  and  Riviere  a  la  Roche  (Big  Miami),  and  says:  "The 
Riviere  Blanche  is  on  the  North,  it  has  also  about  one  hundred  leagues 
course,  and  takes  its  rise  about  twenty-five  leagues  southeast  of  Lake 
Erie."  There  is  no  stream  that  answers  this  description,  but  the  Little 
Miami  approaches  it  more  nearly  than  White  Oak  Creek.  These  Miamis 
sent  word  to  the  English  through  the  Six  Nations  that  they  desired  an 
alliance,  and  a  treaty  for  this  purpose  was  made  at  Lancaster,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  July,  1748,  under  which  the  English  in  the  following  spring 


f 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  121 

opened  a  road  from  the  Miami  towns  to  the  site  of  Pittsburg.  In  1749 
M.  de  Celoron  made  his  expedition  through  the  Ohio  country,  taking 
formal  repossession  of  the  country,  and  visiting  the  various  Indian 
tribes,  among  others  the  fugitive  Miamis.  He  urged  them  to  return  to 
"Kiskakon,  which  is  the  name  of  their  old  village,"  and  they  promised 
to  do  so,  but  instead  sent  information  of  the  matter  to  the  English, 
and  asked  for  more  traders.  These  were  supplied,  and  also  large  presents, 
on  account  of  which  the  English  were  allowed,  in  1750,  to  erect  a  strong 
trading  house  and  stockade  at  La  Demoiselle's  town.  This  place,  which 
had  been  commonly  called  the  Tawixtwi  town,  now  became  known  as 
Pickawillany,  or  sometimes  Picktown,  and  the  Miamis  living  there  were 
called  Picks  or  Picts.  The  trade  with  the  English  grew  apace.  In 
1749,  Sir  William  Johnson  reported  that  eleven  Miami  canoes,  with 
eighty-eight  men  came  to  Oswego  with  furs;  and  between  1745  and 
1753  there  were  more  than  fifty  Pennsylvanian  and  Virginian  licensed 
traders  engaged  in  the  trade  with  the  Miami  towns,  among  whom  were 
such  well  known  frontier  characters  as  Conrad  Weiser,  George  Croghan, 
Hugh  Crawford,  Michael  Cresap,  Christopher  Gist,  Jacob  Pyatt,  and 
William  Campbell.  The  situation  grew  worse.  In  1751  three  French 
deserters  from  Fort  Miamis  were  given  refuge  at  Pickawillany,  and  early 
in  1752  several  French  traders  were  murdered.  .  Then  a  force  of  several 
Frenchmen  and  a  large  body  of  Ottawa  and  Chippewa  Indians  was 
sent  against  the  town,  under  command  of  M.  St.  Orr.  This  expedition 
took  the  town  by  surprise,  and  only  twenty  men  were  able  to  get  into 
the  fort.  After  firing  at  the  fort  for  some  hours,  the  assaulting  party 
offered  to  withdraw  if  the  white  men  in  the  fort  were  surrendered.  There 
being  a  shortage  of  water  in  the  fort,  the  Englishmen  agreed  to  this, 
and  surrendered.  One  of  them,  who  was  badly  wounded,  was  killed, 
and  the  assaulting  party  withdrew  with  six  English  prisoners,  and  a 
large  amount  of  goods  from  the  houses  outside  of  the  fort.  They  had 
killed  five  Indians,  one  of  whom,  a  Piankeshaw  chief  commonly  known 
as  Old  Britain,  on  account  of  his  friendship  for  the  British,  was  boiled 
and  eaten  in  view  of  the  fort.  After  this,  most  of  the  English  traders 
abandoned  the  Ohio  trade,  and  most  of  the  Indians  were  brought  into 
alliance  with  the  French.  Little  more  was  heard  of  Pickawillany  until 
1769,  when  Peter  Loramie,  a  French  Canadian,  established  a  trading 
post  there,  and  the  place  became  known  as  Loramie 's  Station.  Loramie 
was  loyal  to  the  British,  and  hated  the  Americans;  and  during  the 
Revolutionary  war,  his  post  became  an  outfitting  place  for  Indian  raids, 
until  it  was  destroyed  by  George  Rogers  Clark,  in  the  fall  of  1782. 

In  1753,  M.  Du  Quesne  established  a  post  at  the  site  of  Erie,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  another  on  French  Creek.    Governor  Dinwiddie  of  Virginia 


122  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

sent  his  Adjutant  General,  George  Washington,  to  warn  Du  Quesne 
to  remove,  but  he  declined.  In  January,  1754,  Dinwiddie  ordered  Captain 
William  Trent  to  build  a  fort  at  the  site  of  Pittsburg.  He  reached  the 
place  on  February  17,  and  began  his  work.  Early  in  April  he  was 
called  away;  and  on  April  17  M.  de  Contrecoeur  appeared  before  the 
unfinished  fort  with  more  than  a  thousand  men,  and  eighteen  can- 
non, and  demanded  its  surrender.  Ensign  Ward,  who  was  in  command, 
had  only  forty-one  men  and  no  cannon.  He  obtained  permission  to 
withdraw  with  his  men,  and  surrendered  the  fort.  Thus  began  the 
French  and  Indian  war,  but  it  had  no  material  effect  on  the  Indiana 
settlements  until  its  close.  After  the  surrender  of  Montreal,  Major 
Robert  Rogers  was  sent  west  to  take  possession  of  the  French  posts. 
Detroit  was  delivered  to  him  on  November  29,  1760,  and  soon  'after 
officers  were  sent  to  take  possession  of  posts  Miamis  and  Ouiatanon; 
but  as  Post  Vincennes  and  the  Illinois  settlements  were  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Louisiana,  no  attempt  was  made  to  take  possession  of  them 
until  after  the  treaty  of  1763,  by  which  the  French  territory  east  of 
the  Mississippi  was  ceded  to  the  English.  Meanwhile  the  English  made 
little  effort  to  placate  the  Indians,  and  the  French  traders  among  them 
did  what  they  could  do  prejudice  them  against  the  new  rulers.  Indian 
plots  were  made  in  1761  and  1762  for  the  destruction  of  the  British 
posts,  but  these  were  discovered  and  frustrated.  In  the  spring  of  1763 
a  new  conspiracy  was  formed  with  Pontiac  at  its  head,  and  it  was  so 
far  successful  that  Sir  William  Johnson  reported  that  the  Indians  had 
"taken  and  destroyed  no  less  than  Eight  Forts,  murdered  great  part 
of  the  Garrisons,  killed  great  Numbers  of  his  Majestys  Subjects  on  the 
Frontiers,  and  destroyed  their  Settlements,  and  that  in  about  the 
Compass  of  a  Month." 

Two  of  the  forts  thus  taken  were  in  Indiana.  -Although  Ensign 
Holmes,  who  commanded  at  Fort  Miamis,  and  Lieutenant  Jenkins,  who 
commanded  at  Post  Ouiatanon,  had  reported  efforts  to  engage  the 
Miamis  in  hostilities,  and  although  Pon-tiac  had  begun  the  open  siege 
of  Detroit  on  May  9,  both  officers  fell  victims  to  treachery.  On  May 
27,  Holmes  was  decoyed  from  the  fort  by  his  Indian  mistress,  and  shot 
from  ambush;  and  his  garrison  surrendered  on  promise  that  their  lives 
would  be  spared.  On  June  1,  Lieutenant  Jenkins  wrote  to  Major  Glad- 
win,  who  was  still  besieged  at  Detroit:  "I  have  heard  of  your  Situ- 
ation which  gives  me  great  pain,  indeed  we  are  not  in  much  better, 
for  this  morning  the  Indians  sent  for  me  to  Speak  to  me,  &  Immediately 
bound  me  when  I  got  to  their  Cabbin,  and  I  soon  found  some  of  my 
Soldiers  in  the  same  Condition,  they  told  me  Detroit,  Miamis  &  all 
these  posts  were  cut  of,  and  that  it  was  a  folly  to  make  any  resistance 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


123 


therefore  me  to  make  the  few  Soldiers  I  had  in  the  Fort  Surrender, 
otherwise  they  would  put  us  all  to  Death  in  Case  one  Man  was  kill'd. 
They  were  to  have  fallen  upon  us  &  kill'd  us  all  last  Night,  but  Messrs 
Maisonville  &  Lorrain,  gave  them  wampum  not  to  kill  us,  &  &  when 
they  told  the  Interpreter  we  were  all  to  be  kill'd,  and  he  knowing  the 
condition  of  the  Fort  beg'd  of  them  to  make  us  prisoners.  They  have 


JAMES  E.  MOONEY 

put  us  into  the  French  houses  &  both  Indians  and  French  use  us  very 
well.  All  these  Nations  say  they  are  very  Sorry,  but  that  they  were 
Obliged  to  do  it  by  the  other  Nations,  the  Belt  did  not  Arrive  here  till 
last  Night  about  eight  o 'Clock;  Mr.  Lorrain  can  inform  you  of  all, 
Just  now  received  the  News  of  St.  Joseph's  being  taken,  Eleven  Men 
kill'd  and  three  taken  prisoners  with  the  Officer;  I  have  nothing  more 
to  Say  but  that  I  sincerely  wish  you  a  Speedy  Succour,  &  that  we  may 
be  able  to  revenge  ourselves  on  those  that  deserve  it." 


122 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sent  his  Adjutant  General,  George  Washington,  to  warn  Du  Quesne 
to  remove,  but  he  declined.  In  January,  1754,  Dinwiddie  ordered  Captain 
William  Trent  to  build  a  fort  at  the  site  of  Pittsburg.  He  reached  the 
place  on  February  17,  and  began  his  work.  Early  in  April  he  was 
called  away ;  and  on  April  17  M.  de  Contrecoeur  appeared  before  the 
unfinished  fort  with  more  than  a  thousand  men,  and  eighteen  can- 
non, and  demanded  its  surrender.  Ensign  Ward,  who  was  in  command, 
had  only  forty-one  men  and  no  cannon.  He  obtained  permission  to 
withdraw  with  his  men,  and  surrendered  the  fort.  Thus  began  the 
French  and  Indian  war,  but  it  had  no  material  effect  on  the  Indiana 
settlements  until  its  close.  After  the  surrender  of  Montreal,  Major 
Robert  Rogers  was  sent  west  to  take  possession  of  the  French  posts. 
Detroit  was  delivered  to  him  on  November  29,  1760,  and  soon  after 
officers  were  sent  to  take  possession  of  posts  Miamis  and  Ouiatanon; 
but  as  Post  Vincennes  and  the  Illinois  settlements  were  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  Louisiana,  no  attempt  was  made  to  take  possession  of  them 
until  after  the  treaty  of  1763,  by  which  the  French  territory  east  of 
the  Mississippi  was  ceded  to  the  English.  Meanwhile  the  English  made 
little  effort  to  placate  the  Indians,  and  the  French  traders  among  them 
did  what  they  could  do  prejudice  them  against  the  new  rulers.  Indian 
plots  were  made  in  1761  and  1762  for  the  destruction  of  the  British 
posts,  but  these  were  discovered  and  frustrated.  In  the  spring  of  1763 
a  new  conspiracy  was  formed  with  Pontiac  at  its  head,  and  it  was  so 
far  successful  that  Sir  William  Johnson  reported  that  the  Indians  had 
"taken  and  destroyed  no  less  than  Eight  Forts,  murdered  great  part 
of  the  Garrisons,  killed  great  Numbers  of  his  Majestys  Subjects  on  the 
Frontiers,  and  destroyed  their  Settlements,  and  that  in  about  the 
Compass  of  a  Month." 

Two  of  the  forts  thus  taken  were  in  Indiana.  Although  Ensign 
Holmes,  who  commanded  at  Fort  Miamis,  and  Lieutenant  Jenkins,  who 
commanded  at  Post  Ouiatanon,  had  reported  efforts  to  engage  the 
Miamis  in  hostilities,  and  although  Pontiac  had  begun  the  open  siege 
of  Detroit  on  May  9,  both  officers  fell  victims  to  treachery.  On  May 
27,  Holmes  was  decoyed  from  the  fort  by  his  Indian  mistress,  and  shot 
from  ambush;  and  his  garrison  surrendered  on  promise  that  their  lives 
would  be  spared.  On  June  1,  Lieutenant  Jenkins  wrote  to  Major  Glad- 
win,  who  was  still  besieged  at  Detroit:  "I  have  heard  of  your  Situ- 
ation which  gives  me  great  pain,  indeed  we  are  not  in  much  better, 
for  this  morning  the  Indians  sent  for  me  to  Speak  to  me,  &  Immediately 
bound  me  when  I  got  to  their  Cabbin,  and  I  soon  found  some  of  my 
Soldiers  in  the  same  Condition,  they  told  me  Detroit,  Miamis  &  all 
these  posts  were  cut  of,  and  that  it  was  a  folly  to  make  any  resistance 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


123 


therefore  me  to  make  the  few  Soldiers  I  had  in  the  Fort  Surrender, 
otherwise  they  would  put  us  all  to  Death  in  Case  one  Man  was  kill'd. 
They  were  to  have  fallen  upon  us  &  kill'd  us  all  last  Night,  but  Messrs 
Maisonville  &  Lorrain,  gave  them  wampum  not  to  kill  us,  &  &  when 
they  told  the  Interpreter  we  were  all  to  be  kill'd,  and  he  knowing  the 
condition  of  the  Fort  beg'd  of  them  to  make  us  prisoners.  They  have 


JAMES  E.  MOONEY 

- 

put  us  into  the  French  houses  &  both  Indians  and  French  use  us  very 
well.  All  these  Nations  say  they  are  very  Sorry,  but  that  they  were 
Obliged  to  do  it  by  the  other  Nations,  the  Belt  did  not  Arrive  here  till 
last  Night  about  eight  o 'Clock;  Mr.  Lorrain  can  inform  you  of  all, 
Just  now  received  the  News  of  St.  Joseph's  being  taken,  Eleven  Men 
kill'd  and  three  taken  prisoners  with  the  Officer;  I  have  nothing  more 
to  Say  but  that  I  sincerely  wish  you  a  Speedy  Succour,  &  that  we  may 
be  able  to  revenge  ourselves  on  those  that  deserve  it." 


124  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  the  consideration  of  Pontiac's  conspiracy,  there  is  usually  too 
much  stress  put  on  his  ability,  and  too  little  on  the  religious  movement 
that  was  back  of  the  uprising.  Pontiac  was  a  man  of  great  ability,  but 
no  one  man  is  ever  able  to  bring  about  great  popular  movements  unless 
there  is  some  powerful  agency  at  work  on  public  sentiment.  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  could  not  possibly  have  accomplished  what  he  did  but  for  the 
preparation  made  by  the  French  Revolution.  All  great  Indian  upris- 
ings in  America  have  been  the  results  of  religious  teachings;  and  it  is 
of  interest  that  this  fact  was  first  fully  shown  by  an  Indiana  ethnologist, 
James  E.  Mooney.  He  was  born  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  February  10, 
1861,  his  parents,  James  and  Ellen  (Devlin)  Mooney,  being  Irish  immi- 
grants. He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  at  eighteen  became 
an  apprentice  in  a  newspaper  office,  where  he  remained  for  six  years 
in  mechanical  and  editorial  work.  From  boyhood  he  had  been  greatly 
interested  in  Indians,  and  had  availed  himself  of  every  opportunity 
to  study  their  history,  customs  and  language.  In  1885  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington where  he  pursued  his  studies,  and  was. employed  by  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  in  which  employment  he  has  since  remained.  In  addi- 
tion to  numerous  articles  on  Irish  and  Indian  ethnology,  including  the 
ethnological  articles  in  the  New  International  and  Catholic  Cyclopedias, 
he  prepared  the  Government  Indian  exhibits  for  the  Chicago,  Nash- 
ville, Omaha  and  St.  Louis  expositions.  In  the  faH  of  1890,  at  his  re- 
quest, he  was  sent  west  to  investigate  the  Ghost  Dance,  which  was  then 
beginning  to  attract  attention.  He  soon  discovered  that  there  was  more 
in  it  than  had  been  suspected,  and  his  study  was  continued  for  more 
than  three  years,  resulting  in  the  exhaustive  publication  which  forms 
the  second  volume  of  the  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  for  1892-3. 

Each  of  these  American  uprisings  has  arisen  from  some  prophet  who 
foretold  the  coming  of  a  leader  who  would  deliver  them  from  the  op- 
pression of  the  white  races.  As  Mooney  puts  it:  "As  with  man,  so 
it  is  with  nations.  The  lost  paradise  is  the  world's  dreamland  of  youth. 
What  tribe  or  people  has  not  had  its  golden  age,  before  Pandora's  box 
was  loosed,  when  women  were  nymphs  and  dryads  and  men  were  gods 
and  heroes?  And  when  the  race  lies  crushed  and  groaning  beneath  an 
alien  yoke,  how  natural  is  the  dream  of  a  redeemer,  an  Arthur,  who 
shall  return  from  exile  or  awake  from  some  long  sleep  to  drive  out  the 
usurper  and  win  back  for  his  people  what  they  have  lost?  The  hope 
becomes  a  faith  and  the  faith  becomes  the  creed  of  priests,  prophets, 
until  the  hero  is  a  god  and  the  dream  a  religion,  looking  to  some  great 
miracle  of  nature  for  its  culmination  and  accomplishment.  The  doctrines 
of  the  Hindu  avatar,  the  Hebrew  Messiah,  the  Christian  Millennium,  and 
the  Hesunanin  of  the  Indian  Ghost  Dance  are  essentially  the  same,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


125 


have  their  origin  in  a  hope  and  longing  common  to  all  humanity."  In 
this  case  a  Delaware  prophet  had  appeared  at  Tuscarawas,  on  the 
Muskingum,  who  had  experienced  a  wonderful  vision,  in  which  he  had 
visited  The  Master  of  Life,  and  received  from  him  a  message  to  the 
Indians,  the  essentials  of  which  were  that  they  should  abandon  those 
things  which  they  had  obtained  from  the  Europeans,  reform  their  lives. 


• 


PRAYER  STICK 

and  drive  out  the  British.  The  Master  of  Life  was  a  conception  they 
had  got  from  the  missionaries.  It  is  foreign  to  their  original  mythology, 
though  it  easily  harmonizes  with  the  conception  of  Manabozho.  He 
gave  the  prophet  a  "prayer  stick,"  or  bit  of  wood  with  hierogylphic 
carving,  and  this  instruction  as  to  the  prayer: 

"Learn  it  by  heart,  and  teach  it  to  all  the  Indians  and  their  children. 


• 
124 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


In  the  consideration  of  Pontiae's  conspiracy,  there  is  usually  too 
much  stress  put  on  his  ability,  and  too  little  on  the  religious  movement 
that  was  back  of  the  uprising.  Pontiac  was  a  man  of  great  ability,  but 
no  one  man  is  ever  able  to  bring  about  great  popular  movements  unless 
there  is  some  powerful  agency  at  work  on  public  sentiment.  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  could  not  possibly  have  accomplished  what  he  did  but  for  the 
preparation  made  by  the  French  Revolution.  All  great  Indian  upris- 
ings in  America  have  been  the  results  of  religious  teachings;  and  it  is 
of  interest  that  this  fact  was  first  fully  shown  by  an  Indiana  ethnologist, 
James  E.  Mooney.  He  was  born  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  February  10, 
1861,  his  parents,  James  and  Ellen  (Devlin)  Mooney,  being  Irish  immi- 
grants. He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  at  eighteen  became 
an  apprentice  in  a  newspaper  office,  where  he  remained  for  six  years 
in  mechanical  and  editorial  work.  From  boyhood  he  had  been  greatly 
interested  in  Indians,  and  had  availed  himself  of  every  opportunity 
to  study  their  history,  customs  and  language.  In  1885  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington where  he  pursued  his  studies,  and  was  employed  by  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  in  which  employment  he  has  since  remained.  In  addi- 
tion to  numerous  articles  on  Irish  and  Indian  ethnology,  including  the 
ethnological  articles  in  the  New  International  and  Catholic  Cyclopedias, 
he  prepared  the  Government  Indian  exhibits  for  the  Chicago,  Nash- 
ville, Omaha  and  St.  Louis  expositions.  In  the  fall  of  1890,  at  his  re- 
quest, he  was  sent  west  to  investigate  the  Ghost  Dance,  which  was  then 
beginning  to  attract  attention.  He  soon  discovered  that  there  was  more 
in  it  than  had  been  suspected,  and  his  study  was  continued  for  more 
than  three  years,  resulting  in  the  exhaustive  publication  which  forms 
the  second  volume  of  the  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  for  1892-3. 

Each  of  these  American  uprisings  has  arisen  from  some  prophet  who 
foretold  the  coming  of  a  leader  who  would  deliver  them  from  the  op- 
pression of  the  white  races.  As  Mooney  puts  it:  "As  with  man,  so 
it  is  with  nations.  The  lost  paradise  is  the  world's  dreamland  of  youth. 
What  tribe  or  people  has  not  had  its  golden  age,  before  Pandora 's  box 
was  loosed,  when  women  were  nymphs  and  dryads  and  men  were  gods 
and  heroes?  And  when  the  race  lies  crushed  and  groaning  beneath  an 
alien  yoke,  how  natural  is  the  dream  of  a  redeemer,  an  Arthur,  who 
shall  return  from  exile  or  awake  from  some  long  sleep  to  drive  out  the 
usurper  and  win  back  for  his  people  what  they  have  lost?  The  hope 
becomes  a  faith  and  the  faith  becomes  the  creed  of  priests,  prophets, 
until  the  hero  is  a  god  and  the  dream  a  religion,  looking  to  some  great 
miracle  of  nature  for  its  culmination  and  accomplishment.  The  doctrines 
of  the  Hindu  avatar,  the  Hebrew  Messiah,  the  Christian  Millennium,  and 
the  Hesunanin  of  the  Indian  Ghost  Dance  are  essentially  the  same,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


123 


have  their  origin  in  a  hope  and  longing  common  to  all  humanity."  In 
this  ease  a  Delaware  prophet  had  appeared  at  Tuscarawas,  on  the 
Muskingum,  who  had  experienced  a  wonderful  vision,  in  which  he  had 
visited  The  Master  of  Life,  and  received  from  him  a  message  to  the 
Indians,  the  essentials  of  which  were  that  they  should  abandon  those 
things  which  they  had  obtained  from  the  Europeans,  reform  their  lives. 


r.  .- 


I 

j 
J 


PRAYER  STICK 


and  drive  out  the  British.  The  Master  of  Life  was  a  conception  they 
had  got  from  the  missionaries.  It  is  foreign  to  their  original  mythology, 
though  it  easily  harmonizes  with  the  conception  of  Manabozho.  He 
gave  the  prophet  a  "prayer  stick,"  or  bit  of  wood  with  hierogylphic 
carving,  and  this  instruction  as  to  the  prayer: 

"Learn  it  by  heart,  and  teach  it  to  all  the  Indians  and  their  children. 


126  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

It  must  be  repeated  morning  and  evening.  Do  all  that  I  have  told 
thee,  and  announce  it  to  all  the  Indians  as  coming  from  the  Master 
of  Life.  Let  them  drink  but  one  draught  (of  whisky)  or  two  at  most, 
in  one  day.  Let  them  have  but  one  wife,  and  discontinue  running 
after  other  people's  wives  and  daughters.  Let  them  not  fight  one  an- 
other. Let  them  not  sing  the  medicine  song,  for  in  singing  the  medicine 
song  they  speak  to  the  evil  spirit.  Drive  from  your  lands  those  dogs 
in  red  clothing;  they  are  only  an  injury  to  you.  When  you  want 
anything,  apply  to  me,  as  your  brothers  do,  and  I  will  give  to  both. 
Do  not  sell  to  your  brothers  that  which  I  have  placed  on  the  earth 
as  food.  In  short  become  good,  and  you  shall  want  nothing.  When 
you  meet  one  another,  bow  and  give  one  another  the  (left)  hand  of 
the  heart.  Above  all,  I  command  thee  to,  repeat  morning  and  even- 
ing the  prayer  which  I  have  given  thee." 

The  prayer  stick  shown  in  the  accompanying  cut  was  not  one  of 
the  Delaware  prophet's  but  a  similar  one  from  Kanakuk,  a  Kickapoo 
prophet  who  attained  some  notoriety  about  1827.  In  1830,  Rev.  James 
Armstrong,  a  Methodist  minister  and  missionary,  while  living  on  Shaw- 
nee  Prairie,  about  three  miles  from  Attica,  Indiana,  was  visited  by  a 
band  of  Kickapoo  Indians  who  said  that  they  came  from  beyond  the 
Mississippi  River,  where  they  had  heard  of  him,  and  had  been  told 
that  they  could  get  the  true  Bible  from  him.  Each  of  them  had  one  of 
these  prayer  sticks,  which  they  called  their  bibles,  but  said  they  knew 
they  were  not  the  true  ones,  although  they  used  them  in  their  devo- 
tions. Mr.  Armstrong  took  their  prayer  sticks,  and  gave  them  testa- 
ments instead,  with  which  they  went  on  their  way  rejoicing.  Mr. 
Armstrong's  son,  R.  V.  Armstrong,  of  Mill  Creek,  Indiana,  presented 
one  of  these  prayer  sticks  to  C.  H.  Bartlett,  of  South  Bend,  who  in  turn 
presented  it  to  the  National  Mueseum,  and  it  is  portrayed  here.  It  is 
a  trifle  over  a  foot  long  and  two  and  one-half  inches  wide,  at  the  widest 
point,  and  three-eighths  of  an  inch  thick.  It  was  originally  painted  red 
on  one  side,  and  green  on  the  other.  The  engraving  is  on  one  side 
only.  V 

The  revelations  of  this  Delaware  prophet  were  the  chief  feature  of 
the  crusade  which  Pontiac  preached,  and  they  appealed  strongly  to  a 
people  who  were  being  told  that  the  French  King  was  selling  their 
lands  to  the  English  King.  Its  effect  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the 
Shawnees  and  Delawares  of  Ohio,  who  had  been  very  good  friends  of 
the  English,  joined  in  the  conspiracy,  and  did  no  little  damage  on  the 
frontier  until  Col.  Bouquet  invaded  their  country  and  forced  them  to 
sue  for  peace.  In  the  meantime  Sir  William  Johnson  had  been  impress- 
ing on  the  British  authorities  the  fact  that  the  cheapest  way  to  manage 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  127 

the  Indians  was  to  cultivate  their  friendship,  and  Col.  Croghan,  who 
was  the  first  English  emissary  to  reach  Pontiac,  had  the  long  experi- 
ence in  Indian  dealings  which  gave  him  the  same  opinion.  In  conse- 
quence, while  Major  Loftus  and  Captain  Pittman  had  not  been  able 
to  get  to  Fort  Chartres  from  New  Orleans,  nor  Captain  Morris  by  the 
Maumee,  and  Lieutenant  Fraser,  who  had  reached  that  point  by  the 
Ohio,  had  thought  it  wise  to  escape  down  the  Mississippi  is  disguise, 
Colonel  Croghan,  although  captured  by  a  party  of  hostiles,  was  able 
to  make  terms  with  the  Indians.  Of  course  this  was  largely  due  to  the 
fact  that  Pontiac  had  become  convinced  that  he  could  get -no  help  from 
the  French,  and  was  discouraged  by  the  defeat  of  the  Delawares  and 
Shawnees.  At  Post  Ouiatanon  he  announced  to  Croghan  that  the  French 
had  deceived  him,  and  that  he  would  fight  the  English  no  longer;  and 
the  two  proceeded  to  Detroit,  where  a  formal  agreement  of  peace  was 
made.  Croghan  at  once  sent  word  of  his  success  to  Fort  Pitt;  and 
Captain  Sterling,  of  the  Forty-Second  Highlanders,  the  famous  "Black 
Watch,"  started  down  the  Ohio  for  Fort  Chartres.  He  arrived  there 
on  October  9,  1765,  and  on  the  day  following  took  formal  possession 
from  St.  Ange,  who  had  been  commanding  there  for  the  past  year. 
With  this  French  rule  ended  in  Indiana,  though  nobody  came  to  take 
formal  possession  of  Post  Vincennes  until  Lieutenant  Governor  Abbott 
came  twelve  years  later.  The  command  at  Vincennes  simply  passed 
down  from  one  officer  to  another,  as  heretofore  stated  in  the  report  of 
Major  Vanderburgh,  the  Commandant  receiving  instructions  from  time 
to  time  from  the  British  officer  in  command  at  Fort  Chartres.  The 
government  at  the  Post  was  practically  military,  although  there  was 
usually  a  resident  Notary,  and  part  of  the  time  a  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
The  people  also  chose  a  Syndic,  who  had  charge  of  the  common  field, 
and  other  communal  matters. 

In  fact  English  rule  in  the  West  was  chiefly  English  neglect.  When 
Captain  Sterling  took  command  at  Fort  Chartres,  he  reissued  General 
Gage's  proclamation  of  some  eight  months  earlier,  giving  liberty  of 
conscience,  and  guaranteeing  personal  and  property  rights.  It  also 
gave  the  French  settlers  freedom  to  emigrate,  but  required  an  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Great  Britain  if  they  remained.  A  proclamation  had  been 
issued  in  1763  reserving  the  lands  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  the  Mississippi  River  for  the  Indians,  and  prohibiting  any  pur- 
chases of  land  by  the  whites  from  the  Indians;  and  the  same  proclama- 
tion made  provision  for  regulating  Indian  affairs,  including  the  Indian 
trade.  Having  made  these  provisions,  the  British  authorities  were  too 
much  engaged  with  more  important  matters  to  give  much  attention  to 
these  small  French  posts.  Early  in  1764  Sir  William  Johnson  had  sent 


128  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Croghan  to  England  to  get  some  action  taken,  and  on  March  10  Croghan 
wrote  to  him:  "tho  I  have  been  hear  Now  a  Month  Nothing  has  been 
Don  Respecting  North  aMerrica  Mr.  pownal  Tould  Me  yesterday 
that  I  wold  be  Soon  Sent  for  to  attend  to  board  of  Trade  what  Meshurs 
they  will  Take  the  Lord  knows  butt  Nothing  is  Talkt  of  Except  ocon- 
emy  *  *  *  I  am  Sick  of  London  &  wish  To  be  back  in  aMerrica  & 
Setled  on  a  Litle  farm  where  I  May  forgett  the  Mockery  of  pomp  & 
Greatness.  "It  was  the  old  situation,  of  the  man  of  action  chafing  under 
the  delay  of  the  statesman  whose  strongest  quality  was  procrastination. 
Meanwhile  legal  proceedings  in  the  West  varied  according  to  the  ideas 
of  military  commanders.  Col.  Bouquet  court-martialed  a  couple  of 
spies,  and  they  were  sentenced  to  death ;  but  Gen.  Gage  refused  to  con- 
firm the  sentence,  on  the  ground  that  they  should  have  been  tried  for 
treason,  adding:  "But  these  trials  must  be  in  the  Country  below  by 
the  Civil  Magistrates,  to  whom  they  should  be  given  up.  The  Military 
may  hang  a  spy  in  Time  of  War,  but  Rebels  in  Arms  are  tried  by  the 
Civil  Courts.  At  least  I  saw  this  practised  in  Scotland ;  both  by  General 
Hawley,  and  the  Duke  of  Cumberland.  Mr.  Penn  should  be  applied  to, 
for  to  order  the  Attorney  Genl.  to  prosecute  all  those  Vilains,  against 
whom  any  proof  can  be  brought.  I  return  you  both  your  Court-Martials 
which  either  of  your  Judge-Advocates  may  transmit  to  Mr.  Gould, 
Deputy- Judge  Advocate  in  England,  as  always  practised."  On  the 
other  hand,  Captain  Sterling,  finding  that  all  of  the  old  judicial  officers 
had  left  the  Illinois  country,  appointed  a  habitant  named  LaGrange 
judge,  and  authorized  him  to  "decide  all  disputes  according  to  the 
Law  and  Customs  of  the  Country,"  with  right  of  appeal  to  the  Com- 
mandant by  dissatisfied  litigants.  Lt.  Col.  Wilkins  went  farther,  and 
on  November  12,  1768,  issued  commissions  to  six  of  the  habitants  "to 
form  a  Civil  Court  of  Judicatory,  with  powers  expressed  in  their  Com- 
missions to  Hear  and  Try  in  a  Summary  way  all  Causes  of  Debt  and 
Property  that  should  be  brought  before  them  and  to  give  their  Judge- 
ment thereon  according  to  the  Laws  of  England  to  the  Best  of  their 
Judgement  and  understanding."  On  March  4,  1770,  he  extended  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court  to  assaults,  trespasses  and  other  misdemeanors, 
directing  the  judges  "to  impose  and  bring  such  Fines  and  Inflict  such 
Corporate  Punishment  or  commit  Offenders  to  Jayle  at  the  discretion 
of  the  said  Court."  This  court  appears  to  have  been  discontinued  in 
June,  1770,  for  some  cause  not  now  known. 

Although  Gen.  Gage  was  very  scrupulous  about  the  trials  of  Eng- 
lishmen, as  we  have  seen,  in  1772  he  issued  peremptory  orders  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Post  Vincennes  to  withdraw  from  the  Indian  country. 
In  September  of  that  year  they  forwarded  a  remonstrance  to  him,  as- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


129 


serting  their  legal  title  to  the  lands  occupied  by  them;  and  in  the 
following  spring  Gen.  Gage  replied,  requiring  them  to  furnish  "con- 
vincing proofs"  of  their  statements.  This  letter  is  of  especial  inter- 
est, for  while  the  remonstrance  of  the  French  settlers  has  not  been 
found,  Gage  speaks  of  it  as  "insinuating  that  your  settlement  is  of 


FLAG  OF  SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS,  FOR  INDIANA 

(Designed  by  W.  O.  Bates.  Presents  the  "Vincennes  Arms"  surmounting  cross 
of  St.  George.  The  arms  were  ' '  supplied  "  by  a  Canadian  College  of  Heraldry.  There 
were  none.  Bissot  de  Vincennes  is  a  title  of  enfeoffment,  not  nobility.) 

seventy  years  standing,"  and  this  is  the  only  approach  to  any  historical 
evidence  that  Post  Vincennes  was  established  prior  to  1730.  This  is 
negatived  however  by  the  proofs  furnished;  for  the  only  evidence  of- 
fered as  to  the  founding  of  the  post  was  the  certificate  of  St.  Ange 
that  he  commanded  there  from  1736  to  1764,  and  that  "the  said  post 

Vol.  1—8 


' 


128 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Croghan  to  England  to  get  some  action  taken,  and  on  March  10  Croghan 
wrote  to  him:  "tho  I  have  been  hear  Now  a  Month  Nothing  has  been 
Don  Respecting  North  aMerrica  Mr.  pownal  Tould  Me  yesterday 
that  I  wold  be  Soon  Sent  for  to  attend  to  board  of  Trade  what  Meshurs 
they  will  Take  the  Lord  knows  butt  Nothing  is  Talkt  of  Except  ocon- 
emy  *  *  *  I  am  Sick  of  London  &  wish  To  be  back  in  aMerrica  & 
Setled  on  a  Litle  farm  where  I  May  forgett  the  Mockery  of  pomp  & 
Greatness. ' '  It  was  the  old  situation,  of  the  man  of  action  chafing  under 
the  delay  of  the  statesman  whose  strongest  quality  was  procrastination. 
Meanwhile  legal  proceedings  in  the  West  varied  according  to  the  ideas 
of  military  commanders.  Col.  Bouquet  court-martialed  a  couple  of 
spies,  and  they  were  sentenced  to  death;  but  Gen.  Gage  refused  to  con- 
firm the  sentence,  on  the  ground  that  they  should  have  been  tried  for 
treason,  adding:  "But  these  trials  must  be  in  the  Country  below  by 
the  Civil  Magistrates,  to  whom  they  should  be  given  up.  The  Military 
may  hang  a  spy  in  Time  of  War,  but  Rebels  in  Arms  are  tried  by  the 
Civil  Courts.  At  least  I  saw  this  practised  in  Scotland ;  both  by  General 
Hawley,  and  the  Duke  of  Cumberland.  Mr.  Penn  should  be  applied  to, 
for  to  order  the  Attorney  Genl.  to  prosecute  all  those  Vilains,  against 
whom  any  proof  can  be  brought.  I  return  you  both  your  Court-Martials 
which  either  of  your  Judge-Advocates  may  transmit  to  Mr.  Gould, 
Deputy- Judge  Advocate  in  England,  as  always  practised."  On  the 
other  hand,  Captain  Sterling,  finding  that  all  of  the  old  judicial  officers 
had  left  the  Illinois  country,  appointed  a  habitant  named  LaGrange 
judge,  and  authorized  him  to  "decide  all  disputes  according  to  the 
Law  and  Customs  of  the  Country,"  with  right  of  appeal  to  the  Com- 
mandant by  dissatisfied  litigants.  Lt.  Col.  Wilkins  went  farther,  and 
on  November  12,  1768,  issued  commissions  to  six  of  the  habitants  "to 
form  a  Civil  Court  of  Judicatory,  with  powers  expressed  in  their  Com- 
missions to  Hear  and  Try  in  a  Summary  way  all  Causes  of  Debt  and 
Property  that  should  be  brought  before  them  and  to  give  their  Judge- 
ment thereon  according  to  the  Laws  of  England  to  the  Best  of  their 
Judgement  and  understanding."  On  March  4,  1770,  he  extended  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court  to  assaults,  trespasses  and  other  misdemeanors, 
directing  the  judges  "to  impose  and  bring  such  Fines  and  Inflict  such 
Corporate  Punishment  or  commit  Offenders  to  Jayle  at  the  discretion 
of  the  said  Court."  This  court  appears  to  have  been  discontinued  in 
June,  1770,  for  some  cause  not  now  known. 

Although  Gen.  Gage  was  very  scrupulous  about  the  trials  of  Eng- 
lishmen, as  we  have  seen,  in  1772  he  issued  peremptory  orders  to  the 
inhabitants  of  Post  Vincennes  to  withdraw  from  the  Indian  country. 
In  September  of  that  year  they  forwarded  a  remonstrance  to  him,  as- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


129 


serting  their  legal  title  to  the  lands  occupied  by  them;  and  in  the 
following  spring  Gen.  Gage  replied,  requiring  them  to  furnish  "con- 
vincing proofs"  of  their  statements.  This  letter  is  of  especial  inter- 
est, for  while  the  remonstrance  of  the  French  settlers  has  not  been 
found,  Gage  speaks  of  it  as  "insinuating  that  your  settlement  is  of 


FLAG  OF  SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS,  FOE  INDIANA 


(Designed  by  W.  O.  Bates.  Presents  the  "Vincennes  Arms"  surmounting  cross 
of  St.  George.  The  arms  were  ' '  supplied  "  by  a  Canadian  College  of  Heraldry.  There 
were  none.  Bissot  de  Vincennes  is  a  title  of  enfeoffment,  not  nobility.) 


seventy  years  standing, ' '  and  this  is  the  only  approach  to  any  historical 
evidence  that  Post  Vincennes  was  established  prior  to  1730.  This  is 
negatived  however  by  the  proofs  furnished;  for  the  only  evidence  of- 
fered as  to  the  founding  of  the  post  was  the  certificate  of  St.  Ange 
that  he  commanded  there  from  1736  to  1764,  and  that  "the  said  post 

Vol.  1—9 


. 


130  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  established  a  number  of  years  before  my  command,  under  that  of  M. 
de  Vincesne,  officer  of  the  troops,  whom  I  succeeded  by  order  of  the 
king."  The  assertion  which  has  sometimes  been  made  that  there  was 
a  post  or  settlement  at  this  point  prior  to  the  coming  of  Sieur  de  Vin- 
cennes,  has  not  a  shadow  of  evidence  to  support  it.  The  settlers  furnished 
very  fair  evidence  of  the  legality  of  their  titles,  but  of  a  total  of  88 
claimants,  only  one  claimed  to  have  received  a  grant  prior  to  1736 ;  and 
while  his  deed  was  lost,  and  he  could  not  give  the  date,  he  stated  that 
the  grant  was  from  Sieur  de  Vincennes. 

It  is  probable  that  Gage  had  no  real  understanding  of  the  status  of 
the  Vincennes  people  until  he  received  these  proofs.  In  1763,  M.  Aubry, 
the  last  acting  French  Governor  of  Louisiana  had  reported:  "The  Fort 
of  Vincennes  is  the  last  Post  in  the  Department  of  Louisiana,  it  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ouabache  60  Leagues  above  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio,  and 
from  the  entrance  of  the  Ouabache  into  the  Ohio  to  the  Mississippi  is 
60  Leagues  more.  It  is  a  small  Piqueted  Fort  in  which  may  be  about 
Twenty  Married  Soldiers  and  some  few  Inhabitants.  The  land 'is  very 
fertile  and  produces  plenty  of  Corn  and  Tobacco.  It  is  about  155 
Leagues  from  the  Illinois  by  water,  but  one  may  march  it,  JQ  Six  days 
by  Land.  The  Indians  that  live  near  this  place  are  called  Peanguichia, 
they  are  about  6  warriors — Tho'  we  may  not  have  men  enough  to  oc- 
cupy this  Post  at  present,  it  is  very  interesting  to  us  to  do  it,  as  the 
Passage  to  Canada  lies  up  the  Oualbache.  It  is  60  Leagues  from 
Vincennes  to  Ouiatanons,  and  60  more  up  the  River  Ouabache  to 
Miamis,  and  from  thence  a  Carrying  place  of  Six  Leagues  to  the  River 
of  Miamis,  and  8  leagues  more  down  that  River  to  Lake  Erie.  This  was 
my  Rout  in  1759,  when  I  went  from  Illinois  to  Venango  with  more  than 
400  men,  and  a  hundred  thousand  weight  of  Flour."  In  1766  Lieuten- 
ant Fraser  had  reported  that  all  of  the  Western  forts  "excepting  fort 
Charters  are  intirely  in  ruins,  some  of  them  that  you  can  scarce  see 
any  appearance  of. ' '  Gage  presumably  supposed  that  the  place  had  been 
taken  possession  of  by  a  lot  of  French  coureurs,  who  were  trespassers 
in  the  Indian  country.  It  is  true  that  he  had  a  census  of  the  place  taken 
in  1767,  giving  the  following  details :  ' '  Inhabitants,  Men,  Women  & 
Children,  232;  Strangers,  168;  Negro  Slaves,  10;  Savage  Slaves,  17; 
Oxen,  352 ;  Cows,  588 ;  Horses,  260 ;  Hoggs,  295 ;  Mills,  3 ;  Bushels  Corn 
to  be  reaped,  5450;  Bushels  Indian  Corn  to  be  reaped,  5420;  Tobacco 
growing  nt.  Pounds,  36,360."  23 

It  will  be  noted,  however,  that  this  gives  no  indication  of  any  mili- 
tary or  other  governmental  establishment 


as  HI.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  11,  p.  469. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  131 

The  only  religious  establishment  in  Indiana  during  the  French  and 
British  dominions  was  the  Roman  Catholic,  and  it  was  not  extensive. 
The  only  church  within  the  borders  of  the  State  was  at  Vincennes,  and 
its  parish  records  extend  back  only  to  1749,  when  the  first  entries  were 
made  by  Father  Meurin.  Before  that  time  very  little  is  definitely  known 
about  the  church  at  Vincennes,  although  Vincennes  historians  have 
made  some  very  definite  statements  concerning  it.  For  example,  Mr. 
Cauthorn  asserts,  without  qualification  and  without  any  citation  of 
authority,  that  the  "pastors"  at  Vincennes,  prior  to  Meurin,  in  order 
of  succession,  were  "John  Mennet,  Antoninus  Senat  and  Mercurin 
Conic."  He  refers  in  a  general  way  to  Thwaite's  edition  of  the  Jesuit 
Relations,  but  apparently  overlooks  the  fact  that  in  the  last  volume 
of  this  work  there  is  a  brief  biographical  notice  of  all  the  priests  known 
to  have  served  in  this  region.  Father  Jean  Mermet  died  in  Illinois 
September  15,  1716,  and  could  not  possibly  have  served  at  Vincennes, 
because  there  was  neither  post,  white  settlement  nor  Indian  village  at 
that  point  during  his  life.  Father  Antoine  Senat  did  not  come  to 
America  until  1734,  is  known  only  as  a  missionary  to  the  Illinois  Indians, 
and  was  killed  by  the  Chickasaws  in  the  spring  of  1736,  as  heretofore 
stated.  "Mercurin  Conic"  is  beyond  me.  I  cannot  imagine  where  Mr. 
Cauthorn  found  him,  unless  perhaps  it  was  somewhere  in  the  Conic 
Sections.  It  is  impossible  that  there  should  have  been  a  church  estab- 
lishment at  Vincennes  from  1702  to  1749,  as  asserted  by  Mr.  Cauthorne, 
and  no  mention  of  it  in  the  voluminous  correspondence  of  the  period,  and 
in  fact  the  assertion  is  completely  disproven  by  that  correspondence. 
The  whole  object  of  the  movement  that  arose  after  1720,  and  that  led 
to  the  establishment  of  Post  Vincennes,  was  to  get  a  post,  a  mission  and 
an  Indian  settlement  on  that  portion  of  the  Ouabache  that  was  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  Louisiana.  Father  D'Outreleau  was  sent  over  from 
France,  in  1726,  for  the  express  purpose  of  being  "missionary  to  the 
Ouabache"  in  the  projected  establishment.  He  is  named  in  the  official 
church  list  of  1728  as  "at  the  Ouabache,"  but  this  was  by  title  only, 
for  the  projected  establishment  had  not  yet  been  made,  and  in  reality 
Father  D'Outreleau  was  then  over  in  the  Illinois  country,  trying  to 
fit  himself  for  his  contemplated  work.  He  never  entered  on  that  work 
on  account  of  his  inability  to  acquire  the  Indian  languages.  He  returned 
to  New  Orleans  in  1730,  where  he  later  became  Chaplain  of  the  Hos- 
pital. 

Naturally,  there  were  priests  that  visited  Vincennes  before  any 
church  was  established  at  that  place.  The  earliest  of  these  of  whom  John 
Gilmary  Shea,  the  distinguished  Catholic  historian,  could  find  any  rec- 
ord, was  the  Recollect  priest  Father  Pacome  Legrand,  who  died  on  his 


• 


132  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

way  to  Niagara,  October  6,  1742,  "after  a  term  of  service  at  Vincennes.' 
Shea  thinks  it  probable  that  it  was  this  priest  who,  on  July  22,  1741, 
baptized  at  Post  Ouiatanon,  Anthony,  son  of  Jean  Baptiste  Foucher, 
who  became  the  first  priest  ordained  from  the  West,  and  who  died  at 
Lachenaie,  Canada,  where  he  was  then  priest,  in  1812.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  the  fact  that  Indiana  had  begun  contributing  to  the  clergy  in  1741 
indicates  that  the  intellectual  forces  of  the  climate  began  to  operate  at 
once.  That  Vincennes  was  subordinate  to  the  Illinois  missions  is  shown 
by  the  following  extract  from  the  defense  of  the  Jesuits  above  quoted: 
"At  eighty  leagues  from  the  Illinois  was  the  post  called  Vincennes  or  St. 
Ange  from  the  names  of  the  officers  who  commanded  there.  This  post 
is  upon  the  river  Wabash  which,  about  seventy  leagues  lower  down,  to- 
gether with  the  Ohio. which  it  has  joined,  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Mississippi.  There  were  in  this  village  at  least  sixty  houses  of  French 
people  without  counting  the  Miami  savages  who  were  quite  near.  There, 
too,  was  sufficient  cause  for  care  and  occupation — which  the  Jesuits  did 
not  refuse — a  conclusion  which  must  be  reached  if  one  considers  that  this 
post  was  every  day  increasing  in  population;  that  the  greater  part  of 
its  new  inhabitants,  having  long  been  voyageurs,  were  little  accustomed 
to  the  duties  of  Christians;  and  that,  to  establish  among  them  some 
manner  of  living,  many  instructions  and  exhortations,  private  and  public, 
were  necessary.  Now  the  proof  that  the  Jesuits  acquitted  themselves  of 
their  duty  in  this  respect  is  proved  by  the  complaints  that  the  parishoners 
made  against  them;  for  these  people  claimed  that  their  pastors  went 
beyond  their  duty,  and  assumed  too  much  care."  The  Jesuits  who 
served  at  Vincennes  after  Father  Meurin  were  Father  Peter  du  Jaunay 
in  1752,  Father  Louis  Vivier  in  1753,  and  Father  Julian  Devernai  in 
1756.  After  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits  in  France,  on  June  9,  1763, 
the  Superior  Council  of  Louisiana  issued  a  decree  suppressing  the  Jesuits 
of  the  Province,  forbidding  their  performance  of  religious  functions, 
ordering  all  their  property  except  the  personal  clothing  and  books  of  the 
priests  to  be  seized  and  sold  at  auction,  and  the  priests  themselves  to  be 
expelled  from  the  Province.  This  was  a  high-handed  proceeding  as  to 
the  country  north  of  the  Ohio,  which  had  been  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by 
the  Treaty  of  Paris  on  February  10,  1763,  but  the  British  had  not  taken 
possession,  and  the  order  was  enforced  to  the  letter.  Father  Devernai 
was  dispossessed  at  Vincennes  and  shipped  down  the  river  with  the 
Illinois  Jesuits.  All  of  the  mission  property  was  sold  at  auction.  Father 
Duverger,  a  priest  of  the  Foreign  Missions,  seeing  this  movement,  sold 
all  of  the  property  of  the  Seminary  at  Cahokia,  and  went  down  the  river 
with  the  Jesuits.  The  only  priests  left  in  the  upper  country  were  two 
Franciscans  at  Fort  Chartres,  the  brothers  Hippolyte  and  Luke  Collet; 
and  of  these  the  former  withdrew  in  1764,  and  the  latter  died  September 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  133 

10,  1765.  The  region  would  have  been  left  entirely  without  clergy  had 
not  Father  Meurin  insisted  on  returning,  and  this  the  Louisiana  authori- 
ties permitted  on  his  signing  an  obligation  to  hold  no  communication  with 
Quebec  or  Rome,  and  to  recognize  no  superior  but  the  Superior  of  the 
Capuchins  at  New  Orleans.  Until  1768,  this  lone  priest  looked  after  the 
spiritual  interests  of  the  upper  country,  appealing  for  aid  to  New 
Orleans,  to  Quebec,  to  Paris,  and  to  Philadelphia,  but  in  vain.  It  was 
not  even  possible  for  him  to  visit  all  of  the  settlements.  In  1767  he 
wrote  to  Bishop  Briand,  of  Quebec:  "The  post  of  Vincennes  on  the 
Wabash  among  the  Miami-Pinghichias,  is  as  large  as  our  best  villages 
here,  and  needs  a  missionary  even  more.  Disorders  have  always  pre- 
vailed there ;  but  have  increased  in  the  last  three  years.  Some  come  here 
to  be  married  or  to  perform  their  Easter  duty.  The  majority  cannot  or 
will  not.  The  guardian  of  the  church  publishes  the  banns  for  three 
Sundays.  He  gives  certificates  to  those  who  are  willing  to  come  here, 
whom  I  publish  myself  before  marrying  them.  Those  who  are  unwilling 
to  come  here  declare  their  mutual  consent  aloud  in  the  church.  Can 
such  a  marriage  be  allowed?"  His  misgivings  were  entirely  ecclesiasti- 
cal, for  the  guardian  of  the  church  was  Etienne  Phillibert,  commonly 
known  by  his  nick-name,  "Orleans,"  who  was  the  village  notary,  and 
was  authorized  to  keep  the  church  record  in  the  absence  of  the  priest, 
and  to  administer  lay  baptism  to  infants.  There  can  be  no  serious  ques- 
tion as  to  the  legality  of  civil  marriages  where  he  officiated.  In  June, 
1767,  Bishop  Briand  appointed  Father  Meurin  his  Vicar-General  for  all 
the  Illinois  country,  which  was  followed  by  his  commission  and  a  pastoral 
letter  in  August.  When  Rocheblave,  Commandant  at  New  Orleans,  heard 
of  this  he  forbade  Meurin  to  exercise  any  functions  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  ordered  his  arrest  for  recognizing  a  foreign  authority  in 
Spanish  territory. 

In  1768  Father  Pierre  Gibault  was  sent  to  the  aid  of  this  lone  Jesuit 
who  was  upholding  the  cross  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley.  He  was 
of  an  old  Canadian  family,  his  greatgrandfather,  "Gabriel  Gibaut,  dit 
Poitevin, ' '  a  native  of  Poictiers,  France,  having  been  married  at  Quebec, 
October  30,  1667.  His  grandfather  and  his  father  both  bore  the  name 
Pierre  Gibaut 24  and  were  natives  of  Canada.  His  parents  were  married 
November  14,  1735,  at  Sorel,  and  he,  the  eldest  son,  was  christened  April 
7,  1737,  at  Montreal.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Marie- Joseph  St. 
Jean.  After  some  primary  schooling  and.  travel  in  western  Canada,  he 
was  educated  in  theology  at  the  Seminary  of  Quebec,  the  expense  being 


2*  The  Abbe1  Tanguay  uses  this  spelling  for  the  family  name,  and  treats  Gibault, 
Gibeau,  etc.,  as  variations. 


134  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


paid  out  of  a  remnant  of  the  Cahokia  Mission  property,  which  had  been 
invested  as  a  "rente,"  or  mortgage  annuity  of  333  livres  a  year,  on  the 
Hotel  de  Ville.  He  was  ordained  at  Quebec  on  the  feast  of  St.  Joseph, 
March  19,  1768 ;  celebrated  mass  the  next  day  in  the  Ursuline  church ; 
and  after  brief  service  in  the  Cathedral,  set  out  for  the  Illinois  country. 
Delayed  by  bad  weather,  he  reached  Michilimackinac  in  July,  and  passed 
a  week  there,  confessing  voyageurs,  baptizing  children,  and  blessing  one 
marriage.  It  was  intended  that  he  should  locate  at  Cahokia,  but  the 
people  there  wanted  Father  Meurin,  and  those  at  Kaskaskia  wanted  the 
young  priest,  so  Father  Meurin  took  charge  of  Cahokia  and  Prairie  du . 
Eocher,  and  Father  Gibault  settled  at  Kaskaskia.  As  there  were  no 
priests  in  the  Missouri  settlements,  from  which  Father  Meurin  had  been 
debarred,  Gibault  also  attended  to  them,  and  in  1769  blessed  the  little 
chapel  which  the  settlers  had  built  at  St.  Louis.  Soon  after  arriving  at 
Kaskaskia  he  had  an  attack  of  ague  which  persisted  for  months,  but  he 
kept  on  with  his  work,  and  succeeded  in  getting  the  people  to  attend  to 
their  church  duties,  and  pay  their  tithes,  which,  by  the  Canadian  custom, 
were  one-twenty-sixth  of  their  produce.  He  did  not  reach  Vincennes 
until  the  winter  of  1769-70,  and  then  through  peril,  for  hostile  Indians 
were  attacking  the  settlements,  and  had  killed  twenty-two  of  the  settlers 
since  his  arrival  in  the  country.  Shea  says  that  "the  frontier  priests 
always,  in  these  days  of  peril,  carried  a  gun  and  two  pistols. ' '  He  reached 
Vincennes  in  safety,  and  in  a  letter  to  Bishop  Briand,  after  deploring 
the  vices  and  disorders  that  prevailed  there,  he  said:  "However,  on 
my  arrival,  all  crowded  down  to  the  banks  of  the  River  Wabash  to  receive 
me ;  some  fell  on  their  knees,  unable  to  speak ;  others  could  speak  only 
in  sobs;  some  cried  out:  'Father,  save  us,  we  are  almost  in  hell';  others 
said :  '  God  has  not  then  yet  abandoned  us,  for  He  has  sent  you  to  us  to 
make  us  do  penance  for  our  sins. '  '  Oh  sir,  why  did  you  not  come  sooner, 
my  poor  wife,  my  dear  father,  my  dear  mother,  my  poor  child,  would 
not  have  died  without  the  sacraments.'  "25  He  remained  at  Vincennes 
for  two  months,  reviving  the  faith  of  the  Catholics,  and  also  brought  into 
the  church  a  Presbyterian  family  which  had  settled  there.  The  people 
gave  proof  of  their  zeal  by  erecting  a  frame  chapel,  which  was  occupied 
for  fifteen  years ;  and  when  he  left,  a  guard  of  twenty  men  accompanied 
him  across  the  Illinois  prairies.  The  church  building  known  to  the  early 
American  settlers  as  the  old  St.  Francis  Xavier  cathedral  was  not  erected 
until  1786.  Father  Gibault  did  not  take  up  permanent  residence  at 
Vincennes  until  1785,  and  on  June  6,  1786,  he  wrote  to  Bishop  Briand : 
"I  should  not  have  succeeded  in  building  a  church  at  this  post,  had 


25  Life  and  Times  of  Archbishop  Carroll,  p.  128. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


135 


not  the  people  at  Cahokia  sent  a  messenger  in  the  name  of  the  whole 
parish,  to  beg  me  to  take  charge  of  them,  offering  me  very  advantageous 
terms.  The  people  at  Post  Vincennes  having  good  grounds  to  fear  that  I 
might  leave  them,  unanimously  resolved  to  build  a  church,  ninety  feet 
long  by  forty-two  broad,  on  a  foundation  and  of  boards.  Part  of  the 
wood  is  already  got  out,  and  several  fathoms  of  stone  for  the  foundation. 
The  upright  posts  will  be  only  seventeen  feet  high,  but  the  winds  are  so 
violent  in  these  parts,  that  even  this  is  rather  high  for  strength.  The 
house  which  is  now  used  as  a  church  will  serve  as  a  priest's  house,  and  I 
think  I  can  occupy  it  a  few  months  hence.  The  lot  is  a  large,  dry  one 


ST.  FRANCIS  XAVIER  CHURCH 
Erected  1786. 

in  the  middle  of  the  village,  which  I  myself,  with  the  marguillers,  ob- 
tained sixteen  years  ago.  I  beg  you  to  approve  this  erection  of  a  new 
church  under  the  title  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  on  the  Wabash,  and  to 
enjoin  me  to  proceed  to  complete  it,  and  also  to  adorn  it  as  well  as  the 
poverty  of  the  people  will  permit. ' ' 

Father  Gibault  ministered  to  the  Missouri  churches  until  1772,  when 
priests  were  sent  from  New  Orleans  to  take  charge  of  them.  In  1774 
there  came  a  cruel  blow  in  the  news  of  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuit 
order  by  Pope  Clement  XIV.  In  the  whole  Mississippi  Valley,  faithful 
Father  Meurin  was  the  only  one  affected  by  the  Brief  of  Suppression, 
and  he,  knowing  no  divorce  from  duty,  wrote  to  Bishop  Briand :  ' '  Free, 
I  would  beseech  and  beg  your  charitable  goodness  to  be  a  father  to  me, 


136  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  admit  absolutely  among  the  number  of  your  clergy,  instead  of  an 
auxiliary  as  I  have  been  since  February  1,  1742.  I  should  deem  myself 
happy,  if,  in  the  little  of  life  left  me,  I  could  repair  the  cowardice  and 
negligence  of  which  I  have  been  guilty  in  the  space  of  thirty-three  years. 
If  you  will  adopt  me,  I  am  sure  you  will  pardon  me  and  ask  mercy  for 
me."  In  March,  1775,  Father  Gibault  visited  Vincennes,  and  then  went 
on  to  Canada.  Returning,  he  was  unable  to  reach  the  Illinois,  and  passed 
the  winter  at  Detroit.  He  did  not  reach  Vincennes  again  until  the 
summer  of  1777,  Phillibert  officiating  in  lay  capacity  in  the  meantime. 
And  so  closed  the  church  history  of  Indiana  in  the  British  period. 

'    • 


• 


CHAPTER  IV 
THE  AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 

' '  John,  Earl  of  Dunmore,  Viscount  Fineastle,  Baron  Murray  of  Blair, 
of  Monlin  and  of  Tillimet,  Lieutenant  and  Governour  General  of  his 
Majesty's  Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia,  and  Vice  Admiral  of  the 
same,"  was  decidedly  unpopular  with  our  Revolutionary  forefathers  on 
account  of  his  devotion  to  the  Royalist  cause ;  but  he  was  a  keen  observer 
of  men,  and  not  altogether  a  bad  sort  in  his  way.  He  had  come  over  as 
Governor  of  New  York  in  1770,  and  was  transferred  two  years  later  to 
Virginia,  where  he  was  soon  in  trouble  with  the  house  of  burgesses,  which 
he  dissolved  twice  on  account  of  its  revolutionary  sentiments.  His  one 
popular  act  was  his  war  on  the  Ohio  Indians,  who  had  been  committing 
depredations  on  the  frontier.  Fort  Pitt  had  been  abandoned  and  ordered 
demolished,  but  in  1774,  Dr.  John  Connolly,  a  major  of  militia,  under 
Dunmore 's  orders,  occupied  it  and  put  it  in  shape  for  defense.  From 
this  point  the  expedition  against  the  Shawnees  and  Mingos  proceeded; 
Dunmore,  who  was  a  stocky,  stout-built  Scotchman,  marching  on  foot 
with  them,  and  carrying  his  own  knapsack.  The  Indians  were  worsted 
at  Point  Pleasant,  and  sued  for  peace.  They  gave  hostages,  who  were 
left  at  Fort  Pitt  (now  called  Fort  Dunmore)  under  charge  of  Connolly. 
The  Pennsylvania  authorities  were  indignant  at  this  invasion  of  territory 
claimed  by  the  Quaker  Colony,  but  Virginia  insisted  that  Pennsylvania 
had  no  rights  west  of  the  mountains,  and  trouble  would  have  ensued  but 
for  the  coming  on  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Early  in  1775,  Dunmore 
removed  some  powder,  property  of  Virginia,  to  a  British  ship  of  war, 
whereupon  he  was  attacked  and  forced  to  take  refuge  on  the  ship.  Con- 
nolly, under  his  instructions,  disbanded  his  militia,  and  abandoned  Fort 
Pitt ;  after  which  he  busied  himself  getting  up  a  plan  for  the  invasion 
of  Virginia  from  the  west.  Connolly  made  his  way  through  Virginia  to 
Dunmore 's  ship  with  some  difficulty,  being  arrested  several  times  by 
safety  committees.  With  Dunmore 's  approval,  he  went  to  New  York 
and  laid  his  plan  before  General  Gage,  who  also  approved  it.  Connolly 
then  tried  to  make  his  way  back  through  Maryland,  but  was  arrested 
near  Hagerstown,  with  his  commission  as.  Lieutenant  Colonel  Com- 

137 

'.     -".  •  "•  • 


- 


. 


138  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

mandant  and  a  copy  of  his  proposals  on  him.  His  next  five  years  were 
passed  in  prison. 

The  proposals,  after  reciting  that  he  had  "prepared  the  Ohio  Indians 
to  act  in  concert  with  me  against  his  Majesty's  Enemies,"  and  had 
promise  of  support  from  western  tories,  to  whom  he  had  promised  three 
hundred  acres  of  land  each,  continues:  "I  will  undertake  to  penetrate 
through  Virginia,  and  Join  his  Excellency  Lord  Dunmore  at  Alexandria, 
early  next  spring  on  the  following  conditions  &  authority.  1st.  That 
your  Excellency  will  give  me  a  commission  to  act  as  Major  Commandant 
of  such  Troops  as  I  may  raise  and  embody  on  the  Frontier,  with  a  power 
to  command  to  the  Westward,  &  employ  such  serviceable  French  and 
English  partisans  as  I  can  engage  by  pecuniary  rewards  or  otherwise. 
2dly.  That  your  Excellency  will  give  orders  to  Capt.  Lord,  at  the  Illinois, 
to  remove  himself  with  the  Garrison  under  his  Command  from  Fort  Gage 
to  Detroit,  by  the  Ouabashe,  bringing  with  him  all  the  Artillery,  Stores, 
&ca.,  &ca.,  to  facilitate  which  undertaking  he  is  to  have  Authority  to 
Hire  Boats,  Horses,  Frenchmen,  Indians,  &ca.,  &ca.,  to  proceed  with  all 
possible  expedition  on  that  Rout  as  the  weather  may  occasionally  permit, 
and  to  put  himself  under  my  command  on  his  arrival  at  Detroit.  Thirdly. 
That  the  Commissary  at  Detroit  shall  be  empowered  to  furnish  such 
provisions  as  I  may  Judge  necessary  for  the  good  of  the  Service,  and 
that  the  Commanding  Officer  shall  be  instructed  to  give  every  possible 
assistance  in  encouraging  the  French  and  Indians  of  that  Settlement  to 
Join  me.  4thly.  That  an  officer  of  Artillery  be  immediately  sent  with 
me  to  pursue  such  Rout  as  I  may  find  most  expedient  to  gain  Detroit, 
with  orders  to  have  such  pieces  of  Ordnance  as  may  be  thought  requisite 
for  the  demolishing  of  Fort  Dunmore  &  Fort  Fincastle,  if  resistance 
should  be  made  by  the  Rebels  in  possession  of  those  Garrisons.  Sthly. 
That  your  Excellency  will  empower  me  to  make  such  reasonable  presents 
to  the  Indian  Chiefs  and  others,  as  may  urge  them  to  act  with  Vigor  in 
the  execution  of  my  orders.  6thly.  That  your  Excellency  will  send  to 
Lord  Dunmore  such  arms  as  may  be  spared  in  order  to  equip  such  per- 
sons as  may  be  willing  to  serve  his  Majesty  at  our  Junction,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Alexandria. ' ' 

The  acts  of  Connolly  at  Fort  Pitt  and  the  complaints  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania people  had  called  forth  a  sharp  letter  from  Lord  Dartmouth  to 
Gov.  Dunmore,  in  which  especial  condemnation  was  made  of  allowing 
settlers  on  the  Indian  lands.  Dunmore  defended  himself  at  length,  and 
as  to  the  encroachments  on  Indian  lands  he  said :  "I  have  had,  My 
Lord,  frequent  opportunities  to  reflect  upon  the  emigrating  Spirit  of 
the  Americans,  Since  my  Arrival  to  this  Government.  There  are  con- 
siderable bodies  of  Inhabitants  Settled  at  greater  or  less  distances  from 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  139 

the  regular  frontiers  of,  I  believe,  all  the  Colonies.  In  this  Colony  Proc- 
lamations have  been  published  from  time  to  time  to  restrain  them :  But 
impressed  from  their  earliest  infancy  with  Sentiments  and  habits,  very 
different  from  those  acquired  by  persons  of  a  Similar  condition  in  Eng- 
land, they  do  not  conceive  that  Government  has  any  right  to  forbid  their 
taking  possession  of  a  vast  tract  of  Country,  either  uninhabited,  or  which 
Serves  only  as  a  Shelter  to  a  few  Scattered  Tribes  of  Indians.  Nor  can 
they  be  easily  brought  to  entertain  any  belief  of  the  permanent  obliga- 
tion of  Treaties  made  with  those  People,  whom  they  consider  as  but  little 
removed  from  the  brute  Creation.  These  notions,  My  Lord,  I  beg  it  may 
be  understood,  I  by  no  means  pretend  to  Justify.  I  only  think  it  my  duty 
to  State  matters  as  they  really  are." 

There  is  little  room  to  doubt  that  this  was  common  frontier  senti- 
ment. There  is  a  naive  contemporary  statement  of  it  in  some  verses 
preserved  in  the  Journal  of  James  Newell,  who  served  as  an  ensign  in 
"Dunmore's  War"  as  follows: 

' '  Great  Dunmore  our  General  valiant  &  Bold 
Excels  the  great  Heroes — the  Heroes  of  old; 
When  he  doth  command  we  will  always  obey, 
When  he  bids  us  to  fight  we  will  not  run  away. 

Come  Gentlemen  all,  eome  strive  to  excel, 
Strive  not  to  shoot  often,  but  strive  to  shoot  well. 
Each  man  like  a  Hero  can  make  the  woods  ring, 
And  extend  the  Dominion  of  George  our  Great  King. 

The  land  it  is  good,  it  is  just  to  our  mind, 
Each  will  have  his  part,  if  his  Lordship  be  kind. 
The  Ohio  once  ours,  we  '11  live  at  our  ease, 
With  a  Bottle  &  glass  to  drink  when  we  please. ' ' 

It  was  natural  enough  that  there  should  be  such  sentiments  among 
the  Americans,  for  the  wars  with  the  French  had  been  fought  on  the 
theory  that  the  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio  belonged  to  the  Iroquois  by 
conquest,  and  they  had  deeded  them  to  the  King  of  England.  If  this 
made  a  good  title  against  the  French,  it  was  equally  good  against  the 
Indians  who  had  moved  into  the  region.  Moreover  all  the  colonies 
claimed  that  their  charter  boundaries  extended  at  least  as  far  west  as 
the  Mississippi  River  and  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  trouble  between  the 
colonies  was  the  question  of  title  to  western  lands.  At  this  very  time 
Pennsylvania  was  having  as  much  difficulty  in  resisting  the  encroach- 
ments of  Connecticut  on  the  north  as  of  Virginia  on  the  south.  Virginia 
was  active  in  warding  off  the  danger  in  the  west.  In  June,  1775,  she 
appointed  six  commissioners  to  act  with  others  in  making  a  treaty  at 


140  INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 

Pittsburg  with  the  Ohio  Indians.  One  of  these  commissioners,  Capt. 
James  Wood,  went  personally  to  the  Indians  and  invited  them  to  meet  in 
September  at  Pittsburg,  where,  after  three  weeks'  negotiations  a  treaty 
was  made  with  representatives  of  the  Ottawas,  Wyandots,  Mingos,  Shaw- 
nees,  Delawares  and  Senecas.  In  the  spring  of  1776,  Congress  made 
Col.  George  Morgan,  an  experienced  frontiersman,  Indian  agent  for  the 
Middle  Department,  at  Pittsburg,  and  under  his  wise  management  Indian 
troubles  were  avoided  until  after  the  murder  of  Cornstalk  in  the  fall  of 
1777.  This  allowed  time  for  preparation  for  defense  which  ultimately 
saved  the  western  settlements  from  destruction. 

The  British  were  not  idle.  In  the  spring  of  1775  Henry  Hamilton 
was  appointed  Lieutenant  Governor  at  Detroit,  and  arrived  there  on 
November  9.  He  was  of  Irish  birth,  and  had  been  in  the  army  since  1754, 
serving  in  France,  Canada  and  the  West  Indies.  He  was  quickly  in 
touch  with  the  situation,  and  on  Noyember  30  wrote  to  Gen.  Carleton 
informing  him  about  the  treaty  at  Pittsburg,  the  details  of  which  he  had 
learned  from  "Mahingan  John,"  a  Delaware  who  had  taken  part  in  it, 
and  had  been  entrusted  with  belts  for  the  western  Indians.  Hamilton 
saw  that  Mahingan  John  was  "made  acquainted  with  some  of  the  par- 
ticulars which  are  sufficient  to  undeceive  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese, ' ' 
and  predicted  that  they  could  have  no  lasting  peace  with  the  Virginians, 
who  were  "haughty,  Violent  and  Bloody."  He  thought  that  if  the  war 
did  not  appear  hopeful  for  the  Colonies  "we  may  reasonably  expect, 
from"  all  I  can  learn  of  the  disposition  of  the  savages,  the  frontier  of 
Virginia  in  particular  will  suffer  very  severely. ' '  From  this  time  on  the 
two  hostile  camps  faced  each  other  across  the  lands  northwest  of  the 
Ohio.  The  British  were  established  at  Niagara,  Detroit  and  the  Illinois 
settlements.  The  Americans  held  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio,  and  reached 
in  constantly  growing  strength  through  Kentucky.  Both  considered 
all  the  possibilities  of  attack  and  defense.  In  1775  Arthur  St.  Clair 
projected  an  expedition  against  Detroit  from  Pittsburg,  and  partly 
prepared  for  it,  but  the  Senecas  were  determined  to  remain  neutral,  and 
objected 'to  passage  through  their  country;  and  so  the  expedition  was 
abandoned.  The  Senecas  were  equally  firm  with  the  British,  and  pre- 
vented the  attack  of  Fort  Pitt  from  Niagara.  In  1777  Gen.  Edward 
Hand  was  made  Commander  in  Chief  in  the  West,  with  headquarters  at 
Pittsburg.  He  was  an  Irish  doctor,  who  came  to  America  in  1767  as 
Surgeon's  Mate  of  the  18th  Royal  Irish  Regiment,  which  was  stationed 
at  Fort  Pitt.  Hand  was  popular  there  with  all  classes,  and  when  the 
regiment  was  ordered  East,  he  resigned  and  located  at  Lancaster,  Perm., 
where,  in  1775,  he  married  Catherine  Ewing.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  he  volunteered,  and  served  with  Washington  at  Boston,  on  Long 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


141 


Island,  and  in  the  Jersey  campaign.  He  attempted  an  expedition  against 
Sandusky  in  the  fall  of  1777,  but  succeeded  only  in  raiding  two  Indian 
towns  on  Beaver  Creek,  occupied  chiefly  by  squaws;  from  which  the 
expedition  became  known  as  "the  Squaw  Campaign."  He  prepared  for 
another  early  in  1778,  but  his  plans  were  frustrated  by  Alexander 
McKee,  former  Indian  Agent,  who  decamped  to  the  British  with  infor- 
mation of  Hand's  intentions. 


GEN.  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK 

(From  a  portrait  painted  by  Matthew  Harris  Jouett,  owned  by  R.  T. 

Durret  of  Louisville) 

Such  was  the  situation  when  George  Rogers  Clark  came  to  the  front. 
Born  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of 
Monticello,  the  home  of  Jefferson,  November  19,  1752,  Clark  had  the 
meager  educational  advantages  of  a  Virginia  country  lad  in  a  large 
family.  He  is  said  to  have  had  nine  months'  schooling  under  Donald 


140 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Pittsburg  with  the  Ohio  Indians.  One  of  these  commissioners,  Capt. 
James  Wood,  went  personally  to  the  Indians  and  invited  them  to  meet  in 
September  at  Pittsburg,  where,  after  three  weeks'  negotiations  a  treaty 
was  made  with  representatives  of  the  Ottawas,  Wyandots,  Mingos,  Shavv- 
nees,  Delawares  and  Senecas.  In  the  spring  of  1776,  Congress  made 
Col.  George  Morgan,  an  experienced  frontiersman,  Indian  agent  for  the 
Middle  Department,  at  Pittsburg,  and  under  his  wise  management  Indian 
troubles  were  avoided  until  after  the  murder  of  Cornstalk  in  the  fall  of 
1777.  This  allowed  time  for  preparation  for  defense  which  ultimately 
saved  the  western  settlements  from  destruction. 

The  British  were  not  idle.  In  the  spring  of  1775  Henry  Hamilton 
was  appointed  Lieutenant  Governor  at  Detroit,  and  arrived  there  on 
November  9.  He  was  of  Irish  birth,  and  had  been  in  the  army  since  1754, 
serving  in  France,  Canada  and  the  West  Indies.  He  was  quickly  in 
touch  with  the  situation,  and  on  Noyember  30  wrote  to  Gen.  Carleton 
informing  him  about  the  treaty  at  Pittsburg,  the  details  of  which  he  had 
learned  from  "Mahingan  John,"  a  Delaware  who  had  taken  part  in  it, 
and  had  been  entrusted  with  belts  for  the  western  Indians.  Hamilton 
saw  that  Mahingan  John  was  "made  acquainted  with  some  of  the  par- 
ticulars which  are  sufficient  to  undeceive  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese," 
and  predicted  that  they  could  have  no  lasting  peace  with  the  Virginians, 
who  were  ' '  haughty,  Violent  and  Bloody. ' '  He  thought  that  if  the  war 
did  not  appear  hopeful  for  the  Colonies  "we  may  reasonably  expect, 
from"  all  I  can  learn  of  the  disposition  of  the  savages,  the  frontier  of 
Virginia  in  particular  will  suffer  very  severely."  From  this  time  on  the 
two  hostile  camps  faced  each  other  across  the  lands  northwest  of  the 
Ohio.  The  British  were  established  at  Niagara,  Detroit  and  the  Illinois 
settlements.  The  Americans  held  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio,  and  reached 
in  constantly  growing  strength  through  Kentucky.  Both  considered 
all  the  possibilities  of  attack  and  defense.  In  1775  Arthur  St.  Clair 
projected  an  expedition  against  Detroit  from  Pittsburg,  and  partly 
prepared  for  it,  but  the  Senecas  were  determined  to  remain  neutral,  and 
objected  to  passage  through  their  country;  and  so  the  expedition  was 
abandoned.  The  Senecas  were  equally  firm  with  the  British,  and  pre- 
vented the  attack  of  Fort  Pitt  from  Niagara.  In  1777  Gen.  Edward 
Hand  was  made  Commander  in  Chief  in  the  West,  with  headquarters  at 
Pittsburg.  He  was  an  Irish  doctor,  who  came  to  America  in  1767  as 
Surgeon's  Mate  of  the  18th  Royal  Irish  Regiment,  which  was  stationed 
at  Fort  Pitt.  Hand  was  popular  there  with  all  classes,  and  when  the 
regiment  was  ordered  East,  he  resigned  and  located  at  Lancaster,  Penn., 
where,  in  1775,  he  married  Catherine  Ewing.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  he  volunteered,  and  served  with  Washington  at  Boston,  on  Long 


• 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


141 


Island,  and  in  the  Jersey  campaign.  He  attempted  an  expedition  against 
Sandusky  in  the  fall  of  1777,  but  succeeded  only  in  raiding  two  Indian 
towns  on  Beaver  Creek,  occupied  chiefly  by  squaws;  from  which  the 
expedition  became  known  as  "the  Squaw  Campaign."  He  prepared  for 
another  early  in  1778,  but  his  plans  were  frustrated  by  Alexander 
McKee,  former  Indian  Agent,  who  decamped  to  the  British  with  infor- 
mation of  Hand 's  intentions. 


GEN.  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLARK 

(From  a  portrait  painted  by  Matthew  Harris  Jouett,  owned  by  R.  T. 

Durret  of  Louisville) 

Such  was  the  situation  when  George  Rogers  Clark  came  to  the  front. 
Born  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of 
Monticello,  the  home  of  Jefferson,  November  19,  1752,  Clark  had  the 
meager  educational  advantages  of  a  Virginia  country  lad  in  a  large 
family.  He  is  said  to  have  had  nine  months'  schooling  under  Donald 


142  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Robertson,  and  his  maternal  grandfather,  John  Rogers,  was  a  surveyor, 
for  which  occupation  Clark  had  fitted  himself  when  nineteen  years  old. 
In  1772  he  made  his  first  trip  to  Kentucky  with  Rev.  David  Jones  and 
others,  going  down  the  Ohio  in  canoes.  They  returned  with  glowing 
descriptions  of  the  country,  and  in  the  Fall  Clark  located  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Ohio  near  the  mouth  of  Fish  Creek,  about  130  miles  below 
Pittsburg,  from  where  he  wrote  to  his  brother,  in  January,  1773,  that  he 
was  prospering  agriculturally,  and  "I  get  a  good  deal  of  cash  by  sur- 
veying on  this  River."  He  was  with  Capt.  Cresaps'  expedition,  and 
his  testimony  cleared  that  officer  of  the  charge  of  murdering  Logan's 
family.  He  served  in  Dunmore's  war  as  a  captain.1  In  April,  1775,  he 
wrote  to  his  brother:  "I  have  ingaged  as  a  Deputy  Surveyor  under 
Capn  Hancock  Lee  for  to  lay  out  lands  on  ye  Kentuck"  for  ye  Ohio  Com- 
pany at  ye  rate  of  80  L  pr  year  and  ye  priviledge  of  Taking  what  Lands 
I  want. ' '  His  occupation  gave  him  a  wide  acquaintance ;  and  in  June, 
1776,  he  and  Capt.  John  Gabriel  Jones  were  elected  delegates  to  seek  aid 
and  protection  from  Virginia.  They  found  the  legislature  adjourned; 
and  Jones  returned  to  join  in  an  attack  on  the  Cherokees,  while  Clark 
went  on  to  see  Qov.  Henry.  He  induced  the  Governor  and  Executive 
Council  to  give  him  five  hundred  pounds  of  powder  for  the  Kentuckians, 
and  to  make  a  separate  county  of  Kentucky,  which  was  done  in  December. 
Clark  now  entered  actively  into  the  military  preparations  of  Kentucky, 
and  on  April  20,  1777,  sent  two  young  Virginians,  Benjamin  Linn  and 
Samuel  Moore  to  the  Illinois  settlements  to  ascertain  the  exact  condition 
of  affairs  there.  They  returned  on  June  22,  and  on  July  9  Clark  entered 
in  his  diary,  "Lieut  Linn  married  great  Merriment."  This  was  Lieu- 
tenant William  Linn,  who  had  also  just  finished  a  perilous  service.  The 
greatest  need  of  the  frontier  was  for  powder,  and  Capt.  George  Gibson 
of  the  Virginia  troops,  formed  the  project  of  getting  it  from  New  Orleans, 
where  the  Spanish  authorities  were  friendly.  On  July  19,  1776,  he  and 
Lieutenant  Linn  started  down  the  river  from  Pittsburg  in  a  skiff,  under 
the  guise  of  Indian  traders.  They  reached  New  Orleans  in  August,  and 
by  the  aid  of  Oliver  Pollock,  they  secured  98  barrels  of  powder — nearly 
10,000  pounds — with  which  they  started  up  the  river  on  September  22, 
with  43  men  and  several  barges.  They  reached  Wheeling  with  it  on 
May  2,  1777.  With  his  information  from  his  emissaries  to  the  Illinois, 


1  Dunmore's  War,  p.  157.  An  immense  amount  of  information  as  to  this  period 
has  been  furnished  by  the  publication  of  original  matter,  collected  by  Dr.  Draper, 
by  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  edited  by  Thwaites  and  Kellogg;  and  also 
by  the  publications  of  the  Illinois  Historical  Library  edited  by  Profs.  Alvord 
and  James.  These  are  the  principal  sources  of  the  new  matter  in  this  chapter,  to 
which  no  special  reference  is  made  for  authority. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  143 

and  such  other  information  as  he  could  secure,  Clark  started  for  Virginia 
in  October,  and  on  December  10  laid  his  plan  before  Gov.  Henry,  as 
embodied  in  the  following  statement :  * 

"Sir — According  to  promise  I  hasten  to  give  you  a  description  of  the 
town  of  Kuskuskies,  and  my  plan  for  taking  of  it.  It  is  situated  30 
leagues  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  five 
miles  from  its  mouth  and  two  miles  east  of  the  Mississippi.  On  the  west 
side  of  the  Mississippi  3  miles  from  Kuskuskies  is  the  village  of  Mozier 
(Misere — Ste.  Genevieve)  belonging  to  the  Spaniards.  The  town  of  Kus- 
kuskies contains  about  one  hundred  families  of  French  and  English  and 
carry  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  Indians;  and  they  have  a  consider- 
able number  of  negroes  that  bear  arms  and  are  chiefly  employed  in 
managing  their  farms  that  lay  around  the  town,  and  send  a  considerable 
quantity  of  flour  and  other  commodities  to  New  Orleans  (which  they 
barter  every  year  and  get  the  return  in  goods  up  the  Mississippi).  The 
houses  are  framed  and  very  good,  with  a  small  but  elegant  stone  fort 
situated  (but  a  little  distance  from)  the  centre  of  the  town.  The 
Mississippi  is  undermining  a  part  of  Fort  Chartress;  the  garrison  was 
removed  to  this  place,  which  greatly  added  to  its  wealth;  but  on  the 
commencement  of  the  present  war,  the  troops  (were)  called  off  to  re- 
inforce Detroit,  which  is  about  three  hundred  miles  from  it — leaving  the 
fort  and  all  its  stores  in  care  of  one  Roseblack3  as  comdt  of  the  place, 
with  instructions  to  influence  as  many  Indians  as  possible  to  invade  the 
Colonies ;  and  to  supply  Detroit  with  provisions,  a  considerable  quantity 
of  which  goes  by  the  way  of  the  Waubash  R.,  and  have  but  a  short  land 
carriage  to  the  waters  of  ye  (Miami). 

"In  June  last  I  sent  two  young  men  there:  They  (Rocheblave  and 
the  French)  seemed  to  be  under  no  apprehension  of  danger  from  the 
(Americans)  The  fort,  which  stands  a  small  distance  below  the  town  is 
built  of  stockading  about  ten  feet  high,  with  blockhouses  at  each  corner, 
with  several  pieces  of  cannon  mounted — (10,000  Ibs)  powder,  ball  and 
all  other  necessary  stores  without  (any)  guard  or  a  single  soldier.  Rose- 
black  who  acted  as  Governor,  by  large  presents  engaged  the  Waubash 
Indians  to  invade  the  frontiers  of  Kentucky ;  and  was  daily  treating  with 
other  Nations,  giving  large  presents  and  offering  them  great  rewards 
for  scalps.  The  principal  inhabitants  are  entirely  against  the  American 


2  In  a  note  preceding  this  document,  Dr.  Draper  says :  ' '  Copy  of  an  old  and 
much  decayed  letter  of  Genl.  G.  B.  Clark,  written  plainly  in  the  summer  or  fall 
of  1777,  and  very  likely  addressed  to  Gov.  Patrick  Henry.  It  is  transcribed  as  full 
as  could  be  done — as  the  original  has  been  wet,  and  is  much  worn  and  faded." 
The  matter  in  parenthesis  was  supplied  by  Draper. 

s  He  means  Rocheblave. 


144  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

cause,  and  look  on  us  as  notorious  rebels  that  ought  to  be  subdued  at  any 
rate;  but  I  dont  doubt  but  after  being  acquainted  with  the  cause  they 
would  become  good  friends  to  it.  The  remote  situation  of  this  town  on 
the  back  of  several  of  the  Western  Nations;  their  being  well  supplied 
with  goods  on  the  Mississippi,  enables  them  (to  carry)  to  furnish  the 
different  Nations  (with  goods),  and  by  presents  will  keep  up  a  strict 
friendship  with  the  Indians;  and  undoubtedly  will  keep  all  the  Nations 
that  lay  under  their  influence  at  war  with  us  during  the  present  contest, 
without  they  are  induced  to  submission;  (that  being  situated  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio)  they  will  be  able  to  interrupt  any  communication 
that  we  should  want  to  hold  up  and  down  the  Mississippi,  without  a 
strong  guard ;  having  plenty  of  swivels  they  might,  and  I  dont  doubt 
but  would  keep  armed  boats  for  the  purpose  of  taking  our  property. 
On  the  contrary,  if  it  was  in  our  possession  it  would  distress  the  garrison 
at  Detroit  for  provisions,  it  would  fling  the  command  of  the  two  great 
rivers  into  our  hands,  which  would  enable  us  to  get  supplies  of  goods 
from  the  Spaniards,  and  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  the  Indians  (line 
obliterated )  them  might  perhaps  with  such  small  presents  keep  them  our 
friends. 

' '  I  have  always  thought  the  town  of  Kuskuskies  to  be  a  place  worthy 
of  our  attention,  and  have  been  at  some  pains  to  make  myself  acquainted 
with  its  force,  situation  and  strength.  I  cant  suppose  that  they  could 
at  any  (time)  raise  more  than  six  (or  seven)  hundred  armed  men,  the 
chief  of  them  (are  French  the  British  at  Detroit  being  at  so  great  a) 
distance,  so  that  they  (blank  in  mss.)  more  than  (blank  in  mss.). 

"An  expedition  against  (Kaskaskia  would  be  advantageous)  seeing 
one  would  be  attended  with  so  little  expence.  The  men  might  be  easily 
raised  (blank  in  mss.)  with  little  inconvenience  Boats  and  canoes  with 
about  forty  days  provisions  would  (answer)  them:  they  might  in  a  few 
days  run  down  the  river  with  certainty  (to  the)  Waubash,  when  they 
would  only  have  about  five  to  march  to  the  town  with  very  little  danger 
of  being  discovered  until  almost  within  sight,  where  they  might  go  in 
the  night;  if  they  got  wind  (of  us  they  might)  make  no  resistance:  if 
(they  did)  and  were  a'ble  to  beat  us  in  the  field,  they  could  by  no  means 
defend  themselves  for  if  they  flew  to  the  fort,  they  would  lose  possession 
of  the  town,  where  their  provisions  lay,  and  would  sooner  surrender  than 
to  try  to  beat  us  out  of  it  with  the  cannon  from  the  post,  as  (they)  would 
be  sensible  that  should  (we  fire)  it  before  we  left  it,  which  would  reduce 
them  to  the  certainty  of  leaving  the  country  or  starving  with  their 
families,  as  they  could  get  nothing  to  eat. 

"Was  I  to  undertake  an  expedition  of  this  sort,  and  had  authority 
from  Government  to  raise  my  own  men,  and  fit  myself  out  without 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN ANS  145 

(much  delay)  I  should  make  no  doubt  of  being  in  (full  possession  of  the 
country)  by  April  next. 

"I  am  sensible  that  the  case  stands  thus — that  (we  must)  either  take 
the  town  of  Kuskuskies,  or  in  less  than  a  twelve  month  send  an  army 
against  the  Indians  on  Wabash,  which  will  cost  ten  times  as  much,  and 
not  be  of  half  the  service. ' ' 

Governor  Henry  submitted  this  proposal  to  the  Executive  Council, 
and  after  due  consideration,  on  January  2,  1778,  the  following  entry  was 
made:  "The  Governor  informed  the  Council  that  he  had  had  some  con- 
versation with  several  Gentlemen  who  were  well  acquainted  with  the 
Western  Frontiers  of  Virginia,  &  the  situation  of  the  post  at  Kaskasky 
held  by  the  British  King's  Forces,  where  there  are  many  pieces  of  cannon, 
&  military  supplies  to  a  considerable  amount;  &  that  he  was  informed 
the  place  was  at  present  held  by  a  very  weak  garrison,  which  induced 
him  to  believe  that  an  expedition  against  it  might  be  carried  on  with 
success,  but  that  he  wished  the  advice  of  the  Council  on  the  occasion. 

"Whereupon  they  advised  his  Excellency  to  set  on  foot  the  expedi- 
tion against  Kaskasky  with  as  little  delay  &  as  much  secrecy  as  possible, 
&  for  the  purpose  to  issue  his  warrant  upon  the  Treasurer  for  twelve 
hundred  pounds  payable  to  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  who  is  willing  to 
undertake  the  service,  he  giving  bond  &  security  faithfully  to  account 
for  the  same.  And  the  Council  further  advised  the  Governor  to  draw 
up  proper  instructions  for  Colonel  Clark.  His  Excellency  having  pre- 
pared the  instructions  accordingly,  the  same  were  read,  (and)  approved 
of." 

Apparently  all  was  ready  for  action,  for  on  the  same  day  Clark  re- 
ceived his  instructions,  and  appointed  Wm.  B.  Smith  major,  with  au- 
thority to  raise  200  men.  To  insure  secrecy  he  was  given  two  sets  of 
instructions.  One  for  public  use  directed  him  to  raise  350  men  for 
service  in  Kentucky.  The  other,  and  secret,  instructions  directed  him 
to  proceed  with  this  same  force  against  Kaskaskia.  It  enjoined  humane 
treatment  of  the  people,  and  said :  "If  the  white  inhabitants  at  that  post 
&  the  neighbourhood  will  give  undoubted  evidence  of  their  attachment 
to  this  State  (for  it  is  certain  they  live  within  its  limits)  by  taking  the 
Test  prescribed  by  Law  &  by  every  other  way  &  means  in  their  power, 
Let  them  be  treated  as  fellow  Citizens  &  their  persons  &  property  duly 
secured.  Assistance  &  protection  against  all  Enemies  whatever  shall  be 
afforded  them  &  the  Commonwealth  of  Virginia  is  pledged  to  accomplish 
it."  This  last  document  later  came  into  the  possession  of  Major  Henry 
Hurst,  first  clerk  of  the  Federal  Court  of  Indiana,  and  was  given  by  his 
daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  Leviston,  to  Dr.  N.  Field  of  Jeffersonville.  It  was 
lithographed  and  widely  circulated  by  the  Indiana  Historical  Society. 

Vol.  I— 10 


146 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Governor  Henry  also  gave  Clark  a  letter  to  Gen.  Hand  at  Fort  Pitt, 
requesting  him  to  furnish  Clark  with  boats  for  the  expedition,  and  to 
render  any  other  assistance  in  his  power.  On  January  3,  he  also  received 
a  joint  letter  from  George  "Wythe,  George  Mason  and  Thomas  Jefferson, 
giving  their  opinion  that  each  private  in  the  expedition  should  receive 
three  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  the  officers  in  proportion.  This  letter 
came  into  the  possession  of  Hon.  Wm.  H.  English,  and  was  first  published 


JOHN  SANDERS,  CLARK'S  GUIDE 
(From  crayon  owned  by  Col.  R.  T.  Durret  of  Louisville) 

by  him  in  his  valuable  "Conquest  of  the  Northwest,"  which  was  at  the 
time  of  its  publication  the  most  exhaustive  account  of  Clark's  campaign 
that  had  been  produced.  Mr.  English  was  at  the  time  President  of  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society,  and  held  that  position  until  his  death. 

Armed  with  these  documents  Clark  started  for  Fort  Pitt,  attending 
to  details  on  the  way.     On  the  20th  he  reached  Leonard  Helm's  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  147 

arranged  for  him  to  raise  a  company ;  on  the  23d  with  Joseph  Bowman 
for  another ;  and  so  on  with  John  Lindsey,  Joseph  Wilkerson,  W.  Harrod, 
Benj.  Linn,  J.  Bayley,  John  Maxfield,  A.  Chaplin  and  W.  Hughton. 
He  reached  Fort  Pitt  on  February  10,  where  he  was  followed  by  a  letter 
from  Governor  Henry,  of  Jan.  15,  adding  to  previous  instructions,  ' '  that 
your  Operations  should  not  be  confin'd  to  the  Fort  —  the  Settlement  at 
the  place  mention 'd  in  your  secret  Instructions,  but  that  you  proceed 
to  the  Enemy's  Settlements  above  or  across,  as  you  may  find  it  proper." 
Although  Clark's  public  instructions  expressly  state:  "You  are  em- 
powered to  raise  these  Men  in  any  County  in  the  Commonwealth  and 
the  County  Lieutenants  respectively  are  requested  to  give  you  all  possible 
assistance  in  that  Business,"  on  January  24,  Governor  Henry  wrote  a 
sharp  letter  to  Clark  complaining  of  his  raising  men  in  western  Virginia, 
and  saying:  "You  must  certainly  remember  that  you  inform 'd  Me, 
that  you  expected  to  get  Men  enough  to  compleat  the  seven  Companies 
partly  in  Kentuck  &  Partly  within  the  Carolina  Line,  and  that  if  you 
shou'd  fail  in  your  Expectation,  any  Deficiency  cou'ld  easily  be  made  up 
in  the  frontier  Counties  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fort  Pitt;  the  South 
Branch  &  the  Frontiers:  I  must  therefore  desire  you  to  pursue  your 
first  Intentions,  for  by  inlisting  any  men  in  the  lower  Counties,  You  will 
not  only  procure  improper  Persons,  but  you  may  also  throw  those 
Counties  into  great  Confusion  respecting  the  Act  of  Assembly  passed  this 
session  for  recruiting  the  Continental  Army.  The  men  you  enlist  will 
not  be  exempted  from  the  Draught."  The  same  information  was  appar- 
ently given  to  the  draft  officers,  and  between  this  obstruction,  the  news 
of  the  capture  of  Daniel  Boone,  and  apprehensions  of  trouble  at  home, 
Clark  failed  to  get  more  than  half  of  his  seven  companies.  In  May  he 
started  down  the  river  with  the  men  raised  by  himself,  Bowman  and 
Helm,  and  near  the  last  of  that  month — probably  on  the  27th — reached 
the  falls  of  the  Ohio.  He  landed  on  Corn  Island,  then  about  seventy 
acres  in  extent,  and  "built  a  block-house  for  the  protection  of  his  supplies. 
On  June  24,  leaving  twenty  men  at  Corn  Island,  part  of  them  with 
families  that  had  followed  him  down  the  river,  Clark  left  the  Falls  with 
his  "army"  of  153  men,  going  through  the  Indiana  chute  during  an 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  and  by  steady  rowing  reached  the  mouth  of  the 
Tennessee  on  the  28th.  Here  they  captured  a  party  of  hunters  from 
Easkaskia,  who  proved  to  be  friendly,  and  asked  to  join  the  expedition. 
John  Sanders,  of  this  party,  acted  as  guide  from  old  Fort  Massac,  where 
they  landed,  to  Kaskaskia.  He  got  lost  on  the  way,  and  was  suspected 
of  treachery,  but  he  proved  his  good  intentions,  and  led  them  safely  to 
their  goal.  He  subsequently  located  at  the  new  settlement  at  Louisville, 
where  he  opened  the  first  bank  of  that  place,  doing  business  with  an 


148  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

original  paper  currency  based  on  skins.  On  the  evening  of  July  4,  Clark 
took  the  town  and  fort  of  Kaskaskia  by  surprise,  without  any  fighting, 
capturing  the  Commandant,  Rocheblave,  in  bed.  The  people  had  been 
told  by  British  agents  that  the  Virginians  were  of  savage  cruelty,  and 
Clark  purposely  increased  their  fear  by  his  haughty  bearing  until,  on 
the  next  day,  Father  Gfbault  and  a  number  of  the  leading  citizens  came 
to  him  and  humbly  asked  that  their  families  should  not  be  parted,  and 
that  they  be  allowed  to  keep  some  of  their  clothing  and  provisions.  Clark 
then  informed  them  that  he  was  not  making  war  on  women  and  children. 
Just  before  leaving  the  Falls  he  had  received  a  letter  from  Col.  John 
Campbell,  at  Pittsburg,  informing  him  of  the  treaty  between  France  and 
the  United  States.  He  told  them  of  this,  and  that  they  might  become 
citizens  of  Virginia  if  they  desired,  but  that  he  would  not  administer  the 
oath  of  allegiance  for  a  few  days,  and  in  the  meantime  any  of  them  who 
desired  to  leave  the  country  might  do  so.  Father  Gibault  inquired  as  to 
religious  privileges,  and  Clark  informed  him  that  under  the  laws  of 
Virginia  there  was  complete  religious  liberty,  and  that  he  had  nothing 
to  do  with  churches  except  to  protect  them  from  insult.  With  this  the 
dejection  of  the  French  was  turned  to  joy ;  and  a  number  of  them  volun- 
teered to  go  to  Cahokia  with  a  detachment  sent  there  under  Major  Bow- 
man. This  was  accepted  and  on  the  day  following  Cahokia  became  as 
thoroughly  American  as  Kaskaskia.  Having  now  a  breathing  spell,  in 
order  "to  cause  the  peoples  to  feell  the  blessings  In  joyed  by  an  American 
Citizen, ' '  Clark  says :  "I  caused  a  Court  of  sivil  Judicature  to  be  Estab- 
lished at  Kohas  (Cahokia)  Elected  by  the  people.  Majr  Bowman  to  the 
supprise  of  the  people  held  a  pole  for  a  Majestacy  and  was  Elected  and 
acted  as  Judge  of  the  Court — the  policy  of  Mr.  Bowman  holding  a  pole 
is  easily  perseived — after  this  similar  Courts  ware  established  in  the 
Towns  of  Kaskas  and  St  Vincenes  ther  was  an  appeal  to  myself  in 
certain  Cases  and  I  believe  that  no  people  ever  had  their  business  done 
more  to  their  satisfaction  than  they  had  through  the  means  of  this  Regu- 
lation for  a  considerable  time." 

Clark  now  turned  his  attention  to  Vincennes,  and  called  Father 
G-ibault  into  conference,  professedly  for  information.  Gibault  told  him 
that  Superintendent  Abbott  had  gone  to  Detroit,  and  that  he  thought  he 
could  induce  the  people  there  to  accept  American  rule  without  any  diffi- 
culty. He  offered  to  undertake  this  and  asked  that  Dr.  Jean  Baptiste 
Lafonte  be  sent  with  him.  To  this  Clark  acceded,  and  on  July  14  they 
started  for  Vincennes.  Clark  had  given  to  Lafonte  the  following  letter : 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  149 

• 

"Fort  Clark,  July  14,  1778. 
"Sir. 

' '  Having  the  good  fortune  to  find  two  men  like  Mr.  Gibault  and  your- 
self to  carry  and  to  present  my  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Post  Vin- 
cennes  I  do  not  doubt  that  they  will  become  good  citizens  and  friends  of 
the  states.  Please  disabuse  them  as  much  as  it  is  possible  to  do,  and  in 
case  they  accept  the  propositions  made  to  them,  you  will  assure  them 
that  proper  attention  will  be  paid  to  rendering  their  commerce  beneficial 
and  advantageous,  but  in  case  those  people  will  not  accede  to  offers  so 
reasonable  as  those  which  I  make  them,  they  may  expect  to  feel  the 
miseries  of  a  war  under  the  direction  of  the  humanity  which  has  so  far 
distinguished  the  Americans.  If  they  become  citizens  you  will  cause 
them  to  elect  a  commander  from  among  themselves,  raise  a  company,  take 
possession  of  the  fort  and  the  munitions  of  the  King,  and  defend  the 
inhabitants  till  a  greater  force  can  be  sent  there.  (My  address  will 
serve  as  a  commission.)  The  inhabitants  will  furnish  victuals  for  the 
garrison  which  will  be  paid  for.  The  inhabitants  and  merchants  will 
trade  with  the  savages  as  customarily,  but  it  is  necessary  that  their 
influence  tend  toward  peace,  as  by  their  influence  they  will  be  able  to 
save  much  innocent  blood  on  both  sides.  You  will  act  in  concert  with 
the  priest,  who  I  hope  will  prepare  the  inhabitants  to  grant  you  your 
demands.  If  it  is  necessary  to  grant  presents  to  the  savages,  you  will 
have  the  kindness  to  furnish  what  shall  be  necessary  provided  it  shall 
not  exceed  the  sum  of  two  hundred  piastres. 

"I  am  Sir,  respectfully  your  very  humble  and  very  obedient  servant 

"G.  R.  CLARK." 

This  letter  was  in  French,  as  was  also  the  address  referred  to,  a 
translation  of  which  is  as  follows: 

' '  George  Rogers  Clark,  Colonel  Commandant  of  the  troops  of  Virginia 
at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  and  at  the  Illinois,  etc.,  Address  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Post  Vincennes. 

"The  inhabitants  of  the  different  British  posts  from  Detroit  to  this 
post,  having  on  account  of  their  commerce  and  position  great  influence 
over  the  various  savage  nations,  have  been  considered  as  persons  fitted  to 
support  the  tyrannies  which  have  been  practiced  by  the  British  ministry 
from  the  commencement  of  the  present  contest. 

' '  The  Secretary  of  State  for  America  has  ordered  Governor  Hamilton 
at  Detroit  to  intermingle  all  the  young  men  with  the  different  nations 
of  savages,  to  commission  officers  to  conduct  them,  to  furnish  them  all 
necessary  supplies,  and  to  do  everything  which  depends  on  him  to  excite 
them  to  assassinate  the  inhabitants  of  the  frontiers  of  the  United  States 


150  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  America ;  which  orders  have  been  put  into  execution  at  a  council  held 
with  the  different  savage  nations  at  Detroit  the  17th  to  the  24th  day  of 
the  month  of  June,  1777.  The  murders  and  assassinations  of  women 
and  children  and  the  depredations  and  ravages  which  have  been  com- 
mitted cry  for  vengeance  with  a  loud  voice. 

"Since  the  United  States  has  now  gained  the  advantage  over  their 
British  enemies,  and  their  plenipotentiaries  have  now  made  and  con- 
cluded treaties  of  commerce  and  alliance  with  the  Kingdom  of  France  and 
other  powerful  nations  of  Europe,  His  Excellency  the  Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia has  ordered  me  to  reduce  the  different  posts  to  the  west  of  the  Miami 
with  a  body  of  troops  under  my  command,  in  order  to  prevent  further 
shedding  of  innocent  blood.  Pursuant  to  these  orders  I  have  taken  pos- 
session of  this  fort  and  the  munitions  of  this  country ;  and  I  have  caused 
to  be  published  a  proclamation  offering  assistance  and  protection  to  all  the 
inhabitants  against  all  their  enemies  and  promising  to  treat  them  as  the 
citizens  of  the  Republic  of  Virginia  (in  the  limits  of  which  they  are)  and 
to  protect  their  persons  and  property  if  it  is  necessary,  for  the  surety  of 
which  the  faith  of  the  government  is  pledged;  provided  the  people  give 
certain  proofs  of  their  attachment  to  the  states  by  taking  the  oath  of 
allegiance  in  such  cases  required,  as  provided  by  law,  and  by  all  other 
means  which  shall  be  possible  for  them,  to  which  offers  they  have  volun- 
tarily acceded.  I  have  been  well  pleased  to  learn  from  a  letter  written 
by  Governor  Abbott  to  M.  Rocheblave  that  you  are  in  general  attached 
to  the  cause  of  America. 

"In  consequence  of  which  I  invite  you  all  to  offers  hereafter  men- 
tioned, and  to  enjoy  all  their  privileges.  If  you  accede  to  this  offer,  you 
will  proceed  to  the  nomination  of  a  commandant  by  choice  or  election, 
who  shall  raise  a  company  and  take  possession  of  the  fort  and  of  all  the 
munitions  of  the  king  in  the  name  of  the  United  States  of  America  for 
the  Republic  of  Virginia  and  continue  to  defend  the  same  until  further 
orders. 

"The  person  thus  nominated  shall  have  the  rank  of  captain  and 
shall  have  the  commission  as  soon  as  possible,  and  he  shall  draw  for 
rations  and  pay  for  himself  and  his  company  from  the  time  they  shall 
take  the  fort,  etc.,  into  their  possession.  If  it  is  necessary,  fortifications 
shall  be  made,  which  will  be  also  paid  for  by  the  state. 

"I  have  the  honor  of  being  with  much  consideration,  sirs,  your  very 
humble  and  obedient  servant, 

"G.  R.  CLARK." 

"With  these  documents  Gibault  and  Lafonte  made  their  way  to  Vin- 
cennes,  and  found  little  difficulty  in  persuading  the  people  to  join  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  151 

American  cause.  A  few  Englishmen  and  French  who  saw  that  they 
were  in  a  hopeless  minority,  left  the  place  and  started  up  the  Wabash. 
On  July  20  the  remainder  gathered  at  the  church,  and  took  the  oath,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  translation : 

"Oath  of  Inhabitants  of  Vincennes. 

"You  make  oath  on  the  Holy  Evangel  of  Almighty  God  to  renounce 
all  allegiance  to  George  the  Third,  King  of  Great  Britain,  and  to  his 
successors,  and  to  be  faithful  and  true  subjects  of  the  Eepublic  of  Vir- 
ginia as  a  free  and  independent  state ;  and  I  swear  that  I  will  not  do  or 
cause  anything  or  matter  to  be  done  which  can  be  prejudicial  to  the 
liberty  or  independence  of  the  said  people,  as  prescribed  by  Congress,  and 
that  I  will  inform  some  one  of  the  judges  of  the  country  of  the  said 
state  of  all  treasons  and  conspiracies  which  shall  come  to  my  knowledge 
against  the  said  state  or  some  other  of  the  United  States  of  America :  In 
faith  of  which  we  have  signed  at  Post  Vincennes,  the  20th  of  July,  1778. 
"LONG  LIVE  THE  CONGRESS." 

To  this  oath  184  men  of  Vincennes  affixed  their  signatures,  or  in  most 
cases  their  marks.  Hamilton  said  that  Gibault  absolved  the  French  from 
their  allegiance  to  Great  Britain,  and  Clark  says  they  "went  in  a  body 
to  the  Church  where  the  Oath  of  Allegiance  was  administered  to  them 
in  the  Most  Solemn  Manner  an  officer  was  Elected  and  the  Fort  Amedi- 
ately  taken  possession  of  and  the  American  Flag  displayed  to  the  aston- 
ishment of  the  Indians  and  everything  setled  beyond  our  most  sanguine 
hopes."  Gibault  returned  about  the  first  of  August  with  the  cheering 
news,  and  Clark  was  now  overwhelmed  by  the  consideration  that  he  had 
more  territory  than  he  had  men  to  hold.  The  period  of  enlistment  of 
his  troops  was  ended,  and  many  of  them  desired  to  return  home.  Clark 
assumed  the  power  of  reenlisting  those  who  were  willing  to  stay,  and 
filled  up  his  companies  with  volunteer  Frenchmen.  He  sent  Captain 
Leonard  Helm  to  take  charge  of  Post  Vincennes,  appointing  him  Super- 
intendent of  Indian  Affairs  on  the  Wabash.  He  was  especially  charged 
with  securing  the  friendship  of  Young  Tabac,  the  chief  of  the  Pianke- 
shaws,  who  was  very  influential  among  the  Wabash  Indians.  Clark  sent 
a  letter  to  the  latter  offering  him  war  or  peace,  and  exhorting  him  if  he 
chose  the  former  to  fight  like  a  man  as  he  would  see  his  British  Father 
made  feed  for  the  dogs.  Helm  succeeded  so  well  that  Tabac  not  only 
became  a  firm  friend  of  the  Americans  but  formed  a  strong  personal 
attachment  to  Helm.  When  Helm  was  captured  by  Hamilton,  Tabac 
declared  himself  a  prisoner  also,  and  insisted  on  sharing  Helm 's  confine- 
ment. Hamilton  made  every  effort  to  win  him  back,  but  he  was  obdurate, 


152 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  accepted  Hamilton's  presents  only  on  the  ground  of  sharing  them 
with  his  "brother"  Helm.  Hamilton  could  not  afford  to  offend  him,  and 
so  Tabac  had  his  way.  Before  this  he  was  of  immense  service,  for  he 
made  such  representations  to  the  other  Indians  that  they  flocked  to 
Cahokia  to  seek  peace  with  Clark. 

This  was  what  Clark  wanted,  for  he  says  he  had  been  considering 
the  French  method  of  dealing  with  the  Indians,  and  had  decided  that  it 
was  a  mistake  to  ask  them  to  make  treaties.  He  says  that  Chippewas, 
Ottawas,  Potawatomis,  Missisagas,  Winnebagos,  Sauks,  Foxes,  Osages, 
lowas  and  Miamis  gathered  there  until ' '  I  must  confess  that  I  was  under 


THE  GARRISON  MARCHING  OUT 

some  apprehention  among  such  a  number  of  Devils."  There  was  some 
cause,  for  a  party  of  Puans  undertook  to  capture  Clark  at  his  lodgings, 
but  were  detected  and  captured.  Clark  had  their  chiefs  put  in  irons, 
and  sternly  rejected  all  pleas  in  their  behalf,  until  two  of  their  young 
men  came  forward  and  offered  themselves  for  death  in  atonement.  After 
haughty  deliberation  Clark  took  these  two  youths  by  the  hand,  and 
pronounced  them  chiefs;  released  his  captives,  whom  he  denounced  as 
squaws  who  did  not  know  how  to  make  war,  and  told  them  to  go  join  the 
English.  To  all  the  rest  he  offered  war  or  peace,  as  they  might  choose, 
and  did  it  with  such  show  of  confidence  and  indifference  that  they  all 
humbly  asked  for  peace.  In  the  space  of  five  weeks  he  concluded  peace 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  153 

with  "ten  or  twelve  different  Nations."  This  was  timely,  for  no  rein- 
forcements were  coming  for  him,  and  Hamilton  was  actively  preparing 
for  an  expedition  against  him  from  Detroit.  Hamilton  started  in  October 
with  36  regulars,  70  French  volunteers,  and  60  Indians.  He  gathered  up 
Indians  along  the  road  until  he  had  about  400.  On  December  17  Helms 
sent  a  messenger  to  Clark  with  a  letter  stating  that  the  British  were 
within  three  hundred  yards  of  the  town,  and  that  he  was  practically 
deserted  by  his  French  militia,  having  but  four  men  that  he  could  rely 
on.  His  estimate  of  the  reliables  was  four  times  too  large,  but  that  was 
immaterial.  The  messenger  was  captured  and  Clark  never  received  the 
letter.  Major  Hay,  who  had  been  sent  in  advance  by  Hamilton,  took 
possession  of  the  town  without  resistance,  and  when  Hamilton  arrived 
and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort,  Helm  consented  on  being  allowed 
the  honors  of  war.  He  then  marched  out  with  the  one  man  who  had 
remained  with  him,  and  laid  down  his  arms.  The  identity  of  the  latter 
half  of  the  garrison  is  unknown.  Tradition  says  it  was  Moses  Henry, 
but  Clark  says  that  Henry  was  a  "suspected  person"  who  had  been  con- 
fined in  the  fort  by  Hamilton  after  his  arrival,  and  Moses  Henry  was 
not  among  Clark's  soldiers  who  received  military  lands  from  Virginia, 
although  he  was  made  Indian  agent  by  Clark  later,  and  resided  at  Vin- 
cennes  for  some  years  afterwards.  Henry's  wife  took  him  word  of  the 
arrival  of  Clark,  and  he  informed  Helm  and  the  other  prisoners  before 
Hamilton  had  any  suspicion  of  it. 

Clark  did  not  learn  of  the  capture  of  Vincennes  until  in  January, 
and  Hamilton  thought  he  got  his  information  from  six  French  deserters, 
one  of  whom  was  a  brother  of  Father  Gibault,  who  escaped  from  Vin- 
cennes in  the  latter  part  of  January.  Clark  had  learned  of  it  before 
that  time.  Shortly  after  Hamilton's  arrival  at  Vincennes,  an  Ottawa 
chief  who  was  with  him  led  a  party  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  to  try 
to  intercept  some  Americans.  As  none  appeared  he  led  his  party  to  the 
Illinois,  and  came  near  capturing  Clark  himself,  who  had  gone  to 
Prairie  du  Rocher.  They  fell  in  with  some  French  hunters,  who  brought 
word  to  Kaskaskia.  An  express  was  sent  to  Clark,  who  was  enjoying  a 
dance  at  Captain  Barber's,  with  the  alarming  information  that  a  party 
of  800  whites  and  Indians  were  within  a  few  miles  of  the  fort  and 
expected  to  attack  it  that  night.  There  was  some  wild  excitement  and 
preparation  for  the  next  twenty-four  hours,  when  it  was  learned  that 
the  party  had  retreated  to  Vincennes,  and  Clark  says :  "  it  was  now  con- 
jectured that  St.  Vincents  was  certainly  in  the  Hands  of  the  Enemy, 
and  that  the  party  that  had  been  in  the  Neighberhood  had  been  sent  from 
that  place  on  some  Errand  or  other."  He  remained  in  suspense,  pre- 
paring for  any  emergency,  until  January  29,  when  Francis  Vigo  arrived 


154  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

from  Vincennes  with  definite  information.  Vigo  was  at  the  time  a  fur 
trader  at  St.  Louis,  who  had  been  furnishing  Clark  large  amounts  of 
supplies.  He  volunteered  to  go  to  Vincennes  and  furnish  Helm  with 
supplies  and  provisions  and  started  for  that  place  on  December  18,  not 
knowing  of  Hamilton's  arrival.  On  the  24th  he  was  captured  at  the 
Embarras  River  by  some  of  Hamilton's  Indians,  who  took  him  to  Vin- 
cennes. Hamilton  found  nothing  wrong  about  him,  but  Vigo  refused 
to  give  his  parole  "not  to  do  any  act  during  the  war  injurious  to  the 
British  interests, ' '  and  so  he  was  held  on  a  parole  requirement  to  report 
every  day  at  the  fort.  This  gave  him  ample  opportunity  to  learn  what 
was  going  on.  Hamilton  was  busy.  He  first  took  a  census  of  the  place 
and  found  that  there  were  621  people  there,  of  whom  217  were  fit  to  bear 
arms,  besides  several  who  had  gone  buffalo-hunting.  He  then  says: 

"Having  summon 'd  the  Inhabitants  to  assemble  in  the  Church,  I 
went  to  meet  them,  reproach 'd  them  with  their  treachery  and  ingrati- 
tude, but  told  them  since  they  had  laid  down  their  arms  and  sued  for 
•  protection,  that  on  renewing  their  Oath  of  Allegiance  they  should  be 
secured  in  their  persons  and  property.  Lenity  I  thought  might  induce 
the  French  inhabitants  at  Kaska.sk  ias  to  follow  their  example,  tho'  the 
conduct  of  the  Canadians  at  large  was  but  poor  encouragement.  I  read 
twice  to  them  the  Oath  prepared  for  them  to  take,  explain 'd  the  nature 
of  it,  and  cautioned  them,  against  that  levity  they  had  so  recently  given 
proof  of.  The  oath  being  administer 'd,  they  severally  kiss'd  a  silver 
crucifix  at  the  foot  of  the  Altar,  after  which  they  sign'd  their  names  to 
a  paper  containing  the  same  Oath  in  writing.  It  was  conceived  in  the 
following  terms:  (translation)  ..  • 

"At  St.  Vincennes,  December  19,  1778. 

"We,  the  undersigned,  declare  and  acknowledge  to  have  taken  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Congress,  in  doing  which  we  have  forgotten  our 
duty  to  God  and  have  failed  in  our  duty  to  man.  We  ask  pardon  of  God 
and  we  hope  from  the  goodness  of  our  legitimate  sovereign,  the  King  of 
England,  that  he  will  accept  our  submission  and  take  us  under  his  pro- 
tection as  good  and  faithful  subjects,  which  we  promise  and  swear  to 
become  before  God  and  before  man.  In  faith  of  which  we  sign  with  our 
hand  or  certify  with  our  ordinary  mark,  the  aforesaid  day  and  month  of 
the  year  1778." 

Having  thus  rectified  the  mental  and  moral  attitude  of  the  com- 
munity, Hamilton  turned  his  attention  to  the  fort,  which  he  says  he 
found,  "a  miserable  stockade,  without  a  Well,  barrack,  platform  for 
small  arms,  or  even  a  lock  to  the  gate."  He  further  says:  "In  the 
course  of  the  winter  we  built  a  guard-house,  Barracks  for  four  com- 
panies, sunk  a  Well,  erected  two  large  Blockhouses  of  oak,  musquet 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  155 


proof,  with  loop-holes  below,  and  embrasures  above  for  5  pieces  of 
Cannon  each,  alter 'd  and  lin'd  the  Stockade,  laid  the  Fort  with  gravel"; 
and  also,  "The  fort  was  on  the  22nd  of  February  in  a  tolerable  state  of 
defence  the  Work  proposed  being  finished."  He  also  changed  the  name 
to  Fort  Sackville,  in  honor  of  Lord  George  Sackville,  then  British 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies.  After  about  a  month's  detention 
at  Vincennes,  Vigo's  French  friends  intervened  in  his  behalf,  and  Ham- 
ilton consented  to  let  him  go  on  parole  that  he  would  ' '  not  do  anything 
injurious  to  the  British  interests  on  his  way  to  St.  Louis. ' '  This  pledge 
he  kept  religiously,  as  he  always  did  a  promise  given ;  but  as  soon  as  he 
reached  St.  Louis  he  hastened  to  Kaskaskia,  and  gave  Clark  his  informa- 
tion. Desperate  as  the  situation  looked,  it  presented  an  opportunity  that 
appealed  to  Clark.  Disappointed  in  his  hope  for  reinforcement,  he 
leaped  at  the  chance  to  complete  hia  conquest  with  the  force  he  had.  He 
called  his  officers  in  council  and  proposed  to  go  to  Vincennes  and  attack 
Hamilton.  They  agreed.  There  is  no  room  to  doubt  that  the  sentiments 
of  all  were  expressed  in  Clark's  letter  to  Henry  on  February  3,  in  which, 
after  recounting  Vigo's  arrival  with  information  of  Hamilton's  success, 
his  efforts  to  regain  the  friendship  of  "the  Indians,  and  the  loyalty  of 
those  nearest  to  Vincennes  to  the  Americans,  Clark  puts  the  situation 
thus: 

"Ninety  Regulars  in  Garrison  a  few  Volunteers  and  about  Fifty 
Tawaway  Indians  that  is  Shortly  to  go  to  war  they  are  very  Busy  in 
Repairing  the  Fort  which  will  Shortly  "be  very  Strong,  One  Brass  Six- 
pounder  two  Iron  four  pounders  and  two  Swivels  Mounted  in  the 
Bastians  plenty  of  Ammunition  and  provitions  and  all  kinds  of  warlike 
Stores,  Making  preparation  for  the  Reduction  of  the  Illenois  &  has  no 
Suspition  of  a  Visit  from  the  americans  this  was  Mr.  Hamilton's  Cir- 
cumstance when  Mr.  Vigo  left  him 

' '  Being  sensible  that  without  a  Reinforcement  which  at  present  have 
hardly  a  right  to  Erpect  that  I  shall  be  obliged  to  give  up  this  Cuntrey 
to  Mr.  Hamilton  without  a  turn  of  Fortune  in  my  favour,  I  am  Resolved 
to  take  the  advantage  of  his  present  Situation  and  Risque  the  whole  on  a 
Single  Battle.  I  shall  Set  out  in  a  few  Days  with  all  the  Force  I  can 
Raise  of  my  own  Troops  and  a  few  Militia  that  I  can  Depend  on  (in  the 
whole  only  one)  Hundred  (part  of  which  goes  on)  Board  a  Small  G 
(alley,  fitted)  out  some  time  ago  Mounting  two  four  pounders  and  four 
large  Swivels  one  nine  pounder  on  Board  this  Boat  is  to  make  her  way 
good  if  possible  and  take  her  Station  Tenn  Leagues  Below  St.  Vincens 
until  further  orders  if  I  am  Defeated  She  is  to  Join  Col.  Rogers  on  the 
Mississippi  She  has  great  Stores  of  Ammunition  on  Board  Comd  by 
Lieut.  Jno  Rogers.  I  Shall  March  across  by  Land  myself  with  the  Rest 


• 


156 


i 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  My  Boys  the  principle  persons  that  follow  me  on  this  forlorn  hope  is 
Captn  Joseph  Bowman  John  Williams  Edwd  Worthington  Richd  M 
Carty  &  Frans  Charlovielle  Limits  Richd  Brasheare  Abm  Kellar  Abm 
Chaplin  Jno  Jerault  And  Jno  Bayley  and  several  other  Brave  Subalterns, 
You  must  be  Sensible  of  the  feelings  that  I  have  for  those  Brave  officers 
and  Soldiers  that  are  Determined  to  share  my  Fate  let  it  be  what  it  will 
I  know  the  Case  is  Desperate  but  Sr  we  must  Either  Quit  the  Cuntrey  or 
attact  Mr.  Hamilton  no  time  is  to  be  lost  was  I  Shoer  of  a  Reinforce- 
ment I  should  not  attempt  it  who  knows  what  fortune  will  do  for  us 
Great  things  have  been  affected  by  a  few  Men  well  Conducted  perhaps 
we  may  be  fortunate  we  have  this  Consolation  that  our  Cause  is  Just 


FORT  SACKVILLE,  VINCENNES,  INDIANA,  1779 

and  that  our  Cuntrey  will  be  greatful  and  not  Condemn  our  Conduct  in 
case  we  fall  through  if  so  this  Cuntrey  as  well  as  Kentucky  I  believe 
is  lost." 

Well  might  his  heart  warm  to  the  men  who  joined  him  in  that  perilous 
undertaking.  According  to  Bowman,  46  went  in  the  galley,  and  those 
who  marched  were  170,  including  "the  Artillery  Pack  Horsemen  &c. " 
And  what  a  march !  From  the  afternoon  of  February  5  to  the  afternoon 
of  February  23,  through  muddy  overflowed  plains,  with  rain  falling 
almost,  continually,  without  tents,  and  after  the  16th  almost  without 
provisions  except  one  deer  killed  on  the  20th.  The  only  favoring  feature 
was  that  the  weather  did  not  turn  cold  until  the  night  of  the  22nd,  when 
ice  formed  about  an  inch  thick.  This  brought  the  supreme  effort.  On 
the  23d. Bowman  records:  "Set  off  to  cross  a  plain  called  Horse  Shoe 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


plain  about  4  Miles  long  cover 'd  with  Water  breast  high — here  we  ex- 
pected Some  of  our  brave  Men  must  certainly  perish  having  froze  in  the 
Night  and  so  long  fasting  and  no  other  Resourse  but  wading  this  plain 
or  rather  a  leak  (lake)  of  Water  we  pushed  into  it  with  Courage  Col. 
Clark  being  the  first,  taking  care  to  have  the  Boats  close  by,  to  take  those 
that  was  weak  and  benumbed  (with  the  cold)  into  them  Never  was  Men 
so  animated  with  the  thoughts  of  revenging  the  wrongs  done  to  their 
back  Settlements  as  this  small  Army  was."  Luckily  there  was  a  copse 
of  timber  on  the  way,  which  Clark  says  ' '  was  of  great  consequence ' '  for 
"all  the  Low  men  and  Weakly  Hung  to  the  Trees  and  floated  on  the  old 
logs  untill  they  were  taken  off  by  the  Canoes  the  strong  and  Tall  got 
ashore  and  built  fires  many  would  reach  the  shore  and  fall  with  their 
bodies  half  in  the  water  not  being  able  to  Support  themselves  without 
it  this  was  a  delightful  Dry  spot  of  Ground  of  about  Ten  Acres  we 
soon  found  that  the  fires  answered  no  purpose  but  that  two  strong  men 
taking  a  weaker  one  by  the  Arms  was  the  only  way  to  recover  him  and 
being  a  delightfull  Day  it  soon  did  But  fortunately  as  if  designed  by 
Providence  a  canoe  of  Indian  squaws  and  Children  was  coming  up  to  the 
Town  and  took  through  part  of  this  plain  as  a  nigh  way  was  discovered 
by  our  Canoes  as  they  ware  out  after  the  men  they  gave  chase  and  took 
them  on  Board  of  which  was  near  half  Quarter  of  Buffaloe  some  corn 
Tallow  Kettles  &c  this  was  a  grand  prise  and  was  Invaluable  Broath 
was  amediately  made  and  served  out  to  the  most  weak  but  with  great 
care  most  of  the  whole  party  got  a  little  but  a  great  many  would  not 
tast  it  but  gave  their  part  to  the  weakly  Jocosely  saying  something  cheary 
to  their  comrades  this  little  refreshment  and  fine  weather  by  the  after- 
noon gave  new  life  to  the  whole. ' '  It  was  not  strange  that  Clark  wrote 
to  Mason:  "If  I  was  sensible  that  You  wou'd  let  no  Person  see  this 
relation  I  would  give  You  a  detail  of  our  suffering  for  four  days  in 
crossing  those  waters,  and  the  manner  it  was  done;  as  I  am  sure  that 
You  wou'd  Credit  it.  but  it  is  too  incredible  for  any  Person  to  believe 
except  those  that  are  well  acquainted  with  me  as  You  are,  or  had  ex- 
perienced something  similar  to  it."  Neither  was  it  strange  that  in  his 
Memoir,  under  date  of  March  7 — two  weeks  later — he  recorded:  "A 
num'ber  of  our  men  now  got  sick  their  Intrepidity  and  good  suckcess 
had  untill  this  keep  up  their  spirits  but  things  falling  of  to  that  little 
more  than  that  of  common  Garrison  duty  they  more  sensibly  felt  the 
Pains  and  other  complaints  that  they  had  contracted  during  the  severity 
of  the  late  uncommon  march  to  which  many  of  those  Valuable  men  fell 
a  sacrifice  and  few  others  ever  perfectly  recovered  it." 

Clark  was  in  sight  of  the  town,  but  he  was  not  yet  safe.    He  says, 
"Ammunition  was  scarce  with  us  as  the  most  of  our  Stores  had  been  put 


. 


158  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

on  board  of  the  Gaily.7'  Hamilton  says  that  although  he  had  required 
all  the  gunpowder  in  the  town  to  be  surrendered  to  him,  "nevertheless 
Colonel  Clarke  was  supplyed  by  the  Inhabitants,  his  own  to  the  last  ounce 
being  damaged  on  his  March."  "Waiting  till  near  sunset,  he  first  dis- 
patched a  captive  duck-hunter  to  the  town  with  a  warning  to  the  people 
that  he  was  about  to  attack  the  place,  and  for  those  who  wanted  to  help 
the  British  to  get  into  the  fort,  and  others  to  stay  in  their  houses.  He 
then  staged  a  moving  picture  show  for  them,  marching  and  counter- 
marching his  men  behind  ridges  of  land  where  nothing  could  be  seen  of 
them  except  flags  which  they  carried  on  poles.  As  soon  as  it  was  dark 
they  marched  direct  to  the  town,  and  sent  15  men  to  begin  firing  on  the 
fort,  while  the  rest  took  possession  of  the  town.  One  of  the  first  moves 
was  to  the  houses  of  Col.  Legras  and  Major  Busseron,  who  had  "buried 
the  Greatest  part  of  their  powder  and  Ball"  when  Hamilton  first  came, 
and  had  probably  sent  word  of  it  to  Clark  by  Vigo.  Clark  says,  "this 
was  amediately  produced  and  we  found  our  selves  well  supplyed  by 
those  Gen tn."  The  surprise  of  the  fort' was  complete.  Hamilton  says: 
"About  5  minutes  after  candles  had  been  lighted  we  were  alarmed  by 
hearing  a  Musquet  discharged ;  presently  after  some  more.  I  concluded 
that  some  party  of  Indians  was  returned  or  that  there  was  some  riotous 
frolic  in  the  Village,  going  upon  the  Parade  to  enquire  I  heard  the  Balls 
whistle,  order 'd  the  Men  to  the  Blockhouses,  forbidding  them  to  fire  till 
they  perceived  the  shot  to  be  directed  against  the  Fort.  We  were  shortly 
out  of  suspence,  one  of  the  Serjeants  receiving  a  shot  in  the  breast. ' '  He 
says,  however  that  Maisonville  had  come  in  earlier  in  the  day  with  a 
report  that  ' '  he  had  discover  'd  about  four  leagues  below-  the  fort,  four- 
teen fires,  but  could  not  tell  whether  of  Virginians  or  Savages,"  and  he 
had  sent  Captain  Lamothe  with  twenty  men  for  further  information. 
Lamothe  made  a  circuit  around  the  flooded  lands,  and  discovered  noth- 
ing until  he  heard  the  firing  on  the  fort.  He  got  back  into  the  fort  with 
his  men  early  the  next  morning.  Clark  says  he  let  them  in  for  fear  they 
might  go  for  aid  of  hostile  Indians. 

There  was  a  continuous  fusillade  during. the  night,  without  great 
damage,  though  Hamilton  says  he  had  "a  Serjeant  Matross  and  five 
Men  wounded" — a  Matross  was  an  assistant  artilleryman.  But  Clark 
utilized  the  darkness  to  make  an  entrenchment  across  the  street  about 
120  yards  in  front  of  the  gate  of  the  fort.  Young  Tabac  had  offered  to 
assist  in  the  attack  with  one  hundred  men,  but  Clark  thanked  him  and 
told  him  he  needed  no  assistance.  At  8  or  9  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
the  24th  Clark  sent  a  flag  of  truce  with  a  letter  to  Hamilton  demanding 
the  immediate  surrender  of  the  fort,  and  adding,  "if  I  am  obliged  to 
storm,  you  may  depend  upon  such  Treatment  justly  due  to  a  Murderer 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


159 


beware  of  destroying  Stores  of  any  kind  or  any  papers  or  letters  that  is 
in  your  possession  or  hurting  one  house  in  the  Town  for  by  heavens  if 
you  do  there  shall  be  no  Mercy  shewn  you."  To  this  ferocious  message 


CLARK'S  LETTER  TO  HAMILTON 
(From  original,  owned  by  Wisconsin  Historical  Society) 

Hamilton  curtly  replied  that  "he  and  his  Garrison  are  not  disposed  to 
be  awed  into  any  action  Unworthy  of  British  subjects. ' '  Firing  was  then 
resumed  until  Hamilton  sent  a  flag  of  truce  proposing  a  truce  of  three 
days,  and  a  conference  with  Clark  in  the  fort.  Clark  replied  that  he 


158 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


on  board  of  the  Gaily."  Hamilton  says  that  although  he  had  required 
all  the  gunpowder  in  the  town  to  be  surrendered  to  him,  "nevertheless 
Colonel  Clarke  was  supplyed  by  the  Inhabitants,  his  own  to  the  last  ounce 
being  damaged  on  his  March."  Waiting  till  near  sunset,  he  first  dis- 
patched a  captive  duck-hunter  to  the  town  with  a  warning  to  the  people 
that  he  was  about  to  attack  the  place,  and  for  those  who  wanted  to  help 
the  British  to  get  into  the  fort,  and  others  to  stay  in  their  houses.  He 
then  staged  a  moving  picture  show  for  them,  marching  and  counter- 
marching his  men  behind  ridges  of  land  where  nothing  could  be  seen  of 
them  except  flags  which  they  carried  on  poles.  As  soon  as  it  was  dark 
they  marched  direct 'to  the  town,  and  sent  15  men  to  begin  firing  on  the 
fort,  while  the  rest  took  possession  of  the  town.  One  of  the  first  moves 
was  to  the  houses  of  Col.  Legras  and  Major  Busseron,  who  had  "buried 
the  Greatest  part  of  their  powder  and  Ball"  when  Hamilton  first  came, 
and  had  probably  sent  word  of  it  to  Clark  by  Vigo.  Clark  says,  "this 
was  amediately  produced  and  we  found  our  selves  wrell  supplyed  by 
those  Gentn."  The  surprise  of  the  fort  was  complete.  Hamilton  says: 
"About  5  minutes  after  candles  had  been  lighted  we  were  alarmed  by 
hearing  a  Musquet  discharged ;  presently  after  some  more.  I  concluded 
that  some  party  of  Indians  was  returned  or  that  there  was  some  riotous 
frolic  in  the  Village,  going  upon  the  Parade  to  enquire  I  heard  the  Balls 
whistle,  order 'd  the  Men  to  the  Blockhouses,  forbidding  them  to  fire  till 
they  perceived  the  shot  to  be  directed  against  the  Fort.  "We  were  shortly 
out  of  suspence,  one  of  the  Serjeants  receiving  a  shot  in  the  breast."  He 
says,  however  that  Maisonville  had  come  in  earlier  in  the  day  with  a 
report  that  "he  had  discover 'd  about  four  leagues  below  the  fort,  four- 
teen fires,  but  could  not  tell  whether  of  Virginians  or  Savages,"  and  he 
had  sent  Captain  Lamothe  with  twenty  men  for  further  information. 
Lamothe  made  a  circuit  around  the  flooded  lands,  and  discovered  noth- 
ing until  he  heard  the  firing  on  the  fort.  He  got  back  into  the  fort  with 
his  men  early  the  next  morning.  Clark  says  he  let  them  in  for  fear  they 
might  go  for  aid  of  hostile  Indians. 

There  was  a  continuous  fusillade  during. the  night,  without  great 
damage,  though  Hamilton  says  he  had  "a  Serjeant  Matross  and  five 
Men  wounded" — a  Matross  was  an  assistant  artilleryman.  But  Clark 
utilized  the  darkness  to  make  an  entrenchment  across  the  street  about' 
120  yards  in  front  of  the  gate  of  the  fort.  Young  Tabac  had  offered  to 
assist  in  the  attack  with  one  hundred  men,  but  Clark  thanked  him  and 
told  him  he  needed  no  assistance.  At  8  or  9  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
the  24th  Clark  sent  a  flag  of  truce  with  a  letter  to  Hamilton  demanding 
the  immediate  surrender  of  the  fort,  and  adding,  "if  I  am  obliged  to 
storm,  you  may  depend  upon  such  Treatment  justly  due  to  a  Murderer 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


159 


beware  of  destroying  Stores  of  any  kind  or  any  papers  or  letters  that  is 
in  your  possession  or  hurting  one  house  in  the  Town  for  by  heavens  if 
you  do  there  shall  be  no  Mercy  shewn  you."  To  this  ferocious  message 


-y- 
?«*«--* 

• 


•™  - 

CLARK'S  LETTER  TO  HAMILTON 
(From  original,  owned  \>y  Wisconsin  Historical  Society) 

-  .    -'-.  ..  '    "-,7-;  ^  •-•'' 

Hamilton  curtly  replied  that  "he  and  his  Garrison  are  not  disposed  to 
be  awed  into  any  action  Unworthy  of  British  subjects."  Firing  was  then 
resumed  until  Hamilton  sent  a  flag  of  truce  proposing  a  truce  of  three 
days,  and  a  conference  with  Clark  in  the  fort.  Clark  replied  that  he 


160  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

would  accept  no  terms  but  surrender  at  discretion,  but  that  if  Hamilton 
desired  a  conference  he  would  meet  him  and  Captain  Helm  at  the  church. 
The  latter  was  accepted,  and  it  was  a  meeting  of  two  as  accomplished 
bluffers  as  ever  met  on  Indiana  soil,  but  Clark  knew  Hamilton's  cards, 
and  Hamilton  did  not  know  Clark 's.  Hamilton  was  willing  to  surrender, 
but  wanted  honorable  terms.  Clark  told  him,  "on  you  Sir  who  have 
embrued  your  hands  in  the  Wood  of  our  women  and  children,  Honor, 
my  country,  everything  calls  on  me  alloud  for  Vengeance. ' '  Helm  tried 
to  intercede  but  Clark  refused  to  listen  to  him.  He  told  Hamilton  that 
he  had  only  35  or  36  men  in  the  fort  that  he  could  rely  on ;  and  Hamilton 
knew  it  was  true.  Finally  Clark  said  he  would  send  articles  that  he 
would  allow,  and  would  give  half  an  hour  to  consider  them,  and  so  they 
separated.  Clark  sent  his  articles  as  follows: 

"1st.  Lt.  Gov.  Hamilton  engages  to  deliver  up  to  Col.  Clark  Fort 
Sackville  as  it  is  at  present  with  all  the  stores,  ammunition,  pro- 
visions, &c. 

"2nd.  The  Garrison  will  deliver  themselves  up  Prisrs  of  War  to 
march  out  with  their  arms  accoutrements,  Knapsacks  &c. 

"3d.     The  Garrison  to  be  deliver 'd  up  to-morrow  at  10  o'clock. 

"4th.  Three  days  time  to  be  allowed  the  Garrison  to  settle  their 
accounts  with  the  traders  of  this  Town. 

"5th.  The  Officers  of  the  Garrison  to  be  allowed  their  necessary 
baggage. 

' '  Signed  at  Post  Vincennes  the  24th  day  of  February,  1779. 

"G.  B.  CLABK." 

Within  the  time  limit,  Hamilton  returned  this  with  the  following 
indorsement : 

"Agreed  to  for  the  following  reasons — 

"The  remoteness  from  snccour,  the  state  and  quantity  of  provisions, 
the  unanimity  of  officers  and  men  on  its  expediency,  the  honorable  terms 
allowed  and  lastly,  the  confidence  in  a  generous  enemy. 

"HENBT  HAMILTON 
"Lieut.  Govr.  &  Superintendent." 

In  this  connection,  Hamilton  adds  in  his  report : 

"Among  reasons  not  mentioned  on  the  face  of  the  capitulation  were 
the  treachery  of  one-half  our  little  garrison,  the  certainty  of  the  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  Village  having  joyned  the  Rebels — The  North-East  Angle 
of  the  fort  projecting  over  a  sandbank  already  considerably  undermined, 
the  miserable  state  of  the  wounded  Men,  the  impossibility  of  effecting  an 
escape  by  water,  while  the  half  of  our  number  had  shewed  their  poltron- 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  161 

nerie  and  treason,  and  our  wounded  must  be  left  at  the  mercy  of  a 
mercyless  set  of  Banditti. 

"Having  given  the  necessary  orders,  I  pass'd  the  night  in  sorting 
papers  and  in  preparing  for  the  disagreable  ceremony  of  the  next  day. 

"Mortification,  disappointment,  and  indignation  had  their  turns. 

"At  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  25th,  we  marched  out  with 
fix'd  Bayonets  and  the  Soldiers  with  their  knapsacks — the  colors  had 
not  been  hoisted  this  morning,  that  we  might  be  spared  the  mortification 
of  bawling  them  down." 

There  were  two  incidents  that  probably  hastened  Hamilton's  action. 
During  the  conference  in  the  church  a  party  of  Clark's  men  had  gone 
to  meet  a  party  of  Indians  who  were  returning  from  a  raid  with  scalps, 
and  who  mistook  the  Americans  for  friends  until  close  to  them.  A  dozen 
of  them  were  killed  or  wounded,  and  six  were  captured  and  brought  into 
town,  where  four  of  them  were  tomahawked  in  view  of  the  fort,  the 
other  two  being  Frenchmen  who  were  saved  by  the  intercession  of  friends. 
This  was  probably  Hamilton's  first  opportunity  of  knowing  what  savage 
warfare  signified  when  brought  home  to  himself,  and  it  apparently  made 
a  lasting  impression.  In  his  report  he  says:  "One  of  them  was  toma- 
hawk'd  immediately.  The  rest  sitting  on  the  ground  in  a  ring  bound — 
seeing  by  the  fate  of  their  comrade  what  they  had  to  expect,  the  next  on 
his  left  sung  his  death  song,  and  was  in  turn  tomahawk 'd,  the  rest  under- 
went the  same  fate,  one  only  was  saved  at  the  intercession  of  a  Rebel 
Officer  who  pleaded  for  him  telling  Coll  Clarke  that  the  Savage's  father 
had  formerly  spared  his  life.  The  Chief  of  this  party  after  haveing 
had  the  hatchet  stuck  in  his  head,  took  it  out  himself  and  deliver 'd  it  to 
the  inhuman  monster  who  struck  him  first,  who  repeated  his  stroke  a 
second  and  a  third  time,  after  which  the  miserable  spectacle  was  dragged 
by  the  rope  about  his  neck  to  the  River,  thrown  in,  and  suffer 'd  to  spend 
still  a  few  moments  of  life  in  fruitless  strugglings — Two  Serjeants  who 
had  been  Volunteers  with  the  Indians  escaped  death  by  the  intercession 
of  a  father  and  a  Sister  who  were  on  the  spot. ' '  Hamilton  also  says  that 
Maisonville  was  partially  scalped  by  order  of  Clark ;  but  Clark  says  this 
was  done  by  two  men  who  captured  this  "famous  Indian  partizan"  and 
' '  was  so  Inhumane  as  to  take  a  part  of  scalp. ' ' 

The  other  occurrence  was  at  the  conference  at  the  church,  when 
Clark  was  emphasizing  his  determination  to  take  vengeance  on  Indian 
partizans.  Clark  says:  "Majr  Hay  paying  great  attention  I  had  ob- 
served a  kind  of  distrust  in  his  countenance  which  in  a  great  measure 
Influenced  my  Conversation  during  the  time  on  my  Concluding  pray 
Sir  says  he  who  is  that  you  call  Indian  partizans  Sir  I  Reply ed  I  take 
Majr  Hay  to  be  one  of  the  Principals  I  never  saw  a  man  in  the  Moment 

Vol.  I— 11 


162  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  Execution  So  Struck  as  he  appeared  to  be  Pail  and  Trembling 
scarcely  able  to  stand  G  H.  blushed  and  I  observed  was  much  affected 
at  his  behaviour  in  the  presence  of  Captn  Bowmans  Countenance  Suffi- 
tiently  explained  his  disdain  for  the  one  amd  his  sorrow  for  the  other." 
In  reality  Hay  was  a  light-hearted  and  light-headed  youth  who  was  not 
cut  out  for  a  hero,  and  did  not  fully  realize  what  he  had  been  doing. 
He  had  not  taken  part  in  Indian  raids,  but  had  represented  the  British 
at  Fort  Wayne  during  the  preceding  winter  in  dealings  with  the  Indians 
who  went  on  raids  from  there.  His  journal 4  gives  a  most  interesting 
view  of  social  life  in  Port  Wayne  at  that  time,  and  incidentally  shows 
that  he  was  much  more  at  home  singing  or  dancing  with  the  ladies,  or 
getting  drunk  with  the  men,  than  in  military  operations ;  but  it  does  not 
give  any  indication  that  he  was  hard-hearted  or  cruel. 

Presumably  Hamilton  was  largely  influenced  by  consideration  for 
him,  for  when  Clark  ordered  Hay  and  others  put  in  irons  after  the 
surrender,  Hamilton  says :  "I  observed  to  him  that  these  persons  having 
obey'd  my  orders  were  not  to  be  blamed  for  the  execution  of  them,  that 
I  had  never  known  that  they  had  acted  contrary  to  those  orders,  by 
encouraging  the  cruelty  of  the  savages,  on  the  contrary  and  that  if  he 
was  determined  to  pass  by  the  consideration  of  his  faith  and  that  of  the 
public,  pledged  for  the  performance  of  the  Articles  of  capitulation,  I 
desired  he  might  throw  me  into  prison  or  lay  me  in  irons  rather  than  the 
others."  But  Clark  had  "neck-irons,  fetters  and  handcuffs"  put  on  the 
three  Indian  partisans,  and  when  they  got  to  Virginia,  Governor  Jeffer- 
son had  handcuffs  put  on  Hamilton.  Later  these  were  exchanged  for 
fetters  riveted  on,  and  the  whole  party  were  confined  in  prison.  Pro- 
tests were  made,  but  Jefferson  insisted  that  it  was  a  right  to  so  confine 
prisoners  of  war  who  had  surrendered  without  specifications  as  to  treat- 
ment, until  Washington  finally  interposed  and  the  irons  were  removed. 
The  treatment  was  hardly  justifiable,  but  the  American  public  was  so 
indignant  over  the  ravages  of  Great  Britain's  Indian  allies  that  it  is 
surprising  that  nothing  worse  happened.  On  the  day  after  the  surrender 
of  the  fort,  Captain  Helm  was  sent  up  the  river  to  meet  a  party  coming 
down  with  supplies.  They  returned  on  March  5,  having  captured  Judge 
Dejean  of  Detroit,  M.  Adhemar,  Commissary  at  Fort  Miamis,  with  38 
soldiers  and  seven  boats  loaded  with  provisions  and  supplies.  The 
Willing — the  boat  sent  around  by  the  Mississippi — arrived  on  February 
27,  and  the  crew  were  much  disappointed  to  have  arrived  too  late  to 
take  part  in  the  victory.  Dejean  was  sent  to  Virginia  with  the  officers 
of  the  fort  and  eighteen  of  the  private  soldiers  who  belonged  to  the 


*  Published  in  the  Collections  of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  for  1914. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  163 

British  army.  The  remainder  of  the  prisoners  were  paroled  and  allowed 
to  return  to  Detroit.  A  council  was  held  to  consider  an  attack  on 
Detroit,  but  it  was  deferred  to  summer. 

An  Indian  account  of  the  capture  of  Vincennes  was  received  by  Col. 
Brodhead  through  Rev.  John  Heckewelder,  who  wrote  from  his  mis- 
sion, on  April  28,  1779,  "The  Governor  of  Detroit  after  having  taken 
Fort  Chubhicking,  from  the  Americans,  sent  all  the  Indians  who  were 
with  him  home  again,  except  two  of  the  head  men  of  every  nation.  A 
few  weeks  ago  a  number  of  Virginians  appeared  unexpectedly  at  said 
fort,  surrounded  it  and  took  it  with  all  that  was  in  it,  and  the  Gov- 
ernor made  a  prisoner.  That  the  night  after  the  fort  was  taken,  two 
Shawanese  made  their  escape  out  of  the  same,  upon  which  they,  the 
Americans  suspecting  the  Governor  hanged  him  immediately,  and  killed 
the  rest  of  the  Indians  who  were  in  the  fort.  That  the  Virginians  sent 
two  men  with  a  large  letter,  and  the  war  belt  they  had  found  by  the 
Governor,  over  to  Kentuck;  that  these  two  men  were  killed  by  the  way 
by  20  warriors,  and  the  letter  band  all  taken ;  that  not  long  after,  these 
twenty  warriors  (said  to  be  Chippewas  and  Tawas)  were  coming  along 
with  some  stolen  horses,  and  being  at  last  in  sight  of  the  fort,  hobbled 
the  same  on  the  commons,  and  marched  with  the  death  halloo  towards 
the  fort,  upon  which  the  drums  began  to  beat,  but  the  warriors  having 
heard  nothing  of  what  had  happened,  as  they  had  gone  out  from  that 
place  to  war — said,  'Our  Father  rejoices  that  we  are  coming  again; 
we  shall  now  be  treated  well.'  They  then  being  about  half  gun  shot 
off,  they  fired  out  of  the  fort  and  killed  eighteen  on  the  spot,  upon 
which  the  other  two  ran  off,  and  brought  the  letters  to  the  Shawanee 
towns,  where  they  got  a  prisoner  to  read  them.  But  as  he  could  not 
read  well,  could  make  out  no  more  than  that  the  commandant  of  the 
Virginians  mentioned  what  he  had  done,  and  that  he  requested  a  strong 
reinforcement  immediately.  The  letters  are  now  in  the  hands  of  Alexr. 
McKee.  "5  Chubhicking,  varied  to  Chubhacking  and  Chupukin 6 
is  the  Delaware  name  of  Vincennes.  It  is  compounded  of  (fol- 
lowing Heckewelder 's  spelling)  tschup-pic,  or  tschap-pik,  mean- 
ing a  root;  hacki,  ground,  earth,  region;  and  the  terminal  lo- 
cative, i.  e.  Place  of  Roots,  which  is  a  translation  of  the  Miami  name. 

Of  recent  years  there  has  been  an  application  of  "the  higher  crit- 
icism" to  the  original  accounts  of  this  conquest  of  Gen.  Clark  by  some 
of  the  Real  Historians  of  the  East.  One  of  the  most  notable  instances 
is  to  be  found  in  The  Winning  of  the  West,  by  Theodore  Roosevelt, 
whose  mental  processes  have  given  him  an  unique  standing  as  an  his- 


s  Wise.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  23— Draper  Series,  Vol.  4,  p.  295. 
«  Ib.,  pp.  231,  325,  334. 


164 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


torical  writer.  He  adds  Clark  to  his  Ananias  Club  on  account  of  his 
Memoir,  having  no  less  than  eight  foot-notes,  in  the  compass  of  fifty 
pages,  denouncing  the  inaccuracies  of  this  document.7  He  says  it 
was  written  "some  thirty  or  forty  years  after  the  events  of  which  it 
speaks";  that  it  was  "written  by  an  old  man  who  had  squandered  his 
energies  and  sunk  into  deserved  obscurity";  that  "when  Clark  wrote 


LIEUT.-GOV.  HENRY  HAMILTON 
(From  portrait  owned  by  C.  M.  Burton  of  Detroit) 

his  memoirs,  in  his  old  age,  he  took  delight  in  writing  down  among  his 
exploits  all  sorts  of  childish  stratagems;  the  marvel  is  that  any  sane 
historian  should  not  have  seen  that  these  were  on  their  face  as  untrue 
as  they  were  ridiculous."  His  chief  basis  for  his  position  is  that  the 
Memoir  contains  a  number  of  statements  that  are  not  duplicated  in 
Clark's  official  reports  and  original  letters.  As  a  mere  matter  of  fact, 


7  Winning  of  the  West,  Vol.  2,  pp.  36,  47,  55,  57,  01,  63,  79,  82. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  165 

the  Memoir  was  unquestionably  written  in  the  years  1789-91,  at  the 
special  request  of  James  Madison,  who  asked  Clark  "to  descend  in  the 
recital  even  to  minutia"  and  that  "in  collecting  materials  you  will  not 
use  a  sparing  hand.  Many  things  may  appear  very  interesting  to 
others  which  you  might  think  unimportant. ' ' 8  One  of  the  ' '  childish 
stratagems"  to  which  Mr.  Roosevelt  objects  is  the  statement  that  they 
' '  marched  to  and  fro  with  many  flags  flying,  so  as  to  impress  the  British 
with  his  numbers.  Instead  of  indulging  in  any  such  childishness  (which 
would  merely  have  warned  the  British,  and  put  them  on  their  guard), 
he  in  reality  made  as  silent  an  approach  as  possible,  under  cover  of  the 
darkness." 

But  Clark  does  not  say  they  countermarched  to  impress  the  Brit- 
ish. On  the  contrary  he  says  that  they  marched  "in  full  View  of  the 
Town,"  but  that  "as  part  of  the  Town  lay  between  our  Line  of  March 
and  the  Garison  we  could  not  be  seen  by  the  sentinels  on  the  walls. ' '  He 
was  deceiving  the  town  people,  and  he  always  misrepresented  his 
strength  to  the  French,  on  the  theory  that  while  most  of  them  were 
loyal  there  were  others  from  whom  information  would  get  to  the  Brit- 
ish. This  is  exactly  what  happened  in  this  case,  for  the  first  informa- 
tion Hamilton  got  was  from  Lamothe,  who  said  that  a  woman  in  the 
town  had  told  him  that  ' '  Colonel  Clark  was  arrived  with  500  Men  from 
the  Ilinois";  and  Hamilton  knew  no  better  until  after  his  surrender. 
As  to  the  event  itself,  Clark  told  the  same  story  soon  after  to  Mason 
in  his  letter  of  November  19,  1779.  Bowman,  in  his  journal  for  the 
day  says:  "We  began  our  March  all  in  order  with  colors  flying  and 
drums  brased."  The  first  account  of  the  capture  received  at  Detroit 
was  from  Captain  Chene  who  was  outside  the  fort  at  Vincennes  when 
the  attack  was  made,  and  who  made  his  escape.  His  report  says :  ' :  The 
Rebels  entered  at  the  lower  end  of  the  village  with  a  drum  beating  and 
a  white  colour  flying."  From  all  this  testimony  it  would  appear  to  be 
established  that  if  Mr.  Roosevelt  had  been  managing  the  campaign,  it 
would  not  have  been  as  Clark  managed  it. 

But  Mr.  Roosevelt's  choicest  morsel  is  this:  "Unfortunately,  most 
of  the  small  western  historians  who  have  written  about  Clark  have 
really  damaged  his  reputation  by  the  absurd  inflation  of  their  language ; 
they  were  adepts  in  the  forcible-feeble  style  of  writing,  a  sample  of 
which  is  their  rendering  him  ludicrous  by  calling  him  'the  Hannibal 
of  the  West,'  and  the  'Washington  of  the  West.'  "  It  is  a  pity  that 
Mr.  Roosevelt  was  not  sufficiently  familiar  with  American  history  to 
know  that  the  "small  western  historian"  who  gave  the  title  of  "the 


sill.   Hist.   Coll.,  Vol.   8,  pp.   619-29. 


164 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


torical  writer.  He  adds  Clark  to  his  Ananias  Club  on  account  of  his 
Memoir,  having  no  less  than  eight  foot-notes,  in  the  compass  of  fifty 
pages,  denouncing  the  inaccuracies  of  this  document.7  He  says  it 
was  written  "some  thirty  or  forty  years  after  the  events  of  which  it 
speaks";  that  it  was  "written  by  an  old  man  who  had  squandered  his 
energies  and  sunk  into  deserved  obscurity";  that  "when  Clark  wrote 


. 


LiEUT.-Gov.  HENRY  HAMILTON 
(From  portrait  owned  by  C.  M.  Burton  of  Detroit) 


his  memoirs,  in  his  old  age,  he  took  delight  in  writing  down  among  his 
exploits  all  sorts  of  childish  stratagems ;  the  marvel  is  that  any  sane 
historian  should  not  have  seen  that  these  were  on  their  face  as  untrue 
as  they  were  ridiculous."  His  chief  basis  for  his  position  is  that  the 
Memoir  contains  a  number  of  statements  that  are  not  duplicated  in 
Clark's  official  reports  and  original  letters.  As  a  mere  matter  of  fact, 


-  Winning  of  the  West,  Vol.  2,  pp.  36,  47,  55,  57,  01,  63,  79,  82. 

' 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  165 

the  Memoir  was  unquestionably  written  in  the  years  1789-91,  at  the 
special  request  of  James  Madison,  who  asked  Clark  "to  descend  in  the 
recital  even  to  minutia"  and  that  "in  collecting  materials  you  will  not 
use  a  sparing  hand.  Many  things  may  appear  very  interesting  to 
others  which  you  might  think  unimportant."8  One  of  the  "childish 
stratagems"  to  which  Mr.  Roosevelt  objects  is  the  statement  that  they 
"marched  to  and  fro  with  many  flags  flying,  so  as  to  impress  the  British 
with  his  numbers.  Instead  of  indulging  in  any  such  childishness  (which 
would  merely  have  warned  the  British,  and  put  them  on  their  guard), 
he  in  reality  made  as  silent  an  approach  as  possible,  under  cover  of  the 
darkness. ' ' 

But  Clark  does  not  say  they  countermarched  to  impress  the  Brit- 
ish. On  the  contrary  he  says  that  they  marched  "in  full  View  of  the 
Town,"  but  that  "as  part  of  the  Town  lay  between  our  Line  of  March 
and  the  Garison  we  could  not  be  seen  by  the  sentinels  on  the  walls. ' '  He 
was  deceiving  the  town  people,  and  he  always  misrepresented  his 
strength  to  the  French,  on  the  theory  that  while  most  of  them  were 
loyal  there  were  others  from  whom  information  would  get  to  the  Brit- 
ish. This  is  exactly  what  happened  in  this  case,  for  the  first  informa- 
tion Hamilton  got  was  from  Lamothe,  who  said  that  a  woman  in  the 
town  had  told  him  that  ' '  Colonel  Clark  was  arrived  with  500  Men  from 
the  Ilinois";  and  Hamilton  knew  no  better  until  after  his  surrender. 
As  to  the  event  itself,  Clark  told  the  same  story  soon  after  to  Mason 
in  his  letter  of  November  19,  1779.  Bowman,  in  his  journal  for  the 
day  says:  "We  began  our  March  all  in  order  with  colors  flying  and 
drums  brased. "  The  first  account  of  the  capture  received  at  Detroit 
was  from  Captain  Chene  who  was  outside  the  fort  at  Vincennes  when 
the  attack  was  made,  and  who  made  his  escape.  His  report  says:  '"The 
Rebels  entered  at  the  lower  end  of  the  village  with  a  drum  beating  and 
a  white  colour  flying."  From  all  this  testimony  it  would  appear  to  be 
established  that  if  Mr.  Roosevelt  had  been  managing  the  campaign,  it 
would  not  have  been  as  Clark  managed  it. 

But  Mr.  Roosevelt's  choicest  morsel  is  this:  "Unfortunately,  most 
of  the  small  western  historians  who  have  written  about  Clark  have 
really  damaged  his  reputation  by  the  absurd  inflation  of  their  language ; 
they  were  adepts  in  the  forcible-feeble  style  of  writing,  a  sample  of 
which  is  their  rendering  him  ludicrous  by  calling  him  'the  Hannibal 
of  the  West,'  and  the  'Washington  of  the  West.'  "  It  is  a  pity  that 
Mr.  Roosevelt  was  not  sufficiently  familiar  with  American  history  to 
know  that  the  "small  western  historian"  who  gave  the  title  of  "the 


sill.   Hist.   Coll.,   Vol.   S,   pp.   619-29. 


166  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Hannibal  of  the  West"  to  Clark  was  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke;  9  and 
it  is  no  less  mournful  that  he  was  not  sufficiently  acquainted  with  ancient 
history  to  know  that  the  title  was  peculiarly  apt.  For  the  benefit  of  those 
who  may  share  Mr.  Roosevelt's  misfortune,  it  may  be  explained  that  the 
expression  does  not  imply  that  Clark  was  a  Carthaginian,  nor  that  he  was 
of  the  same  age,  weight,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude  as  Hanni- 
bal. The  similarity  that  appealed  to  Randolph  is  expressed  in  the  Latin 
phrase,  "Hannibal  ante  portas" — an  unexpected  enemy  at  hand.  Hanni- 
bal made  himself  immortal  by  accomplishing  the  daring  and  desperate  feat 
of  crossing  the  Alps  in  the  dead  of  winter,  and  striking  Rome  from  an 
unexpected  quarter.  The  analogy  lies  in  the  fact  that  Clark  accom- 
plished the  daring  and  desperate  feat  of  crossing  the  flooded  lands  of 
Illinois  and  Indiana  in  the  dead  of  winter,  and  striking  Vincennes  from 
an  unexpected  quarter.  Of  course  Hannibal's  army  was  larger,  but 
Clark  risked  the  greater  odds,  if  the  chance  of  striking  hostile  Indians 
be  taken  into  consideration.  But  that  is  immaterial.  It  is  the  element 
of  the  surprising  and  unexpected  that  is  associated  with  the  name  of 
Hannibal  by  classical  writers  and  speakers.  If  John  Randolph  were 
alive  today,  he  might  possibly  refer  to  Mr.  Roosevelt  as  The  Hannibal 
of  Oyster  Bay. 

He  might  note  that  although  Mr.  Roosevelt  tosses  aside  most  of  the 
stories  connected  with  Clark's  campaign,  he  accepts  the  story  of  his 
interrupting  a  dance  at  the  taking  of  Kaskaskia,  of  which  there  is  no 
mention  in  any  account  by  any  of  the  original  witnesses.  Moreover  it 
is  inconsistent  with  the  fact  that  the  Commandant,  Rocheblave,  was 
found  in  bed  when  this  midnight  surprise  was  made,  and  the  inhabitants 
were  warned  to  keep  in  their  houses,  on  pain  of  being  shot;  in  conse- 
quence of  which  Clark  says:  "I  don't  suppose  greater  silence  ever 
Reagnd  among  the  Inhabitants  of  a  place  than  did  at  this  present  not 
a  person  to  be  seen,  not  a  word  to  be  heard  by  them  for  some  time." 
The  presentation  of  this  phase  of  the  subject  would  not  be  complete  with- 
out the  following  comment  from  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Watson,  who  is  some- 
thing of  a  critic  himself: 

"There  is  a  dramatic  story  to  the  effect  that  when  Clark's  men  drew 
near  that  night  they  found  the  fort  lit  up,  fiddles  going  merrily,  and 
the  defenders  tripping  the  light  fantastic  toe.  Clark  made  his  way  to 
the  ballroom  and  leaned  back  against  the  door,  with  crossed  arms,  look- 
ing on.  An  Indian,  lying  on  the  floor,  gazed  intently  on  Clark's  face, 
then  sprang  up  and  gave  the  war-whoop,  the  unearthly  war-whoop.  A 
war-whoop,  by  the  way,  which  is  not  unearthly  is  not  up  to  standard  and 
is  not  allowed  in  the  books. 


»  Howison  's  Virginia,  Vol.  2,  p.  237. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  167 

' '  When  the  Indian  whooped  it  was  evidently  time  for  the  .women  to 
scream;  and  when  the  women  were  all  screaming,  it  was  impossible  to 
fiddle  and  dance. 

"The  story  goes  that  Clark  standing  unmoved,  arms  still  crossed, 
countenance  unchanged,  bade  them  '  On  with  the  dance ' — warning  them, 
however,  that  they  must  now  dance  under  Virginia  and  not  under 
Great  Britian.  At  the  same  time  his  men  burst  into  the  fort,  etc. 

"Mr.  Roosevelt  likes  this  story  so  well  that  he  puts  it  into  his  Win- 
ning of  the  West,  saying  that  he  sees  no  good  reason  for  rejecting  it 
entirely. 

"For  the  same  reason  the  present  writer  likes  it,  and  has  not  re- 
jected it — entirely. 

"If  the  story  had  not  been  ended  so  abruptly,  if  we  had  been  told 
what  the  fiddlers  and  dancers  did  after  Clark  gave  them  permission 
to  proceed,  one's  ideas  might  be  clearer  and  more  satisfactory. 

' '  But  if  the  episode  of  the  'ballroom  draws  rather  heavily  upon  cred- 
ulity, the  wonderful  events  which  followed  are  involved  in  no  doubts."  10 

It  is  not  difficult  to  understand  how  Mr.  Roosevelt  might  indulge 
in  such  little  eccentricities  as  these,  but  the  mind  of  man  can  hardly 
comprehend  why  he  follows  them  with  this  statement  in  regard  to  the 
employment  of  Indian  scalp-hunters  by  the  British:  "A  certain  kind 
of  American  pseudo-historian  is  especially  fond  of  painting  the  British 
as  behaving  to  us  with  unexampled  barbarity ;  yet  nothing  is  more  sure 
than  that  the  French  were  far  more  cruel  and  less  humane  in  their  con- 
tests with  us  than  were  the  British."  n.  Here  are  a  few  extracts  from  the 
fifty  pages  following  this  remarkable  proposition. 

"De  Peyster,  a  New  York  tory  of  old  Knickerbocker  family,  had 
taken  command  at  Detroit.  He  gathered  the  Indians  around  him  from 
far  and  near,  until  the  expense  of  subsidizing  these  savages  became  so 
enormous  as  to  call  forth  serious  complaints  from  headquarters.  He 
constantly  endeavored  to  equip  and  send  out  different  bands,-  not  only 
to  retake  the  Illinois  and  Vincennes,  but  to  dislodge  Clark  from  the 
Falls;  he  was  continually  receiving  scalps  and  prisoners,  and  by  May 
he  had  fitted  out  two  thousand  warriors  to  act  along  the  Ohio  and  the 
Wabash."12 

' '  Nevertheless  small  straggling  bands  of  young  braves  occasionally 
came  down  through  the  woods ;  and  though  they  did  not  attack  any  fort 
or  any  large  body  of  men,  they  were  ever  on  the  watch  to  steal  horses, 
burn  lonely  cabins,  and  waylay  travellers  between  the  stations.  They 

10  Life  and  Times  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  p.  226. 
"  Winning  of  the  West,  Vol.  2,  p.  87. 
12  Ib.,  p.  102. 


168  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

shot  the  solitary  settlers  who  had  gone  out  to  till  their  clearings  by 
stealth,  or  ambushed  the  boys  who  were  driving  in  the  milk  cows  or 
visiting  their  lines  of  traps.  It  was  well  for  the  victim  if  he  was  killed 
at  once ;  otherwise  he  was  bound  with  hickory  withes  and  driven  to  the 
distant  Indian  towns,  there  to  be  tortured  with  hideous  cruelty  and 
burned  to  death  at  the  stake."  13 

"Then  the  savages  instantly  fled,  but  they  had  killed  and  scalped, 
or  carried  off,  ten  of  the  children.  Be  it  remembered  that  these  in- 
stances are  taken  at  random  from  among  hundreds  of  others,  extend- 
ing over  a  series  of  years  longer  than  the  average  life  of  a  generation."  w 

"A  war  party  starting  from  the  wigwam-towns  would  move  silently 
down  through  the  woods,  cross  the  Ohio  at  any  point,  and  stealthily 
and  rapidly  traverse  the  settlements,  its  presence  undiscovered  until 
the  deeds  of  murder  and  repine  were  done,  and  its  track  marked  by 
charred  cabins  and  the  ghastly,  mutilated  bodies  of  men,  women,  and 
children.  If  themselves  assailed,  the  warriors  fought  desperately  and 
effectively.  They  sometimes  attacked  bodies  of  troops,  but  always  by 
ambush  or  surprise ;  and  they  much  preferred  to  pounce  on  unprepared 
and  unsuspecting  surveyors,  farmers,  or  wayfarers,  or  to  creep  up  to 
solitary,  outlying  cabins.  They  valued  the  scalps  of  women  and  children 
as  highly  as  those  of  men.  Striking  a  sudden  blow,  where  there  was 
hardly  any  possibility  of  loss  to  themselves,  they  instantly  moved  on 
to  the  next  settlement,  repeating  the  process  again  and  again."  1B 

"One  of  the  official  British  reports  to  Lord  George  Germaine,  made 
on  October  23d  of  this  year  (1781),  deals  with  the  Indian  war  parties 
employed  against  the  northwestern  frontier.  'Many  smaller  Indian 
parties  have  been  very  successful.  It  would  be  endless  and  difficult  to 
enumerate  to  your  Lordship  the  parties  that  continually  employed  upon 
the  back  settlements.  From  the  Illinois  country  to  the  frontiers  of 
New  York  there  is  a  continual  succession.  *  *  *  The  perpetual 
terror  and  losses  of  the  inhabitants  will  I  hope  operate  powerfully  in 
our  favor.'  "  18 

And  during  this  era  of  horrors  the  one  man  who  stood  between  the 
frontier  settlements  and  destruction  was  George  Rogers  Clark.  Work- 
ing day  and  night  to  raise  troops  for  raiding  the  Indian  towns  and  at- 
tacking Detroit;  with  scant  supplies;  with  Virginia's  credit  ruined  in 
the  west  and  at  New  Orleans;  furnished  only  with  depreciated  paper 
currency,  and  little  of  that;  obstructed  by  white  enemies  and  jealous 


is  Winning  of  the  West,  Vol.  2,  p.  111. 
i«  Ibid.,  p.  125. 
"Ibid.,  p.  126. 
i«  Ibid.,  p.  130. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  169 

rivals;  he  managed  to  keep  up  enough  force  to  punish  the  Indians  re- 
peatedly, and  to  keep  Detroit  in  so  much  fear  of  attack  as  to  prevent 
any  strong  force  being  sent  against  the  frontier  stations.  Clark  not 
only  conquered  the  Northwest,  but  he  held  it  till  the  Revolutionary 
War  was  almost  concluded.  This  was  the  man  who,  Mr.  Roosevelt  says, 
"had  squandered  his  energies  and  sunk  into  deserved  obscurity."  Un- 
questionably republics  are  often  ungrateful,  and  republican  writers  are 
sometimes  ungracious. 

Most  of  these  Indian  troubles  had  little  effect  on  Indiana.  They 
were  directed  mainly  against  Kentucky  and  the  settlements  on  the  up- 
per Ohio.  The  only  American  settlement  in  Indiana  was  at  Vincennes, 
and  the  fort  and  garrison  there  were  protected  against  any  general  at- 
tack, though  there  were  occasional  attacks  on  out-lying  settlers.  The 
only*  material  encounter  in  southern  Indiana  was  the  surprise  of  Col. 
Archibald  Lochry,  with  a  party  of  107  Pennsylvanians  who  were  on 
their  way  to  join  Clark  at  the  Falls,  for  an  expedition  against  Detroit. 
Eight  men  that  Lochry  had  sent  in  advance  with  letters  to  Clark  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Joseph  Brant  who  ambushed  the  main  party  ten  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Miami,  where  they  had  landed  to  cook  a 
buffalo  they  had  killed,  being  short  of  provisions,  and  also  of  ammuni- 
tion. Forty-one  were  killed  and  the  remainder  captured.17  But  Vin- 
cennes suffered  indirectly  from  the  border  warfare  through  the  unsettled 
condition  of  public  affairs.  In  1778,  on  receipt  of  information  of  Clark 's 
success,  Virginia  adopted  a  law  organizing  all  the  territory  northwest 
of  the  Ohio  as  the  County  of  Illinois,  under  a  "county  lieutenant  or 
commandant  in  chief,"  with  power  to  appoint  deputy  commandants, 
militia  officers  and  commissaries.  It  did  not  extend  the  laws  of  Vir- 
ginia over  this  territory,  but  provided  that:  "all  civil  officers  to  which 
the  said  inhabitants  have  been  accustomed,  necessary  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  peace  and  the  administration  of  justice,  shall  be  chosen  by  a 
majority  of  the  citizens  in  their  respective  districts,  *  *  *  which 
said  civil  officers,  after  taking  the  oaths  as  above  prescribed,  shall  exer- 
cise their  several  jurisdictions,  and  conduct  themselves  agreeable  to 
the  laws  which  the  present  settlers  are  now  accustomed  to. ' '  Under  this 
law,  Gov.  Henry  appointed  Col.  John  Todd  County  Lieutenant,  on  De- 
cember 12,  1778. 

Todd  arrived  at  Kaskaskia  early  in  May,  1779,  and  called  an  elec- 
tion of  civil  officers  in  the  several  settlements.  Those  elected  at  Vin- 
cennes, as  shown  by  Todd's  record  book,18  were  as  follows:  "The  Court 

"English's  Conquest  of  the  Northwest,  Vol.  2,  pp.  722. 

is  This  book  is  in  possession  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society.  An  account 
and  abstract  of  it,  by  E.  G.  Mason  is  in  No.  12  of  the  Fergus  Hist.  Series. 


170  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  St.  Vincennes:  1,  P.  Legras;  2,  Francois  Bosseron;  3,  Perrot;  4, 
Cardinal  (refused  to  serve) ;  5,  Query  La  Tulippe;  6,  P.  Gamelin;  7, 

Edeline ;  8,  Dejenest ;  9,  Barron  ;  Legrand,  Clerke ; ,  Sheriff. "  The 

appointive  officers  were,  "Militia  Officers  of  St.  Vincennes:   P.  Legras, 
L.  Col. ;  F.  Bosseron,  Major;  LaTulippe,  1  Capt. ;  Edeline,  2 ;  W.  Brouilet, 

3;  P.  Gamelin,  4 rank  (of  last  two)  not  settled.    Goden, 

2  Lieut.;  Goden,  3  Lieut.;  Joseph  Rougas,  2;  Richerville,  3;  Richer- 
ville,  4." 

Todd  promulgated  various  orders,  one  of  which  was  that  Virginia 
and  continental  paper  money  should  be  taken  at  par,  and  this  order 
was  backed  by  Captain  Helm,  then  commanding  at  Vincennes,  who  ac- 
cepted the  money  himself  for  his  land  claim  later  on,  and  lost  every- 
thing. A  law  of  Virginia,  in  1781,  fixing  a  "scale  of  depreciation"  of 
paper  money  as  compared  with  specie,  made  it  two  and  one-half  for  one 
at  the  close  of  1777;  six  for  one,  close  of  1778;  forty  for  one,  close  of 
1779,  seventy-five  for  one,  close  of  1780 ;  and  one  thousand  for  one,  closp 
of  1780.  The  garrison  had  to  have  provisions,  and  when  the  people 
would  not  accept  this  currency  or  orders  on  Virginia,  they  "impressed" 
what  they  needed.  Even  on  this  basis,  the  forts  at  Vincennes  and  other 
points  had  to  be  abandoned  on  account  of  lack  of  supplies.  The  gar- 
rison at  Vincennes  was  transferred  in  the  winter  of  1780-81  to  Fort  Jef- 
ferson which  had  been  established  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi, 
five  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio ;  but  on  February  15,  1781,  when 
whisky  had  become  the  only  circulating  medium  of  the  troops  that  had 
any  purchasing  value,  Captain  Robert  George,  commanding  at  Fort 
Jefferson  wrote  to  Col.  George  Slaughter,  at  the  Falls:  "As  I  have  to 
purchase  Supplies  in  the  Illinois  it  draws  away  the  Liquor  from  me 
fast,  besides  I  have  to  send  a  Supply  to  the  Opost  (Vincennes),  &  Major 
Linetot  has  made  a  heavy  Draft  on  me  for  6  Hogsheads  &  the  half  of 
my  Ammunition  for  the  use  of  the  Indian  Department  and  three  Hogs- 
head more  to  purchase  Eight  Months  Provisions  for  25  Men  which  I 
have  sent  for  the  protection  of  the  Opost  and  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Bayly — The  Credit  of  the  State  is  so  bad  that  nothing  can  be 
had  either  there  or  at  Kaskaskia  without  prompt  payment,  &  when  our 
little  Stock  is  exhausted  I  know  not  what  we  shall  do,  except  you  take 
some  Care  of  us.  Send  us  as  much  Whisky  as  you  please  as  we  are 
forced  to  expend  our  Taffia  for  Provisions.  The  Enemy  are  approach- 
ing the  Opost  &  fortifying  themselves  at  Miamis,  so  that  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Opost  have  petitioned  me  for  an  Officer  &  Men  to  uphold  the 
Honor  of  the  State  there,  which  I  have  complied  with  *  *  *  I  am 
under  the  necessity  of  putting  a  Stop  to  the  Mens  Rations  of  Liquor  in 
order  to  purchase  provisions.  Please  send  us  a  little  paper  by  the  first 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


171 


opportunity  as  we  can  hardly  carry  on  business  for  want  of  that  Arti- 
cle." 

This  shows  quite  a  change  of  sentiment  at  Vincennes  from  that  of 
the  preceding  summer,  when  Col.  de  la  Balme  came  west  on  a  mission, 
the  exact  character  of  which  has  not  been  conclusively  shown,  some 
writers  asserting  that  he  was  acting  under  a  plan  of  Washington  and 


FATHER  GIBAULT 
(From  crayon,  owned  by  Col.  R.  T.  Durret  of  Louisville) 

Lafayette  to  secure  an  uprising  in  Canada,  and  others  holding  that  his 
aim  was  the  restoration  of  Canada  and  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley 
to  France.19  Soon  after  arriving  he  issued  an  address  to  the  French 
on  the  Mississippi,  who  he  says  have  asked  his  "advice  concerning  the 
deplorable  condition  to  which  you  are  reduced,"  in  which  he  tells  them 


i»  111.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  2,  p.  Ixxxix. 


170 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  St.  Vincennes:  1,  P.  Legras;  2,  Francois  Bosseron;  3,   Perrot;  4, 
Cardinal   (refused  to  serve)  ;  5,  Guery  La  Tulippe;  6,  P.  Gamelin;  7, 

Edeline;  8,  Dejencst ;  9,  Ban-on  ;  Legrand,  Clerke; ,  Sheriff."  The 

appointive  officers  were.  "Militia  Officers  of  St.  Vincennes:    P.  Legras, 
L.  Col. ;  F.  Bosseron,  Major ;  LaTulippe,  1  Capt. ;  Edeline,  2 ;  W.  Brouilet, 

3 ;  P.  Gamelin,  4 rank  (of  last  two)  not  settled.     Goden, 

2  Lieut.;  Goden,  3  Lieut.;  Joseph  Rougas,  2;  Richerville,  3;  Richer- 
ville,  4." 

Todd  promulgated  various  orders,  one  of  which  was  that  Virginia 
and  continental  paper  money  should  be  taken  at  par,  and  this  order 
was  hacked  by  Captain  Helm,  then  commanding  at  Vincennes,  who  ac- 
cepted the  money  himself  for  his  land  claim  later  on,  and  lost  every- 
thing. A  law  of  Virginia,  in  1781,  fixing  a  "scale  of  depreciation"  of 
paper  money  as  compared  with  specie,  made  it  two  and  one-half  for  one 
at  the  close  of  1777 ;  six  for  one,  close  of  1778 ;  forty  for  one,  close  of 
1779,  seventy-five  for  one,  close  of  1780;  and  one  thousand  for  one,  clos*> 
of  1780.  The  garrison  had  to  have  provisions,  and  when  the  people 
would  not  accept  this  currency  or  orders  on  Virginia,  they  "impressed" 
what  they  needed.  Even  on  this  basis,  the  forts  at  Vincennes  and  other 
points  had  to  be  abandoned  on  account  of  lack  of  supplies.  The  gar- 
rison at  Vincennes  was  transferred  in  the  winter  of  1780-81  to  Fort  Jef- 
ferson which  had  been  established  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi, 
five  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio;  but  on  February  15,  1781,  when 
whisky  had  become  the  only  circulating  medium  of  the  troops  that  had 
any  purchasing  value,  Captain  Robert  George,  commanding  at  Fort 
Jefferson  wrote  to  Col.  George  Slaughter,  at  the  Falls:  "As  I  have  to 
purchase  Supplies  in  the  Illinois  it  draws  away  the  Liquor  from  me 
fast,  besides  I  have  to  send  a  Supply  to  the  Opost  (Vincennes),  &  Major 
Linetot  has  made  a  heavy  Draft  on  me  for  6  Hogsheads  &  the  half  of 
my  Ammunition  for  the  use  of  the  Indian  Department  and  three  Hogs- 
head more  to  purchase  Eight  Months  Provisions  for  25  Men  which  I 
have  sent  for  the  protection  of  the  Opost  and  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Bayly — The  Credit  of  the  State  is  so  bad  that  nothing  can  be 
had  either  there  or  at  Kaskaskia  without  prompt  payment,  &  when  our 
little  Stock  is  exhausted  I  know  not  what  we  shall  do,  except  you  take 
some  Care  of  us.  Send  us  as  much  Whisky  as  you  please  as  we  are 
forced  to  expend  our  Taffia  for  Provisions.  The  Enemy  are  approach- 
ing the  Opost  &  fortifying  themselves  at  Miamis,  so  that  the  Inhabitants 
of  the  Opost  have  petitioned  me  for  an  Officer  &  Men  to  uphold  the 
Honor  of  the  State  there,  which  I  have  complied  with  *  *  *  I  am 
under  the  necessity  of  putting  a  Stop  to  the  Mens  Rations  of  Liquor  in 
order  to  purchase  provisions.  Please  send  us  a  little  paper  by  the  first 


•• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


171 


opportunity  as  we  can  hardly  carry  on  business  for  want  of  that  Arti- 
cle." 

This  shows  quite  a  change  of  sentiment  at  Vincennes  from  that  of 
the  preceding  summer,  when  Col.  de  la  Balme  came  west  on  a  mission, 
the  exact  character  of  which  has  not  been  conclusively  shown,  some 
writers  asserting  that  he  was  acting  under  a  plan  of  Washington  and 


FATHER  GIBAULT 
(From  crayon,  owned  by  Col.  R.  T.  Durret  of  Louisville) 

Lafayette  to  secure  an  uprising  in  Canada,  and  others  holding  that  his 
aim  was  the  restoration  of  Canada  and  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley 
to  France.10  Soon  after  arriving  he  issued  an  address  to  the  French 
on  the  Mississippi,  who  he  says  have  asked  his  ''advice  concerning  the 
deplorable  condition  to  which  you  are  reduced,"  in  which  he  tells  them 

«  111.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  2,  p.  Ixxxix. 


172  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  appeal  to  the  King  of  Prance  against  the  exactions  of  the  Virginians. 
He  said :  "  It  is  well  that  you  be  informed,  gentlemen,  that  the  troops  of 
the  State  of  Virginia  have  come  here  against  the  will  of  the  other  states  of 
America,  as  I  learned  from  the  members  of  Congress,  even  before  my  de- 
parture from  Philadelphia,  and  that  the  different  deputies  who  compose 
the  said  Congress  are  ignorant  of  the  revolting  proceedings  and  acts  of 
violence,  not  only  to  be  blamed  but  to  be  condemned  before  the  tribunals 
of  the  whole  world,  which  these  troops  are  practicing  against  you.  *  *  * 
The  justice  which  characterizes  the  King  of  France,  your  former  and 
generous  monarch,  offers  to  you  a  protection  sure  and  invincible.  Im- 
plore his  favors  with  confidence,  for  I  can  assure  you  that  not  only  that 
magnanimous  potentate  will  not  suffer  his  allies,  for  whom  he  is  making 
very  great  sacrifices,  to  oppress  you  in  any  manner,  but  also  he  will 
succor  you,  as  far  as  he  is  able,  and  also  your  kinsmen  in  Detroit  and  in 
Canada,  when  informed  of  your  wretched  situation,  the  honorable 
Congress  will  do  no  less,  you  can  be  sure  of  that. ' ' 

On  the  other  hand,  "the  English  Barbarians"  were  inciting  the  In- 
dians to  make  war  upon  them,  and  the  remedy  was  to  capture  Detroit, 
where  the  French  would  welcome  them.  He  detailed  his  simple  plan 
as  follows :  "In  order  to  act  with  prudence  and  success  it  would  be 
necessary  to  reach  the  Ouiatanons  on  the  tenth  day  of  October,  so  as  to 
surprise  or  to  block  the  English  at  Detroit  in  the  order  explained  here- 
with: four  hundred  French  men  supplied  with  one  hundred  rounds  of 
ammunition  apiece  and  supplies  for  forty  days,  eight  hundred  chosen 
Indians  to  whom  there  would  be  distributed  twelve  rounds  of  ammuni- 
tion apiece  so  that  there  would  remain  still  as  many  rounds  to  be  dis- 
tributed to  an  equal  number  in  case  of  need ;  a  tent  in  order  to  put  the 
arms  and  munitions  under  cover  in  time  of  rain ;  eight  large  kettles  and 
eight  horses  to  carry  the  utensils  and  some  provisions  for  the  Indians. 
Moreover  the  inhabitants  of  Post  Vincennes  who  are  to  take  corn  and 
tobacco  to  the  place  of  meeting  at  the  Ouiatanons  in  order  to  give  it 
to  the  nations  allied  to  the  French,  would  need  in  exchange  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  lead,  for  they  have  nothing  but  powder."  "With  these 
supplies  he  assured  them  that  they  could  make  "an  expedition  which 
would  gain  for  you  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  honorable  Cong- 
ress ;  which  would,  in  short,  convince  the  King  of  France  of  the  keen  in- 
terest that  you  take  in  a  cause  for  which  he  has  already  made  great 
sacrifices,  and  which  would  procure  in  a  short  time  for  you  all  the  suc- 
cor imaginable."  The  unhappy  French  received  La  Balme,  as  one 
American  reported,  "like  a  Masiah."  The  people  of  Kaskaskia  pre- 
sented a  memorial  to  "M.  Mottin  de  la  Balme,  French  Colenel,  and  Pen- 
sioner of  the  King  of  France,  former  Inspector  General  of  the  Cavalry 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


173 


of  the  United  States  of  America"  and  also  to  the  "Chevalier  de  Lu- 
zerne,  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  United  States, ' '  setting  forth  their 
grievances  and  their  desires,  and  those  of  Cahokia  did  likewise.20  The  peo- 
ple of  Vincennes — or  at  least  17  of  them — also  sent  a  memoir  to  Luzerne, 
which  was  captured  by  the  British.  It  is  dated  August  20,  1780,  and  the 
following  passages  are  significant : 

"From  the  bottom  of  their  hearts  and  with  the  frankness  which 
characterizes  all  good  Frenchmen,  the  inhabitants  of  Post  Vincennes, 
formerly  faithful  subjects  of  the  king  of  France,  dare  to  avow  to  your 


TM  KtOTt  TM0COH* 

•u 

R06U3  U*tK 

or  nu. 
E«MU3!>  If  fOUT 


CLARK  's  ROUTE  IN  INDIANA 
(From  English's  Conquest  of  the  Northwest) 

Excellency  that  they  are  ready  to  join  the  troops  of  this  monarch  their 
former  and  most  worthy  lord  to  act  sincerely  against  his  enemies  whoever 
they  may  be.  *  *  *  It  is  well  to  warn  your  Excellency,  that  it  is 
not  on  the  assistance  of  the  United  States  troops  that  we  count  to  break 
the  yoke  which  oppresses  us.  Besides  the  fact  that  the  Indians  can  not 
bear  them  and  their  aversion  towards  them  seems  unbreakable,  we  all 
believe  that  the  best  policy  would  be  not  to  receive  them  in  our  lands, 
where  English  blood  is  already  too  abundant.  *  *  *  When  we  shall 
have  expelled  our  tyrants  and  France  shall  have  recognized  our  abso- 


*oiu.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  2,  p.  535;  Vol.  5,  pp.  189,  199. 


174  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

lute  independence,  her  allies  shall  be  ours,  and,  since  we  have  nothing 
more  in  our  hearts  than  to  show  proof,  not  doubtful,  of  the  respectful 
and  tender  affection  which  we  have  kept  for  the  King  of  France,  our 
former  ruler,  and  since  we  place  ourselves  entirely  under  his  protection, 
his  wishes  shall  always  be  our  rule.  *  *  *  Free,  we  can  put  one 
hundred  thousand  men  in  the  field,  the  Indians  two  hundred  thousand 
for  the  same  cause  consequently,  aided  by  the  assistance  which  we  ask 
now  from  the  King,  our  common  father,  to  give  us  as  the  events  may  re- 
quire, we  hope  in  a  short  time  to  become  a  power  and  count  among  the 
European  nations  established  on  this  vast  continent. 

"Perhaps  your  Excellency  has  not  been  well  informed  concerning 
the  kind  of  service  which  the  United  States  troops  rendered  us  in  this 
war ;  it  will  be  well  to  give  your  Excellency  a  brief  outline  of  it.  *  *  * 
Virginia  acting  with  a  zeal  too  ardent  for  our  interests,  this  zeal  which 
can  legally  be  called  indiscreet,  sent  us  about  two  hundred  men  half 
naked  like  the  graces.  The  warriors  thus  equipped,  marched  under  the 
orders  of  Colonel  Clark,  who  came  to  free  us  and  capture  a  few  officers 
upheld  by  a  small  detachment  of  English  soldiers.  Your  Excellency 
will  see  hereafter  the  result  of  this  officious  undertaking.  These  troops, 
said  they,  came  on  behalf  of  the  French  and  of  Congress.  From  that 
time  no  one  thought  it  best  to  resist ;  on  the  contrary,  all  joined  them ; 
we  met  them  half  way  and  enrolled  under  their  colors ;  we  helped  capture 
the  English ;  we  restrained  the  Indians  who  wished  to  resist ;  and  finally, 
we  gave  up  all  for  a  people  who  claimed  to  be  allied  with  France. 

"Gratitude  has  always  been  a  virtue.  Your  Excellency  will  see  how 
the  Virginians  honor  it.  They  hastened  to  flood  this  country  with  their 
paper  money,  which  they  said  was  equal  in  value  to  the  metal  coins  and 
we  were  good  natured  enough  to  accept  it  as  such.  They  bought  all  our 
goods,  our  horses,  our  provisions  with  the  pretended  money;  and  when 
we  could  not  furnish  them  with  any  more,  they  had  the  audacity  to  go 
armed  into  the  public  mills  and  into  the  granaries  of  different  houses  to 
take  away  by  force  flour  or  grain  destined  for  our  food.  Not  satisfied 
with  this  violence,  they  thought  they  had  the  privilege  of  a  different  sort 
of  abuse.  They  went  and  shot  our  cattle  in  the  fields  and  our  pigs  in 
the  streets  and  in  the  yards ;  and  what  is  worse,  they  menaced  and  struck 
on  the  cheek  those  inhabitants  who  wished  to  stop  these  strange  extrac- 
tions. 

"By  these  revolting  proceedings  therefore  it  has  come  about  that 
the  Virginians  have  entirely  ruined  us,  and  have  brought  war  on  us 
with  several  lake  tribes,  from  which  about  twenty  unfortunate  inhabi- 
tants are  already  victims.  They  have  left  us  without  means  of  defense 
by  taking  away  the  arms  and  ammunition  which  they  sent  to  their  forts, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  175 

so  that  the  Indians  of  the  Wabash  who  are  faithful  to  us  and  are  our  bul- 
wark, tribes  to  which  we  can  no  longer  furnish  anything,  are  obliged 
to  hunt  with  the  bow.  They  have  caused  more  than  one  hundred  young 
men  to  leave  us,  who  have  gone  to  find  resources  in  another  place.  They 
have  forced  us  to  abandon  the  cultivation  of  our  fields,  partly  through 
fear  of  being  killed  by  parties  who  come  there  to  surprise  us  as  a  fox, 
and  they  have  been  the  cause  of  the  death  of  a  great  and  intrepid  Indian 
chief  who  was  killed  in  avenging  our  people,  an  irreparable  loss  which 
we  mourn  as  well  as  the  tribes  attached  to  us.21 

' '  Ho  Virginians !  if  it  is  thus  that  you  treat  the  former  and  faithful 
subjects  of  the  great  King,  our  ally,  if  it  is  thus  you  wish  to  enrich  us, 
to  free  us^to  make  us  happy,  leave  us  to  the  rigor  of  our  fate !  If  it  is 
is  thus,  in  sum,  that  you  act  with  your  friends,  what  treatment  do  you 
have  for  your  enemies?" 

Following  this  indictment  comes  a  statement  of  the  advantages  that 
could  accrue  to  France  from  what  they  wanted,  but  the  exact  nature 
of  their  request  is  not  made  specific,  and  assurance  is  given  that  La 
Balme  in  whom  they  express  the  highest  confidence,  will  furnish  it 
orally.  Whatever  the  plan,  it  was  carried  out  entirely  by  the  French. 
The  Americans  were  not  asked  to  participate.  From  KaskasMa  McCarty 
informed  Clark  of  what  was  going  on,  and  wrote  to  Todd,  "the  people 
have  sent  him  (La  Balme)  memorials  to  Congress  or  the  French  Envoy 
at  Philadelphia  setting  forth  all  the  Evil  we  have  done.  I  think  Gov- 
ernment should  be  informed  of  this  as  the  people  are  now  entirely 
Ag'st  us."  There  was  no  interference,  however,  probably  because  all 
the  Americans  in  the  country  were  willing  to  have  Detroit  captured  by 
anybody.  Without  waiting  for  his  entire  party,  La  Balme  moved  up 
the  Wabash  with  sixty  or  eighty  men,  who  were  mounted,  and  made 
good  time.  They  took  Kikiungi  by  surprise,  plundered  some  stores,  and 
fell  back  to  the  Aboite  to  await  reinforcements;  they  did  not  even  post 
sentinels.  That  night  a  band  of  Miamis,  hastily  gathered  by  The  Little 
Turtle,  struck  the  sleeping  camp,  and  killed  all  of  the  party  but  one 
young  man,  named  Rhy,  who  was  captured  and  taken  to  the  British 
authorities  at  Detroit.  On  December  1,  Le  Gras  wrote  to  Clark  from 
Vincennes:  "It  is  with  regret  I  inform  you  of  the  melancholy  defeat 
that  our  Frenchmen  encountered  at  the  Miami,  Colonel  de  la  Balme 
having  started  with  about  eighty  men  in  order  to  take  Baubin ;  and  not 
having  found  this  infamous  scoundrel,  our  Frenchmen  plundered  the 
goods  belonging  to  him.  In  returning  they  were  attacked  by  the  Miami 


21  Presumably  a  reference  to  Young  Tabac,  who  died  in  1780,  and  by  his  re- 
quest was  buried  by  the  Americans.  His  body  was  taken  to  Cahokia  and  interred 
with  the  honors  of  war. 


176  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

nations  who  killed  the  bravest  of  them  and  retook  the  goods  which  be- 
longed to  the  king.  Colonel  de  la  Balme  was  killed  as  welf  as  M.  Dup- 
lacy,  Milliet,  Cardinal,  Joseph  Andre  and  a  number  of  other  volunteers. 
Doctor  Ray  is  a  prisoner.  This  affair  has  thrown  us  into  a  good  deal  of 
consternation,  for  there  is  a  great  scarcity  of  provisions  and  ammuni- 
tion." La  Balme  also  sent  an  expedition  against  the  British  fo,rt  on  the 
St.  Joseph's  from  Cahokia,  and  the  Cahokians  after  plundering  some 
stores  we  were  overtaken  by  a  party  of  Indians  and  traders  and  defeated. 
They  returned  home  and  sought  aid  from  the  Spanish  at  St.  Louis. 
Captain  Eugenio  Pourre  and  a  body  of  Spanish  soldiers  was  sent  to 
their  aid,  Spain  being  then  at  war  with  England,  and  they  marched  back 
and  captured  Fort  St.  Joseph's.  Spain  afterward  claimed  part  of  the 
northwest  on  account  of  this  expedition,  but  our  commissioners  declined 
to  concede  it.22 

These  experiences  dampened  the  ardor  of  the  French  as  to  protect- 
ing themselves,  and  those  at  Yincennes  asked  that  the  garrison  be  re- 
turned as  before  mentioned.  But  the  seeds  of  distrust  that  had  been 
sown  bore  their  fruit.  In  reality,  although  the  charges  made  by  the 
French  were  largely  true,  they  were  no  worse  off  than  the  rest  of  the 
country.  The  summer  of  1780  was  one  of  the  gloomiest  periods  of  the 
Revolutionary  War.  Public  credit  was  almost  destroyed,  and  it  was 
with  great  difficulty  that  the  American  troops  were  kept  in  the  field. 
The  first  ray  of  cheer  was  the  victory  at  Kings  Mountain  on  October  7, 
which  was  followed  improving  conditions  until  the  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  on  October  19,  1781.  But  the  military  situation  in  the  west  was 
even  worse  than  in  the  east.  Captain  Helm's  letter  from  Fort  Jefferson, 
October  29,  1780,  "Siting  by  Capt.  Georges  fire  with  a  piece  of  Light 
wood  and  two  Ribs  of  an  old  Bufloe  which  is  all. the  meat  We  have  Seen 
this  many  days,"  was  an  expression  of  common  experience.  On  August 
6,  1781,  Capt.  Bailey  wrote  from  Vincennes,  "Sir  I  must  inform  you 
once  more  that  I  cannot  keep  Garrison  any  longer  without  some  speedy 
relief  from  you  my  Men  have  been  15  days  upon  half  allowance,  there 
is  plenty  of  provisions  here  but  no  credit.  I  cannot  press  being  the 
weakest  party  some  of  the  Gentlemen  would  help  us  but  their  credit  is 
as  bad  as  ours  therefore  if  you  have  not  provisions  send  whisky  which 
will  answer  as  good  an  end."  On  August  10,  Capt.  Montgomery  wrote 
from  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  "I  arrived  at  Fort  Jefferson  the  1st  May  last, 
where  I  found  the  Troops  in  a  very  low  and  Starving  Condition,  nor 
was  any  goods  or  other  Property  wherewith  to  purchase.  From  the 
Illinois  nothing  could  be  expected,  the  Credit  of  the  State  being  long 


22  Mag.  Am.  Hut,  Vol.  15,  p.  457. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  177 

since  lost  there,  &  no  supplies  coming  from  this  place,  occasioned  an 
Evacuation  of  that  Post,  which  for  want  of  Provisions,  took  place  on  the 
8th  June  last.  Since  my  arrival  here  I  find  things  in  the  same  Condi- 
tion— not  a  Mouthfull  for  the  Troops  to  eat  nor  money  to  purchase  it 
with,  &  I  have  just  reason  to  believe  the  Credit  of  Government  is  worn 
thread  bare,  here  also — The  Counties  of  Lincoln  &  Fayette  particularly, 
tho'  able  to  supply  us,  refuse  granting  any  relief  without  the  cash  to 
purchase  with  on  the  Spot.  I  am  constrained  to  Billet  the  Troops  thro ' 
the  Country  in  Small  parties  for  want  of  necessaries,  except  a  small 
Guard  I  keep  in  Garrison,  so  that  unless  supplies  soon  arrive,  I  fear  the 
Consequences  will  be  fatal."  On  August  17,  Capt.  Slaughter  wrote 
from  the  Falls,  "Inclosed  you'll  receive  the  duplicate  of  two  Letters 
which  just  now  came  to  hand  by  express  by  which  you  will  be  acquainted 
with  the  news  and  situation  of  the  Corps  to  the  Westward,  an  additional 
grievance  to  us  is  that  we  are  almost  in  the  same  situation  as  to  pro- 
visions, and  much  worse  as  to  Clothing  my  Corps  I  can  with  propriety 
say  inversely  naked." 

It  is  an  unquestionable  historical  truth  that  the  financial  condition 
of  the  United  States,  and  the  several  states,  made  the  closing  years  of 
the  Revolutionary  War  times  of  much  hardship  to  soldiers  and  civilians 
in  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  French  were  not  the  only  people  who 
suffered  from  worthless  paper  money  and  the  inability  of  Virginia  and 
the  United  States  to  pay  just  claims.  In  fact  there  was  hardly  a  person 
who  took  an  active  part  in  saving  the  northwest  who  was  not  ruined  or 
badly  worsted  on  this  account.  Vigo  advanced  about  $12,000,  for  sup- 
plies for  Clark,  and  his  warrants  were  returned  by  Oliver  Pollock,  Vir- 
ginia's agent  at  New  Orleans,  "not  paid  for  lack  of  funds."  His  claim, 
with  hundreds  of  others,  was  sent  to  Virginia.  Virginia  could  not  pay, 
and  when  she  ceded  her  claim  to  the  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio  to  the 
United  States  the  nation  assumed  these  obligations.  In  the  months  of 
delay  the  papers  were  "lost";  and  not  until  1833  were  a  mass  of  them 
found  in  the  attic  of  the  capitol  at  Richmond.  Vigo  died  in  poverty, 
March  22,  1836,  and  was  buried  with  the  honors  of  war,  including  a 
tombstone  that  put  his  death  in  1835.23  His  heirs  pushed  his  claim,  but 
notwithstanding  repeated  favorable  committee  reports,  Congress  did  not 
even  let  it  go  to  the  Court  of  Claims  until  1872.  The  Court  of  Claims  al- 
lowed the  claim  with  five  per  cent  interest.  The  watch-dogs  of  the  treasury 
appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court  which  in  1876  affirmed  the  decision ;  but 
Justices  Clifford  and  Hunt  dissented,  saying:  "Unless  where  the  con- 
tract is  express  to  that  effect,  the  United  States  are  not  liable  to  pay  in- 


=»  English 's  Conquest  of  the  Northwest,  p.  268. 

Vol.  1—12 


178 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


terest.  Interest  should  never  be  allowed  on  old  claims,  when  payment 
has  been  deferred  because  the  accounting  officers  of  the  treasury  were 
of  the  opinion  that  further  legislation  was  necessary  to  authorize  their 
allowance,  unless  the  new  law  clearly  provides  for  the  payment  of  in- 
terest as  well  as  principal."  The  majority  of  the  Court  conceded  this, 
and  also  "That  this  rule  is  sometimes  at  variance  with  that  which  gov- 
erns the  acts  of  private  citizens  in  a  court  of  justice  would  not  authorize 


FRANCOIS  VIGO 
(From  a  painting  owned  by  the  University  of  Vincennes) 

us  to  depart  from  it  in  this  case,"  but  they  thought  the  act  authorized 
the  allowance  of  interest,  and  so  this  stain  of  refusing  common  justice, 
in  our  glorious  centennial  year,  was  avoided.  The  obvious  moral  is, 
if  you  have  a  just  claim  against  the  government,  ' '  Agree  with  thine  ad- 
versary quickly." 

Oliver  Pollock,  who  financed  Clark's  expedition,  was  born  in  Ireland 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  179 

in  1737,  and  brought  to  Pennsylvania  when  a  child  by  his  parents.  In  • 
1762  he  engaged  in  business  at  Havana,  .and  there  'became  a  friend  of 
General  O'Reilly,  the  Spanish  Governor.  When  O'Reilly  was  made 
Governor  of  Louisiana,  Pollock  went  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  became 
wealthy  and  influential.  In  1777  the  United  States  made  him  its  Com- 
mercial Agent  at  New  Orleans,  and  he  acted  in  the  same  capacity  for 
Virginia.  By  the  aid  of  Gov.  Galvez  he  borrowed  $70,000  from  the 
Royal  Treasury  which  was  used  to  support  Clark's  troops  in  the  west. 
As  demands  grew  he  mortgaged  his  private  property  for  $10,000  to 
meet  bills,  and  continued  to  redeem  paper  money  at  par  until  July, 
1779,  from  all  of  which  he  suffered  heavy  losses.  In  1783  he  was  made 
United  States  Agent  at  Havana,  and  in  1784  he  was  imprisoned  for 
debts  of  \be  United  States  amounting  to  $150,000.  In  1785  he  was  re- 
leased on  parole  and  returned  to  the  United  States  where  in  1791  he 
induced  Congress  to  pay  this  debt,  but  it  did  not  remunerate  him.  He 
went  back  to  Pennsylvania  impoverished,  and  in  1800  was  in  the  debtors 
prison  at  Philadelphia.  He  managed  to  get  another  start,  and  in  1815 
removed  to  Mississippi,  where  he  died  December  17,  1823. 

Clark,  himself,  never  succeeded  in  collecting  what  was  due  him  from 
Virginia,  and  long  after  his  death  his  heirs  had  to  go  into  court  for  the 
division  of  over  $25,000  that  his  administrator  had  finally  recovered. 
Moreover,  in  1785,  the  hostile  Indians  having  begun  depredations  on  the 
Wabash,  the  Executive  Committee  of  Virginia  directed  an  invasion  of 
the  Indian  country  by  the  Kentucky  militia,  but  made  no  provision  for 
supplies.  Clark  was  put  in  command.  The  question  of  supplies  was 
submitted  to  the  Supreme  Judges  and  Attorney  General  of  Kentucky, 
who  gave  a  written  opinion  that  the  officers  were  authorized  to  impress 
what  was  needed.  On  the  return  of  the  expedition,  a  council  of  the 
Officers  was  held  at  Vincennes  on  October  8,  and  it  was  unanimously 
decided  that  a  garrison  should  be  left  at  that  place,  to  be  supplied  "by 
impressment  or  otherwise,  under  the  direction  of  a  commissary,  to  be 
appointed  for  that  purpose."  Captain  John  Holder  was  put  in  com- 
mand, with  250  infantry  and  a  company  of  artillery  under  Captain 
Dalton.  John  Rice  Jones  was  made  Commissary,  and  duly  impressed 
goods  of  Bazadone,  a  Spanish  merchant  lately  established  at  Vincennes. 
The  Executive  Committee  of  Virginia  repudiated  the  action,  and  the 
parties  whose  goods  were  taken  recovered  from  Clark  in  the  courts. 
Clark  felt  his  treatment  keenly.  On  May  11,  1792,  he  wrote  to  his 
brother,  "Why  did  they  not  do  me  the  justice  at  first  and  enable  me-to 
pay  for,  and  take  up,  those  accounts  sooner.  *  *  *  I  shall  follow 
your  advice  and  present  another  memorial  this  fall — am  now  making 
preparations  for  it.  If  I  meet  with  another  rebuff  I  must  rest  contented 


178 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


' 


terest.  Interest  should  never  be  allowed  on  old  claims,  when  payment 
has  been  deferred  because  the  accounting  officers  of  the  treasury  were 
of  the  opinion  that  further  legislation  was  necessary  to  authorize  their 
allowance,  unless  the  new  law  clearly  provides  for  the  payment  of  in- 
terest as  well  as  principal."  The  majority  of  the  Court  conceded  this, 
and  also  "That  this  rule  is  sometimes  at  variance  with  that  which  gov- 
erns the  acts  of  private  citizens  in  a  court  of  justice  would  not  authorize 


FRANCOIS  VIGO 
(From  a  painting  owned  by  the  University  of  Vincennes) 


us  to  depart  from  it  in  this  case,"  but  they  thought  the  act  authorized 
the  allowance  of  interest,  and  so  this  stain  of  refusing  common  justice, 
in  our  glorious  centennial  year,  was  avoided.  The  obvious  moral  is, 
if  you  have  a  just  claim  against  the  government,  "Agree  with  thine  ad- 
versary quickly." 

Oliver  Pollock,  who  financed  Clark's  expedition,  was  born  in  Ireland 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS  179 

in  1737,  and  brought  to  Pennsylvania  when  a  child  by  his  parents.  In 
1762  he  engaged  in  business  at  Havana,  .and  there  'became  a  friend  of 
General  O'Reilly,  the  Spanish  Governor.  When  O'Reilly  was  made 
Governor  of  Louisiana,  Pollock  went  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  became 
wealthy  and  influential.  In  1777  the  United  States  made  him  its  Com- 
mercial Agent  at  New  Orleans,  and  he  acted  in  the  same  capacity  for 
Virginia.  By  the  aid  of  Gov.  Galvez  he  borrowed  $70,000  from  the 
Royal  Treasury  which  was  used  to  support  Clark's  troops  in  the  west. 
As  demands  grew  he  mortgaged  his  private  property  for  $10,000  to 
meet  bills,  and  continued  to  redeem  paper  money  at  par  until  July, 
1779,  from  all  of  which  he  suffered  heavy  losses.  In  1783  he  was  made 
United  States  Agent  at  Havana,  and  in  1784  he  was  imprisoned  for 
debts  of  *the  United  States  amounting  to  $150,000.  In  1785  he  was  re- 
leased on  parole  and  returned  to  the  United  States  where  in  1791  he 
induced  Congress  to  pay  this  debt,  but  it  did  not  remunerate  him.  He 
went  back  to  Pennsylvania  impoverished,  and  in  1800  was  in  the  debtors 
prison  at  Philadelphia.  He  managed  to  get  another  start,  and  in  1815 
removed  to  Mississippi,  where  he  died  December  17,  1823. 

Clark,  himself,  never  succeeded  in  collecting  what  was  due  him  from 
Virginia,  and  long  after  his  death  his  heirs  had  to  go  into  court  for  the 
division  of  over  $25,000  that  his  administrator  had  finally  recovered. 
Moreover,  in  1785,  the  hostile  Indians  having  begun  depredations  on  the 
"Wabash,  the  Executive  Committee  of  Virginia  directed  an  invasion  of 
the  Indian  country  by  the  Kentucky  militia,  but  made  no  provision  for 
supplies.  Clark  was  put  in  command.  The  question  of  supplies  was 
submitted  to  the  Supreme  Judges  and  Attorney  General  of  Kentucky, 
who  gave  a  written  opinion  that  the  officers  were  authorized  to  impress 
what  was  needed.  On  the  return  of  the  expedition,  a  council  of  the 
Officers  was  held  at  Vincennes  on  October  8,  and  it  was  unanimously 
decided  that  a  garrison  should  be  left  at  that  place,  to  be  supplied  "by 
impressment  or  otherwise,  under  the  direction  of  a  commissary,  to  be 
appointed  for  that  purpose."  Captain  John  Holder  was  put  in  com- 
mand, with  250  infantry  and  a  company  of  artillery  under  Captain 
Dalton.  John  Rice  Jones  was  made  Commissary,  and  duly  impressed 
goods  of  Bazadone,  a  Spanish  merchant  lately  established  at  Vincennes. 
The  Executive  Committee  of  Virginia  repudiated  the  action,  and  the 
parties  whose  goods  were  taken  recovered  from  Clark  in  the  courts. 
Clark  felt  his  treatment  keenly.  On  May  11,  1792,  he  wrote  to  his 
brother,  "Why  did  they  not  do  me  the  justice  at  first  and  enable  me  to 
pay  for,  and  take  up,  those  accounts  sooner.  *  *  *  I  shall  follow 
your  advice  and  present  another  memorial  this  fall — am  now  making 
preparations  for  it.  If  I  meet  with  another  rebuff  I  must  rest  contented 


180  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

with  it,  be  industrious,  and  look  out  further  for  my  future  bread."  Ten 
years  later  he  wrote  his  brother  again,  "I  have  lost  all  prospect  of  get- 
ting my  just  claims  from  Virginia.  I  content  myself  by  viewing  their 
course  with  contempt. "  24  It  has  been  questioned  that  Clark  on  receiving 
a  sword  from  Virginia,  broke  it,  saying,  "I  asked  Virginia  for  bread,  and 
she  sent  me  a  sword."  He  might  truly  have  said:  "I  asked  Virginia 
to  pay  what  she  owed  me,  and  she  sent  me  a  second-hand  sword."25 
In  1812,  when  Clark  was  paralyzed  and  in  poverty,  Virginia  sent  him 
another  sword,  and  a  pension  of  $400  a  year.  This  at  least  showed  an 
increase  of  appreciation  in  thirty  years. 

Father  Gibault,  in  addition  to  his  personal  services,  gave  an  exam- 
ple to  his  parishioners  by  accepting  paper  money  to  the  amount  of 
$1,500  which  became  worthless.  In  addition  to  that,  Archbishop  Car- 
roll appointed  Rev.  Peter  Huet  de  la  Valiniere  his  Vicar-General  for 
the  Northwest,  in  the  winter  of  1787-8,  and  on  receipt  of  a  letter  from 
Gibault  informing  him  that  he  had  been  Vicar-General  of  the  Bishop 
of  Quebec  for  nineteen  years,  wrote  to  Mgr.  Hubert,  Bishop  of  Quebec 
concerning  jurisdiction  of  the  Illinois  country;  and  they  settled  it  by 
Hubert  retaining  Michigan,  and  Carroll  taking  Indiana  and  Illinois. 
Gibault,  thus  dispossessed,  retired,  to  Missouri,  where  he  died  in  poverty 
at  New  Madrid  in  1804.  He  was  allotted  land  as  other  residents  of  Vin- 
cennes,  but  want  caused  him  to  sell  his  claim  before  the  allotment  was 
made.  He  asked  Governor  St.  Clair  for  five  acres  of  land  formerly  held 
by  the  parish  priests  of  Kaskaskia,  and  St.  Clair  reported  that  the 
claim  was  just,  "but  it  was  not  for  me  to  give  away  the  lands  of  the 
United  States."  This  suggests  one  thing  that  Virginia  and  the  United 
States  might  have  done.  They  could  have  paid  these  claimants  in  land. 
There  was  plenty  of  that  in  the  treasury. 

But  land  was  the  chief  prospective  public  asset,  and  the  Virginia 
authorities  did  not  favor  gifts  of  it.  In  March,  1780,  writing  to  Todd 
of  the  bad  crops  and  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  Fort  Jefferson,  Clark 
said:  "our  only  Chance  at  present  to  save  that  Cuntrey  is  by  Incour- 
ageing  the  Families  but  I  am  sensible  nothing  but  land  will  do  it  I  should 
be  Exceedingly  Cautious  in  doing  anything  that  would  displease  govern- 
ment but  their  present  Interest  in  Many  Respects  obvious  to  us  boath, 
Call  so  loud  for  it  that  I  think  Sr  that  you  Might  even  Venture  to  give 
a  Deed  for  Forty  or  fifty  Thousand  Acres  of  Land  at  Said  place  at  the 
price  that  government  may  demd  for  it."  The  French  at  Vincennes 
had  a  more  liberal  view,  and  Todd  had  undertaken  to  sustain  the  paper 


2»  English's  Conquest  of  the  Northwest,  pp.  789-90. 
as  Ibid.,  pp.  871-84. 


"    • 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  181 

money  by  redeeming  it  with  land,26  but  his  action  was  not  sustained. 
Todd  went  to  Kentucky  in  the  winter  of  1780-1,  and  did  not  return.  He 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Blue  Licks.  At  Vincennes  the  civil  government 
was  continued  by  the  militia  commandant  and  the  court  Todd  had  estab- 
lished. In  June,  1781,  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Vincennes  sent  a 
memorial  to  the  governor  of  Virginia  setting  forth  substantially  the  same 
grievance  as  in  their  memorial  to  Luzerne,  but  not  so  severe  on  the 
Virginians.  As  no  attention  was  paid  to  this  or  other  complaints,  they 
proceeded  to  administer  affairs  as  they  deemed  proper,  including  the  grant 
of  lands.  When  asked  by  Winthrop  Sargent  for  the  source  of  their  au- 
thority to  grant  lands,  the  members  of  the  Vincennes  Court  answered, 
"that  siqpe  the  establishment  of  the  country  the  commandants  have  al- 
ways appeared  to  be  vested  with  powers  to  give  lands.  Their  founder,  M. 
Vincennes,  began  to  give  concessions,  and  all  his  successors  have  given 
lands  and  lots.  M.  Le  Gras  was  appointed  commandant  of  Post  Vincennes 
by  the  lieutenant  of  the  county  and  commander-in-chief,  John  Todd,  who 
was  in  the  year  1779  sent  by  the  state  of  Virginia  for  to  regulate  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  country,  and  who  substituted  M.  Le  Gras  with  his  power. 
In  his  absence;  M.Le  Gras,  who  was  then  commandant,  assumed  that  he 
had  in  quality  of  commandant  authority  to  give  lands  according  to  the 
ancient  usages  of  other  commanders,  and  he  verbally  informed  the  court 
of  Post  Vincennes,  that  when  they  should  judge  it  proper  to  give  lands 
or  lots  to  those  who  should  come  into  the  country  to  settle,  or  other- 
wise, they  might  do  it,  and  that  he  gave  them  permission  so  to  do.  These 
are  the  reasons  that  we  acted  on. ' '  The  grants  were  expressly  based  on 
"the  absolute  necessity,  not  only  to  the  City  of  Vincennes  but  to  the 
whole  country,  that  the  lands  hereabouts  should  be  settled"  and  "the 
great  quantity  of  land  uncultivated,  which  has  never  been  settled"; 
and  followed  the  old  feudal  form  of  the  grantee's  "submitting  to  all 
regulations  made  between  a  potentate  and  subject. ' '  These  grants  were 
not  recognized  by  the  United  States,  but  if  force  had  been  given  to  the 
provision  of  the  Virginia  law  that  the  government  should  be  "agreeable 
to  the  laws  which  the  present  settlers  are  now  accustomed  to, ' '  the  grants 
should  have  been  sustained,  in  the  absence  of  evidence  of  fraud,  which 
there  was  in  some  cases.  The  incongruity  of  the  action,  which  has  often 
been  the  subject  of  comment,  is  due  more  to  the  difficulty  of  reconciling 
British  and  American  customs  with  French  customs  than  to  any  serious 
impropriety  in  the  power  of  granting  itself. 


20  111.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  8,  p.  cvi. 


CHAPTER  V 
THE  NORTHWEST  TERRITORY 

The  inadequacy  of  the  national  government,  both  before  and  under 
the  Articles  of  Confederation,  was  very  impressive  while  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  lasted,  but  it  became  even  more  dangerous  when  peace 
came.  Notwithstanding  their  jealousies  and  dissensions,  the  colonies 
could  not  afford  to  fight  among  themselves  while  they  were  engaged 
with  the  common  enemy;  but  when  it  came  to  apportioning  the  fruits 
of  victory  this  restraint  was  gone.  Fortunately  the  lessons  of  the  war 
were  too  fresh  to  be  forgotten ;  but  even  with  these  in  mind,  it  remains 
cause  for  wonder  that  the  colonies  worked  their  way  into  "a  more  per- 
fect union. ' '  One  of  the  chief  sources  of  friction  was  the  public  owner- 
ship of  the  western  lands,  which  rested  primarily  on  the  royal  charters, 
but,  fortunately  again,  this  was  substantially  disposed  of  before  the 
war  ended.  Virginia's  charter  had  come  first,  with  a  specific  grant  in 
1609  of  200  miles  north  and  200  miles  south  from  Old  Point  Comfort 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  "from  Sea  to  Sea  West  and  Northwest." 
Although  this  grant  was  cut  into  by  subsequent  grants  of  Maryland, 
the  Carolinas,  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania,  and  was  judicially  vacated 
in  1624,  Virginia  adhered  to  it  in  her  claim  for  western  lands,  which  she 
fortified  by  Clark's  conquest,  and  her  actual  occupation.  The  grant 
of  the  Carolinas  was  also  ' '  from  sea  to  sea, ' '  and  so  were  those  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Connecticut,  which  were  later  divided  by  the  grant  of 
New  York;  and  New  York  incidentally  claimed  everything  that  the 
Iroquois  had  claimed.  So  far  as  paper  titles  were  concerned,  the  juris- 
diction of  the  western  lands  was  in  hopeless  confusion.1 

The  matter  was  further  complicated  by  private  claims,  for  while 
the  British  government  had  prohibited  invasion  of  the  Indian  lands, 
it  had  recognized  some  purchases  from  the  Indians  by  private  parties. 

»  For  fuller  discussion  of  this  conflict  of  charters  see  Hinsdale's  Old  North- 
west, pp.  70-146.  This  valuable  work  was  singularly  contemporaneous  with  my 
Indiana,  in  the  American  Commonwealth  Series,  Prof.  Hinsdale's  introduction  be- 
ing dated  March  1,  1888,  and  mine  March  14,  1888;  and  the  books  going  through 
the  press  at  the  same  time.  They  cover  largely  the  same  subjects,  but  his  atten- 
tion centered  on  some  phases  and  mine  on  others. 

182 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  183 

Moreover  enterprising  pioneers  had  gone  into  the  Indian  lands,  and 
settled  in  defiance  of  royal  orders,  and  in  some  cases  they  had  been 
backed  by  the  colonies.  Among  the  principal  causes  for  which  George 
Rogers  Clark  and  Gabriel  Jones  were  sent  as  delegates  from  Kentucky 
to  Virginia  in  1776,  were  the  conflicts  with  royal  authority  and  with 
the  claims  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Henderson  grant  from  the.Chero- 
kees,  as  to  which  their  petition  says :  ' '  And  as  we  further  conceive,  that 
as  the  Proclamation  of  his  Majesty  for  not  settling  on  the  western  parts 
of  this  Colony,  is  not  founded  upon  law,  it  cannot  have  any  force,  and 
if  we  su'bmit  to  that  Proclamation,  and  continue  not  to  lay  off  new 
counties  on  the  frontiers  that  they  may  send  representatives  to  the 
Convention,  it  is  leaving  an  opening  to  the  wicked  and  diabolical  de- 
signs of*  the  Ministry,  as  then  this  immense  and  fertile  country  would 
afford  an  asylum  to  those  whose  principles  are  inimical  to  American 
Liberty.  *  *  *  And  we  cannot  but  observe  how  impolitic  it  would 
be  to  suffer  such  a  respectable  body  of  prime  riflemen  to  remain  even 
in  a  state  of  neutrality,  when  at  this  time  a  certain  set  of  men  from 
North  Carolina,  stiling  themselves  Proprietors,  &  claiming  an  absolute 
right  to  these  very  lands,  taking  upon  themselves  the  Legislative  au- 
thority, commissioning  officers  both  civil  and  military,  having  also 
opened  a  Land  Office,  Surveyors  General  &  deputies  appointed  and  act, 
conveyances  made,  and  land  sold  at  an  exhorbitant  price,  with  many 
other  unconstitutional  practices,  tending  to  disturb  the  minds  of  those 
who  are  well-disposed  to  the  wholesome  Government  of  Virginia,  and 
creating  factions  and  divisions  amongst  ourselves,  as  we  have  not  hither- 
to been  represented  in  Convention."2 

All  of  these  claims  were  brought  before  Congress1  by  petition  or  reso- 
lution, for  although  Congress  had  no  power  to  coerce  a  state,  each  of 
the  states  wanted  its  claims  recognized  by  the  general  government,  and 
by  the  other  states.  Almost  from  the  first,  Maryland  insisted  that 
Congress  be  given  absolute  power  over  the  matter.  On  October  15,  a 
month  before  the  Articles  of  Confederation  were  proposed  to  the  states 
for  ratification,  it  was  moved  "that  the  United  States  in  Congress  as- 
sembled, shall  have  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  and  power  to  ascertain 
and  fix  the  western  boundary  of  such  States  as  claim  to  the  Mississippi 
or  South  Sea,  and  lay  out  the  land  beyond  the  boundary,  so  ascertained, 
into  separate  and  independent  States,  from  time  to  time,  as  the  num- 
bers and  circumstances  of  the  people  may  require";  and  Maryland  was 
the  only  state  that  voted  in  the  affirmative.  Thereafter  Maryland  stead- 


2  The  ordinary  legislature  of  Virginia  was  called  ' '  the  Convention, ' '  and  numer- 
ous writers  have  been  misled  as  to  its  character  on  this  account. 


COLONIAL  CHARTER  CLAIMS 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  185 

ily  refused  to  join  in  the  Articles  of  Confederation  until  satisfactory 
assurance  was  given  as  to  the  western  lands,  and  did  not  join  until 
March  1,  1781,  two  years  after  all  the  other  states  had  joined,  and  when 
a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  land  question  appeared  to  be  in  sight.  As 
the  subject  was  considered,  the  necessity  for  a  compromise  which  in- 
volved a  surrender  of  most  of  the  western  lands  to  the  Confederation 
gradually  grew  plainer.  On  February  19,  1780,  New  York  led  the  way 
by  authorizing  her  delegates  in  Congress  to  make  either  a  full  or  a  re- 
stricted cession  of  her  claims  to  the  national  government.  On  Septem- 
ber 6,  of  the  same  year,  Congress  adopted  a  report  and  resolution 
recommending  the  states  that  had  claims  to  make  "a  liberal  surrender 
of  a  portion  of  their  territorial  claims,  since  they  cannot  be  preserved 
entire  without  endangering  the  stability  of  the  general  confederacy." 
On  October  10,  Connecticut  offered  to  surrender  the  title  to  her  western 
lands,  provided  she  retained  jurisdiction  over  them;  but  on  the  same 
day  Congress  precluded  this  by  a  resolution  that  the  ceded  lands  should 
be  formed  into  free  and  independent  states,  which  should  be  received 
into  the  union  as  the  original  states.  It  also  included  in  this  a  provision, 
evidently  intended  as  an  inducement  to  Virginia,  that  Congress  would 
reimburse  any  state  for  expenses  incurred  since  the  beginning  of  the 
war  in  subduing  or  defending  her  western  lands.  On  January  2,  1781, 
Virginia  agreed  to  cede  her  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  on  eight  con- 
ditions, one  of  which  was  that  her  lands  south  and  east  of  the  Ohio 
should  be  confirmed  to  her ;  and  another  was  that  no  private  purchases 
from  the  Indians,  or  claims  inconsistent  with  Virginia's  charter  rights 
should  be  recognized. 

These  provisions  were  rejected  'by  Congress  after  long  consideration, 
or  rather  by  the  committee  to  which  it  was  referred,  for  the  report  was 
never  acted  on,  though  the  ground  was  substantially  covered  by  the  re- 
port of  another  committee  on  September  13,  1783,  which  was  adopted. 
Virginia  then,  on  October  10,  authorized  the  cession  of  ' '  the  territory  or 
tract  of  country  within  the  limits  of  the  Virginia  charter,  situate,  lying 
and  being  to  the  north-west  of  the  river  Ohio."  The  deed  made  in 
pursuance  of  this  act  of  Virginia,  executed  on  March  1,  1784,  became 
the  first  basic  law  of  Indiana  as  to  the  conditions  imposed  by  Virginia 
and  accepted  by  Congress,  for  although  Virginia's  title  to  the  lands 
was  questioned,  her  actual  dominion  at  the  time  was  unquestioned  and 
unquestionable.  The  Virginia  cession  was  "upon  condition  that  the 
territory  so  ceded  shall  be  laid  out  and  formed  into  States,  containing 
a  suitable  extent  of  territory,  not  less  than  one  hundred,  nor  more  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  square,  or  as  near  thereto  as  circumstances 
will  admit:  and  that  the  States  so  formed  shall  be  distinct  republican 


COLONIAL  CHARTER  CLAIMS 


. 
. 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


185 


• 


ily  refused  to  join  in  the  Articles  of  Confederation  until  satisfactory 
assurance  was  given  as  to  the  western  lands,  and  did  not  join  until 
March  1,  1781,  two  years  after  all  the  other  states  had  joined,  and  when 
a  satisfactory  solution  of  the  land  question  appeared  to  be  in  sight.  As 
the  subject  was  considered,  the  necessity  for  a  compromise  which  in- 
volved a  surrender  of  most  of  the  western  lands  to  the  Confederation 
gradually  grew  plainer.  On  February  19,  1780,  New  York  led  the  way 
by  authorizing  her  delegates  in  Congress  to  make  either  a  full  or  a  re- 
stricted cession  of  her  claims  to  the  national  government.  On  Septem- 
ber 6,  of  the  same  year,  Congress  adopted  a  report  and  resolution 
recommending  the  states  that  had  claims  to  make  "a  liberal  surrender 
of  a  portion  of  their  territorial  claims,  since  they  cannot  be  preserved 
entire  wfthout  endangering  the  stability  of  the  general  confederacy." 
On  October  10,  Connecticut  offered  to  surrender  the  title  to  her  western 
lands,  provided  she  retained  jurisdiction  over  them ;  but  on  the  same 
day  Congress  precluded  this  by  a  resolution  that  the  ceded  lands  should 
be  formed  into  free  and  independent  states,  which  should  be  received 
into  the  union  as  the  original  states.  It  also  included  in  this  a  provision, 
evidently  intended  as  an  inducement  to  Virginia,  that  Congress  would 
reimburse  any  state  for  expenses  incurred  since  the  beginning  of  the 
war  in  subduing  or  defending  her  western  lands.  On  January  2.  1781, 
Virginia  agreed  to  cede  her  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  on  eight  con- 
ditions, one  of  which  was  that  her  lands  sx>uth  and  east  of  the  Ohio 
should  be  confirmed  to  her ;  and  another  was  that  no  private  purchases 
from  the  Indians,  or  claims  inconsistent  with  Virginia's  charter  rights 
should  be  recognized. 

These  provisions  were  rejected  'by  Congress  after  long  consideration, 
or  rather  by  the  committee  to  which  it  was  referred,  for  the  report  was 
never  acted  on,  though  the  ground  was  substantially  covered  by  the  re- 
port of  another  committee  on  September  13,  1783,  which  was  adopted. 
Virginia  then,  on  October  10,  authorized  the  cession  of  "the  territory  or 
tract  of  country  within  the  limits  of  the  Virginia  charter,  situate,  lying 
and  being  to  the  north-west  of  the  river  Ohio."  The  deed  made  in 
p  \irsuance  of  this  act  of  Virginia,  executed  on  March  1,  1784,  became 
the  first  basic  law  of  Indiana  as  to  the  conditions  imposed  by  Virginia 
and  accepted  by  Congress,  for  although  Virginia's  title  to  the  lands 
was  questioned,  her  actual  dominion  at  the  time  was  unquestioned  and 
unquestionable.  The  Virginia  cession  was  "upon  condition  that  the 
territory  so  ceded  shall  be  laid  out  and  formed  into  States,  containing 
a  suitable  extent  of  territory,  not  less  than  one  hundred,  nor  more  than 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  square,  or  as  near  thereto  as  circumstances 
will  admit:  and  that  the  States  so  formed  shall  be  distinct  republican 


186  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

States,  and  admitted  members  of  the  Federal  Union;  having  the  same 
rights  of  sovereignty,  freedom,  and  independence,  as  the  other  States. 

"That  the  necessary  and  reasonable  expenses  incurred  by  this  State, 
in  subduing  any  British  posts,  or  in  maintaining  forts  and  garrisons 
within,  and  for  the  defense,  or  in  acquiring  any  part  of,  the  territory 
so  ceded  or  relinquished,  shall  be  fully  reimbursed  by  the  United  States : 
and  that  one  commissioner  shall  be  appointed  by  Congress,  one  by  this 
Commonwealth,   and  another  by  those  two   commissioners,  who,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  shall  be  authorized  and  empowered  to  adjust  and 
liquidate  the  account  of  the  necessary  and  reasonable  expenses  incurred 
by  this  State,  which  they  shall  judge  to  be  comprised  within  the  intent 
and  meaning  of  the  act  of  Congress,  of  the  tenth  of  October,  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  eighty,  respecting  such  expenses.     That  the 
French  and  Canadian  inhabitants,  and  other  settlers  of  the  Kaskaskia, 
St.  Vincents,  and  the  neighboring  villages,  who  have  professed  them- 
selves citizens  of  Virginia,  shall  have  their  possessions  and  titles  con- 
firmed to  them,  and  be  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  rights  and 
liberties.     That  a  quantity  not  exceeding  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand acres  of  land,  promised  by  this  State,  shall  be  allowed  and  granted 
to  the  then  colonel,  now  General  George  Rogers  Clark,  and  to  the  offi- 
cers and  soldiers  of  his  regiment,  who  marched  with  him  when  the  posts 
of  Kaskaskia  and  St.  Vincents  were  reduced,  and  to  the  officers  and 
soldiers  that  have  been  since  incorporated  into  the  said  regiment,  to  be 
laid  off  in  one  tract  the  length  of  which  not  to  exceed  double  the  breadth, 
in  such  place,  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  Ohio,  as  a  majority  of  the 
officers  shall  choose,  and  to  be  afterwards  divided  among  said  officers 
and  soldiers  in  due  proportion,  according  to  the  laws  of  Virginia.   That 
in  case  the  quantity  of  good  land  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  Ohio, 
upon  the  waters  of  Cumberland  River,  and  between  the  Green  River 
and  Tennessee  River,  which  have  been  reserved  by  law  for  the  Virginia 
troops,  upon  continental  establishment,  should,  from  the  North  Carolina 
line  bearing  in  further  upon  the  Cumberland  lands  than  was  expected, 
prove   insufficient   for  their   legal  bounties,   the   deficiency  should  be 
made  up  to  the  said  troops,  in  good  lands,  to  be  laid  off  between  the 
rivers  Scioto  and  Little  Miami,  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  river  Ohio, 
in  such  proportions  as  have  been  engaged  to  them  by  the  laws  of  Vir- 
ginia.    That  all  the  lands  within  the  territory  so  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  and  not  reserved  for,  or  appropriated  to,  any  of  the  before-men- 
tioned purposes,  or  disposed  of  in  bounties  to  the  officers  and  soldiers 
of  the  American  army,  shall  be  considered  as  a  common  fund  for  the 
use  and  benefit  of  such  of  the  United  States  as  have  become,  or  shall  be- 
come, members   of  the  -Confederation  or  federal  alliance  of  the  said 
States,  Virginia  inclusive,  according  to  their  usual  respective  proportions 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  187 

in  the  general  charge  and  expenditure,  and  shall  be  faithfully  and  bona 
fide  disposed  of  for  that  purpose,  and  for  no  other  use  or  purpose 
whatsoever." 

This  made  the  way  open  for  preparation  for  government  in  the  west, 
for  the  private  land  claims  had  been  disposed  of  by  the  report  of  No- 
vember 3,  1781,  although  it  was  not  adopted.  That  of  the  Indiana  Com- 
pany for  some  3,500,000  acres  in  what  is  now  West  Virginia,  that  had 
been  granted  by  the  Indians,  at  the  treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix,  in  1768,  to 
Samuel  Wharton,  William  Trent,  George  Morgan,  and  others,  Indian 
traders,  in  compensation  for  goods  destroyed  in  the  late  war,  was  held 
good,  as  made  in  accordance  with  the  laws  and  customs  of  Virginia  and 
New  Yorjt  at  the  time.  This  tract  was  later  included  in  the  recognized 
bounds  of  Virginia,  and  left  to  be  disposed  of  by  it.  The  Vandalia 
Company's  claim  was  also  southeast  of  the  Ohio.  It  was  a  company 
organized  chiefly  through  the  influence  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  who  had 
been  advocating  a  western  colony  from  before  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  and  had  united  with  the  old  Ohio  Company,  of  the  Lees,  Wash- 
ingtons  and  other  Virginians.  They  had  secured  Walpole,  a  London 
banker  as  president,  and  had  secured  a  grant  of  2,400,000  acres  for 
which  patents  were  about  to  be  issued  when  the  war  came  on.  The  com- 
mittee decided  against  this  claim,  but  said  that  the  proprietors  ought 
to  be  reimbursed  for  their  expenses  and  any  payments  made.  The 
other  two  companies  claimed  lands  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  and  were 
both  in  conflict  with  the  Iroquois  conquest  claims.  The  Illinois  Com- 
pany, composed  of  traders  at  Kaskaskia,  in  1773,  through  Louis  Viviat, 
purchased  from  several  Indian  chiefs  a  large  tract  on  the  Illinois  river, 
but  the  committee  found  that  the  land  described  in  the  deed  "begins 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Illinois  river,  and  contains  only  a  number  of 
lines  without  comprehending  any  land  whatever."  The  Wabash  Land 
Company  was  the  only  one  whose  claim  affected  what  is  now  Indiana. 
In  1742  the  Indians  had  granted  to  the  French  at  Vincennes  the  lands 
along  the  Wabash  from  the  mouth  of  White  River  to  Pointe  Coupee,  a 
distance  of  about  seventy-five  miles,  and  of  equal  width.  In  1775,  the 
Wabash  Land  Company,  of  which  Qov.  Dunmore  was  a  stockholder, 
bought  from  the  Piankeshaw  Indians  all  the  lands  along  the  Wabash, 
outside  of  this  former  Vincennes  grant,  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to 
the  mouth  of  Wildcat  Creek,  in  breadth  ninety  miles  to  the  west  of  the 
river,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  to  the  east.  The  consideration 
for  this  tract  of  between  thirty-five  and  forty  millions  of  acres  was  a 
few  hundred  dollars  worth  of  goods.  Both  of  these  claims  were  held 
void,  and  they  continued  to  be  so  held,  although  efforts  were  made  to 
have  them  confirmed  until  1810. 

On  March  1,  1784,  the  same  day  on  which  he  signed  the  Virginia 


188 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


deed  of  cession,  Thomas  Jefferson  reported  from  his  committee  an  ordi- 
nance "for  the  temporary  government  of  the  Western  Territory."  It 
provided  for  making  ten  states  of  the  "territory  ceded  or  to  be  ceded," 
lying  west  and  north  of  the  Ohio,  divided  by  parallels  of  latitude  and 
longitude.  The  parallels  of  longitude  were  to  be  drawn  north  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Kanawha  and  from  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  to  latitude 
43°  N. ;  and  the  parallels  of  latitude  were  the  ones  with  odd  numbers, 


JEFFERSON  's  PROPOSED  STATES  IN  NORTHWEST  TERRITORY 

commencing  with  parallel  45  at  the  North.  The  same  system  was  to 
be  used  on  the  south  side  of  the  Ohio,  down  to  parallel  31 ;  but  the  Ohio 
was  to  be  substituted  for  parallel  37  as  a  boundary.  The  region  north 
of  the  Ohio  and  east  of  the  Kanawha  was  to  be  one  state,  named  Wash- 
ington. That  north  of  parallel  45  and  west  of  the  lakes,  was  to  be  one 
state  called  Sylvania.  North  of  parallel  43  the  east  state  was  Cherson- 
esus,  and  west  state  Michigania.  From  43  to  41  the  east  state  was 
Mesopotamia  and  the  west  state  Assenisipia.  From  41  to  39  the  east 
state  was  Saratoga  and  the  west  state  Illinoia.  Between  parallel  39  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  189 

the  Ohio  River  the  east  state  was  Pelisipia  and  the  west  state  Polypotamia. 
Indiana  would  therefore  have  been  divided  between  the  six  states  last 
named.3  This  ordinance  was  recommitted  and  amended,  and  finally 
adopted  on  April  23,  1784.  The  amendments  took  out  these  names,  but 
left  the  ten  divisions.  They  also  took  out  Mr.  Jefferson's  two  pet  pro- 
visions, viz.  that  none  of  the  new  states  shall  admit  any  ' '  person  to  be  a 
citizen  who  holds  any  hereditary  title ' ' ;  and  the  following :  ' '  That  after 
the  year  1800  of  the  Christian  era  there  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  in- 
voluntary servitude  in  any  of  the  said  states  otherwise  than  in  punish- 
ment of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted  to  have 
been  personally  guilty. ' '  This  provision,  extending  to  all  the  western  ter- 
ritory, north  and  south,  was  the  broadest  anti-slavery  proposal  offered 
by  any  *of  our  Revolutionary  forefathers,  and  it  was  lost  by  only  one 
vote,  one  of  the  members  from  New  Jersey  being  sick,  and  absent.  On 
April  25  Mr.  Jefferson  wrote  to  Madison  expressing  his  chagrin  at  the 
loss  of  this  slavery  provision,  and  especially  that  Virginia  had  voted 
against  it,  owing  to  the  sickness  and  absence  of  Monroe.  Two  years 
later  he  wrote:  "The  voice  of  a  single  individual  would  have  prevented 
this  abominable  crime  from  spreading  itself  over  the  new  country.  Thus 
we  see  the  fate  of  millions  unborn  hanging  on  the  tongue  of  one  man, 
and  Heaven  was  silent  in  that  awful  moment!  But  it  is  to  be  hoped 
it  will  not  always  be  silent;  and  the  friends  to  the  rights  of  human 
nature  will  iii  the  end  prevail."4 

As  adopted,  this  ordinance  did  not  provide  any  temporary  govern- 
ment, and  did  not  take  effect  until  Congress  offered  the  lands  for  sale.  It 
provided  that  the  settlers  might,  on  permission  from  Congress,  adopt 
the  constitution  and  laws  of  any  of  the  original  states ;  and  in  the  mean- 
time Congress  might  adopt  "measures  not  inconsistent  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  confederation,  and  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  peace 
and  good  order  among  the  settlers. ' '  When  a  new  state  had  20,000  free 
inhabitants  it  might  adopt  a  constitution  of  its  own,  but  it  could  not  be 
admitted  to  the  United  States  until  it  had  as  many  free  inhabitants  as 
"the  least  numerous  of  the  thirteen  original  States."  It  is  of  course 
to  be  remembered  that  the  only  people  at  that  time  who  had  any  legal 
rights  within  the  northwest  territory  were  those  of  the  French  settle- 
ment, whose  "rights  and  liberties"  had  been  preserved  by  the  Virginia 
deed  of  cession.  This  ordinance  remained  in  force  until  1787,  but  was 
amended  from  time  to  time.  At  the  time  of  its  passage  there  was  another 

s  The  purported  maps  of  this  proposed  division  are  often  sadly  confused ;  and 

some  locate  the  western  meridian  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  instead  of  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio. 

*  Jefferson's  Works,  ir,  p.  276.  ".-?_. 


190 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


man  who  was  as  indignant  as  Jefferson  over  the  rejection  of  the  anti- 
slavery  clause.  This  was  Colonel  Timothy  Pickering,  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  who  in  the  spring  of  1783  had  joined  an  organization  of  officers 
who  were  preparing  for  a  settlement  in  the  western  country  in  such 
numbers  as  to  anticipate  the  formation  of  a  new  state.  The  proposals 
for  the  company  were  drawn  up  by  Pickering,  and  one  of  them  was: 
"The  total  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  State  to  form  an  essential  and 
irrevocable  part  of  the  Constitution."  The  movement  was  delayed  by 
the  withholding  of  the  cessions  by  the  states,  but  Pickering  kept  watch 
of  Congress,  which  had  taken  up  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  western 
lands  after  the  Virginia  cession.  On  March  8,  1785,  he  wrote  twice  to 
Rufus  King,  a  delegate  to  Congress  from  Massachusetts,  expressing  his 
regret  over  the  failure  of  the  anti-slavery  clause.  In  the  second  letter 
he  said:  "In  looking  over  the  Act  of  Congress  of  the  23d  of  April  last, 
and  the  present  report  of  an  ordinance,  relative  to  these  lands,  I  observe 
there  is  no  provision  made  for  ministers  of  the  gospel,  nor  even  for 
schools  and  academies.  The  latter  might  have  been  brought  into  view; 
though  after  the  admission  of  SLAVERY,  it  was  right  to  say  nothing 
of  Christianity.  *  *  *  What  pretence  (argument  there  could  be 
none)  could  be  offered  for  its  rejection  ?  I  should,  indeed,  have  objected 
to  the  period  proposed  (the  year  1800)  for  the  exclusion  of  slavery;  for 
the  admission  of  it  for  a  day  or  an  hour  ought  to  have  been  forbidden. 
It  will  be  infinitely  easier  to  prevent  the  evil  at  first  than  to  eradicate 
or  check  it  at  any  future  time.  *  *  *  To  suffer  the  continuance  of 
slaves  till  they  can  be  gradually  emancipated,  in  States  already  over- 
run with  them,  may  be  pardonable,  because  unavoidable  without  hazard- 
ing greater  evils ;  but  to  introduce  them  into  countries  where  none  now 
exist — countries  which  have  been  talked  of,  which  we  have  boasted  of, 
as  asylums  to  the  oppressed  of  the  earth — can  never  be  forgiven.  For 
God's  sake,  then,  let  one  more  effort  be  made  to  prevent  so  terrible  a 
calamity."  On  receipt  of  this,  on  March  16,  Mr.  King  offered  a  resolu- 
tion for  the  prohibition  of  slavery,  with  no  time  limit,  the  same  to  be 
an  article  of  compact ;  and  this  was  committed  by  the  vote  of  Maryland 
and  seven  northern  states.  On  April  6  it  was  reported,  but  as  it  now 
came  to  men  who  knew  of  the  existence  of  slavery  among  the  French 
settlers,  whose  rights  had  been  guaranteed,  the  1800  time  limit  was 
added,  and  also  a  fugitive  slave  clause.  No  action  was  taken  on  the 
report. 

On  May  7,  1784,  Mr.  Jefferson  had  reported  an  ordinance  for  the 
survey  and  sale  of  the  public  lands,  which  introduced  the  rectangular 
system,  all  the  surveying  in  the  colonies  up  to  that  time  having  been  in 
irregular  tracts,  except  twenty  thousand  acres  in  Georgia,  which  had  been 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  191 

divided  into  fifty  acre  lots.  Jefferson's  townships  were  to  be  ten  miles 
square,  and  to  be  subdivided  into  sections  one  mile  square.  On  May  3, 
1785,  on  motion  of  Grayson  of  Virginia,  seconded  by  Monroe,  the  town- 
ships were  made  six  miles  square,  and  on  May  20  the  ordinance  was 
passed.  It  provided  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  seven  ranges  west  of 
what  is  now  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Ohio,  under  direction  of  "the 
geographer  of  the  United  States,"  who  was  to  "personally  attend  to  the 
running  of  the  first  east  and  west  line."  This  line  was  duly  run  from 
the  point  where  the  east  boundary  line  of  Ohio  crosses  the  Ohio  river,  and 
became  known  as  "the  Geographers  line."  The  Geographer  was 
Thomas  Hutchins,  who  was  the  authority  on  the  western  country  at 
that  time.  He  was  born  at  Monmouth,  N.  J.,  in  1730,  and  entered  the 
British  army  before  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  became  an  engineer,  and 
later  was  commissioned  Captain  in  the  60th  Royal  American  Regiment. 
He  served  in  Bouquet's  expedition,  at  Fort  Pitt,  and  elsewhere  in  the 
"West.  In  1768-70  his  headquarters  were  at  Fort  Chartres.  In  1779, 
while  at  London  he  was  arrested  on  suspicion  of  American  sympathies 
and  imprisoned  for  six  weeks.  He  escaped  to  France,  where  Benjamin 
Franklin  gave  him  a  letter  of  introduction  to  the  president  of  Congress, 
with  which  he  made  his  way  to  Charleston.  On  May  4,  1781,  he  was 
made  Geographer  of  the  Southern  Army  by  Congress,  the  Geographer 
of  the  Main  Army  being  Simeon  DeWitt.  On  July  11,  1781,  Congress 
made  the  title  of  both  of  these  officials  Geographer  of  the  United  States, 
but  in  1784  DeWittt  became  Surveyor  General  of  New  York,  and  Hutch- 
ins  was  left  "the  Geographer."  He  was  evidently  in  close  touch  with 
this  land  act,  and  on  May  27  was  continued  in  office  for  three  years, 
and  re-elected  on  May  26,  1788.  He  died  at  Pittsburg,  April  28,  1789. 
Col.  Whittlesey  has  established  fairly  that  Hutchins  originated  the 
township  and  section  system  of  surveys  that  has  since  been  followed  in 
the  United  States.5 

Gen.  Benjamin  Tupper,  an  associate  of  Pickering,  Gen.  Rufus  Put- 
nam and  others  in  the  settlement  project,  came  west  to  aid  in  the  survey, 
but  it  was  prevented  in  1785  by  the  hostility  of  the  Indians.  In  the  fall 
of  1785,  Gen.  Samuel  Holden  Parsons,  another  associate,  was  appointed 
with  George  Rogers  Clark  and  Col.  Richard  Butler  to  treat  with  the 
Indians.  They  secured  the  release  of  the  lands  in  southern  Ohio  without 
much  objection  except  from  the  Shawnees,  whose  towns  were  in  the 
district  desired.  But  they  were  there  by  sufferance  of  the  other  tribes, 
and  were  practically  given  the  choice  of  removal  or  war,  so  they  accepted 


s  Hicks'   edition   of   Hutchins'    Topographical   Survey;    Hinsdale's    Old   North- 
west, p.  262;  Tracts  57  and  71,  Western  Reserve  Hist.  Soc. 


192  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

lands  between  the  Wabash  and  upper  part  of  the  Big  Miami.  The  sur- 
veys were  made  in  1786.  On  January  10,  Tupper  reached  Rutland, 
Mass.,  the  home  of  Putnam,  and  they  called  a  meeting  for  March  1,  of 
the  Ohio  Company  at  the  Bunch-of-Grapes  Tavern  in  Boston.  The 
Company  had  1,000  shares  of  $1,000  each,  of  which  $10  was  paid  in  coin 
on  each  share,  and  the  balance  in  Continental  certificates.  Parsons, 
Putnam,  and  Dr.  Manasseh  Cutler  were  appointed  to  purchase  the  lands 
from  Congress,  and  Parsons  went  to  New  York  and  presented  their  pro- 
posal on  May  9.  From  May  12  to  July  4  Congress  had  no  quorum ;  and 


V<  _£—*.<>'•  j^  <2^^,>^ 
-^yJ  *-  V.'-  •  jf/*~  — '      •    _//V*.    >'ifft<    *          J*/ 

•     /{^fat4i  j^flr&t        m^A'ff    '  '••  -'/jLt.*      '  <T&    ' / 

•  K*y. ^*&^^^vi-£^^^  J£  J^iti^t* 

•  ^:^^^^^^^^^^:^-  /.^f ..- 


.,,  .-«•     y  ^---  ,"•••••       • 

i&^'XJM&tjL- 


SIXTH  ARTICLE  OP  THE  ORDINANCE  OP  1787 
(In  the  Handwriting  of  Nathan  Dane) 

Parsons  went  home,  and  turned  the  purchase  over  to  Dr.  Cutler,  who 
reached  New  York  on  July  5.  On  July  9  the  ordinance  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  northwest  territory  was  referred  to  a  new  committee,  with 
Dane  and  Smith  of  the  old  committee,  and  Edward  Carrington  and 
Richard  Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  and  John  Kean  of  South  Carolina  as 
new  members.  Up  to  this  time  the  ordinance  considered  was  a  mere 
outline  of  temporary  government,  commonly  known  as  Monroe's  plan. 
It  was  submitted  to  Cutler,  who  suggested  some  amendments,  and  then 
went  on  to  Philadelphia,  and  did  not  return  until  the  17th.  The  new 
ordinance  was  reported  on  the  llth  and  passed  on  the  13th  by  a  vote  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  193 

all  the  members  present  except  Abraham  Yates  of  New  York.  Thus,  the 
celebrated  Ordinance  of  1787,  was  framed  and  passed  in  four  days,  but 
of  matter  that  had  been  under  consideration  for  four  years.  The  first 
and  fullest  history  of  its  passage  is  in  a  letter  of  Nathan  Dane  to  Rufus 
King,  on  July  16,  1787,  in  which  he  says: 

"We  have  been  much  engaged  in  business  for  ten  or  twelve  days 
past,  for  a  part  of  which  we  have  had  eight  states.  There  appears  to  be 
a  disposition  to  do  business,  and  the  arrival  of  R.  H.  Lee  is  of  consider- 
able importance.  I  think  his  character  serves,  at  least  in  some  degree,  to 
check  the  effects  of  the  feeble  habits  and  lax  mode  of  thinking  of  some 
of  his  countrymen.  We  have  been  employed  about  several  objects — the 
principal  of  which  have  been  the  Government  inclosed  (the  Ordinance) 
and  the  t)hio  purchase ;  the  former  you  will  see,  is  completed,  and  the 
latter  will  probably  be  completed  to-morrow.  We  tried  one  day  to  patch 
up  M(onroe)s  system  of  W.  government — started  new  ideas  and  com- 
mitted the  whole  to  Carrington,  Dane,  R.  H.  Lee,  Smith  and  Kean.  We 
met  several  times,  and  at  last  agreed  on  some  principles — at  least  Lee, 
Smith  and  myself.  We  found  ourselves  rather  pressed.  The  Ohio  com- 
pany appeared  to  purchase  a  large  tract  of  federal  lands — about  six  or 
seven  millions  of  acres — and  we  wanted  to  abolish  the  old  system  and  get 
a  better  one  for  the  government  of  the  country,  and  we  finally  found  it 
necessary  to  adopt  the  best  system  we  could  get.  All  agreed  finally  to 
the  enclosed  plan,  except  A.  Yates.  He  appeared  in  this  case,  as  in  most 
others,  not  to  understand  the  subject  at  all.  *  *  *  When  I  drew  the 
ordinance  (which  passed,  a  few  words  excepted,  as  I  originally  formed 
it)  I  had  no  idea  the  States  would  agree  to  the  sixth  article,  prohibiting 
slavery,  as  only  Massachusetts,  of  the  Eastern  States,  was  present,  and 
therefore  omitted  it  in  the  draft;  but  finding  the  House  favorably  dis- 
posed on  this  subject,  after  we  had  completed  the  other  parts,  I  moved 
the  article  which  was  agreed  to  without  opposition."  • 

That  Dane  drafted  the  ordinance  and  introduced  the  slavery  section 
is  unquestioned.  He  stated  elsewhere  that  he  did  not  claim  originality 
except  as  to  the  provision  against  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts, 
fair  treatment  to  the  Indians,  and  minor  matters.6  The  system  of  tem- 
porary government  by  the  Governor  and  Judges,  with  gradual  advance 
is  Monroe's  plan.  The  Articles  of  Compact,  which  are  the  constitutional 
features  that  give  the  Ordinance  its  greatest  merit,  are  a  revival  of 
Jefferson's  original  idea,  but  much  enlarged.  All  of  his  articles  are 
included  in  the  fourth  article  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  together  with  one 


e  Dane's  Abridgement,  Vol.  7,  pp.  389-90;  Proceedings  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  1867-9, 
p.  479;  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  1,  Letter  to  Faroham. 

Vol.  I— II 


192 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lands  between  the  Wabash  and  upper  part  of  the  Big  Miami.  The  sur- 
veys were  made  in  1786.  On  January  10,  Tupper  reached  Rutland, 
Mass.,  the  home  of  Putnam,  and  they  called  a  meeting  for  March  1,  of 
the  Ohio  Company  at  the  Bunch-of-Grapes  Tavern  in  Boston.  The 
Company  had  1,000  shares  of  $1,000  each,  of  which  $10  was  paid  in  coin 
on  each  share,  and  the  balance  in  Continental  certificates.  Parsons, 
Putnam,  and  Dr.  Manasseh  Cutler  were  appointed  to  purchase  the  lands 
from  Congress,  and  Parsons  went  to  New  York  and  presented  their  pro- 
posal on  May  9.  From  May  12  to  July  4  Congress  had  no  quorum ;  and 


ARTICLE  OP  THE  ORDIXAXCE  OF  17S7 
(In  the  Handwriting  of  Nathan  Dane) 


Parsons  went  home,  and  turned  the  purchase  over  to  Dr.  Cutler,  who 
reached  New  York  on  July  5.  On  July  9  the  ordinance  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  northwest  territory  was  referred  to  a  new  committee,  with 
Dane  and  Smith  of  the  old  committee,  and  Edward  Carrington  and 
Richard  Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  and  John  Kean  of  South  Carolina  as 
new  members.  Up  to  this  time  the  ordinance  considered  was  a  mere 
outline  of  temporary  government,  commonly  known  as  Monroe's  plan. 
It  was  submitted  to  Cutler,  who  suggested  some  amendments,  and  then 
went  on  to  Philadelphia,  and  did  not  return  until  the  17th.  The  new 
ordinance  was  reported  on  the  llth  and  passed  on  the  13th  by  a  vote  of 


• 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 

all  the  members  present  except  Abraham  Yates  of  New  York.  Thus,  the 
celebrated  Ordinance  of  1787,  was  framed  and  passed  in  four  days,  but 
of  matter  that  had  been  under  consideration  for  four  years.  The  first 
and  fullest  history  of  its  passage  is  in  a  letter  of  Nathan  Dane  to  Rufus 
King,  on  July  16,  1787,  in  which  he  says: 

"We  have  been  much  engaged  in  business  for  ten  or  twelve  days 
past,  for  a  part  of  which  we  have  had  eight  states.  There  appears  to  be 
a  disposition  to  do  business,  and  the  arrival  of  R.  H.  Lee  is  of  consider- 
able importance.  I  think  his  character  serves,  at  least  in  some  degree,  to 
check  the  effects  of  the  feeble  habits  and  lax  mode  of  thinking  of  some 
of  his  countrymen.  \Ve  have  been  employed  about  several  objects — the 
principal  of  which  have  been  the  Government  inclosed  (the  Ordinance) 
and  the  Ohio  purchase ;  the  former  you  will  see,  is  completed,  and  the 
latter  will  probably  be  completed  to-morrow.  We  tried  one  day  to  patch 
up  M(onroe)s  system  of  W.  government — started  new  ideas  and  com- 
mitted the  whole  to  Carrington,  Dane,  R.  H.  Lee,  Smith  and  Kean.  We 
met  several  times,  and  at  last  agreed  on  some  principles — at  least  Lee, 
Smith  and  myself.  We  found  ourselves  rather  pressed.  The  Ohio  com- 
pany appeared  to  purchase  a  large  tract  of  federal  lands — about  six  or 
seven  millions  of  acres — and  we  wanted  to  abolish  the  old  system  and  get 
a  better  one  for  the  government  of  the  country,  and  we  finally  found  it 
necessary  to  adopt  the  best  system  we  could  get.  All  agreed  finally  to 
the  enclosed  plan,  except  A.  Yates.  He  appeared  in  this  case,  as  in  most 
others,  not  to  understand  the  subject  at  all.  *  *  *  When  I  drew  the 
ordinance  (which  passed,  a  few  words  excepted,  as  I  originally  formed 
it)  I  had  no  idea  the  States  would  agree  to  the  sixth  article,  prohibiting 
slavery,  as  only  Massachusetts,  of  the  Eastern  States,  was  present,  and 
therefore  omitted  it  in  the  draft;  but  finding  the  House  favorably  dis- 
posed on  this  subject,  after  we  had  completed  the  other  parts,  I  moved 
the  article  which  was  agreed  to  without  opposition."  • 

That  Dane  drafted  the  ordinance  and  introduced  the  slavery  section 
is  unquestioned.  He  stated  elsewhere  that  he  did  not  claim  originality 
except  as  to  the  provision  against  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts, 
fair  treatment  to  the  Indians,  and  minor  matters.6  The  system  of  tem- 
porary government  by  the  Governor  and  Judges,  with  gradual  advance 
is  Monroe 's  plan.  The  Articles  of  Compact,  which  are  the  constitutional 
features  that  give  the  Ordinance  its  greatest  merit,  are  a  revival  of 
Jefferson's  original  idea,  but  much  enlarged.  All  of  his  articles  are 
included  in  the  fourth  article  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  together  with  one 


«  Dane 's  Abridgement,  Vol.  7,  pp.  389-90 ;  Proceedings  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  1867-9, 
p.  479;  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  1,  Letter  to  Farnham. 

Vol.  I— IS 


194  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

other  that  will  probably  prove  of  more  importance  than  all  the  rest,  if 
the  people  of  the  region  are  awake  to  their  public  interests.  It  is  this : 
"The  navigable  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  carrying  places  between  the  same,  shall  be  common  highways, 
and  forever  free,  as  well  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  territory  as  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  those  of  any  other  States  that  may  be 
admitted  into  the  confederacy,  without  any  tax,  impost,  or  duty  there- 
for." This  had  been  adopted  as  an  amendment  on  May  12,  1786,  on 
motion  of  Grayson,  seconded  by  King.7  The  fifth  article  was  also  pro- 
posed by  Grayson  on  July  7,  1786,  and  Virginia  was  requested  to  modify 
her  deed  of  cession  to  allow  the  reduction  in  the  number  of  states.8  The 
third  article  was  probably  due  to  a  suggestion  from  Cutler,  though  the 
land  ordinance  of  1785  had  provided  for  the  reservation  of  section  16  in 
each  township  "for  the  maintenance  of  public  schools."  The  first  and 
second  articles  are  probably  due  to  Lee,  as  they  are  in  line  with  his 
special  ideas,  and  are  entirely  new  to  the  work  on  the  ordinance.  Of  all 
the  men  connected  with  the  Ordinance,  his  influence  in  the  recasting  of 
it  has  probably  been  most  underrated.  He  was  easily  the  ablest  man  on 
the  committee.  He  was  the  only  new  member  who  took  an  active  interest 
in  the  work.  In  seeking  the  man  who  "started  new  ideas,"  as  Dane  puts 
it,  this  man  who  moved  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  who  first 
pronounced  Washington  "first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  first  in  the  hearts 
of  his  countrymen, ' '  is  not  to  be  overlooked.  Writing  to  Washington  on 
July  15,  and  inclosing  a  copy  of  the  Ordinance,  Lee  says:  "It  seemed 
necessary,  for  the  security  of  property  among  uninformed,  and,  perhaps, 
licentious  people,  as  the  greater  part  of  those  who  go  there  are,  that  a 
strong-toned  Government  should  exist,  and  the  rights  of  property  be 
clearly  defined." 

With  the  Ordinance  adopted,  it  took  Cutler  ten  days  to  make  his 
purchase,  and  when  he  got  through,  he  had  purchased  1,500,000  acres 
for  the  Ohio  Company,  and  3,500,000  acres  "for  a  private  speculation, 
in  which  many  of  the  principal  characters  of  America  are  concerned"; 
and  had  pledged  himself  to  Gen.  St.  Glair  for  Governor,  Winthrop 
Sargent  for  Secretary,  and  Parsons  for  first  judge.  On  the  advice  of 
Tupper  and  Geographer  Hutchins,  the  Ohio  Company  lands  were  located 
on  the  Muskingum,  but  on  account  of  failure  of  payment,  only  1,064,285 
acres  were  patented  to  it.  No  time  was  lost  in  beginning  the  settlement. 
On  December  3,  1787,  two  hours  before  day,  the  first  company  of  pioneers 
assembled  at  Dr.  Cutler's  house  at  Ipswich,  in  the  northeast  corner  of 


7  Journal,  Vol.  4,  p.  637. 
s  Journal,  Vol.  4,  p.  662-3. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


195 


Massachusetts,  for  the  start.  Probably  no  body  of  emigrants  started  out 
so  impressed  with  the  idea  that  they  were  going  to  found  a  state — at 
points  one  might  almost  think  they  were  staging  a  pageant.  After  lis- 
tening to  a  discourse  from  Cutler,  and  firing  a  salvo  of  three  volleys, 
they  started  off  on  foot,  preceded  by  a  wagon  covered  with  black  canvas, 
on  which  Cutler  himself  had  put,  in  white  letters,  "FoR  THE  OHIO." 
The  party,  under  command  of  Major  Haffield  White,  made  its  way 
slowly  through  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Youghiogheny,  where  they  were  joined  on  February 
14  by  a  second  party  from  Connecticut,  under  Gen.  Rufus  Putnam. 


START  OF  FIRST  OHIO  COMPANY  COLONY  FROM  IPSWICH,  DEC.  3,  1787 

(From  an  old  cut) 

Here  they  stopped  to  build  boats,  and  started  down  the  river  on  April  1, 
the  fleet  consisting,  according  to  Putnam,  of  "the  Union  galley  of  forty- 
five  tons  burden,"  "the  Adelphia  Ferry-boat,  burden  three  tons"  and 
"three  log  canoes  of  different  sizes."  On  April  7,  Gen.  Putnam  stepped 
ashore  at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum,  followed  by  his  forty-seven  com- 
rades, to  begin  the  building  of  the  new  capital  of  Northwest  Territory. 
They  made  a  large  stockade,  which,  as  classical  scholars,  they  called  The 
Campus  Martius ;  and  as  good  Federalists,  which  they  were,  they  called 
the  new  town  Marietta,  for  Marie  Antoinette.  So  came  to  the  west  the 
new  influence  which  dominated  Indiana  for  the  next  twelve  years. 

There  was  no  immediate  effect  on  Indiana.    Gov.  St.  Clair  did  not 
arrive  until  July  9,  when  he  was  received  at  Marietta  with  civic  and 


196  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

military  honors,  Fort  Harmar  being  located  at  that  place.  His  formal 
"entry"  was  on  the  15th,  when  addresses  were  delivered  at  "the  bower"; 
and  on  September  2  the  Judges  were  inaugurated  with  still  more  im- 
pressive ceremonies.  Winthrop  Sargent,  the  Secretary,  accompanied  the 
Governor.  The  Judges  who  qualified  were  Samuel  Holden  Parsons, 
James  Mitchell  Varnum,  and  John  Cleves  Symmes.  On  July  27  Gov. 
St.  Glair  proclaimed  the  organization  of  Washington  County,  embracing 
all  of  Ohio  east  of  the  Scioto,  and  this  was  the  only  county  organized 
until  1790.  From  August  to  December  the  Governor  and  Judges  adopted 
a  number  of  civil  and  penal  laws,  in  which  they  ignored  the  Ordinance 
so  carefully  prepared  for  them.  It  authorized  only  their  adoption  of 
laws  from  some  of  the  states  of  the  Union,  but  these  were  not  found  con- 
venient, and  so  the  Judges  made  laws  to  suit  themselves,  the  Governor 
remonstrating.  Congress  neither  approved  nor  condemned  the  laws,  and 
so  they  were  enforced  in  Washington  County.  With  the  adoption  of  the 
new  constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  appointments  expired ;  and  on 
August  20, 1789,  all  of  these  officials  were  reappointed  except  that  Judge 
Varnum  was  replaced  by  George  Turner.  Judge  Parsons  was  drowned  in 
1789,  and  in  March,  1790,  Bufus  Putnam  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
Putnam  resigned  in  1796  to  accept  the  office  of  Surveyor  General,  and 
Joseph  Gillman  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  Judge  Turner  was  the  next 
to  resign,  and  his  place  was  filled  by  Return  Jonathan  Meigs  in  February, 
1798.  Some  of  these  earliest  laws  seem  odd  now.  The  militia  were  re- 
quired to  parade,  armed  and  accoutred,  on  Sunday  mornings  at  10  o'clock, 
adjacent  to  the  places  "assigned  for  worship."  Pillories,  stocks  and 
whipping  posts  were  provided  for,  and  were  actually  used  for  both  men 
and  women.  Disobedient  children  and  servants  were  to  be  confined  until 
"they  shall  humble  themselves  to  the  said  parent's  or  master's  satisfac- 
tion." Imprisonment  for  debt  was  provided,  and,  for  debts  of  less  than 
$5,  it  could  be  inflicted  by  justices  of  the  peace,  with  no  appeal.  Drunken- 
ness was  finable  fifty  cents  for  the  first  offense,  and  a  dollar  thereafter. 
Profanity  was  not  penalized,  but  the  law  admonished  all  to  abstain  from 
and  discourage  it,  to  "prevent  the  necessity  of  adopting  and  publishing 
laws  upon  this  head."  Marriage  was  required  to  be  preceded  by  publish- 
ing the  banns  for  three  Sundays  at  worship,  or  posting  notice  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  a  judge  in  some  public  place,  or  special  license  from  the 
governor. 

But  while  Washington  County  was  thus  launched  on  a  New  England 
basis,  the  rest  of  the  Territory  got  along  as  it  could.  Judge  Symmes  had 
purchased  a  large  tract  between  the  two  Miamis,  and  in  November,  1788, 
a  party  under  Major  Benjamin  Stites  founded  the  town  of  Columbia  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Miami.  On  December  24,  1788,  a  party  under 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


197 


Matthias  Denman  located  at  Cincinnati,  which  they  called  Losantiville — 
i.e.,  L(icking)  os (mouth)  anti( opposite)  ville(town).  A  third  party,  un- ' 
der  Judge  Symmes,  located  at  North  Bend  in  February,  1789.  The  people 
of  these  settlements  formed  a  committee  of  safety,  appointed  Mr.  McMillan 
judge  and  John  Ludlow  sheriff,  and  proceeded  to  enforce  justice  by  giving 
one  man  twenty-nine  lashes  for  robbing  a  truck-patch,  and  similar  cor- 
rective acts.  They  got  into  a  row  with  the  military  authorities,  however, 


' '  CAMPUS  M ARTIUS  ' ' 

( Ohio  Company 's  fort  at  Marietta — from  drawing  by 
Gen.  Rufus  Putnam) 

and  the  situation  was  happily  relieved  by  the  organization  of  a  court  by 
the  Territorial  authorities.9  Vincennes  had  returned  to  its  golden  age  of 
military  rule.  On  April  24, 1787,  on  a  report  from  the  Secretary  of  War 
on  a  letter  from  Major  Wyllys,  Congress  had  resolved :  ' '  That  the  secre- 
tary of  war  direct  the  commanding  officer  of  the  troops  of  the  United 
States  on  the  Ohio,  to  take  immediate  and  efficient  measures  for  disposing 
a  body  of  men,  who  have,  in  a  lawless  and  unauthorized  manner,  taken 

»  Burnet's  Notes,  p.  57. 


196 


IXDIAN7A  AND  INDIANANS 


military  honors,  Fort  Harmar  being  located  at  that  place.  His  formal 
' '  entry ' '  was  on  the  15th,  when  addresses  were  delivered  at ' '  the  bower ' ' ; 
and  on  September  2  the  Judges  were  inaugurated  with  still  more  im- 
pressive ceremonies.  Winthrop  Sargent,  the  Secretary,  accompanied  the 
Governor.  The  Judges  who  qualified  were  Samuel  Holden  Parsons, 
James  Mitchell  Varnum,  and  John  Cleves  Symmes.  On  July  27  Gov. 
St.  Glair  proclaimed  the  organization  of  Washington  County,  embracing 
all  of  Ohio  east  of  the  Scioto,  and  this  was  the  only  county  organized 
until  1790.  From  August  to  December  the  Governor  and  Judges  adopted 
a  number  of  civil  and  penal  laws,  in  which  they  ignored  the  Ordinance 
so  carefully  prepared  for  them.  It  authorized  only  their  adoption  of 
laws  from  some  of  the  states  of  the  Union,  but  these  were  not  found  con- 
venient, and  so  the  Judges  made  laws  to  suit  themselves,  the  Governor 
remonstrating.  Congress  neither  approved  nor  condemned  the  laws,  and 
so  they  were  enforced  in  Washington  County.  With  the  adoption  of  the 
new  constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  appointments  expired ;  and  on 
August  20,  1789,  all  of  these  officials  were  reappointed  except  that  Judge 
Varnum  was  replaced  by  George  Turner.  Judge  Parsons  was  drowned  in 
1789,  and  in  March,  1790,  Rufus  Putnam  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
Putnam  resigned  in  1796  to  accept  the  office  of  Surveyor  General,  and 
Joseph  Gillman  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  Judge  Turner  was  the  next 
to  resign,  and  his  place  was  filled  by  Return  Jonathan  Meigs  in  February, 
3798.  Some  of  these  earliest  laws  seem  odd  now.  The  militia  were  re- 
quired to  parade,  armed  and  accoutred,  on  Sunday  mornings  at  10  o  'clock, 
adjacent  to  the  places  "assigned  for  worship."  Pillories,  stocks  and 
whipping  posts  were  provided  for,  and  were  actually  used  for  both  men 
and  women.  Disobedient  children  and  servants  were  to  be  confined  until 
"they  shall  humble  themselves  to  the  said  parent's  or  master's  satisfac- 
tion. ' '  Imprisonment  for  debt  was  provided,  and,  for  debts  of  less  than 
$5,  it  could  be  inflicted  by  justices  of  the  peace,  with  no  appeal.  Drunken- 
ness was  finable  fifty  cents  for  the  first  offense,  and  a  dollar  thereafter. 
Profanity  was  not  penalized,  but  the  law  admonished  all  to  abstain  from 
and  discourage  it,  to  "prevent  the  necessity  of  adopting  and  publishing 
laws  upon  this  head. "  Marriage  was  required  to  be  preceded  by  publish- 
ing the  banns  for  three  Sundays  at  worship,  or  posting  notice  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  a  judge  in  some  public  place,  or  special  license  from  the 
governor. 

But  while  Washington  County  was  thus  launched  on  a  New  England 
basis,  the  rest  of  the  Territory  got  along  as  it  could.  Judge  Symmes  had 
purchased  a  large  tract  between  the  two  Miamis,  and  in  November,  1788, 
a  party  under  Major  Benjamin  Stites  founded  the  town  of  Columbia  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Miami.  On  December  24,  1788,  a  party  under 


! 

•  • 


• 


• 


• 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


197 


Matthias  Denman  located  at  Cincinnati,  which  they  called  Losantiville — 
i.e.,  L(icking)  os(mouth)  anti( opposite)  ville(town).  A  third  party,  un- 
der Judge  Symmes,  located  at  North  Bend  in  February,  1789.  The  people 
of  these  settlements  formed  a  committee  of  safety,  appointed  Mr.  McMillan 
judge  and  John  Ludlow  sheriff,  and  proceeded  to  enforce  justice  by  giving 
one  man  twenty-nine  lashes  for  robbing  a  truck-patch,  and  similar  cor- 
rective acts.  They  got  into  a  row  with  the  military  authorities,  however, 


I  .,.,.,' 

sLr  ^ vj 


L 


"CAMPUS  MARTIUS" 

(Ohio  Company's  fort  at  Marietta — from  drawing  by 
Gen.  Rufus  Putnam) 


and  the  situation  was  happily  relieved  by  the  organization  of  a  court  by 
the  Territorial  authorities.9  Vincennes  had  returned  to  its  golden  age  of 
military  rule.  On  April  24,  1787,  on  a  report  from  the  Secretary  of  War 
on  a  letter  from  Major  Wyllys,  Congress  had  resolved :  ' '  That  the  secre- 
tary of  war  direct  the  commanding  officer  of  the  troops  of  the  United 
States  on  the  Ohio,  to  take  immediate  and  efficient  measures  for  disposing 
a  body  of  men,  who  have,  in  a  lawless  and  unauthorized  manner,  taken 

sBurnet's  Notes,  p.  57. 


. 


198  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

possession  of  post  St.  Vincents,  in  defiance  of  the  proclamation  and  au- 
thority of  the  United  States,  and  that  he  employ  the  whole,  or  such  part 
of  the  force  under  his  command,  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  to  effect  the 
object. ' '  In  pursuance  of  this,  Gen.  Josiah  Harmar  came  to  Vincennes 
on  July  19, 1787,  and  not  only  ended  the  Kentucky  military  occupation  but 
also  made  Major  John  F.  Hamtramck  Commandant,  and  in  the  absence  of 
other  authority,  he  remained  the  Czar  of  Vincennes  for  three  years. 

Hamtramck  was  a  native  of  Quebec,  whither  his  father,  Charles  David 
Hamtrenck,  a  German  perruquier,  nick-named  L  'Allemand,  came  in  1749, 
and,  on  November  26, 1753,  married  Marie- Anne  Bertin.  He  was  a  native 
of  Luxembourg.  Their  second  child,  Jean  Francois,  was  christened 
August  16, 1756.  He  sympathized  with  the  Americans,  and  in  1776  joined 
Montgomery's  army  at  the  siege  of  Quebec.  He  was  made  a  captain  in 
the  First  U.  S.  Regiment  in  1785,  and  Major  the  year  following.  When 
Harmar  came  to  Vincennes  in  1787,  he  marched  across  from  the  mouth  of 
Pigeon  Creek  with  most  of  his  command,  and  Hamtramck  wag  sent  around 
by  the  Wabash,  with  one  hundred  men,  with  the  boats  and  supplies.  Un- 
derstanding the  French  language,  and  the  Canadian  character,  he  was  an 
ideal  Commandant,  and  his  qualities  caused  him  to  be  put  in  command  at 
Fort  Wayne  in  1794,  and  at  Detroit  in  1796.  His  moral  and  disciplinary 
views  may  be  judged  from  the  following  extract  from  a  letter  by  him  to 
Gen.  Wayne  on  December  5, 1794,  from  Fort. Wayne :  "It  is  with  a  great 
degree  of  mortification  that  I  am  obliged  to  inform  your  excellency  of  the 
great  propensity  many  of  the  soldiers  have  to  larceny.  I  have  flogged 
them  till  I  am  tired.  The  economic  allowance  of  one  hundred  lashes,  al- 
lowed by  the  government,  does  not  appear  a  sufficient  inducement  for  a 
rascal  to  act  the  part  of  an  honest  man.  I  have  now  a  number  in  confine- 
ment and  in  irons  for  having  stolen  four  quarters  of  beef  on  the  night  of 
the  3rd.  instant.  I  could  wish  them  to  be  tried  by  a  general  court  martial, 
in  order  to  make  an  example  of  some  of  them.  I  shall  keep  them  confined 
until  the  pleasure  of  your  excellency  is  known."  10  This  does  not  mean 
that  Hamtramck  was  hard-hearted,  but  merely  that  he  realized  that  a 
system  of  government  that  did  not  produce  results  was  not  efficient.  He 
knew  that  Virginia  had  reserved  to  the  French  inhabitants  their  ancient 
laws  and  customs,  and  he  ruled  at  Vincennes  just  as  Sieur  de  Vincennes 
and  St.  Ange  had  ruled.  It  was  an  administration  of  the  French  colonial 
system,  under  American  auspices. 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  issue  a  proclamation,  on  October  3,  1787, 
prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  to  the  Indians.  On  May  10, 
1789,  the  inhabitants  having  by  resolution  informed  him  that  unauthorized 


10  Mich.  Pion.  and  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  34,  p.  734. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


199 


use  was  being  made  of  the  commons,  and  having  asked  that  fifty  yards 
square  be  set  off  for  the  separate  use  of  each  family,  he  issued  a  proclama- 
tion reading :  "In  consequence  of  a  request  presented  to  me,  all  persons 
are  expressly  prohibited  (under  the  penalty  of  a  fine  for  the  first  trespass 
and  imprisonment  for  the  second)  from  cultivating  any  lot  or  piece  of 
ground  on  the  commons,  or  occupying  any  part  thereof,  without  regular 
permission."  On  March  24,  1790,  he  proclaimed  the  following  "ordi- 


HAMTRAMCK'S   TOMB 
(In  grounds  of  St.  Anne's  Orphanage  and  Church,  Detroit) 

nance":  "Many  persons  having  sold  their  goods  and  lands,  to  the 
prejudice  of  their  creditors,  the  inhabitants  and  others  of  the  district  of 
Post  Vincennes,  are  expressly  prohibited,  henceforth,  from  selling,  or 
exchanging,  or  mortgaging,  any  part  of  their  goods,  lands,  or  slaves,  under 
any  pretext,  without  express  permission  from  the  officer  commanding  at 
this  place.  This  ordinance  to  remain  in  force  until  the  arrival  of  his 
excellency,  the  governor. ' '  This  last  was  issued  when  the  Governor  was 
expected  to  arrive  soon.  There  was  not  a  little  awaiting  the  arrival  of 


200  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  Governor,  who  was  so  absorbed  in  Ohio  politics  that  he  had  entirely 
neglected  Indiana  and  Illinois.  Early  in  1788  Hamtramck  had  abolished 
the  Grand  Court  of  Vincennes,  and  on  April  3,  he  wrote  to  Harmar  re- 
counting the  irregularities  of  that  judicial  tribunal,  and  adding:  "In 
consequence  of  which  I  have  dissolved  the  old  court,  and  ordered  new 
magistrates  to  be  elected,  and  established  a  few  regulations  for  them  to 
go  by,  a  copy  of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  enclose.  My  code  of  laws  will, 
no  doubt,  make  you  laugh,  but  I  hope  you  will  consider  that  I  am  neither  a 
lawyer  or  a  legislator."11  Possibly  this  was  one  of  the  indications  of 
levity,  which  made  President  Washington,  on  being  informed  that  Ham- 
tramck was  to  make  a  treaty  with  the  Wabash  Indians,  express  a  regret 
that  some  "more  dignified  character  than  Major  Hamtramck"  had  not 
been  selected.  On  the  other  hand  the  Father  of  his  Country  may  have 
referred  to  Hamtramck 's  personal  appearance,  which  was  not  impressive. 
He  was  short  in  stature,  and  was  so  awkward-looking  that  he  was  some- 
times called  ' '  the  Frog  on  Horseback ' ' — an  expression,  by  the  way,  which 
has  rather  an  Indian  flavor.  But  at  any  rate,  his  court  and  his  code  of 
laws  worked  very  well  in  Vincennes,  until  they  struck -a  snag  in  the  red- 
eyed  law,  as  administered  in  Kentucky.  On  November  11, 1789,  he  wrote 
to  Harmar:  "It  is  high  time  that  Government  should  take  place  in  this 
country,  &  if  it  should  happen  that  the  Governor  was  not  .to  come,  nor  any 
of  the  Judges,  I  would  beg  ( for  the  sake  of  the  people)  that  his  Excellency 
would  give  me  certain  powers  to  create  magistrates,  a  sheriff  &  other 
officers  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  courts  of  Justice,  for,  at  present, 
there  are  none,  owing  to  the  daily  expectation  of  the  arrival  of  the 
Governor.  Those  that  had  been  appointed  by  the  people  last  year,  their 
authority  has  been  refused  in  the  courts  of  Kentucky,  they  declaring  that 
by  the  regolve  of  Congress,  neither  the  people  of  Vincennes,  or  the  Com- 
manding Officer,  had  a  right  to  appoint  magistrates ;  that  the  power  was 
vested  in  the  Governor  only,  &  that  it  was  an  usurped  authority.  You 
see,  Sir,  how  much  to  the  prejudice  of  the  people  their  present  situation 
is,  &  how  necessary  it  is  that  some  steps  should  be  taken  to  relieve  them. 

' '  The  powers  of  the  magistrates  may  be  circumscribed  as  his  Excel- 
lency may  think  proper,  but  the  necessity  of  having  such  characters  will 
appear  when  I  assure  you  that  at  present  no  person  here  can  administer 
an  oath  which  will  be  considered  legal  in  the  courts  of  Kentucky — and  for 
the  reasons  above  mentioned. ' ' 

The  complaint  of  neglect  was  not  confined  to  Vincennes.  With  this 
letter,  Hamtramck  inclosed  one  from  John  Edgar,  in  which  he  complains 
of  the  lawlessness  in  his  vicinity,  especially  by  Indians  from  the  Spanish 


"  111.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  5,  p.  507,  note;  Draper  MSB.  1W  385. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  201 

side  of  the  Mississippi,  and  says:  "I  have  waited  five  years  in  hopes  of  a 
Government ;  I  shall  wait  until  March,  as  I  may  be  able  to  withstand  them 
in  the  winter  season,  but  if  no  succour  nor  government  should  then  arrive, 
I  shall  be  compelled  to  abandon  the  country,  &  shall  go  to  live  at  St.  Louis. 
Inclination,  interest  &  love  for  the  country  prompt  me  to  reside  here,  but 
when  in  so  doing  it  is  ten  to  one  but  both  my  life  &  property  will  fall  a 
sacrifice,  you  nor  any  impartial  mind  can  blame  me  for  the  part  I  shall 
take."12 

In  1788  Congress  had  adopted  resolutions  for  confirming  the  land  titles 
of  the  French  settlers,  and  had  also  voted  four  hundred  acres  to  each  head 
of  a  family.  Nothing  was  done,  however,  by  the  Territorial  authorities. 
On  October  6,  1789,  President  Washington  wrote  to  St.  Clair,  giving  in- 
structions as  to  treating  with  the  Indians,  who  were  becoming  troublesome, 
and  added:  "You  will  also  proceed  as  soon  as  you  can  with  safety,  to 
execute  the  orders  of  the  late  Congress,  respecting  the  inhabitants  at  Post 
Vincennes,  and  at  the  Kaskaskias,  and  the  other  villages  on  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  a  circumstance  of  some  importance  that  the  said  inhabitants  should, 
as  soon  as  possible,  possess  the  lands  to  which  they  are  entitled,  by  some 
known  and  fixed  principles."  Under  this  inspiration  the  Governor  and 
Judges  finally  decided  to  make  a  progress  to  their  western  dominions,  and 
got  started  late  in  December.  On  January  2,  1790,  at  Losantiville,  St. 
Clair  established  Hamilton  County,  of  the  lands  between  the  Miamis ;  and 
also  induced  the  proprietors  of  the  town  to  change  its  name  to  Cincinnati. 
They  stopped  for  a  couple  of  weeks  at  the  .Falls  and  then  went  on  to 
Kaskaskia,  where  on  April  27  the  Governor  established  St.  Clair  County, 
including  all  of  Illinois  south  of  the  Illinois  River  and  west  of  Fort  Massac. 
On  June  11,  on  account  of  Indian  hostilities,  St.  Clair  started  back  to 
Marietta,  deputing  Sargent  to  act  in  his  stead.  Sargent,  with  Judges 
Symmes  and  Turner,  then  proceeded  to  Vincennes,  and  this  first  appear- 
ance of  the  Territorial  government  at  Vincennes  was  welcomed  with  almost 
as  much  ceremony  as  at  Marietta,  but  it  was  French  ceremony.  The 
"magistrates"  and  militia  officers  presented  an  address  on  behalf  of  the 
inhabitants,  as  follows: 

"Vincennes,  July  23,  1790. 

' '  To  the  honorable  Winthrop  Sargent,  esquire,  secretary  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,  and  now  vested  with 
all  the  powers  of  governor  and  commander-in-chief  thereof : 

' '  The  citizens  of  the  town  of  Vincennes  approach  you,  sir,  to  express 
as  well  their  personal  respect  for  your  honor,  as  their  full  approbation  of 
the  measures  you  have  been  pleased  to  pursue  in  regard  to  their  govern- 


izlll.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  5,  pp.  512-14. 


202  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ment,  and  the  adjustment  of  their  claims,  as  inhabitants  of  the  territory 
over  which  you  at  present  preside.  While  we  deem  it  a  singular  blessing 
to  behold  the  principles  of  free  government  unfolding  among  us,  we 
cherish  the  pleasing  reflection  that  our  posterity  will  also  have  cause  to 
rejoice  at  the  political  change  now  originating.  A  free  and  efficient  gov- 
ernment, wisely  administered,  and  fostered  under  the  protecting  wings  of 
an  august  union  of  States,  can  not  fail  to  render  the  citizens  of  this  wide 
extended  territory  securely  happy  in  the  possession  of  every  public 
blessing. 

' '  We  can  not  take  leave  sir,  without  offering  to  your  notice  a  tribute 
of  gratitude  and  esteem,  which  every  citizen  of  Vincennes  conceives  he 
owes  to  the  merits  of  an  officer  (Major  Hamtramck)  who  has  long  com- 
manded at  this  post.  The  unsettled  situation  of  things,  for  a  series  of 
years  previous  to  this  gentleman's  arrival,  tended  in  many  instances  to 
derange,  and  in  others  to  suspend,  the  operations  of  those  municipal 
customs  by  which  the  citizens  of  this  town  were  used  to  be  governed. 
They  were  in  the  habit  of  submitting  the  superintendence  of  their  civil 
regulations  to  the  officer  who  happened  to  command  the  troops  posted 
among  them.  Hence,  in  the  course  of  the  late  war,  and  from  the  frequent 
change  of  masters,  they  labored  under  heavy  and  various  grievances. 
But  the  judicious  and  humane  attention  paid  by  Major  Hamtramck, 
during  his  whole  command,  to  the  rights  and  feelings  of  every  individual 
craving  his  interposition,  demands,  and  will  always  receive,  our  warmest 
acknowledgements. 

"We  beg  you,  sir,  to  assure  the  supreme  authority  of  the  United 
States  of  our  fidelity  and  attachment ;  and  that  our  greatest  ambition  is 
to  deserve  its  fostering  care,  by  acting  the  part  of  good  citizens. 

"By  order,  and  on  behalf,  of  the  citizens  of  Vincennes." 

It  took  two  days  for  Sargent  to  rise  to  the  emergency,  but  he  did  so 
then  in  the  following  reply : 

"Vincennes,  July  25th.  1790. 

"Gentlemen:  Next  to  that  happiness  which  I  derive  from  a  con- 
sciousness of  endeavoring  to  merit  the  approbation  of  the  sovereign  au- 
thority of  the  United  States  by  a  faithful  discharge  of  the  important 
trusts  committed  to  me,  is  the  grateful  plaudit  of  the  respectable  citizens 
of  this  territory:  and  be  assured,  gentlemen,  that  I  receive  it  from  the 
town  of  Vincennes,  upon  this  occasion,  with  singular  satisfaction. 

"In  an  event  so  interesting  and  important  to  every  individual  as  is 
the  organization  of  civil  government,  I  regret  exceedingly  that  you  have 
been  deprived  of  the  wisdom  of  our  worthy  governor.  His  extensive 
abilities,  and  long  experience  in  the  honorable  walks  of  public  life,  might 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  203 

have  more  perfectly  established  that  system  which  promises  to  you  and 
posterity  such  political  blessings.  It  is  certain,  gentlemen,  that  the  gov- 
ernment of  the -United  States  is  most  congenial  to  the  dignity  of  human 
nature,  and  the  best  possible  palladium  for  the  lives  and  property  of 
mankind.  The  services  of  Major  Hamtramck  to  the  public,  and  his 
humane  attention  to  the  citizens  while  in  command  here,  have  been 
highly  meritorious;  and  it  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  have  officially 
expressed  to  him  my  full  approbation  thereof. 

"Your  dutiful  sentiments  of  fidelity  and  attachment  to  the  general 
government  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  faithfully  transmitted  to 
their  august  president. 

"With  the  warmest  wishes  for  the  prosperity  and  welfare  of  Vin- 
cennes,  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  gentlemen, 

"Your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 

"WINTHROP  SARGENT." 

The  people  had  occasion  to  be  in  an  especially  grateful  frame  of  mind 
towards  Hamtramck,  for  he  had  just  performed  a  great  service  to  them. 
Their  corn  crop  of  the  preceding  year  had  been  completely  destroyed  by 
frost,  and  information  of  this  having  come  to  St.  Clair,  he  had  written 
to  Hamtramck  from  Fort  Steuben  (at  Jeffersonville)  on  January  23, 
1790:  "It  is  with  great  pain  that  I  have  heard  of  the  scarcity  of  corn 
which  reigns  in  the  settlements  about  the  Post.  I  hope  it  has  been 
exaggerated;  but  it  is  represented  to  me  that,  unless  a  supply  of  that 
article  can  be  sent  forward,  the  people  must  actually  starve.  Corn  can 
be  had  here  in  any  quantity ;  but  can  the  people  pay  for  it  f  I  entreat 
you  to  inquire  into  that  matter,  and  if  you  find  they  can  not  do  without 
it,  write  to  the  contractor's  agent  here,  to  whom  I  will  give  orders  to 
send  forward  such  quantity  as  you  may  find  to  be  absolutely  necessary. 
They  must  pay  for  what  they  can  of  it ;  but  they  must  not  be  suffered  to 
perish ;  and  though  I  have  no  direct  authority  from  the  government  for 
this  purpose,  I  must  take  it  upon  myself." 

To  this  Hamtramck  replied  on  March  19:  "I  have  this  day  sent  a 
boat  to  the  Falls  for  800  bushels  of  corn,  which  I  shall  deliver  to  the 
people  of  the  village,  who  are  in  a  starving  condition ;  so  much  so  that 
on  the  16th  instant  a  woman,  a  boy  of  about  thirteen,  and  a  girl  of  about 
seven  years  were  driven  to  the  woods  by  hunger,  and  poisoned  them- 
selves by  eating  some  wild  roots,  and  have  died  of  it."  1S 

While  Sargent  and  the  Judges  were  at  Vincennes,  they  adopted  three 
laws;  one  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  Indians;  one  prohibiting 


"  St.  Clair  Papers,  Vol.  2,  pp.  131-2,  note. 


204 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  sale  of  liquor  to  soldiers;  and  one  "prohibiting  every  species  of 
gaming  for  money  or  other  property."  The  last  two  were  regarded  as 
infringements  on  "personal  rights"  by  most  of  the  people  then  residing 
in  Indiana;  but  more  serious  trouble  was  at  hand.  The  Indians  were 
becoming  very  troublesome.  There  had  been  more  or  less  of  hostilities 
between  the  Indians  and  the  whites  ever  since  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  but  it  had  been  due  chiefly  to  the  lawlessness  of  individuals 
rather  than  to  any  formal  warfare.  In  July,  1790,  Judge  Innes  wrote  to 
the  War  Department  the  statement  that  since  1783  "more  than  fifteen 
hundred  persons  had  been  killed  and  taken  prisoners  by  the  Indians — 


ANTI-GAMBLING  LAW — ADOPTED  AT  VINCENNES,  AUG.  4,   1790;  TOOK 

EFFECT  JAN.  1,  1791 

that  upwards  of  twenty  thousand  horses  had  been  taken  and  carried 
off,  with  other  property,  consisting  of  money,  merchandise,  household 
goods,  wearing  apparel,  etc.,  of  great  value."  St.  Glair  had  been  in- 
structed to  use  every  means  to  conciliate  the  Indians,  but  also  to  ex- 
tinguish as  soon  as  possible  the  Indian  title  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi, 
and  as  far  north  as  parallel  forty-one.  This  was  exactly  what  the  Indians 
did  not  want.  St.  Clair  summoned  them  to  a  treaty  at  Fort  Harmar  on 
January  9,  1789;  but  very  few  came,  and  he  proceeded  to  treat  with 
thirty-one  that  did  come,  who  were  supposed  to  represent  six  of  the 
principal  western  tribes,  and  who  confirmed  the  cessions  made  previously 
at  Fort  Mclntosh.  But  the  tribes  utterly  repudiated  this  treaty,  saying 
that  signers  were  not  even  chiefs — which  was  very  true.  There  was  an 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  205 

immediate  increase  of  depredations,  the  situation  growing  worse  through 
1789  and  1790.  In  the  spring  of  1790  Major  Hamtramck  sent  Antoine 
Gamelin  up  the  Wabash  with  speeches  from  Governor  St.  Clair  to  the 
various  tribes.  He  received  scant  satisfaction.  It  was  evident  that  the 
Indians  were  receiving  aid  and  encouragement  from  the  British,  who 
still  held  Detroit  and  other  points  on  the  lakes.  The  only  course  open 
was  to  punish  the  Indians,  and  for  this  purpose  an  expedition  was  pre- 
pared under  command  of  Gen.  Harmar. 

On  September  30,  1790,  he  left  Fort  Washington  (at  Cincinnati) 
with  1,453  men,  of  whom  320  were  regulars,  and  the  remainder  militia 
and  volunteers  from  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  The  irregu- 
lars included  many  boys  and  old  men;  they  were  poorly  armed  and 
equipped ;  and  there  was  the  insubordination  among  them  that  commonly 
characterized  frontier  troops.  They  reached  Kikiungi  (Fort  Wayne) 
and  found  it  recently  deserted.  On  October  18,  Col.  Trotter,  of  the 
militia  was  sent  out  with  300  men  to  look  for  the  Indians  but  returned 
without  finding  more  than  two.  There  was  rivalry  between  Trotter  and 
Col.  Hardin,  and  the  latter  asked  to  go  out  with  the  same  command  on 
the  19th.  He  led  his  men  into  an  ambush ;  all  of  the  militia  but  nine  ran 
away;  and  Hardin  got  back  with  a  loss  of  all  but  half-a-dozen  of  his 
regulars,  and  a  number  of  the  militia.  After  destroying  a  large  amount 
of  crops  on  the  20th  and  21st,  Harmar  was  asked  by  Hardin  for  permis- 
sion to  go  back  with  a  detachment  of  militia  picked  by  himself,  and 
surprise  the  Indians,  who  he  thought  would  return  to  their  village  as 
soon  as  the  troops  left.  Harmar  finally  consented,  and  Hardin  went 
back  with  four  hundred  men.  They  found  the  Indians,  but  the  militia 
officers  were  decoyed  into  separating  their  commands  by  Indians  appar- 
ently in  flight,  and  then  met  a  general  attack  in  which  the  militia  again 
fled  and  the  regulars  were  almost  exterminated.  Hardin  wanted  Harmar 
to  go  back  with  the  entire  army,  but  he  declined,  as  he  was  short  of 
supplies,  and  the  militia  were  now  completely  demoralized.  The  army 
had  destroyed  five  villages,  over  20,000  bushels  of  corn,  and  large  quan- 
tities of  beans,  pumpkins,  hay,  and  other  Indian  property ;  but  they  had 
lost  183  killed  and  31  wounded,  and  had  left  the  belief  with  the  Indians 
that  they  had  driven  the  Americans  back.  As  to  this  fighting,  the 
Americans  at  the  time,  and  our  writers  since  then,  have  failed  to  credit 
the  result  as  largely  as  they  should  to  the  Indian  leadership.  The  Little 
Turtle  was  in  command.  When  the  troops  first  reached  Kikiungi,  the 
warriors  were  absent  on  their  fall  hunt,  and  in  the  first  day's  fighting 
The  Little  Turtle  was  able  to  get  only  one  hundred  of  them  together ;  but 
they  came  in  rapidly,  and  on  the  last  day  his  forces  were  equal  to  the 
enemy.  But  while  the  whites  did  not  understand  his  ability,  he  had 


• 


204 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


the  sale  of  liquor  to  soldiers;  and  one  "prohibiting  every  species  of 
yarning  for  money  or  other  property."  The  last  two  were  regarded  as 
infringements  on  "personal  rights"  by  most  of  the  people  then  residing 
in  Indiana :  but  more  serious  trouble  was  at  hand.  The  Indians  were 
becoming  very  troublesome.  There  had  been  more  or  less  of  hostilities 
between  the  Indians  and  the  whites  ever  since  the  close  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  but  it  had  been  due  chiefly  to  the  lawlessness  of  individuals 
rather  than  to  any  formal  warfare.  In  July,  1790,  Judge  Innes  wrote  to 
the  War  Department  the  statement  that  since  1783  "more  than  fifteen 
hundred  persons  had  been  killed  and  taken  prisoners  by  the  Indians — 


.  f    •_ "\_/       "/-!<\  / 

)     ,f^~S'\Xl ^4\ Cf X- "^".-x : *  - •  '.-<•  **:**-• 

•"V^  s^.-  '*"f*^      yt<f;#*  yffmHr^v      &     ~,, f,rtf   .»^.  .-tSf.r 


•  •  '      .  f. 

-     *:•*-.,.. 
•      ••         •-   -V 


>'"-"«     H*t)f  «W«  *r     *  +  .*    t.     •  .  ,  t 

S/      .     '-.    •  .-  t         .     ^    .  .T  <    ~  ll      f^f          .,  .  . 


.^  .;  ^'        .   .-'• 

/.'.:*'.«., . ', 


•  •/"••  •• 

-.;.    ,     • 

..  ,.  •(. 


• 


\^-\\-('j \y.\\\\A-x.(.\   LAW — ADOPTED   AT    VIXCEXXES,   Aro.   4.    1790:   T»M>K 

EFFECT  JAN.  1,  1791 


that  upwards  of  twenty  thousand  horses  had  been  taken  and  carried 
off,  with  other  property,  consisting  of  money,  merchandise,  household 
goods,  wearing  apparel,  etc.,  of  great  value."  St.  Clair  had  been  in- 
structed to  use  every  means  to  conciliate  the  Indians,  but  also  to  ex- 
tinguish as  soon  as-  possible  the  Indian  title  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi, 
and  as  far  north  as  parallel  forty-one.  This  was  exactly  what  the  Indians 
did  not  want.  St.  Clair  summoned  them  to  a  treaty  at  Fort  Harmar  on 
January  9.  1789;  but  very  few  came,  and  he  proceeded  to  treat  with 
thirty-one  that  did  come,  who  were  supposed  to  represent  six  of  the 
principal  western  tribes,  and  who  confirmed  the  cessions  made  previously 
at  Fort  Mclntosh.  But  the  tribes  utterly  repudiated  this  treaty,  saying 
that  signers  were  not  even  chiefs — which  was  very  true.  There  was  an 


•• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  2o."> 

immediate  increase  of  depredations,  the  situation  growing  worse  through 
1789  and  1790.  In  the  spring  of  1790  Major  Hamtramck  sent  Antoine 
Gamelin  up  the  Wabash  with  speeches  from  Governor  St.  Clair  to  the 
various  tribes.  He  received  scant  satisfaction.  It  was  evident  that  the 
Indians  were  receiving  aid  and  encouragement  from  the  British,  who 
still  held  Detroit  and  other  points  on  the  lakes.  The  only  course  open 
was  to  punish  the  Indians,  and  for  this  purpose  an  expedition  was  pre- 
pared under  command  of  Gen.  Harmar. 

On  September  30,  1790,  he  left  Fort  Washington  (at  Cincinnati) 
with  1,453  men,  of  whom  320  were  regulars,  and  the  remainder  militia 
and  volunteers  from  Kentucky,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  The  irregu- 
lars included  many  boys  and  old  men;  they  were  poorly  armed  and 
equipped*:  and  there  was  the  insubordination  among  them  that  commonly 
characterized  frontier  troops.  They  reached  Kikiungi  (Fort  Wayne) 
and  found  it  recently  deserted.  On  October  18,  Col.  Trotter,  of  the 
militia  was  sent  out  with  300  men  to  look  for  the  Indians  but  returned 
without  finding  more  than  two.  There  was  rivalry  between  Trotter  and 
Col.  Hardin,  and  the  latter  asked  to  go  out  with  the  same  command  on 
the  19th.  He  led  his  men  into  an  ambush ;  all  of  the  militia  but  nine  ran 
away :  and  Hardin  got  back  with  a  loss  of  all  but  half-a-dozen  of  his 
regulars,  and  a  number  of  the  militia.  After  destroying  a  large  amount 
of  crops  on  the  20th  and  21st,  Harmar  was  asked  by  Hardin  for  permis- 
sion to  go  back  with  a  detachment  of  militia  picked  by  himself,  and 
surprise  the  Indians,  who  he  thought  would  return  to  their  village  as 
soon  as  the  troops  left.  Harmar  finally  consented,  and  Hardin  went 
back  with  four  hundred  men.  They  found  the  Indians,  but  the  militia 
officers  were  decoyed  into  separating  their  commands  by  Indians  appar- 
ently in  flight,  and  then  met  a  general  attack  in  which  the  militia  again 
fled  and  the  regulars  were  almost  exterminated.  Hardin  wanted  Harmar 
to  go  back  with  the  entire  army,  but  he  declined,  as  he  was  short  of 
supplies,  and  the  militia  were  now  completely  demoralized.  The  array 
had  destroyed  five  villages,  over  20,000  bushels  of  corn,  and  large  quan- 
tities of  beans,  pumpkins,  hay,  and  other  Indian  property;  but  they  had 
lost  183  killed  and  31  wounded,  and  had  left  the  belief  with  the  Indians 
that  they  had  driven  the  Americans  back.  As  to  this  fighting,  the 
Americans  at  the  time,  and  our  writers  since  then,  have  failed  to  credit 
the  result  as  largely  as  they  should  to  the  Indian  leadership.  The  Little 
Turtle  was  in  command.  When  the  troops  first  reached  Kikiungi.  the 
warriors  were  absent  on  their  fall  hunt,  and  in  the  first  day's  fighting 
The  Little  Turtle  was  able  to  get  only  one  hundred  of  them  together;  but 
they  came  in  rapidly,  and  on  the  last  day  his  forces  were  equal  to  the 
enemy.  But  while  the  whites  did  not  understand  his  ability,  he  had 


206 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


gained  a  reputation  with  the  Indians  that  made  a  new  era  in  Indian 
warfare. 

The  necessity  of  getting  food  to  replace  what  had  been  destroyed,  and 
the  desire  for  revenge,  made  the  Indian  hostilities  worse  than  before. 
In  response  to  appeals  for  protection,  Congress  authorized  another  regi- 
ment to  be  raised,  bringing  the  standing  army  up  to  three  thousand  men, 
and  Virginia  directed  an  expedition  from  Kentucky  under  Brig.  Gen. 


0?  YM£  HAVttXS 

CJESTHO)  F  [>  BY  CF.NCKAL  KARMA* 
11(0 


SITE  OF  FORT  WAYNE  IN  1790 
(From  drawing  by  Major  Denny,  with  Harmar's  forces) 

Charles  Scott.  Scott  marched  for  the  Wabash  towns  on  May  23,  with 
some  eight  hundred  mounted  men.  He  reached  "Wea  Prairie  on  June  1, 
sent  detachments  to  attack  small  villages,  and  pressed  on  with  his  main 
force  to  the  main  village  of  Ouiatanon,  on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash. 
His  advance  reached  it  in  time  to  destroy  five  canoe  loads  of  Indians,  the 
last  to  try  to  cross  the  river  to  the  Kickapoo  town  on  the  north  side.  The 
Wabash  was  flooded  by  recent  rains,  and  some  time  was  lost  before  troops 
could  get  across  and  take  the  Kickapoo  town.  On  the  evening  of  the 
2nd  Lt.  Col.  Wilkinson  was  sent  with  360  men  to  destroy  the  town 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  207 

known  as  Kethtipecanunk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tippecanoe  River,  which 
he  accomplished.  Of  this  place  Scott  says:  "Many  of  the  inhabitants 
of  this  village  were  French,  and  lived  in  a  state  of  civilization.  By  the 
books,  letters,  and  other  documents  found  there,  it  is  evident  that  place 
was  in  close  connection  with,  and  dependent  on,  Detroit.  A  large  quan- 
tity of  corn,  a  variety  of  household  goods,  peltry,  and  other  articles,  were 
burned  with  this  village,  which  consisted  of  about  seventy  houses,  many 
of  them  well  finished."  On  June  4,  having  destroyed  all  the  crops 
found,  Scott  started  on  his  return,  and  reached  the  Falls  on  the  14th 
"without  the  loss  of  a  single  man  by  the  enemy,  and  five  only  wounded; 
having  killed  thirty-two,  chiefly  warriors  of  size  and  figure,  and  taken 
fifty-eight  prisoners."  Sixteen  of  the  older  prisoners  were  released, 
with  warning  letters  to  the  other  Indians.  The  remainder  were  taken  to 
the  Falls,  and  held  until^  their  tribes  made  peace,  which  proved  a  very 
efficacious  mode  of  procedure. 

Governor  St.  Clair  was  put  in  command  of  the  main  expedition,  which 
was  to  move  from  Fort  Washington  in  the  fall.  On  August  1,  a  force  of 
525  men  under  Brig.  Gen.  James  Wilkinson  was  started  for  another 
attack  on  the  Wabash  towns.  They  struck  the  Eel  River  town,  Kinapi- 
kwomakwa,  on  the  7th.  Having  destroyed  it,  and  the  crops  which  had 
been  replanted  at  Ouiatanon  and  Kethtipecanunk,  and  also  destroyed  a 
Kickapoo  town  of  thirty  houses,  west  of  Ouiatanon,  Wilkinson  returned, 
reaching  the  Falls  on  the  21st.  The  Indians  were  taking  note  of  St. 
Glair's  preparations,  and  decided  not  to  wait  for  another  destruction  of 
their  crops.  St.  Glair's  advance  moved  twenty-five  miles  northward  in 
September,  and  built  Fort  Hamilton.  On  October  4,  it  advanced  forty- 
two  miles,  and  built  Fort  Jefferson.  On  October  24  the  army  moved 
forward,  and  on  November  3  reached  the  headwaters  of  the  Wabash 
where  Fort  Recovery  was  afterwards  built.  The  Indians  also  were 
moving.  By  the  efforts  of  The  Little  Turtle,  Pachgantcihilas,  the  great 
Delaware  war  chief,  Blue  Jacket  the  Shawnee  chief,  and  others,  1,400 
warriors  had  been  gathered  on  the  prairie  south  of  Kikiungi  in  the  latter 
part  of  October.  There  was  some  dissension  as  to  who  should  have  the 
chief  command,  but  it  was  awarded  to  The  Little  Turtle.  He  organized 
his  forces  by  dividing  them  into  squads  or  messes  of  twenty  each,  and 
each  squad  into  five  bands  of  four  each,  who  acted  as  hunters  for  the 
mess  one  day  each  in  rotation.  These  hunters  were  to  bring  in  at  noon 
whatever  game  they  killed,  and  so  the  army  was  supplied.  They  marched 
to  meet  the  advancing  enemy.  On  the  night  of  November  3  they  crept 
close  in  about  St.  Glair's  camp,  and  prepared  for  attack.  They  watched 
the  soldiers  parade  at  daylight,  and  as  they  dispersed  for  breakfast, 
about  six  o'clock,  The  Little  Turtle  gave  the  signal  for  attack.  The 


208  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indians  kept  under  cover,  and  maintained  a  continuous  and  murderous 
rifle  fire.  The  troops  were  put  in  position,  and  fired  ineffectual  volleys 
at  their  concealed  foes.  Repeated  bayonet  charges  were  made,  but  the 
Indians  simply  fell  back  before  them,  while  others  poured  a  deadly  fire 
into  the  flanks  of  the  charging  squadrons.  The  Indians  made  special 
targets  of  officers  and  artillerymen.  By  half  past  eight  the  army  was 
helpless.  The  artillery  was  silenced.  Most  of  the  officers  were  dead,  and 
those  remaining  saw  that  the  only  hope  was  in  retreat.  A  charge  opened 
the  way  to  the  road,  and  the  militia  made  their  way  out,  followed  by  the 
regulars.  Everything  was  abandoned.  The  retreat  became  a  rout,  and 
although  the  Indians  pursued  for  only  about  four  miles,  it  continued 
until  Fort  Jefferson  was  reached,  after  sunset. 

This  was  the  greatest  defeat  ever  inflicted  on  American  troops  by 
Indians.  The  Little  Turtle  had  beaten  a  force  superior  to  his  own,  prob- 
ably fifty  per  cent,  greater,  on  their  own  ground,  with  a  loss  of  37  officers 
and  593  men  killed,  and  31  officers  and  242  men  wounded.  He  had 
captured  all  their  artillery,  camp  equipage  and  supplies,  valued  at 
$32,800,  with  much  private  property.  He  had  stopped  for  the  time 
being  the  invasion  of  his  country.  War  parties  soon  appeared  all  along 
the  frontiers,  and  many  of  the  settlements  not  adjacent  to  the  forts  were 
abandoned.  St.  Glair  resigned  his  position  as  Major  General.  President 
Washington  asked  Congress  for  three  more  regiments  of  infantry  and  a 
squadron  of  horse.  There  was  opposition  on  account  of  the  poverty  of 
the  nation,  and  it  was  even  proposed  to  abandon  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, but  that  received  little  favor.  Congress  provided  for  an  army  of 
5,000  men,  and  "Mad  Anthony"  Wayne  was  put  in  command.  Com- 
missioners were  appointed  to  try  to  settle  the  matter  peaceably,  who 
made  their  way  to  the  Indians  through  Canada ;  but  the  Indians  refused 
any  terms  but  withdrawal  from  the  lands  north  of  the  Ohio. 

Wayne  came  to  Pitteburg  in  June,  1792,  and  began  organizing  his 
army.  It  was  a  slow  and  difficult  task.  Drills  were  incessant,  and  courts 
martial  were  almost  as  common  as  police  courts  are  now.  His  Orderly 
Book  presents  the  most  remarkable  record  of  discipline  that  was  ever 
given  to  an  American  army.14  The  chief  offenses  punished  were  products 
of  the  personal  independence  of  the  frontiersmen,  mutiny,  disrespect  to 
officers  and  desertion.  Punishments  were  severe.  The  limit  of  one  hun- 
dred lashes  was  frequently  administered  before  the  army  on  parade. 
Like  Hamtramck,  Wayne  found  this  insufficient,  and  tried  dividing  the 
hundred  lashes  through  four  successive  days,  and  using  a  cat  of  wires. 
This  did  not  suffice  to  stop  desertion,  and  a  number  of  offenders  were 


It  is  given  in  full  in  Mich.  Pion.  and  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  34,  pp.  341-733. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


209 


shot  before  the  army,  and  several  were  hanged.  In  the  effort  to  improve 
marksmanship,  rivalry  was  encouraged  between  the  riflemen  and  the 
infantry,  though  the  latter  were  instructed  to  rely  chiefly  on  the  bayonet. 
Orders  were  given  to  "award  as  a  bounty  one  Gill  of  Whiskey  to  the 
best  shot,  or  marksman,  and  a  half  Gill  to  the  Second  best  of  the  Infantry 
and  a  like  quantity  to  the  first  and  Second  best  of  the  Riflemen.  Pro- 
vided always  that  should  the  Infantrys  shott  be  better  than  those  of  the 
rifle,  then  the  Riflemen  shall  forfeit  any  claim  to  bounty  for  that  days 
practice. ' '  The  dragoons  were  taught  to  rely  on  the  sabre.  In  the  spring 


THE  BATTLE  OP  THE  FALLEN  TIMBERS 
(From  a  painting) 

of  1793  Wayne  moved  down  the  river  to  Fort  Washington,  and  camped 
just  below  Cincinnati  at  Hobson's  Choice.15  Here  the  same  process  of 
discipline  was  continued  until  October  7,  except  that  there  appeared  to 
be  more  opportunity  for  getting  liquor,  and  punishment  for  drunken- 
ness became  more  frequent.  The  treaty  commissioners  were  put  off  by 
the  Indians  until  August,  and  then  returned  hopeless.  Meanwhile  it 
had  been  learned  that  Major  Trueman  and'  Col.  Hardin,  who  had  been 
sent  from  Fort  Washington  with  peace  talks  for  the  Indians,  had  been 
taken  and  murdered  by  them.  Wayne  advanced  beyond  Fort  Jefferson 
by  October  23,  with  2,600  regulars,  and  400  auxilaries,  in  guides  and 


is  The  troops  tried  to  cross  the  river,  but  on  account  of  flood  could  do  so  only 
at  this  place,  which  consequently  was  Hobson's  choice,  i.  e.,  "that  or  nothing." 

Vol.  1—14 


• 


208 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Indians  kept  under  cover,  and  maintained  a  continuous  and  murderous 
rifle  h're.  The  troops  were  put  in  position,  and  fired  ineffectual  volleys 
at  their  concealed  foes.  Repeated  bayonet  charges  were  made,  but  the 
Indians  simply  fell  back  before  them,  while  others  poured  a  deadly  fire 
into  the  flanks  of  the  charging  squadrons.  The  Indians  made  special 
targets  of  officers  and  artillerymen.  By  half  past  eight  the  army  was 
helpless.  The  artillery  was  silenced.  Most  of  the  officers  were  dead,  and 
those  remaining  saw  that  the  only  hope  was  in  retreat.  A  charge  opened 
the  way  to  the  road,  and  the  militia  made  their  way  out,  followed  by  the 
regulars.  Everything  was  abandoned.  The  retreat  became  a  rout,  and 
although  the  Indians  pursued  for  only  about  four  miles,  it  continued 
until  Fort  Jefferson  was  reached,  after  sunset. 

This  was  the  greatest  defeat  ever  inflicted  on  American  troops  by 
Indians.  The  Little  Turtle  had  beaten  a  force  superior  to  his  own,  prob- 
ably fifty  per  cent,  greater,  on  their  own  ground,  with  a  loss  of  37  officers 
and  593  men  killed,  and  31  officers  and  242  men  wounded.  He  had 
captured  all  their  artillery,  camp  equipage  and  supplies,  valued  at 
$32,800,  with  much  private  property.  He  had  stopped  for  the  time 
being  the  invasion  of  his  country.  War  parties  soon  appeared  all  along 
the  frontiers,  and  many  of  the  settlements  not  adjacent  to  the  forts  were 
abandoned.  St.  Clair  resigned  his  position  as  Major  General.  President 
Washington  asked  Congress  for  three  more  regiments  of  infantry  and  a 
squadron  of  horse.  There  was  opposition  on  account  of  the  poverty  of 
the  nation,  and  it  was  even  proposed  to  abandon  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, but  that  received  little  favor.  Congress  provided  for  an  army  of 
5,000  men,  and  "Mad  Anthony"  Wayne  was  put  in  command.  Com- 
missioners were  appointed  to  try  to  settle  the  matter  peaceably,  who 
made  their  way  to  the  Indians  through  Canada ;  but  the  Indians  refused 
any  terms  but  withdrawal  from  the  lands  north  of  the  Ohio. 

Wayne  came  to  Pittsburg  in  June,  1792,  and  began  organizing  his 
army.  It  was  a  slow  and  difficult  task.  Drills  were  incessant,  and  courts 
martial  were  almost  as  common  as  police  courts  are  now.  His  Orderly 
Book  presents  the  most  remarkable  record  of  discipline  that  was  ever 
given  to  an  American  army.14  The  chief  offenses  punished  were  products 
of  the  personal  independence  of  the  frontiersmen,  mutiny,  disrespect  to 
officers  and  desertion.  Punishments  were  severe.  The  limit  of  one  hun- 
dred lashes  was  frequently  administered  before  the  army  on  parade. 
Like  Hamtramck,  Wayne  found  this  insufficient,  and  tried  dividing  the 
hundred  lashes  through  four  successive  days,  and  using  a  cat  of  wires. 
This  did  not  suffice  to  stop  desertion,  and  a  number  of  offenders  were 


It  is  given  in  full  in  Mich.  Pion.  and  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  34,  pp.  341-7.'!:!. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


209 


shot  before  the  army,  and  several  were  hanged.  In  the  effort  to  improve 
marksmanship,  rivalry  was  encouraged  between  the  riflemen  and  the 
infantry,  though  the  latter  were  instructed  to  rely  chiefly  on  the  bayonet. 
Orders  were  given  to  "award  as  a  bounty  one  Gill  of  Whiskey  to  the 
best  shot,  or  marksman,  and  a  half  Gill  to  the  Second  best  of  the  Infantry 
and  a  like  quantity  to  the  first  and  Second  best  of  the  Riflemen.  Pro- 
vided always  that  should  the  Infantrys  shott  be  better  than  those  of  the 
rifle,  then  the  Riflemen  shall  forfeit  any  claim  to  bounty  for  that  days 
practice."  The  dragoons  were  taught  to  rely  on  the  sabre.  In  the  spring 


THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  FALLEN  TIMBERS 
(From  a  painting) 

of  1793  Wayne  moved  down  the  river  to  Fort  Washington,  and  camped 
just  below  Cincinnati  at  Hobson's  Choice.15  Here  the  same  process  of 
discipline  was  continued  until  October  7,  except  that  there  appeared  to 
be  more  opportunity  for  getting  liquor,  and  punishment  for  drunken- 
ness became  more  frequent.  The  treaty  commissioners  were  put  off  by 
the  Indians  until  August,  and  then  returned  hopeless.  Meanwhile  it 
had  been  learned  that  Major  Trueman  and.  Col.  Hardin,  who  had  been 
sent  from  Fort  Washington  with  peace  talks  for  the  Indians,  had  been 
taken  and  murdered  by  them.  Wayne  advanced  beyond  Fort  Jefferson 
by  October  23,  with  2,600  regulars,  and  400  auxilaries,  in  guides  and 


13  The  troops  tried  to  cross  the  river,  but  on  account  of  flood  could  do  so  only 
at  this  place,   which   consequently   was   Hobson  's  choice,   i.   e.,  ' '  that  or   nothing. ' ' 

Vol.  I—  1 4 


' 
• 


210  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

mounted  volunteers  from  Kentucky.  The  main  body  of  volunteers  had 
not  arrived;  the  army  was  largely  incapacitated  by  an  epidemic  of 
influenza ;  and  it  was  too  late  in  the  season  for  an  effective  campaign ;  so 
Wayne  sent  the  volunteers  back  and  wintered  at  the  forts,  constructing 
Fort  Greenville  and  Fort  Recovery.  These  moves  disquieted  the  hostile 
Indians,  who  had  not  been  able  to  find  an  opening  for  attack  on  Wayne's 
army,  their  only  success  being  the  capture  of  a  wagon  train  on  October 
17.  Some  of  them  sent  a  message  to  Wayne  expressing  a  desire  to  make 
peace,  but  they  evaded  his  proposals,  and  if  their  intentions  were  ever 
sincere,  they  were  changed  by  a  new  complication. 

In  1793  the  French  Revolution  was  holding  the  attention  of  the 
world,  and  the  French  Minister  Plenipotentiary,  Genet,  was  holding  the 
attention  of  the  United  States  by  his  extraordinary  assumptions  of  power 
and  open  criticism  of  the  President  for  not  joining  France  in  a  war  on 
England.  The  people  of  the  west  were  not  nearly  so  much  shocked  by 
the  bloody  work  of  the  guillotine  as  they  were  by  the  massacre  of  their 
wives  and  children  by  the  allies  of  England.  Genet  easily  induced  num- 
bers of  western  men  to  join  in  his  scheme  for  an  attack  on  the  Spanish 
settlements  on  the  Mississippi,  and  when  President  Washington  called 
on  Governor  Shelby  of  Kentucky,  to  take  measures  to  prevent  it,  the 
latter  fl^ly  answered  that  he  had  "little  inclination  to  take  an  active 
part  in  punishing  or  restraining  any  of  my  fellow  citizens  for  a  supposed 
intention,  only  to  gratify  or  remove  the  fears  of  the  minister  to  a  prince, 
who  openly  withholds  from  us  an  invaluable  right,  and  who  secretly 
instigates  against  us  a  most  savage  and  cruel  enemy."  So  tense  was  the 
feeling  that  on  February  10,  1794,  at  Quebec,  Lord  Dorchester,  the 
Governor  General,  told  a  delegation  of  Indians,  "he  should  not  be  sur- 
prised if  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  were  at  war  in  the  course 
of  a  year. ' '  Early  in  the  spring,  a  messenger  came  to  the  hostile  Indians 
at  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee,  from  the  Spanish  settlements  on  the 
Mississippi,  with  an  offer  of  assistance  from  them.  In  April,  three  com- 
panies of  British  soldiers  were  sent  from  Detroit  and  built  a  fort  at  the 
rapids  of  the  Maumee.  These  conditions  determined  the  Indians  to 
accept  the  arbitrament  of  war.  It  may  also  be  noted  in  passing  that  they 
were  the  chief  cause  of  the  rapid  spread  of  anti-Federalist  sentiment  in 
the  West. 

On  June  30  The  Little  Turtle  approached  Fort  Recovery  with  a 
force  of  1,500  men,  part  of  whom  were  whites  in  disguise,  expecting  to 
find  the  cannon  taken  from  St.  Clair,  and  use  them  against  the  fort ;  but 
the  Americans  had  found  them,  and  they  were  mounted  in  the  fort.  But 
they  intercepted  a  convoy  of  ninety  riflemen  and  fifty  dragoons  who  were 
returning  to  the  fort,  and  overwhelmed  them,  killing  five  officers  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  211 

seventeen  men,  and  wounding  thirty,  besides  killing  and  wounding  eighty- 
one  horses  and  capturing  204.  They  then  attacked  the  fort  for  about 
twenty-four  hours,  but  finding  that  their  rifles  had  no  effect  they  with- 
drew. A  division  arose  among  them.  A  part  wished  to  attack  Wayne's 
army.  The  Little  Turtle  opposed  this,  saying  that  it  was  useless  to  try  to 
surprise  "a  chief  who  always  slept  with  one  eye  open,"  and  that  he  was 
too  strong  to  fight  in  the  open.  He  urged  that  they  get  between  him  and 
the  settlements,  cut  off  his  convoys,  and  leave  him  stranded  in  the  wilder- 
ness. He  was  overruled,  and  even  accused  of  cowardice.  On  July  26, 
Gen.  Scott  arrived  at  Greenville  with  1,600  mounted  volunteers  from 
Kentucky ;  and  on  the  28th  Wayne  advanced.  Twenty-four  miles  north 
of  Fort  Becovery  he  built  a  small  fort  on  the  St.  Mary's  River,  and 
advanced  again  on  August  4.  On  the  8th  he  reached  the  mouth  of  the 
Auglaize,  and  here  built  Fort  Defiance.  From  here  he  sent  a  last  mes- 
sage to  the  Indians,  advising  them  to  come  in  and  make  peace.  The 
messenger  returned  on  the  sixteenth,  with  a  request  for  a  delay  of  ten 
days ;  but  Wayne  had  started  for  the  foot  of  the  rapids  on  the  15th.  At 
that  point  he  erected  a  light  stockade  for  his  stores  and  baggage,  and  on 
the  20th  advanced  in  order  of  battle.  Five  miles  out,  in  a  tangle  of  fallen 
timber,  caused  by  a  tornado,  more  than  1,400  Indians  with  70  white 
allies,  were  lying  in  ambush.  The  advance  guard  received  a  heavy  fire 
which  caused  it  to  recoil,  but  the  first  line  promptly  charged,  rousing 
the  Indians  with  the  bayonet  and  firing  at  short  range.  The  battle  was 
fought  as  it  had  been  rehearsed  time  and  again  in  drills,  except  that  the 
charge  of  the  first  line  was  so  impetuous  that  the  second  line  could  not 
catch  up,  and  the  cavalry,  which  had  been  sent  around  to  cut  off  retreat, 
did  not  reach  its  position  in  time.  Driven  over  two  miles  through  the 
timber,  and  refused  admission  to  the  British  fort,  the  Indians  scattered 
in  every  direction,  and  offered  no  further  resistance. 

For  three  days  the  army  destroyed  Indian  property  in  the  vicinity, 
and  the  British  trading  houses  within  pistol  shot  of  the  British  fort, 
which  had  a  garrison  of  250  regulars  and  200  militia.  On  the  22nd 
Major  Campbell  protested  against  "those  insults  you  have  offered  to  the 
British  flag,"  and  Wayne  replied  with  a  demand  for  him  to  withdraw 
from  our  territory.  This  Campbell  declined  to  do,  but  he  did  not  inter- 
fere with  the  work  of  destruction.  On  the  27th  the  army  returned  to 
Fort  Defiance,  destroying  villages  and  cornfields  "for  about  fifty  miles 
on  each  side  of  the  Maumee."  This  work  of  destruction  was  carried  on 
in  every  direction  for  about  a  month.  On  September  14  the  army  reached 
Kikiungi,  and  by  October  22  completed  a  strong  fort  at  that  point.  Col. 
Hamtramck,  who  had  served  with  distinction  in  this  campaign,  was  put 
in  command,  and  named  the  new  structure  Fort  Wayne.  The  garrison 


212  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

included  four  companies  of  infantry  and  one  of  artillery,  and  "fifteen 
rounds  of  cannon"  were  fired  on  taking  possession  of  the  fort.  This 
first  American  fort  was  replaced  by  a  new  one  in  1814.  The  remainder 
of  the  army  started  on  its  return  march  to  Greenville  on  October  28. 
On  November  19,  John  Jay  concluded  his  treaty  with  Lord  Grenville,  by 
which  Great  Britain  agreed  to  withdraw  her  troops  and  garrisons  from 
all  places  within  the  boundaries  of  the  United  States  by  June  1,  1796; 
and  the  Indians,  now  assured  that  they  would  have  no  further  support 
from  the  British,  came  to  Wayne  at  Greenville  during  the  winter  of 
1794-5  and  made  tentative  treaties  of  peace,  agreeing  to  return  in  the 
middle  of  June,  and  make  a  definitive  treaty.  Accordingly  1,130  chiefs 
and  warriors  gathered  there,  and  in  councils  held  from  June  16  to  August 
10,  surrendered  most  of  Ohio,  the  southeast  corner  of  Indiana,  including 
the  Whitewater  valley,  and  tracts  at  Fort  Wayne,  Little  River,  Ouiata- 
non,  Vincennes,  and  Clark's  Grant.  It  was  a  magnificent  conclusion  of  a 
most  difficult  task  by  Gen.  Wayne,  and  his  service  was  hailed  with 
applause  by  Congress  and  by  the  public.  He  was  made  sole  commissioner 
to  treat  with  the  Indians,  and  receiver  of  the  ceded  British  posts.  The 
posts  were  not  actually  evacuated  until  July  11,  when  Fort  Miamis,  be- 
low the  rapids  of  the  Maumee,  was  taken  possession  of  by  Col.  Hamtramck, 
and  Detroit  was  occupied  by  Capt.  Moses  Porter,  who  had  bee"n  sent  with 
sixty-five  men  by  Hamtramck  for  that  purpose.  Hamtramck  arrived  at 
Detroit,  and  took  command  there  on  July  13.  Having  made  all  arrange- 
ments for  supplying  the  posts,  Wayne  started  back  to  the  East.  Burnet 
says  his  departure  was  hastened  by  unfounded  charges  that  had  been 
preferred  against  him.19  On  his  passage  through  Lake  Erie  he  had  an 
attack  of  gout  of  the  stomach,  from  which  he  died.  He  was  buried  at 
Presque  Isle,  but  in  1809  his  remains  were  removed  to  his  native  home, 
and  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  St.  David's  Church,  Chester  County,  Penn. 
In  1796  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  lands 
to  which  the  Indians  had  ceded  title,  but  by  this  law  only  the  alternate 
townships  were  divided  into  sections,  and  the  others  were  to  be  sold  by 
quarter-townships.  However,  there  was  an  abundance  of  land  to  select 
from,  and  settlers  who  were  not  able  to  buy  a  section  could  club  together 
in  the  purchase  and  divide  the  land  among  themselves  later.  Popula- 
tion came  in  rapidly,  'and  of  course  a  large  part  of  it  was  drawn  to  the 
large  grants  of  the  Ohio  and  Miami  companies,  where  established  settle- 
ments afforded  some  of  the  conveniences  of  civilization.  The  Scioto 
Company — composed  of  Col.  Duer's  "principal  characters" — sent  Joel 
Barlow  to  France,  where,  according  to  Volney,  he  distributed  circulars 


i«  Burnet 's  Notes,  pp.  '275-9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


213 


offering  land  for  five  shillings  an  acre  in  "a  climate  healthy  and  de- 
lightful ;  scarcely  such  a  thing  as  frost  in  winter ;  a  river,  called  by  way 
of  eminence,  'Beautiful,'  abounding  in  fish  of  enormous  size;  magnificent 
forests  of  a  tree  from  which  sugar  flows,  and  a  shrub  which  yields  can- 
dles; venison  in  abundance,  without  foxes,  wolves,  lions  or  tigers;  no 
taxes  to  pay;  no  military  enrollments;  no  quarters  to  find  for  soldiers." 
Lured  by  this  picture,  a  number  of  Parisians  whose  education  had  been 


FRENCH  SETTLERS  CLEARING  LAND  AT  GALLIOPOLIS 
(From  an  old  cut) 

limited  to  city  life,  invested  in  these  lands,  and  came  to  settle  on  them. 
They  found  a  primeval  forest  to  overcome,  and  their  inexperience  caused 
a  large  amount  of  amusement  to  their  American  neighbors.  It  was 
claimed  that  they  used  to  tie  ropes  to  the  branches  of  a  tree,  and  part 
of  them  pull  on  the  ropes  while  the  rest  hacked  at  the  trunk  with  hatchets 
and  axes.  And  when  a  tree  was  down,  not  knowing  how  to  dispose  of 
it  otherwise,  they  dug  a  trench  and  buried  it.  The  place  was  malarial, 
and  worse  than  all,  the  Scioto  Company  had  not  paid  for  the  lands. 
Congress  came  to  the  relief  of  the  victims  in  1795  with  a  grant  of  24,000 


214  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

acres  of  land  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Sandy,  known  as  the 
French  Grant. 

Another  echo  of  the  Ordinance  days  came  in  the  Connecticut  Western 
Reserve.  Connecticut  had  insisted  on  having  both  the  title  and  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  tract  of  land  as  large  as  the  State  under  her  sea  to  sea 
charter,  until  the  Union  was  threatened  with  disruption.  After  the 
other  colonies  reluctantly  submitted,  Connecticut  granted  500,000  acres 
of  it  to  her  people  to  compensate  for  property  destroyed  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  and  this  tract  was  known  as  "the  Sufferers  Lands"  or 
"The  Fire  Lands."  The  rest  of  the  reserve  was  sold  to  a  syndicate  for 
$1,200,000.  The  proprietors  had  ideas  of  erecting  a  state  of  New  Con- 
necticut, but  when  Gov.  St.  Clair  proceeded  to  include  them  in  one  of 
his  new-made  counties,  the  controversy  developed  the  fact  that  their 
titles  were  in  danger.  They  appealed  to  Connecticut  to  assert  jurisdic- 
tion and  organize  them  as  a  county,  but  Connecticut  had  all  she  could 
get  out  of  the  lands,  and  ignored  them.  Finally,  after  a  great  deal  of 
trouble,  Congress  relieved  them  by  a  scheme  of  interchange  of  deeds 
between  Connecticut  and  the  United  States,  .devised  by  John  Marshall, 
and  the  Western  Reserve  was  turned  over  to  Northwest  Territory.17 
The  chief  immigration  to  Indiana  in  this  period  was  in  the  Whitewater 
valley,  Clark's  Grant  and  about  Vincennes. 

The  provision  of  the  Ordinance  that  caused  the  most  trouble  to  the 
French  settlers  was  that  concerning  slavery.  On  June  30,  1789,  Bar- 
tholomew Tardiveau,  one  of  the  principal  residents  of  Cahokia,  wrote  to 
Governor  St.  Clair  informing  him  that  a  report  had  been  circulated  in 
the  Illinois  settlements  that  as  soon  as  the  Governor  arrived  all  the 
slaves  would  be  freed,  in  consequence  of  which  many  persons  had  sacri- 
ficed their  lands  and  removed  to  St.  Louis.  He  stated  that  while  east 
recently  he  had  brought  the  matter  before  members  of  Congress,  and 
that  they  had  assured  him  that  the  slavery  clause  was  not  intended  to 
be  retroactive,  and  that  Congress  would  adopt  a  resolution  to  that  effect, 
but  it  was  not  done.  He  urged  the  Governor  to  get  such  a  declaration 
from  Congress,  and  if  possible  to  get  a  repeal  of  the  slavery  proviso. 
St.  Clair  did  not  comply  with  his  request,  but  assured  him  that  he  also 
understood  the  provision  not  to  be  retroactive.18  In  his  report  to  Presi- 
dent Washington  of  his  proceedings  in  the  Illinois  country  in  1790,  St. 
Clair  said :  "St.  Louis  is  the  most  flourishing  village  of  the  Spaniards 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  Mississippi,  and  it  has  been  greatly  advanced  by 
the  people  who  abandoned  the  American  side.  To  that  they  were  in- 


"  Hinsdale '»  Old  Northwest,  pp.  368-88. 
t»  St.  Clair  Papers,  Vol.'  2,  pp.  117-119. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  215 

duced,  partly  by  the  oppression  they  suffered,  and  partly  by  the  fear  of 
losing  their  slaves,  which  they  had  been  taught  to  believe  would  be  all 
set  free  on  the  establishment  of  the  American  government.  Much  pains 
had  indeed  been  taken  to  inculcate  that  belief  (particularly  by  a  Mr. 
Morgan,  of  New  Jersey)  and  a  general  desertion  of  the  country  had  like 
to  have  been  the  consequence.  The  construction  that  was  given  to  that 
part  of  the  Ordinance  which  declares  there  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor 
involuntary  servitude,  was,  that  it  did  not  go  to  the  emancipation  of  the 
slaves  they  were  in  possession  of  and  had  obtained  under  the  laws  by 
which  they  had  formerly  been  governed,  but  was  intended  simply  to 
prevent  the  introduction  of  others.  In  this  construction,  I  hope,  the 
intentions  of  Congress  have  not  been  misunderstood,  and  the  apprehen- 
sions of  the  people  were  quieted  by  it.  But  the  circumstance  that  slaves 
cannot  be  introduced  will  prevent  many  people  from  returning  who 
earnestly  wish  to  return,  both  from  a  dislike  of  the  Spanish  Government 
and  that  the  country  itself  is  much  less  desirable  than  on  the  American 
side.  Could  they  be  allowed  to  bring  them  back  with  them,  all  those 
who  retired  from  that  cause  would  return  to  a  man. ' ' 19 

Washington  presumably  concurred  in  this  view,  for  St.  Clair  steadily 
adhered  to  it  thereafter.  In  a  letter  to  Luke  Decker,  of  Vincennes, 
October  11,  1793,  he  said  he  was  "more  and  more  confirmed"  in  this 
opinion,  and  compared  it  to  the  action  of  Congress  on  the  slave  trade, 
which  prevented  further  importation  of  slaves,  without  interfering  with 
those  already  in  the  country.  The  question  did  not  come  to  a  decision 
in  the  courts  of  the  Northwest  Territory  so  far  as  is  known,  but  there 
was  an  approach  towards  it  in  1794.  Judge  Turner  had  gone  to  Vin- 
cennes to  hold  court,  and  there  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with  Henry 
Vanderburgh,  then  probate  judge  and  justice  of  the  peace  for  Knox 
County,  and  Capt.  Abner  Prior,  acting  as  superintendent  of  Indian 
affairs  on  the  Wabash.  An  application  was  made  to  Turner  for  a  writ 
of  habeas  corpus  for  the  release  of  two  slaves  held  by  Vanderburgh, 
whereupon  the  slaves  were  kidnaped  and  removed  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  court.  Turner  wrote  to  St.  Clair  that  the  kidnapers  "were  em- 
ployed by  Vanderburgh  to  seize  and  forcibly  carry  away  two  negroes,  a 
man  and  his  wife,  who  are  free  by  the  Constitution  of  the  Territory,  and 
who,  being  held  by  him  as  slaves,  has  applied  to  me  for  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  in  affirmance  of  their  freedom."  He  wanted  Vander- 
burgh's  commission  revoked.  St.  Clair  declined,  and  wrote  to  Turner 
the  fullest  statement  of  his  views  on  the  question  that  has  been  preserved. 
He  said :  ' '  Permit  me  sir,  to  offer  you  my  opinion  upon  the  subject, 


i»St  Clair  Papers,  Vol.  2,  p.  176. 


216 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


which  is  shortly  this :  that  the  declaration  in  our  Constitution,  that  there 
shall  be  no  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  Territory,  applies  to, 
and  can  be  taken  advantage  of  only  by,  those  slaves  who  may  have  been 
imported  since  the  establishment  of  that  Constitution.  Slavery  was 
established  in  that  country  when  it  was  under  the  dominion  of  France. 
It  was  continued  when  it  fell  under  that  of  Great  Britain ;  and,  again, 


Western   Rese/ve 

1 806  XX^  1796 


THE  EARLY  SURVEYS  AND  LAND  GRANTS 

under  Virginia,  a  part  of  the  Territory  of  which  it  was  considered  by 
that  State  until  the  cession  thereof  made  to  Congress;  and  whether  that 
construction  of  the  State  was  ill  or  well  formed,  the  acceptation  of  the 
cession  by  Congress  confirmed  it  to  all  intents  and  purposes;  and  there 
is  also  a  clause  in  that  cession  about  continuing  to  the  ancient  settlers, 
and  those  who  had  settled  under  Virginia,  the  benefit  of  their  ancient 
laws  and  customs.  As  I  have  not  the  act  of  cession  of  that  State  by  me 
at  present,  I  can  not  give  you  the  words.  Slaves  were  then  a  property 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  217 

acquired  by  the  inhabitants  conformably  to  law,  and  they  were  to  be  pro- 
tected in  the  possession  of  that  property.  If  so,  they  are  still  to  be  pro- 
tected in  it.  So  far  as  it  respects  the  past,  it  can  have  no  operation,  and 
must  be  construed  to  intend  that,  from  and  after  the  publication  of  the 
said  Constitution,  slaves  imported  into  that  Territory  should  immediately 
become  free;  and  by  this  construction  no  injury  is  done  to  any  person, 
because  it  is  a  matter  of  public  notoriety,  and  any  person  removing  into 
that  Colony  and  bringing  with  him  persons  who  were  slaves  in  another 
country,  does  it  at  the  known  risk  of  their  claiming  their  freedom; 
whereas,  on  the  other  hand,  had  the  Constitution  the  effect  to  liberate 
those  persons  who  were  slaves  by  the  former  laws,  as  no  compensation  is 
provided  to  their  owners,  it  would  be  an  act  of  the  Government  arbitrarily 
depriving  a  part  if  the  people  of  a  part  of  their  property — an  attempt 
that  has  not  been  made  and  would  not  be  submitted  to,  and  is  not  to  be 
drawn  from  the  mere  construction  of  words.  I  have  troubled  you  with 
my  thoughts  upon  this  subject  because  I  have  heard  that  there  is  great 
agitation  among  the  people  respecting  it,  and  they  should  be  set  at  rest." 
This  view  was  followed  during  the  existence  of  Northwest  Territory  and 
the  territories  formed  from  it. 

Tardiveau,  in  his  letter  to  St.  Glair,  urged  that  it  would  secure  de- 
sirable population  for  the  northwest  if  slaves  could  be  brought  in,  and 
St.  Clair  concurred  to  the  extent  of  desiring  the  return  of  the  Illinois 
slave-holders  who  had  moved  across  the  Mississippi.  This  was  a  common 
feeling  in  the  western  part  of  the  Territory,  and  for  obvious  reasons. 
The  chief  wealth  of  the  country  was  in  land,  and  all  who  could  were 
speculating  in  it.  On  January  12,  1796,  a  petition  was  drawn  up  at 
Kaskaskia  asking  Congress  for  the  repeal  or  modification  of  the  slavery 
clause.  It  was  signed  by  John  Edgar  and  William  Morrison,  two  of  the 
wealthiest  and  most  influential  men  of  Randolph  County,  and  William 
St.  Clair  and  John  DuMoulin,  who  were  equally  prominent  in  St.  Clair 
County.  The  argument  offered  was  this:  "Your  petitioners  humbly 
hope  they  will  not  be  thought  presumptuous  in  venturing  to  disapprove 
of  the  article  concerning  slavery  in  toto,  as  contrary  not  only  to  the 
interest,  but  almost  to  the  existence  of  the  country  they  inhabit,  where 
laborers  cannot  be  procured  to  assist  in  cultivating  the  ground  under 
one  dollar  per  day,  exclusive  of  washing,  lodging,  and  boarding;  and 
where  every  kind  of  tradesmen  are  paid  from  a  dollar  and  a  half  to  two 
dollars  per  day ;  neither  is  there,  at  these  exorbitant  prices,  a  sufficiency 
of  hands  to  be  got  for  the  exigencies  of  the  inhabitants,  who,  attached  to 
their  native  soil,  have  rather  chosen  to  encounter  these  and  many  other 
difficulties  than,  by  avoiding  them,  remove  to  the  Spanish  dominions, 
where  slavery  is  permitted,  and  consequently  the  price  of  labor  is  muck 


218  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

lower."  They  desired  the  repeal  of  the  slavery  clause,  or  provision  for 
the  introduction  of  slavery  by  indenture.  The  petition  was  promptly 
rejected  by  the  Congressional  committee  to  which  it  was  referred,  on  the 
ground  that  there  was  no  evidence  that  the  petitioners  represented  public 
sentiment;  "and  your  committee  having  information  that  an  alteration 
of  the  Ordinance,  in  the  manner  prayed  for  by  the  petitioners,  would 
be  disagreeable  to  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  Territory;  they 
have  conceived  it  needless  to  enter  into  any  consideration  of  the  policy 
of  the  measure,  being  persuaded  that,  if  it  could  be  admissible,  under  any 
circumstances,  a  partial  application,  like  the  present,  could  not  be 
listened  to."20 

No  farther  effort  in  this  line  was  made  until  the  Territory  advanced 
to  the  second  grade.  In  1798,  having  become  satisfied  that  the  Territory 
contained  ' '  five  thousand  free  male  inhabitants  of  full  age, ' '  the  Governor 
called  an  election  of  delegates  to  a  Territorial  legislature,  which  con- 
vened on  February  4,  1799.  Of  the  twenty-two  representatives  elected 
under  the  apportionment,  sixteen  were  from  what  is  now  Ohio,  three 
from  Michigan,  two  from  Illinois,  and  one  from  Indiana.  They  nomi- 
nated ten  men  for  councillors,  from  whom  President  Adams  selected  five, 
four  from  Ohio  and  one,  Henry  Vanderburgh,  who  was  made  president 
of  the  council,  from  Indiana.  As  to  their  politics,  there  is  no  reason  to 
question  the  statement  in  1840  by  William  Henry  Harrison,  who  was 
elected  to  Congress  by  this  House  of  Representatives:  "In  1799  I  was 
selected  by  the  Republican  party  of  the  Territorial  Legislature  to  be 
their  candidate  for  the  appointment  of  delegate  to  Congress.  Between 
Mr.  Arthur  St.  Glair,  Jr.  (the  son  of  Governor  St.  Clair),  the  Federal 
candidate,  and  myself,  the  votes  were  divided  precisely  as  the  two  parties 
stood  in  the  Legislature,  with  the  exception  of  one  Republican,  who  was 
induced  by  his  regard  for  the  Governor  to  vote  for  his  son.  The  vote 
was  11  to  10, — not  one  of  the  Federalists  voting  for  me."  It  should  be 
understood,  however,  that  the  party  alignment  had  very  little  to  do  with 
the  doctrine  of  "states  rights,"  which  is  commonly  assumed  by  writers 
of  later  date  as  the  distinguishing  feature  between  the  two  parties.  Gov- 
ernor St.  Clair  was  the  head  of  the  Federalists,  and  proved  his  thorough 
loyalty  by  writing  a  defense  of  the  Alien  and  Sedition  laws,  but  his  states 
rights  ideas  were  so  extreme  that  they  would  have  shocked  John  C. 
Calhoun.  In  1795,  long  after  the  "whiskey  insurrection,"  he  contended 
that  the  whiskey  tax  did  not  apply  to  the  Territory;  that  it  would  be 


20  For    petition    and   report,   see   Am.    State   Papers,  Pub.   Lands,   Vol.    1,   pp. 
60,  61. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  219 

unjust  to  tax  people  who  were  not  represented;  "that  the  inhabitants  of 
a  Territory  are  not  a  part  of  the  people  of  the  United  States."  21 

But  more,  the  Ohio  Federalists  opposed  the  constitutional  convention 
for  the  admission  of  the  state  on  the  ground  that  Congress  had  no  power 
to  call  it,  and  when  the  convention  met  Governor  St.  Clair  was  "per- 
mitted" to  address  it,  and,  among  other  things,  he  said:  "That  the 
people  of  the  Territory  should  form  a  convention  and  a  constitution 
needed  no  act  of  Congress.  To  pretend  to  authorize  it  was,  on  their  part, 
an  interference  with  the  internal  affairs  of  the  country,  which  they  had 
neither  the  power  nor  the  right  to  make.  The  act  is  not  binding  on  the 
people,  and  is  in  truth  a  nullity,  and,  could  it  be  brought  before  that 
tribunal  jvhere  acts  of  Congress  can  be  tried,  would  be  declared  a  nullity. 
To  all  acts  of  Congress  that  respects  the  United  States  (they  can  make 
no  other)  in  their  corporative  capacity,  and  which  are  extended  by  ex- 
press words  to  the  Territory,  we  are  bound  to  yield  obedience.  For  all 
internal  affairs  we  have  a  complete  legislature  of  our  own,  and  in  them 
are  no  more  bound  by  an  act  of  Congress  than  we  would  be  bound  by  an 
edict  of  the  first  consul  of  France.  Had  such  an  attempt  been  made 
upon  any  of  the  United  States  in  their  separate  capacity,  the  act  would 
have  been  spurned  from  them  with  indignation.  We,  I  trust,  also  know 
our  rights,  and  will  support  them,  and,  being  assembled,  gentlemen,  as 
a  convention,  no  matter  by  what  means  it  was  brought  about,  you  may  do 
whatever  appears  to  you  to  be  for  the  best  for  your  constituents  as  freely 
as  if  Congress  had  never  interfered  in  the  matter.  *  *  *  Form, 
then,  gentlemen,  or  direct  a  new  election  for  the  purpose,  a  Constitution 
for  the  whole  Territory;  assert  your  right  to  a  full  representation  in 
the  councils  of  the  nation;  direct  the  legislature  forthwith  to  cause  a 
census  to  be  taken ;  it  will  not  require  much  time  if  set  about  in  earnest. 
Let  your  representatives  go  forward  with  that  in  their  hands,  and  de- 
mand the  admission  of  the  Territory  as  a  State.  It  will  not,  it  can  not 
be  refused.  But,  suppose  it  should  be  refused,  it  would  not  affect  your 
government,  or  anything  you  have  done  to  organize  it.  That  would  go 
on  equally  well,  or  perhaps  better.  It  was,  I  think,  eight  years  after  the 
people  of  Vermont  had  formed  government,  and  exercised  all  the  powers 
of  an  independent  State,  before  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  The 
government  was  not  retarded  a  single  moment  on  that  account.  It 
would  be  incomparably  better  that  we  should  be  deprived  of  a  share  in 
the  national  councils  for  a  session  or  two,  or  even  for  years,  than  that 
we  should  be  degraded  to  an  unequal  share  in  them  for  nine  years ;  but 
it  will  not  happen.  We  have  the  means  in  our  own  hands  to  bring  Con- 


21  St.  dair  Papers,  Vol.  2,  pp.  377-84. 


220  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

gress  to  reason,  if  we  should  be  forced  to  use  them.  If  we  submit  to  the 
degradation,  we  should  be  trodden  upon,  and,  what  is  worse,  we  should 
deserve  to  be  trodden  upon."  m 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  then  President,  and  the  casual  reader  of  our 
American  histories  might  imagine  he  would  receive  with  approbation  such 
independent  sentiments.  This  was  his  comment : 

"DEPARTMENT   OF   STATE. 
"Washington,  November  22,  1802. 
"Arthur  St.  Clair,  Esq.: 

' '  Sir : — The  President  observing,  in  an  address  lately  delivered  by  you 
to  the  convention  held  at  Chillicothe,  an  intemperance  and  indecorum  of 
language  toward  the  Legislature  of  the  United  States,  and  a  disorganizing 
spirit  and  tendency  of  very  evil  example,  and  grossly  violating  the  rules 
of  conduct  enjoined  by  your  public  station,  determines  that  your  commis- 
sion of  Governor  of  the  North-western  Territory  shall  cease  on  the  receipt 
of  this  notification.  I  am,  etc. 

"JAMES  MADISON." 

St.  Clair  returned  thanks  for  being  released  from  "an  office  I  was 
heartily  tired  of,  about  six  weeks  sooner  than  I  had  determined  to  rid 
myself  of  it,"  and  reiterated  his  opinion  of  "the  violent,  hasty,  and 
unpredecented  intrusion"  of  Congress.  Madison's  letter  was  inclosed  in 
one  to  Charles  W.  Byrd,  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  advising  him  that 
the  duties  of  the  office  would  devolve  on  him.  "Winthrop  Sargent  had 
resigned  in  1798,  and  had  been  succeeded  by  William  Henry  Harrison, 
who  in  turn  resigned  when  elected  to  Congress,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Byrd.  Jefferson  has  been  criticised  for  not  permitting  St.  Clair  to 
complete  his  term  of  office,  but  it  is  hardly  fair  to  say  that  any  other 
action  should  have  been  taken,  in  view  of  the  public  nature  of  the  offense, 
as  the  sentiment  of  resistance  to  Congress  was  not  confined  to  St.  Clair. 
The  Federalists  had  made  their  campaign  for  delegates  to  the  conven- 
tion on  the  same  basis  of  lack  of  authority  in  Congress  to  pass  the  en- 
abling act.  Paul  Fearing,  Representative  of  the  Territory  in  Congress 
had  opposed  the  enabling  act  as  "unconstitutional,"  and  urged  that 
"Congress  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  arrangements  for  calling  a  con- 
vention." Mr.  Griswold  of  Connecticut  had  supported  Fearing,  declar- 
ing that  the  act  was  "an  usurpation  of  power  by  the  United  States — a 
power  not  belonging  to  them. ' '  The  Wayne  County  people  thought  that 
putting  them  into  Indiana  was  ruinous,  and  a  Federalist  meeting  at 


-'=  St.  Clair  Papers,  Vol.  2,  'pp.  594-7. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


221 


Dayton  adopted  the  following  resolution  of  resistance:  "We  consider 
the  late  law  of  Congress  for  the  admission  of  this  Territory  into  the 
Union,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  the  calling  a  convention  and  regulating  the 
election  of  its  members,  as  an  act  of  legislative  usurpation  of  power 
properly  the  province  of  the  territorial  legislature,  bearing  a  striking 
similarity  to  the  course  of  Great  Britain  imposing  laws  on  the  provinces. 


Gov.  ARTHUR  ST.  CLAIR 
(From  portrait  by  Charles  Willson  Peale) 

We  view  it  as  unconstitutional,  as  a  bad  precedent,  and  unjust  and  par- 
tial as  to  the  representation  in  the  different  counties.  We  wish  our 
legislature  to  be  called  immediately  to  pass  a  law  to  take  the  enumera- 
tion, to  call  a  convention,  and  to  regulate  the  election  of  members  to  the 
same,  and  also  the  time  and  place  for  the  meeting."  Most  of  the  Fed- 
eralists who  were  elected  to  the  convention  voted  that  it  was  expedient 
to  form  a  constitution,  but  Ephraim  Cutler  was  so  entirely  "unrecon- 


220 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


gress  to  reason,  if  we  should  be  forced  to  use  them.  If  we  submit  to  the 
degradation,  we  should  be  trodden  upon,  and,  what  is  worse,  we  should 
deserve  to  be  trodden  upon. ' '  22 

Thomas  Jefferson  was  then  President,  and  the  casual  reader  of  our 
American  histories  might  imagine  he  would  receive  with  approbation  such 
independent  sentiments.  This  was  his  comment: 

"DEPARTMENT   OP   STATE. 
"Washington,  November  22,  1802. 
"Arthur  St.  Clair,  Esq.: 

"Sir: — The  President  observing,  in  an  address  lately  delivered  by  you 
to  the  convention  held  at  Chillicothe,  an  intemperance  and  indecorum  of 
language  toward  the  Legislature  of  the  United  States,  and  a  disorganizing 
spirit  and  tendency  of  very  evil  example,  and  grossly  violating  the  rules 
of  conduct  enjoined  by  your  public  station,  determines  that  your  commis- 
sion of  Governor  of  the  North-western  Territory  shall  cease  on  the  receipt 
of  this  notification.  I  am,  etc. 

"JAMES  MADISON." 

St.  Clair  returned  thanks  for  being  released  from  "an  office  I  was 
heartily  tired  of,  about  six  weeks  sooner  than  I  had  determined  to  rid 
myself  of  it,"  and  reiterated  his  opinion  of  "the  violent,  hasty,  and 
unpredecented  intrusion"  of  Congress.  Madison's  letter  was  inclosed  in 
one  to  Charles  W.  Byrd,  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  advising  him  that 
the  duties  of  the  office  would  devolve  on  him.  Winthrop  Sargent  had 
resigned  in  1798.  and  had  been  succeeded  lay  William  Henry  Harrison, 
who  in  turn  resigned  when  elected  to  Congress,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Byrd.  Jefferson  has  been  criticised  for  not  permitting  St.  Clair  to 
complete  his  term  of  office,  but  it  is  hardly  fair  to  say  that  any  other 
action  should  have  been  taken,  in  view  of  the  public  nature  of  the  offense, 
as  the  sentiment  of  resistance  to  Congress  was  not  confined  to  St.  Clair. 
The  Federalists  had  made  their  campaign  for  delegates  to  the  conven- 
tion on  the  same  basis  of  lack  of  authority  in  Congress  to  pass  the  en- 
abling act.  Paul  Fearing,  Representative  of  the  Territory  in  Congress 
had  opposed  the  enabling  act  as  "unconstitutional,"  and  urged  that 
"Congress  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  arrangements  for  calling  a  con- 
vention." Mr.  Griswold  of  Connecticut  had  supported  Fearing,  declar- 
ing that  the  act  was  "an  usurpation  of  power  by  the  United  States — a 
power  not  belonging  to  them."  The  Wayne  County  people  thought  that 
putting  them  into  Indiana  was  ruinous,  and  a  Federalist  meeting  at 


--•St.  Clair  Papers,  Vol.  2,  j.p.  594-7. 

'      ' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


221 


Day  ton  adopted  the  following  resolution  of  resistance:  "We  consider 
the  late  law  of  Congress  for  the  admission  of  this  Territory  into  the 
Union,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  the  calling  a  convention  and  regulating  the 
election  of  its  members,  as  an  act  of  legislative  usurpation  of  power 
properly  the  province  of  the  territorial  legislature,  bearing  a  striking 
similarity  to  the  course  of  Great  Britain  imposing  laws  on  the  provinces. 


Gov.  ARTHI-R  ST.  GLAIR 
(From  portrait  by  Charles  Willson  Peale) 

We  view  it  as  unconstitutional,  as  a  bad  precedent,  and  unjust  and  par- 
tial as  to  the  representation  in  the  different  counties.  We  wish  our 
legislature  to  be  called  immediately  to  pass  a  law  to  take  the  enumera- 
tion, to  call  a  convention,  and  to  regulate  the  election  of  members  to  the 
same,  and  also  the  time  and  place  for  the  meeting."  Most  of  the  Fed- 
eralists who  were  elected  to  the  convention  voted  that  it  was  expedient 
to  form  a  constitution,  but  Ephraim  Cutler  was  so  entirely  "uurecon- 


222  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

structed"  that  he  voted  against  it  all  by  himself;  and  wrote  to  his 
father  congratulating  himself  on  "the  opportunity  to  place  my  feeble 
testimony  against  so  wicked  and  tyrannical  a  proceeding — although  I 
stand  alone." 

As  President,  Jefferson  could  not  afford  to  ignore  such  resistance  to 
the  authority  of  the  United  States  coming  from  an  United  States  official. 
Formal  charges  had  been  preferred  against  St.  Clair  months  before,  by 
zealous  Republicans,  charges  of  usurpation  of  legislative  power,  nepot- 
ism, collection  of  illegal  fees,  etc.,  and  Jefferson  had  taken  no  action  on 
them.  The  real  injustice  to  St.  Clair  was  in  the  failure  of  the  United 
States  to  pay  what  it  owed  him.  Under  the  instructions  of  President 
Washington  he  had  treated  with  the  Indians  for  land  titles.  It  was 
necessary  to  make  presents  and  payments,  and  St.  Clair  bought  the 
goods  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States.  When  he  presented  the  bills 
there  was  no  appropriation  to  pay  them,  but  Secretary  -Hamilton  prom- 
ised that  they  should  be  paid,  and  on  that  assurance  St.  Clair  gave  his 
personal  bond  for  the  money.  But  they  were  not  paid,  and  Hamilton 
went  out  of  office.  The  new  Secretary  would  do  nothing,  and  in  1796 
the  papers  in  the  case  were  destroyed  by  a  fire  in  the  war  office.  The 
accounting  officers  refused  to  settle,  and  when  application  was  made  to 
Congress  a  claim  was  raised  that  the  statute  of  limitations  had  barred 
the  debt.  But  it  did  not  bar  St.  Clair 's  bond.  Judgment  was  taken  against 
him,  and  finally  in  1810,  when  the  embargo  had  made  money  almost  im- 
possible to  obtain,  his  home,  on  land  which  had  been  given  him  for 
service  in  the  Revolution,  was  sold — property  worth  over  $50,000  sacri- 
ficed to  pay  a  government  debt  of  $4,000.  The  brave  old  man  said: 
' '  They  left  me  a  few  books  of  my  classical  library,  and  the  bust  of  Paul 
Jones,  which  he  sent  me  from  Europe,  for  which  I  was  very  grateful. ' ' 
Reduced  to  destitution,  St.  Clair  passed  his  few  remaining  years  in  a 
log  cabin  in  the  barrens  of  Chestnut  Ridge,  five  miles  west  of  Ligonier, 
Pennsylvania,  another  warning  to  those  who  deal  with  the  United  States 
not  to  let  patriotism  lead  them  into  any  situation  where  they  have  not 
written  guaranty. 

In  reality  the  enabling  act  for  the  admission  of  Ohio  was  a  Republi- 
can political  move,  two  objects  of  which  were  making  a  Republican  state 
of  Ohio,  with  the  capital  at  Chillicothe,  and  making  William  Henry  Har- 
rison Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  but  the  matter  was  complicated  with 
other  issues.  So  far  as  national  politics  was  concerned,  the  dominating 
issue  in  Northwest  Territory  was  sympathy  with  the  French  democracy. 
"Jacobin  clubs"  were  formed  at  a  number  of  centers.  In  a  speech  at 
Cincinnati,  in  1802,  St.  Clair  said  that  they  were  first  started  at  Cincin- 
nati by  a  Mr.  Kerr,  who  was  not  even  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  He 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  223 

condemned  these  clubs  roundly,  and  as  to  their  claims  of  republicanism 
said :  ' '  What  is  a  republican  1  Is  there  a  single  man  in  all  the  country 
that  is  not  a  republican,  both  in  principle  and  practice,  except,  perhaps, 
a  few  people  who  wish  to  introduce  negro  slavery  amongst  us,  and  those 
residing  chiefly  in  the  county  of  Ross  ? "  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  was 
not  more  specific,  for  Ross  County  was  supposed  to  be  settled  by  people 
who  left  the  South  on  account  of  slavery.  The  region  was  explored  orig- 
inally by  Col.  Nathaniel  Massie  and  others  in  1792,  and  on  Massie's  re- 
ports parts  of  the  Presbyterian  congregations  of  Cane  Ridge  and  Concord, 
in  Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  decided  to  emigrate  in  a  body,  with 
their  pastor,  Rev.  Robert  W.  Finley.  Finley  freed  his  slaves  for  this 
purpose,  #nd  they  moved  to  Ohio  in  1796.  In  1797  there  were  two  notable 
additions  to  the  colony  in  Dr.  Edward  Tiffin  and  Col.  Thomas  Worthing- 
ton  brothers-in-law,  of  Berkeley  C»unty,  Virginia,  who  freed  their  slaves 
to  move  to  free  soil.  Worthington  was  the  Republican  leader  in  Ohio 
almost  from  his  arrival,  and  Tiffin  was  the  first  Governor  of  the  State. 
When  the  enabling  act  was  passed,  Solomon  Sibley,  of  Detroit,  wrote  to 
Judge  Burnet,  "We  may  thank  our  good  friends  Judges  Symmes  and 
Meigs,  and  Sir  Thomas,  for  what  is  done."  "Sir  Thomas"  was  Worth- 
ington, but  the  Federalists  made  little  headway  in  that  line  of  epithet, 
for  the  Jacobins  had  them  all  labeled  as  "Aristocrats."  Even  a  nabob 
like  John  Cleves  Symmes  wrote  that  the  Cincinnati  editors  ' '  print  every- 
thing for  Aristocrats,  and  only  now  and  then  a  piece  for  Democrats. 
We  shall  never  have  fair  play  while  Arthur  and  his  Knights  of  the  Round 
Table  sit  at  the  head. "  • 

There  was  apparently  no  party  division  on  the  slavery  question.  At 
the  opening  of  the  legislative  session  of  1799  several  officers  of  the  Vir- 
ginia line  petitioned  for  "toleration  to  bring  their  slaves  into  this  Terri- 
tory, on  the  military  lands  between  the  Little  Miami  and  Scioto  rivers," 
and  on  Sept.  27,  the  fourth  day  of  the  session,  the  committee  to  which  it 
was  referred  reported  that  this  would  be  incompatible  with  the  Ordinance 
whereupon  it  was  ' '  Resolved  unanimously,  That  the  House  doth  agree  to 
the  same. ' '  Yet  of  this  House,  as  we  have  seen,  twelve  were  Republicans 
and  nine  Federalists.  On  November  19,  another  petition  was  presented 
from  Thomas  Posey  and  other  officers  of  the  Virginia  line,  asking  that 
slaves  might  be  brought  in  ' '  under  certain  restrictions, ' '  probably  under 
indenture,  with  emancipation  at  certain  ages.  The  House  went  into 
committee  of  the  whole  on  this,  and  then  referred  it  to  a  committee  of 
three  ' '  to  report  by  bill  or  otherwise, ' '  but  nothing  further  was  heard  of 
it,  and  Gen.  Posey  and  others  located  in  southern  territory.  The  senti- 
ments of  the  Ohio  members  are  not  known,  but  John  Edgar,  who  repre- 
sented Randolph  County  in  this  legislature  had  petitioned  for  the  admis- 


224 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sion  of  slavery  three  years  earlier ;  Shadrach  Bond,  who  represented  St. 
Clair  County,  joined  in  at  least  two  petitions  for  slavery  later;  and  John 
Small,  who  represented  Knox  County,  was  himself  a  slaveholder  in 
Indiana,  and  identified  with  the  pro-slavery  party  there.  This  attitude 

INDIANA   IN  1811. 

Ft  ^ 
Daorton 


l  '••  f  *  v 

$ca/t  tt  Mil**. 


of  this  legislature  is  of  interest  in  connection  with  an  attempt  to  permit 
slavery  in  the  constitution  of  Ohio,  which  we  shall  have  occasion  to 
notice  later.  * 

Indiana's  direct  interest  in  Northwest  Territory  ended  with  the 
division  act  of  1800,  except  that  until  the  admission  of  Ohio  in  1802,  the 
southeastern  corner  of  Indiana,  east  of  the  Greenville  Treaty  line,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  225 

also  the  eastern  part  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan,  remained  a 
part  of  Northwest  Territory.  The  division  act  was  obtained  by  Harri- 
son, substantially  as  he  and  his  political  associates  had  planned,  with 
Chillicothe  as  capital  of  Northwest  Territory,  and  Vincennes  as  capital 
of  Indiana  Territory.  Harrison's  appointment  as  Governor  of  Indiana 
Territory  followed  in  course.  Harrison  also  secured  the  passage  of  a 
land  law  which  was  a  just  source  of  popularity  in  his  future  life.  Under 
the  land  law  of  1796,  providing  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  lands  east  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River,  only  the  alternate  townships  were 
divided  into  sections,  and  there  was  no  provision  for  sale  of  less  than  a 
section  in  the  other  townships.  The  undivided  townships  were  to  be  sold 
by  quarters,  excepting  the  four  central  sections,  or,  in  other  words,  in 
quantities  of  eight  sections.  This  practically  put  half  of  the  public  land 
out  of  the  market,  except  to  companies  or  wealthy  individuals.  The  man 
who  was  not  able  to  buy  640  acres  had  to  buy  from  some  other  person  or 
company.  Harrison  brought  his  plan  before  the  House,  and  it  was 
referred  to  a  committee  of  which  he  was  chairman.  He  brought  in  a 
report  favoring  sale  by  half  and  quarter  sections,  with  easy  terms  of  pay- 
ment. This  was  regarded  as  too  great  encouragement  to  the  impecunious 
by  the  Senate,  but  a  compromise  was  made  on  allowing  sale  by  half  sec- 
tions, with  four  years  for  payment,  and  eight  per  cent  discount  if  paid 
before  due.  Sale  by  quarter  sections  was  not  conceded  until  by  the  act 
of  March  26,  1804,  for  the  sale  of  lands  in  Indiana  Territory. 


Vol.  1—15 


CHAPTER  VI 
INDIANA  TERRITORY 

Northwest  Territory  was  divided  by  act  of  May  10,  1800 ;  and  by  the 
census  of  that  year  there  were  45,365  inhabitants  left  in  Northwest 
Territory  and  5,641  included  in  Indiana  Territory.  But  at  that  time  the 
latter  did  not  include  two  important  tracts  that  were  added  two.  years 
later,  when  Ohio  became  a  state.  These  were  Wayne  County,  or  the  part 
of  Michigan  east  of  the  eastern  line  of  Indiana,  with  a  portion  of  north- 
western Ohio,  and  that  part  of  the  Whitewater  valley  lying  between  the 
Greenville  Treaty  line  and  the  present  east  line  of  Indiana,  sometimes 
called  "the  Gore."  The  census  showed  3,206  inhabitants  in  Wayne 
County.  The  number  in  the  Gore  was  not  reported  separately,  but  it 
was  probably  more  than  1,000.  More  than  half  of  the  population  of 
Indiana  Territory  was  outside  of  what  is  now  Indiana.  There  were 
1,103  in  Randolph  County,  Illinois;  1,255  in  St.  Glair  County;  251  at 
Michilimackinac,  65  at  Prairie  du  Chien ;  50  at  Green  Bay ;  100  at  Peoria ; 
and  300  Canadian  boatmen,  estimated,  with  no  fixed  abodes.  In  Indiana 
proper  there  were  714  at  Vincennes,  which  was  the  only  town  returned 
separately.  There  were  also  819  returned  as  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Vincennes,  a  few  of  them  of  course  west  of  the  Wabash,  and  55  "traders 
on  the  Wabash."  In  Clark's  Grant,  or  "the  Illinois  Grant,"  as  it  was 
called,  there  were  929.  Of  the  total  population  there  were  reported  135 
slaves  and  163  negroes,  i.e.,  "all  other  persons  except  Indians  not  taxed." 
It  is  certain  that  a  number  of  those  reported  as  free  negroes  were  in 
fact  slaves,  for  in  Cahokia  and  Cahokia  Township  there  were  reported 
42  negroes  and  no  slaves,  and  in  Vincennes  and  neighborhood  there  were 
reported  71  negroes  and  only  23  slaves.  There  is  no  way  of  determining 
the  exact  number  of  each  class. 

This  little  seed  of  slavery  developed  the  chief  political  crops  of  the 
next  quarter  of  a  century.  The  four  Illinois  men  who  had  petitioned  for 
the  admission  of  slavery  in  1796  had  not  rested  quietly.  In  1800  they  had 
sent  a  second  petition  to  Congress  asking  a  modification  of  the  slavery 
clause  to  admit  slaves  from  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  but  whose 
children  should  be  free,,  the  males  at  the  age  of  thirty-one  and  the  females 
at  the  age  of  twenty-eight.  This  was  presented  in  the  Senate  on  January 

226 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  227 

23,  1801,  and  laid  on  the  table,  as  the  petitioners  were  no  longer  in 
Northwest  Territory.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  presented  in  the 
House.  This  failure  merely  turned  the  efforts  of  the  Illinois  people  in 
new  directions.  Under  the  law  creating  it,  Indiana  could  advance  to  the 
second  grade  whenever  the  Governor  was  satisfied  that  the  people  desired 
it.  This  would  give  the  Territory  a  representative  in  Congress,  and  also 
a  mode  of  expressing  the  local  popular  will.  Accordingly  they  moved  for 
it  at  once,  and  on  April  11,  1801,  John  Edgar  wrote  to  Gov.  St.  Clair: 
"During  a  few  weeks  past  we  have  put  into  circulation  petitions  ad- 
dressed to  Governor  Harrison  for  a  General  Assembly,  and  we  have  had 
the  satisfaction  to  find  that  about  nine-tenths  of  the  inhabitants  of  St. 
Clair  and  Randolph  approve  of  the  measure,  a  great  proportion  of  whom 
have  already  put  their  signatures  to  the  petition.  I  have  written  to 
Judge  Clark,  of  Clark  County,  to  Mr.  Buntin  and  Mr.  Small,  of  Post 
Vincennes,  urging  them  to  be  active  in  the  business.  I  have  no  doubt 
but  that  the  undertaking  will  meet  with  early  success  so  as  to  admit  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  meeting  in  the  fall. ' ' 

This  was  the  first  political  problem  that  confronted  Governor  Harri- 
son. He  was  only  twenty-seven  years  old  when  appointed,  but  had  seen 
considerable  of  public  life.  The  youngest  son  of  Governor  Benjamin 
Harrison  of  Virginia,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, and  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress,  he  was  heir  to 
the  friendship  of  numerous  public  men.  After  a  classical  course  at 
Hampden-Sidney  College,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  1790,  and 
in  1791  was  started  to  Philadelphia  to  continue  his  studies  under  Dr. 
Benjamin  Rush,  but  his  father  died  at  this  time,  and,  disliking  medicine, 
he  applied  to  Secretary  Knox  and  President  Washington  for  a  military 
appointment,  and  was  at  once  made  an  ensign  in  the  Tenth  U.  S.  Infantry. 
He  walked  to  Pittsburg,  and  went  down  the  Ohio,  reaching  Fort  Wash- 
ington just  as  the  remnants  of  St.  Glair's  defeated  army  arrived  there. 
He  was  not  popular  at  first,  probably,  in  part  at  least,  on  account  of  his 
temperate  habits.  Army  life  was  rather  rough  on  the  frontier,  and 
Cincinnati  was  altogether  "over  the  Rhine"  at  that  time.  Harrison 
said  he  saw  more  drunken  men  in  his  first  two  days  there  than  he  had 
seen  in  all  his  previous  life.  On  June  1,  I'SSS,  when  Wayne  was  at 
Hobson's  Choice,  he  issued  an  order  reading:  "The  Intoxicated  and 
Beastly  situation  in  which  a  great  Number  of  the  Soldiery  belonging  to 
almost  every  Corps,  was  discovered  by  the  Commander  in  Chief  yester- 
day, and  at  other  times  in  the  village  of  Cincinnati  makes  it  his  duty  to 
prohibit  any  passes  or  Permits  to  be  given  to  any  Non  Commissioned 
officer  or  soldier  to  pass  the  chain  of  Centinels  out  of  Camp,  except  by 
the  field  Officer  of  the  Day ;  and  then  not  more  than  one  Man  in  a  Com- 


228  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pany,  who  first  must  be  particularly  recommended  by  his  Commanding 
Officer."  Harrison  kept  sober,  and  devoted  his  spare  time  to  study, 
especially  of  tactics.  His  favorite  study  had  been  ancient  history;  and 
he  says  he  had  read  Rollin  three  times  before  he  was  seventeen  years  old. 
In  1792  he  was  made  lieutenant,  and  in  1793,  after  Wayne  had  seen 
something  of  his  service,  he  made  him  his  aide-de-camp,  in  which  posi- 
tion he  won  praise  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  the  Fallen  Timbers.  In 
November,  1795,  he  married  Anne  Cleves  Symmes,  daughter  of  Judge 
Symmes,  and  soon  after  Wayne  put  him  in  command  at  Fort  Washing- 
ton. In  the  spring  of  1798  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  army,  and  was 
soon  appointed  Secretary  of  Northwest  Territory,  resigning  this  position 
a  year  later  to  enter  Congress.  He  was  at  this  time  identified  with  the 
Ohio  Republicans,  but,  as  he  himself  states,  maintained  a  reticence  on 
national  politics  that  made  his  position  the  subject  of  much  controversy 
at  a  later  date. 

He  did  not  desire  Indiana  Territory  to  advance  to  the  second  grade 
in  1801,  for  various  reasons.  Primarily  it  would  largely  decrease  his 
own  power,  as  he  had  a  large  part  in  legislation  in  the  first  grade ;  and 
secondly  the  French  settlers  and  a  number  of  the  influential  Americans 
were  of  Federal  tendencies  in  politics.  He  had  not  yet  had  opportunity 
to  become  fully  acquainted  with  the  situation.  The  government  of 
Indiana  Territory  had  begun  on  July  4,  1800,  but  with  none  of  the  offi- 
cials on  the  ground  except  John  Gibson,  the  Territorial  Secretary.  Wil- 
liam Clark,  Henry  Vanderburgh  and  John  Griffin  had  been  appointed 
Territorial  Judges,  but  they  took  no  action  until  after  the  arrival  of 
Governor  Harrison  on  January  10,  1801.  Gibson  was  therefore  the 
whole  government  until  that  time.  He  was  a  notable  frontier  character, 
born  at  Lancaster,  Penn.,  May  23, 1740,  and  fairly  educated.  At  eighteen 
he  joined  the  expedition  of  Gen.  Forbes  against  Fort  DuQuesne,  and 
after  its  capture,  and  change  of  name  to  Fort  Pitt,  located  at  that  point 
as  an  Indian  trader.  Soon  after  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  and 
doomed  to  death,  but  was  saved  by  an  old  squaw,  who  adopted  him  in 
place  of  her  dead  son.  He  remained  with  the  Indians  for  several  years, 
becoming  skilled  in  their  languages,  manners  and  customs,  and  marrying 
a  sister  of  Logan  (Tahgahjute,  a  Cayuga  chief) ;  and  then  returned  to 
Fort  Pitt  and  resumed  business  as  a  trader.  He  was  quite  commonly 
known  as  "Horsehead,"  which  is  presumably  a  translation  of  his  Indian 
name.  In  1774  he  accompanied  Lord  Dunmore's  expedition  against  the 
Shawnee  towns,  acting  as  interpreter,  and  in  this  capacity  received  the 
celebrated  speech,  "Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan?"  his  squaw  wife 
having  been  one  of  the  victims  that  Logan  had  avenged.  He  told  Logan 
that  Col.  Cresap  was  not  responsible  for  the  massacre,  but  delivered  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


229 


speech  to  Lord  Dunmore  as  he  had  received  it,  and  it  later  came  to  the 
possession  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  gave  it  to  the  world.  At  the  begin- 
ning of 'the  Revolutionary  war  he  raised  a  regiment,  and  served  under 
Washington  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
he  went  back  to  Indian  trading  at  Pittsburg.  He  served  also  as  a  member 
of  the  first  constitutional  convention  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1788,  and  later 


WILLIAM  HENRY  HARRISON,  WHEN  GOVERNOR  OF  INDIANA 
(From  the  portrait  by  Peale) 

as  General  of  the  Pennsylvania  militia,  and  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Allegheny  County.  With  a  strong  natural  sense  of  justice,  and 
good  common  sense,  he  was  always  popular ;  and  his  knowledge  of  Indians 
made  him  invaluable  to  Indiana  Territory.  He  served  as  Secretary  until 
the  admission  of  the  State  in  1816,  acting  as  Governor  in  1812-13,  and 
shortly  afterwards  went  to  live  with  his  son-in-law,  George  Wallace,  at 
Braddock's  Field,  where  he  died  April  10,  1822. 

As  soon  as  Harrison  arrived  at  Vincennes  he  called  a  session  of  the 


228 


\ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


- 


pany,  who  first  must  be  particularly  recommended  by  his  Commanding 
Officer."  Harrison  kept  sober,  and  devoted  his  spare  time  to  study, 
especially  of  tactics.  His  favorite  study  had  been  ancient  history;  and 
he  says  he  had  read  Rollin  three  times  before  he  was  seventeen  years  old. 
In  1792  he  was  made  lieutenant,  and  in  1793,  after  Wayne  had  seen 
something  of  his  service,  he  made  him  his  aide-de-camp,  in  which  posi- 
tion he  won  praise  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  the  Fallen  Timbers.  In 
November,  1795,  he  married  Anne  Cleves  Symmes,  daughter  of  Judge 
Symmes,  and  soon  after  Wayne  put  him  in  command  at  Fort  Washing- 
ton. In  the  spring  of  1798  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  army,  and  was 
soon  appointed  Secretary  of  Northwest  Territory,  resigning  this  position 
a  year  later  to  enter  Congress.  He  was  at  this  time  identified  with  the 
Ohio  Republicans,  but,  as  he  himself  states,  maintained  a  reticence  on 
national  politics  that  made  his  position  the  subject  of  much  controversy 
at  a  later  date. 

He  did  not  desire  Indiana  Territory  to  advance  to  the  second  grade 
in  1801,  for  various  reasons.  Primarily  it  would  largely  decrease  his 
own  power,  as  he  had  a  large  part  in  legislation  in  the  first  grade ;  and 
secondly  the  French  settlers  and  a  number  of  the  influential  Americans 
were  of  Federal  tendencies  in  politics.  He  had  not  yet  had  opportunity 
to  become  fully  acquainted  with  the  situation.  The  government  of 
Indiana  Territory  had  begun  on  July  4,  1800,  but  with  none  of  the  offi- 
cials on  the  ground  except  John  Gibson,  the  Territorial  Secretary.  Wil- 
liam Clark,  Henry  Vanderburgh  and  John  Griffin  had  been  appointed 
Territorial  Judges,  but  they  took  no  action  until  after  the  arrival  of 
Governor  Harrison  on  January  10,  1801.  Gibson  was  therefore  the 
whole  government  until  that  time.  He  was  a  notable  frontier  character, 
born  at  Lancaster,  Penn.,  May  23,  1740,  and  fairly  educated.  At  eighteen 
he  joined  the  expedition  of  Gen.  Forbes  against  Fort  DuQuesne.  and 
after  its  capture,  and  change  of  name  to  Fort  Pitt,  located  at  that  point 
as  an  Indian  trader.  Soon  after  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  and 
doomed  to  death,  but  was  saved  by  an  old  squaw,  who  adopted  him  in 
place  of  her  dead  son.  He  remained  with  the  Indians  for  several  years, 
becoming  skilled  in  their  languages,  manners  and  customs,  and  marrying 
a  sister  of  Logan  (Tahgahjute,  a  Cayuga  chief) ;  and  then  returned  to 
Fort  Pitt  and  resumed  business  as  a  trader.  He  was  quite  commonly 
known  as  ' '  Horsehead, ' '  which  is  presumably  a  translation  of  his  Indian 
name.  In  1774  he  accompanied  Lord  Dunmore's  expedition  against  the 
Shawnee  towns,  acting  as  interpreter,  and  in  this  capacity  received  the 
celebrated  speech,  "Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan?"  his  squaw  wife 
having  been  one  of  the  victims  that  Logan  had  avenged.  He  told  Logan 
that  Col.  Cresap  was  not  responsible  for  the  massacre,  but  delivered  the 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


229 


speech  to  Lord  Duumore  as  he  had  received  it,  and  it  later  came  to  the 
possession  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  gave  it  to  the  world.  At  the  begin- 
ning of 'the  Revolutionary  war  he  raised  a  regiment,  and  served  under 
Washington  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
he  went  back  to  Indian  trading  at  Pittsburg.  He  served  also  as  a  member 
of  the  first  constitutional  convention  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1788,  and  later 


• 
• 


AViLLiAM  HENRY  HARRISON,  WHEN  GOVERNOR  OF  INDIANA 
(From  the  portrait  by  Peale) 

as  General  of  the  Pennsylvania  militia,  and  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Alleghany  Count}'.  With  a  strong  natural  sense  of  justice,  and 
good  common  sense,  he  was  always  popular ;  and  his  knowledge  of  Indians 
made  him  invaluable  to  Indiana  Territory.  He  served  as  Secretary  until 
the  admission  of  the  State  in  1816,  acting  as  Governor  in  1812-13,  and 
shortly  afterwards  went  to  live  with  his  son-in-law,  George  Wallace,  at 
Braddock's  Field,  where  he  died  April  10,  1822. 

As  soon  as  Harrison  arrived  at  Vincennes  he  called  a  session  of  the 


- 


230  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Governor  and  Judges  for  January  12.  The  session  lasted  for  two  weeks, 
and  six  laws  and  three  resolutions  were  adopted,  all  but  one  of  the  laws 
being  amendatory,  or  in  repeal  of,  laws  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  which 
were  held  to  be  in  force  in  Indiana  Territory.  The  duties  of  the  Governor 
were  not  arduous.  On  October  15,  1801,  Harrison  wrote  to  James  Find- 
lay,  of  Cincinnati,  "I  am  much  pleased  with  this  country.  Nothing  can 
exceed  its  beauty  and  fertility.  I  have  purchased  a  farm  of  about  three 
hundred  acres  joining  the  town,  which  is  all  cleared.  I  am  now  engaged 
in  fencing  it,  and  shall  begin  to  build  next  spring  if  I  can  find  the  means. 
How  comes  on  the  distillery?  I  wish  you  to  send  me  some  whisky  as 
soon  as  possible.  *  *  *  We  have  here  a  company  of  troops  com- 
manded by  Honest  F.  Johnson  of  the  4th.  We  generally  spend  half  the 
day  together,  making  war  upon  the  partridges,  grouse  and  fish ;  the  latter 
we  take  in  great  numbers  in  a  sein."  His  peace  and  quiet  were  inter- 
rupted by  the  petition  for  advance  to  the  second  grade  but  he  was  equal 
to  the  emergency.  He  wrote  a  "letter  to  a  friend,"  and  it  found  its 
way  into  print,  arguing  against  the  proposal  on  account  of  the  great 
expense  it  would  entail.  Of  the  effectiveness  of  this  letter,  one  of  his 
bitterest  enemies  said:  "Previous  to  this  famous  letter  of  the  Governor 
against  the  second  grade  of  government,  the  people,  whether  right  or 
wrong,  had  generally  petitioned  the  Governor  to  adopt  the  measure.  A 
declaration  of  his  own  opinion,  accompanied  with  an  exaggerated  calcula- 
tion of  the  expenses  incident  to  this  form  of  government,  alarmed  the 
people,  by  a  representation  of  heavy  taxes ;  and  they  immediately  changed 
their  opinions,  for  no  other  reasons  than  those  stated  by  the  Governor. ' ' l 
Harrison  had  been  giving  attention  to  real  public  needs  from  the 
beginning.  On  May  9,  1801,  he  issued  a  proclamation  forbidding  all 
persons  from  settling,  hunting  or  surveying  on  the  Indian  lands.  The 
object  of  this  was  to  prevent  trouble  with  the  Indians,  and  it  was  fol- 
lowed five  weeks  later  by  the  following:  "July  20.  This  day  the  Gov- 
ernor Issued  a  proclamation  expressly  forbiding  any  Trader  from  selling 
or  giving  any  Spirituous  Liquors  to  any  Indian  or  Indians  in  the  Town 
of  Vincennes  and  ordering  that  the  Traders  in  future  when  they  sold 
Liquor  to  the  Indians  should  deliver  it  to  them  at  the  distance  of  at 
least  a  mile  from  the  village  or  on  the  other  side  of  the  Wabash  River, 
and  Whereas  certain  evil  disposed  persons  have  made  a  practice  of  pur- 
chasing from  the  Indians  (and  giveing  them  Whiskey  in  exchange)  arti- 
cles of  Cloathing,  Cooking,  and  such  other  articles  as  are  used  in  hunting 
viz ;  Guns  powder,  Ball  &c.  he  has  thought  proper  to  publish  an  Extract 
from  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  that  the  persons  offending  against 


Letters  of  Decius,  p.  7. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  231 

the  Law  may  know  the  penalties  to  which  they  are  subject,  he  also  exhorts 
and  requires  all  Magistrates  and  other  Civil  officers  vigilantly  to  dis- 
charge their  duties,  by  punishing,  as  the  Law  directs,  all  persons  who 
are  found  drunk,  or  rioting  in  the  streets  or  public  houses,  and  requests 
and  advises,  the  good  Citizens  of  the  Territory  to  aid  and  assist  the 
Magistrates,  in  the  execution  of  the  Laws  by  Lodgeing  information 
against,  and  by  assisting  to  apprehend  the  disorderly  and  riotous  per- 
sons, who  constantly  infest  the  streets  of  Vincennes  and  to  inform 
against  all  those  who  violate  the  Sabbath  by  selling  or  Bartering  Spirit- 
uous Liquors  or  who  pursue  any  other  unlawfull  business  on  the  day  set 
apart  for  the  service  of  God."  2  Five  days  earlier  he  had  written  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  concerning  this  evil,  saying  that  he  could  tell  from 
looking  at  an  Indian  whether  he  belonged  to  a  neighboring  or  a  distant 
tribe,  as  "The  latter  is  generally  well  clothed,  healthy  and  vigorous;  the 
former,  half  naked,  filthy,  and  enfeebled  by  intoxication;  and  many  of 
them  are  without  arms,  excepting  a  knife  which  they  carry  for  the  most 
villainous  purposes."  He  says  there  were  about  six  thousand  gallons  of 
whisky  sold  annually  to  the  six  hundred  Indians  on  the  Wabash,  and 
those  near  Vincennes  were  ' '  daily  in  town  and  frequently  intoxicated  to 
the  number  of  thirty  or  forty  at  once,  when  they  committed  the  greatest 
disorders,  drawing  their  knives  and  stabbing  every  one  they  met ;  break- 
ing open  the  houses,  killing  cattle  and  hogs  and  breaking  down  fences. ' ' 
The  people  soon  appreciated  the  need  of  such  action,  for  on  August  6, 
1805,  the  legislature  adopted  a  law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  within 
thirty  miles  of  any  Indian  council;  and  on  December  6,  1806,  another 
prohibiting  the  sale  or  gift  of  liquor  to  Indians  within  forty  miles  of 
Vincennes. 

One  of  the  great  sources  of  trouble  was  the  establishment  of  bound- 
aries of  land  claims,  and  a  session  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  was  held 
Jan.  30-Feb.  3,  1802,  which  adopted  laws  for  county  surveyors  and  their 
fees.  But  the  one  subject  that  was  uppermost  with  the  most  influential 
men  of  the  Territory  was  the  slavery  question.  The  chief  wealth  of  the 
Territory  was  in  land,  and  in  the  Illinois  country  this  was  mostly  prairie 
land,  needing  only  cultivation  to  be  productive.  Labor  was  scarce  and 
dear.  Poor  men  could  secure  small  farms  and  do  their  own  cultivation, 
but  the  wealthy  land  owner  saw  his  lands  lying  idle,  while  across  the 
Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  similar  owners  were  utilizing  slave  labor.  More- 
over the  French  settlers  in  the  Territory  had  just  enough  slaves  to  make 
the  situation  tantalizing.  The  small  number  of  slaves  also  made  the 
institution  much  less  repulsive  than  where  large  numbers  were  worked 


2  Executive  Journal,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  3. 


232  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

in  gangs,  like  animals,  most  of  the  Illinois  slaves  being  house  servants, 
and  all  in  direct  touch  with  their  owners.  And  further,  if  we  may 
credit  the  French  writers  of  the  period,  slavery  had  not  produced  the 
demoralizing  effects  on  the  whites  that  was  already  observable  in  Louis- 
iana.3 Paul  Alliot,  the  French  doctor  who  dedicated  a  memoir  to  Jeffer- 
son, after  severe  reflections  on  the  people  of  Louisiana,  says:  "After 
having  gone  thirty  leagues  farther,  the  traveler  reaches  that  place  and 
good  country  known  by  the  name  of  Illinois.  It  is  in  that  enchanting 
abode  that  those  good  inhabitants  exercise  with  kindness  and  humanity 
hospitality  toward  those  who  present  themselves  there,  and  those  whom 
fortune  has  cast  from  its  bosom,  or  who  have  been  constrained  to  flee 
through  persecution.  Those  fine  inhabitants  are  prodigal  of  help  to 
them  and  aid  them  without  any  selfish  end  in  view  in  forming  their 
settlements.  *  *  *  Marriage  is  honored  there  and  the  children  re- 
sulting from  it  share  the  inheritance  of  their  parents  without  any  quarrel- 
ing. Never  does  that  self  interest  which  divides  families  in  France,  and 
even  in  other  parts  of.  Europe,  disunite  them."  None  of  those  blood- 
snickers  known  under  the  name  of  bailiffs,  lawyers  and  solicitors  are  seen 
there.  *  *  *  Those  good  and  courageous  people,  far  distant  from 
all  faction,  as  well  as  from  perfidy  and  tyranny,  occupy  themselves  in 
the  bosom  of  peace  which  they  have  at  last  found  in  a  country  which  was 
formerly  the  abode  of  those  men  whom  nature  forms  without  need  and 
without  criminal  passions,  in  rearing  their  children,  in  teaching  them  at 
an  early  age  to  love  one  another,  to  work,  and  finally,  to  enjoy  as  & 
consequence  that  terrestrial  happiness  which  good  spouses  find  in  their 
homes." 

It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  most  of  the  Illinois  settlers,  aside 
from  the  French,  were  foreigners,  and  that  Southerners  who  were  familiar 
with  the  objectionable  features  of  slavery,  so  far  as  they  had  been  de- 
veloped at  that  time,  were  few.  John  Edgar,  who  was  the  leading  advo- 
cate of  slavery  in .  Randolph  County,  was  an  Irish  naval  officer,  who 
commanded  a  British  vessel  on  the  lakes  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, but  espoused  the  American  cause  from  principle.  He  was  wealthy, 
and  was  celebrated  for  benevolence  and  public  spirit.  Next  to  him  in 
Randolph  was  "William  Morrison,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had 
come  to  the  Illinois  as  a  fur-trader,  and  had  become  the  wealthiest  resi- 
dent of  the  region.  William  St.  Ciair,  the  slavery  leader  in  St.  Clair 
County  was  a  Scotchman,  youngest  son  of  the  then  Earl  of  Roslin,  and 
a  cousin  of  Governor  St.  Clair.  John  DuMoulin,  who  joined  with  these 
other  three  in  the  slavery  petition  of  1796,  was  a  highly  educated  Swiss, 



3  See   collected  extracts  in  Robertson 's  Louisiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  233 

who  acquired  wealth  in  Illinois,  and  was  a  useful  citizen.  It  was  natural 
enough  that  such  men  should  see  no  reason  why  they  should  be  excluded 
from  the  benefits  of  an  institution  which  existed  on  all  sides  of  them,  and 
they  persisted  in  demanding  it.  In  .the  fall  of  1802,  Harrison  went  to  the 
Illinois  country  on  business,  and  the  people  there  made  their  desires 
very  plain.  In  the  discussion  of  the  mode  of  securing  a  modification  of 
the  Ordinance,  Harrison  stated  his  willingness  to  call  a  convention  to 
give  the  consent  of  the  Territory  to  the  change,  if  petitioned  so  to  do. 
Petitions  were  at  once  put  in  circulation,  and  on  November  22,  the  fol- 
lowing entry  was  made  in  the  Executive  Journal:  "Petitions  having 
been  presented  to  the  Governor  by  a  Considerable  number  of  the  Citizens 
of  the  Territory  praying  that  a  proclamation  should  Issue  from  the 
Executive*  authority  for  Calling  a  General  Convention  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  into  consideration  the  propriety  of  repealing  the  sixth  article 
of  Compact  between  the  United  States  and  the  people  of  the  Territory, 
and  for  other  purposes,  and  proof  having  been  adduced  to  the  governor 
that  a  very  large  majority  of  the  Citizens  are  in  favor  of  the  measures : 
the  Governor  in  Compliance  with  their  wishes  Issued  his  proclamation 
notifying  all  whom  it  may  concern  that  an  Election  will  be  held  at  the 
Respective  Court  Houses  in  Each  County  of  the  Territory  on  tuesday 
the  llth.  day  of  December  for  Choosing  representatives  to  a  General 
Convention,  and  the  number  of  Representatives  from  the  several  Coun- 
ties to  be  as  follows  Viz.  from  the  County  of  Knox,  four,  from  the  County 
of  Randolph  three,  from  the  County  of  St.  Clair  three,  and  from  the 
County  of  Clark  two,  and  the  Sheriffs  of  the  several  Counties  are 
authorized  and  required  to  hold  the  Elections  in  their  Respective  Coun- 
ties, and  in  case  any  of  the  Sheriffs  are  Candidates,  then  the  election  to 
be  held  by  the  Coroners." 

These  elections  were  duly  held;  Clark  County  having  been  created 
on  February  3,  1801,  from  Knox  County,  and  including  all  of  the  Terri- 
tory lying  east  of  Blue  River  and  south  of  the  east  fork  of  White  River. 
The  delegates  to  the  convention  were  leading  men  of  their  counties,  but 
their  names  narrowly  escaped  oblivion.  Fortunately  Governor  Reynolds 
preserved  the  record  as  to  Illinois  in  his  Pioneer  History,  in  the  sketches 
of  Pierre  Menard,  Robert  Reynolds  and  Robert  Morrison,  of  Randolph 
County,  and  Jean  Francois  Perrey,  Shadrach  Bond  and  Major  John 
Moredock,  of  St.  Clair  County,  who  were  the  delegates  from  those  two 
counties.  As  to  Knox  County,  all  record  was  lost  until  1886,  when,  in 
moving  some  papers  in  the  office  of  the  Auditor  of  State,  the  original 
poll  list  was  found.  The  Auditor,  James  H.  Rice,  did  not  know  what  it 
was,  and  sent  it  to  Henry  Cauthorn,  of  Vincennes,  as  an  historical  local 
relic.  Mr.  Cauthorn  likewise  had  never  heard  of  this  convention,  but  he 


MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  IN  1801 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  235 

wrote  an  article  about  the  poll  list  for  the  Vincennes  Sun,  which  was 
luckily  reprinted  in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel  of  January  13,  1886,  and 
which  gives  the  result  of  the  election  in  the  choice  of  Gen.  Harrison,  Luke 
Decker,  Francis  Vigo,  and  William  Prince.  I  at  once  wrote  to  Mr. 
Cauthorn,  and  was  informed  that  the  paper  had  been  put  on  display  in 
the  office  of  the  Vincennes  Sun,  and  had  been  carried  away  by  some  un- 
known person.  The  names  of  the  delegates  from  Clark  County  have 
never  been  found,  but  a  guess  has  been  ventured  that  they  were  Davis 
Floyd  and  one  of  the  Beggs  brothers.  The  only  thing  certainly  known 
about  them  was  that  they  opposed  the  introduction  of  slavery.  The 
convention  organized  by  electing  Harrison  president  and  John  Rice 
Jones  secretary.  Jones  was  a  talented  Welsh  lawyer,  who  had  been  in 
the  Territory  since  Clark's  expedition  of  1785.  On  December  28  the 
convention  agreed  on  its  memorial,  which  asked  for  the  suspension  of  the 
slavery  clause  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  but  with  no  provision  for  the 
gradual  emancipation  of  either  the  slaves  so  introduced  or  their  children. 
The  memorial  also  asked  for  the  extinction  of  Indian  titles,  the  right  of 
preemption  for  actual  settlers,  land  grants  for  schools,  and  to  persons 
who  would  open  roads  and  establish  houses  of  entertainment  on  the  prin- 
cipal lines  of  travel  between  the  settlements,  the  grant  of  the  saline  spring 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  permission  to  the  French  settlers  to 
locate  their  donations  outside  of  the  original  surveys,  abolition  of  the 
freehold  qualification  for  suffrage,  and  payment  of  a  salary  to  the 
Attorney  General  of  the  Territory.  They  also  adopted  a  formal  resolu- 
tion of  consent  to  the  suspension  of  the  ordinance  for  ten  years,  but 
provided  that  if  Congress  did  not  suspend  the  clause  by  March  4,  1805, 
their  consent  was  withdrawn.  They  also  recommended  the  reappoint- 
ment  of  Harrison,  whose  term  expired  in  1803,  and  the  appointment  of 
John  Rice  Jones  as  Chief  Justice  of  the  Territorial  court.  Obviously 
Harrison  and  Jones  had  some  influence  with  the  convention.  They  were 
close  personal  and  political  friends  at  the  time,  but  became  bitter  enemies 
afterwards. 

These  papers,  with  a  formal  letter  of  transmission  from  Governor 
Harrison,  were  sent  to  Congress  by  a  special  messenger,  and  on  February 
8,  1803,  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  which  John  Randolph  was  chair- 
man. On  March  2,  it  reported  adversely  on  all  the  requests  except  the 
right  of  preemption  and  the  payment  of  a  salary  to  the  Attorney  General. 
John  Randolph  has  been  bitterly  assailed  by  New  England  writers,  and 
in  some  of  his  later  speeches  there  is  an  incoherence  that  might  indicate 
mental  failure,  but  in  this  report  there  is  the  clearest  evidence  of  his 
sanity.  No  abler  appeal  to  the  petitioners  could  have  been  made  than 
his  statement  as  to  the  slavery  proviso,  which  is  in  these  words :  ' '  The 
rapidly  increasing  population  of  the  State  of  Ohio  sufficiently  evinces. 


MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  ix  1801 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

wrote  an  article  about  the  poll  list  for  the  Vincennos  Sun,  which  was 
luckily  reprinted  in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel  of  January  13,  1886,  and 
which  gives  the  result  of  the  election  in  the  choice  of  Gen.  Harrison,  Luke 
Decker,  Francis  Vigo,  and  William  Prince.  I  at  once  wrote  to  Mr. 
Cauthorn,  and  was  informed  that  the  paper  had  been  put  on  display  in 
the  office  of  the  Vincennes  Sun,  and  had  been  carried  away  by  some  un- 
known person.  The  names  of  the  delegates  from  Clark  County  have 
never  been  found,  but  a  guess  has  been  ventured  that  they  were  Davis 
Floyd  and  one  of  the  Beggs  brothers.  The  only  thing  certainly  known 
about  them  was  that  they  opposed  the  introduction  of  slavery.  The 
convention  organized  by  electing  Harrison  president  and  John  Rice 
Jones  secretary.  Jones  was  a  talented  Welsh  lawyer,  who  had  been  in 
the  Territory  since  Clark's  expedition  of  1785.  On  December  28  the 
convention  agreed  on  its  memorial,  which  asked  for  the  suspension  of  the 
slavery  clause  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  but  with  no  provision  for  the 
gradual  emancipation  of  either  the  slaves  so  introduced  or  their  children. 
The  memorial  also  asked  for  the  extinction  of  Indian  titles,  the  right  of 
preemption  for  actual  settlers,  land  grants  for  schools,  and  to  persons 
who  would  open  roads  and  establish  houses  of  entertainment  on  the  prin- 
cipal lines  of  travel  between  the  settlements,  the  grant  of  the  saline  spring 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  permission  to  the  French  settlers  to 
locate  their  donations  outside  of  the  original  surveys,  abolition  of  the 
freehold  qualification  for  suffrage,  and  payment  of  a  salary  to  the 
Attorney  General  of  the  Territory.  They  also  adopted  a  formal  resolu- 
tion of  consent  to  the  suspension  of  the  ordinance  for  ten  years,  but 
provided  that  if  Congress  did  not  suspend  the  clause  by  March  4.  1805, 
their  consent  was  withdrawn.  They  also  recommended  the  reappoint- 
ment  of  Harrison,  whose  term  expired  in  1803,  and  the  appointment  of 
John  Rice  Jones  as  Chief  Justice  of  the  Territorial  court.  Obviously 
Harrison  and  Jones  had  some  influence  with  the  convention.  They  were 
close  personal  and  political  friends  at  the  time,  but  became  bitter  enemies 
afterwards. 

These  papers,  with  a  formal  letter  of  transmission  from  Governor 
Harrison,  were  sent  to  Congress  by  a  special  messenger,  and  on  February 
8,  1803,  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  which  John  Randolph  was  chair- 
man. On  March  2,  it  reported  adversely  on  all  the  requests  except  the 
right  of  preemption  and  the  payment  of  a  salary  to  the  Attorney  General. 
John  Randolph  has  been  bitterly  assailed  by  New  England  writers,  and 
in  some  of  his  later  speeches  there  is  an  incoherence  that  might  indicate 
mental  failure,  but  in  this  report  there  is  the  clearest  evidence  of  his 
sanity.  No  abler  appeal  to  the  petitioners  could  have  been  made  than 
his  statement  as  to  the  slavery  proviso,  which  is  in  these  words:  "The 
rapidly  increasing  population  of  the  State  of  Ohio  sufficiently  evinces. 


236  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  the  opinion  of  your  committee,  that  the  labor  of  slaves  is  not  neces- 
sary to  promote  the  growth  and  settlement  of  colonies  in  that  region; 
that  this  labor,  demonstrably  the  dearest  of  any,  can  only  be  employed 
to  advantage  in  the  cultivation  of  products  more  valuable  than  any 
known  to  that  quarter  of  the  United  States ;  that  the  commitee  deem  it 
highly  dangerous  and  inexpedient  to  impair  a  provision  wisely  calculated 
to  promote  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  Northwestern  country, 
and  to  give  strength  and  security  to  that  extensive  frontier.  In  the 
salutary  operation  of  this  sagacious  and  benevolent  restraint,  it  is  be- 
•  lieved  that  the  inhabitants  of  Indiana  will,  at  no  very  distant  day,  find 
ample  remuneration  for  a  temporary  privation  of  labor  and  emigration. ' ' 
There  was  no  action  taken  on  the  report,  but  on  December  15,  1803,  the 
petition  was  recommitted  to  a  committee  composed  of  Mr.  Rodney  of 
Delaware,  Mr.  Boyle  of  Kentucky,  and  Mr.  Rhea  of  Tennessee,  who,  on 
February  17,  1804,  reported  in  favor  of  suspending  the  slavery  clause 
for  ten  years,  but  with  provision  that  the  descendants  of  imported  slaves 
should  be  free,  the  males  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  and  the  females  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  They  also  recommended  the  repeal  of  the  property 
qualification  for  electors.  No  action  was  taken  on  this  report,  and  none 
thereafter  until  after  the  period  of  consent  set  by  the  convention. 

This  convention  was  unique  in  that  it  was  the  only  one  ever  held  to 
consent  to  a  modification  of  the  Ordinance.  In  character  it  was  analogous 
to  a  constitutional  convention,  for  although  the  Territory  was  under 
the  government  of  Congress,  the  articles  of  compact  were  irrevocable 
except  "by  common  consent"  of  Congress  and  the  people  of  the  Terri- 
tory. No  mode  was  specified  for  giving  this  consent;  and  it  is  notable 
that  nobody  questioned  the  legality  of  the  convention,  as  would  cer- 
tainly be  done  if  such  a  thing  were  attempted  now.  At  that  time,  how- 
ever, Americans  believed  that  the  people  had  an  inherent  and  inalienable 
right  to  alter  and  amend  their  form  of  government,  and  that  this  right 
could  not  be  destroyed  by  a  mere  failure  to  specify  the  mode  of  its  exer- 
cise. The  Ordinance  did  not  give  the  Governor  any  authority  to  call  a 
convention  for  any  purpose,  in  express  terms.  It  did  not  even  mention  a 
convention.  But  it  did  speak  of  the  consent  of  the  people,  and  how  was 
that  consent  to  be  obtained  ?  Clearly  the  people  could  not  speak  except 
in  some  prescribed  form.  The  Judicial  department  could  not  prescribe 
the  form.  The  legislative  department  was  restricted  to  adopting  laws  of 
the  original  states.  The  initiative  could  be  lodged  only  in  the  Executive, 
and  Harrison's  common-sense  method  of  using  the  power  did  not  even 
raise  a  criticism  from  his  numerous  enemies.  His  stand  on  the  slavery 
question,  however,  raised  criticism  later,  and  was  the  cause  of  the  first 
appearance  of  the  Abolition  party  in  American  politics. 

There  was  more  reason  for  criticism  of  his  next  step.    Judge  Clark 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  237 

had  died  on  November  11,  1802,  and  Thomas  Terry  Davis  had  been 
appointed  in  his  place.  A  session  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  was  called 
for  September  20,  and  on  September  22,  1803,  Harrison,  with  Judges 
Vanderburgh  and  Davis,  adopted  a  Virginia  law  ' '  concerning  servants, ' ' 
which  provided  that:  "All  negroes  and  mulattoes  (and  other  persons 
not  being  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America)  who  shall  coine  into 
this  Territory  under  contract  to  serve  another  in  any  trade  or  occupa- 
tion shall  be  compelled  to  perform  such  contract  specifically  during  the 
term  thereof."  The  apparent  purpose  of  the  provision  as  to  "others 
not  being  citizens"  was  to  cover  panis,  or  Indian  slaves,  which  were  quite 
numerous  among  the  French  settlements,  but  as  the  language  would  also 
cover  white  servants,  it  was  further  provided  that:  "No  negro,  mulatto 
or  Indian  shall  at  any  time  purchase  any  servant,  other  than  of  their 
complexion;  and  if  any  of  the  persons  aforesaid  shall  nevertheless  pre- 
sume to  purchase  a  white  servant,  such  servant  shall  immediately  become 
free."  The  law  required  the  master  to  provide  "wholesome  and  suffi- 
cient food  clothing  and  lodging,"  specifying  "one  complete  suit  of 
(•loathing  suited  to  the  season  of  the  year,  towit:  a  coat,  waistcoat,  pair 
of  breeches  and  shoes,  two  pair  of  stockings,  two  shirts,  a  hat  and  a 
blanket."  The  contract  was  assignable  with  the  consent  of  the  servant, 
and  both  master  and  servant  could  appeal  to  the  courts  for  protection  in 
their  rights.  Penalties  were  prescribed  for  helping  servants  to  escape 
and  for  trading  with  them.  A  servant  who  refused  to  work  was  to  serve 
two  days  for  every  day  lost,  and  for  any  offense  punishable  by  fine  was 
to  receive  instead  a  whipping,  not  exceeding  forty  lashes.  There  was  no 
provision  for  indenturing  negroes  within  the  Territory,  but  only  for 
importing  those  already  indentured,  and  no  provision  for  the  freedom 
of  slaves  or  their  children  except  as  provided  by  the  contract.  It  is 
difficult  to  conceive  of  this  relation  now  as  not  being  involuntary  servi- 
tude, as  the  contracts  contemplated  were  made  in  slave  states,  by  actual 
slaves ;  and  yet  it  is  also  difficult  to  distinguish  it  from  that  kind  of  free- 
dom which  Blackstone  states  to  exist  under  the  common  law  of  England, 
as  follows :  "A  slave  or  negro,  the  instant  he  lands  in  England,  becomes 
a  freeman ;  that  is,  the  law  will  protect  him  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  per- 
son and  his  property.  Yet,  with  regard  to 'any  right  which  the  master 
may  have  lawfully  acquired  to  the  perpetual  service  of  John  or  Thomas, 
this  will  remain  exactly  in  the  same  state  as  before ;  for  this  is  no  more 
than  the  same  state  of  subjection  for  life,  which  every  apprentice  sub- 
mits to  for  the  space  of  seven  years,  or  sometimes  for  a  longer  term." 
Nevertheless  it  was  extensively  criticised  as  a  violation  of  the  Ordinance, 
and  the  controversy  over  it,  and  succeeding  laws  of  similar  character 
resulted  in  their  condemnation  by  the  people. 

But  even  this  law  did  not  satisfy  the  Illinois  people.    In  1800  Spain 


03 

W 
fc 


u 

fc 


&- 

o 


o 

2 

OS 

H 

w 


Eb 
O 


X 

p 
O 


O 

O 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  239 

had  ceded  Louisiana  to  France,  and  our  diplomats  had  been  vainly  trying 
to  purchase  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  In  the 
spring  of  1803  an  opportunity  arose  to  purchase  all  of  Louisiana,  and 
they  entered  into  an  unauthorized  treaty  for  the  purchase.  There  is 
little  reason  to  question  that  President  Jefferson  considered  this  pur- 
chase unconstitutional  when  it  was  made,  but  he  saw  its  vital  importance 
to  the  country,  and  took  the  chances,  calling  a  special  session  of  Congress 
for  October  to  consider  the  matter.  News  of  the  purchase  reached  Indiana 
that  summer,  and  the  anti-Harrison  faction  in  Illinois  at  once  put 
petitions  in  circulation  asking  to  be  joined  to  Louisiana.  John  Edgar 
and  the  Morrisons  were  the  leaders  in  this,  and  it  was  charged  by  the 
Harrison*  party  that  they  had  formed  a  plan  to  make  Edgar  governor 
and  Robert  Morrison  secretary  of  the  new  Territory.  This  may  have  been 
true,  for  there  were  several  plans  advocated,  and  numerous  candidates, 
but  at  the  same  time  this  annexation  furnished  the  shortest  and  most 
certain  road  to  slavery,  and  closer  ties  of  blood  and  trade.  The  petition 
was  presented  to  Congress,  but  it  had  other  views,  and  by  act  of  March 
26,  1804,  all  of  Louisiana  south  of  the  present  south  line  of  Arkansas 
was  made  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  and  that  to  the  north  of  this  line  was 
put  temporarily  under  the  government  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  of 
Indiana,  but  without  being  joined  to  Indiana,  and  was  called  the  District 
of  Louisiana.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  on  October  1,  1804,  but  posses- 
sion of  the  District  had  been  given  to  Captain  Stoddard,  for  the  United 
States,  on  March  9,  and  Congress  had  provided  that  the  laws  already  in 
effect  should  continue  until  repealed  or  amended  by  the  Governor  and 
Judges  of  Indiana.  Preparation  was  made  during  the  summer,  and  on 
October  1,  the  Governor  and  Judges  passed  six  laws  for  the  District  of 
Louisiana,  including  an  elaborate  law  for  the  regulation  of  slavery, 
which  remained  in  force  in  Missouri  for  many  years  after.  The  people 
of  the  District,  however,  objected  to  this  anomalous  form  of  government, 
and  petitioned  Congress  for  an  independent  government,  which  was 
granted  on  March  3, 1805.  • 

Meanwhile  the  people  of  Wayne  County  were  also  clamoring  for  a 
separate  territorial  government,  and  with  good  cause.  In  a  petition  for 
separation  prepared  in  October,  1804,  it  is  stated  that  the  laws  passed 
by  the  Governor  and  Judges  in  September,  1803,  had  not  been  seen  in 
the  county.  It  is  not  easy  at  the  present  time  to  realize  the  difficulty  of 
communication  between  the  different  parts  of  Indiana  Territory,  but 
Judge  Burnet  tells  of  one  trip  which  will  illustrate  it.  In  December, 
1799,  he,  with  Mr.  Morrison  and  Mr.  St.  Clair,  had  occasion  to  go  from 
Cincinnati  to  Vincennes  on  legal  business.  They  purchased  a  ' '  Kentucky 
boat, ' '  or  ark — a  flat-boat  commonly  used  on  the  Ohio,  and  in  this  loaded 


- 

z 


- 

o 


a 
£ 


- 


z 

w 


a 
> 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  239 

had  ceded  Louisiana  to  France,  and  our  diplomats  had  been  vainly  trying 
to  purchase  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  In  the 
spring  of  1803  an  opportunity  arose  to  purchase  all  of  Louisiana,  and 
they  entered  into  an  unauthorized  treaty  for  the  purchase.  There  is 
little  reason  to  question  that  President  Jefferson  considered  this  pur- 
chase unconstitutional  when  it  was  made,  but  he  saw  its  vital  importance 
to  the  country,  and  took  the  chances,  calling  a  special  session  of  Congress 
for  October  to  consider  the  matter.  News  of  the  purchase  reached  Indiana 
that  summer,  and  the  anti-Harrison  faction  in  Illinois  at  once  put 
petitions  in  circulation  asking  to  be  joined  to  Louisiana.  John  Edgar 
and  the  Morrisons  were  the  leaders  in  this,  and  it  was  charged  by  the 
Harrison*  party  that  they  had  formed  a  plan  to  make  Edgar  governor 
and  Robert  Morrison  secretary  of  the  new  Territory.  This  may  have  been 
true,  for  there  were  several  plans  advocated,  and  numerous  candidates, 
but  at  the  same  time  this  annexation  furnished  the  shortest  and  most 
certain  road  to  slavery,  and  closer  ties  of  blood  and  trade.  The  petition 
was  presented  to  Congress,  but  it  had  other  views,  and  by  act  of  March 
26,  1804,  all  of  Louisiana  south  of  the  present  south  line  of  Arkansas 
was  made  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  and  that  to  the  north  of  this  line  was 
put  temporarily  under  the  government  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  of 
Indiana,  but  without  being  joined  to  Indiana,  and  was  called  the  District 
of  Louisiana.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  on  October  1,  1804,  but  posses- 
sion of  the  District  had  been  given  to  Captain  Stoddard,  for  the  United 
States,  on  March  9,  and  Congress  had  provided  that  the  laws  already  in 
effect  should  continue  until  repealed  or  amended  by  the  Governor  and 
Judges  of  Indiana.  Preparation  was  made  during  the  summer,  and  on 
October  1,  the  Governor  and  Judges  passed  six  laws  for  the  District  of 
Louisiana,  including  an  elaborate  law  for  the  regulation  of  slavery, 
which  remained  in  force  in  Missouri  for  many  years  after.  The  people 
of  the  District,  however,  objected  to  this  anomalous  form  of  government, 
and  petitioned  Congress  for  an  independent  government,  which  was 
granted  on  March  3,  1805.  • 

Meanwhile  the  people  of  Wayne  County  were  also  clamoring  for  a 
separate  territorial  government,  and  with  good  cause.  In  a  petition  for 
separation  prepared  in  October,  1804,  it  is  stated  that  the  laws  passed 
by  the  Governor  and  Judges  in  September,  1803,  had  not  been  seen  in 
the  county.  It  is  not  easy  at  the  present  time  to  realize  the  difficulty  of 
communication  between  the  different  parts  of  Indiana  Territory,  but 
Judge  Burnet  tells  of  one  trip  which  will  illustrate  it.  In  December, 
1799,  he,  with  Mr.  Morrison  and  Mr.  St.  Clair,  had  occasion  to  go  from 
Cincinnati  to  Vincennes  on  legal  business.  They  purchased  a  :<  Kentucky 
boat,"  or  ark — a  flat-boat  commonly  used  on  the  Ohio,  and  in  this  loaded 


240  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

their  horses  and  provisions,  and  started  down  the  river.  On  the  after- 
noon of  the  fourth  day  they  reached  the  Falls,  where  they  abandoned 
the  boat,  and  proceeded  on  horseback.  The  first  two  nights  they  camped 
out,  on  the  trail  to  Vincennes,  and  the  third  night  was  passed  in  a  de- 
serted cabin,  which  they  found  on  the  bank  of  White  River.  He  does 
not  mention  meeting  a  solitary  white  settler  on  the  journey,  except  at 
the  Falls,  but  they  encountered  a  band  of  Indians,  two  panthers,  a  herd 
of  buffalo,  and  a  wildcat.  There  was  snow  or  rain  during  the  trips  going 
and  coming.  The  travel  to  Detroit  from  Vincennes  was  more  difficult 
than  this,  and  that  to  the  Illinois  settlements  was  at  times  as  bad  as  in 
the  days  of  Clark's  campaign.  From  such  difficulties  there  arose  the 
consensus  of  opinion  among  the  early  settlers  that  the  capital  of  a  state 
or  territory  should  be  as  near  the  center  of  population  as  possible,  and, 
if  possible,  on  a  navigable  stream.  In  response  to  the  Wayne  County 
petition,  Congress  passed  an  act  on  January  11,  1805,  providing  that 
after  June  30  of  that  year  the  Territory  of  Michigan  should  be  estab- 
lished. The  news  of  this  did  not  reach  Indiana  Territory  in  time  to 
prevent  action  treating  Wayne  County  as  still  a  part  of  the  Territory. 
In  the  summer  of  1804  the  matter  of  advance  to  the  second  grade 
suddenly  came  up  again ;  and  this  time  from  the  Harrison  party,  which 
had  opposed  it  three  years  before.  Dawson  gives  Harrison  great  credit 
for  the  advance,  and  says:  "notwithstanding  the  patriotism  and  disin- 
terestedness which  he  evinced  in  that  important  business,  he  has  been 
charged  with  being  an  ambitious  man,  and  has  brought  upon  himself  the 
ire  of  the  selfish  land-jobbers  among  his  neighbors,  who  did  not  hesitate 
to  arraign  his  conduct,  merely  because  they  conceived  their  taxes  would 
be  raised  to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  representative  government. ' '  *  But 
this  was  exactly  the  argument  that  Harrison  had  made  three  years  be- 
fore, and  the  people  who  had  favored  it  before  now  opposed  it.  The 
argument  made  for  it  in  1804,  from  a  statement  supposed  to  have  been 
made  by  Benjamin  Parke,  was  this:  "With  agriculture  improved,  popu- 
lation increased,  the  counties  of  Wayne  and  Dearborn  added  to  the 
territory;  possessed  of  all  the  lands  from  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  to  the 
Mississippi,  with  the  exception  of  the  Pyan  Eashaw  claim,  of  no  prreat 
extent,  and  which  was  shortly  purchased ;  and  offices  established  at  Kas- 
kaskia  and  Vincennes  for  the  sale  of  public  lands,  it  was  thought  that 
the  measure  might  be  safely  gone  into.  To  this  advantageous  change  in 
our  situation  was  added,  that  the  expenses  of  the  establishment  would  not 
exceed  $3,500  (I  thought  about  $3,000) ;  that  the  people  would  be  en- 
titled to  a  partial  representative  government ;  that  they  would  have  the 


*  Life  of  Harrison,  p.  78 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  241 

absolute  control  over  one  branch  of  the  Legislature ;  that  it  would  give 
them  a  Representative  in  Congress,  and,  although  he  would  not  be  en- 
titled to  vote,  yet  from  his  situation  he  would  acquire  respect  and  atten- 
tion, and  would  give  a  faithful  representation  of  our  situation,  and  that 
some  sacrifices  ought  to  be  made  to  obtain  even  the  partial  exercise  of 
the  rights  considered  so  dear  and  of  such  universal  importance  to  the 
several  States."5  This  looks  plausible,  but  it  does  not  account  for  the 
opposition,  and  it  does  not  account  for  the  extraordinary  haste  with 
which  the  measure  was  adopted.  Harrison  issued  his  proclamation  on 
August  4,  calling  for  a  vote  on  the  question  on  September  11.  The  call 
did  not  reach  Wayne  County  in  time  to  allow  an  election,  and  in  the  other 
counties  ihe  number  of  votes  cast  was  in  inverse  proportion  to  their  dis- 
tance from  Vincennes.  Only  400  votes  were  cast  in  the  entire  Territory, 
and  of  these  175  were  cast  in  Knox  County,  all  but  12  favoring  the 
change.  The  total  majority  for  the  change  was  138,  but  outside  of  Knox 
County  the  majority  was  against  it.  So  far  as  furnishing  any  satisfactory 
evidence  of  the  wishes  of  the  voters  is  concerned,  the  election  was  a 
farce,  but  Harrison  acted  on  it,  and  on  December  5,  1804,  he  issued  his 
proclamation  announcing  the  advance  to  the  second  grade,  and  calling 
an  election  for  representatives  to  the  legislature  for  January  3,  1805. 

The  move  was  manifestly  political,  and  the  apparent  motive  was  the 
slavery  question.  A  case  had  arisen  which  had  brought  it  to  the  front. 
In  the  spring  of  1804,  Simon  Vanorsdell,  claiming  to  act  as  the  agent  of 
the  heirs  of  John  and  Elizabeth  Kuykendall,  seized  a  negro  named  George, 
and  a  negress  named  Peggy,  at  Vincennes,  and  was  about  to  carry  them 
out  of  the  Territory,  when  Harrison  issued  a  proclamation  forbidding  it, 
based  on  information  that  Vanorsdell  was  "about  to  transport  from  the 
Territory  certain  indented  servants,  without  their  consent  first  had  and 
obtained,  with  a  design  as  is  supposed  of  selling  them  for  slaves. ' '  Van- 
orsdell was  arrested  and  indicted,  and  habeas  corpus  proceedings  were 
brought  for  the  release  of  the  negroes.  At  the  September  term  of  the 
Territorial  court,  Judges  Griffin,  Vanderburgh  and  Davis  all  being  pres- 
ent, the  negroes  were  released  on  an  insufficiency  of  evidence  for  their 
claimant,  the  court  giving  an  opinion  that  they  were  fugitives  neither 
from  justice  nor  from  slavery.  Vanorsdell  was  also  released,  nobody 
appearing  to  prosecute.  He  at  once  rearrested  the  negroes,  and  a  new 
habeas  corpus  proceeding  was  instituted,  Harrison,  General  W.  John- 
ston and  John  Johnson  becoming  bail  for  the  negroes.  At  the  June  term, 
1805,  the  negroes  were  produced,  but  George  having  indentured  himself 
to  Harrison  for  a  term  of  eleven  years,  the  claim  as  to  him  was  dropped. 


Woollen '3   Sketches,  pp.   3-9. 

Vol.  I-I8 


242  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

At  the  September  term,  Judge  Vanderburgh,  sitting  alone,  postponed 
the  hearing  as  to  Peggy  until  one  or  both  of  the  other  Judges  were 
present.  At  the  April  term,  1806,  Judges  Davis  and  Vanderburgh  heard 
the  ease  and  released  Peggy,  holding  that  she  was  not  a  fugitive  from 
justice  or  from  slavery ;  but  they  added  to  their  decision  this  remarkable 
proviso:  "But  this  order  is  not  to  impair  the  right  that  Vanorsdell 
(the  defendant)  or  any  other  person  shall  have  to  the  said  negro  girl 
Peggy,  provided  he,  Vanorsdell,  or  any  other  person,  can  prove  said 
negro  Peggy  to  be  a  slave.  Nor  shall  this  order  impair  the  right  of  said 
Peggy  to  her  freedom,  provided  the  said  Peggy  shall  establish  her  right 
to  the  same."  In  other  words,  under  a  basic  law  which  prohibited  both 
slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  and  a  local  law  that  permitted  slavery 
by  indenture,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory  were  unable  to  decide 
whether  this  woman  was  a  slave  or  not.  This  case  must  have  produced 
an  extensive  discussion  of  fundamental  principles  at  Vincennes,  and  the 
absurdity  of  a  valid  contract  between  a  master  and  a  slave  in  a  slave 
state  was  probably  realized.  The  Governor  and  Judges  could  not  rectify 
the  law,  because  they  had  power  only  to  adopt  the  laws  of  the  states. 
For  this  reason,  and  because  it  would  give  them  a  representative  in 
Congress,  which  had  been  ignoring  slavery  petitions,  who  might  obtain 
"the  rights  considered  so  dear,"  and  especially  the  introduction  of 
slavery.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Parke  says  "some  sacrifices  ought  to  be 
made";  and  he  also  states  in  this  same  paper  that  in  1801,  "the  expenses 
of  the  second  grade  were,  by  some,  estimat«d  at  about  from  $12,000  to 
$15,000." 

The  election  was  duly  held,  and  the  members  elect  convened  at  Vin- 
cennes on  February  1,  to  nominate  councilors,  and  pass  on  the  credentials 
of  members.  The  "Wayne  County  delegation  was  dropped  on  account  of 
the  establishment  of  Michigan  Territory,  and  the  election  in  St.  Clair 
was  held  void  on  account  of  the  polling  having  been  stopped  by  a  mob 
of  opponents  to  the  second  grade.  This  left  only  five  members,  hut  on 
April  18,  the  Governor  called  an  election  in  St.  Clair  County  for  two 
representatives,  to  be  held  on  May  20,  and  in  July  the  legislature  con- 
vened with  the  minimum  number  of  representatives  allowed  by  the 
division  act.  As  soon  as  the  composition  of  the  legislature  was  known, 
Benjamin  Parke  was  announced  as  a  candidate  for  Congress.  The 
Letters  of  Decius  then  began  to  appear  in  the  Farmers  Library,  pub- 
lished at  Louisville,  bitterly  criticising  Harrison,  and  denouncing  Parke 
as  his  tool,  who  wanted  to  go  to  Washington  to  secure  Harrison's  reap- 
pointment.  They  began  on  May  10,  1805,  and  continued  at  intervals 
until  December  1,  1805,  after  which  they  were  published  in  pamphlet 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  243 

form.  Prof.  Homer  J.  Webster  has  identified  Isaac  Darneille  as  the 
author  of  the  letters.6  The  Farmers  Library  was  the  first  paper  pub- 
lished at  Louisville,  the  first  number  appearing  on  January  18,  1801. 
It  was  established  by  Samuel  Vail,  a  disciple  and  protege  of  Matthew 
Lyon,  the  impetuous  Irishman,  who  succeeded  in  making  himself  a  martyr 
to  the  alien  and  sedition  laws  through  his  newspaper  called  ' '  The  Scourge 
of  Aristocracy  and  Repository  of  Political  Truth."  Joshua  Vail  was 
the  "associate  editor  and  owner."  Darneille  was  a  native  of  Maryland, 
who  eame  to  Cahokia  in  1794,  being  the  second  resident  lawyer  in 
Indiana  Territory,  preceded  only  by  John  Rice  Jones.  He  had  been  a 
preacher,  but  was  too  much  devoted  to  gallantry  to  last  long  in  that  line. 
He  was  a  fine  looking  fellow,  and  probably  caused  more  domestic  in- 
felicity in  the  Territory  than  any  other  one  man  of  his  time.  Reynolds 
says:  "He  never  married  according  to  the  laws  of  the  country,  but  to 
all  appearances  he  was  never  without  a  wife  or  wives.  It  was  rumored 
that  he  left  a  married  wife  in  Maryland  who  was  an  obstacle  to  a  second 
marriage  in  this  country."  It  certainly  was  an  obstacle,  for  one  of  the 
laws  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  had  made  Bigamy  a  felony,  punishable 
by  death.  In  1806  Harrison  waited  on  Vail  and  demanded  the  name  of 
the  author  of  the  letters.  Vail  called  on  Darneille  for  proofs,  and  as 
none  were  forthcoming  he  made  a  full  retraction,  which  was  published 
in  his  own  paper,  and  republished  in  the  Frankfort  Palladium. 

The  legislature  elected  Parke  to  Congress,  and  passed  a  number  of 
very  fair  laws ;  but  the  one  law  passed  that  attracted  general  attention 
was  "An  Act  concerning  the  introduction  of  Negroes  and  Mulattoes  into 
this  Territory."  This  provided  that  a  slaveholder  might  bring  a  slave, 
over  fifteen  years  of  age  into  the  Territory,  who  might  within  thirty  days 
enter  into  agreement  before  the  clerk  of  a  court  of  common  pleas  for  any 
number  of  years  of  service  to  his  master;  and  if  he  refused  to  make  such 
an  agreement  the  master  could,  within  sixty  days,  remove  him  from  the 
Territory.  Any  slave  under  fifteen  years  of  age  could  be  registered,  and 
Tield  without  indenture,  males  until  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  females 
until  thirty-two.  Children  of  indentured  mothers  were  to  serve  their 
masters,  males  until  thirty  years  of  age,  and  females  until  twenty-eight. 
Indentured  servants  were  not  to  be  removed  from  the  Territory  without 
their  consent,  given  before  a  common  pleas  judge.  On  a  complaint  of  ill 
usage  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  the  indenture  might  be  cancelled; 
and  if  an  indentured  servant  became  free  at  the  age  of  forty,  or  more, 
his  master  was  to  give  bond  of  $500  that  the  servant  should  not  become 
a  public  charge.  This  law  received  newspaper  publication  that  the 


«Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  pp.  292-3. 


244  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

former  law  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  did  not,  and  therefore  received 
attention  outside  of  the  Territory.  The  "Liberty  Hall,"  of  Cincinnati, 
published  an  abstract  of  the  law,  inclosed  in  turned  rules,  and  said :  "If 
it  were  possible,  with  tears  of  blood  we  are  constrained  to  publish  the 
following  sketch  of  the  law  of  Indiana  Territory  respecting  Negroes." 
The  "National  Intelligencer"  denounced  it  roundly  as  a  violation  of  the 
Ordinance  and  a  menace  to  the  entire  Union ;  and  said  that  the  Governor 
should  be  removed  if  he  enforced  the  law,  and  that  Congress  should 
refuse  Indiana  admission  to  the  Union  until  the  law  was  repealed.  Un- 
fortunately the  files  of  the  only  paper  published  in  the  state  at  this  time 
are  not  preserved,  but  the  law  met  condemnation  in  Indiana.  Josiah 
Espy,  who  traveled  through  Indiana  in  1805,  says :  ' '  The  Indiana  terri- 
tory was  settled  first  under  the  same  charter  as  the  state  of  Ohio,  pro- 
hibiting the  admission  of  slaves,  but  the  genius  of  a  majority  of  the 
people  ordering  otherwise  (the  southern  climate,  no  doubt,  having  its 
influence),  the  legislature  of  that  territory  during  the  last  summer, 
passed  a  law  permitting  a  partial  introduction  of  slavery,  much  to  the 
dissatisfaction  of  the  minority.  This  circumstance  will  check  the  emi- 
gration of  farmers  who  do  their  own  labor,  while  the  slave  owners  of  the 
Southern  states  and  Kentucky  will  be  encouraged  to  remove  thither; 
consequently  the  state  of  society  there  will  be  altogether  different  from 
that  of  Ohio.  Its  manners  and  laws  will  assimilate  more  and  more  to 
those  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  while  Ohio  will,  in  these  respects,  more 
closely  imitate  Pennsylvania  and  the  middle  states. " 7  It  is  hardly 
possible  that  these  thoughts  as  to  the  effects  of  the  law  were  confined  to 
Mr.  Espy.  They  manifestly  present  the.  political  basis  of  the  action; 
and  it  is  certain  that  it  was  discussed  in  Indiana  on  that  basis,  for  one  of 
the  correspondents  of  "Liberty  Hall"  says:  "I  have  been  making  some 
enquiries  respecting  the  growing  population  of  Indiana  Territory,  but 
cannot  find  any  comparison  in  the  numbers  to  those  who  come  to  this 
state.  The  bait  has  not  taken.  The  cunning  slave-holder  feels  too  flimsy 
a  security  to  bring  his  horde  to  a  country  where  the  term  of  holding 
them  is  so  precarious.  And  those  who  are  opposed  to  that  hellish  traffic 
are  afraid  to  risk  themselves  in  a  country  where  there  is  a  prospect  of 
its  introduction."  The  inducement  evidently  did  not  appeal  strongly  to 
slave-holders,  for  though  the  population  of  Indiana  proper  increased 
from  2,500  in  1800  to  24,520  in  1810,  the  number  of  free  negroes,  as  re- 
ported by  the  census  of  Indiana  Territory,  increased  only  from  87  to 
393,  and  the  number  of  slaves  from  28  to  237.  The  increase  of  slaves  in 
Illinois  proper  was,  however,  greater  in  proportion.  The  incoming  anti- 
slavery  population  was  locating  chiefly  in  Clark  and  Dearborn  counties. 


7  A  Tour  &c.,  p.  24-5. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


24C 


This  legislature  also  established  a  Court  of  Chancery — the  only  one 
in  this  region  ever  exclusively  confined  to  chancery — which  continued 
until  1813,  John  Badollet,  Thomas  T.  Davis  and  Waller  Taylor  serving 
successively  as  chancellors.  It  also  chartered  the  first  corporations  in 
the  state — "the  Borough  of  Vincennes"  and  "the  Indiana  Canal  Com- 
pany," the  latter  to  construct  a  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  on 


JOHN  BADOLLET,  FIRST  CHANCELLOR  OP  INDIANA 
(From  a  portrait  by  Leseuer) 

the  Indiana  side.  Espy  says  of  the  latter :  "At  the  late  session  of  the 
legislature  of  Indiana  a  company  was  incorporated  for  this  purpose  on 
the  most  liberal  scale.  Books  were  opened  for  subscription  while  I  was 
there,  which  were  filling  rapidly.  Shares  to  the  amount  of  about  $120,000 
were  already  subscribed  by  men  of  the  first  standing  in  the  Union.  When 
the  canal  is  finished  the  company  intend  erecting  all  kinds  of  water 
works,  for  which  they  say  the  place  is  highly  calculated.  From  these  it 
is  expected  that  more  wealth  will  flow  into  the  coffers  of  the  company 


244 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


former  law  of  the  Governor  and  Judges  did  not,  and  therefore  received 
attention  outside  of  the  Territory.  The  "Liberty  Hall,"  of  Cincinnati, 
published  an  abstract  of  the  law,  inclosed  in  turned  rules,  and  said:  "If 
it  were  possible,  with  tears  of  blood  we  are  constrained  to  publish  the 
following  sketch  of  the  law  of  Indiana  Territory  respecting  Negroes." 
The  "National  Intelligencer"  denounced  it  roundly  as  a  violation  of  the 
Ordinance  and  a  menace  to  the  entire  Union ;  and  said  that  the  Governor 
should  be  removed  if  he  enforced  the  law,  and  that  Congress  should 
refuse  Indiana  admission  to  the  Union  until  the  law  was  repealed.  Un- 
fortunately the  files  of  the  only  paper  published  in  the  state  at  this  time 
are  not  preserved,  but  the  law  met  condemnation  in  Indiana.  Josiah 
Espy,  who  traveled  through  Indiana  in  1805,  says:  "The  Indiana  terri- 
tory was  settled  first  under  the  same  charter  as  the  state  of  Ohio,  pro- 
hibiting the  admission  of  slaves,  but  the  genius  of  a  majority  of  the 
people  ordering  otherwise  (the  southern  climate,  no  doubt,  having  its 
influence),  the  legislature  of  that  territory  during  the  last  summer, 
passed  a  law  permitting  a  partial  introduction  of  slavery,  much  to  the 
dissatisfaction  of  the  minority.  This  circumstance  will  check  the  emi- 
gration of  farmers  who  do  their  own  labor,  while  the  slave  owners  of  the 
Southern  states  and  Kentucky  will  be  encouraged  to  remove  thither; 
consequently  the  state  of  society  there  will  be  altogether  different  from 
that  of  Ohio.  Its  manners  and  laws  will  assimilate  more  and  more  to 
those  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  while  Ohio  will,  in  these  respects,  more 
closely  imitate  Pennsylvania  and  the  middle  states. " 7  It  is  hardly 
possible  that  these  thoughts  as  to  the  effects  of  the  law  were  confined  to 
Mr.  Espy.  They  manifestly  present  the  political  basis  of  th"  action ; 
and  it  is  certain  that  it  was  discussed  in  Indiana  on  that  basis,  for  one  of 
the  correspondents  of  "Liberty  Hall"  says:  "I  have  been  making  some 
enquiries  respecting  the  growing  population  of  Indiana  Territory,  but 
cannot  find  any  comparison  in  the  numbers  to  those  who  come  to  this 
state.  The  bait  has  not  taken.  The  cunning  slave-holder  feels  too  flimsy 
a  security  to  bring  his  horde  to  a  country  where  the  term  of  holding 
them  is  so  precarious.  And  those  who  are  opposed  to  that  hellish  traffic 
are  afraid  to  risk  themselves  in  a  country  where  there  is  a  prospect  of 
its  introduction."  The  inducement  evidently  did  not  appeal  strongly  to 
slave-holders,  for  though  the  population  of  Indiana  proper  increased 
from  2.500  in  1800  to  24.520  in  1810.  the  number  of  free  negroes,  as  re- 
ported by  the  census  of  Indiana  Territory,  increased  only  from  87  to 
393,  and  the  number  of  slaves  from  28  to  237.  The  increase  of  slaves  in 
Illinois  proper  was,  however,  greater  in  proportion.  The  incoming  anti- 
slavery  population  was  locating  chiefly  in  Clark  and  Dearborn  counties. 


7  A  Tom  &e.,  p.  24-5. 


" 
• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


24 


This  legislature  also  established  a  Court  of  Chancery — the  ouly  one 
in  this  region  ever  exclusively  confined  to  chancery — which  continued 
until  1813,  John  Badollet,  Thomas  T.  Davis  and  Waller  Taylor  serving 
successively  as  chancellors.  It  also  chartered  the  first  corporations  in 
the  state — "the  Borough  of  Vincennes"  and  "the  Indiana  Canal  Com- 
pany," the  latter  to  construct  a  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  on 


. 


. 


JOHN  BADOLLET,  FIRST  CHANCELLOR  OF  INDIANA 
(From  a  portrait  by  Leseuer) 


the  Indiana  side.  Espy  says  of  the  latter:  "At  the  late  session  of  the 
legislature  of  Indiana  a  company  was  incorporated  for  this  purpose  on 
the  most  liberal  scale.  Books  were  opened  for  subscription  while  I  was 
there,  which  were  filling  rapidly.  Shares  to  the  amount  of  about  $120,000 
were  already  subscribed  by  men  of  the  first  standing  in  the  Union.  When 
the  canal  is  finished  the  company  intend  erecting  all  kinds  of  water 
works,  for  which  they  say  the  place  is  highly  calculated.  From  these  it 
is  expected  that  more  wealth  will  flow  into  the  coffers  of  the  company 


246  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

than  from  the  passage  of  vessels  up  and  down  the  river.  If  these  expec- 
tations should  be  realized,  there  remains  but  little  doubt  the  falls  of  the 
Ohio  will  become  the  centre  of  wealth  of  the  "Western  World." 

The  legislature  probably  realized  that  the  indenture  law  would  not 
appeal  strongly  to  slave  owners,  and  they  had  another  trouble  in  sight. 
During  the  summer  a  petition  to  Congress  had  been  circulated  in  the 
Illinois  country  asking  for  the  introduction  of  slavery  and  for  a  division 
of  the  Territory.  The  proslavery  people  of  Knox  County  did  not  want 
division  because  it  meant  that  the  capital  must  soon  be  moved  from  Vin- 
cennes.  A  petition  was  therefore  prepared  asking  for  the  admission  of 
slavery,  and  proposing  that  the  Territory  be  divided  -by  an  east  and  west 
line,  instead  of  a  north  and  south  line,  so  as  to  make  two  states  similar 
to  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  There  was  some  reason  for  this  in  the  fact 
that  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished  to  the  southern  part  of  the 
Territory  from  the  Falls  to  the  Mississippi.  This  was  adopted  by  the 
Council,  but  was  rejected  by  the  House.  It  was  then  signed  by  Benjamin 
Chambers,  John  Rice  Jones  and  Pierre  Menard,  of  the  Council,  and  by 
Jesse  B.  Thomas,  John  Johnson,  George  Fisher  fcnd  Benjamin  Parke,  of 
the  House,  and  forwarded  to  Washington  as  "The  petition  of  the  sub- 
scribers, members  of  the  Legisjative  Council  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives of  the  Indiana  Territory,  and  constituting  a  majority  of  the  two 
Houses  respectively."  This  proposal  for  the  division  of  the  Territory 
by  an  east  and  west  line  completed  the  break  between  the  proslavery 
factions  in  Indiana  proper  and  the  Illinois  country.  The  Illinois  people 
appointed  a  committee  from  the  several  townships  of  their  region,  which 
prepared  another  petition  for  the  division  of  the  Territory  as  provided 
in  the  Ordinance.  All  of  these  petitions  were  sent  on  to  Washington, 
and  also  one  from  Dearborn  County  asking  to  be  joined  to  Ohio,  as  a 
matter  of  convenience.  The  committee  to  which  they  were  referred  re- 
ported in  favor  of  suspending  the  slavery  clause,  but  no  further  action 
was  taken.  The  legislature  of  1806  made  another  petition  to  Congress 
for  the  admission  of  slavery,  and  similar  petitions  were  sent  in  from  the 
Illinois  country.  Again  the  committee  of  Congress  reported  favorably, 
but  no  further  action  was  taken.  The  Indiana  legislature  of  1807  adopted 
another  petition  for  slavery,  and  a  formal  resolution  consenting  to  the 
modification  of  the  Ordinance;  and  also  adopted  a  revision  of  the 
statutes,  including  the  indenture  law. 

Up  to  this  time  no  petition  had  been  sent  from  Indiana  against 
slavery;  and  when  I  wrote  my  "Indiana,  a  Redemption  from  Slavery," 
thirty  years  ago,  I  said  at  this  point,  "The  anti-slavery  people  were  now 
thoroughly  roused  to  the  danger  of  the  situation,  and  determined  to 
make  a  vigorous  resistance  in  Congress."  I  had  not  been  able  to  find  any 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  247 

special  cause  for  this  change  of  policy,  but  some  twenty  years  later  there 
was  made  public  one  of  the  most  remarkable  secrets  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States — a  secret  which  had  been  kept  for  more  than  a  century. 
In  the  summer  of  1786  there  came  to  Kaskaskia  John  Lemen,  a  young 
Virginian,  who  had  come  down  the  Ohio  with  his  family.  Though  only 
.twenty-six  years  of  age,  he  had  been  a  soldier  in  the  Revolution,  and  had 
made  friends  of  some  of  the  great  men  of  the  day,  as  may  be  gathered 
from  his  modest  entries  in  his  diary.  On  October  4,  1781,  he  records: 
"I  carried  a  message  from  my  Colonel  to  Gen.  Washington  today.  He 
recognized  me  and  talked  very  kindly  and  said  the  war  would  soon  be 
over,  he  thought.  I  knew  Washington  before  the  war  commenced."  On 
the  same  da*y  he  says:  "I  saw  Washington  and  La  Fayette  looking  at  a 
French  soldier  and  an  American  soldier  wrestling,  and  the  American 
threw  the  Frenchman  so  hard  he  limped  off,  and  La  Fayette  said  that 
was  the  way  Washington  must  do  to  Cornwallis. ' '  On  the  15th  he  says : 
"I  was  in  the  assault  which  La  Fayette  led  yesterday  against  the  British 
redoubt,  which  we  captured.  Our  loss  was  nine  killed  and  thirty-four 
wounded."  On  the  19th  he  says:  "Our  victory  is  great  and  complete. 
I  saw  the  surrender  to-day.  Our  officers  think  this  will  probably  end  the 
war."  After  a  short  stay  near  Kaskaskia  he  located  at  New  Design,  a 
settlement  some  four  miles  south  of  Bellefontaine,  Monroe  County,  Illi- 
nois, and,  as  the  Indians  were  troublesome,  built  "the  old  Lemen  fort." 
He  was  a  notable  hunter  and  Indian  fighter,  though  he  is  better  known 
in  Illinois  history  as  a  Baptist  minister  and  an  active  enemy  of  slavery. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Joseph  Ogle,  for  whom  Ogle  County. 
Illinois,  was  named.  The  entries  in  Lemen 's  diary  that  are  of  especial 
interest  to  Indiana  relate  to  his  connection  with  Thomas  Jefferson,  and 
are  as  follows: 

"Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  Dec.  11,  1782. 

"Thomas  Jefferson  had  me  to  visit  him  again  a  short  time  ago,  as  he 
wanted  me  to  go  to  the  Illinois  country  in  the  North  West,  after  a  year 
or  two,  in  order  to  try  to  lead  and  direct  the  new  settlers  in  the  best  way 
and  also  to  oppose  the  introduction  of  slavery  in  that  country  at  a  later 
day,  as  I  am  known  as  an  opponent  of  that  evil,  and  he  says  he  will  give 
me  some  help.  It  is  all  because  of  his  great  kindness  and  affection  for 
me,  for  which  I  am  very  grateful,  but  I  have  not  yet  fully  decided  to  do 
so,  but  have  agreed  to  consider  the  case." 

"May  2,  1784. 

"I  saw  Jefferson  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  to-day  and  had  a  very 
pleasant  visit  with  him.  I  have  consented  to  go  to  Illinois  on  his  mission 
and  he  intends  helping  me  some,  but  I  did  not  ask  nor  wish  it.  We  had 
a  full  agreement  and  understanding  as  to  all  terms  and  duties.  The 


248  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

agreement  is  strictly  private  between  us,  but  all  his  purposes  are  per- 
fectly honorable  and  praiseworthy." 

"Dec.  28,  1785. 

"Jefferson's  confidential  agent  gave  me  one  hundred  dollars  of  his 
funds  to  use  for  my  family,  if  need  be,  and  if  not  to  go  to  good  causes, 
and  I  will  go  to  Illinois  on  his  mission  next  Spring  and  take  my  wife 
and  children." 

"Sept.  4,  1786. 

"In  the  past  summer,  with  my  wife  and  children  I  arrived  at  Kas- 
kaskia,  Illinois,  and  we  are  now  living  in  the  Bottom  settlement.  On 
the  Ohio  river  my  boat  partly  turned  over  and  we. lost  a  part  of  our 
goods  and  our  son  Robert  came  near  drowning." 

"New  Design,  111.,  Feb.  26,  1794. 

' '  My  wife  and  I  were  baptized  with  several  others  to-day  in  Fountain 
Creek  by  Rev.  Josiah  Dodge.  The  ice  had  to  be  cut  and  removed  first." 

"New  Design,  May  28,  1796. 

"Yesterday  and  to-day,  my  neighbors  at  my  invitation,  gathered  at 
my  home  and  were  constituted  into  a  Baptist  church,  by  Rev.  David 
Badgley  and  Joseph  Chance." 

"New  Design,  May  3,  1803. 

"As  Thomas  Jefferson  predicted  they  would  do,  the  extreme  southern 
slave  advocates  are  making  their  influence  felt  in  the  new  territory  for 
the  introduction  of  slavery  and  they  are  pressing  Gov.  William  Henry 
Harrison  to  use  his  power  and  influence  for  that  end.  Steps  must  soon 
be  taken  to  prevent  that  curse  from  being  fastened  on  our  people." 

"New  Design,  May  4,  1805. 

"At  our  last  meeting,  as  I  expected  he  would  do,  Gov.  Harrison  asked 
and  insisted  that  I  should  cast  my  influence  for  the  introduction  of 
slavery  here,  but  I  not  only  denied  the  request,  but  I  informed  him  that 
the  evil  attempt  would  encounter  my  most  active  opposition  in  every 
possible  and  honorable  manner  that  my  mind  could  suggest  or  my  mears 
accomplish." 

"New  Design,  May  10,  1805. 

"Knowing  President  Jefferson's  hostility  against  the  introduction  of 
slavery  here  and  the  mission  he  sent  me  on  to  oppose  it,  I  do  not  believe 
the  pro-slavery  petitions  with  which  Gov.  Harrison  and  his  council  are 
pressing  Congress  for  slavery  here  can  prevail  while  he  is  President,  as 
he  is  very  popular  with  Congress  and  will  find  means  to  over-reach  the 
evil  attempt  of  the  pro-slavery  power." 

"Jan.  20th,  1806. 

"As  Gov.  William  Henry  Harrison  and  his  legislative  council  have 
had  their  petitions  before  Congress  at  several  sessions  asking  for  slavery 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  249 

here,  I  sent  a  messenger  to  Indiana  to  ask  the  churches  and  people  there 
to  get  up  and  sign  a  counter  petition  to  Congress  to  uphold  freedom  in 
the  territory  and  I  have  circulated  one  here  and  we  will  send  it  on  to 
that  body  at  next  session  or  as  soon  as  the  work  is  done. ' ' 

"New  Design,  Sept.  10.  1806. 

"A  confidential  agent  of  Aaron  Burr  called  yesterday  to  ask  my  aid 
and  sympathy  in  Burr's  scheme  for  a  Southwestern  Empire  with  Illinois 
as  a  province  and  an  offer  to  make  me  governor.  But  I  denounced  the 
conspiracy  as  high  treason  and  gave  him  a  few  hours  to  leave  the  terri- 
tory on  pain  of  arrest. ' ' 

"New  Design,  Jan.  10,  1810. 

"I  received  Jefferson's  confidential  message  on  Oct.  10,  1808,  sug- 
gesting a  division  of  the  churches  on  the  question  of  slavery  and  the 
organization  of  a  church  on  a  strictly  anti-slavery  basis,  for  the  purpose 
of  heading  a  movement  to  finally  make  Illinois  a  free  State,  and  after 
first  trying  in  vain  for  some  months  to  bring  all  the  churches  over  to 
such  a  basis,  I  acted  on  Jefferson 's  plan  and  Dec.  10, 1809,  the  anti-slavery 
element  formed  a  Baptist  church  at  Cantine  creek,  on  an  anti-slavery 
basis. ' ' 

"New  Design,  Mar.  3,  1819. 

"I  was  reared  in  the  Presbyterian  faith,  but  at  20  years  of  age  I 
embraced  Baptist  principles  and  after  settlement  in  Illinois  I  was  baptized 
into  that  faith  and  finally  became  a  minister  of  the  gospel  of  that  church, 
but  some  years  before  I  was  licensed  to  preach  I  was  active  in  collecting 
and  inducing  communities  to  organize  churches,  as  I  thought  that  the 
most  certain  plan  to  control  and  improve  the  new  settlements,  and  I  also 
hoped  to  employ  the  churches  as  a  means  of  opposition  to  the  institution 
of  slavery,  but  this  only  became  possible  when  we  organized  a  leading 
church  on  a  strictly  anti-slavery  basis,  an  event  which  finally  was  marked 
with  great  success,  as  Jefferson  suggested  it  would  be." 

"New  Design,  Dec.  10,  1820. 

"Looking  back  at  this  time,  1820,  to  1809,  when  we  organized  the 
Canteen  creek  Baptist  Church  on  a  strictly  anti-slavery  basis  as  Jefferson 
had  suggested  as  a  center  from  which  the  anti-slavery  movement  to  finally 
save  the  State  to  freedom  could  be  directed,  it  is  now  clear  that  the  move 
was  a  wise  one  as  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  it  more  than  anything  else 
was  what  made  Illinois  a  free  State." 

Lemen  kept  his  compact  with  Jefferson  secret  through  his  life,  as  he 
had  agreed,  and  his  children  kept  it  after  him,  but  in  1851,  when  Kev. 
John  Mason  Peck  was  pastor  of  Bethel  Baptist  Church — the  one  which 
Lemen  had  founded  on  "Cantine"  (Quentin)  Creek — they  intrusted  to 
him  the  preparation  of  an  account  of  their  father 's  life.  Peck,  known  in 


250 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Illinois  history  as  the  founder  of  Rock-Spring  Seminary,  which  later 
developed  into  Shurtleff  College,  and  also  as  the  author  of  an  Illinois 
Gazetteer,  and  other  books,  was  an  old-time  associate  of  the  elder  Lemen 
in  the  fight  against  slavery,  and  his  statements  add  something  to  the 
meager  recital  of  the  diary.  He  says  that  at  their  meeting  in  1784, 


REV.  J.  M.  PECK 

Jefferson  and  Lemen  ' '  agreed  that  sooner  or  later  there  would  be  a  great 
contest  to  try  to  fasten  slavery  on  the  Northwestern  Territory,"  and 
that  Jefferson  "looked  forward  to  a  great  pro-slavery  contest  to  finally 
try  to  make  Illinois  and  Indiana  slave  states,  and  as  Mr.  Lemen  was  a 
natural  born  anti-slavery  leader  and  had  proved  himself  such  in  Vir- 
ginia by  inducing  scores  of  masters  to  free  their  slaves  through  his  pre- 
vailing kindness  of  manner  and  Christian  arguments,  he  was  just  Jeffer- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  251 

son's  ideal  of  a  man  who  could  safely  be  trusted  with  his  anti-slavery 
mission  in  Illinois."  He  says  that  Jefferson  sent  messages  to  Lemeu 
when  opportunity  presented,  and  that  Jefferson  sent  a  contribution  of 
$20  to  the  new  anti-slavery  Baptist  church  when  it  was  organized ;  and 
that  when  Lemen  sent  his  agent  to  Indiana  he  paid  him  $30  out  of  the 
money  that  Jefferson  had  supplied  him.  He  quotes  a  letter  written  by 
Jefferson  on  September  10,  1807,  to  Lemen 's  brother  Robert,  who  was 
then  living  near  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  in  which  he  says:  "If  your 
brother  James  Lemen  should  visit  Virginia  soon,  as  I  learn  he  possibly 
may,  do  not  let  him  return  until  he  makes  me  a  visit.  I  will  also  write 
him  to  be^sure  and  see  me.  Among  all  my  friends  who  are  near,  he  is 
still  a  little  nearer.  I  discovered  his  worth  when  he  was  but  a  child  and 
I  freely  confess  that  in  some  of  my  most  important  achievements  his 
example,  wish  and  advice,  though  then  but  a  very  young  man,  largely 
influenced  my  action.  This  was  particularly  true  as  to  whatever  share 
I  may  have  had  in  the  transfer  of  our  great  Northwestern  Territory  to 
the  United  States,  and  especially  for  the  fact  that  I  was  so  well  pleased 
with  the  anti-slavery  clause  inserted  later  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
Before  any  one  had  ever  mentioned  the  matter,  James  Lemen,  by  reason 
of  his  devotion  to  anti-slavery  principles,  suggested  to  me  that  we  (Vir- 
ginia) make  the  transfer  and  that  slavery  be  excluded;  and  it  so  im- 
pressed me  that  whatever  is  due  me  as  credit  for  my  share  in  the  matter 
is  largely,  if  not  wholly,  due  to  James  Lemen 's  advice  and  most  righteous 
counsel.  His  record  in  the  new  country  has  fully  justified  my  course  in 
inducing  him  to  settle  there  with  the  view  of  properly  shaping  events  in 
the  best  interest  of  the  people."  Mr.  Peck  concludes  his  account  of 
Lemen 's  work  in  Illinois  with  this  statement:  "With  people  familiar 
with  all  the  circumstances  there  is  no  divergence  of  views  but  that  the 
organization  of  the  Bethel  Church  and  its  masterly  anti-slavery  contest 
saved  Illinois  to  freedom;  but  much  of  the  credit  of  the  freedom  of 
Illinois,  as  well  as  for  the  balance  of  the  territory  was  due  to  Thomas 
Jefferson's  faithful  and  efficient  aid.  True  to  his  promise  to  Mr.  Lemen 
that  slavery  should  never  prevail  in  the  Northwestern  Territory  or  any 
part  of  it,  he  quietly  directed  his  leading  confidential  friends  in  Congress 
to  steadily  defeat  Gen.  Harrison's  pro-slavery  petitions  for  the  repeal  of 
the  anti-slavery  clause  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  and  his  friendly  aid  to 
Rev.  James  Lemen,  Sr.,  and  friends  made  the  anti-slavery  contest  of 
Bethel  Church  a  success  in  saving  the  state  to  freedom. ' ' 8 


» These  details  are  from  Mr.  Willard  C.  MacNaul  's  paper  ' '  The  Jefferson- 
Lemen  Compact"  published  by  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  in  1915.  Much 
of  the  matter  was  published  in  the  Belleville  Advocate  in  1908  and  1909. 


250 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Illinois  history  as  the  founder  of  Rock-Spring  Seminary,  which  later 
developed  into  Shurtleff  College,  and  also  as  the  author  of  an  Illinois 
Gazetteer,  and  other  books,  was  an  old-time  associate  of  the  elder  Lenien 
in  the  fight  against  slavery,  and  his  statements  add  something  to  the 
meager  recital  of  the  diary.  He  says  that  at  their  meeting  in  1784, 


. 


/' 

• 

f 


REV.  J.  M.  PECK 


Jefferson  and  Lemen  ' '  agreed  that  sooner  or  later  there  would  be  a  great 
contest  to  try  to  fasten  slavery  on  the  Northwestern  Territory,"  and 
that  Jefferson  "looked  forward  to  a  great  pro-slavery  contest  to  finally 
try  to  make  Illinois  and  Indiana  slave  states,  and  as  Mr.  Lemen  was  a 
natural  born  anti-slavery  leader  and  had  proved  himself  such  in  Vir- 
ginia by  inducing  scores  of  masters  to  free  their  slaves  through  his  pre- 
vailing kindness  of  manner  and  Christian  arguments,  he  was  just  Jeffer- 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  251 

son's  ideal  of  a  man  who  could  safely  be  trusted  with  his  anti-slavery 
mission  in  Illinois."  He  says  that  Jefferson  sent  messages  to  Leiuen 
when  opportunity  presented,  and  that  Jefferson  sent  a  contribution  of 
$20  to  the  new  anti-slavery  Baptist  church  when  it  was  organized :  and 
that  when  Lemen  sent  his  agent  to  Indiana  he  paid  him  $30  out  of  the 
money  that  Jefferson  had  supplied  him.  He  quotes  a  letter  written  by 
Jefferson  on  September  10,  1807,  to  Lemen 's  brother  Kobert,  who  was 
then  living  near  Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  in  which  he  says:  <;If  your 
brother  James  Lemen  should  visit  Virginia  soon,  as  I  learn  he  possibly 
may,  do  not  let  him  return  until  he  makes  me  a  visit.  I  will  also  write 
him  to  be  $ure  and  see  me.  Among  all  my  friends  who  are  near,  he  is 
still  a  little  nearer.  I  discovered  his  worth  when  he  was  but  a  child  and 
I  freely  confess  that  in  some  of  my  most  important  achievements  his 
example,  wish  and  advice,  though  then  but  a  very  young  man,  largely 
influenced  my  action.  This  was  particularly  true  as  to  whatever  share 
I  may  have  had  in  the  transfer  of  our  great  Northwestern  Territory  to' 
the  United  States,  and  especially  for  the  fact  that  I  was  so  well  pleased 
with  the  anti-slavery  clause  inserted  later  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
Before  any  one  had  ever  mentioned  the  matter,  James  Lemen,  by  reason 
of  his  devotion  to  anti-slavery  principles,  suggested  to  me  that  we  (Vir- 
ginia) make  the  transfer  and  that  slavery  be  excluded;  and  it  so  im- 
pressed me  that  whatever  is  due  me  as  credit  for  my  share  in  the  matter 
is  largely,  if  not  wholly,  due  to  James  Lemen 's  advice  and  most  righteous 
counsel.  His  record  in  the  new  country  has  fully  justified  my  course  in 
inducing  him  to  settle  there  with  the  view  of  properly  shaping  events  in 
the  best  interest  of  the  people."  Mr.  Peck  concludes  his  account  of 
Lemen 's  work  in  Illinois  with  this  statement:  "With  people  familiar 
with  all  the  circumstances  there  is  no  divergence  of  views  but  that  the 
organization  of  the  Bethel  Church  and  its  masterly  anti-slavery  contest 
saved  Illinois  to  freedom ;  but  much  of  the  credit  of  the  freedom  of 
Illinois,  as  well  as  for  the  balance  of  the  territory  was  due  to  Thomas 
Jefferson's  faithful  and  efficient  aid.  True  to  his  promise  to  Mr.  Lemen 
that  slavery  should  never  prevail  in  the  Northwestern  Territory  or  any 
part  of  it,  he  quietly  directed  his  leading  confidential  friends  in  Congress 
to  steadily  defeat  Gen.  Harrison's  pro-slavery  petitions  for  the  repeal  of 
the  anti-slavery  clause  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  and  his  friendly  aid  to 
Rev.  James  Lemen,  Sr.,  and  friends  made  the  anti-slavery  contest  of 
Bethel  Church  a  success  in  saving  the  state  to  freedom. ' ' 8 


8  These  details  are  from  Mr.  Willard  C.  MacNaul's  paper  "The  .Teflfer«on- 
Lemen  Compact"  published  by  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  in  1915.  Much 
of  the  matter  was  published  in  the  Belleville  Advocate  in  1908  and  1909. 


252  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  light  thrown  on  the  character  of  Thomas  Jefferson  by  these 
records  is  of  more  than  local  interest.  Unhappily,  what  passes  for  his- 
tory and  biography  in  the  United  States  is  largely  nothing  but  post 
mortem  politics,  and  few  of  our  public  men  have  escaped  being  painted 
in  very  dark  colors  by  one  group  of  writers  while  they  are  lauded  to  the 
skies  by  another.  This  is  so  notable  that  even  a  prosaic  encyclopedia 
says:  "Washington  was  accused  of  murder,  treachery,  corruption,  hy- 
pocrisy, ingratitude,  moral  cowardice,  and  private  immorality ;  Franklin 
was  charged  with  theft,  debauchery,  intrigue,  slander  and  irreligion; 
while  the  manifold  charges  against  Lincoln  remain  .within  the  memory 
of  many  now  living ;  and  there  is  nothing  strange  in  the  fact  that  Jeffer- 
son was  accused  of  dishonesty,  craftiness,  slander,  irreligion,  immorality, 
cowardice,  and  incompetence."9  It  is  a  trifle  strange,  however,  that 
with  Jefferson's  well  known  sentiments  on  slavery,  he  has  been  accused 
of  trying  to  introduce  slavery  into  Ohio.  Ephraim  Cutler  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  on  the  bill  of  rights  of  the  Ohio,  of  which  John 
W.  Browne  was  chairman,  and  he  records  that:  "Mr.  Browne  proposed 
a  section,  which  denned  the  subject  thus,  'No  person  shall  be  held  in 
slavery,  if  a  male,  after  he  is  thirty-five  years  of  age ;  or  a  female,  after 
twenty-five  years  of  age.'  The  handwriting,  I  had  no  doubt,  was  Mr. 
Jefferson's.  *  *  *  Mr.  Browne  observed  that  what  he  had  intro- 
duced was  thought  by  the  greatest  men  in  the  Nation  to  be,  if  established 
in  our  constitution,  obtaining  a  great  step  toward  a  general  emancipation 
of  slavery.  This  statement  is  reinforced  by  a  statement  that  Gov.  Worth- 
ington  had  told  him,  that  Jefferson  had  told  him,  that  he  hoped  such  an 
article  might  be  put  in  the  constitution.  A  footnote  adds  the  statement 
that  A.  H.  Lewis  said  that  Gov.  Morrow,  of  Ohio,  told  him  that  he  talked 
with  Jefferson  after  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  that  Jefferson 
said :  "It  would  have  been  more  judicious  to  have  admitted  slavery  for 
a  limited  period."  On  the  face  of  these  statements  it  would  appear 
evident  that  Jefferson,  knowing  that  slavery  already  existed  in  North- 
.  west  Territory,  thought  that  a  gradual  emancipation  of  the  slaves  would 
be  more  just  than  an  immediate  emancipation.  That  he  wanted  any 
more  brought  in,  is  hardly  credible,  as  he  was  the  only  man  in  the 
United  States  at  the  time  who  had  an  agent  in  the  Territory  for  the 
special  purpose  of  keeping  slavery  out.  It  will  be  recalled  that  Jeffer- 
son's clause  excluding  slavery  from  the  western  lands,  both  north  and 
south  of  the  Ohio,  was  struck  out  on  April  19,  1784;  and  it  was  on  May 
2,  two  weeks  later,  that  he  made  his  final  agreement  with  Lemen  to  go 
west  and  fight  slavery  on  the  ground.  Jefferson  never  gave  up  a  fight  if 
there  was  a  chance  to  win  by  a  change  of  tactics. 


Encyclopedia   Americana,   Title,   Jefferson. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  253 

The  new  anti-slavery  Baptist  church  did  not  object  to  Jefferson's 
contribution  as  "tainted  money."  Jefferson  was  unpopular  with  the 
Congregationalists  of  New  England  on  account  of  his  fight  against  a 
state-supported  church  in  Virginia,  although  the  Virginia  church  was 
Episcopalian.  But  this  did  not  hurt  the  feelings  of  the  Baptists,  who 
were  taxed  in  both  New  England  and  Virginia  to  support  churches  that 
they  did  not  believe  in.  The  Virginia  Baptists  made  a  very  able  protest 
against  this  injustice  in  1775,  and  sent  an  address  to  Washington  in  1789, 
objecting  to  the  lack  of  a  guarantee  of  religious  freedom  in  the  new 
national  constitution.  Some  of  the  Virginia  Baptists  had  been  preaching 
emancipation  for  some  years,  and  one  of  them,  Rev.  James  Tarrant, 
moved  on  into  Kentucky,  and  later  organized  the  association  of  Baptists, 
who  called  themselves  "Friends  to  Humanity."  Lemen's  new  church 
called  itself,  "The  Baptized  Church  of  Christ  Friends  to  Humanity,  on 
Cantine  Creek" — "Cantine"  being  an  Americanization  of  "Quentin." 
They  adopted  what  were  known  as  "Tarraht's  Rules  Against  Slavery." 
At  this  time  there  were  only  two  Baptist  churches  in  Indiana  proper. 
The  second  one  was  constituted  on  May  20,  1809,  by  Samuel  and  Phoebe 
Allison,  Charles,  Sr.,  Charles,  Jr.,  Margaret,  Achsah,  William  and  Sally 
Polke,  John  and  Polly  Lemen,  William  and  Sally  Bruce,  and  John 
Morris,  "a  man  of  color."  It  was  located  in  Knox  County,  near  Vin- 
cennes,  and  was  called  the  Maria  Creek  Church.  Its  tenth  article  of 
faith  was  in  these  words:  "We  believe  that  African  slavery  as  it  exists 
in  some  parts  of  the  United  States,  is  unjust  in  its  origin  and  oppressive 
in  its  consequences;  and  is  inconsistent  with  the  spirit  of  the  Gospel. 
But  viewing  our  situation  in  this  Territory,  as  the  Law  does  not  tolerate 
hereditary  slavery,  we  think  it  inexpedient  to  meddle  with  the  subject  in 
a  Church  capacity."  Apparently  none  of  the  members  were  slave- 
holders, hereditary  or  otherwise,  for  in  February,  1812,  Peter  Haus- 
brough  asked  for  admission  to  the  church,  and  five  of  the  then  members 
objected  on  the  ground  that  he  was  a  slave-holder.  The  next  month  a 
majority  of  the  members  having  decided  to  admit  Hansbrough,  all  of  the 
objectors  except  William  Bruce  withdrew  their  objections  and  "Bro. 
Bruce  being  unwilling  to  continue  in  union  with  slave-holders,"  was 
dropped  out,  though  the  church  declared  they  "have  no  objections  to 
his  moral  character  as  a  Christian. ' ' 

The  first  Baptist  church  in  Indiana  had  been  constituted  on  Novem- 
ber 22,  1798,  near  Owens  Creek  (otherwise  Fourteen  Mile  Creek)  in 
Clark  County,  by  John  and  Cattern  Pettet  and  John  and  Sophia  Fislar. 
In  1803  it  was  removed  to  "Silver  Creek  near  the  mouth  of  Sinking 
Fork"  and  was  thereafter  known  as  the  Silver  Creek  church.  This 
church  took  no  stand  on  slavery,  for  on  February  26,  1814,  a  brother 


254  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  reported  for  "treating  his  slaves  ill."  The  examining  committee 
reported  that  ' '  although  he  had  chastised  his  slaves,  yet  not  so  severely 
as  reported,"  and  recommended  that  "the  brother  ought  to  receive  a 
caution  for  the  future,"  which  he  duly  received.  There  were,  however, 
some  Baptists  in  Clark  County  who  were  not  in  connection  with  this 
church,  and  there  were  numerous  settlers  there  who  were  opposed  to 
slavery,  when  Lemen's  messenger  arrived  to  urge  action.  A  meeting 
was  called  for  October  10,  1807,  at  Springville,  an  Indiana  metropolis, 
which  has  since  joined  Babylon  and  Nineveh  as  civic  memories.  It  was 
a  mile  or  two  southwest  of  Charlestown,  and  was  the  first  county  seat  of 
Clark  County.  It  nourished  for  a  short  time,  being  very  popular  with 
the  Indians  as  a  trading  point  on  account  of  a  distillery  located  there. 
The  Indians  called  it  Tul-ly-un-gi,  or  Tullytown,  on  account  of  a  trader 
named  Tully  who  had  an  establishment  in  the  place.  But  in  1802  the 
county  seat  was  removed  to  Jeffersonville,  which  had  just  been  laid  out  on 
a  plan  suggested  by  President  Jefferson,  with  the  alternate  squares  re- 
served for  parks,  except  that  instead  of  running  the  streets  between  the 
squares,  as  proposed  by  Jefferson,  the  proprietor  ran  them  diagonally 
through  the  park  squares,  in  order  to  save  ground,  much  to  the  disgust 
of  Gov.  Harrison,  who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  correspondence 
with  Jefferson  concerning  the  matter.  The  meeting  at  Springville  or- 
ganized by  electing  John  Beggs,  who  was  a  Baptist  and  an  anti-slavery 
man,  chairman,  and  Davis  Floyd,  secretary.  A  resolutions  committee 
was  appointed,  composed  of  Abraham  Little,  John  Owens,  Robert  Rob- 
ertson, and  Charles  and  James  Beggs,  brothers  of  the  chairman.  James 
Beggs  had  represented  the  County  in  the  last  legislature,  and  was  familiar 
with  the  details  of  the  legislative  petition.  He  was  probably  the  writer 
of  the  resolutions,  which  are  strong  and  well-worded.  James  Beggs  was 
very  particular  about  grammar,  so  much  so  that  he  was  called  "Mr. 
Syntax"  by  his  legislative  associates.  These  resolutions  are  notable  as 
containing  the  first  known  suggestion  of  "squatter  sovereignty,"  as 
they  ask  that  Congress  make  no  change  until  the  people  are  ready  to 
form  a  state  government;  and  the  Senate  committee  to  which  these 
petitions  were  referred  notes  this  fact  in  its  report  that  "it  is  not  expedi- 
ent at  this  time  to  suspend  the  sixth  article  of  compact."  Presumably 
Lemen's  messenger  went  to  Dearborn  County  also,  for  the  people  there 
sent  in  a  memorial  stating  that  the  legislature  had  passed  an  unconstitu- 
tional law  as  to  slaves,  and  asking  that  the  law  be  revised  or  that  they 
be  added  to  Ohio.  It  is  probable  that  Congressmen  adopted  the  squatter- 
sovereignty  idea  as  a  happy  solution  of  the  problem,  for  Benjamin 
Parke,  who  represented  Indiana  in  Congress  could  get  no  action  on  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


255 


matter,  and  after  his  return  stated  that  Congress  would  not  permit  the 
introduction  of  slavery  even  if  a  majority  of  the  people  asked  for  it.10 
The  revelations  of  Lemen's  diary  not  only  explain  the  sudden  awaken- 
ing of  the  Indiana  anti-slavery  men,  but  also  the  continuous  refusal  of 
Congress  to  suspend  the  slavery  proviso  year  after  year,  when  committees 
were  reporting  in  favor  of  its  suspension.  Jefferson's  influence  at  the 


JESSE  B.  THOMAS 

time  was  enormous,  not  only  in  Washington,  hut  throughout  the  country. 
It  was  felt  still  further  in  Indiana.  When  the  legislature  of  1808  met 
the  proslavery  people  began  a  new  effort  for  slavery  by  sending  petitions 
to  the  legislature  for  another  appeal  to  Congress.  But  now  that  the  anti- 
slavery  element  had  started  petitioning  they  also  kept  at  it,  and  the 
little  legislative  body  was  fairly  stormed  with  petitions  for  and  against 


10  Western  Sun,  February  25,  1809. 


254 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  reported  for  "treating  his  slaves  ill."  The  examining  committee 
reported  that  "although  he  had  chastised  his  slaves,  yet  not  so  severely 
as  reported."  and  recommended  that  "the  brother  ought  to  receive  a 
caution  for  the  future,"  which  he  duly  received.  There  were,  however, 
some  Baptists  in  Clark  County  who  were  not  in  connection  with  this 
church,  and  there  were  numerous  settlers  there  who  were  opposed  to 
slavery,  when  Lemen's  messenger  arrived  to  urge  action.  A  meeting 
was  called  for  October  10,  1807,  at  Springville,  an  Indiana  metropolis, 
which  has  since  joined  Babylon  and  Nineveh  as  civic  memories.  It  was 
a  mile  or  two  southwest  of  Charlestown,  and  was  the  first  county  seat  of 
Clark  County.  It  flourished  for  a  short  time,  being  very  popular  with 
the  Indians  as  a  trading  point  on  account  of  a  distillery  located  there. 
The  Indians  called  it  Tul-ly-un-gi,  or  Tullytown,  on  account  of  a  trader 
named  Tully  who  had  an  establishment  in  the  place.  But  in  1802  the 
county  seat  was  removed  to  Jeffersonville,  which  had  just  been  laid  out  on 
a  plan  suggested  by  President  Jefferson,  with  the  alternate  squares  re- 
served for  parks,  except  that  instead  of  running  the  streets  between  the 
squares,  as  proposed  by  Jefferson,  the  proprietor  ran  them  diagonally 
through  the  park  squares,  in  order  to  save  ground,  much  to  the  disgust 
of  Gov.  Harrison,  who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  correspondence 
with  Jefferson  concerning  the  matter.  The  meeting  at  Springville  or- 
ganized by  electing  John  Beggs,  who  was  a  Baptist  and  an  anti-slavery 
man,  chairman,  and  Davis  Floyd,  secretary.  A  resolutions  committee 
was  appointed,  composed  of  Abraham  Little,  John  Owens,  Robert  Rob- 
ertson, and  Charles  and  James  Beggs,  brothers  of  the  chairman.  James 
Beggs  had  represented  the  County  in  the  last  legislature,  and  was  familiar 
with  the  details  of  the  legislative  petition.  He  was  probably  the  writer 
of  the  resolutions,  which  are  strong  and  well-worded.  James  Beggs  was 
very  particular  about  grammar,  so  much  so  that  he  was  called  "Mr. 
Syntax"  by  his  legislative  associates.  These  resolutions  are  notable  as 
containing  the  first  known  suggestion  of  "squatter  sovereignty,"  as 
they  ask  that  Congress  make  no  change  until  the  people  are  ready  to 
form  a  state  government ;  and  the  Senate  committee  to  which  these 
petitions  were  referred  notes  this  fact  in  its  report  that  "it  is  not  expedi- 
ent at  this  time  to  suspend  the  sixth  article  of  compact."  Presumably 
Lemen's  messenger  went  to  Dearborn  County  also,  for  the  people  there 
sent  in  a  memorial  stating  that  the  legislature  had  passed  an  unconstitu- 
tional law  as  to  slaves,  and  asking  that  the  law  be  revised  or  that  they 
be  added  to  Ohio.  It  is  probable  that  Congressmen  adopted  the  squatter- 
sovereignty  idea  as  a  happy  solution  of  the  problem,  for  Benjamin 
Parke,  who  represented  Indiana  in  Congress  could  get  no  action  on  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


255 


matter,  and  after  his  return  stated  that  Congress  would  not  permit  the 
introduction  of  slavery  even  if  a  majority  of  the  people  asked  for  it.10 
The  revelations  of  Lemen  's  diary  not  only  explain  the  sudden  awaken- 
ing of  the  Indiana  anti-slavery  men,  but  also  the  continuous  refusal  of 
Congress  to  suspend  the  slavery  proviso  year  after  year,  when  committees 
were  reporting  in  favor  of  its  suspension.  Jefferson's  influence  at  the 


JESSE  B.  THOMAS 

time  was  enormous,  not  only  in  Washington,  but  throughout  the  country. 
It  was  felt  still  further  in  Indiana.  When  the  legislature  of  1808  met 
the  proslavery  people  began  a  new  effort  for  slavery  by  sending  petitions 
to  the  legislature  for  another  appeal  to  Congress.  But  now  that  the  anti- 
slavery  element  had  started  petitioning  they  also  kept  at  it,  and  the 
little  legislative  body  was  fairly  stormed  with  petitions  for  and  against 


"Western  Sun,  February  25,  1809. 


256  INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 

slavery,  winding  up  with  a  petition  from  William  Atchison  and  others 
of  St.  Glair  County,  asking  that  all  anti-slavery  petitions  be  thrown 
under  the  table.  Atchison  was  noted  for  vehement  expression.  William 
Morrison,  whose  principal  mercantile  house  was  at  Kaskaskia,  had  several 
branch  stores,  and  Atchison  managed  his  store  at  Cahokia.  On  account 
of  the  high  prices  he  charged,  he  was  commonly  known  as  "Chape 
Wollie."  Reynolds  tells  of  this  eccentric  Irishman  inviting  Rev.  Benja- 
min Young,  a  Methodist  circuit  rider,  to  preach  at  his  store  one  Sunday 
in  1807.  The  congregation  was  small,  and  by  way  of  apology  to  the 
preacher,  Atchison  said  to  him:  "For  my  part,  I'd  walk  miles  on  Sun- 
day, through  briars  and  hell,  to  hear  such  a  sermon  as  that  ye  prached ; 
but  these  d — d  French  love  dancing  better  than  praching.  An '  Misther 
Young,  could  ye  not  stay  with  us  to-night  and  go  to  the  ball  this 
evening?"  His  facetious  petition  itself  escaped  being  thrown  under  the 
table  by  the  narrow  margin  of  one  vote.  It  was  no  time  for  joking.  The 
anti-slavery  petitioners  outnumbered  their  opponents  by  over  600,  and 
they  were  mostly  from  the  eastern  counties.  It  was  practically  assured 
that  the  Territory  would  be  divided  very  soon,  and  that  Indiana  would 
be  left  strongly  anti-slavery.  The  Harrison  party  had  begun  going  to 
pieces,  and  he  had  lost  control  of  the  legislature.  By  a  combination  of 
the  anti-Harrison  factions  of  proslavery  men  from  the  Illinois  counties, 
and  anti-slavery  men  from  the  eastern  counties,  the  Harrison  candidate 
for  Congress  was  defeated,  and  Jesse  B.  Thomas  of  Dearborn  was  elected, 
but  it  was  openly  said  that  the  Illinois  representatives  had  required  him 
to  give  bond  that  he  would  work  for  division  before  they  voted  for  him. 
This  was  the  first  time  that  Harrison  had  failed  to  get  his  candidate  for 
Congress  elected,  but  a  still  more  fatal  blow  was  to  be  struck  at  his 
organization. 

The  slavery  petitions  were  referred  to  a  committee  of  which  General 
Washington  Johnston — the  "General"  is  a  name,  and  not  a  title — was 
chairman.  He  was  a  Virginian  who  came  to  Vincennes  in  1793,  and 
entered  the  practice  of  law.  He  ranked  high  in  every  way,  especially  in 
Masonry,  being  the  customary  local  orator  of  the  order  on  public  occa- 
sions. Up  to  this  time  he  had  acted  openly  with  the  proslavery,  Harri- 
son party,  but  now  he  faced  about.  He  said  that  he  had  always  been 
morally  opposed  to  the  introduction  of  slavery,  and  had  favored  it  as  a 
representative  only  because  his  constituents  did  so  u  and  there  is  no 
reason  to  question  this.  Indeed  it  is  impossible  that  he  could  have  had 
any  such  radical  change  of  views  if  he  had  personally  favored  slavery 
before.  On  October  19,  1808,  he  made  the  committee's  report,  which 
was  a  paper  that  would  do  credit  to  any  American  statesman.  It  covers 


11  Western.  Sun,  February  4,  11,   18,  1809. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


257 


the  entire  range  of  the  slavery  question,  and  condemns  slavery  at  every 
point ;  shows  that  slavery  is  inexpedient  and  undesirable,  by  comparing 
the  slave  states  with  the  free  states ;  declares  the  indenture  law  contrary 
to  both  the  spirit  and  the  letter  of  the  Ordinance,  and  that  "the  most 
flagitious  abuse  is  made  of  that  law ;  that  negroes  brought  here  are  com- 
monly forced  to  bind  themselves  for  a  number  of  years  reaching  or  ex- 
tending the  natural  term  of  their  lives,  so  that  the  condition  of  those 
unfortunate  persons  is  not  only  involuntary  servitude  but  downright 
slavery ' ' ;  and  concludes  with  a  finding  that  it  is  inexpedient  to  ask  Con- 
gress to  modify  the  Ordinance,  and  that  the  indenture  law  ought  to  be 
repealed.  „ 

The  source  of  much  of  his  argument  is  unquestionable.  Jefferson's 
Notes  on  Virginia  were  written  in  1781-2  in  answer  to  a  series  of  queries 
from  Secretary  De  Marbois,  of  the  French  Legation,  who  had  been  in- 
structed by  his  government  to  collect  information  as  to  the  colonies. 
Jefferson  had  a  few  copies  printed  for  personal  use,  and  a  French  edition, 
with  some  omissions  was  printed.  In  1787  a  public  edition  was  printed, 
in  the  original  form;  and  after  Jefferson's  death  various  editions  were 
printed  from  an  annotated  copy  found  in  his  papers.  There  was  a  copy 
of  this  book  in  the  Vincennes  library  at  this  time,  and  very  probably 
other  copies  in  the  town.  A  comparison  of  one  passage  will  show  the 
relation  of  the  two : 


JEFFERSON 

' '  There  must,  doubtless,  be  an  un- 
happy influence  on  the  manners  of  our 
people,  produced  by  the  existence  of 
slavery  among  us.  The  whole  commerce 
between  master  and  slave  is  a  perpetual 
exercise  of  the  most  boisterous  passions, 
the  most  unremitting  despotism  on  the 
one  part,  and  degrading  submissions  on 
the  other.  Our  children  see  this,  and 
learn  to  imitate  it;  for  man  is  an  imi- 
tative animal.  This  quality  is  the  germ 
of  all  education  in  him.  From  his  cra- 
dle to  his  grave  he  is  learning  to  do 
what  he  sees  others  do.  If  a  parent 
could  find  no  motive  either  in  his  philan- 
thropy or  his  self  love  for  restraining  the 
intemperance'  of  passion  towards  his 
slave,  it  should  always  be  a  sufficient 
one  that  his  child  is  present  But  gen- 
erally it  is  not  sufficient.  The  parent 
storms,  the  child  looks  on,  catches  the 
lineaments  of  wrath,  puts  on  the  same 
airs  in  the  circle  of  smaller  slaves,  gives 

Vol.  I— IT 


a  loose  to  his  worst  of  passions,  and 
thus  nursed,  educated  and  daily  exer- 
cised in  tyranny,  cannot  but  be  stamped 
by  it  with  odious  peculiarities.  The  man 
must  be  a  prodigy  who  can  retain  his 
manners  and  morals  undepraved  by  such 
circumstances.  •  •  *  And  can  the 
liberties  of  a  nation  be  thought  secure 
when  we  have  removed  their  only  firm 
basis,  a  conviction  in  the  minds  of  the 
people  that  these  liberties  are  of  the 
gift  of  God?  That  they  are  not  to  be 
violated  but  with  his  wrath  f  Indeed 
I  tremble  for  my  country  when  I  re- 
flect that  God  is  just;  that  his  justice 
cannot  sleep  forever;  that  considering 
numbers,  nature  and  natural  means  only, 
a  revolution  of  the  wheel  of  fortune,  an 
exchange  of  situation  is  among  possible 
events;  that  it  may  become  probable  by 
supernatural  interference.  The  Al- 
mighty has'  no  attribute  which  can  take 
side  with  us  in  such  a  contest." 


258 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


JOHNSTON 

"With  respect  to  the  influence  which 
the  practice  of  slavery  may  have  upon 
morals  and  manners;  when  men  are  in- 
vested with  an  uncontrolled  power  over 
a  number  of  friendless  human  beings 
held  to  incessant  labor;  when  they  can 
daily  see  the  whip  hurrying  promiscu- 
ously the  young,  the  aged,  the  infirm, 
the  pregnant  woman,  and  the  mother 
with  her  suckling  infant  to  their  daily 
toil;  when  they  can  see  them  unmoved 
shivering  with  cold  and  pinched  with 
hunger;  when  they  can  barter  a  human 
being  with  the  same  unfeeling  indiffer- 
ence that  they  barter  a  horse;  part  the 
wife  from  her  husband,  and  unmindful  of 
their  mutual  cries  tear  the  child  from  its 
mother;  when  they  can  in  the  unbridled 
gust  of  stormy  passions  inflict  cruel 
punishments  which  no  law  can  avert  or 
mitigate;  when  such  things  can  take 
place,  can  it  be  expected  that  the  milk 
of  human  kindness  will  ever  moisten  the 
eyes  of  men  in  the  daily  practice  of  such 
enormities,  and  that  they  will  respect  the 
moral  obligations  or  the  laws  of  jus- 
tice which  they  are  constantly  outrag- 
ing with  the  wretched  negro  f  *  *  * 
At  the  very  moment  that  the  progress 
of  reason  and  general  benevolence  is 
consigning  slavery  to  its  merited  desti- 
nation, tha't  England,  sordid  England,  is 


blushing  at  the  practice,  that  all  good 
men  of  the  Southern  states  repeat  in  one 
common  response  'I  tremble  for  my 
country  when  I  reflect  that  God  is  just,' 
must  the  Territory  of  Indiana  take  a 
retrograde  step  into  barbarism  and  as- 
similate itself  with  Algiers  and  Mo- 
rocco? With  respect  to  its  political  ef- 
fects, it  may  be  worthy  of  enquiry  how 
long  the  political  institutions  of  a  peo- 
ple admitting  slavery  may  be  expected  to 
remain  uninjured,  how  proper  a  school 
for  the  acquirement  of  republican  vir- 
tues is  a  state  of  things  wherein  usur- 
pation is  sanctioned  by  law,  wherein  the 
commands  of  justice  are  trampled  un- 
der foot,  wherein  those  claiming  the 
rights  of  free  men  are  themselves  the 
most  execrable  of  tyrants,  and  where  is 
consecrated  the  dangerous  maxim  that 
'power  is  right.'  Your  committee  will 
here  only  observe  that  the  habit  of  un- 
limited dominion  in  the  slave-holder  will 
beget  in  him  a  spirit  of  haughtiness  and 
pride  productive  of  a  proportional  habit 
of  servility  and  despondence  in  those 
who  possess  no  negroes,  both  equally  in- 
imical to  our  institutions.  The  lord  of 
three  or  four  hundred  negroes  will  not 
easily  forgive  and  the  mechanic  and  la- 
boring man  will  seldom  venture  a  vote 
contrary  to  the  will  of  such  an  iufluen- 
tial  being.  "12 


The  effect  of  this  report  was  remarkable,  for  the  House  at  once  con- 
curred in  it  without  division,  and  the  House  as  constituted  had  stood  five 
to  one  for  slavery.  Furthermore  they  at  once  took  up  the  hill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  indenture  law  which  the  committee  had  reported,  put  it 
through  three  readings,  and  passed  it ;  and  it  was  signed  and  sent  to  the 
Council  that  same  morning.  Five  days  later  it  was  taken  up  by  the 
Council,  when  only  John  Rice  Jones,  Shadrach  Bond  of  St.  Clair  County, 
and  George  Fisher  of  Randolph,  were  present,  and  they  defeated  it 
without  division.  It  would  have  been  political  suicide  for  the  Illinois 
men  to  have  passed  the  repeal  bill,  and  yet  all  of  them,  including  Rice 
Jones,  the  son  of  John  Rice  Jones,  had  voted  for  it  under  the  spell  of 


12  At  this  time  all  voting  was  by  open  announcement  of  choice  at  the  polling 
place,  and  everybody  knew  how  everyone  else  voted. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


259 


Johnston's  report.  The  vote  of  the  Council  saved  the  indenture  system 
for  Illinois,  where  it  made  a  great  deal  of  trouble  for  many  years  after- 
wards. The  bitterness  resulting  from  this  legislature  was  very  deep ; 
and  this  was  evidenced  by  the  burning  of  Jesse  B.  Thomas  in  effigy  at 
Vincennes,  and  by  the  murder  of  Rice  Jones  at  Kaskaskia  by  Dr.  Dunlap. 
But  the  demonstrations  of  anger  did  no  good,  for  Thomas  went  to  Con- 


JOHN  RICE  JONES 


gress  and  secured  all  he  had  pledged.  An  act  for  the  division  of  the 
Territory  was  approved  on  February  3,  1809,  and  he  also  secured  laws 
making  councilors  and  the  delegate  to  Congress  elective  by  the  people, 
and  putting  the  power  of  apportionment  for  the  representatives  in  the 
hands  of  the  legislature.  He  obtained  for  himself  an  appointment  of 
Judge  of  the  Territorial  court  of  Illinois,  and  removed  to  that  state, 
where  he  became  prominent,  being  one  of  its  first  national  senators.  John 


258 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


JOHNSTON 

"With  respect  to  the  influence  which 
the  practice  of  slavery  may  have  upon 
morals  and  manners;  when  men  are  in- 
vested with  an  uncontrolled  power  over 
a  number  of  friendless  human  beings 
held  to  incessant  labor;  when  they  can 
daily  see  the  whip  hurrying  promiscu- 
ously the  young,  the  aged,  the  infirm, 
the  pregnant  woman,  and  the  mother 
with  her  suckling  infant  to  their  daily 
toil;  when  they  can  see  them  unmoved 
shivering  with  cold  and  pinched  with 
hunger;  when  they  can  barter  a  human 
being  with  the  same  unfeeling  indiffer- 
ence that  they  barter  a  horse;  part  the 
wife  from  her  husband,  and  unmindful  of 
their  mutual  cries  tear  the  child  from  its 
mother;  when  they  can  in  the  unbridled 
gust  of  stormy  passions  inflict  cruel 
punishments  which  no  law  can  avert  or 
mitigate;  when  such  things  can  take 
place,  can  it  be  expected  that  the  milk 
of  human  kindness  will  ever  moisten  the 
eyes  of  men  in  the  daily  practice  of  such 
enormities,  and  that  they  will  respect  the 
moral  obligations  or  the  laws  of  jus- 
tice which  they  are  constantly  outrag- 
ing with  the  wretched  negro  f  *  *  * 
At  the  very  moment  that  the  progress 
of  reason  and  general  benevolence  is 
consigning  slavery  to  its  merited  desti- 
nation, that  England,  sordid  England,  is 


blushing  at  the  practice,  that  all  good 
men  of  the  Southern  states  repeat  in  one 
common  response  '  I  tremble  for  my 
country  when  I  reflect  that  God  is  just,' 
must  the  Territory  of  Indiana  take  a 
retrograde  step  into  barbarism  and  as- 
similate itself  with  Algiers  and  Mo- 
rocco f  With  respect  to  its  political  ef- 
fects, it  may  be  worthy  of  enquiry  how 
long  the  political  institutions  of  a  peo- 
ple admitting  slavery  may  be  expected  to 
remain  uninjured,  how  proper  a  school 
for  the  acquirement  of  republican  vir- 
tues is  a  state  of  things  wherein  usur- 
pation is  sanctioned  by  law,  wherein  the 
commands  of  justice  are  trampled  un- 
der foot,  wherein  those  claiming  the 
rights  of  free  men  are  themselves  the 
most  execrable  of  tyrants,  and  where  is 
consecrated  the  dangerous  maxim  that 
'  power  is  right. '  Your  committee  will 
here  only  observe  that  the  habit  of  un- 
limited dominion  in  the  slave-holder  will 
beget  in  him  a  spirit  of  haughtiness  and 
pride  productive  of  a  proportional  habit 
of  servility  and  despondence  in  those 
who  possess  no  negroes,  both  equally  in- 
imical to  our  institutions.  The  lord  of 
three  or  four  hundred  negroes  will  not 
easily  forgive  and  the  mechanic  and  la- 
boring man  will  seldom  venture  a  vote 
contrary  to  the  will  of  such  an  influen- 
tial being."  12 


The  effect  of  this  report  was  remarkable,  for  the  House  at  once  con- 
curred in  it  without  division,  and  the  House  as  constituted  had  stood  five 
to  one  for  slavery.  Furthermore  they  at  once  took  up  the  bill  for  the 
repeal  of  the  indenture  law  which  the  committee  had  reported,  put  it 
through  three  readings,  and  passed  it ;  and  it  was  signed  and  sent  to  the 
Council  that  same  morning.  Five  days  later  it  was  taken  up  by  the 
Council,  when  only  John  Rice  Jones,  Shadrach  Bond  of  St.  Clair  County, 
and  George  Fisher  of  Randolph,  were  present,  and  they  defeated  it 
without  division.  It  would  have  been  political  suicide  for  the  Illinois 
men  to  have  passed  the  repeal  bill,  and  yet  all  of  them,  including  Rice 
Jones,  the  son  of  John  Rice  Jones,  had  voted  for  it  under  the  spell  of 


12  At  this  time  all  voting  was  by  open  announcement  of  choice  at  the  polling 
place,  and  everybody  knew  how  everyone  else  voted. 


5 


\ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


259 


Johnston's  report.  The  vote  of  the  Council  saved  the  indenture  system 
for  Illinois,  where  it  made  a  great  deal  of  trouble  for  many  years  after- 
wards. The  bitterness  resulting  from  this  legislature  was  very  deep ; 
and  this  was  evidenced  by  the  burning  of  Jesse  B.  Thomas  in  effigy  at 
Vincennes,  and  by  the  murder  of  Rice  Jones  at  Kaskaskia  by  Dr.  Dunlap. 
But  the  demonstrations  of  anger  did  no  good,  for  Thomas  went  to  Con- 


JOHN  RICE  JONES 

•"*• "-'""':.:.:  ">' 

gress  and  secured  all  he  had  pledged.  An  act  for  the  division  of  the 
Territory  was  approved  on  February  3,  1809,  and  he  also  secured  laws 
making  councilors  and  the  delegate  to  Congress  elective  by  the  people, 
and  putting  the  power  of  apportionment  for  the  representatives  in  the 
hands  of  the  legislature.  He  obtained  for  himself  an  appointment  of 
Judge  of  the  Territorial  court  of  Illinois,  and  removed  to  that  state, 
where  he  became  prominent,  being  one  of  its  first  national  senators.  John 


260  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

*     ' 

Rice  Jones  also  left  Indiana  at  this  time,  locating  in  Missouri,  where  he 
was  for  years  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Some  of  the  descendants  of  Jones  have  felt  outraged  by  mere  his- 
torical statements  about,  his  career  in  Indiana,  but  they  seem  to  have 
overlooked  really  severe  criticisms  of  him,  that  were  made  while  he  had 
opportunity  to  answer  them.13  The  historical  truth  is  that,  as  the  Terri- 
torial government  advanced  to  higher  grades,  the  Governor's  appointing 
power  decreased,  and  at  the  same  time,  by  the  growth  of  population,  the 
number  of  necessary  political  allies  increased,  until  there  were  not  offices 
enough  to  go  around.  Influenced  perhaps  by  a  consideration  of  family 
or  personal  relation,  Harrison  put  to  the  front  a  number  of  the  later 
comers  to  the  Territory,  among  them  Waller  Taylor,  Benjamin  Parke 
and  Thomas  Randolph,  who  were  appointed  to  the  class  of  offices  to 
which  Jones  aspired.  As  long  as  Jones  was  in  office  he  was  a  political 
friend  of  Harrison;  when  he  went  out  of  office  he  became  Harrison's 
enemy,  and  there  is  no  other  visible  cause  for  his  change  of  attitude.  To 
an  unprejudiced  observer,  this  would  seem  to  come  within  the  scriptural 
rule:  "When  it  is  evening,  ye  say,  It  will  be  fair  weather:  for  the  sky 
is  red.  And  in  the  morning,  It  will  be  foul  weather  to  day :  for  the  sky 
is  red  and  lowering."  There  can  be  no  question  that  after  Jones  went 
out  of  office,  Harrison  was  assailed  in  the  newspapers  by  Jones,  Elijah 
Bachus,  and  William  Mclntosh,  who  had  been  Territorial  Treasurer. 
These  attacks  continued  after  Jones  left  the  Territory,  and  it  is  a  matter 
of  judicial  record  that  Harrison  finally  sued  Mclntosh  for  slander  and 
recovered  judgment  for  $4,000.  Harrison  was  usually  fortunate  in  the 
character  of  his  assailants ;  and  in  this  case  an  interesting  light  is  thrown 
on  Mclntosh — and  incidentally  on  the  Owens  colony  at  New  Harmony — 
by  the  following  naive  entry  in  the  diary  of  William  Owen,  as  to  a  visit 
to  Mclntosh :  "We  found  a  fine  old  man.  His  house  is  pretty  large,  but 
only  partly  finished  inside.  It  is  situated  on  a  bank  near  the  river  oppo- 
site the  rapids  and  in  floods  is  quite  surrounded  by  water.  We  were 
introduced  to  a  black  woman  as  his  housekeeper  but  who  seems  to  answer 
all  the  purposes  of  a  wife,  as  he  has  three  black  children  by  her.  Two 
of  them  are  fine  children.  Mrs.  J.  Mclntosh,  who  is  from  New  Jersey, 
had  informed  us  of  them  before,  saying  she  would  go  often  to  see  him, 
were  it  not  that  he  had  a  black  woman  and  that  he  fondled  the  little 
black  things  as  if  they  were  as  white  as  snow.  Mr.  Mclntosh  showed  us 
a  number  of  papers  relative  to  a  meeting  held  at  Vincennes  by  the 
French  in  order  to  reply  to  some  insinuations  made  against  their  fidelity 
by  Gen.  Harrison.  We  had  a  good  deal  of  conversation  with  him  and  he 

is  Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  373  et  seq. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  261 

seemed  much  inclined  to  go  all  together  with  us.  He  appeared  to  be  a 
deist.  It  rained  in  the  evening.  After  we  had  supped  the  black  woman 
and  the  children  and  a  negro  man  sat  down  with  us.  They  also  remained 
in  the  room  during  the  evening. ' ' 14 

The  division  act  of  1809  left  Indiana  with  its  present  boundaries 
except  that  the  north  line  ran  through  the  southern  extreme  of  Lake 
Michigan,  instead  of  ten  miles  north  of  it;  and  the  strip  east  of  the 
Wabash  and  west  of  a  line  drawn  north  from  Vincennes  was  then  put  in 
Illinois  Territory ;  and  both  of  these  so  remained  until  added  to  Indiana 
when  the  sta,te  was  admitted.  Although  the  division  act  was  approved 
on  February  3,  1809,  it  did  not  reach  Indiana  for  several  weeks,  and  an 
election  for  delegates  to  the  legislature  was  held  on  April  3  under  the 
old  law.  This  was  of  interest  as  showing  public  sentiment  in  Knox 
County,  where  there  were  five  candidates,  and  two  to  be  elected.  One  of 
the  candidates  was  Thomas  Randolph,  then  Attorney  General  of  the 
Territory,  and  he  was  the  only  one  who  stated  his  position  on  slavery, 
which  was  as  follows:  "Your  former  delegate  will  inform  you  that 
Congress  would  not  give  its  sanction  to  the  introduction  of  slaves  was 
there  a  majority  of  the  citizens  of  the  Territory  in  favor  of  it.  You  say, 
and  I  believe  it  probable,  a  majority  is  opposed  to  it.  I  differ  with  them 
in  opinion ;  my  voice  would  be  in  favor  of  the  introduction.  Let  us  not, 
however,  agitate  this  question  when  more  important  subjects  loudly  de- 
mand our  attention. "  The  important  subjects,  as  he  explained  at  length, 
were  foreign  complications ;  but  he  did  not  explain  what  the  legislature 
of  Indiana  Territory  had  to  do  with  them.  The  election  in  Knox  re- 
sulted, John  Johnson  203,  General  W.  Johnson  140,  John  Haddon  120, 
Thomas  Randolph  110,  Dennis  Sullivan  66.  On  April  4,  the  day  after 
the  election,  Harrison  proclaimed  the  division,  redistricted  the  Territory, 
and  called  an  election  for  May  22.  He  could  not  have  done  this  unless 
he  had  received  the  division  act  before  April  3.  But  Congress  had  also 
passed  a  suffrage  act  which  put  the  power  of  legislative  apportionment 
in  the  legislature,  and  when  Harrison  received  this  he  again  let  the 
election  proceed,  and  the  legislature  was  held  illegal  and  void  by  Con- 
gress; and  in  consequence  Indiana  did  not  get  a  valid  legislature  until 
1810. 

The  suffrage  act  also  called  for  the  election  of  a  Congressman  by  the 
people,  and  as  soon  as  it  was  received  John  Johnson  and  Thomas  Ran- 
dolph announced  themselves  as  candidates.  Johnson  said  nothing  as  to 
slavery,  but  he  had  always  been  a  proslavery  man.  Randolph  tried  to 
trim.  In  his  published  address  he  said:  "It  is  my  belief  that  a  great 


"Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  p.  113. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

majority  of  the  people  of  the  Territory  are  opposed  to  me  in  opinion.  I 
therefore  yield  the  point.  I  think  this  question  ought  now  to  sleep.  I 
think  the  interests  of  the  Territory  demand  it ;  and  should  I  be  honored 
with  your  suffrages  I  will  not  make  an  attempt  to  introduce  negroes  into 
the  Territory  unless  a  decided  majority  of  my  constituents  should  par- 
ticularly instruct  me  to  do  so."  This  situation  opened  the  way  for  an 
anti-slavery  candidate,  and  the  man  was  at  hand,  in  the  person  of  young 
Jonathan  Jennings.  He  was  born  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey, 
but  his  father,  who  was  a  Presbyterian  preacher,  removed  to  Fayette 
County,  Pennsylvania,  soon  after  Jonathan's  birth;  and  here  the  boy 
grew  to  manhood,  receiving  a  common  school  education,  with  some  Latin, 
Greek  and  higher  mathematics  in  a  grammar  school  at  Cannonsburg, 
Pennsylvania.  He  began  the  study  of  law,  but  in  1806  went  west,  com- 
ing down  the  Ohio  in  a  flatboat  to  Jeffersonville,  where  he  stopped  for  a 
time,  and  then  went  on  to  Vincennes.  Here  he  completed  his  legal 
studies,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  April  term,  1807.  Legal 
business  was  not  abundant,  and  as  he  was  a  good  penman,  he  found  addi- 
tional occupation  as  clerk  for  Nathaniel  Ewing,  Receiver  of  the  Lan<f 
Office,  and  put  in  a  week  helping  copy  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1807.  He 
also  had  a  very  brief  journalistic  experience.  Elihu  Stout,  proprietor  of 
the  Vincennes  Sun,  was  accustomed  to  get  an  "assistant  editor"  who  was 
a  partner,  i.e.,  had  as  his  compensation  a  share  of  the  profits.  He  had 
fallen  out  with  an  assistant  editor  named  Smoot,  in  November,  1807,  and 
in  December  Jennings  took  the  place  for  a  couple  of  weeks,  and  then 
the  partnership  was  "dissolved  by  consent."  Possibly  the  difficulty  lay 
in  Jennings'  slavery  views,  for  Stout  was  a  pronounced  proslavery  man. 
Jennings  found  that  there  was  not  much  prospect  for  him  at  Vincennes, 
and  decided  to  go  back  to  Clark  County.  As  he  was  starting,  Ewing 
said  to  him,  ' '  Look  us  up  a  good  candidate  for  Congress, ' '  and  Jennings, 
who  had  apparently  been  giving  the  matter  some  thought,  replied,  "Why 
wouldn't  I  do?"  After  a  brief  talk,  they  agreed  that  he  might  be  elected 
if  he  could  get  the  support  of  the  anti-slavery  people  of  the  eastern 
counties.  The  time  was  short.  Jennings  hastened  to  Charlestown,  and 
consulted  the  Beggs  brothers.  A  meeting  was  called,  and  he  was  ac- 
cepted as  a  candidate.  He  then  went  on  to  Dearborn.  In  the  southern 
district,  where  Captain  Samuel  Vance,  a  brother-in-law  of  Harrison,  and 
General  James  Dill,  a  Harrison  office-holder,  were  the  leading  politicians, 
he  received  no  encouragement.  In  the  northern  district,  where  the  Hoi- 
mans,  a  Baptist  family,  were  the  leaders,  a  backwoods  convention  had 
been  held,  known  later  as  "the  Log  Convention,"  and  George  Hunt  had 
been  selected  as  a  candidate,  but  with  the  understanding  that  if  Clark 
County  had  another  candidate  Hunt  would  be  withdrawn ;  and  Joseph 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


263 


Holman  had  gone  to  Clark  to  learn  the  situation.  Before  he  returned, 
Dill  and  Vance  came  up  from  Lawrenceburgh,  and  circulated  charges 
against  Jennings,  and  also  induced  Hunt  to  withdraw  in  favor  of  Vance. 
When  Joseph  Holman  returned,  Jennings  made  satisfactory  explanation 
of  the  charges  of  Dill  and  Vance,  and  the  Holmans  gave  him  their  active 
support.  In  the  election  Jennings  got  every  vote  in  the  northern  district 
except  that  of  George  Hunt.  The  votes  of  Clark  and  Dearborn  out- 
balanced those  of  Knox  and  Harrison,  and  the  result  was  Randolph  402, 
Jennings  428,  and  Johnson  81.  Randolph  contested  the  election,  and 


TIPPECANOE  BATTLEGROUND  NEAR  LAFAYETTE 


the  committee  reported  the  election  void,  on  account  of  irregularities  in 
Dearborn  County;  but  the  House  refused  to  concur  in  the  report,  and 
Jennings  retained  his  seat.  He  defeated  Randolph  again  in  1811; 
"Waller  Taylor  in  1812 ;  and  Judge  Elijah  Sparks  in  1814.  His  success 
was  largely  due  to  the  slavery  question,  or  rather  to  the  recollection  of 
it,  which  his  opponents  tried  in  vain  to  avoid.  In  addition  to  this, 
Jennings  was  unsurpassed  as  a  frontier  politician.  He  was  thoroughly 
one  of  the  people,  joining  in  their  sports  and  their  work,  while  his 
opponents  usually  assumed  some  superiority  over  the  masses  in  their 
style  of  life.  Hence  the  Harrison  party  came  to  be  called  "the  Virginia 
Aristocrats"  and  the  Jennings  party  called  themselves  "the  People" — 


262 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


majority  of  the  people  of  the  Territory  are  opposed  to  me  in  opinion.  I 
therefore  yield  the  point.  I  think  this  question  ought  now  to  sleep.  I 
think  the  interests  of  the  Territory  demand  it ;  and  should  I  be  honored 
with  your  suffrages  I  will  not  make  an  attempt  to  introduce  negroes  into 
the  Territory  unless  a  decided  majority  of  my  constituents  should  par- 
ticularly instruct  me  to  do  so."  This  situation  opened  the  way  for  an 
anti-slavery  candidate,  and  the  man  was  at  hand,  in  the  person  of  young 
Jonathan  Jennings.  He  was  born  in  Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey, 
but  his  father,  who  was  a  Presbyterian  preacher,  removed  to  Fayette 
County,  Pennsylvania,  soon  after  Jonathan's  birth;  and  here  the  boy 
grew  to  manhood,  receiving  a  common  school  education,  with  some  Latin, 
Greek  and  higher  mathematics  in  a  grammar  school  at  Cannonsburg, 
Pennsylvania.  He  began  the  study  of  law,  but  in  1806  went  west,  com- 
ing down  the  Ohio  in  a  flatboat  to  Jeff 61*5011  ville,  where  he  stopped  for  a 
time,  and  then  went  on  to  Vincennes.  Here  he  completed  his  legal 
studies,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the  April  term,  1807.  Legal 
business  was  not  abundant,  and  as  he  was  a  good  penman,  he  found  addi- 
tional occupation  as  clerk  for  Nathaniel  Ewing,  Receiver  of  the  Lan<* 
Office,  and  put  in  a  week  helping  copy  the  Revised  Statutes  of  1807.  He 
also  had  a  very  brief  journalistic  experience.  Elihu  Stout,  proprietor  of 
the  Vincennes  Sun,  was  accustomed  to  get  an  "assistant  editor"  who  was 
a  partner,  i.e.,  had  as  his  compensation  a  share  of  the  profits.  He  had 
fallen  out  with  an  assistant  editor  named  Smoot,  in  November,  1807,  and 
in  December  Jennings  took  the  place  for  a  couple  of  weeks,  and  then 
the  partnership  was  "dissolved  by  consent."  Possibly  the  difficulty  lay 
in  Jennings'  slavery  views,  for  Stout  was  a  pronounced  proslavery  man. 
Jennings  found  that  there  was  not  much  prospect  for  him  at  Vincennes, 
and  decided  to  go  back  to  Clark  County.  As  he  was  starting,  Ewing 
said  to  him,  "Look  us  up  a  good  candidate  for  Congress,"  and  Jennings, 
who  had  apparently  been  giving  the  matter  some  thought,  replied,  "Why 
wouldn't  I  do?"  After  a  brief  talk,  they  agreed  that  he  might  be  elected 
if  he  could  get  the  support  of  the  anti-slavery  people  of  the  eastern 
counties.  The  time  was  short.  Jennings  hastened  to  Charlestown,  and 
consulted  the  Beggs  brothers.  A  meeting  was  called,  and  he  was  ac- 
cepted as  a  candidate.  He  then  went  on  to  Dearborn.  In  the  southern 
district,  where  Captain  Samuel  Vance,  a  brother-in-law  of  Harrison,  and 
General  James  Dill,  a  Harrison  office-holder,  were  the  leading  politicians, 
he  received  no  encouragement.  In  the  northern  district,  where  the  Hoi- 
mans,  a  Baptist  family,  were  the  leaders,  a  backwoods  convention  had 
been  held,  known  later  as  "the  Log  Convention,"  and  George  Hunt  had 
been  selected  as  a  candidate,  but  with  the  understanding  that  if  Clark 
County  had  another  candidate  Hunt  would  be  withdrawn ;  and  Joseph 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


• 


263 


Holman  had  gone  to  Clark  to  learn  the  situation.  Before  he  returned, 
Dill  and  Vance  came  up  from  Lawrenceburgh,  and  circulated  charges 
against  Jennings,  and  also  induced  Hunt  to  withdraw  in  favor  of  Vance. 
When  Joseph  Holman  returned,  Jennings  made  satisfactory  explanation 
of  the  charges  of  Dill  and  Vance,  and  the  Holmans  gave  him  their  active 
support.  In  the  election  Jennings  got  every  vote  in  the  northern  district 
except  that  of  George  Hunt.  The  votes  of  Clark  and  Dearborn  out- 
balanced those  of  Knox  and  Harrison,  and  the  result  was  Randolph  402, 
Jennings  428,  and  Johnson  81.  Randolph  contested  the  election,  and 


TIPPECANOE  BATTLEGROUND  NEAR  LAFAYETTE 

the  committee  reported  the  election  void,  on  account  of  irregularities  in 
Dearborn  County ;  but  the  House  refused  to  concur  in  the  report,  and 
Jennings  retained  his  seat.  He  defeated  Randolph  again  in  1811; 
Waller  Taylor  in  1812;  and  Judge  Elijah  Sparks  in  1814.  His  success 
was  largely  due  to  the  slavery  question,  or  rather  to  the  recollection  of 
it,  which  his  opponents  tried  in  vain  to  avoid.  In  addition  to  this, 
Jennings  was  unsurpassed  as  a  frontier  politician.  He  was  thoroughly 
one  of  the  people,  joining  in  their  sports  and  their  work,  while  his 
opponents  usually  assnimed  some  superiority  over  the  masses  in  their 
style  of  life.  Hence  the  Harrison  party  came  to  be  called  ' '  the  Virginia 
Aristocrats"  and  the  Jennings  party  called  themselves  "the  People" — 


264  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  they  were,  so  far  as  carrying  elections  was  concerned.  The  slavery 
question  as  a  living  issue,  had  been  removed  by  the  repeal  of  the  in- 
denture law  by  the  legislature  of  1810.  The  repeal  bill  passed  the  House 
easily,  but  in  the  Council  the  vote  was  a  tie,  and  the  bill  was  passed  by 
the  vote  of  James  Beggs,  President  of  the  Council. 

Harrison  had  raised  enmity  in  another  quarter.  He  had  been  in- 
structed to  extinguish  the  Indian  titles  in  Southern  Indiana  and  Illinois 
as  rapidly  as  possible,  and  had  been  very  successful  in  doing  so.  But  in 
his  treaties  he  had  recognized  only  the  tribes  who  had  originally  claimed 
the  region.  When  Wayne  treated  with  the  Indians  at  Greenville,  all  of 
the  Ohio  Indians  were  thrown  back  into  Indiana,  but  without  having 
any  lands  assigned  to  them.  All  of  them,  Wyandots,  Ottawas,  Senecas  of 
Sandusky,  Delawares  and  Shawnees,  joined  in  a  request  to  him  to 
assign  lands  to  them,  telling  him  that  if  he  did  not  it  "would  bring  on 
disputes  forever."  Wayne  refused  to  do  this,  telling  them  that  they 
best  knew  their  own  boundaries,  and  adding:  "Let  no  nation  or  nations 
invade,  molest  or  disturb  any  other  nation  or  nations  in  the  hunting 
grounds  they  have  heretofore  been  accustomed  to  live  and  hunt  upon, 
within  the  boundary  which  shall  now  be  agreed  on."  This  was  impos- 
sible, because  the  Indiana  Indians  claimed  all  of  Indiana.  They  did 
not  object  to  the  Ohio  Indians  living  in  their  claimed  Territory,  and, 
indeed,  seem  to  have  given  some  assent  to  the  idea  that  the  Indiana  lands 
belonged  to  all  the  tribes  in  common.  At  least  Harrison  wrote,  in  1802, 
"There  appears  to  be  an  agreement  amongst  them  that  no  proposition 
which  relates  to  their  lands  can  be  acceded  to  without  the  consent  of  all 
the  tribes."  But  he  did  not  undertake  to  get  this  general  consent  to  any 
treaty,  unless  it  was  the  treaty  of  June  7,  1803,  by  which  only  eight 
square  miles  were  ceded.  In  this  treaty  three  Shawnees  joined,  but  in 
none  of  his  other  treaties  in  Indiana  Territory  did  any  Ohio  Indian  join, 
and  apparently  they  were  not  consulted  at  all.  By  1806  he  had  made 
five  other  treaties,  for  about  46,000  square  miles  of  Indian  lands  in 
Indiana  and  Illinois;  and  when  by  the  treaties  of  1809  some  3,000,000 
acres  more  were  added,  Tecumtha  became  defiant  and  said  that  the  lands 
should  not  be  taken.  It  was  this  claim  for  a  common  title  that  Teeumtha 
urged  at  the  celebrated  council  at  Vincennes  on  August  20,  1810,  when, 
after  threatening  vengeance  on  the  chiefs  who  had  signed  the  treaties, 
he  said  to  Harrison :  "  It  is  you  that  are  pushing  them  on  to  do  mis- 
chief. You  endeavor  to  make  distinctions.  You  wish  to  prevent  the 
Indians  to  do  as  we  wish  them,  to  unite  and  let  them  consider  their  lands 
as  the  common  property  of  the  whole.  You  take  tribes  aside  and  advise 
them  not  to  come  into  this  measure ;  and  until  our  design  is  accomplished 
we  do  not  wish  to  accept 'your  invitation  to  go  and  see  the  President." 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


265 


This  was  the  council  that  Tecumtha  broke  up  by  telling  Harrison  that  he 
lied.  After  some  attempts  at  resuming,  in  which  he  was  told  that  the 
President  would  never  admit  his  claims,  he  ended  the  negotiations  by 
saying :  ' '  Well,  as  the  great  chief  is  to  determine  the  matter,  I  hope  the 
Great  Spirit  will  put  sense  enough  into  his  head  to  induce  him  to  direct 
you  to  give  up  the  land.  It  is  true,  he  is  so  far  off  he  will  not  be  injured 
by  the  war.  He  may  sit  still  in  his  town,  and  drink  his  wine,  while  you 
and  I  will  have  to  fight  it  out." 


TIPPECANOE 

(Camp  and  Battle.) 
*•— -•  ^— — i>- — X 


The  trouble  had  been  brewing  for  several  years.  Tecumtha  and  his 
brother,  La-lu-i-tsi-ka,  the  Prophet,  had  located  in  the  Delaware  towns  on 
White  Eiver,  and  the  resistance  to  the  treaties  began  there.  There 
La-lu-i-tsi-ka  (the  Loud  Voice)  assumed  the  name  Tems-kwa-ta-wa  (He 
who  keeps  the  Door  Open)  and  began  his  career  as  a  prophet.  His  moral 
teachings  were  unobjectionable,  as  he  condemned  all  the  ordinary  Indian 
vices,  but  he  also  taught  that  the  Indians  were  being  punished  by  the 
Great  Spirit  for  adopting  the  customs  of  the  whites.  They  adopted  the 
plan  of  accusing  Indians  who  favored  the  whites  of  witchcraft,  and  an 


266  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indian  accused  of  witchcraft  was  certain  of  death  unless  he  could  prove 
his  innocence,  which  was  usually  impossible.  Three  Indians  were  put  to 
death  on  these  charges,  on  White  River,  and  the  Moravian  mission,  which 
had  been  started  just  east  of  Anderson  in  1801  was  broken  up.  In  1808 
the  Prophet  and  his  followers  removed  to  Ki-tap-i-kon-nunk  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tippecanoe  River,  and  here  the  new  religion  flourished  wonder- 
fully, reaching  the  tribes  far  and  near,  in  every  direction.  There  were 
some  depredations  on  the  settlements,  but  the  most  alarming  feature  of 
the  situation  was  the  defiant  attitude  of  the  Indians.  In  the  summer  of 
1811  it  was  decided  that  the  safety  of  the  frontier  called  for  breaking  up 
the  Prophet's  town,  and  on  September  26  the  main  body  of  the  forces 
called  for  the  expedition  started  from  Vincennes.  Two  miles  above 
Terre  Haute,  Fort  Harrison  was  built ;  and,  the  remainder  of  the  forces 
having  arrived,  the  march  from  that  point  began  on  October  28.  On 
November  2,  the  army,  which  now  consisted  of  about  one  thousand  men, 
one-fourth  mounted,  and  including  nine  companies  of  regulars,  stopped 
two  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Vermillion  and  erected  a  blockhouse, 
to  protect  the  boats,  in  which  the  supplies  had  been  brought  thus  far. 
On  November  6,  they  came  in  sight  of  the  Prophet's  town,  and  after 
some  parleying  it  was  agreed  that  the  troops  should  go  into  camp  over 
night,  and  that  a  conference  should  be  held  the  next  day.  The  troops 
accordingly  camped  on  what  is  now  known  as  Tippecanoe  Battle  Ground ; 
but  a  little  after  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  Indians  attacked  them. 
For  two  hours  the  Indians  fought  stubbornly,  relying  on  the  Prophet's 
promise  to  protect  them  by  his  magic,  and  then  they  fled  in  all  directions. 
It  was  said  by  the  Indians  that  the  attack  was  due  to  the  insistence  of 
the  Potawatomi  chief,  Winemac ;  and  at  a  grand  council  of  the  Indians 
which  was  held  on  the  Mississinewa  River  in  May,  1812,  Tecumtha  said, 
"had  I  been  at  home,  there  would  have  been  no  blood  shed  at  that  time." 
However  that  may  have  been,  the  reputation  of  the  Prophet  was  ruined, 
and  that  was  the  most  important  result  of  the  battle,  for  in  the  ensuing 
hostilities  the  Americans  were  merely  fighting  Indians  with  British 
backing,  and  that  was  much  less  serious  than  fighting  Indians  who  be- 
lieved that  a  divinely  inspired  Prophet  was  guiding  them. 

During  the  year  following  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  nearly  all  of  the 
Indians  professed  repentance,  and  desired  to  make  peace,  blaming  the 
Prophet  for  having  led  them  astray ;  but  Harrison  refused  to  make  peace 
until  they  gave  substantial  evidence  of  a  change  of  heart.  His  policy 
would  probably  have  been  successful  if  the  war  with  Great  Britain  had 
not  given  the  Indians  new  backing,  with  ample  supplies.  Henry  Clay, 
and  many  others,  imagined  that  all  that  was  necessary  for  the  conquest 
of  Canada  was  to  send  some  one  to  take  possession,  as  Clark  had  done 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


267 


with  Vincennes.  Never  was  there  a  greater  mistake.  England  had  an 
able  and  efficient  man  in  charge  in  Gen.  Brock,  which  was  in  marked 
contrast  with  the  United  States.  Among  all  the  crimes  that  have  been 
charged  to  Thomas  Jefferson,  it  is  singular  that  nobody  has  dwelt  on 
his  appointment  of  Gen.  Hull  as  governor,  and  Judge  Woodward  as 
chief  justice  of  Michigan  Territory.  Woodward  has  been  described  as 
a  man  who  would  attempt  "to  extract  sunbeams  from  cucumbers,"  and 
Hull  evidently  could  not  get  cucumbers  from  sunbeams.  When  Con- 
gress formally  declared  war,  on  June  18,  1812,  word  was  at  once  sent  to 


DEFENCE  OF  FORT  HARRISON 

Hull,  which  was  received  before  the  British  in  western  Canada  had  any 
knowledge  of  it ;  but  Hull  promptly  managed  to  let  this  dispatch,  with  the 
rest  of  his  private  papers,  be  captured  by  the  British.  Then  the  British 
sent  an  expedition  which  took  the  fort  at  Maekinac  by  surprise,  before 
the  commandant  knew  that  war  had  begun,  and  they  set  all  their  agencies 
to  work  to  stir  the  Indians  to  hostilities.  Hull  helped  on  the  good  work 
by  sending  orders  to  Captain  Heald  to  evacuate  the  post  at  Chicago,  and 
bring  his  garrison  to  Detroit.  Heald  started  on  August  15,  and  the 
troops  were  massacred  by  the  Indians.  If  they  had  not  been  massacred 
there,  they  probably  would  have  been  elsewhere,  as  Hull  surrendered 
Detroit  to  Brock  on  August  16.  He  was  court-martialed  afterwards, 
and  sentenced  to  be  shot,  but  was  pardoned.  He  later  published  a  lengthy 


268  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


defense,  in  which  he  dwells  on  the  things  lacking  to  his  forces,  but  does 
not  mention  that  their  one  serious  lack  was  a  commander.  Two  weeks 
later  the  results  were  manifested  on  the  Indiana  frontiers.  Fort  Wayne 
was  invested  by  hostile  Indians  and  put  in  a  state  of  siege.  On  Septem- 
ber 3,  Fort  Harrison,  which  was  held  by  Capt.  Zachary  Taylor,  with  a 
company  of  the  Seventh  regulars,  was  attacked  by  Indians  under  the 
Kickapoo  chief  Josey  Renard  (Na-ma-to-ha,  x>r  Standing,  signifying 
Man-on-his-Feet),  but  it  was  successfully  defended  under  circumstances 
ten  times  as  disadvantageous  as  those  that  had  confronted  Hull ;  and  so 
was  Fort  Wayne.  On  September  3,  a  war  party  of  Shawnees  invaded 
the  Pigeon  Roost  settlement,  in  Scott  County,  and  in  a  few  hours  killed 
one  man  and  twenty-one  women  and  children. 

Fortunately  Indiana  was  pretty  well  prepared  for  the  storm.  On 
April  16,  Governor  Harrison  had  issued  general  orders  directing  the 
militia  offices  to  put  their  commands  in  readiness  for  active  service,  and 
warning  the  people  to  build  blockhouses  at  convenient  points,  in  which 
refuge  could  be  found.  These  directions  were  followed  in  the  spring  and 
summer  of  1812,  and  in  consequence  there  was  little  loss  of  life  after  the 
first  attacks.  Governor  Scott  of  Kentucky,  was  also  active  in  preparation, 
and  in  August  appointed  Harrison  General  of  the  Kentucky  militia  which 
was  to  act  for  the  defense  of  the  frontier.  As  soon  as  news  of  the  attack 
on  Fort  Harrison  reached  Vincennes,  Col.  Russell  of  the  Seventh  regu- 
lars marched  from  that  place  with  1,200  men,  including  one  regiment  of 
Kentucky  volunteers,  two  regiments  of  Indiana  militia,  and  three  com- 
panies of  "Rangers,"  who  were  State  troops  maintained  by  the  United 
States.  Fort  Harrison  was  relieved  on  September  16.  Meanwhile  Gen. 
Harrison  had  marched  from  Piqua  at  the  head  of  two  thousand  Ken- 
tuckians  and  seven  hundred  Ohio  men,  to  relieve  Fort  Wayne,  which  was 
accomplished  on  September  12.  On  September  19  Gen.  Harrison  relin- 
qiiished  command  of  the  troops  at  Fort  Wayne  to  Gen.  James  Winchester, 
and  on  the  24th  received  orders  to  take  command  of  the  army  of  the 
Northwest.  His  orders,  dated  September  17,  said:  "Having  provided 
for  the  protection  of  the  western  frontier,  you  will  retake  Detroit ;  and, 
with  a  view  to  the  conquest 'of  Upper  Canada,  you  will  penetrate  that 
country  as  far  as  the  force  under  your  command  will  in  your  judgment 
justify."  He  at  once  entered  on  the  work  of  preparation  for  this  task. 

Early  in  October,  Gen.  Samuel  Hopkins  led  a  force  of  two  thousand 
mounted  Kentucky  volunteers  from  Vincennes  on  an  expedition  against 
the  hostile  Indians  between  the  Wabash  and  Illinois  rivers.  After  wan- 
dering rather  aimlessly  through  the  prairies  for  five  days,  his  troops 
mutinied  and  returned  home.  The  militia  and  volunteer  forces  of  this 
period  were  wholly  unmanageable  unless  they  had  confidence  in  their 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  269 

officers,  and  this  must  be  borne  in  mind  to  attain  any  just  understanding 
of  the  service  of  Harrison,  which  was  performed  with  troops  of  this 
character.  His  usual  course  on  entering  upon  any  hazardous  or  trying 
enterprise,  was  to  tell  his  men  what  would  be  expected,  and  request  any 
who  did  not  relish  what  was  before  them  to  withdraw  at  the  outset.  At 
the  same  time  that  Hopkins  started  on  his  expedition,  Governor  Edwards 
of  Illinois,  marched  from  Cahokia  with  360  men,  including  two  com- 
panies of  Indiana  Rangers  under  Col.  Russell,  against  the  Kickapoo 
town  at  the  head  of  Peoria  Lake.  The  force  destroyed  the  town,  killed 
twenty  Indians,  captured  eighty  horses,  and  destroyed  a  large  amount  of 
corn  and  other  Indian  property,  with  a  loss  of  only  four  men  wounded. 
After  his  return  from  his  first  expedition,  Gen.  Hopkins  made  another 
one  up  the  east  side  of  the  Wabash,  with  1,250  men,  and  destroyed  the 
Winnebago  town  on  Wildcat  creek,  in  which  the  Prophet  had  taken 
refuge  after  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  It  contained  ' '  about  forty  houses, 
many  of  them  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet  in  length,"  besides  a  number  of 
huts.  He  also  destroyed  a  Kickapoo  town,  on  the  other  side  of  the  creek, 
containing  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  cabins  and  huts,  together  with 
a  considerable  amount  of  corn  and  other  supplies;  and  met  with  no 
casualties  except  that  a  detachment  of  Captain  Beckes'  Rangers  fell 
into  an  ambuscade,  and  lost  sixteen  men  killed  and  three  wounded.  Cold 
weather  having  set  in,  the  force  returned,  after  an  absence  of  twenty 
days. 

Aa  a  number  of  hostiles  had  gathered  on  the  Mississinewa  River, 
under  orders  from  Gen.  Harrison,  a  force  of  600  men,  commanded  by 
Col.  John  B.  Campbell,  of  the  19th  U.  S.  Infantry,  marched  from  Dayton, 
Ohio,  against  their  villages  on  December  14.  Early  on  the  morning  on 
the  17th  they  surprised  a  Miami  and  Munsey  town  near  Jalapa,  killed 
eight  warriors,  and  captured  eight  warriors  and  thirty-six  women  and 
children.  Confining  his  prisoners  in  two  or  three  of  the  houses,  Camp- 
bell had  the  rest  of  the  town  burned,  and  the  cattle  and  stock  shot ;  and 
then  leaving  his  infantry  to  guard  the  prisoners,  he  proceeded  down  the 
river  with  two  companies  of  dragoons,  destroyed  three  more  villages, 
killed  a  number  of  cattle,  and  captured  some  horses;  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  the  first  village  and  camped..  Shortly  after  four  o'clock  or. 
the  morning  of  the  18th  his  camp  was  attacked  by  a  body  of  Indians  which 
he  estimated  to  number  three  hundred,  and  for  an  hour  a  fierce  fight 
followed,  in  which  eight  of  Campbell's  men  were  killed,  and  forty-two 
wounded.  The  Indians  were  driven  off,  leaving  fifteen  dead  on  the 
field.  As  Campbell  had  lost  a  large  number  of  his  horses  in  the  fight,  a 
large  number  of  hostiles  were  reported  to  be  at  the  principal  village,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa — known  as  the  Osage  Village — and  the 


270 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


weather  had  become  intensely  cold,  Campbell  decided  to  return  to  Green- 
ville. His  return  was  slow,  seventeen  of  his  wounded  being  carried  on 
litters,  and  when  he  arrived  at  Greenville,  303  of  his  men  were  so  badly 
frost-bitten  as  to  be  unfit  for  duty.  In  his  instructions  to  Campbell, 


Ml-CI-KI-NOQ-KWA — THE  PAINTED  TERRAPIN KNOWN  AS  THE 

LITTLE  TURTLE 

(From  the  painting  by  Gilbert  Stuart,  made  by  order  of  President 
Washington,  and  destroyed  when  the  British  burned  the  capital 
in  1814) 

Harrison  had  told  him  to  avoid  as  far  as  possible  any  injury  to  chiefs 
who  had  been  friendly,  naming  Richardville  (Pin-je-wa,  or  the  Wildcat), 
Silver  Heels  (Am-bau-wit-ta,  or  the  Flyer),  White  Loon  (Wa-pi-man- 
gwa),  Pecan  (Pa-ka-na,  or  the  Nut),  Charley  (Ki-tun-ga,  or  Sleepy), 
and  "the  son  and  brother  of  the  Little  Turtle,  who  continued,  to  his  last 
moments,  the  warm  friend  of  the  United  States,  and  who,  in  the  course 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  271 

of  his  life,  rendered  them  many  important  services."  He  also  gave  in- 
structions to  avoid  injury  to  Francois  Godfroy,  who  had  a  trading  house 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa.  The  Little  Turtle  had  died  on  July 
14,  1812,  at  Fort  Wayne,  where  he  had  gone  for  treatment  for  gout. 
He  was  buried  there  with  military  honors,  and  his  grave  was  treated  with 
veneration  by  the  Indians  for  many  years.  Finally  the  city  spread  over 
it,  and  its  location  was  forgotten,  until,  on  July  4,  1911,  some  workmen 
making  an  excavation  uncovered  it.  Fortunately  this  came  to  the  notice 
of  Mr.  J.  M.  Stouder,  of  Fort  Wayne,  who  gathered  up  and  preserved 
the  articles  that  had  been  buried  with  the  chief,  including  the  sword 
presented  to  him  by  President  Washington.  It  was  due  to  the  efforts  of 
Mr.  Stouder  that  the  grave  was  identified  as  that  of  the  Little  Turtle. 

While  these  events  were  occurring,  Harrison  was  preparing  for  opera- 
tions against  Detroit  and  Canada.  His  chief  difficulty  was  in  getting 
sufficient  provisions  and  supplies  for  an  army  to  a  point  that  was  within 
reach  of  his  objective.  The  War  Department  seemed  to  think  that  all 
that  was  necessary  was  men ;  but  the  nearest  point  of  supply  was  Cin- 
cinnati, and  there  was  no  road  from  there  to  the  Maumee,  except  that 
the  timber  had  been  cut  for  the  width  of  a  roadway  through  part  of  the 
intervening  forest,  in  the  expeditions  of  St.  Clair,  Wayne  and  others. 
There  has  been  much  foolish  criticism  of  Harrison  for  his  delay  in  act- 
ing ;  but  when  one  contemplates  the  absurdity  of  getting  an  army  into  a 
wilderness  without  supplies,  and  with  no  chance  of  getting  them,  it  is 
apparent  that  Harrison's  movement  on  the  enemy  was  remarkably  speedy. 
After  the  forest  was  passed,  the  difficulties  became  even  greater,  as  will 
be  seen  from  the  following  description  by  one  familiar  with  it :  "In  this 
part  of  the  country,  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties  which  an  army  has  to 
surmount  is  that  which  arises  from  the  difficulty  of  transporitng  pro- 
visions and  stores.  At  all  seasons  the  road  is  wet  and  miry.  The  coun- 
try, though  somewhat  level,  is  broken  by  innumerable  little  runs,  which 
are  generally  dry,  except  during  or  immediately  after  a  heavy  rain,  when 
they  are  frequently  impassable  until  the  subsiding  of  the  water,  which  is 
generally  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  hours.  Another  of  the  difficulties 
of  transportation  arises  from  the  nature  of  the  soil,  which  being  generally 
a  rich  loam,  free  from  stones  and  gravel,  in  many  places  a  horse  will 
mire  for  miles  full  leg  deep  every  step."  15 

Scant  notice  has  been  given  by  historians  to  the  herculean  task  of 
overcoming  these  difficulties,  although  Harrison's  official  papers  indicate 
the  agency  through  which  they  were  surmounted.  In  his  orders  of 
September  19, 1812,  when  he  turned  the  command  at  Fort  Wayne  over  to 


Palmer's  Historical  Register,  Vol.  2,  p.  31. 


272 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Winchester,  he  said:  "The  supplies  which  have  been  reported  to  me, 
or  ordered  by  me,  are  as  follows :  400,000  rations  of  beef  and  150,000  of 
flour,  purchased  by  Mr.  John  H.  Piatt,  under  the  authority  of  Gen.  Hull. 
A  part  of  this  flour,  and  about  50,000  Ibs.  of  beef  has  been  brought  on 
and  consumed  by  the  army.  The  balance  of  the  flour  is  either  on  the 


TECUMTHA 

(From  the  only  known  portrait — a  pencil  sketch  by  Pierre  le  Drou,  a 
young  trader  at  Vincennes.  Probably  not  an  exact  likeness.  Repre- 
sents Tecumtha  in  his  British  uniform) 

way  hither  or  to  St.  Mary's  where  it  was  to  be  deposited.  I  also  directed 
Mr.  Piatt  to  purchase  and  send  on  to  St.  Mary's,  whiskey,  and  other  com- 
ponent parts  of  the  ration  to  make  the  150,000  Ibs.  of  flour  complete 
rations."  le  On  September  27,  he  wrote  to  Secretary  Eustis,  "Agreeably 
to  the  authority  given  me  by  your  letter  of  the  17th  I  have  appointed 


IB  Dawson  'g  Harrison,  p.  295. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  273 

Mr.  John  H.  Piatt  deputy  commissary;  he  is  the  same  person  employed 
by  General  Hull,  and  will,  I  think,  make  a  most  excellent  officer."17 
On  October  4,  he  wrote  from  Fort  Defiance,  "I  have  directed  the  com- 
missary Mr.  Piatt  to  procure  all  the  wagons  in  his  power  for  transporting 
the  provisions  from  St.  Mary's  to  this  place."18  On  October  22,  he 
wrote  to  Eustis,  "  I  am  not  able  to  fix  any  period  for  the  advance  of  the 
troops  to  Detroit.  It  is  pretty  evident  that  it  cannot  be  done  upon  proper 
principles  until  the  frost  shall  become  so  severe  as  to  enable  us  to  use 
the  rivers  and  the  margin  of  the  lake  for  transportation  of  the  baggage 
and  artillery  upon  the  ice.  To  get  them  forward  through  a  swampy  wil- 
derness of*»near  two  hundred  miles,  in  wagons  or  on  pack  horses,  which 
are  to  carry  their  own  provisions,  is  absolutely  impossible.  The  enclosed 
extract  of  a  letter  just  received  from  the  commissary  Piatt,  will  give  you 
some  idea  of  the  state  of  the  road,  and  the  difficulty  of  getting  provisions 
even  to  Defiance. " 19  In  fact  Harrison  depended  on  Piatt  so  fully  that 
certain  contractors,  notably  the  firm  of  Orr  &  Greeley,  accused  him  of 
favoritism,  and  intimated  that  he  was  interested  with  Piatt.  On  Decem- 
ber 20,  1815,  Harrison  demanded  a  congressional  inquiry  into  the  matter, 
in  which  the  accusing  parties  offered  no  proof,  and  the  satisfactory  char- 
acter of  Piatt 's  service  was  certified  to  by  Generals  James  Taylor  and 
James  Findlay,  and  Col.  Thomas  P.  Jesup ;  and  the  committee  reported 
that  "Gen.  Harrison  stands  above  suspicion."20 

John  H.  Piatt  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  August  15,  1781.  His  father, 
Jacob  Piatt,  was  one  of  five  sons  of  John  Piatt  (Pyatt)  whose  family, 
being  Huguenots,  took  refuge  in  Holland  after  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  The  sons  located  in  New  Jersey,  prior  to  1760,  and 
three  of  them  were  officers  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  charter  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati ;  of  these  Jacob  entered  the  army  in 
1775,  and  served  to  the  close  of  the  war.  Another  brother,  William,  after 
serving  through  the  Revolution,  raised  a  company  for  St.  Glair's  expedi- 
tion in  1791,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  disastrous  defeat  of  that 
year.  His  men  undertook  to  carry  him  with  them  on  the  retreat,  but  he 
told  them  that  they  were  wasting  their  time — to  prop  him  up  against  a 
tree,  with  his  loaded  rifle  in  his  lap  to  take  one  last  shot  at  the  redskins — 
and  so  they  left  him.  His  grandson,  John  James  Piatt,  kept  his  memory 
in  his  poem  "An  Unmarked  Grave."  John  H.  Piatt  came  to  Cincinnati 
at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  having  a  natural  aptitude  for  business,  ac- 
quired large  wealth  while  quite  young.  He  is  mentioned  by  the  Cin- 

11  Dawson  's  Harrison,  p.  303. 

is  Ib.,  p.  307. 

« Ib.,  p.  313. 

20  Am.  State  Papers,  Mil.  Aff.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  644-61,  667. 

Vol.  1—18 


272 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


Winchester,  he  said:  "The  supplies  which  have  beeu  reported  to  me, 
or  ordered  by  me,  are  as  follows :  400,000  rations  of  beef  and  150,000  of 
flour,  purchased  by  Mr.  John  H.  Piatt,  under  the  authority  of  Gen.  Hull. 
A  part  of  this  flour,  and  about  50,000  Ibs.  of  beef  has  been  brought  on 
and  consumed  by  the  army.  The  balance  of  the  flour  is  either  on  the 


TECUMTHA 

(From  the  only  known  portrait — a  pencil  sketch  by  Pierre  le  Drou,  a 
young  trader  at  Vinccnnes.  Probably  not  an  exact  likeness.  Repre- 
sents Tecumtha  in  his  British  uniform) 

'r-''' 

way  hither  or  to  St.  Mary's  where  it  was  to  be  deposited.  I  also  directed 
Mr.  Piatt  to  purchase  and  send  on  to  St.  Mary 's,  whiskey,  and  other  com- 
ponent parts  of  the  ration  to  make  the  150,000  Ibs.  of  flour  complete 
rations."  1G  On  September  27,  he  wrote  to  Secretary  Eustis,  "Agreeably 
to  the  authority  given  me  by  your  letter  of  the  17th  I  have  appointed 


Dawson  's  Harrison,  p.  295. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN.S  273 

Mr.  John  H.  Piatt  deputy  commissary;  he  is  the  same  person  employed 
by  General  Hull,  and  will,  I  think,  make  a  most  excellent  officer. " ' 17 
On  October  4,  he  wrote  from  Fort  Defiance,  "I  have  directed  the  com- 
missary Mr.  Piatt  to  procure  all  the  wagons  in  his  power  for  transporting 
the  provisions  from  St.  Mary's  to  this  place."  18  On  October  22,  he 
wrote  to  Eustis,  "I  am  not  able  to  fix  any  period  for  the  advance  of  the 
troops  to  Detroit.  It  is  pretty  evident  that  it  cannot  be  done  upon  proper 
principles  until  the  frost  shall  become  so  severe  as  to  enable  us  to  use 
the  rivers  and  the  margin  of  the  lake  for  transportation  of  the  baggage 
and  artillery  upon  the  ice.  To  get  them  forward  through  a  swampy  wil- 
derness of  near  two  hundred  miles,  in  wagons  or  on  pack  horses,  which 
are  to  carry  their  own  provisions,  is  absolutely  impossible.  The  enclosed 
extract  of  a  letter  just  received  from  the  commissary  Piatt,  will  give  you 
some  idea  of  the  state  of  the  road,  and  the  difficulty  of  getting  provisions 
even  to  Defiance."  19  In  fact  Harrison  depended  on  Piatt  so  fully  that 
certain  contractors,  notably  the  firm  of  Orr  &  Greeley,  accused  him  of 
favoritism,  and  intimated  that  he  was  interested  with  Piatt.  On  Decem- 
ber 20,  1815.  Harrison  demanded  a  congressional  inquiry  into  the  matter, 
in  which  the  accusing  parties  offered  no  proof,  and  the  satisfactory  char- 
acter of  Piatt 's  service  was  certified  to  by  Generals  James  Taylor  and 
James  Findlay,  and  Col.  Thomas  P.  Jesup ;  and  the  committee  reported 
that  "Gen.  Harrison  stands  above  suspicion."20 

John  H.  Piatt  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  August  15,  1781.  His  father, 
Jacob  Piatt,  was  one  of  five  sons  of  John  Piatt  (Pyatt)  whose  family, 
being  Huguenots,  took  refuge  in  Holland  after  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  The  sons  located  in  New  Jersey,  prior  to  1760,  and 
three  of  them  were  officers  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  charter  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati ;  of  these  Jacob  entered  the  army  in 
1775,  and  served  to  the  close  of  the  war.  Another  brother,  William,  after 
serving  through  the  Revolution,  raised  a  company  for  St.  Glair's  expedi- 
tion in  1791,  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  disastrous  defeat  of  that 
year.  His  men  undertook  to  carry  him  with  them  on  the  retreat,  but  he 
told  them  that  they  were  wasting  their  time — to  prop  him  up  against  a 
tree,  with  his  loaded  rifle  in  his  lap  to  take  one  last  shot  at  the  redskins — 
and  so  they  left  him.  His  grandson,  John  James  Piatt,  kept  his  memory 
in  his  poem  "An  Unmarked  Grave."  John  H.  Piatt  came  to  Cincinnati 
at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  having  a  natural  aptitude  for  business,  ac- 
quired large  wealth  while  quite  young.  He  is  mentioned  by  the  Cin- 

I'Dawson's  Harrison,  p.  303. 

is  Ib.,  p.  307. 

ts  Ib.,  p.  313. 

20  Am.  State  Papers,  Mil.  Aff.,  Vol.  1,  pp.  644-61,  667. 

Vol.  1—18 


274  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

cinnati  historians  as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and  public  spirited  of 
the  early  business  men  of  the  place.  An  interesting  account  of  his  first 
step  in  supplying  the  army  is  preserved  in  a  narrative  by  Samuel  Wil- 
liams.21 Gen.  Hull  withdrew  his  army  to  Detroit  on  July  5,  1812,  and 
on  the  llth  wrote  to  Gov.  Meigs  of  Ohio,  that  he  was  short  of  provisions, 
and  had  authorized  Piatt  to  purchase  two  months'  supply.  At  the  same 
time  that  he  received  this,  Meigs  received  a  message  from  Piatt,  then  at 
Urbana,  that  the  supplies  would  be  ready  as  soon  as  the  escort  asked  by 
Hull  was  ready.  The  next  morning  Meigs  called  a  meeting  of  the  citizens 
of  Chillicothe,  and  in  two  hours  ninety-five  men  volunteered  to  go  as  an 
escort.  They  chose  Capt.  Henry  Brush  as  commander,  and  the  next 
morning,  July  21,  started  on  their  march.  At  Urbana  they  picked  up 
the  train  of  "seventy  pack-horses,  each  laden  with  two  hundred  pounds 
of  flour,  in  a  bag,  lashed  on  a  pack-saddle ;  and  a  drove  of  about  three 
hundred  beef  cattle,"  and  were  joined  by  twenty  soldiers  of  the  Fourth 
U.  S.  Infantry.  Williams'  description  of  the  march  presents  some  of  the 
features  of  frontier  service,  such  as  sleeping  on  the  ground  without 
tents,  drinking  from  wagon  ruts,  and  dining  thus:  "Our  company  is 
divided  into  'messes'  of  six  men  each.  Our  rations  are  delivered  together 
to  each  mess  when  we  encamp  at  night.  This  consists  of  flour,  fat  bacon 
and  salt.  The  flour  is  kneaded  in  a  broad  iron  camp-kettle,  and  drawn 
out  in  long  rolls  the  size  of  a  man's  wrist,  and  coiled  around  a  smooth 
pole  some  three  inches  in  diameter  and  five  or  six  feet  long,  on  which 
the  dough  is  flattened  so  as  to  be  half  an  inch  or  more  in  thickness.  The 
pole,  thus  covered  with  dough,  except  a  few  inches  at  each  end,  is  placed 
on  two  wooden  forks  driven  into  the  ground  in  front  of  the  camp-fire, 
and  turned  frequently  till  it  is  baked.  Our  meat  is  cooked  thus :  a  branch 
of  a  tree  having  several  twigs  on  it  is  cut,  and  the  ends  of  the  twigs 
sharpened ;  the  fat  bacon  is  cut  in  slices  and  stuck  on  these  twigs,  leaving 
a  little  space  between  each,  and  then  held  in  the  blaze  and  smoked  till 
cooked.  Each  man  then  takes  a  piece  of  the  pole  bread,  and  lays  thereon 
a  slice  of  bacon,  and  with  his  knife  cuts  therefrom,  and  eats  his  meal 
with  a  good  appetite.  Enough  is  thus  cooked  each  night  to  serve  for 
the  next  day ;  each  man  stowing  in  his  knapsack  his  own  day's  provision." 
The  train  was  following  Hull 's  trace,  and  a  few  miles  north  of  Find- 
lay,  "the  expedition  entered  the  Black  Swamp,  through  which  the  road 
passed  for  many  miles,  much  of  which  was  almost  impassable."  They 
reached  the  Maumee  on  August  2,  and  on  the  9th  came  to  the  River 
Raisin,  where  there  was  a  post,  and  there  they  had  orders  from  Hull  to 


21  Ohio  Valley  Historical  series,  Miscellanies,  No.  2.     Cincinnati,  Robert  Clarke 
&  Co.,  1871. 

' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  275 

stop  until  he  sent  a  convoy.  Hull  tried  this  twice.  His  first  detachment, 
under  Major  Vanhorne,  was  met  by  the  British  and  Indians  at  Maguaga, 
and  driven  back  to  Detroit  after  a  hard  fight.  Col.  Miller  was  then  sent 
with  nine  hundred  men.  He  was  met  by  the  enemy  at  Brownstown,  and 
defeated  them  in  a  fierce  battle,  but  his  force  was  so  crippled  that  he  re- 
turned to  Detroit.  A  third  detachment  was  sent,  by  a  circuitous  route, 
under  Col.  McArthur,  but  it  did  not  get  to  its  destination.  On  August 
17,  Captain  Elliott,  of  the  British  army,  arrived  at  the  River  Raisin 
under  a  flag  of  truce,  with  the  astounding  news  that  Hull  had  surren- 
dered not  only  Detroit,  but  Brush's  volunteers.  Brush  decided  that 
Elliott  was  a  British  spy,  and  imprisoned  him,  but  in  the  evening  two 
Ohio  soldiers  who  had  escaped  from  Detroit,  arrived  with  confirmation 
of  the  surrender.  The  Chillicothe  volunteers  did  not  propose  to  be  sur- 
rendered, so  at  ten  o'clock  that  night  they  released  Elliott,  and  started 
for  home,  which  they  reached  safely  on  August  23 ;  however,  the  Govern- 
ment conceded  that  they  were  properly  prisoners  of  war,  and  they  were 
duly  exchanged  for  British  prisoners.  They  were  fully  convinced  that 
Hull  was  a  deep-dyed  traitor;  and  for  that  matter  so  were  most  of  the 
people  of  the  West,  though  some  only  charged  him  with  cowardice  or 
incompetence.  For  years  afterwards  there  was  a  popular  western  song 
running, 

"Let  General  Hull 

Be  counted  null, 
And  let  him  not  be  named 
Among  Columbia's  gallant  sons, 
For  worth  and  valor  famed." 

Piatt  continued  as  Commissary  General  of  the  Army  of  the  Northwest 
until  January  26, 1814,  when  he  entered  into  a  contract  to  furnish  rations 
to  the  army  for  one  year  from  June  1,  at  a  rate  of  twenty  cents  a  ration. 
At  that  time  the  Government's  credit  was  good,  and  it  was  paying  its 
debts  in  gold  and  silver,  ' '  and  as  the  usage  then  was  to  make  advances  in 
money  to  contractors,  he  retaining  in  his  hands,  as  an  advance  from  the 
department,  the  balance  of  the  commissariat  fund ;  which  at  the  close  of 
his  engagements  amounted  to  $48,230.77."  This  contract  was  made  with 
General  John  Armstrong,  then  Secretary  of  War,  who  retired  during  the 
year,  whereupon  James  Monroe,  then  Secretary  of  State,  acted  also  as 
Secretary  of  War.  By  June  1,  the  Government  was  financially  em- 
barrassed, and  had  to  issue  paper  money,  which  at  once  went  to  a  dis- 
count. In  August  the  British  captured  Washington,  and  burned  the 
capitol.  A  panic  came  on,  and  all  the  banks  south  and  west  of  New 
York  suspended  specie  payments.  Prices  of  course  went  up,  until  supplies 


274  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

cinnati  historians  as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and  public  spirited  of 
the  early  business  men  of  the  place.  An  interesting  account  of  his  first 
step  in  supplying  the  army  is  preserved  in  a  narrative  by  Samuel  Wil- 
liams.21 Gen.  Hull  withdrew  his  army  to  Detroit  on  July  5,  1812,  and 
on  the  llth  wrote  to  Gov.  Meigs  of  Ohio,  that  he  was  short  of  provisions, 
and  had  authorized  Piatt  to  purchase  two  months '  supply.  At  the  same 
time  that  he  received  this,  Meigs  received  a  message  from  Piatt,  then  at 
Urbana,  that  the  supplies  would  be  ready  as  soon  as  the  escort  asked  by 
Hull  was  ready.  The  next  morning  Meigs  called  a  meeting  of  the  citizens 
of  Chillicothe,  and  in  two  hours  ninety-five  men  volunteered  to  go  as  an 
escort.  They  chose  Capt.  Henry  Brush  as  commander,  and  the  next 
morning,  July  21,  started  on  their  march.  At  Urbana  they  picked  up 
the  train  of  ' '  seventy  pack-horses,  each  laden  with  two  hundred  pounds 
of  flour,  in  a  bag,  lashed  on  a  pack-saddle ;  and  a  drove  of  about  three 
hundred  beef  cattle, ' '  and  were  joined  by  twenty  soldiers  of  the  Fourth 
U.  S.  Infantry.  Williams'  description  of  the  march  presents  some  of  the 
features  of  frontier  service,  such  as  sleeping  on  the  ground  without 
tents,  drinking  from  wagon  ruts,  and  dining  thus:  "Our  company  is 
divided  into  'messes'  of  six  men  each.  Our  rations  are  delivered  together 
to  each  mess  when  we  encamp  at  night.  This  consists  of  flour,  fat  bacon 
and  salt.  The  flour  is  kneaded  in  a  broad  iron  camp-kettle,  and  drawn 
out  in  long  rolls  the  size  of  a  man's  wrist,  and  coiled  around  a  smooth 
pole  some  three  inches  in  diameter  and  five  or  six  feet  long,  on  which 
the  dough  is  flattened  so  as  to  be  half  an  inch  or  more  in  thickness.  The 
pole,  thus  covered  with  dough,  except  a  few  inches  at  each  end,  is  placed 
on  two  wooden  forks  driven  into  the  ground  in  front  of  the  camp-fire, 
and  turned  frequently  till  it  is  baked.  Our  meat  is  cooked  thus :  a  branch 
of  a  tree  having  several  twigs  on  it  is  cut,  and  the  ends  of  the  twigs 
sharpened ;  the  fat  bacon  is  cut  in  slices  and  stuck  on  these  twigs,  leaving 
a  little  space  between  each,  and  then  held  in  the  blaze  and  smoked  till 
cooked.  Each  man  then  takes  a  piece  of  the  pole  bread,  and  lays  thereon 
a  slice  of  bacon,  and  with  his  knife  cuts  therefrom,  and  eats  his  meal 
with  a  good  appetite.  Enough  is  thus  cooked  each  night  to  serve  for 
the  next  day ;  each  man  stowing  in  his  knapsack  his  own  day 's  provision. ' ' 
The  train  was  following  Hull's  trace,  and  a  few  miles  north  of  Find- 
lay,  "the  expedition  entered  the  Black  Swamp,  through  which  the  road 
passed  for  many  miles,  much  of  which  was  almost  impassable."  They 
reached  the  Maumee  on  August  2,  and  on  the  9th  came  to  the  River 
Raisin,  where  there  was  a  post,  and  there  they  had  orders,  from  Hull  to 


21  Ohio  Valley  Historical  series,  Miscellanies,  No.  2.     Cincinnati,  Robert  Clarke 
&  Co.,  1871. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  275 

stop  until  he  sent  a  convoy.  Hull  tried  this  twice.  His  first  detachment, 
under  Major  Vanhorne,  was  met  by  the  British  and  Indians  at  Maguaga, 
and  driven  back  to  Detroit  after  a  hard  fight.  Col.  Miller  was  then  sent 
with  nine  hundred  men.  He  was  met  by  the  enemy  at  Brownstown,  and 
defeated  them  in  a  fierce  battle,  but  his  force  was  so  crippled  that  he  re- 
turned to  Detroit.  A  third  detachment  was  sent,  by  a  circuitous  route, 
under  Col.  Me  Arthur,  but  it  did  not  get  to  its  destination.  On  August 
17,  Captain  Elliott,  of  the  British  army,  arrived  at  the  River  Raisin 
under  a  flag  of  truce,  with  the  astounding  news  that  Hull  had  surren- 
dered not  jpnly  Detroit,  but  Brush's  volunteers.  Brush  decided  that 
Elliott  was  a  British  spy,  and  imprisoned  him,  but  in  the  evening  two 
Ohio  soldiers  who  had  escaped  from  Detroit,  arrived  with  confirmation 
of  the  surrender.  The  Chillicothe  volunteers  did  not  propose  to  be  sur- 
rendered, so  at  ten  o'clock  that  night  they  released  Elliott,  and  started 
for  home,  which  they  reached  safely  on  August  23 ;  however,  the  Govern- 
ment conceded  that  they  were  properly  prisoners  of  war,  and  they  were 
duly  exchanged  for  British  prisoners.  They  were  fully  convinced  that 
Hull  was  a  deep-dyed  traitor;  and  for  that  matter  so  were  most  of  the 
people  of  the  West,  though  some  only  charged  him  with  cowardice  or 
incompetence.  For  years  afterwards  there  was  a  popular  western  song 
running, 

"Let  General  Hull 

Be  counted  null, 
And  let  him  not  be  named 
Among  Columbia's  gallant  sons, 
For  worth  and  valor  famed." 

Piatt  continued  as  Commissary  General  of  the  Army  of  the  Northwest 
until  January  26, 1814,  when  he  entered  into  a  contract  to  furnish  rations 
to  the  army  for  one  year  from  June  1,  at  a  rate  of  twenty  cents  a  ration. 
At  that  time  the  Government's  credit  was  good,  and  it  was  paying  its 
debts  in  gold  and  silver,  ' '  and  as  the  usage  then  was  to  make  advances  in 
money  to  contractors,  he  retaining  in  his  hands,  as  an  advance  from  the 
department,  the  balance  of  the  commissariat  fund ;  which  at  the  close  of 
his  engagements  amounted  to  $48,230.77. ' '  This  contract  was  made  with 
General  John  Armstrong,  then  Secretary  of  War,  who  retired  during  the 
year,  whereupon  James  Monroe,  then  Secretary  of  State,  acted  also  as 
Secretary  of  War.  By  June  1,  the  Government  was  financially  em- 
barrassed, and  had  to  issue  paper  money,  which  at  once  went  to  a  dis- 
count. In  August  the  British  captured  Washington,  and  burned  the 
capitol.  A  panic  came  on,  and  all  the  banks  south  and  west  of  New 
York  suspended  specie  payments.  Prices  of  course  went  up,  until  supplies 


276 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


could  not  be  bought  for  less  than  forty-five  cents  a  ration;  but  Piatt 
went  on  with  his  contract  until  December,  when  his  drafts  on  the  Govern- 
ment for  supplies  furnished,  to  the  amount  of  $210,000,  had  gone  to 
protest.  On  December  26,  General  McArthur,  made  a  requisition  on  him 
for  800,000  rations,  to  be  furnished  within  thirty  days.  Unable  to  com- 
ply, on  account  of  the  Government's  failure  to  pay,  Piatt  hastened  to 
Washington,  and,  as  found  to  be  the  facts  by  the  Court  of  Claims,  "at  a 

....  .--.    •     . 


JOHN  H.  PIATT 

personal  interview  there  with  him,  notified  to  Mr.  Monroe,  then  Secre- 
tary of  War,  that  he  would  furnish  no  more  rations  under  the  contract. 
Secretary  Monroe  admitted  to  Piatt  the  inability  of  the  Government  to 
comply  with  the  terms  of  the  contract  on  their  part,  both  as  to  money 
already  due,  and  as  to  money  which  might  become  due  "for  future  sup- 
plies. But  the  military  exigency  then  rendering  it  necessary  that  a 
large  quantity  of  rations  should  be  furnished  immediately  for  the  North- 
western Army,  it  was  thereupon  agreed  by  parol,  between  Piatt  and  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  277 

secretary,  that  if  Piatt  would  furnish  the  rations  which  might  be  re- 
quired, he  should  receive  for  them  whatever  price  they  should  be  rea- 
sonably worth  at  the  time  and  place  of  delivery ;  and  that  the  defendants 
(the  United  States),  instead  of  paying  as  required  by  the  terms  of  the 
original  contract,  should  defer  payment  until  such  time  or  times  as  they 
should  have  the  requisite  funds."22 

Under  this  agreement,  Piatt  furnished  the  army  730,070  rations, 
which  the  evidence  showed  to  be  worth  $328,531.54,  and  also  furnished, 
under  orders  from  the  commander  of  the  army,  transportation  and  goods 
to  distressed  refugees  of  Michigan  and  friendly  Indians,  to  the  amount 
of  $63,620.^8.  But  when  he  came  to  settle  with  the  Government,  Wm. 
H.  Crawford,  then  Secretary  of  War,  would  only  allow  the  original  con- 
tract price  of  twenty  cents  a  ration,  refusing  the  parol  contract  because 
"by  reason  of  what  he  considered  countervailing  evidence,  he  had  doubts 
whether  such  assurances  had  been  given.  "Inasmuch  as  Mr.  Monroe 
was  then  President,  it  can  only  be  inferred  that  the  ' '  countervailing  evi- 
dence ' '  came  from  him.  This  presumption  is  supported  by  the  fact  that 
Piatt  secured  several  statements  addressed  to  the  President,  in  support 
of  the  parol  agreement,  and  the  makers  state  that  they  made  them  at 
the  request  of  the  President,  but  this  was  at  a  later  date.  At  the  time, 
Piatt  was  allowed  $148,791.87,  or  the  original  contract  price,  for  the 
rations,  and  the  claim  for  what  was  furnished  to  the  Indians  and  refugees 
was  refused  in  toto.  In  September,  1819,  while  Piatt  was  in  Washington 
trying  to  get  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  that  was  still  due  to 
him,  the  United  States  brought  suit  against  him  for  the  $48,230.77 
balance  of  the  commissariat  fund,  which  had  been  advanced  to  him  on 
his  contract.  He  was  arrested  on  a  capias  ad  respondendum,  and  would 
have  been  imprisoned  but  for  the  intervention  of  friends.  As  it  was  he 
was  allowed  to  give  bail,  and  remain  "on  the  bounds"  in  "Washington. 
On  May  8, 1820,  while  this  action  was  pending,  Congress  passed  a  private 
bill  for  his  relief  as  follows : 

"Be  it  enacted,  That  the  proper  accounting  officers  of  the  Treasury 
Department  be,  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  settle 
the  accounts  of  J.  H.  Piatt,  including  his  accounts  for  transportation,  on 
just  and  equitable  principles,  giving  all  due  weight  and  consideration  to 
the  settlements  and  allowances  already  made,  and  to  the  assurances  and 
decisions  of  the  Wat  Department : 

"Provided,  That  the  sum  allowed  under  the  said  assurances  shall 
not  exceed  the  amount  now  claimed  by  the  United  States,  and  for  which 
suits  have  been  commenced  against  the  said  Piatt." 


22  Piatt 's  Administrator  vs.  United  States,  22  Wallace,  p.  496. 


276 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


could  not  be  bought  for  less  than  forty -five  cents  a  ration;  but  Piatt 
went  on  with  his  contract  until  December,  when  his  drafts  on  the  Govern- 
ment for  supplies  furnished,  to  the  amount  of  $210,000,  had  gone  to 
protest.  On  December  26,  General  McArthur  made  a  requisition  on  him 
for  800,000  rations,  to  be  furnished  within  thirty  days.  Unable  to  com- 
ply, on  account  of  the  Government's  failure  to  pay,  Piatt  hastened  to 
Washington,  and,  as  found  to  be  the  facts  by  the  Court  of  Claims,  "at  a 


JOHN  H.  PIATT 


personal  interview  there  with  him,  notified  to  Mr.  Monroe,  then  Secre- 
tary of  War,  that  he  would  furnish  no  more  rations  under  the  contract. 
Secretary  Monroe  admitted  to  Piatt  the  inability  of  the  Government  to 
comply  with  the  terms  of  the  contract  on  their  part,  both  as  to  money 
already  due,  and  as  to  money  which  might  become  due 'for  future  sup- 
plies. But  the  military  exigency  then  rendering  it  necessary  that  a 
large  quantity  of  rations  should  be  furnished  immediately  for  the  North- 
western Army,  it  was  thereupon  agreed  by  parol,  between  Piatt  and  the 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  277 

secretary,  that  if  Piatt  would  furnish  the  rations  which  might  be  re- 
quired, he  should  receive  for  them  whatever  price  they  should  be  rea- 
sonably worth  at  the  time  and  place  of  delivery ;  and  that  the  defendants 
(the  United  States),  instead  of  paying  as  required  by  the  terms  of  the 
original  contract,  should  defer  payment  until  such  time  or  times  as  they 
should  have  the  requisite  funds."22 

Under  this  agreement,  Piatt  furnished  the  army  730,070  rations, 
which  the  evidence  showed  to  be  worth  $328,531.54,  and  also  furnished, 
under  orders  from  the  commander  of  the  army,  transportation  and  goods 
to  distressed  refugees  of  Michigan  and  friendly  Indians,  to  the  amount 
of  $63,620.18.  But  when  he  came  to  settle  with  the  Government,  Win. 
H.  Crawford,  then  Secretary  of  War,  would  only  allow  the  original  con- 
tract price  of  twenty  cents  a  ration,  refusing  the  parol  contract  because 
' '  by  reason  of  what  he  considered  countervailing  evidence,  he  had  doubts 
whether  such  assurances  had  been  given.  "Inasmuch  as  Mr.  Monroe 
was  then  President,  it  can  only  be  inferred  that  the  ' '  countervailing  evi- 
dence" came  from  him.  This  presumption  is  supported  by  the  fact  that 
Piatt  secured  several  statements  addressed  to  the  President,  in  support 
of  the  parol  agreement,  and  the  makers  state  that  they  made  them  at 
the  request  of  the  President,  but  this  was  at  a  later  date.  At  the  time, 
Piatt  was  allowed  $148,791.87,  or  the  original  contract  price,  for  the 
rations,  and  the  claim  for  what  was  furnished  to  the  Indians  and  refugees 
was  refused  in  toto.  In  September,  1819,  while  Piatt  was  in  Washington 
trying  to  get  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  that  was  still  due  to 
him,  the  United  States  brought  suit  against  him  for  the  $48,230.77 
balance  of  the  commissariat  fund,  which  had  been  advanced  to  him  on 
his  contract.  He  was  arrested  on  a  capias  ad  respondendttm,  and  would 
have  been  imprisoned  but  for  the  intervention  of  friends.  As  it  was  he 
was  allowed  to  give  bail,  and  remain  "on  the  bounds"  in  Washington. 
On  May  8,  1820,  while  this  action  was  pending,  Congress  passed  a  private 
bill  for  his  relief  as  follows : 

"Be  it  enacted,  That  the  proper  accounting  officers  of  the  Treasury 
Department  be.  and  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  required  to  settle 
the  accounts  of  J.  H.  Piatt,  including  his  accounts  for  transportation,  on 
just  and  equitable  principles,  giving  all  due  weight  and  consideration  to 
the  settlements  and  allowances  already  made,  and  to  the  assurances  and 
decisions  of  the  War  Department : 

"Provided,  That  the  sum  allowed  under  the  said  assurances  shall 
not  exceed  the  amount  now  claimed  by  the  United  States,  and  for  which 
suits  have  been  commenced  ajrainst  the  said  Piatt." 


22  Piatt 's  Administrator  vs.  United  States,  22  Wallace,  p.  496. 


.•;....  . 

278  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Apparently  Mr.  Monroe  was  now  convinced  that  he  had  given  assur- 
ances, for  he  approved  this  bill.  But  no  appropriation  was  made  for  the 
settlement;  and  the  Second  Comptroller  and  Third  Auditor  disagreed 
as  to  the  meaning  of  the  bill,  the  latter  claiming  that  the  total  allowance 
could  not  exceed  the  $48,230.77  for  which  the  Government  had  brought 
suit,  and  the  former  holding  that  the  limitation  of  the  proviso  applied 
only  to  the  "assurances,"  i.e.,  the  parol  contract  for  additional  rations. 
In  consequence  Piatt  received  nothing^  whatever,  except  credit  for  the 
amount  for  which  the  Government  was  unjustly  suing  him.  The  obvious 
injustice  of  the  bill  was  in  making  any  limitation,  for  if  the  assurances 
were  not  made,  the  Government  owed  Piatt  nothing,  and  he  owed  it  the 
$48,230.77 ;  but  if  they  were  made  he  was  entitled  to  the  full  amount  of 
his  claim.  Meanwhile  he  had  borrowed  money  to  appease  pressing  credi- 
tors, and  had  assigned  his  claim  against  the  Government  as  collateral; 
and  scarcely  was  he  released  from  imprisonment  on  the  Government's 
suit,  when  creditors  had  him  arrested  on  another  action  for  debt.  Worn 
out  by  his  vain  efforts  to  obtain  justice,  and  depressed  by  the  financial 
ruin  that  faced  him,  he  died  on  February  12,  1822,  a  prisoner  on  the 
bounds  at  Washington.  Congressman  John  E.  Follett,  of  Ohio,  who  later 
made  a  thorough  study  of  the  case,  said  that  he  knew  of  nothing  in 
history  to  equal  it  since  Columbus  was  brought  home  in  chains. 

Piatt  had  married  Martha  Ann  Willis,  a  niece  of  Mrs.  Nicholas  Long- 
worth,  of  Cincinnati,  and  after  his  death  Nicholas  Longworth  and  Ben- 
jamin M.  Piatt,  a  brother  of  John  H.,  were  appointed  administrators  of 
his  estate.  They  at  once  presented  a  petition  to  Congress  asking  for  a 
construction  of  the  bill  of  1820.  This  went  to  a  committee  of  which 
John  Sergeant,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  chairman — he  who  was  the  Whig 
candidate  for  Vice  President  in  1832.  Sergeant  made  a  very  careful 
investigation  of  the  case  in  all  its  ramifications,  and  in  his  report  pays 
high  tribute  to  Piatt 's  honor  and  patriotism.23  He  supported  the  Comp- 
troller's view  of  the  act  of  1820,  and  recommended  an  appropriation  of 
$63,620.48  to  pay  what  was  due  for  aid  to  refugees  and  friendly  Indians, 
and  this  was  done  by  act  of  May  24,  1824.  The  singular  feature  of  the 
report  is  that  while  Sergeant  found  that  Piatt  had  furnished  the  rations 
as  claimed,  and  that  they  were  worth  what  was  claimed,  he  only  urged  on 
the  House  that  the  Government  was  making  a  good  thing  by  settling  on 
the  basis  recommended.  Throughout  the  entire  history  of  the  case,  no- 
body questioned  that  Piatt  furnished  the  rations  as  claimed,  or  that  they 
were  worth  what  was  claimed,  or  that  the  most  disastrous  results  would 
have  followed  in  the  war  if  he  had  not  furnished  them.  In  the  entire 


Am.  State  Papers,  Claims,  p.  894. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


279 


report,  the  only  discordant  note  is  a  statement  by  Tench  Ringold,  who 
was  Monroe's  assistant,  and  whose  statement  conclusively  established 
the  parol  agreement,  that  he  "was  certain  that  Piatt  had  made  a  fortune 
out  of  the  contract."  Sergeant  disposed  of  this  by  letters  from  Judge 
Burnet,  and  John  McLean,  showing  that  in  reality  Piatt  was  ruined  by 
it.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  at  that  very  time  Piatt  owed  the  Bank  of  the 


GOVERNOR  POSEY 

United  States  at  Cincinnati,  $300,000,  which  he  had  borrowed  to  buy 
these  rations  for  the  Government,  and  which  he  had  mortgaged  his  real 
estate  to  secure. 

Piatt 's  sister  Hannah,  who  had  married  Philip  Grandin,  his  partner 
in  the  banking  house  of  J.  H.  Piatt  &  Co.,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  private  bank  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  was  determined  that  justice  should 
be  done  to  her  brother's  memory,  and  she  showed  as  much  courage  and 
persistence  in  her  fight  as  Myra  Gaines  did  in  her  long  struggle  for 


278 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Apparently  Mr.  Monroe  was  now  convinced  that  he  had  given  assur- 
ances, for  he  approved  this  bill.  But  no  appropriation  was  made  for  the 
settlement;  and  the  Second  Comptroller  and  Third  Auditor  disagreed 
as  to  the  meaning  of  the  bill,  the  latter  claiming  that  the  total  allowance 
could  not  exceed  the  $48,230.77  for  which  the  Government  had  brought 
suit,  and  the  former  holding  that  the  limitation  of  the  proviso  applied 
only  to  the  "assurances,"  i.e.,  the  parol  contract  for  additional  rations. 
In  consequence  Piatt  received  nothing  whatever,  except  credit  for  the 
amount  for  which  the  Government  was  unjustly  suing  him.  The  obvious 
injustice  of  the  bill  was  in  making  any  limitation,  for  if  the  assurances 
were  not  made,  the  Government  owed  Piatt  nothing,  and  he  owed  it  the 
$48,230.77 ;  but  if  they  were  made  he  was  entitled  to  the  full  amount  of 
his  claim.  Meanwhile  he  had  borrowed  money  to  appease  pressing  credi- 
tors, and  had  assigned  his  claim  against  the  Government  as  collateral; 
and  scarcely  was  he  released  from  imprisonment  on  the  Government's 
suit,  when  creditors  had  him  arrested  on  another  action  for  debt.  Worn 
out  by  his  vain  efforts  to  obtain  justice,  and  depressed  by  the  financial 
ruin  that  faced  him,  he  died  on  February  12,  1822,  a  prisoner  on  the 
bounds  at  Washington.  Congressman  John  E.  Follett,  of  Ohio,  who  later 
made  a  thorough  study  of  the  case,  said  that  he  knew  of  nothing  in 
history  to  equal  it  since  Columbus  was  brought  home  in  chains. 

Piatt  had  married  Martha  Ann  Willis,  a  niece  of  Mrs.  Nicholas  Long- 
worth,  of  Cincinnati,  and  after  his  death  Nicholas  Longworth  and  Ben- 
jamin M.  Piatt,  a  brother  of  John  H.,  were  appointed  administrators  of 
his  estate.  They  at  once  presented  a  petition  to  Congress  asking  for  a 
construction  of  the  bill  of  1820.  This  went  to  a  committee  of  which 
John  Sergeant,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  chairman — he  who  was  the  Whig 
candidate  for  Vice  President  in  1832.  Sergeant  made  a  very  careful 
investigation  of  the  case  in  all  its  ramifications,  and  in  his  report  pays 
high  tribute  to  Piatt 's  honor  and  patriotism.23  He  supported  the  Comp- 
troller's view  of  the  act  of  1820,  and  recommended  an  appropriation  of 
$63,620.48  to  pay  what  was  due  for  aid  to  refugees  and  friendly  Indians, 
and  this  was  done  by  act  of  May  24,  1824.  The  singular  feature  of  the 
report  is  that  while  Sergeant  found  that  Piatt  had  furnished  the  rations 
as  claimed,  and  that  they  were  worth  what  was  claimed,  he  only  urged  on 
the  House  that  the  Government  was  making  a  good  thing  by  settling  on 
the  basis  recommended.  Throughout  the  entire  history  of  the  case,  no- 
body questioned  that  Piatt  furnished  the  rations  as  claimed,  or  that  they 
were  worth  what  was  claimed,  or  that  the  most  disastrous  results  would 
have  followed  in  the  war  if  he  had  not  furnished  them.  In  the  entire 


23  Am.  State  Papers,  Claims,  p.  894. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


279 


report,  the  only  discordant  note  is  a  statement  by  Tench  Ringold,  who 
was  Monroe's  assistant,  and  whose  statement  conclusively  established 
the  parol  agreement,  that  he  ' '  was  certain  that  Piatt  had  made  a  fortune 
out  of  the  contract."  Sergeant  disposed  of  this  by  letters  from  Judge 
Burnet,  and  John  McLean,  showing  that  in  reality  Piatt  was  ruined  by 
it.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  at  that  very  time  Piatt  owed  the  Bank  of  the 


GOVERNOR  POSEY 

United  States  at  Cincinnati,  $300,000,  which  he  had  borrowed  to  buy 
these  rations  for  the  Government,  and  which  he  had  mortgaged  his  real 
estate  to  secure. 

Piatt 's  sister  Hannah,  who  had  married  Philip  Grandin,  his  partner 
in  the  banking  house  of  J.  H.  Piatt  &  Co.,  which  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  private  bank  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  was  determined  that  justice  should 
be  done  to  her  brother's  memory,  and  she  showed  as  much  courage  and 
persistence  in  her  fight  as  Myra  Gaines  did  in  her  long  struggle  for 


280  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

justice.  The  claim  for  the  balance  due  Piatt  was  kept  before  Congress 
almost  continuously  for  years.  Committee  after  committee  reported 
favorably  on  it,  but  Congress  took  no  action.  Finally  the  Court  of 
Claims  was  organized,  and  Mrs.  Grandin  was  appointed  administratrix 
de  bonis  non,  and  brought  suit  in  the  new  court.  At  this  point  the 
representatives  of  the  Government  raised  the  new  point  that  Piatt  had 
barred  suit  by  accepting  the  benefits  of  the  act  of  1820.  The  court 
divided  evenly,  and  the  case  went  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  which,  in  1875,  gave  judgment  for  $131,508.90  in  full  of  the 
amount  originally  claimed  by  Piatt,  though  four  of  the  justices  dissented 
on  the  theory  of  estoppel.  The  court  held  that  the  act  of  1820  did  not 
imply  a  final  settlement,  and  that  if  it  did,  it  could  not  estop  Piatt,  who 
was  under  duress  when  he  accepted  his  release  under  the  act,  and  his 
release  was  all  that  he  received  under  it.  Moreover,  as  Sergeant  showed, 
Piatt  had  protested  against  the  injustice  of  the  act  during  its  passage. 
No  interest  was  allowed,  under  the  legal  fiction  that  the  United  States 
is  always  ready  to  pay  its  debts,  when  claims  are  properly  presented. 
Ever  since  the  Piatt  heirs  have  been  vainly  trying  to  induce  Congress  to 
allow  them  the  interest  which  any  court  would  allow  at  once  in  a  case 
between  man  and  man. 

It  is  probable  that  Piatt 's  heirs  would  never  have  recovered  anything 
buf  for  the  fact  that  when  he  went  to  see  Monroe  he  took  with  him  John 
McLean,  then  Representative  of  the  Cincinnati  district,  and  later  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1857  Judge  McLean  made  a  statement  in 
behalf  of  the  heirs,  which  shows  the  probable  cause  of  Mr.  Monroe's  for- 
getfulness.  After  a  preliminary  statement  of  the  situation,  Judge  Mc- 
Lean says:  "It  would  be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  at  this  time,  to 
impress  anyone  fully  with  the.  distressing  embarrassments  of  the  Govern- 
ment at  this  time.  *  *  *  Public  credit  seemed  to  be  utterly  pros- 
trated. Under  the  circumstances,  Mr.  Piatt  came  to  Washington  with 
the  determination,  as  I  understood,  to  surrender  the  contract.  He  in- 
formed me  that  he  had  tried  to  have  an  interview  with  Mr.  Monroe, 
acting  Secretary  of  War,  but  was  not  admitted.  I  accompanied  him  to 
the  private  residence  of  Mr.  Monroe,  and  we  were  admitted.  Mr.  Monroe 
was  exceedingly  feeble.  I  understood  that  he  had  not  sufficient  strength 
to  go  to  his  office.  His  system  appeared  to  be  nearly  exhausted  by  the 
pressure  of  his  public  duties;  and  I  observed  that  he  was  very  nervous. 
I  have  no  distinct  recollection  of  the  words  used  in  the,  interview ;  nor 
whether  Mr.  Piatt  or  myself  first  stated  to  the  Secretary  the  failures  of 
the  Government  to  meet  his  drafts;  but  I  have  a  distinct  recollection  that 
Mr.  Piatt  expressed  to  me  a  strong  determination,  before  the  interview, 
that  he  should  give  up  his  contract,  as  it  would  be  ruinous  to  him  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  281 

continue  it  under  the  circumstances ;  and  on  his  return  he  expressed  him- 
self satisfied  with  the  assurances  given,  and  that  at  all  hazards  he  would 
continue  the  supplies.  I  entertained  no  doubt,  under  the  circumstances, 
the  Government's  failures  had  released  him  from  the  obligations  of  his 
contract,  and  this  being  the  case  he  had  a  right  to  expect  an  indemnity. 
I  did  not  understand  that  Mr.  Piatt  claimed  anything  more  than  this. 

"I  urged  Mr.  Piatt  strongly  not  to  withhold  his  supplies,  and  I  could 
not  have  done  this  had  I  not  believed  the  conversation  with  Mr.  Monroe 
authorized  him  to  rely  on  the  assurances  given.  I  am  impressed  that  it 
was  on  th§  same  occasion  Mr.  Monroe  said  that  he  had  made  temporary 
loans  from  the  banks  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  adjoining 
states,  for  the  use  of  the  Government,  and  that  these  loans  had  become 
payable,  and  he  had  not  the  means  of  paying  them.  He  said  that  treasury 
notes  would  not  be  taken  in  the  North  for  provisions,  and  that  unless 
Congress  should  do  something  to  revive  the  public  credit  he  was  appre- 
hensive that  our  northern  army  could  not  be  kept  in  the  field.  These 
facts  were  so  impressed  upon  my  mind,  and  I  have  so  often  adverted  to 
them  in  conversation  and  in  writing,  that  I  remember  them  as  well  as  if 
I  had  heard  them  recently.  *  *  *  When  we  had  the  interview  with 
Mr.  Monroe,  I  was  but  little  acquainted  with  public  affairs,  and  I  have 
never  recurred  to  the  circumstances  that  I  did  not  regret  that  a  written 
assurance  was  not  required.  Before  Mr.  Piatt  engaged  in  the  above 
contract  he  had  the  means,  as  I  supposed,  of  acquiring  the  largest  fortune 
of  any  individual  in  Cincinnati.  I  think  his  resources  were  greater  than 
those  of  any  other  individual  of  my  acquaintance.  I  have  always  under- 
stood, and  believed,  that  he  was  ruined  by  the  contract.  Being  in  "Wash- 
ington, urging  his  claims,  I  was  informed  and  believe  that  he  was  arrested 
by  a  creditor,  and  that  he  was  confined  to  the  prison  limits,  where  he 
died.  This,  as  I  believe,  was  the  fruit  of  a  devotion  to  his  country,  un 
surpassed,  if  equalled,  by  any  army  contractor. ' ' 24 

Although  Piatt 's  estate  was  announced  to  be  insolvent  after  his 
death,  it  included  a  large  amount  of  real  estate.  His  administrators 
made  a  settlement  with  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  by  which  it  took 
the  mortgaged  real  estate  for  its  debt  of  over  $300,000 ;  after  which  they 
proceeded  to  sell  the  remainder,  and  buy  most  of  it  in  themselves,  in  the 
name  of  third  parties.  This  was  not  learned  by  Piatt 's  heirs  for  years 
afterwards;  and  then,  in  March,  1850,  they  brought  suit  for  the  recovery 
of  these  lands.  This  case  was  in  the  Ohio  courts  for  twenty-five  years, 
and  at  the  December  Term,  1875,  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  gave  the 
heirs  judgment  for  about  one  hundred  pieces  of  property,  much  of  it  in 


2*  This  document,  with  the  other  evidence  in  the  case,  is  in  Printed  Records 
of  the  Court  of  Claims,  Dec.  Term,  1872,  Vol.  45,  P  to  S,  No.  2205. 


282 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  heart  of  Cincinnati.  The  original  parties  were  now  long  since  dead, 
much  of  the  property  had  been  reconveyed,  and  the  settlement  involved  a 
lengthy  accounting  for  rents,  improvements,  profits,  etc.,  so  the  Longworth 
heirs  offered  the  Piatt  heirs  a  compromise  settlement  of  $400,000  in  cash, 
which  was  accepted.25  Half  of  this  amount  went  for  attorneys'  fees, 
under  contract,  as  was  also  the  case  in  the  recovery  from  the  United 
States.  Such  was  the  wrecking  of  one  of  the  finest  estates  west  of  the 
Alleghenies.  Piatt 's  name  belongs  with  those  of  Vigo,  St.  Glair  and 
Pollock,  as  a  man  who  let  his  patriotism  get  the  better  of  his  business 
judgment.  But  he  saved  the  Army  of  the  Northwest,  and  the  Army  of 


BATTLE  OF  THE  THAMES — DEATH  OP  TECUMSEH 
(From  Brackenridge 's  History  of  the  Late  War) 

the  Northwest  saved  the  United  States  in  the  War  of  1812,  by  showing 
England  that  she  stood  fair  to  lose  Canada ;  and  that  lesson  has  given  a 
century  of  peace  between  the  two  countries  since  then. 

There  was  no  trouble  in  finding  men  for  that  war,  on  the  American 
side.  The  indignation  in  the  west  over  the  employment  of  Indians  in- 
creased with  the  surrender  of  Hull,  and  went  to  fever  heat  at  the 
massacre  at  the  River  Raisin.  The  battle-cry  of  the  western  troops  was 
"Remember  the  River  Raisin."  Detroit  was  reoccupied  without  resist- 
ance, and  Perry's  victory  on  the  lake,  and  Harrison's  victory  on  the 
Thames  put  an  effective  damper  on  British  hostilities  in  the  west.  The 
career  of  Tecumtha  also  ended  with  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  which 


25  Piatt  et  al.  vs.  Longworth  et  al.,  27  Ohio  State,  p.  159. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  283 

he  was  probably  killed,  though  Harrisou  and  his  staff  were  not  assured 
of  it  until  after  they  returned  to  Detroit.  He  made  almost  as  much  dis- 
turbance in  his  death  as  in  his  life,  for  the  question  got  into  politics  when 
Col.  Richard  Johnson  was  a  candidate  for  the  Vice  Presidency.  There 
are  three  lines  of  evidence,  one  that  he  was  killed  by  Col.  Johnson,  one 
that  he  was  killed  by  Col.  Whitley,  one  that  he  was  killed  by  a  private 
named  David  King.  Each  of  these  is  supported  by  affidavits  and  state- 
ments, neither  of  which  would  furnish  satisfactory  historical  evidence 
if  it  stood  alone.20  There  is  also  an  Indian  statement  that  he  was  not 
killed  at  the  battle,  but  lived  for  some  time  later.  It  appears  to  be  con- 
ceded that  he  is  dead  now.  The  conventional  portraits  of  Tecumtha  and 
the  Prophet  were  originally  published  by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  who  said 
that  they  were  drawn  by  Pierre  LeDru,  a  young  trader  on  the  Wabash, 
from  whose  son  he  obtained  them.27  There  is,  however  no  such  name 
as  LeDru,  or  LeDrou,  given  in  Tanguay's  Geneological  Dictionary,  or 
in  Lasselle's  list  of  traders  on  the  Wabash.28  LeDru  may  be  a  nick-name, 
as  it  means  "The  Thickset,"  and  French  nick-names  often  became  family 
names  by  adoption.  There  was  a  Pere  LeDru,  whom  Shea  describes  as 
"an  apostate  Dominican,"  who  officiated  for  a  time  at  Vincennes  and  in 
the  Illinois  country,  and  then  took  an  appointment  at  St.  Louis.29  Pos- 
sibly he  was  the  artist  who  made  the  pictures. 

Harrison's  war  activities  took  him  away  from  Vincennes  late  in  the 
spring  of  1812,  and  Secretary  John  Gibson  became  acting  Governor,  and 
served  until  the  arrival  of  Governor  Posey,  about  a  year  later.  His 
duties  were  largely  military,  in  the  keeping  of  the  frontier  in  a  state  of 
defense.  The  most  notable  thing  of  his  administration  is  that  in  his 
message  to  the  legislature,  which  conVened  in  February,  1813,  he  made 
the  first  known  suggestion  in  the  line  of  modern  civil  service  reform  in 
the  United  States.  At  that  time  the  militia  elected  their  own  officers,  and 
with  little  regard  to  fitness.  Discussing  the  evils  of  this,  Gibson  said : 
' '  This  evil  having  taken  root,  I  do  not  know  how  it  can  be  eradicated ; 
but  it  may  be  remedied.  In  place  of  men  searching  after,  and  accepting 
of  commissions,  before  they  are  even  tolerably  qualified,  thereby  sub- 
jecting themselves  to  ridicule,  and  their  country  to  ruin,  barely  for  the 
name  of  the  thing,  I  think  may  be  remedied  by  a  previous  examination. 
This,  however,  among  other  important  territorial  concerns,  rests  with  tlis 


ae Drake's   Tecumseh,   p.    199. 
"  Field  Book  of  the  War  of  1812,  p.  189. 
2»Ind.  Mag.  of  Hist,  1906,  p.  1. 

"Shea's    Life    of   Archbishop   Carroll,   pp.    471,   479;    111.    Hist.   Coll.,   Vol.    5, 
pp.  510,  515. 


• 


282 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  heart  of  Cincinnati.  The  original  parties  were  now  long  since  dead, 
much  of  the  property  had  been  reconveyed,  and  the  settlement  involved  a 
lengthy  accounting  for  rents,  improvements,  profits,  etc.,  so  the  Longworth 
heirs  offered  the  Piatt  heirs  a  compromise  settlement  of  $400,000  in  cash, 
which  was  accepted.23  Half  of  this  amount  went  for  attorneys'  fees, 
under  contract,  as  was  also  the  case  in  the  recovery  from  the  United 
States.  Such  was  the  wrecking  of  one  of  the  finest  estates  west  of  the 
Alleghenies.  Piatt 's  name  belongs  with  those  of  Vigo,  St.  Clair  and 
Pollock,  as  a  man  who  let  his  patriotism  get  the  better  of  his  business 
judgment.  But  he  saved  the  Army  of  the  Northwest,  and  the  Armv  of 


• 


BATTLE  OF  THE  THAMES — DEATH  OP  TECUMSEH 
(From  Brackenridge 's  History  of  the  Late  War) 

the  Northwest  saved  the  United  States  in  the  War  of  1812,  by  showing 
England  that  she  stood  fair  to  lose  Canada ;  and  that  lesson  has  given  a 
century  of  peace  between  the  two  countries  since  then. 

There  was  no  trouble  in  findftig  men  for  that  war,  on  the  American 
side.  The  indignation  in  the  west  over  the  employment  of  Indians  in- 
creased with  the  surrender  of  Hull,  and  went  to  fever  heat  at  the 
massacre  at  the  River  Raisin.  The  battle-cry  of  the  western  troops  was 
"Remember  the  River  Raisin."  Detroit  was  reoccupied  without  resist- 
ance, and  Perry's  victory  on  the  lake,  and  Harrison's  victory  on  the 
Thames  put  an  effective  damper  on  British  hostilities  in  the  west.  The 
career  of  Tecumtha  also  ended  with  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  which 


25  Piatt  et  al.  vs.  Longworth  et  al.,  27  Ohio  State,  p.  159. 


- 


j 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  283 

he  was  probably  killed,  though  Harrison  and  his  staff  were  not  assured 
of  it  until  after  they  returned  to  Detroit.  He  made  almost  as  much  dis- 
turbance in  his  death  as  in  his  life,  for  the  question  got  into  politics  when 
Col.  Richard  Johnson  was  a  candidate  for  the  Vice  Presidency.  There 
are  three  lines  of  evidence,  one  that  he  was  killed  by  Col.  Johnson,  one 
that  he  was  killed  by  Col.  Whitley,  one  that  he  was  killed  by  a  private 
named  David  King.  Each  of  these  is  supported  by  affidavits  and  state- 
ments, neither  of  which  would  furnish  satisfactory  historical  evidence 
if  it  stood  alone.2"  There  is  also  an  Indian  statement  that  he  was  not 
killed  at  the  battle,  but  lived  for  some  time  later.  It  appears  to  be  con- 
ceded that  he  is  dead  now.  The  conventional  portraits  of  Tecumtha  and 
the  Prophet  were  originally  published  by  Benson  J.  Lossing,  who  said 
that  they  were  drawn  by  Pierre  LeDru,  a  young  trader  on  the  Wabash, 
from  whose  son  he  obtained  them.27  There  is,  however  no  such  name 
as  LeDru,  or  LeDrou,  given  in  Tanguay's  Geneological  Dictionary,  or 
in  Lasselle's  list  of  traders  on  the  Wabash.28  LeDru  may  be  a  nick-name, 
as  it  means  "The  Thickset,"  and  French  nick-names  often  became  family 
names  by  adoption.  There  was  a  Pere  LeDru,  whom  Shea  describes  as 
"an  apostate  Dominican,"  who  officiated  for  a  time  at  Vincennes  and  in 
the  Illinois  country-,  and  then  took  an  appointment  at  St.  Louis.2y  Pos- 
sibly he  was  the  artist  who  made  the  pictures. 

Harrison's  war  activities  took  him  away  from  Vincennes  late  in  the 
spring  of  1812,  and  Secretary  John  Gibson  became  acting  Governor,  and 
served  until  the  arrival  of  Governor  Posey,  about  a  year  later.  His 
duties  were  largely  military,  in  the  keeping  of  the  frontier  in  a  state  oi! 
defense.  The  most  notable  thing  of  his  administration  is  that  in  his 
message  to  the  legislature,  which  conVened  in  February,  1813,  he  made 
the  first  known  suggestion  in  the  line  of  modern  civil  service  reform  in 
the  United  States.  At  that  time  the  militia  elected  their  own  officers,  and 
with  little  regard  to  fitness.  Discussing  the  evils  of  this.  Gibson  said : 
' '  This  evil  having  taken  root,  I  do  not  know  how  it  can  be  eradicated ; 
but  it  may  be  remedied.  In  place  of  men  searching  after,  and  accepting 
of  commissions,  before  they  are  even  tolerably  qualified,  thereby  sub- 
jecting themselves  to  ridicule,  and  their  country  to  ruin,  barely  for  tlio 
name  of  the  thing,  I  think  may  be  remedied  by  a  previous  examination. 
Tin's,  however,  among  other  important  territorial  concerns,  rests  with  th.' 


20  Drake's   Tecumseh,   p.    199. 
27  Field  Book  of  the  War  of  1812,  p.  189. 
2s  Ind.  Mag.   of  Hist,  1906,  p.  1. 

2»  Shea's    Life    of    Archbishop   Carroll,   pp.    471,   479;    111.    Hist.   Coll.,    Vol.    5, 
pp.  510,  515. 


284  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

legislature."30  The  United  States  did  not  adopt  any  law  for  "pass  ex- 
aminations" until  1853,  although  they  had  been  used  for  a  few  years 
earlier  than  that  in  the  Treasury  Department.31  The  test  of  "fitness" 
had  been  urged  since  the  time  of  Washington,  but  the  idea  of  ascertain- 
ing fitness  by  an  examination  was  not  suggested  until  long  after  Gibson 
had  proposed  it  in  Indiana.  This  same  legislature  of  1813  provided  for 
the  removal  of  the  capital  of  the  Territory  to  Corydon,  and  the  removal 
was  made  that  year. 

Gen.  Posey  was  serving  as  senator  from  Louisiana  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Indiana  Territory  by  President  Madison.  The 
appointment  was  confirmed  on  March  3,  1813.  He  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, born  July  9,  1750,  on  a  farm  on  the  Potomac  River,  near  Mount 
Vernon.  He  served  in  Dunraore's  war,  raised  a  company  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Revolution,  in  1775,  and  served  through  that  war,  served 
under  Wayne  in  1793,  and  raised  a  company  in  Louisiana  for  the  war  of 
IS!  2,  from  which  he  was  appointed  to  the  senate.  He  was  identified  with 
the  old  Harrison  party  in  the  Territory,  being  their  candidate  for 
Governor  against  Jonathan  Jennings  in  1816,  but  did  not  take  any  great 
intei'est  in  politics.  In  fact  his  healfh  was  so  bad  that  he  was  unable  to 
live  at  Corydon  during  most  of  his  term,  his  physician  living  at  Louis- 
ville, and,  as  he  officially  advised  the  legislature  of  1813-4,  ' '  I  have  taken 
all  the  medicine  brought  with  me."  The  legislature,  which  was  not  of 
his  politics,  was  very  conciliatory,  and  finally  adjourned  after  authoriz- 
ing the  president  of  the  council  and  speaker  of  the  house,  with  the  clerks 
of  the  two  bodies,  to  receive  bills  and  messages  from  the  Governor,  as  if 
the  houses  were  in  session,  and  make  the  necessary  entries,  in  order  to 
avoid  "the  expense  of  near  fifty  dollars  a  day,"  which  would  result 
from  keeping  the  legislature  in  session.  The  legislature  and  the  Gov- 
ernor continued  in  admirable  harmony  during  the  remainder  of  the 
Territorial  period ;  but  the  legislature  and  the  Judges  were  not  so  har- 
monious. The  legislature  undertook  to  fix  the  districts  in  which  the 
three  judges  of  the  Territorial  Court  should  sit  at  nisi  prius,  and  the 
judges  promptly  refused  to  obey  "the  law,  stating  that  they  derived  all 
their  powers  from  Congress,  and  the  legislature  had  no  power  over  them. 
The  legislature  then  petitioned  Congress  to  make  provision  by  which 
litigants  could  have  their  cases  tried  somewhere  near  their  places  of 
residence.  The  Jennings  party  had  the  legislature  and  the  Congressman ; 
and  they  were  showing  real  political  discretion  in  developing  as  little 
friction  as  possible  with  the  Governor  and  the  Judges.  But  they  were 


sn  Western  Sun,  Feb.  6,  1813. 

31  The  Civil   Service  and   Patronage,  Harvard   Hist.   Studies,   Fish,  p.   183. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  285 

not  losing  any  political  opportunities.  In  December,  1815,  when  the 
legislature  petitioned  Congress  for  admission  as  a  state,  the  leading  issue 
of  Territorial  politics  was  deftly  introduced  as  follows:  "And  whereas 
the  inhabitants  of  this  territory  are  principally  composed  of  emigrants 
from  every  part  of  the  Union,  and  as  various  in  their  customs  and  senti- 
ments as  in  their  persons,  we  think  it  prudent,  at  this  time,  to  express  to 
the  general  government  our  attachment  to  the  fundamental  principles 
of  legislation  prescribed  by  congress  in  their  ordinance  for  the  govern- 
ment of  this  territory,  particularly  as  respects  personal  freedom  and 
involuntary  servitude,  and  hope  they  may  be  continued  as  the  basis  of 
the  constitution." 


CHAPTER  VII 
THE  NEW  STATE 

There  seems  to  be  a  hazy  idea  with  some  writers  that  there  was  a 
golden  age  in  the  United  States  when  politics  was  unknown.  If  there 
was  ever  such  a  period  in  the  world,  it  was  in  prehistoric  times.  The 
one  constant  factor  in  history  is  human  nature;  and  wherever  society 
has  existed,  there  has  been  the  desire  for  preferment,  position  and  power. 
It  is  manifested  not  only  in  public  life  but  also  in  societies,  churches,  and 
all  the  various  kinds  of  organizations  of  mankind.  The  politics  of  early 
Indiana  did  not  have  the  outward  manifestations  of  the  party  organiza- 
tions of  the  present,  but  it  was  of  a  very  similar  character,  and  offiee- 
holding  and  personal  advantages  of  different  kinds  were  its  chief  ends. 
National  politics  was  at  low  ebb.  The  Federalist  party  was  in  a  comatose 
condition,  and  nearly  everybody  called  himself  a  Republican.  Whenever 
that  state  is  reached  in  any  community,  factions  grow  up  within  the 
dominant  party  which  result  in  the  formation  of  new  parties.  This  con- 
dition had  existed  in  Indiana  Territory  almost  from  its  formation;  and 
after  the  separation  of  Illinois  Territory  it  crystallized  as  a  Harrison  and 
anti-Harrison  division  of  the  voters.  Harrison,  as  Governor,  controlled 
most  of  the  local  patronage,  but  from  1809,  the  anti-Harrison  party,  led 
by  Jonathan  Jennings,  controlled  the  legislature  and  elected  the  delegate 
to  Congress. 

The  chief  division  in  matters  of  principle  was  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion, the  Harrison  party  having  tied  itself  hopelessly  to  the  proposal  to 
admit  slavery  to  the  Territory,  and  the  Jennings  party  having  openly 
opposed  it.  The  greatest  strength  "of  the  Harrison  party  was  naturally 
in  Knox,  and  adjoining  counties  where  most  of  the  slaves  were  held. 
Moreover,  most  of  the  Territorial  officers  lived  at  Vincennes,  and  had 
their  property  interests  there.  It  was  certain  that  the  removal  of  the  seat 
of  government  from  that  place  would  be  a  serious  injury  to  local  property 
interests ;  but  it  was  equally  certain  that  the  remainder  of  the  Territory 
would  not  long  consent  to  its  continuance  on  the  western  border.  These 
considerations  were  the  bases  of  the  political  issues  of  the  later  Terri- 
torial period.  There  were  no  formal  party  names,  but  there  were  some 
epithets  used  in  discussion.  In  moderate  discussion,  the  adherents  of 

286 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  287 

Jennings  were  called  his ' '  friends, ' '  but  this  was  intended  and  understood 
simply  as  his  party  friends.  Jennings  was  an  adroit  politician.  He  had 
an  important  advantage  over  the  opposition  in  the  slavery  question,  and 
that  issue  was  not  allowed  to  die,  even  after  the  legislature  of  1810  had  re- 
pealed the  indenture  law.  The  repeal  law  practically  annulled  existing 
indentures  by  removing  the  provision  for  their  enforcement  by  the 
courts ;  but  there  was  no  effort  made  to  release  the  indentured  servants. 
Indeed  the  anti-Harrison  legislature  of  1813  recognized  the  indentures  by 
levying  a  tax  of  two  dollars  on  "every  slave  or  servant  of  color." 

The  first  effort  to  remove  the  capital  was  in  the  legislature  of  1811. 
While  the  tnembers  who  wanted  it  removed  from  Vincennes  were  in 
large  majority  they  were  much  divided  as  to  where  it  should  go.  The 
location  of  the  seat  of  government  was  an  important  factor  in  real  estate 
prices,  and  every  enterprising  town  wanted  it.  Madison  was  always 
active  in  looking  after  its  own  welfare,  and  it  was  first  on  the  field. 
William  MeFarland,  the  active  and  able  representative  of  Jefferson 
County,  after  much  effort,  succeeded  in  getting  a  law  passed  locating 
the  capital  at  Madison — and  then  Governor  Harrison  vetoed  it.  General 
W.  Johnston,  who  defended  the  Governor's  veto,  said:  "The  many  and 
various  attempts  to  remove  it  to  Madison  failed  in  either  one  or  the  other 
of  the  Houses,  or  before  the  Executive ;  for  said  he  '  remove  it  to  a  more 
centrick  scite,  and  it  shall  meet  my  most  hearty  approbation'."  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  Johnston  says  to  his  Knox  County  constituents  in 
this  same  article,  ' '  I  have  resigned  my  seat  as  representative ;  and  have 
been  honored  by  his  Excellency  Governor  Harrison  with  the  office  of 
Attorney  General  of  the  territory  and  prosecuting  attorney  for  your 
court."1  The  Madison  people  were  naturally  disappointed  at  losing 
their  plum;  and  on  January  20,  1812,  Jennings  presented  to  Congress 
the  "representation  of  sundry  inhabitants  of  Indiana  Territory  com- 
plaining of  the  arbitrary  conduct  of  the  Governor  of  that  Territory  in 
withholding  his  approbation  to  an  act  passed  by  the  legislature,  for  the 
removal  of  the  seat  of  the  Territorial  Government. ' '  But  Jennings  was 
not  dependent  on  Madison  for  presenting  to  Congress  the  woes  of  Indiana. 
On  January  1,  he  had  presented  two  petitions  from  the  legislature  of 
1812,  one  asking  for  admission  as  a  state,  and  the  other  asking  that 
"the  inhabitants  of  that  Territory  may  be  authorized  and  empowered 
to  elect  the  sheriffs  of  their  respective  counties. "  On  the  13th  the  speaker 
presented  a  letter  containing  a  protest  against  the  petition  for  admission 
as  a  state,  signed  by  James  Dill  and  Peter  Jones,  members  of  the  legisla- 
ture. Jones  was  a  Vincennes  man,  and  a  member  of  the  Harrison  party. 


Western  Sun,  December  28,  1811. 


288  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Dill  was  the  chief  representative  of  the  Harrison  party  in  Dearborn 
County,  and  was  kept  in  office  in  that  county  by  Harrison,  as  clerk, 
recorder  and  prosecuting  attorney  all  through  the  Territorial  period,  as 
well  as  being  in  the  legislature  a  large  part  of  the  time. 

In  April  Jennings  offered  a  resolution  for  a  committee  to  inquire  into 
the  desirability  of  authorizing  changes  of  venue  in  the  Indiana  courts. 
The  official  record  says : ' '  Mr.  J.  made  a  number  of  remarks  on  presenting 
his  resolution.  He  lamented  the  general  prevalence  of  a  party  spirit  in 
the  community,  which,  in  the  Territory  in  question,  actuated  every  officer, 
from  the  Executive  to  the  lowest — the  judicial  officers  not  excepted — in- 
somuch as  to  corrupt  the  fountain  of  justice.  The  sheriffs  were  appointed 
by  the  Executive,  and  juries  selected  at  their  discretion,  etc.  It  was 
essential,  he  said,  to  the  interest  and  welfare  of  every  individual  in  the 
community,  that  the  purity  of  jury  trial  should  be  preserved;  and  for 
that  purpose,  he  wished  some  provision  to  be  reported  by  the  committee 
referred  to  in  the  resolution."2  This  evidently  refers  to  charges  then 
in  circulation  that  the  jury  in  the  case  of  Harrison  against  Mclntoeh  was 
packed.  The  committee  requested  was  appointed,  but  did  nothing.  The 
legislature  of  1813  then  passed  an  elaborate  law  for  changes  of  venue. 
This  legislature  also  passed  a  law  for  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment to  Corydon.  The  removal  was  directed  to  be  made  by  May  1,  1813. 
and,  presumably,  to  forestall  any  failure  on  the  plea  that  removal  would 
be  unsafe,  it  was  provided  that  the  Governor  could  call  out ' '  any  number 
of  militia  that  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  more  safe  conveyance  of 
any  books,  papers,  or  other  thing  by  this  act  made  necessary  to  be  con- 
veyed to  the  said  town  of  Corydon."  The  choice  of  Corydon  was  not 
made  until  after  a  long  contest.  Madison  was  on  hand  again,  with  an 
offer  of  a  donation  of  $10,000,  if  given  the  capital,  and  the  House  voted 
for  Madison,  notwithstanding  Harrison's  former  veto;  but  the  Council 
would  not  consent  to  it.  Charlestown,  Lawrenceburg,  Clarksville  and 
Jeffersonville  received  some  votes,  and  Corydon  was  finally  accepted  as 
a  compromise. 

The  Jennings  party  now  had  .everything  except  control  of  the  appoint- 
ments, and  that  could  be  obtained  only  by  admission  as  a  state.  The 
request  of  1812  for  admission  had  been  referred  to  a  committee  of  which 
Jennings  was  chairman,  and  he  had  reported  favorably,  and  introduced 
a  resolution  that  Indiana  should  be  admitted  when  it  had  35,000  popula- 
tion. Congress,  however,  decided  to  wait  for  the  60,000  inhabitants  stip- 
ulated by  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  This  political  warfare  continued  on 
the  same  lines  after  Harrison  had  ceased  to  be  Governor,  for  his  party 


2  Annals  of  Cong.  1811-12,  p.  1248. 


JONATHAN  JENNINGS  OP  CHARLESTOWN,  INDIANA, 

FIRST  STATE  GOVERNOR 
(From  a  miniature  owned  by  Mr.  Willis  Barnes) 


Vol.  1—19 


288  INDIANA  AND  IXDJANAXS 

' 

Dill  was  the  chief  representative  of  the  Harrison  party  in  Dearborn 
County,  and  was  kept  in  office  in  that  county  by  Harrison,  as  clerk, 
recorder  and  prosecuting  attorney  all  through  the  Territorial  period,  as 
well  as  being  in  the  legislature  a  large  part  of  the  time. 

In  April  Jennings  offered  a  resolution  for  a  committee  to  inquire  into 
the  desirability  of  authorizing  changes  of  venue  in  the  Indiana  courts. 
The  official  record  says:  "Mr.  J.  made  a  number  of  remarks  on  presenting 
his  resolution.  He  lamented  the  general  prevalence  of  a  party  spirit  in 
the  community,  which,  in  the  Territory  in  question,  actuated  every  officer, 
from  the  Executive  to  the  lowest — the  judicial  officers  not  excepted — in- 
somuch as  to  corrupt  the  fountain  of  justice.  The  sheriffs  were  appointed 
by  the  Executive,  and  juries  selected  at  their  discretion,  etc.  It  was 
essential,  he  said,  to  the  interest  and  welfare  of  every  individual  in  the 
community,  that  the  purity  of  jury  trial  should  be  preserved ;  and  for 
that  purpose,  he  wished  some  provision  to  be  reported  by  the  committee 
referred  to  in  the  resolution."2  This  evidently  refers  to  charges  then 
in  circulation  that  the  jury  in  the  case  of  Harrison  against  Mclntosh  was 
packed.  The  committee  requested  was  appointed,  hut  did  nothing.  The 
legislature  of  1813  then  passed  an  elaborate  law  for  changes  of  venue. 
This  legislature  also  passed  a  law  for  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment to  Corydon.  The  removal  was  directed  to  be  made  by  May  1,  1813. 
and,  presumably,  to  forestall  any  failure  on  the  plea  that  removal  would 
be  unsafe,  it  was  provided  that  the  Governor  could  call  out  "any  number 
of  militia  that  he  may  deem  necessary  for  the  more  safe  conveyance  of 
any  books,  papers,  or  other  thing  by  this  act  made  necessary  to  be  con- 
veyed to  the  said  town  of  Corydon."  The  choice  of  Corydon  was  not 
made  until  after  a  long  contest.  Madison  was  on  hand  again,  with  an 
offer  of  a  donation  of  $10,000,  if  given  the  capital,  and  the  House  voted 
for  Madison,  notwithstanding  Harrison's  former  veto;  but  the  Council 
would  not  consent  to  it.  Charlestown,  Lawrenceburg,  Clarksville  and 
Jeffersonville  received  some  votes,  and  Corydon  was  finally  accepted  as 
a  compromise. 

The  Jennings  party  now  had  everything  except  control  of  the  appoint- 
ments, and  that  could  be  obtained  only  by  admission  as  a  state.  The 
request  of  1812  for  admission  had  been  referred  to  a  committee  of  which 
Jennings  was  chairman,  and  he  had  reported  favorably,  and  introduced 
a  resolution  that  Indiana  should  be  admitted  when  it  had  35,000  popula- 
tion. Congress,  however,  decided  to  wait  for  the  60,000  inhabitants  stip- 
ulated by  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  This  political  warfare  continued  on 
the  same  lines  after  Harrison  had  ceased  to  be  Governor,  for  his  party 


2  Annals  of  Cong.  1811-12,  p.  1248. 


JONATHAN  JENNINGS  OP  CHARLESTOWN,  INDIANA, 

FIRST  STATE  GOVERNOR 
(From  a  miniature  owned  by  Mr.  Willis  Barnes) 


Vol.  1—16 


290  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

.  •  -  •  .  • 

still  existed,  its  leaders  being  the  men  whom  he  had  put  in  office.  Owing 
to  the  mode  of  party  formation,  the  political  controversies  were  in 
appearance  personal,  the  assaults  of  the  Harrison  party  being  directed  at 
Jennings,  and  the  "counter  offensive"  at  Harrison.  This  continued  to 
the  last.  In  1816  Jennings  introduced  la  resolution  in  Congress  for  an 
investigation  of  the  conduct  of  Indian  affairs  in  the  Territory,  which  was 
under  the  Governor,  stating  expressly  that  it  was  not  directed  at  Gover- 
nor Posey,  but  at  Gen.  Harrison.  The  only  material  result  of  this  was 
a  warm  attack  on  Jennings  by  the  editor  of  the  "Western  Sun.8  With 
these  facts  in  mind,  it  is  easy  to  understand  the  political  atmosphere  in 
which  the  state  came  into  being. 

The  legislature  of  1814  sent  a  memorial  to  Congress  asking  for  admis- 
sion, which  was  presented  by  Jennings  on  February  1,  1815,  and  was 
laid  on  the  table.  In  the  meantime  a  census  of  the  state  was  being  taken, 
which  was  ready  when  the  legislature  met  on  December  4,  1815,  and  it 
showed  a  population  of  63,897.  The  legislature  at  once  prepared  another 
memorial  for  statehood,  which  was  presented  in  Congress  on  December 
28,  but  was  printed  in  Niles'  Register  on  December  14.  If  there  were  any 
question  as  to  the  political  complexion  of  that  legislature,  it  would  !be 
disposed  of  by  the  concluding  sentence  of  the  memorial,  which  reads.: 
"And  whereas  the  inhabitants  of  this  territory  are  principally  composed 
of  emigrants  from  every  part  of  the  Union,  and  as  various  in  their  cus- 
toms and  sentiments  as  in  their  persons,  we  think  it  prudent,  at  this  time, 
to  express  to  the  general  government  our  attachment  to  the  fundamental 
principles  of  legislation  prescribed  by  congress  in  their  ordinance  for 
the  government  of  this  territory,  particularly  as  respects  personal  free- 
dom and  involuntary  servitude,  and  hope  they  may  be  continued  as  the 
basis  of  the  constitution."  This  memorial  was  referred  to  a  committee 
of  which  Jennings  was  chairman,  and  on  January  5,  1816,  he  reported 
an  enabling  act.  Then  followed  a  delay  of  three  months,  which  was  not 
due  to  any  objection  to  the  admission  of  Indiana,  but  to  opposition  to 
the  admission  of  Mississippi,  ft  was  here  that  Congress  inaugurated  the 
"twin  state"  process,  i.  e.,  admitting. a  free  state  and  a  slave  state  at 
the  same  time.  The  enabling  acts  for  the  two  states  finally  passed  the 
House  on  April  13,  1816,  at  the  same  sitting  and  without  any  intervening 
business.  On  Monday,  the  15th,  the  House  concurred  in  the  Senate 
amendments,  and  on  April  19  the  bill  was  signed  by  the  President. 

Meanwhile  the  opponents  of  the  Jennings  party  had  trained  their 
guns  on  Jennings  in  the  columns  of  the  Sun.  On  January  20  there  began 
a  series  of  articles  signed  "Farmers  &  Patriots  Rights,"  complaining 


Annals  14th  Cong.,  p.  1273;  Western  Sun,  April  20,  1816. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  291 

of  a  proclamation  which  President  Madison  had  issued  in  December 
ordering  people  who  had  settled  on  the  public  lands,  that  had  not  been 
offered  for  sale,  to  be  removed;  and  urging  that  he  had  no  authority  to 
do  so  under  the  land  law  of  1807.  On  February  10,  "A  Settler"  joined 
in  the  discussion,  suggesting  that  the  President  had  been  imposed  on  by 
designing  advisors,  and  adding:  "Might  not  Mr.  Jennings  (as  I  have  no 
doubt  his  cunning  lead  him)  say  to  himself,  my  friends  make  the  repre- 
sentations to  the  President,  get  the  proclamation  issued — and  then  1  can 
move  Congress  to  pass  a  special  act  or  resolution  excepting  the  settlers 
on  the  public  lands  in  the  Indiana  Territory.  Then,  forsooth,  I  can, 
with  more  assurance  &  prospect  of  success,  offer  as  a  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor of  the  state.  And  this  deep  laid  scheme  I  am  informed  is  going 
fast  into  operation.  The  proclamation  issued — The  motion  made  and 
Jonathan  Jennings  declared  by  his  friends  in  this  quarter  of  the  territory 
as  a  candidate  for  the  Gubernatorial  chair ! ! !  Let  my  fellow  citizens 
judge  these  men — they  want  offices."  To  this,  "Farmers  &  Patriots 
Rights"  offered  a  feeble  defense  on  the  17th,  insisting  that  the  President 
was  to  blame,  and  saying:  "Mr.  Jennings  at  the  present  moment  is 
discharging  his  duties  as  the  peoples  representative,  and  such  of  his 
particular  friends  here  as  I  am  intimate  with,  are  pure,  incapable  of 
such  conduct,  and  should  be  unsuspected. ' '  Then,  on  February  24th,  ' '  A 
Settler"  replied  with  an  inquiry  as  to  the  occupation  of  Mr.  Jennings  in 
past  moments,  and  sarcastic  comment  on  his  "duties,"  and  the  purity  of 
his  friends,  concluding  his  article :  "Mr.  Jennings  and  his  friends  should 
no  longer  be  confided  in — they  must  no  longer  force  themselves  upon  the 
people — if  they  have  only  studied  their  own  selfish  and  contracted  views, 
their  ascendency  will  be  more  injurious  hereafter  than  it  has  been  here- 
tofore— our  approaching  change  into  a  state  points  to  the  necessity  of 
changing  men  also,  and  for  that  change  I  pray. ' ' 

This  assault  had  little  effect.  It  was  glaringly  inconsistent  in  holding 
Jennings  up  as  the  power  behind  the  throne  who  was  controlling  the 
action  of  the  President,  and  at  the  same  time  portraying  him  as  an  insig- 
nificant character;  and  the  whole  alleged  controversy  was  on  its  face 
either  the  work  of  one  man,  or  of  two  acting  in  conjunction.  It  was 
promptly  charged  that  John  Ewing  was  the  author  of  all  of  the  letters. 
This  he  denied  with  a  show  of  great  indignation  at  being  charged  with 
such  base  conduct,  but  he  did  not  deny  that  he  was  the  author  of 
"Farmers  &  Patriots  Rights,"  and  he  clearly  intimated  that  he  knew  "A 
Settler,"  to  whose  personal  character  he  paid  high  compliment.4  The 
only  public  attention  paid  to  the  attack  by  Jennings  was  the  publication 


<  Western  Sun,  Aug.  17,  1816. 


292  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

on  March  30,  of  his  bill  for  the  relief  of  the  settlers  who  had  been  ordered 
out  of  the  public  lands,  which  gave  them  the  right  of  pre-emption  on 
lands  actually  occupied  by  them. 

On  May  3  the  Sun  published  the  enabling  act,  stating  that  it  had 
been  received  the  day  before,  and  assailed  Jennings  for  allowing  only 
ten  days  for  preparation  for  the  election,  which  was  set  for  May  13. 
This  complaint  was  feeble,  for  the  memorial  of  the  legislature  had  ex- 
pressly asked  that  the  election  be  held  on  that  date,  and  the  Sun  had 
published  the  memorial  on  January  27,  with  the  clause  as  to  the  date 
of  the  election  in  italics;  and  it  had  thereafter  printed  several  notices 
of  the  progress  of  the  bill,  with  assurances  that  it  would  pass.  This  was 
generally  understood  throughout  the  Territory.  The  correspondence 
above  quoted  is  based  on  the  announced  facts  that  Indiana  was  to  be  a 
state,  and  Jonathan  Jennings  was  to  be  a  candidate  for  Governor.  Like 
the  other  attacks  of  the  Sun  in  this  campaign,  it  failed  to  do  any  damage. 
The  principal  attacks  had  been  made  in  the  Sun  of  April  20.  One  of 
these,  signed  "Farmer  of  Knox  County,"  complained  of  the  change  of 
the  payment  of  congressman  from  a  per  diem  basis  to  a  salary,  observ- 
ing that  whereas  Jennings  had  heretofore  "received  six  dollars  a  day 
of  the  people's  money,"  he  would  now  get  fifteen  hundred  dollars  a  year. 
He  also  objected  to  a  law,  for  which  Jennings  had  voted,  giving  to 
Canadians  who  had  volunteered  in  our  army  in  the  war  of  1812  a  land 
bounty,  ranging  from  960  acres  for  a  colonel  to  320  acres  for  a  private. 
But  the  war  was  too  recent,  and  the  sense  of  obligation  to  the  Canadians 
who  had  sacrificed  their  interests  in  Canada  from  sympathy  with  the 
American  cause  was  too  strong,  for  this  to  arouse  any  material  complaint. 
A  third,  and  more  substantial  charge  was  that  Jennings  had  attended 
a  caucus  at  Washington  for  the  nomination  of  a  candidate  for  President 
"thus  influencing  improperly  the  free  and  unbiased  voice  of  the  people 
on  that  important  subject."  But,  on  the  other  hand  this  demonstrated 
that  the  insignificant  Jennings  must  be  a  man  of  some  importance  in 
Washington. 

While  the  attacks  of  the  Sun  did  little  damage,  it  gave  the  Jennings 
party  aid  and  comfort  by  opening  its  columns  to  a  discussion  of  the 
slavery  question  early  in  the  campaign.5  This  so  quickly  and  thoroughly 
aroused  the  people  that  Mr.  Timothy  Flint,  who  was  traveling  in  the 
Territory  at  the  time,  was  impressed  with  the  idea  that  it  was  the  only 
thing  in  issue.  He  says:  "The  population  was  very  far  from  being 
in  a  state  of  mind,  of  sentiment,  and  affectionate  mutual  confidence, 
favoiirable  to  commencing  their  lonely  condition  in  the  woods  in  har- 


»  Western  Sun,  Feb.  3,  March  2,  20. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  293 

monious  intercourse.  They  were  forming  a  state  government.  The  ques- 
tion in  all  its  magnitude,  whether  it  should  go  a  slave-holding  state  or 
not,  was  just  now  agitating.  I  was  often  compelled  to  hear  the  question 
debated  by  those  in  opposite  interests,  with  no  small  degree  of  asperity. 
Many  fierce  spirits  talked,  as  the  clamorous  and  passionate  are  accus- 
tomed to  talk  in  such  cases,  about  opposition  and  '  resistance  unto  blood. ' 
But  the  preponderance  of  more  sober  and  reflecting  views,  those  habits  of 
order  and  quietness,  that  aversion  to  shedding  blood,  which  so  generally 
and  so  honorably  appertain  to  the  American  character  and  institu- 
tions, operated  in  these  wildernesses,  among  these  inflamed  and  bitter 
spirits,  wim  all  their  positiveness,  ignorance,  and  clashing  feeling,  and 
with  all  their  destitution  of  courts  and  the  regular  course  of  settled 
laws,  to  keep  them  from  open  violence.  The  question  was  not  long  after 
finally  settled  in  peace."6 

That  this  was  the  chief  matter  of  consideration  in  the  election  of 
May  13  is  shown  by  the  following  statement  in  the  next  issue  of  the 
Western  Spy,  an  Ohio  paper:  "A  gentleman  of  respectability  from 
Indiana  informs  us  that  from  the  sentiments  of  the  members  elected  to 
the  convention  as  far  as  they  are  known,  he  has  no  doubt  that  a  constitu- 
tion will  be  formed  which  will  exclude  involuntary  slavery  from  that 
rising  state.  We  sincerely  hope  this  expectation  will  be  realized."7 
There  is  scant  room  to  doubt  that  the  counties  were  all  pretty  thoroughly 
organized  on  the  established  party  lines  long  before  the  enabling  act 
was  passed,  and  the  Jennings  party  won  by  an  overwhelming  majority. 
They  carried  all  the  counties  but  Knox,  Gibson  and  Posey,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  scattering  delegates  elsewhere.  In  its  issue  of  May  3, 
announcing  the  election,  the  Vincennes  Sun  announced  the  following 
named  persons  as  candidates:  G.  W.  Johnston,  J.  Ewing,  W.  Wilson, 
G.  R.  C.  Sullivan,  S.  T.  Scott,  John  Badollet,  William  Polke,  John  John- 
son, Benjamin  Parke,  and  Elias  McNamee.  It  ingenuously  stated  that  it 
had  not  consulted  these  gentlemen,  but  that  it  considered  them  desirables. 
It  was  more  probably  announcing  agreed-on  names  of  strong  men  in 
its  own  party,  and  weak  ones  of  the  opposition  party.  Benjamin  Parke, 
John  Badollet,  William  Polke  and  John  Johnson  were  strong  men  of  the 
Harrison  party,  and  were  elected.  General  W.  Johnston  was  as  able 
a  man  as  there  was  in  the  Territory,  and  might  have  been  elected  in  any 
anti-slavery  county,  but  he  had  killed  himself  with  the  Knox  County 
voters  by  his  stand  against  slavery.  John  Ewing  was  an  able  man,  but  he 
was  then  a  comparative  new  comer  at  Vincennes,  was  of  Irish  birth,  and 


•  Recollections  of  the  Last  Ten  Years,  p.  57. 
7  Quoted  in  Liberty  Hall,  May  27,  1816. 


FIRST  STATE  HOUSE  OF  INDIANA,  LOCATED  AT  COBYDON 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  295 

was  charged  in  the  campaign  with  being  pro-British,  which  was  about  as 
popular  then  as  being  pro-German  is  at  present.  G.  R.  C.  Sullivan  was 
an  active  young  lawyer,  but  was  a  new  comer,  not  well  known  and  not 
popular.  Dr.  William  Wilson  was  a  new  comer,  and  not  popular.  Dr. 
Elias  McNamee  had  long  been  known  as  an  anti-Harrison  man,  was  very 
unpopular  politically  at  Vincennes,  and  could  not  have  been  elected  to 
anything.  On  May  11,  two  days  before  the  election,  the  Sun  announced 

four  more  names — "Moses  Hoggett,  John  Benefield,  Posey,  and 

Ebenezer  Jones."  Benefiel  had  some  personal  popularity,  and  was 
elected,  chiefly,  no  doubt,  on  account  of  the  weakness  of  the  Sun 's  other 
candidates.'  He  was  the  only  anti-slavery  man  that  was  elected  from 
Knox  County.8 

On  June  10,  as  provided  by  the  enabling  act,  the  convention  assembled 
at  Corydon,  all  of  the  members  being  present  except  Benjamin  Parke, 
who  did  not  appear  until  the  14th.  Corydon  would  not  be  classed  as 
overgrown  at  present,  but  it  is  quite  metropolitan  as  compared  with  what 
it  was  in  1816.  The  town  had  been  laid  out  in  1808  by  R.  M.  Heth.  On 
December  8,  of  that  year,  Harrison  County  was  organized,  and  Corydon 
was  made  the  county  seat.  The  court  house  was  built  in  1811-12  by 
Dennis  Pennington,  and  was  a  rather  imposing  building  for  the  time  in 
Indiana.  It  was  built  of  limestone,  and  was  forty  feet  square.  The 
foundations  were  three  feet  under  ground,  the  walls  two  and  a  half  feet 
thick  in  the  first  story  and  two  feet  in  the  second  story.  On  the  lower 
floor  there  was  but  one  room,  with  a  stone  floor  and  two  fire  places,  and 
a  ceiling  fifteen  feet  high.  Originally  there  was  a  stairway  from  the 
lower  room  to  the  second  floor,  but  in  1873  this  was  removed  to  the  out- 
side of  the  building.  This  building  was  the  Territorial  and  State  capitol 
from  1813  to  1825,  the  House  of  Representatives  meeting  in  the  lower 
room  and  the  Council — later  the  senate — in  the  rooms  above.  It  was 
in  this  building  that  the  convention  of  1816  met,  though  at  times  they 
held  sessions  under  a  wide-spreading  elm  tree,  some  two  hundred  yards 
away.  There  were  not  accommodations  in  the  town  for  the  convention 
crowds.  Sometimes  there  were  as  many  as  eighty  non-residents  there  in 
one  day.  Hence  most  of  the  delegates  lodged  at  a  hotel  a  mile  east  of 
town  on  the  road  to  New  Albany,  a  fine  old  limestone  building,  built  in 
1809  by  Jacob  Conrad,  a  Pennsylvania  Dutchman,  and  still  standing  and 
used  as  a  residence.  It  is  now  known  as  the  old  Capitol  Hotel.  There  is 
here  a  fine  spring  which  is  said  to  furnish  excellent  water  for  mixed 
drinks. 


8  This  name  is  commonly  printed  Benefield,  or  Bennefield  in  local  histories,  but 
he  wrote  it  Benefiel. 


. 


FIRST  STATE  HOUSE  OF  INDIANA,  LOCATED  AT  CORYDON 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  295 

was  charged  in  the  campaign  with  being  pro-British,  which  was  about  as 
popular  then  as  being  pro-German  is  at  present.  G.  R.  C.  Sullivan  was 
an  active  young  lawyer,  but  was  a  new  comer,  not  well  known  and  not 
popular.  Dr.  William  Wilson  was  a  new  coiner,  and  not  popular.  Dr. 
Elias  McNamee  had  long  been  known  as  an  anti-Harrison  man,  was  very 
unpopular  politically  at  Vincennes,  and  could  not  have  been  elected  to 
anything.  On  May  11,  two  days  before  the  election,  the  Sun  announced 

four  more  names — "Moses  Hoggett,  John  Benetield,  Posey,  and 

Ebenezer  Jones."  Benefiel  had  some  personal  popularity,  and  was 
elected,  chie^y,  no  doubt,  on  account  of  the  weakness  of  the  Sun's  other 
candidates.  He  was  the  only  anti-slavery  man  that  was  elected  from 
Knox  County.8 

On  June  10,  as  provided  by  the  enabling  act,  the  convention  assembled 
at  Corydon,  all  of  the  members  being  present  except  Benjamin  Parke, 
who  did  not  appear  until  the  14th.  Corydon  would  not  be  classed  as 
overgrown  at  present,  but  it  is  quite  metropolitan  as  compared  with  what 
it  was  in  1816.  The  town  had  been  laid  out  in  1808  by  R.  M.  Heth.  On 
December  8,  of  that  year,  Harrison  County  was  organized,  and  Corydon 
was  made  the  county  seat.  The  court  house  was  built  in  1811-12  by 
Dennis  Pennington,  and  was  a  rather  imposing  building  for  the  time  in 
Indiana.  It  was  built  of  limestone,  and  was  forty  feet  square.  The 
foundations  were  three  feet  under  ground,  the  walls  two  and  a  half  feet 
thick  in  the  first  story  and  two  feet  in  the  second  story.  On  the  lower 
floor  there  was  but  one  room,  with  a  stone  floor  and  two  fire  places,  and 
a  ceiling  fifteen  feet  high.  Originally  there  was  a  stairway  from  the 
lower  room  to  the  second  floor,  but  in  1873  this  was  removed  to  the  out- 
side of  the  building.  This  building  was  the  Territorial  and  State  capitol 
from  1813  to  1825,  the  House  of  Representatives  meeting  in  the  lower 
room  and  the  Council — later  the  senate — in  the  rooms  above.  It  was 
in  this  building  that  the  convention  of  1816  met,  though  at  times  they 
held  sessions  under  a  wide-spreading  elm  tree,  some  two  hundred  yards 
away.  There  were  not  accommodations  in  the  town  for  the  convention 
crowds.  Sometimes  there  were  as  many  as  eighty  non-residents  there  in 
one  day.  Hence  most  of  the  delegates  lodged  at  a  hotel  a  mile  east  of 
town  on  the  road  to  New  Albany,  a  fine  old  limestone  building,  built  in 
1809  by  Jacob  Conrad,  a  Pennsylvania  Dutchman,  and  still  standing  and 
used  as  a  residence.  It  is  now  known  as  the  old  Capitol  Hotel.  There  is 
here  a  fine  spring  which  is  said  to  furnisli  excellent  water  for  mixed 
drinks. 

*  This  name  is  commonly  printed  Benefield,  or  Beimefield  in  local  histories,  but 
he  wrote  it  Benefiel. 


296  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  members  of  the  convention  were  as  good  an  assembly  as  could 
have  been  picked  in  the  Territory,  men  in  whom  the  people  trusted  from 
personal  acquaintance  with  them.  Joseph  Holman  was  the  leading  man 
of  the  four  delegates  from  Wayne  County,  and  had  been  a  close  friend 
of  Jennings  ever  since  the  campaign  of  1809.  He  served  in  the  war 
of  1812,  and  had  a  blockhouse  on  his  farm  near  Centerville.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  state  for  years  afterwards,  among  other  official  posi- 
tions being  receiver  of  public  moneys  for  six  years  under  appointment 
from  President  Monroe.  With  him  were  two  North  Carolina  Quakers, 
Patrick  Baird  and  Jeremiah  Cox,  who  had  come  North  to  get  away  from 
slavery,  and  Hugh  Cull,  a  Methodist  circuit  rider  and  local  preacher. 
Cull  located  in  the  Whitewater  Valley  in  1805,  and  at  the  close  of  1808 
he  and  Joseph  Williams  had  165  white  and  one  colored  member  in  the 
circuit.  At  the  head  of  the  five  delegates  from  Franklin  County  was 
James  Noble,  a  lawyer  of  Virginia  birth,  and  one  of  the  most  effective 
public  speakers  in  the  Territory.  He  was  a  militia  general,  and  when 
mounted  on  his  charger,  "Wrangler,"  was  an  impressive  military  figure. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  senators  from  the  new  state.  With  him  was 
Robert  Hanna  jun.,  better  known  as  Gen.  Robert  Hanna,  also  a  fine 
looking  military  man,  who  succeeded  Noble  in  the  Senate  at  the  latter 's 
death  in  1831.  The  others  were  Enoch  McCarty,  a  prominent  citizen  of 
Brookville,  as  was  his  father  before  him,  who  served  later  as  legislator, 
clerk  and  judge ;  William  H.  Eads,  uncle  of  Capt.  J.  B.  Eads  the  cele- 
brated engineer,  who  had  a  store  and  a  tannery  at  Brookville ;  and  James 
Brownlee,  father  of  Judge  John  Brownlee  of  Marion,  who  was  a  Penn- 
sylvanian  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  and  who  represented  the  county  in 
the  legislature  for  four  sessions,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1828, 
was  circuit  judge. 

The  Dearborn  County  delegation  was  not  united  politically.  James 
Dill  was  the  head  of  the  Hajrison  party  in  the  county.  He  had  married 
a  widowed  daughter  of  Gov.  St.  Clair,  whose  daughter  by  her  former 
marriage  was  the  wife  of  Thomas  Randolph,  the  former  Attorney  General 
of  the  Territory.  Dill  was  of  Irish  birth  and  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
who  was  clerk  of  the  local  courts,  Territorial  and  State,  for  about  thirty 
years.  He  paid  much  attention  to  dress,  wearing  knee-breeches  with 
silver  buckles,  and  a  long,  carefully  plaited  queue ;  but  notwithstanding 
this  fastidiousness  he  was  popular  with  the  people  for  his  wit  and  his 
courtly  politeness.  His  election  was  due  to  his  personal  popularity,  for 
the  people  of  Dearborn  were  not  with  him  politically,  nor  were  his  col- 
leagues Ezra  Ferris  and  Solomon  Manwaring.  Ferris  was  a  native  of 
Connecticut,  brought  west  by  his  parents  in  1789,  when  six  years  old,  but 
educated  in  the  East,  and  licensed  as  a  Baptist  preacher.  He  practised 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  297 

medicine  and  kept  a  drug  store  at  Lawrenceburgh,  preaching  for  the 
Baptist  churches  of  the  vicinity.  He  was  the  backbone  of  the  Baptist 
church  in  the  county,  and  wrote  the  best  account  we  have  of  the  early 
settlement  of  the  region.9  Manwaring  was  a  lawyer,  born  in  Delaware 
in  1776.  He  was  made  a  Common  Pleas  Judge  in  1810,  and  after  the 
Councilors  were  made  elective,  was  elected  to  the  Territorial  Council 
from  1810  to  1816.  Switzerland  County's  one  delegate  was  William 
Cotton,  who  was  one  of  the  county's  earliest  settlers,  having  located  on 
Indian  Creek  in  1798.  At  the  first  recorded  Fourth  of  July  celebration, 
in  1805,  he  read  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  John  Francis 
Dufour  made  the  oration.  Cotton  served  as  a  justice  of  the  peace  and 
an  associate  judge.  His  popularity  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  the  elec- 
tion for  the  convention  he  defeated  John  Dumont,  who  was  a  very  promi- 
nent man,  later  a  candidate  for  Governor.  It  may  be  noted  here  that 
this  election  did  not  go  by  default.  There  were  rival  candidates  in  all 
the  counties,  and  two  contested  elections  reported  to  the  convention. 

The  ablest  man  in  the  Jefferson  County  delegation  was  Dr.  David 
Hervey  Maxwell,  who  was  a  son  of  Bezaleel  Maxwell,  a  Virginian  Revolu- 
tionary soldier,  who  located  three  miles  southwest  of  Hanover  in  1810, 
and  who  left  a  large  line  of  descendants,  including  a  number  of  the  most 
prominent  people  of  Indiana.  David  H.  Maxwell  read  medicine  in  Ken- 
tucky with  Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell,  the  man  who  performed  the  first 
operation  of  ovariotomy  in  the  United  States.  He  practised  medicine 
at  Hanover  and  Madison  until  1819,  and  then  removed  to  Bloomington. 
He  was  the  chief  factor  in  the  establishment  of  the  State  University,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  usually  president,  until  his  death 
in  1854.  Maxwell  Hall  at  the  University  commemorates  him  and  his  son, 
Dr.  James  Darwin  Maxwell.  During  the  war  of  1812  Maxwell  served  as 
surgeon  in  the  Ranger  company  of  his  brother-in-law  Capt.  Williamson 
Dunn.  The  other  two  delegates  from  Jefferson,  Nathaniel  Hunt  and 
Samuel  Smock,  had  been  officials  in  Jefferson  County  for  a  number  of 
years;  Hunt  serving  as  county  commissioner  and  associate  judge,  and 
Smock  as  justice  of  the  peace,  militia  officer,  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court,  and  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court. 

The  leader  of  the  Clark  County  delegation,  and  the  master  spirit  of 
the  Convention,  was  Jonathan  Jennings.  With  him  was  James  Scott, 
an  able  judge  who  had  been  appointed  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Clark 
County  in  1810;  and  elected  to  the  Territorial  House  of  1813,  of  which 
he  was  Speaker,  and  from  which  he  resigned  on  being  appointed  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Territory.  The  remaining  three  delegates  from  Clark  were 


» Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  1,  Appendix. 


298  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


James  Lemon,  John  K.  Graham,  and  Thomas  Carr.  Lemon  had  been  a 
justice  of  the  peace,  and  a  popular  militia  officer.  Graham  was  a  sur- 
veyor, and  was  later  one  of  those  who  located  the  Michigan  Road. 
Thomas  Carr  was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  December  12, 
1777.  His  father  died  in  1784,  and  he  went  to  live  with  an  uncle  at 
Perrysville,  Kentucky,  where  he  grew  up,  married,  and  in  1804  removed 
to  Indiana,  locating  near  Charlestown.  In  1813  he  moved  to  Valonia, 
where  he  had  command  of  the  blockhouse.  He  had  two  bachelor  brothers, 
John  and  Samuel,  who  were  in  the  mounted  Rangers,  and  were  with 
Harrison  at  Tippecanoe.  In  1816,  after  the  war,  he  located  on  a  farm 
on  "Pea  Ridge,"  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  March  10,  1847.  He 
was  the  father  of  George  W.  Carr,  the  President  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1851,  and  John  F.  Carr,  who  was  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
vention of  1851. 

There  were  two  men  of  commanding  natures  in  the  Harrison  County 
delegation.  Dennis  Pennington,  who  came  to  the  county  in  1802,  had 
been  a  justice  of  the  peace  since  1807,  and  was  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1811  and  1815.  His  strong  common  sense  and  sterling 
character  made  him  the  most  influential  man  in  the  county.  He  was 
later  noted  as  a  personal  friend  and  supporter  of  Henry  Clay.  Davis 
Floyd  was  better  educated,  being  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  very  effec- 
tive before  a  jury.  He  also  kept  a  tavern  and  operated  a  ferry  at  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio.  Governor  Harrison  had  early  made  him  a  favorite, 
appointing  him  Recorder  in  1801,  Sheriff  in  1802,  and  Pilot  at  the  Falls 
in  1803.  But  Floyd  became  involved  in  the  Aaron  Burr  conspiracy,  and 
in  1808  Harrison  revoked  his  commissions,  possibly  at  the  suggestion 
of  President  Jefferson;  though  Floyd's  acting  as  Secretary  of  the  anti- 
slavery  convention  at  Springville  in  1807  may  have  reconciled  him  to 
the  action.  There  is  no  question  that  Floyd  and  Robert  A.  New  were 
Burr's  agents  at  Jeffersonville,  or  that  they  raised  two  boat-loads  of 
men  there,  who  accompanied  Burr  on  his  expedition.  Floyd  was  in- 
dicted and  convicted,  and  received  a  depressing  sentence  of  three  hours 
imprisonment.  He  had  been  elected  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives while  he  was  under  indictment,  and  was  made  Auditor  of  the  Ter- 
ritory in  1813.  New  was  elected  assistant  secretary  of  the  convention 
of  1816,  and  Secretary  of  State  by  the  first  state  legislature.  It  is  not 
apparent  that  Burr's  treason  was  very  odious  in  the  West,  and  it  cer- 
tainly had  little  effect  on  the  public  esteem  of  these  men.  It  may  be 
added  that  Floyd  was  a  prominent  Mason,  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Indiana.  With  Pennington  and  Floyd  were  John 
Boone,  Daniel  C.  Lane  and  Patrick  Shields.  Boone,  better  known  as 
Squire  Boone,  was  a  brother  of  Daniel  Boone,  who  had  come  from  Ken- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  299 

tucky  in  1802,  and  had  been  a  justice  of  the  peace  since  1808.  Lane 
had  been  associate  judge,  and  was  the  first  Treasurer  of  State,  serving 
for  seven  years.  Shields  was  an  Irishman,  who  came  to  Indiana  in  1805, 
after  previous  residence  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  He  served  as  a 
private  at  the  Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  and  was  a  judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas  Court. 

There  were  five  delegates  from  Washington  County.  John  DePauw 
was  a  son  of  the  Charles  DePauw  who  came  over  with  LaFayette,  and 
fought  under  him  in  the  Revolution.  John  laid  out  the  town  of  Salem 
in  1814.  H^e  was  a  merchant,  a  colonel  of  militia,  and  represented  his 
county  in  the  legislature  at  numerous  sessions.  He  became  quite  wealthy, 
and  his  son,  Washington  DePauw  endowed  DePauw  University.  Wil- 
liam Graham  was  the  only  member  of  the  convention  who  was  born  at 
sea,  which  nautical  event  occurred  on  March  16,  1782.  His  parents  lo- 
cated in  Kentucky,  and  William  received  his  early  education  at  Harrods- 
burg.  In  1811  he  removed  to  Vallonia,  where  he  studied  law,  and  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1812.  Subsequently,  he  was  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  1820,  and  represented  his  district  in  Con- 
gress for  eight  years,  1831-9,  being  elected  as  a  Whig.  He  died  near 
Vallonia,  August  17,  1858.  William  Lowe  had  been  an  associate  judge, 
and  was  later  the  first  clerk  of  Monroe  County,  and  for  six  years  post- 
master at  Bloomington.  He  died  in  1840,  aged  73.  Robert  Mclntire 
had  been  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  later  served  in  the  legislature.  Gen. 
Samuel  Milroy  was  born  in  Mifflin  County  Pennsylvania,  August  14, 
1780,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  lineal  descendant  of  Robert  Bruce.  He 
removed  to  Kentucky  in  1806,  and  to  Indiana  in  1814.  He  was  a  popu- 
lar militia  officer  being  appointed  Major  in  1816,  Colonel  in  1817,  and 
Brigadier  General  in  1819.  He  was  prominent  in  politics  for  years 
afterwards,  serving  in  the  legislature  repeatedly,  and  distinguishing 
himself  by  the  unusual  record  of  opposing  the  State's  borrowing  $10.- 
000,000  for  internal  improvements.  President  Jackson  appointed  him 
a  visitor  to  West  Point,  and  he  was  for  some  time  Register  of  the  Land 
Office  at  Crawfordsville,  but  Jackson  removed  him  for  criticising  his 
veto  of  the  Wabash  improvement  bill.  Milroy  removed  to  Carroll 
County  in  1826.  He  secured  the  passage  of  the  act  for  the  organization 
of  the  county,  and  gave  the  name  of  Delphi  to  the  county  seat.  He  was 
the  father  of  Major  General  Robert  H.  Milroy,  of  Civil  War  fame,  and 
of  Major  John  B.  Milroy. 

It  was  natural  that  Knox  County  should  send  a  strong  delegation. 
It  was  the  seat  of  the  oldest  settlement,  and  Vincennes  had  long  been  the 
capital  and  metropolis  of  the  Territory.  John  Johnson  was  unquestion- 
ably the  leader  of  the  delegation  in  the  convention.  He  was  a  Virginian 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  301 

and  was  probably  the  best  lawyer  in  the  Territory.  If  any  of  the  other 
delegates  from  Knox  could  have  contested  intellectual  superiority  with 
him,  it  was  Benjamin  Parke,  but  he  was  a  younger  man,  and  recognized 
Johnson's  seniority.  Parke  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  in  1777,  and  went 
to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  at  the  age  of  twenty.  Here  he  read  law  in 
the  office  of  James  Brown,  later  Minister  to  France.  He  married  Eliza 
Barton,  and  in  1801  they  removed  to  Vincennes.  He  formed  a  warm 
friendship  with  Governor  Harrison,  who  appointed  him  Attorney  Gen- 
eral. He  was  elected  to  the  first  Territorial  Legislature,  and  twice  to 
Congress.  In  1808  President  Jefferson  made  him  a  Territorial  Judge, 
and  he  held^hat  position  until  Indiana  became  a  state.  A  third  mem- 
ber was  John  Badollet,  a  Swiss  friend  of  Albert  Gallatin.  The  tradition 
is  that  the  two  wanted  to  come  to  America,  but  had  only  enough  money 
between  them  for  one  fare.  They  drew  lots  and  it  fell  to  Gallatin  to 
come  first.  He  prospered  in  the  new  world,  and  sent  back  money  to 
help  Badollet  over.  As  a  member  of  Jefferson's  cabinet,  Gallatin  se- 
cured for  him  the  position  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office  at  Vincennes, 
which  opened  January  1,  1805.  Harrison  made  him  Chancellor  of  the 
Territorial  Court  of  Chancery,  but  he  resigned  this  position  after  a  few 
months.  Judge  William  Polke  served  the  public  in  various  capacities 
at  various  times  and  always  well.  At  this  time  he  was  best  known  as 
Harrison's  chief  of  scouts  in  the  Tippecanoe  expedition.  Col.  John 
Benefiel,  the  fifth  member  of  the  Knox  County  delegation,  as  has  been 
mentioned,  was  the  only  anti-slavery  member  of  it,  and  the  only  one 
from  outside  of  Vincennes.  He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Busseron 
settlement,  in  the  vicinity  of  Carlisle,  which  at  that  time  was  included 
in  Knox  County. 

Gibson  County  had  four  delegates,  of  whom  Major  David  Robb  was 
the  most  influential.  He  was  bdrn  in  Ireland.  July  12,  1771.  His  father 
emigrated  to  America,  and  settled  in  Kentucky.  From  there  David 
came  to  Indiana,  in  1800,  and  located  near  the  present  town  of  Hazel- 
ton.  He  had  served  as  justice  of  the  peace,  surveyor,  and  President  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  He  was  a  captain  at  Tippecanoe,  and  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  Harrison.  He  was  a  slave-holder,  having  purchased  two 
slaves  at  the  sale  of  Captain  Warrick's  estate,  and  having  also  two  in- 
dentured servants  of  his  own.  Major  James  Smith  of  this  delegation 
was  a  Virginian,  who  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe, 
and  took  command  of  Warrick's  company  when  that  officer  fell  mortally 
wounded.  He  was  for  years  a  school  commissioner,  and  also  served 
as  county  surveyor.  A  third  member  was  Alexander  Devin,  a  Baptist 
minister,  who  came  to  Indiana  from  Warren  County,  Kentucky,  in  1810. 
His  son,  Joseph,  married  a  daughter  of  Major  Robb.  The  fourth  mem- 


• 

. 

• 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  301 

and  was  probably  the  best  lawyer  in  the  Territory.  If  any  of  the  other 
delegates  from  Knox  could  have  contested  intellectual  superiority  with 
him.  it  was  Benjamin  Parke,  but  he  was  a  younger  man,  and  recognized 
Johnson's  seniority.  Parke  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  in  1777,  and  went 
to  Lexington.  Kentucky,  at  the  age  of  twenty.  Here  he  read  law  in 
the  office  of  James  Brown,  later  Minister  to  France.  He  married  Eliza 

Barton,  and  in  1801  thev  removed  to  Vincennes.     He  formed  a  warm 

.  '  . 

friendship  with  Governor  Harrison,  who  appointed  him  Attorney  Gen- 
eral. He  was  elected  to  the  first  Territorial  Legislature,  and  twice  to 
Congress.  In  1808  President  Jefferson  made  him  a  Territorial  Judge, 
and  he  held  fliat  position  until  Indiana  became  a  state.  A  third  mem- 
ber was  John  Badollet,  a  Swiss  friend  of  Albert  Gallatin.  The  tradition 
is  that  the  two  wanted  to  come  to  America,  but  had  only  enough  money 
between  them  for  one  fare.  They  drew  lots  and  it  fell  to  Gallatin  to 
come  first.  He  prospered  in  the  new  world,  and  sent  back  money  to 
help  Badollet  over.  As  a  member  of  Jefferson's  cabinet,  Gallatin  se- 
cured for  him  the  position  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office  at  Vincennes, 
which  opened  January  1,  1805.  Harrison  made  him  Chancellor  of  the 
Territorial  Court  of  Chancery,  but  he  resigned  this  position  after  a  few 
months.  Judge  William  Polke  served  the  public  in  various  capacities 
at  various  times  and  always  well.  At  this  time  he  was  best  known  as 
Harrison's  chief  of  scouts  in  the  Tippecanoe  expedition.  Col.  John 
Henefiel,  the  fifth  member  of  the  Knox  County  delegation,  as  has  been 
mentioned,  was  the  only  anti-slavery  member  of  it,  and  the  only  one 
from  outside  of  Vincennes.  He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Busseron 
settlement,  in  the  vicinity  of  Carlisle,  which  at  that  time  was  included 
in  Knox  County. 

Gibson  County  had  four  delegates,  of  whom  Major  David  Robb  was 
the  most  influential.  He  was  bdrn  in  Ireland.  July  12,  1771.  His  father 
emigrated  to  America,  and  settled  in  Kentucky.  From  there  David 
came  to  Indiana,  in  1800,  and  located  near  the  present  town  of  Hazel- 
ton.  He  had  served  as  justice  of  the  peace,  surveyor,  and  President  of 
the  Legislative  Council.  He  was  a  captain  at  Tippecanoe,  and  a  per- 
sonal friend  of  Harrison.  He  was  a  slave-holder,  having  purchased  two 
slaves  at  the  sale  of  Captain  Warrick's  estate,  and  having  also  two  in- 
dentured servants  of  his  own.  Major  James  Smith  of  this  delegation 
was  a  Virginian,  who  served  as  aide-de-camp  to  Harrison  at  Tippecanoe, 
and  took  command  of  Warrick's  company  when  that  officer  fell  mortally 
wounded.  He  was  for  years  a  school  commissioner,  and  also  served 
as  county  surveyor.  A  third  member  was  Alexander  Devin,  a  Baptist 
minister,  who  came  to  Indiana  from  Warren  County,  Kentucky,  in  1810. 
His  son,  Joseph,  married  a  daughter  of  Major  Robb.  The  fourth  mem- 


302  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

her  was  Frederick  (Reichart)  Rapp,  the  adopted  son  of  George  Rapp, 
the  founder  of  New  Harmony. 

Posey  County  had  one  delegate,  Dan  Lynn.  He  operated  the  Dia- 
mond Island  Ferry,  twelve  miles  above  Mount  Vernon,  at  the  present 
site  of  West  Franklin.  He  had  served  as  justice  of  the  peace  and  asso- 
ciate judge,  and  was  later  a  member  of  the  Legislature.  The  one  repre- 
sentative of  Warrick  County  was  Daniel  Grass.  He  entered  the  land 
on  which  Rockport  now  stands,  in  1807,  and  settled  there.  In  1808  he 
was  made  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  1814  an  associate  judge.  He 
was  elected  representative  and  senator  several  times  after  the  admis- 
sion of  the  state.  Perry  County  also  had  one  delegate,  Charles  Polke. 
He  was  a  Baptist  minister,  who  has  been  heretofore  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  the  Maria  Creek  Church.  He  was  the  father  of  William 
Polke,  the  delegate  from  Knox  County. 

The  convention  organized  by  electing  Jonathan  Jennings  President 
and  William  Hendricks  Secretary.  William  Hendricks  was  a  man  who 
would  have  become  prominent  anywhere.  He  was  born  at  Ligonier, 
Pennsylvania,  of  Huguenot  ancestors,  who  had  settled  among  the  Ger- 
mans of  the  Ligonier  Valley.  His  father,  Abraham  Hendricks,  repre- 
sented the  county  for  four  terms  in  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature. 
William  was  educated  at  Jefferson  College,  at  Cannonsburg — later 
united  with  Washington,  as  Washington  and  Jefferson — where  he  was 
a  classmate  of  Andrew  Wylie,  afterwards  President  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity. After  reaching  manhood  he  came  west  and  located  at  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  In  1814  he 
removed  to  Madison,  Indiana,  where  he  located  permanently.  He  brought 
with  him  a  printing  press,  and  established  the  second  paper  in  the  Terri- 
tory, known  as  The  Western  Eagle.  He  was  received  with  open  arms 
by  the  Jennings  party,  whose  members  had  no  love  for  Elihu  Stout,  of 
the  Vincennes  Sun.  They 'nominated  and  elected  him  to  the  Legislature 
in  1814,  and  took  the  public  printing  away  from  Stout,  and  gave  it  to 
the  Eagle.  This  was  the  cause  of  the  meager  and  belated  notices  of 
public  affairs  in  the  Sun  after  that  time,  which  has  been  commented  on 
by  some  students  of  our  history.  It  was  soon  found  that  Hendricks 
had  rare  political  sagacity,  and  he  took  rank  as  one  of  the  party  leaders. 
He  married  a  daughter  of  Col.  John  Paul,  the  founder  of  Madison,  a 
connection  which  added  materially  to  his  influence  in  the  Territory. 

The  first  question  that  the  convention  was  to  decide,  under  the 
enabling  act,  was  whether  it  was  expedient  for  it  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion. The  determination  to  form  one  was  so  manifest  that  the  leaders 
of  the  Harrison  party  wisely  decided  to  make  no  serious  issue  on  it,  and 
so,  by  a  vote  of  33  to  8,  the  convention  resolved  "to  launch  our  political 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  303 

vessel  of  state,"  as  the  Western  Sun  expressed  it.  The  formation  of 
the  constitution  was  not  a  really  great  task.  There  were  few  questions 
on  which  there  was  any  material  difference  of  opinion,  and  on  these 
the  majorities  were  usually  overwhelming.  It  is  plainly  apparent  that 
the  members  had  before  them  the  constitutions  of  Virginia,  Ohio  and 
Kentucky,  for  most  of  the  constitution  adopted  was  taken  from  these 
three  sources.  Virginia  furnished  the  bill  of  rights,  and  Ohio  and  Ken- 
tucky the  remainder,  except  the  provisions  for  schools  and  amendments ; 
so  that  there  is  some  justice  in  the  statement  of  Mr.  Dillon :  "In  the 
clearness  and  conciseness  of  its  style — in  the  comprehensive  and  just 
provisions  which  it  made  for  the  maintenance  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty — in  its  mandates,  which  were  designed  to  protect  the  rights  of 
the  people,  collectively  and  individually,  and  to  provide  for  the  public 
welfare — the  Constitution  that  was  formed  for  Indiana,  in  1816,  was  not 
inferior  to  any  of  the  State  Constitutions  which  were  in  existence  at 
that  time."  Incidentally  this  explains  why  the  convention  was  in  ses- 
sion for  only  seventeen  days. 

The  nearest  approach  to  a  party  vote  was  on  the  slavery  proviso  of 
the  amendment  section.  As  originally  reported  this  section  only  pro- 
vided for  a  vote  by  the  people  every  twelfth  year,  and  for  the  Legisla- 
ture calling  an  election  for  a  convention  if  the  vote  favored  it.  In  com- 
mittee of  the  whole  house,  this  was  amended  by  adding:  "and  which 
convention,  when  met,  shall  have  it  in  their  power  to  revise,  amend,  or 
change  the  constitution.  But,  as  the  holding  any  part  of  the  human 
Creation  in  slavery,  or  involuntary  servitude,  can  only  originate  in 
usurpation  and  tyranny,  no  alteration  of  this  constitution  shall  ever 
take  place  so  as  to  introduce  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude  in  this 
State,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted."  On  June  20,  Johnson  moved  to  strike 
out  these  words,  and  substitute  these:  "But  as  the  holding  any  part 
of  the  human  family  in  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude,  can  only  origi- 
nate in  usurpation  and  tyranny,  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  convention 
that  no  alteration  of  this  Constitution  ought  ever  to  take  place,  so  as 
to  introduce  slavery  or  involuntary  servitude  in  this  State,  otherwise 
than  for  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  has  been  duly 
convicted."  This  was  an  ingenious  presentation  of  two  questions,  1, 
authorizing  a  convention  to  change  the  constitution  without  a  vote  of 
the  people,  and  2,  prohibiting  any  change  in  one  particular.  The  first 
question  was  not  difficult.  Most  of  the  constitutions  then  in  existence 
had  been  adopted  without  submission  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  and  the 
enabling  act  authorized  this  convention  to  adopt  a  constitution.  They 
were  going  to  adopt  a  constitution  without  submission  to  the  people. 


304  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

They  were  the  chosen  representatives  of  the  people.  Why  "ask  anything 
more  of  a  future  body  of  similar  representatives  T  But  as  to  the  second 
question,  a  committee  had  already  reported  a  provision  that  the  people 
"have  at  all  times  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter  or 
reform  their  Government  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper." 
If  this  were  true,  they  could  not  bind  a  future  convention  as  to  slavery 
or  any  other  subject.  True,  the  mere  expression  of  an  opinion  in  a 
constitution  had  no  force,  but  there  was  a  precedent  for  it  in  the  pro- 
vision of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  that  "no  law  ought  ever  to  be  made, 
or  have  force  in  the  said  territory,  that  shall,  in  any  manner  whatever, 
interfere  with  or  affect  private  contracts."  On  the  other  hand,  the 
legislature  of  1815  had  specially  asked  Congress  for  a  prohibition  of 
slavery,  and  the  enabling  act  expressly  provided  that  the  new  consti- 
tution should  not  be  repugnant  to  the  articles  of  the  Ordinance  "which 
are  declared  to  be  irrevocable;"  and  among  these  was  the  provision  that 
there  "shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  said 
territory,  otherwise  than  in  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted."  If  they  meant  to  keep  this  compact, 
why  not  say  so?  Practically  it  was  a  question  whether  the  delegates 
favored  putting  every  possible  bar  in  the  way  of  admitting  slavery. 
Those  who  voted  for  Johnson 's  amendment  were :  Badollet, .  Dill,  Devin, 
Johnson,  Lane,  Lemon,  Lynn,  Polke  (of  Knox),  Parke,  Bapp,  Robb, 
Smith  and  Scott.  The  remaining  members  voted  against  the  amend- 
ment, with  the  exception  of  Daniel  Grass,  who  had  been  given  leave  of 
absence  on  the  19th,  on  account  of  illness,  and  did  not  return.  The 
vote  therefore  stood  13  to  29;  and  even  this  was  probably  due  to  Lane, 
Lemon  and  Scott,  acting  on  the  theory  that  they  should  not  attempt 
to  bind  a  subsequent  convention. 

Johnson  next  moved,  to  strike  out  the  provision  that  a  subsequent 
convention  could  revise  the  constitution  without  submission  to  the  peo- 
ple, leaving  the  slavery  clause  as  it  stood.  On  this  Floyd,  Graham 
(of  Clark)  and  Jennings  joined  the  thirteen  who  had  voted  for  the 
original  amendment.  Then  Johnson  moved  to  strike  out  the  words  "or 
involuntary  servitude,"  and  this  was  negatived  without  division.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  on  these  questions  William  Polke  voted  on  one  side  and 
his  father  on  the  other,  although  both  were  members  of  the  Maria  Creek 
Church,  with  its  anti-slavery  article.  The  probable  explanation  is  that 
William  considered  himself  bound  by  the  known  sentiments  of  his  Knox 
County  constituents.  The  evident  purpose  of  Johnson's  last  amend- 
ment was  to  save  the  possibility  of  indentured  servants,  and  while  the 
convention  was  clearly  against  the  introduction  of  these  in  the  future, 
it  was  not  so  explicit  as  to  those  already  in  the  Territory.  The  provision 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


305 


for  the  exclusion  of  slavery,10  as  originally  reported  read:  "There  shall 
be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  in  this  State,  otherwise 
than  for  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
duly  convicted ;  nor  shall  any  male  person,  arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years,  nor  female  person,  arrived  at  the  age  of  eighteen  years,  be 
held  to  serve  any  person  as  a  servant  under  pretense  of  indenture  or  other- 
wise, unless  such  person  shall  enter  into  such  indenture  while  in  a  state 
of  perfect  freedom,  and  on  condition  of  a  bona  fide  consideration  received 
or  to  be  reoeived  for  his  or  her  service,  except  as  before  excepted :  Nor 
shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro,  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made  and  exe- 


OLD  CAPITOL  HOTEL 

cuted  out  of  the  bounds  of  this  State  be  of  any  validity  within  the  State ; 
neither  shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made 
within  the  State,  be  of  the  least  validity  except  in  the  case  of  appren- 
ticeships." In  committee  of  the  whole,  this  was  amended  to  read  as  it 
went  into  the  constitution:  "There  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  invol- 
untary servitude  in  this  State,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment  of 
crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted ;  nor  shall  any 
indenture  of  any  negro,  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made  and  executed  out 
of  the  bounds  of  this  State,  be  of  any  validity  within  the  State."  The 
part  struck  out  refers  to  indentures  made  within  the  State,  which  were 
the  only  kind  provided  for  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  and,  further- 


Sec.  7,  Art.  11. 

Vol.  I— SO 


304 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


They  were  the  chosen  representatives  of  the  people.  Why  ask  anything 
more  of  a  future  body  of  similar  representatives?  But  as  to  the  second 
question,  a  committee  had  already  reported  a  provision  that  the  people 
''have  at  all  times  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter  or 
reform  their  Government  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper." 
If  this  were  true,  they  could  not  bind  a  future  convention  as  to  slavery 
or  any  other  subject.  True,  the  mere  expression  of  an  opinion  in  a 
constitution  had  no  force,  but  there  was  a  precedent  for  it  in  the  pro- 
vision of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  that  "no  law  ought  ever  to  be  made, 
or  have  force  in  the  said  territory,  that  shall,  in  any  manner  whatever, 
interfere  with  or  affect  private  contracts."  On  the  other  hand,  the 
legislature  of  1815  had  specially  asked  Congress  for  a  prohibition  of 
slavery,  and  the  enabling  act  expressly  provided  that  the  new  consti- 
tution should  not  be  repugnant  to  the  articles  of  the  Ordinance  "which 
are  declared  to  be  irrevocable;"  and  among  these  was  the  provision  that 
there  "shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  in  the  said 
territory,  otherwise  than  in  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  duly  convicted."  If  they  meant  to  keep  this  compact, 
why  not  say  so?  Practically  it  was  a  question  whether  the  delegates 
favored  putting  every  possible  bar  in  the  way  of  admitting  slavery. 
Those  who  voted  for  Johnson's  amendment  were:  Badollet,.Dill,  Devin, 
Johnson,  Lane,  Lemon,  Lynn,  Polke  (of  Knox),  Parke,  Rapp,  Robb, 
Smith  and  Scott.  The  remaining  members  voted  against  the  amend- 
ment, with  the  exception  of  Daniel  Grass,  who  had  been  given  leave  of 
absence  on  the  19th,  on  account  of  illness,  and  did  not  return.  The 
vote  therefore  stood  13  to  29 ;  and  even  this  was  probably  due  to  Lane, 
Lemon  and  Scott,  acting  on  the  theory  that  they  should  not  attempt 
to  bind  a  subsequent  convention. 

Johnson  next  moved  to^  strike  out  the  provision  that  a  subsequent 
convention  could  revise  the  constitution  without  submission  to  the  peo- 
ple, leaving  the  slavery  clause  as  it  stood.  On  this  Floyd,  Graham 
(of  Clark)  and  Jennings  joined  the  thirteen  who  had  voted  for  the 
original  amendment.  Then  Johnson  moved  to  strike  out  the  words  "or 
involuntary  servitude,"  and  this  was  negatived  without  division.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  on  these  questions  William  Polke  voted  on  one  side  and 
his  father  on  the  other,  although  both  were  members  of  the  Maria  Creek 
Church,  with  its  anti-slavery  article.  The  probable  explanation  is  that 
William  considered  himself  bound  by  the  known  sentiments  of  his  Knox 
County  constituents.  The  evident  purpose  of  Johnson's  last  amend- 
ment was  to  save  the  possibility  of  indentured  servants,  and  while  the 
convention  was  clearly  against  the  introduction  of  these  in  the  future, 
it  was  not  so  explicit  as  to  those  already  in  the  Territory.  The  provision 


• 


• 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


305 


for  the  exclusion  of  slavery,10  as  originally  reported  read :  "There  shall 
be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  in  this  State,  otherwise 
than  for  the  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  heen 
duly  convicted ;  nor  shall  any  male  person,  arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years,  nor  female  person,  arrived  at  the  age  of  eighteen  years,  he 
held  to  serve  any  person  as  a  servant  under  pretense  of  indenture  or  other- 
wise, unless  such  person  shall  enter  into  such  indenture  while  in  a  state 
of  perfect  freedom,  and  on  condition  of  a  bona  fide  consideration  received 
or  to  be  received  for  his  or  her  service,  except  as  before  excepted :  Nor 
shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro,  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made  and  exe- 


• 


OLD  CAPITOL  HOTEL 

cutcd  out  of  the  bounds  of  this  State  be  of  any  validity  within  the  State: 
neither  shall  any  indenture  of  any  negro  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made 
within  the  State,  he  of  the  least  validity  except  in  the  case  of  appren- 
ticeships." In  committee  of  the  whole,  this  was  amended  to  read  as  it 
went  into  the  constitution:  "There  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  invol- 
untary servitude  in  this  State,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment  of 
crimes,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted;  nor  shall  any 
indenture  of  any  negro,  or  mulatto,  hereafter  made  and  executed  out 
of  the  bounds  of  this  State,  be  of  any  validity  within  the  State."  The 
part  struck  out  refers  to  indentures  made  within  the  State,  which  were 
the  only  kind  provided  for  by  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  and,  further- 


i"  Sec.  7,  Art.  11. 

Vol.  1—20 


306  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

more,  the  provision  extends  only  to  future  indentures.  It  therefore 
appears  to  have  been  the  intention  of  the  convention  not  to  interfere  with 
existing  indentures  made  within  the  State,  but  to  let  the  servants  serve 
for  the  periods  for  which  they  were  bound.  This  was  the  construction 
adopted  in  practice.  The  census  of  1820  reported  190  slaves  in  Indiana. 
A  local  census  at  Vincennes  in  1830  showed  32  slaves  at  that  point.11 
The  national  census  of  1840  credits  three  slaves  to  Indiana,  However, 
the  Supreme  Court,  in  1820,  held  that  specific  performance  of  these  in- 
dentures could  not  be  enforced,  on  the  ground  of  "involuntary  servi- 
tude." (Case  of  Mary  Clark,  1  Blackf.,  p.  122.) 

The  closest  contest  that  developed  in  the  convention  was  over  the 
eligibility  of  legislators  to  office.  In  1811,  Jennings  had  secured  an  act 
of  Congress  removing  the  property  qualifications  of  voters;  requiring 
sheriffs  to  hold  elections  as  provided  by  law;  and  providing  that,  "any 
person  holding,  or  who  may  hereafter  hold,  any  office  of  profit* from  the 
Governor  of  the  Indiana  Territory  (justices  of  the  peace  and  militia 
officers  excepted),  shall  be  ineligible  to,  and  disqualified  to  act  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislative  Council  or  House  of  Representatives  for  said  Ter- 
ritory." The  shoe  was  now  on  the  other  foot.  As  originally  reported, 
section  20,  of  Article  3,  was  an  ideal  civil  service  reform  measure,  read- 
ing: "No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  authority  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  State  or  Territory,  Militia  officers  ex- 
cepted, shall  be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  either  branch  of  the  General  Assembly, 
unless  he  resign  his  office,  previous  to  his  election ;  nor  shall  any  member 
of  ei^ier  branch  of  the  General  Assembly,  during  the  time  for  which  he  is 
elected,  be  eligible  to  any  office,  the  appointment  of  which  is  vested  in  the 
General  Assembly."  This  produced  some  consternation.  Under  the 
system  they  adopted  the«General  Assembly  elected  not  only  the  Treasurer, 
Auditor  and  Secretary  of  State,  but  also  the  Circuit  Judges.  It  was 
desirable  that  these  should  be  high  grade  men,  but  it  was  also  desirable 
that  the  first  General  Assembly  should  have  high  grade  men,  as  it  was 
to  frame  the  laws  under  which  the  new  State  was  to  begin  operation. 
On  June  26,  Mr.  Cotton  moved  to  amend  this  section  by  adding:  "Pro- 
vided, That  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to 
prevent  any  member  of  the  first  session  of  the  first  General  Assembly 
accepting  any  office  that  is  created  by  this  Constitution,  or  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  and  the  salaries  of  which  are  established." 
This  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  22  to  19,  all  of  the  lawyers  except  Scott 
voting  for  it.  Mr.  Ferris  then  moved  to  add  justices  of  the  peace  to 
militia  officers  in  the  exemption  from  the  article.  This  was  defeated 


Cauthorn's  Vincennes,  p.  23. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  307 

by  a  vote  of  14  to  25.  By  consent,  the  words  ' '  or  Territory ' '  were  then 
struck  out,  so  that  it  would  not  apply  to  existing  appointments.  Mr. 
Smith  then  moved  to  strike  out  the  entire  section,  and  this  was  lost  by 
a  vote  of  9  to  28.  The  net  result  was  practically  to  nullify  the  section 
as  to  the  first  session. 

This  action  was  on  June  26,  and  that  day  appears  to  have  been  the 
time  of  adjusting  compromises.  One  of  them  was  a  much  vexed  question 
of  the  size  of  counties.  On  the  24th  the  committee  of  the  whole  had 
adopted  a  section  reading:  "No  new  county  shall  be  established  by 
the  General  Assembly,  which  shall  reduce  the  county  or  counties,  or  either 
of  them  from  which  it  shall  be  taken,  to  less  contents  than  four  hundred 
square  miles;  nor  shall  any  county  be  laid  off  of  less  contents."  This 
protected  the  existing  counties,  but  it  put  an  insuperable  barrier  in  the 
way  of  new  counties  which  were  especially  desired  by  various  towns  that 
aspired  to  be  county  seats,  especially  along  the  Ohio  River.  On  the 
26th  Mr.  Maxwell  moved  to  amend  this  by  adding:  "except  counties  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers,  and  in  such  other  parts  of  the 
State  as  may  be  naturally  circumscribed,  so  as  to  render  such  small 
county  or  counties  necessary."  Thereupon  Mr.  Smock  moved  to  strike 
the  section  out  entirely.  This  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  26  to  14.  In 
the  afternoon  the  matter  was  settled  by  adopting  a  new  section  reading : 
"The  General  Assembly,  when  they  lay  off  any  new  county,  shall  not 
reduce  the  old  county  or  counties  from  which  the  same  shall  be  taken, 
to  a  less  content  than  four  hundred  square  miles. ' '  It  may  excite  some 
surprise  that  five  of  the  thirteen  counties  represented  in  this  convention 
now  have  less  than  four  hundred  square  miles  of  area,  and  that  they 
suffered  this  reduction  under  this  constitutional  provision.  The  shortage 
in  Franklin,  Wayne  and  Jefferson  is  small,  and  may  be  due  to  uninten- 
tional error;  but  Switzerland  has  only  225  square  miles,  and  Dearborn 
only  207.  The  method  was  discovered  at  an  early  date.  In  1818  Ripley 
County  was  organized  of  lands  north  of  Switzerland  County.  In  1821, 
the  north  end  of  Switzerland  County  was  added  to  Ripley,  but  as  the 
General  Assembly  did  not  do  this  "when  they  lay  off  any  new  county," 
the  constitution  remained  intact.  The  amputation  of  Dearborn  did  not 
occur  until  1844,  when  that  county  had  a  scant  four  hundred  square 
miles.  By  counting  an  unusually  low  water  mark,  the  General  Assembly 
justified  itself  for  taking  Ohio  County  out  of  it.  Ohio  is  now  the  smallest 
county  in  the  State,  but  when  created  it  contained  only  a  fraction  of  one 
of  its  present  townships;  and  later  enough  was  taken  from  Dearborn 
to  bring  it  to  its  present  size.  There  was,  however,  no  objection  to  this 
from  the  county.  The  people  had  fallen  out  in  1836  over  the  rival  claims 
of  Lawrenceburg  and  Rising  Sun  for  the  county  seat,  and  the  legisla- 


308  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ture,  with  strict  impartiality,  established  the  county  seat  at  Wilmington. 
This  action  brought  reconciliation  of  the  rivals  on  the  basis  of  the  divi- 
sion above  described,  the  act  providing  that  Lawrenceburg  and  Rising 
Sun  should  be  the  county  seats  of  the  two  counties  respectively. 

On  this  same  June  26  it  was  determined  that  Corydon  should  be  the 
capital  of  the  State  until  1825 ;  and  thereby  hangs  a  tale.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  June" 28,  as  recorded  in  the  convention  journal,  "The  President 
laid  before  the  convention  the  writing  obligatory  of  Davis  Floyd,  Esq., 
relative  to  his  propositions  on  the  subject  of  the  accommodations,  &c.,  of 
the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  during  the  continuance  of  the  seat 
of  government  at  Corydon."  In  the  afternoon,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Dill. 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  MANSION,  CORYDON 

the  convention  "Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  State  of  Indiana,  to  appropriate  the  money  voluntarily 
given  by  the  citizens  of  Harrison  County  to  the  State,  to  the  purchase 
of  books  for  a  library  for  the  use  of  the  Legislature  and  other  officers  of 
government ;  and  that  the  said  General  Assembly  will,  from  time  to  time, 
make  such  other  appropriations  for  the  increase  of  said  library,  as  they 
may  deem  necessary."  Here  was  a  bright  prospect  for  a  State  Library 
from  the  generosity  of  Corydon — contemporaneous  with  the  temporary 
location  of  the  capital. 

This  dream  was  destined  to  fade  away.  When  the  legislature  arrived 
there  were  no  evidences  of  action  by  the  people  of  Corydon;  and  on 
November  15,  Senator  James  Beggs  offered  a  joint  resolution  for  a  com- 

' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  309 

mittee  to  inquire  "what  contracts  or  engagements  have  been  made  by 
certain  individuals  to  provide  a  suitable  house  of  accommodation  for 
the  Governor  in  the  town  of  Corydon,  and  to  pay  certain  sums  for  certain 
purposes,  etc."  The  committee  was  appointed,  and  on  December  6 
reported  that  no  house  had  been  provided,  but  that  Mr.  Floyd  stated  to 
the  committee  that  he  had  given  an  obligation  to  provide  one,  but  it  had 
been  impossible  to  do  so ;  but  that  he  is  ready  to  give  up  the  building 
which  he  now  lives  in  for  that  purpose  at  any  time  when  demanded,  and 
pay  a  reasonable  sum  for  the  deficiency  till  completed,  or  he  will  keep 
possession  and  pay  an  equivalent  rent  for  the  whole  until  spring,  but 
no  obligation*  can  be  found  by  your  committee.  They  also  reported  that 
they  had  ' '  made  every  inquiry  for  a  certain  bond  said  to  have  been  given 
by  certain  individuals  in  Harrison  County  for  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars  payable  on  the  twenty-ninth  instant  for  the  use  of  the  state,  but 
cannot  get  any  information  where  it  is,  or  in  whose  hands  it  was  de- 
posited." The  matter  drifted  over  to  the  next  legislature,  when,  on 
December  19  the  House  showed  its  teeth  by  adopting  a  resolution  for  a 
committee  ' '  to  take  into  consideration  the  propriety  of  taking  the  sense  of 
the  people  of  this  State,  on  that  part  of  the  Constitution  which  fixes  the 
seat  of  Government  at  Corydon  until  the  year  1825,  with  leave  to  report 
by  bill  or  otherwise."  The  committee  reported  in  favor  of  submitting 
the  question  to  the  people,  and  the  report  was  considered  at  length,  but 
on  January  12,  1818,  it  was  indefinitely  postponed.  The  legislature 
contented  itself  instead  with  a  resolution  reciting  that  whereas  a  bond 
has  been  given  by  certain  citizens  of  the  County  of  Harrison  for  the 
payment  of  one  thousand  dollars,  which  had  been  lost  or  mislaid,  the 
Treasurer  was  authorized  to  make  demand,  and  the  Auditor  to  bring  suit 
for  the  money. 

Seven  years  elapsed  before  the  next  scene,  opening  when,  on  January 
18, 1825,  Mr.  Beckes,  of  Knox,  introduced  a  resolution  asking  the  Auditor, 
Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State  to  attend  the  session  of  the  House  on 
the  24th  and  furnish  what  information  they  had  "relative  to  a  bond 
heretofore  given  to  the  Governor  for  the  use  of  the  State,  under  arrange- 
ment between  the  members  of  the  Convention  and  the  citizens  of  Corydon, 
at  the  formation  of  the  Constitution;  in  pursuance  of  which,  it  was 
agreed  and  consequently  a  provision  inserted  in  said  Constitution,  fixing 
the  seat  of  government  at  Corydon,  until  the  year  1825 ;  also,  what  pro- 
ceedings have  been  taken  for  the  collection  of  said  bond,  and  that  accom- 
panying which  information  they  furnish  this  House  with  a  copy  of  said 
bond."  As  there  is  no  record  of  the  appearance  of  these  officials,  it  may 
be  that  the  gentleman  from  Knox  was  merely  making  a  record  for  his- 
torical purposes.  At  any  rate  this  is  the  last  appearance  of  Shylock  and 


- 

• 


308 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ture,  with  strict  impartiality,  established  the  county  seat  at  Wilmington. 
This  action  brought  reconciliation  of  the  rivals  on  the  basis  of  the  divi- 
sion above  described,  the  act  providing  that  Lawrenceburg  and  Rising 
Sun  should  be  the  county  seats  of  the  two  counties  respectively. 

On  this  same  June  26  it  was  determined  that  Corydon  should  be  the 
capital  of  the  State  until  1825 ;  and  thereby  hangs  a  tale.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  June  28,  as  recorded  in  the  convention  journal,  "The  President 
laid  before  the  convention  the  writing  obligatory  of  Davis  Floyd,  Esq., 
relative  to  his  propositions  on  the  subject  of  the  accommodations,  &e.,  of 
the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  during  the  continuance  of  the  seat 
of  government  at  Corydon."  In  the  afternoon,  on  motion  of  Mr.  Dill. 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  MANSION,  CORYDON 

the  convention  "Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  State  of  Indiana,  to  appropriate  the  money  voluntarily 
given  by  the  citizens  of  Harrison  County  to  the  State,  to  the  purchase 
of  books  for  a  library  for  the  use  of  the  Legislature  and  other  officers  of 
government ;  and  that  the  said  General  Assembly  will,  from  time  to  time, 
make  such  other  appropriations  for  the  increase  of  said  library,  as  they 
may  deem  necessary."  Here  was  a  bright  prospect  for  a  State  Library 
from  the  generosity  of  Corydon — contemporaneous  with  the  temporary 
location  of  the  capital. 

This  dream  was  destined  to  fade  away.  When  the  legislature  arrived 
there  were  no  evidences  of  action  by  the  people  of  Corydon ;  and  on 
November  15,  Senator  James  Beggs  offered  a  joint  resolution  for  a  com- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


309 


inittee  to  inquire  "what  contracts  or  engagements  have  been  made  by 
certain  individuals  to  provide  a  suitable  house  of  accommodation  for 
the  Governor  in  the  town  of  Corydon,  and  to  pay  certain  sums  for  certain 
purposes,  etc."  The  committee  was  appointed,  and  on  December  6 
reported  that  no  house  had  been  provided,  but  that  Mr.  Floyd  stated  to 
the  committee  that  he  had  given  an  obligation  to  provide  one,  but  it  had 
been  impossible  to  do  so;  but  that  he  is  ready  to  give  up  the  building 
which  he  now  lives  in  for  that  purpose  at  any  time  when  demanded,  and 
pay  a  reasonable  sum  for  the  deficiency  till  completed,  or  he  will  keep 
possession  and  pay  an  equivalent  rent  for  the  whole  until  spring,  but 
no  obligation'can  be  found  by  your  committee.  They  also  reported  that 
they  had  "made  every  inquiry  for  a  certain  bond  said  to  have  been  given 
by  certain  individuals  in  Harrison  County  for  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars  payable  on  the  twenty-ninth  instant  for  the  use  of  the  state,  but 
cannot  get  any  information  where  it  is,  or  in  whose  hands  it  was  de- 
posited." The  matter  drifted  over  to  the  next  legislature,  when,  on 
December  19  the  House  showed  its  teeth  by  adopting  a  resolution  for  a 
committee  "to  take  into  consideration  the  propriety  of  taking  the  sense  of 
the  people  of  this  State,  on  that  part  of  the  Constitution  which  fixes  the 
seat  of  Government  at  Corydon  until  the  year  1825,  with  leave  to  report 
by  bill  or  otherwise."  The  committee  reported  in  favor  of  submitting 
the  question  to  the  people,  and  the  report  was  considered  at  length,  but 
on  January  12,  1818,  it  was  indefinitely  postponed.  The  legislature 
contented  itself  instead  with  a  resolution  reciting  that  whereas  a  bond 
has  been  given  by  certain  citizens  of  the  County  of  Harrison  for  the 
payment  of  one  thousand  dollars,  which  had  been  lost  or  mislaid,  the 
Treasurer  was  authorized  to  make  demand,  and  the  Auditor  to  bring  suit 
for  the  money. 

Seven  years  elapsed  before  the  next  scene,  opening  when,  on  January 
18, 1825,  Mr.  Heckes,  of  Knox,  introduced  a  resolution  asking  the  Auditor, 
Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State  to  attend  the  session  of  the  House  on 
the  24th  and  furnish  what  information  they  had  "relative  to  a  bond 
heretofore  given  to  the  Governor  for  the  use  of  the  State,  under  arrange- 
ment between  the  meml>ers  of  the  Convention  and  the  citizens  of  Corydon, 
at  the  formation  of  the  Constitution;  in  pursuance  of  which,  it  was 
agreed  and  consequently  a  provision  inserted  in  said  Constitution,  fixing 
the  seat  of  government  at  Corydon,  until  the  year  1825;  also,  what  pro- 
ceedings have  been  taken  for  the  collection  of  said  bond,  and  that  accom- 
panying which  information  they  furnish  this  House  with  a  copy  of  said 
bond."  As  there  is  no  record  of  the  appearance  of  these  officials,  it  may 
be  that  the  gentleman  from  Knox  was  merely  making  a  record  for  his- 
torical purposes.  At  any  rate  this  is  the  last  appearance  of  Sliylock  ami 


.•'"..'.  •    .  f\    .    '• 

310  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Corydon's  men  of  promise.  The  State  Library  was  inaugurated  at  this 
same  session,  with  a  modest  annual  appropriation  of  $50  and  a  salary 
of  $15  payable  quarterly  to  the  Librarian,  which  office  was  filled  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  ex  officio.  It  may  be  added,  however,  that  in  1820, 
a  "law  library"  for  the  use  of  the  State  officers  was  formed  at  Corydon, 
by  subscription,  which  was  later  removed  to  Indianapolis.  Possibly  this 
was  accepted  in  place  of  the  lost  bond,  but  nothing  appears  in  the  records 
on  the  subject. 

To  return  to  the  convention,  another  matter  settled  on  that  June  26 
was  the  salaries  of  State  officers,  the  Governor  being  allowed  $1,000,  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Circuit  courts  $800  each,  the  Auditor, 
Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State  $400  each,  and  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  $2  per  day  and  8  cents  per  mile  for  actual  travel.  The  Harri- 
son leaders  made  a  record  for  economy  by  offering  amendments  reducing 
the  Treasurer's  salary  to  three  hundred  dollars,  and  the  compensation 
of  legislators  to  a  dollar  a  day.  These  were  voted  down  by  large  ma- 
jorities ;  but  to  prevent  an  undue  accumulation  of  wealth  by  office-holders 
a  clause  was  adopted  providing  that,  "No  persons  shall  hold  more  than 
one  lucrative  office  at  the  same  time,  except  as  in  this  constitution  is 
expressly  permitted."  Even  considering  the  greater  purchasing  power 
of  money  at  the  time,  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  convention  was  not 
extravagant.  The  total  expense  was  only  $3,076.21.  The  members  al- 
lowed themselves  $2  per  day  and  mileage,  and  the  most  princely  salaries 
allowed  were  $3.50  per  day  to  the  Secretary  and  his  two  assistants,  and, 
of  course  they  had  to  work  at  night,  as  they  had  to  write  everything 
in  long  hand.  While  the  convention's  work  was  not  strikingly  original 
in  most  respects,  it  was  progressive  for  the  time.  It  was  distinctly  to 
the  convention's  credit  that  it  abolished  imprisonment  for  debt.  Its  pro- 
visions for  education  were  wise  and  far-sighted,  both  in  its  provisions 
for  husbanding  the  resources  that  were  to  be  available  for  schools,  and 
in  its  provision  that,  "It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as 
soon  as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  provide,  by  law,  for  a  general 
system  of  education,  ascending  in  a  regular  gradation,  from  township 
schools  to  a  state  university,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally 
open  to  all. ' '  Of  the  same  character  was  its  provision  that  when  a  new 
county  should  be  laid  off,  ten  per  cent  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lots 
in  the  seat  of  justice  should  be  appropriated  for  a  public  library,  and  a 
library  company  should  be  incorporated  to  care  for  it.  It  was  creditable 
that  the  convention  made  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to  enact 
a  penal  code  "founded  on  the  principles  of  reformation,  and  not  of  vin- 
dictive Justice ;  and  also  to  provide  one  or  more  farms  to  be  an  asylum 
for  those  persons,  who  by  reason  of  age,  infirmity,  or  other  misfortune, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  311 

may  have  a  claim  upon  the  aid  and  beneficence  of  society ;  on  such  prin- 
ciples, that  such  persons  may  therein  find  employment,  and  every  reason- 
able comfort,  and  lose,  by  their  usefulness,  the  degrading  sense  of  de- 
pendence." 

The  criticism  of  the  constitution  at  the  time  was  wholly  political,  and 
notably  weak.  It  was  charged  to  contain  provisions  ' '  contrary  to  every 
principle  of  true  republicanism,  and  subversive  of  the  rights  of  the 
people, ' '  and  this  was  done  to  ' '  the  frenzy  and  intrigue  which  marked  the 
progress  of  the  measure  of  a  State  government  in  every  stage."  But 
when  it  came  to  specifications,  all  that  was  cited  was  keeping  the  capital 
at  Corydon,  and  depriving  the  people  of  the  right  of  changing  the 
constitution  oftener  than  once  in  twelve  years.  These  objections  met  with 
no  favor  except  from  those  who  were  seeking  something  to  complain  of. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  plainly  obvious,  the  only  sensible  thing  to  do  was  to 
let  the  capital  remain  where  it  was  for  the  time  being.  Everybody  knew 
that  ultimately  it  must  be  removed  farther  north,  to  a  central  point  in 
the  State.  But  at  that  time  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished  to 
only  about  one  third  of  the  state,  at  the  southern  end.  Corydon  was  as 
central  a  point  of  the  inhabited  part  of  the  state  as  could  be  found ;  and, 
indeed,  in  1825,  when  the  capital  was  removed,  Corydon  was  much  nearer 
the  center  of  population  than  Indianapolis.  The  second  objection  was 
unfounded,  and  the  public  saw  this  so  clearly  that  it  was  quickly  dropped. 
The  provision  neither  prohibited  a  convention  oftener  than  once  in 
twelve  years,  nor  any  other  mode  of  amendment.  What  it  said  was  that, 
' '  Every  twelfth  year,  after  this  constitution  shall  have  taken  effect,  at  the 
general  election  held  for  Governor  there  shall  be  a  poll  opened,  in  which 
the  qualified  electors  of  the  State  shall  express,  by  vote,  whether  they 
are  in  favour  of  calling  a  convention,  or  not,  and  if  there  s~hould  be  a 
majority  of  all  the  votes  given  at  such  election  in  favour  of  a  convention, 
the  Governor  shall  inform  the  next  General  Assembly  thereof,  whose  duty 
it  shall  be  to  provide,  by  law,  for  the  election  of  the  members  to  the 
convention,  the  number  thereof  and  the  time  and  place  of  meeting. ' '  This 
was  self-executing  and  compulsory.  Without  any  legislation,  and  with- 
out any  expression  of  desire  for  it,  the  expression  of.  the  people  was  to 
be  taken  every  twelfth  year.  To  say  that  a  convention  could  not  be  held 
oftener  would  be  to  nullify  the  provision  of  the  bill  of  rights  that  the 
people  "have  at  all  times  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter 
or  reform  their  Government  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper. ' ' 
At  that  time  the  American  people  believed  this,  and  meant  it  when  they 
said  so.  The  courts  had  not  yet  perpetrated  the  absurdity  of  applying 
the  doctrine  that  "the  expression  of  one  made  is  the  exclusion  of  an- 
other," to  a  pubHc,  natural  and  indefeasible  right.  No  such  construction 


312 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  ever  given  to  this  section  by  anyone  in  authority,  and  if  it  had  been 
the  meaning  of  the  section,  our  present  constitution  would  be  a  nullity, 
for  it  was  not  adopted  in  that  way. 

The  nearest  approach  to  a  sane  objection  to  the  constitution  at  the 
time  was  a  criticism  of  limiting  the  terms-of  judges  to  seven  years,  the 
writer  holding  that  they  should  serve  during  good  behavior.  This  was 
sound,  but  the  mode  of  choosing  judges  was  infinitely  preferable  to  our 
present  system — the  Supreme  judges  being  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  and  the  Circuit  judges  being  elected  by  the 
legislature.  Comment  has  often  been  made  on  the  small  number  of 
officials  made  e'ective  by  the  people,  in  this  constitution.  But  this  system, 


STATE  OFFICES,  AT  CORYDON 

*  '  •  'i 

which  is  what  is  now  commonly  called  "the  short  ballot,"  was  universal 
in  the  United  States  at  that  time,  and  its  evils  had  not  yet  developed. 
As  party  organization  came  into  use,  this  system  offered  the  easiest  and 
most  effective  basis  for  the  construction  of  a  political  "machine"  that 
could  be  devised,  and  it  was  on  that  account  that  it  was  generally  aban- 
doned about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  It  is  difficult  to  say  which  is 
the  more  absurd,  the  claim  of  advocates  of  the  "short  ballot"  that  their 
plan  is  new,  or  their  claim  that  it  would  prevent  machine  domination.  In 
Indiana  the  only  state  officers  elected  by  the  people  were  the  governor, 
lieutenant-governor,  and  the  legislators.  All  the  others  were  appointed 
or  elected  by  them,  and  chiefly  by  the  legislature.  This  was  in  accord 
with  the  fundamental  American  idea  that  the  legislators  are  "the  repre- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  313 

seutatives  of  the  people";  and  the  Americans  of  that  time  actually 
believed  in  this  idea. 

Another  comment  that  has  been  made  on  this  convention  is  that  a 
large  percentage  of  the  members  subsequently  held  office,  which  has  been 
taken  as  evidence  that  they  were  ' '  scheming  politicians. ' '  This  charge 
was  made  at  the  time  by  the  Harrison  party.  In  the  assault  on  the 
convention  quoted  from  above,  it  is  said:  "The  pernicious  practices  that 
have  unfortunately  been  elsewhere  tolerated,  have,  I  am  told,  been  here 
introduced — I  have  heard  it  said  that  a  caucus,  composed  of  members  of 
the  convention,  met  at  Corydon,  and  pledged  themselves  to  support  cer- 
tain men  for  certain  offices,  without  consulting  the  people  or  knowing 
their  wishes  w  opinion  on  the  subject ;  and  I  am  told  some  of  these  men, 
whom  they  promised  to  support,  were  members  of  their  own  body. 
Should  this  have  been  the  case,  what  are  the  people  to  think  of  such  men  ? 
Such  conduct  would  be  a  treacherous  imposition  on  the  community,  and 
give  a  mortal  stab  to  our  civil  liberty — if  permitted  to  be  practiced  with 
impunity,  it  will  deprive  us  of  the  pillar  on  which  it  rests,  at  the  same 
time  producing  the  most  injurious  effects  to  the  happiness  and  freedom 
of  our  State.  Such  proceedings  here  can  only  proceed  from  a  political 
delirium,  and  must  not  be  practiced  among  us  with  success,  else,  if  it  be, 
artifice  of  sinister  knaves  will  render  it  habitual,  deprive  the  people  of  all 
opinion  of  their  own,  and  thus  undermine  our  dearest  and  best  rights. 
If  it  be  a  fact  that  our  members  intended  an  assemblage  so  illegal  and 
injurious,  they  should  be  exposed."  As  nobody  took  the  trouble  to  deny 
that  a  caucus  had  been  held,  it  is  very  probable  that  there  was  one.  At 
that  time  nominating  conventions  had  not  been  devised,  and  there  was 
no  way  to  get  harmonious  party  action  in  a  state  election  without  some 
kind  of  agreement  on  candidates.  Very  probably  it  was  agreed  that  Jen- 
nings should  be  the  candidate  for  Governor,  Hendricks  for  Congressman 
and  Noble  for  Senator.  These  three  men  unquestionably  constituted  a 
triumvirate  that  controlled  the  State  for  a  number  of  years  afterwards. 
But  the  offices  later  held  by  members  of  the  convention  were  almost 
wholly  elective  offices,  which  shows  that  the  majority  of  the  people  were 
with  them.  Somebody  must  occupy  the  offices,  and  it  is  hardly  feasible, 
in  a  republic,  to  let  the  minority  name  them. 

The  really  singular  thing  was  the  liberality  of  the  controlling  party 
to  the  minority.  The  advance  to  statehood  was  a  political  revolution. 
Prior  to  it,  most  of  the  appointing  power  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Gover- 
nor, and  while  Harrison  was  Governor  it  was  exercised  almost  exclusively 
for  the  benefit  of  his  personal  and  political  friends.  He  expected  per- 
sonal loyalty  from  them.  There  is  a  world  of  significance  in  the  entry 
of  May  4,  1805,  in  James  Lemen's  diary,  heretofore  quoted :  "  At  our  last 


312 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


was  ever  given  to  this  section  by  anyone  in  authority,  and  if  it  had  been 
the  meaning  of  the  section,  our  present  constitution  would  be  a  nullity, 
for  it  was  not  adopted  in  that  way. 

The  nearest  approach  to  a  sane  objection  to  the  constitution  at  the 
time  was  a  criticism  of  limiting  the  terms  of  judges  to  seven  years,  the 
writer  holding  that  they  should  serve  during  good  behavior.  This  was 
sound,  but  the  mode  of  choosing  judges  was  infinitely  preferable  to  our 
present  system — the  Supreme  judges  being  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate ;  and  the  Circuit  judges  being  elected  by  the 
legislature.  Comment  has  often  been  made  on  the  small  number  of 
officials  made  e'ective  by  the  people,  in  this  constitution.  Hut  this  system, 


i 


V" 


ST.WE  OFFICES,  AT  CORYDON 


which  is  what  is  now  commonly  called  ''the  short  ballot,"  was  universal 
in  the  1'nited  States  at  that  time,  and  its  evils  had  not  yet  developed. 
As  party  organization  came  into  use,  this  system  offered  the  easiest  and 
most  effective  basis  for  the  construction  of  a  political  "machine"  that 
could  be  devised,  and  it  was  on  that  account  that  it  was  generally  aban- 
doned about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  It  is  difficult  to  say  which  is 
the  more  absurd,  the  claim  of  advocates  of  the  "short  ballot"  that  their 
plan  is  new,  or  their  claim  that  it  would  prevent  machine  domination.  In 
Indiana  the  only  state  officers  elected  by  the  people  were  the  governor, 
lieutenant-governor,  and  the  legislators.  All  the  others  were  appointed 
or  elected  by  them,  and  chiefly  by  the  legislature.  This  was  in  accord 
with  the  fundamental  American  idea  that  the  legislators  are  "the  reprc- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  313 

sentatives  of  the  people";  and  the  Americans  of  that  time  actually 
believed  in  this  idea. 

Another  comment  that  has  been  made  on  this  convention  is  that  a 
large  percentage  of  the  members  subsequently  held  office,  which  has  been 
taken  as  evidence  that  they  were  "scheming  politicians."  This  charge 
was  made  at  the  time  by  the  Harrison  party.  In  the  assault  on  the 
convention  quoted  from  above,  it  is  said:  "The  pernicious  practices  that 
have  unfortunately  been  elsewhere  tolerated,  have,  I  am  told,  been  here 
introduced — I  have  heard  it  said  that  a  caucus,  composed  of  members  of 
the  convention,  met  at  Corydon,  and  pledged  themselves  to  support  cer- 
tain men  for  certain  offices,  without  consulting  the  people  or  knowing 
their  wishes *or  opinion  on  the  subject;  and  I  am  told  some  of  these  men, 
whom  they  promised  to  support,  were  members  of  their  own  body. 
Should  this  have  been  the  case,  what  are  the  people  to  think  of  such  men  ? 
Such  conduct  would  be  a  treacherous  imposition  on  the  community,  and 
give  a  mortal  stab  to  our  civil  liberty — if  permitted  to  be  practiced  with 
impunity,  it  will  deprive  us  of  the  pillar  on  which  it  rests,  at  the  same 
time  producing  the  most  injurious  effects  to  the  happiness  and  freedom 
of  our  State.  Such  proceedings  here  can  only  proceed  from  a  political 
delirium,  and  must  not  be  practiced  among  us  with  success,  else,  if  it  be, 
artifice  of  sinister  knaves  will  render  it  habitual,  deprive  the  people  of  all 
opinion  of  their  own,  and  thus  undermine  our  dearest  and  best  rights. 
If  it  be  a  fact  that  our  members  intended  an  assemblage  so  illegal  and 
injurious,  they  should  be  exposed."  As  nobody  took  the  trouble  to  deny 
that  a  caucus  had  been  held,  it  is  very  probable  that  there  was  one.  At 
that  time  nominating  conventions  had  not  been  devised,  and  there  was 
no  way  to  get  harmonious  party  action  in  a  state  election  without  some 
kind  of  agreement  on  candidates.  Very  probably  it  was  agreed  that  Jen- 
nings should  be  the  candidate  for  Governor,  Hendricks  for  Congressman 
and  Noble  for  Senator.  These  three  men  unquestionably  constituted  a 
triumvirate  that  controlled  the  State  for  a  number  of  years  afterwards. 
But  the  offices  later  held  by  members  of  the  convention  were  almost 
wholly  elective  offices,  which  shows  that  the  majority  of  the  people  were 
with  them.  Somebody  must  occupy  the  offices,  and  it  is  hardly  feasible, 
in  a  republic,  to  let  the  minority  name  them. 

The  really  singular  thing  was  the  liberality  of  the  controlling  party 
to  the  minority.  The  advance  to  statehood  was  a  political  revolution. 
Prior  to  it,  most  of  the  appointing  power  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Gover- 
nor, and  while  Harrison  was  Governor  it  was  exercised  almost  exclusively 
for  the  benefit  of  his  personal  and  political  friends.  He  expected  per- 
sonal loyalty  from  them.  There  is  a  world  of  significance  in  the  entry 
of  May  4,  1803,  in  James  Lemen's  diary,  heretofore  quoted:  "At  our  last 

. 


314  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

meeting,  as  I  expected  he  would  do,  Gov.  Harrison  asked  and  insisted  that 
I  should  cast  my  influence  for  the  introduction  of  slavery  here."  Why 
did  he  expect  thisf  He  knew  that  Harrison  favored  it,  and  Harrison 
had  appointed  him  a  justice  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  Court,  and  a  judge  of 
the  Common  Pleas.  Lemen  refused,  and  he  was  not  thereafter  appointed 
to  anything.  The  members  of  the  Harrison  party  in  the  convention  had 
received  appointments  from  him,  but  of  the  others  there  were  seventeen 
who  had  never  held  an  appointive  office  of  any  kind,  and  sixteen  others 
who  had  been  only  justices  of  the  peace  or  associate  judges,  and  these 
were  not  considered  remunerative  offices.  And  now  this  ostracised  class 
was  in  control,  and  the  people  of  the  State  were  back  of  them.  What  was 
their  course  ?  John  Johnson,  the  Harrison  leader  in  the  convention,  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  by  Jennings,  and  confirmed  by 
a  senate  of  Jenning's  politics.  Waller  Taylor,  one  of  the  foremost  Harri- 
son leaders  in  the  Territory,  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
with  James  Noble.  Benjamin  Parke,  who  was  one  of  Harrison's  closest 
friends,  and  who  had  been  constantly  in  office  since  1803,  as  Attorney 
General,  Congressman,  and  Territorial  Judge,  was  made  U.  S.  District 
Judge  by  President  Madison.  Of  course  this  last  may  have  been  a  per- 
sonal matter  of  Madison 's,  but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  the  appointment 
would  have  been  made  if  Hendricks  and  Noble  had  opposed  it.  Aside 
from  the  Parke  appointment,  it  is  certain  that  a  few  years  later  no 
political  party  would  have  given  two  of  the  most  important  offices  within 
its  control  to  political  opponents.  This  action  must  be  attributed  to  the 
conciliatory  policy  of  Jennings,  for  Waller  Taylor  had  gone  out  of  his 
way  to  insult  Jennings,  and  to  try  to  provoke  him  to  a  duel,  in  1809. 

There  were  some  minor  matters  in  which  less  generosity  was  exer- 
cised. The  convention  had  its  printing  done  by  Mann  Butler,  the  Ken- 
tucky historian,  who  was  then  publishing  The  Correspondent,  at  Louis- 
ville. This  was  bitterly  resented  by  Elihu  Stout,  of  the  Vincennes  Sun, 
who  complained  of  sending  the  work  out  of  the  Territory.  However  he 
had  little  ground  for  complaint.  Louisville  was  the  closest  point  at 
which  the  work  could  be  satisfactorily  done,  and  it  would  have  seriously 
incommoded  the  convention  to  have  had  its  printing  done  at  Vincennes, 
with  the  facilities  for  transportation  then  existing.  There  was  more 
ominous  action  for  Vincennes  in  the  proceedings  relating  to  the  State 
seminary.  Jennings  had  secured  very  favorable  terms  from  Congress  as 
to  land  grants.  The  donations  offered,  and  of  course  accepted,  were,  1, 
section  16  in  each  township  for  the  support  of  public  schools;  2,  all  of 
the  salt  springs  "and  the  lands  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  same,  not 
exceeding  thirty -six  sections,"  for  the  use  of  the  people  of  the  state;  3, 
five  per  cent,  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  public  lands  in  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  315 

State,  for  roads  and  canals,  of  which  three-fifths  was  to  be  expended 
under  direction  of  the  legislature,  and  two-fifths  under  the  direction  of 
Congress;  4,  one  entire  township  for  "the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning," 
which  was  "in  addition  to  the  one  heretofore  reserved  for  that  purpose" ; 
and  5,  four  sections  for  the  location  of  a  seat  of  government.  On  June 
19,  the  convention  appointed  Jonathan  Lindley,  Benjamin  Parke,  and 
James  Noble  a  committee  to  select  the  seminary  and  saline  lands,  Parke 
and  Noble  being  members  of  the  convention.  Jonathan  Lindley  was  a 
splendid  selection  for  this  purpose.  He  was  a  Quaker  who  had  settled 
near  Paoli  in  1811.  David  Thomas,  who  traveled  through  Indiana  in 
1816,  and»who  had  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Lindley,  says  of  him :  "This 
distinguished  Friend  removed  from  North  Carolina  about  five  years  ago ; 
and  with  a  few  others  fixed  his  abode  in  the  wilderness.  During  the 
late  war,  this  little  community  formed  the  frontier;  but  its  members 
appear  not  to  have  suffered  either  from  fear  or  injury.  He  has  fre- 
quently explored  the  lands  beyond  the  borders  of  the  settlement  in  the 
time  of  that  commotion,  and  never  considered  either  himself  or  his  com- 
panions in  danger.  Indeed  there  was  small  cause.  No  instance  of  Indian 
hostility  towards  this  society  is  known ;  so  firm  and  inviolate  has  been  the 
peace  which  the  ancestors  of  these  savages  established  with  William  Penn, 
and  so  faithfully  is  the  memory  of  his  virtues  transmitted  from  sire 
to  son."  12  The  appointment  of  this  commission  was  a  preliminary  to 
the  establishment  of  a  State  University  in  place  of  Vincennes  University, 
but  the  constitution  provided  that  none  of  the  school  lands  should  be  sold 
before  1820. 

On  March  26,  1804,  Congress  had  granted  a  township  to  Indiana 
Territory  for  a  "seminary  of  learning."  On  October  10,  1806,  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  designated  a  township  in  Gibson  County  for 
this  purpose ;  and  on  November  29,  of  the  same  year  the  Indiana  legis- 
lature incorporated  The  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  Vincennes  University, 
appointing  the  Board  and  making  them  trustees  for  this  land  grant,  with 
authority  to  sell  not  to  exceed  4,000  acres  of  it.  The  Board  sold  the  4,000 
acres,  erected  a  brick  building,  and  opened  a  school  in  1810.  On  April 
27,  1816,  Congress  added  its  sanction  to  the  proceedings  thus  far  by  an 
act  confirming  the  titles  of  those  who  had  purchased  from  the  Board. 
In.  1817  and  1818  the  Board  petitioned  Congress  for  authority  to  sell 
the  remainder  of  the  land  as  the  school  was  in  need  of  funds,  and  the 
timber  was  being  stolen.  The  Senate  Committee  on  Public  Lands,  with- 
out any  suggestion  that  the  land  was  under  State  control,  refused  the 
petition  on  the  ground  that  the  State  was  not  sufficiently  populated  "to 


12  Ind.  Hist.  Coll.  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  54. 


316 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


keep  in  respectable  standing  an  institution  such  as  is  contemplated,  even 
after,  by  anticipation  of  its  fund,  it  had  been  forced  into  a  premature 
existence."  (Am.  State  Papers,  Pub.  Lands,  Vol.  3,  p.  302.) 

In  1820,  as  soon  as  the  constitution  allowed  the  sale  of  lands,  the 
legislature  established  a  Board  of  Trustees  for  a  State  Seminary,  at 
Bloomington.  At  the  same  time  a  joint  resolution  was  adopted  appoint- 


SAMUEL  JUDAH 
(From  a  portrait) 

ing  an  agent  to  take  charge  of  the  Gibson  County  lands,  rent  them  for 
terms  of  not  more  than  two  years,  and  collect  "all  arrears  of  rent  that 
may  be  due  to  said  State. ' '  In  1822,  the  legislature  created  a  commission 
to  sell  the  Gibson  County  lands,  pay  the  proceeds  into  the  State  treasury 
as  a  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  State  Seminary,  and  also  ^  to  execute 
deeds  for  the  lands  sold  by  the  Trustees  of  Vincennes  University  for 
which  deeds  had  not  been  given,  thus  recognizing  it  as  the  original  benc- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  317 

ficiary.  After  this  blow  Vincennes  University  suspended  operations, 
and  in  1824,  on  representation  to  the  legislature  that  "the  building  is 
rapidly  decaying  for  want  of  funds  to  repair  the  same, ' '  a  law  was  passed 
adopting  Vincennes  University  as  Knox  County  Seminary,  under  the 
school  system  then  in  vogue,  giving  it  the  revenues  appertaining  to  a 
county  seminary,  but  to  be  ''under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  said  university."  This  last  provision  was  repealed  at  the 
next  session,  and  the  university  became  a  seminary  under  the  general  law 
of  the  State.  For  a  decade  it  ran  along  in  this  condition  until  Samuel 
Judah  appeared  on  the  scene.  He  was  one  of  the  longest-headed  lawyers 
and  politicians  in  Indiana,  and  he  recognized  in  this  another  Dartmouth 
College  case.  His  first  step  was  to  introduce  in  the  legislature  of  1838 
a  bill  reciting  that  whereas  it  is  "reported  that  from  neglect  to  supply 
the  vacancies  occasioned  by  death  or  removal  from  the  state,  in  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  said  university,  it  is  now  doubted  whether  a  lawful 
board  of  trustees  can  be  assembled,"  therefore  the  persons  named  are 
appointed  trustees,  with  all  the  rights  and  powers,  etc.  It  was  a  very 
simple  little  bill  for  legalization,  such  as  the  legislature  frequently  passed, 
and  so  it  became  a  law,  nobody  dreaming  what  it  would  cost  the  State. 
So  the  phoenix  arose  from  its  ashes,  and  Knox  County  Seminary  again 
bloomed  forth  as  Vincennes  University,  with  all  of  its  original  territorial 
rights,  as  expressly  preserved  by  the  12th  article  of  the  constitution. 
True  the  act  provided  that  "nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed 
as  to  give  the  trustees  any  right  to  or  power  over  the  college  township 
in  Gibson  County, ' '  but  nobody  was  asking  to  be  given  any  right  of  that 
kind.  All  the  trustees  wanted  was  the  revival  of  the  University,  whose 
rights  were  guaranteed  by  the  constitution. 

The  next  move  was  the  presentation  to  the  legislature  of  1843  of  a 
petition  reciting  the  facts,  stating  that  the  sales  of  the  Gibson  County 
lands  were  illegal,  but  that  the  Trustees  ' '  do  not  desire  to  disturb  or  dis- 
quiet the  titles  of  a  numerous  body  of  citizens  to  a  large  and  valuable 
tract  of  country.  They  only  desire  justice,  and  would  rather  receive  a 
compensation  from  the  State  than  by  a  resort  to  a  legal  proceedings 
regain  the  lands  from  the  purchasers. ' '  This  was  ignored,  and  thereupon 
suits  for  the  lands  were  instituted  in  Gibson  County.  Then  arose  a 
chorus  of  indignation  from  the  purchasers  of  the  land  that  reconciled 
the  legislature  of  1846  to  assuming  the  responsibility  for  the  State,  and 
authorizing  the  Trustees  to  bring  an  action  in  chancery  in  the  Marion 
Circuit  Court  to  settle  the  question.  The  Circuit  Court  decided  for  the 
Trustees,  and  the  State  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  reversed 
the  decision.  Then  the  Trustees  took  the  case  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  on  writ  of  error,  and  that  tribunal  affirmed  the  decision 


:316 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


keep  in  respectable  standing  an  institution  such  as  is  contemplated,  even 
after,  by  anticipation  of  its  fund,  it  bad  been  forced  into  a  premature 
existence.''  (Am.  State  Papers,  Pub.  Lands,  Vol.  3,  p.  302.) 

In  1820,  as  soon  as  the  constitution  allowed  the  sale  of  lands,  the 
legislature  established  a  Hoard  of  Trustees  for  a  State  Seminary,  at 
Bloomington.  At  the  same  time  a  joint  resolution  was  adopted  appoint- 


SAMUEL  JUDAH 
(From  a  portrait) 

ing  an  agent  to  take  charge  of  the  Gihson  County  lands,  rent  them  for 
terms  of  not  more  than  two  years,  and  collect  "all  arrears  of  rent  that 
may  be  due  to  said  State."  In  1822.  the  legislature  created  a  commission 
to  sell  the  Gibson  County  lands,  pay  the  proceeds  into  the  State  treasury 
as  a  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  State  Seminary,  and  also  to  execute 

• 

deeds  for  the  lands  sold  by  the  Trustees  of  Vincennes  University  for 
which  deeds  had  not  been  given,  thus  recognizing  it  as  the  original  bene- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS  317 

.:•;•:. x-y-:..' 

ficiarv.     After  this  blow   Vincennes   University  suspended  operations. 

»  i 

and  in  1824,  on  representation  to  the  legislature  that  "the  building  is 
rapidly  decaying  for  want  of  funds  to  repair  the  same,"  a  law  was  passed 
adopting  Vincennes  University  as  Knox  County  Seminary,  under  tin- 
school  system  then  in  vogue,  giving  it  the  revenues  appertaining  to  a 
county  seminary,  but  to  be  ''under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  said  university."  This  last  provision  was  repealed  at  the 
next  session,  and  the  university  became  a  seminary  under  the  general  law 
of  the  State.  For  a  decade  it  ran  along  in  this  condition  until  Samuel 
Judah  appeared  on  the  scene.  He  was  one  of  the  longest-headed  lawyers 
and  politicians  in  Indiana,  and  he  recognized  in  this  another  Dartmouth 
College  case.  His  first  step  was  to  introduce  in  the  legislature  of  1838 
a  bill  reciting  that  whereas  it  is  "reported  that  from  neglect  to  supply 
the  vacancies  occasioned  by  death  or  removal  from  the  state,  in  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  said  university,  it  is  now  doubted  whether  a  lawful 
Ixjard  of  trustees  can  be  assembled,"  therefore  the  persons  named  are 
appointed  trustees,  with  all  the  rights  and  powers,  etc.  It  was  a  very 
simple  little  bill  for  legalization,  such  as  the  legislature  frequently  passed, 
and  so  it  became  a  law,  nobody  dreaming  what  it  would  cost  the  State. 
So  the  phoenix  arose  from  its  ashes,  and  Knox  County  Seminary  again 
bloomed  forth  as  Vincennes  University,  with  all  of  its  original  territorial 
rights,  as  expressly  preserved  by  the  12th  article  of  the  constitution. 
True  the  act  provided  that  "nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed 
as  to  give  the  trustees  any  right  to  or  power  over  the  college  township 
in  Gibson  County,"  but  nobody  was  asking  to  be  given  any  right  of  that 
kind.  All  the  trustees  wanted  was  the  revival  of  the  University,  whose 
rights  were  guaranteed  by  the  constitution. 

The  next  move  was  the  presentation  to  the  legislature  of  1843  of  a 
petition  reciting  the  facts,  stating  that  the  sales  of  the  Gibson  County 
lands  were  illegal,  but  that  the  Trustees  "do  not  desire  to  disturb  or  dis- 
quiet the  titles  of  a  numerous  body  of  citizens  to  a  large  and  valuable 
tract  of  country.  They  only  desire  justice,  and  would  rather  receive  a 
compensation  from  the  State  than  by  a  resort  to  a  legal  proceedings 
regain  the  lands  from  the  purchasers."  This  was  ignored,  and  thereupon 
suits  for  the  lands  were  instituted  in  Gibson  County.  Then  arose  a 
chorus  of  indignation  from  the  purchasers  of  the  land  that  reconciled 
the  legislature  of  1846  to  assuming  the  responsibility  for  the  State,  and 
authorizing  the  Trustees  to  bring  an  action  in  chancery  in  the  Marion 
Circuit  Court  to  settle  the  question.  The  Circuit  Court  decided  for  the 
Trustees,  and  the  State  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  reversed 
the  decision.  Then  the  Trustees  took  the  case  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States  on  writ  of  error,  and  that  tribunal  affirmed  the  decision 


318  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  the  Marion  Circuit  Court.  Chief  Justice  Taney  and  two  of  the  asso- 
ciate justices  dissented  from  the  decision  on  two  grounds :  first,  that  the 
Territorial  legislature  had  no  power  to  designate  the  beneficiary;  and 
second,  that  the  words  of  the  grant  in  the  enabling  act  made  it  a  grant 
of  two  sections  for  one  seminary.  The  first  ground  is  untenable.  It 
would  be  absurd  to  make  a  grant  to  a  territory  for  a  seminary  if  the 
territory  could  not  designate  a  seminary  to  receive  it;  and  furthermore, 
if  there  had  been  any  question  of  territorial  power,  Congress  had  sanc- 
tioned the  action  of  the  legislature  by  its  act  of  1816  ratifying  the  sales 
by  the  Board  of  Trustees.  In  support  of  the  second  proposition  Taney 
argued  that  in  no  other  instance  had  Congress  undertaken  to  endow  two 
seminaries,  but  that  both  donations  had  gone  to  one  institution.  This  is 
historically  true;  but  he  overlooked  the  obvious  fact  that  in  all  other 
cases  both  donations  had  gone  to  the  original  beneficiary.  The  words  of 
the  grant — ' '  That  one  entire  township,  which  shall  be  designated  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  in  addition  to  the  one  heretofore  reserved 
for  that  purpose,  shall  be  reserved  for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning, 
and  vested  in  the  legislature  of  the  said  State,  to  be  appropriated  solely 
to  the  use  of  such  seminary  by  the  said  legislature" — could  just  as 
properly  be  construed  to  mean  that  Congress  intended  both  townships  for 
Vincennes  University;  and  if  the  Chief  Justice  had  followed  his  argu- 
ment to  its  legitimate  conclusion  he  would  have  so  held.  The  majority 
decision  makes  the  grant  read  of  one  entire  township  for  a  seminary  of 
learning  ' '  in  addition  to  the  one  heretofore  reserved  for  that  purpose  to 
another  seminary." 

Under  an  act  of  February  13,  1855,  Mr.  Judah  settled  with  the  State, 
accepting  its  bonds  for  $66,585  and  leaving  2,200  acres  of  laud  that  had 
not  yet  been  sold  to  be  accounted  for.  Of  this  amount  he  retained 
$26,728.23  for  fees  and  expenses,  and  turned  the  remainder  over  to  the 
Board.  The  Board  sued  him  for  an  accounting,  and,  among  other  things, 
Judah  answered  that  he  had  used  $4,500  "in  procuring  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  1855";  whereupon  the  Trustees  replied  that  he  had  "fraudulently 
and  corruptly  expended  such  sums  in  hiring  persons  to  aid  him  in  in- 
fluencing members  of  the  legislature  and  in  bribing  members  to  procure 
the  passage  of  said  act."  But  the  court  found  for  Judah  for  the  amount 
he  claimed.  Forty  years  slipped  away,  and  in  1895  the  Trustees  of  the 
University  bobbed  up  with  a  supplemental  claim  for  the  2,200  acres  of 
land  that  had  not  been  sold  in  1855.  In  the  meantime  the  State  had 
sold  practically  all  of  it  for  a  total  of  $1,547.30,  it  being  swampy  and 
undesirable.  The  legislature  appropriated  $15,000  more  "in  full  settle- 
ment of  all  claims  against  the  State";  and  the  Trustees  accepted  it  by 
formal  resolution.  But  this  opened  the  eyes  of  a  new  bunch  of  lawyers 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


319 


to  the  enormity  of  the  wrong  done  to  Vincennes  University.  In  the  Su- 
preme Court  decision  of  1852 13  the  court,  in  commenting  on  early  dona- 
tions to  Indiana  and  other  states,  said  that ' '  if  these  reservations  had  been 
judiciously  managed,  they  would  have  realized  a  fund  at  this  time  of  at 
least  $200,000  each. ' '  Plainly,  here  was  the  correct  measure  of  damages, 


i  - 


-'•I 


PRESENT  VINCENNES  UNIVERSITY 

judicially  found  by  the  highest  court  of  the  land.  Up  to  this  time  the 
State  had  paid  Vincennes  University  $81,585  for  lands  that  it  had  sold 
for  $16,598.66,  the  difference  being  for  interest  allowed.  But  if  the 
State  had  wrongfully  taken  the  lands,  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  had  decided,  it  was  morally  liable  for  the  wrong  done,  and 
not  for  the  benefit  it  had  received,  and  the  State  had  authorized  a  settle- 
ment on  an  equitable  basis.  Moreover,  the  State  had  been  fully  reim- 

isi4  Howard,  p.  268. 


. 


318 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  the  Marion  Circuit  Court.  Chief  Justice  Taney  and  two  of  the  asso- 
ciate justices  dissented  from  the  decision  on  two  grounds :  first,  that  the 
Territorial  legislature  had  no  power  to  designate  the  beneficiary;  and 
second,  that  the  words  of  the  grant  in  the  enabling  act  made  it  a  grant 
of  two  sections  for  one  seminary.  The  first  ground  is  untenable.  It 
would  be  absurd  to  make  a  grant  to  a  territory  for  a  seminary  if  the 
territory  could  not  designate  a  seminary  to  receive  it;  and  furthermore, 
if  there  had  been  any  question  of  territorial  power,  Congress  had  sanc- 
tioned the  action  of  the  legislature  by  its  act  of  1816  ratifying  the  sales 
by  the  Board  of  Trustees.  In  support  of  the  second  proposition  Taney 
argued  that  in  no  other  instance  had  Congress  undertaken  to  endow  two 
seminaries,  but  that  both  donations  had  gone  to  one  institution.  This  is 
historically  true;  but  he  overlooked  the  obvious  fact  that  in  all  other 
cases  both  donations  had  gone  to  the  original  beneficiary.  The  words  of 
the  grant — ' '  That  one  entire  township,  which  shall  be  designated  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  in  addition  to  the  one  heretofore  reserved 
for  that  purpose,  shall  be  reserved  for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning, 
and  vested  in  the  legislature  of  the  said  State,  to  be  appropriated  solely 
to  the  use  of  such  seminary  by  the  said  legislature" — could  just  as 
properly  be  construed  to  mean  that  Congress  intended  both  townships  for 
Vincennes  University;  and  if  the  Chief  Justice  had  followed  his  argu- 
ment to  its  legitimate  conclusion  he  would  have  so  held.  The  majority 
decision  makes  the  grant  read  of  one  entire  township  for  a  seminary  of 
learning  ' '  in  addition  to  the  one  heretofore  reserved  for  that  purpose  to 
another  seminary." 

Under  an  act  of  February  13,  1855,  Mr.  Judah  settled  with  the  State, 
accepting  its  bonds  for  $66,585  and  leaving  2,200  acres  of  land  that  had 
not  yet  been  sold  to  be  accounted  for.  Of  this  amount  he  retained 
$26,728.23  for  fees  and  expenses,  and  turned  the  remainder  over  to  the 
Board.  The  Board  sued  him  for  an  accounting,  and,  among  other  things, 
Judah  answered  that  he  had  used  $4,500  ' '  in  procuring  the  passage  of  the 
act  of  1855";  whereupon  the  Trustees  replied  that  he  had  "fraudulently 
and  corruptly  expended  such  sums  in  hiring  persons  to  aid  him  in  in- 
fluencing members  of  the  legislature  and  in  bribing  members  to  procure 
the  passage  of  said  act."  But  the  court  found  for  Judah  for  the  amount 
he  claimed.  Forty  years  slipped  away,  and  in  1895  the  Trustees  of  the 
University  bobbed  up  with  a  supplemental  claim  for  the  2,200  acres  of 
land  that  had  not  been  sold  in  1855.  In  the  meantime  the  State  had 
sold  practically  all  of  it  for  a  total  of  $1,547.30,  it  being  swampy  and 
undesirable.  The  legislature  appropriated  $15,000  more  "in  full  settle- 
ment of  all  claims  against  the  State";  and  the  Trustees  accepted  it  by 
formal  resolution.  But  this  opened  the  eyes  of  a  new  bunch  of  lawyers 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


319 


to  the  enormity  of  the  wrong  done  to  Vincennes  University.  In  the  Su- 
preme Court  decision  of  1852  13  the  court,  in  commenting  on  early  dona- 
tions to  Indiana  and  other  states,  said  that ' '  if  these  reservations  had  been 
judiciously  managed,  they  would  have  realized  a  fund  at  this  time  of  at 
least  $200,000  each."  Plainly,  here  was  the  correct  measure  of  damages, 


PRESENT  VINCENNES  UNIVERSITY 

judicially  found  hy  the  highest  court  of  the  land.  Up  to  this  time  the 
State  had  paid  Vincennes  University  $81,585  for  lands  that  it  had  sold 
for  $16,598.66,  the  difference  being  for  interest  allowed.  But  if  the 
State  had  wrongfully  taken  the  lands,  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  had  decided,  it  was  morally  liable  for  the  wrong  done,  and 
not  for  the  benefit  it  had  received,  and  the  State  had  authorized  a  settle- 
ment on  an  equitable  basis.  Moreover,  the  State  had  been  fully  reim- 


1314  Howard,  p.  268. 


320  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

bursed  by  the  acts  of  Congress  of  July  12,  1852,  and  February  23,  1854, 
by  which  it  was  granted  23,206  acres  to  indemnify  it  against  loss  of  the 
Gibson  County  lands;  and  it  had  sold  these  new  lands  for  $80,000  and 
turned  the  proceeds  over  to  Indiana  University.  Manifestly  justice 
needed  to  be  warmed  over. 

Accordingly  the  matter  was  brought  before  the  legislature  of  1899, 
which  passed  a  bill  for  the  issue  of  $120,000  of  bonds  to  Vincennes  Uni- 
versity in  one  more  full  and  final  settlement  of  the  claim.  Gov.  Mount 
vetoed  the  bill,  on  the  ground  that  the  finals  had  been  played,  but  recom- 
mended that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  report  to  the  next  session 
"whether  or  not  there  is  anything  due  Vincennes  University  by  reason 
of  the  sale  of  these  lands,"  referring  to  the  lands  unsold  in  1855.  The 
Senate  then  appointed  a  committee  of  three  hold-over  senators,  N.  L. 
Agnew,  Eph.  Inman  and  Geo.  C.  Miller,  to  investigate  the  entire  matter 
and  report  to  the  next  session.  This  committee  reported  a  finding  of 
facts,  with  this  conclusion :  ' '  The  compensation  rendered  by  the  State 
to  the  University  was  evidently  very  inadequate  to  repair  the  wrong  done, 
while  the  State  on  the  other  hand  has  not  retained  any  of  the  fruits  of 
the  wrongful  act  so  far  as  we  can  determine.  We  submit  upon  the  fore- 
going statement  of  facts  there  is  no  legal  claim  against  the  State  in  favor 
of  the  Vincennes  University.  As  to  whether  the  State  should  recognize 
an  equitable  or  moral  responsibility  for  the  wrong  inflicted  by  the  State 
upon  the  University,  we  leave  to  the  judgment  of  the  Senate."  This 
brought  the  question  into  the  political  arena ;  for  it  was  plainly  a  ques- 
tion for  the  people  whether  the  State  should  stand  on  legal  technicalities, 
or  do  what  its  own  representatives  had  found  to  be  "equitable  and 
moral"  in  dealing  with  a  public  educational  institution.  The  claim  was 
urged  on  the  legislatures  of  1901  and  1903,  and  the  latter  determined  on 
a  new  investigation.  The  judicial  and  legislative  departments  had  in- 
vestigated the  claim,  and  all  that  was  left  was  the  executive  department. 
Therefore  a  concurrent  resolution  was  adopted  making  the  Governor, 
Secretary,  Auditor  and  Treasurer  of  State  a  committee  to  investigate 
and  report  "on  just  and  equitable  grounds." 

The  majority  of  this  committee,  the  Secretary,  Auditor  and  Treasurer, 
reported  in  favor  of  paying  the  University  $120,548,  and  Governor 
Durbin  made  a  dissenting  minority  report,  in  which  he  showed  very 
satisfactorily  that  the  lands  were  not  worth  anything  like  $200,000  in 
1852,  and  added  a  mass  of  other  matter  that  had  nothing  to  do  with  the 
case.  He  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  charter  of  the  Vincennes 
University  had  authorized  it  to  conduct  a  lottery  to  raise  funds,  that 
Congress  had  given  it  land  donations  in  addition  to  this  one,  and  that 
with  all  this  assistance  it  was  never  anything  but  a  grammar  school.  It 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  321 

may  be  mentioned  that  the  lottery  was  not  a  productive  asset.  This 
franchise  lay  dormant  until  May  1,  1879,  when,  as  authorized  by  its 
charter,  the  University  appointed  "five  discreet  persons"  to  conduct  a 
lottery  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  sum  not  exceeding  $20,000  ' '  for  the 
purpose  of  procuring  a  library  and  the  necessary  philosophical  and  ex- 
perimental apparatus. ' '  The  State  constitution  had  prohibited  lotteries, 
and  this  action  of  the  University  was  evidently  taken  with  some  appre- 
hension, for  a  test  case  was  decided  at  the  May  term,  1879,  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  The  court  held  that  the  lottery  franchise  was  a  vested  right  which 
could  not  be  taken  away  by  the  constitution.14  The  discreet  managers 
then  proceeded,  but  a  ticket  seller  was  arrested,  and  the  case  again  went 
to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  had  an  access  of  light,  and  reversed  itself.15 
Bills  were  presented  to  the  legislature  of  1905,  but  not  passed.  Durbin's 
stand  brought  the  matter  into  still  greater  political  prominence,  for  he 
had  been  trying  to  make  a  record  for  economy,  and  had  made  himself  so 
unpopular  that  the  Democratic  platform  of  1904  made  an  issue  of  his 
"cheese-paring  policy."  The  legislature  of  1907  passed  a  bill  for  the 
issue  of  $120,548  of  bonds  to  the  University  in  settlement  of  its  claim, 
and,  when  Gov.  Hanly  vetoed  it,  passed  it  over  his  veto.  His  veto  was 
based  on  the  ground  that  the  bill  violated  section  5  of  article  10  of  the 
constitution,  which  prohibits  contracting  State  debt  except  to  meet  casual 
deficits,  pay  interest,  or  provide  for  public  defense.  The  University's 
contention  was  that  the  debt  already  existed,  but  Hanly  said  that  the 
word  "debt"  meant  an  obligation  that  could  be  enforced  at  law,  and  not 
a  mere  equitable  claim.  On  that  basis  the  legislature  could  never  pay 
an  equitable  claim,  for  it  would  be  creating  a  debt  of  it.  After  the  bill 
was  passed  over  his  veto,  Governor  Hanly  refused  to  sign  the  bonds,  and 
so  the  matter  rested  until  Thomas  R.  Marshall  was  elected  Governor. 

Governor  Marshall  took  a  residence  in  the  north  part  of  Indianapolis 
preparatory  to  his  inaugural.  It  had  been  the  custom  for  some  years 
for  the  out-going  Governor  to  escort  the  in-coming  Governor  to  the  in- 
augural ceremonies ;  and  when  the  day  arrived,  Hanly  secured  the  services 
of  Fred  Sims,  Secretary  of  State,  as  aide-de-camp,  and  proceeded  to  the 
Marshall  mansion.  After  very  formal  salutations,  they  and  Marshall 
took  seats  in  the  carriage  and  started.  For  the  first  mile  the  decorum 
observed  was  up  to  the  standard  observed  in  the  hearse  at  a  well-regulated 
funeral.  Hanly  is  not  effusively  jovial  in  his  lightest  moments,  and  there 
was  nothing  in  the  occasion  to  exhilarate  him.  Marshall  was  tempo- 
rarily distraught,  owing  to  the  fact  that  just  before  he  started  one  of 


«  Kellum  vs.  the  State,  66  Ind.,  p.  588. 
is  The  State  vs.  Woodward,  89  Ind.,  p.  110. 

Vol.  I— »1 


322  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

his  inaugural  guests  had  fallen  down  stairs,  and  incurred  unliquidated 
damages.  Sims,  with  characteristic  deferential  courtesy,  thought  it  was 
not  for  him  to  take  the  offensive  in  such  presence.  Not  a  word  was 
spoken  until  they  reached  Monument  Place,  when  it  occurred  to  Mar- 
shall, who  is  a  very  thoughtful  man  when  he  is  thinking,  that  some  one 
ought  to  do  something  to  liven  up  the  joy  ride,  and  he  observed,  "By 
the  way,  Governor,  I  am  going  to  sign  those  Vincennes  University 
Bonds."  Hanly  turned  on  him  with  an  icy  glare,  and  replied,  "Very 
well,  sir.  That  is  your  privilege."  Having  thus  happily  reached  a  com- 
plete agreement,  the  party  came  to  its  destination  without  any  further 
interruptions.  Marshall  signed  the  bonds,  and  so  the  Vincennes  Uni- 
versity land  claim  ended — unless  the  Trustees  shall  find  some  basis  for 
an  additional  claim. 

In  the  constitution  of  1816,  in  addition  to  the  provision  of  a  frame  of 
government,  and  the  declaration  of  fundamental  principles  in  which 
everybody  agreed,  there  are  some  provisions  that  look  more  like  adjust- 
ments of  local  interests  than  proper  constitutional  provisions.  One  of 
these  is  the  regulation  of  banking,  in  Article  10,  as  follows:  "There 
shall  not  be  established  or  incorporated,  in  this  state,  any  Bank  or  Bank- 
ing company  or  monied  institution,  for  the  purpose  of  issuing  bills  of 
credit,  or  bills  payable  to  order  or  bearer ;  Provided  that  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the  General  Assembly  from 
establishing  a  State  Bank,  and  branches,  not  exceeding  one  branch  for 
any  three  Counties,  and  be  established  at  such  place,  within  such  Coun- 
ties, as  the  directors  of  the  State  Bank  may  select ;  provided  there  be 
subscribed  and  paid  in  specie,  on  the  part  of  individuals,  a  sum  equal 
to  thirty  thousand  dollars :  Provided  also,  that  the  Bank  at  Vincennes, 
and  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank  of  Indiana,  at  Madison,  shall  be 
considered  as  incorporated  Banks,  according  to  the  true  tenor  of  the 
charters  granted  to  said  Banks  by  the  Legislature  of  the  Indiana  Terri- 
tory: Provided  that  nothing  herein  shall  be  so  construed,  as  to  prevent 
the  General  Assembly  from  adopting  either  of  the  aforesaid  Banks  as  the 
State  Bank :  and  in  case  either  of  them  shall  be  adopted  as  the  State 
Bank,  the  other  may  become  a  branch,  under  the  rules  and  regulations 
herein  before  prescribed."  In  the  light  of  existing  conditions,  however, 
this  was  a  very  rational  provision  for  a  state  financial  system.  The 
Territory  had  never  had  a  general  banking  law,  and  there  had  been 
little  opportunity  for  the  use  of  one  if  it  had  existed.  The  wealth  of 
the  people  was  almost  exclusively  in  lands  and  chattels.  There  was 
very  little  money  in  circulation,  and  the  smaller  forms  of  domestic  com- 
merce were  chiefly  on  a  basis  of  barter.  In  this,  skins  and  furs  were 
largely  the  medium  of  exchange.  Specie  came  into  the  Territory  mainly 
from  the  sale  of  produce  taken  to  New  Orleans  in  flatboats,  and  as  brought 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  323 

in  by  immigrants,  especially  those  who  intended  to  purchase  lauds.  It 
was  both  difficult  and  dangerous  to  transport  specie  in  any  material 
quantity.  As  long  as  the  old  United  States  Bank  existed,  its  bills  fur- 
nished a  convenient  medium  for  carrying  money ;  but  its  charter  expired 
in  1811,  and  was  not  renewed.  Instead  of  it  a  system  of  private  banks 
arose,  beginning  in  New  England,  and  developing  from  there  to  the 
middle  and  western  states. 

Under  statutory  provision,  or  in  the  absence  of  any  statute,  as  in 
Indiana,  anybody  could  start  a  bank  and  issue  bills,  for  a  bank  bill  is 
merely  a  note  payable  on  demand.  Very  little  of  this  was  done  in  Indiana 
though  some  merchants  issued  "shinplasters"  for  small  change,  of  which 
the  only  other  supply  was  obtained  by  cutting  silver  coins  into  sections. 
In  1814,  Indiana  Territory  relieved  the  local  scarcity  of  money  by  incor- 
porating the  two  banks  named  in  article  10  of  the  constitution.  Their 
charters  were  identical,  that  of  the  Madison  bank  being  copied  from  that 
of  the  Vincennes  institution,  and  they  were  granted  within  a  few  days  of 
each  other.  Both  had  capital  stocks  of  $750,000 ;  the  managers  of  both 
were  among  the  wealthiest  and  most  respected  men  of  the  Territory ;  by 
the  efforts  of  the  Indiana  Congressman  and  Senators,  both  were  made 
depositories  of  land  office  receipts;  and  both  were  prosperous,  and  being 
conducted  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  shareholders  and  of  the  public.  There 
were  four  or  five  other  banking  institutions  in  the  Territory,  most  of  them 
in  good  standing,  but  too  small  to  be  considered  as  State  agencies.  One 
was  regarded  as  suspicious — the  bank  at  Lexington — and  in  1815  an  act 
had  been  passed  "to  prevent  swindling,"  which  was  directed  at  this 
institution,  and  which  required  banks  to  publish  the  names  of  their  stock- 
holders. Lexington  was  an  ambitious  young  town  which  had  been  made 
the  county  seat  of  Scott  County;  and  William  Hendricks'  newspaper, 
The  Eagle,  had  been  sold  and  removed  to  that  point.  The  suspicions  as 
to  the  bank  were  realized,  as  is  mentioned  by  most  of  the  early  visitors 
to  the  State.  David  Thomas  speaking  of  Lexington  (New  Lexington, 
it  was  then  called)  says:  "At  this  place  the  sign  of  the  Lexington  Bank 
was  displayed  by  nine  swindlers;  several  of  them  are  now  imprisoned." 
Samuel  R.  Brown  (1817)  says:  "This  flourishing  town  is  famous  for 
having  produced  the  pretended  monied  institution  called  '  The  Lexington 
Indiana  Manufacturing  Company, '  which  has  exploded. ' '  Timothy  Flint 
(1828)  says:  "The  bank  of  New  Lexington  was  a  notorious  scheme  of 
iniquity ;  and  was  one  of  the  first  bubbles  that  burst  in  this  young  com- 
munity. Though  the  people  did  not  immediately  take  warning  they  were 
among  the  first  that  discarded  all  the  ridiculous  temporizing  expedients 
of  relief,  and  restored  a  sound  circulation."16 


ie  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  Ind.  Hist  Comn.,  pp.  49,  156,  462. 


324 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  constitution  plan  for  a  State  Bank  was  carried  out  by  an  act  of 
January  1,  1817,  which  adopted  the  Vincennes  Bank  as  the  State  Bank. 
Its  capital  stock  was  increased  to  $1,500,000,  and  14  branches  were 
authorized,  one  for  every  three  counties,-  of  which  the  Madison  bank  was 
to  be  one.  The  Madison  bank  declined,  and  only  three  branches  were 
organized  at  Brookville,  Corydon  and  Vevay.  The  experiment  could  not 
have  been  tried  at  a  more  unfortunate  time.  The  new  Bank  of  the 
United  States  began  business  on  January  1,  1817,  and  began  business  in  a 


OLD  STATE  BANK  BUILDING,  BROOKVILLE 

very  poor  way.  By  authorizing  discounts  on  pledges  of  stock,  before  it 
issued  any  bills,  the  payment  of  the  stipulated  capital  was  evaded ;  and 
the  actual  paid-in  capital  of  the  Bank  was  two  millions  in  specie  instead 
of  seven  millions,  and  twenty-one  millions  in  funded  debt  instead  of 
twenty-eight  millions.  The  remaining  twelve  millions  was  made  up  of 
stock-holders'  notes.  Discounts  were  made  at  an  appalling  rate.  The 
officials  of  the  Baltimore  branch,  who  had  borrowed  $1,957,700  from  the 
parent  bank,  on  a  pledge  of  18,290  shares  of  its  stock,  took  out  of  the 
Baltimore  branch  $1,540,000  additional  on  a  pledge  of  "the  surplus 
value"  of  the  same  shares.  By  March,  1819,  the  losses  at  Baltimore 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  325 

approximated  a  million  and  three  quarters,  and  for  the  whole  country 
more  than  three  millions  and  a  half,  which  was  half  a  million  more  than 
the  profits.  Meanwhile  dividends  of  $4,410,000  had  been  made.  In  the 
fall  of  1818  a  committee  of  Congress  investigated  the  Bank,  and  on  Janu- 
ary 16,  1819,  reported  that  it  had  violated  its  charter  in  four  particulars, 
and  recommended  a  forfeiture  of  its  charter.  Congress  took  no  action, 
but  the  stock  fell  to  93,  and  William  Jones,  the  President  of  the  Bank, 
soon  fled.  Mr.  Cheves,  of  South  Carolina,  took  his  place  on  March  6, 
1819,  and  at  once  instituted  measures  of  curtailment,  and  collection 
of  balances.  He  put  the  Bank  in  a  safe  condition  in  seventy  days ;  but  he 
brought  on  a  panic  that  paralyzed  the  whole  country.  In  the  words  of 
one  of  the  most  intelligent  writers  of  the  period  :  ' '  The  Bank  was  saved 
and  the  people  were  ruined.  For  a  time,  the  question  in  Market  street, 
Philadelphia,  was,  every  morning,  not  who  had  broken  the  previous  day, 
but  who  yet  stood.  In  many  parts  of  the  country  the  distress  was  as  great 
as  it  was  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  others  it  was  still  more  deplorable."  17 
For  months  afterwards  the  papers  were  full  of  tales  of  woe.  On  April 
10,  Niles  Register  said :  ' '  From  all  parts  of  our  country  we  hear  of  a 
severe  pressure  on  men  in  business,  a  general  stagnation  of  trade,  a  large 
reduction  in  the  price  of  staple  articles.  Real  property  is  rapidly  de- 
preciating in  its  nominal  value,  and  its  rents  or  profits  are  exceedingly 
diminishing.  Many  highly  respectable  traders  have  become  bankrupts, 
and  it  is  agreed  that  many  others  must  'go':  the  Banks  are  refusing 
their  customary  accommodations ;  confidence  among  merchants  is  shaken, 
and  three  per  cent,  per  month  is  offered  for  the  discount  of  promissory 
notes,  which  a  little  while  ago  were  considered  as  good  as  '  old  gold, '  and 
whose  makers  have  not  since  suffered  any  losses  to  render  their  notes 
less  valuable  than  heretofore." 

On  August  7,  the  same  paper  said :  "  It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
20,000  persons  daily  seeking  work  in  Philadelphia ;  in  New  York,  10,000 
able-bodied  men  are  said  to  be  wandering  about  the  streets  looking  for 
it,  and  if  we  add  to  them  the  women  who  desire  something  to  do,  the 
amount  cannot  be  less  than  20,000;  in  Baltimore  there  may  be  about 
10,000  persons  in  unsteady  employment,  or  actually  suffering  because 
they  cannot  get  into  business."  On  October  9,  the  Register  quoted 
from  The  Kentucky  Gazette:  "Slaves  which  sold  some  time  ago,  and 
could  command  the  most  ready  money  have  fallen  to  an  inadequate  value. 
A  slave  which  hires  for  80  or  100  dollars  per  annum,  may  be  purchased 
for  $300  or  $400.  A  house  and  lot  on  Limestone  street,  for  which  $15,000 


"  William   M.   Gouge,  A   Short  History  of  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the 
United  States,  Phila.,  1833. 


324 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  constitution  plan  for  a  State  Bank  was  carried  out  by  an  act  of 
January  1,  1817,  which  adopted  the  Vincennes  Bank  as  the  State  Bank. 
Its  capital  stock  was  increased  to  $1,500,000,  and  14  branches  were 
authorized,  one  for  every  three  counties,. of  which  the  Madison  bank  was 
to  be  one.  The  Madison  bank  declined,  and  only  three  branches  were 
organized  at  Brookville,  Corydon  and  Vevay.  The  experiment  could  not 
have  been  tried  at  a  more  unfortunate  time.  The  new  Bank  of  the 
United  States  began  business  on  January  1,  1817,  and  began  business  in  a 


OLD  STATE  BANK  BUILDING,  BROOKVILLE 


very  poor  way.  By  authorizing  discounts  on  pledges  of  stock,  before  it 
issued  any  bills,  the  payment  of  the  stipulated  capital  was  evaded ;  and 
the  actual  paid-in  capital  of  the  Bank  was  two  millions  in  specie  instead 
of  seven  millions,  and  twenty-one  millions  in  funded  debt  instead  of 
twenty-eight  millions.  The  remaining  twelve  millions  was  made  up  of 
stock-holders'  notes.  Discounts  were  made  at  an  appalling  rate.  The 
officials  of  the  Baltimore  branch,  who  had  borrowed  $1,957,700  from  the 
parent  bank,  on  a  pledge  of  18,290  shares  of  its  stock,  took  out  of  the 
Baltimore  branch  $1,540,000  additional  on  a  pledge  of  "the  surplus 
value"  of  the  same  shares.  By  March,  1819,  the  losses  at  Baltimore 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  325 

approximated  a  million  and  three  quarters,  and  for  the  whole  country 
more  than  three  millions  and  a  half,  which  was  half  a  million  more  than 
the  profits.  Meanwhile  dividends  of  $4,410,000  had  been  made.  In  the 
fall  of  1818  a  committee  of  Congress  investigated  the  Bank,  and  on  Janu- 
ary 16,  1819,  reported  that  it  had  violated  its  charter  in  four  particulars, 
and  recommended  a  forfeiture  of  its  charter.  Congress  took  no  action, 
but  the  stock  fell  to  93,  and  William  Jones,  the  President  of  the  Bank, 
soon  fled.  Mr.  Cheves,  of  South  Carolina,  took  his  place  on  March  6, 
1819,  and  at  once  instituted  measures  of  curtailment,  and  collection 
of  balances.  He  put  the  Bank  in  a  safe  condition  in  seventy  days ;  but  he 
brought  on  a  panic  that  paralyzed  the  whole  country.  In  the  words  of 
one  of  the  most  intelligent  writers  of  the  period :  ''The  Bank  was  saved 
and  the  people  were  ruined.  For  a  time,  the  question  in  Market  street, 
Philadelphia,  was,  every  morning,  not  who  had  broken  the  previous  day, 
but  who  yet  stood.  In  many  parts  of  the  country  the  distress  was  as  great 
as  it  was  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  others  it  was  still  more  deplorable."  17 
For  months  afterwards  the  papers  were  full  of  tales  of  woe.  On  April 
10,  Niles  Register  said:  "From  all  parts  of  our  country  we  hear  of  a 
severe  pressure  on  men  in  business,  a  general  stagnation  of  trade,  a  large 
reduction  in  the  price  of  staple  articles.  Real  property  is  rapidly  de- 
preciating in  its  nominal  value,  and  its  rents  or  profits  are  exceedingly 
diminishing.  Many  highly  respectable  traders  have  become  bankrupts, 
and  it  is  agreed  that  many  others  must  'go':  the  Banks  are  refusing 
their  customary  accommodations ;  confidence  among  merchants  is  shaken, 
and  three  per  cent,  per  month  is  offered  for  the  discount  of  promissory 
notes,  which  a  little  while  ago  were  considered  as  good  as  'old  gold,'  and 
whose  makers  have  not  since  suffered  any  losses  to  render  their  notes 
less  valuable  than  heretofore." 

On  August  7,  the  same  paper  said:  "It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
20,000  persons  daily  seeking  work  in  Philadelphia ;  in  New  York,  10,000 
able-bodied  men  are  said  to  be  wandering  about  the  streets  looking  for 
it,  and  if  we  add  to  them  the  women  who  desire  something  to  do,  the 
amount  cannot  be  less  than  20,000;  in  Baltimore  there  may  be  about 
10,000  persons  in  unsteady  employment,  or  actually  suffering  because 
they  cannot  get  into  business."  On  October  9,  the  Register  quoted 
from  The  Kentucky  Gazette:  "Slaves  which  sold  some  time  ago,  and 
could  command  the  most  ready  money  have  fallen  to  an  inadequate  value. 
A  slave  which  hires  for  80  or  100  dollars  per  annum,  may  be  purchased 
for  $300  or  $400.  A  house  and  lot  on  Limestone  street,  for  which  $15,000 


»T  William  M.  Gouge,  A  Short  History  of  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the 
United  States,  Phila.,  1833. 


326  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

had  been  offered  some  time  past,  sold  under  the  officer's  hammer  for 
$1,800.  A  house  and  lot  which,  I  am  informed,  was  bought  for  $10,000, 
after  $6,000  had  been  paid  by  the  purchaser  was  sold  under  a  mortgage 
for  $1,500,  leaving  the  original  purchaser  (besides  his  advances)  $3,500 
in  debt.  A  number  of  sales,  which  excited  at  the  same  time  astonish- 
ment and  pity,  have  occurred  in  this  town."  There  was  a  similar  de- 
preciation of  values  everywhere.  Speaking  of  the  situation  in  Indiana, 
Samuel  Merrill  says :  ' '  From  1820  to  1824,  the  prices  of  produce  were 
only  from  a  third  to  a  fourth  of  what  they  had  previously  been,  except 
where  extensive  new  settlements  created  temporary  demands.  All  real 
property  fell  in  much  the  same,  and  town  property  in  even  a  greater 
proportion.  *  *  *  There  was,  no  doubt,  much  wrong  feeling  and 
wrong  principle  that  led  to  the  relief  laws  and  other  efforts  to  prevent 
the  collection  of  debts;  yet  when  property  to  large  amounts  was  sacri- 
ficed for  costs  merely,  as  was  often  the  case,  even  the  creditors  derived 
no  benefit.  It  was  for  the  interest  of  creditors,  generally,  not  less  than 
of  debtors,  that  the  latter  should  not  be  ruined  needlessly,  and  that  as 
many  of  the  former  as  possible  should  receive  at  least  a  part  of  their 
dues.  About  this  time  the  following  circumstances  occurred :  A  farm  of 
200  acres  had  been  sold  for  $4,000,  of  which  $3,000  was  paid  in  "hand, 
and  a  mortgage  given  on  the  property  for  the  $1,000.  This  sum  not 
being  paid,  the  mortgaged  premises  were  taken  and  sold  to  the  original 
owner  for  less  than  half  the  sum  due,  and  he  afterwards  proceeded  to 
collect  the  balance,  with  costs,  of  the  mortgagor.  The  land  would,  at 
any  time  for  the  last  twenty  years  (from  1850),  have  sold  at  from  $30 
to  $60  an  acre.  There  were  many  even  still  harder  cases  which  called, 
at  least,  for  such  provisions  in  relation  to  the  sale  of  real  property  as 
would  be  best,  on  the  whole,  for  all  creditors  and  all  debtors.  The  state  of 
public  opinion  may  well  be  imagined,  from  the  fact  that  many  of  those 
who  had  so  managed  the  Banks  that  they  became  a  fraud  on  community, 
still  retained,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  respect  of  their  fellow 
citizens.18 

In  regard  to  the  remedies  for  such  conditions,  I  will  quote  here  the 
words  of  Mr.  Gouge,  which  ought  to  be  inscribed  on  imperishable  monu- 
ments in  every  township  in  the  United  States:  "There  was  one  measure 
which,  as  it  might  have  alleviated  the  distress,  we  have  sometimes  won- 
dered was  not  adopted.  We  have  wondered  it  was  not  adopted  because  it 
is  a  measure  which  has  been  adopted  in  other  countries,  and  in  our 
own  country  at  other  times.  We  mean  an  equitable  adjustment  of  the 
affairs  of  debtor  and  creditor.  When  the  South  Sea  bubble  bursted,  the 


»8  Ind.  Gazetteer,  p.  120. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  327 

British  Parliament  saw  that  to  require  a  literal  fulfilment  of  the  obliga- 
tions which  were  affected  by  that  stock-jobbing  concern,  would  be  to  give 
the  getters  up  of  that  scheme  all  the  property  of  their  miserable  dupes. 
It  therefore,  in  some  cases,  reduced  the  amount  of  money  to  be  paid,  as 
much  as  nine-tenths.  During  the  Revolutionary  War,  scales  of  depre- 
ciation, of  continental  money  were  from  time  to  time  published  by  the 
Legislature,  by  which  the  courts  were  governed  in  enforcing  such  con- 
tracts as  were  submitted  to  adjudication.  The  great  Banking  bubble  of 
America  was  the  same  in  principle  as  the  South  Sea  bubble,  but  of  longer 
continuance,  and  involved  in  it  the  fortunes  of  the  whole  community. 
But  nothing  like  an  equitable  adjustment  of  the  affairs  of  debtor  and 
creditor  was  attempted.  An  obligation  to  pay  10,000  dollars  entered  into 
in  1816  or  1818,  when  the  current  dollar  was  in  some  parts  of  the  country 
worth  perhaps  but  50  cents  in  silver,  was  enforced  according  to  the  strict- 
ness of  the  letter,  in  1819  and  1820,  when  the  current  dollar  was  of  equal 
value  with  the  legal  dollar,  and  worth  one  hundred  cents  in  silver.  It  is 
an  awful  thing  to  change  the  money  standard  of  a  country ;  but  it  is 
equally  awful  to  refuse  to  recognize  such  a  change,  after  it  has  actually 
been  made.  Effecting  an  equitable  adjustment  of  the  affairs  of  debtor 
and  creditor,  by  a  legislative  or  a  judicial  recognition  of  the  practical 
changes  which  had  been  made  in  the  standard  of  value,  would  not  have 
'impaired  the  obligation  of  contracts.'  Both  debtor  and  creditor,  when 
they  entered  into  the  contract,  had  the  'current'  dollar  in  view."  19 

Nothing  can  be  more  ruinous  to  all  legitimate  business  than  a  con- 
tinuous fall  of  prices,  resulting  from  a  gradual  return  of  a  depreciated 
currency  to  its  face  value.  After  the  Napoleonic  wars,  France  was  the 
only  European  country  that  was  wise  enough  to  resume  specie  payments, 
and  at  the  same  time  adjust  existing  business  on  the  existing  value  of 
her  paper  money,  which  was  worth  about  three  cents  on  the  dollar.  The 
other  nations  resumed  in  the  same  way  that  the  United  States  used  in  the 
years  following  the  Civil  War,  and  had  the  same  experience  of  a  long 
extended  period  of  bankruptcy  and  business  paralysis.  A  nation  that 
stupidly  persists  in  treating  a  dollar  as  a  fixed  quantity,  no  matter 
whether  it  be  specie  or  depreciated  paper,  is  necessarily  bringing  ruin 
to  its  people. 

The  Bank  of  Vincennes  began  business  as  the  State  Bank  when  the  tide 
of  inflation  and  speculation  was  at  its  full.  Its  management  was  a  close 
parallel  to  that  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  which  began  business  at 
the  same  time.  It  lo'aned  money  freely,  especially  to  land  purchasers 
and  promising  business  enterprises.  It  favored  its  own  officials.  It  had  a 


is  Short  Hist,  of  Paper  Money,  etc.,  pp.  125-6. 


328 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


set-back  when  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  took  the  public  deposits 
away  from  it,  and  from  numerous  other  banks,  but  these  were  restored 
under  an  arrangement  that  relieved  the  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
which  was  the  Government's  fiscal  agent,  from  responsibility  for  the  de- 
posits, by  making  the  debt  a  direct  one 'to  the  United  States.  But  the 
Vincennes  Bank  did  not  have  a  Cheves  to  pull  it  from  under  the  impend- 


NATHANIEL  EWING 
(From  a  portrait) 

ing  ruin.  It  steered  straight  into  the  maelstrom  with  every  sail  set. 
In  1820  disaster  was  in  sight.  From  April,  1819,  to  June,  1820,  the  land 
office  had  deposited  $295,325.77  to  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  and 
but  $77,062.87  of  this  had  been  paid.  In  July,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
Crawford  objected  to  the  Bank's  failure  to  meet  his  drafts,  and  stopped 
the  deposits.  It  leaked  out  that  the  Bank  was  in  trouble,  and  attacks 
on  it  began  to  appear  in  hostile  newspapers.  These  were  discounted  by 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  329 

friendly  newspapers  as  political,  but  the  report  of  the  Bank  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  December  showed  that  it  was  insolvent.  On  January  2,  1821, 
it  suspended  specie  payments,  and  on  February  3  called  a  meeting  of 
stockholders  to  consider  surrendering  its  charter.  This  meeting,  held  on 
February  5,  elected  a  new  'board  of  directors,  made  David  Brown  presi- 
dent, and  appointed  a  committee  to  examine  the  Bank. 

Another  calamity  was  at  hand.  The  principal  debtor  of  the  Bank 
was  Charles  Smith's  Steam  Mill  Company.  Steam  power  was  just  be- 
ginning to  be  introduced  in  the  West,  and  the  newspapers  had  glowing 
accounts  of  its  superiority  over  water  power,  and  anticipations  of  home 
manufacturers  of  all  kinds,  without  the  heavy  expense  of  transportation 
from  the  East.  Nathaniel  Ewing,  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office,  Pension 
Agent,  and  former  president  of  the  Vincennes  Bank,  was  largely  in- 
terested in  the  Steam  Mill  Company,  and  Judge  Benjamin  Parke  was 
its  nominal  agent,  though  the  actual  business  of  the  agent  was  largely 
transacted  by  others.  This  company,  as  various  others  in  early  times 
was  authorized  by  its  charter  to  transact  banking  business,  and  issued 
bills  of  its  own,  in  addition  to  maintaining  a  mercantile  establishment, 
for  the  disposal  of  its  own  and  other  produce.  On  the  night  of  February 
10,  it  was  discovered  to  be  on  fire,  and  the  helpless  people  of  the  town 
saw  it  burn  to  the  ground.  The  Steam  Mill  company  owed  the  Bank 
$91,000,  and  its  assets  were  practically  wiped  out  of  existence.  It  was 
said  that  the  fire  was  incendiary,  which  was  probably  true,  though  the 
incendiary  was  never  located. 

Notwithstanding  this  crowning  disaster,  President  Brown,  who  seems 
to  have  been  a  very  guileless  person,  wrote  of  the  Bank  to  Secretary 
Crawford,  on  April  5 :  "  There  is  no  doubt  of  its  solvency ;  its  losses  are 
but  nominal."  Crawford  replied  on  May  4,  with  a  very  pointed  inquiry 
why  the  Bank  did  not  pay  the  $218,262.90  that  it  owed  the  Government ; 
and  on  receipt  of  this,  Brown  made  this  mournful  reply : 

"Vincennes,  May  22,  1821. 

Sir. 

Your  communication  of  the  4th  inst.  was  received  today,  and  will 
be  laid  before  the  directors  at  their  meeting  on  the  24th. 

I  stated  to  you,  in  my  communication  of  the  5th  April,  that  we  might 
probably  retrieve  the  character  of  the  bank.  Further  investigations, 
however,  have  given  me  such  views  of  the  situation  of  affairs  as  to  con- 
vince me  of  the  fallacy  of  all  hopes  of  placing  the  institution  on  a  respec- 
table footing  again.  I  therefore  advertised,  the  12th  instant,  a  general 
meeting  of  the  stockholders,  to  take  place  the  13th  June  ensuing,  to  in- 
vestigate the  situation  of  the  bank,  and  to  take  into  consideration  the 
expediency  of  winding  up  its  business. 


328 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


set-back  when  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  took  the  public  deposits 
away  from  it,  and  from  numerous  other  banks,  but  these  were  restored 
under  an  arrangement  that  relieved  the  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
which  was  the  Government's  fiscal  agent,  from  responsibility  for  the  de- 
posits, by  making  the  debt  a  direct  one  to  the  United  States.  But  the 
Vincennes  Bank  did  not  have  a  Cheves  to  pull  it  from  under  the  impend- 


NATHANIEL  EWING 
(From  a  portrait) 


ing  ruin.  It  steered  straight  into  the  maelstrom  with  every  sail  set. 
In  1820  disaster  was  in  sight.  From  April,  1819,  to  June,  1820,  the  land 
office  had  deposited  $295,325.77  to  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  and 
but  $77,062.87  of  this  had  been  paid.  In  July,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
Crawford  objected  to  the  Bank's  failure  to  meet  his  drafts,  and  stopped 
the  deposits.  It  leaked  out  that  the  Bank  was  in  trouble,  and  attacks 
on  it  began  to  appear  in  hostile  newspapers.  These  were  discounted  by 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  329 

friendly  newspapers  as  political,  but  the  report  of  the  Bank  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  December  showed  that  it  was  insolvent.  On  January  2,  1821, 
it  suspended  specie  payments,  and  on  February  3  called  a  meeting  of 
stockholders  to  consider  surrendering  its  charter.  This  meeting,  held  on 
February  5,  elected  a  new  board  of  directors,  made  David  Brown  presi- 
dent, and  appointed  a  committee  to  examine  the  Bank. 

Another  calamity  was  at  hand.  The  principal  debtor  of  the  Bank 
was  Charles  Smith's  Steam  Mill  Company.  Steam  power  was  just  be- 
ginning to  be  introduced  in  the  West,  and  the  newspapers  had  glowing 
accounts  of  its  superiority  over  water  power,  and  anticipations  of  home 
manufacturers  of  all  kinds,  without  the  heavy  expense  of  transportation 
from  the  East.  Nathaniel  Ewing,  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office,  Pension 
Agent,  and  former  president  of  the  Vincennes  Bank,  was  largely  in- 
terested in  the  Steam  Mill  Company,  and  Judge  Benjamin  Parke  was 
its  nominal  agent,  though  the  actual  business  of  the  agent  was  largely 
transacted  by  others.  This  company,  as  various  others  in  early  times 
was  authorized  by  its  charter  to  transact  banking  business,  and  issued 
bills  of  its  own,  in  addition  to  maintaining  a  mercantile  establishment, 
for  the  disposal  of  its  own  and  other  produce.  On  the  night  of  February 
10,  it  was  discovered  to  be  on  fire,  and  the  helpless  people  of  the  town 
saw  it  burn  to  the  ground.  The  Steam  Mill  company  owed  the  Bank 
$91,000,  and  its  assets  were  practically  wiped  out  of  existence.  It  was 
said  that  the  fire  was  incendiary,  which  was  probably  true,  though  the 
incendiary  was  never  located. 

Notwithstanding  this  crowning  disaster,  President  Brown,  who  seems 
to  have  been  a  very  guileless  person,  wrote  of  the  Bank  to  Secretary 
Crawford,  on  April  5:  "There  is  no  doubt  of  its  solvency;  its  losses  are 
but  nominal."  Crawford  replied  on  May  4,  with  a  very  pointed  inquiry 
why  the  Bank  did  not  pay  the  $218,262.90  that  it  owed  the  Government ; 
and  on  receipt  of  this,  Brown  made  this  mournful  reply : 

"Vincennes,  May  22,  1821. 
oir. 

Your  communication  of  the  4th  inst.  was  received  today,  and  will 
be  laid  before  the  directors  at  their  meeting  on  the  24th. 

I  stated  to  you,  in  my  communication  of  the  5th  April,  that  we  might 
probably  retrieve  the  character  of  the  bank.  Further  investigations, 
however,  have  given  me  such  views  of  the  situation  of  affairs  as  to  con- 
vince me  of  the  fallacy  of  all  hopes  of  placing  the  institution  on  a  respec- 
table footing  again.  1  therefore  advertised,  the  12th  instant,  a  general 
meeting  of  the  stockholders,  to  take  place  the  13th  June  ensuing,  to  in- 
vestigate the  situation  of  the  bank,  and  to  take  into  consideration  the 
expediency  of  winding  up  its  business. 


3^0  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  relation  to  the  pension  business,  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  state  that  no 
funds  for  the  payment  of  pensioners  have  ever  come  into  my  hands. 
How  your  appropriations  have  been  disposed  of,  I  am  unable  to  say. 

It  was  an  unfortunate  day  which  brought  me  to  preside  over  an 
already  ruined  institution.  My  character,  to  me,  is  more  than  all  the 
world  besides ;  and  I  have  to  regret  the  possibility  of  my  reputation  suf- 
fering for  the  sins  of  others.  The  evils  which  have  been  done  were  before 
the  7th  of  March  last  (the  period  of  my  appointment). 

Very  respectfully  yours,  &c., 

David  Brown." 

The  "pension  money"  referred  to  was  $10,000  that  Ewing  had  re- 
ceived to  pay  Indiana  pensioners,  who  had  not  been  paid.20  Ewing  was 
dismissed,  and  suit  against  him  ordered.  A  week  after  this  sad  plaint, 
the  directors  met  and  voted  a  dividend  of  ten  per  cent,  for  the  past  six 
months.  A  year  later  they  voted  another  of  twenty  per  cent.  The 
apparent  purpose  of  these  was  to  give  stockholders  credit  on  their  in- 
debtedness to  the  Bank.  At  the  meeting  in  June,  1821,  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  wait  on  the  stockholders  of  the  Steam  Mill,  and  see  what 
could  be  done  concerning  their  debt.  Judge  Parke  told  them  he  would 
surrender  all  of  his  property,  but  that  if  the  debt  was  as  large  as  stated, 
full  payment  was  hopeless.  The  meeting  then  decided  to  wind  up  the 
Bank,  and  those  stockholders  who  were  indebted  to  the  Bank  were  author- 
ized to  surrender  their  stock,  and  receive  a  corresponding  credit  on  their 
indebtedness.  In  the  meantime,  the  State  had  become  involved.  It  had 
borrowed  from  the  Bank  and  deposited  State  bonds  as  security ;  and  had 
been  accepting  bills  of  the  Bank  with  which  to  pay  the  debt.  When 
payment  was  offered,  it  was  found  that  the  bonds  had  been  turned  over 
to  the  United  States  on  its  claim.  When  news  of  the  June  meeting 
reached  Governor  Jennings,  he  called  a  special  session  of  the  Legislature 
for  November  to  deal  with  the  situation.  The  Legislature  passed  a  law 
directing  the  Governor  to  appoint  an  agent  to  bring  suit  to  determine 
whether  the  Bank  had  violated  its  charter.  The  agent  brought  an  action 
of  quo  warranto,  charging  twelve  breaches  of  the  charter  in  the  informa- 
tion. The  jury  found  the  Bank  guilty  of  nine  of  these  violations;  and 
the  Court,  instead  of  appointing  a  receiver  to  wind  up  the  business,  for- 
feited the  charter,  and  ordered  all  the  property,  rights  of  action  and 
credits  turned  over  to  the  State.  The  Bank  took  a  writ  of  error  to  the 


20  The  correspondence  concerning  the  bank  is  in  American  State  Papers,  Finance, 
Vol.  3,  p.  737;  Vol.  4,  p.  244;  and  Vol.  5,  p.  104.  The  best  detailed  study  is  Esarev's 
State  Banking  in  Indiana,  Ind.  Univ.  Studies,  Vol.  10,  No.  2. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  331 

Supreme  Court,  its  chief  contention  being  that  under  its  charter  it  could 
not  be  dissolved  until  it  had  paid  its  debts.  The  Court  held  that  this 
provision  of  its  charter  merely  prevented  a  voluntary  dissolution  with- 
out first  paying  the  debts,  and  did  not  interfere  with  a  dissolution  for 
cause.  But  it  held  that  when  a  corporation  is  dissolved,  it  expires  with- 
out heirs  or  successors ;  that  the  State  could  not  sieze  the  property ;  and 
that  all  debts  to  the  Bank  died  with  it.21  This  decision,  which  was 
reached  at  the  November  term,  1823,  released  all  debtors  to  the  Bank 
from  farther  liability,  and  the  debtors  were  chiefly  officials  and  stock- 
holders of  the  Bank.  In  the  meantime  they  had  settled  with  the  Govern- 
ment by  turaing  over  to  it  the  real  estate  of  the  Bank,  and  their  personal 
holdings ;  so  that  the  main  loss  fell  on  the  note  holders. 

There  was  one  debtor  who  desired  no  release.  Judge  Parke  fell  under 
condemnation  with  the  others,  at  the  time,  though  he  never  lost  the  esteem 
of  the  best  people  of  the  State.  He  condemned  himself  more  severely 
than  others  condemned  him,  and  it  left  a  shadow  over  a  life  that  knew 
many  sorrows.  He  had  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter.  The 
daughter  married  Abram  Hite,  a  young  merchant  of  Louisville,  and  died 
young,  leaving  a  son,  who  came  to  live  with  his  grandparents.  Judge 
Parke 's  son,  Barton,  was  a  promising  boy  who  was  preparing  for  college, 
at  the  Salem  Seminary,  when,  in  1833,  the  great  epidemic  of  cholera  took 
away  both  the  son  and  the  grandson.  Not  long  after  this  bereavement, 
a  young  man  came  to  Salem  to  attend  the  Seminary,  whom  Judge  Parke 
invited  to  live  in  his  lonely  home.  It  was  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs,  later 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  They  became  warm  friends  until 
the  Judge's  death  on  July  12,  1835.  Mr.  Hobbs  left  the  following  state- 
ment of  a  phase  of  his  friend's  life,  that  the  outside  world  did  not  know: 
"Judge  Parke  was  honest  and  generous  to  the  core.  He  scorned  all 
.subterfuge,  dishonesty  and  hypocrisy.  While  at  Vincennes  he  was  in- 
duced to  unite  his  fortunes  with  two  other  men  in  the  organization  and 
management  of  a  bank.  He,  of  course,  was  busy  with  professional  duties, 
and  left  the  management  of  the  bank  and  his  own  fortune  to  the  other 
partners.  They  found  a  desirable  time  and  way  to  let  the  bank  break 
and  to  hide  its  resources,  leaving  Judge  Parke  to  attend  to  its  liabilities. 
These  reverses  made  him  bankrupt  for  life,  or  nearly  so.  All  who  knew 
him  knew  his  honesty  and  integrity,  and  admired  his  patience  and  resig- 
nation to  his  fate.  After  Governor  Harrison  left  Vincennes  Judge  Parke 
moved  to  Salem,  in  Washington  County,  a  place  at  that  time  more  central. 
He  took  an  inexpensive  house,  and  year  by  year  used  all  his  savings  to 
cancel  his  bank  indebtedness.  He  closed  it  all  out  a  short  time  before  he 


21  State  Bank  vs.  The  State,  1  Blaekford,  p.  267. 


332 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


died.  He  was  for  years  afflicted  with  tubercular  consumption,  and  must 
have  struggled  with  much  infirmity  while  steadily  performing  his  judicial 
duties.  He  suffered  also  from  paralysis  of  his  right  side,  so  that  he  could 
not  use  his  right  hand  in  writing.  He  overcame  this  disadvantage  by 
learning  to  write  with  his  left  hand,  which  he  used  with  elegance  and 
dispatch."22 


at;.' 
:,-, 

->'=" 


m    •  • 
- 


•  —  •      -i 


-*.  Tt. 

I.   it 


v  HOME  OP  BENJAMIN  PARKE 

(This  house  was  originally  built  at  Vincennes,  and  removed  in  sections 

to  Salem) 

It  should  be  added  here  that  the  Farmers  &  Mechanics  Bank  of  Madi- 
son had  a  more  creditable  fate  than  its  Vincennes  twin.  When  the  first 
order  was  made  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  Government  deposits,  in  1818, 
the  bank  withdrew  its  circulation,  which  was  being  used  to  withdraw  the 
specie  from  its  vaults.  In  1820  the  deposits  were  restored,  but  the  bank 
was  embarrassed  by  the  apparent  unfriendly  management  of  the  Bank 
of  the  United  States,  and  finally  the  directors  decided  to  close  it,  which 
was  done  after  fully  meeting  all  of  its  obligations.  The  winding  up  was 


22  Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  388. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  333 

done  gradually,  so  as  not  to  disturb  business,  and  the  last  step  was  the 
sale  of  its  uncollected  assets  to  Milton  Stapp  and  J.  F.  D.  Lanier,  later 
the  founder  of  the  great  banking  house  of  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.  At 
that  time  Lanier  was  a  lawyer  at  Madison,  and  Stapp  was  a  student  in 
his  office,  though  his  preceptor  was  not  much  older  than  himself.  James 
F.  D.  Lanier  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  November  22,  1800,  a  descend- 
ant of  Thomas  Lanier,  a  French  Huguenot.  His  grandfather,  James 
Lanier,  served  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  in  Wayne's  campaign 
against  the  Indians.  He  later  emigrated  to  Tennessee,  and  from  there 
to  Kentucky.  In  1807,  Alexander  Chalmers  Lanier,  father  of  J.  F.  D. 
Lanier,  removed  to  Ohio,  and  freed  his  slaves.  He  served  in  the  war  of 
1812,  attaining  the  rank  of  Major;  and  in  1817,  removed  to  Madison, 
Indiana,  where  he  conducted  a  store  until  his  death,  in  1820.  James  F. 
D.  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools  of  Eaton,  Ohio,  an 
academy  at  Newport,  Ky.,  and  at  Madison,  where  he  had,  as  he  says, 
"for  a  year  and  a  half,  the  almost  inestimable  advantage  of  a  private 
school  taught  by  a  very  superior  person  from  the  Eastern  states" — pre- 
sumably Rev.  Wm.  Robinson,  a  Presbyterian  missionary  who  located 
there  in  1810,  and  conducted  a  private  school,  in  addition  to  founding  the 
first  Sunday  school  and  the  first  Presbyterian  church."  In  1819  Lanier 
began  reading  law  in  the  office  of  Gen.  Alexander  A.  Meek,  and  con- 
cluded his  studies  at  Transylvania,  where  he  graduated  in  1823.  He  was 
assistant  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1824,  and  at  each 
succeeding  session  until  1827,  when  he  was  made  Chief  Clerk.  His  pur- 
chase of  the  assets  of  the  Farmers  &  Mechanics  Bank  was  his  first  re- 
corded financial  venture,  and  probably  started  him  on  the  career  in  which 
he  was  so  phenomenally  successful,  and  of  so  great  service  to  the  State 
and  to  the  Nation. 


332 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


died.  He  was  for  years  afflicted  with  tubercular  consumption,  and  must 
have  struggled  with  much  infirmity  while  steadily  performing  his  judicial 
duties.  He  suffered  also  from  paralysis  of  his  right  side,  so  that  he  could 
not  use  his  right  hand  in  writing.  He  overcame  this  disadvantage  by 
learning  to  write  with  his  left  hand,  which  he  used  with  elegance  and 
dispatch."-2 


HOME  OF  BENJAMIN  PARKE 

(This  house  was  originally  built  at  Vincennes,  and  removed  in  sections 

to  Salem) 


It  should  be  added  here  that  the  Farmers  &  Mechanics  Bank  of  Madi- 
son had  a  more  creditable  fate  than  its  Vincennes  twin.  When  the  first 
order  was  made  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  Government  deposits,  in  1818, 
the  bank  withdrew  its  circulation,  which  was  being  used  to  withdraw  the 
specie  from  its  vaults.  In  1820  the  deposits  were  restored,  but  the  bank 
was  embarrassed  by  the  apparent  unfriendly  management  of  the  Bank 
of  the  United  States,  and  finally  the  directors  decided  to  close  it,  which 
was  done  after  fully  meeting  all  of  its  obligations.  The  winding  up  was 


-^Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  388. 


\ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  333 


done  gradually,  so  as  not  to  disturb  business,  and  the  last  step  was  the 
sale  of  its  uncolleeted  assets  to  Milton  Stapp  and  J.  F.  D.  Lanier,  later 
the  founder  of  the  great  banking  house  of  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.  At 
that  time  Lanier  was  a  lawyer  at  Madison,  and  Stapp  was  a  student  in 
his  office,  though  his  preceptor  was  not  much  older  than  himself.  James 
F.  D.  Lanier  was  born  in  NTorth  Carolina,  November  22,  1800,  a  descend- 
ant of  Thomas  Lanier,  a  French  Huguenot.  His  grandfather,  James 
Lanier,  served  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  and  in  Wayne's  campaign 
against  the  Indians.  He  later  emigrated  to  Tennessee,  and  from  there 
to  Kentucky.  In  1807,  Alexander  Chalmers  Lanier,  father  of  J.  F.  D. 
Lanier,  removed  to  Ohio,  and  freed  his  slaves.  He  served  in  the  war  of 
1812,  attaining  the  rank  of  Major:  and  in  1817,  removed  to  Madison. 
Indiana,  where  he  conducted  a  store  until  his  death,  in  1820.  James  F. 
D.  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools  of  Eaton,  Ohio,  an 
academy  at  Newport,  Ky.,  and  at  Madison,  where  he  had,  as  he  says, 
"for  a  year  and  a  half,  the  almost  inestimable  advantage  of  a  private 
school  taught  by  a  very  superior  person  from  the  Eastern  states" — pre- 
sumably Rev.  Win.  Robinson,  a  Presbyterian  missionary  who  located 
there  in  1810.  and  conducted  a  private  school,  in  addition  to  founding  the 
first  Sunday  school  and  the  first  Presbyterian  church.'  In  1819  Lanier 
began  reading  law  in  the  office  of  Gen.  Alexander  A.  Meek,  and  con- 
cluded his  studies  at  Transylvania,  where  he  graduated  in  1823.  He  was 
assistant  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1824,  and  at  each 
succeeding  session  until  1827,  when  he  was  made  Chief  Clerk.  His  pur- 
chase of  the  assets  of  the  Farmers  &  Mechanics  Bank  was  his  first  re- 
corded financial  venture,  and  probably  started  him  on  the  career  in  which 
he  was  so  phenomenally  successful,  and  of  so  great  service  to  the  State 
and  to  the  Nation. 


1 


CHAPTER  VIII 
UNDER  THE  FIRST  CONSTITUTION 

Mention  has  been  made  of  the  charge  of  a  caucus  of  the  Jennings 
party  at  the  time  of  the  constitutional  convention  at  Corydon ;  and  as  an 
apparent  fact  the  convention  served  the  purpose  of  political  conventions 
for  both  parties.  Oliver  H.  Smith,  who  was  in  position  to  know,  says: 
"I  came  to  Indiana  in  the  spring  of  1817.  The  political  affairs  of  the 
State  were  then  in  the  hands  of  three  parties,  or  rather  one  party  with 
three  divisions — the  Noble,  Jennings  and  Hendricks  divisions — which 
were  all  fully  represented  in  the  convention  that  formed  the  constitution 
of  1816.  Gen.  James  Noble  and  Jonathan  Jennings  were  delegates.  Jen- 
nings was  elected  President  and  William  Hendricks  Secretary  of  the  con- 
vention. It  was  evident  to  these  leaders  that  personal  political  conflicts 
must  arise  between  them  unless  the  proper  arrangements  were  made  to 
avoid  them.  It  was  then  agreed  between  them  to  aid  each  other  in  mak- 
ing Noble  United  States  Senator,  Jennings  Governor,  and  Hendricks 
Congressman.  *  *  *  There  were  three  judges  to  be  appointed  for 
the  Supreme  Court.  Each  subdivision  was  entitled  to  one.  Gen.  Noble 
selected  Jesse  L.  Holman,  living  on  the  beautiful  hights  of  the  Ohio 
river,  above  Aurora,  a  good  lawyer  and  one  of  the  most  just  and  con- 
scientious men  I  ever  knew.  Gov.  Jennings  selected  John  Johnson,  a  fine 
lawyer  and  an  excellent  man.  He  lived  but  a  short  time,  and  after  his 
death,  in  the  winter  of  1822-3,  I  named  the  county  of  Johnson  for  him 
in  the  legislature,  and  not  for  Col.  Richard  M.  Johnson,  as  some,  suppose. 
Gov.  Hendricks  named  James  Scott,  of  Clark  County,  a  Pennsylvanian, 
one  of  the  purest  men  in  the  State,  a  good  scholar,  and  a  fine  lawyer. 
The  opinions  of  no  judge  of  our  Supreme  Court  up  to  the  present  day, 
are,  I  think,  entitled  to  stand  higher  with  the  profession  than  his.  A 
strong  common  sense  view  of  the  case  enabled  him  to  select  the  grain  of 
wheat  from  the  stack  of  straw,  and  say,  holding  it  up  to  the  parties 
without  discussing  the  chaff,  'It  is  my  opinion  that  this  is  a  grain  of 
wheat'."1 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  noted  that  Judges  Holman  and  -Scott 
both  served  for  two  full  terms  of  seven  years  each,  but  Judge  Johnson 


Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  84. 

334 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


335 


died  in  1817,  and  was  replaced  by  Judge  Isaac  Blackford,  who  remained 
on  the  Supreme  Bench  until  1853 ;  and  whose  fame  is  greater  than  that  of 
any  of  his  colleagues.  He  was  one  of  the  most  unique  characters  that 
have  appeared  in  Indiana  history.  He  was  born  at  Bound  Brook,  Somer- 
set County,  New  Jersey,  November  6,  1786,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
entered  Princeton  College,  from  which  he  graduated  after  the  regular 


JUDGE  ISAAC  BLACKFORD 
(From  a  portrait.) 

"    --"         "•  .     ', .-.-' 

four  years  course.  He  then  read  law  for  a  year  in  the  office  of  Col.  George 
McDonald,  later  with  Gabriel  Ford,  and  in  1810  was  admitted  to  practice. 
In  1812  he  came  West,  carrying  letters  of  introduction  to  Judge  Isaac 
Dunn,  of  Lawrenceburg,  and  others.  He  stopped  for  a  time  at  Brook- 
ville,  and  then  located  at  Salem.  At  the  organization  of  Washington 
County,  in  1813,  he  was  elected  Clerk  and  Recorder.  The  next  year  he 
was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Territorial  legislature,  which  he  resigned  on 
being  appointed  Circuit  Judge.  He  then  removed  to  Vincennes,  and  in 


CHAPTER  VIII 
UNDER  THE  FIRST  CONSTITUTION 

-Mention  has  been  made  of  the  charge  of  a  caucus  of  the  Jennings 
party  at  the  time  of  the  constitutional  convention  at  Corydon ;  and  as  an 
apparent  fact  the  convention  served  the  purpose  of  political  conventions 
for  both  parties.  Oliver  H.  Smith,  who  was  in  position  to  know,  says: 
"I  came  to  Indiana  in  the  spring  of  1817.  The  political  affairs  of  the 
State  were  then  in  the  hands  of  three  parties,  or  rather  one  party  with 
three  divisions — the  Noble,  Jennings  and  Hendricks  divisions — which 
were  all  fully  represented  in  the  convention  that  formed  the  constitution 
of  1816.  Gen.  James  Noble  and  Jonathan  Jennings  were  delegates.  Jen- 
nings was  elected  President  and  William  Hendricks  Secretary  of  the  con- 
vention. It  was  evident  to  these  leaders  that  personal  political  conflicts 
must  arise  between  them  unless  the  proper  arrangements  were  made  to 
avoid  them.  It  was  then  agreed  between  them  to  aid  each  other  in  mak- 
ing Noble  United  States  Senator,  Jennings  Governor,  and  Hendricks 
Congressman.  *  *  *  There  were  three  judges  to  be  appointed  for 
the  Supreme  Court.  Each  subdivision  was  entitled  to  one.  Gen.  Noble 
selected  Jesse  L.  Holman,  living  on  the  beautiful  hights  of  the  Ohio 
river,  above  Aurora,  a  good  lawyer  and  one  of  the  most  just  and  con- 
scientious men  I  ever  knew.  Gov.  Jennings  selected  John  Johnson,  a  fine 
lawyer  and  an  excellent  man.  He  lived  but  a  short  time,  and  after  his 
death,  in  the  winter  of  1822-3.  I  named  the  county  of  Johnson  for  him 
in  the  legislature,  and  not  for  Col.  Richard  M.  Johnson,  as  some,  suppose. 
Gov.  Hendricks  named  James  Scott,  of  Clark  County,  a  Pennsylvania!!, 
one  of  the  purest  men  in  the  State,  a  good  scholar,  and  a  fine  lawyer. 
The  opinions  of  no  judge  of  our  Supreme  Court  up  to  the  present  day, 
are,  I  think,  entitled  to  stand  higher  with  the  profession  than  his.  A 
strong  common  sense  view  of  the  case  enabled  him  to  select  the  grain  of 
wheat  from  the  stack  of  straw,  and  say,  holding  it  up  to  the  parties 
without  discussing  the  chaff,  'It  is  my  opinion  that  this  is  a  grain  of 
wheat'."1 

In  this  connection,  it  may  be  noted  that  Judges  Holman  and  Scott 
both  served  for  two  full  terms  of  seven  years  each,  but  Judge  Johnson 


i  Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  84. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


335 


died  in  1817,  and  was  replaced  by  Judge  Isaac  Blackford.  who  remained 
on  the  Supreme  Bench  until  1853 ;  and  whose  fame  is  greater  than  that  of 
any  of  his  colleagues.  He  was  one  of  the  most  unique  characters  that 
have  appeared  in  Indiana  history.  He  was  born  at  Bound  Brook,  Somer- 
set County,  N;-w  Jersey,  November  6,  1786,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
entered  Princeton  College,  from  which  he  graduated  after  the  regular 


JrofiE  ISAAC  BLACKFORD 
(From  a  portrait.) 

four  years  course.  He  then  read  law  for  a  year  in  the  office  of  Col.  George 
McDonald,  later  with  Gabriel  Ford,  and  in  1810  was  admitted  to  practice. 
In  1812  he  came  West,  carrying  letters  of  introduction  to  Judge  Isaac 
Dunn,  of  Lawrenceburg,  and  others.  He  stopped  for  a  time  at  Brook- 
ville,  and  then  located  at  Salem.  At  the  organization  of  Washington 
County,  in  1813,  he  was  elected  Clerk  and  Recorder.  The  next  year  he 
was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Territorial  legislature,  which  he  resigned  on 
being  appointed  Circuit  Judge.  He  then  removed  to  Vincennes,  and  in 


336  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

1815  resigned  as  Judge  and  opened  a  law  office.  In  1816  he  was  elected 
to  the  first  State  legislature.  In  1819,  Col.  McDonald  also  located  at 
Vincennes ;  and  on  December  25,  1819,  the  Sun  said : 

"The  world  was  sad,  the. garden  was  a  wild, 
And  man,  the  hermit,  sighed  .till  woman  smiled. 

Married,— By  the  Rev.  Samuel  T.  Scott,  on  Thursday  evening  last, 
the  Hon.  Isaac  Blackford,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  this 
State,  to  Miss  Caroline  McDonald,  daughter  of  Col.  George  McDonald,  all 
of  this  place. ' ' 

They  had  one  son,  George,  the  mother  dying  at  his  birth,  to  whom 
Judge  Blackford  was  tenderly  attached ;  but  he  died  in  youth,  and  the 
father  was  never  the  same  afterward.  While  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  at  Indianapolis,  he  occupied  rooms  in  the  old  "Governor's  Man- 
sion," which  stood  in  the  Circle — now  Monument  Place — alone  with  his 
work  and  his  books,  for  he  was  a  great  reader,  and  took  the  best  British 
magazines,  in  addition  to  other  reading.  His  reputation  rests  chiefly  on 
his  Reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  decisions,  which  he  edited  and  pub- 
lished for  the  first  thirty-five  years  of  the  Court's  existence,  and  which 
have  always  held  high  standing  with  the  legal  profession.  He  was  very 
particular,  not  only  about  the  substance  of  the  Reports,  but  also  about 
spelling  and  punctuation,  and  numerous  anecdotes  are  preserved  of  his 
care  in  this  matter.  On  one  occasion,  Samuel  Judah,  desiring  to  delay 
a  decision,  asked  Blackford  for  the  correct  spelling  of  a  word  that  he 
knew  would  be  used  in  the  decision.  Blackford  gave  him  the  accepted 
form,  and  he  at  once  dissented,  and  argued  for  another  spelling  until 
Blackford  became  uncertain,  and  put  in  two  days  looking  for  authorities, 
by  which  time  the  Court  had  adjourned,  and  the  decision  went  over  to 
the  next  term.  In  1825,  Judge  Blackford  was  a  candidate  for  Governor, 
but  was  defeated  by  James  Brown  Ray.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  was 
defeated  for  United  States  Senator  by  William  Hendricks.  In  1855,  on 
the  organization  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  at  Washington,  he  was  appointed 
a  Judge,  and  held  this  office  until  his  death,  on  December  31,  1859.  His 
remains  were  brought  to  Indianapolis,  and  interred  in  Crown  Hill 
Cemetery. 

But,  to  return  to  1817,  it  is  apparent  that  the  opposition  faction  held 
a  caucus  also,  for  on  July  13,  G.  R.  C.  Sullivan,  a  brother-in-law  of  Elihu 
Stout,  announced  himself  as  a  candidate  for  Congress,  and  on  the  20th. 
in  an  article  in  the  Sun  supporting  Sullivan,  "Indiana"  said,  of  the  pro- 
ceedings at  Corydon:  "Mr.  A.  D.  Thorn  was  pitched  upon  by  a  party 
there,  who  pledged  themselves  to  support  him."  The  convention  had 
adjourned  on  June  29,  and  on  July  6  the  Sun  had  announced  that  it  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  337 

"authorized"  to  announce  Thorn  for  Congress,  and  had  "heard"  that 
Hendricks  was  a  candidate.  It  also  had  "understood"  that  Thomas 
Posey  and  Jonathan  Jennings  were  candidates  for  Governor.  Manifestly 
the  opposition  had  agreed  on  both  Posey  and  Thorn,  and  the  members  of 
that  party  were  so  fully  in  support  of  this  move  that  on  August  3d 
Sullivan  withdrew  in  favor  of  Thorn.  The  constitution  directed  Jen- 
nings, as  President,  to  call  an  election  on  th'e  first  Monday  in  August 
(August  5),  for  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  Congressman,  members 
of  the  General  Assembly,  sheriffs  and  coroners,  and  this  call  was  duly 
issued  on  June  29.  There  was  no  delay,  and  no  occasion  for  any  with 
the  party  injpower.  Their  organization  was  complete,  and  the  delegates 
carried  all  necessary  information  to  their  several  counties.  The  time 
was  short,  but  there  was  little  to  be  considered.  The  opposition  under- 
took a  feeble  remonstrance  to  being  prematurely  rushed  into  the  expense 
of  a  state  government,  but  this  was  not  popular  in  a  state  where  most  of 
the  people  were  speculating  in  lands,  and  wanted  ' '  progress. ' '  The  gen- 
eral sentiment  was  expressed  in  a  toast,  at  the  Fourth  of  July  dinner  at 
Fort  Harrison:  "Indiana — another  star  upon  the  national  banner,  just 
rising  into  importance — may  she  always  unite  simplicity  of  manners  with 
virtuous  firmness  and  energetic  patriotism." 

Most  of  the  electioneering  in  those  days  was  by  personal  appeal  to 
the  voter.  There  were  no  parades,  and  few  speeches.  Letters  were  used 
freely ;  and  it  was  quite  common  to  have  a  letter,  or  article,  published 
in  a  newspaper,  and  then  have  it  reproduced  in  a  hand-bill,  which  was 
handed  about  or  mailed  to  the  voter.  In  the  electioneering  by  mail  the 
members  of  Congress  had  a  great  advantage  in  the  franking  privilege 
and  they  used  it  as  much  then  as  in  later  times.  On  March  31,  1821. 
complaining  of  the  lack  of  mail  matter,  the  Vincennes  Sentinel  said: 
"With  the  exception  of  the  land  law,  which  we  got  hold  of  by  accident, 
we  have  little  of  interest  to  give  to  our  readers.  This  dearth  of  news 
here  is  in  part  owing  to  the  small  number  of  newspapers  received;  the 
cause  of  which,  as  we  are  informed,  is  this:  The  members  of  Congress 
when  about  returning  to  their  homes,  have  a  fashion  of  bundling  up  the 
articles  they  have  collected  at  Washington  such  as  dress  patterns,  bonnets 
and  reticules  for  their  wives  and  daughters;  quarto  bibles,  novels,  plays 
and  state  papers,  kegs  of  oysters,  lobsters,  Irish  potatoes  and  garden  seeds, 
franking  them  all  home  in  the  mails  at  Uncle  Sam's  expense,  along  with 
their  unwashed  shirts,  cravats,  waistcoats  and  breeches."  The  editor 
cautiously  observes,  however,  that  this  offense  does  not  come  from  the 
Indiana  members,  but  "there  are  packages  passing  through  the  state 
destined  for  other  states,  weighing  more  pounds  than  the  law  prescribes 

Vol.  I— Z2 


338  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ounces ;  thereby  turning  the  mail  carriage  into  a  baggage  waggon,  full  of 
pedlar's  packs  of  natural  and  artificial  curiosities." 

The  election  passed  off  quietly,  Jennings  receiving  5,211  votes  to  3,934 
for  Posey,  the  total  being  about  two-thirds  of  the  voters  of  the  State. 
The  majority  for  Hendricks  was  still  larger;  but  the  greatest  majority 
was  for  Christopher  Harrison,  for  Lieutenant  Governor,  as  to  which  there 
appears  to  have  been  no  caucus  action.  Harrison  received  6,570  votes, 
his  leading  opponent  being  John  Vawter,  a  Baptist  preacher,  after- 
wards quite  prominent,  who  received  847  votes.  There  was  a  scattering 
vote  for  this  office  of  18  for  Abel  Finley,  14  for  John  Johnson,  13  for 
Davis  Floyd,  and  12  for  Amos  Lane.  The  General  Assembly  met  on 
November  4,  with  ten  senators  and  twenty-nine  representatives  as  appor- 
tioned by  the  constitution.  Six  of  the  senators  and  ten  of  the  representa- 
tives had  been  members  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and  a  number 
of  strong  men  were  added,  among  them  William  Prince,  Joseph  Holman, 
John  Paul,  James  Beggs,  John  Conner,  Amos  Lane,  Williamson  Dunn, 
Jonathan  Lindley,  Isaac  Blackford,  and  Ratliff  Boone.  Isaac  Blackford 
was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House,  and  after  inaugurating  Governor  Jen- 
nings and  Lieutenant  Governor  Harrison,  the  caucus  program  was  carried 
out  without  a  hitch.  James  Noble  and  Waller  Taylor  were  elected 
senators,  and  Jesse  L.  Holman  and  James  Scott  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  A  law  was  adopted  for  the  establishment  of  three  Circuit  Courts, 
and  the  judges  were  selected  very  probably  as  the  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court — Benjamin  Parke  for  the  first  circuit,  David  Raymond  for  the 
second  and  John  Test  for  the  third.  On  November  6  the  legislature  pro- 
ceeded to  the  election  of  a  Secretary  of  State,  and  chose  Robert  A.  New, 
by  a  vote  of  23  to  11  for  Alexander  Holton,  three  votes  scattering.  New 
was  the  oldest  son  of  Jethro  New,  a  Revolutionary  soldier  from  Dela- 
ware, who  removed  to  North  Caroline,  and,  in  1794  to  Kentucky,  where 
he  located  in  Owen  County,  near  New  Liberty,  some  fifteen  miles  from  the 
Ohio  river.  He  was  the  father  of  thirteen  children,  who  preferred  free 
soil  to  slave  territory,  and  began  moving  to  Indiana.  Robert  was  a 
captain  in  the  Indiana  militia  in  1814,  and  in  1815  was  made  "aid-de- 
camp to  his  excellency"  Gov.  Posey,  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  the 
spring  of  1816,  he  was  made  associate  judge  for  Clark  County.  His 
brother  John  Bowman  New  located  at  Madison  in  1815.  He  became  a 
noted  Campbellite  preacher,  and  was  the  father  of  John  C.  New,  Consul 
General  to  London ;  and  the  grandfather  of  Senator  Harry  S.  New.  A 
third  son  of  Jethro,  Hickman  New,  father  of  Judge  Jeptha  D.  New, 
located  near  Vernon,  in  Jennings  County ;  and  in  1821  Jethro  New,  with 
the  rest  of  his  family,  removed  to  the  same  place.  Robert  A.  New  had 
a  very  good  education,  and  in  March,  1819,  while  Secretary  of  State, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  339 

joined  with  R.  AV.  Nelson,  editor  of  the  local  paper,  in  conducting 
Corydon  Seminary,  "in  which  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  and  the 
Mathematics  will  be  taught  at  the  usual  prices  per  quarter.  The  English 
Grammar  will  be  taught  for  $8  per  quarter.  Reading,  writing  and 
arithmetic  at  $5  per  quarter."  Jethro  New  was  a  "Primitive  Baptist" 
of  the  strict  school,  and  his  children  were  brought  up  in  that  faith. 
There  were  some  aspirants  in  the  General  Assembly  for  the  other  State 
offices,  but  after  consideration,  the  House  decided  that  it  would  be  a  viola- 
tion of  the  constitution  to  elect  a  member  to  the  office  of  circuit  judge, 
or  auditor  or  secretary  of  state.  Accordingly  they  proceeded  to  election, 
and  chose  Daniel  C.  Lane  Treasurer — of  whom  more  hereafter.  They 
also  elected  William  H.  Lilly  Auditor.  He  was  a  practising  physician, 
and  devoted  most  of  his  time  to  his  profession,  leaving  the  auditing  to  a 
competent  deputy.  Moreover,  his  family  lived  in  Kentucky,  and  after 
the  capital  was  moved  to  Indianapolis,  on  May  9,  1826,  the  Indianapolis 
Gazette  published  an  article  inquiring  whether  the  State  had  an  Auditor 
and  suggesting  that  as  Mr.  Lilly  had  ' '  his  family,  property,  etc.,  in  Ken- 
tucky always,  and  is  only  absent  one-third  of  the  year  in  the  sister  state 
of  Indiana"  it  was  doubtful  whether  he  was  within  the  constitutional 
requirement  of  residence  within  the  State.  This  appears  to  have  affected 
the  Auditor,  for  seven  weeks  later  it  was  announced  that  he  had  formed 
a  partnership  with  Dr.  Galen  Jones,  a  recent  arrival  at  the  capital,  and 
that  their  office  was  in  "the  small  frame  building  on  Washington  street, 
near  Mr.  Henderson's  Tavern."2  Both  members  of  the  firm  became 
intemperate,  and  Dr.  Lilly  died  in  1829. 

There  was  another  election  that  caused  some  reflection.  On  November 
5,  1816,  Amos  Lane  moved  for  a  committee  to  consider  the  expediency 
of  electing  electors  to  cast  the  vote  of  the  State  for  President  and  Vice 
President  of  the  United  States.  On  the  llth  the  committee  report  that 
it  was  expedient,  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  20  to  4.  On  the  14th  Jesse 
L.  Holman,  Joseph  Bartholomew  and  Thomas  H.  Blake  were  chosen  for 
this  duty.  The  people  had  not  voted  on  the  presidency,  either,  in  Indiana 
or  elsewhere,  it  being  the  custom  at  that  time  for  the  legislature  to  choose 
the  electors,  and  the  people  to  do  their  presidential  voting  in  their 
choice  of  legislators.  But  Indiana  had  not  yet  been  admitted  as  a  state 
of  the  Union ;  and  when  the  subject  came  up  in  Congress  there  were  grave 
doubts  whether  Indiana  was  entitled  to  a  vote.  On  December  2,  at  the 
opening  of  Congress,  the  Indiana  senators  and  representative  presented 
their  credentials.  Mr.  Hendricks  was  at  once  seated ;  but  the  credentials 
of  the  senators  were  referred  to  a  committee,  which  was  also  charged  with 


2  Journal,  June  27,  1826. 


340  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  duty  of  inquiring  whether  "any,  and  if  any,  what  Legislative  meas- 
ures may  be  necessary  for  admitting  the  State  of  Indiana  into  the 
Union."  On  the  6th  the  committee  reported  a  joint  resolution  for  the 
admission  of  the  State,  which  was  adopted.  On  the  8th  this  resolution 
came  up  in  the  House,  where  some  members  pronounced  admission  a  mere 
formality,  but  others,  especially  Mr.  Taylor  of  New  York,  thought  that 
"so  solemn  an  act  as  pronouncing  on  the  character  and  republican  prin- 
ciples of  a  State  constitution  ought  to  be  more  deliberately  considered 
than  was  proposed."  Accordingly  the  resolution  went  over  to  the  9th, 
when  it  was  adopted.  It  was  approved  by  the  President  on  the  llth  and 
the  admission  of  the  State  therefore  dates  from  that  day.  The  senators 
were  sworn  in  and  took  their  seats  on  the  12th. 

The  count  of  the  electoral  votes  was  taken  up  by  the  joint  session 
of  the  Senate  and  House  on  February  12,  1817.  When  Indiana  was 
reached  Taylor,  of  New  York,  objected  to  counting  the  vote  as  a  dan- 
gerous precedent.  The  Speaker  ruled  that  nothing  was  in  order  at  the 
joint  session  but  counting  the  votes,  notwithstanding  protests  that  this 
necessarily  included  deciding  what  votes  could  be  counted.  The  Senate 
then  withdrew,  and  the  House  proceeded  to  discuss  the  question.  Most  of 
the  members  appeared  to  think  it  was  too  late  to  question  the  right  of  the 
State  to  vote  after  its  admission ;  and  the  debate  was  closed  by  the  maiden 
speech  of  Mr.  Hendricks,  who  took  a  position  that  seems  rather  radical 
at  this  day.  He  held  to  the  view  later  announced  by  Daniel  Webster, 
that  the  articles  of  compact  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787  were  superior  to 
any  constitution,  and  said:  "The  only  question  for  Congress  to  decide 
was  whether  the  State  had  complied  with  the  requisition  of  the  act  of  the 
last  session — whether  the  constitution  adopted  was  republican  or  not — 
nothing  more.  Suppose,  indeed,  that  the  State  had  adopted  no  constitu- 
tion at  all ;  had  chosen  to  live  under  their  laws  alone,  and  had  not  thrown 
their  State  government  into  the  form  of  a  constitution,  would  the  State 
have  been  therefore  deprived  of  her  rank  in  the  Union?  The  Ordinance 
of  '87  had  guaranteed  a  State  government  when  they  had  reached  a 
certain  population,  and  Congress  could  require  of  them  no  more  than  had 
been  done."  He  insisted  that  he  had  been  admitted  as  a  Congressman 
before  the  resolution  admitting  the  State  had  been  adopted,  and  that 
the  right  of  the  electors  to  vote  was  as  clear  as  his  right.3  The  House 
decided  that  Indiana  had  the  right  to  join  in  the  election,  by  a  vote 
that  was  so  nearly  unanimous  that  no  division  was  asked.  The  Senate  had 
also  gone  into  the  discussion,  but  before  it  reached  any  conclusion, 
notification  came  that  the  House  was  ready  to  go  on  with  the  count. 


Annals  of  Congress,  1816-7,  p.  947. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  341 

And  so  Indiana's  first  vote  was  recorded  for  James  Monroe  for  a  second 
term.  It  did  not  make  any  material  difference,  for  his  vote  was  183  to 
34  for  Rufus  King. 

In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1816-7,  Governor  Jennings  intro- 
duced the  subject  of  slavery,  which  was  the  chief  disturbing  factor  in 
Indiana  for  years  to  come,  in  these  words :  "I  recommend  to  your  con- 
sideration the  propriety  of  providing  by  law,  to  prevent  more  effectually 
any  unlawful  attempts  to  seize  and  carry  into  bondage  persons  of  color 
legally  entitled  to  their  freedom;  and,  at  the  same  time,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, to  prevent  those  who  rightfully  owe  service  to  the  citizens  of 
any  other  State  or  territory,  from  seeking,  within  the  limits  of  this 
State,  a  refuge  from  the  possession  of  their  lawful  owners.  Such  a 
measure  will  tend  to  secure  those  who  are  free  from  any  unlawful 
attempts  to  enslave  them,  and  secure  the  rights  of  the  citizens  of  the  other 
States  and  territories  as  far  as  ought  reasonably  to  be  expected."  The 
legislature  understood  the  necessity  for  such  legislation ;  and  adopted  a 
law  against  man-stealing,  an  offense  which  consisted  of  attempting  to 
remove  anyone  from  the  State  except  as  provided  by  this  law.  Anyone 
claiming  a  right  to  the  service  of  another  was  required  to  bring  him  before 
a  judge,  or  justice  of  the  peace,  for  a  hearing  of  both  parties ;  and  if  the 
judge  thought  the  claim  well  founded,  he  could  bind  the  person  claimed 
over  to  the  next  term  of  the  Circuit  Court,  where  he  was  to  have  a  jury 
trial  of  his  right  to  freedom.  If  he  could  not  give  bail,  he  must  go  to  jail 
until  the  trial.  The  claimant  was  to  pay  the  costs,  in  any  event.  Viola- 
tion of  these  provisions  was  punishable  by  fine  of  not  less  than  $500  nor 
more  than  $1,000.  By  the  same  law,  harboring  escaping  slaves,  or  en- 
couraging slaves  to  desert  their  masters,  was  made  punishable  by  fine 
of  not  over  $500 ;  and  giving  a  slave  a  false  certificate  of  emancipation 
was  made  punishable  by  fine  of  not  over  $1,000.4 

At  this  period  the  chief  offense  was  the  kidnaping  of  free  negroes. 
The  population  of  Indiana  was  within  a  comparatively  short  distance 
from  the  Ohio  river,  and  Kentucky  extended  to  low  water  mark  on  the 
Indiana  shore.  From  the  earliest  times  of  American  occupation  the  river 
had  been  infested  by  outlaws  who  preyed  on  their  fellow-men.  For  illus- 
tration, Benjamin  Van  Cleve,  who  was  thoroughly  familiar  with  rough 
life  on  the  frontier,  gives  this  picture  of  social  conditions  at  Red  Bank 
(now  Henderson,  Ky.),  in  1794:  "This  place  is  a  refuge,  not  for  the 
oppressed,  but  for  all  the  horse  thieves,  rogues  and  outlaws  that  have 
been  able  to  effect  their  escape  from  justice  in  the  neighboring  states. 
Neither  law  nor  gospel  has  been  able  to  reach  them  here  as  yet.  A  com- 


'Acts  of  1817,  p.  150. 


342  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

mission  of  the  peace  had  been  sent  by  Kentucky  to  one  Mason;  and  an 
effort  had  been  made  by  the  southwest  territory  (Tennessee)  to  intro- 
duce a  law,  as  it  was  unknown  as  yet  to  which  it  belonged;  but  the 
inhabitants  drove  the  persons  away  and  insisted  on  doing  without.  I 
enquired  how  they  managed  to  marry,  and  was  told  that  the  parties 
agreed  to  take  each  other  for  husband  and  wife  before  their  friends.  I 
was  shown  two  cabins,  with  about  the  width  of  a  street  between  them, 
where  two  men  a  short  time  ago  had  exchanged  wives.  An  infair  was 
given  today  by  Mason,  to  a  fellow  named  Kuykendall,  who  had  run  away 
from  Carolina  on  account  of  crimes,  and  had  run  off  with  Mason's 
daughter  to  Diamond  island  station,  a  few  days  ago.  The  father  had 
forbid  him  his  house  and  had  threatened  to  take  his  life,  but  had  become 
reconciled,  and  had  sent  for  him  to  come  home.  The  parents  and 
friends  were  highly  diverted  at  the  recital  of  the  young  couple's  in- 
genuity in  the  courtship,  and  laughed  heartily  when  the  woman  told  it. 
She  said  she  had  come  down  stairs  after  all  the  family  had  retired, 
having  her  petticoat  around  her  shoulders,  and  returned  with  him 
through  her  parents'  room,  with  the  petticoat  around  them  both  and  in 
the  morning  she  brought  him  down  in  the  same  manner  before  daylight. 
This  Kuykendall,  I  was  told,  always  carried  in  his  waistcoat  pockets 
'devil's  claws,'  instruments,  or  rather  weapons,  that  he  could  slip  his 
•fingers  in,  and  with  which  he  could  take  off  the  whole  side  of  a  man's 
face  at  one  claw.  We  left  them  holding  their  frolic.  I  afterwards  heard 
that  Kuykendall  was  killed  by  some  of  the  party  at  the  close  of  the  ball. 
A  few  years  afterwards,  Mason  and  his  sons,  with  some  others,  formed  a 
party  and  waylaid  the  roads  between  Natchez  and  Tennessee,  and  com- 
mitted many  daring  robberies  and  murders. ' '  8 

Such  lawlessness  reached  its  culmination  in  the  gang  of  that  talented 
pirate,  John  Murrell,  whose  business  motto  was,  "Never  rob  a  man 
unless  you  are  willing  to  kill  him."  To  this  element  a  free  negro  ranked 
very  much  as  a  stray  horse.  One  of  Murrell 's  favorite  occupations  was 
inducing  a  negro  to  run  away  from  his  master,  under  pretense  of  guid- 
ing him  to  freedom,  and  then  selling  him  to  some  other  slave  owner.  At 
times  he  would  arrange  this  with  the  negro,  it  being  understood  that  he 
would  run  awayTw>m  his  new  owner,  and  seek  fresh  fields  with  Murrell, 
but  he^always  landed  in  slavery.  In  early  Indiana  kidnaping  was  as 
easy  as'it  was  profitable  and  there  was  probably  not  a  river  county  of  the 
State  that  did  not  have  its  victims.  Usually  they  simply  disappeared ; 
but  occasionally  trace  )>f  them  was  found  later.  When  it  was  certain  that 
slavery  was  going  to  'be  abolished  by  the  constitution  of  Indiana,  the 


5  Mich.  Pion.  and  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  34,  p.  744. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  343 

disappearance  of  slaves  and  indentured  negroes  increased.  A  negro 
woman  held  by  John  Warrick,  near  Owensville,  disappeared  in  this  way 
just  before  the  constitution  of  1816  was  adopted,  and  later  turned  up  in 
Kentucky,  where  through  the  intervention  of  friends  she  was  released  by 
a  court,  on  account  of  her  residence  in  Indiana,  under  the  Ordinance 
of  1787.  Three  slaves  of  John  Decker  had  a  similar  experience,  being 
kidnaped  from  Gibson  County,  and  later  being  released  by  a  Mississippi 
court.6  At  that  time  the  prejudice  of  southern  courts  in  favor  of  slavery, 
was  offset  by  the  policy  of  preventing  emigration  to  free  states,  as  well 
as  by  a  natural  sense  of  justice  that  had  not  yet  become  blunted.  In 
1821,  William  Forster  wrote  from  Vincennes:  "I  am  sorry  to  say  there 
are  many  slaves  in  the  town — I  suppose  mostly  such  as  were  held  under 
the  territorial  government ;  but  the  State  Legislature  had  made  provision 
for  their  freedom.  We  hear  sad  stories  of  kidnaping.  I  wish  some  active 
benevolent  people  could  induce  every  person  of  colour  to  remove  away 
from  the  river,  as  it  gives  wicked,  unprincipled  wretches  the  opportunity 
to  get  them  into  a  boat,  and  carry  them  off  to  Orleans  or  Missouri,  where 
they  still  fetch  a  high  price.  I  have  been  pleading  hard  with  a  black  man 
and  his  wife  to  get  off  for  some  settlement  of  Friends,  with  their  five 
children ;  and  I  hope  they  will  go.  I  hardly  know  anything  that  would 
make  me  more  desperate  than  to  be  in  the  way  of  this  abominable  system 
of  kidnaping;  I  cannot  say,  when  once  set  on  to  rescue  a  poor  creature, 
where  I  would  stop.  It  is  most  shocking  to  think  that  they  will  betray 
one  another,  and  sometimes  the  black  women  are  the  deepest  in  these 
schemes.  A  poor  man  told  us  that  he  never  went  to  bed  without  having 
his  arms  in  readiness  for  defence."  7 

There  was  nothing  unfair  in  the  Indiana  law,  but  the  Kentuckians 
seemed  to  regard  it  as  a  grievance.  On  July  14,  1818,  Niles  Register  con- 
tained this  item:  "Three  Kentuckians,  armed,  on  the  5th  inst.  (June) 
knocked  down  a  negro  woman  in  the  street  at  Corydon,  Indiana,  and 
carried  her  off,  threatening  death  to  any  persons  that  should  interfere. 
Such  infractions  of  the  law  cannot  be  suffered,  and  if  not  checked,  will 
•produce  very  unpleasant  collisions  among  our  western  brethren."  For 
obvious  reasons,  Indiana  people  were  not  in  a  very  conciliatory  frame  of 
mind  when,  at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature,  Gov.  Jennings  pre- 
sented a  letter  from  Gov.  Slaughter  of  Kentucky,  written  in  pursuance 
of  a  resolution  of  the  legislature  of  Kentucky,  "concerning  the  difficulty 
said  to  be  experienced  by  our  citizens  in  reclaiming  their  slaves,  who 
escape  into  your  state."  The  letter  was  courteous  in  form,  but  it  ex- 
pressed regret  that  the  writer  had  not  received  a  statement  of  the  cases 

8  Cockrum  's  Pioneer  Hist,  of  Ind.,  pp.  572-3. 
1 1ndiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  257. 


344  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

on  which  the  complaint  was  based,  and  stated  that  he  did  not  know 
whether  the  difficulty  complained  of  was  due  to  a  lack  of  energy  on  the 
part  of  Indiana  officials  or  to  the  prejudice  against  slavery.     This  part 
of  the  Governor's  message  went  to  a  committee  that  reported  its  opinion 
that  the  Governor  and  Legislature  of  Kentucky  had  been  influenced  "by 
the  improper  representations  of  individuals  who  have  been  disappointed 
in  their  attempts  to  carry  away  those  whom  they  claimed  as  slaves,  from 
this  state,  without  complying  with  the  preliminary  steps  required  by  law ; 
together  with  the  groundless  assertions  of  unprincipled  individuals,  who 
have  attempted  in  many  instances,  to  seize  and  carry  away  people  of 
color,  who  were  free,  and  as  much  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  laws  as 
any  citizen  of  Indiana."     Furthermore,  if  the  Governor  of  Kentucky 
would  specify  his  cases,  they  would  be  found  to  be  of  one  of  these  two 
classes.    They  resented  the  intimations  of  lack  of  energy  on  the  part  of 
Indiana  officials,  and  of  a  prejudice  against .  slavery.     There  was  some 
difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  enormities  of  slavery,  but  there  was  "but 
one  sentiment  on  the  subject  of  people  of  color  migrating,  in  any  circum- 
stance, to  the  State.    It  is  believed,  if  not  restricted,  it  would  in  time  be- 
come of  not  much  less  magnitude  than  slavery  itself."     But  while 
colored  citizens  were  not  desired,  they  owed  it  to  the  dignity  of  the  State 
"to  defend  them  against  the  grasp  of  miscreants,  who  have,  in  repeated 
instances,  attempted  to  carry  them  away  from  our  shores  into  perpetual 
slavery."8     No  action  was  taken  on  the  line  of  this  report,  probably 
because  the  members  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  a  hardship  to 
make  the  claimants  wait  until  the  next  session  of  the  court  for  a  trial. 
An  act  was  passed,  approved  Jan.  2,  1819,  providing  that  when  an 
alleged  slave  was  held  for  trial  by  a  justice,  the  judges  of  the  Circuit 
Court  should  hold  a  special  session,  at  which  the  question  should  be  tried 
by  a  jury.    It  also  added  to  the  punishment  for  man-stealing  a  public 
whipping  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  one  hundred  lashes.    This 
concession  did  not  satisfy  the  Kentuckians,  and  there  was  continued 
complaint  for  several  years.     Meanwhile  Indiana  was  stiffening  up  on 
the  slavery  question.     Even  Vincennes  was  invaded  by  the  anti-slavery 
element.    In  1817  a  number  of  Canadians  who  had  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can army  came  to  the  state  to  claim  the  bounty  lands  which  Congress 
had  appropriated  for  them  in  Indiana.    Among  them  was  Major  Markle, 
who  located  near  Terre  Haute,  and  built  a  celebrated  old  mill,  and  John 
Willson  Osborn,  who  went  to  Vincennes.     Osborn  was  a  grandson  of 
Col.  John  Willson,  a  British  officer,  stationed  in  New  York,  who  went 
to  Canada  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.     His  father  was  Capt. 


» House  Journal,  p.  50. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


345 


Samuel  Osborn  of  the  British  navy.  Although  his  people  were  wealthy, 
young  Osboru  learned  the  printing  trade  in  the  office  of  the  Upper  Cana- 
dian Guardian  and  Freeman's  Journal,  which  was  conducted  by  Joseph 
Willock,  Member  of  Parliament  -from  the  Niagara  district,  who  was 
decidedly  pro-American  in  his  views,  and  who  was  killed  in  the  Ameri- 
can service,  near  Fort  Erie.  In  this  employment  Osborn  took  on  Ameri- 


JOHN  W.  OSBORN 

.4   - 

can  ideas,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  of  1812,  went  across  Lake 
Erie  and  joined  Capt.  Mahar's  company  of  "Irish  Greens,"  for  which 
he  was  disinherited  by  his  grandfather.  This  did  not  worry  Osborn, 
who,  when  he  got  through  soldiering,  went  into  the  newspaper  business 
at  Homer,  N.  Y.,  for  a  time,  and  then  started  the  Cortland  Republican, 
at  Cortlandville.  While  here  he  married  Ruby  Bishop.  He  arrived  in 
Vincennes  in  June,  1817,  and  at  once  found  employment  in  the  office 
of  the  Western  Sun,  and  a  few  weeks  later  became  a  partner,  and  edi- 


344 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


on  which  the  complaint  was  based,  and  stated  that  he  did  not  know 
whether  the  difficulty  complained  of  was  due  to  a  lack  of  energy  on  the 
part  of  Indiana  officials  or  to  the  prejudice  against  slavery.     This  part 
of  the  Governor's  message  went  to  a  committee  that  reported  its  opinion 
that  the  Governor  and  Legislature  of  Kentucky  had  been  influenced  "by 
the  improper  representations  of  individuals  who  have  been  disappointed 
in  their  attempts  to  carry  away  those  whom  they  claimed  as  slaves,  from 
this  state,  without  complying  with  the  preliminary  steps  required  by  law ; 
together  with  the  groundless  assertions  of  unprincipled  individuals,  who 
have  attempted  in  many  instances,  to  seize  and  carry  away  people  of 
color,  who  were  free,  and  as  much  entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  laws  as 
any  citizen  of  Indiana."     Furthermore,  if  the  Governor  of  Kentucky 
would  specify  his  cases,  they  would  be  found  to  be  of  one  of  these  two 
classes.     They  resented  the  intimations  of  lack  of  energy  on  the  part  of 
Indiana  officials,  and  of  a  prejudice  against  slavery.     There  was  some 
difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  enormities  of  slavery,  but  there  was  "but 
one  sentiment  on  the  subject  of  people  of  color  migrating,  in  any  circum- 
stance, to  the  State.     It  is  believed,  if  not  restricted,  it  would  in  time  be- 
come of  not    much   less    magnitude   than   slavery    itself."     Hut   while 
colored  citizens  were  not  desiml,  they  owed  it  to  the  dignity  of  the  State 
"to  defend  them  against  the  grasp  of  miscreants,  who  have,  in  repeated 
instances,  attempted  to  carry  them  away  from  our  shores  into  perpetual 
slavery."14     No  action  was  taken  on  the  line  of  this  report,  probably 
because  the  members  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  a  hardship  to 
make  the  claimants  wait  until  the  next  session  of  the  court  for  a  trial. 
An  act  was  passed,  approved  Jan.  2,  1819,  providing  that  when  an 
alleged  slave  was  held  for  trial  by  a  justice,  the  judges  of  the  Circuit 
Court  should  hold  a  special  session,  at  which  the  question  should  be  tried 
by  a  jury.     It  also  added  to  the  punishment  for  man-stealing  a  public 
whipping  of  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  one  hundred  lashes.    This 
concession  did   not   satisfy   the  Kentuckians,  and  there  was  continued 
complaint  for  several  years.     Meanwhile  Indiana  was  stiffening  up  on 
the  slavery  question.     Even  Vincennes  was  invaded  by  the  anti-slavery 
element.     In  1817  a  number  of  Canadians  who  had  served  in  the  Ameri- 
can army  came  to  the  state  to  claim  the  bounty  lands  which  Congress 
had  appropriated  for  them  in  Indiana.    Among  them  was  Major  Markle, 
who  located  near  Terre  Haute,  and  built  a  celebrated  old  mill,  and  John 
Willson   Osborn,  who  went  to  Vincennes.     Osborn  was  a  grandson  of 
Col.  John  Willson,  a  British  officer,  stationed  in  New  York,  who  went 
to  Canada  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.     His  father  was  Capt. 


House    Journal,   p.   50. 


INDIAN7  A  AND  INDIA  NANS 


345 


Samuel  Osborn  of  the  British  navy.  Although  his  people  were  wealthy, 
young  Osborn  learned  the  printing  trade  in  the  office  of  the  I'pper  Cana- 
dian Guardian  and  Freeman's  Journal,  which  was  conducted  by  Joseph 
Willock,  Member  of  Parliament  from  the  Niagara  district,  who  was 
decidedly  pro-American  in  his  views,  and  who  w.is  killed  in  the  Ameri- 
can service,  near  Fort  Erie.  In  this  employment  Osborn  took  on  Ameri- 


. 


JOHN  W.  OSBORX 


can  ideas,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  of  1812.  went  across  Lake 
Krie  and  joined  ('apt.  Mahar's  company  of  "Irish  Greens,"  for  which 
he  was  disinherited  by  hi*  grand fither.  This  did  not  worry  Osborn, 
who,  when  he  got  through  soldiering,  went  into  the  newspaper  business 
at  Homer,  N.  Y.,  for  a  time,  and  then  started  the  Cortland  Republican, 
at  Cortlandville.  While  here  he  married  Ruby  Bishop.  He  arrived  in 
Vineennes  in  June,  1817,  and  at  once  found  employment  in  the  office 
of  the  Western  Sun,  and  a  few  weeks  later  became  a  partner,  and  edi- 


346  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tor  of  the  paper.  This  lasted  but  a  few  months  as  Osborn  had  very 
pronounced  anti-slavery  views,  which  did  not  hinge  with  those  of  Elihu 
Stout,  the  proprietor  of  the  paper;  and  so  they  "dissolved"  and  Osborn 
went  to  farming. 

In  1819  Osborn  was  joined  at  Vincennes  by  his  brother-in-law,  Amory 
Kinney,  a  native  of  Vermont,  who  had  read  law  at  Cortlandville,  in  the 
office  of  Samuel  Nelson,  later  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  Both  Osborn  and  Kinney  were  satisfied  that  the  slavery 
existing  in  Indiana  was  illegal,  and  they  united  to  make  a  test  case  with 
two  lawyers,  Col.  George  McDonald,  of  New  Jersey,  the  preceptor  and 
father-in-law  of  Judge  Isaac  Blackford,  who  entered  the  practice  at 
Vincennes  in  1819;  and  Moses  Tabbs,  a  son-in-law  of  Charles  Carroll 
of  Carrollton,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  who  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Vincennes  in  1818.  The  test  was  made  by  an 
action  of  habeas  corpus  on  behalf  of  a  mulatto  woman  named  Polly, 
held  as  a  slave  by  Col.  Hyacinthe  Lasselle,  the  principal  tavern  keeper 
of  Vincennes.  Lasselle  was  one  of  the  old  families  of  the  French  in 
Indiana.  His  father,  James  Lasselle,  was  an  Indian  trader  at  Ki-ki-on-ga 
(the  Indian  village  at  the  site  of  Fort  Wayne)  until  the  attack  on  that 
place  by  LaBalme ;  and  Hyacinthe  was  born  there  in  1777.  He  entered 
the  fur  trade  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  at  Detroit,  removing  to  Fort  Wayne 
after  Wayne's  victory,  and  then  to  the  Wabash,  where  he  traded  until 
1804.  In  that  year  he  located  at  Vincennes,  and  the  next  year  married 
Julie  Frances  Busseron,  daughter  of  Major  Francis  Busseron,  who 
gave  notable  aid  to  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark.  The  suit  was  of  a  friendly 
character,  the  defense  being  conducted  by  Judge  Jacob  Call,  later  a 
representative  in  Congress.  The  case  presented  the  question  of  the 
old  French  slavery,  Polly  being  the  daughter  of  a  negro  woman  who  had 
been  captured  by  the  Indians  in  the  Revolutionary  period.  The  Circuit 
Court  held  her  to  be  a  slave,  but  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  the  people 
of  Indiana  had  the  power  to  abolish  slavery,  without  regard  to  the  Vir- 
ginia Deed  of  Cession,  and  that  "the  framers  of  our  constitution  intended 
a  total  and  entire  prohibition  of  slavery  in  this  state. ' ' 9 

This  decision  was  made  in  July,  1820,  and  it  created  some  resentment 
among  the  slave-holders,  who  threatened  vengeance  on  Osborn  and  Kin- 
ney, but  those  gentlemen  manifested  a  readiness  to  meet  any  one  hunt- 
ing for  trouble,  and  no  casualties  resulted.  For  some  time  a  news- 
paper had  been  edited  at  Vincennes,  by  Nathan  Blackman  which  was 
not  exactly  anti-slavery,  but  was  in  opposition  to  the  Sun.  Blackman 
died  on  December  19,  1821,  and  when  his  estate  was  disposed  of,  Kinney 


»  State  v.  Lasselle,  1  Blackf.,  p.  60. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  347 

bought  the  printing  office,  and,  on  December  14,  1822,  began  the  publi- 
cation of  The  Farmers  and  Mechanics  Journal,  with  Osborn  as  edi- 
tor.    This  was  as  fully  anti-slavery  as  any  of  the  papers  of  the  period, 
and  for  that  reason  was  not  popular  at  Vincennes,  so  after  six  months, 
Osborn  removed  to  the  new  town  of  Terre  Haute,  and  on  July  21,  1823, 
began  the  publication  of  the  Western  Register  and  Terre  Haute  Adver- 
tiser.    His  papers  at  both  places  were  ably  conducted,  and  had  large 
influence  in  crystallizing  the  growing  sentiment  against  slavery,  which 
was  stimulated  by  the  lawless  acts  of  the  Kentucky  roughs  and  their 
Indiana  allies.     At  the  legislative  session  of  1820,  impeachments  pro- 
ceedings wel-e  instituted  against  Jacob  Brookhart,  a  justice  of  the  peace 
of  Clark  County,  charging  that  he  did  "wilfully  and  corruptly  aid, 
abet  and  assist  in  unlawfully  arresting,  imprisoning  and  running  out 
of  the  state  one  Isaac  Crosby,  a  man  of  color."    The  trial  was  set  for 
December    21,    but    Brookhart    resigned,    and    the    proceedings    were 
dropped.10    On  February  8,  1821,  there  was  a  riot  at  New  Albany  over 
an  attempt  to  kidnap  a  negro  named  Moses,  who  was  brought  there  by 
a  Kentuckian  named  Case.     After  he  had  lived  at  New  Albany  for  a 
year,  and  it  was  commonly  understood  that  he  was  free  on  that  account, 
he  was  seized  on  an  execution  against  Case.    The  hearing  before  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  was  set  for  February  8 ;  the  claimant's  agent  appeared 
at   the  trial   accompanied   by  "forty -three   able   bodied  men."     Only 
nine  of  these  were  sworn  as  witnesses,  and  the  talk  and  manner  of 
the  delegation  were  so  threatening  that  the  sheriff  called  out  the  militia, 
twenty  of  whom,  under  Col.  Charles  Paxson,  paraded  near  the  court. 
The  court  released  Moses,  and  the  Kentuckians  seized  him,  and  under- 
took to  carry  him  off,   which   was  promptly   resisted  by   bystanders. 
Thereupon,  "Judge  Woodruff  stood  forth  and  with  a  loud  voice  com- 
manded the  peace,  no  sooner  were  the  words  uttered  than  he  was  knocked 
flat  on  the  ground  by  a  person  from  the  other  side  of  the  river."    When 
this   occurred   the  militia  charged   the  Kentuckians,   and   "several  of 
them  were  knocked  down  with  muskets  and  others  pricked  with  the 
bayonets,   and  some  badly  wounded."     The  result  of  the  affair  was 
that  Moses  remained  on  free  soil,  and  the  discomfited  kidnapers  re- 
turned to  their  old  Kentucky  home.11 

There  were  other  cases  of  kidnaping  in  Indiana,12  but  these  will  suffice 
to  present  the  local  background  when  the  Missouri  Compromise  brought 
slavery  to  the  front  in  national  politics,  or  rather  the  admission  of 

i»  House  Journal,  1820-1,  pp.  93,  118,  155. 

11  Centinel,  March  3,  1821. 

12  For    an    interesting    collection    of    kidnaping    stories,    see    Cockrum's    Pioneer 
History  of  Indiana,  Chap.  28. 


348  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Missouri,  which  is  sometimes  called  "the  second  Missouri  Compromise." 
The  Missouri  enabling  act  provoked  little  antagonism,  but  when  Mis- 
souri offered  a  constitution  that  prohibited  the  emancipation  of  slaves, 
and  the  introduction  of  free  negroes  to  the  state,  there  was  widespread 
remonstrance.  Gradual  emancipation  was  one  of  the  unquestionable 
Jeffersonian  doctrines,  and  the  national  constitution  clearly  prohibited 
any  state  from  denying  rights  to  citizens  of  other  states  that  were 
exercised  by  its  own  citizens.  Missouri  refused  to  recede,  and  the  mat- 
ter was  compromised  by  an  act  of  Congress  admitting  the  state,  but 
on  the  "fundamental  condition"  that  its  legislature  should  promise 
never  to  pass  a  law  excluding  negroes.  The  Missouri  legislature  then 
passed  a  "solemn  act,"  promising  not  to  pass  such  a  law,  which  was  of 
course  not  valid,  as  it  was  in  direct  conflict  with  the  constitution  from 
which  the  legislature  derived  its  existence;  but  Missouri  was  in.  Con- 
gressman Hendricks  and  Senator  Noble  voted  against  the  admission, 
and  Senator  Taylor  voted  for  it.  The  Indiana  House  of  Representa- 
tives, on  December  20,  1820,  passed  a  concurrent  resolution  condemn- 
ing the  Missouri  constitution,  and  directing  the  Indiana  senators  and 
representatives  to  urge  the  calling  of  another  Missouri  convention,  and 
give  the  people  of  the  state  an  opportunity  to  adopt  a  constitution  with- 
out these  obnoxious  provisions;  and  similar  action  was  taken  in  other 
northern  states.  The  resolution  passed  the  House  by  a  vote  of  22  to  5, 
but  it  was  not  passed  by  the  Senate.  It  did  not  mention  any  names, 
but  of  course  condemned  Taylor  by  implication. 

The  Missouri  people  denounced  these  objections  as  hypocritical,  and 
with  apparent  cause.  Indiana  did  not  want  free  negroes.  The  report 
on  Governor  Slaughter's  letter,  quoted  above,  declared  that  there  was 
"but  one  sentiment"  in  Indiana,  and  that  was  against  the  immigra- 
tion of  negroes,'  slave  or  free.  In  1816  M.  E.  Sumner,  of  Tennessee,  had 
asked  legislative  permission  to  settle  in  Indiana  forty  slaves  that  he 
proposed  to  emancipate,  promising  to  provide  for  them  so  that  they 
would  not  become  public  charges.  Representative  Boone  moved  that  the 
petition  be  thrown  under  the  table,  but  it  was  referred  to  a  committee, 
of  which  John  Dumont  was  chairman,  and  he  reported  in  substance,  "It 
would  be  impolitic  to  sanction  by  any  special  act  of  the  general  assem- 
bly, the  admission  of  emancipated  Africans  into  this  state;  the  reasons 
are  that  the  negroes  being  a  distinct  species,  insuperable  objections  exist 
to  their  participation  in  the  rights  of  suffrage,  representation  in  the  gov- 
ernment or  alliance  by  marriage,  and  that  in  consequence,  they  could 
never  feel  themselves  completely  free."  The  report  further  suggests 
"the  probability  of  intestine  war  at  a  future  period,"  and  urges  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  349 

Congress  should  take  action  for  foreign  colonization.13  There  was  some 
discussion  of  the  report,  but  no  dissent  as  to  the  sentiments ;  and  finally, 
as  no  agreement  could  be  reached,  the  matter  was  dropped.  In  reality 
there  was  no  occasion  for  any  action,  for  Mr.  Sumner  could  have  brought 
as  many  negroes  into  Indiana  as  he  liked  without  any  legislative  permis- 
sion. The  only  restriction  of  the  constitution  was  that  they  could  not 
vote,  nor  serve  in  the  militia.  And  while  the  objection  to  negro  immigra- 
tion was  almost  as  pronounced  in  Indiana  as  in  Missouri,  there  was  noth- 
ing hypocritical  about  Indiana's  objection  to  Missouri's  constitution. 
The  point  was  that  if  Missouri  could  exclude  the  undesirable  class,  it 
would  force  them  into  other  states  which  wanted  them  as  little  as  Mis- 
souri. Moreover,  the  states  that  tolerated  slavery  were  the  responsible 
source  of  the  free  negroes,  and,  in  fairness,  ought  to  keep  at  least  their 
share  of  them.  Missouri  kept  faith  with  the  nation  until  1847,  and  then 
passed  a  law  prohibiting  negro  immigration.  Four  years  later,  Indiana 
did  the  same  thing,  by  the  constitution  of  1851. 

In  connection  with  the  Missouri  question,  it  may  be  mentioned  that 
some  Indiana  writers  have  been  misled  as  to  Indiana  sentiment  by  an 
article  published  in  the  National  Intelligencer  of  February  5,  1821,  giv- 
ing what  purported  to  be  resolutions  adopted  at  a  mass  meeting  at  Mont- 
gomeryville,  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  which  condemned  Hendricks  and 
Noble  for  their  votes,  and  commended  Taylor.1  *  This  article  was  widely 
republished  in  Indiana  papers  with  indignant  and  sarcastic  comments. 
The  Corydon  Gazette  printed  the  resolutions,  which  request  John  W. 
Maddox  ' '  to  inform  members  who  voted  against  the  admission  of  Missouri 
that  they  disapprove,"  and  expressed  satisfaction  that  this  would  advise 
the  outside  world  that  there  was  such  a  politician  as  John  W.  Maddox 
in  Indiana.  It  also  stated  that  Montgomeryville  was  "a  town  only  in 
name,  as  it  contains  only  three  or  four  round  logged  cabin  roofed  houses, 
and  some  of  them  without  a  tenant."  In  reality  Montgomeryville  was 
something  like  Boston, — "not  a  place,  but  a  state  of  mind" — but  Major 
John  W.  Maddox  was  a  man  of  some  prominence  in  Gibson  County,  for 
he  gave  one  of  the  toasts  at  the  dinner  tfl  Gen.  Harrison,  at  Princeton, 
on  June  9,  1821.  On  April  7,  the  Centinel  printed  a  letter  over  his 
name,  protesting  against  the  disparagement  of  Montgomeryville,  which 
he  asserted  to  possess  some  houses  of  "hughed  loggs,"  but  it  is  so  fear- 
fully and  wonderfully  spelled  and  composed  as  to  throw  doubt  on  its 
authenticity.  The  matter  attracted  so  much  attention  that  a  genuine 
Gibson  County  meeting  was  held,  and  Samuel  Montgomery,  Jesse  Emer- 
son and  Maj.  James  Smith,  prominent  citizens,  were  appointed  to  draft 

is  Miles  Register,  Vol.  11,  p.  313. 
nEsarey's  Indiana,  p.  252. 


350  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

resolutions.  They  reported  that  the  prevailing  discussion  was  liable  to 
injure  the  reputation  of  Gibson  County,  and  stated  that,  "  Montgomery  - 
ville  is  neither  Town  nor  Village;  that  there  are  not  more  than  two  or 
three  voters  resident  at  said  place,  and  that  the  resolutions  spoken  of 
must  have  been  the  production  of  some  one  or  two  individuals  only.13 
Possibly  the  whole  thing  may  have  been  a  scheme  of  Maddox  to  adver- 
tise himself. 

During  all  these  years  there  had  been  some  demand  for  another  con- 
stitutional convention,  and  it  was  formally  proposed  in  the  legislatures 
of  1819,  1821  and  1822.  At  the  last  named  session  a  bill  was  passed  to 
submit  the  question  to  the  voters  at  the  election  in  August.  1823.  It 
is  unquestionable  that  there  were  some  defects  in  the  constitution  of  1816, 
that  were  already  apparent  to  some  of  the  people,  the  principal  ones 
being  the  expense  of  annual  sessions  of  the  legislature,  the  absurdity  of 
associate  judges  of  the  circuit  courts,  and  the  unsatisfactory  system  of 
removal  of  local  officers  by  impeachment  in  the  legislature ;  but  they  were 
not  apparent  to  the  masses,  and  they  were  ready  to  suspect  that  there 
was  some  sinister  design  in  the  proposition.  This  was  promptly  supplied 
by  the  charge  that  the  object  was  t6  introduce  slavery  into  the  State. 
It  is  simply  incredible  that  the  legislature  of  1822  had  any  such  motive, 
but  as  the  campaign  developed  everything  seemed  to  support  that  theory. 
The  advocacy  was  chiefly  by  Kentucky  papers,  which,  with  rare  imbe- 
cility, expressed  the  hope  that  Indiana  would  admit  slavery.16  The  one 
Indiana  newspaper  that  declared  for  a  convention  was  the  Vincennes 
Sun,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  some  of  the  Knox  County  people 
had  been  dreaming  of  a  convention  that  would  admit  slavery,  for  one  of 
the  standing  toasts  at  Vincennes  dinners  had  been  to  the  effect  that  the 
people  had  made  the  constitution,  and  could  change  it  at  their  pleasure. 
But  Vincennes  now  had  an  anti-slavery  paper,  and  on  July  3,  Osborn 
printed  an  article  signed  ' '  B.  Whitson, ' '  in  which  is  said :  ' '  Most  of 
you  who  settled  in  Indiana  under  territorial  government  were  emigrants 
from  those  states  where  you  could  say,  'My  ears  are  pained,  my  soul  is 
sick,  with  every  days  report  and  outrage  with  which  the  earth  is  filled.' 
You  saw  the  land  of  freedom  with  anxious  eye.  You  braved  the  difficul- 
ties of  removing;  you  endured  the  hardships  and  underwent  the  priva- 
tions of  settling  in  a  country  where  you  no  more  expect  to  witness  those 
scenes  of  inhuman  barbarity  inflicted  on  the  unfortunate  and  unoffend- 
ing descendants  of  Africa.  But  some  of  our  citizens  have  rose  to  opu- 
lency;  and  it  seems  that  they  now  wish  to  be  placed  in  easier  circum- 
stances, as  to  themselves  and  their  children.  They  think  it  too  hard  for 


is  Centinel,  May  5,  1821. 

i«  Kettleborough  's  Constitution  Making  in  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  pp.  xlvii-li. 


MAP 

N  DIANA 


JOHN  MEU3H  IN  ** 


This  is  the  latest  map  showing  the  effect  of  LaSalle's  report  of  his 
route  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Illinois,  by  way  of  the  Maumee,  St. 
Josephs,  and  Kankakee,  which  caused  Lake  Michigan  and  the  sources 
of  the  Kankakee  to  be  thrown  to  the  East.) 


• 


.  352  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

'Master  Tommy  to  saddle  his  own  horse,  and  little  Miss  to  wash  the 
dishes  and  sweep  the  kitchen.'  Can  any  discerning  mind  doubt  for  a 
moment,  but  that  our  last  legislature  was  infested  with  men  of  this 
description  ?  From  what  else  could  the  bill  originate,  but  from  a  desire 
to  introduce  slavery  into  this  state  ?  Can  we  consent  to  sink  our  reputa- 
tion to  a  level  with  those  states  who  say  one  thing  and  do  another? 
*  *  *  Some  will  tell  you  it  is  impracticable  to  introduce  slavery  into 
this  state,  because,  they  say,  we  are  under  the  control  of  congress ;  and 
that  we  cannot  frame  a  constitution  contrary  to  the  principles  under 
which  we  went  into  state  government.  But  I  will  assert  on  the  authority 
of  Governor  Hendricks'  word,  that  congress  has  no  power  over  us,  to 
prevent  us  from  forming  a  constitution  which  will  admit  slavery.  It  is 
true  congress  would  not  suffer  us  to  form  a  constitution  tolerating  slav- 
ery; yet  the  act  of  congress  was  for  the  purpose  'of  admitting  us  into 
the  Union,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states.'  But  many  of 
the  original  states  constitutions  tolerate  slavery,  and  if  we  are  'on  an 
equal  footing,'  we  may,  if  we  please,  tolerate  slavery  too.  *  »  * 
What  if  there  are  small  defects  in  our  constitution  ?  If  there  are  it  shuts 
.  •  _-  out  from  our  state  the  sooty  slave,  and  his  sable  master.  *  *  *  Never 

give  up  a  certainty  for  an  uncertainty.    It  is  easier  to  prevent  an  evil 
than  to  remove  it.17 

There  was  another  outside  influence  as  potent  as  Kentucky  advocacy 
of  a  convention.  Illinois  had  called  for  a  vote  on  calling  a  convention 
this  same  year,  and  James  Lemen  was  still  on  guard  in  that  state.  On 
March  22,  1823,  a  convention  was  held  at  Belleville,  and  The  St.  Clair 
Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Slavery  in  the  State  of  Illinois  was  organ- 
ized, with  John  Messinger  as  Chairman,  and  James  Lemen  and  Samuel 
Mitchell  as  Managers.  They  issued  a  strong  address  against  slavery, 
which  was  charged  to  be  the  avowed  purpose  of  the  proposed  Illinois 
convention.  Osborn  published  an  account  of  the  convention,  the  address, 
and  a  strong  editorial  urging  the  Illinois  people,  a  number  of  whom 
were  his  subscribers,  to  vote  against  a  convention.  He  also  warned  the 
Indiana  people  to  be  on  their  guard  against  the  like  danger.18  The  final 
touch  was  added  by  an  atrocious  kidnaping  case.  On  May  23,  J.  C.  S. 
Harrison  wrote  from  Vincennes  to  his  father,  Gen.  Harrison,  in  Ohio, 
that  Jack  Butler,  a  former  bond-servant  of  the  General,  had  been  carried 
off,  together  with  his  wife,  two  boys  and  four  girls.  He  said  they  had 
evidently  been  kidnaped  by  three  men,  calling  themselves  Baird,  Myres 
and  Welsh,  who  had  come  over  from  Vandalia  some  days  earlier,  and  had 
bought  a  skiff  on  the  22d.,  with  which  they  had  disappeared.  He  had 

"  Farmers  and  Mechanics  Journal,  July  3,  1823. 

»s  Farmers  and  Mechanics  Journal,  June  19,  July  10,  1823. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  353 

sent  a  man  to  try  to  intercept  them,  but  without  success.  General  Har- 
rison at  once  published  the  letter  in  the  Cincinnati  National  Republican, 
together  with  an  offer  of  $50  reward  for  the  arrest  of  any  of  the  kidnap- 
ers, and  the  same  amount  for  conviction.  He  asked  newspapers  of  the 
southern  states  to  copy  and  made  a  personal  appeal  to  the  governors  of 
Louisiana  and  Mississippi  to  arrest  the  fugitives  if  possible.  In  this 
article  he  said:  "Jack  Butler,  the  man,  belonged  to  a  respectable 
farmer  in  Washington  Co.,  Ky.,  from  whom  he  ran  away  in  the  year  1801 
and  came  to  Vincennes.  His  master  pursued  him,  and  having  appre- 
hended him  was  about  to  take  him  home,  when  on  the  solicitation  of  the 
negro,  I  purchased  him  for  the  sum  of  four  hundred  dollars,  upon  his 
agreement  to  serve  me  for  twelve  years.  This  he  faithfully  performed, 
and  was  discharged  in  1813.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  during  the  time 
that  he  was  my  servant,  was  the  daughter  of  a  free  woman  named  Mary 
Cauty,  who  then,  and  had  for  years  before,  resided  in  Vincennes.  I  do 
not  know  from  whence  the  mother  originally  came,  but  she  could  not  have 
been  a  native  of  any  of  the  TJ.  States,  as  she  spoke  no  English — herself 
and  family  using  altogether  the  French  language.  After  Jack  was  dis- 
charged from  my  service,  he  lived  in  Vincennes  until  the  year  1816 ;  and 
from  that  time  until  he  was  taken  away  he  remained  on  a  small  farm  of 
mine  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  Wabash,  which  I  permitted  him  to  occupy 
in  consideration  of  his  faithful  services  to  me. ' ' 

Harrison's  efforts  were  successful;  and  within  a  month  it  was  an- 
nounced that  the  kidnapers  were  arrested  and  in  jail  at  New  Orleans. 
Osborn  said:  "They  were  on  the  point  of  embarking  for  some  of  the 
W.  India  islands,  when  from  some  deficiency  in  their  clearance  papers, 
suspicion  was  excited  and  they  were  taken  up,  examined,  and  committed 
to  jail."  He  added:  "We  have  frequently  remarked  the  promptitude 
with  which,  in  general,  the  citizens  of  slave  states,  both  those  in  authority 
and  in  private  stations,  have  come  forward  to  rescue  from  illegal  bond- 
age persons  of  colour.19  Here  was  an  illustration  of  the  evils  of  slavery 
that  could  not  be  questioned,  and  it  had  weight  in  the  election,  which 
resulted  in  only  2,601  votes  for  a  convention  with  11,991  against.  Osborn 
printed  the  returns  from  Knox  County,  which  had  favored  the  conven- 
tion, but  by  a  vote  of  only  353  to  345  against,  with  the  comment:  "This 
is  much  as  we  expected  it  would  be,  although  some  of  the  sage  'resident- 
ers'  of  the  ancient  order  felicitated  themselves  with  the  pleasing  dream 
of  'three  to  one  in  favor  of  the  new  Convention,'  and  as  they  termed  it 
'plenty  of  sarvents.'  "20 

After  the  War  of  1812  immigration  to  the  northwest  became  rapid, 


i»  Farmers  and  Mechanics  Journal,  July  10,  24,  1823. 

20  Western  Register  &  Terre  Haute  Advertiser,  August  13,  1823. 
v»t  I— » 


354  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  measures  were  taken  by  the  Government  to  extinguish  more  of  the 
Indian  titles  in  Indiana  and  Illinois.  There  was  trouble  over  conflicting 
claims  of  Indians  to  the  same  lands,  and  uncertainty  as  to  some  boundary 
lines,  which  necessitated  some  minor  treaties,  and  caused  provisions  in 
others  ratifying  previous  treaties  and  boundaries.  In  1809  Gen.  Har- 
rison had  bought  from  the  Kickapoos  a  tract-  west  of  the  Wabash  running 
twenty  miles  up  the  Vermillion,  and  in  1816  Benjamin  Parke  made  a 
treaty  with  the  Kickapoos  and  Weas  for  the  same  land.  In  September, 
1817,  Lewis  Cass  and  Duncan  McArthur  made  a  treaty  with  the  Wyan- 
dots  and  others  for  a  tract  in  northwestern  Ohio  and  northeastern  Indi- 
ana, connecting  Fort  Wayne  with  Lake  Erie  and  the  ceded  lands  in  Ohio. 
The  important  treaty  for  Indiana,  however,  was  made  at  St.  Marys,  in 
October  1818,  by  Jonathan  Jennings,  Lewis  Cass  and  Benjamin  Parke. 
On  October  2,  the  Weas  released  all  of  their  lands  in  Indiana  except  a 
reservation  seven  miles  square  on  the  Wabash,  running  north  from  the 
mouth  of  Big  Raccoon  Creek.  On  the  same  day  the  Potawatomis  re- 
leased all  claims  south  of  the  Wabash,  and  a  strip  twenty-five  miles  wide 
north  of  the  Wabash,  extending  from  the  Vermillion  to  the  Tippecanoe. 
On  the  3d  the  Delawares  released  all  their  claims  in  Indiana,  and  agreed 
to  move  west  of  the  Mississippi  within  three  years,  for  which  purpose 
they  were  to  be  furnished  120  horses,  pirogues  and  provisions.  On  the 
6th  the  Miamis  released  all  of  their  lands  south  of  the  Wabash,  except- 
ing some  small  reservations,  and  one  large  one,  extending  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Salominie  to  the  mouth  of  Eel  river,  and  an  equal  distance 
south,  and  including  1,500  square  miles.  The  large  tract  in  Indiana  thus 
obtained  was  commonly  known  as  "The  New  Purchase,"  and,  indeed, 
was  so  called  in  the  act  of  the  legislature  for  the  division  of  Wayne 
County,  of  January  10,  1818.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature,  of 
December  7,  1819,  Governor  Jennings  calls  it  "the  late  purchase";  but 
the  legislature,  in  its  act  establishing  counties  in  it,  call  it  "the  new 
purchase,  lately  acquired  from  the  Indians."21  Before  these  treaties, 
only  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  about  one  third  of  its  extent,  was 
open  to  settlement.  They  added  substantially  another  third,  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  State.  The  act  of  1820,  above  mentioned,  added  parts  of  the 
new  purchase  to  adjoining  counties,  and  divided  the  remainder  on  the 
line  of  the  second  principal  meridian,  the  part  east  of  the  line  being 
called  Delaware  County,  and  that  west  Wabash  County. 

In  this  connection  it  will  be  well  to  note  the  survey  system  of  Indi- 
ana, the  history  of  which  has  been  very  fully  unearthed  by  Mr.  Geo.  R. 
Wilson  of  "the  Freeman  Line  Commission."  Although  following  the 


21  Acts  of  1820,  p.  95. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  355 

same  system  of  division,  the  Indiana  surveys  are  entirely  independent  of 
the  Ohio  surveys,  except  in  the  triangular  tract  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  State,  east  of  the  Greenville  Treaty  line,  which  is  known  as  "the 
Gore."  The  first  large  survey  in  Indiana  was  of  the  Vincennes  Tract, 
originally  given  by  the  Indians  to  the  French  in  1742,  and  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  the  Treaty  of  Greenville.  In  1801  Governor  Harrison 
wrote  to  the  Secretary  of  War  that  the  difficulty  of  keeping  squatters  off 
the  Indian  lands  was  much  increased  by  the  facf  that  the  tract  had  not 
been  surveyed,  and  the  boundaries  established.  In  1802  the  Government 
sent  Thomas  Freeman,  a  Government  Surveyor,  who  had  been  appointed 
in  1796  to  run.the  line  between  Spanish  Florida  and  the  United  States, 
to  survey  the  Vincennes  Tract.  This  tract  was  twenty-four  leagues  in 
width,  up  and  down  the  Wabash,  from  White  river  to  Pointe  Coupee 
near  Merom,  by  twice  that  length,  extending 'on  both  sides  of  the  Wabash. 
Freeman  made  the  survey  in  1802  and  1803;  and  the  two  Indiana  cor- 
ners, the  northeastern  in  Orange  County,  and  the  southeastern  in  Perry 
County,  are  still  known  as  "Freeman's  Corners."  In  making  the  survey 
it  was  found  that  white  settlements  had  already  encroached  on  the  Indian 
lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Carlisle,  in  Sullivan  County,  and  of  Princeton, 
in  Gibson  County,  and  by  a  supplemental  treaty  at  Fort  Wayne,  on 
June  7,  1803,  it  was  agreed  that  offsets  should  be  made  to  take  in  these 
two  settlements  and  the  north  and  south  lines  were  so  surveyed.  In 
1804,  Ebenezer  Buckingham,  Jr.,  began  the  main  survey  of  Indiana  lands, 
and  he  took  Freeman's  southeast  corner  for  his  starting  point.  He  ran 
the  Base  Line  east  and  west  from  this  point,  and  also  evidently  intended 
to  run  the  second  principal  meridian  through  this  point,  but  in  1805,  he 
threw  this  twelve  miles  east,  presumably  to  take  it  out  of  the  Vincennes 
Tract,  which  makes  it  run  through  Freeman's  northeast  corner.  In  con- 
sequence, all  land  descriptions  in  Indiana  refer  back,  by  township  and 
range  numbers,  to  Freeman's  corners. 

Here  also  may  be  noted  the  beginning  in  Indiana  of  our  present 
Indian  system.  The  Indian  school  of  Isaac  McCoy  has  often  been  men- 
tioned by  Indiana  writers,  but  the  significance  of  his  work  has  been  over- 
looked. McCoy  was  a  most  remarkable  character.  Many  of  the  pioneer 
preachers  underwent  great  hardships,  but  no  other  equaled  McCoy  in 
this  respect.  In  fact,  St.  Paul  himself  had  no  more  strenuous  life.  Like 
the  Apostle  to  the  Gentiles,  he  was  converted  by  a  great  light.  At  the 
age  of  seventeen,  while  working  in  the  woods,  on  a  dark  misty  day,  he 
suddenly  had  the  impression  of  a  bright  light  about  him,  and  turned  to 
see  if  the  sun  had  come  out,  when  it  vanished.  At  the  same  time  he  had 
his  "call."  He  says:  "I  not  only  felt  an  impression  to  preach,  but  I 
felt  strong  impressions  to  publish  salvation  to  the  inhabitants  of  Vin- 


r 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  357 

cennes.  I  could  not  account  for  these  impressions,  as  I  was  an  entire 
stranger  to  the  place,  and  knew  but  little  of  it  by  information,  and  the 
accomplishment  of  such  a  thing  seemed  impracticable."  He  knelt  in 
prayer,  and  thereafter  had  no  doubt  as  to  his  duty.  He  had  not  been 
especially  sinful.  He  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  June 
13,  1784.  His  father,  who  was  a  Baptist  preacher,  removed  to  Kentucky 
when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  he  grew  up  there,  known  throughout  the 
neighborhood  as  a  boy  with  a  fondness  for  books,  and  an  aversion  to  evil 
in  all  forms.  In  1803  he  married  Christiana  Polke,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  Polke,  the  Baptist  preacher  who  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1816.  His  calling  was  so  impressed  on  his 
mind  that  "in  settling  the  match  he  told  her  that  he  must  move  directly 
to  Vincennes. "  Six  months  after  their  marriage  they  removed  to  Vin- 
cennes;  but  finding  the  climate  Slickly,  and  no  opening  for  missionary 
work,  they  went  to  Clark  County,  and  located  near  the  Silver  Creek 
Baptist  Church,  to  which  his  father,  William  McCoy,  had  been  minister- 
ing for  several  years.  Here  they  lived  for  three  years,  and  here  he  was 
licensed  to  "exercise  his  gift"  of  preaching.  Then  they  moved  back  to 
"the  Wabash  country,"  and  settled  eight  miles  northeast  of  Vincennes 
near  his  wife's  uncle,  Major  William  Bruce.  Here  he  purchased  fifty- 
four  acres  of  land,  on  Maria  Creek,  and  soon  after  the  Maria  Creek  Bap- 
tist Church  was  constituted,  with  him  as  pastor.  He  was  not  a  tent- 
maker  as  Paul  was,  but  he  had  learned  the  trade  of  a  wheelwright  trom 
his  father,  and  not  only  made  spinning-wheels,  but  repaired  all  sorts  of 
farming  implements.  During  the  War  of  1812,  all  the  settlers  in  the 
vicinity  lived  in  a  fort,  and  McCoy,  who  had  frontier  training  with  a 
rifle,  was  a  leader  in  the  precautions  against  hostile  Indians.  Between 
times  he  went  on  missionary  journeys  through  Kentucky  and  as  far  as 
Missouri. 

After  the  war,  McCoy's  thoughts  were  turned  towards  the  Indians, 
whose  wretched  condition  attracted  the  sympathy  of  all  intelligent  men 
familiar  with  it.  The  controversy  in  the  Baptist  church  over  the  subject 
of  missions  had  already  begun.  The  Calvinistic  brethren,  holding  to  pre- 
destination and  election,  considered  missions,  Sunday  schools,  an  edu- 
cated ministry,  tracts,  and  all  other  organized  efforts  at  salvation  as 
works  of  the  devil,  being  officious  interferences  with  the  established  will 
of  God.  In  the  division  of  the  church  that  followed  these  were  known  as 
"Primitive  Baptists,"  or  more  familiarly  as  "Hard  Shells."  McCoy 
met  some  opposition  from  these,  but  his  personal  popularity  gave  him 
support  in  the  churches  where  he  was  known.  In  October,  1817,  he 
succeeded  in  getting  an  appointment  from  The  Board  of  the  Baptist 
Triennial  Convention  (now  Missionary  Union),  for  one  year,  for  parts 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  357 

••'"'. 

cennes.  I  could  not  account  for  these  impressions,  as  I  was  an  entire 
stranger  to  the  place,  and  knew  but  little  of  it  bv  information,  and  the 

*• 

accomplishment  of  such  a  thing  seemed  impracticable."  He  knelt  in 
prayer,  and  thereafter  had  no  doubt  as  to  his  duty.  He  had  not  been 
especially  sinful.  He  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Pennsylvania,  June 
13,  1784.  His  father,  who  was  a  Baptist  preacher,  removed  to  Kentucky 
when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  he  grew  up  there,  known  throughout  the 
neighborhood  as  a  boy  with  a  fondness  for  books,  and  an  aversion  to  evil 
in  all  forms.  In  1803  he  married  Christiana  Polke,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  Polke,  the  Baptist  preacher  who  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1816.  His  calling  was  so  impressed  on  his 
mind  that  "in  settling  the  match  he  told  her  that  he  must  move  directly 
to  Vincennes."  Six  months  after  their  marriage  they  removed  to  Vin- 
cennes: but  finding  the  climate  sickly,  and  no  opening  for  missionary 
work,  they  went  to  Clark  County,  and  located  near  the  Silver  Creek 
Baptist  Church,  to  which  his  father,  William  McCoy,  had  been  minister- 
ing for  several  years.  Here  they  lived  for  three  years,  and  here  he  was 
licensed  to  "exercise  his  gift"  of  preaching.  Then  they  moved  back  to 
"the  Wabash  country,"  and  settled  eight  miles  northeast  of  Vincennes 
near  his  wife's  uncle,  Major  William  Bruce.  Here  he  purchased  fifty- 
four  acres  of  land,  on  Maria  Creek,  and  soon  after  the  Maria  Creek  Bap- 
tist Church  was  constituted,  with  him  as  pastor.  He  was  not  a  tent- 
maker  as  Paul  was,  but  he  had  learned  the  trade  of  a  wheelwright  trom 
his  father,  and  not  only  made  spinning-wheels,  but  repaired  all  sorts  of 
farming  implements.  During  the  War  of  1812,  all  the  settlers  in  the 
vicinity  lived  in  a  fort,  and  McCoy,  who  had  frontier  training  with  a 
rifle,  was  a  leader  in  the  precautions  against  hostile  Indians.  Between 
times  he  went  on  missionary  journeys  thnnigh  Kentucky  and  as  far  as 
Missouri. 

After  the  war,  McCoy's  thoughts  were  turned  towards  the  Indians, 
whose  wretched  condition  attracted  the  sympathy  of  all  intelligent  men 
familiar  with  it.  The  controversy  in  the  Baptist  church  over  the  subject 
of  missions  had  already  begun.  The  Calvinistic  brethren,  holding  to  pre- 
destination and  election,  considered  missions,  Sunday  schools,  an  edu- 
cated ministry,  tracts,  and  all  other  organized  efforts  at  salvation  as 
works  of  the  devil,  being  officious  interferences  with  the  established  will 
of  God.  In  the  division  of  the  church  that  followed  these  were  known  as 
"Primitive  Baptists,"  or  more  familiarly  as  "Hard  Shells."  McCoy 
met  some  opposition  from  these,  but  his  personal  popularity  gave  him 
support  in  the  churches  where  he  was  known.  In  October,  1817,  he 
succeeded  in  getting  an  appointment  from  The  Board  of  the  Baptist 
Triennial  Convention  (now  Missionary  Union),  for  one  year,  for  parts 


358  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  Indiana  and  Illinois,  with  instructions  "to  give  attention  to  the 
Indians  as  far  as  practicable."  He  began  his  work  with  seeming  hope- 
less obstructions.  He  knew  nothing  of  Indian  languages,  and  the  only 
available  interpreters  were  French  Catholics,  who  used  their  influence 
with  the  Indians  against  him.  In  this  first  year  he  obtained  the  promise 
of  only  two-half-breed  children  for  his  proposed  mission  school  from 
their  Indian  mothers;  and  these  were  refused  by  their  Catholic  fathers. 
The  net  result  of  the  first  year's  work  was  that  he  bought  a  small  tract 
of  land  on  Raccoon  Creek,  near  the  present  town  of  Montezuma,  Indiana, 
as  near  the  new  Wea  reserve  as  he  could  conveniently  get,  and  put  up 
two  log  cabins  for  his  proposed  mission.  In  October  1818,  although  his 
appointment  had  not  been  renewed,  he  moved  with  his  wife  and  seven 
small  children  to  this  location,  accompanied  only  by  a  young  man  named 
Martin,  who  was  employed  as  an-  assistant.  Martin  was  a  professed 
atheist,  but  he  was  the  only  help  available,  and  he  was  later  converted 
through  the  efforts  of  McCoy,  and  himself  became  a  missionary.  After 
getting  settled,  he  left  his  family  at  the  mission,  and  went  with  Martin 
on  a  journey  through  the  wilderness  of  central  Indiana,  in  search  of 
Indian  pupils,  going  as  far  as  the  Shawnee  towns  on  the  Ohio  border. 
The  Indians,  when  sober,  were  courteous,  but  rather  suspicious.  They 
could  not  understand  a  white  man  who  wished  to  do  something  for  them 
from  purely  disinterested  motives.  Chief  Anderson,  who  had  just  taken 
part  in  the  New  Purchase  treaty,  told  him  that  when  the  Delawares  were 
settled  beyond  the  Mississippi,  and  had  some  assurance  that  they  would 
not  again  be  disturbed,  he  would  be  glad  to  consider  his  proposals,  but 
for  the  present  nothing  would  be  done.  McCoy  returned  to  the  mission, 
and  on  January  1,  1819,  opened  his  school,  with  six  white  children  from 
the  families  of  the  nearest  settlers,  and  one  lone  Brotherton  Indian  boy, 
who  was  taught,  boarded  and  clothed  gratuitously. 

McCoy  had  come  home  with  a  fever,  and  he  had  repeated  attacks 
afterwards,  which  several  times  brought  him  to  death's  door.  He  had  a 
weak  stomach,  and  the  Indian  cooking  on  which  he  had  to  rely  when 
traveling,  was  often  of  a  character  to  try  a  strong  stomach.  This,  added 
to  great  exposure  in  a  country  where  malarial  disease  was  prevalent 
even  among  the  Indians,  brought  recurrent  spells  of  sickness  that  at 
times  prostrated  him  for  weeks.  But,  when  strong  enough  to  ride  a 
horse,  he  kept  at  his  work,  and  gradually  broke  down  the  distrust  of  the 
Indians,  as  well  as  gaining  the  confidence  of  the  whites  with  whom  he 
came  in  contact.  At  the  same  time  he  was  making  every  effort  to  acquire 
the  Indian  languages,  under  the  most  discouraging  circumstances.  Late 
in  the  fall,  Martin  left  him,  to  preach  in  the  white  settlements,  and  was 
replaced  by  Johnston  Lykins,  another  unbeliever,  who  later  became  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  359 

convert,  and  a  devoted  Indian  missionary.  In  May,  1820,  in  response  to 
an  invitation  from  John  Johnston,  the  Indian  agent  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
influential  Miami  chiefs,  the  mission  was  moved  to  Fort  Wayne.  The 
effects  of  the  mission  were  sent  up  the  Wabash  in  a  batteau,  except  some 
cattle  and  hogs,  which  were  driven  overland,  McCoy  and  his  wife  and 
children  going  on  horseback.  In  this  removal  they  were  assisted  by 
McCoy's  brother-in-law,  William  Polke,  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1816,  who  subsequently  took  much  interest  in  the  mission,  and 
aided  on  the  material  side  of  the  work.22  On  May  29,  1820,  the  school 
was  opened  at  Fort  Wayne  with  ten  English  pupils,  six  French,  eight 
Indians  ami  one  negro.  The  school  grew  rapidly,  and  the  difficulty  of 
maintaining  it  grew  in  proportion,  for  it  had  no  regular  support.  If 
generous  people  had  not  responded  to  McCoy's  appeals  for  aid  with 
gifts  of  food  and  clothing  it  must  have  been  abandoned.  Gov.  Cass 
heard  of  it  at  Detroit,  and  came  to  the  rescue  with  $450  worth  of  food  and 
clothing  from  public  funds.  But  with  all  of  this,  Mrs.  McCoy  was  at 
times  left  with  two  or  three  dozen  scantily  clad  Indian  children,  and  no 
food  in  the  house  but  a  small  supply  of  hominy.  She  was  entitled  to 
as  much  credit  as  McCoy  for  pulling  the  school  through.  She  not  only 
attended  to  the  housekeeping  but  instructed  the  Indian  girls  in  all  sorts 
of  domestic  employments.  McCoy's  mechanical  skill  enabled  him  to  give 
instruction  in  all  sorts  of  mechanical  work  that  was  useful  on  the  frontier, 
and  between  them  the  school  demonstrated  its  utility  to  the  most  skep- 
tical ;  for  there  were  skeptics,  some  of  whom  even  pronounced  McCoy  a 
fool  for  trying  to  teach  Indians.  One  notable  convert  to  the  usefulness 
of  the  work  was  John  Vawter,  an  elder  of  the  Silver  Creek  church, 
who  had  often  discoursed  against  missionary  work  of  all  kinds.  He 
had  become  U.  S.  marshal  for  Indiana,  and  after  a  visit  to  the  mission 
school,  completely  reversed  his  views,  and  wrote  a  circular  letter  urging 
aid  to  the  mission,  which  was  widely  published  in  the  West,  and  brought 
much  needed  aid. 

The  fame  of  the  school  also  spread  among  the  Indians,  and  came  to 
Menominee,  a  Potawatomi  who  had  set  up  as  a  religious  leader,  with  a 
pretty  fair  religion  of  his  own,  but  with  no  knowledge  of  Christianity. 
On  McCoy's  invitation  he  visited  Fort  Wayne,  and  decided  to  adopt 
McCoy's  religion.  He  went  back  with  a  promise  from  McCoy  to  visit 
him.  This  was  done  in  June,  1821 ;  and  McCoy  was  received  with  dis- 
tinguished honor,  and  protestations  of  friendship  from  all  the  Potawa- 
tomis  in  the  vicinity.  This  was  of  importance  for  a  treaty  with  the 
Potawatomis  was  to  be  held  at  Chicago  in  August.  McCoy  decided  to 


22  Folke  Memoirs,  in  Intl.  Mag.  of  Hist.,  1914. 


360 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


accept  the  invitation  of  these  Indians  to  locate  among  them,  if  satis- 
factory arrangements  could  be  made.  He  confided  his  plans  to  Sena- 
tor Trimble,  of  Ohio,  who  visited  the  mission  on  his  way  to  the  treaty, 
and  secured  the  warm  cooperation  of  this  representative  of  the  Govern- 
ment. At  the  treaty  the  Potawatomis  agreed  to  give  a  section  of  land 
for  a  school,  and  the  Government  agreed  to  pay  $1,000  a  year,  for  fifteen 


ELIZA  McCov 

years,  for  the  support  of  a  teacher  and  blacksmith.  There  was  a  moment 
of  danger,  when  the  interpreter  represented  that  the  Indians  wanted 
a  Catholic  teacher,  but  one  of  the  Indians  understood  English,  and  made 
a  protest;  and  all  of  the  Indians  announced  that  they  wanted  McCoy. 
The  school  at  Fort  Wayne  had  grown  to  more  than  forty  pupils,  but 
in  December,  1822,  it  was  removed  to  the  St.  Josephs,  near  Niles,  Michi- 
gan, and  the  Carey  Mission  was  established.  It  remained  until  1828, 
when  McCoy  followed  the  Indians  to  the  West.  They  were  in  sore  need 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  361 

during  the  rest  of  the  winter,  owing  to  the  failure  of  supplies  to  arrive, 
but  after  that  the  mission  prospered,  and  there  was  no  serious  physical 
discomfort.  In  the  course  of  his  work,  McCoy  became  satisfied  that  the 
only  hope  for  the  Indians  lay  in  separating  them  from  contact  with  the 
whites,  and  he  evolved  the  idea  of  a  separate  Indian  Territory  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  where  they  could  live  to  themselves,  until  thoroughly 
civilized.  He  had  gained  the  confidence  of  officials  at  Washington,  who 
were  persuaded  of  the  soundness  of  his  view.  It  found  ready  acceptance 
from  politicians  who  wanted  to  get  rid  of  the  Indians  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  only  material  objection  came  from  Southern  politicians  who 
did  not  want  the  Indians  colonized  south  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line.  McCoy  was  put  forward  as  the  champion  of  the  system,  which  fi- 
nally resulted  in  the  establishment  of  Indian  Territory,  and  our  present 
system  of  education  and  aid  to  the  Indians.  The  Government  did  not 
do  its  full  duty  in  suppressing  outlaws  and  disreputable  whites  who 
furnished  liquor  to  the  Indians;  but  McCoy  and  his  family  followed 
the  Indians  and  devoted  themselves  to  their  welfare.  His  pamphlet, 
"The  Practicability  of  Indian  Reform,"  published  in  1829,  was  the  argu- 
ment on  which  the  new  system  rested. 

He  realized,  however,  that  the  work,  if  successful,  could  not  be  left 
to  governmental  agencies  alone.  He  advocated  church  action  until,  in 
1842,  he  succeeded  in  organizing  the  American  Indian  Mission  Associa- 
tion, and  located  at  Louisville  to  take  charge  of  its  work.  He  continued 
in  this  until  his  death,  on  June  21,  1846.  His  tombstone  in  the  old 
"Western  Cemetery"  at  Louisville  bears  the  merited  inscription:  "For 
nearly  thirty  years  his  entire  time  and  energies  were  devoted  to  the 
civil  and  religious  improvement  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  this  country. 
He  projected  and  founded  the  plan  of  their  colonization,  their  only 
hope,  and  the  imperishable  monument  of  his  wisdom  and  benevolence." 
His  daughter  Delilah,  a  native  of  Indiana,  who  had  married  Johnston 
Lykins,  remained  with  him  on  the  mission  field.  His  niece,  Eliza  McCoy, 
entered  the  work,  and  became  one  of  the  most  noted  of  Indian  mission- 
aries. She  was  also  a  native  of  Indiana.  At  her  death  she  left  a  hand- 
some fortune  to  the  cause.  In  all  of  Indiana  history  there  is  no  brighter 
record  than  that  of  this  devoted  family. 

The  treaties  of  1818  gave  opportunity  for  the  location  of  a  permanent 
capital,  which  was  something  that  the  State  had  been  looking  forward 
to  for  several  years.  As  before  mentioned,  when  the  State  was  admitted 
Congress  donated  four  sections  for  a  capital,  to  be  selected  by  the  legis- 
lature from  "such  lands  as  may  hereafter  be  acquired  by  the  United 
States,  from  the  Indian  tribes  within  the  said  territory."  By  an  act 
of  January  11,  1820,  ten  commissioners  were  appointed' to  select  the  site. 


• 


360 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


accept  the  invitation  of  these  Indians  to  locate  among  them,  if  satis- 
factory arrangements  could  be  made.  He  confided  his  plans  to  Sena- 
tor Trimble,  of  Ohio,  who  visited  the  mission  on  his  way  to  the  treaty, 
and  secured  the  warm  cooperation  of  this  representative  of  the  Govern- 
ment. At  the  treaty  the  Potawatomis  agreed  to  give  a  section  of  land 
for  a  school,  and  the  Government  agreed  to  pay  $1,000  a  year,  for  fifteen 


ELIZA  McCoy 

years,  for  the  support  of  a  teacher  and  blacksmith.  There  was  a  moment 
of  danger,  when  the  interpreter  represented  that  the  Indians  wanted 
a  Catholic  teacher,  but  one  of  the  Indians  understood  English,  and  made 
a  protest ;  and  all  of  the  Indians  announced  that  they  wanted  McCoy. 
The  school  at  Fort  Wayne  had  grown  to  more  than  forty  pupils,  but 
in  December,  1822,  it  was  removed  to  the  St.  Josephs,  near  Niles,  Michi- 
gan, and  the  Carey  Mission  was  established.  It  remained  until  1828, 
when  McCoy  followed  the  Indians  to  the  West.  They  were  in  sore  need 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  -361 

during  the  rest  of  the  winter,  owing  to  the  failure  of  supplies  to  arrive, 
but  after  that  the  mission  prospered,  and  there  was  no  serious  physical 
discomfort.  In  the  course  of  his  work,  McCoy  became  satisfied  that  the 
only  hope  for  the  Indians  lay  in  separating  them  from  contact  with  the 
whites,  and  he  evolved  the  idea  of  a  separate  Indian  Territory  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  where  they  could  live  to  themselves,  until  thoroughly 
civilized.  He  had  gained  the  confidence  of  officials  at  Washington,  who 
were  persuaded  of  the  soundness  of  his  view.  It  found  ready  acceptance 
from  politicians  who  wanted  to  get  rid  of  the  Indians  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  only  material  objection  came  from  Southern  politicians  who 
did  not  want  the  Indians  colonized  south  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line.  McCoy  was  put  forward  as  the  champion  of  the  system,  which  fi- 
nally resulted  in  the  establishment  of  Indian  Territory,  and  our  present 
system  of  education  and  aid  to  the  Indians.  The  Government  did  not 
do  its  full  duty  in  suppressing  outlaws  and  disreputable  whites  who 
furnished  liquor  to  the  Indians;  but  McCoy  and  his  family  followed 
the  Indians  and  devoted  themselves  to  their  welfare.  His  pamphlet, 
"The  Practicability  of  Indian  Reform,"  published  in  1829,  was  the  argu- 
ment on  which  the  new  system  rested. 

He  realized,  however,  that  the  work,  if  successful,  could  not  be  left 
to  governmental  agencies  alone.  He  advocated  church  action  until,  in 
1842,  he  succeeded  in  organizing  the  American  Indian  Mission  Associa- 
tion, and  located  at  Louisville  to  take  charge  of  its  work.  He  continued 
in  this  until  his  death,  on  June  21,  1846.  His  tombstone  in  the  old 
''Western  Cemetery"  at  Louisville  bears  the  merited  inscription:  ''For 
nearly  thirty  years  his  entire  time  and  energies  were  devoted  to  the 
civil  and  religious  improvement  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  this  country, 
lie  projected  and  founded  the  plan  of  their  colonization,  their  only 
hope,  and  the  imperishable  monument  of  his  wisdom  and  benevolence." 
His  daughter  Delilah,  a  native  of  Indiana,  who  had  married  Johnston 
Lykins,  remained  with  him  on  the  mission  field.  His  niece,  Eliza  McCoy, 
entered  the  work,  and  became  one  of  the  most  noted  of  Indian  mission- 
aries. She  was  also  a  native  of  Indiana.  At  her  death  she  left  a  hand- 
some fortune  to  the  cause.  In  all  of  Indiana  history  there  is  no  brighter 
record  than  that  of  this  devoted  family. 

The  treaties  of  1818  gave  opportunity  for  the  location  of  a  permanent 
capital,  which  was  something  that  the  State  had  been  looking  forward 
to  for  several  years.  As  before  mentioned,  when  the  State  was  admitted 
Congress  donated  four  sections  for  a  capital,  to  be  selected  by  the  legis- 
lature from  "such  lands  as  may  hereafter  be  acquired  by  the  United 
States,  from  the  Indian  tribes  within  the  said  territory."  By  an  act 
of  January  11,  1820,  ten  commissioners  were  appointed  to  select  the  site. 


RALSTON 's  PLAT  OF  1821 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  363 

The  commissioners  were  George  Hunt,  of  Wayne  County ;  John  Conner 
of  Fayette;  Stephen  Ludlow,  of  Dearborn;  John  Gilliland,  of  Switzer- 
land ;  Joseph  Bartholomew,  of  Clark ;  John  Tipton,  of  Harrison ;.  Jesse 
B.  Durham,  of  Jackson;  Frederick  Rapp,  of  Posey;  William  Prince,  of 
Gibson ;  and  Thomas  Emmerson,  of  Knox.  With  the  exception  of  Will- 
iam Prince,  the  appointees  accepted,  and  met  at  the  house  of  William 
Conner,  on  White  river,  about  four  miles  below  Noblesville,  where  Con- 
ner had  kept  a  trading  station  since  1802.  Governor  Jennings  accom- 
panied the  party.  After  examining  the  land  for  thirty  or  forty  miles 
along  the  civer,  they  agreed  on  May  27  to  locate  at  the  mouth  of  Fall 
Creek,  but  as  the  survey  of  the  township  in  which  this  lay  was  not  com- 
pleted, they  adjourned  for  a  week,  and  on  June  7  made  the  selection 
by  exact  description.  By  act  of  January  6,  1821,  the  legislature  rati- 
fied the  selection,  as  everybody  expected,  and  provided  for  three  com- 
missioners to  lay  out  the  town.  It  provided  that  they,  "or  a  majority 
of  them,"  should  meet  on  the  town  site,  on  the  first  Monday  in  April, 
1821,  and  lay  out  a  town,  "on  such  plan  as  they  may  conceive  will  be 
advantageous  to  the  State  and  to  the  prosperity  of  said  town,  having 
specially  in  view  the  health,  utility  and  beauty  of  the  place."  The 
commissioners  chosen  were  James  W.  Jones,  Samuel  P.  Booker  and 
Christopher  Harrison,  but  only  Harrison  appeared  at  the  time  and 
place  designated.  He,  however,  was  equal  to  the  emergency,  and,  hold- 
ing himself  a  majority  of  those  present  and  voting,  he  went  ahead  with 
the  work,  employing  Alexander  Ralston,  a  surveyor  who  had  helped 
Major  L 'Enfant  lay  out  Washington  City,  and  Elias  Pym  Fordham, 
an  Englishman  from  Birkbeck's  Illinois  colony,  to  make  the  survey. 
The  design  was  Ralston 's,  and  was  a  modification  of  the  Washington 
plan,  the  plat  covering  a  mile  square,  ten  blocks  in  each  direction,  with 
diagonal  streets  running  to  each  of  the  four  corners;  and  Ralston 
asserted  that  "it  would  make  a  beautiful  city,  if  it  were  ever  built." 
Gen.  John  Carr,  who  had  been  appointed  Agent  for  the  sale  of  the 
town  lots,  also  went  on  with  the  sale  in  October,  and  314  lots  were  sold 
at  a  price  of  $35,596.25,  of  which  $7,119.25  was  paid  in;  but  161  of 
these  lots  were  afterwards  forfeited  or  released,  as  they  did  not  attain 
the  selling  value  anticipated  by  speculative  purchasers.  The  survey 
and  sale  of  lots  were  legalized  by  act  of  November  28,  1821. 

The  act  for  the  appointment  of  the  commissioners  also  gave  the 
name  Indianapolis  to  the  new  capital,  and  this  point  caused  almost 
as  much  discussion  as  all  the  remainder  of  the  bill.  Gen.  Marston  G. 
Clark  had  proposed  "Tecumseh,"  before  the  legislature  met,  and  it  had 
been  advocated  by  some  of  the  newspapers;  but  this  and  several  other 
names  were  rejected  by  the  House,  and  "Indianapolis"  was  adopted. 


. 


-^-"^.-V          _j^-B—_i  *^~"  '  '        "— •-  '  !.. -    ~f  '       '  I        I         Ifcll.       I        — J  > 

^^3^^^SlJ:nF"iT:  >. '  Hqr«  ftl^lfS^a^^ 
vSC^>'i;y>.:.  •  _  '  -       - 

' r.T.1B^«:t MBKWSx'* .1 ' '.1  !.'.i1I.L!.1  fj77iTr:?^.;".:"ll.L;.l 


rr^rn  LTfvj  E/-7 

fcrf  SS.  ^2 

.    •         /•.  'inn 


• 


RALSTON  's  PLAT  OF  1821 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Tlie  commissioners  were  George  Hunt,  of  Wayne  County:  John  Conner 
of  Kayette;  Stephen  Ludlow,  of  Dcarhorn  ;  John  (Jilliland,  of  Swit/er- 
land  ;  Joseph  Bartholomew,  of  Clark;  John  Tipton,  of  Harrison  ;  Jesse 
B.  Durham,  of  Jackson;  Frederick  Rapp,  of  Posey ;  William  Prince,  of 
(jiihson;  and  Thomas  Emmcrson,  of  Knox.  With  the  exeeption  of  Will- 
iam Prince,  the  appointees  accepted,  and  met  at  the  house  of  William 
Conner,  on  White  river,  about  four  miles  below  Xohlesville,  when-  Con- 
ner had  kept  a  trading  station  since  1802.  Governor  Jennings  accom- 
panied the  party.  After  examining  the  land  for  thirty  or  forty  miles 
along  the  river,  they  agreed  on  May  27  to  locate  at  the  mouth  of  Fall 
Creek,  but  as  the  survey  of  the  township  in  which  this  lay  was  not  com- 
pleted, they  adjourned  for  a  week,  and  on  June  7  made  the  selection 
by  exact  description.  By  act  of  January  G,  1821,  the  legislature  rati- 
fied the  selection,  as  everybody  expected,  and  provided'  for  three  com- 
missioners to  lay  out  the  town.  It  provided  that  they,  "or  a  majority 
of  them."  should  meet  on  the  town  site,  on  the  first  .Monday  in  April. 
1821,  and  lay  out  a  town,  "on  such  plan  as  they  may  conceive  will  he 
advantageous  to  the  State  and  to  the  prosperity  of  said  town,  having 
specially  in  view  the  health,  utility  and  beauty  of  the  place."  The 
commissioners  chosen  were  James  W.  Jones,  Samuel  1'.  Booker  and 
Christopher  Harrison,  but  only  Harrison  appeared  at  the  time  and 
place  designated.  He,  however,  was  equal  to  the  emergency,  and,  hold- 
ing himself  a  majority  of  those  present  and  voting,  he  went  ahe:id  with 
the  work,  employing  Alexander  Ralston,  a  surveyor  who  had  helped 
Major  L 'Enfant  lay  out  Washington  City,  and  Elias  Pym  Fordham, 
an  Englishman  from  Birkbeck's  Illinois  colony,  to  make  the  survey. 
The  design  was  Ralston 's,  and  was  a  modification  of  the  Washington 
plan,  the  plat  covering  a  mile  square,  ten  blocks  in  each  direction,  with 
diagonal  streets  running  to  each  of  the  four  corners ;  and  Ralston 
asserted  that  "it  would  make  a  be:uitiful  city,  if  it  were  ever  built." 
Gen.  John  Carr,  who  had  been  appointed  Agent  for  the  sale  of  the 
town  lots,  also  went  on  with  the  sale  in  October,  and  314  lots  were  sold 
at  a  price  of  .$35,596.25.  of  which  $7,119.25  was  paid  in;  but  161  of 
these  lots  were  afterwards  forfeited  or  released,  as  they  did  not  attain 
the  selling  value  anticipated  by  speculative  purchasers.  The  survey 
and  sale  of  lots  were  legalized  by  act  of  November  28,  1821. 

The  act  for  the  appointment  of  the  commissioners  also  gave  the 
name  Indianapolis  to  the  new  capital,  and  this  point  caused  almost 
as  much  discussion  as  all  the  remainder  of  the  bill.  Gen.  Marston  G. 
Clark  had  proposed  "Tecumseh,"  before  the  legislature  met,  and  it  had 
been  advocated  by  some  of  the  newspapers:  hut  this  and  several  other 
names  were  rejected  by  the  House,  and  "Indianapolis"  was  adopted. 


364  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS      • 

The  controversy  was  a  household  story  in  Indiana,  but  nearly  half  a 
century  passed  before  there  was  any  known  statement  as  to  who  sug- 
gested Indianapolis.  Then  Judge  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  in  answer  to  an 
inquiry  from  Governor  Baker,  stated  that  he  originated  it,  and  went 
to  Corydon  with  the  intention  of  proposing  it;  that  he  at  first  confided 
in  Samuel  Merrill,  a  fellow  member  of  the  House,  who  approved  the 
name  and  went  with  him  to  Governor  Jennings,  who  also  approved ; 
that  he  then  moved  the  adoption  of  the  name,  and  Merrill  seconded  the 
motion,  which  was  adopted.  Judge  Sullivan's  story  was  published  in 
Holloway's  History  of  Indianapolis,,  in  1870,  and  in  Sulgrove's  Indian- 
apolis, in  1884,  and  was  not  questioned  publicly  until  1910.  It  was  then 
announced  that  Mrs.  John  Ketcham,  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Merrill,  in 
some  unpublished  memoirs,  stated  that  her  father  had  always  claimed 
to  have  originated  the  name,  and  that  he  reiterated  the  claim  after  she 
called  his  attention  to  Judge  Sullivan's  statement,  but  said  to  "let  the 
matter  drop."  As  all  the  parties  concerned  were  of  unquestionable 
integrity,  there  is  manifestly  a  case  of  poor  memory  on  the  part  of  some- 
body. Aside  from  Judge  Sullivan's  published  statement,  there  are  two 
facts  that  would  favor  his  claim.  The  first  is  that  Mr.  Merrill  wrote 
what  is  known  as  Chamberlain's  Gazetteer  of  Indiana,  originally  pub- 
lished in  1849,  and  in  his  account  of  the  founding  of  Indianapolis,  he 
says,  "the  name  of  Indianapolis  was  given  to  it,"  and  nothing  more. 
Second,  while  the  discussion  of  the  question  was  in  committee  of  the 
whole,  and  therefore  is  not  reported  in  the  journal,  it  does  record  that 
on  December  22,  when  the  bill  was  reported  out,  "Mr.  Merrill  moved  to 
amend  the  said  bill  by  striking  out  the  sixth  section  and  inserting  in 
lieu  thereof  the  following :  the  said  town  shall  be  called  and  known  by 
such  name  as  the  commissioners  shall  select."  Section  six  of  the  act 
has  no  reference  to  the  name,  but  on  December  30  the  senate  struck  out 
all  of  the  bill  after  the  enacting  clause  and  inserted  a  substitute,  which 
accounts  for  the  transfer  of  the  name  to  section  21.23  As  there  was  no 
action  by  the  House,  in  the  way  of  amendment,  after  Mr.  Merrill's  mo- 
tion, which  was  lost,  it  is  evident  that  Indianapolis  was  in  the  bill  at 
that  time. 

The  name  "Indianapolis"  excited  as  much  hilarity  in  the  State, 
at  the  time,  as  the  other  names  had  caused  in  the  House.  The  Vin- 
cennes  Centinel,  on  January  15,  1821,  announced  the  new  name  thus: 
"Such  a  name,  kind  readers,  you  would  never  find  by  searching  from  Dan 
to  Beersheba ;  nor  in  all  the  libraries,  museums,  and  patent  offices  in  the 
world.  It  is  like  nothing  in  heaven,  nor  on  earth,  nor  in  the  waters 


"H.  J.,  p.  159;   S.  J.,  p.  155. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


365 


under  the  earth.  It  is  not  a  name  for  man,  woman  or  child ;  for  empire, 
city,  mountain  or  morass;  for  bird,  beast,  fish  nor  creeping  thing;  and 
nothing  mortal  or  immortal  could  have  thought  of  it,  except  the  wise 
men  of  the  East  who  were  congregated  at  Corydon."  A  week  later  it 
had  another  editorial  comment  in  similar  vein,  and  a  communication, 
which  closed  with  the  words:  "Should  you  require  the  etymology  of 


JEREMIAH  SULLIVAN 

the  word  itself,  I  beg  leave  to  refer  you  to  the  Pataphreazely  (a  new 
work  and  very  rare)  under  the  head  'Sil.'  (This  work  serves  as  a  Lexi- 
con to  the  ancient  Hindoo  language!)  and  reversing  the  letters  you  have 
Silopanaidni  which  signifies  'A  Head  Without  Brains.'  "  However, 
the  public  rather  liked  the  name  after  they  became  accustomed  to  it; 
and  it  has  not  only  had  many  imitations,  but  also  has  been  appropriated 
bodily  for  towns  in  Texas,  Colorado,  Iowa  and  Oklahoma.  This  dupli- 
cation of  names  caused  so  much  miscarriage  of  mails  that  the  postal 
authorities  had  all  of  them  changed  except  the  Oklahoma  town. 


:J64 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


The  controversy  was  a  household  story  in  Indiana,  but  nearly  half  a 
century  passed  before  there  was  any  known  statement  as  to  who  sug- 
gested Indianapolis.  Then  Judge  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  in  answer  to  an 
inquiry  from  Governor  Baker,  stated  that  he  originated  it,  and  went 
to  Corydon  with  the  intention  of  proposing  it ;  that  he  at  first  confided 
in  Samuel  Merrill,  a  fellow  member  of  the  House,  who  approved  the 
name  and  went  with  him  to  Governor  Jennings,  who  also  approved ; 
that  he  then  moved  the  adoption  of  the  name,  and  Merrill  seconded  the 
motion,  which  was  adopted.  Judge  Sullivan's  story  was  published  in 
Holloway's  History  of  Indianapolis,  in  1870,  and  in  Sulgrove's  Indian- 
apolis, in  1884,  and  was  not  questioned  publicly  until  1910.  It  was  then 
announced  that  Mrs.  John  Ketcham,  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Merrill,  in 
some  unpublished  memoirs,  stated  that  her  father  had  always  claimed 
to  have  originated  the  name,  and  that  he  reiterated  the  claim  after  she 
called  his  attention  to  Judge  Sullivan's  statement,  but  said  to  "let  the 
matter  drop."  As  all  the  parties  concerned  were  of  unquestionable 
integrity,  there  is  manifestly  a  case  of  poor  memory  on  the  part  of  some- 
body. Aside  from  Judge  Sullivan's  published  statement,  there  are  two 
facts  that  would  favor  his  claim.  The  first  is  that  Mr.  Merrill  wrote 
what  is  known  as  Chamberlain's  Gazetteer  of  Indiana,  originally  pub- 
lished in  1849,  and  in  his  account  of  the  founding  of  Indianapolis,  he 
says,  "the  name  of  Indianapolis  was  given  to  it,"  and  nothing  more. 
Second,  while  the  discussion  of  the  question  was  in  committee  of  the 
whole,  and  therefore  is  not  reported  in  the  journal,  it  does  record  that 
on  December  22,  when  the  bill  was  reported  out,  "Mr.  Merrill  moved  to 
amend  the  said  bill  by  striking  out  the  sixth  section  and  inserting  in 
lieu  thereof  the  following:  the  said  town  shall  be  called  and  known  by 
such  name  as  the  commissioners  shall  select."  Section  six  of  the  act 
has  no  reference  to  the  name,  but  on  December  30  the  senate  struck  out 
all  of  the  bill  after  the  enacting  clause  and  inserted  a  substitute,  which 
accounts  for  the  transfer  of  the  name  to  section  21. 23  As  there  was  no 
action  by  the  House,  in  the  way  of  amendment,  after  Mr.  Merrill's  mo- 
tion, which  was  lost,  it  is  evident  that  Indianapolis  was  in  the  bill  at 
that  time. 

The  name  "Indianapolis"  excited  as  much  hilarity  in  the  State, 
at  the  time,  as  the  other  names  had  caused  in  the  House.  The  Vin- 
f-ennes  Centinel,  on  January  15,  1821,  announced  the  new  name  thus: 
"Such  a  name,  kind  readers,  you  would  never  find  by  searching  from  Dan 
to  Beersheba :  nor  in  all  the  libraries,  museums,  and  patent  offices  in  the 
world.  It  is  like  nothing  in  heaven,  nor  on  earth,  nor  in  the  waters 


.  J.,  ]>.  159;   S.  J.,  p.  155. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


365 


under  the  earth.  It  is  not  a  name  for  man,  woman  or  child ;  for  empire, 
city,  mountain  or  morass;  for  bird,  beast,  fish  nor  creeping  thing;  and 
nothing  mortal  or  immortal  could  have  thought  of  it,  except  the  wise 
men  of  the  East  who  were  congregated  at  Corydon."  A  week  later  it 
had  another  editorial  comment  in  similar  vein,  and  a  communication, 
which  closed  with  the  words :  ' '  Should  you  require  the  etymology  of 


•. .     ' ; 


JEREMIAH  SULLIVAN 

the  word  itself,  I  beg  leave  to  refer  you  to  the  Pataphreazely  (a  new 
work  and  very  rare)  under  the  head  'Sil.'  (This  work  serves  as  a  Lexi- 
con to  the  ancient  Hindoo  language ! )  and  reversing  the  letters  you  have 
Silopanaidni  which  signifies  'A  Head  Without  Brains.'  "  However, 
the  public  rather  liked  the  name  after  they  became  accustomed  to  it; 
and  it  has  not  only  had  many  imitations,  but  also  has  been  appropriated 
bodily  for  towns  in  Texas,  Colorado,  Iowa  and  Oklahoma.  This  dupli- 
cation of  names  caused  so  much  miscarriage  of  mails  that  the  postal 
authorities  had  all  of  them  changed  except  the  Oklahoma  town. 


, 


366  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Being  designated  as  the  capital,  and  being  the  capital  were  two 
different  things.    Oliver  H.  Smith,  who  made  his  debut  in  political  life 
as  a  representative  in  the  legislature  of  1822-3,  says  that  among  the 
few  measures  in  which  he  took  an  active  interest,  was  "the  act  giving  a 
representation  to  'the  new  purchase,'  to  strengthen  the  middle  and 
northern  parts  of  the  State,  in  passing  a  law  for  the  removal  of  the 
seat  of  government  from  Corydon  to  Indianapolis.    This  latter  act  was 
warmly  contested,  debated  weeks  and  finally  passed  by  a  very  close  vote. 
The  first  constitution  provided  that  'Corydon,  in  Harrison   County, 
shall  be  the  seat  of  government  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  until  the  year 
eighteen  hundred  and  twenty -five,  and  until  removed  by  law.'    It  fur- 
ther provided,  '  the  General  Assembly  may,  within  two  years  after  their 
first  meeting,  and  shall  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  twenty-five, 
and  every  other  subsequent  term  of  five  years,  cause  an  enumeration  to 
be  made,  of  all  the  white  male  inhabitants  above  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years;  the  "number  of  Representatives  shall  at  the  several  periods  of 
making  such  enumeration  be  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  ap- 
portioned among  the  several  counties.'     The  question  was  whether  it 
was  competent  for  the  Legislature  to  take  the  census  and  make  the  ap- 
portionment at  any  intermediate  time,  or  whether  it  could  only  be  done 
at  the  expiration  of  every  five  years.    We  carried  the  bill  in  favor  of 
the  first  construction,  and  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  years 
sooner  than  it  would  otherwise  have  been."24     This  is  not  quite  exact. 
The  new  counties  that  had  been  formed  since  the  last  constitutional  ap- 
portionment had  no  representation.    The  people  of  Marion  County  met 
at  Crumbaugh's  tavern,  on  September  26,   1822,  and  petitioned  for 
representation.    The  people  of  the  New  Purchase  were  in  close  political 
touch  with  "the  Whitewater,"  from  which  many  of  them  came,  and 
which  Mr.  Smith  represented.     What  the  General  Assembly  of  1822-3 
did  was  to  give  representation  to  the  new  counties,  to  the  extent  of  three 
representatives  and  two  senators,25  which  was  enough  to  give  a  majority 
at  the  next  session.    There  is  no  record  of  any  census  or  enumeration 
being  ordered  in  any  intermediate  year ;  but  the  Auditor  of  State  had  in 
his  office  a  report  of  the  taxable  polls  in  each  county  and  furnished 
the  information  to  the  legislature  when  it  was  wanted.     Such  a  re- 
port was  made  in   1824,   although  there  is  no  official  record  of  it.26 
The  polls  that  year  were   34,061,   and   at  the   regular   enumeration, 
which  was  reported  by  the  Secretary  of  State  in  1825,  the  polls  were 


2*  Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  76. 

25  Acts,  p.  110. 

2«  Isaac  Reed's  Christian  Traveller,  p.  194. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  367 

36,977.  The  population  in  these  years  was  estimated  at  five  times  the 
number  of  polls,  which  was  probably  very  close  to  the  fact. 

The  removal  act  was  approved  January  20,  1824,  a  year  later.  It 
provided  that  Indianapolis  should  be  "the  permanent  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  this  state  upon,  from,  and  after  the  second  Monday  in  January 
(January  10)  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty -five," 
provided  for  the  removal,  and  required  all  state  officials  to  be  estab- 
lished there  at  that  time.  What  especially  grieved  the  Corydon  people 
was  a  provison  in  the  bill  that  the  next  legislative  session  should  begin 
on  the  second  Monday  in  January,  1825,  instead  of  the  "first  Monday 
in  December"  1824,  as  provided  by  the  constitution,  "unless  directed 
by  law,"  and  which  would  have  kept  the  capital  at  Corydon  for  a  year 
longer.  The  bill  passed  the  House  after  a  vigorous  fight.  It  was  amended 
in  the  Senate,  and  then  passed  that  body  by  one  vote.  It  came  back  to 
the  House,  and  on  January  7,  "Uncle  Dennis"  Pennington  moved  to 
amend  by  substituting  "December"  for  "January,"  but  the  previ- 
ous question  was  demanded,  and  the  amended  bill  was  passed  by  a  vote 
of  25  to  17.  On  January  23  Pennington  introduced  a  bill  to  suspend  the 
operation  of  the  act  until  1826,  but  this  was  laid  on  the  table.  On  the 
27th  Pennington  and  John  Zenor,  his  colleague  from  Harrison  County, 
filed  a  protest,  denouncing  the  law  as  in  violation  of  the  constitution, 
which  last  sad  rite  the  majority  respectfully  attended.  On  February  20, 
the  Marion  County  people  gave  a  supper  to  their  Senator,  James  Greg- 
ory, and  Representative,  James  Paxton,  at  which  numerous  toasts  were 
drunk,  and  "great  harmony  and  good  feeling  prevailed  during  the 
festivities  of  the  evening." 

The  actual  work  of  removal  was  entrusted  to  Samuel  Merrill,  who 
was  then  Treasurer  of  State,  as  a  result  of  a  falling  out  of  the  party 
in  power.  At  some  time  prior  to  1827,  Senator  Noble  and  Governor  Jen- 
nings had  a  disagreement  that  put  them  out  of  speaking  relations  for 
several  years,27  but  whether  this  early  is  not  known.  There  had  been 
trouble,  however,  between  Senator  Noble  and  Daniel  C.  Lane  over  the 
recovery  of  the  $25,000  of  state  bonds,  which  the  Vincennes  Bank  had 
turned  over  to  the  United  States.  The  settlement  of  the  State's  debt 
to  the  Bank  was  made  in  bills  of  the  Bank,  which  had  been  taken  for 
taxes,  as  provided  by  law,  but  which  had  gone  to  a  discount.  Through 
a  misunderstanding  as  to  the  amount  due,  Noble  had  settled  for  more 
than  Lane  had  provided,  and  Lane  insisted  that  he  was  liable  only  for 
the  bills  of  the  Bank  in  his  hands,  which  were  sufficient  to  cover  the 
difference.  At  the  session  of  1822-3  all  of  the  State  officers  came  up  for 


"7  Smith 's  Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  88. 


368 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


reelection  before  the  legislature,  and  Noble's  adherents  made  war  on 
Lane.  In  the  House  a  committee  was  appointed  to  examine  his  accounts, 
with  Mr.  Beckes  as  chairman,  which  reported  on  December  13,  that  when 
the  bond  adjustment  was  made  there  was  in  the  Treasurer's  hands 
$540.37  "which  sum  might  have  been  paid  to  the  honorable  James  Noble 
on  said  bonds. ' '  Lane  had  that  amount  in  Bank  bills,  but  it  was  too  late 


SAMUEL  MERRILL 

to  use  them,  as  the  settlement  with  the  Bank  and  the  Government  had 
been  made.  The  Noble  party  had  brought  out  Samuel  Merrill  against 
Lane.  Merrill  was  a  Vermonter,  of  good  education,  who  had  taught 
school  in  Vermont  and  Pennsylvania,  read  law  at  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  located  at  Vevay  to  practice.  He  was  elected  Representative  for 
Switzerland  County  in  1821.  Notwithstanding  the  committee  report,  the 
friends  of  Lane  were  standing  by  him,  but  that  night  he  brought  on  his 
own  downfall,  which  is  related  by  Oliver  H.  Smith  as  follows:  "The 
day  for  the  election  was  not  fixed.  I  was  among  the  warm  friends  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  369 

Mr.  Merrill.  Our  prospects  for  his  election  were  very  poor — chances 
as  ten  to  one  against  us.  Mr.  Lane,  as  was  his  custom,  began  his  course 
of  entertainments,  and,  as  his  house  was  small,  he  only  invited  to  his 
first  dinner  the  senators  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, General  Washington  Johnston, — intending,  no  doubt,  to  feast  the 
members  of  the  House  on  some  other  evening  before  the  election.  Next 
morning  the  House  met,  and  a  few  of  us  understanding  each  other  passed 
around  among  the  uninitiated,  and  soon  had  them  in  a  perfect  state 
of  excitement  against  Lane.  The  time  had  now  come,  and  I  introduced 
a  resolution,  inviting  the  Senate  to  go  into  the  election  instanter.  The 
resolution  was  reciprocated,  and  down  came  the  Senate.  The  joint 
convention  was  immediately  held,  and  Mr.  Merrill  was  elected  by  a 
large  majority,  the  Senators  voting  for  Mr.  Lane  and  the  members  of 
the  House  for  Mr.  Merrill,  who  made  the  State  a  first  rate  officer. ' ' 28 
The  vote  was  32  for  Merrill  and  25  for  Lane,  and  the  real  reason  for  the 
fight  on  Lane  was  set  out  in  a  letter  from  Dr.  J.  B.  Slaughter,  Senator 
for  Harrison  and  Crawford,  in  a  letter  to  the  Cory  don  Gazette,  on  April 
23,  1823,  in  which  he  gives  the  correspondence  between  Lane,  Noble  and 
Jennings.  When  Lane  went  out  of  office,  he  left  the  $540.37  in  Vin- 
cennes  Bank  bills  for  his  successor.29 

Mr.  Merrill  was  not  only  a  good  Treasurer,  but  also  an  exceptionally 
good  man  to  move  a  capital.  He  made  a  two  weeks  trip  to  Indianapolis 
to  get  acquainted  with  his  landing  place ;  sold  off  such  furniture  as  could 
not  advantageously  be  moved;  packed  the  books  and  records  carefully 
in  boxes;  and  started,  along  with  the  State  Printer,  for  Indianapolis. 
He  says :  "The  journey  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  occupied 
two  weeks.  The  best  day's  travel  was  eleven  miles.  One  day  the  wagons 
accomplished  but  two  miles,  passages  through  the  woods  having  to  be 
cut  on  account  of  the  impassable  character  of  the  road.  Four  four- 
horse  wagons  and  one  or  two  saddle-horses  formed  the  means  of  convey- 
ance for  the  two  families,  consisting  of  about  a  dozen  persons,  and  for 
a  printing  press  and  the  state  treasury  of  silver  in  strong  wooden  boxes. 
The  gentlemen  slept  in  the  wagons  or  on  the  ground  to  protect  the  silver, 
the  families  found  shelter  at  night  in  log  cabins  which  stood  along  the 
road  at  rare  though  not  inconvenient  intervals.  The  country  people 
were,  many  of  them,  as  rude  as  their  dwellings,  which  usually  consisted 
of  but  one  room,  serving  for  all  the  purposes  of  domestic  life, — cooking, 
eating,  sleeping,  spinning  arid  weaving,  and  the  entertainment  of  com- 
pany." Col.  Merrill's  daughter,  Mrs.  Ketcham,  records  her  infant 
memory  that  when  this  train  approached  a  settlement,  "the  ambitious 


28  Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  77. 
=»  House  Journal,  1822-3,  p.  143. 
Vol.  1—24 


:J68 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1 

' 


reelection  before  the  legislature,  and  Noble's  adherents  made  war  on 
Lane.  In  the  House  a  committee  was  appointed  to  examine  his  accounts, 
with  Mr.  Beckes  as  chairman,  which  reported  on  December  13,  that  when 
the  bond  adjustment  was  made  there  was  in  the  Treasurer's  hands 
$540.37  "which  sum  might  have  been  paid  to  the  honorable  James  Noble 
on  said  bonds."  Lane  had  that  amount  in  Bank  bills,  but  it  was  too  late 


SAMUEL  MERRILL 

to  use  them,  as  the  settlement  with  the  Bank  and  the  Government  had 
been  made.  The  Noble  party  had  brought  out  Samuel  Merrill  against 
Lane.  Merrill  was  a  Vermonter,  of  good  education,  who  had  taught 
school  in  Vermont  and  Pennsylvania,  read  law  at  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  located  at  Vevay  to  practice.  He  was  elected  Representative  for 
Switzerland  County  in  1821.  Notwithstanding  the  committee  report,  the 
friends  of  Lane  were  standing  by  him,  but  that  night  he  brought  on  his 
own  downfall,  which  is  related  by  Oliver  H.  Smith  as  follows:  "The 
day  for  the  election  was  not  fixed.  I  was  among  the  warm  friends  of 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  369 


Mr.  Merrill.  Our  prospects  for  his  election  were  very  poor — chances 
as  ten  to  one  against  us.  Mr.  Lane,  as  was  his  custom,  began  his  course 
of  entertainments,  and,  as  his  house  was  small,  he  only  invited  to  his 
first  dinner  the  senators  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, General  Washington  Johnston, — intending,  no  doubt,  to  feast  the 
members  of  the  House  on  some  other  evening  before  the  election.  Next 
morning:  the  House  met,  and  a  few  of  us  understanding  each  other  passed 
around  among  the  uninitiated,  and  soon  had  them  in  a  perfect  state 
of  excitement  against  Lane.  The  time  had  now  come,  and  I  introduced 
a  resolution  inviting  the  Senate  to  go  into  the  election  instanter.  The 
resolution  was  reciprocated,  and  down  came  the  Senate.  The  joint 
convention  was  immediately  held,  and  Mr.  Merrill  was  elected  by  a 
large  majority,  the  Senators  voting  for  Mr.  Lane  and  the  members  of 
the  House  for  Mr.  Merrill,  who  made  the  State  a  first  rate  officer. ' ' 28 
The  vote  was  32  for  Merrill  and  25  for  Lane,  and  the  real  reason  for  the 
fight  on  Lane  was  set  out  in  a  letter  from  Dr.  J.  B.  Slaughter,  Senator 
for  Harrison  and  Crawford,  in  a  letter  to  the  Corydon  Gazette,  on  April 
23,  1823,  in  which  he  gives  the  correspondence  between  Lane,  Noble  and 
Jennings.  When  Lane  went  out  of  office,  he  left  the  $540.37  in  Vin- 
cennes  Bank  bills  for  his  successor.29 

Mr.  Merrill  was  not  only  a  good  Treasurer,  but  also  an  exceptionally 
good  man  to  move  a  capital.  He  made  a  two  weeks  trip  to  Indianapolis 
to  get  acquainted  with  his  landing  place ;  sold  off  such  furniture  as  could 
not  advantageously  be  moved ;  packed  the  books  and  records  carefully 
in  boxes;  and  started,  along  with  the  State  Printer,  for  Indianapolis. 
He  says:  "The  journey  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  occupied 
two  weeks.  The  best  day 's  travel  was  eleven  miles.  One  day  the  wagons 
accomplished  but  two  miles,  passages  through  the  woods  having  to  be 
cut  on  account  of  the  impassable  character  of  the  road.  Four  four- 
horse  wagons  and  one  or  two  saddle-horses  formed  the  means  of  convey- 
ance for  the  two  families,  consisting  of  about  a  dozen  persons,  and  for 
a  printing  press  and  the  state  treasury  of  silver  in  strong  wooden  boxes. 
The  gentlemen  slept  in  the  wagons  or  on  the  ground  to  protect  the  silver, 
the  families  found  shelter  at  night  in  log  cabins  which  stood  along  the 
road  at  rare  though  not  inconvenient  intervals.  The  country  people 
were,  many  of  them,  as  rude  as  their  dwellings,  which  usually  consisted 
of  but  one  room,  serving  for  all  the  purposes  of  domestic  life, — cooking, 
eating,  sleeping,  spinning  and  weaving,  and  the  entertainment  of  com- 
pany." Col.  Merrill's  daughter,  Mrs.  Ketcham.  records  her  infant 
memory  that  when  this  train  approached  a  settlement,  "the  ambitious 

28  Early  Indiana  Trials,  p.  77. 
-a  House  Journal,  1822-3,  p.  14X 

Vol.  1—24 


370  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

teamster"  used  to  put  all  his  bells  on  his  horses,  to  give  the  populace  a 
fitting  impression  of  this  State  progress.  At  Indianapolis  the  Clerk  of 
the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Secretary  of  State  were  lodged  in  small 
rooms  on  the  second  floor  of  the  new  Marion  County  court  house,  and 
the  other  State  offices  were  kept  in  rented  quarters,  until  the  State  put 
up  buildings.  The  legislature  of  1825  appropriated  $1,000  "to  build  on 
lot  number  one  in  square  number  sixty-eight  in  Indianapolis,  a  sub- 
stantial brick  house  for  the  residence  of  the  treasurer  of  state,  to  contain 
the  offices  of  the  treasurer  and  auditor,  and  a  fire  proof  vault  for  the 
better  security  of  the  funds  and  records  of  the  state."  This  first  dis- 
tinctively State  building  of  Indiana  stood  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Washington  street  and  Capitol  avenue.  It  was  a  two  story  building 
with  the  offices  on  the  west  side  and  Auditors  office  upstairs,  and  the 
Treasurer's  residence  on  the  east  side,  with  a  one-story  dining  room 
and  kitchen  back  of  the  main  building.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Treasurer 
until  1857,  and  was  torn  down  in  1865,  to  be  replaced  by  a  more  preten- 
tious brick  building,  which  was  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
all  the  State  offices  except  the  Governor  and  State  Librarian,  until  1877. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  the  present,  the  most  remarkable  thing 
about  this  removal  was  the  expense,  of  which  Mr.  Merrill  was  directed  to 
keep  a  careful  account.  His  bill,  to  the  next  legislature  was  as  follows : 

' '  To  Messrs.  Posey  and  Wilson  for  boxes $  7.56 

To  Mr.  Lefler  for  one  box 50 

To  Seybert  &  Likens  for  transportations  of  3,945  Ibs. 

at  $1.90  per  hundred 74.95 

To  Jacob  &  Samuel  Kenoyer  for  transportation  of 

one  load  .  ....    35.06 


$118.07 
Deduct  for  proceeds  of  sale  of  furniture  at  Corydon, 

November  22nd,  1824 52.52 


$65.55" 

For  some  mysterious  reason  there  was  a  cut  of  five  dollars  from 
this  by  the  specific  appropriation  bill  of  February  12,  1825,  which 
allowed  to  Samuel  Merrill  "sixty  dollars  and  fifty-five  cents  for  cash 
advanced  by  him  for  expenses  incurred  in  removing  the  property  of  the 
state  from  Corydon  to  Indianapolis."  However,  this  did  not  include 
the  cost  of  removing  the  State  Library,  for  which  there  was  a  separate 
bill  for  $9.50;  and  to  the  eternal  credit  of  the  State,  the  legislature 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


371 


allowed  Col.  Merrill  "also  one  hundred  dollars  for  his  personal  trouble 
and  expenditure  in  packing  and  moving  the  property  of  the  state."  The 
thing  that  made  the  lasting  impression  on  Col.  Merrill  was  the  bad  roads, 
although  Indiana  roads  were  supposed  to  be  at  their  best  in  November, 
when  this  trip  was  made.  The  legislature  of  1825  had  appropriated 
$55,624.94  for  making  state  roads  to  the  new  capital,  from  ten  different 
points,  and  these  roads  consisted  of  openings,  forty-eight  feet  wide,  cut 
through  the  forests  that  covered  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  Indi- 
ana. Trees  eighteen  inches  or  more  in  diameter  were  cut  twelve  inches 
above  the  ground,  and  smaller  ones  were  cut  even  with  the  ground.  This 


COST  OP  MOVING  STATE  LIBRARY 


made  a  road;  and  the  more  it  was  traveled,  especially  in  wet  weather, 
the  worse  it  became.  Col.  Merrill's  favorite  story  in  later  years  was 
about  an  Ohio  man  who  traveled  through  Indiana.  When  he  got  home 
he  was  asked  "whether  he  had  been  pretty  much  through  the  state.  He 
said  he  could  not  tell  with  certainty,  but  he  thought  he  had  been  pretty 
nearly  through,  in  some  places."  The  cause  of  the  bad  roads  was  that 
they  were  usually  mere  passages  over  the  natural  surface,  which  in  the 
wooded,  and  then  inhabited  part  of  the  State,  was  composed  of  decayed 
vegetable  matter,  very  porous,  overlying  clay  soil.  The  surface  of  the 
State  is  quite  level ;  there  was  only  natural  drainage ;  and  the  rain  fall 
was  greater  than  at  present.  Consequently  loaded  wagons  made  mud 
holes,  and  mud  holes  were  of  a  rather  permanent  character. 

The  same  conditions  affected  the  health  of  the  State,  there  being  a 
great  deal  of  malarial  disease.  While  other  transportation  was  difficult 
the  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  germs  was  unsurpassed.  The 


370 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


teamster''  used  to  put  all  his  bells  on  his  horses,  to  give  the  populace  a 
fitting  impression  of  this  State  progress.  At  Indianapolis  the  Clerk  of 
the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Secretary  of  State  were  lodged  in  small 
rooms  on  the  second  floor  of  the  new  Marion  County  court  house,  and 
the  other  State  offices  were  kept  in  rented  quarters,  until  the  State  put 
up  buildings.  The  legislature  of  1825  appropriated  $1,000  "to  build  on 
lot  number  one  in  square  number  sixty-eight  in  Indianapolis,  a  sub- 
stantial brick  house  for  the  residence  of  the  treasurer  of  state,  to  contain 
the  offices  of  the  treasurer  and  auditor,  and  a  fire  proof  vault  for  the 
better  security  of  the  funds  and  records  of  the  state."  This  first  dis- 
tinctively State  building  of  Indiana  stood  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Washington  street  and  Capitol  avenue.  It  was  a  two  story  building 
with  the  offices  on  the  west  side  and  Auditors  office  upstairs,  and  the 
Treasurer's  residence  on  the  east  side,  with  a  one-story  dining  room 
and  kitchen  back  of  the  main  building.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Treasurer 
until  1857,  and  was  torn  down  in  1865,  to  be  replaced  by  a  more  preten- 
tious brick  building,  which  was  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
all  the  State  offices  except  the  Governor  and  State  Librarian,  until  1877. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  the  present,  the  most  remarkable  thing 
about  this  removal  was  the  expense,  of  which  Mr.  Merrill  was  directed  to 
keep  a  careful  account.  His  bill,  to  the  next  legislature  was  as  follows : 


"To  Messrs.  Posey  and  Wilson  for  boxes $  7.56 

To  Mr.  Lefler  for  one  box 50 

To  Seybert  &  Likens  for  transportations  of  3,945  Ibs. 

at  $1.90  per  hundred 74.95 

To  Jacob  &  Samuel  Kenoyer  for  transportation  of 

one  load  .  ....   35.06 


$118.07 
Deduct  for  proceeds  of  sale  of  furniture  at  Corydon, 

November  22nd,  1824 52.52 



$65.55" 


For  some  mysterious  reason  there  was  a  cut  of  five  dollars  from 
this  by  the  specific  appropriation  bill  of  February  12,  1825,  which 
allowed  to  Samuel  Merrill  "sixty  dollars  and  fifty-five  cents  for  cash 
advanced  by  him  for  expenses  incurred  in  removing  the  property  of  the 
state  from  Corydon  to  Indianapolis."  However,  this  did  not  include 
the  cost  of  removing  the  State  Library,  for  which  there  was  a  separate 
bill  for  $9.50;  and  to  the  eternal  credit  of  the  State,  the  legislature 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


371 


allowed  Col.  Merrill  "also  one  hundred  dollars  for  his  personal  trouble 
and  expenditure  in  packing  and  moving  the  property  of  the  state. ' '  The 
thing  that  made  the  lasting  impression  on  Col.  Merrill  was  the  bad  roads, 
although  Indiana  roads  were  supposed  to  be  at  their  best  in  November, 
when  this  trip  was  made.  The  legislature  of  1825  had  appropriated 
$55,624.94  for  making  state  roads  to  the  new  capital,  from  ten  different 
points,  and  these  roads  consisted  of  openings,  forty-eight  feet  wide,  cut 
through  the  forests  that  covered  the  southern  and  central  parts  of  Indi- 
ana. Trees  eighteen  inches  or  more  in  diameter  were  cut  twelve  inches 
above  the  ground,  and  smaller  ones  were  cut  even  with  the  ground.  This 


• 


"•''••/  /.,  v,  _«  -•   • 


COST  OP  MOVING  STATE  LIBRARY 


made  a  road ;  and  the  more  it  was  traveled,  especially  in  wet  weather, 
the  worse  it  became.  Col.  Merrill's  favorite  story  in  later  years  was 
about  an  Ohio  man  who  traveled  through  Indiana.  When  he  got  home 
he  was  asked  "whether  he  had  been  pretty  much  through  the  state.  He 
said  he  could  not  tell  with  certainty,  but  he  thought  he  had  been  pretty 
nearly  through,  in  some  places."  The  cause  of  the  bad  roads  was  that 
they  were  usually  mere  passages  over  the  natural  surface,  which  in  the 
wooded,  and  then  inhabited  part  of  the  State,  was  composed  of  decayed 
vegetable  matter,  very  porous,  overlying  clay  soil.  The  surface  of  the 
State  is  quite  level ;  there  was  only  natural  drainage ;  and  the  rain  fall 
was  greater  than  at  present.  Consequently  loaded  wagons  made  mud 
holes,  and  mud  holes  were  of  a  rather  permanent  character. 

The  same  conditions  affected  the  health  of  the  State,  there  being  a 
great  deal  of  malarial  disease.  While  other  transportation  was  difficult 
the  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  germs  was  unsurpassed.  The 


372  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pools  and  swamps  afforded  unlimited  breeding  ground  for  mosquitoes, 
and  if  one  may  judge  from  the  universal  complaints  of  travelers,  the 
mosquitoes  were  much  more  numerous  than  the  leaves  of  the  forest. 
Says  Col.  Merrill:  "The  years  1820,  1821,  and  1822,  were  attended 
with  more  general  and  fatal  sickness  than  has  ever  been  experienced, 
either  before  or  since,  in  the  west.  Palestine,  on  the  East  Fork  of 
White  river,  then  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lawrence  county,  was  nearly 
depopulated;  Vevay,  Jeffersonville,  Vincennes,  and  many  other  towns, 
lost  nearly  one-eighth  of  their  inhabitants  the  first  year  and  probably 
one-fourth  in  the  three  years;  and  during  that  time,  in  most  neigh- 
borhoods, there  were  but  few  persons  who  escaped  without  one  or  more 
severe  attacks  of  fever.  The  prevailing  diseases  were  bilious  and  in- 
termitting fevers,  the  former,  in  many  cases,  differing  very  little  irom 
the  yellow  fever  of  New  Orleans. " 30  At  the  new  settlement  of  In- 
dianapolis the  year  1821  was  worst,  there  being  only  three  persons  in 
the  settlement  who  were  not  prostrated.  Ignatius  Brown  says : ' '  Though 
so  general,  the  disease  was  not  deadly,  about  twenty-five  cases  only, 
mostly  children  who  had  been  too  much  exposed,  dying  out  of  several 
hundred  cases."31  The  affliction  was  so  prevalent  that  in  December 
the  legislature  adopted  a  resolution :  ' '  That  the  second  Friday  in  April 
next  be  observed  as  a  day  of  public  supplication  and  prayer  to  Almighty 
God,  that  he  may  avert  the  just  judgments  impending  our  land ;  and 
that  in  his  manifold  mercies  he  will  bless  the  country  with  fruitful 
seasons,  and  our  citizens  with  health  and  peace.  Resolved  also,  that  the 
Governor  be  requested  to  issue  his  proclamation  requiring  the  citizens 
to  abstain  from  all  servile  labor  on  said  day;  and  soliciting  religious 
societies  of  every  denomination  to  keep  and  observe  the  same  as  a  day 
of  humiliation,  fasting  and  prayer."  Good  Friday  was  perhaps  chosen 
to  get  the  Catholic  influence.  Governor  Jennings  duly  issued  his  proc- 
lamation March  12,  1822,  and  the  day  was  generally  observed. 

There  were  numerous  discussions  of  the  disease  in  the  newspapers, 
the  general  opinion  being  that  it  was  due  to  "miasmatic  exhalations" 
iu  the  atmosphere.32  At  Vincennes  opinions  were  advanced  that  the 
exhalations  were  the  result  of  throwing  garbage  and  refuse  into  the 
streets;  to  a  lack  of  shade  trees;  and  to  decaying  "water  grasses"  in 
the  river.  Some  thought  the  "pond"  adjoining  the  town  was  the  cause, 
but  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  people  who  lived  nearest  the  pond  were 
the  least  affected.  On  one  point  there  was  universal  agreement,  and 
that  was  that  the  situation  was  deplorable;  and  at  Vincennes  the  corn- 


s'' Chamberlain 's  Gazetteer,  p.  119. 

3i  Hist,  of  Indianapolis,  p.  5.  f 

8=  Vincennes  Sun,  March  16,  23,  April  6,  1822;  Centinel,  May  6,  13,  1820. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


373 


bination  of  sickness,  hard  times,  burning  of  the  steam  mill,  removal  of 
the  capital,  and  failure  of  the  Bank,  caused  the  Sun  to  say:  "A  few 
years  past  Vincennes  was  the  very  emblem  of  prosperity;  every  wind 
wafted  her  some  good.  Our  houses  were  filled  with  inhabitants,  our 
streets  were  crowded  with  citizens,  the  noisy  hum  of  business  resounded 
in  our  ears.  AH  was  life  and  activity.  How  sadly  is  the  picture  re- 


.  .4 .,  (3ov.  RATLIPP  BOON 

(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox.) 

versed.  More  than  one-third  of  our  dwelling  houses  are  destitute  of 
inhabitants,  our  population  has  decreased  nearly  or  quite  one-half,  our 
real  property  has  suffered  a  greater  diminution.  Buildings  that  a  few 
years  ago  rented  for  $200  to  $300  per  annum  now  rent  for  $50  to  $100. 
An  universal  despondency  prevails."33 

There  was  little  change  in  the  political  control  of  Indiana  during 


83  Western  Sun,  February  16,  1822. 


I 


I 


, 


372 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pools  and  swamps  afforded  unlimited  breeding  ground  for  mosquitoes, 
and  if  one  may  judge  from  the  universal  complaints  of  travelers,  the 
mosquitoes  were  much  more  numerous  than  the  leaves  of  the  forest. 
Says  Col.  Merrill:  "The  years  1820,  1821,  and  1822,  were  attended 
with  more  general  and  fatal  sickness  than  has  ever  been  experienced, 
either  before  or  since,  in  the  west.  Palestine,  on  the  East  Fork  of 
White  river,  then  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lawrence  county,  was  nearly 
depopulated ;  Vevay,  Jeffersonville,  Vinceiines,  and  many  other  towns, 
lost  nearly  one-eighth  of  their  inhabitants  the  first  year  and  probably 
one-fourth  in  the  three  years;  and  during  that  time,  in  most  neigh- 
borhoods, there  were  but  few  persons  who  escaped  without  one  or  more 
severe  attacks  of  fever.  The  prevailing  diseases  were  bilious  and  in- 
termitting fevers,  the  former,  in  many  cases,  differing  very  little  irom 
the  yellow  fever  of  New  Orleans. "  30  At  the  new  settlement  of  In- 
dianapolis the  year  1821  was  worst,  there  being  only  three  persons  in 
the  settlement  who  were  not  prostrated.  Ignatius  Brown  says :  ' '  Though 
so  general,  the  disease  was  not  deadly,  about  twenty-five  cases  only, 
mostly  children  who  had  been  too  much  exposed,  dying  out  of  several 
hundred  cases."31  The  affliction  was  so  prevalent  that  in  December 
the  legislature  adopted  a  resolution:  "That  the  second  Friday  in  April 
next  be  observed  as  a  day  of  public  supplication  and  prayer  to  Almighty 
God,  that  he  may  avert  the  just  judgments  impending  our  land ;  and 
that  in  his  manifold  mercies  he  will  bless  the  country  with  fruitful 
seasons,  and  our  citizens  with  health  and  peace.  Resolved  also,  that  the 
Governor  be  requested  to  issue  his  proclamation  requiring  the  citizens 
to  abstain  from  all  servile  labor  on  said  day ;  and  soliciting  religious 
societies  of  every  denomination  to  keep  and  observe  the  same  as  a  day 
of  humiliation,  fasting  and  prayer."  Good  Friday  was  perhaps  chosen 
to  get  the  Catholic  influence.  Governor  Jennings  duly  issued  his  proc- 
lamation March  12,  1822,  and  the  day  was  generally  observed. 

There  were  numerous  discussions  of  the  disease  in  the  newspapers, 
the  general  opinion  being  that  it  was  due  to  "miasmatic  exhalations" 
in  the  atmosphere.32  At  Vincennes  opinions  were  advanced  that  the 
exhalations  were  the  result  of  throwing  garbage  and  refuse  into  the 
streets:  to  a  lack  of  shade  trees;  and  to  decaying  "water  grasses"  in 
the  river.  Some  thought  the  "pond"  adjoining  the  town  was  the  cause, 
but  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  people  who  lived  nearest  the  pond  were 
the  least  affected.  On  one  point  there  was  universal  agreement,  and 
that  was  that  the  situation  was  deplorable;  and  at  Vincennes  the  com- 


•""  Chamberlain  's  Gazetteer,  p.   119. 

•'"  Hist,  of  Indianapolis,  p.  5. 

si-  Vincennes  Sun,  March  16,  23,  April  6,  1822;  Centinel,  May  6,  13,  1820. 


' 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  373 

bination  of  sickness,  hard  times,  burning  of  the  steam  mill,  removal  of 
the  capital,  and  failure  of  the  Bank,  caused  the  Sun  to  say:  "A  few 
years  past  Vincennes  was  the  very  emblem  of  prosperity ;  every  wind 
wafted  her  some  good.  Our  houses  were  filled  with  inhabitants,  our 
streets  were  crowded  with  citizens,  the  noisy  hum  of  business  resounded 
in  our  ears.  All  was  life  and  activity.  How  sadly  is  the  picture  re- 


Gov.  EATLIPF  BOON 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox.) 

versed.  More  than  one-third  of  our  dwelling  houses  are  destitute  of 
inhabitants,  our  population  has  decreased  nearly  or  quite  one-half,  our 
real  property  has  suffered  a  greater  diminution.  Buildings  that  a  few 
years  ago  rented  for  $200  to  $300  per  annum  now  rent  for  $50  to  $100. 
An  universal  despondency  prevails. ' '  33 

There  was  little  change  in  the  political  control  of  Indiana  during 


33  Western  Sun,  February  16,  1822. 


374  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  first  dozen  years  of  the  State's  existence,  except  in  an  exchange  of 
offices  among  the  leaders.  National  politics  caused  no  division  until 
1824,  and  did  not  control  State  elections  until  1840.  Governor  Jen- 
nings was  reelected,  and  served  six  years — all  that  the  constitution  al- 
lowed— except  that,  having  been  elected  to  congress  at  the  August 
election  in  1822,  he  resigned  on  August  12,  and  the  remainder  of  his 
term,  until  December  5,  was  filled  by  Lieutenant  Governor  Ratliff 
Boon.  Boon  was  born  in  Georgia,  January  18,  1781,  and  settled  in 
Warrick  County,  Indiana,  in  1809.  He  was  the  first  treasurer  of  that 
county,  and  represented  it  in  the  House  and  in  the  Senate  until  1819, 
when  he  was  elected  Lieutenant  Governor.  He  was  reelected  to  that 
office  in  1822,  and  resigned  in  1824  to  go  to  Congress.  He  was  de- 
feated for  reelection  to  Congress  at  the  next  two  elections,  but  was 
returned  in  1829,  1831,  1833, 1835,  and  1837.  At  the  close  of  his  congres- 
sional service,  in  1839,  he  removed  to  Missouri,  where  distinguished  him- 
self by  leading  the  revolt  against  Thomas  H.  Benton,  in  1844.  He 
died  November  20,  of  that  year.  Jennings  was  reelected  to  Congress 
in  1824,  1826,  and  1828.  In  1830,  having  become  addicted  to  intoxicat- 
ing liquor,  he  was  defeated  by  General  John  Carr.  His  last  public 
service  was  as  commissioner  to  treat  with  the  Potawatomis,  in  1832,  at 
the  Forks  of  the  Wabash.  He  died  at  'nis  farm,  near  Charlestown, 
July  26,  1834. 

At  the  election  of  1822,  William  Hendricks  was  chosen  Governor  by 
an  unanimous  vote,  there  being  no  opponent  in  the  field.34  On  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1825,  he  resigned  this  office,  having  been  elected  U.  S.  Senator. 
He  was  reelected  Senator  in  1831;  and  at  the  close  of  his  term  re- 
tired to  private  life.  He  was  a  warm  friend  of  education,  and  showed 
especial  interest  in  Hanover  College  and  the  State  University,  until 
his  death,  on  May  16, 1850.  When  Governor  Hendricks  resigned  in  1825, 
Lieutenant  Governor  Boon  having  resigned  in  1824,  James  Brown 
Ray,  President  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate,  succeeded  as  Governor.  He 
was  elected  Governor  in  August,  1825,  defeating  Judge  Isaac  Black- 
ford  by  2,622  majority.  He  was  reelected  in  1828,  receiving  15,141 
votes,  to  12,315  for  Dr.  Israel  T.  Canby,  and  10,904  for  Harbin  H. 
Moore.  Senator  James  Noble  was  continued  in  the  Senate  until  his 
death,  on  February  26,  1831.  In  brief,  the  State  remained  in  control 
of  the  men  who  were  in  control  in  1816,  and  those  in  political  alliance 
with  them.  The  nearest  approach  to  a  slip  in  the  movement  of  the 
machine  was  in  1818.  In  that  year  Governor  Jennings  was  a  commis- 


34  There  is  no  authentic  portrait  of  William  Hendricks  in  existence.  Formerly 
there  was  what  purported  to  be  one  in  the  State  Library,  but  Gov.  Thos.  A.  Hendricks, 
his  nephew,  caused  it  to  be  removed,  because  it  was  not  a  real  portrait. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  375 

sioner,  with  Gen.  Cass  and  Judge  Parke,  in  making  the  New  Purchase 
treaties.  On  October  3,  he  wrote  to  Lieutenant  Governor  Christopher 
Harrison  that  his  duties  would  detain  him  for  a  time,  and  requested 
him  to  attend  to  the  duties  of  the  Executive  office.  Harrison  was  a 
somewhat  eccentric  character.  He  was  of  one  of  the  old  aristocratic 
families  of  Maryland,  born  at  Cambridge,  on  the  Eastern  Shore.  He 
was  well  educated,  being  a  graduate  of  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis, 
and  entered  business  life  as  confidential  clerk  of  William  Patterson,  one 
of  the  leading  merchants  of  Baltimore,  and  president  of  the  Bank  of 
Baltimore.^  Living  in  his  family,  Harrison  acted  as  tutor  to  his  daugh- 
ter Elizabeth,  a  very  beautiful  and  talented  girl.  The  common  Indiana 
tradition  is  that  the  two  fell  in  love,  and  that  the  match  was  opposed 
by  Mr.  Patterson,  who  had  more  ambitious  views;  and  that  in  conse- 
quence Harrison  became  a  hermit  in  Indiana.  Harrison's  relatives, 
however,  held  that  it  was  another  fair  one  who  broke  his  heart,35  and 
the  movements  of  Harrison  seem  to  confirm  this  view.  The  date  of 
his  coming  to  Indiana  is  not  certainly  known,  but  it  is  probably  indicated 
by  the  words  "Christopher  Harrison,  July  8,  1808,"  which  were  carved 
on  a  beech  tree  that  stood  near  his  cabin,  on  a  bluff  overlooking  the 
Ohio  River,  near  Hanover.  Miss  Patterson  was  married  to  Lieutenant 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  younger  brother  of  Napoleon,  on  December  24,  1803, 
and  remained  in  America  until  the  spring  of  1805,  when  she  and  her 
husband  started  for  France.  They  found  all  the  ports  there  closed 
to  them,  by  order  of  Napoleon,  who  refused  to  recognize  the  marriage. 
Madame  Bonaparte  took  up  her  abode  in  England,  where  her  son 
Jerome  was  born  on  July  7.  Meanwhile  her  husband  was  trying  to 
appease  Napoleon,  but  without  success.  After  unsuccessful  efforts  to 
have  Pope  Pius  VII  annul  the  marriage,  Napoleon  issued  a  decree  de- 
claring it  null  and  void ;  and  on  August  12,  1807,  Jerome  was  married 
to  Princess  Catherine  Sophia,  of  Wurtemberg;  and  on  January  1,  1808, 
crowned  King  of  Westphalia.  It  is  hardly  credible  that  a  man  of  Har- 
rison's impulsive  character  would  have  remained  on  the  scene  of  his 
blighted  hopes  for  five  years,  and  then  become  a  hermit. 

However  that  may  have  been,  Harrison  lived  in  his  cabin  on  the 
Ohio,  with  no  companion  but  his  dog,  amusing  himself  by  hunting, 
fishing,  and  painting — he  had  some  artistic  ability — until  1815;  and 
then  he  sold  his  hermitage,  and  engaged  in  the  dry  goods  business  at 
Salem,  Indiana,  in  partnership  with  Jonathan  Lyons.  His  election  as 
Lieutenant  Governor  does  not  appear  to  have  been  sought  by  him, 
but  after  he  began  acting  as  Governor  he  thought  he  was  entitled  to  con- 


st Woollen 'a  Sketches,  p.  161. 


376       -  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tinue  in  the  same  capacity.  When  Jennings  returned,  Harrison  de- 
clined to  surrender  the  office.  On  demand  from  Jennings  he  gave  up 
the  room  used  as  the  Governor's  office,  but  he  took  the  State  seal 
with  him,  and  opened  a  Governor's  office  of  his  own.  Until  the  legis- 
lature met,  Indiana  had  more  Governors  than  at  any  other  period  in 
her  history.  On  December  10,  1818,  Senator  Ratliff  Boon  came  to  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  announced  that  he  and  Senator  DePauw 
had  been  appointed  by  the  Senate  to  wait  on  ' '  the  Lieutenant  Governor, 
and  late  acting  Governor,"  and  inform  him  that  the  General  Assembly 
was  ready  to  receive  any  communication  he  might  desire  to  make;  and 
requested  a  similar  committee  from  the  House.  The  request  was  granted, 
and  the  joint  committee  reported  that  they  had  performed  their  mis- 
sion, and  that  Mr.  Harrison  had  replied,  ' '  That,  as  Lieutenant  Governor 
he  had  no  communication  to  make  to  the  Senate  or  House  of  Representa- 
tive, but  as  Lieutenant  and  Acting  Governor,  if  recognized  as  such, 
he  had."  The  House  then  appointed  an  investigating  committee,  with 
General  Milroy  as  chairman,  which,  on  December  12,  reported  its 
opinion  that  Governor  Jennings  had  accepted  an  appointment  under 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  and  had  made  a  treaty  with  the 
Indians  under  that  appointment.  It  was  a  very  pretty  question.  The 
constitution  provided:  "No  member  of  Congress,  or  person  holding 
any  office  under  the  United  States,  or  this  State,  shall  exercise  the  office 
of  Governor,  or  Lieutenant  Governor.'  But  was  the  position  of  treaty 
commissioner  an  "office"?  Technically  it  was,  but  it  is  not  probable 
that  the  makers  of  the  constitution  had  any  temporary  service  of  that 
character  in  mind  when  they  adopted  the  provision,  as  it  did  not  fall 
within  the  reason  of  the  prohibition.  Further,  Harrison  was  proceed- 
ing on  the  theory  that  such  service  vacated  the  office  of  Governor; 
whereas  the  provision  of  the  constitution  was:  "In  case  of  impeach- 
ment of  the  Governor,  his  removal  from  office,  death,  refusal  to  qualify, 
resignation,  or  absence  from  the  State,  the  Lieutenant  Governor  shall 
exercise  all  the  powers  and  authority  appertaining  to  the  office  of  Gov- 
ernor, until  another  be  duly  qualified,  or  the  Governor  absent,  or  im- 
peached, shall  return,  or  be  acquitted."  This  seems  to  mean  that  the 
office  could  be  vacated  only  by  death,  voluntary  withdrawal,  or  im- 
peachment. Would  it  be  safe  to  impeach  Jonathan  Jennings  for  mak- 
ing the  most  important  and  most  popular  Indian  treaty  that  Indiana 

ever  had? 

Th«  indications  are  that  the  House  had  started  in  for  impeach- 
ment, for  Milroy,  the  chairman  of  the  committee,  was  against  Jennings 
throughout,  and  the  House  gave  him  all  the  powers  he  asked  as  to 
compelling  testimony.  But  the  committee  struck  a  snag.  Col.  Merrill 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  377 

says  that  Jennings  "was  much  mortified  when  he  learned  that  his  con- 
duct had  been  called  in  question.  He  threw  his  commission  into  the 
fire,  and  left  it  to  his  enemies,  as  he  called  them,  to  sustain  their  charges.30 
If  so,  it  was  a  fortunate  bit  of  mortification ;  for  the  commission  could 
not  be  proven.  Jennings  declined  to  appear  before  the  committee, 
except  by  counsel — Judge  Charles  Dewey  representing  him.  In  reply 
to  Milroy's  call  for  documents,  he  replied  by  letter:  "If  I  were  in 
possession  of  any  public  documents  calculated  to  advance  the  public 
interest,  it  would  give  me  pleasure  to  furnish  them,  and  I  shall  at 
all  times  bte  prepared  to  afford  you  any  information  which  the  constitu- 
tion or  laws  of  the  State  may  require."  He  also  casually  added:  "If 
the  difficulty,  real  or  supposed,  has  grown  out  of  the  circumstances 
of  my  having  been  connected  with  the  negotiation  at  St.  Mary's,  I  feel  it 
my  duty  to  state  to  the  committee  that  I  acted  from  an  entire  conviction 
of  its  propriety  and  an  anxious  desire,  on  my  part,  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare and  accomplish  the  wishes  of  the  whole  people  of  the  State  in 
assisting  to  add  a  large  and  fertile  tract  of  country  to  that  which 
we  already  possess."  Milroy  summoned  everybody  that  could  know 
about  it,  but  they  were  all  hopeless.  Some  had  seen  something  that 
looked  like  a  commission,  but  they  could  not  swear  to  it.  Others  had 
heard  what  sounded  like  a  commission  read  at  the  treaty  council,  but 
they  had  not  seen  it,  and  did  not  know  whether  it  bore  the  seal  of  the 
United  States.  By  December  16,  the  friends  of  the  Governor  felt  it 
safe  to  force  an  issue,  on  a  resolution  that  "it  is  inexpedient  to  further 
prosecute  the  inquiry  into  the  existing  difficulties  in  the  executive  de- 
partment of  the  State."  This  was  adopted  by  the  narrow  margin  of 
15  to  13,  and  was  a  clear  victory  for  "Whitewater."  Wayne,  Franklin, 
Dearborn,  Orange,  Harrison,  Perry  and  Jefferson  Counties  voted  solid 
for  Jennings ;  and  Switzerland,  Clark,  Washington,  Jackson,  Gibson  and 
Knox  voted  solidly  against  him,  except  that  Warner,  of  Knox,  who 
had  been  seated  over  General  W.  Johnston,  in  a  contest,  voted  with  the 
Jennings  party. 

Harrison  promptly  sent  in  his  resignation,  stating:  "As  the  officers 
of  the  executive  department  of  government  and  the  General  Assembly 
have  refused  to  recognize  and  acknowledge  that  authority  which,  ac- 
cording to  my  understanding,  is  constitutionally  attached  to  the  office, 
the  name  itself,  in  my  estimation,  is  not  worth  retaining."  On  the 
reading  of  this,  the  House  adopted  the  following:  "Resolved,  That 
the  House  of  Representatives  view  the  conduct  and  deportment  of 
Lieutenant  Governor  Christopher  Harrison  as  both  dignified  and  cor- 


30  Chamberlain  'a  Gazetteer,  p.  117. 


378  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

rect  during  the  late  investigation  of  the  differences  existing  in  the 
executive  department  of  this  State."  Nothing  could  be  more  character- 
istic of  the  Jennings  policy  of  conciliation.  The  singular  thing  is  that 
nobody  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  all  this  time  Harrison  had  been 
acting  as  agent  for  the  three  per  cent  fund,  which  was  as  much  a 
violation  of  the  provision  of  the  constitution  quoted  above  as  was  the 
acting  of  Jennings  as  treaty  commissioner;  and  it  was  also  a  viola- 
tion of  the  provision  that, ' '  No  persons  shall  hold  more  than  one  lucrative 
office  at  one  time."  But  Harrison  did  not  want  to  be  placated.  At 
the  election  of  1816  his  majority  had  been  far  and  away  greater  than 
that  of  any  other  candidate ;  and  so  he  carried  his  fight  to  the  people 
in  the  election  of  1819,  as  a  candidate  for  Governor  against  Jennings, 
with  the  very  unsatisfactory  result  of  being  defeated  by  a  vote  of  9,168 
to  2,088.  The  Jennings  party  did  not  cherish  malice,  however;  and 
Harrison  was  not  only  allowed  to  remain  as  agent  of  the  three  per  cent 
fund,  but  also,  as  mentioned,  was  made  a  commissioner  to  plat  the  cap- 
ital in  1821,  and  was  put  on  the  commission  to  build  the  Ohio  Falls 
canal  in  1824.  Harrison  remained  in  Indiana  until  1834,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Maryland.  He  died  there  in  1863.  He  was  a  notably  lovable 
man,  especially  with  children,  and  had  troops  of  juvenile  friends  wherever 
he  went. 

The  State  seal,  which  came  into  such  prominence  in  the  Jennings- 
Harrison  controversy,  was  provided  for  in.  the  constitution  in  these 
words:  "There  shall  be  a  seal  of  this  State,  which  shall  be  kept  by 
the  Governor  and  used  by  him  officially,  and  shall  be  called,  the  seal  of 
the  State  of  Indiana."  This  seal  has  been  the  subject  of  much  jest, 
and  of  many  surmises  as  to  its  significance.  In  1895,  Mr.  R.  S.  Hatcher, 
clerk  of  the  Senate,  who  took  an  interest  in  historical  matters,  had  him- 
self appointed  a  special  commissioner  to  investigate  whether  the  State 
"has  any  legalized,  authorized  great  seal."  He  found  that  by  act  of 
December  13,  1816,  the  Governor  was  authorized  to  procure  a  seal 
and  a  press,  and  $100  was  appropriated  for  this  purpose.  In  the  con- 
sideration of  this  act  in  the  House  on  November  22,  Davis  Floyd  moved 
to  amend  by  striking  out  the  description  following  the  word  "device," 
and  inserting :  "  A  forest  and  a  woodman  felling  a  tree,  a  buffalo  leav- 
ing the  forest  and  fleeing  through  the  plain  to  a  distant  forest,  and  the 
sun  setting  in  the  west,  with  the  word  Indiana."87  But  this  was  not 
the  origin  of  this  design,  for  it  had  been  used  all  through  the  Territorial 
period,  the  earliest  preserved  specimen  of  its  use,  so  far  as  is  known, 

'•'•'  This   was   adopted   by   the  House,   but   on   disagreement   of   the   Senate   the 
description  was  omitted  altogether. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  379 

being  on  the  petition  of  the  Vincennes  convention  of  1802.38  The  in- 
terpretation of  the  design,  above  quoted  is  merely  an  illustration  of  the 
utter  perversity  of  the  people  of  Indiana  in  the  interpretation  of  works 
of  art.  It  is  not  a  "setting  sun,"  but  a  sun  rising  on  a  new  common- 
wealth, west  of  the  mountains,  by  which,  at  that  time,  was  always  meant 
the  Allegheny  Mountains.  The  woodman  represented  civilization  sub- 
duing the  wilderness ;  and  the  buffalo,  which  in  the  original  was  headed 
away  from  the  sun,  with  tail  down,  going  west,  and  not  east,  repre- 
sented the  primitive  life  retiring  in  that  direction  before  the  advance 
of  civilization.  There  is  no  known  record  of  any  adoption  of  the 


STATE  SEAL 

Territorial  seal,  and  perhaps  there  was  no  occasion  for  any.  The 
creation  of  the  Territory  by  Congress,  and  conferring  executive  power 
on  the  Governor,  would  imply  the  use  of  a  seal;  and  presumably 
Governor  Harrison  had  one  made,  and  brought  it  out  with  him  when 
he  came  to  begin  his  official  duties,  in  January,  1801. 

James  Brown  Ray,  who  succeeded  Governor  William  Hendricks  on 
his  resignation,  and  was  twice  afterwards  elected  Governor,  was  one 
of  the  most  eccentric  men  that  ever  held  that  position.  He  was  born 
in  Kentucky,  February  19,  1794,  and  when  hardly  grown  went  to 
Cincinnati,  and  read  law  with  Gen.  Gano.  In  1819  he  removed  to 
Brookville,  and  soon  became  a  political  factor.  He  was  a  popular 
speaker,  although  his  style  was  pompous  and  not  always  lucid.  He 
was  very  egotistical,  dressy,  and  fond  of  the  spectacular.  Some  peo- 
ple regarded  him  as  insane,  especially  in  his  later  years,  but  the  chief 
grounds  of  the  belief  were  matters  of  foresight  on  his  part  in  which 


38  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  VoL  2,  p.  468. 


380  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

his  contemporaries  did  not  share.  He  was  one  of  the  early  advocates 
of  railroads,  and  pointed  out  their  advantages  over  canals  in  his  mes/5 
sage  to  the  legislature  in  1827.  He  prophesied  that  Indianapolis  would 
some  day  be  a  great  railroad  center,  with  lines  running  in  every  di- 
rection like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,  which  was  the  subject  of  ridicule 
by  the  people  who  considered  themselves  sane  at  the  time.  Another 
of  his  hobbies  was  the  Michigan  Road,  and  he  succeeded  in  having 
himself  made  one  of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Potawatomi  treaty  of 
1826  to  get  a  donation  for  that  work.  Warned,  however,  by  the  troubles 
of  Governor  Jennings  on  account  of  similar  service  while  governor,  he 
requested  that  no  commission  be  issued  to  him,  and  served  on  a  simple 
letter  of  request.  A  resolution  that  he  had  forfeited  his  office  was  in- 
troduced in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  the  next  session,  and  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  notify  him  to  appear  and  defend  himself. 
He  replied  with  a  letter  stating,  in  a  very  circuitous  way,  that  he  did 
not  desire  to  appear,  and  adding:  "If  I  have  erred  in  the  manner  in- 
timated in  a  resolution  sent  me,  I  have  erred  with  the  fathers  of  the 
republic,  the  first  patriots  of  the  age,  and  in  attempting  to  do  good 
and  advance  the  highest  interests  of  our  beloved  country.  As  custom, 
precedent  and  example  passed  in  review  before  me,  I  could  not  be 
insensible  of  their  force,  and  have  been  made  to  feel  as  if  I  had  done 
my  duty  to  my  conscience  and  the  State."  After  a  prolonged  debate, 
the  House  defeated  the  resolution  by  a  vote  of  30  to  28,  and  so  the  matter 
rested  for  the  time  being. 

The  incident  was  not  closed  as  to  the  public,  however,  for  Ray 
had  a  remarkable  faculty  for  getting  into  rows  with  those  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact ;  and  among  others,  he  stirred  up  a  controversy  with 
Samuel  Merrill,  who  forthwith  assailed  him  in  a  twenty-four  page 
pamphlet,  in  which  he  made  the  following  remarks  about  the  Potawatomi 
treaty :  "The  truth  is,  that  his  conduct  at  the  Treaty  was  neither  honor- 
able to  himself  nor  beneficial  to  the  cause  in  which  he  was  engaged. 
Such  is  the  general  statement  made  by  almost  everyone  in  any  way 
acquainted  with  the  facts.  Some  of  the  particulars  are  too  odious  to  be 
repeated.  The  Treaty  was  once  nearly  broken  off  by  his  imprudence, 
much  delay  was  occasioned  by  him,  and  it  was  not  thought  expedient 
to  entrust  him  with  a  knowledge  of  the  proceedings  as  they  took  place. 
The  Potawatomi  Treaty  was  agreed  on  several  days  before  the  fact  was 
communicated  to  him.  In  short  it  required  all  the  knowledge  of  In- 
dian character  which  is  so  eminently  possessed  by  Gov.  Cass  and  Gen. 
Tipton  to  prevent  the  indiscretion  of  the  other  Commissioner  from  being 
fatal  to  the  Treaty.  For  those  services  thus  performed,  I  have  been  as- 
sured that  Gov.  Ray  charged  and  received  from  the  United  States  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


381 


the  rate  of  eight  dollars  per  day  for  double  the  time  he  was  actually 
employed.  All  of  the  same  time  he  charged  and  received  his  pay  as 
Governor. ' '  39  Governor  Ray  passed  this  assault ' '  with  silent  contempt, ' ' 
which  was  so  contrary  to  his  custom  that  it  may  be  inferred  that  Mer- 
rill's statements  were  very  well  fortified.  Ray  contented  himself  with 
a  statement  in  his  next  message  to  the  legislature  of  the  great  importance 


Gov.  JAMES  B.  RAY 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

of  the  grant  from  the  Indians,  which  was  of  a  strip  100  feet  wide 
through  their  lands,  with  a  contiguous  section  of  land  for  every  mile 
of  road.  South  of  the  Wabash,  the  State  was  to  have  a  section  of  unsold 
land  for  each  mile  of  road.  This  treaty  was  confirmed  by  the  United 
States  on  February  7,  1827 ;  and  the  gift  to  the  State  by  act  of  March 
2,  1827.  John  I.  Neely,'  Chester  Elliott  and  John  McDonald  were  ap- 


39  Lawrenceburgh  Palladium,  Sept.  1,  1827;  see  also  July  28. 


- 


380 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


his  contemporaries  did  not  share.  He  was  one  of  the  early  advocates 
of  railroads,  and  pointed  out  their  advantages  over  canals  in  his  mes- 
sage to  the  legislature  in  1827.  He  prophesied  that  Indianapolis  would 
some  day  be  a  great  railroad  center,  with  lines  running  in  every  di- 
rection like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,  which  was  the  subject  of  ridicule 
by  the  people  who  considered  themselves  sane  at  the  time.  Another 
of  his  hobbies  was  the  Michigan  Road,  and  he  succeeded  in  having 
himself  made  one  of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Potawatomi  treaty  of 
1826  to  get  a  donation  for  that  work.  Warned,  however,  by  the  troubles 
of  Governor  Jennings  on  account  of  similar  service  while  governor,  he 
requested  that  no  commission  be  issued  to  him,  and  served  on  a  simple 
letter  of  request.  A  resolution  that  he  had  forfeited  his  office  was  in- 
troduced in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  the  next  session,  and  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  notify  him  to  appear  and  defend  himself. 
He  replied  with  a  letter  stating,  in  a  very  circuitous  way,  that  he  did 
not  desire  to  appear,  and  adding :  "  If  I  have  erred  in  the  manner  in- 
timated in  a  resolution  sent  me,  I  have  erred  with  the  fathers  of  the 
republic,  the  first  patriots  of  the  age,  and  in  attempting  to  do  good 
and  advance  the  highest  interests  of  our  beloved  country.  As  custom, 
precedent  and  example  passed  in  review  before  me,  I  could  not  be 
insensible  of  their  force,  and  have  been  made  to  feel  as  if  I  had  done 
my  duty  to  my  conscience  and  the  State."  After  a  prolonged  debate, 
the  House  defeated  the  resolution  by  a  vote  of  30  to  28,  and  so  the  matter 
rested  for  the  time  being. 

The  incident  was  not  closed  as  to  the  public,  however,  for  Ray 
had  a  remarkable  faculty  for  getting  into  rows  with  those  with  whom 
he  came  in  contact ;  and  among  others,  he  stirred  up  a  controversy  with 
Samuel  Merrill,  who  forthwith  assailed  him  in  a  twenty-four  page 
pamphlet,  in  which  he  made  the  following  remarks  about  the  Potawatomi 
treaty :  "The  truth  is,  that  his  conduct  at  the  Treaty  was  neither  honor- 
able to  himself  nor  beneficial  to  the  cause  in  which  he  was  engaged. 
Such  is  the  general  statement  made  by  almost  everyone  in  any  way 
acquainted  with  the  facts.  Some  of  the  particulars  are  too  odious  to  be 
repeated.  The  Treaty  was  once  nearly  broken  off  by  his  imprudence, 
much  delay  was  occasioned  by  him,  and  it  was  not  thought  expedient 
to  entrust  him  with  a  knowledge  of  the  proceedings  as  they  took  place. 
The  Potawatomi  Treaty  was  agreed  on  several  days  before  the  fact  was 
communicated  to  him.  In  short  it  required  all  the  knowledge  of  In- 
dian character  which  is  so  eminently  possessed  by  Gov.  Cass  and  Gen. 
Tipton  to  prevent  the  indiscretion  of  the  other  Commissioner  from  being 
fatal  to  the  Treaty.  For  those  services  thus  performed,  I  have  been  as- 
sured that  Gov.  Ray  charged  and  received  from  the  United  States  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


381 


the  rate  of  eight  dollars  per  day  for  double  the  time  he  was  actually 
employed.  All  of  the  same  time  he  charged  and  received  his  pay  as 
Governor. ' ' 39  Governor  Ray  passed  this  assault ' '  with  silent  contempt, ' ' 
which  was  so  contrary  to  his  custom  that  it  may  be  inferred  that  Mer- 
rill's statements  were  very  well  fortified.  Ray  contented  himself  with 
a  statement  in  his  next  message  to  the  legislature  of  the  great  importance 


Gov.  JAMES  B.  RAY 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 


of  the  grant  from  the  Indians,  which  was  of  a  strip  100  feet  wide 
through  their  lands,  with  a  contiguous  section  of  land  for  every  mile 
of  road.  South  of  the  "VVabash,  the  State  was  to  have  a  section  of  unsold 
land  for  each  mile  of  road.  This  treaty  was  confirmed  by  the  United 
States  on  February  7,  1827 ;  and  the  gift  to  the  State  by  act  of  March 
2,  1827.  John  I.  Neely,'  Chester  Elliott  and  John  McDonald  were  ap- 


39  Lawrenceburgh  Palladium,  Sept.  1,  1827;  see  also  July  28. 


382  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pointed  commissioners  in  1828  to  select  the  route  from  Lake  Michigan  to 
Indianapolis.  They  selected  the  mouth  of  Trail  Creek— the  site  of 
Michigan  City — for  the  northern  terminus,  and  made  two  surveys,  one 
on  a  direct  line  through  the  Kankakee  swamps,  and  the  other  on  com- 
paratively dry  land,  by  way  of  South  Bend  and  Logansport.  After 
a  large  amount  of  squabbling,  the  route  was  finally  adopted  Jby  the 
legislature  in  January,  1830,  by  way  of  South  Bend,  Logansport,  In- 
dianapolis, and  Greensburg  to  Madison,  and  the  entire  line  was  put 
under  contract  by  June  30,  1831.  The  road  was  cleared  of  timber  for 
the  full  100  feet  in  width,  and  thirty  feet  was  grubbed  and  graded. 
It  did  not  make  an  Appian  Way,  and  it  was  constantly  getting  out  of 
repair,  but  it  was  a  vast  improvement,  and  was  a  great  thoroughfare 
for  settlers  and  travelers.  In  1837  it  was  put  under  special  guardian- 
ship of  the  counties  through  which  it  passed;  and  in  1841-2  it  was  put 
under  the  general  road  laws  of  the  State. 

The  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  was  the  beginning  of  internal 
improvements  in  Indiana,  the  Indiana  Canal  Company,  chartered  to 
construct  it  by  act  of  August  24,  1805,  being  the  first  corporation  in- 
corporated by  the  Territorial  legislature  of  Indiana.  It  is  not  certain, 
however,  whether  this  was  a  genuine  business  enterprise  or  merely  a 
blind  for  the  movements  of  Aaron  Burr.  On  his  celebrated  trip  to 
the  west,  he  arrived  on  May  11,  1805,  at  Cincinnati,  where  he  was  the 
guest  of  Senator  John  Smith,  and  where  he  met  Gen.  Jonathan  Dayton, 
an  old  Revolutionary  friend,  and  late  U.  S.  Senator  from  New  Jersey, 
who  was  later  indicted  for  complicity  in  Burr's  conspiracy.  It  is 
recorded  that  Smith  and  Dayton  "were  represented  as  busy  with  a 
scheme  to  dig  a  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio. ' ' 40  Burr  was  at 
the  falls  a  few  days  later,  and  then  went  south,  returning  to  Indiana  in 
September,  and  on  the  23d  of  that  month  arriving  at  Vincennes,  where 
he  presented  letters  of  introduction  to  Gen.  Harrison.  Meanwhile  The 
Indiana  Canal  Company  had  been  chartered,  with  George  Rogers  Clark, 
John  Brown,  Jonathan  Dayton,  Aaron  Burr,  Benjamin  Hovey,  Davis 
Floyd,  Josiah  Stephens,  William  Croghan,  John  Gwathmey,  John  Har- 
rison, Marston  G.  Clark,  and  Samuel  C.  Vance  as  directors.  It  was  a 
very  liberal  charter,  giving  the  corporation  power  to  increase  its  capital 
stock  at  pleasure;  and  fixing  tolls  at  $2  for  a  "keel  boat,  perogue  or 
canoe  not  more  than  35  feet  long, ' '  and  up  to  $5  for  a  craft  60  feet  long, 
after  which  there  was  an  additional  charge  per  foot  of  length.  The 
capital  stock  was  20,000  shares  of  $50  each.  The  company  started  off 
with  a  boom.  Josiah  Espy,  who  was  at  the  falls  on  Oct.  2,  1805,  says 


*o  McCaleb  's  Aaron  Burr  'B  Conspiracy,  p.  26. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  383 

of  the  canal:  "At  the  late  session  of  the  legislature  of  Indiana  a  com- 
pany was  incorporated  for  this  purpose  on  the  most  liberal  scale.  Books 
were  opened  for  subscription  while  I  was  there,  which  were  filling  rapidly. 
Shares  to  the  amount  of  $120,000  were  already  subscribed  by  men  of 
the  first  standing  in  the  Union.  When  the  canal  is  finished  the  com- 
pany intends  erecting  all  kinds  of  water  works,  for  which  they  say 
the  place  is  highly  calculated.  From  these  it  is  expected  that  more 
wealth  will  flow  into  the  coffers  of  the  company  than  from  the  passage 
of  vessels^  up  and  down  the  river.  If  these  expectations  should  be 
realized,  there  remains  but  little  doubt  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  will  become 
the  centre  of  wealth  in  the  Western  World."41  The  active  promoters 
of  the  project  were  Josiah  Stephens  and  Gen.  Benjamin  Hovey;  and 
the  latter  wrote,  at  the  time:  "When  I  first  visited  the  rapids  of  the 
Ohio,  it  was  my  object  to  have  opened  a  canal  on  the  side  of  Louisville, 
but  on  examination  I  discovered  such  advantages  on  the  opposite  side 
that  I  at  once  decided  in  favor  of  it. ' '  His  chief  specification  of  advan- 
tage was  two  deep  ravines,  "one  above  the  rapids,  and  the  other  below 
the  steepest  fall.42 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  connection,  this  canal  project  went 
to  pieces  with  the  collapse  of  the  Burr  expedition,  and  nothing  further 
was  done  until  the  admission  of  the  State.  There  was  a  persistent  de- 
mand from  everybody  that  used  the  river  for  a  canal ;  and  there  was  a 
continuing  rivalry  between  the  two  sides  of  the  river  as  to  which  should 
have  it.  Indiana  started  first,  in  1816,  by  incorporating  another  com- 
pany with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000  to  build  the  canal.  It  was  com- 
posed chiefly  of  local  people,  and  did  not  succeed  in  raising  the  neces- 
sary capital.  Governor  Jennings  was  a  strong  advocate  of  the  enter- 
prise, and  at  his  recommendation,  another,  and  still  more  liberal  charter 
was  granted  in  1818.  It  allowed  the  company  to  fix  its  own  tolls,  to 
receive  government  subscriptions,  and  to  raise  $100,000  by  a  lottery, 
but  of  the  lottery  proceeds  one-half  was  to  purchase  stock  for  the  State. 
The  chief  promoters  were  Bigelow  and  Beach,  as  had  been  the  case 
in  the  1816  company,  but  the  management  was  more  diversified, 
Madison  being  represented  on  the  board  of  directors  by  John  Paul, 
Lawrenceburg  by  Stephen  Ludlow,  and  Cincinnati  by  Jacob  Burnet. 
Work  was  begun  in  1819,  the  contract  being  let  to  Michael  I.  Meyers. 
The  line  was  two  and  a  half  miles  long,  over  the  same  course  that  had 
attracted  Hovey.  It  began  at  the  mouth  of  the  ravine  through  which 
Cane  Run  flows  before  entering  the  Ohio,  above  Jeffersonville,  followed 
the  two  ravines  in  the  back  part  of  Jeffersonville  to  the  eddy  below 

«  Ohio  Valley  Hist.  Ser.,  Misc.,  Vol.  1,  No.  7. 
*2  Hist.  Ohio  Falls  Cities,  Vol.  1,  p.  47. 


384  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  rapids.  The  scheme  of  excavation  was  ingenious.  Cane  Run  was 
dammed,  and  enough  excavation  was  made  to  start  it  through  the  ravines, 
in  expectation  that  it  would  wash  all  of  the  earth  and  loose  material 
out  of  the  channel.  Maurice  Thompson  says  that  someone  cut  the  dam, 
and  so  stopped  the  work;  and  suggests  that  Louisville  rivalry  was  re- 
sponsible for  it.  There  were  people  in  the  vicinity  who  would  do  such 
a  thing.  On  January  23,  1833,  an  attempt  was  made  to  blow  up  the 
locks  in  the  Louisville  canal.  The  hostile  spirit  in  1819  is  shown  in 
Dr.  McMurtrie's  Sketches  of  Louisville,  published  in  that  year,  in  which 
he  represents  the  Indiana  project  in  a  very  unfavorable  light. 

There  were  others,  however,  who  took  a  very  hopeful  view  of  it. 
Edmund  Dana  wrote  of  it,  in  1819 :  "  In  May,  1819,  a  survey  and  loca- 
tion having  previously  been  made,  the  excavation  was  commenced,  and 
continues  to  be  prosecuted  with  spirit,  and  the  fairest  prospects  of  suc- 
cess. The  extent  of  this  canal  will  be  2%  miles;  the  average  depth 
45  feet ;  width  at  top  100,  and  at  bottom  50  feet.  Except  one-fourth  of 
a  mile  at  the  upper  end,  there  is  a  bed  of  rock  to  be  cut  through,  10 
or  12  feet  deep.  The  charter,  which  expires  in  1899,  requires  that  the 
canal  should  be  completed  before  the  end  of  the  year  1824.  The  per- 
pendicular height  in  the  whole  extent  of  falls  being  about  23  feet,  the 
canal  is  expected  to  furnish  excellent  mill  seats,  and  a  water  power 
sufficient  to  drive  machinery  for  very  extensive  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. In  navigating  the  Ohio,  the  saving  of  time,  expense,  and 
waste  of  property,  by  means  of  a  canal,  to  a  great  extent,  above  the 
falls,  is  incalculable.  It  has  been  estimated  that  Cincinnati  alone,  for 
several  years  past,  has  paid  an  extraordinary  expense  for  transporting 
goods  around  the  falls  exceeding  $50,000.  The  several  states  bordering 
on  the  river  above,  are  each  interested  in  the  success  of  this  great  under- 
taking, and  it  is  presumed  they  will  liberally  contribute  their  aid  to 
perfect  it.  The  territory  and  population  to  be  benefited  by  this  work  is 
so  extensive,  strong  hopes  have  been  entertained  that  some  adequate 
provision  will  be  made  by  the  general  government.  Capital  cannot,  per- 
haps, at  the  present  day,  be  vested  in  any  public  funds  that  will  yield 
a  more  productive  regular  income  than  in  this  establishment."43  Un- 
fortunately for  the  Indiana  enterprise,  a  joint  commission  appointed  by 
the  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  in  1819  decided 
that  the  Louisville  side  was  the  more  advantageous,44  and  that  ended 
the  hope  of  outside  assistance.  In  1824  William  Hendricks  and  Chris- 
topher Harrison  were  appointed  by  the  State  to  finish  the  canal ;  but 
before  they  accomplished  anything,  Kentucky  incorporated  a  company, 

«  Sketches,  in  Ind.  Hist.  Coll.  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  207. 
«4Niles  Register,  Dec.  25,  1819. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  385 

in  1825,  which  was  backed  by  Philadelphia  capital,  and  the  United 
States  government  came  to  its  assistance,  which  ended  the  Indiana  canal. 

The  first  government  subscription  to  the  Louisville  and  Portland 
Canal  was  for  a  thousand  shares  of  stock,  May  13,  1826.  On  March 
2,  1829,  subscription  for  not  over  1,350  shares  additional  was  author- 
ized, and  1,335  were  taken.  The  work  was  pushed  with  reasonable 
rapidity,  though  the  Indiana  papers  charged  that  it  was  being  held 
back  for  the  profit  of  Louisville  merchants,  and  made  facetious  com- 
ments on  .the  force  of  workmen  employed.  On  April  28,  1826,  the 
New  Albany  Recorder  said  that  the  Louisville  canal  work  had  been 
flooded  for  thirteen  days  from  March  10,  and  asserted  that  the  con- 
tractor's agent  had  come  over  to  New  Albany  and  bought  three  dozen 
eggs  and  half  a  pound  of  butter,  to  provision  the  force  during  the  stop.45 
The  canal  was  not  completed  until  1831,  though  the  first  boat  went 
through  it  on  December  21,  1829.  It  cost  $750,000  instead  of  $400,000 
as  estimated  by  the  joint  commission,  Hut  it  was  very  profitable  from 
the  start.  By  1842  the  United  States  had  received  returns  of  $257,778 
on  its  original  investment  of  $233,500,  and  had  converted  interest  and 
profits  into  567  shares  additional.  In  1872  it  had  acquired  all  but  five 
of  the  shares,  and  took  over  the  control  of  the  canal,  reducing  the  tolls, 
of  which  there  had  been  much  complaint,  to  a  maintenance  basis.  In 
the  41  years  of  operation,  to  that  date,  the  toll  receipts  had  been  $4,971,- 
121.86,  or  an  average  of  over  $100,000  a  year. 

The  loss  of  the  canal  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  was  only  a  local  dis- 
aster, affecting  Indiana  interests  in  that  immediate  vicinity;  but  it 
largely  monopolized  official  attention  while  it  was  a  live  project.  For 
example,  one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  locating  the  state  prison  at  Jef- 
fersonville  was  for  using  convict  labor  in  the  construction  of  the  canal.46 
By  the  time  it  was  out  of  the  way,  the  demand  for  canals  was  arising 
from  all  parts  of  the  State.  New  York  had  begun  the  movement  in 
1817,  and  prosperity  and  population  flowed  to  that  state  at  once.  By 
the  time  DeWitt  Clinton  went  over  the  canal,  in  1825,  in  his  barge, 
from  Lake  Erie  to  New  York  Bay,  hailed  by  ringing  bells,  and  roaring 
cannons,  the  West  was  aflame  with  the  canal  fever;  and  so  was  the 
rest  of  the  country.  Calhoun's  bill  devoting  the  bonus  and  profits  from 
the  second  Bank  of  the  United  States  to  internal  improvements  had 
passed  in  1816,  and  all  the  states  wanted  a  share  of  it.  Northern  In- 
diana seemed  peculiarly  fitted  for  canals,  and  the  whole  state  was  com- 
paratively level.  From  the  days  of  LaSalle,  Indians  and  fur  traders  had 
used  a  dozen  water  routes  through  Indiana  between  the  Wabash  and 


•>••  Quoted  in  Palladium,  May  13,  1826. 
« «  Chamberlain's  Gazetteer,  p.  135. 

Vol.  I— 15 


386  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  lakes.  The  route  by  the  Maumee  and  the  Wabash  was  the  most  di- 
rect way  from  Canada  to  New  Orleans.  It  was  on  account  of  these 
portage  routes  that  the  provision  was  put  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
that,  "The  navigable  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  carrying  places  between  the  same,  shall  be  common  high- 
ways, and  forever  free,  as  well  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  territory, 
as  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States."  All  the  streams  in  Indiana 
that  were  navigable  on  that  basis  had  been  surveyed  out,  and  reserved 
from  sale  by  the  United  States;  but  most  of  them  could  be  used  only 
in  high  water,  and  they  did  not  reach  many  desired  points.  Railroads 
were  still  in  the  experimental  stage,  and  steam  engines  were  foreign  to 


WABASH  AND  ERIE  CANAL  AQUEDUCT  OVER  THE  ST.  MARYS,  AT  FORT 

WAYNE 
(From  a  drawing  by  Ellis  Kaiser) 

the  observation  of  the  average  Indiana  farmer.     But  he  knew  all  about 
ditch  digging,  and  making  dams.    Plainly,  the  canal  was  the  thing. 

Governor  Jennings  had  advocated  canals  from  the  time  of  his  mes- 
sage of  December  2,  1817,  and  called  attention  to  the  availability  of 
the  three  per  cent,  fund  for  this  purpose,  but  nothing  was  done  by  the 
legislature  for  several  years.  The  people  took  it  up.  Fort  Wayne  was 
moved  to  action  by  the  report  of  Capt.  James  Riley,  an  United  States 
surveyor,  in  1818  and  1819,  that  the  St.  Marys  and  Little  River  could 
be  connected  by  a  canal  six  miles  long,  thus  connecting  the  Wabash  and 
Lake  Erie.  This  was  true  enough,  for,  in  high  water,  canoes  had  often 
passed  between  the  two  rivers;  but  on  reflection  the  Fort  Wayne  people 
concluded  that  for  practical  purposes  a  canal  could  not  be  limited  to 
high  water  conditions;  and,  in  1823,  the  citizens  of  Fort  Wayne  em- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  387 

ployed  Col.  Young  and  A.  L.  Davis  to  make  a  survey  from  the  Wabash 
at  the  mouth  of  Little  River  to  the  Maumee,  a  distance  of  25  miles. 
They  found  that  the  greatest  difference  of  levels  on  line  was  only  twenty 
feet.  On  December  9,  1825,  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at  Fort  Wayne, 
presided  over  by  Gen.  John  Tipton,  at  which  resolutions  were  adopted 
asking  the  national  government  to  locate  a  line  between  the  Maumee 
and  the  Wabash.  This  was  in  response  to  an  act  of  Congress  of  May 
26,  1824,  giving  the  State  of  Indiana  the  "privilege"  of  constructing 
a  canal., "fit  for  navigation"  from  the  Maumee  to  the.  Wabash,  and 
granting  a  right  of  way,  with  90  feet  on  each  side  of  the  canal,  but 
the  canal  must  be  finished  within  twelve  years,  and  when  finished,  must 
be  forever  free  for  all  public  uses  of  the  United  States  government. 
When  this  came  before  the  legislature,  at  its  first  session  at  Indianapolis, 
the  House  committee  indignantly  reported  that  the  grant  would  amount 
to  621  acres  for  the  construction  of  a  canal  23  miles  long,  and  said 
the  proposition  "bears  on  its  face  such  a  character  of  closeness  and 
penury  that  no  politician  having  a  just  regard  to  the  interest  of  the 
state  ought  to  be  willing  to  accept  it."  It  recommended  another  me- 
morial and  a  request  for  a  grant  of  a  section  of  land  for  each  mile  of 
canal.47 

The  Indiana  protests  had  some  effect  in  Washington,  and  on  May  24, 
1826,  the  national  Board  of  Internal  Improvements  ordered  Engineer 
James  Shriver  to  make  examinations  and  surveys  for  practicable  routes 
for  canals  in  Indiana,  connecting  the  Wabash  and  St.  Mary's  by  way 
of  Little  River;  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Wabash  by  way  of  the  St. 
Joseph,  Kankakee,  Yellow  River,  and  the  Tippecanoe;  the  Wabash  and 
White  River  by  the  Mississinewa  and  the  Wild  Cat;  the  Whitewater 
and  the  Wabash ;  and  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  on  the  Indiana  side. 
These  routes  may  seem  absurd  to  the  reader  of  today ;  but  most  of  them 
are  not  only  perfectly  feasible,  but  also  -were  common  routes  of  In- 
dian travel,  mentioned  in  all  the  descriptions  of  the  region  then  extant. 
Not  only  the  older  writers,  as  M.  de  Vergennes,  Foreign  Minister  to  Louis 
XVI,  Volney,  and  others,  but  the  later  writers  referred  to  them.  In  a 
letter  to  Secretary  Eustis,  in  1809,  Gov.  Harrison  speaks  of  the  portages 
from  the  Tippecanoe  to  the  Kankakee  and  the  St.  Joseph's,  as  "nine  to 
fourteen  miles,  much  used  by  Indians  and  sometimes  by  traders."48 
This  route  was  through  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  the  portage  being  from 
that  lake  to  Yellow  river.  Barring  wire  fences,  it  is  easy  to  run  a 
light  boat  from  Lake  Maxinkuckee  to  the  Tippecanoe  at  the  present 
time.  In  his  Western  Gazetteer  (1817)  Samuel  Brown  says:  "All  the 


«  H.  J.,  1825,  p.  176. 

<s  Dawson  's  Harrison,  p.  133. 


386 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  lakes.  The  route  by  the  Maumee  and  the  Wabash  was  the  most  di- 
rect way  from  Canada  to  New  Orleans.  It  was  on  account  of  these 
portage  routes  that  the  provision  was  put  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
that,  "The  navigable  waters  leading  into  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  carrying  places  between  the  same,  shall  be  common  high- 
ways, and  forever  free,  as  well  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  territory, 
as  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States."  All  the  streams  in  Indiana 
that  were  navigable  on  that  basis  had  been  surveyed  out,  and  reserved 
from  sale  by  the  United  States ;  but  most  of  them  could  be  used  only 
in  high  water,  and  they  did  not  reach  many  desired  points.  Railroads 
were  still  in  the  experimental  stage,  and  steam  engines  were  foreign  to 


WABASH  AND  ERIE  CANAL  AQUEDUCT  OVER  THE  ST.  MARYS.  AT  FORT 

WAYNE 
(From  a  drawing  by  Ellis  Kaiser) 

the  observation  of  the  average  Indiana  farmer.     But  he  knew  all  about 
ditch  digging,  and  making  dams.    Plainly,  the  canal  was  the  thing. 

Governor  Jennings  had  advocated  canals  from  the  time  of  his  mes- 
sage of  December  2.  1817,  and  called  attention  to  the  availability  of 
the  three  per  cent,  fund  for  this  purpose,  but  nothing  was  done  by  the 
legislature  for  several  years.  The  people  took  it  up.  Fort  Wayne  was 
moved  to  action  by  the  report  of  Capt.  James  Riley,  an  United  States 
surveyor,  in  1818  and  1819,  that  the  St.  Marys  and  Little  River  could 
be  connected  by  a  canal  six  miles  long,  thus  connecting  the  Wabash  and 
Lake  Erie.  This  was  true  enough,  for,  in  high  water,  canoes  had  often 
passed  between  the  two  rivers;  but  on  reflection  the  Fort  Wayne  people 
concluded  that  for  practical  purposes  a  canal  could  not  be  limited  to 
high  water  conditions;  and,  in  1823,  the  citizens  of  Fort  Wayne  em- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


387 


ployed  Col.  Young  and  A.  L.  Davis  to  make  a  survey  from  the  Wabash 
at  the  mouth  of  Little  River  to  the  Maumee,  a  distance  of  25  miles. 
They  found  that  the  greatest  difference  of  levels  on  line  was  only  twenty 
feet.  On  December  9,  1825,  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at  Fort  Wayne, 
presided  over  by  Gen.  John  Tipton,  at  which  resolutions  were  adopted 
asking  the  national  government  to  locate  a  line  between  the  Maumee 
and  the  Wabash.  This  was  in  response  to  an  act  of  Congress  of  May 
26,  1824,  giving  the  State  of  Indiana  the  "privilege"  of  constructing 
a  canal." fit  for  navigation"  from  the  Maumee  to  the.  Wabash,  and 
granting  a  right  of  way,  with  90  feet  on  each  side  of  the  canal,  but 
the  canal  must  be  finished  within  twelve  years,  and  when  finished,  must 
be  forever  free  for  all  public  uses  of  the  United  States  government. 
When  this  came  before  the  legislature,  at  its  first  session  at  Indianapolis, 
the  House  committee  indignantly  reported  that  the  grant  would  amount 
to  621  acres  for  the  construction  of  a  canal  23  miles  long,  and  said 
the  proposition  "bears  on  its  face  such  a  character  of  closeness  and 
penury  that  no  politician  having  a  just  regard  to  the  interest  of  the 
state  ought  to  be  willing  to  accept  it."  It  recommended  another  me- 
morial and  a  request  for  a  grant  of  a  section  of  land  for  each  mile  of 
canal.47 

The  Indiana  protests  had  some  effect  in  Washington,  and  on  May  24, 
1826,  the  national  Board  of  Internal  Improvements  ordered  Engineer 
James  Shriver  to  make  examinations  and  surveys  for  practicable  routes 
for  canals  in  Indiana,  connecting  the  Wabash  and  St.  Mary's  by  way 
of  Little  River;  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Wabash  by  way  of  the  St. 
Joseph,  Kankakee,  Yellow  River,  and  the  Tippecanoe;  the  Wabash  and 
White  River  by  the  Mississinewa  and  the  Wild  Cat ;  the  Whitewater 
and  the  Wabash ;  and  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  on  the  Indiana  side. 
These  routes  may  seem  absurd  to  the  reader  of  today ;  but  most  of  them 
are  not  only  perfectly  feasible,  but  also -were  common  routes  of.  In- 
dian travel,  mentioned  in  all  the  descriptions  of  the  region  then  extant. 
Not  only  the  older  writers,  as  M.  de  Vergennes,  Foreign  Minister  to  Louis 
XVI,  Volney,  and  others,  but  the  later  writers  referred  to  them.  In  a 
letter  to  Secretary  Eustis,  in  1809,  Gov.  Harrison  speaks  of  the  portages 
from  the  Tippecanoe  to  the  Kankakee  and  the  St.  Joseph's,  as  "nine  to 
fourteen  miles,  much  used  by  Indians  and  sometimes  by  traders. ' ' 48 
This  route  was  through  Lake  Maxinknckee,  the  portage  being  from 
that  lake  to  Yellow  river.  Barring  wire  fences,  it  is  easy  to  run  a 
light  boat  from  Lake  Maxinkuckee  to  the  Tippecanoe  at  the  present 
time.  In  his  Western  Gazetteer  (1817)  Samuel  Brown  says:  "All  the 


47  H.  J.,  1825,  p.  176. 
•""Daw-son's  Harrison,  p.  133. 


388  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

streams  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  state,  which  empty  into  the  Wabash 
and  Illinois,  have  their  branches  interwoven  with  many  of  the  rivers 
running  into  Lakes  Erie  and  Michigan.  Indeed,  as  before  observed, 
they  not  ^infrequently  issue  from  the  same  marsh,  prairie,  pond  or 
lake.  There  are  upwards  of  twenty  portages  near  the  Michigan  frontier, 
only  two  of  which  have  hitherto  been  used  by  the  whites.  *  *  * 
There  is  a  portage  of  four  miles  between  the  St.  Joseph's  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  the  Theakaki  (Kankakee) ;  of  two  miles  between  the  Theakaki 
and  the  Great  Kennomic  (Calumet) ;  of  half  a  mile  between  the  Great 
and  Little  Kennomic;  of  four  miles  between  the  Chemin  (Trail  Creek) 
and  Little  Kennomic ;  and  of  three  miles  between  the  west  fork  of  Chicago 
and  Plein;  besides  numerous  ones  between  the  head  branches  of  the 
two  St.  Josephs,  Black,  Raisin  and  Eel  rivers,  which  vary  in  length 
according  to  the  dryness  or  moisture  of  the  season."  In  his  Emigrants' 
Guide  (1818),  William  Darby  says  that,  "with  one  extremity  upon  the 
Ohio  river,  and  the  opposite  upon  Lake  Michigan,  with  intersecting 
navigable  streams,  Indiana  will  be  the  real  link  that  will  unite  the 
southern  and  northern  part  of  the  United  States."40 

Shriver  died  shortly  after  beginning  this  survey  work,  and  it  was 
continued  by  Major  Asa  Moore,  who  surveyed  the  line  between  the 
Maumee  and  the  Wabash  in  1826,  and  reported  that  it  would  be  easy 
to  build  a  canal  on  that  route.  He  continued  the  surveys  in  1827-8,  but 
took  sick  and  died  at  the  rapids  of  the  Maumee  on  October  4,  1828. 
Meanwhile  Congress  arose  to  the  situation,  and  by  act  of  March  2,  1827, 
gave  to  the  State,  for  construction  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal,  the 
alternate  sections  in  a  strip  of  land  five  miles  wide,  bordering  the  line 
of  the  canal.  This  was  the  beginning  of  national  grants  in  aid  of  in- 
ternal improvements,  and  marks  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  nation. 
Also,  in  October,  1826,  Lewis  Cass,  James  B.  Ray  and  John  Tipton 
had  made  treaties  with  the  Miamis  and  Potawatomies,  by  which,  among 
other  things,  the  Indians  granted  rights  of  way  through  their  reserva- 
tions for  the  canal.  Indiana  was  now  ready  for  business,  as  soon  as  the 
proceeds  of  the  land  sales  were  available,  but  there  were  various  causes 
for  delay.  By  act  of  January  5,  1828,  Indiana  accepted  the  Govern- 
ment gift.  A  board  of  commissioners  was  appointed,  consisting  of 
Samuel  Hanna  of  Fort  Wayne,  Robert  John  of  Franklin  County,  and 
David  Burr  of  Jackson  County,  to  take  charge  of  the  work;  but  the 
board  found  itself  without  sufficient  funds  or  sufficient  authority  to  do 
anything  but  report.  Moreover,  the  eastern  end  of  the  canal  was  in 
Ohio,  and  Indiana  had  no  control  over  it.  Ohio  had  wanted  the  canal 


«» Ind.  Hist.  Coll.  Indiana  as  seen  by  Early  Travelers,  pp.  165,  167,  193. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  389 

made  by  the  line  of  the  Big  Miami  river  to  Cincinnati,  and  on  May 
24,  1828,  secured  an  act  of  Congress  granting  the  alternate  sections  in 
a  five-mile  strip  for  the  extension  of  the  Miami  canal  from  Dayton  to 
Lake  Erie,  by  the  Maumee  route.  The  fourth  section  of  this  law  pro- 
vided that  Indiana  might  relinquish  so  much  of  her  canal  lands  as  lay 
within  Ohio  to  that  state  on  such  terms  as  the  two  states  might  agree 
upon,  Ohio  to  construct  the  Wabash  and  Erie  within  its  borders  on 
the  same  terms  as  originally  provided  for  Indiana.  After  more  than  a 
year  of  negotiation,  on  October  3,  1829,  Wyllys  Silliman,  of  Zanesville, 
on  the  part  of  Ohio,  and  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  on  the  part  of  Indiana, 
met  at  Cincinnati,  and  agreed  that  Ohio  should  take  the  lands  within 
her  boundaries  and  build  the  canal  east  of  the  Indiana  line,  both  states 
to  finish  their  work  within  fifteen  years.  By  act  of  January  28,  1830, 
Indiana  established  a  new  board  of  commissioners,  composed  of  David 
Burr,  Jordan  Vigus  and  Samuel  Lewis,  to  take  charge  of  the  land  sales 
and  preliminary  work.  They  employed  Joseph  Bidgeway,  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  an  experienced  engineer,  to  prepare  plans  and  specifications  for 
the  work  from  the  state  line  to  the  month  of  the  Tippecanoe  river,  which 
was  the  extent  of  the  original  land  grant  The  amount  of  the  granted 
lands  in  Indiana  was  349,261  acres.  Bidgeway 's  estimate  of  the  cost 
of  the  canal  completed  was  $1,081,970. 

Then  came  more  delay.  The  Ohio  legislature  failed  to  ratify  the 
Cincinnati  agreement.  Sentiment  in  Indiana  was  divided.  Some  pre- 
dicted the  cost  of  the  canal  would  be  much  greater  than  the  proceeds 
of  the  lands,  and  the  people  would  be  subjected  to  heavy  taxation. 
Quite  a  strong  party  had  grdwn  up  in  favor  of  railroads  instead  of 
canals.  Finally  the  canal  advocates  won  out,  and  on  January  9,  1832, 
an  act  was  passed  creating  a  board  of  fund  commissioners,  authorized  to 
borrow  $200,000  and  keep  the  canal  commissioners  supplied  with  funds. 
Work  was  ordered  to  be  commenced  before  March  2,  which  was  the  ex- 
piration of  the  five  years  in  which  the  work  was  to  begin  under  the 
grant  by  Congress,  or  the  grant  forfeited.  It  was  indeed  time  for  action. 
Washington's  birthday  was  selected  for  the  saving  act.  Vigus  hastened 
up  to  Fort  Wayne,  where  the  ceremony  was  to  occur.  Under  the  plans, 
the  canal  came  up  the  south  side  of  the  Maumee,  followed  the  St.  Mary's 
through  part  of  Fort  Wayne,  and  then  crossed  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Mary's  to  what  is  now  the  northwest  part  of  the  city,  where  it  was 
to  be  joined  by  the  branch  from  the  feeder  dam  on  the  St.  Joseph's, 
some  six  miles  above  the  city.  On  February  22,  most  of  Fort  Wayne 
formed  a  procession,  marched  out  to  the  chosen  spot,  preceded  by  a 
band,  with  the  national  colors  flying,  and  there  formed  in  a  circle. 
Vigus  told  of  the  obstacles  encountered  and  overcome,  and  announced, 


390 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


"I  now  begin  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  by  authority  of  the  State 
of  Indiana,"  and  "struck  the  long  suspended  blow."  Charles  W. 
Ewing,  native  of  New  York,  and  first  prosecuting  attorney  of  Allen 
County,  made  "an  appropriate  and  eloquent  address";  and  then  Judge 
Samuel  Hanna,  Captain  Murray,  and  other  enthusiastic  citizens  fell 
to,  and  made  an  extensive  hole  in  the  ground.50  The  land  grant  was 


JESSE  L.  WILLIAMS 

saved,  and  it  was  a  great  day  for  the  Maumee  and  Wabash  valleys. 
On  March  1,  the  Canal  Commissioners  began  letting  contracts  and 
the  first  fifteen  miles,  including  the  St.  Joseph's  feeder  dam,  were  let 
for  $63,358.86,  or  $850.42  less  than  Ridgeway's  estimates;  whereupon 
the  canal  advocates  hooted  in  derision  at  the  prophets  of  unexpected 
expense.  The  Commissioners  employed  Jesse  L.  Williams,  a  North 
Carolina  Quaker  who  had  been  chief  engineer  of  the  Miami  Canal,  and 


50  Cass  County  Times,  March  2,  1832. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  391 

who  later  arose  to  national  distinction  in  his  profession,  to  supervise  the 
work  of  construction.  For  the  next  ten  years  he  was  the  Indiana  au- 
thority on  engineering  problems.  Under  his  supervision,  work  on  the 
canal  proceeded  as  well  as  could  be  asked.51  The  stretch  from  the  feeder 
dam  to  Fort  Wayne  was  completed  and  the  water  turned  in,  in  June, 
1834;  and  the  entire  population  of  the  place  celebrated  the  glorious 
Fourth  by  a  trip  to  the  feeder  dam  in  a  big  scow,  hastily  constructed  by 
F.  P.  Tinkham,  and  a  day  of  revelry  at  that  location.  By  the  next 
Fourth,  J;he  canal  was  completed  to  Huntington,  and  Capt.  Asa  Fair- 
field  had  built  a  regular  canal  "packet,"  named  "The  Indiana,"  and 
commanded  by  Oliver  Fairfield,  an  old  sea  captain.  On  July  4,  1835, 
the  Indiana  made  its  first  trip  over  the  thirty-two  miles  connecting  the 
Wabash  with  the  Maumee,  carrying  a  party  of  gentlemen  only,  reputed 
by  tradition  to  have  been  the  liveliest  party  that  ever  traveled  on  a 
canal  boat.  Thereafter  the  Indiana  made  regular  trips  on  alternate 
days,  from  Fort  Wayne  to  the  terminus  of  the  canal,  as  it  progressed 
down  the  Wabash,  carrying  freight  and  passengers.  This  division  of 
the  canal,  including  the  feeder  dam,  cost  only  an  average  of  $7,17?  per 
mile,  although  constructed  through  a  comparative'  wilderness,  where 
the  transportation  of  supplies  was  costly.  But  even  here,  it  ran  into 
the  log  cabin  of  old  Chopine,  on  the  White  Raccoon  reservation,  which 
had  to  be  removed  and  rebuilt  out  of  the  canal  fund,  and  much  to  the 
disgust  of. the  dispossessed  native. 

Meanwhile  the  railroad  people  had  been  moving.  On  February 
2  and  3,  1832,  the  legislature  of  Indiana  had  chartered  eight  railroad 
companies,  five  of  which  were  to  connect  Indianapolis  with  the  Ohio 
river  at  various  points.  One  of  these  was  from  Indianapolis  to  Lawrence- 
burg,  by  way  of  Greenburgh  and  Shelbyville.  This  company  laid  'the 
first  railroad  track  in  Indiana — a  mile  and  a  quarter,  at  Shelbyville. 
The  common  mode  of  construction  at  that  time  was  to  lay  the  ends 
of  the  cross-ties  on  two  flat  stones,  and  on  them  put  wooden  rails,  which, 
when  the  funds  of  the  company  permitted,  were  capped  with  strips  of 
bar  iron.  There  being  no  stone  available  near  Shelbyville,  the  experi- 
ment had  been  tried  of  resting  the  cross-ties  on  logs  laid  lengthwise  the 
road.  As  the  company  had  been  unable  to  secure  an  engineer,  the  road 
was  built  by  two  contractors — "men  without  experience  in  such  works, 
and  with  the  ordinary  labor  of  the  country."  On  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1834,  while  the  Fort  Wayne  people  were  junketing  at  the  feeder  dam, 
the  people  of  Shelbyville  indulged  in  the  first  railroad  ride  in  Indiana. 
James  Blake,  of  Indianapolis,  President  pro  tern  of  the  company,  says 


si  For  full  sketches  of  Jesse  L.  Williams  see  Stuart  'a  Lives  and  Works  of  Civil 
and  Military  Engineers  of  America ;  Knapp  's  Hist,  of  the  Maumee  Valley,  p.  415. 


390 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


"I  now  begin  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  by  authority  of  the  State 
of  Indiana,"  and  "struck  the  long  suspended  blow."  Charles  W. 
Ewing,  native  of  New  York,  and  first  prosecuting  attorney  of  Allen 
County,  made  "an  appropriate  and  eloquent  address";  and  then  Judge 
Samuel  Hanna,  Captain  Murray,  and  other  enthusiastic  citizens  fell 
to,  and  made  an  extensive  hole  in  the  ground.50  The  land  grant  was 


JESSE  L.  WILLIAMS 


saved,  and  it  was  a  great  day  for  the  Maumec  and  Wabash  valleys. 
On  March  1,  the  Canal  Commissioners  began  letting  contracts  and 
the  first  fifteen  miles,  including  the  St.  Joseph's  feeder  dam,  were  let 
for  $63,358.86,  or  $850.42  less  than  Ridgeway's  estimates;  whereupon 
the  canal  advocates  hooted  in  derision  at  the  prophets  of  unexpected 
expense.  The  Commissioners  employed  Jesse  L.  Williams,  a  North 
Carolina  Quaker  who  had  been  chief  engineer  of  the  Miami  Canal,  and 


Cass  County  Times,  March  2,  1832. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  391 

who  later  arose  to  national  distinction  in  his  profession,  to  supervise  the 
work  of  construction.  For  the  next  ten  years  he  was  the  Indiana  au- 
thority on  engineering  problems.  Under  his  supervision,  work  on  the 
canal  proceeded  as  well  as  could  be  asked.51  The  stretch  from  the  feeder 
dam  to  Fort  Wayne  was  completed  and  the  water  turned  in,  in  June, 
1834;  and  the  entire  population  of  the  place  celebrated  the  glorious 
Fourth  by  a  trip  to  the  feeder  dam  in  a  big  scow,  hastily  constructed  by 
F.  P.  Tinkham,  and  a  day  of  revelry  at  that  location.  By  the  next 
Fourth,  Jhe  canal  was  completed  to  Huntington,  and  Capt.  Asa  Fair- 
field  had  built  a  regular  canal  "packet,"  named  "The  Indiana."  and 
commanded  by  Oliver  Fairfield,  an  old  sea  captain.  On  July  4,  1835, 
the  Indiana  made  its  first  trip  over  the  thirty-two  miles  connecting  the 
Wabash  with  the  Maumee,  carrying  a  party  of  gentlemen  only,  reputed 
by  tradition  to  have  been  the  liveliest  party  that  ever  traveled  on  a 
canal  boat.  Thereafter  the  Indiana  made  regular  trips  on  alternate 
days,  from  Fort  Wayne  to  the  terminus  of  the  canal,  as  it  progressed 
down  the  Wabash,  carrying  freight  and  passengers.  This  division  of 
the  canal,  including  the  feeder  dam,  cost  only  an  average  of  $7,17?  per 
mile,  although  constructed  through  a  comparative  wilderness,  where 
the  transportation  of  supplies  was  costly.  But  even  here,  it  ran  into 
the  log  cabin  of  old  Chopine,  on  the  White  Raccoon  reservation,  which 
had  to  be  removed  and  rebuilt  out  of  the  canal  fund,  and  much  to  the 
disgust  of. the  dispossessed  native. 

Meanwhile  the  railroad  people  had  been  moving.  On  February 
2  and  3,  1832,  the  legislature  of  Indiana  had  chartered  eight  railroad 
companies,  five  of  which  were  to  connect  Indianapolis  with  the  Ohio 
river  at  various  points.  One  of  these  was  from  Indianapolis  to  Lawrence- 
burg,  by  way  of  Greenburgh  and  Shelbyville.  This  company  laid  the 
first  railroad  track  in  Indiana — a  mile  and  a  quarter,  at  Shelbyville. 
The  common  mode  of  construction  at  that  time  was  to  lay  the  ends 
.of  the  cross-ties  on  two  flat  stones,  and  on  them  put  wooden  rails,  which, 
when  the  funds  of  the  company  permitted,  were  capped  with  strips  of 
bar  iron.  There  being  no  stone  available  near  Shelbyville,  the  experi- 
ment had  been  tried  of  resting  the  cross-ties  on  logs  laid  lengthwise  the 
road.  As  the  company  had  been  unable  to  secure  an  engineer,  the  road 
was  built  by  two  contractors — "men  without  experience  in  such  works, 
and  with  the  ordinary  labor  of  the  country."  On  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1834,  while  the  Fort  Wayne  people  were  junketing  at  the  feeder  dam, 
the  people  of  Shelbyville  indulged  in  the  first  railroad  ride  in  Indiana. 
James  Blake,  of  Indianapolis,  President  pro  tern  of  the  company,  says 


si  For  full  sketches  of  Jesse  L.  Williams  see  Stuart 's  Lives  and  Works  of  Civil 
and  Military  Engineers  of  America ;  Knapp  's  Hist,  of  the  Maumee  Valley,  p.  415. 


392  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

in  his  report  for  1834,  ' '  In  the  course  of  the  day  between  six  and  eight 
hundred  persons  were  passed  upon  the  road  by  one  car,  a  distance  out 
and  in  of  two  and  a  half  miles.  One  horse  was  found  able  to  draw  from 
forty  to  fifty  persons  at  the  rate  of  nineteen  miles  per  hour,  and  this 
when  all  the  work,  both  of  car  and  road,  was  new  and  rough.  Owing 
to  the  difficulty  of  procuring  an  engineer,  the  directors  superintending 
the  work  did  not  deem  it  proper  to  carry  it  into  Shelbyville,  as  they 
could  not  tell  where  the  engineer  might  choose  to  cross  the  river.  The 
work  was,  therefore,  stopped  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  town.  If  et  it 
is  believed  that  it  affords  a  fair  specimen  of  the  cost  of  construction 
through  the  line  of  level  country  already  spoken  of.  Upon  it  there  is 
one  cut  of  five  feet;  one  embankment  of  five  feet,  and  one  of  ten — two 
curves  and  two  bridges,  already  mentioned, — all  in  the  distance  of  one 
and  a  quarter  miles,  and  the  whole  cost  was  one  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  per  mile."  Mr.  Blake  also  adds,  for  the  enlightenment  of  the 
stockholders:  "The  road  in  every  respect  is  calculated  for  the  use  of 
locomotive  power — and  the  speed  and  cheapness  of  that  power  over  every 
other,  will  no  doubt  occasion  it  to  be  adopted  on  this  road  as  it  has 
been  on  almost  every  other  of  any  extent  in  the  United  States  and  in 
Europe.  It  would,  therefore,  be  proper  at  once  to  save  the  expense  of 
a  horse  path.  This  is  estimated  to  cost  three  hundred  dollars  per  mile, 
and  supposing  the  road  to  be  ninety  miles  long,  twenty-seven  thousand 
dollars  may  be  saved.  A  sum  sufficient  to  procure  all  the .  locomotive 
power  necessary  for  a  long  time.  And  it  will  supercede  the  outlay 
of  capital  that  would  otherwise  be  necessarily  invested  in  horses.  In 
addition  to  these  advantages,  if  steam  alone  should  be  used,  the  inter- 
mediate space  between  the  rails  need  not  be  so  entirely  filled  with  earth 
as  is  required  by  the  horse  path,  and  thus  the  rails,  at  least,  may  be  made 
to  last  many  years  longer  than  they  would  do  were  they  brought  into 
immediate  contact  with  the  earth." 

With  this  situation,  it  is  easy  to  understand  the  sentiment  for  inter- 
nal improvements  in  Indiana  in  the  period  from  1830  to  1840.  It  was 
evident  that  the  crying  need  of  the  State  was  for  cheaper  transporta- 
tion. Qrain  was  selling  for  from  30  to  50  cents  a  bushel  more  on  the 
Ohio  river  than  it  was  in  central  Indiana,  The  cost  of  transportation 
by  canal  or  railroad  was  not  more  than  one-third  of  what  it  was  by 
wagon.  The  difference  in  the  value  of  the  product  of  an  acre  of  land 
was  greater  than  the  market  value  of  the  land.  The  chief  wealth  of  the 
State  was  in  lands  and  agricultural  products.  Everybody  wanted  im- 
proved transportation  of  some  kind.  The  difficulty  lay  in  this  almon* 
universal  demand.  It  was  a  problem  of  dividing  five  apples  among 
ten  boys,  and  giving  each  one  an  apple — the  apples  being  somewhat  pros- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  393 

pective,  but  regarded  as  certain.  Nobody  was  willing  to  wait.  Some, 
advocated  railroads  and  some  canals,  but  both  were  operating  success- 
fully in  other  states,  and  both  had,  by  July  4,  1834,  been  demonstrated 
to  be  feasible,  on  a  small  scale,  in  Indiana.  It  was  necessary,  to  secure 
any  action,  to  get  a  majority  of  the  ten  boys  to  agree  on  some  plan, 
and  that  task  fell  to  the  legislature  of  1834.  The  solution  reached  was 
a  bill  providing  for  eight  improvements,  as  follows : 

1.  The  Whitewater  Canal,  from  Nettle  Creek,  near  Cambridge  City, 
in  Wayne  County,  to  Lawrenceburg,  with  connection  by  canal  or  rail- 
road to  the  Central  Canal.    The  surveys  for  this  canal  had  been  made 
in  1834  by  Jesse  L.  Williams  and  William  Gooding,  and  their  report, 
which  was  before  the  legislature,  estimated  the  cost  at  $1,142,126.    For 
this  work  the  legislature  appropriated  $1,400,000. 

2.  The  Central  Canal,  from  some  point  on  the  Wabash  between 
Fort  Wayne  and  Logansport,  to  Muncie;  thence  down  White  River  to 
Indianapolis;  and  from  there  by  the  most  feasible  route  to  Evansville. 
For  this  the  appropriation  was  $3,500,000. 

3.  An  extension  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  to  Terre  Haute; 
with  connection  from  there  to  the  Central  Canal.     Appropriation  $1,- 
300,000. 

4.  A  railroad  from  Madison  to  Lafayette,  by  way  of  Columbus  and 
Indianapolis.     Appropriation  $1,300,000. 

5.  A  macadamized  road  from  New  Albany  to  Vincennes,  by  way 
of  Greenville,  Fredericksburg,  Paoli,  Mount  Pleasant,  and  Washington. 
Appropriation  $1,150,000. 

6:  A  survey  of  a  line  from  Jeffersonville  to  Crawfordsville,  for  a 
railroad,  or,  if  that  were  found  impracticable,  for  a  macadamized  road ; 
by  way  of  New  Albany,  Salem,  Bedford,  B'loomington,  and  Greencastle ; 
the  survey  to  be  completed  by  October,  1835,  and  construction  to  follow. 
Appropriation  $1,300,000. 

7.  For  removal  of  obstructions  to  navigation  in  the  Wabash  River 
an  appropriation  of  $50,000. 

8.  A  survey  for  a  canal,  if  possible,  otherwise  a  railroad,  from 
Fort  Wayne  to  Michigan  City,  by  way  of  Goshen,  South  Bend,  and 
Laporte.     No  appropriation  was  made  for  this,  but  the  work  was  to 
be  commenced  within  ten  years. 

In  addition  to  these  appropriations,  the  Lawrenceburg  and  Indian- 
apolis was  authorized  to  borrow  $500,000  on  the  credit  of  the  State, 
giving  the  State  a  mortgage  on  unimproved  lands  for  security.  To 
secure  the  money  for  prosecuting  these  works,  the  fund  commissioners 
were  directed  to  issue  $10,000,000  of  State  bonds,  payable  in  twenty- 
five  years,  with  six  per  cent  interest;  and  for  the  payment  of  this  loan 


394  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  various  works,  and  their  profits  were  to  be  pledged.  This  measure 
met  with  general  approval,  except  from  those  localities  that  were  not 
directly  reached  by  the  proposed  improvements.  All  through  the  State, 
where  there  was  a  feeling  of  local  benefit,  there  were  bonfires,  illumina- 
tions and  general  rejoicing.  And  from  all  parts  of  the  nation  there 
was  applause  of  the  enterprise  of  Indiana.  This  legislation  had  a  more 
extensive  effect  on  the  history  of  Indiana  than  any  other  act  ever  passed 
by  the  Indiana  legislature,  and  was  the  source  of  more  political  con- 
troversy. In  later  years,  when  the  "system"  had  gone  to  pieces,  leaving 
ruin  in  its  wake,  the  Democrats  charged  the  Whigs  with  responsibility 
for  it,  which  was  true  enough,  but  there  were  very  few  Democrats  who 
could  point  to  any  consistent  opposition  to  it  while  it  was  in  process 
of  adoption.  The  subject  was  threshed  over  in  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1851,  which  devoted  a  considerable  part  of  its  time  to  po- 
litical ventilation ;  and  there  is  no  room  for  question  that  the  substantial 
facts  as  to  the  passage  of  the  bill  were  accurately  presented  by  Judge 
David  Kilgore  at  that  time.  Kilgore  was  born  in  Kentucky,  April  3, 
1804,  and  came  to  Franklin  County,  Indiana,  in  1819,  with  his  father, 
Obed  Kilgore.  With  a  common  school  education,  he  read,  law  without 
a  preceptor,  but  receiving  occasional  aid  from  James  B.  Ray  and  John 
T.  McKinney,  later  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1830,  having  "finished 
Blackstone,"  he  walked  to  Delaware  County,  with  "a  small  bundle  of 
clothes,  four  law  books,  and  $4.75  in  money";  took  a  pre-emption  claim, 
and  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  successful  from  the  start ;  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  of  1832,  and  several  times  thereafter;  and 
served  as  Speaker  of  the  House,  Judge,  and  Congressman.  He  was  an 
open  and  ardent  advocate  of  internal  improvements  and  education, 
without  apology  for  either. 

In  the  Convention,  on  November  21,  1850,  after  some  preliminary  re- 
marks about  the  attacks  on  the  improvement  system,  Kilgore  announced 
his  intention  of  giving  the  true  history  of  it,  and  "speaking  plainly." 
He  said:  "At  the  sessions  of  the  Legislature  of  1834,  1835,  the  members 
of  that  body,  believing  that  it  was  high  time  for  Indiana  to  engage  in 
some  system  of  internal  improvements,  set  about  the  work  of  devising 
a  plan  for  action  upon  the  subject.  A  bill  was  introduced  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  having  in  view  that  object.  The  bill,  as  originally 
introduced,  was  not  such  as  met  the  approbation  of  the  majority.  The 
objection  to  it  was,  not  that  it  contained  too  much,  but  that  it  did  not 
1  contain  enough.  And  some  of  those  who  are  now  most  loud  in  their 
denunciations  of  the  system,  were  amongst  the  foremost  in  adding  amend- 
ment to  amendment  until  we  ha.d  literally  checkered  the  whole  State 
with  imaginary  canals  and  roads  of  different  kinds.  That  bill,  sir,  be- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


395 


came  too  ponderous  to  be  carried  by  its  original  friends ;  and  those  who 
were  the  true  friends  of  the  State  and  her  best  interests,  by  common 
consent,  laid  it  upon  the  table  to  sleep  the  sleep  of  death.  But  they 
did  not  abandon  the  hope  of  adopting  some  system  that  might,  in  the 
end,  prove  beneficial  to  the  people.  As  yet  no  provision  had  been  made 
for  the  further  prosecution  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  which  had 


JUDGE  DAVID  KILGORE 

been  commenced  some  years  before;  and  to  the  friends  of  that  work 
other  portions  of  the  State  looked  for  aid  in  the  commencement  and 
prosecution  of  a  well  digested  system  of  improvements.  And  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  that  aid,  we  were  unwilling  to  see  that  work  pro- 
vided for  alone.  A  proper  feeling  was  evinced  from  that  quarter  to- 
wards other  interests.  *  *  *  But  whilst  we  were  devising  some 
safe  and  proper  plan  for  such  a  system,  to  our  great  astonishment,  -a 
messenger  from  the  Senate. announced  the  passage  of  a  bill  through  that 


394 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


the  various  works,  and  their  profits  were  to  be  pledged.  This  measure 
met  with  general  approval,  except  from  those  localities  that  were  not 
directly  reached  by  the  proposed  improvements.  All  through  the  State, 
where  there  was  a  feeling  of  local  benefit,  there  were  bonfires,  illumina- 
tions and  general  rejoicing.  And  from  all  parts  of  the  nation  there 
was  applause  of  the  enterprise  of  Indiana.  This  legislation  had  a  more 
extensive  effect  on  the  history  of  Indiana  than  any  other  act  ever  passed 
by  the  Indiana  legislature,  and  was  the  source  of  more  political  con- 
troversy. In  later  years,  when  the  "system"  had  gone  to  pieces,  leaving 
ruin  in  its  wake,  the  Democrats  charged  the  Whigs  with  responsibility 
for  it,  which  was  true  enough,  but  there  were  very  few  Democrats  who 
could  point  to  any  consistent  opposition  to  it  while  it  was  in  process 
of  adoption.  The  subject  was  threshed  over  in  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1851,  which  devoted  a  considerable  part  of  its  time  to  po- 
litical ventilation ;  and  there  is  no  room  for  question  that  the  substantial 
facts  as  to  the  passage  of  the  bill  were  accurately  presented  by  Judge 
David  Kilgore  at  that  time.  Kilgore  was  born  in  Kentucky,  April  3, 
1804,  and  came  to  Franklin  County,  Indiana,  in  1819,  with  his  father, 
Obed  Kilgore.  With  a  common  school  education,  he  read,  law  without 
a  preceptor,  but  receiving  occasional  aid  from  James  B.  Ray  and  John 
T.  McKinney,  later  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1830,  having  "finished 
Blackstone,"  he  walked  to  Delaware  County,  with  "a  small  bundle  of 
clothes,  four  law  books,  and  $4.75  in  money";  took  a  pre-emption  claim. 
and  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  successful  from  the  start ;  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  of  1832,  and  several  times  thereafter;  and 
served  as  Speaker  of  the  House,  Judge,  and  Congressman.  He  was  an 
open  and  ardent  advocate  of  internal  improvements  and  education, 
without  apology  for  either. 

In  the  Convention,  on  November  21,  1850,  after  some  preliminary  re- 
marks about  the  attacks  on  the  improvement  system,  Kilgore  announced 
his  intention  of  giving  the  true  history  of  it,  and  "speaking  plainly." 
He  said:  "At  the  sessions  of  the  Legislature  of  1834,  1835,  the  members 
of  that  body,  believing  that  it  was  high  time  for  Indiana  to  engage  in 
some  system  of  internal  improvements,  set  about  the  work  of  devising 
a  plan  for  action  upon  the  subject.  A  bill  was  introduced  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  having  in  view  that  object.  The  bill,  as  originally 
introduced,  was  not  such  as  met  the  approbation  of  the  majority.  The 
objection  to  it  was,  not  that  it  contained  too  much,  but  that  it  did  not 
contain  enough.  And  some  of  those  who  are  now  most  loud  in  their 
denunciations  of  the  system,  were  amongst  the  foremost  in  adding  amend- 
ment to  amendment  until  we  had  literally  checkered  the  whole  State 
with  imaginary  canals  and  roads  of  different  kinds.  That  bill,  sir,  be- 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


395 


came  too  ponderous  to  be  carried  by  its  original  friends ;  and  those  who 
were  the  true  friends  of  the  State  and  her  best  interests,  by  common 
consent,  laid  it  upon  the  table  to  sleep  the  sleep  of  death.  But  they 
did  not  abandon  the  hope  of  adopting  some  system  that  might,  in  the 
end,  prove  beneficial  to  the  people.  As  yet  no  provision  had  been  made 
for  the  further  prosecution  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  which  had 


JUDGE  DAVID  KILGORE 

been  commenced  some  years  before;  and  to  the  friends  of  that  work 
other  portions  of  the  State  looked  for  aid  in  the  commencement  and 
prosecution  of  a  well  digested  system  of  improvements.  And  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  that  aid,  we  were  unwilling  to  see  that  work  pro- 
vided for  alone.  A  proper  feeling  was  evinced  from  that  quarter  to- 
wards other  interests.  *  *  *  But  whilst  we  were  devising  some 
safe  and  proper  plan  for  such  a  system,  to  our  great  astonishment,  a 
messenger  from  the  Senate  announced  the  passage  of  a  bill  through  that 


396  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

body,  providing  for  the  further  prosecution  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal.  This,  sir,  was  unexpected,  and  produced  that  confusion  in  our 
ranks  that  might  well  be  expected  under  such  circumstances.  All  knew 
full  well  that  if  that  bill  passed,  it  would  take  from  us  many  votes  upon 
which  we  had  been  confidently  relying  to  aid  us  in  what  we  conceived 
to  be  an  important  and  laudable  undertaking. 

"What  is  to  be  done!  was  the  first  inquiry  made  by  every  man  who 
felt  an  interest  in  the  matter.  All  knew,  sir,  that  whatever  was  to  be 
done  must  be  done  quickly  in  order  to  be  successful.  Now,  Mr.  Presi- 
dent, for  the  information  of  gentlemen  who  have  been  so  free  in  charging 
the  friends  of  that  system  with  bargain,  sale  and  corruption,  (terms,  sir, 
which  I  seldom  use,  and  never  apply  unless  I  am  properly  posted  upon 
the  subject)  I  will  say  that  I  never  in  my  life  used  more  untiring  in- 
dustry than  I  did  on  that  memorable  night,  in  order  to  secure  strength 
enough  to  amend  the  Senate  bill  so  as  to  provide  for  the  survey  of 
other  works.  I  well  recollect  calling  upon  the  lamented  James  H.  Wal- 
lace, then  a  representative  from  the  county  of  Jefferson,  at  a  late  hour 
in  the  night,  to  see  what  strength  he  could  bring  to  the  bill  in  case  we 
would  provide  for  the  Madison  road.  He  gave  me  the  desired  informa- 
tion, and  pledged  the  support  of  a  certain  number  of  members  who  were 
interested.  And  this  secured  to  the  citizens  of  Madison  and  Indian- 
apolis, and  the  intermediate  country,  that  important  work  which,  costly 
as  it  was,  has  proved  so  useful  and  profitable  to  all  concerned.  From 
him  I  passed  to  other  gentlemen;  still  leaving  each  to  propose  a  short 
description  of  his  favorite  work;  until,  with  my  tally  paper  in  hand, 
I  could  count  sufficient  strength  to  amend  the  Senate  bill,  and  thus 
prepare  for  a  general  survey.  *  *  *  The  true  friends  of  the  State's 
best  interests  did  not  at  that  time  contemplate  the  prosecution  of  more 
than  some  three  or  four  works :  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  the  Central 
Canal,  the  White  Water  Canal,  and  perhaps  one  railroad.  *  *  *  It 
was  carried  by  a  union  of  interests;  it  could  be  carried  by  no  other 
means;  and  the  same  means,  sir,  would  have  given  it  the  aid  of  every 
man  then  in  the  Legislature.  *  *  *  As  I  have  said  before,  sir, 
the  survey  of  the  various  works  designated  unsettled  the  public  mind, 
dethroned  reason  for  the  time  being,  and  prepared  the  people  for  their 
own  ruin.  The  next  session  found  each  one  of  these  various  projects 
amply  represented ;  and  each  Representative  urging  the  superior  claims 
of  his  favorite  work.  We  had  sought  information,  we  had  obtained  it, 
and  we  were  by  force  of  public  opinion  required  to  use  the  information 
most  profitably,  as  was  supposed,  by  commencing  a  system,  embracing 
every  practicable  work  which  had  been  surveyed.  We  were  not  only 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  397 

required  to  commence,  but  each  interest  being  jealous  of  the  others,  all 
had  to  be  prosecuted  simultaneously.    *    *     * 

' '  It  was  not  a  system  of  internal  improvements,  Mr.  President,  that 
these  gentlemen  opposed.  It  was  the  system.  I  mean,  sir,  the  one  that 
made  no  provision  for  their  oonstitutents.  I  know,  sir,  such  was 
the  case  with  my  friend  from  Ripley  (Thomas  Smith) ;  he  voted  for 
adding  other  works  to  the  system;  and  this  he  surely  would  not  have 
done  unless  he  was  for  the  measure.  And  so  with  my  worthy  friend 
from  Harrison  (John  Zefior),  for  whom  I  entertain  the  highest  respect. 
He,  sir,  voted  for  additions  to  the  amount  of  one  and  a  half  million  of 
dollars.  *  *  *  So  it  was  with  the  gentleman  from  Posey  (Robert 
Dale  Owen).  *  *  *  He  came  upon  the  political  stage  the  year 
after  its  adoption.  And  unfortunately  for  that  gentleman,  when  he  did 
come,  his  vision  did  not  seem  so  vivid  and  clear  as  it  now  is,  until  the 
scales  of  self-interest  were  removed  from  his  eyes,  by  a  refusal  on  the 
part  of  the  Legislature  to  pass  his  favorite  measure,  providing  for 
additional  works  to  the  amount  of  something  like  three  millions  of 
dollars,  as  a  part  of  that  odious  system.  Its  adoption  was  strenuously 
urged  by  that  talented  gentleman,  with  more  than  his  ordinary  zeal, 
and  not  one  whisper  was  he  heard  to  make  against  the  extent  of  the 
system  within  the  legislative  hall,  until  his  darling  project  was  voted 
down ;  then,  sir,  for  the  first  time,  the  ruin  and  bankruptcy  of  the 
State  seemed  to  stare  him  in  the  face,  and  has  been  haunting  his  imag- 
ination ever  since.  *  *  *  Allusion  was  made  by  my  friend  who 
preceded  me  (Mr.  Zenor)  to  the  scenes  that  occurred  in  this  city  on 
the  evening  after  the  passage  of  this  bill,  and  to  similar  scenes  all  over 
the  State  when  its  passage  was  made  known.  I  very  well  remember 
those  scenes,  and  many  other  circumstances  connected  therewith.  I  well 
recollect  the  brilliancy  with  which  the  city  was  illuminated,  and  not  only 
this  city,  but  towns  and  villages  throughout  the  State.  All  of  which 
tends  to  prove  what  I  before  stated,  sir,  that  the  system  was  forced 
upon  the  people  by  their  own  action;  and  that  if  blame  is  to  attach 
anywhere,  it  should  attach  to  the  people  themselves,  without  regard  to 
party  or  party  politics.  *  *  *  I  hope  I  will  be  pardoned,  sir,  for 
referring  to  a  conversation  had  on  the  evening  of  the  passage  of  this 
mammoth  bill,  between  the  distinguished  gentleman  who  represented 
the  county  of  Vigo,  and  myself.  We  were,  I  believe,  alone  at  my  room, 
and  whilst  others  were  enjoying  the  glee  and  hilarity  of  the  city,  we 
calmly  reviewed  our  action,  and  the  state  of  public  feeling  with  relation 
to  it.  We  looked  to  the  future  with  fearful  forebodings.  We,  sir, 
there  predicted  all  that  has  followed;  we  agreed,  and  that  too  without 
the  spirit  of  prophecy,  that  in  less  than  five  years  the  joy  of  the  people 


398  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

would  be  turned  into  mourning,  that  they  were  then  looking  at  the 
bright  side  of  the  picture  only,  and  that  they  would  soon  learn  by 
experience  their  precipitate  and  inconsiderate  action.  *  *  *  Al- 
though, sir,  I  am  not  one  of  those  who  consider  a  public  debt  a  public 
blessing;  yet,  sir,  disastrous  as  our  public  works  have  proved,  I  have  no 
doubt  that  in  many  respects  we  are  at  least  twenty -five  years  in  advance 
of  what  we  would  have  been,  had  our  system  of  internal  improvements 
never  been  commenced.  By  our  misfortunes  OUT  people  have  learned  by 
dear  experience  what  they  could  not  otherwise  have  known  so  well. 
Individual  enterprise  has  been  pointed  to  proper  objects,  and  individual 
capital  has  found  proper  investments,  which  in  the  end  will  redound 
to  the  wealth  of  the  State,  and  the  general  prosperity  of  the  people."  52 
Such  was  the  defense  of  the  internal  improvement  bill  by  its 
author,  and  it  must  be  conceded  the  merit  of  entire  frankness.  It  was 
not  questioned  in  any  material  point.  Robert  Dale  Owen  made  a  feeble 
effort  to  demonstrate  his  consistency,  but  his  speech  had  been  published 
in  the  Democrat  of  December  23,  1836,  and  it  was  produced,  showing 
his  warm  plea  that  the  forty-six  counties  not  touched  by  any  of  the 
proposed  works  should  be  allowed  their  "modest,  equitable  demand" 
for  two  million  dollars  of  additional  improvements.53  The  weakness  of 
the  defense  was  that  Kilgore  confessed  to  exactly  the  thing  of  which  he 
,  complained  in  others.  His  pet  measure  was  the  Whitewater  Canal,  and 
to  secure  it  he  forced  the  amendment  of  the  bill  for  the  Wabash  and 
Erie,  to  which  the  State  was  already  committed,  by  adding  all  the  others, 
although  he  says  he  foresaw  ruin  from  it  at  the  time.  His  first  ally 
was  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  with  the  Central  Canal 
following,  and  these  three  proved  the  most  hopeless  enterprises  of  the 
lot.  No  doubt  he  thought  they  were  good  things  at  the  time,  and  so 
did  the  other  legislators.  And  no  doubt,  when  he  started  in  he  did 
not  expect  to  be  forced  to  the  absurdity  of  attempting  to  construct 
everything  at  once.  He  might  have  immortalized  himself  by  abandoning 
the  entire  plan  when  he  saw  that  situation  developed,  but  that  would 
have  been  political  suicide.  He  declares  that,  "It  never  entered  into 
the  minds  of  those  who  voted  for  the  bill  directing  those  surveys  that 
all  the  public  works  therein  contemplated  should  be  carried  on  simul- 
taneously;" and  no  doubt  this  was  true  as  to  himself;  but  the  bill 
carried  appropriations,  and  on  its  face  it  meant  what  it  said.  The 
substance  of  the  defense  of  Kilgore  and  his  party  is  that  they  created 
a  Frankenstein  monster  that  they  could  not  control ;  and  that  the  results 
were  not  so  ruinous  as  they  misrht  have  been.  It  must  be  understood, 


«  Debates,  Vol.  1,  p.  676. 
53  Debates,  pp.  684,  686. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  399 

however,  that  they  thought  their  particular  improvements  would  be  of 
great  value;  and  that,  at  this  time,  even  engineers  were  not  acquainted 
with  the  difficulty  of  maintaining  high  line  canals.  It  is  practically 
impossible  to  maintain  a  high  line  canal  with  earthen  banks  and  wooden 
locks  and  dams  in  a  country  that  is  subject  to  heavy  floods,  and  abounds 
in  burrowing  water  animals,  especially  muskrats.  The  muskrat  has  a 
propensity  for  digging  holes  through  canal  banks,  and  when  the  water 
begins  running  through  one  of  such  holes  the  embankment  quickly 
washes  out  and  the  canal  is  gone,  until  the  embankment  is  replaced. 
As  an  illustration,  the  seven  miles  of  the  Central  Canal  between  Indian- 
apolis and  Broad  Ripple,  of  which  about  one-third  is  high  line,  has 
been  washed  out  repeatedly  from  this  cause.  The  Indianapolis  Water 
Company,  present  owner  of  the  canal,  has  for  years  kept  two  men 
patrolling  the  canal  to  watch  for  breaks,  and  kill  these  animals;  and 
has  also  paid  a  bounty  for  tail  tips,  and  distributed  traps,  free  of 
charge,  to  farmers  along  the  line  of  the  canal.  Even  in  the  settled  condi- 
tion of  the  region,  in  the  five  years,  1905-1910,  there  were  more  than  one 
hundred  muskrats  killed  in  this  little  stretch  of  canal. 

The  Whitewater  Canal,  as  surveyed,  had  a  fall  of  491  feet  in  its  total 
length  of  76  miles,  and  49  chains.  The  engineers  reported  that  con- 
struction would  be  "rendered  expensive  by  the  great  amount  of  lock- 
age," which  was  evident,  as  their  plans  called  for  55  locks  and  seven 
dams,  to  overcome  this  fall  of  an  average  of  seven  feet  to  the  mile.  In 
addition  to  this,  it  had  to  cross  ten  creeks,  besides  crossing  the  White- 
water river  at  two  points ;  and  at  a  number  of  places  had  to  be  built  in 
the  river  to  get  around  hills,  an  artificial  enlargement  of  the  river  being 
made  on  the  opposite  side.  The  State  built  the  easiest  stretch,  from 
Lawrenceburg  to  Brookville,  at  a  cost  of  $664,665,  and  the  first  boat 
passed  over  this  section  on  June  8,  1839.  By  this  time  the  State  was 
out  of  funds  and,  under  a  law  of  1841,  all  of  the  improvements  except 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  were  turned  over  to  companies  that  agreed 
to  complete  them.  The  Whitewater  Canal  was  taken  over  by  an  Ohio 
company,  the  chief  interest  being  held  by  Henry  S.  Vallette  of  Cincinnati, 
in  1842.  Meanwhile  an  Ohio  company  had  begun  the  construction  of 
a  branch  from  Harrison  to  Cincinnati,  which  was  completed  in  1845. 
Vallette 's  company  completed  the  canal  to  Laurel  in  November,  1843, 
and  a  boat  took  an  excursion  party  to  that  place  from  Brookville.  Dur- 
ing the  entertainment  the  canal  bank  broke,  and  left  the  party  stranded 
eight  miles  from  home.  In  January,  1847,  before  the  canal  was  fairly 
completed,  a  flood  destroyed  the  aqueducts  at  Laurel  and  washed  out 
five  of  the  feeder  dams.  In  the  next  summer  $70,000  was  expended  in 
repairs,  but  in  November  another  flood  did  damage  that  caused  an  addi- 


400  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tional  expenditure  of  $80,000,  and  it  was  estimated  there  were  still  re- 
pairs needed  to  the  amount  of  $30,000.  One  disaster  followed  another 
until  the  summer  of  1862,  the  cost  of  maintenance  exceeding  the  total 
revenues,  and  then  it  was  sold  on  a  judgment  in  the  Federal  Court  to 
H.  C.  Lord,  President  of  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  for 
$63,000.  It  had  cost  the  State  and  the  company  about  $2,500,000.  The 
railroad  company  wanted  the  tow-path  for  a  right  of  way  and  especially 
the  tunnel  at  North  Bend,  which  had  been  made  to  take  the  canal  through 
the  ridge  that  separates  the  Miami  and  Ohio  valleys  at  that  point.  This 
sale  was  set  aside,  and  in  1865  the  canal  was  resold  to  H.  C.  Lord,  pres- 
ident of  the  Whitewater  Valley  Railroad  Company,  for  $137,348.12.  The 
railroad  put  the  canal  out  of  use,  except  at  a  few  points  where  it  is  still 
used  locally  for  water  power. 

The  chief  defect  in  the  Madison  railroad  scheme  was  the  difficulty  of 
getting  out  of  Madison  into  Indiana.  The  original  plan  was  to  get  up 
the  hill  back  of  the  town  by  an  inclined  plane,  the  cars  being  hoisted 
by  a  windlass.  The  State  began  work  in  1838,  and  had  only  28  miles 
completed  by  1842  and  about  half  the  grading  for  the  next  28  miles; 
it  then  turned  the  road  over  to  a  private  company.  The  expense  had 
been  about  forty  thousand  dollars  a  mile,  on  the  average,  for  the  56 
miles.  The  company  finished  the  road  to  Indianapolis  in  1847,  at  an 
average  cost  of  $8,000  a  mile.  The  mistake  of  Madison  as  a  terminal 
may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  Jeffersonville  road,  built  only  a  few 
years  later,  cost  for  the  78  miles  from  Jeffersonville  to  Edinburgh  only 
$1,185,000,  or  about  two-thirds  of  what  the  State  paid  for  less  than  half 
the  distance.  The  new  Madison  road  company  was  in  trouble  from  the 
start.  Almost  all  of  the  original  work  was  inadequate,  and  had  to  be 
replaced.  It  was  very  difficult  to  get  water  for  the  locomotives  on  the 
southern  end  of  the  line.  On  March  28,  1844,  a  loaded  freight  car  broke 
loose  on  the  incline  and  smashed  into  a  passenger  train,  killing  five  per- 
sons and  maiming  others.  The  company  then  bought  the  right  to  use 
the  Cathcart  patent  cog-rail  system  for  six  thousand  dollars.  After 
spending  $2,000  in  defending  the  patent,  and  $75,000  for  installing  it, 
it  was  found  to  be  neither  safe  nor  convenient.  Still  there  were  some 
signs  of  prosperity.  The  receipts  from  transportation,  which  were  $22,110 
in  1843,  with  33  miles  of  track,  and  $60,053  in  1845,  with  50  miles  of 
track,  rose  to  $272,308  in  1850,  and  $516,414  in  1852.  The  terms  of 
transfer  to  the  company  by  the  State,  in  1843,  included  the  payment  to 
the  State  of  a  rental  of  $1,152  per  year  for  three  years — later  extended 
to  ten  years — after  which  the  profits  were  to  be  divided  between  the 
State  and  the  company  in  proportion  to  the  mileage  constructed  by 
each,  giving  the  State  about  one-third.  In  1852  the  State  sold  its  in- 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  401 

terest  to  the  Company  for  $300,000,  taking  a  second  mortgage  for  the 
amount.  But  immediately  after  the  sale  the  State  adopted  a  general  law 
for  the  free  incorporation  of  railroads,  under  which  the  Jeffersonville 
and  Indianapolis  and  the  Lawrenceburg  and  Upper  Mississippi  roads 
were  at  once  built,  and  their  competition  ruined  the  Madison  company. 
Its  stock,  which  sold  at  $1.60  in  1852,  dropped  to  2%  cents  in  January, 
1856.  A  .legislative  commission  that  year  reported  the  liabilities  of 
the  road  at  $3,132,396,  with  a  certainty  that  the  property  would  not 
satisfy  the"  first  mortgage  of  $600,000,  which  became  due  in  1861.  The 


THE  BIG  GRADE  AT  MADISON 

commissioners  accepted  $75,000  in  settlement  of  the  State's  claim,  in 
5  per  cent  State  bonds.  The  State  also  had  $31,450  of  stock,  issued  for 
earnings  dividends  in  1852  which  it  exchanged  to  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co. 
for  $59,300  of  State  2y2  per  cent  bonds.  These  were  the  State's  returns 
from  the  Madison  railroad  venture. 

The  Central  Canal  rejoiced  in  six  different  lines  of  location  between 
the  Wabash  and  Muncie,  none  of  which  was  ever  decided  on.  There 
were  three  stretches  of  it — from  Broad  Ripple  to  Indianapolis,  and 
sixteen  miles  below  to  Port  Royal,  or  "The  Bluffs;"  the  "Cut  Off," 
from  Terre  Haute  to  Point  Commerce,  connecting  the  Central  with  the 
Wabash  and  Erie ;  and  the  Pigeon  Creek  section  in  Vanderburgh  County. 
These  cost  the  State  $1,820,026  and  were  of  no  material  benefit  to  any- 
body as  they  were  entirely  disconnected.  There  were  some  slight  local 
benefits  in  the  way  of  water  power.  At  Indianapolis  there  were  great 

Vol.  1—18 


400 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tional  expenditure  of  $80,000,  and  it  was  estimated  there  were  still  re- 
pairs needed  to  the  amount  of  $30,000.  One  disaster  followed  another 
until  the  summer  of  1862,  the  cost  of  maintenance  exceeding  the  total 
revenues,  and  then  it  was  sold  on  a  judgment  in  the  Federal  Court  to 
H.  C.  Lord,  President  of  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  for 
$63,000.  It  had  cost  the  State  and  the  company  about  $2,500,000.  The 
railroad  company  wanted  the  tow-path  for  a  right  of  way  and  especially 
the  tunnel  at  North  Bend,  which  had  been  made  to  take  the  canal  through 
the  ridge  that  separates  the  Miami  and  Ohio  valleys  at  that  point.  This 
sale  was  set  aside,  and  in  1865  the  canal  was  resold  to  H.  C.  Lord,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Whitewater  Valley  Railroad  Company,  for  $137,348.12.  The 
railroad  put  the  canal  out  of  use,  except  at  a  few  points  where  it  is  still 
used  locally  for  water  power. 

The  chief  defect  in  the  Madison  railroad  scheme  was  the  difficulty  of 
getting  out  of  Madison  into  Indiana.  The  original  plan  was  to  get  up 
the  hill  back  of  the  town  by  an  inclined  plane,  the  cars  being  hoisted 
by  a  windlass.  The  State  began  work  in  1838,  and  had  only  28  miles 
completed  by  1842  and  about  half  the  grading  for  the  next  28  miles; 
it  then  turned  the  road  over  to  a  private  company.  The  expense  had 
been  about  forty  thousand  dollars  a  mile,  on  the  average,  for  the  56 
miles.  The  company  finished  the  road  to  Indianapolis  in  1847,  at  an 
average  cost  of  $8,000  a  mile.  The  mistake  of  Madison  as  a  terminal 
may  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  Jeffersonville  road,  built  only  a  few 
years  later,  cost  for  the  78  miles  from  Jeffersonville  to  Edinburgh  only 
$1,185,000,  or  about  two-thirds  of  what  the  State  paid  for  less  than  half 
the  distance.  The  new  Madison  road  company  was  in  trouble  from  the 
start.  Almost  all  of  the  original  work  was  inadequate,  and  had  to  be 
replaced.  It  was  very  difficult  to  get  water  for  the  locomotives  on  the 
southern  end  of  the  line.  On  March  28,  1844,  a  loaded  freight  car  broke 
loose  on  the  incline  and  smashed  into  a  passenger  train,  killing  five  per- 
sons and  maiming  others.  The  company  then  bought  the  right  to  use 
the  Cathcart  patent  cog-rail  system  for  six  thousand  dollars.  After 
spending  $2,000  in  defending  the  patent,  and  $75,000  for  installing  it, 
it  was  found  to  be  neither  safe  nor  convenient.  Still  there  were  some 
signs  of  prosperity.  The  receipts  from  transportation,  which  were  $22,1 10 
in  1843,  with  33  miles  of  track,  and  $60,053  in  1845,  with  50  miles  of 
track,  rose  to  $272,308  in  1850,  and  $516,414  in  1852.  The  terms  of 
transfer  to  the  company  by  the  State,  in  1843,  included  the  payment  to 
the  State  of  a  rental  of  $1,152  per  year  for  three  years — later  extended 
to  ten  years — after  which  the  profits  were  to  be  divided  between  the 
State  and  the  company  in  proportion  to  the  mileage  constructed  by 
each,  giving  the  State  about  one-third.  In  1852  the  State  sold  its  in- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


401 


terest  to  the  Company  for  $300,000,  taking  a  second  mortgage  for  the 
amount.  But  immediately  after  the  sale  the  State  adopted  a  general  law 
for  the  free  incorporation  of  railroads,  under  which  the  Jeffersonville 
and  Indianapolis  and  the  Lawrenceburg  and  Upper  Mississippi  roads 
were  at  once  built,  and  their  competition  ruined  the  Madison  company. 
Its  stock,  which  sold  at  $1.60  in  1852,  dropped  to  2y2  cents  in  January, 
1856.  A  legislative  commission  that  year  reported  the  liabilities  of 
the  road  at  $3,132,396,  with  a  certainty  that  the  property  would  not 
satisfy  the'first  mortgage  of  $600,000,  which  became  due  in  1861.  The 


THE  BIG  GRADE  AT  MADISON 

commissioners  accepted  $75,000  in  settlement  of  the  State's  claim,  in 
5  per  cent  State  bonds.  The  State  also  had  $31,450  of  stock,  issued  for 
earnings  dividends  in  1852  which  it  exchanged  to  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co. 
for  $59,300  of  State  2y2  per  cent  bonds.  These  were  the  State's  returns 
from  the  Madison  railroad  venture. 

The  Central  Canal  rejoiced  in  six  different  lines  of  location  between 
the  Wabash  and  Muncie,  none  of  which  was  ever  decided  on.  There 
were  tlvree  stretches  of  it — from  Broad  Ripple  to  Indianapolis,  and 
sixteen  miles  below  to  Port  Royal,  or  "The  Bluffs;"  the  "Cut  Off," 
from  T§rre  Haute  to  Point  Commerce,  connecting  the  Central  with  the 
Wabash  and  Erie;  and  the  Pigeon  Creek  section  in  Vanderburgh  County. 
These  cost  .the  State  $1,820,026  and  were  of  no  material  benefit  to  any- 
body as  they  were  entirely  disconnected.  There  were  some  slight  local 
benefits  in  the  way  of  water  power.  At  Indianapolis  there  were  great 

Vol.  I— 28 


402  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

expectations  of  the  benefits  of  "the  hydraulic,"  and  several  industries 
located  on  the  canal,  and  rented  power  from  the  State.  But  the  flood 
of  1847  washed  out  the  aqueduct  over  Fall  Creek,  and  the  mills  were 
forced  to  shut  down  for  months  before  the  break  was  repaired.  The 
owners  refused  to  pay  the  rent,  and  suits  were  brought  for  it.  In  1850 
Governor  Wright  was  authorized  to  compromise  the  suits  and  sell  the 
property  at  public  auction.  He  did  so,  and  obtained  for  the  entire  canal 
property  in  Marion  County  $2,245  from  George  G.  Shoup,  James  Rariden 
and  John  S.  Newman,  from  whom  it  passed  by  various  transfers  to  the 
Indianapolis  Water  Company  and  it  is  now  the  chief  source-  of  water 
supply  to  the  City  of  Indianapolis,  after  passing  through  filtration  beds. 
The  remainder  of  the  "Indianapolis  section,"  in  Morgan  County,  which 
was  merely  land  with  partial  excavation,  was  bought  by  Aaron  Alldredge 
for  $600. 

Such  were  the  results  of  Mr.  Kilgore's  three  principal  works,  but  they 
were  not  whplly  due  to  intrinsic  defects.  There  was  unquestionably 
much  financial  mismanagement  and  inefficiency,  and  some  downright 
fraud;  but  even  with  the  best  of  management  the  system  would  have 
failed.  It  taxed  the  credit  of  the  State  to  the  utmost,  and  just  at  the 
point  where  credit  was  most  needed,  President  Jackson's  controversy 
with  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  and  his  order  of  July  11,1836,  that 
nothing  but  specie  and  Virginia  land  scrip  should  be  accepted  in  pay- 
ment for  government  lands,  brought  on  the  panic  of  1837,  which  par- 
alyzed business  of  all  kinds  in  the  United  States.  The  financial  trouble 
was  not  confined  to  the  United  States.  Most  of  the  states  had  gone  in 
for  internal  improvements,  and  most  of  them  had  borrowed  money 
abroad.  In  1830  the  total  debts  of  the  several  states  of  the  Union 
amounted  to  only  about  $13,000,000.  In  1842  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  reported  them  at  $207,894,613,  with  an  annual  interest  charge 
of  $10,394,730.  The  drain  of  specie  from  Europe  was  so  great  that  the 
Bank  of  England  raised  its  discount  rate  several  times  and  in  1839  it 
was  reduced  to  a  specie  fund  of  less  than  two  and  a  half  million  pounds, 
and  would  have  been  forced  to  suspend  specie  payments  but  for  aid  from 
the  Bank  of  France.  In  consequence  of  this  situation,  Indiana  was  un- 
able to  get  any  money  for  her  bonds,  which  had  been  negotiated  abroad 
in  the  spring  of  1839.  In  this  emergency  the  State  issued  a  million  and 
a  half  of  treasury  scrip,  which  held  off  the  finish  for  a  few  months  longer ; 
but  the  case  was  hopeless.  The  State  could  not  get  money  to  go  on  with 
the  improvements — not  even  to  pay  the  interest  on  her  debt.  She  was 
simply  forced  to  stop.  The  results  were  much  the  same  elsewhere.  In 
1880  there  were  in  the  United  States  1,953  miles  of  abandoned  canals, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  403 

which  had  cost  $44,013,166,  and  of  these  453  miles,  that  cost  $7,725,262, 
were  credited  to  Indiana.64 

Under  the  settlements  provided  for  by  the  act  of  1841  all  of  the 
improvements  were  disposed  of  except  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  The 
State  had  agreed  to  build  the  canal  between  Lake  Erie  and  navigable 
water  on  the  Wabash.  The  latter  was  originally  understood  to  mean 
the  mouth  «f  the  Tippecanoe  river,  but  later  was  by  agreement  extended 
to  Lafayette,  which  was  considered  an  unquestionable  point  accessible 
to  navigation  at  the  time.  The  canal  was  completed  from  Lake  Erie, 
and  opened  to  navigation  in  1843.  Its  revenues  proved  little  more  than 
enough  to  cover  the  cost  of  maintenance,  and  the  State  was  unable  to 
meet  the  interest  on  its  bonds.  In  1845  Charles  Butler  of  New  York, 
an  attorney  representing  the  New  York  and  London  capitalists  who 
held  nearly  all  of  the  bonds,  came  to  Indiana  to  adjust  matters.  His 
general  proposition  was  to  refund  the  debt,  which  bore  5  per  cent  inter- 
est, with  long  time  securities,  bearing  2%  per  cent  interest,  to  be  paid 
by  taxation,  the  other  2y2  per  cent  to  be  paid  from  the  profits  of  the 
canal ;  the  bondholders  to  furnish  $2,225,000  to  extend  the  canal  to  the 
Ohio  river  at  Evansville.  He  revived  hope  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
legislature  passed  a  law  to  that  effect  in  1846.  The  big  bondholders 
refused  to  furnish  this  additional  sum,  and  Butler  came  back  for  further 
negotiation.  After  much  parleying,  and  against  a  large  amount  of  op- 
position, the  matter  was  settled  by  the  act  of  January  27,  1847,  under 
which  the  State  turned  the  entire  property  over  to  the  bondholders  for 
half  of  the  debt,  and  issued  State  stock  for  the  remainder.  Mr.  Butler 
announced  entire  satisfaction  with  the  settlement,  and  there  is  no  good 
reason  to  doubt  that  his  statement  was  true.  Both  he  and  the  bondhold- 
ers evidently  thought  the  canal  would  be  a  paying  property  if  it  were 
extended  to  Evansville,  for  they  expended  a  large  amount  of  money  in 
that  work.  At  the  time  there  was  a  seeming  fair  prospect  that  it 
would  be.  There  was  no  transportation  route  competing  with  it,  and 
the  use  of  the  canal  was  steadily  increasing.  It  is  a  perversion  of  lan- 
guage to  speak  of  this  settlement  as  "repudiation,"  as  has  been  done. 
A  compromise  settlement,  in  which  the  debtor  surrenders  the  entire  mort- 
gaged property  and  agrees  to  pay  one-half  of  the  entire  debt  in  addition, 
is  very  far  from  repudiation.  In  this  case  the  settlement  was  not 
merely  made  with  Butler  as  agent  for  the  bondholders.  In  1847,  after 
the  passage  of  the  act,  J.  F.  D.  Lanier  went  to  Europe  as  representative 
of  the  State,  and  secured  the  surrender  of  most  of  the  bonds  on  the 
terms  of  the  law.  A  committee  appointed  by  the  Rothschilds,  Barings, 

54  Ringwalt  rs  Development  of  Transportation  Systems  in  the  United  States,  p. 
52. 


404  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

* 

and  other  heavy  bondholders,  adopted  resolutions  approving  the  settle- 
ment. The  Finance  Committee  of  the  U.  S.  Senate  approved  it,  and 
recommended  the  surrender  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $265,549.53  held 
by  the  United  States.  The  Senate  committee,  in  this  report,  stated  that 
"Scientific  men  have  given  the  opinion  that  when  the  canal  shall  be 
completed  to  Evansville,  on  the  Ohio  river,  the  revenues  will  be  ample 
to  meet  the  interest  and  ultimately  to  redeem  the  principal  of  that 
half  of  the  existing  debt  which  is  to  be  chargeable  upon  it.58  That  the 
State  hoped  that  the  earnings  of  the  property  would  pay  the  debt  is 
shown  by  the  careful  provision  for  the  return  of  the  property  after  the 
debt  was  paid. 

There  are  few  matters  in  Indiana  history  to  which  there  has  been 
more  misunderstanding  than  this  of  ' '  repudiation ' '  of  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal  debt.  The  only  repudiation  that  was  ever  proposed  by  any- 
body was  of  something  over  $3,000,000  of  bonds  for  which  the  State  had 
never  received  payment.  Most  of  these  had  been  sold  to  the  Morris  Canal 
and  Banking  Company  on  credit.  It  was  doing  a  brokerage  business 
and  had  been  taking  the  bonds  in  this  way,  with  the  understanding  that 
they  were  to  be  resold  and  paid  for  from  the  proceeds.  The  firm  was 
generally  supposed  to  be  sound,  and  it  actually  sold  and  paid  for  over 
four  millions  of  the  bonds  before  it  failed.  It  made  Indiana  a  preferred 
creditor,  but  its  assets  were  mostly  worthless  securities  of  companies  that 
had  failed  in  the  general  smash  of  1837-8.  Michigan  had  been  caught 
in  the  same  way  on  its  "five  million  dollar  loan,"  and  by  act  of  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1842,  had  repudiated  all  of  its  bonds  for  which  it  had  not  re- 
ceived payment.  They  had  been  sold  largely  to  this  same  firm  of  the 
Morris  Canal  and  Banking  Company,  and  in  the  same  way.  Butler's 
first  mission  had  been  to  Michigan;  and  he  had,  after  a  long  struggle, 
succeeded  in  getting  a  compromise  which  recognized  these  unpaid-for 
bonds.  This  was  in  1843,  and  the  nature  of  the  settlement  was  known 
in  Indiana.  Butler's  first  proposition  to  the  Indiana  legislature  was 
not  as  favorable  as  the  Michigan  settlement,  and  was  apparently  made 
with  the  intention  of  making  a  better  offer  if  it  was  rejected.  His  real 
fight  in  Indiana  was  to  get  an  agreement  of  payment  for  the  bonds  for 
which  the  State  had  received  nothing.  That  he  expressed  himself  per- 
fectly satisfied  with  the  result  is  unquestioned,  but  the  sincerity  of  his 
statements  has  been  questioned  on  the  ground  that  he  "was  an  attorney 
and  must  be  interpreted  as  such";  that  "he  had  got  all  he  could,  and 
it  was  clearly  to  his  interest  to  put  on  the  best  face  possible  before  his 
clients.  It  would  have  been  foolish  to  report  to  them  that  he  had 


ss  Sen.  Reports,  1st  Sess.  30th  Congress;  Life  of  Lanier,  pp.  38-9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


405 


failed."  56  Possibly  his  being  an  attorney  might  be  prima  facie  evidence 
of  insincerity  but  it  is  at  least  subject  to  rebuttal.  He  was  a  man  of 
very  high  moral  and  religious  principles  and  fortunately  his  private 
correspondence  during  this  period  has  been  preserved.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and  for  twenty-seven 
years  preceding  his  death  was  president  of  its  board  of  directors.  His 


CHARLES  BUTLER 

letters  are  preserved  in  a  history  of  the  Seminary,  by  G.  L.  Prentiss,  a 
brother  of  that  remarkable  genius,  Sergeant  S.  Prentiss.  The  Indiana 
letters  were  written  to  his  wife  and  children,  and  it  is  hardly  probable 
that  he  had  any  interest  in  deceiving  them.  Moreover  they  are  so  frank 
and  convincing  as  to  remove  any  possibility  of  suspicion. 

Naturally,  his  first  public  address,  with  its  hopeful  view  of  the  future 
of  the  canal,  was  not  fully  credited  by  all  of  those  who  had  fallen  into 

*«  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Puhs.,  Vol.  5,  p.  143. 


404 


" 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


'i 

• 


•'••"Sen.  Kejiorts,  1st  Sess.  30th  Congress;  Life  of  Lanier,  pp.  38-9. 

- 


and  other  heavy  bondholders,  adopted  resolutions  approving  the  settle- 
ment. The  Finance  Committee  of  the  U.  S.  Senate  approved  it,  and 
recommended  the  surrender  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $265,549.53  held 
by  the  United  States.  The  Senate  committee,  in  this  report,  stated  that 
"Scientific  men  have  given  the  opinion  that  when  the  canal  shall  be 
completed  to  Evansville,  on  the  Ohio  river,  the  revenues  will  be  ample 
to  meet  the  interest  and  ultimately  to  redeem  the  principal  of  that 
half  of  the  existing  debt  which  is  to  be  chargeable  upon  it.55  That  the 
State  hoped  that  the  earnings  of  the  property  would  pay  the  debt  is 
shown  by  the  careful  provision  for  the  return  of  the  property  after  the 
debt  was  paid. 

There  are  few  matters  in  Indiana  history  to  which  there  has  been 
more  misunderstanding  than  this  of  "repudiation"  of  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal  debt.  The  only  repudiation  that  was  ever  proposed  by  any- 
body was  of  something  over  $3,000,000  of  bonds  for  which  the  State  had 
never  received  payment.  Most  of  these  had  been  sold  to  the  Morris  Canal 
and  Banking  Company  on  credit.  It  was  doing  a  brokerage  business 
and  had  been  taking  the  bonds  in  this  way,  with  the  understanding  that 
they  were  to  be  resold  and  paid  for  from  the  proceeds.  The  firm  was 
generally  supposed  to  be  sound,  and  it  actually  sold  and  paid  for  over 
four  millions  of  the  bonds  before  it  failed.  It  made  Indiana  a  preferred 
creditor,  but  its  assets  were  mostly  worthless  securities  of  companies  that 
had  failed  in  the  general  smash  of  1837-8.  Michigan  had  been  caught 
in  the  same  way  on  its  "five  million  dollar  loan,"  and  by  act  of  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1842,  had  repudiated  all  of  its  bonds  for  which  it  had  not  re- 
ceived payment.  They  had  been  sold  largely  to  this  same  firm  of  the 
Morris  Canal  and  Banking  Company,  and  in  the  same  way.  Butler's 
first  mission  had  been  to  Michigan ;  and  he  had,  after  a  long  struggle, 
succeeded  in  getting  a  compromise  which  recognized  these  unpaid-for 
bonds.  This  was  in  1843,  and  the  nature  of  the  settlement  was  known 
in  Indiana.  Butler's  first  proposition  to  the  Indiana  legislature  was 
not  as  favorable  as  the  Michigan  settlement,  and  was  apparently  made 
with  the  intention  of  making  a  better  offer  if  it  was  rejected.  His  real 
fight  in  Indiana  was  to  get  an  agreement  of  payment  for  the  bonds  for 
which  the  State  had  received  nothing.  That  he  expressed  himself  per- 
fectly satisfied  with  the  result  is  unquestioned,  but  the  sincerity  of  his 
statements  has  been  questioned  on  the  ground  that  he  "was  an  attorney 
and  must  be  interpreted  as  such";  that  "he  had  got  all  he  could,  and 
it  was  clearly  to  his  interest  to  put  on  the  best  face  possible  before  his 
clients.  It  would  have  been  foolish  to  report  to  them  that  he  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


405 


failed."  5C  Possibly  his  being  an  attorney  might  be  prima  facie  evidence 
of  insincerity  but  it  is  at  least  subject  to  rebuttal.  He  was  a  man  of 
very  high  moral  and  religious  principles  and  fortunately  his  private 
correspondence  during  this  period  has  been  preserved.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and  for  twenty-seven 
years  preceding  his  death  was  president  of  its  board  of  directors.  His 


• 


• 


' 

. 
- 
. 

. 


CHARLES  BUTLER 


letters  are  preserved  in  a  history  of  the  Seminary,  by  G.  L.  Prentiss,  a 
brother  of  that  remarkable  genius,  Sergeant  S.  Prentiss.  The  Indiana 
letters  were  written  to  his  wife  and  children,  and  it  is  hardly  probable 
that  he  had  any  interest  in  deceiving  them.  Moreover  they  are  so  frank 
and  convincing  as  to  remove  any  possibility  of  suspicion. 

Naturally,  his  first  public  address,  with  its  hopeful  view  of  the  future 
of  the  canal,  was  not  fully  credited  by  all  of  those  who  had  fallen  into 


In.l.  Hist.  Soc.  Pul.s.,  Vol.  5,  ]>. 


406  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

despondency  over  the  prospects.  On  December  12,  1845,  he  wrote  to  his 
son,  Ogden:  "My  letter  to  the  Governor  will  be  printed  tomorrow.  I 
was  amused  at  a  remark  of  one  of  the  plain  country  members,  who  said 
to  Mr.  Bright  (Jesse  D.)  that  there  'was  first  a  little  sugar,  then  a  little 
soap,  then  sugar,  and  then  soap,  and  it  was  sugar  and  soap  all  the  way 
through.'  Another  said  that  I  had  'mollassoed'  it  well.  You  will  think 
from  this  it  was  a  strange  document,  but  the  critics  were  real  Hoosiers 
and  'no  mistake,'  as  they  say  here.  At  any  rate  they  liked  it  well — 
for  maple  sugar  and  soap  and  maple  molasses,  you  will  understand,  are 
three  of  the;greatest  staples  in  this  country.  They  don't  make  much  use 
of  the  soap,  but  they  do  of  the  sugar  and  molasses,  so  I  infer  from  it 
that  they  were  pleased. "  Following  this  come  a  series  of  letters  describ- 
ing the  contest  day  by  day.  The  subject  was  referred  to  a  joint  com- 
mittee of  twenty-four  members  who  met  in  the  evenings  usually,  in  the 
Senate  chamber,  and  Butler  gradually  made  converts  among  them  on 
his  main  proposition  of  paying  the  bonds  for  which  the  State  had  re- 
ceived nothing.  He  was  making  friends  outside  of  the  legislature  also, 
among  theni  Rev.  Phineas  Gurley,  later  pastor  of  Lincoln's  church  at 
Washington^  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  both  of  whom  were  preaching 
at  Indianapolis  at  the  time.  On  December  24  the  joint  committee  re- 
jected his  original  proposition,  but  adjourned  to  the  next  evening  to 
receive  his  "ultimatum" — both  the  committee  and  the  legislature 
worked  on  Christmas  and  New  Year's  day  as  on  other  days.  On  Christ- 
mas afternoon,  while  Butler  was  working  on  his  second  proposition,  the 
enemies  of  the  bill  in  the  senate,  who  had  got  wind  that  something  was 
in  prospect,  undertook  to  revoke  the  powers  of  the  joint  committee,  and 
Butler's  friends  were  speaking  against  time  to  prevent  the  question  from 
coming  to  a  vote,  when  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Palmer  House,  and  as 
about  half  Of  the  members  stopped  there,  the  legislature  adjourned  for 
the  fire,  and  Butler's  chance  to  make  his  second  proposition  was  saved. 
He  read  it  to  the  committee  and  a  large  number  of  spectators.  That 
night  he  wrote :  ' '  The  effect  was  electrical ;  and  if  I  can  judge,  it  really 
routed  the  last  hold  of  the  enemy.  One  man,  a  Senator  who  has  been 
exceedingly  bitter  and  personal  in  his  opposition,  so  much  so  that  my 
friends  have  christened  him  with  the  nickname  of  'Tallow  Face,'  said 
that  he  could  not  go  against  that.  The  friends  of  public  credit  and 
the  canal  are  now  in  ecstasies.  I  think  the  blow  has  been  struck  that 
will  sweep  the  opposition  and  save  the  great  object,  to  wit,  the  restora- 
tion of  credit  and  payment  of  the  debt.  *  *  *  By  the  proposition 
I  have  made,  I  have  no  doubt  but  it  will  be  ultimately  paid  to  the  last 
farthing.  The  friends  of  the  canal  and  public  credit,  on  the  committee, 
had  not  one  of  them  anticipated  the  proposition  I  submitted,  and  it  took 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  407 

them  by  surprise.  It  met  their  most  sanguine  expectations — indeed, 
they  had  not  dreamed  that  I  would  make  one  so  liberal  and  fair,  and 
they  were  overwhelmed,  whilst  the  enemy  were  scattered  in  every  direc- 
tion. They  may  rally,  however,  again,  for  it  is  impossible  that  it  should 
pass  in  any  shape  without  a  great  fight." 

He  was  right  as  to  the  fight.  All  sorts  of  tactics  were  resorted  to  to 
defeat  the*  bill.  One  of  the  most  dangerous  was  a  proposition  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people,  which  the  friends  of  the  bill  succeeded  in 
defeating.  Beecher  preached  a  strong  sermon  in  favor  of  the  bill.  The 


BEECHER 's  CHURCH,  1893 
As  Remodeled  for  High  School 

Democratic  and  Whig  conventions  met  early  in  January  and  both  took 
stand  for  the  State's  meeting  its  debts.  On  the  12th  Butler  wrote: 
"This  has  been  a  most  exciting  day,  and  yet  I  have  been  cool.  The 
enemy  made  a  terrible  assault  on  me,  as  the  representative  of  the  British 
bondholders.  One  man  said  the  bill  sold  out  the  whole  people,  land  and 
all,  to  the  British.  The  oldest  gentleman  in  the  House,  Father  Penning- 
ton,  made  a  most  excellent  speech  in  my  defense,  and  vindicated  me  from 
the  attacks  in  a  very  manly  and  gratifying  manner."  On  the  same  day 
he  wrote:  "Gov.  Whitcomb  has  taken  the  most  manly  and  decided 
course  throughout,  and  more  than  sustained  his  pledges  to  me,  and  so 
has  Mr.  Bright. ' '  He  refers  to  this  several  times  and,  indeed,  had  writ- 
ten the  night  before:  "Gov.  Whitcomb  and  Mr.  Bright  work  night  and 
day,  day  in  and  day  out;  the  Governor  said  he  could  not  sleep  at  all." 


406 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


despondency  over  the  prospects.  On  December  12,  1845,  he  wrote  to  his 
son,  Ogden:  "My  letter  to  the  Governor  will  be  printed  tomorrow.  I 
was  amused  at  a  remark  of  one  of  the  plain  country  members,  who  said 
to  Mr.  Bright  (Jesse  D.)  that  there  'was  first  a  little  sugar,  then  a  little 
soap,  then  sugar,  and  then  soap,  and  it  was  sugar  and  soap  all  the  way 
through.'  Another  said  that  I  had  'mollassoed'  it  well.  You  will  think 
from  this  it  was  a  strange  document,  but  the  critics  were  real  Hoosiers 
and  'no  mistake,'  as  they  say  here.  At  any  rate  they  liked  it  well — • 
for  maple  sugar  and  soap  and  maple  molasses,  you  will  understand,  are 
three  of  the  greatest  staples  in  this  country.  They  don 't  make  much  use 
of  the  soap,  but  they  do  of  the  sugar  and  molasses,  so  I  infer  from  it 
that  they  were  pleased. ' '  Following  this  come  a  series  of  letters  describ- 
ing the  contest  day  by  day.  The  subject  was  referred  to  a  joint  com- 
mittee of  twenty-four  members  who  met  in  the  evenings  usually,  in  the 
Senate  chamber,  and  Butler  gradually  made  converts  among  them  on 
his  main  proposition  of  paying  the  bonds  for  which  the  State  had  re- 
ceived nothing.  He  was  making  friends  outside  of  the  legislature  also, 
among  theni  Rev.  Phineas  Gurley,  later  pastor  of  Lincoln's  church  at 
Washington,  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  both  of  whom  were  preaching 
at  Indianapolis  at  the  time.  On  December  24  the  joint  committee  re- 
jected his  original  proposition,  but  adjourned  to  the  next  evening  to 
receive  his  "ultimatum" — both  the  committee  and  the  legislature 
worked  on  Christmas  and  New  Year's  day  as  on  other  days.  On  Christ- 
mas afternoon,  while  Butler  was  working  on  his  second  proposition,  the 
enemies  of  the  bill  in  the  senate,  who  had  got  wind  that  something  was 
in  prospect,  undertook  to  revoke  the  powers  of  the  joint  committee,  and 
Butler's  friends  were  speaking  against  time  to  prevent  the  question  from 
coming  to  a  vote,  when  a  fire  broke  out  in  the  Palmer  House,  and  as 
about  half  of  the  members  stopped  there,  the  legislature  adjourned  for 
the  fire,  and  Butler's  chance  to  make  his  second  proposition  was  saved. 
He  read  it  to  the  committee  and  a  large  number  of  spectators.  That 
night  he  wrote:  "The  effect  was  electrical;  and  if  I  can  judge,  it  really 
routed  the  last  hold  of  the  enemy.  One  man,  a  Senator  who  has  been 
exceedingly  bitter  and  personal  in  his  opposition,  so  much  so  that  my 
friends  have  christened  him  with  the  nickname  of  'Tallow  Face,'  said 
that  he  could  not  go  against  that.  The  friends  of  public  credit  and 
the  canal  are  now  in  ecstasies.  I  think  the  blow  has  been  struck  that 
will  sweep  the  opposition  and  save  the  great  object,  to  wit,  the  restora- 
tion of  credit  and  payment  of  the  debt.  *  *  *  By  the  proposition 
I  have  made,  I  have  no  doubt  but  it  will  be  ultimately  paid  to  the  last 
farthing.  The  friends  of  the  canal  and  public  credit,  on  the  committee, 
had  not  one  of  them  anticipated  the  proposition  I  submitted,  and  it  took 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


407 


them  by  surprise.  It  met  their  most  sanguine  expectations — indeed, 
they  had  not  dreamed  that  I  would  make  one  so  liberal  and  fair,  and 
they  were  overwhelmed,  whilst  the  enemy  were  scattered  in  every  direc- 
tion. They  may  rally,  however,  again,  for  it  is  impossible  that  it  should 
pass  in  any  shape  without  a  great  fight." 

He  was  right  as  to  the  fight.  All  sorts  of  tactics  were  resorted  to  to 
defeat  the*  bill.  One  of  the  most  dangerous  was  a  proposition  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people,  which  the  friends  of  the  bill  succeeded  in 
defeating.  Beecher  preached  a  strong  sermon  in  favor  of  the  bill.  The 


BEECHER'S  CHURCH,  1893 
As  Remodeled  for  High  School 


Democratic  and  Whig  conventions  met  early  in  January  and  both  took 
stand  for  the  State's  meeting  its  debts.  On  the  12th  Butler  wrote: 
"This  has  been  a  most  exciting  day,  and  yet  I  have  been  cool.  The 
enemy  made  a  terrible  assault  on  me,  as  the  representative  of  the  British 
bondholders.  One  man  said  the  bill  sold  out  the  whole  people,  land  and 
all,  to  the  British.  The  oldest  gentleman  in  the  House,  Father  Penning- 
ton,  made  a  most  excellent  speech  in  my  defense,  and  vindicated  me  from 
the  attacks  in  a  very  manly  and  gratifying  manner."  On  the  same  day 
he  wrote:  "Gov.  Whitcomb  has  taken  the  most  manly  and  decided 
course  throughout,  and  more  than  sustained  his  pledges  to  me,  and  so 
has  Mr.  Bright."  He  refers  to  this  several  times  and,  indeed,  had  writ- 
ten the  night  before:  "Gov.  Whitcomb  and  Mr.  Bright  work  night  and 
day,  day  in  and  day  out ;  the  Governor  said  he  could  not  sleep  at  all. ' ' 


408  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

On  January  17,  when  the  bill  came  to  a  final  vote  in  the  Senate,  the 
day  was  carried  by  a  spectacular  expose.  Eleven  of  the  Senators  had 
entered  into  a  written  agreement  that  if  they  could  not  defeat  the  bill 
in  any  other  way,  they  would  "bolt"  and  break  a  quorum.  Senator 
Coffin  (William  G.),  who  favored  the  bill,  happened  to  go  into  the  room 
of  Senator  Holloway  (David  P.)  and  saw  this  paper  lying  on  the  table. 
He  made  a  memorandum  of  its  contents  and  the  signatures,  and  sprung 
it  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate.  The  bill  then  passed  the  Senate  by  a  two 
to  one  vote.  On  the  19th  Butler  wrote:  "I  am  happy  to  say  to  you  that 
the  bill  to  redeem  the  credit  of  Indiana  and  finish  her  great  canal,  has 
this  day  received  the  signature  of  the  Governor.  He  signed  it  in  bed 
in  my  presence,  saying  that  it  was  one  of  the  most  gratifying  acts  of  his 
life.  He  is  yet  very  sick  and  confined  to  his  bed,  not  being  able  to  be 
removed  to  his  own  house.  The  necessary  tax  bill,  and  all  the  other 
needful  bills  to  give  effect  to  the  measure,  have  also  passed.  Thus  my 
mission  is  accomplished,  and  God  has  smiled  on  me  and  on  all  my  en- 
deavors. *  *  *  The  friends  of  public  credit  are  overjoyed.  They 
are  now  taking  leave  of  me.  I  assure  you  that  I  have  become  so  attached 
to  some  of  these  people,  who  have  stood  by  me  through  thick  and  thin, 
that  I  feel  sorry  to  part  with  them." 

If  there  were  any  room  for  doubt  that  Butler  felt  that  he  had  ac- 
complished a  great  work  for  the  bondholders  and  for  Indiana,  it  would 
be  dispelled  by  his  letter  from  Cincinnati,  on  February  22 :  "I  thought 
that  in  this  business  I  was  doing  good  and  promoting  the  welfare  of  a 
State  and  its  hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  and  of  generations  yet  to 
come.  The  influence  of  my  operations  is  not  limited  to  Indiana  itself, 
but  will  tell  on  the  destiny  of  other  States  and  the  country  at  large. 
The  measure  is  not  yet  sufficiently  estimated,  nor,  indeed,  can  it  be. 
A  few  years  will  develop  its  fruits  and  effects  more  strikingly,  and  it 
will  be  regarded  with  admiration."  It  is  true  that  there  was  complaint 
from  the  bondholders  after  the  failure  of  the  canal  but  the  basis  on 
which  Butler  had  opposed  "repudiation"  of  the  bonds  for  which  the 
State  had  received  nothing  was  that  they  had  passed  into  the  hands  of 
innocent  purchasers,  through  the  acts  of  agents  of  the  State.  Butler  was 
not  only  the  agent  of  the  bondholders,  but  his  agreement  was  formally 
ratified  by  them,  as  before  mentioned.  That  they  fully  understood  that 
they  were  taking  the  canal  for  half  the  debt,  Is  beyond  question,  for  But- 
ler expressly  said  in  his  proposal :  "  If  the  income  of  the  canal  turns  out 
to  be  sufficient  to  make  up  the  other  two  and  a  half  per  cent  of  interest, 
the  bondholders  and  the  people  of  Indiana  will  equally  rejoice — the 
former  because  they  get  their  full  interest,  and  the  latter  because  they 
pay  in  full.  If  the  revenues  fall  short  the  bondholders  will  lose,  and  if 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  409 

they  exceed  the  overplus  is  to  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury,  to  be 
applied  to  the  redemption  of  the  principal."  This  letter  was  printed 
and  widely  circulated,  to  bondholders  and  the  people  of  the  State.  Years 
afterward  Baron  Rothschild  urged  on  Governor  Morton  that  the  people 
of  Indiana  were  in  honor  bound  to  take  up  this  half  of  the  canal  debt, 
because  the  canal  had  been  ruined  by  the  railroads  which  the  State  char- 
tered. Morton  replied  that  "the  progress  of  the  age  and  the  necessities 
of  commerce  made  railroads  indispensable,  and  that  the  State  was  no 
more  liable  for  the  injuries  which  these  might  inflict  upon  old  methods 
of  transportation  than  for  the  damage  which  might  be  done  by  a  flood 
or  a  tornado.67  The  settlement  was  on  the  same  basis  as  that  of  Mich- 
igan. The  difference  was  that  Michigan  had  built  railroads  instead  of 
canals,  and  they  proved  valuable  after  they  had  been  turned  over  to 
the  bondholders.  On  the  other  hand,  the  people  of  Michigan  got  the 
benefit  of  their  completed  railroads;  and  those  of  Indiana  lost  the  ben- 
efit of  their  collapsed  canal,  and  of  all  that  they  had  put  into  it. 

The  canal  was  put  in  the  hands  of  trustees,  of  whom  Butler  was 
one,  who  had  complete  control  of  the  funds  and  the  work.  The  bond- 
holders voluntarily  advanced  $815,900,  which  with  the  proceeds  of  the 
unsold  lands  and  other  revenues,  was  sufficient  to  complete  the  canal 
to  Evansville.  .On  September  22, 1853,  the  "Pennsylvania,"  commanded 
by  Capt.  Sharra,  reached  Evansville — the  first  boat  to  pass  through  the 
entire  length  of  the  canal,  from  Toledo.  But  the  profits  did  not  meet 
expectations.  The  Reports  of  the  Trustees  present  a  dreary  succession 
of  wash-outs  and  other  mishaps  that  played  havoc  with  net  earnings, 
though  the  canal  was  doing  immense  benefit  to  the  whole  region  tributary 
to  it.  For  example,  on  May  4,  1856,  14,000  cubic  yards  of  canal  slid 
bodily  into  the  river  at  Feassel's  ferry,  four  miles  from  the  aqueduct 
over  White  river.  The  break  was  repaired  and  the  water  turned  in, 
whereupon  another  10,000  cubic  yards  slid  into  the  river.  The  break 
was  repaired  very  carefully,  and  the  banks  lined  with  clay,  but  within 
24  hours  after  the  water  had  been  turned  in,  5,000  cubic  yards  more 
slid  in.  The  engineers  finally  got  it  patched  up  so  that  it  would  stay, 
but  meanwhile  the  canal  was  out  of  use.  There  were  also  troubles 
from  human  agencies,  the  worst  being  at  the  Birch  Creek  reservoir.  This 
reservoir,  made  by  damming  Birch  creek,  a  tributary  of  Eel  river,  in 
Clay  County,  was  the  only  means  by  which  water  could  be  furnished  to 
a  long  stretch  of  canal  in  that  vicinity.  The  people  of  the  neighborhood 
got  an  insane  idea  that  it  would  cause  "malaria,"  and  warmly  opposed 
its  construction.  On  June  21,  1854,  they  cut  the  dam,  and  the  canal 

STFoulke's  Life  of  Morton,  p.  461. 


410  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  put  out  of  commission  for  the  season.  The  Trustees  rebuilt  the 
dam,  and  on  May  10,  1855,  a  mob  of  men,  with  blackened  faces,  drove 
off  the  workmen  at  noon-day,  and  again  cut  the  dam.  Militia  were 
promptly  sent  to  protect  the  work,  but  on  May  31  an  attempt  was  made 
to  burn  the  aqueduct  over  Eel  river  which  did  considerable  damage;  on 
June  20  the  shanties  of  the  workmen  were  burned  and  on  June  29  they 
succeeded  in  cutting  the  dam  again.  A  large  number  of  persons  were 
arrested,  but  they  were  all  released  by  the  local  courts  without  punish- 
ment. In  1856  a  compromise  was  reached,  by  which  the  Trustees  had 
all  of  the  timber  removed  from  the  lands  covered  by  the  reservoir,  and 
the  reconstructed  dam  was  allowed  to  remain  intact  thereafter. 

By  this  time  a  more  serious  danger  had  appeared  in  competing  rail- 
roads, which  paralleled  the  entire  canal,  and  the  canal  went  from  bad 
to  worse,  until  by  1870  it  was  abandoned,  except  in  localities  where  it 
was  kept  up  for  water  power.  In  1856  the  principal  bondholders  peti- 
tioned the  legislature  to  buy  the  canal,  claiming  that  they  had  been 
deceived,  and  that  the  State  had  not  kept  faith  by  chartering  competing 
railroads,  which  proposal  the  legislature  emphatically  declined.  The  thing 
drifted  along  until  1874,  when  Jonathan  K.  Gapin  of  New  York  brought 
foreclosure  proceedings  in  the  U.  S.  Circut  court,  and  on  February  12, 
1876,  the  canal  property  was  sold,  under  decree,  for  $96,260.  There 
were,  however,  191  of  the  original  bonds  of  1836  that  had  never  been 
surrendered,  and  in  1870  John  W.  Garrett  of  Baltimore  brought  suit 
against  the  Trustees  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  to  foreclose  the  orig- 
inal mortgage,  under  which  he  held  41  bonds.  As  this  would  have  received 
the  debt  disposed  of  by  the  Butler  compromise,  Gov.  Baker  brought  the 
matter  before  the  legislature  of  1871,  which  appropriated  money  to  pay 
them.  At  the  same  time  he  called  attention  to  a  movement  to  get  the 
State  to  pay  the  canal  debt  for  which  the  canal  had  been  taken,  on  the 
ground  that  the  State  had  destroyed  its  value  by  incorporating  com- 
peting railroads.  The  legislature  submitted  an  amendment  to  the  con- 
stitution prohibiting  any  such  payment  which  was  adopted.  The  last 
20  of  the  old  1836  bonds  turned  up  in  1877,  and  the  legislature,  which 
was  in  session  at  the  time,  promptly  provided  for  their  payment,  thus 
closing  all  of  the  liability  of  the  State  under  the  compromise  of  1847. 

It  is  easy  to  look  back  now  and  see  how  the  movement  for  internal 
improvements  might  have  been  made  an  even  greater  success  than  Illinois 
made  of  her  Central  railroad.  If  the  advocates  of  railroads  had  been 
stronger  in  Indiana  than  the  advocates  of  canals;  if  even  the  Jefferson- 
ville  influence  in  politics  had  been  stronger  than  that  of  Madison,  and 
the  first  railroad  had  been  built  from  Jeffersonville  to  Indianapolis;  if 
any  one  thing  had  been  taken  up,  finished  and  put  on  a  paying  basis, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  411 

instead  of  trying  to  do  everything  at  once,  the  movement  might  have  been 
an  inspiring  success  in  State  ownership.  There  is  no  room  for  question 
that  Kilgore's  claim  of  indirect  benefit  to  the  State  is  well  founded. 
Notwithstanding  the  cost  of  the  failure,  it  did  cause  an  increase  of  pop- 
ulation and  an  increased  value  of  property  in  the  State  far  in  excess  of 
the  cost  0f  the  improvements.  The  population  of  the  State  grew  from 
343,031  in  1830  to  685,866  in  1840,  988,416  in  1850,  and  1,350,428  in 
1860.  This  growth  was  largely  in  the  central  and  northern  portions  of 
the  State,  which  were  practically  destitute  of  population  prior  to  1820. 
The  increase  in  values  was  still  more  rapid.  In  1836  the  total  taxable 
property  of  the  State  was  reported  at  $78,589,061,  and  in  1840  at  $91,- 
756,019.  In  1850  the  true  value  by  census  estimates  was  $202,650,264, 
and  in  1860,  $411,042,424.  In  1844  the  Senate  committee  on  Public 
Lands,  in  a  report  on  granting  additional  lands  for  the  extension  of  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  below  Lafayette,  said:  "The  influence  of  the 
work,  so  far  as  completed,  upon  the  general  prosperity  of  the  fertile 
regions  through  which  it  passed  were  immediately,  and  even  by  antici- 
pation, felt.  The  value  of  all  real  estate  throughout  the  country  was 
enhanced ;  its  population  greatly  and  rapidly  increased ;  its  agricultural 
industry,  too,  was  greatly  promoted,  because  better  rewarded."  The 
committee  urged  that  the  United  States  had  lost  nothing,  because  the 
canal  had  imparted  "to  the  whole  of  the  public  domain  there  an  in- 
creased value  more  than  equal  to  the  previous  estimate  of  all  which 
may  have  been  granted  to  aid  in  its  construction."  It  therefore  urged 
the  grant  of  additional  lands  which  had  remained  unsold  "after  offer- 
ing them  for  sale  during  every  day  for  the  whole  of  the  last  thirty-five 
years  or  more."  58  The  value  of  the  canal  to  agriculture  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  in  1844  there  was  shipped  from  Toledo  5,262  bushels  of 
corn,  coming  from  the  Maumee  and  Wabash  valley.  In  1846  the  ship- 
ments had  increased  to  555,250  bushels,  and  in  1851  to  2,775,149  bushels. 
In  the  latter  year  the  canal  also  carried  east  to  Toledo  1,639,744  bushels 
of  wheat  and  242,677  barrels  of  flour;  while  one  item  of  the  return  ship- 
ments was  88,191  barrels  of  salt.  A  pioneer  counted  400  farmer's  wagons 
unloading  grain  for  the  canal  at  Lafayette  in  one  day,  and  similar 
scenes  of  activity  were  reported  from  other  points  on  the  canal.59  In 
1840,  at  Delphi,  farmers  were  selling  wheat  at  45  cents  a  bushel,  and 
paying  $9  a  barrel  for  salt.  In  1842,  when  the  canal  reached  that  point, 
they  got  a  dollar  a  bushel  for  wheat,  and  bought  salt  for  less  than  four 


58  Senate  Doc.  No.  11,  2nd  Sess.  28th  Cong.,  Vol.  5,  March  18,  1844. 

59  The   Wabash    Trade  Route,    E.   J.    Benton — this    is   the   best   presentation   of 
details  in  regard  to  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal;  Whicker,  Sketches  of  the  Wabash 
Valley,  p.  79. 


412 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


dollars  a  barrel.  Moreover  the  canal  developed  home  industries.  In 
1851  the  Trustees  reported  that  the  canal  was  furnishing  water  power 
for  9  flour  mills,  8  saw  mils,  3  paper  mills,  8  carding  and  fulling  mills, 
2  oil  mills,  and  1  iron  "blowery  and  forge."  The  shipments  of  lum- 
ber were  heavy  for  years,  and  the  shipments  of  lime  and  building  stone 
witnessed  the  development  of  those  sources  of  wealth.  The  people  prof- 
ited largely,  although  the  State  lost,  as  a  government. 

Contemporary  with  the  internal  improvement  system,  and  controlled 
by  men  who  were  interested  in  both,  was  another  State  enterprise  that 
was  phenomenally  successful,  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana.  Jackson's  veto 
of  the  bill  for  rechartering  the  United  States  Bank,  and  his  reelection 


BILL  OP  BANK  OF  THE  STATE  OF  INDIANA,  JEFFERSONVILLE  BRANCH 

(Portraits  are  Saml.  Merrill,  Cashier,  and  Hugh  McCulloch.  Presi- 
dent.   See  McCulloch 's  Men  and  Measures,  p.  130) 

in  1832  had  warned  the  states  to  prepare  for  the  change  which  must 
come  when  the  charter  expired  in  1836.  National  politics  did  not  yet 
control  Indiana  state  elections,  and  Noah  Noble,  who  was  not  the  can- 
didate of  the  ultra  Jackson  men,  was  elected  in  1831  and  1834  to  the 
officer  of  Governor.  Under  his  leadership  there  was  formed  a  practical 
coalition  of  Jackson  and  Clay  men  who  were  in  favor  of  internal  im- 
provements and  a  state  bank.  The  legislative  session  of  1832-3  was 
largely  occupied  with  efforts  to  agree  on  a  bank  system,  but  without 
success.  In  the  campaign  of  1833  the  chief  issues  were  internal  improve- 
ments and  a  state  bank,  and  the  advocates  of  these  measures  won.  The 
legislature  met  in  December,  1833.  On  the  4th  of  that  month  a  joint 
committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  bill ;  and  on  January  28,  1834, 
the  act  incorporating  the  bank  was  approved.  On  February  13  the 
directors  met;  elected  James  M.  Ray  cashier ;and  established  branches 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  413 

at  Indianapolis,  Lawrenceburgh,  Richmond,  Madison,  New  Albany, 
Evansville,  Vincennes,  Bedford,  Terre  Haute,  and  Lafayette — a  branch 
was  added  at  Fort  Wayne  in  1835,  and  others  at  South  Bend  and  Mich- 
igan City  in  1836.  On  May  20,  1834,  the  stock  was  reported  fully  sub- 
scribed. On  August  6  the  State  made  its  loan  to  pay  for  its  half  of  the 
stock.  On  November  19  the  Governor  proclaimed  the  bank  open  for 
business.  On  January  1,  1835,  the  bank  made  its  first  report  to  the 
legislature,  showing  deposits,  $127,236;  notes  in  circulation,  $456,065; 
cash  on  hand,  specie,  $751,083 ;  bills  of  other  banks  $78,150.  The  law  is 
said  to  have  been  drawn  by  Judge  Samuel  Hanna,  of  Fort  Wayne,  a 
senator,  and  a  member  of  the  joint  committee.60  Hanna  was  born  in 
Scott  County,  Kentucky,  October  18,  1797.  He  was  a  son  of  James 
Hanna,  who  removed  to  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1804,  and  began  farming  there. 
Young  Hanna 's  first  employment  outside  of  the  farm  was  as  a  post  rider, 
or  in  present  phrase  a  news  carrier,  except  that  in  those  days  the  news- 
paper patrons  were  so  scattered  that  the  delivery  of  their  papers  was 
largely  made  on  horseback.  At  eighteen  he  became  a  clerk  at  Piqua ;  in 
1818  attended  the  Indian  treaty  at  St.  Mary's  as  a  sutler,  and  in  1819 
located  at  Fort  Wayne  as  a  trader.  He  was  soon  made  agent  of  the 
American  Fur  Company,  the  commercial  "octopus"  of  the  period,  and 
served  as  Associate  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  He  was  a  zealous  friend 
of  internal  improvements,  and  by  consensus  of  opinion,  did  more  for 
the  prosperity  of  Fort  Wayne  than  any  other  one  man. 

In  October,  1835,  the  eminent  financier,  Hugh  McCulloch,  the  only 
man  ever  called  to  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  by  three  Pres- 
idents of  the  United  States,  was  appointed  cashier  and  manager  of  the 
Fort  Wayne  branch.  He  was  born  at  Kennebunk,  Maine,  December  7, 
1808,  educated  at  Bowdoin  College,  read  law,  and  began  practice  at 
Fort  Wayne  in  1833.  He  had  no  practical  knowledge  of  banking  when 
appointed,  and  was  selected  by  the  directors  as  "better  fitted  for  the 
place  than  anybody  else  whose  services  they  could  obtain."  As  a  banker 
he  was  a  product  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  and  while  there  are 
more  detailed  account  of  the  institution,61  his  description  of  its  work 
has  a  professional  and  first  source  authority  that  gives  it  unique  stand- 
ing. He  says:  "In  nothing  was  the  wisdom,  the  practical  good  sense 
of  the  representatives  of  the  people  of  Indiana  in  the  legislative  as- 
sembly more  strikingly  exhibited  than  in  the  charter  of  this  bank.  In 
some  respects  it  resembled  the  charter  of  the  United  States  Bank;  but 
it  contained  grants  and  obligations,  privileges  and  restrictions  quite  un- 

««  Brice  's  Fort  Wayne,  App.  p.  7. 

«i  W.  F.  Harding,  The  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  in  Jour,  of  Pol.  Econ.  Dec.  1895: 
Logan  Esarey,  State  Banking  in  Indiana. 


• 


412 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


dollars  a  barrel.  Moreover  the  canal  developed  home  industries.  In 
1851  the  Trustees  reported  that  the  canal  was  furnishing  water  power 
for  9  flour  mills,  8  saw  mils,  3  paper  mills,  8  carding  and  fulling  mills, 
2  oil  mills,  and  1  iron  "blowery  and  forge."  The  shipments  of  lum- 
ber were  heavy  for  years,  and  the  shipments  of  lime  and  building  stone 
witnessed  the  development  of  those  sources  of  wealth.  The  people  prof- 
ited largely,  although  the  State  lost,  as  a  government. 

Contemporary  with  the  internal  improvement  system,  and  controlled 
by  men  who  were  interested  in  both,  was  another  State  enterprise  that 
was  phenomenally  successful,  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana.  Jackson's  veto 
of  the  bill  for  rechartering  the  United  States  Bank,  and  his  reelection 


MILL,  OP  BANK  OF  THE  STATE  OP  INDIANA,  JEFFERSONVILLE  BRANCH 

(Portraits  are  Saml.  Merrill,  Cashier,  and  Hugh  McCulloi/h.  Pres:- 
dent.    See  McCulloch's  Men  and  Measures,  p.  130) 

in  1832  had  warned  the  states  to  prepare  for  the  change  which  must 
come  when  the  charter  expired  in  1836.  National  politics  did  not  yet 
control  Indiana  state  elections,  and  Noah  Noble,  who  was  not  the  can- 
didate of  the  ultra  Jackson  men,  was  elected  in  1831  and  1834  to  the 
officer  of  Governor.  Under  his  leadership  there  was  formed  a  practical 
coalition  of  Jackson  and  Clay  men  who  were  in  favor  of  internal  im- 
provements and  a  state  bank.  The  legislative  session  of  1832-3  was 
largely  occupied  with  efforts  to  agree  on  a  bank  system,  but  without 
success.  In  the  campaign  of  1833  the  chief  issues  were  internal  improve- 
ments and  a  state  bank,  and  the  advocates  of  these  measures  won.  The 
legislature  met  in  December,  1833.  On  the  4th  of  that  month  a  joint 
committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  bill ;  and  on  January  28,  1834, 
the  act  incorporating  the  bank  was  approved.  On  February  13  the 
directors  met;  elected  James  M.  Ray  cashier -.and  established  branches 


. 
INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  413 

at  Indianapolis,  Lawrenceburgh,  Richmond,  Madison,  New  Albany, 
Evansville,  Vincennes,  Bedford,  Terre  Haute,  and  Lafayette — a  branch 
was  added  at  Fort  Wayne  in  1835,  and  others  at  South  Bend  and  Mich- 
igan City  in  1836.  On  May  20,  1834,  the  stock  was  reported  fully  sub- 
scribed. On  August  6  the  State  made  its  loan  to  pay  for  its  half  of  the 
stock.  Ont  November  19  the  Governor  proclaimed  the  bank  open  for 
business.  On  January  1,  1835,  the  bank  made  its  first  report  to  the 
legislature,  showing  deposits,  $127,236;  notes  in  circulation,  $456,065; 
cash  on  hand,  specie,  $751,083 ;  bills  of  other  banks  $78,150.  The  law  is 
said  to  have  been  drawn  by  Judge  Samuel  Hanna,  of  Fort  Wayne,  a 
senator,  and  a  member  of  the  joint  committee.60  Hanna  was  born  in 
Scott  County,  Kentucky,  October  18,  1797.  He  was  a  son  of  James 
Hanna,  who  removed  to  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1804,  and  began  farming  there. 
Young  Hanna 's  first  employment  outside  of  the  farm  was  as  a  post  rider, 
or  in  present  phrase  a  news  carrier,  except  that  in  those  days  the  news- 
paper patrons  were  so  scattered  that  the  delivery  of  their  papers  was 
largely  made  on  horseback.  At  eighteen  he  became  a  clerk  at  Piqua ;  in 
1818  attended  the  Indian  treaty  at  St.  Mary's  as  a  sutler,  and  in  1819 
located  at  Fort  WTayne  as  a  trader.  He  was  soon  made  agent  of  the 
American  Fur  Company,  the  commercial  "octopus"  of  the  period,  and 
served  as  Associate  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court.  He  was  a  zealous  friend 
of  internal  improvements,  and  by  consensus  of  opinion,  did  more  for 
the  prosperity  of  Fort  Wayne  than  any  other  one  man. 

In  October,  1835,  the  eminent  financier,  Hugh  McCulloch,  the  only 
man  ever  called  to  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  by  three  Pres- 
idents of  the  United  States,  was  appointed  cashier  and  manager  of  the 
Fort  Wayne  branch.  He  was  born  at  Kennebunk,  Maine,  December  7, 
1808,  educated  at  Bowdoin  College,  read  law,  and  began  practice  at 
Fort  Wayne  in  1833.  He  had  no  practical  knowledge  of  banking  when 
appointed,  and  was  selected  by  the  directors  as  "better  fitted  for  the 
place  than  anybody  else  whose  services  they  could  obtain. "  As  a  banker 
he  was  a  product  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  and  while  there  are 
more  detailed  account  of  the  institution,61  his  description  of  its  work 
has  a  professional  and  first  source  authority  that  gives  it  unique  stand- 
ing. He  says:  "In  nothing  was  the  wisdom,  the  practical  good  sense 
of  the  representatives  of  the  people  of  Indiana  in  the  legislative  as- 
sembly more  strikingly  exhibited  than  in  the  charter  of  this  bank.  In 
some  respects  it  resembled  the  charter  of  the  United  States  Bank;  but 
it  contained  grants  and  obligations,  privileges  and  restrictions  quite  un- 

««  Brice  's  Fort  Wayne,  App.  p.  7. 

6i  \V.  F.  Harding,  The  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  in  Jour,  of  Pol.  Econ.  Dec.  1895: 
Logan  Esarey,  State  Banking  in  Indiana. 


414 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


like  those  which  were  to  be  found  in  any  other  bank  charter,  and  which 
were  admirably  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  State  and  the  circum- 
stances of  the  people.  The  number  of  branches  was  limited  to  thirteen, 
the  capital  of  each  of  which  was  to  be  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dol- 
lars, one-half  of  which  was  to  be  furnished  by  the  State.  During  the 
existence  of  the  charter  no  other  bank  or  corporate  banking  institution 


HUGH  McCuLLocH 

was  to  be  authorized  or  permitted  in  the  State.  As  there  were  no  cap- 
italists and  few  men  of  more  than  very  moderate  means  in  Indiana,  the 
charter  provided  that  to  every  stockholder  who  should  pay  eighteen  dol- 
lars and  seventy-five  cents  on  each  fifty  dollar  share  by  him  subscribed 
for,  the  State  should  at  his  request  advance  as  a  loan  thirty-one  dollars 
and  twenty-five  cents,  so  that  the  stock  might  be  fully  paid  up.  The 
loan  was  to  be  secured  by  bond  and  mortgage  on  real  estate  at  one-half 
its  appraised  value.  The  stockholder  was  to  be  charged  six  per  cent 
on  the  loan,  and  credited  with  whatever  dividends  might  be  declared 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  415 

on  that  part  of  the  stock  which  was  thus  to  be  paid  for  by  the  State. 
*  *  *  Many  stockholders  availed  themselves  of  this  option,  and 
as  in  most  of  the  branches  the  dividends  largely  exceeded  six  per  cent, 
they  found  themselves  before  the  expiration  of  the  charter  to  be  the 
owners  of  the  stock  subscribed  for,  free  from  the  lien  of  the  State.  In 
the  best  managed  branches,  the  lien  of  the  State  was  discharged  some 
years  before  the  charter  expired.  The  branch  at  Fort  Wayne  was  not 
the  best,  but  it  was  one  of  the  best-managed  branches.  The  profits  of 
this  branch  so  much  exceeded  six  per  cent  that  the  loan  was  paid,  if  I 
recollect  rightly,  seven  years  before  the  expiration  of  the  charter  (during 
which  period  the  largest  profits  were  made),  and  the  borrowing  stock- 
holder received  for  that  period  the  dividends  on  the  full  amount  of  his 
shares.  Nor  was  this  all.  At  the  winding  up  of  the  business  of  the 
branch,  he  received  not  only  the  par  value  of  his  stock,  but  an  equal 
amount  from  the  accumulated  surplus. 

"To  pay  for  its  stock  and  the  advances  to  stockholders,  the  State 
issued  and  sold  in  London  its  coupon  bonds,  bearing  five  per  cent  in- 
terest, to  run  for  a  period  slightly  exceeding  the  time  for  which  the  bank 
had  been  chartered.  These  bonds  were  known  as  bank  bonds,  the  in- 
terest and  principal  of  which  were  equitably  secured  by  the  stock  of 
the  State  in  the  branches,  and  its  lien  upon  individual  stock  for  advances. 
Long  before  their  maturity  the  State  was  in  a  condition  to  retire  them ; 
but  although  her  general  credit  had  been  broken  down  in  the  crisis  of 
1837,  and  her  other  bonds  were  for  a  number  of  years  regarded  as  being 
well  nigh  valueless,  these  bank  bonds  could  not  be  reached,  although  a 
handsome  premium  was  offered  for  them.  *  *  *  The  result  of  the 
connection  of  the  State  with  the  bank  was  a  net  profit  of  nearly  three 
millions  of  dollars,  which  became  the  basis  of  her  large  and  well-man- 
aged school  fund.  Nor  was  the  pecuniary  gain  the  only  benefit  which 
the  State  derived  from  the  bank.  *  *  *  What  the  State  needed 
was  the  means  for  sending  its  agricultural  productions  to  market.  What 
the  bank  needed,  in  order  to  *be  able  at  all  times  to  meet  its  liabilities, 
was  what  was  called  prompt  paper.  Both  of  these  requirements  were 
met  by  the  policy  which  the  bank  adopted  in  1843  and  steadily  pursued. 
Not  only  did  the  bank  furnish  the  needful  means  for  sending  the  surplus 
productions  of  the  State  to  market,  but  by  its  judicious  loans  to  farmers, 
to  enable  them  to  increase  their  stock  of  cattle  and  hogs  to  consume  their 
surplus  of  corn,  which  loans  were  taken  up  by  bills  of  exchange  drawn 
against  shipments,  it  greatly  stimuated  and  increased  production.  I  do 
not  exaggerate  when  I  say  that  the  profits  of  the  State  upon  her  bank 
stock,  large  as  they  were,  were  small  in  comparison  with  the  increase  of 
her  wealth  by  the  manner  in  which  the  business  of  the  bank  was  con- 


. 


414 


• 

INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


like  those  which  were  to  be  found  in  any  other  bank  charter,  and  which 
were  admirably  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  State  and  the  circum- 
stances of  the  people.  The  number  of  branches  was  limited  to  thirteen, 
the  capital  of  each  of  which  was  to  be  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dol- 
lars, one-half  of  which  was  to  be  furnished  by  the  State.  During  the 
existence  of  the  charter  no  other  bank  or  corporate  banking  institution 


• 


HUGH    MCCULLOCH 


' 


was  to  be  authorized  or  permitted  in  the  State.  As  there  were  no  cap- 
italists and  few  men  of  more  than  very  moderate  means  in  Indiana,  the 
charter  provided  that  to  every  stockholder  who  should  pay  eighteen  dol- 
lars and  seventy-five  cents  on  each  fifty  dollar  share  by  him  subscribed 
for,  the  State  should  at  his  request  advance  as  a  loan  thirty-one  dollars 
and  twenty-five  cents,  so  that  the  stock  might  be  fully  paid  up.  The 
loan  was  to  be  secured  by  bond  and  mortgage  on  real  estate  at  one-half 
its  appraised  value.  The  stockholder  was  to  be  charged  six  per  cent 
on  the  loan,  and  credited  with  whatever  dividends  might  be  declared 


E       1 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

on  that  part  of  the  stock  which  was  thus  to  be  paid  for  by  the  State. 
*  *  *  Many  stockholders  availed  themselves  of  this  option,  and 
as  in  most  of  the  branches  the  dividends  largely  exceeded  six  per  cent, 
they  found  themselves  before  the  expiration  of  the  charter  to  be  the 
owners  of  the  stock  subscribed  for,  free  from  the  lien  of  the  State.  In 
the  best  managed  branches,  the  lien  of  the  State  was  discharged  some 
years  before  the  charter  expired.  The  branch  at  Fort  Wayne  was  not 
the  best,  but  it  was  one  of  the  best-managed  branches.  The  profits  of 
this  branch  so  much  exceeded  six  per  cent  that  the  loan  was  paid,  if  I 
recollect  rightly,  seven  years  before  the  expiration  of  the  charter  (during 
which  period  the  largest  profits  were  made),  and  the  borrowing  stock- 
holder received  for  that  period  the  dividends  on  the  full  amount  of  his 
shares.  Nor  was  this  all.  At  the  winding  up  of  the  business  of  the 
branch,  he  received  not  only  the  par  value  of  his  stock,  but  an  equal 
amount  from  the  accumulated  surplus. 

"To  pay  for  its  stock  and  the  advances  to  stockholders,  the  State 
issued  and  sold  in  London  its  coupon  bonds,  bearing  five  per  cent  in- 
terest, to  run  for  a  period  slightly  exceeding  the  time  for  which  the  bank 
had  been  chartered.  These  bonds  were  known  as  bank  bonds,  the  in- 
terest and  principal  of  which  were  equitably  secured  by  the  stock  of 
the  State  in  the  branches,  and  its  lien  upon  individual  stock  for  advances. 
Long  before  their  maturity  the  State  was  in  a  condition  to  retire  them ; 
but  although  her  general  credit  had  been  broken  down  in  the  crisis  of 
1837,  and  her  other  bonds  were  for  a  number  of  years  regarded  as  being 
well  nigh  valueless,  these  bank  bonds  could  not  be  reached,  although  a 
handsome  premium  was  offered  for  them.  *  *  *  The  result  of  the 
connection  of  the  State  with  the  bank  was  a  net  profit  of  nearly  three 
millions  of  dollars,  which  became  the  basis  of  her  large  and  well-man- 
aged school  fund.  Nor  was  the  pecuniary  gain  the  only  benefit  which 
the  State  derived  from  the  bank.  *  *  *  What  the  State  needed 
was  the  means  for  sending  its  agricultural  productions  to  market.  What 
the  bank  needed,  in  order  to  be  able  at  all  times  to  meet  its  liabilities, 
was  what  was  called  prompt  paper.  Both  of  these  requirements  were 
met  by  the  policy  which  the  bank  adopted  in  1843  and  steadily  pursued. 
Not  only  did  the  bank  furnish  the  needful  means  for  sending  the  surplus 
productions  of  the  State  to  market,  but  by  its  judicious  loans  to  farmers, 
to  enable  them  to  increase  their  stock  of  cattle  and  hogs  to  consume  their 
surplus  of  corn,  which  loans  were  taken  up  by  bills  of  exchange  drawn 
against  shipments,  it  greatly  stimuated  and  increased  production.  I  do 
not  exaggerate  when  I  say  that  the  profits  of  the  State  upon  her  bank 
stock,  large  as  they  were,  were  small  in  comparison  with  the  increase  of 
her  wealth  by  the  manner  in  which  the  business  of  the  bank  was  con- 


416  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ducted.  Its  capital  was  a  little  more  than  two  millions  of  dollars,  but 
its  discount  line  was  so  active  that  it  was  able  to  do  a  business  quite 
disproportioned  to  its  capital,  the  aggregate  of  its  loans  sometimes 
amounting  in  a  single  year  to  ten  or  fifteen  millions.  I  have  said  that 
its  charter  was  in  many  respects  peculiar.  It  was  not,  like  the  BanR 
of  the  United  States,  a  bank  with  branches,  but  rather  a  bank  of  branches. 
It  was  a  bank  in  this  respect  only :  it  had  a  president,  a  cashier,  and  a 
board  of  directors,  but  as  a  bank  it  transacted  no  banking  business.  The 
president,  who  was  ex-officio  a  member  of  the  board,  was  elected  by  the 
legislature,  as  were  also  five  directors,  on  the  part  of  the  State ;  the  other 
directors  were  elected  by  the  branches,  one  by  each.  It  was  a  board  of 
control,  and  its  authority  over  the  branches  was  arbitrary,  almost  un- 
limited. It  could  suspend  a  branch  for  mismanagement,  or  close  it  up 
if  the  mismanagement  was  likely  to  imperil  the  other  branches,  or  to 
affect  injuriously  their  credit.  The  power  to  put  a  branch  in  liquida- 
tion was,  however,  never  exercised,  and  only  in  one  instance  was  the 
business  of  a  branch  suspended,  and  that  suspension  was  only  temporary. 

"The  stockholders  of  each  branch  were  liable  for  the  debts  of  the 
branch  to  an  amount  equal  to  the  par  value  of  their  shares,  and  each 
branch,  although  independent  in  respect  to  its  profits,  was  liable  for  the 
debts  of  very  other  branch.  This  responsibility  of  the  branches  for  the 
debts  of  the  respective  branches  created  a  general  vigilance  which  was 
productive  of  excellent  results.  No  branch  could  make  a  wide  departure 
from  the  line  of  prudent  banking  (the  other  branches  being  responsible 
for  its  debts)  without  being  subjected  to  a  rigid  overhauling  and  incur- 
ring the  risk  of  being  closed.  The  circulating  notes  of  the  branches 
were  obtained  from  the  officers  of  the  bank,  and  there  could  be  no  over- 
issue except  by  collusion  between  them  and  the  officers  of  the  branches, 
which  was  rendered  quite  impossible  by  checks  that  could  not  be  circum- 
vented. Dividends  of  the  profits  of  the  branches  were  declared  by  the 
directors  of  the  bank.  None  were  declared  which  had  not  been  earned, 
and  a  part  of  the  profits  were  always  reserved  for  the  purpose  of  creating 
a  surplus  fund.  The  amount  of  the  surplus  at  the  expiration  of  the 
charter  I  have  already  spoken  of.  Such  were  the  restrictions  and  con- 
servative features  of  the  charter.  On  the  other  hand,  its  privileges 
were  of  the  most  liberal  character.  The  branches  could  issue  circulating 
notes  to  twice  the  amount  of  their  capitals,  and  while  they  could  not 
extend  their  regular  discount  lines  beyond  twice  their  capitals,  they 
could  use  their  surplus  funds  in  dealings  in  foreign  and  domestic 
exchange. 

"Privileges  like  these,  notwithstanding  the  checks  and  restrictions 
which  were  imposed  upon  them,  might  have  been  abused,  and  the  State 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  417 

Bank  of  Indiana  might  have  shared  the  fate  of  the  State  Bank  of  Illinois, 
which,  chartered  in  the  same  year,  disastrously  failed  in  1837,  had  it 
not  been  for  the  conservative  and  high  moral  character  of  the  men  who 
controlled  it.  None  of  the  directors  or  officers  of  the  bank  or  of  its 
branches  had  made  banking  a  study  or  had  any  practical  knowledge  of 
the  business,.and  yet  no  serious  mistakes  were  made  by  them.  Cautious, 
prudent,  upright,  they  obtained,  step  by  step,  the  practical  knowledge 
which  enabled  them  to  bring  the  transactions  of  the  branches  into  close 
accord  with  the  public  interests,  and  to  secure  for  the  bank  a  credit 
coextensive  with  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  and  which  was 
never  shaken.  Its  notes  were  current  and  of  the  best  repute  throughout 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf.  It  suspended  specie 
payments  in  1837,  as  did  all  other  banking  institutions  of  the  country 
except  the  Chemical  Bank  of  New  York,  -but  it  always  furnished  New 
York  exchange  to  its  customers  at  one  per  cent  premium,  for  its  own 
notes  or  other  bankable  funds.  Nor  was  its  suspension  absolute,  as  there 
never  was  a  time  that  it  failed  to  supply  the  home  demand  for  coin,  which 
at  that  time  was  silver,  and  practically  silver  only.  Although  the  double 
standard  existed  in  the  United  States,  the  metallic  currency  of  the  coun- 
try chiefly,  and  throughout  the. West  exclusively,  from  the  time' the  bank 
was  organized  in  1834  to  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  in  1848,  was 
silver.  The  capital  of  the  bank  was  paid  up  in  Spanish  and  Mexican 
dollars,  and  its  reserve  continued  to  be  in  this  coin  until  it  was  sold 
for  gold  at  a  premium  of  about  three  per  cent  on  Mexican  dollars  and 
six  per  cent  on  Spanish.  I  had  been  a  banker  for  fourteen  years  before 
I  handled  or  saw  a  dollar  in  gold  except  the  ten-thaler  pieces  which  were 
brought  into  this  country  by  German  immigrants.  If  Professor  Sumner 
had  been  a  banker  at  any  time  prior  to  18*8,  he  would  not  have  gone  so 
wide  of  the  mark  as  he  did  in  saying  in  the  1885  June  number  of  the 
North  American  Review,  'We  do  not  want  or  need  silver  as  a  circulating 
medium,  and  shall  not  abandon  it,  because  we  never  had  it. '  "We  did  have 
it,  and  sooner  or  later  we  shall  have  it  again,  and  without  its  being 
degraded.  *  *  * 

"There  was  never  a  more  wholesome  banking  business  done  between 
banks  and  their  customers  than  was  done  by  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana 
and  its  customers  through  a  large  part  of  its  career.  It  is  proper  for 
me  to  remark  that  while  the  ruling  rate  of  discount  on  all  home  paper 
and  on  bills  payable  at  the  seaboard  cities  was  six  per  cent,  the  Southern 
branches  did  charge  a  small  commission  in  addition  to  interest  on  bills 
payable  in  New  Orleans,  where  New  York  exchange  was  sometimes  at  a 
discount,  sometimes  at  a  premium.  The.  charter  of  the  bank  for  active 
business  expired  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1857,  but  its  legal  exist- 

Vol.  1—27 


418 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ence  for  the  winding  up  of  its  affairs  continued  until  1859,  before  which 
time  it  became  certain  that  a  considerable  amount  of  its  circulating  notes, 
widely  circulated  as  they  had  been,  would  be  outstanding  after  its  ex- 
istence had  ceased.  In  order,  therefore,  to  prevent  loss  to  note  holders 
and  to  maintain  the  honor  of  the  bank  after  its  dissolution,  contracts 


J.  P.  D.  LANIEB 


were  made  by  the  bank  with  responsible  parties  for  the  redemption  of 
all  notes  not  presented  in  its  lifetime. 

' '  If  the  history  of  this  bank  should  be  written  it  would  be  .both  in- 
teresting and  instructive.  It  would  be  the  history  of  a  bank  which, 
although  established  in  a  new  State  and  committed  to  the  charge  of  in- 
experienced men,  through  periods  of  speculation  and  depression,  pros- 
perous and  unprosperous  years,  was  so  managed  as  largely  to  increase 
the  wealth  of  the  State  and  secure  for  itself  a  reputation  for  honorable 
dealings  and  fidelity  to  its  engagements  which  placed  it  in  the  front 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  419 

rank  of  wisely  and  honorably  conducted  banking  institutions.     Of  its 
managers,  my  associations — some  of  them  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury— my  recollections  are  of  the  pleasantest  nature.     More  upright, 
trustworthy  men  could  not  be  found  anywhere.     There  may  have  been, 
there  may  be  now,  better  bankers;  but,  wide  as  my  acquaintance  and 
observation  have  been,  it  has  not  been  my  good  fortune  to  meet  them. 
Merrill  and  Ray,  the  president  and  cashier  of  the  bank ;  Lanier,  Fletcher, 
Blanchard,  Dunning,  Fitch,  Ball,  Rathbone,  Ross,  Burkham,  Orr,  Rector, 
Chapin,62  and  others,  directors  of  the  bank  and  managers  of  the  branches, 
were  all  of  them  men  of  sterling  qualities  and  great  aptitude  for  business. 
In  this  bank  there  was  no  betrayal  of  trust,   and  only  one  single 
instance  was  there  of  official  dishonesty.     *     *     *     I  have  dwelt  at  some 
length  upon  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  because  it  was  one  of  the  best 
managed  banking  institutions  of  its  day,  and  because  there  is  scarcely  any 
part  of  a  long  and  busy  life  which  I  look  back  upon  with  more  real 
satisfaction  than  that  which  was  spent  in  its  service.     Of  those  who 
were  prominent  in  connection  with  the  bank,  the  only  one  who  left  it 
and  the  State  to  enter  into  business  elsewhere  was  Mr.  J.  F.  D.  Lanier, 
who  resigned  the  presidency  of  the  branch  at  Madison  and  his  director- 
ship of  the  bank,  to  establish  with  Mr.  Winslow,  a  gentleman  of  high 
financial  standing,  the  banking  house  of  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.    In  this 
new  field  Mr.  Lanier  displayed  the  knowledge  of  men  and  of  business 
which  he  had  acquired  in  Indiana,  and  the  quickness  of  apprehension 
and  decision  for  which  he  had  been  there  distinguished — qualities  es- 
sential to  success  in  a  city  celebrated  not  only  for  the  magnitude  but  the 
celerity  of  its  transactions ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  house  of  Wins- 
low,  Lanier  &  Co.  stood  in  the  front  rank  among  the  great  banking 
houses  of  New  York.    Mr.  Lanier  was  not  only  a  man  of  great  financial 
ability,  but  one  whose  open  manners,  social  disposition  and  excellent 
character  commanded  the  esteem  of  those  who  became  his  intimates  in 
private  life."03 

Lanier  was  the  recognized  diplomat  of  the  bank.  Mention  has  been 
made  of  his  mission  to  Europe  in  1847  to  arrange  for  the  surrender  of 
the  internal  improvement  bonds,  under  the  Butler  compromise.  He  was 
also  the  customary  agent  of  the  Madison  branch  to  settle  balances  and 
adjust  other  matters  at  New  Orleans,  where  the  Madison  branch  had 
extensive  dealings.  When  the  bank  suspended  in  1837,  it  was  holding 


82  The  men  named  were  Samuel  Merrill,  James  M.  Kay,  J.  F.  D.  Lanier,  Calvin 
Fletcher,  Albert  C.  Blanchard,  Mason  C.  Fitch,  Cyrus  Ball,  G.  W.  Rathbone,  John 
Ross,  Elzey  G.  Burkham,  Joseph  Orr,  Isaac  Hector,  and  Horatio  Chapin.  "Dun- 
ning" is  perhaps  a  misprint  for  Demas  Deming. 

«s  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,  pp.  114-123. 


418 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


• 


ence  for  the  winding  up  of  its  affairs  continued  until  1859,  before  which 
time  it  became  certain  that  a  considerable  amount  of  its  circulating  notes, 
widely  circulated  as  they  had  been,  would  be  outstanding  after  its  ex- 
istence had  ceased.  In  order,  therefore,  to  prevent  loss  to  note  holders 
and  to  maintain  the  honor  of  the  bank  after  its  dissolution,  contracts 


J.  F.  D.  LANJEB 


were  made  by  the  bank  with  responsible  parties  for  the  redemption  of 
all  notes  not  presented  in  its  lifetime. 

"If  the  history  of  this  bank  should  be  written  it  would  be  both  in- 
teresting and  instructive.  It  would  be  the  history  of  a  bank  which, 
although  established  in  a  new  State  and  committed  to  the  charge  of  in- 
experienced men,  through  periods  of  speculation  and  depression,  pros- 
perous and  unprosperous  years,  was  so  managed  as  largely  to  increase 
the  wealth  of  the  State  and  secure  for  itself  a  reputation  for  honorable 
dealings  and  fidelity  to  its  engagements  which  placed  it  in  the  front 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  419 

rank  of  wisely  and  honorably  conducted  banking  institutions.     Of  its 
managers,  my  associations — some  of  them  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury— my  recollections  are  of  the  pleasantest  nature.     More  upright, 
trustworthy  men  could  not  be  found  anywhere.     There  may  have  been, 
there  may  be  now,  better  bankers;  but,  wide  as  my  acquaintance  and 
observation-  have  been,  it  has  not  been  my  good  fortune  to  meet  them. 
Merrill  and  Ray,  the  president  and  cashier  of  the  bank ;  Lanier,  Fletcher, 
Blauchard,  Dunning,  Fitch,  Ball,  Rathboue,  Ross,  Burkham,  Orr,  Rector, 
Chapin,02  and  others,  directors  of  the  bank  and  managers  of  the  branches, 
were  all  of  them  men  of  sterling  qualities  and  great  aptitude  for  business. 
In  this  bank   there   was   no   betrayal   of  trust,   and   only   one   single 
instance  was  there  of  official  dishonesty.     *     *     *     I  have  dwelt  at  some 
length  upon  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  because  it  was  one  of  the  best 
managed  banking  institutions  of  its  day,  and  because  there  is  scarcely  any 
part  of  a  long  and  busy  life  which  I  look  back  upon  with  more  real 
satisfaction  than  that  which  was  spent  in  its  service.     Of  those  who 
were  prominent  in  connection  with  the  bank,  the  only  one  who  left  it 
and  the  State  to  enter  into  business  elsewhere  was  Mr.  J.  F.  D.  Lanier, 
who  resigned  the  presidency  of  the  branch  at  Madison  and  his  director- 
ship of  the  bank,  to  establish  with  Mr.  Winslow,  a  gentleman  of  high 
financial  standing,  the  banking  house  of  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.    In  this 
new  field  Mr.  Lanier  displayed  the  knowledge  of  men  and  of  business 
which  he  had  acquired  in  Indiana,  and  the  quickness  of  apprehension 
and  decision  for  which  he  had  been  there  distinguished — qualities  es- 
sential to  success  in  a  city  celebrated  not  only  for  the  magnitude  but  the 
celerity  of  its  transactions ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  house  of  Wins- 
low,  Lanier  &  Co.  stood  in  the  front  rank  among  the  great  banking 
houses  of  New  York.    Mr.  Lanier  was  not  only  a  man  of  great  financial 
ability,  but  one  whose  open  manners,  social  disposition  and  excellent 
character  commanded  the  esteem  of  those  who  became  his  intimates  in 
private  life."03 

Lanier  was  the  recognized  diplomat  of  the  bank.  Mention  has  been 
made  of  his  mission  to  Europe  in  1847  to  arrange  for  the  surrender  of 
the  internal  improvement  bonds,  under  the  Butler  compromise.  He  was 
also  the  customary  agent  of  the  Madison  branch  to  settle  balances  and 
adjust  other  matters  at  New  Orleans,  where  the  Madison  branch  had 
extensive  dealings.  When  the  bank  suspended  in  1837,  it  was  holding 


"-  The  men  named  were  Samuel  Merrill,  James  M.  Bay,  J.  F.  D.  Lanier,  Calvin 
Fletcher,  Albert  C.  Blanchard,  Mason  C.  Fitch,  Cyrus  Ball,  G.  W.  Rathbone,  John 
Ross,  Elzey  G.  Burkham,  Joseph  Orr,  Isaac  Rector,  and  Horatio  Chapin.  "Dun- 
ning" is  perhaps  a  misprint  for  Demas  Deming. 

"3  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,  pp.  114-123. 


420  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

a  million  and  a  half  of  government  funds,  and  Lanier  was  selected  to 
go  to  Washington  and  adjust  matters  with  Levi  Woodbury,  then  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury.  The  suspension  was  a  matter  of  policy.  The 
bank  had  a  million  in  specie  in  its  vaults  at  the  time,  but  it  had  twice 
that  amount  of  notes  in  circulation  and,  with  all  the  other  banks  in  the 
country  suspended,  it  was  certain  that  its  specie  would  be  rapidly  taken 
from  the  State,  unless  it  took  the  same  course.  It  made  a  public  state- 
ment of  its  reasons,  which  was  accepted  by  the  people  and  approved  by 
the  legislature.  Lanier  took  $80,000  in  specie  and  started  for  Wash- 
ington, taking  a  steamboat  to  Wheeling  and  chartering  a  stage  from 
there  to  Frederick,  Maryland,  which  was  then  the  western  terminus  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  where  he  says  he  was  "not  a  little  relieved  on 
reaching  the  safe  conduct  of  a  railroad. ' '  On  reaching  Washington  he 
at  once  waited  on  Secretary  Woodbury  and  says:  "He  received  me  with 
great  cordiality,  and  said  that  our  bank  was  the  only  one  that  had  of- 
fered to  pay  any  portion  of  its  indebtedness  in  specie.  We  were  allowed 
to  retain  the  Government  deposits  till  they  were  drawn  in  its  regular 
disbursements."  An  indication  of  the  impression  he  made  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  he  was  tendered  the  position  of  pension  agent  for  several 
of  the  western  states.  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  the  acquaintance  he 
made  on  these  missions  was  the  foundation  of  the  speedy  success  that 
followed  his  partnership  with  Richard  H.  Winslow,  of  New  York,  on 
January  1,  1849. 

The  internal  improvements  and  the  State  Bank  had  been  the  chief 
features  of  political  controversy  since  1830.  Noah  Noble  was  elected 
Governor  in  1831  chiefly  on  account  of  his  advocacy  of  internal  improve- 
ments, defeating  James  G.  Reed,  who  was  regarded  as  the  Jackson  can- 
didate, by  2,791  votes,  although  Milton  Stapp,  regarded  as  a  Clay  candi- 
date, received  4,422  votes.  Noble  was  a  younger  brother  of  Senator  James 
Noble,  and  an  older  brother  of  Lazarus  Noble,  who  had  been  Receiver 
of  the  Land  Office  at  Brookville  until  his  death  in  1826.  President  Adams 
then  appointed  Noah  in  his  place  and  the  office  was  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis. He  served  acceptably  in  this  position  until  removed  by  President 
Jackson  in  1829.  This  did  not  appear  to  affect  his  popularity  in  Indiana, 
although  Indiana  was  a  Jackson  state.  He  was  reelected  in  1834,  de- 
feating Reed  again  by  a  vote  of  27,676  to  19,994.  David  Wallace,  who 
succeeded  as  Governor  in  1837,  was  also  an  advocate  of  internal  im- 
provements. He  was  born  in  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania,  April  24, 
1799.  While  a  child  his  father  moved  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  became  a 
friend  of  Gen.  Harrison,  who  has  David  made  a  cadet  at  West  Point. 
He  graduated  in  1821,  and  after  serving  for  about  a  year  as  a  lieutenant 
of  artillery  resigned,  and  came  to  Brookville,  where  his  father  had  pre- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


421 


ceded  him.  Here  he  read  law  with  Judge  Miles  Eggleston  and  became 
a  successful  practitioner.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1828, 
1829  and  1830;  and  Lieutenant  Governor  in  1831  and  1834.  He  was 
elected  Governor  in  1837  as  a  Whig,  but  in  1840,  on  account  of  the  in- 
ternal improvement  collapse,  the  Whigs  nominated  Samuel  Bigger,  who 
had  not  been  identified  with  the  improvement  system,  for  that  office. 


GOVERNOR  NOAH  NOBLE 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

Wallace  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Indianapolis  district  in  1841, 
but  was  defeated  by  Wm.  J.  Brown  in  1843,  largely  because  he  had 
voted  for  an  appropriation  to  Prof.  Morse  to  test  his  invention  of  the 
magnetic  telegraph.  He  served  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1850, 
and  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court  in  1856.  He  was 
holding  this  office  at  the  time  of  his  death,  on  September  4,  1859.  Gov. 
Wallace  issued  the  first  Thanksgiving  proclamation  in  Indiana.  Governor 


420 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


a  million  and  a  half  of  government  funds,  and  Laiiier  was  selected  to 
go  to  Washington  and  adjust  matters  with  Levi  Woodbury,  then  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury.  The  suspension  was  a  matter  of  policy.  The 
bank  had  a  million  in  specie  in  its  vaults  at  the  time,  but  it  had  twice 
that  amount  of  notes  in  circulation  and,  with  all  the  other  banks  in  the 
country  suspended,  it  was  certain  that  its  specie  would  be  rapidly  taken 
from  the  State,  unless  it  took  the  same  course.  It  made  a  public  state- 
ment of  its  reasons,  which  was  accepted  by  the  people  and  approved  by 
the  legislature.  Lanier  took  $80,000  in  specie  and  started  for  Wash- 
ington, taking  a  steamboat  to  Wheeling  and  chartering  a  stage  from 
there  to  Frederick,  Maryland,  which  was  then  the  western  terminus  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  where  he  says  he  was  "not  a  little  relieved  on 
reaching  the  safe  conduct  of  a  railroad. ' '  On  reaching  Washington  he 
at  once  waited  on  Secretary  Woodbury  and  says:  "He  received  me  with 
great  cordiality,  and  said  that  our  bank  was  the  only  one  that  had  of- 
fered to  pay  any  portion  of  its  indebtedness  in  specie.  We  were  allowed 
to  retain  the  Government  deposits  till  they  were  drawn  in  its  regular 
disbursements."  An  indication  of  the  impression  he  made  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  he  was  tendered  the  position  of  pension  agent  for  several 
of  the  western  states.  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  that  the  acquaintance  he 
made  on  these  missions  was  the  foundation  of  the  speedy  success  that 
followed  his  partnership  with  Richard  H.  Winslow,  of  New  York,  on 
January  1,  1849. 

The  internal  improvements  and  the  State  Bank  had  been  the  chief 
features  of  political  controversy  since  1830.  Noah  Noble  was  elected 
Governor  in  1831  chiefly  on  account  of  his  advocacy  of  internal  improve- 
ments, defeating  James  G.  Reed,  who  was  regarded  as  the  Jackson  can- 
didate, by  2,791  votes,  although  Milton  Stapp,  regarded  as  a  Clay  candi- 
date, received  4,422  votes.  Noble  was  a  younger  brother  of  Senator  James 
Noble,  and  an  older  brother  of  Lazarus  Noble,  who  had  been  Receiver 
of  the  Land  Office  at  Brookville  until  his  death  in  1826.  President  Adams 
then  appointed  Noah  in  his  place  and  the  office  was  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis. He  served  acceptably  in  this  position  until  removed  by  President 
Jackson  in  1829.  This  did  not  appear  to  affect  his  popularity  in  Indiana, 
although  Indiana  was  a  Jackson  state.  He  was  reelected  in  1834,  de- 
feating Reed  again  by  a  vote  of  27,676  to  19,994.  DaVid  Wallace,  who 
succeeded  as  Governor  in  1837,  was  also  an  advocate  of  internal  im- 
provements. He  was  born  in  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania,  April  24. 
1799.  While  a  child  his  father  moved  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  became  a 
friend  of  Gen.  Harrison,  who  has  David  made  a  cadet  at  West  Point. 
He  graduated  in  1821,  and  after  serving  for  about  a  year  as  a  lieutenant 
of  artillery  resigned,  and  came  to  Brookville,  where  his  father  had  pre- 


' 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


421 


ceded  him.  Here  he  read  law  with  Judge  Miles  Eggleston  and  became 
a  successful  practitioner.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1828, 
1829  and  1830;  and  Lieutenant  Governor  in  1831  and  1834.  He  was 
elected  Governor  in  1837  as  a  Whig,  but  in  1840,  on  account  of  the  in- 
ternal improvement  collapse,  the  Whigs  nominated  Samuel  Bigger,  who 
had  not  been  identified  with  the  improvement  system,  for  that  office. 


• 


GOVERNOR  NOAH  NOBLE 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 


Wallace  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  Indianapolis  district  in  1841, 
but  was  defeated  by  Wm.  J.  Brown  in  1843,  largely  because  he  had 
voted  for  an  appropriation  to  Prof.  Morse  to  test  his  invention  of  the 
magnetic  telegraph.  He  served  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1850, 
and  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court  in  1856.  He  was 
holding  this  office  at  the  time  of  his  death,  on  September  4.  1859.  Gov. 
Wallace  issued  the  first  Thanksgiving  proclamation  in  Indiana.  Governor 


422  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Jennings  had  proclaimed  a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer  in  1822,  as 
heretofore  mentioned;  and  in  1828  Governor  Ray,  in  his  message  of 
December  1,  recommended  the  legislature  "to  enquire  into  the  practice 
of  the  three  per  cent  Road  Commissioners,  of  cutting  down  timber  in  the 
public  highways,  and  suffering  it  to  remain  there  an  unreasonable 
time,  to  the  public  annoyance,  and  to  provide  a  remedy ;  and  to  appoint 
a  day  in  the  ensuing  year  for  returning  thanks  to  the  great  Dispenser  of 
universal  good,  for  the  blessings  that  surround  us."  The  legislature 
succeeded  in  separating  the  subjects,  and  passed  a  law  against  obstruct- 
ing roads,  but  did  nothing  for  thanksgiving.  On  November  4,  1839, 
Governor  Wallace  made  his  proclamation,  naming  November  28  as 
Thanksgiving  Day,  and  requesting  its  observance.  He  stated  that  he 
did  it  at  the  request  of  representatives  of  religious  organizations.  The 
only  newspaper  comment  that  I  have  found  on  it  was  by  the  Vincennes 
Sun,  which  published  a  recipe  for  pumpkin  pies  in  anticipation  of  the 
event.  There  is  a  tradition,  however,  that  some  critics  said  it  should 
have  been  a  day  of  humiliation  and  fasting;  but  that  may  have  been 
due  to  political  bias,  as  the  State  was  at  the  time  in  the  agonies  of  the 
internal  improvement  collapse.  The  custom  was  commonly  followed  from 
that  time.  , 

It  may  be  added  here  that  Wallace  had  his  return  engagement  with 
the  people  who  voted  him  out  of  Congress  for  his  vote  on  the  Morse 
telegraph.  On  August  17,  1858,  Indianapolis  celebrated  the  successful 
laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable  by  a  mass  meeting' that  filled  the  Governor's 
Circle.  Wallace  was  the  speaker  of  the  occasion.  After  reference  to  the 
discouragements  that  beset  Columbus,  Fulton  and  other  leaders  of 
thought,  he  said :  ' '  The  inventor  of  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph  forms 
no  exception  to  the  general  rule.  I  recollect  him  well.  Some  sixteen 
years  ago  I  had  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  Congress  as  the  Representative  of 
this  District.  The  Whig  party  had  just  achieved  a  great  victory.  They 
held  possession  of  the  Government.  In  the  midst  of  the  political  strife 
around  us  two  remarkable  persons  appeared — Espy,  the  'Storm  King,' 
and  Morse,  the  Electrician.  Each  was  asking  for  assistance.  Each 
became  the  butt  of  ridicule,  the  target  of  merciless  arrows  of  wit.  They 
were  voted  downright  bores,  and  the  idea  of  giving  them  money  was 
pronounced  farcical.  They  were  considered  monomaniacs,  and  as  such 
were  laughed  at,  punned  upon,  and  almost  despised.  One  morning  1 
entered  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  to  my  astonishment  saw  a 
gentleman  rise  from  his  seat  whom  I  had  never  heard  open  his  mouth 
before,  unless  it  was  to  vote  or  address  the  Speaker.  '  I  hold  in  my  hand, ' 
he  said,  'a  resolution  which  I  respectfully  offer  for  the  consideration  of 
the  House.'  In  a  moment  a  page  was  at  his  desk,  and  the  resolution 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


423 


was  transferred  to  the  Speaker  and  by  him  delivered  to  the  Clerk,  who 
read:  'Resolved,  that  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  be  instructed 
to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  appropriating  thirty  thousand  dollars 
to  enable  Professor  Morse  to  establish  a  line  of  telegraph  between  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore.'  The  gentleman  who  offered  it  was  Mr.  Ferris, 
one  of  the  Representatives  from  the  city  of  New  York,  a  man  of  wealth 


Gov.  DAVID  WALLACE 
(Prom  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

and  learning,  but  modest,  retiring  and  diffident  in  his  demeanor.  It 
being  merely  a  resolution  of  inquiry,  it  passed  without  opposition  and, 
out  of  regard  to  the  mover,  without  comment.  In  time  it  came  to  the 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  and  when  in  its  order  it  came  before 
the  Committee,  a  scene  presented  itself  that  I  shall  not  soon  forget.  The 
committee  was  composed  of  five  Whigs  and  four  Democrats.  The  latter 
were  Mr.  Atherton  of  New  Hampshire,  John  W.  Jones  of  Virginia, 


422 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Jennings  had  proclaimed  a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer  in  1822,  as 
heretofore  mentioned;  and  in  1828  Governor  Ray,  in  his  message  of 
December  1,  recommended  the  legislature  "to  enquire  into  the  practice 
of  the  three  per  cent  Road  Commissioners,  of  cutting  down  timber  in  the 
public  highways,  and  suffering  it  to  remain  there  an  unreasonable 
time,  to  the  public  annoyance,  and  to  provide  a  remedy ;  and  to  appoint 
a  day  in  the  ensuing  year  for  returning  thanks  to  the  great  Dispenser  of 
universal  good,  for  the  blessings  that  surround  us."  The  legislature 
succeeded  in  separating  the  subjects,  and  passed  a  law  against  obstruct- 
ing roads,  but  did  nothing  for  thanksgiving.  On  November  4,  1839, 
Governor  Wallace  made  his  proclamation,  naming  November  28  as 
Thanksgiving  Day,  and  requesting  its  observance.  He  stated  that  he 
did  it  at  the  request  of  representatives  of  religious  organizations.  The 
only  newspaper  comment  that  I  have  found  on  it  was  by  the  Vincennes 
Sun,  which  published  a  recipe  for  pumpkin  pies  in  anticipation  of  the 
event.  There  is  a  tradition,  however,  that  some  critics  said  it  should 
have  been  a  day  of  humiliation  and  fasting;  but  that  may  have  been 
due  to  political  bias,  as  the  State  was  at  the  time  in  the  agonies  of  the 
internal  improvement  collapse.  The  custom  was  commonly  followed  from 
that  time. 

It  may  be  added  here  that  Wallace  had  his  return  engagement  with 
the  people  who  voted  him  out  of  Congress  for  his  vote  on  the  Morse 
telegraph.  On  August  17,  1858,  Indianapolis  celebrated  the  successful 
laying  of  the  Atlantic  cable  by  a  mass  meeting- that  filled  the  Governor's 
Circle.  Wallace  was  the  speaker  of  the  occasion.  After  reference  to  the 
discouragements  that  beset  Columbus,  Fulton  and  other  leaders  of 
thought,  he  said :  ' '  The  inventor  of  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph  forms 
no  exception  to  the  general  rule.  I  recollect  him  well.  Some  sixteen 
years  ago  I  had  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  Congress  as  the  Representative  of 
this  District.  The  Whig  party  had  just  achieved  a  great  victory.  They 
held  possession  of  the  Government.  In  the  midst  of  the  political  strife 
around  us  two  remarkable  persons  appeared — Espy,  the  'Storm  King,' 
and  Morse,  the  Electrician.  Each  was  asking  for  assistance.  Each 
became  the  butt  of  ridicule,  the  target  of  merciless  arrows  of  wit.  They 
were  voted  downright  bores,  and  the  idea  of  giving  them  money  was 
pronounced  farcical.  They  were  considered  monomaniacs,  and  as  such 
were  laughed  at,  punned  upon,  and  almost  despised.  One  morning  1 
entered  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  to  my  astonishment  saw  a 
gentleman  rise  from  his  seat  whom  I  had  never  heard  open  his  mouth 
before,  unless  it  was  to  vote  or  address  the  Speaker.  '  I  hold  in  my  hand, ' 
he  said,  'a  resolution  which  I  respectfully  offer  for  the  consideration  of 
the  House.'  In  a  moment  a  page  was  at  his  desk,  and  the  resolution 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


423 


was  transferred  to  the  Speaker  and  by  him  delivered  to  the  Clerk,  who 
read:  'Resolved,  that  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  be  instructed 
to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  appropriating  thirty  thousand  dollars 
to  enable  Professor  Morse  to  establish  a  line  of  telegraph  between  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore.'  The  gentleman  who  offered  it  was  Mr.  Ferris, 
one  of  the  Representatives  from  the  city  of  New  York,  a  man  of  wealth 


• 


Gov.  DAVID  WALLACE 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

and  learning,  but  modest,  retiring  and  diffident  in  his  demeanor.  It 
being  merely  a  resolution  of  inquiry,  it  passed  without  opposition  and. 
out  of  regard  to  the  mover,  without  comment.  In  time  it  came  to  the 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  and  when  in  its  order  it  came  before 
the  Committee,  a  scene  presented  itself  that  I  shall  not  soon  forget.  The 
committee  was  composed  of  five  Whigs  and  four  Democrats.  The  latter 
were  Mr.  Atherton  of  New  Hampshire,  John  W.  Jones  of  Virginia, 


424  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Frank  Pickens  of  North  Carolina,  and  Dixon  H.  Lewis  of  Alabama.    On 
the  Whig  side  were  Millard  Fillmore  of  New  York,  Jos.  R.  Ingersoll  of 
Pennsylvania,  Sampson  Mason  of  Ohio,  Thomas  F.  Marshall  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  David  Wallace  of  Indiana — all  of  whom,  both  Whigs  and 
Democrats,  excepting  your  humble  servant,  had,  by  their  public  services 
and  brilliant  talents,  acquired  a  national  reputation.    The  clerk  of  the 
Committee  read  the  resolution.    The  chairman,  Mr.  Fillmore,  in  a  clear, 
distinct  voice,  said:  'Gentlemen,  what  disposition  shall  be  made  of  it?' 
There  was  a  dead  pause  around  the  table.    No  one  seemed  inclined  to 
take  the  initiative.    I  confess  that,  inasjnuch  as  the  mover  of  the  reso- 
lution in  the  House  was  a  Democrat,  I  expected  the  Democratic  side  of  the 
Committee  to  stand  god-father  to  it  there.    But  not  a  bit  of  it.  They  gave 
it  no  countenance.  At  length  Mr.  Ingersoll,  or  Mr.  Mason,  I  cannot  now 
recollect  which,  broke  the  ominous  silence  by  moving  that  the  committee 
instruct  the  chairman  to  report  a  bill  to  the  House,  appropriating  $30,000 
for  the  purpose  named  in  the  resolution.    This,  as  the  saying  is,  brought 
us  all  up  standing.    No  speeches  were  made.    The  question  was  called 
for.    The  ayes  and  nays  were  taken,  alphabetically,  and  to  my  astonish- 
ment, I  found  every  Democrat  voting  No;  Fillmore,  Mason,  Ingersoll 
and  Marshall  voting  in  the  affirmative.   My  vote  would  decide  the  ques- 
tion either  way.    To  tell  the  truth,  I  had  paid  no  attention  to  the  matter. 
Like    the    majority    around    me,    I    considered    it    a    great    humbug. 
I  had  not  the  faintest  idea  of  the  importance  of  my  vote.   But  as  fortune 
would  have  it,  I  recollected  that  Mr.  Morse  was  then  experimenting 
in  the  Capitol  was  his  telegraph.     He  had  stretched  a  wire  from  the 
basement  story  to  the  ante-room  of  the  Senate  Chamber,  and  it  was  in 
my  power  to  satisfy  myself  in  regard  to  its  feasibility.    I  determined  to 
try  it.    I  asked  leave  to  consider  my  vote.    It  was  granted.  I  immediately 
stepped  out^of  the  committee-room  and  went  to  the  ante-room.    I  found 
it  crowded  with  Representatives  and  strangers.    I  requested  permission 
to  put  a  question  to  the  '  madman '  at  the  other  end  of  the  wire.    It  was 
granted  immediately.    I  wrote  the  question  and  handed  it  to  the  teleg- 
rapher. The  crowd  cried  '  Read !  read ! '  In  a  very  short  time  the  answer 
was  received.    When  written  out  the  same  cry  of  'Read'  came  from  the 
crowd.     To  my  utter  astonishment  I  found  that  the  madman  at  the 
other  end  of  the  wire  had  more  wit  and  force  than  the  Congressman  at 
this  end.    He  turned  the  laugh  upon  me  completely.    But,  as  you  know, 
we  Western  men  are  never  satisfied  with  one  fall,  that  never  less  than 
two  out  of  three  can  force  from  us  an  acknowledgment  of  defeat.     So 
I  put  a  second  question,  and  there  came  a  second  answer.    If  the  first 
raised  a  laugh  at  my  expense,  the  second  converted  that  laugh  into  a  roar 
and  a  shout.    I  was  more  than  satisfied.    I  picked  up  my  hat,  bowed  my- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  425 

self  out  of  the  crowd,  and  as  I  passed  along  the  halls  and  passages  of  the 
Capitol,  that  shout  followed  me.  As  a  matter  of  course  I  voted  in  the 
affirmative  of  the  motion  then  pending  before  the  committee,  and  it  pre- 
vailed. The  Chairman  reported  the  bill.  The  House,  if  I  mistake  not, 
passed  it  nem  can.  without  asking  the  ayes  and  nays.  And  thus  con- 
curring the  Whig  portion  of  that  committee,  and  that  Old  New  Yorker, 
played  the*  part  of  Isabella  toward  Mr.  Morse  in  his  last  struggle  to  dem- 
onstrate the  practicability  of  the  most  amazing  invention  of  the  age,  the 
Magnetic  Telegraph !  If  the  committee  had  ignored  the  proposition  there 
is  no  telling  what  would  have  been  the  result.  That  the  experiment  would 
have  been  finally  made,  no  one  can  entertain  doubt.  But  when  or  by 
whom  is  the  question.  It  was  not  within  the  range  of  individual  fortune  to 
make  it,  and  if  it  was,  none  but  Professor  Morse  would  have  hazarded  it. 
Had  he  failed,  it  might  have  shared  the  fate  of  the  Ocean  Telegraph. 
Although  conceived  years  ago,  as  I  read  in  a  Cincinnati  paper  a  few 
days  since,  by  the  editor  of  the  Commercial,  an  application  was  made  to 
Congress  for  assistance,  which  was  entirely  disregarded,  yet  English 
sagacity  seized  with  avidity  what  American  supineness  had  neglected, 
and  took  the  initative  in  this  magnificent  enterprise,  and  plucked  from 
American  brows  the  glory  of  the  achievement." 

Samuel  Bigger  was  born  in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  March  20,  1802. 
Owing  to  his  feeble  health,  his  father,  John  Bigger,  who  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  Ohio  legislative,  decided  to  fit  him  for  professional 
life.  He  graduated  from  the  college  at  Athens,  Ohio ;  read  law :  and  in 
1829  located  at  Liberty,  Indiana,  removing  shortly  afterward  to  Rush- 
ville.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1834  and  1835 ;  and  in  1836 
was  elected  Circuit  Judge.  His  election  as  Governor  in  1840,  over 
Tilghman  G.  Howard,  one  of  the  ablest  Democrats  in  Indiana,  was 
largely  due  to  the  Harrison  craze.  Harrison  had  carried  the  State  in  1836, 
chiefly  on  account  of  Jackson 's  veto  of  the  bill  for  the  improvement  of 
the  Wabash  river;  and  the  "Tippecanoe"  sentiment  grew  in  Indiana 
until  in  1840  it  swept  everything  before  it.  Bigger  defeated  Howard  by 
8,637  votes,  'but  Howard  was  the  abler  man  of  the  two.  He  was  born  in 
South  Carolina,  November  14,  1797 ;  grew  up  in  North  Carolina ;  and  at 
the  age  of  19  went  to  Tennessee ;  where  he  taught  school  for  a  time,  and 
then  read  law  with  Hugh  Lawson  White,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
lawyers  of  his  day.  At  twenty-seven  he  was  elected  to  the  Tennessee 
senate,  where  he  became  an  intimate  friend  of  Gen.  Sam  Houston,  then 
Governor  of  the  State.  In  1828  he  was  put  on  the  electoral  ticket  as  a 
personal  friend  of  Gen.  Jackson.  In  1830  he  came  to  Indiana,  and 
practiced  law  at  Bloomington,  and  later  at  Rockville.  He  had  success- 
ively as  partners,  Gov.  James  Whitcomb,  Judge  Wm.  P.  Bryant,  and 


426 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Gov.  Joseph  A.  Wright.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  District  At- 
torney, and  held  that  position  until  1839,  when  he  was  elected  to  Congress. 
In  1842  he  was  the  Democratic  condidate  for  U.  S.  Senator  before  the 
people,  and  his  party  carried  the  legislature.  He  received  all  of  the  party 
vote  but  three,  and  it  was  said  that  he  might  have  had  them  by  a 
promise  of  official  appointment,  which  he  declined  to  make.  Possibly  his 


Gov.  SAMUEL  BIGGER 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

defeat  was  due  to  his  pronounced  stand  against  a  high  tariff  and  the 
United  States  Bank,  on  which  subjects  he  publicly  refused  any  com- 
promise. 

Bigger  made  no  headway  in  getting  out  of  the  internal  improvement 
tangle,  which  had  involved  the  State  in  a  debt  of  thirteen  millions,  on 
which  it  could  not  even  pay  the  interest;  and  in  1843  he  was  defeated 
by  James  Whitcomb.  In  this  election  church  influence  was  powerful 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  427 

for  the  first  time  in  Indiana.  Bigger  was  a  Presbyterian  elder;  also  a 
bass  singer,  and  choir  leader,  and  a  violinist  of  some  ability.  Whitcomb 
was  an  equally  zealous  Methodist,  a  class-leader,  and  an  even  better 
violinist  than  his  opponent.  It  was  charged  that  in  some  legislation  con- 
cerning the  establishment  of  Asbury  (now  DePauw)  University,  Bigger 
had  said  that  the  Methodist  church  did  not  need  an  educated  clergy; 
that  an  ignorant  one  was  better  suited  to  the  capacity  of  its  membership. 
Whether  he  said  this  or  not,  the  Methodists  of  the  State  thought  he  did, 
and  there  was  no  little  warmth  between  the  two  churches  at  the  time  over 
educational  questions,  the  Methodists  claiming  that  the  Presbyterians 
had  made  a  monopoly  of  the  State  University.  In  1846,  Bishop  Ames 
remarked :  "It  was  the  amen  corner  of  the  Methodist  church  that  de- 
feated Governor  Bigger,  and  I  had  a  hand  in  the  work."04  There  was 
of  course  more  than  this  in  the  campaign.  Whitcomb  had  written  a 
pamphlet  on  the  tariff  question,  entitled  ' '  Facts  for  the  People, ' '  which 
the  Democrats  printed  as  a  campaign  document.  There  has  never  been 
a  tariff  argument  on  either  side  of  the  question  that  approached  it  in 
clearness  and  simplicity  of  presentation  unless  it  was  Henry  George's 
argument.  Anyone  could  understand  it,  and  it  had  an  effect  long  re- 
membered. In  1882,  when  the  question  was  up  again,  Senator  Joseph  E. 
McDonald  hunted  up  a  copy,  and  had  it  reprinted  in  the  Indianapolis 
Sentinel,  after  which  it  was  put  in  pamphlet  form,  and  widely  circu- 
lated in  that  campaign.  Later,  W.  D.  Bynum  had  it  printed  in  a  "  leave 
to  print"  Congressional  speech,  and  gave  it  another  wide  circulation. 

Whitcomb  was  one  of  the  most  attractive  characters  in  Indiana  pub- 
lic life.  Of  fine  presence,  with  a  notably  refined  face,  and  elegant  man- 
ners, he  had  a  brilliant  mind,  and  a  remarkable  store  of  varied  informa- 
tion. Born  near  Windsor,  Vermont,  December  1,  1795,  he  passed  his 
youth  on  a  farm  near  Cincinnati,  devoting  more  time  to  reading  than  to 
work,  to  the  despair  of  his  father  who  prophesied  that  he  would  never 
amount  to  anything.  But  he  was  reading  to  some  purpose.  He  fitted 
himself  for  college,  entered  Transylvania,  supported  himself  by  teaching 
while  a  student,  read  law,  and  in  1822  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Fayette 
County,  Kentucky.  In  1824  he  located  at  Bloomington,  Indiana,  where 
he  quickly  attained  standing,  and  in  1826  was  appointed  Prosecuting 
Attorney  by  Governor  Ray.  In  1830  and  1833  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  senate,  and  made  a  record  for  opposition  to  the  mammoth  improve- 
ment bill.  Notwithstanding  the  almost  universal  demand  for  internal 
improvements,  he  was  one  of  nine  who  voted  against  it ;  and  though  this 
made  him  unpopular  at  the  time,  it  aided  materially  in  making  him 


04  Woollen 's  Sketches,  p.  80. 


' 


426 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Gov.  Joseph  A.  Wright.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  District  At- 
torney, and  held  that  position  until  1839,  when  he  was  elected  to  Congress. 
In  1842  he  was  the  Democratic  condidate  for  U.  S.  Senator  before  the 
people,  and  his  party  carried  the  legislature.  He  received  all  of  the  party 
vote  but  three,  and  it  was  said  that  he  might  have  had  them  by  a 
promise  of  official  appointment,  which  he  declined  to  make.  Possibly  his 


Gov.  SAMUEL  BIGGER 
(From  portrait  by  Jacob  Cox) 

defeat  was  due  to  his  pronounced  stand  against  a  high  tariff  and  the 
United  States  Bank,  on  which  subjects  he  publicly  refused  any  com- 
promise. 

Bigger  made  no  headway  in  getting  out  of  the  internal  improvement 
tangle,  which  had  involved  the  State  in  a  debt  of  thirteen  millions,  on 
which  it  could  not  even  pay  the  interest;  and  in  1843  he  was  defeated 
by  James  Whitcomb.  In  this  election  church  influence  was  powerful 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  427 

for  the  first  time  in  Indiana.  Bigger  was  a  Presbyterian  elder;  also  a 
bass  singer,  and  choir  leader,  and  a  violinist  of  some  ability.  Whitcomb 
was  an  equally  zealous  Methodist,  a  class-leader,  and  an  even  better 
violinist  than  his  opponent.  It  was  charged  that  in  some  legislation  con- 
cerning the  establishment  of  Asbury  (now  DePauw)  University,  Bigger 
had  said  that  the  Methodist  church  did  not  need  an  educated  clergy ; 
that  an  igribrant  one  was  better  suited  to  the  capacity  of  its  membership. 
Whether  he  said  this  or  not,  the  Methodists  of  the  State  thought  he  did. 
and  there  was  no  little  warmth  between  the  two  churches  at  the  time  over 
educational  questions,  the  Methodists  claiming  that  the  Presbyterians 
had  made  a  monopoly  of  the  State  University.  In  1846,  Bishop  Ames 
remarked:  "It  was  the  amen  corner  of  the  Methodist  church  that  de- 
feated Governor  Bigger,  and  I  had  a  hand  in  the  work."04  There  was 
of  course  more  than  this  in  the  campaign.  Whitcomb  had  written  a 
pamphlet  on  the  tariff  question,  entitled  "Facts  for  the  People,"  which 
the  Democrats  printed  as  a  campaign  document.  There  has  never  been 
a  tariff  argument  on  either  side  of  the  question  that  approached  it  in 
clearness  and  simplicity  of  presentation  unless  it  was  Henry  George's 
argument.  Anyone  could  understand  it,  and  it  had  an  effect  long  re- 
membered. In  1882,  when  the  question  was  up  again,  Senator  Joseph  E. 
McDonald  hunted  up  a  copy,  and  had  it  reprinted  in  the  Indianapolis 
Sentinel,  after  which  it  was  put  in  pamphlet  form,  and  widely  circu- 
lated in  that  campaign.  Later,  W.  D.  Bynum  had  it  printed  in  a  "leave 
to  print"  Congressional  speech,  and  gave  it  another  wide  circulation. 

Whitcomb  was  one  of  the  most  attractive  characters  in  Indiana  puli- 
lic  life.  Of  fine  presence,  with  a  notably  refined  face,  and  elegant  man- 
ners, he  had  a  brilliant  mind,  and  a  remarkable  store  of  varied  informa- 
tion. Born  near  Windsor,  Vermont,  December  1,  1795,  he  passed  his 
youth  on  a  farm  near  Cincinnati,  devoting  more  time  to  reading  than  to 
work,  to  the  despair  of  his  father  who  prophesied  that  he  would  never 
amount  to  anything.  But  he  was  reading  to  some  purpose.  He  fitted 
himself  for  college,  entered  Transylvania,  supported  himself  by  teaching 
while  a  student,  read  law,  and  in  1822  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Fayette 
County,  Kentucky.  In  1824  he  located  at  Bloomington,  Indiana,  where 
he  quickly  attained  standing,  and  in  1826  was  appointed  Prosecuting 
Attorney  by  Governor  Ray.  In  1830  and  1833  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  senate,  and  made  a  record  for  opposition  to  the  mammoth  improve- 
ment bill.  Notwithstanding  the  almost  universal  demand  for  internal 
improvements,  he  was  one  of  nine  who  voted  against  it ;  and  though  this 
made  him  unpopular  at  the  time,  it  aided  materially  in  making  him 


«*  Woollen 's  Sketches,  p.  80. 


428 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Governor  in  1843 ;  and  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  getting  the  State 
out  of  its  dilemma,  for  his  earnest  support  of  the  Butler  compromise 
made  that  action  possible.  In  1836  President  Jackson  appointed  him 
Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office>  and  finding  himself  confronted  by 


Gov.  JAMES  WHITCOMB 

numerous  land  grants  in  French  and  Spanish,  he  at  once  took  up  the 
study  of  those  languages,  and  qualified  himself  to  read  them.  Personally 
he  was  extremely  economical,  the  result  no  doubt  of  his  youthful  poverty, 
though  he  both  smoked  and  took  snuff.  But  this  did  not  interfere  with 
his  always  being  neat  and  well  dressed ;  and  as  Governor  he  gave  enter- 
tainments at  the  old  "Governor's  mansion,"  where  the  Interurban 
Station  in  Indianapolis  now  stands,  so  elaborate  that  none  of  his  sue- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  429 

cessors  ever  attempted  to  rival  them.  As  Governor  he  was  instrumental 
in  turning  the  minds  of  the  people  to  public  charitable  and  correctional 
reform,  and  the  State  institutions  had  their  beginnings  in  his  adminis- 
tration. He  also  gave  an  impetus  to  the  movement  for  a  better  public 
school  system.  His  most  unpopular  act  was  a  refusal  to  rcappoint  Judges 
Dewey  and  Sullivan,  whose  terms  as  Supreme  Judges  expired  while  he 
was  Qovernor,  but  he  justified  his  position  on  the  ground  that  the  docket 
was  behind,  and  that  younger  men  were  needed  to  bring  it  up.  He  was 
himself  an  able  lawyer.  Governor  Porter  rated  him  the  first  in  the  State 
in  his  day  and  he  had  a  high  professional  standard  that  must  be  kept  in 
mind  in  judging  his  motives  in  such  a  case. 

On  May  13,  1846,  the  act  declaring  war  with  Mexico  was  approved, 
and  President  Polk  issued  his  proclamation.  When  the  news  reached 
Indianapolis,  a  "hurry-up"  mass  meeting  was  held  at  the  Court  House, 
and  patriotic  resolutions  were  adopted,  not  only  to  resist  invasion,  but 
' '  to  carry  the  war  into  the  enemy 's  country  and  plant  the  star-spangled 
banner  in  the  City  of  Mexico  on  the  halls  of  the  Montezumas."  Governor 
Whitcomb  was  present  and  pledged  prompt  cooperation  if  the  State  were 
called  upon  for  troops.  On  May  16,  the  Secretary  of  War  issued  his 
call  to  Indiana  for  three  regiments  of  infantry,  which  reached  Indian- 
apolis on  May  21,  in  the  evening ;  and  the  next  morning  Whitcomb  issued  a 
call  for  volunteers.  The  State  was  in  woeful  condition  for  the  emergency. 
The  militia  system  had  been  generally  abandoned  for  years,  and  there 
were  not  arms  and  equipment  for  a  corporal's  guard  at  the  command  of 
the  State.  No  appropriation  had  been  made  for  such  an  emergency.  The 
Adjutant  General  of  the  State,  David  Reynolds,  was  getting  a  salary 
of  $100  a  year,  but,  as  Col.  Oran  Perry  truly  says :  "He  was  a  man  of 
superior  executive  ability,  dauntless  in  all  emergencies,  a  tireless  worker, 
and  blessed  with  an  abundance  of  common  sense."  Neither  he  nor  the 
Governor  had  any  military,  or  even  militia  training;  but  a  military 
expert  had  already  volunteered  assistance,  in  the  person  of  young  Lew 
Wallace,  who  had  been  an  enthusiastic  militiaman.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  reading  law  in  Indianapolis,  but  he  had  already  begun  writing  "The 
Fair  God,"  and  a  chance  to  see  "the  halls  of  the  Montezumas"  came  like 
a  visit  from  a  fairy  godmother.  Between  them  they  got  the  literary 
part  of  the  work  under  way,  and  reports  from  companies  soon  began 
coming  in.  On  May  26  the  branch  of  the  State  Bank  at  Madison  tendered 
the  Governor  a  loan  of  $10,000  for  war  expenses,  which  he  accepted  with 
thanks,  and  sent  letters  to  the  other  branches  suggesting  similar  advances. 
Indianapolis  and  Lawrenceburgh  advanced  $10,000  each,  and  Lafayette 
offered  $5,000 ;  and  so  the  army  was  financed  for  the  time  being. 

As  nobody  was  attending  to  recruiting  in   Indianapolis,   Wallace 


4L'S  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

Governor  in  1843;  and  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  getting  the  State 
out  of  its  dilemma,  for  his  earnest  support  of  the  Butler  compromise 
made  that  action  possible.  In  1836  President  Jackson  appointed  him 
Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office,  and  finding  himself  confronted  by 


Gov.  JAMES  WHITCOMB 

numerous  land  grants  in  French  and  Spanish,  he  at  once  took  up  the 
study  of  those  languages,  and  qualified  himself  to  read  them.  Personally 
he  was  extremely  economical,  the  result  no  doubt  of  his  youthful  poverty, 
though  he  both  smoked  and  took  snuff.  But  this  did  not  interfere  with 
his  always  being  neat  and  well  dressed ;  and  as  Governor  he  gave  enter- 
tainments at  the  old  "Governor's  mansion,"  where  the  Interurban 
Station  in  Indianapolis  now  stands,  so  elaborate  that  none  of  his  suc- 


.•-   _„_ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


429 


cessors  ever  attempted  to  rival  them.  As  Governor  he  was  instrumental 
in  turning  the  minds  of  the  people  to  public  charitable  and  correctional 
reform,  and  the  State  institutions  had  the;r  beginnings  in  his  adminis- 
tration. He  also  gave  an  impetus  to  the  movement  for  a  better  public 
school  system.  His  most  unpopular  act  was  a  refusal  to  reappoint  Judges 
Dewey  and  Sullivan,  whose  terms  as  Supreme  Judges  expired  while  he 
was  Governor,  but  he  justified  his  position  on  the  ground  that  the  docket 
was  behind,  and  that  younger  men  were  needed  to  bring  it  up.  He  was 
himself  an  able  lawyer.  Governor  Porter  rated  him  the  first  in  the  State 
in  his  day  and  he  had  a  high  professional  standard  that  must  be  kept  in 
mind  in  judging  his  motives  in  such  a  case. 

On  May  13,  1846,  the  act  declaring  war  with  Mexico  was  approved, 
and  President  Polk  issued  his  proclamation.  When  the  news  reached 
Indianapolis,  a  "hurry-up"  mass  meeting  was  held  at  the  Court  House, 
and  patriotic  resolutions  were  adopted,  not  only  to  resist  invasion,  but 
"to  carry  the  war  into  the  enemy's  country  and  plant  the  star-spangled 
banner  in  the  City  of  Mexico  on  the  halls  of  the  Montezumas."  Governor 
Whitcomb  was  present  and  pledged  prompt  cooperation  if  the  State  were 
called  upon  for  troops.  On  May  16,  the  Secretary  of  War  issued  his 
call  to  Indiana  for  three  regiments  of  infantry,  which  reached  Indian- 
apolis on  May  21,  in  the  evening ;  and  the  next  morning  "Whitcomb  issued  a 
call  for  volunteers.  The  State  was  in  woeful  condition  for  the  emergency. 
The  militia  system  had  been  generally  abandoned  for  years,  and  there 
were  not  arms  and  equipment  for  a  corporal 's  guard  at  the  command  of 
the  State.  No  appropriation  had  been  made  for  such  an  emergency.  The 
Adjutant  General  of  the  State,  David  Reynolds,  was  getting  a  salary 
of  $100  a  year,  but,  as  Col.  Oran  Perry  truly  says :  '  •  He  was  a  man  of 
superior  executive  ability,  dauntless  in  all  emergencies,  a  tireless  worker, 
and  blessed  with  an  abundance  of  common  sense. ' '  Neither  he  nor  the 
Governor  had  any  military,  or  even  militia  training;  but  a  military 
expert  had  already  volunteered  assistance,  in  the  person  of  young  Lew 
Wallace,  who  had  been  an  enthusiastic  militiaman.  He  was  supposed  to 
be  reading  law  in  Indianapolis,  but  he  had  already  begun  writing  ''The 
Fair  God,"  and  a  chance  to  see  "the  halls  of  the  Montezumas"  came  like 
a  visit  from  a  fairy  godmother.  Between  them  they  got  the  literary 
part  of  the  work  under  way,  and  reports  from  companies  soon  began 
coming  in.  On  May  26  the  branch  of  the  State  Bank  at  Madison  tendered 
the  Governor  a  loan  of  $10.000  for  war  expenses,  which  he  accepted  with 
thanks,  and  sent  letters  to  the  other  branches  suggesting  similar  advances. 
Indianapolis  and  Lawrenceburgh  advanced  $10,000  each,  and  Lafayette 
offered  $5,000 ;  and  so  the  army  was  financed  for  the  time  being. 

As  nobody  was  attending  to   recruiting  in   Indianapolis.   Wallace 


DAVID  REYNOLDS 
(Adjutant  General  of  Indiana,  1846) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  431 

rented  a  room  on  Washington  street,  put  out  a  flag,  and  a  transparency 
with  inscriptions,  "For  Mexico.  Fall  in";  hired  a  drummer  and  a 
fifer,  and  paraded  the  streets  for  recruits.  Within  three  days  he  had  a 
company  raised,  largely  composed  of  former  members  of  the  Marion 
Guards,  familiarly  known  as  ' '  The  Grays, ' '  and  the  Marion  Rifles,  known 
as  "The  Arabs,"  two  local  companies  of  a  few  years  earlier.  The  com- 
pany elected  James  P.  Drake  Captain,  and  John  McDougall  First  Lieu- 
tenant, making  Wallace  Second  Lieutenant.  It  was  taken  into  the  First 
Indiana  Regiment,  which  on  June  17,-started  for  the  rendezvous  at  "Old 
Fort  Clark,"  between  Jeffersonville  and  New  Albany.  The  Indiana 
volunteers  far  outnumbered  the  call.  Two  more  regiments  were  or- 
ganized later,  but  meanwhile  two  full  companies  went  into  the  16th, 
U.  S.  Infantry,  three  companies  into  the  U.  S.  Mounted  Riflemen,  and 
one  company  into  the  1st  U.  S.  Dragoons,  while  over  300  Indianans,  un- 
able to  get  into  regiments  from  their  own  State,  went  across  the  Ohio 
and  joined  Kentucky  regiments.65  Captain  Drake  was  elected  Colonel 
of  the  First  Regiment ;  William  A.  Bowles  Colonel  of  the  Second ;  James 
H.  Lane  of  the  Third ;  W.  A.  Gorman  of  the  Fourth ;  and  James  H.  Lane 
(reenlisted)  of  the  Fifth. 

The  Indiana  troops  went  down  the  Mississippi  in  steamboats  to  New 
Orleans,  and  thence  across  the  Gulf  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The 
First  Indiana  was  stationed  ten  miles  up  the  river,  "to  guard  communi- 
cations, ' '  and  did  not  get  away  from  this  unsanitary  location  during  the 
war — many  of  them  never,  as  they  died  and  were  buried  there.  Lew 
Wallace  was  so  indignant  that  when  Gen.  Taylor  was  nominated  for  the 
presidency,  he,  a  Whig  born  and  bred,  went  over  to  the  Democrats,  and 
remained  with  them  until  the  Civil  War.  The  chief  interest  of  Indiana 
in  the  Mexican  War  is  in  connection  with  the  record  of  the  Second  regi- 
ment at  Buena  Vista ;  and  enough  has  been  written  about  that,  in  various 
ways,  to  make  several  volumes.  The  material  facts  are  unquestionable. 
On  February  22,  1847,  the  day  before  the  battle,  eight  companies  of  the 
Second  regiment,  numbering  about  400  men  were  stationed  at  the  ex- 
treme left  of  the  battle  line,  which  stretched  across  the  valley,  on  the 
edge  of  the  mountain,  and  in  advance  of  the  other  troops,  except  that 
there  was  with  them  a  battery  of  three  guns,  under  Captain  O'Brien. 
Coh'Bowles,  like  many  other  militia  and  volunteer  commanders  elected 
by  the  men,  had  been  chosen  from  popularity  and  not  for  military  exper- 
ience. Under  his  command,  the  regiment's  experience  was  like  nautical 
life  on  ' '  The  Snark, ' '  where  ' '  the  bowsprit  got  mixed  with  the  rudder 

ss  Indiana  in  the  Mexican  War.  Col.  Oran  Perry  deserves  a  monument  from 
Indiana  for  compiling  this  volume  of  official  records,  newspaper  accounts,  and 
other  material,  while  Adjutant  General  of  the  State,  and  publishing  it  in  1908. 


DAVID  REYNOLDS 
(Adjutant  General  of  Indiana,  1846) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

rented  a  room  on  Washington  street,  put  out  a  flag,  and  a  transparency 
with  inscriptions,  "For  Mexico.  Fall  in";  hired  a  drummer  and  a 
tifer,  and  paraded  the  streets  for  recruits.  Within  three  days  he  had  a 
company  raised,  largely  composed  of  former  members  of  the  Marion 
Guards,  familiarly  known  as  "The  Grays,"  and  the  Marion  Rifles,  known 
as  "The  Arabs,"  two  local  companies  of  a  few  years  earlier.  The  com- 
pany elected  James  P.  Drake  Captain,  and  John  McDougall  First  Lieu- 
tenant, making  Wallace  Second  Lieutenant.  It  was  taken  into  the  First 
Indiana  Regiment,  which  on  June  17,-started  for  the  rendezvous  at  "Old 
Fort  Clark,"  between  Jeffersonville  and  New  Albany.  The  Indiana 
volunteers  far  outnumbered  the  call.  Two  more  regiments  were  or- 
ganized later,  but  meanwhile  two  full  companies  went  into  the  16th, 
1T.  S.  Infantry,  three  companies  into  the  U.  S.  Mounted  Riflemen,  and 
one  company  into  the  1st  U.  S.  Dragoons,  while  over  300  Indianans,  un- 
able to  get  into  regiments  from  their  own  State,  went  across  the  Ohio 
and  joined  Kentucky  regiments.05  Captain  Drake  was  elected  Colonel 
of  the  First  Regiment ;  William  A.  Bowles  Colonel  of  the  Second ;  James 

f  7 

H.  Lane  of  the  Third;  W.  A.  Gorman  of  the  Fourth ;  and  James  H.  Lane 
(reenlisted)  of  the  Fifth. 

The  Indiana  troops  went  down  the  Mississippi  in  steamboats  to  New 
Orleans,  and  thence  across  the  Gulf  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The 
First  Indiana  was  stationed  ten  miles  up  the  river,  "to  guard  communi- 
cations," and  did  not  get  away  from  this  unsanitary  location  during  the 
war — many  of  them  never,  as  they  died  and  were  buried  there.  Lew 
Wallace  was  so  indignant  that  when  Gen.  Taylor  was  nominated  for  the 
presidency,  he,  a  Whig  born  and  bred,  went  over  to  the  Democrats,  and 
remained  with  them  until  the  Civil  War.  The  chief  interest  of  Indiana 
in  the  Mexican  War  is  in  connection  with  the  record  of  the  Second  regi- 
ment at  Buena  Vista ;  and  enough  has  been  written  about  that,  in  various 
ways,  to  make  several  volumes.  The  material  facts  are  um]iiestionable. 
On  February  22,  1847,  the  day  before  the  battle,  eight  companies  of  the 
Second  regiment,  numbering  about  400  men  were  stationed  at  the  ex- 
treme left  of  the  battle  line,  which  stretched  across  the  valley,  on  the 
edge  of  the  mountain,  and  in  advance  of  the  other  troops,  except  that 
there  was  with  them  a  battery  of  three  guns,  under  Captain  O'Brien. 
Col.  Bowles,  like  many  other  militia  and  volunteer  commanders  elected 
by  the  men,  had  been  chosen  from  popularity  and  not  for  military  exper- 
ience. Under  his  command,  the  regiment's  experience  was  like  nautical 
life  on  "The  Snark,"  where  "the  bowsprit  got  mixed  with  the  nidder 


«5  Indiana  in  the  Mexican  War.  Col.  Oran  Perry  deserves  a  monument  from 
Indiana  for  compiling  this  volume  of  official  records,  newspaper  accounts,  and 
other  material,  while  Adjutant  General  of  the  State,  and  publishing  it  in  1908. 


432 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sometimes. ' '  About  dusk  somebody  started  a  report  that  the  enemy  was 
advancing  on  them  from  the  mountain,  and  in  an  effort  to  get  the  men 
into  line,  Bowles  started  them  in  the  wrong  direction,  and  had  them 
hopelessly  confused  when  it  was  discovered  that  the  advancing  enemy 


COL.  JAMES  H.  LANE 

was  a  party  of  American  troops.  They  men  lay  on  their  arms  through 
the  night,  and  in  the  morning  were  in  a  state  of  mutiny  on  account  of 
the  inefficiency  of  Bowles,  as  shown  on  the  preceding,  day.  They  were 
finally  pacified  by  Gen.  Joe  Lane,  who  came  up,  and  agreed  to  take  com- 
mand himself,  Bowles  still  officiating  as  Colonel.  Early  in  the  morning 
the  Mexicans  advanced  in  force  against  this  position,  their  numbers  being 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


433 


estimated  all  the  way  from  3,000  to  7,000.  The  battle  began,  the  firing 
at  this  point  lasting  for  twenty-five  minutes,  and  the  Mexicans  coming 
up  within  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  yards;  and  about  ninety  of  the 
Second  regiment  being  killed  or  wounded.  While  Gen.  Lane  was  at  the 
left,  shifting  the  position  of  the  battery,  Col.  Bowles  gave  the  order  to 
retreat  on  the  right.  The  men  fell  into  confusion,  which  was  added  to  by 


Gov.  PARIS  C.  DUNNING 
(From  portrait  by  James  Forbes) 

the  fact  that  Bowles  ordered  them  to  form  in  the  ravine  back  of  their 
original  position,  and  Lane  and  Lt.  Col.  Haddon  ordered  them  to  form 
on  the -ridge  back  of  the  ravine.  About  250  of  them  reformed  at  the 
latter  place,  with  the  Third  Indiana  and  a  Mississippi  regiment,  and 
drove  back  the  Mexicans,  fighting  gallantly  throughout  the  day,- until 
Santa  Anna  withdrew.  The  Second  regiment  lost  36  killed  and  68 
wounded  during  the  day ;  and  all  of  it  stayed  in  the  fighting  except  about 
a  dozen  men,  who  retreated  to  Saltillo.  The  first  reports  of  both  Lane 

Vol.  1—18 


432 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sometimes. ' '  About  dusk  somebody  started  a  report  that  the  enemy  was 
advancing  on  them  from  the  mountain,  and  in  an  effort  to  get  the  men 
into  line,  Bowles  started  them  in  the  wrong  direction,  and  had  them 
hopelessly  confused  when  it  was  discovered  that  the  advancing  enemy 


COL.  JAMES  H.  LANE 

was  a  party  of  American  troops.  They  men  lay  on  their  arms  through 
the  night,  and  in  the  morning  were  in  a  state  of  mutiny  on  account  of 
the  inefficiency  of  Bowles,  as  shown  on  the  preceding,  day.  They  were 
finally  pacified  by  Gen.  Joe  Lane,  who  came  up,  and  agreed  to  take  com- 
mand himself,  Bowles  still  officiating  as  Colonel.  Early  in  the  morning 
the  Mexicans  advanced  in  force  against  this  position,  their  numbers  being 


_ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


433 


estimated  all  the  way  from  3,000  to  7,000.  The  battle  began,  the  firing 
at  this  point  lasting  for  twenty-five  minutes,  and  the  Mexicans  coming 
up  within  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  yards;  and  about  ninety  of  the 
Second  regiment  being  killed  or  wounded.  While  Gen.  Lane  was  at  the 
left,  shifting  the  position  of  the  battery,  Col.  Bowles  gave  the  order  to 
retreat  on  the  right.  The  men  fell  into  confusion,  which  was  added  to  by 


Gov.  PARIS  C.  DUNNING 
(From  portrait  by  James  Forbes) 

the  fact  that  Bowles  ordered  them  to  form  in  the  ravine  back  of  their 
original  position,  and  Lane  and  Lt.  Col.  Haddon  ordered  them  to  form 
on  the  ridge  back  of  the  ravine.  About  250  of  them  reformed  at  the 
latter  place,  with  the  Third  Indiana  and  a  Mississippi  regiment,  and 
drove  back  the  Mexicans,  fighting  gallantly  throughout  the  day,  until 
Santa  Anna  withdrew.  The  Second  regiment  lost  36  killed  and  68 
wounded  during  the  day ;  and  all  of  it  stayed  in  the  fighting  except  about 
a  dozen  men,  who  retreated  to  Saltillo.  The  first  reports  of  both  Lane 

Vol.  1—28 


434  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

f  * 

and  Taylor  were  made  without  knowledge  of  Bowies'  prders  to  retreat, 
and  this  was  the  cause  of  the  unjust  reflections  on  the  Second  regiment, 
which  were  the  source  of  much  mortification  to  the  officers  and  men.  The 
Court  of  Inquiry  which  investigated  the  charges  preferred  against 
Bowles  by  Lane,  found  that  Bowles  was  incompetent,  and  that  his  order 
to  retreat  was  not  due  to  cowardice,  but  to  "manifest  want  of  capacity 
and  judgment. ' '  °°  The  culpability  of  Bowles  seems  to  have  been  in- 
creased, in  the  view  of  some  writers,  by  the  fact  that  he  belonged  to  the 
Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle  during  the  Civil  War.  There  is  no  con- 
nection between  the  two,  except  that  Bowles  was  as  incompetent  as  a 
conspirator  as  he  was  as  a  soldier. 

After  the  Mexican  War  Indiana  settled  down  to  her  former  quiet 
existence,  though  with  an  element  of  reform  appearing  in  the  begin- 
nings of  charitable  institutions,  which  will  be  considered  elsewhere,  and 
a  renewed  effort  for  better  schools,  likewise  treated  elsewhere.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1848,  Governor  Whitcomb  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate. 
He  died  during  his  term,  at  New  York  City,  October  4,  1852.  He  was 
succeeded  as  Governor  by  Lieutenant  Governor  Paris  C.  Dunning,  of 
Bloomington.  Paris  Chipman  Dunning  was  born  in  Guilford  County, 
N.  C.,  March  15,  1806,  the  son  of  James  and  Rachel  (North)  Dunning. 
He  had  a  good  education,  graduating  at  the  academy  and  university  at 
Greensboro,  the  county  seat,  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  His  father,  died  and 
his  mother  removed,  first  to  Kentucky  and  then  to  Bloomington,  Indiana. 
Here  Paris  taught  school  for  a  time,  and  read  medicine,  graduating  at 
the  medical  college  at  Louisville.  He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  at 
Rockport,  but  changed  his  mind  and  read  law  with  Gov.  Whitcomb  at 
Bloomington.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1833,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  elected  to  the  legislature.  He  was  reelected  in  1834  and  1835,  and 
was  then  elected  to  the  Senate  for  the  then  term  of  three  years.  After 
completing  his  term  as  acting  Governor,  he  resumed  practice  at  Bloom- 
ington. He  declined  a  nomination  for  Congress,  but  took  an  active  part 
in  political  matters.  He  was  a  Douglas  Democrat,  and  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Charleston  and  Baltimore  conventions,  serving  on  the  platform  com- 
mittees in  both,  and  joining  in  the  minority  report  which  was  adopted, 
and  on  which  Douglas  ran.  In  1863  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
and  was  chosen  President  of  that  body.  As  Governor  Morton  was  then 
serving  in  place  of  Governor  Lane,  resigned,  Dunning  was  again  one  step 
from  the  Governor 's  chair.  Governor  Dunning  was  married  July  6,  1826, 
to  Sarah,  daughter  of  James  Alexander.  She  died  in  1863,  and  on 
September  27,  1865,  he  married  Mrs.  Allen  D.  Ashford,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Daniel  S.  Lane.  He  died  at  Bloomington,  May  9, 1884. 


Indiana  in  the  Mexican  War,  p.  311. 


CHAPTER  IX 
THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  1851 

The  known  quantity  in  all  historical  problems  is  human  nature ;  and 
the  strongest  influence  in  human  nature  is  self-interest.  There  are,  of 
course,  many  instances  where  men  have  risen  above  it,  but  where  action 
is  taken  by  any  considerable  body  of  men  it  is  almost  invariably  the 
dominating  factor.  This  does  not  necessarily  involve  any  reflection  on 
the  motive.  It  is  no  disparagement  to  "the  love  of  freedom"  in  our 
ancestors  to  say  that  they  probably  desired  independence  of  Great 
Britain  because  they  considered  it  advantageous  to  themselves,  and  not 
from  any  abstract  devotion  to  a  principle.  If  Great  Britain  had  righted 
what  they  considered  their  wrongs,  they  would  probably  have  been 
entirely  satisfied.  They  practically  said  this  in  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. In  the  action  of  political  parties  this  motive  is  constant.  The 
makers  of  political  platforms  often  declare  for  things  that  they  con- 
scientiously believe  in ;  but  no  sane  political  leader  would  desire  his  party 
to  espouse  a  cause  that  he  believed  to  be  unpopular  with  the  voters.  In 
consequence  of  this,  there  is  a  large  element  of  the  fictitious  in  the  pre- 
vailing idea  of  the  ' '  conservatism ' '  of  the  American  people  concerning 
constitutional  changes.  As  a  rule,  very  few  of  them  pay  any  attention  to 
constitutional  questions  until  some  constitutional  provision  becomes 
fairly  intolerable.  Proposals  for  changes  usually  come  from  the  minority. 
The  party  in  power  naturally  regards  the  existing  condition  as  beneficial 
to  itself;  else  why  would  it  be  in  power?  Hence  its  tendency  is  to  oppose 
change  to  unknown  fields  until  a  demand  arises  that  threatens  its  power, 
or  which  it  thinks  would  make  its  tenure  more  stable.  These  principles 
were  fully  demonstrated  in  Indiana  in  the  period  between  the  constitu- 
tions of  1816  and  1851. 

Demands  for  constitutional  changes  began  to  arise  as  early  as  1820. 
The  Constitution  of  1816  provided  for  a  referendum  vote  on  a  Con- 
stitutional Convention  every  twelfth  year,  or  in  1828,  1840,  and  1852. 
But  referendum  votes  were  actually  taken  not  only  in  1828  and  1840, 
but  also  in  1823,  1846  and  1849 ;  and  in  addition  to  these,  unsuccessful 

435 


436  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

efforts  for  a  convention  were  made  fifteen  times  between  1820  and  1847. l 
The  earlier  efforts  were  probably  connected  with  a  desire  for  the  intro- 
duction of  slavery,  and  were  defeated  on  that  ground,  as  has  been  men- 
tioned, by  the  party  in  power.  There  were,  however,  other  causes  for 
desiring  changes  that  were  quite  as  valid  in  1820  as  in  1851.  For 
example,  the  Constitution  of  1816  made  no  provision  concerning  the 
granting  of  divorces,  beyond  the  separation  of  governmental  powers 
into  executive,  legislative  and  jxidicial,  and  providing  that  neither  depart- 
ment should  exercise  any  function  of  another.  But  the  legislative  depart- 
ment assumed  this  power  from  the  beginning.  In  1818  a  law  was  passed 
authorizing  Circuit  Courts  to  decree  divorces,  but  the  legislature  also 
continued  to  grant  them,  and  just  complaint  was  made  of  this  invasion 
of  judicial  functions.  But  although  this  wrong  was  manifest,  it  was  to 
the  vast  majority  of  the  people  what  the  courts  call  damnum  absque 
injuria.  It  was  an  abuse  in  principle  that  affected  very  few  persons,  and 
usually  the  decisions  of  the  legislature  were  as  rational  as  the  average 
decisions  of  the  courts  in  divorce  cases.  The  greatest  evil  of  this,  and 
other  special  and  local  legislation,  was  seen  tardily,  and  then  not  fully. 
The  best  statement  of  it  was  made  in  1849  by  Colonel  Merrill,  speaking  of 
legislation  at  Corydon,  as  follows:  "Private  and  local  acts  of  legisla- 
tion were  not  so  common  as  they  have  since  been;  yet  even  then,  they 
often  interfered  with  other  important  business,  for  it  was  very  rare  that 
subjects  of  general  interest  could  array  i«  their  support  the  warm  feel- 
ings which  private  interests  frequently  called  forth.  A  State  Road,  or 
a  Divorce  Bill,  of  consequence  only  to  a  few  constituents,  and,  by  its 
being  a  bad  precedent,  often  contributed  to  decide  the  most  important 
measures  that  came  before  the  Legislature.  The  question  whether  the 
Seat  of  Justice  of  Wayne  County  should  be  at  Salisbury  or  Centreville, 
which  was  warmly  contested  from  1817  to  1822,  elected  Senators  of  the 
United  States,  formed  new  counties,  and  decided  much  of  the  important 
legislation  of  the  State  for  several  years.  While  this  subject  was  pend- 
ing, the  advocates  of  every  exciting  measure  would  'go  round',  as  they 
said,  'and  scare  up  the  Wayne  County  delegation'.  One  of  them,  who 
most  heartily  disliked  Divorce  Bills,  was  occasionally  induced,  'for  a 
consideration, '  to  vote  in  their  favor,  though  he  usually  contrived,  before 
the  bill  was  through  with,  either  by  absence  on  the  final  vote,  or  by  chang- 
ing his  own  vote  at  that  time,  to  undo  the  mischief  he  had  previously 
helped  forward.  The  negligence  with  which  private  legislation  was 
attended,  and  the  corruption  to  which  it  led,  may  be  illustrated  by  the 
following  circumstances:  About  the  year  1818,  a  husband  obtained  a 


Constitution  Making  in  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  p.  xxxv. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  437 

divorce  from  his  wife  on  an  affidavit  that  she  had  been  seen  in  bed  with 
another  man,  and  covered  with  the  bed  clothes.  It  afterwards  appeared 
that  she  had  been  held  there  by  violence,  in  order  that  a  partial  statement 
of  the  facts  might  be  made.  A  few  years  later,  a  Senator  submitted  a 
petition  for  a  divorce,  on  the  ground  that  the  wife  had  borne  a  colored 
child,  and  as,  he  stated  that  there  was  no  doubt  of  the  fact,  a  bill  granting 
the  divorce  passed  without  objection  to  its  third  reading.  Before  its 
final  passage,  however,  the  Senator  rose  and  said  that  there  was  another 
fact  not  yet  stated,  which  possibly  ought  to  have  some  influence,  and 
this  was,  that  both  husband  and  wife  were  colored  persons.  This,  of 
course,  put  an  end  to  the  bill,  as  it  had  been  prepared  merely  to  show 
the  absurdity  of  ex,  parte  proceedings  in  private  legislation."2 

To  the  average  citizen  then,  as  now,  such  things  as  these  were  merely 
good  jokes;  and  the  "log-rolling"  was  an  inherent  weakness  of  republi- 
can government  that  has  always  existed,  and  will  always  exist.  The 
representative  is  responsible  to  his  constituents,  and  if  he  gets  what  they 
want  there  is  seldom  any  complaint  of  the  mode  of  getting  it.  If  some 
unusually  conscientious  constituent  criticizes  his  vote  for  some  meas- 
ure, it  is  usually  sufficient  answer  to  say:  "That  was  the  price  that  I 
had  to  pay  to  get  support  for  the  just  measure  that  you  wanted."  The 
culpability  then  goes  over  from  the  martyr  who  paid  the  price  to  the 
person  who  wrongfully  demanded  it.  This,  it  will  be  recalled,  was  the 
line'  of  Judge  Kilgore's  defense  of  "the  mammoth  internal  improvement 
bill,"  and  it  was  entirely  satisfactory  to  Whitewater.  In  this  fact  lies 
the  justification  for  his  claim  that  the  people  themselves  were  responsible 
for  the  bill.  The  appreciation  of  the  absurdity  of  the  numerous  func- 
tions conferred  on,  or  assumed  by  the  legislature,  did  not  grow  rapidly 
until  after  the  collapse  of  the  internal  improvement  scheme,  when  the 
state  was  burdened  with  debt,  and  Governor  Whitcomb  was  preaching 
economy  at  every  opportunity.  It  then  dawned  on  many  that  it  was 
needlessly  expensive  to  have  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  sitting  as  judges 
in  a  divorce  case,  which  could  be  much  better  decided  by  one  man.  It 
was  needlessly  expensive  for  them  to  wrangle  for  a  day  or  two  over  a 
corporation  charter  that  could  be  issued  by  a  clerk,  under  a  general  law, 
in  half  an  hour.  Moreover,  with  the  abandonment  of  the  state  improve- 
ment idea,  there  came  a  great  increase  of  large  private  corporations,  for 
transportation  and  other  purposes,  and  there  were  some  legislators  who 
wanted  something  more  than  the  public  welfare  in  compensation  for 
their  votes.  Business  interests  found  that  this  was  an  unduly  expensive 
mode  of  incorporation,  and  when  business  interests  want  a  change,  "con- 


2  Chamberlain  'e  Gazetteer,  pp.  122-3. 


438  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

servatism"  usually  melts  away  quite  rapidly.  But  the  movement  for  a 
new  constitution  was  not  based  wholly  on  selfish  interests.  There  was 
one  demand  that  was  wholly  from  considerations  of  public  welfare,  and 
that  was  the  call  for  a  better  system  of  public  schools,  which  was  State 
wide.  The  common  accounts  of  this  school  movement  might  lead  one  to 
suppose  that  it  was  entirely  the  work  of  Caleb  Mills,  but  the  actual 
facts,  which  will  be  presented  in  a  later  chapter,  will  show  that  while  he 
was  a  factor  in  it,  there  were  many  others  who  were  on  the  ground  from 


THE  GOVERNOR'S  MANSION  IN  THE  CIRCLE 
(Prom  an  old  cut) 

the  beginning,  and  whose  just  claim  for  recognition  for  service  in  this 
line  have  been  sadly  overlooked. 

The  abolition  of  annual  sessions  of  the  legislature  had  been  called 
for  ever  since  1823,  but  the  demand  for  biennial  sessions,  like  that  for 
the  abolition  of  special  and  local  legislation,  did  not  appeal  strongly  to 
the  legislators,  who  had  the  initiation  of  the  process  of  amendment. 
There  is  a  notable  sameness  in  the  make-up  of  the  earlier  legislatures  of 
Indiana,  many  of  the  members  being  returned  for  session  after  session. 
It  was  obviously  a  pleasant  duty  for  a  citizen  who  enjoyed  political  life 
to  go  to  the  capital  for  the  winter,  with  expenses  covered,  enjoy  the 
association  with  all  the  political  leaders  of  the  State,  and  participate 
in  the  history-making  of  the  occasion.  Why  should  they  favor  any  move- 
ment to  lessen  their  prerogatives,  or  reduce  expenses  by  cutting  off  their 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  439 

own  salaries,  until  public  sentiment  clearly  demanded  such  changes? 
The  interesting  question  is  what  it  was  that  overcame  this  feature  of 
"conservatism."  It  must  have  been  some  political  consideration,  and 
the  most  probable  cause  in  the  political  field  was  the  suffrage  question. 
A  distinctive  foreign  immigration  had  first  begun  in  Indiana  during  the 
internal  improvement  work,  when  the  riots  of  the  Irish  canal  workers 
were  the  alternate  sources  of  alarm  and  amusement  to  the  older  Hoosiers. 
From  that;  time  it  increased  more  rapidly.  The  total  foreign  immigra- 
tion to  the  United  States  in  the  twenty  years  from  1825  to  1845  was  only 
a  little  over  one  million.  In  the  next  five  years  the  immigration  was 
as  much  in  the  preceding  twenty  years,  due  chiefly  to  Irish  famine  of 
1847,  and  the  continental  revolutionary  movements  of  1848-9.  In  the 
next  five  years  this  was  doubled.  Although  the  Hartford  Convention  of 
1814  had  declared  against  aliens  holding  office,  the  nativist  movement 
was  not  manifested  in  any  practical  form  until  the  spring  of  1844,  when 
a  Native  American  candidate  was  elected  mayor  of  New  York  City  by 
4,000  majority  over  the  Democratic  candidate,  the  Whig  party  being  prac- 
tically out  of  the  field.  This  movement,  however,  did  not  reach  Indiana 
until  some  years  later,  and  both  the  Whigs  and  the  Democrats  made 
appeals  for  the  foreign  vote,  which  went  almost  solidly  to  the  Democrats. 
In  1844  the  Indianapolis  Journal,  in  giving  the  reasons  why  Henry  Clay 
should  be  supported  for  President,  said :  ' '  The  honest,  patient  German 
can  vote  for  him,  for  he  is  the  advocate  of  their  best  interests,  and  the 
eulogist  of  their  frugal  habits,  their  peaceful  quietude,  and  their  love 
of  liberty,  law  and  order.  The  friends  of  Ireland  can  vote  for  him,  for 
he  has  ever  been  the  advocate  of  Irishmen,  likening  them  in  his  fervid 
eloquence  to  his  own  warm-hearted  Kentuckians. "  3  In  the  same  year  the 
Whigs  in  the  East  voted  largely  with  the  Native  party,  to  secure  their 
votes  for  Clay,  and  he  had  four  Native  American  electoral  votes  from 
New  York,  and  two  from  Pennsylvania.  This  settled  the  party  allegiance 
of  the  immigrants,  but  under  the  Indiana  constitution  a  voter  had  to  be 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  that  required  five  years'  residence. 
The  only  way  to  reap  this  foreign  harvest  was  to  change  the  constitution. 
One  of  the  first  resolutions  introduced  in  the  Convention,  after  the  pre- 
liminaries of  organization,  was  by  James  W.  Borden,  one  of  the  most 
active  and  influential  Democrats:  "That  the  committee  on  elective 
franchise  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  providing  in  the  Constitution 
for  the  exercise  of  the  right  of  suffrage,  so  that  in  no  instance  shall  the 
exercise  of  that  right  depend  upon  the  naturalization  laws-  of  Congress ; 
and,  also,  to  inquire  into  the  propriety  of  allowing  persons  of  foreign 


3  Journal,  April  20,  1844. 


440  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

birth,  who  shall  have  resided  one  year  in  this  State,  declared  their  inten- 
tions to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States  (or  denizens  of  this  State), 
and  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  our  own,  and  abjuration  of  all  for- 
eign governments,  the  privilege  of  voters. ' ' 4 

The  submission  of  the  question  of  a  convention  to  the  people  in  1840 
had  resulted  in  an  overwhelming  defeat  for  the  measure.  About  two- 
thirds  as  many  votes  were  cast  on  this  question  as  for  the  election  of 
Governor,  and  the  vote  was  12,277  for  and  61,721  against,  with  14 
counties  not  heard  from,  as  reported  by  the  Secretary  of  State  at  the 
next  session  of  the  legislature.5  A  majority  of  the  total  vote  was  against 
it,  and  Steuben  was  the  only  county  with  a  favorable  vote,  and  that  a 
"faint  praise"  vote  of  203  to  151.  In  this  election  the  notices  to  the 
voters,  as  provided  by  law,  notified  them  that  they  "will  not  have  the 
right  to  vote  for  or  against  another  convention  for  the  space  of  twelve 
years."  The  Democratic  State  organ  ascribed  the  result  to  "the  course 
of  the  Whigs, ' '  and  as  the  Whigs  swept  the  State,  it  was  at  least  probable 
that  they  had  something  to  do  with  it.  Notwithstanding  this  result,  reso- 
lutions for  a  convention  were  introduced  in  the  legislatures  of  1841  and 
1843;  and  in  1844  a  bill  for  a  convention  reached  second  reading.  On 
January  17,  1846,  an  act  was  approved  for  the  submission  of  the  question 
again.  The  Whig  papers  generally  opposed  the  measure,  chiefly  on  the 
ground  that  the  question  could  be  submitted  only  once  in  twelve  years, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution;  while  the  Democratic  papers 
generally  favored  it.  The  vote,  at  the  August  election,  showed  less  than 
half  the  voters  voting  on  the  question,  with  32,468  for  and  27,123  opposed 
to  a  convention.  An  effort  was  made  at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature 
to  pass  a  bill  for  a  convention,  but  it  was  defeated.  The  Whigs  controlled 
this  legislature.  At  the  session  of  1847-8,  Governor  Whitcomb  again 
called  attention  to  the  unnecessary  expense  of  the  existing  system,  and 
bills  for  submission  of  the  question  to  the  people  were  introduced,  but 
lost.  At  the  session  of  1848-9  Governor  Whitcomb  made  a  strong  appeal 
for  submission,  and  the  Democratic  legislature  passed  a  bill,  after  it  had 
been  indorsed  by  the  Democratic  State  Convention.  The  act  was  ap- 
proved January  15,  1849,  and  when  submitted  at  the  regular  election  in 
August,  81,500  votes  were  given  for  a  convention,  and  57,418  against. 
This  was  a  clear  majority  of  all  the  voters  of  the  State,  and  the  legislature 
of  1849-50  provided  for  the  election  of  150  delegates  to  a  convention,  at 
the  regular  election.  Efforts  to  have  the  election  at  another  time  were 
defeated.  Some  efforts  were  made,  chiefly  by  the  Whigs,  to  have  the 


«  Convention  Debates,  p.  51. 
s  Senate  Journal,  p.  41. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


441 


election  put  on  a  non-partisan  basis,  but  without  success.  The  Whigs 
held  a  meeting  on  January  16,  and  adopted  resolutions  in  favor  of  most 
of  the  changes  that  had  been  proposed.  Their  suffrage  resolution  was  for 
' '  the  extension  of  the  suffrage  to  all  native  and  naturalized  citizens  over 
the  age  of  21  years."  On  March  1,  the  Democratic  State  Central  Com- 


GEORGE  WHITFIELD  CABR 
(President  Constitutional  Convention) 

mittee  issued  a  circular  calling  for  party  nominations,  which  were  made 
by  both  parties,  and  appeared  on  the  tickets  with  the  other  candidates. 
The  election  resulted  33  Democrats  and  17  Whigs  from  the  senatorial 
districts;  and  62  Democrats  and  38  Whigs  from  the  representative 
districts.6 

The  Convention  met  in  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  at 


«  For  a  more  detailed  account  of  these  preliminary  steps,  see  Constitution  Making 
in  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  pp.  zzzv,  Izi-lxzxiii. 


I 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


440 


birth,  who  shall  have  resided  one  year  in  this  State,  declared  their  inten- 
tions to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States  (or  denizens  of  this  State), 
and  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  our  own,  and  abjuration  of  all  for- 
eign governments,  the  privilege  of  voters. ' ' 4 

The  submission  of  the  question  of  a  convention  to  the  people  in  1840 
had  resulted  in  an  overwhelming  defeat  for  the  measure.  About  two- 
thirds  as  many  votes  were  cast  on  this  question  as  for  the  election  of 
Governor,  and  the  vote  was  12,277  for  and  61,721  against,  with  14 
counties  not  heard  from,  as  reported  by  the  Secretary  of  State  at  the 
next  session  of  the  legislature.5  A  majority  of  the  total  vote  was  against 
it,  and  Steuben  was  the  only  county  with  a  favorable  vote,  and  that  a 
"faint  praise"  vote  of  203  to  151.  In  this  election  the  notices  to  the 
voters,  as  provided  by  law,  notified  them  that  they  "will  not  have  the 
right  to  vote  for  or  against  another  convention  for  the  space  of  twelve 
years."  The  Democratic  State  organ  ascribed  the  result  to  "the  course 
of  the  Whigs, ' '  and  as  the  Whigs  swept  the  State,  it  was  at  least  probable 
that  they  had  something  to  do  with  it.  Notwithstanding  this  result,  reso- 
lutions for  a  convention  were  introduced  in  the  legislatures  of  1841  and 
1843 ;  and  in  1844  a  bill  for  a  convention  reached  second  reading.  On 
January  17,  1846,  an  act  was  approved  for  the  submission  of  the  question 
again.  The  Whig  papers  generally  opposed  the  measure,  chiefly  on  the 
ground  that  the  question  could  be  submitted  only  once  in  twelve  years, 
under  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution ;  while  the  Democratic  papers 
generally  favored  it.  The  vote,  at  the  August  election,  showed  less  than 
half  the  voters  voting  on  the  question,  with  32,468  for  and  27,123  opposed 
to  a  convention.  An  effort  was  made  at  the  next  session  of  the  legislature 
to  pass  a  bill  for  a  convention,  but  it  was  defeated.  The  Whigs  controlled 
this  legislature.  At  the  session  of  1847-8,  Governor  Whitcomb  again 
called  attention  to  the  unnecessary  expense  of  the  existing  system,  and 
bills  for  submission  of  the  question  to  the  people  were  introduced,  but 
lost.  At  the  session  of  1848-9  Governor  Whitcomb  made  a  strong  appeal 
for  submission,  and  the  Democratic  legislature  passed  a  bill,  after  it  had 
been  indorsed  by  the  Democratic  State  Convention.  The  act  was  ap- 
proved January  15,  1849,  and  when  submitted  at  the  regular  election  in 
August,  81.500  votes  were  given  for  a  convention,  and  57,418  against. 
This  was  a  clear  majority  of  all  the  voters  of  the  State,  and  the  legislature 
of  1849-50  provided  for  the  election  of  150  delegates  to  a  convention,  at 
the  regular  election.  Efforts  to  have  the  election  at  another  time  were 
defeated.  Some  efforts  were  made,  chiefly  by  the  Whigs,  to  have  the 

«  Convention  Debates,  p.  51. 
*  Senate  Journal,  p.  41. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


441 


election  put  on  a  non-partisan  basis,  but  without  success.  The  Whigs 
held  a  meeting  on  January  16,  and  adopted  resolutions  in  favor  of  most 
of  the  changes  that  had  been  proposed.  Their  suffrage  resolution  was  for 
"the  extension  of  the  suffrage  to  all  native  and  naturalized  citizens  over 
the  age  of  21  years."  On  March  J,  the  Democratic  State  Central  Com- 


GEORGE  WHITFIELD  CARR 
(President  Constitutional  Convention) 

mittee  issued  a  circular  calling  for  party  nominations,  which  were  made 
by  both  parties,  and  appeared  on  the  tickets  with  the  other  candidates. 
The  election  resulted  33  Democrats  and  17  Whigs  from  the  senatorial 
districts;  and  62  Democrats  and  38  Whigs  from  the  representative 
districts.0 

The  Convention  met  in  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  at 

«  For  a  more  detailed  account  of  these  preliminary  steps,  see  Constitution  Making 
in  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  pp.  xxxv,  Ixi-lxxxiii. 


442  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indianapolis,  on  the  morning  of  October  7,  1850,  and  was  called  to  order 
by  the  Secretary  of  State,  Charles  H.  Test.  The  oaths  of  office  were  ad- 
ministered by  Judge  Blackford  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the  Conven- 
tion elected  as  president  George  W.  Carr,  a  delegate  from  Lawrence 
County,  who  had  been  Speaker  of  the  House  for  the  two  preceding 
sessions. 

George  Whitfield  Carr  was  of  a  very  conventional  family.  His  father, 
Thomas  Carr,  was  a  member  of  the  Convention  of  1816,  and  served  in  the 
legislature  afterwards.  His  older  brother,  John  F.  Carr,  was  in  the 
House  or  the  Senate  continuously  from  1835  to  1845,  and  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Convention  of  1850.  George  W.  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm,  on  "Pea  Ridge"  near  Charlestown,  Indiana,  October  7,  1807.  He 
lived  on  the  farm  until  he  was  17,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to  Marma- 
duke  Coffin,  a  tanner,  at  Salem,  and  worked  for  him  for  four  years.  In 
1829,  he  and  his  brother  opened  a  tannery  on  their  father's  farm,  which 
was  continued  until  1831,  when  George  removed  to  Leesville,  in  Lawrence 
County,  and  conducted  a  tannery  there  for  ten  years.  Between  1839 
and  1850  he  was  five  times  elected  representative,  and  three  times  sen- 
ator. After  the  Convention,  Gov.  Wright  appointed  him,  with  Lucian 
Barbour  and  Walter  March,  commissioners  to  revise  and  simplify  the 
Code.  In  the  Whig  convention  of  1852,  George  G.  Dunn,  who  was  an 
adept  in  ridicule,  said  of  this  commission:  "March  is  to  furnish  the 
law,  Barbour  to  read  the  version,  and  if  Carr  can  understand,  it  will 
be  within  the  comprehension  of  all. ' ' 7  This,  however,  was  merely  for 
Whig  consumption,  for  Carr  was  a  good  presiding  officer,  and  a  very 
level-headed  man.  He  was  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office  at  Jeffersonville 
from  1852  to  1854,  when  the  office  there  was  abolished,  after  which  he 
farmed  the  old  Carr  homestead,  near  Charlestown,  until  1886,  and  then 
removed  to  Crawfordsville,  where  he  died  on  May  27,  1892.  He  was  a 
Jackson  Democrat,  later  an  adherent  of  Douglas,  and  after  1860  became 
a  Republican. 

The  first  week  was  consumed  in  organization  and  discussions  of  the 
printing,  the  employment  of  a  stenographer,  and  the  place  of  meeting. 
Jacob  Chapman,  the  State  Printer,  was  also  a  member  of  the  Convention ; 
and  he  claimed  that  the  printing  was  covered  by  his  contract  with  the 
State.  The  committee  to  which  the  matter  was  referred  held  otherwise, 
but  he  was  a  man  of  influence,  and  the  controversy  dragged  on  until  the 
18th,  when  it  was  settled  by  electing  Austin  H.  Brown  printer  to  the 
Convention.  The  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  where  the  Con- 
vention met,  was  too  small  for  so  large  an  assembly,  was  badly  ventilated, 
and  had  a  leaky  roof.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  rent  the  Masonic 


'Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  245. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  443 

Hall,  which  had  just  been  completed,  at  not  more  than  $100  a  month. 
Mr.  Sheets,  the  manager  of  the  hall,  declined  the  proposition,  but  offered 
the  hall  for  $20  a  day.  This  roused  the  wrath  of  a  number  of  the  mem- 
bers, and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  see  what  the  city  of  Madison 
would  do  in  the  way  of  accommodations.  Madison  promptly  offered 
"Jenny  Lind  Hall" — i.  e.  the  pork  house  in  which  Jenny  Lind  had  sung 
— free  of  charge.  This  subject  was  considered  at  length,  and  on  reflec- 
tion that  it  would  cost  too  much  to  move,  the  Convention  decided  to  stay 
in  the  Kepresentative  hall,  which  they  did  until  the  session  of  the  legis- 
lature was  at  hand,  when  an  arrangement  was  made  to  get  Masonic  hall 
for  twelve  dollars  a  day,  and  on  December  26  the  Convention  opened  its 
session  there,  and  continued  there  to  its  close.  About  two  days  and  a 
half  had  been  consumed  in  discussion  of  the  extravagance  of  taking  the 
hall,  which  discussion  as  estimated  at  the  time,  cost  the  State  about 
$1,500.8 

The  work  of  the  Convention  may  be  considered  from  the  various 
standpoints.  When  it  adjourned,  on  February  10,  1851,  it  had  been  in 
session  127  days.  The  total  cost  was  $88,280.39,  which  was  not  serious 
of  itself ;  but  at  least  half  of  the  session  was  consumed  in  the  discussion 
of  politics,  personal  matters,  and  other  extraneous  subjects,  notwith- 
standing repeated  appeals  from  some  of  the  members  to  confine  attention 
to  the  business  of  the  Convention.  On  December  21,  delegate  James  G. 
Read,  of  Clark  County,  in  advocating  a  more  expeditious  mode  of  amend- 
ment, said  that  if  "such  a  provision  had  been  contained  in  the  present 
constitution,  the  State  would  not  have  been  under  the  necessity  of  ex- 
pending some  eighty  thousand  dollars  in  the  calling  of  this  Convention. 
There  were  but  few  of  its  provisions  that  required  amendment,  and  those 
amendments  could  have  been  easily  made  by  the  legislature  with  the 
approbation  of  the  people,  they  having  the  opportunity  to  accept  or 
reject  the  proposed  amendments.  *  *  *  I  think  our  present  condition 
admonishes  us  that  such  a  provision  ought  to  be  adopted.  We  have  been 
in  session  eleven  weeks,  and  are  not  yet  able  to  say  when  our  work  will 
be  completed.  Indeed  the  end  seems  to  be  as  far  off  now  as  it  was  at 
the  commencement  of  our  session.  Forty  or  fifty  members  are  now 
absent,  although  perhaps  if  they  stay  away  altogether  we  shall  get  along 
just  as  well.  I  apprehend  the  country  will  not  suffer  much  by  their 
absence;  but,  sir,  they  come  back  here  and  move  to  reconsider  what  has 
been  done  in  their  absence,  and  we  have  to  go  over  the  whole  ground  again- 
This  has  been  the  case  ever  since  the  commencement.  I  have  never  known 
an  instance  where  there  were  so  many  absentees  in  the  case  of  any  de- 


Debates,  p.  1227. 


444 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


liberative  body. "  9  Nobody  questioned  this  statement ;  and  it  did  not  occur 
to  anyone  that  the  Convention  itself  could  have  disposed  of  these  "few 
of  its  provisions  that  required  amendment"  in  thirty  days,  without  the 
slightest  difficulty,  for  there  was  practical  agreement  as  to  them  from 
the  start.  There  was  never  any  question'  that  the  Convention  would 


WILLIAM  SHEETS 
(From  a  portrait) 

provide  for  biennial  sessions  of  the  legislature  instead  of  annual  sessions, 
or  that  it  would  do  away  with  legislative  divorces,  elections  and  impeach- 
ments, or  that  it  would  abolish  local  legislation  and  associate  judges,  or 
several  other  things  that  had  been  complained  of  for  years.  The  time 
of  the  Convention  was  not  consumed  with  these  matters,  to  any  large 
extent;  and  the  only  objection  to  their  action  as  to  such  matters  is  in 
the  fact  that  they  went  too  far  in  some  things.  It  was  the  old  story  of 
"the  swing  of  the  pendulum." 


»  Debates,  p.  1259. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  445 

For  example,  everybody  was  in  favor  of  doing  away  with  the  evils 
of  local  and  special  legislation,  and  section  22,  of  article  4  of  the  con- 
stitution prohibits  legislation  of  that  kind  in  a  long  list  of  cases ;  and  the 
next  section  extends  the  provisions  to  "all  other  cases  where  a  general 
law  can  be  made  applicable, ' '  so  that  ' '  all  laws  shall  be  general,  and  of 
uniform  operation  throughout  the  State. ' '  One  of  the  expressly  prohibited 
subjects  was  county  and  township  business.  Remonstrance  against  this 
was  made  in  the  Convention.  The  delegates  from  Adams,  Wells,  Dear- 
born, Ohio  and  Switzerland  counties  protested  that  their  people  had  a 
system  of  county  government  by  three  trustees,  which  had  been  originally 
established  in  Dearborn  County  in  1825,  and  which  the  people  desired  to 
retain.  John  Pettit,  of  Tippecanoe,  one  of  the  most  influential  of  the 
Democratic  leaders,  vehemently  opposed  any  exceptions.  He  said :  ' '  Sir, 
we  are  one  peoplfef rum  the  Ohio  to  Lake  Michigan ;  and  we  should  have 
but  one  system;  dhd  I  am  willing  rather  than  have  any  exception  in 
regard  to  this  matter,  that  the  legislature  should  say  they  will  pass  no 
other  laws  in  reference  to  township  business,  but  that  they  would  consider 
the  law  as  it  exists  in  the  counties  of  Adams,  and  Wells,  and  Dearborn, 
and  Ohio  and  Switzerland,  as  the  law  of  the  whole  State."  10  This  view 
prevailed,  and  it  has  been  a  source  of  complaint  ever  since,  especially 
as  to  city  and  town  government,  although  the  provision  of  the  constitu- 
tion has  been  largely  evaded  by  the  system  of  "classification"  to  which 
the  courts  have  resorted.  In  reality  Pettit 's  position  was  a  distortion  of 
the  real  demand,  which  was  to  cut  off  the  unnecessary  expense  and  waste 
of  time  involved  in  legislative  consideration  of  local  and  special  matters 
that  could  better  be  decided  by  others,  or  disposed  of  under  general 
laws ;  and  not  to  establish  a  Procrustean  bed  to  which  every  locality  must 
fit  itself.  For  example,  if  Terre  Haute  should  desire  to  try  the  com- 
mission form  of  government,  there  is  no  reason  why  any  other  city 
should  object;  nor  is  it  imaginable  that  the  "oneness"  of  the  people 
would  be  disturbed  by  varying  systems  of  local  government.  On  the 
other  hand,  this  requirement  to  stay  in  the  rut  has  been  a  formidable 
obstruction  to  progress,  for  no  locality  could  go  forward  with  local 
reform  until  the  entire  State  was  ready  to  move. 

It  is  also  notable  that  some  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  convention  spoke 
very  seldom,  and  usually  to  prevent  the  Convention  from  adopting  some 
absurdity.  David  Wallace  was  one  of  these.  An  accomplished  orator, 
and  easily  the  mental  equal  of  any  man  in  the  Convention,  his  only 
speech  of  any  length,  and  that  not  very  long,  was  in  opposition  to  Pettit 's 
resolution  to  abolish  grand  juries.  Pettit,  who  was  both  dogmatic  and 


10  Debates,  pp.  1770-1. 


444 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


liberative  body. ' '  °  Nobody  questioned  this  statement ;  and  it  did  not  occur 
to  anyone  that  the  Convention  itself  could  have  disposed  of  these  "few 
of  its  provisions  that  required  amendment"  in  thirty  days,  without  the 
slightest  difficulty,  for  there  was  practical  agreement  as  to  them  from 
the  start.  There  \vas  never  any  question  that  the  Convention  would 


p 

WILLIAM  SHEETS 
(From  a  portrait) 

provide  for  biennial  sessions  of  the  legislature  instead  of  annual  sessions, 
or  that  it  would  do  away  with  legislative  divorces,  elections  and  impeach- 
ments, or  that  it  would  abolish  local  legislation  and  associate  judges,  or 
several  other  things  that  had  been  complained  of  for  years.  The  time 
of  the  Convention  was  not  consumed  with  these  matters,  to  any  large 
extent;  and  the  only  objection  to  their  action  as  to  such  matters  is  in 
the  fact  that  they  went  too  far  in  some  things.  It  was  the  old  story  of 
"the  swing  of  the  pendulum." 

»  Debates,  p.  1259. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


445 


For  example,  everybody  was  in  favor  of  doing  away  with  the  evils 
of  local  and  special  legislation,  and  section  22,  of  article  4  of  the  con- 
stitution prohibits  legislation  of  that  kind  in  a  long  list  of  cases ;  and  the 
next  section  extends  the  provisions  to  "all  other  cases  where  a  general 
law  can  be  made  applicable,"  so  that  "all  laws  shall  be  general,  and  of 
uniform  operation  throughout  the  State."  One  of  the  expressly  prohibited 
subjects  was  county  and  township  business.  Remonstrance  against  this 
was  made  in  the  Convention.  The  delegates  from  Adams,  Wells,  Dear- 
born, Ohio  and  Switzerland  counties  protested  that  their  people  had  a 
system  of  county  government  by  three  trustees,  which  had  been  originally 
established  in  Dearborn  County  in  1825,  and  which  the  people  desired  to 
retain.  John  Pettit,  of  Tippecanoe,  one  of  the  most  influential  of  the 
Democratic  leaders,  vehemently  opposed  any  exceptions.  He  said:  "Sir, 
we  are  one  peoplq,fr»m  the  Ohio  to  Lake  Michigan;  and  we  should  have 
but  one  system ;  and  I  am  willing  rather  than  have  any  exception  in 
regard  to  this  matter,  that  the  legislature  should  say  they  will  pass  no 
other  laws  in  reference  to  township  business,  but  that  they  would  consider 
the  law  as  it  exists  in  the  counties  of  Adams,  and  Wells,  and  Dearborn, 
and  Ohio  and  Switzerland,  as  the  law  of  the  whole  State. ' ' 10  This  view 
prevailed,  and  it  has  been  a  source  of  complaint  ever  since,  especially 
as  to  city  and  town  government,  although  the  provision  of  the  constitu- 
tion has  been  largely  evaded  by  the  system  of  "classification"  to  which 
the  courts  have  resorted.  In  reality  Pettit 's  position  was  a  distortion  of 
the  real  demand,  which  was  to  cut  off  the  unnecessary  expense  and  waste 
of  time  involved  in  legislative  consideration  of  local  and  special  matters 
that  could  better  be  decided  by  others,  or  disposed  of  under  general 
laws ;  and  not  to  establish  a  Procrustean  bed  to  which  every  locality  must 
fit  itself.  For  example,  if  Terre  Haute  should  desire  to  try  the  com- 
mission form  of  government,  there  is  no  reason  why  any  other  city 
should  object;  nor  is  it  imaginable  that  the  "oneness"  of  the  people 
would  be  disturbed  by  varying  systems  of  local  government.  On  the 
other  hand,  this  requirement  to  stay  in  the  rut  has  been  a  formidable 
obstruction  to  progress,  for  no  locality  could  go  forward  with  local 
reform  until  the  entire  State  was  ready  to  move. 

It  is  also  notable  that  some  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  convention  spoke 
very  seldom,  and  usually  to  prevent  the  Convention  from  adopting  some 
absurdity.  David  Wallace  was  one  of  these.  An  accomplished  orator, 
and  easily  the  mental  equal  of  any  man  in  the  Convention,  his  only 
speech  of  any  length,  and  that  not  very  long,  was  in  opposition  to  Pettit 's 
resolution  to  abolish  grand  juries.  Pettit,  who  was  both  dogmatic  and 


i»  Debates,  pp.  1770-1. 


446  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

illogical,  objected  to  the  grand  jury  system  on  the  ground  that  it  was 
trying  a  man  without  giving  him  an  opportunity  for  defense,  and  about 
half  of  the  Convention  adopted  his  logic,  overlooking  the  fact  that  al- 
though the  grand  juries  occasionally  indicted  men  who  were  acquitted 
on  trial,  they  much  more  frequently  relieved  persons  wrongfully  accused 
of  offenses,  from  trial,  without  publicity  and  the  expense  of  defense. 
This  subject  was  debated  at  great  length  although  no. amendment  of  the 
kind  had  ever  been  proposed  before  this  occasion.  Finally  William  S. 
Holman,  who  occupied  the  floor  very  seldom,  offered  an  amendment, 
leaving  control  of  the  matter  to  the  legislature.  This  amendment  was 
strongly  supported  by  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  another  member  who  spoke 
but  rarely,  and  this  course  was  taken  by  the  Convention,  with  the  result 
that  the  grand  jury  system  is  still  in  existence.  In  this  connection  may 
be  noted  the  most  vicious  form  of  lunacy  that  dOrejffped  in  the  Con- 
vention. With  all  the  experience  of  the  State  and  tire  country  in  wild- 
cat banking,  and  with  fifteen  years'  experience  of  the  security  of  the 
State  Bank  of  Indiana,  the  Convention  wanted  ' '  free  banks. ' '  Jackson 's 
fight  on  the  United  States  Bank  had  produced  a  general  idea  that  oppo- 
sition to  any  kind  of  a  state  bank  was  a  hall  mark  of  true  democracy. 
The  State  Bank  was  a  monopoly;  it  was  bringing  wealth  to  a  favored 
few ;  it  did  not  furnish  enough  paper  money  for  the  community ;  and  it 
preferred  loaning  money  to  farmers,  on  tangible  security,  to  loaning  it 
to  anyone  who  asked  for  it,  on  any  sort  of  security  offered.  Mr.  Hen- 
dricks called  the  attention  of  the  Convention  to  the  fact  that  what  the 
State  was  really  interested  in  was  not  the  kind  of  banks  but  the  security 
of  the  bills  issued  by  them,  and  he  offered  an  amendment  containing 
eight  provisions  to  guarantee  the  circulation  and  other  debts  of  the 
banks,  which  were  adopted.  The  eighth  provision  was:  "No  notes  or 
bills  shall  be  issued  as  money,  except  upon  a  specie  basis,  which  shall  be 
paid  in  by  the  stockholders  before  any  issues  are  made. ' '  The  committee 
on  revision  took  the  liberty  of  changing  this  to  a  provision  that  "their 
notes  shall  at  all  times  be  redeemable  in  gold  and  silver";  and  this  was 
not  discovered  by  the  Convention  until  February  8,  two  days  before  the 
adjournment  of  the  Convention.  An  attempt  was  made  to  have  the 
adoption  of  their  report  reconsidered,  but  the  free  bank  men  were  able 
to  defeat  it.  Mr.  Hendricks  appears  not  to  have  been  present  on  that 
day,  but  Mr.  Wallace  called  the  attention  of  the  Convention  to  the  fact 
that  this  gave  no  security  for  the  bank  bills;  and  so  it  proved  in  the 
disastrous  experience  of  the  next  five  years.11  The  legislature  of  1851-2 
promptly  passed  a  free  banking  law  which  took  effect  on  July  1,  1852, 


11  Debates,  pp.  1501-7,  2051-6. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  447 

and  which  provided  for  the  issue  of  paper  money,  countersigned  by  the 
Auditor  of  State,  and  stamped  ' '  Secured  by  the  pledge  of  public  stocks. ' ' 
The  security  deposited  with  the  Auditor  might  consist  of  two-thirds 
United  States  or  State  stocks,  with  a  discrimination  in  favor  of  Indiana 
bonds,  and  one-third  of  real  estate  mortgages.  Indiana  bonds  were  at  a 
discount  of  over  50  per  cent  on  the  New  York  market,  and  real  estate 
mortgages  could  be  made  to  order.  Within  six  months  fifteen  banks  had 
been  started,  and  had  taken  out  $800,000  of  circulation,  depositing 
$910,000  face  value  of  bonds.  By  May,  1854,  there  was  $9,000,000  of 
free  bank  money  iti  circulation,  when  the  Crimean  war  caused  a  drain  of 
gold  to  Europe,  and  a  call  for  specie  payments  in  this  country.  The 
free  banks  did  not  have  the  specie  to  protect  their  bills,  and  their  se- 
curities deposited  with  the  State  could  not  be  converted  into  specie. 
Then  the  people  realized  the  fallacy  of  securing  a  debt  by  a  debt,  which 
Hendricks  had  explained  to  the  Convention.  Considerable  of  this  money 
is  still  preserved  in  museums  and  collections  of  curios,  but  it  is  seldom 
recognized  as  a  monument  to  "the  wisdom  of  our  forefathers,"  which  is 
so  much  in  evidence  in  regulation  discussions  of  any  change  of  our 
constitution. 

One  of  the  most  important  changes  made  by  the  Convention  was  in 
the  matter  of  elections  and  appointments.  There  is  no  room  for  doubt 
that  the  old  "short  ballot"  system  had  become  thoroughly  unpopular, 
although  there  is  no  record  of  any  formal  effort  to  change  it  by  constitu- 
tional amendment.  It  consumed  the  time  of  the  legislature,  was  a  prolific 
source  of  "log-rolling,"  and  built  up  a  political  machine.  The  movement 
for  the  abolition  of  the  system,  which  had  been  universal  in  the  United 
States,  was  general  throughout  the  country,  as  was  manifest  in  the  new 
constitutions  of  other  states.  Its  strength  in  Indiana  is  evident  from  the 
Whig  resolutions  of  1850  for  the  substitution  of  popular  elections.  These 
would  never  have  been  adopted  if  public  sentiment  on  the  question  had 
not  been  clear  and  well  defined.  But  in  this  also,  the  pendulum  swung 
too  far  in  making  the  Supreme  and  Circuit  judges  elective.  It  is  true 
that  the  greatest  popular  resentment  had  been  raised  in  Indiana  over  the 
use  of  the  appointing  power  had  been  in  the  appointments  to  the 
Supreme  Court  by  Governors  Ray  and  Whitcomb,  but  in  both  cases  the 
complaint  was  of  the  failure  to  reappoint  the  holding  judges.  The  plain 
teaching  of  this  experience  was  that  the  fault  of  the  old  system  was  not 
in  the  appointing  power,  but  in  the  tenure  of  the  judges.  At  the  present 
time  there  is  a  very  general  consensus  of  opinion  that  the  best  system  is 
the  appointment,  of  Supreme  judges  at  least,  for  life,  or  during  good 
behavior;  and  there  would  probably  be  almost  a  general  consensus  that 
the  old  Indiana  system,  even  with  its  seven  years '  term,  was  a  great  deal 


448  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

better  than  the  elective  system  adopted  in  1851.  As  to  the  "log-rolling," 
the  reform  adopted  by  the  Convention  was  altogether  commendable. 
This  was  Section  19  of  Article  4,  ' '  Every  act  shall  embrace  but  one  sub- 
ject and  matter  properly  connected  therewith;  which  subject  shall  be 
•expressed  in  the  title.  But  if  any  subject  shall  be  embraced  in  an  act 
which  shall  not  be  embraced  in  the  title,  such  act  shall  be  void  only  as 
to  so  much  thereof  as  shall  not  be  expressed  in  the  title."  The  only  ob- 
jection to  this  is  that  the  courts  have  made  arbitrary  and  conflicting 
constructions  of  the  language,  with  the  result  that  cautious  drawers  of 
legislative  bills  often  make  their  titles  very  cumbersome,  and  in  case  of 
amendment  the  titles  at  times  become  absurd.  The  effort  has  been  made 
several  times  to  remedy  this  by  adopting  the  English  practice  of  per- 
mitting a  declaration  in  a  bill  of  a  brief  title  by  which  it  shall  be  known, 
but  this  has  not  yet  been,  accomplished. 

Another  section  commendable  in  purpose,  but  short-sighted  in  its 
wording,  is  section  24  of  the  same  article:  "Provision  may  be  made,  by 
general  law,  for  bringing  suit  against  the  State,  as  to  all  liabilities  origi- 
nating after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution ;  but  no  special  act  author- 
izing such  suit  to  be  brought,  or  making  compensation  to  any  person 
claiming  damages  against  the  State  shall  ever  be  passed."  Why  this 
should  have  been  limited  to  future  claims  is  not  apparent,  unless  it  was 
due  to  the  pending-  Vincennes  University  claim ;  and  if  that  was  the 
cause,  it  left  the  legislature  free  to  make  the  additional  compensation 
which  it  afterwards  gave  in  that  case.  Neither  is  it  apparent  why  this 
section  was  not  made  obligatory.  The  legislature  has  not  yet  provided 
for  all  claims  to  be  heard  by  the  courts,  and  claims  are  constantly  pre- 
sented to  the  legislature  for  adjustment  which  could  much  more  satis- 
factorily be  settled  by  the  courts.  It  is  obvious  that  if  the  principle  of 
separation  of  the  powers  of  government  is  correct,  as  practically  all 
Americans  believe,  the  legislature  should  be  divested  of  all  judicial 
powers.  The  provision  for  "a  uniform  and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and 
taxation"  with  "a  just  valuation  for  taxation  of  all  property,  both  real 
and  personal"  was  wise  enough  in  the  day  and  generation  in  which  it 
was  adopted,  but  its  plain  purpose  to  limit  taxation  to  real  and  personal 
property  has  stood  as  an  unconquerable  obstacle  to  every  effort  to  get 
actually  equal  taxation,  by  means  of  an  income  tax,  or  any  other  mode 
than  the  general  property  tax.  The  failure  to  provide  a  just  and  equal 
system  of  taxation  has  been  the  cause  of  more  injustice  to  the  people 
of  Indiana  than  all  other  forms  of  misgovernment  combined.  Primarily 
this  is  the  fault  of  the  people  themselves,  because  they  do  not  insist  on 
the  enforcement  of  the  tax  laws.  Demands  for  law  enforcement  are 
common  enough,  and  insistent  enough,  but  they  are  commonly  confined 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


449 


to  liquor  and  social  evil  laws,  and  overlook  the  more  inexcusable  and 
more  vicious  violation  of  the  tax  laws. 

The  recognition  of  God  in  the  preamble  was  not  due  to  any  particular 
reverence  on  the  part  of  the  delegates,  but  to  a  petition  from  the  people 
of  Gibson  County.  It  occasioned  considerable  debate,  but  was  finally 
adopted  by  a. vote  of  124  to  1,  the  objector  being  Judge  Pettit  who  never 


neglected  an  opportunity  to  air  his  hostility  to  religion.  Pettit  was  one 
of  Indiana's  most  noted  freaks.  He  was  born  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
N.  Y.,  where  his  father  was  a  shipbuilder.  His  parents  were  pious  folk, 
and  desired  to  educate  him  for  the  ministry,  but  he  early  developed  a 
dislike  for  theology,  and  refused  to  continue  his  collegiate  course  unless 
the  plan  was  abandoned,  and  he  was  allowed  to  study  law.  To  this  his 
parents  reluctantly  consented,  but  the  president  of  the  college  entered 
on  a  special  campaign  to  convert  the  young  rebel,  and  finally  succeeded 

Vol.    I— Z» 


•  • 


448 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


better  than  the  elective  system  adopted  in  1851.  As  to  the  "log-rolling," 
the  reform  adopted  by  the  Convention  was  altogether  commendable. 
This  was  Section  19  of  Article  4,  "Every  act  shall  embrace  but  one  sub- 
ject and  matter  properly  connected  therewith;  which  subject  shall  be 
•expressed  in  the  title.  But  if  any  subject  shall  be  embraced  in  an  act 
which  shall  not  be  embraced  in  the  title,  such  act  shall  be  void  only  as 
to  so  much  thereof  as  shall  not  be  expressed  in  the  title. ' '  The  only  ob- 
jection to  this  is  that  the  courts  have  made  arbitrary  and  conflicting 
constructions  of  the  language,  with  the  result  that  cautious  drawers  of 
legislative  bills  often  make  their  titles  very  cumbersome,  and  in  case  of 
amendment  the  titles  at  times  become  absurd.  The  effort  has  been  made 
several  times  to  remedy  this  by  adopting  the  English  practice  of  per- 
mitting a  declaration  in  a  bill  of  a  brief  title  by  which  it  shall  be  known, 
but  this  has  not  yet  been  accomplished. 

Another  section  commendable  in  purpose,  but  short-sighted  in  its 
wording,  is  section  24  of  the  same  article:  "Provision  may  be  made,  by 
general  law.  for  bringing  suit  against  the  State,  as  to  all  liabilities  origi- 
nating after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution ;  but  no  special  act  author- 
izing such  suit  to  be  brought,  or  making  compensation  to  any  person 
claiming  damages  against  the  State  shall  ever  be  passed."  Why  this 
should  have  been  limited  to  future  claims  is  not  apparent,  unless  it  was 
due  to  the  pending  Vincennes  University  claim ;  and  if  that  was  the 
cause,  it  left  the  legislature  free  to  make  the  additional  compensation 
which  it  afterwards  gave  in  that  case.  Neither  is  it  apparent  why  this 
section  was  not  made  obligatory.  The  legislature  has  not  yet  provided 
for  all  claims  to  be  heard  by  the  courts,  and  claims  are  constantly  pre- 
sented to  the  legislature  for  adjustment  which  could  much  more  satis- 
factorily be  settled  by  the  courts.  It  is  obvious  that  if  the  principle  of 
separation  of  the  powers  of  government  is  correct,  as  practically  all 
Americans  believe,  the  legislature  should  be  divested  of  all  judicial 
powers.  The  provision  for  "a  uniform  and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and 
taxation"  with  "a  just  valuation  for  taxation  of  all  property,  both  real 
and  personal ' '  was  wise  enough  in  the  day  and  generation  in  which  it 
was  adopted,  but  its  plain  purpose  to  limit  taxation  to  real  and  personal 
property  has  stood  as  an  unconquerable  obstacle  to  every  effort  to  get 
actually  equal  taxation,  by  means  of  an  income  tax,  or  any  other  mode 
than  the  general  property  tax.  The  failure  to  provide  a  just  and  equal 
system  of  taxation  has  been  the  cause  of  more  injustice  to  the  people 
of  Indiana  than  all  other  forms  of  misgovern ment  combined.  Primarily 
this  is  the  fault  of  the  people  themselves,  because  they  do  not  insist  on 
the  enforcement  of  the  tax  laws.  Demands  for  law  enforcement  are 
common  enough,  and  insistent  enough,  but  they  are  commonly  confined 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


449 


to  liquor  and  social  evil  laws,  and  overlook  the  more  inexcusable  and 
more  vicious  violation  of  the  tax  laws. 

The  recognition  of  God  in  the  preamble  was  not  due  to  any  particular 
reverence  on  the  part  of  the  delegates,  but  to  a  petition  from  the  people 
of  Gibson  County.  It  occasioned  considerable  debate,  but  was  finally 
adopted  by  a.vote  of  124  to  1,  the  objector  being  Judge  Pettit  who  never 


' 


neglected  an  opportunity  to  air  his  hostility  to  religion.  Pettit  was  one 
of  Indiana's  most  noted  freaks.  He  was  born  at  Sackett's  Harbor, 
N.  Y.,  where  his  father  was  a  shipbuilder.  His  parents  were  pious  folk, 
and  desired  to  educate  him  for  the  ministry,  but  he  early  developed  a 
dislike  for  theology,  and  refused  to  continue  his  collegiate  course  unless 
the  plan  was  abandoned,  and  he  was  allowed  to  study  law.  To  this  his 
parents  reluctantly  consented,  but  the  president  of  the  college  entered 
on  a  special  campaign  to  convert  the  young  rebel,  and  finally  succeeded 

Vol.     1—29 


450  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

in  making  him  so  angry  that  he  ran  away,  and  found  a  job  as  office  boy 
with  Judge  Potter,  of  Waterloo.  In  1830  he  started  west;  stopped  to 
teach  school  for  a  year  near  Troy,  Ohio,  and  on  May  12,  1831,  arrived 
at  Lafayette,  with  a  fortune  of  $3.  He  had  a  forcible,  rather  rough  style 
of  oratory,  that  took  with  the  frontier  population,  and  a  fair  share  of 
native  ability.  He  soon  attained  standing  at  the  bar,  and  in  1838,  was 
elected  to  the  legislature.  In  1839  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  District  At- 
torney for  Indiana,  which  office  he  filled  until  1843,  when  he  was  elected 
to  Congress.  By  this  time  his  hatred  of  Christianity  had  become  an  ob- 
session, and  he  obtained  notoriety  by  objecting  to  the  appointment  of  a 
Chaplain  to  the  House  of  Representatives.12  But  he  was  conceded  to  be 
honest,  and  his  peculiar  form  of  independence  did  not  affect  him  polit- 
ically. He  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator  in  1853,  for  WhitconfF'B  unexpired 
term ;  Judge  of  the  Tippecanoe  Circuit  Court  in  1855 ;  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Kansas  Territory  in  1859 ;  elected  City  Attorney  of  Lafayette 
in  1861 ;  Mayor  of  Lafayette  in  1867 ;  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
1870.  He  served  as  Supreme  Judge  for  six  years,  retiring  January  1, 
1877,  and  died  June  17,  1877,  at  Lafayette.  When  he  w*s  intoxicated, 
which  was  quite  usual  in  his  later  years,  his  flow  of  blasphemy  and  scur- 
rility was  so  picturesque  that  it  was  almost  entertaining. 

The  bill  of  rights,  which  is  always  relied  upon  as  strong  evidence  of 
the  wisdom  of  the  fathers  is  a  statement  of  fundamental  principles  that 
are  the  result  of  the  growth  of  centuries,  proclaimed  at  various  times  in 
Magna  Charta,  the  Bill  of  Rights,  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
other  epoch  markers.  They  are  substantially  the  same  in  all  American 
constitutions,  and  there  are  only  two  points  that  are  additional  to  the 
declaration  in  the  Constitution  of  1816,  as  to  religious  liberty.  They  are 
that  no  person  shall  be  made  incompetent  as  a  witness  on  account  of 
religious  views,  and  no  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  the 
benefit  of  any  religious  or  theological  institution.  These  were  included 
in  several  new  constitutions  adopted  shortly  before  the  Indiana  Consti- 
tution, and  are  included  in  spirit,  if  not  in  letter,  in  the  Constitution  of 
1816.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury,  which  was  not  guaranteed  by  the  old 
Constitution  in  civil  cases  involving  less  than  twenty  dollars,  or  in  crim- 
inal cases  punishable  by  fine  of  not  over  three  dollars,  was  extended  to  all 
civil  and  criminal  cases.  The  principle  of  exemption  of  a  reasonable 
amount  of  the  property  of  a  debtor  from  seizure  for  debt  was  asserted, 
which  although  not  included  in  the  Constitution  of  1816,  had  been  recog- 
nized in  the  laws,  to  the  extent  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars. 
A  new  provision  of  importance  was  that :  ' '  The  General  Assembly  shall 
not  grant  to  any  citizen,  or  class  of  citizens,  privileges  or  immunities, 

12  Indianapolis  Journal,  Jan.  1,  1847. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  451 

which,  upon  the  same  terms,  shall  not  equally  belong  to  all  citizens." 
Another  new  provision  was  that  no  man 's  property  should  be  taken  with- 
out just  compensation  first  assessed  and  tendered,  except  by  the  State. 
The  exception  ought  to  have  been  restricted  to  cases  of  necessity,  as  the 
State  should  be  just,  as  well  as  compelling  its  citizens  to  be  just. 

The  most  reprehensible  action  of  the  Convention  was  its  regulation  of 
suffrage.  There  can  be  no  question  of  the  allegiance  of  Jesse  D.  Bright 
to  the  Democratic  party,  nor  of  his  full  knowledge  of  the  policies  of  the 
Convention.  Very  shortly  after  its  adjournment  he  said :  "I  am  opposed 
to  that  clause  in  the  new  Constitution  allowing  foreigners  to  vote,  and 
am  sorry  it  is  there.  Both  parties  tried  to  see  how  far  they  could  go  to 
get  the  foreign  vote.  If  it  was  left  open,  as  the  negro  clause,  it  would 
be  voted  down  by  twenty  thousand  votes."13  This  expression  from  a 
Democratic  United  States  Senator,  is  the  more  notable  because  his 
brother,  Michael  G.  Bright,  was  a  member  of  the  Convention,  and  made 
the  motion  that  five  thousand  copies  of  the  Constitution,  and  the  Ad- 
dress to  the  Electors  in  support  of  it,  which  had  been  prepared  by 
Robert  Dale  Owen,  and  adopted  by  the  Convention,  be  printed  in  the 
German  language.14  If  there  were  any  question  as  to  the  accuracy  of 
his  declaration  it  would  be  removed  by  an  examination  of  the  record. 
The  Convention  not  only  removed  the  requirement  that  voters  should 
be  citizens  of  the  United  States,  which  required  five  years'  residence, 
but  reduced  the  residence  in  the  State  from  one  year  to  six  months.  The 
only  rational  thing  in  the  provision"  was  the  restriction  of  the  right  of 
voting  to  the  township  or  precinct  where  the  voter  resided,  instead  of 
the  county,  as  provided  by  the  old  Constitution,  and  which  privilege 
had  been  abused  by  the  purchasable  voters  flocking  to  the  county  seats. 
where  treating  was  most  profuse,  but  where  they  had  no  real  interest  in 
the  local  candidates  for  whom  they  voted.  But  the  Convention  made  no 
provisions  as  to  registration,  or  period  of  local  residence,  which  might 
interfere  with  the  voting  of  some  newly  arrived  foreigner,  and  this  was 
the  source  of  many  frauds  later  in  the  colonization  of  voters  from  one 
county  in  another  where  their  votes  were  desired.  In  the  debate  the 
discussion  was  chiefly  as  to  whether  the  Democrats  or  the  Whigs  were  the 
true  friends  of  the  foreigner.  A  forcible  appeal  was  made  to  self-interest 
on  the  ground  that  other  states  would  get  the  immigration  which  Indiana 
desired,  if  the  broadest  inducements  in  the  privileges  of  citizenship  were 
not  offered;  and  Pettit  offered  a  salve  to  patriotic  qualms  by  the  state- 
ment: "Sir,  these  foreigners  vote  just  as  we  vote.  It  might  as  well  be 
said  that  we  would  endeavor  to  overthrow  the  institutions  of  the  country, 


"  Journal,  July  19,  1851. 
«  Debates,  p.  2066. 


450  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

in  making  him  so  angry  that  he  ran  away,  and  found  a  job  as  office  boy 
with  Judge  Potter,  of  Waterloo.  In  1830  he  started  west;  stopped  to 
teach  school  for  a  year  near  Troy,  Ohio,  and  on  May  12,  1831,  arrived 
at  Lafayette,  with  a  fortune  of  $3.  He  had  a  forcible,  rather  rough  style 
of  oratory,  that  took  with  the  frontier  population,  and  a  fair  share  of 
native  ability.  He  soon  attained  standing  at  the  bar,  and  in  1838,  was 
elected  to  the  legislature.  In  1839  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  District  At- 
torney for  Indiana,  which  office  he  filled  until  1843,  when  he  was  elected 
to  Congress.  By  this  time  his  hatred  of  Christianity  had  become  an  ob- 
session, and  he  obtained  notoriety  by  objecting  to  the  appointment  of  a 
Chaplain  to  the  House  of  Representatives.12  But  he  was  conceded  to  be 
honest,  and  his  peculiar  form  of  independence  did  not  affect  him  polit- 
ically. He  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator  in  1853,  for  Whitcomb's  unexpired 
term ;  Judge  of  the  Tippecanoe  Circuit  Court  in  1855 ;  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Kansas  Territory  in  1859 ;  elected  City  Attorney  of  Lafayette 
in  1861 ;  Mayor  of  Lafayette  in  1867 ;  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
1870.  He  served  as  Supreme  Judge  for  six  years,  retiring  January  1, 
1877,  and  died  June  17,  1877,  at  Lafayette.  When  he  was  intoxicated, 
which  was  quite  usual  in  his  later  years,  his  flow  of  blasphemy  and  scur- 
rility was  so  picturesque  that  it  was  almost  entertaining. 

The  bill  of  rights,  which  is  always  relied  upon  as  strong  evidence  of 
the  wisdom  of  the  fathers  is  a  statement  of  fundamental  principles  that 
are  the  result  of  the  growth  of  centuries,  proclaimed  at  various  times  in 
Magna  Charta,  the  Bill  of  Rights,  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
.  other  epoch  markers.  They  are  substantially  the  same  in  all  American 
constitutions,  and  there  are  only  two  points  that  are  additional  to  the 
declaration  in  the  Constitution  of  1816,  as  to  religious  liberty.  They  are 
that  no  person  shall  be  made  incompetent  as  a  witness  on  account  of 
religious  views,  and  no  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  the 
benefit  of  any  religious  or  theological  institution.  These  were  included 
in  several  new  constitutions  adopted  shortly  before  the  Indiana  Consti- 
tution, and  are  included  in  spirit,  if  not  in  letter,  in  the  Constitution  of 
1816.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury,  which  was  not  guaranteed  by  the  old 
Constitution  in  civil  cases  involving  less  than  twenty  dollars,  or  in  crim- 
inal cases  punishable  by  fine  of  not  over  three  dollars,  was  extended  to  all 
civil  and  criminal  cases.  The  principle  of  exemption  of  a  reasonable 
amount  of  the  property  of  a  debtor  from  seizure  for  debt  was  asserted, 
which  although  not  included  in  the  Constitution  of  1816,  had  been  recog- 
nized in  the  laws,  to  the  extent  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars. 
A  new  provision  of  importance  was  that :  ' '  The  General  Assembly  shall 
not  grant  to  any  citizen,  or  class  of  citizens,  privileges  or  immunities, 


12  Indianapolis  Journal,  Jan.  1,  1847. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  451 

which,  upon  the  same  terms,  shall  not  equally  belong  to  all  citizens." 
Another  new  provision  was  that  no  man 's  property  should  be  taken  with- 
out just  compensation  first  assessed  and  tendered,  except  by  the  State. 
The  exception  ought  to  have  been  restricted  to  cases  of  necessity,  as  the 
State  should  be  just,  as  well  as  compelling  its  citizens  to  be  just. 

The  most  reprehensible  action  of  the  Convention  was  its  regulation  of 
suffrage.  -There  can  be  no  question  of  the  allegiance  of  Jesse  D.  Bright 
to  the  Democratic  party,  nor  of  his  full  knowledge  of  the  policies  of  the 
Convention.  Very  shortly  after  its  adjournment  he  said :  "I  am  opposed 
to  that  clause  in  the  new  Constitution  allowing  foreigners  to  vote,  and 
am  sorry  it  is  there.  Both  parties  tried  to  see  how  far  they  could  go  to 
get  the  foreign  vote.  If  it  was  left  open,  as  the  negro  clause,  it  would 
be  voted  down  by  twenty  thousand  votes."13  This  expression  from  a 
Democratic  United  States  Senator,  is  the  more  notable  because  his 
brother,  Michael  G.  Bright,  was  a  member  of  the  Convention,  and  made 
the  motion  that  five  thousand  copies  of  the  Constitution,  and  the  Ad- 
dress to  the  Electors  in  support  of  it,  which  had  been  prepared  by 
Robert  Dale  Owen,  and  adopted  by  the  Convention,  be  printed  in  the 
German  language.14  If  there  were  any  question  as  to  the  accuracy  of 
his  declaration  it  would  be  removed  by  an  examination  of  the  record. 
The  Convention  not  only  removed  the  requirement  that  voters  should 
be  citizens  of  the  United  States,  which  required  five  years'  residence, 
but  reduced  the  residence  in  the  State  from  one  year  to  six  months.  The 
only  rational  thing  in  the  provision  was  the  restriction  of  the  right  of 
voting  to  the  township  or  precinct  where  the  voter  resided,  instead  of 
the  county,  as  provided  by  the  old  Constitution,  and  which  privilege 
had  been  abused  by  the  purchasable  voters  flocking  to  the  county  seats, 
where  treating  was  most  profuse,  but  where  they  had  no  real  interest  in 
the  local  candidates  for  whom  they  voted.  But  the  Convention  made  no 
provisions  as  to  registration,  or  period  of  local  residence,  which  might 
interfere  with  the  voting  of  some  newly  arrived  foreigner,  and  this  was 
the  source  of  many  frauds  later  in  the  colonization  of  voters  from  one 
county  in  another  where  their  votes  were  desired.  In  the  debate  the 
discussion  was  chiefly  as  to  whether  the  Democrats  or  the  Whigs  were  the 
true  friends  of  the  foreigner.  A  forcible  appeal  was  made  to  self-interest 
on  the  ground  that  other  states  would  get  the  immigration  which  Indiana 
desired,  if  the  broadest  inducements  in  the  privileges  of  citizenship  were 
not  offered;  and  Pettit  offered  a  salve  to  patriotic  qualms  by  the  state- 
ment: "Sir,  these  foreigners  vote  just  as  we  vote.  It  might  as  well  be 
said  that  we  would  endeavor  to  overthrow  the  institutions  of  the  country, 


Journal,  July  19,   1851. 
Debates,  p.  2066. 


452  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

as  that  they  will.  They  vote  either  with  the  Whigs  or  with  the  Demo- 
crats. If  they  vote  with  the  Democrats,  there  is  no  danger  ('consent' 
and  laughter).  And  I  will  not  say  that  if  they  vote  with  the  Whigs, 
there  would  be  danger.  The  only  effect  is  to  swell  the  vote."  15 

But  this  was  not  the  only  effect.  These  loose  provisions  opened  the 
doors  for  a  carnival  of  election  frauds  that  have  disgraced  the  State, 
and  from  which  it  still  suffers,  notwithstanding  the  palliatives  that  have 
been  attempted  by  legislation.  Urgent  calls  for  remedies  were  made 
by  Governors,  of  all  parties,  almost  from  the  inauguration  of  the  new 
policy,  but  the  evil  was  a  disease  of  the  blood,  which  could  not  be  cured 
by  applying  salves  and  lotions  to  the  skin.16  In  addition  to  that,  it  led 
all  parties  to  bid  for  the  foreign  vote,  and  this  logically  resulted  in  the 
segregation  of  that  vote  on  racial  lines,  and  its  demand  for  the  highest 
political  price.  The  Democrats  held  it  until  the  Civil  war,  and  then  lost 
it  on  the  slavery  question.  After  the  war  they  bought  it  back  on  the 
liquor  question,  and  lost  it  again  on  the  money  question.  During  the 
two-thirds  of  a  century  since  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  there  has 
been  an  almost  continuous  effort  on  all  sides  to  get  "the  German  Ameri- 
can vote ' '  and  ' '  the  Irish  American  vote ' '  that  has  led  to  repeated  out- 
breaks of  nativism  in  the  form  of  secret  organizations  opposed  to  even 
reasonable  treatment  of  foreigners.  Instead  of  the  amalgamation  and 
harmony  which  it  was  predicted  would  result  from  the  policy,  it  has 
been  a  perpetual  cause  of  discord,  prejudice,  and  racial  animosity.  Its 
danger  in  time  of  war  is  now  being  forcibly  impressed  on  the  whole 
American  people,  .and  wilPno  doubt  lead  to  a  correction  of  this  folly 
at  no  distant  time  in  Indiana.  In  the  entire  period  there  has  been  only 
one  benefit  from  it,  and  that  was  not  contemplated.  The  older  Germans 
clung  tenaciously  not  only  to  their  manners  and  customs,  but  also  to 
their  language.  The  first  concession  to  this  sentiment  was  having  the 
laws  printed  in  German,  and  this  was  continued  for  years  by  all 
parties.  But  wherever  the  Germans  were  sufficiently  numerous,  they 
maintained  separate  schools,  in  which  the  instruction  was  in  German. 
As  they  paid  the  same  taxes  for  the  public  schools  as  other  people, 
the  next  political  move,  in  1869,  was  to  have  German  taught  in  the 
public  schools,  in  order  to  relieve  them  of  this  self-imposed  burden. 
The  German  schools  were  gradually  discontinued ;  but  instead  of  anybody 
learning  German  in  the  public  schools  the  effect  was  to  Americanize  the 
rising  generation  of  Germans.  In  years  of  observation,  I  have  never 
found  a  solitary  person  who  ever  learned  to  read,  write  or  speak  the 
German  language  in  the  public  schools  of  Indiana,  It  appears  probable 

«  Debates,  p.  1303. 

10  For  detailed  statement  see  Constitution  Making  in  Indiana,  pp.  «v-«vii. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  453 

that  this  German  instruction  is  doomed  to  go,  but  its  effect  of  breaking 
up  the  separate  German  schools  was  well  worth  all  it  has  cost  the  tax- 
payers. 

The  atmosphere  of  local  and  personal  prejudice  that  pervaded  the 
Convention  was  conspicuously  displayed  in  the  discussion  of  law  re- 
form. On'one  side  learned  lawyers  contended  vigorously  for  the  preser- 
vation of  antiquated  forms,  and  the  absurd  intricacies  of  special  plead- 
ing, on  the  ground  of  the  time-tested  excellences  of  the  Common  Law, 
as  if  the  excellences  of  that  system  were  any  reason  for  retaining  its 
evils.  On  the  other  side  the  non-professionals,  mostly  farmers,  were 
determined  that  the  law  should  no  longer  be  a  learned  science ;  and,  being 
in  majority,  they  carried  their  idea  to  the  extreme  of  providing  that, 
"Every  person  of  good  moral  character,  being  a  voter,  shall  be  entitled 
to  admission  to  practice  law  in  all  courts  of  justice."  The  efforts  of 
lawyers  who  take  some  pride  in  the  standing  of  their  profession  to  get 
rid  of  this  provision  have  been  futile.  Even  some  persons  of  ordinary 
intelligence  meet  the  demand  with  the  argument  that  "It  is  the  smart 
lawyers  that  do  the  damage,  and  not  the  poor  ones."  The  fact  that 
the  "damage"  done  by  the  smart  ones  is  increased  by  having  the  poor 
ones  to  oppose  them,  has  had  no  more  effect  on  the  voters  than  the  consid- 
eration that  the  injury  done  by  a  poor  lawyer  is  not  to  himself  but  to  his 
client.  There  is,  of  course,  no  more  reason  why  a  person  of  good  moral 
character  should  be  held  out  to  the  public  as  selling  a  good  quality  of 
legal  counsel,  that  he  does  not  possess,  than  that  a  grocer  of  good  moral 
character  should  be  allowed  to  sell  oleomargarine  for  butter.  In  reality 
the  grocer  could  not  possibly  do  so  much  harm  to  his  fellow  citizens  as 
the  poor  lawyer.  The  simplification  of  the  law  was  a  step  of  progress 
that  has  been  fully  vindicated.  The  only  difficulty  is  that  the  courts, 
by  means  of  rules  and  precedents,  have  gradually  built  up  a  system  that 
is  almost  as  complicated  and  technical  as  that  of  the  Common  Law,  which 
grew  up  in  the  same  way.  It  was  especially  the  intention  of  the  Con- 
vention to  abolish  all  fictions  of  the  law,  but  some  of  them  are  still 
retained,  and  still  obstruct  the  doing  of  justice.  For  example,  the  only 
way  in  which  the  constitutionality  of  a  law  can  be  tested  before  it  is 
put  in  force,  is  by  injunction,  and  to  maintain  an  injunction  suit  the 
complainant  must  allege  and  prove  some  personal  injury  that  would 
result.  For  this  reason,  the  law  for  a  constitutional  convention,  passed 
at  the  session  of  1916-17,  could  not  be  tested  until  it  was  duly  published, 
for  it  was  not  a  law  until  that  time.  The  plaintiff  alleged  a  threatened 
injury  to  himself,  which  was  sufficient  under  judicial  rulings,  although 
he  could  not  in  fact  be  injured  any  more  than  any  other  person  who 
objected  to  the  convention.  By  the  time  a  decision  was  obtained  from  the 


454  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Supreme  Court,  a  large  expense  had  been  incurred  in  the  registration 
of  voters,  provided  for  by  the  law.  The  delay  of  the  decision  on  the 
woman's  suffrage  law,  passed  at  the  same  session,  increased  the  trouble 
and  the  expense.  Under  a  rational  system  the  whole  question  could  have 
been  settled  within  thirty  days  after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature, 
and  the  expense  of  registration  avoided.  By  a  similar  fiction,  the  appeal 
of  Governor  Marshall  in  his  constitution  case,  was  disposed  of  on  the 
technicality  that  he  had  appealed  as  Governor  and  not  as  an  individual 
who  was  damaged.  Hence  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  would 
not  decide  whether  a  republican  form  of  government  in  Indiana  was 
destroyed  by  the  Judicial  Department  usurping  the  functions  of  the 
Executive  and  Legislative  Departments.  And  yet  who  was  damaged  if 
those  Departments  were  not  ?  The  damage  to  any  individual  must  have 
been  purely  theoretical. 

The  most  picturesque  contest  in  the  Convention  was  the  losing  fight 
of  Robert  Dale  Owen  for  independent  property  rights  for  married 
women.  In  fact  it  was  so  picturesque  that  it  has  left  a  common  im- 
pression that  Owen,  single-handed  and  alone,  invaded  a  benighted  com- 
monwealth, and  wrested  from  its  unwilling  representatives  the  estab- 
lishment of  woman's  present  status  in  Indiana.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  work  of  removing  the  Common  Law  disabilities  of  women  had  been 
inaugurated  four  years  earlier,  by  the  act  of  January  23,  1847,  which 
provided :  ' '  That  no  real  estate  whereof  any  married  woman  was  or  may 
be  seized,  or  otherwise  entitled  to  at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  or  which 
she  has  or  may  fairly  acquire  during  her  coverture,  or  any  interest 
therein,  shall  be  liable  for  the  debts  of  her  husband ;  but  the  same  and  all 
interest  therein,  and  all  rents  and  profits  arising  therefrom,  shall  be 
deemed  and  taken  to  be  her  separate  property,  free  and  clear  from  any 
and  all  claim  or  claims  of  the  creditors  or  legal  representatives  of  her 
husband,  as  fully  as  if  she  had  never  been  married :  Provided,  That  this 
law  shall  not  be  construed  as  to  apply  to  debts  contracted  by  such  married 
woman  before  such  marriage,  but  in  all  such  cases  her  said  property  shall 
be  first  liable  therefor."  This  act  was  introduced  by  Jonathan  S.  Harvey, 
a  native  Hoosier,  born  in  Wayne  County,  January  16,  1817.  He  became 
a  lawyer,  and  located  in  Hendricks  County,  from  which  he  was  several 
times  elected  to  the  legislature,  as  a  Whig.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Indiana,  and  a  delegate  from  the  Indian- 
apolis congressional  district  to  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1856,  which  nominated  Fremont.  In  1858  he  was  made  president  of  the 
Jeffersonville  branch  of  the  State  Bank,  and  in  1861  was  elected  Treas- 
urer of  State  on  the  Republican  ticket,  serving  until  1863.  His  bill  met 


CO 

g 

o 
z 

O 


O 

•A 

B 


z 

o 
> 

2 


5! 
O 
?» 

Z 
I 


wwm. 


454 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


• 


Supreme  Court,  a  large  expense  had  been  incurred  in  the  registration 
of  voters,  provided  for  by  the  law.  The  delay  of  the  decision  on  the 
woman's  suffrage  law,  passed  at  the  same  session,  increased  the  trouble 
and  the  expense.  Under  a  rational  system  the  whole  question  could  have 
been  settled  within  thirty  days  after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature, 
and  the  expense  of  registration  avoided.  By  a  similar  fiction,  the  appeal 
of  Governor  Marshall  in  his  constitution  case,  was  disposed  of  on  the 
technicality  that  he  had  appealed  as  Governor  and  not  as  an  individual 
who  was  damaged.  Hence  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  would 
not  decide  whether  a  republican  form  of  government  in  Indiana  was 
destroyed  by  the  Judicial  Department  usurping  the  functions  of  the 
Executive  and  Legislative  Departments.  And  yet  who  was  damaged  if 
those  Departments  were  not?  The  damage  to  any  individual  must  have 
been  purely  theoretical. 

The  most  picturesque  contest  in  the  Convention  was  the  losing  fight 
of  Robert  Dale  Owen  for  independent  property  rights  for  married 
women.  In  fact  it  was  so  picturesque  that  it  has  left  a  common  im- 
pression that  Owen,  single-handed  and  alone,  invaded  a  benighted  com- 
monwealth, and  wrested  from  its  unwilling  representatives  the  estab- 
lishment of  woman's  present  status  in  Indiana.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  work  of  removing  the  Common  Law  disabilities  of  women  had  been 
inaugurated  four  years  earlier,  by  the  act  of  January  23.  1847,  which 
provided:  "That  no  real  estate  whereof  any  married  woman  was  or  may 
be  seized,  or  otherwise  entitled  to  at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  or  which 
she  has  or  may  fairly  acquire  during  her  coverture,  or  any  interest 
therein,  shall  be  liable  for  the  debts  of  her  husband ;  but  the  same  and  all 
interest  therein,  and  all  rents  and  profits  arising  therefrom,  shall  be 
deemed  and  taken  to  be  her  separate  property,  free  and  clear  from  any 
and  all  claim  or  claims  of  the  creditors  or  legal  representatives  of  her 
husband,  as  fully  as  if  she  had  never  been  married :  Provided,  That  this 
law  shall  not  be  construed  as  to  apply  to  debts  contracted  by  such  married 
woman  before  such  marriage,  but  in  all  such  cases  her  said  property  shall 
be  first  liable  therefor."  This  act  was  introduced  by  Jonathan  S.  Harvey, 
a  native  Hoosier,  born  in  Wayne  County,  January  16,  1817.  He  became 
a  lawyer,  and  located  in  Ilendricks  County,  from  which  he  was  several 
times  elected  to  the  legislature,  as  a  Whig.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Republican  party  in  Indiana,  and  a  delegate  from  the  Indian- 
apolis congressional  district  to  the  Republican  National  Convention  of 
1856,  which  nominated  Fremont.  In  1858  he  was  made  president  of  the 
Jeffersonville  branch  of  the  State  Bank,  and  in  1861  was  elected  Treas- 
urer of  State  on  the  Republican  ticket,  serving  until  1863.  His  bill  met 


456  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

with  general  approval  in  the  legislature  of  1846-7,  and  passed  the  House 
by  a  vote  of  72  to  17,  and  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  38  to  9.17 

In  the  Convention  of  1850,  Mr.  Owen  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  rights  and  privileges  of  the  people  of  the  State.  On  October 
19  he  moved  the  instruction  of  this  committee  to  inquire  into  the  expe- 
diency of  incorporating  in  the  bill  of  rights  this  section :  ' '  Women  here- 
after married  in  this  state  shall  have  the  right  to  acquire  and  possess 
property,  to  their  sole  use  and  disposal ;  and  laws  shall  be  passed,  secur- 
ing to  them,  under  equitable  conditions,  all  property,  real  and  personal, 
whether  owned  by  them  before  marriage,  or  acquired  afterwards,  by 
purchase,  gift,  demise  or  descent,  and  also  providing  for  the  registration 
of  the  wife's  separate  property."  This  was  reported  without  change  on 
October  29,  with  another  section  providing  that:  "Laws  shall  be  passed 
securing  to  women  now  married,  the  right  to  all  property  hereafter  to 
be  acquired  by  them,  in  every  case  in  which  such  married  women,  in 
conjunction  with  their  husbands,  shall  file  for  record,  in  the  recorder's 
office  of  the  county  in  which  they  reside,  a  declaration,  duly  attested, 
expressing  the  desire  of  the  parties  to  come  under  the  provisions  of  such 
law."  On  November  13,  the  debate  was  opened  by  Mr.  Owen  with  a 
statement  of  the  Indiana  law  as  it  then  stood.  As  to  real  estate  a  widow 
had  only  a  life  estate  in  her  husband's  lands  to  the  extent  of  one-third 
of  the  rents  and  profits,  while  a  widower  had  a  life  estate  in  all  of  his 
wife's  land  as  tenant  by  courtesy.  At  marriage,  all  of  the  wife's  per- 
sonal property,  except  necessary  wearing  apparel,  became  the  property 
of  the  husband,  and  all  that  she  acquired  afterwards  as  earnings  or  from 
other  sources.  He  told  of  two  scoundrels  who  married  two  sisters  in 
Kentucky,  and  brought  them  to  New  Harmony.  Leaving  the  girls  at  a 
cabin  in  the  country,  they  returned  to  town,  opened  several  boxes  con- 
taining their  bridal  outfits  of  clothing  and  household  goods,  sold  them 
at  auction,  and  decamped.  Proposals  to  follow  them  were  stopped  by 
information  that  they  could  not  be  punished,  as  they  had  only  sold  their 
own  property.  Referring  to  the  law  of  1847,  which  secured  the  wife 
her  real  estate,  he  asked:  "Do  we  mete  out  fair  and  equal  justice  to 
rich  and  poor,  when  we  enact  laws  to  protect  the  land-owner  in  her  rents, 
and  neglect  to  afford  similar  protection  to  the  less  fortunate  and  wealthy  ? 
To  her  who  owns,  perhaps,  but  a  single  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  prop- 
erty? Or  a  graver  injustice  yet,  to  her  who  has  inherited  nothing  but 
willing  hands  and  a  stout  heart,  and  who  but  asks,  in  case  a  vagabond 
husband  leave  her  to  toil  on,  unaided,  in  fulfillment  of  the  duties  he 
violates  and  neglects,  that  the  law  will  secure  to  her,  that,  to  which  every 
human  being  has  an  inherent  right,  the  ownership  of  the  produce  of 


H.  J.,  p.  360;    8.  ,T.,  p.  470. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  457 

her  own  labor."  He  reiad  from  a  letter  from  Chancellor  Kent,  that  he 
was  "not  insensible  to  the  many  harsh  features  contained  in  the  English 
Common  Law  code  relative  to  the  relation  of  husband  and  wife";  and 
from  a  letter  from  Judge  Story:  "The  present  state  of  the  Common 
Law,  with  regard  to  the  rights  of  property  between  husband  and  wife, 
is  inequitable,  unjust,  and  ill  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  a  refined  and 
civilized  society."  He  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  nearly  half  of 
the  states,  including  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maine,  Ohio,  Wisconsin, 
Arkansas,  Florida,  Alabama,  Texas  and  California,  had  already  made 
women  independent  owners  of  property,  and  that  it  was  a  principle  of 
the  Civil  Law,  which  was  in  force  in  Louisiana.  This  was  the  substance 
of  his  case,  and  his  position  was  logically  impregnable. 

But  it  was  an  assault  on  an  established  custom,  and  what  was  to  be 
given  to  the  wife  was  taken  from  the  husband,  who  did  the  voting.  It 
was  met  by  the  host  of  arguments  that  are  always  to  be  found  for  an 
intrenched  wrong,  and  the  debate  took  a  range  almost  as  broad  as  human 
life.  The  proposal  was  unjust  to  the  husband,  who  was  responsible  for 
his  wife's  debts,  contracted  before  or  after  marriage.  It  would  destroy 
the  unity  and  harmony  of  the  marriage  relation  which  was  the  special 
merit  of  Christian  and  Common  Law  marriage.  The  superiority  of  the 
Common  Law  over  the  Civil  Law  in  this  respect  was  shown  by  the  fact 
that  in  the  Common  Law  countries  of  England  and  the  United  States, 
woman  stood  higher  morally,  intellectually  and  socially  than  in  the 
Civil  Law  countries  of  Europe,  and  Central  and  South  America.  Was  it 
desired  to  bring  Indiana  women  to  the  condition  of  those  in  Mexico, 
which  had  been  made  familiar  to  everybody  during  the  recent  Mexican 
War  ?  The  subject  was  not  a  proper  one  to  introduce  in  the  constitution 
because  it  was  a  legislative  matter  which  the  representatives  of  the 
people  should  be  left  free  to  act  upon  as  their  constituents  might  from 
time  to  time  direct.  There  was  a  tendency  to  go  to  extremes.  Some 
women  were  already  demanding  the  right  to  vote,  and  others  were 
trying  to  introduce  dress  reform  in  the  shape  of  bloomer  costumes. 
If  this  went  on,  it  would  soon  come  to  pass  that  women  would  take  the 
place  of  men,  and  men  would  stay  at  home,  wash  dishes,  and  tend  to  the 
children.  There  was  no  demand  from  the  women  of  the  state  for  this 
change ;  and  if  they  wanted  it,  they  would  say  so,  and  delegates  would 
vote  for  it.  Worst  of  all,  it  was  a  blow  at  Christianity,  which  enjoined 
woman  to  be  submissive  to  her  husband,  who  was  the  head  of  the  family, 
and  not  to  be  put  on  an  equality  with  him.  This  was  especially  the  plea 
of  Mr.  Badger,  the  delegate  from  Putnam  County,  who  offered  to  demon- 
strate that  the  proposal  was  "contrary  to  the  genius  and  spirit  of  the 
Christian  Scriptures"  if  any  gentleman  were  willing  "to  assume  the 


458  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

negative  of  this  proposition. ' '    Owen  was  willing,  and  a  theological  debate 
resulted. 

Oliver  P.  Badger  was  born  in  Kentucky,  January  9,  1819.  His  father, 
David  Badger,  a  Pennsylvanian  by  birth,  moved  to  Putnam  County  in 
1833,  where  Oliver  grew  up  on  a  farm.  They  were  New  Lights,  and 
Oliver  was  a  youth  "of  great  piety  and  religious  zeal."  He  began 
preaching  at  the  age  of  nineteen  and  soon  gained  a  local  reputation  as 
an  expounder  of  the  scriptures.  There  is  no  reason  to  question  that  he 
was  thoroughly  conscientious  in  his  position.  Like  most  of  the  religious 
people  of  his  day,  he  regarded  the  King  James  version  of  the  Bible  as 
the  inspired  word  of  God  from  cover  to  cover,  and  his  elaborate  quota- 
tions from  the  Old  Testament  and  the  Pauline  epistles  sustained  his 
proposition.  Owen  made  an  ingenious  answer,  demonstrating  that  there 
were  many  things  in  the  Mosaic  law  which  nobody  would  think  of  adopt- 
ing in  Indiana ;  and  that  this  law  had  been  superseded  by  the  revelation 
of  Christ,  whose  gospel  was  one  of  justice  to  all,  culminating  in  the  Golden 
Rule,  as  to  the  relations  between  man  and  man.  The  traditional  account 
is  that  Owen's  "view  upon  moral  and  religious  questions  were  savagely 
attacked  by  Mr.  Badger,"  and  that  Owen  replied  by  quoting  Leigh 
Hunt's  poem  "Abou  ben  Adhem, "  declaring  that  his  religion  was  love 
for  his  fellow  men.18  In  reality  Badger  made  no  attack  on  Owen,  per- 
sonally, at  this  time,  except  that  he  said  that,  "some  gentlemen  had  not 
more  faith  than  was  necessary  in  sacred  things,"  with  a  significant  look 
at  Owen.19  Owen,  who  had  announced  his  anticipation  of  personal  at- 
tacks, jumped  at  the  opportunity,  and  worked  off  his  Abou  ben  Adhem 
answer.  The  set-to  was  rather  in  Owens '  favor,  and  probably  left  Badger 
in  a  ruffled  spirit.  Possibly  he  may  have  been  furnished  with  additional 
ammunition  from  the  outside,  for  Owen  was  at  the  time  a  candidate  for 
U.  S.  Senator  before  the  legislature,  and  there  were  several  echoes  of  that 
contest  in  the  Convention.  He  had  also  been  attacked  by  several  other 
speakers,  and  on  December  16  he  returned  to  the  subject  with  a  personal 
assault  on  Owen.  He  produced  a  copy  of  Owen's  marriage  contract, 
and  read  extracts.  Owen  had  been  married  in  New  York,  in  1832,  before 
a  notary  public,  which  was  entirely  legal  and  unobjectionable,  although 
there  were  a  great  many  people  in  Indiana  who,  while  not  objecting  to 
such  marriages  by  others,  would  not  have  felt  that  they  were  married  at 
all  if  the  knot  were  not  tied  by  a  preacher.  But  Owen,  like  other  New 
Harmony  reformers,  and  many  others,  seemed  to  delight  in  shocking  the 
public,  and  at  that  time  there  were  not  so  many  shock-absorbers  as  at 
present.  At  his  marriage  the  contracting  parties  entered  into  a  written 


"Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  295. 
is  Debates,  p.  825. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  459 

contract,  reciting  among  other  things,  the  reasons  for  their  style  of  mar- 
riage, one  of  which  was  that  it  did  not  "involve  the  necessity  of  calling 
in  the  aid  of  a  member  of  the  clerical  profession — a  profession,  the  cre- 
dentials of  which  we  do  not  recognize,  and  the  influence  of  which  we  are 
led  to  consider  injurious  to  society." 

This,  of  itself,  was  unquestionably  legitimate  evidence  of  Owen's 
attitude  towards  religion,  in  the  only  tangible  form  in  which  it  existed, 
and  it  was  an  attitude  which  Owen  freely  admitted  on  numerous  occa- 
sions. He  stated  that  he  had  no  idea  of  having  this  contract  published, 
but  an  admiring  friend  had  published  it,  and  made  it  available  to  anyone 
who  wished  to  use  it.  Badger  said  he  had  other  extracts  from  the  writ- 
ings of  Owen,  but  "decency  forbids  their  use." ,  His  reference  was  to  a 
pamphlet  on  "birth  control,"  which  Owen  had  published,  and  which 
had  been  widely  circulated  in  Indiana.  It  was  undoubtedly  the  chief 
cause  of  the  cessation  of  the  multitudinous  families  that  characterized 
the  earlier  years  of  the  state;  but  it  was  no  doubt  as  shocking  to  Badger, 
and  many  others,  as  it  would  be  to  Colonel  Roosevelt  today.  There  was 
probably  nobody  in  the  Convention  who  did  not  understand  the  refer- 
ence. Badger  also  quoted  from  the  marriage  contract  this  sentence :  "  Of 
the  unjust  rights  which,  in  virtue  of  this  ceremony,  an  iniquitous  law 
totally  gives  me  over  the  person  and  property  of  another,  I  cannot 
legally,  but  I  can  morally,  divest  myself,  and  I  hereby  distinctly  and 
emphatically  declare  that  I  consider  myself,  and  earnestly  desire  to  be 
considered  by  others,  as  utterly  divested  now  and  during  the  rest  of  my 
life,  of  any  such  rights. ' '  Owen  thanked  him  for  this,  as  showing  his  sin- 
cerity in  regard  to  the  pending  measure,  which  it  certainly  did.  Having 
finished  with  Owen,  Badger  made  the  serious  mistake  of  assailing  women 
who  favored  separate  ownership,  and  ventured  the  prediction  that  on 
investigation  of  any  woman  of  that  class,  it  would  be  found  that  "she 
wears  the  breeches  at  home."20  In  reply,  Owen  showed  Badger  how 
"to  be  severe  without  being  unparliamentary."  He  said  that  Badger 
might  scrutinize  his  record  as  closely  as  he  wished,  if  it  interested  him, 
' '  but,  for  myself  I  say,  that  if  his  biography,  written  by  his  worst  enemy, 
lay  before  me  on  this  desk,  I  would  not  open  a  page, — I  would  not  read 
a  line.  Detraction  and  ribald  abuse  are  within  any  man's  reach.  Noth- 
ing is  easier  than  to  use  such  weapons.  The  brutal  bully,  the  disgrace 
of  the  bar-room,  is  an  adept  in  their  use.  The  difficulty — with  a  gentleman 
it  is  an  insuperable  one — the  only  difficulty  is  in  resolving  to  use  them. ' ' 
Others  were  more  severe,  or  at  least  less  refined,  in  their  comments  on 
the  reverend  gentleman's  remarks,  notably  so  Thomas  W.  Gibson,  who 


20  Debates,  p.  1161. 


460 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  especially  indignant  at  the  reflection  on  the  women  who  favored 
the  provision.21 

The  section  had  come  to  a  vote  on  November  27,  and  was  adopted  by 
66  to  59.  On  December  16,  this  decision  was  reconsidered  by  a  vote  of 
76  to  40,  and  another  debate  ensued  in  which  the  speeches  last  above 


SARAH  T.  BOLTON 

referred  to  were  made.  Meanwhile,  the  women  had  been  getting  into 
the  fight.  The  chief  mover  was  Sarah  T.  Bolton,  the  poetess,  whose 
husband,  Nathaniel  Bolton,  a  newspaper  man,  and  a  Democrat  of 
some  prominence.  At  this  time,  Mrs.  Bolton  was  at  the  noon-day  of  her 
popularity.  Her  maiden  name  was  Sarah  Tittle  Barrett,  and  her  par- 
ents came  to  Indiana  when  she  was  a  small  child.  They  located  first  on 
a  farm  near  Vernon,  and  later  in  Madison,  to  get  better  schooling  for 
their  children.  Sarah  mastered  her  studies  as  rapidly  as  she  mastered 
housewifery.  From  the  age  of  fourteen  she  was  composing  almost  con- 


21  Debates,  p.  1174-5. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  461 

tinuously.  Among  others,  her  poetry  attracted  the  attention  of  Bolton, 
who  had  been  associated  with  George  Smith  in  editing  the  Gazette,  the 
first  paper  published  in  Indianapolis ;  and  they  were  married  on  October 
15,  1831.  They  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  lived  for  two  years  on  their 
Mt.  Jackson  farm,  where  the  Central  Insane  Hospital  is  now  located, 
after  which  fhey  moved  into  town,  where  Bolton  edited  the  Indiana 
Democrat.  In  1836,  on  account  of  financial  reverses,  they  returned  to 
the  farm,  and  opened  a  tavern,  which  became  a  great  resort  for  the  young 
people  of  the  town.  There  were  always  parties  at  the  Bolton  tavern  dur- 
ing the  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  the  Boltons  did  not  miss 
any  of  the  town  functions,  for  Mrs.  Bolton  was  a  social  favorite.  Viva- 
cious and  intelligent,  she  won  the  friendship  and  respect  of  most  of  the 
prominent  men  of  the  State.  She  wrote  poems  for  Democratic  political 
occasions,  and  for  the  Masons,  and  was  very  much  in  evidence,  on  that 
account,  in  many  public  events.  In  1851,  when  her  husband  was  elected 
State  Librarian,  over  John  B.  Dillon,  two  of  the  votes  were  cast  for  her. 
But  for  all  this,  she  did  not  neglect  her  household  duties.  During  the 
nine  years  that  they  kept  the  tavern,  she  was  usually,  "her  own  house- 
keeper, chamber-maid  and  cook,  besides  superintending  a  dairy  of  ten 
cows,  caring  for  the  milk,  and  making  large  quantities  of  butter  and 
cheese  for  the  market."  Owen  was  a  warm  admirer  of  her  genius,  and 
she  had  high  regard  for  his  talent.  She  was  also  deeply  interested  in 
this  reform,  and  did  her  part  by  "writing  articles  setting  forth  the 
grievances  resulting  from  woman's  status,  as  under  the  common  law, 
and  the  necessity  of  reform;  and  scattering  these  articles  through  the 
newspapers  over  the  State  to  make  public  opinion. ' ' 22 

Mrs.  Bolton  had  an  active  coadjutor  in  Mrs.  Priscilla  Drake,  whose 
husband,  James  P.  Drake,  had  been  Colonel  of  the  First  Indiana  Regi- 
ment in  the  Mexican  War,  and  who  was  at  this  time  Treasurer  of  State. 
She  was  a  social  leader,  and  a  woman  of  strong  intellect.  The  two  de- 
cided, after  the  vote  adopting  Owen 's  section,  that  the  women  of  the  State 
ought  to  present  him  a  memorial,  and  on  December  10,  1850,  the  follow- 
ing appeared  in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel: 

"ON  BEHALF  OP  THE  WOMEN  OP  INDIANA" 

"Deprecating  the  efforts  of  those  of  our  sex  who  desire  to  enter  the 
political  arena — to  contend  with  men  at  the  ballot  box,  or  sit  in  our 
public  councils,  and  demanding  only  protection  for  the  property  that 
Providence  may  enable  us  to  give  our  daughters — protection  for  our 


22  Mrs.  Bolton 's  letter,   in  Woollen's   Sketches,  p.   296. 


460 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  especially  indignant  at  the  reflection  on  the  women  who  favored 
the  provision.21 

The  section  had  come  to  a  vote  on  November  27,  and  was  adopted  by 
66  to  59.  On  December  16,  this  decision  was  reconsidered  by  a  vote  of 
76  to  40,  and  another  debate  ensued  in  which  the  speeches  last  above 


SARAH  T.  BOLTON 

referred  to  were  made.  Meanwhile,  the  women  had  been  getting  into 
the  fight.  The  chief  mover  was  Sarah  T.  Bolton,  the  poetess,  whose 
husband,  Nathaniel  Bolton,  a  newspaper  man,  and  a  Democrat  of 
some  prominence.  At  this  time,  Mrs.  Bolton  was  at  the  noon-day  of  her 
popularity.  Her  maiden  name  was  Sarah  Tittle  Barrett,  and  her  par- 
ents came  to  Indiana  when  she  was  a  small  child.  They  located  first  on 
a  farm  near  Vernon,  and  later  in  Madison,  to  get  better  schooling  for 
their  children.  Sarah  mastered  her  studies  as  rapidly  as  she  mastered 
housewifery.  From  the  age  of  fourteen  she  was  composing  almost  con- 


^1  Debates,  p.  1174-5. 


• 


' 

INDIANA  AND  IN 


INDIANANS  451 

•  tinuously.  Among  others,  her  poetry  attracted  the  attention  of  Bolton, 
who  had  been  associated  with  George  Smith  iu  editing  the  Gazette,  the 
first  paper  published  in  Indianapolis ;  and  they  were  married  on  October 
15,  1831.  They  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  lived  for  two  years  on  their 
Mt.  Jackson  farm,  where  the  Central  Insane  Hospital  is  now  located, 
after  which  they  moved  into  town,  where  Bolton  edited  the  Indiana 
Democrat.  In*  1836,  on  account  of  financial  reverses,  they  returned  to 
the  farm,  and  opened  a  tavern,  which  became  a  great  resort  for  the  young 
people  of  the  town.  There  were  always  parties  at  the  Bolton  tavern  dur- 
ing the  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  the  Boltons  did  not  miss 
any  of  the  town  functions,  for  Mrs.  Bolton  was  a  social  favorite.  Viva- 
cious and  intelligent,  she  won  the  friendship  and  respect  of  most  of  the 
prominent  men  of  the  State.  She  wrote  poems  for  Democratic  political 
occasions,  and  for  the  Masons,  and  was  very  much  in  evidence,  on  that 
account,  in  many  public  events.  In  1851,  when  her  husband  was  elected 
State  Librarian,  over  John  B.  Dillon,  two  of  the  votes  were  cast  for  her. 
But  for  all  this,  she  did  not  neglect  her  household  duties.  During  the 
nine  years  that  they  kept  the  tavern,  she  was  usually,  "her  own  house- 
keeper, chamber-maid  and  cook,  besides  superintending  a  dairy  of  ten 
cows,  caring  for  the  milk,  and  making  large  quantities  of  butter  and 
cheese  for  the  market."  Owen  was  a  warm  admirer  of  her  genius,  and 
she  had  high  regard  for  his  talent.  She  was  also  deeply  interested  in 
this  reform,  and  did  her  part  by  "writing  articles  setting  forth  the 
grievances  resulting  from  woman's  status,  as  under  the  common  law, 
and  the  necessity  of  reform;  and  scattering  these  articles  through  the 
newspapers  over  the  State  to  make  public  opinion."22 

Mrs.  Bolton  had  an  active  coadjutor  in  Mrs.  Priscilla  Drake,  whose 
husband,  James  P.  Drake,  had  been  Colonel  of  the  First  Indiana  Regi- 
ment in  the  Mexican  War,  and  who  was  at  this  time  Treasurer  of  State. 
She  was  a  social  leader,  and  a  woman  of  strong  intellect.  The  two  de- 
cided, after  the  vote  adopting  Owen's  section,  that  the  women  of  the  State 
ought  to  present  him  a  memorial,  and  on  December  10,  1850,  the  follow- 
ing appeared  in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel : 

"ON  BEHALF  OP  THE  WOMEN  OF  INDIANA" 

"Deprecating  the  efforts  of  those  of  our  sex  who  desire  to  enter  the 
political  arena — to  contend  with  men  at  the  ballot  box,  or  sit  in  our 
public  councils,  and  demanding  only  protection  for  the  property  that 
Providence  may  enable  us  to  give  our  daughters — protection  for  our 


22  Mrs.   Bolton  'a   letter,   in   Woollen's    Sketches,   p.   296. 


462  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

sex  against  the  improvidences  or  the  vices  of  weak  or  bad  men ;  we  tender 
our  sincere  acknowledgments  to  the  high-minded  gentlemen,  Delegates 
in  the  Constitutional  Convention,  who  favored  the  adoption  of  the  section 
securing  the  married  women  of  Indiana  independent  rights  of  property ; 
and  we  have  determined  'to  present  to  the  Hon.  Robert  Dale  Owen  as 
the  original  mover  a  testimonial  in  the  form  of  a  piece  of  plate,  with 
suitable  inscriptions,  as  a  slight  token  of  our  lasting  gratitude. 

' '  That  the  women  of  Indiana,  generally,  may  have  an  opportunity  to 
contribute  to  this  most  laudable  object,  we  have  limited  the  contributions 
to  one  dollar  from  each." 

This  bore  the  signatures  of  P.  Holmes  Drake,  Pauline  Chapman,  Ann 
O.  Morrison,  Mary  B.  West,  Mary  Hammond,  and  Sarah  T.  Bolton,  of 
Indianapolis ;  Alice  Read,  of  Bloomington ;  Jane  H.  Pepper,  of  Rising 
Sun ;  Louisa  F.  Kent  and  Ann  E.  Smith,  of  New  Albany ;  Mary  E. 
Ellsworth,  of  Lafayette ;  Susan  M.  Huntington  of  Cannelton ;  Mary  St. 
C.  Buel  and  Mary  F.  Lane,  of  Lawrenceburgh ;  and  Sophia  A.  Hall,  of 
Princeton.  Papers  of  the  State  were  asked  to  copy,  and  subscribers  were 
asked  to  send  their  names  and  addresses  to  James  P.  Drake,  Treasurer 
of  State.  It  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  when  Badger  made  his  obser- 
vation about ' '  wearing  the  breeches. ' '  these  women  were  in  print  in  favor 
of  the  reform.  The  guarded  expressions  of  the  letter  show  their  realiza- 
tion that  they  were  entering  on  dangerous  ground.  At  that  time,  advo- 
cates of  woman's  suffrage  and  dress  reform  were  subjects  of  almost 
universal  condemnation  and  ridicule,  and  the  great  majority  of  women 
shrank  from  anything  that  savored  of  political  publicity.  The  only 
Indiana  woman  who  had  ventured  to  champion  these  causes  was  Frances 
Wright,  of  New  Harmony,  and  she  had  advocated  both,  with  much  ability. 
She  was  a  personal  friend  of  Robert  Dale  Owen,  and  the  two  had  been 
associated  in  a  journalistic  venture  in  New  York.  There  was  need,  there- 
fore, to  point  out  clearly  the  distinction  between  the  two  movements,  but 
even  with  that  done,  there  were  comparatively  few  women  who  were  will- 
ing to  appear  actively  in  the  movement. 

In  1882,  Mrs.  Bolton  wrote:  "Canvassing  the  city  of  Indianapolis 
to  get  lady  signers  to  this  circular,  we  got,  I  think,  but  four  names — 
Mrs.  Drake's  and  mine  making  six."  But  more  than  a  hundred  women 
responded  with  subscriptions,  and  a  handsome  antique  silver  pitcher  was 
purchased,  and  duly  presented  to  Mr.  Owen  on  May  28,  1851.  The  House 
of  Representatives  was  obtained  for  the  occasion,  and  elaborately  decor- 
ated with  flowers  and  wreaths.  Prof.  W.  C.  Larrabee,  of  Asbury,  made 
the  presentation  speech,  and  all  Indianapolis  turned  out  for  the  event.23 
On  July  6.  1851,  Owen  wrote  to  Mrs.  Bolton:  "It  must  be  confessed 

23  The  speeches  are  in  full  in  the  Sentinel  of  May  30,  May  31  and  June  3,  1851. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


463 


that  the  whole  affair  has  been  eminently  successful,  and  promises  to 
leave  behind  it  important  results.  To  whom  the  credit  is  due  of  effecting 
these  I,  at  least,  know,  if  the  public  does  not.  I  think  it  will  always  be  a 
pleasant  reflection  to  you  that  by  dint  of  perseverance  through  many 


FRANCES  WRIGHT 
(In  Reform  Dress — divided  skirt) 

obstacles,  you  have  so  efficiently  contributed  to  the  good  cause  of  the 
property  rights  of  your  sex."24 

It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  the  testimonial  was  a  tactical  mis- 
take at  the  time.  As  mentioned,  Owen  was  a  candidate  before  the  legis- 
lature then  in  session,  and  his  glorification  looked  like  a  political  move, 
which  his  opponents  would  do  well  to  end.  After  the  vote  for  reconsid- 
eration on  December  16,  the  section  was  defeated  on  December  17  by  a 
vote  of  75  to  55.  There  is  no  apparent  cause  for  the  change  of  votes,  and 


This  letter  is  owned  by  Mrs.  Chapin  C.  Foster,  of  Indianapolis. 


462 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sex  against  the  improvidences  or  the  vices  of  weak  or  bad  men ;  we  tender 
our  sincere  acknowledgments  to  the  high-minded  gentlemen,  Delegates 
in  the  Constitutional  Convention,  who  favored  the  adoption  of  the  section 
securing  the  married  women  of  Indiana  independent  rights  of  property ; 
and  we  have  determined  to  present  to  the  Hon.  Robert  Dale  Owen  as 
the  original  mover  a  testimonial  in  the  form  of  a  piece  of  plate,  with 
suitable  inscriptions,  as  a  slight  token  of  our  lasting  gratitude. 

"That  the  women  of  Indiana,  generally,  may  have  an  opportunity  to 
contribute  to  this  most  laudable  object,  we  have  limited  the  contributions 
to  one  dollar  from  each." 

This  bore  the  signatures  of  P.  Holmes  Drake,  Pauline  Chapman,  Ann 
0.  Morrison,  Mary  B.  West,  Mary  Hammond,  and  Sarah  T.  Bolton,  of 
Indianapolis;  Alice  Read,  of  Bloomington;  Jane  H.  Pepper,  of  Rising 
Sun ;  Louisa  F.  Kent  and  Ann  E.  Smith,  of  New  Albany ;  Mary  E. 
Ellsworth,  of  Lafayette ;  Susan  M.  Huntington  of  Cannelton ;  Mary  St. 
C.  Buel  and  Mary  F.  Lane,  of  Lawrenceburgh ;  and  Sophia  A.  Hall,  of 
Princeton.  Papers  of  the  State  were  asked  to  copy,  and  subscribers  were 
asked  to  send  their  names  and  addresses  to  James  P.  Drake,  Treasurer 
of  State.  It  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  when  Badger  made  his  obser- 
vation about  "wearing  the  breeches."  these  women  were  in  print  in  favor 
of  the  reform.  The  guarded  expressions  of  the  letter  show  their  realiza- 
tion that  they  were  entering  on  dangerous  ground.  At  that  time,  advo- 
cates of  woman's  suffrage  and  dress  reform  were  subjects  of  almost 
universal  condemnation  and  ridicule,  and  the  great  majority  of  women 
shrank  from  anything  that  savored  of  political  publicity.  The  only 
Indiana  woman  who  had  ventured  to  champion  these  causes  was  Frances 
Wright,  of  New  Harmony,  and  she  had  advocated  both,  with  much  ability. 
She  was  a  personal  friend  of  Robert  Dale  Owen,  and  the  two  had  been 
associated  in  a  journalistic  venture  in  New  York.  There  was  need,  there- 
fore, to  point  out  clearly  the  distinction  between  the  two  movements,  but 
even  with  that  done,  there  were  comparatively  few  women  who  were  will- 
ing to  appear  actively  in  the  movement. 

In  1882,  Mrs.  Bolton  wrote:  "Canvassing  the  city  of  Indianapolis 
to  get  lady  signers  to  this  circular,  we  got.  I  think,  but  four  names — 
Mrs.  Drake's  and  mine  making  six."  But  more  than  a  hundred  women 
responded  with  subscriptions,  and  a  handsome  antique  silver  pitcher  was 
purchased,  and  duly  presented  to  Mr.  Owen  on  May  28,  1851.  The  House 
of  Representatives  was  obtained  for  the  occasion,  and  elaborately  decor- 
ated with  flowers  and  wreaths.  Prof.  W.  C.  Larrabee,  of  Asbury,  made 
the  presentation  speech,  and  all  Indianapolis  turned  out  for  the  event.23 
On  July  6.  1851,  Owen  wrote  to  Mrs.  Bolton:  "It  must  be  confessed 

-•i  The  speeches  are  in  full  in  the  Sentinel  of  May  30,  May  31  and  June  3,  1851. 


* 

- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN* 


463 


that  the  whole  affair  has  been  eminently  successful,  and  promises  to 
leave  behind  it  important  results.  To  whom  the  credit  is  due  of  effecting 
these  I,  at  least,  know,  if  the  public  does  not.  I  think  it  will  always  be  a 
pleasant  reflection  to  you  that  by  dint  of  perseverance  through  many 


FRANCES  AVRIGHT 
(In  Reform  Dress — divided  skirt) 

obstacles,  you  have  so  efficiently  contributed  to  the  good  cause  of  the 
property  rights  of  your  sex."24 

It  is  very  probable,  however,  that  the  testimonial  was  a  tactical  mis- 
take at  the  time.  As  mentioned,  Owen  was  a  candidate  before  the  legis- 
lature then  in  session,  and  his  glorification  looked  like  a  political  move, 
which  his  opponents  would  do  well  to  end.  After  the  vote  for  reconsid- 
eration on  December  16.  the  section  was  defeated  on  December  17  by  a 
vote  of  75  to  55.  There  is  no  apparent  cause  for  the  change  of  votes,  and 


2-1  This  letter  is  owned  by  Mrs.  Chapin  C.  Foster,  of  Indianapolis. 


464  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  increased  attendance,  but  this  senatorial  contest.  On  February  4, 
Owen  brought  the  subject  up  again,  with  a  section  reading:  "Laws 
shall  be  passed  for  the  security  of  the  property  of  married  women,  of 
widows,  and  of  orphans"  and  it  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  71  to  61.  The 
opposition  got  to  work  again,  and  a  motion  to  reconsider  was  made  that 
same  afternoon.  On  the  next  day  the  vote  was  reconsidered,  and  the 
section  was  defeated  toy  a  vote  of  68  to  63.25  So  ended  the  fight  in  the 
Convention,  but  Owen  came  to  the  next  legislature  to  continue  the  fight. 
Badger  was  defeated  for  the  Senate  in  the  same  election.  Owen  secured 
the  passage  of  the  act  of  July  24,  1853,  the  first  four  sections  of  which 
are  amendatory,  and  the  fifth  additional,  securing  to  married  women 
independent  ownership  of  personal  property.  The  first  four  sections 
were  held  unconstitutional  by  the  Supreme  Court,  but  the  fifth  was  sus- 
tained.26 The  final  removal  of  disabilities  of  women,  in  business  rela- 
tions, was  not  made  until  the  sessions  of  1879  and  1881.  As  to  the  con- 
temporary contest  between  Owen  and  Jesse  D.  Bright,  William  Wesley 
Woollen,  the  accredited  custodian  of  Indiana  political  anecdote,  has  the 
following:  "In  1850  he  (Bright)  was  a  candidate  for  reelection  to  the 
Senate.  Robert  Dale  Owen,  who  was  also  a  candidate,  openly  charged 
him  with  having  attempted  to  secure  his  return  by  bribery.  Being  ad- 
vised of  this  charge  a  few  days  before  the  election  he  applied  to  Post- 
master-General Campbell  and  obtained  a  special  order  to  be  taken  to  the 
Ohio  river  in  the  United  States  mail  coach.27  At  Wheeling  he  took  a 
steamer  for  Cincinnati,  and  from  that  city  telegraphed  to  Madison  to 
have  an  engine  and  car  ready  to  convey  him  to  Indianapolis.  When  he 
stepped  ashore  in  the  city  of  his  home  he  at  once  boarded  the  car,  which 
awaited  him,  and  was  borne  to  the  State  capital  as  fast  as  steam  could 
propel  him.  Great  was  the  wonderment  among  the  politicians  at  Indian- 
apolis when  they  saw  him  upon  the  streets  of  that  city.  They  thought 
he  was  at  Washington,  and  expected  the  election  to  come  off  in  his 
absence.  He  sought  Mr.  Owen,  and  soon  satisfied  that  gentleman  that 
he  had  been  misinformed  about  the  alleged  bribery.  Mr.  Owen  thereupon 
withdrew  from  the  race,  and  Mr.  Bright  was  reelected  without  further 
contest."  28  The  whole  matter  was  aired  at  the  time  in  a  newspaper  con- 
troversy between  Owen  and  Dr.  George  B.  Graff.  The  telegram  to 
Bright  was  sent  on  January  3d,  and  he  arrived  in  Indianapolis  on  the 
7th.  But  the  personal  attacks,  which  were  common  in  such  contests, 
had  begun  before  that,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  7th  the  Sentinel  con- 


*»  Debates,  pp.  2011-13. 

2«Wilkinu  vg.  Miller,  9  Ind.,  p.  100;  Laws  1853,  p.  55. 

«  At  that  time  no  railroad  crossed  the  mountains. 

*s  Sketches,  p.  226. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  465 

taiued  Owen's  defense  of  the  charge  of  appointing  relatives  to  office  while 
Congressman,  in  which  he  admitted  that  he  had  favored  his  brother, 
David  Dale  Owen,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Robert  H.  Fauntleroy,  for 
scientific  work, t which  they  were  the  only  men  in  the  West  fitted  to  do; 
and  that  he  had\recommended  Gen.  Joe  Lane,  and  was  proud  of  it.  The 
same  paper  contained  a  long  letter  from  Graff,  charging  Owen  with  hav- 
ing offered  an  appointment  for  a  vote,  and  stating  that  Owen  had  been 
talking  about  "bribes  and  improper  inducements."  Owen  neither  re- 
tracted nor  withdrew,  but  on  the  9th  published  in  the  Sentinel  the 
rather  weak  explanation  that  all  he  had  said  to  Graff  was  this:  "I  had 
heard  a  report  that  a  certain  gentleman,  known  to  be  strongly  opposed 
to  Mr.  Bright,  had  been  offered  by  a  friend  of  Mr.  Bright 's  a  share  in  a 
speculation,  demanding  no  advance  of  money,  accompanied  with  little 
risk,  and  promising  a  profit  of  five  thousand  dollars.  I  mentioned  no 
names.  I  expressly  added  that  I  could  not  vouch  for  the  truth  of  the 
report. ' '  The  Democratic  caucus  was  held  on  January  10,  and  of  the  94 
votes,  Bright  received  on  the  first  ballot  56,  Owen  23,  James  H.  Lane  1, 
E.  M.  Chamberlain  3,  John  Pettit  10,  and  one  blank.  Bright  was  notori- 
ously dictatorial  in  political  matters,  and  never  forgot  or  forgave  opposi- 
tion ;  and  it  is  not  to  be  imagined  that  his  influence  with  the  Convention 
was  not  thrown  against  anything  that  he  considered  favorable  to  Owen.29 
Another  subject  that  attracted  about  as  much  debate  as  the  property 
right  of  women  was  the  status  of  negroes  and  mulattoes.  The  discussion 
was  brought  on  first  by  a  resolution  offered  by  Schuyler  Colfax,  repre- 
senting St.  Joseph  County, ' '  That  the  committee  on  the  elective  franchise 
be  instructed  to  inquire  into  the  expediency  of  separately  submitting  the 
question  of  negro  suffrage  to  the  people."  Three  days  earlier,  Nathan 
B.  Hawkins,  of  Jay  County,  had  introduced  a  resolution  for  inquiry  into 
the  expediency  of  allowing  the  people  at  any  time  to  adopt  universal 
suffrage,  without  regard  to  race  or  sex,  and  this  had  been  voted  down 
without  debate.  Colfax  urged  in  favor  of  his  proposition  that  there  was 
no  harm  in  submitting  the  question  to  the  people  once.  Other  states  had 
done  so.  He  was  opposed  to  negro  suffrage  himself,  but  there  were  five 
or  ten  thousand  people  in  the  State  (the  Liberty  party)  who  favored  it, 
and  it  would  probably  remove  their  objections  to  the  constitution  if 
they  were  allowed  to  vote  on  this  question  separately.  The  debate  de- 
veloped the  fact  that  the  only  man  in  the  Convention  who  was  in  favor 
of  negro  suffrage  at  all  was  Edward  R.  May  of  DeKalb  and  Steuben.  and 
he  wanted  restrictions.  His  position  was  that  a  negro  was  either  a  man 
or  a  brute,  and  should  be  treated  consistently  as  one  or  the  other.  He 


29  Mr.    Hovey,    in    the    Convention,    expressly    charged    that    it    -was.      Debates, 
pp.  1156,  1159. 

Vol.  1—30 


466  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

said  that  he  knew  little  personally  about  negroes,  "But  I  say,  that  if 
the  black  man  has  not  intelligence  and  discretion  enough  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  to  make  him  worthy  the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise, 
then  extend  the  prescribed  age  to  thirty-one,  or  forty-one,  or,  if  need  be 
to  ninety-one.  (Much  laughter.)  Draw  the  line  somewhere.  Let  it  be  at 
the  most  suitable  and  proper  age,  whether  it  be  fixed  early  or  late  in^ 
life."80  May  voted  by  himself,  against  the  other  124  delegates  who 
were  present,  on  his  resolution  for  restrictions ;  and  the  subject  came  up 
next  on  the  proposal  to  exclude  negroes  from  the  State.  As  to  this 
sentiment  varied  more  widely,  but  a  decided  majority  of  the  Conven- 
tion favored  exclusion.  The  line  of  majority  argument  was  that  the 
negroes  were  a  separate  race  and  could  never  be  amalgamated  nor 
admitted  to  citizenship ;  that  the  slave  states  were  excluding  free  negroes 
from  their  borders  and  thereby  driving  them  into  the  free  states ;  that  if 
Indiana  did  not  protect  herself  she  would  be  overrun  by  decrepit  and 
worn-out  negroes  from  Kentucky ;  that  the  free  negroes  ought  to  be  sent 
to  Africa,  and  colonized  in  Liberia,  where  they  would  be  free,  independ- 
ent and  happy.  Several  delegates  expressed  their  profound  sympathy 
with  the  negro,  but  did  not  want  him  in  Indiana.  Robert  Dale  Owen 
said :  ' '  They  can  never  obtain  political  rights  here.  They  can  never 
obtain  social  rights  here.  And  for  these  reasons,  I  think,  we  ought  not 
to  have  them  amongst  us.  We  ought  not  to  have  in  our  midst  a  race, 
daily  increasing,  who  must,  of  necessity,  remain  disfranchised ;  a  class 
of  people  to  be  taxed,  without  being  represented ;  on  whom  burdens  are 
imposed,  and  who  have  no  voice  in  deciding  what  these  burdens  shall  be. 
That  is  my  deliberate  judgment. ' ' 

There  was  one  man  in  the  Convention  who  seemed  to  have  been 
awakened  by  the  stand  of  Mr.  May  on  negro  suffrage,  and  that  was 
Schuyler  Colfax.  His  own  remarks  on  suffrage  were  weak  and  apolo- 
getic, but  on  this  subject  he  rose  nearer  to  statesmanship  than  was  done  in 
any  other  speech  in  the  convention.  Beginning  with  a  statement  that 
those  who  had  been  charging  everyone  who  opposed  the  utter  social  anni- 
hilation of  the  negro  with  pandering  to  anti-slavery  sentiment,  were 
themselves  open  to  the  charge  of  pandering  to  proslavery  sentiment,  he 
said  that  he  did  not  condemn  them,  because  they  were  doing  what  they 
supposed  their  constituents  demanded.  He  then  proceeded:  "But  sir, 
I  ask  gentlemen  to  pause  one  moment,  to  look  out  beyond  the  narrow  circle 
of  this  chamber  and  of  this  State,  and  reflect  what  position  we  occupy 
before  the  world.  Are  we  in  South  Carolina — are  we  sitting  in  this 
chamber  as  delegates  of  the  people  of  South  Carolina — delegates  repre- 


Debates,  p.  246. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN3 


467 


senting  their  feelings,  and  making  haste  to  fulfil  their  behests  ?  No,  sir, 
strange  as  it  may  seem,  we  are  the  delegates  of  the  people  of  a  Free 
State — of  a  State,  at  least,  which  claims  to  be  free.  We  are  the  assembled 
Representatives  <Jf  a  State  that  has  lived  for  thirty-four  years  under  a 
Constitution,  which,  at  its  opening,  at  its  very  threshhold,  contains  this 
sublime  declaration:  'That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles 


m 


of  liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  unalterably  estab- 
lished, we  declare  that  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent, 
and  have  certain  natural,  inherent,  and  inalienable  rights ;  among  which 
are  the  enjoying  and  defending  life  and  liberty,  and  of  acquiring,  possess- 
ing, and  protecting  property,  and  pursuing  and  obtaining  happiness  and 
safety. '  *  *  *  We  propose — for  the  committee  who  reported  the  sec- 
tion under  consideration,  expressly  and  purposely  omitted  that  noble 
declaration — we  propose,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  expression,  to  abolish 


• 


466 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


said  that  he  knew  little  personally  about  negroes,  "But  I  say,  that  if 
the  black  man  has  not  intelligence  and  discretion  enough  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  to  make  him  worthy  the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise, 
then  extend  the  prescribed  age  to  thirty-one,  or  forty-one,  or,  if  need  be 
to  ninety-one.  (Much  laughter.)  Draw  the  line  somewhere.  Let  it  be  at 
the  most  suitable  and  proper  age,  whether  it  be  fixed  early  or  late  in 
life."30  May  voted  by  himself,  against  the  other  124  delegates  who 
were  present,  on  his  resolution  for  restrictions ;  and  the  subject  came  up 
next  on  the  proposal  to  exclude  negroes  from  the  State.  As  to  this 
sentiment  varied  more  widely,  but  a  decided  majority  of  the  Conven- 
tion favored  exclusion.  The  line  of  majority  argument  was  that  the 
negroes  were  a  separate  race  and  could  never  be  amalgamated  nor 
admitted  to  citizenship ;  that  the  slave  states  were  excluding  free  negroes 
from  their  borders  and  thereby  driving  them  into  the  free  states ;  that  if 
Indiana  did  not  protect  herself  she  would  be  overrun  by  decrepit  and 
worn-out  negroes  from  Kentucky ;  that  the  free  negroes  ought  to  be  sent 
to  Africa,  and  colonized  in  Liberia,  where  they  would  be  free,  independ- 
ent and  happy.  Several  delegates  expressed  their  profound  sympathy 
with  the  negro,  but  did  not  want  him  in  Indiana.  Robert  Dale  Owen 
said:  "They  can  never  obtain  political  rights  here.  They  can  never 
obtain  social  rights  here.  And  for  these  reasons,  I  think,  we  ought  not 
to  have  them  amongst  us.  We  ought  not  to  have  in  our  midst  a  race, 
daily  increasing,  who  must,  of  necessity,  remain  disfranchised ;  a  class 
of  people  to  be  taxed,  without  being  represented ;  on  whom  burdens  are 
imposed,  and  who  have  no  voice  in  deciding  what  these  burdens  shall  be. 
That  is  my  deliberate  judgment." 

There  was  one  man  in  the  Convention  who  seemed  to  have  been 
awakened  by  the  stand  of  Mr.  May  on  negro  suffrage,  and  that  was 
Schuyler  Colfax.  His  own  remarks  on  suffrage  were  weak  and  apolo- 
getic, but  on  this  subject  he  rose  nearer  to  statesmanship  than  was  done  in 
any  other  speech  in  the  convention.  Beginning  with  a  statement  that 
those  who  had  been  charging  everyone  who  opposed  the  utter  social  anni- 
hilation of  the  negro  with  pandering  to  anti-slavery  sentiment,  were 
themselves  open  to  the  charge  of  pandering  to  proslavery  sentiment,  he 
said  that  he  did  not  condemn  them,  because  they  were  doing  what  they 
supposed  their  constituents  demanded.  He  then  proceeded:  "But  sir, 
I  ask  gentlemen  to  pause  one  moment,  to  look  out  beyond  the  narrow  circle 
of  this  chamber  and  of  this  State,  and  reflect  what  position  we  occupy 
before  the  world.  Are  we  in  South  Carolina — are  we  sitting  in  this 
chamber  as  delegates  of  the  people  of  South  Carolina — delegates  repre- 


3"  Debates,  p.  246. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


467 


senting  their  feelings,  and  making  haste  to  fulfil  their  behests  ?  No,  sir, 
strange  as  it  may  seem,  we  are  the  delegates  of  the  people  of  a  Free 
State — of  a  State,  at  least,  which  claims  to  be  free.  We  are  the  assembled 
Representatives  of  a  State  that  has  lived  for  thirty-four  years  under  a 
Constitution,  which,  at  its  opening,  at  its  very  threshhold,  contains  this 
sublime  declaration :  '  That  the  general,  great,  and  essential  principles 


[ 


• 

. 


of  liberty  and  free  government  may  be  recognized  and  unalterably  estab- 
lished, we  declare  that  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent, 
and  have  certain  natural,  inherent,  and  inalienable  rights ;  among  which 
are  the  enjoying  and  clef  ending  life  and  liberty,  and  of  acquiring,  possess- 
ing, and  protecting  property,  and  pursuing  and  obtaining  happiness  and 
safety. '  *  *  *  We  propose — for  the  committee  who  reported  the  sec- 
tion under  consideration,  expressly  and  purposely  omitted  that  noble 
declaration — we  propose,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  expression,  to  abolish 


468  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

that  great  and  undeniable  truth,  uttered  in  our  present  Constitution-r- 
that  truth  which  was  ushered  into  the  world  on  the  auspicious  morning  of 
our  Nation 's  birth,  which  had  for  its  author,  Jefferson,  and  for  its  vindi- 
cators his  compatriots  of  the  Revolution.  *  *  *  I  appeal  to  gentle- 
men if  this  is  in  consonance  with  the  spirit  of  our  time — is  it  a  step 
impelled  by  the  out-gushing  heart  of  humanity,  or  is  it  a  stride  backward 
into  the  darkness  of  past  prejudices  and  oppression  ?  Are  we  prepared 
to  take  such  an  attitude  before  the  country  and  the  world,  because  some 
of  the  delegates  from  the  southern  portion  of  the  State  represent  it  to 
be  the  desire  of  the  majority  of  their  people?  *  *  * 

"We  make  professions,  which  seem  in  strong  and  marked  contrast 
with  a  provision  like  this  one  proposed  for  our  new  constitution.  We  say 
to  our  constitutents,  to  the  Nation,  and  to  the  world,  that  we  abhor  the 
institution  of  human  slavery.  In  their  presence  we  fervently  exclaim, 
'would  to  God  that  slavery  were  abolished  in  the  southern  states,  but 
we  have  no  power  over  the  institutions  of  a  sovereign  state,  we  cannot 
compel  them  to  abolish  slavery,  but  we  would  rejoice  if  they  would  them- 
selves wipe  out  that  blot.'  And  while  we  are  professing  such  liberal,  and, 
with  the  people  of  nearly  the  whole  State,'  such  popular  sentiments,  what 
are  we  doing  here,  what  example  are  we  setting  to  the  people  of  the 
slaveholding  states,  whose  peculiar  institution  every  gentleman  on  this 
floor  is  ready  to  condemn  ?  We  are  showing  them,  sir,  by  a  solemn  con- 
stitutional provision,  that  the  prejudice  of  this  free  state  against  negroes 
and  their  descendants  is  greater,  and  embodies  itself  in  more  oppressive 
and  unjust  laws  than  in  the  slave  states  themselves.  There  the  prejudice 
is  against  the  condition  of  the  negro ;  the  dislike  is  not  personal  in  char- 
acter. In  the  South  they  live  in  constant  intercourse  with  the  blacks, 
they  have  them  in  their  families  from  infancy  to  old  age,  from  the  cradle 
to  the  grave.  They  are  their  companions,  dependent  to  be  sure,  but 
oftentimes  trusted  at  home  and  abroad.  But  here  in  Indiana,  one  of  the 
great  states  carved  out  of  that  North-Western  territory,  over  which  the 
beneficent  Ordinance  of  1787  was  extended,  we  are  about  to  abrogate  what 
the  founders  of  our  State  declared  to  be  inherent  and  inalienable  rights, 
and  to  declare  that  the  black  man  shall  be  prohibited  from  immigrating 
within  our  limits,  and  from  purchasing  a  homestead  with  the  proceeds 
of  his  toil !  A  delegate  of  the  people  rises  in  the  dignity  of  his  place  anrt 
position,  and  characterizes  the  whole  class  as  'vermin';  that, •  I  regret  to 
say,  was  the  language  of  the  gentleman  from  Monroe  (William  C.  Fos- 
ter, Sr.). 

"Sir,  I  shall  not  deny  that  the  black  race  of  this  country  is  debased, 
that  as  a  class  they  are  inferior  to  the  whites,  that  they  are  poor,  weak, 
and  to  some  extent  degraded.  I  admit  their  intellectual  and  social 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  469 

inferiority.  But  I  ask  gentlemen  who  tell  me  all  these  things,  who, 
before  the  judgment  bar  of  God  who  created  us  and  them,  is  responsible 
for  that  degradation  ?  They  are  debased  by  the  lust  and  avarice  of  the 
white  race.  *  *.  *  As  the  gentleman  from  Steuben  (Mr.  May)  said 
a  few  days  since  in>  that  calm,  cool,  and  firm  utterance  of  his  sentiments, 
sentiments  which,  so  far  as  the  extension  of  suffrage  to  them,  by  a 
constitutional  provision,  were  concerned,  he  knew  were  opposed  by  every 
other  delegate  in  this  Convention,  'the  negro  is  either  a  man  or  he  is  a 
brute. '  The  moral  courage  evinced  in  the  avowal  of  the  sentiments  which 
he  alone  held,  gained  him  honor ;  and  although  I  did  not  concur  with  all . 
his  conclusions,  I  cannot  but  feel  that  he  has  deserved  all  the  commenda- 
tions I  have  heard  from  those  most  opposed  to  him,  for  the  fearlessness 
which,  upon  that  occasion,  he  so  fully  displayed.  But  that  presentation 
of  the  case  is  a  forcible  one,  'the  negro  is  either  a  man  or  a  brute.'  If  a 
brute,  let  us  in  all  respects  treat  him  as  we  treat  other  brutes;  if  he  is 
a  man  let  us  act  towards  him  as  we  should  act  towards  those  who,  in  com- 
mon with  us,  received  life  from  the  same  Creator.  If  he  be  degraded 
and  mentally  and  morally  inferior,  then  reserve,  if  you  will,  the  bestowal 
of  the  highest  privileges  of  citizenship,  such  as  the  exercise  of  the  elective 
franchise.  We  ask  here,  we  expect  here,  no  extension  of  their  privileges, 
but  we  ask  you  to  treat  them  with  humanity,  and  not  to  crush  them  as 
you  would  vermin  out  of  your  sight.  But  if  you  will  not  do  this,  let 
no  man  on  this  floor  speak  against  the  cruelties  inflicted  on  the  race  in 
the  Southern  States,  the  slave  factories  of  the  African  coast,  or  the 
horrors  of  'the  middle  passage.'  Your  mouths  will  be  stopped,  the  utter- 
ance of  your  condemnation  checked,  for  by  your  own  solemn  and  deliber- 
ate acts  you  declare  the  negro  a  brute,  by  excluding  him  from  the  com- 
monest, the  humblest,  privileges  of  human  beings — the  right  to  live  and 
to  possess  the  means  of  living  purchased  by  the  sweat  of  his  toil. 

"Mr.  President,  do  as  we  may  here,  our  action  is  not  final.  Sooner  or 
later  this  case  will  receive  a  fairer  hearing,  and  calmer  consideration  at 
the  bar  of  public  opinion.  That  judgment  we  cannot,  if  we  would,  escape. 
What  is  done  here  precipitately,  under  the  influence  of  prejudice,  will 
receive  a  searching  examination  there,  and  thence  will  come  a  condemna- 
tion of  this  matter  as  withering  as  it  will  be  just.  Cover  over  the  matter 
as  you  will,  with  the  pleas  of  expediency,  this  act  will  hereafter  stand  out 
in  its  naked  deformity,  unshielded  even  by  popular  prejudice,  as  an  act 
of  inexcusable  tryanny  done  to  a  prostrate  and  defenseless  class.  Public 
opinion,  if  not  right  now,  is  ripening  for  an  hour  when  we  shall  look 
back  to  this  act  with  burning  cheeks.  *  *  *  But,  sir,  we  are  told  by 
the  gentleman  from  Clark  (Thomas  W.  Gibson)  and  others,  that  the  slave, 
states  are  expelling  the  free  negroes  and  emancipated  slaves,  and  there- 


J 


470  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

fore  we  in  self-defense  must  prohibit  them  from  immigrating  into  this 
State  and  from  acquiring  and  possessing  property.  The  gentleman  de- 
nounced in  the  strongest  terms  of  his  sarcastic  eloquence  the  provision  in 
the  Kentucky  constitution  prohibiting  an  emancipated  slave  from  remain- 
ing in  the  State  upon  pain  of  confinement  in  the  state's  prison,  and  yet, 
such  seems  the  inconsistency  of  gentlemen  in  a  bad  cause,  they  ask  us  to 
engraft  a  similar  provision  in  the  Constitution  of  this  free  State.  We 
have  not  the  excuse  of  Kentucky;  we  were  not  born  and  reared  in  the 
midst  of  slaves,  our  minds  accustomed  to  treating  them  as  chattels  and 
.  prejudiced  against  every  assertion  of  their  manhood.  We  live  surrounded 
by  the  beneficent  influences  of  freedom,  and  yet,  forsooth,  we  must  follow 
the  example  of  slaveholding  Kentucky !  Sir,  the  argument  of  the  gentle- 
man is  bad — two  wrongs  can  never  make  one  right.  Let  us  do  right,  that 
by  its  superior  contrast  with  the  wrong  it  shall  condemn  that  wrong."  31 
But,  unhappily,  after  steering  a  straight  course  thus  far,  Colfax 
ruined  his  chance  of  immortality  as  a  prophet  by  announcing  that 
colonization  in  Liberia  was  the  solution,  and  ' '  when  the  National  Govern- 
ment comes  forward  and  employs  steamers  to  transport  the  free  negroes 
to  Liberia,  free  of  expense  to  themselves,  the  work  will  be  consummated. ' ' 
He  said :  "When  the  United  States  thus  brings  the  resources  of  a  mighty 
nation  to  bear  upon  the  colonization  of  Africa,  the  shores  of  that  Con- 
tinent which  once  echoed  to  the  shrieks  and  groans  of  the  captured  native, 
and  witnessed  the  manacled  coffles  driven  on  board  the  slaver,  and  con- 
signed to  the  terrible  sufferings  of  the  passage  across  the  ocean,  will  be 
lined  with  republican  settlements,  instead  of  slave  factories;  the  slave 
trade  will  be  abolished,  and  civilization  and  Christianity  will  illumine 
its  dark  interior.  I  look  hopefully  forward  to  that  day.  But  no  such 
measures  as  the  one  now  before  the  Convention  will  aid  in  the  realization 
of  this  hope ;  they  are  calculated  rather  to  intensify  the  prejudice  against 
the  race,  and  put  afar  off  the  day  of  their  deliverance  and  ours."  While 
this  dream  excites  mild  wonder  today,  it  was  the  hope,  and  the  only  hope, 
of  humane  men  at  that  time.  There  were  few  of  that  class,  without  dis- 
tinction of  party,  who  were  not  members  of  the  Indiana  branch  of  the 
Colonization  Society.  Six  years  earlier,  Rev.  B.  P.  Kavanaugh,  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  had  been  welcomed  to  Indiana  as  State 
Agent  by  the  Indiana  organization,  which  had  for  President  Judge  Isaac 
Blackford ;  Treasurer,  Isaac  Coe ;  Secretary,  James  M.  Ray ;  Managers, 
William  Sheets,  Samuel  Merrill,  and  James  Blake,  jointly  with  Gov. 
Whitcomb,  Judge  Wm.  Wick,  John  Cook  and  John  Wilkins.32  The  chief 
mission  of  this  society  was  to  urge  on  the  public  what  a  magnificent  thing 


si  Debates,  pp.  455-7. 

82  Sentinel,  November  8,  1845. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  471 

it  would  be  when  the  negroes  were  all  returned  to  Africa,  and  in  reality, 
Colfax  could  have  made  no  more  ingenious  plea  than  this  at  the  time. 
But  it  had  little  effect.  If  there  was  anything  that  the  average  citizen 
understood  fully,  it  was  the  slavery  question.  He  had  it  for  breakfast, 
dinner  and  supper  365  days  in  the  year,  and  one  extra  in  leap  years.  He 
had  viewed  it  from  every  angle,  and  his  mind  was  made  up  as  to  the 
solution,  no  matter  how  much  unreasonable  people  might  differ  with  him. 
The  Convention  proceeded  to  agree  on  its  solution,  which  was  as  follows : 

ARTICLE  XIII — NEGROES  AND  MULATTOES 

Section  1.  No  Negro  or  Mulatto  shall  come  into,  or  settle  in  the  State, 
after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution. 

Sec.  2.  All  contracts,  made  with  any  Negro  or  Mulatto  coming  into 
the  State  contrary  to  the  provision  of  the  foregoing  section,  shall  be 
void ;  and  all  persons  who  shall  employ  such  Negro  or  Mulatto,  or  other- 
wise encourage  him  to  remain  in  the  State,  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not 
less  than  ten  dollars,  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  3.  All  fines  which  may  be  collected  for  a  violation  of  the  provi- 
sions of  this  article,  or  of  any  law  which  may  hereafter  be  passed,  for 
the  purpose  of  carrying  the  same  into  execution,  shall  be  set  apart  and 
appropriated  for  the  colonization  of  such  Negroes  and  Mulattoes  and 
their  descendants,  as  may  be  in  the  State  at  the  adoption  of  this  Consti- 
tution, and  may  be  willing  to  emigrate. 

Sec.  4.  The  General  Assembly  shall  pass  laws  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  article. 

This  article  was  submitted  to  the  voters  separately  from  the  remain- 
der of  the  Constitution,  lest  it  should  interfere  with  the  adoption  of  the 
remainder,  but  it  proved  more  popular  than  the  Constitution  itself.  The 
vote  for  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  was  113,230  to  27,638,  and  the 
vote  for  Negro  exclusion  was  113,828  to  21,873.  Only  four  of  the  north- 
ern counties,  Elkhart,  Lagrange,  Randolph  and  Steuben,  voted  against 
exclusion,  and  their  combined  vote  was  2,130  for  to  3,034  against.  If 
anyone  had  predicted  that  in  ten  years  this  barrier  of  words  would  be 
a  dead  letter,  he  would  have  been  considered  insane.  And  it  was  enforced 
for  a  time  to  an  extent  that  perhaps  its  framers  never  contemplated. 
Two  acts  were  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1851-2,  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  section.  One,  of  April  28,  appropriated  $5,000  and  all 
fines  under  Article  13,  to  the  use  of  the  Colonization  Society.  Of  this 
$3,000  was  to  be  used  in  the  purchase  of  land  in  Africa,  and  each  negro, 
who  was  willing  to  emigrate  was  to  be  given  100  acres  of  this  land  and 
$50  in  money.  The  other  law,  of  June  18,  provided  for  exclusion.  In 


472 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1854,  a  negro  named  Arthur  Barkshire,  living  at  Rising  Sun,  brought  a 
negress  named  Eliza  Keith  from  Ohio,  where  she  had  resided  for  years, 
and  married  her  in  Ohio  County,  Indiana.  He  was  arrested  and  fined  $10. 
The  case  was  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court  by  Jonathan  W.  Gordon, 
on  the  ground  that  the  law  was  not  intended  to  apply  to  cases  of  marriage. 
Gordon  was  a  picturesque  character  in  Indiana  for  many  years;  and  he 


JONATHAN  W.  GORDON 

was  especially  interested  in  all  questions  of  personal  right.33  The  court 
held  that  not  only  was  marriage  no  defense,  but  that  the  marriage  itself 
was  void,  and  that  the  woman  was  also  subject  to  prosecution- for  coming 
into  the  State.34  Just  ten  years  later,  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  the 
whole  article  was  void,  as  in  contravention  of  the  then  laws  of  the  United 
States.35  The  words  remained  in  the  Constitution,  however,  until  they 


33  A  sketch  of  his  life  will  be  found  elsewhere. 
a<  Barkshire  vs.  the  State,  7  Ind.,  p.  389. 
as  Smith  vs.  Moody,  26  Ind.,  p.  299. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  473 

were  removed  by  amendment  in  1881.  The  reformers  of  that  year  left 
one  other  relic  of  the  negro-phobia  of  1851  in  the  Constitution,  in  the 
restriction  of  the  militia  to  "white  male  persons";  and  it  still  remains 
there.  It  is  noticeable,  nevertheless,  that  there  have  been  a  number  of 
criticisms  of  the  ijegroes  for  slowness  to  volunteer  in  the  present  war,  and 
when  the  next  constitutional  convention  meets,  it  is  probable  that  this 
absurdity  will  be  removed  also.  In  justice  to  the  fathers,  it  should  be 
said  that  the  provisions  adopted  as  to  negroes  were  not  quite  so  bad  as 
some  that  were  proposed — such  as  that  negroes  then  living  in  the  State 
should  not  be  allowed  to  own  real  estate ;  that  any  coming  in  should  be 
sold  to  the  highest  bidder  for  a  term  of  six  months,  and  the  proceeds 
given  to  the  Colonization  Society;  that  they  should  not  be  allowed  to 
testify  against  white  persons.  In  1853,  however,  a  law  was  passed  pro- 
viding that,  ' '  No  Indian,  or  person  having  one-eighth  or  more  of  negro 
blood,  shall  be  permitted  to  testify  as  a  witness  in  any  cause  in  which  any 
white  person  is  a  party  in  interest."36  It  is  a  somewhat  singular 
fact  that  in  an  act  passed  in  1861,  permitting  parties  to  actions  to  testify, 
which  became  a  law  without  the  approval  of  the  Governor  it  is  provided 
that  "where  a  negro,  Indian,  or  person  excluded  on  account  of  mixed 
tlood  is  a  party  to  a  cause,  his  opponent  shall  also  be  excluded."  37  There 
was  nothing  said  about  negroes  in  connection  with  the  public  schools  in 
either  of  the  constitutions,  or  in  any  of  the  laws,  until  1855,  when  a  pro- 
vision was  made  that  negroes  should  not  be  taxed  for  schools,  and  should 
not  participate  in  their  benefits.  This  was  continued  until  1867,  when  a 
law  was  passed  for  apportionment  of  the  school  revenues  for  negro 
children  as  well  as  whites,  and  for  separate  schools  for  them. 

The  reform  of  the  common  school  system  was  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant things  done  by  the  Convention,  but  it  excited  little  debate,  and  that 
not  on  the  essential  feature  of  the  reform,  which  was  a  State-supported 
system  as  distinguished  from  a  system  in  which  the  school  taxes  were 
entirely  local.  The  movement  for  better  public  schools  had  been  in  prog- 
ress for  years,  and  the  sentiment  had  been  created  among  the  people, 
as  well  as  in  the  Convention,  for  a  State  system.  The  differences  were 
matters  of  detail,  which  were  largely  disposed  of  in  committee,  or  out- 
side ;  and  the  subject  did  not  come  before  the  Convention  for  action  until 
January  27,  almost  at  the  close  of  the  session.  The  old  Constitution  made 
grandiloquent  specification  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  school  funds 
might  be  used,  and  made  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  "as  soon 
as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  provide  by  law,  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  ascending  in  a  regular  gradation,  from  township  schools  to 

3«  Acts,  1853,  p.  60. 
37  Acts,  1861,  p.  51. 


•     • 


. 


472 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1854,  a  negro  named  Arthur  Barkshire,  living  at  Rising  Sun,  brought  a 
negress  named  Eliza  Keith  from  Ohio,  where  she  had  resided  for  years, 
and  married  her  in  Ohio  County,  Indiana.  He  was  arrested  and  fined  $10. 
The  case  was  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court  by  Jonathan  W.  Gordon, 
on  the  ground  that  the  law  was.not  intended  to  apply  to  cases  of  marriage. 
Gordon  was  a  picturesque  character  in  Indiana  for  many  years;  and  he 


I 


I 


JONATHAN  W.  GORDON 

was  especially  interested  in  all  questions  of  personal  right. :::!  The  court 
held  that  not  only  was  marriage  no  defense,  but  that  the  marriage  itself 
was  void,  and  that  the  woman  was  also  subject  to  prosecution  for  coming 
into  the  State.34  Just  ten  years  later,  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  the 
whole  article  was  void,  as  in  contravention  of  the  then  laws  of  the  United 
States.3"-  The  words  remained  in  the  Constitution,  however,  until  they 


3S  A  sketch  of  his  life  will  he  found  elsewhere. 
3-t  Barkshire  vs.  the  State,  7  Iml..  p.  389. 
as  Smith  vs.  Moody,  26  Iml.,  p.  299. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  473 

were  removed  by  amendment  in  1881.  The  reformers  of  that  year  left 
one  other  relic  of  the  negro-phobia  of  1851  in  the  Constitution,  in  the 
restriction  of  the  militia  to  "white  male  persons";  and  it  still  remains 
there.  It  is  noticeable,  nevertheless,  that  there  have  been  a  number  of 
criticisms  of  the  negroes  for  slowness  to  volunteer  in  the  present  war,  and 
when  the  next  constitutional  convention  meets,  it  is  probable  that  this 
absurdity  will  be  removed  also.  In  justice  to  the  fathers,  it  should  be 
said  that  the  provisions  adopted  as  to  negroes  were  not  quite  so  bad  as 
some  that  were  proposed — such  as  that  negroes  then  living  in  the  State 
should  not  be  allowed  to  own  real  estate ;  that  any  coming  in  should  be 
sold  to  the  highest  bidder  for  a  term  of  six  months,  and  the  proceeds 
given  to  the  Colonization  Society;  that  they  should  not  be  allowed  to 
testify  against  white  persons.  In  1853,  however,  a  law  was  passed  pro- 
viding that,  "No  Indian,  or  person  having  one-eighth  or  more  of  negro 
blood,  shall  be  permitted  to  testify  as  a  witness  in  any  cause  in  which  any 
white  person  is  a  party  in  interest."36  It  is  a  somewhat  singular 
fact  that  in  an  act  passed  in  1861,  permitting  parties  to  actions  to  testify, 
which  became  a  law  without  the  approval  of  the  Governor  it  is  provided 
that  "where  a  negro,  Indian,  or  person  excluded  on  account  of  mixed 
hlood  is  a  party  to  a  cause,  his  opponent  shall  also  be  excluded."  37  There 
was  nothing  said  about  negroes  in  connection  with  the  public  schools  in 
either  of  the  constitutions,  or  in  any  of  the  laws,  until  1855,  when  a  pro- 
vision was  made  that  negroes  should  not  be  taxed  for  schools,  and  should 
not  participate  in  their  benefits.  This  was  continued  until  1867,  when  a 
law  was  passed  for  apportionment  of  the  school  revenues  for  negro 
children  as  well  as  whites,  and  for  separate  schools  for  them. 

The  reform  of  the  common  school  system  was  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant things  done  by  the  Convention,  but  it  excited  little  debate,  and  that 
not  on  the  essential  feature  of  the  reform,  which  was  a  State-supported 
system  as  distinguished  from  a  system  in  which  the  school  taxes  were 
entirely  local.  The  movement  for  better  public  schools  had  been  in  prog- 
ress for  years,  and  the  sentiment  had  been  created  among  the  people, 
as  well  as  in  the  Convention,  for  a  State  system.  The  differences  were 
matters  of  detail,  which  were  largely  disposed  of  in  committee,  or  out- 
side ;  and  the  subject  did  not  come  before  the  Convention  for  action  until 
January  27,  almost  at  the  close  of  the  session.  The  old  Constitution  made 
grandiloquent  specification  of  the  purposes  for  which  the  school  funds 
might  be  used,  and  made  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  "as  soon 
as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  provide  by  law,  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  ascending  in  a  regular  gradation,  from  township  schools  to 


™  Acts,  1853,  p.  60. 
3t  Acts,  1861,  p.  51. 


474  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

a  state  university,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to 
all."  But  circumstances  had  never  permitted,  and  the  fixed  sentiment 
was  to  concentrate  on  something  definite.  Accordingly,  the  words  "as 
soon  as  circumstances  will  permit"  were  left  out,  and  the  General 
Assembly  was  directed  "to  provide,  by  law,  for  a  general  and  uniform 
system  of  Common  Schools,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  without  charge, 
and  equally  open  to  all."  In  other  words,  the  Convention  meant  that 
State  support  was  for  Common  Schools  only,  and  not  for  higher  educa- 
tion. The  next  point  was  provision  for  a  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction ;  the  provision  for  this  being  introduced  from  the  floor,  as  an 
additional  section  to  the  committee  report,  by  John  I.  Morrison,  the  chair- 
man of  the  committee.  Obviously  this  had  been  defeated  in  committee, 
and  Mr.  Morrison  carried  the  fight  to  the  Convention,  and  won  by  a 
vote  of  78  to  50.  The  provision  was  passed  as  he  introduced  it,  except 
that,  by  his  consent,  a  provision  that  the  Superintendent  should  be  paid 
"out  of  the  income  arising  from  the  educational  funds"  was  struck  out. 
This  proposition  for  a  State  Superintendent  had  been  discussed  before 
the  people  for  several  years,  and  was  in  imitation  of  the  action  of  other 
school  reform  states,  but  the  credit  of  "seeing  it  through"  belongs  to  Mr. 
Morrison.  Following  this,  the  Convention  voted  down  proposals  that  the 
voters  of  a  school  district  might  decide  to  have  other  than  the  English 
language  taught  in  the  school,  and  also  a  provision  that  each  district 
should  receive  its  proportion  of  the  school  revenues,  whether  it  had  a 
school  house  or  not.  Then  came  the  fight  on  the  State  University,  which 
was  the  chief  bone  of  contention  connected  with  the  subject  of  education. 
There  were  three  factions.  As  heretofore  recounted,  the  United 
States  had  granted  the  State  a  township  of  land  for  "a  seminary  of 
learning,"  which  had  originally  been  turned  over  to  Vincennes  Univer- 
sity, but,  in  1816,  had  been  taken  away  and  given  to  Bloomington.  One 
party  now  desired  to  take  it  away  from  Bloomington  and  devote  it  to 
the  Common  Schools.  Another  desired  to  take  it  from  Bloomington,  and 
divide  its  revenues  among  all  the  colleges  of  the  State,  through  the 
medium  of  a  State  University  on  the  New  York  plan,  which  is  to  make 
it  a  supervising  corporation  over  all  educational  interests,  without  any 
special  connection  with  any  one  institution.  The  third  party,  composed 
of  the  friends  of  Bloomington,  of  course  desired  to  preserve  the  status 
quo.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  Caleb  Mills  has  been  commonly  regarded 
as  "the  father  of  the  Indiana  school  system,"  although  in  fact  he 
belonged  with  the  second  party  mentioned,  and  his  plan  was  not  adopted. 
In  his  first,  second,  and  third  "messages  to  the  legislature,"  and  in  his 
fifth,  which  was  addressed  to  the  Convention,  he  argues  at  length  for  the 
New  York  plan.  In  his  second  message,  1847,  he  says:  "There  are  five 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  475 

colleges  in  operation,  including  the  State  institution,  whose  course  of 
study  is  published.  Four  of  these  have  been  reared  and  sustained  by  as 
many  different  denominations,  and  are  points  around  which  are  clustered 
the  sympathies'pf  those  portions  of  our  citizens.  They  are  conveniently 
situated  to  accommodate  their  friends  and  patrons.  The  interests  of 
sound  learning  suffer  by  the  multiplicity  of  institutions,  having  the 
same  nominal  character.  It  may  justly  be  questioned  whether  the  real 
wants  of  Indiana  require  any  increase  of  the  number  of  colleges  for  the 
next  thirty  years.  Let  the  Regents  of  the  University  have  charge  of  the 
Literature  fund,  to  be  distributed  to  the  academies,  one  in  each  county, 
as  fast  as  they  shall  be  established  by  private  enterprise,  and  comply 
with  the  rules  regulating  the  distribution.  Let  them  have  the  power  of 
determining  whether  the  interests  of  learning  require  an  increase  of 
colleges,  and  let  the  legislature  grant  charters  for  such  institutions  only 
upon  the  recommendation  of  the  Regents.  Every  college,  previous  to 
being  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  association  shall  exhibit  satisfactory 
evidence  to  the  Regents  that  the  corporation  is  a  bona  fide  possessor  of 
$25,000  worth  of  property.  Let  the  college  buildings,  grounds,  library 
and  apparatus  of  the  Institution  at  Bloomington,  valued  probably  at 
$25,000  be  sold  to  any  association  of  citizens  who  will  give  $12,000,  and 
pledge  themselves  to  sustain  a  college,  as  one  of  the  affiliated  institutions 
of  the  University."  He  proposed  that  the  proceeds  of  the  university 
lands,  and  other  funds  of  the  Bloomington  institution,  amounting  to  some 
$90,000,  be  turned  over  to  the  Regents  for  the  welfare  of  the  colleges  and 
academies. 

Furthermore,  in  this  same  second  message,  Mills  earnestly  opposes  the 
proposal  for  a  state  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  He  says: 
"Create  the  office,  and  it  will  require  no  prophet  to  tell  us  that  there  will 
be  a  greater  crowd  of  ignoramuses  to  fill  it  than  ever  presented  themselves 
to  the  Board  of  the  State  University  as  candidates  to  fill  the  mathematical 
chair.  Let  him  be  elected  by  popular  vote,  or  appointed  by  Executive 
authority,  or  chosen  by  joint  ballot  of  the  Legislature,  the  question 
would  be  immediately  asked  by  thousands,  not  is  he  qualified,  but  is  he 
a  Presbyterian  ?  Then  he  will  employ  his  official  and  personal  influence 
in  favor  of  Presbyterian  colleges  and  Presbyterian  teachers.  Is  he  a 
Methodist?  Then  he  will  traverse  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  State, 
extolling  the  character,  and  magnifying  the  superiority  of  Methodist 
institutions,  in  the  extent  and  thoroughness  of  their  course  of  studies. 
Is  he  a  Baptist?  Then  his  sympathies  will  be  enlisted  in  favor  of  that 
denomination  and  its  literary  institutions.  Does  he  belong  to  no  religious 
denomination?  Then  he  will  not  have  the  confidence  and  hearty  co- 
operation of  a  large  portion  of  the  community,  for  however  diversified 


- 


476  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

may  be  our  religious  sentiments,  there  is  a  strong  and  prevailing  impres- 
sion in  society  that  the  great  principles  of  the  Bible  are  inwrought  in,  and 
inseparable  from  the  civil  institutions  of  the  land.  *  *  *  A  minister 
of  public  instruction  should  be  a  man  of  sterling  worth  and  religious 
principle,  else  he  will  be  destitute  of  an  essential  element  of  success,  and 
an  indispensable  qualification  for  the  office.  Is  there  any  hope  that  such 
a  man  can  be  obtained  to  labor  in  Indiana  without  awakening  denomina- 
tional prejudice  and  sectarian  bigotry  to  such  an  extent  as  to  forbid  all 
reasonable  expectations  of  success?"  Mr.  Mills  then  advocates  county 
superintendents  as  the  remedy  needed,  and  after  citing  several  reports 
from  other  states,  says :  ' '  The  perusal  of  them  will  be  sufficient  to  con- 
vince every  candid  mind  that  the  county  superintendents  are  the  only 
officers  that  can  apply  the  appropriate  remedy  to  the  evils  found  to 
exist,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  in  all  the  common  school  systems  of  the 
Union.  Let  us  retain  our  present  arrangements,  by  which  the  Treasurer 
of  State  becomes  ex-officio  superintendent  of  common  schools,  and  so 
perfect  our  system  that  he  shall  have  the  materials  put  into  his  hands 
for  a  full  and  able  report  to  the  legislature. ' ' 38  And  yet,  notwithstand- 
ing this  record  in  black  and  white,  and  some  other  variations  that  might 
be  mentioned,  even  Dr.  Boone  says  of  Mills :  ' '  After  1843,  until  the  time 
of  his  death  (October  17,  1879),  the  influence  of  his  views  may  be  traced 
in  almost  every  important  legislative  act  concerning  education  in  the 
State.39  Estimates  of  this  character  take  too  much  of  just  credit  from 
other  men  who  aided  in  shaping  the  school  system  of  Indiana ;  but  that 
will  be  considered  elsewhere.  Our  present  interest  is  in  his  influence  on 
the  Convention. 

Unquestionably,  on  January  27, 1851,  the  State  University  of  Indiana 
passed  through  "the  valley  of  the  shadow  of  death."  The  Committee  on 
Education  reported  a  section  confirming  the  grants  that  had  been  made 
to  it,  and  James  B.  Foley,  of  Decatur,  promptly  moved  to  lay  it  on  the 
table.  The  vote  was  taken  without  debate,  and  carried,  62  to  61.  Judge 
Pettit  at  once  offered  the  following  additional  section :  "All  trust  funds 
held  by  the  State  shall  be  faithfully  applied  to  the  purposes  for  which 
the  trust  was  created."  He  was  backed  by  feobert  Dale  Owen  with  a 
brief  but  incisive  speech  reminding  the  delegates  that  the  funds  of  the 
university  had  not  come  from  the  State,  but  from  the  United  States,  and 
for  the  express  purpose  of  a  "seminary  of  learning";  and  that  to  apply 
it  to  any  other  purpose  "will  redound  little,  we  may  be  assured,  to  the 
credit  of  our  State  throughout  the  United  States,  and  the  world." 
Thomas  D.  Walpole,  of  Hancock  and  Madison,  saw  the  point,  and  moved 


SB  The  messages  of  Caleb  Mills  are  printed  in  full  in  Vol.  3,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs. 
39  Hist,  of  Education  in  Indiana,  p.  94. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN3  477 

to  amend  by  adding  that  "nothing  in  this  section  shall  be  so  construed 
as  to  prevent  the  Legislature  from  diverting  the  University  Fund,  with 
the  consent  of  the  General  Government,  to  the  use  of  common  schools. 
The  debate  now  turned  on  the  merits  of  the  University  as  it  then  existed, 
and  it  must  be  admitted  that  its  friends  did  not  make  a  very  impressive 
showing.  But  there  were  a  number  of  delegates  who  thought  that  the  one 
essential  remedy  was  a  normal  school,  and  John  Davis,  of  Madison  moved 
to  amend  the  amendment  by  adding  "or  for  the  establishment  of  a  normal 
school."  William  Bracken,  of  Rush,  moved  to  lay  the  amendment,  and 
the  amendment  to  the  amendment,  on  the  table ;  and  Pettit  called  for  a 
division  of  the  question.  The  normal  school  amendment  was  tabled  by 
a  vote  of  68  to  56,  and  this  left  the  advocates  of  appropriating  the  Uni- 
versity fund  to  the  public  schools  standing  against  the  field.  Their 
amendment  was  tabled,  and  the  motion  to  table  Pettit 's  new  section  was 
lost  by  a  vote  of  39  to  80.  Pettit 's  section  was  then  adopted  by  a  vote 
of  81  to  41,  and  went  into  the  Constitution.  So  the  State  University  was 
saved,  but  it  was  saved  as  a  trust  from  the  general  government.  It  is 
manifest  that  if  the  Convention  had  anticipated  that  it  would  be  taken 
up  as  a  State  institution,  and  receive  the  State  aid  that  it  has  received,  it 
would  have  gone  the  way  of  the  county  seminaries.  Those  institutions 
were  ordered  to  be  sold,  and  the  proceeds  placed  in  the  Common  School 
Fund.  The  wisdom  of  the  action  is  doubtful,  but  the  records  are  too 
incomplete  to  judge  accurately.  Many  of  the  seminary  buildings  were 
new,  and  some  had  not  been  paid  for.  There  were  50  of  them,  and  the 
total  proceeds  of  the  sales,  which  were  strung  out  until  1854,  amounted 
to  only  $103,238.03.  It  would  probably  have  been  wiser  to  have  turned 
them  over  for  common  school  purposes,  and  fortunately  that  was  what 
was  done  with  some  of  them.  They  simply  served  the  purpose  of  high 
schools,  and  the  various  localities  where  they  existed  replaced  them  with 
high  school  buildings,  at  a  later  date. 

The  Common  School  Fund,  of  which  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  sem- 
in.aries  was  to  form  a  part,  together  with  fines  and  forfeitures,  which 
had  theretofore  gone  to  the  seminaries,  included  also  the  Congressional 
Township  Fund,  the  Saline  Fund,  the  Bank  Tax  Fund,  the  Sinking 
Fund,  the  proceeds  of  escheated  estates,  proceeds  of  land  grants  to  the 
State  for  which  no  specific  purpose  was  expressed  in  the  grant,  and  taxes 
on  corporations  assessed  by  the  legislature  for  the  benefit  of  the  schools. 
These  were  to  be  held  by  the  State  as  a  permanent  fund,  and  the  interest 
distributed  to  the  townships.  At  the  time,  over  three-fourths  of  the  total 
of  these  was  in  the  Congressional  Township  Fund,  which  was  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale  of  section  16,  in  each  township,  as  donated  by  Congress 
to  the  State,  for  school  purposes.  One  of  the  great  purposes  of  the 


• 

478  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

school  reformers  had  been  to  equalize  these  grants,  as  section  16  in  some 
townships  was  the  best  of  land,  while  in  others  it  was  almost  worthless. 
But  the  people  who  had  the  good  sections  objected  to  this,  and  a  test  • 
case  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  in  1854,  and  it  decided  that  the 
grant  was  to  "the  inhabitants  of  such  township  for  the  use  of  schools", 
and  could  not  be  taken  away.  In  all  the  other  states  of  Northwest  Terri- 
tory it  was  to  the  state.  Consequently,  this  fund  had  to  be  taken  out  of 
the  Common  School  Fund,  and  administered  separately,  the  proceeds 
going  to  the  townships  from  which  they  came.  The  Saline  Fund  was 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  saline  lands,  chiefly  about  the  French  Lick,  in 
Orange  County,  and  amounted  in  1853,  to  $61,270.05.  The  Surplus 
Revenue  Fund  was  the  result  of  a  division  of  surplus  revenues  of  the 
United  States,  in  1836,  which  was  a  project  of  Daniel  Webster.  In- 
diana's share  was  over  $1,100,000,  which  was  to  be  paid  in  four  yearly 
installments.  The  legislature  of  1837,  in  anticipation  of  the  payments, 
appropriated  the  first  two  to  the  common  schools,  and  the  third  and 
fourth  to  the  purchase  of  stock  in  the  State  Bank.  The  fourth  install- 
ment was  never  paid.  The  school  portion,  in  1853,  amounted  to 
$552,529.22.  The  Bank  Tax  Fund  was  the  result  of  a  provision  in  the 
State  Bank  charter  for  reserving  12^  cents  from  dividends,  on  each 
share  of  stock  not  owned  by  the  State,  to  be  paid  to  the  school  fund  in 
lieu  of  all  other  taxes.  These  four  funds,  which  were  all  that  were  avail- 
able in  1853,  made  a  total  of  $2,278,588.14.  The  most  important  factor 
was  yet  to  materialize,  in  the  Sinking  Fund,  or  as  it  is  called  in  the  Con- 
stitution, "the  fund  arising  from  the  one  hundred  and  fourteenth  sec- 
tion of  the  charter  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana."  The  State  had  taken 
half  of  the  stock  of  the  Bank,  and  this  section  provided  for  a  sinking 
fund,  managed  by  the  Bank,  of  the  profits  on  the  State's  shares,  to  be 
applied  first  to  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  principal  of  the  bonds 
which  the  State  issued  to  make  the  investment,  and  the  remainder  to  the 
school  fund.  The  total  eventual  proceeds  of  this  were  $4,255,731.87,  but 
none  of  it  had  been  realized  in  1853. 

This  provision  was  incorporated  in  the  Bank  charter  on  the  suggestion 
of  John  Beard,  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  who  located  in  Montgomery 
County,  Indiana,  in  1823.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1827,  and 
returned  to  either  the  House  or  the  Senate  for  years  afterwards,  making 
a  total  legislative  service  of  15  years,  and  a  record  that  any  legislator 
might  be  proud  of,  for  he  stood  for  the  abolition  of  imprisonment  for 
debt,  liberal  exemption  for  debtors,  abolition  of  capital  punishment, 
internal  improvements,  and  free  education.  He  was  the  Receiver  of  the 
Land  Office  at  Crawfordsville  from  1841  to  1843,  and  was  universally 
respected  as  a  level-headed,  public-spirited  man-,  and  "a  walking  history 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


479 


of  Indiana,"  until  his  death,  on  September  29,  1874.  Gen.  John  Coburn 
stated  that  when  he  proposed  the  reservation  in  the  Bank  charter,  "it 
was  hardly  treated  seriously."  Nobody  thought  anything  would  be  left 
as  a  surplus ;  he  hirilself  doubtless  did  not  realize  its  importance.  But  so 
it  was,  he  put  the  net  where  it  caught  the  golden  fish,  and  we  thank  him 
for  it  ten  thousand  times;  and  we  thank  those  steady,  straightforward 


JOHN  BEARD 

financiers  who  husbanded  these  funds  for  us.40  It  might  be  said  with 
equal  force  that  the  delegates  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  did  not 
realize  what  they  were  doing.  Certainly  the  opponents  of  the  State 
Bank  did  not,  if  we  may  believe  they  were  sincere  in  what  they  said. 
John  Pettit,  in  the  course  of  one  of  his  wild  attacks  on  the  State  Bank, 
said :  ' '  You  tell  me  that  the  bank  has  made  a  large  profit ;  that  it  has 
accumulated  an  immense  sinking  fund,  but  I  ask  gentlemen  to  point  out 


4°  Goodrich  &  Turtle's  Indiana,  p. 


, 


478 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


school  reformers  had  been  to  equalize  these  grants,  as  section  16  in  some 
townships  was  the  best  of  land,  while  in  others  it  was  almost  worthless. 
But  the  people  who  had  the  good  sections  objected  to  this,  and  a  test  • 
case  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  in  1854,  and  it  decided  that  the 
grant  was  to  "the  inhabitants  of  such  township  for  the  use  of  schools", 
and  could  not  be  taken  away.  In  all  the  other  states  of  Northwest  Terri- 
tory it  was  to  the  state.  Consequently,  this  fund  had  to  be  taken  out  of 
the  Common  School  Fund,  and  administered  separately,  the  proceeds 
going  to  the  townships  from  which  they  came.  The  Saline  Fund  was 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  saline  lands,  chiefly  about  the  French  Lick,  in 
Orange  County,  and  amounted  in  1853,  to  $61,270.05.  The  Surplus 
Revenue  Fund  was  the  result  of  a  division  of  surplus  revenues  of  the 
United  States,  in  1836,  which  was  a  project  of  Daniel  Webster.  In- 
diana's share  was  over  $1,100,000,  which  was  to  be  paid  in  four  yearly 
installments.  The  legislature  of  1837,  in  anticipation  of  the  payments, 
appropriated  the  first  two  to  the  common  schools,  and  the  third  and 
fourth  to  the  purchase  of  stock  in  the  State  Bank.  The  fourth  install- 
ment was  never  paid.  The  school  portion,  in  1853,  amounted  to 
$552,529.22.  The  Bank  Tax  Fund  was  the  result  of  a  provision  in  the 
State  Bank  charter  for  reserving  I2y^>  cents  from  dividends,  on  each 
share  of  stock  not  owned  by  the  State,  to  be  paid  to  the  school  fund  in 
lieu  of  all  other  taxes.  These  four  funds,  which  were  all  that  were  avail- 
able in  1853,  made  a  total  of  $2,278,588.14.  The  most  important  factor 
was  yet  to  materialize,  in  the  Sinking  Fund,  or  as  it  is  called  in  the  Con- 
stitution, "the  fund  arising  from  the  one  hundred  and  fourteenth  sec- 
tion of  the  charter  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana."  The  State  had  taken 
half  of  the  stock  of  the  Bank,  and  this  section  provided  for  a  sinking 
fund,  managed  by  the  Bank,  of  the  profits  on  the  State's  shares,  to  be 
applied  first  to  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  principal  of  the  bonds 
which  the  State  issued  to  make  the  investment,  and  the  remainder  to  the 
school  fund.  The  total  eventual  proceeds  of  this  were  $4,255,731.87,  but 
none  of  it  had  been  realized  in  1853. 

This  provision  was  incorporated  in  the  Bank  charter  on  the  suggestion 
of  John  Beard,  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  who  located  in  Montgomery 
County,  Indiana,  in  1823.  He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1827,  and 
returned  to  either  the  House  or  the  Senate  for  years  afterwards,  making 
a  total  legislative  service  of  15  years,  and  a  record  that  any  legislator 
might  be  proud  of,  for  he  stood  for  the  abolition  of  imprisonment  for 
debt,  liberal  exemption  for  debtors,  abolition  of  capital  punishment, 
internal  improvements,  and  free  education.  He  was  the  Receiver  of  the 
Land  Office  at  Crawfordsville  from  1841  to  1843,  and  was  universally 
respected  as  a  level-headed,  public-spirited  man,  and  "a  walking  history 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


479 


of  Indiana,"  until  his  death,  on  September  29,  1874.  Gen.  John  Coburn 
stated  that  when  he  proposed  the  reservation  in  the  Bank  charter,  "it 
was  hardly  treated 'seriously. "  Nobody  thought  anything  would  be  left 
as  a  surplus ;  he  himself  doubtless  did  not  realize  its  importance.  But  so 
it  was,  he  put  the  net  where  it  caught  the  golden  fish,  and  we  thank  him 
for  it  ten  thousand  times ;  and  we  thank  those  steady,  straightforward 


' 


' 


> 


' 


JOHN  BEARD 


financiers  who  husbanded  these  funds  for  us.40  It  might  be  said  with 
equal  force  that  the  delegates  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  did  not 
realize  what  they  were  doing.  Certainly  the  opponents  of  the  State 
Bank  did  not,  if  we  may  believe  they  were  sincere  in  what  they  said. 
John  Pettit,  in  the  course  of  one  of  his  wild  attacks  on  the  State  Bank, 
said:  "You  tell  me  that  the  bank  has  made  a  large  profit;  that  it  has 
accumulated  an  immense  sinking  fund,  but  I  ask  gentlemen  to  point  out 


4°  Goodrich  &  Tuttle  's  Indiana,  p.  39£. 


480  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  me  the  number  of  banks,  or  shaving  shops,  or  paper  machines,  or 
whatever  else  you  may  choose  to  call  them,  that  have  been  established 
in  this  Union,  that  have  ever  .wound  up  and  paid  out  of  their  stock  all 
of  their  liabilities.  How  many  of  your  million  of  banks,  that  ever  did 
run  out,  and  divide  out  their  stocks  as  it  was  put  in  and  redeem 
their  bills?  You  cannot  find  one  out  of  five  hundred  that  have  ever 
wound  up  solvent,  nor  will  you  find  one  in  five  thousand  hereafter.  They 
cannot  do  it.  I  will  not  say  that  it  is  the  business  of  this  convention  or  of 
the  present  legislature  to  withdraw  from  the  State  Bank  the  capital 
stock,  the  saline  fund,  or  the  college  fund,  or  the  loan  fund,  or  the  school 
fund,  all  of  which  have  been  deposited  there,  and  I  trust,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  rising  generation,  that  that  too  will  not  be  absorbed;  but  I  will 
not  say  that' I  have  not  my  misgivings  on  the  subject,  for  I  do  expect 
when  seven  years  more  shall  come  around  and  the  State  shall  say  'pay 
me  back  the  money  I  deposited  here  as*capital  stock — the  millions  of 
specie  which  I  deposited,'  that  the  bank  officer  will  say  first  and  fore- 
most 'Oh,  you  withdrew  your  patronage  from  the  bank,  and  we  have 
to  stop ;  our  paper  was  out  largely  and  it  took  all  the  specie  to  redeem 
our  bills.  Now  here  is  an  old  banking-house  or  two  and  a  few  protested 
or  slow  notes;  you  may  have  these  in  place  of  your  specie.'  'Oh,  then,' 
says  the  State  officer,  'give  me  back  the  college  fund.'  To  which  the 
bank  replies  'That  is  all  gone,  too.  And  you  cannot  much  regret  that 
for  the  college  is  an  aristocratic  institution  which  ought  to  be  leveled 
to  the  ground.'  'Well,  then,'  says  your  officer,  'if  that  is  gone,  do  give 
me  the  saline  fund.'  And  he  receives  for  an  answer,  'Oh,  that  is  a  matter 
of  no  consequence,  there  is  plenty  of  salt  coming  from  the  Kanawha  and 
the  lakes.  There  is  no  necessity  for  salt.'  (Laughter.)  Then  last  of  all, 
staring  and  wild,  with  anxiety  in  his  countenance,  he  says,  'For  God's 
sake  give  me  the  little  pittance  that  belongs  to  the  rising  generation,  the 
money  that  belongs  to  the  boys  and  girls;  give  us  that  they  may  learn 
to  read  and  write,  and  know  their  rights  and  learn  the  history  of  your 
wrongs  and  oppressions.'  And  they  will  answer  you,  'No,  we  have  sunk 
that  fund  on  purpose  that  we  might  keep  them  in  ignorance,  that  they 
might  not  know  how  we  have  wronged  them.'  "  41  There  is  absolutely  no 
reason  to  doubt  that  Pettit  believed  what  he  was  saying,  and  that  many 
others  believed  the  same  thing. 

The  most  serious  unanticipated  feature  of  the  article  of  the  Consti- 
tution on  education  was  the  construction  the  Supreme  Court  put  on  it. 
The  friends  of  education,  having  the  Constitution  satisfactorily  con- 
structed, secured  from  the  legislature  the  school  law  of  1852  to  carry  its 


«i  Debates,  p.  1456. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  481 

provisions  into  effect ;  and  a  state  school  tax  of  ten  cents  on  one  hundred 
dollars.  This  was  the  same  amount  that  had  been  levied  by  the  law  of 
1849,  and  indeed  the«tax  section  was  copied  from  that  law,  except  that 
as  Prof.  Larrabee  say's,  the  engrossing  clerk  omitted  the  provision  for 
a  poll  tax  of  25  cents,  which  left  the  State  revenues  some  $40,000  less 
than  they  would  have  been  under  the  old  law.  It  also  reenacted  the 
provision  of  the  law  of  1849  that  the  townships  might  vote  a  tax  for 
buildings,  apparatus,  etc.,  "and  for  continuing  their  schools  after 
public  funds  have  been  expended,"  but  raised  the  limit  of  this  local 
tax  from  15  cents  on  $100  to  50  cents  and  a  50-cent  poll  tax.  In  the 
spring  of  1853  Greencastle  Township,  Putnam  County,  voted  a  tax  of 
15  cents  and  25  cents  poll  for  common  schools,  and  Alexander  Black 
brought  suit  to  enjoin  its  collection,  and  on  December  12,  1854,  the  Su- 
preme Court  held  the  local  tax  unconstitutional.  The  opinion  was  written 
by  Judge  Alvin  P.  Hovey,  who  had  been  appointed  in  May,  1854,  to  fill 
a  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Judge  Addison  L.  Roache,  and 
who  was  replaced  after  the  October  election  by  Samuel  Gookins.  In  the 
decision  on  the  petition  for  rehearing  in  this  case,  Judge  William  Z. 
Stuart  says:  "Judge  Hovey,  who  delivered  the  opinion  of  the  Court 
on  that  occasion  being  no  longer  on  the  bench,  it  is  not  improper  to  say 
that  his  position  as  a  distinguished  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention justly  imparted  great  weight  to  his  opinions  on  questions  of 
constitutional  construction."  This  Introduces  the  personal  equation. 
Alvin  Peterson  Hovey  was  born  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Indiana,  September  6, 
1821.  His  parents,  Abiel  Hovey  and  Frances  (Peterson)  Hovey,  both 
natives  of  Vermont,  who  had  located  on  a  farm  in  Posey  County  in 
1818.  The  father  died  in  1823,  and  the  mother  in  1836.  Young  Alvin 
found  various  employments,  finally  becoming  a  mason.  Then  he  began 
reading  law  at  night  in  the  office  of  Judge  John  Pitcher,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1843.  He  attained  celebrity  by  ousting  the  execu- 
tors of  William  Maclure,  of  New  Harmony,  and  becoming  adminis- 
trator of  the  large  estate  of  that  eccentric  philanthropist.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1850,  and  served  as  Circuit 
Judge  from  1851  to  1854.  He  was  the  youngest  man  who  had  served  on 
the  Supreme  bench  at  the  time  of  his  appointment.  In  1856  he  was 
appointed  U.  S.  District  Attorney  by  President  Pierce,  but  was  removed 
by  President  Buchanan  on  account  of  his  allegiance  to  Stephen  A. 
Douglas.  He  was  a  "war  Democrat,"  and  at  Lincoln's  first  call  for 
troops  began  organizing  a  company.  He  was  made  Colonel  of  the  First 
Regiment  of  the  Indiana  Legion,  and  later  of  the  Twenty-fourth  Indiana 
Infantry;  was  with  Grant  on  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and  was  made 
Brigadier  General  for  gallantry  at  Shiloh.  At  Champion's  Hill  his 

Vol.  I— SI 


482  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

brigade  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle,  and  lost  one-third  of  its  numbers  in 
killed  and  wounded.  In  July,  1864,  Grant,  who  had  a  high  regard  for 
him,  made  him  Major  General,  and  directed  him  to  raise  ten  thousand 
men,  which  Hovey  did.  He  asked  for  enlistments  of  unmarried  men  only, 
and  this  command,  known  as  " Hovey 's  Babies,"  did  effective  service  on 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  Later,  in  1864,  he  was  made  military  com- 
mander of  Indiana,  on  account  of  the  supposed  danger  from  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty."  From  1865  to  1870  he  was  Minister  to  Peru,  after  which 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Mt.  Vernon.  He  refused  the  Republi- 
can nomination  for  Governor  in  1872,  but  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
1886,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  Governor  of  Indiana.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis,  November  23,  1891.  He  was  somewhat  eccentric.  His 
intimates  said  that  he  believed  he  was  a  reincarnation  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, and  that  he  used  to  retire  to  solitary  contemplation  on  the  anni- 
versary of  the  death  of  the  great  Corsican.  He  had  something  of 
Napoleon 's  self-will ;  but  it  was  currently  believed  that  this  impression 
of  his  was  erroneous. 

Hovey 's  opinion  is  of  historical  interest  as  showing  how  he  and  those 
who  agreed  with  him  arrived  at  their  idea  'of  what  the  Constitution 
meant,  for  it  is  very  certain  that  different  members  of  the  Convention 
understood  the  provision  differently.  Referring  to  the  school  law  of 
1849,  he  says:  "No  county  was  to  be  bound  by  its  provisions  until  it 
was  assented  to  by  a  majority  of  i/s  popular  vote.  Several  counties  in 
the  State  never  assented  to  the  act.  Besides  these,  many  local  laws  were 
enacted  for  the  management  of  schools  in  different  counties  and  town- 
ships throughout  the  State,  dissimilar  in  many  respects  to  each  other, 
and  to  the  general  law.  These  laws  gave  the  officers  having  control  of  the 
system  the  management  of  the  school  funds,  the  right  to  rent  and  sell 
school  lands,  and  in  some  instances  to  levy  taxes  for  the  support  of 
schools.  Under  their  operation  large  sums  of  money  were  wasted,  and 
some  of  the  most  valuable  lands  in  the  State  sacrificed,  without  producing 
any  perceptible  results.  Every  step  in  legislation  seemed  to  involve  the 
system  in  greater  expense  and  difficulty,  until  inefficiency,  confusion 
and  waste  seemed  to  be  the  legitimate  offspring  of  our  legislation  on 
that  subject."  Such  was  the  condition  when  the  Convention  provided 
for  "a  general  and  uniform  system  of  Common  Schools,  wherein  tuition 
shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all, ' '  and  also  provided  that 
there  should  be  no  local  or  special  laws  "providing  for  supporting  com- 
mon schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of  school  funds."  He  continued: 
"Placed  in  this  condition,  the  State  occupied  the  position  of  a  parent  to 
her  children,  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  all  are  equally  provided  with 
the  means  of  education.  For  the  purpose  of  supplying  such  means, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


483 


the  Constitution  authorizes  her  not  only  to  use  the  funds  heretofore  set 
apart  for  that  purpose,  but  to  compel  the  elder  brothers  of  the  same 
family,  by  'a  uniform  and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and  taxation'  to  aid 
her  in  carrying  out* the  scheme;  and  as  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and 
learning  is  regarded  by  the  Constitution  as  'essential  to  the  preservation 
of  free  governments,'  it  would  seem  but  just  that  those  who  enjoy  such 
a  government  should  equally  assist  in  contributing  to  its  preservation. 


COLONEL  ALVIN  P.  HOVET,  TWENTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY 

The  inhabitants  of  one  county  or  township  should  not  be  compelled  to 
bear  greater  burdens  than  are  borne  by  all."  If  local  taxation  were  al- 
lowed, some  townships  might  provide  for  schools  ' '  for  six,  nine,  or  twelve 
months.;  so  that  there  would  really  exist  no  uniformity  either  as  to  the 
time  the  schools  should  be  kept,  or  as  to  taxes  to  be  paid  by  the  inhabitants 
of  the  respective  townships."  Not  only  would  there  be  inequality,  but 
local  officers  would  have  full  control  of  the  local  funds,  and  "should 
the  legislature  pass  a  law  for  the  assessment  of  a  mere  nominal  tax  (a 
supposition  not  remote  from  possibility)  the  whole  school  system  would 
be  left  at  the  mercy  of  a  popular  vote  of  the  different  townhips,  and  thus 
all  the  evils  of  the  old  system  which  were  intended  to  be  avoided  by  the 


482  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

brigade  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle,  and  lost  one-third  of  its  numbers  in 
killed  and  wounded.  In  July,  1864,  Grant,  who  had  a  high  regard  for 
him,  made  him  Major  General,  and  directed  him  to  raise  ten  thousand 
men,  which  Hovey  did.  He  asked  for  enlistments  of  unmarried  men  only, 
and  this  command,  known  as  " Hovey 's  Babies,"  did  effective  service  on 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  Later,  in  1864,  he  was  made  military  com- 
mander of  Indiana,  on  account  of  the  supposed  danger  from  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty."  From  1865  to  1870  he  was  Minister  to  Peru,  after  which 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Mt.  Vernon.  He  refused  the  Republi- 
can nomination  for  Governor  in  1872,  but  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
1886,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  Governor  of  Indiana.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis,  November  23,  1891.  He  was  somewhat  eccentric.  His 
intimates  said  that  he  believed  he  was  a  reincarnation  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, and  that  he  used  to  retire  to  solitary  contemplation  on  the  anni- 
versary of  the  death  of  the  great  Corsican.  He  had  something  of 
Napoleon's  self-will;  but  it  was  currently  believed  that  this  impression 
of  his  was  erroneous. 

Hovey 's  opinion  is  of  historical  interest  as  showing  how  he  and  those 
who  agreed  with  him  arrived  at  their  idea  'of  what  the  Constitution 
meant,  for  it  is  very  certain  that  different  members  of  the  Convention 
understood  the  provision  differently.  Referring  to  the  school  law  of 
1849,  he  says:  "No  county  was  to  be  bound  by  its  provisions  until  it 
was  assented  to  by  a  majority  of  i/s  popular  vote.  Several  counties  in 
the  State  never  assented  to  the  act.  Besides  these,  many  local  laws  were 
enacted  for  the  management  of  schools  in  different  counties  and  town- 
ships throughout  the  State,  dissimilar  in  many  respects  to  each  other, 
and  to  the  general  law.  These  laws  gave  the  officers  having  control  of  the 
system  the  management  of  the  school  funds,  the  right  to  rent  and  sell 
school  lands,  and  in  some  instances  to  levy  taxes  for  the  support  of 
schools.  Under  their  operation  large  sums  of  money  were  wasted,  and 
some  of  the  most  valuable  lands  in  the  State  sacrificed,  without  producing 
any  perceptible  results.  Every  step  in  legislation  seemed  to  involve  the 
system  in  greater  expense  and  difficulty,  until  inefficiency,  confusion 
and  waste  seemed  to  be  the  legitimate  offspring  of  our  legislation  on 
that  subject."  Such  was  the  condition  when  the  Convention  provided 
for  "a  general  and  uniform  system  of  Common  Schools,  wherein  tuition 
shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all,"  and  also  provided  that 
there  should  be  no  local  or  special  laws  "providing  for  supporting  com- 
mon schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of  school  f unds. ' '  He  continued : 
"Placed  in  this  condition,  the  State  occupied  the  position  of  a  parent  to 
her  children,  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  all  are  equally  provided  with 
the  means  of  education.  For  the  purpose  of  supplying  such  means, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


483 


the  Constitution  authorizes  her  not  only  to  use  the  funds  heretofore  set 
apart  for  that  purpose,  but  to  compel  the  elder  brothers  of  the  same 
family,  by  'a  unifo'rm  and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and  taxation'  to  aid 
her  in  carrying  out  the  scheme ;  and  as  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and 
learning  is  regarded  by  the  Constitution  as  '  essential  to  the  preservation 
of  free  governments,'  it  would  seem  but  just  that  those  who  enjoy  such 
a  government  should  equally  assist  in  contributing  to  its  preservation. 


COLONEL  ALVIN  P.  HOVET,  TWENTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY 

The  inhabitants  of  one  county  or  township  should  not  be  compelled  to 
bear  greater  burdens  than  are  borne  by  all."  If  local  taxation  were  al- 
lowed, some  townships  might  provide  for  schools  "for  six,  nine,  or  twelve 
months.;  so  that  there  would  really  exist  no  uniformity  either  as  to  the 
time  the  schools  should  be  kept,  or  as  to  taxes  to  be  paid  by  the  inhabitants 
of  the  respective  townships."  Not  only  would  there  be  inequality,  but 
local  officers  would  have  full  control  of  the  local  funds,  and  "should 
the  legislature  pass  a  law  for  the  assessment  of  a  mere  nominal  tax  (a 
supposition  not  remote  from  possibility)  the  whole  school  system  would 
be  left  at  the  mercy  of  a  popular  vote  of  the  different  townhips,  and  thus 
all  the  evils  of  the  old  system  which  were  intended  to  be  avoided  by  the 


482 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


brigade  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle,  and  lost  one-third  of  its  numbers  in 
killed  and  wounded.  In  July,  1864,  Grant,  who  had  a  high  regard  for 
him,  made  him  Major  General,  and  directed  him  to  raise  ten  thousand 
men,  which  Hovey  did.  He  asked  for  enlistments  of  unmarried  men  only, 
and  this  command,  known  as  " Hovey 's  Babies,"  did  effective  service  on 
Sherman's  march  to  the  sea.  Later,  in  1864,  he  was  made  military  com- 
mander of  Indiana,  on  account  of  the  supposed  danger  from  the  "Sons 
of  Liberty."  From  1865  to  1870  he  was  Minister  to  Peru,  after  which 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Mt.  Vernon.  He  refused  the  Republi- 
can nomination  for  Governor  in  1872,  but  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
1886,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  Governor  of  Indiana.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis,  November  23,  1891.  He  was  somewhat  eccentric.  His 
intimates  said  that  he  believed  he  was  a  reincarnation  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte, and  that  he  used  to  retire  to  solitary  contemplation  on  the  anni- 
versary of  the  death  of  the  great  Corsican.  He  had  something  of 
Napoleon 's  self-will ;  but  it  was  currently  believed  that  this  impression 
of  his  was  erroneous. 

Hovey 's  opinion  is  of  historical  interest  as  showing  how  he  and  those 
who  agreed  with  him  arrived  at  their  idea  'of  what  the  Constitution 
meant,  for  it  is  very  certain  that  different  members  of  the  Convention 
understood  the  provision  differently.  Referring  to  the  school  law  of 
1849,  he  says:  "No  county  was  to  be  bound  by  its  provisions  until  it 
was  assented  to  by  a  majority  of  i/s  popular  vote.  Several  counties  in 
the  State  never  assented  to  the  act.  Besides  these,  many  local  laws  were 
enacted  for  the  management  of  schools  in  different  counties  and  town- 
ships throughout  the  State,  dissimilar  in  many  respects  to  each  other, 
and  to  the  general  law.  These  laws  gave  the  officers  having  control  of  the 
system  the  management  of  the  school  funds,  the  right  to  rent  and  sell 
school  lands,  and  in  some  instances  to  levy  taxes  for  the  support  of 
schools.  Under  their  operation  large  sums  of  money  were  wasted,  and 
some  of  the  most  valuable  lands  in  the  State  sacrificed,  without  producing 
any  perceptible  results.  Every  step  in  legislation  seemed  to  involve  the 
system  in  greater  expense  and  difficulty,  until  inefficiency,  confusion 
and  waste  seemed  to  be  the  legitimate  offspring  of  our  legislation  on 
that  subject."  Such  was  the  condition  when  the  Convention  provided 
for  "a  general  and  uniform  system  of  Common  Schools,  wherein  tuition 
shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all,"  and  also  provided  that 
there  should  be  no  local  or  special  laws  "providing  for  supporting  com- 
mon sc-hools,  and  for  the  preservation  of  school  funds."  He  continued: 
"Placed  in  this  condition,  the  State  occupied  the  position  of  a  parent  to 
her  children,  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  all  are  equally  provided  with 
the  means  of  education.  For  the  purpose  of  supplying  such  means, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


483 


the  Constitution  authorizes  her  not  only  to  use  the  funds  heretofore  set 
apart  for  that  purpose,  but  to  compel  the  elder  brothers  of  the  same 
family,  by  'a  uniform  and  equal  rate  of  assessment  and  taxation'  to  aid 
her  in  carrying  out  the  scheme;  and  as  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and 
learning  is  regarded  by  the  Constitution  as  '  essential  to  the  preservation 
of  free  governments,'  it  would  seem  but  just  that  those  who  enjoy  such 
a  government  should  equally  assist  in  contributing  to  its  preservation. 


• 


• 


COLONEL  ALVIN  P.  HOVEY,  TWENTY-FOURTH  INFANTRY 

The  inhabitants  of  one  county  or  township  should  not  be  compelled  to 
bear  greater  burdens  than  are  borne  by  all."  If  local  taxation  were  al- 
lowed, some  townships  might  provide  for  schools  "for  six,  nine,  or  twelve 
months;  so  that  there  would  really  exist  no  uniformity  either  as  to  the 
time  the  schools  should  be  kept,  or  as  to  taxes  to  be  paid  by  the  inhabitants 
of  the  respective  townships."  Not  only  would  there  be  inequality,  but 
local  officers  would  have  full  control  of  the  local  funds,  and  "should 
the  legislature  pass  a  law  for  the  assessment  of  a  mere  nominal  tax  (a 
supposition  not  remote  from  possibility)  the  whole  school  system  would 
be  left  at  the  mercy  of  a  popular  vote  of  the  different  townhips,  and  thus 
all  the  evils  of  the  old  system  which  were  intended  to  be  avoided  by  the 


484  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

new  constitution — inequality  in  education,  inequality  of  taxation,  lack 
of  uniformity  in  schools,  and  a  shrinking  from  legislative  responsibilities, 
would  be  the  inevitable  result."'  Of  course  the  Court  regretted  if  any 
delay  or  inconvenience  should  result,  but  it  was  its  duty  to  decide  what 
the  law  is,  and  it  "was  the  province  of  the  legislature  to  make  the  laws 
conform  to  the  constitution. 

The  decision  raised  a  storm  of  protest  and  criticism  of  the  court 
from  the  friends  of  education,  who  saw  the  prize  for  which  they  had 
struggled  for  more  than  fifteen  years  thus  snatched  from  their  grasp. 
A  petition  for  rehearing  was  filed,  and  earnestly  argued.  Hovey  was 
off  the  bench,  but  the  majority  of  the  Court,  in  a  labored  opinion  by 
Judge  William  Z.  Stuart,  adhered  to  the  original  decision.  He  admitted 
that  inconvenience  would  result,  but ' '  men  who  reason  on  such  questions 
not  from  principles,  but  results,  are  but  poorly  fitted  to  solve  constitu- 
tional difficulties. ' '  Judges  must  not  be  intimidated  or  overawed  by 
criticism.  He  argued  that  the  Common  Law  rules  of  statutory  con- 
struction necessitated  the  decision;  portrayed  the  horrors  that  would 
result  from  local  taxes,  and  concluded,  "and  the  courts  are  upbraided 
in  high  places,  for  upholding  the  constitution  and  the  public  faith  against 
such  pernicious  policy."  Petition  for  rehearing  overruled.42  The  effect 
on  the  schools  was  paralyzing.  Dr.  Boone  sums  it  up  thus :  "Asa 
result,  the  school  term  was  shortened  to  two  and  a  half  months.  Many 
schools  were  altogether  closed.  Three  thousand  teachers  received  for 
their  services  an  average  of  $21.42  per  month,  or  $54.41  for  the  year's 
salary.  Real  teachers  were  driven  into  other  occupations,  or  opened 
private  schools.  The  education  of  the  rural  districts  was  at  a  discount. 
'A  three  months'  school,'  said  Superintendent  Mills  in  1855,  'followed 
by  a  nine  months'  recess,  is  so  near  an  approximation  to  nothing  in  its 
practical  results  that  it  seems  better  fitted  to  illustrate  perpetual  motion 
in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  than  prove  itself  a  wise  and  efficient  means 
of  obtaining  it."43  Superintendent  Larrabee  said:  "If  the  legislature 
will  pass  and  the  people  will  sustain  a  law  levying  a  tax  of  sufficient 
amount  to  support  the  schools  from  eight  to  ten  months  each  year,  we 
can  educate  the  people  under  the  present  system.  If  not,  we  had  better 
change  the  constitution  as  speedily  as  possible,  and  go  back  to  the  system 
of  1849,  or  some  other  system,  that  will  leave  the  people  to  manage  their 
school  affairs  in  their  own  way."  But  he  doubted  that  either  the  people 
or  the  legislature  would  consent  to  a  State  tax  sufficiently  large  to  cover 
the  entire  tuition  charge  of  the  State.  That  plan  is  of  course  feasible 
in  the  abstract.  The  Spartans  went  far  beyond  it  in  their  system  of 


«  Greeneastle  Township  vs.  Black,  5  Ind.,  p.  557. 
«s  Hist,  of  Education  in  Indiana,  p.  156. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  485 

state  education.  But  it  can  hardly  be  imagined  as  practicable  in  the 
United  States,  as  it  involves  a  very  complete  surrender  of  local  self- 
government  ;  and  th«re  is  no  point  where  government  touches  the  citizen 
more  closely  than  in-  the  education  of  his  children. 

The  legislature  of  1855  did  not  undertake  a  system  of  complete  State 
support.  The  chief  demand  for  better  schools  came  naturally  from  the 
cities  and  towns ;  and  a  law  was  passed  making  them  school  districts,  and 
authorizing  them  to  levy  taxes  for  the  support  of  public  schools,  inde- 
pendent of,  but  not  interfering  with  the  common  schools.  Many  of  the 
cities  and  town  proceeded  to  reestablish  their  schools  under  this  law, 
among  them  the  city  of  Lafayette,  and  William  M.  Jenners  of  that  city 
brought  suit  to  enjoin  the  collection  of  the  tax.  Judge  John  Pettit,  then 
on  the  bench  in  Tippecanoe  County,  granted  the  injunction,  and  the  City 
appealed.  The  Supreme  Court  sustained  the  injunction,  saying,  in  the 
opinion,  by  Judge  Perkins  that  the  case  was  the  same  in  principle  as  the 
previous  township  case,  which  it  unquestionably  was.  He  reasserted 
broadly  the  former  position  of  Judge  Hovey,  saying:  "It  is  evidently 
the  intention  of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  to  place  the  common 
school  system  under  the  direct  control  and  supervision  of  the  State,  and 
make  it  a  quasi  department  of  the  State  government."  Again  a  petition 
for  rehearing  was  made,  argued,  and  overruled.44  All  efforts  to  get  a 
change  in  the  Constitution  failed,  but  public  opinion  changed,  and  in 
1867  a  law  allowing  local  school  taxes  was  passed,  and  has  since  been 
enforced,  although  it  is  not  distinguishable  in  principle  from  the  laws 
of  1852  and  1855.  The  two  decisions  above  described,  remained  without 
being  formally  overruled  until  1885,  when  the  question  was  again  pre- 
sented to  the  Supreme  Court  on  an  appeal  from  Switzerland  County. 
The  Court  then,  in  an  elaborate  opinion  by  Judge  Byron  K.  Elliott,  ex- 
pressly overruled  both  of  the  early  decisions,  and  declared  that  they  had 
been  "long  since  overruled"  in  principle.  The  Court  then  said:  "There 
is  not  a  word  in  the  entire  article  of  the  Constitution  that,  directly  or 
indirectly,  prohibits  the  Legislature  from  making  use  of  these  agencies 
of  government  in  the  administration  of  local  school  affairs";  and  this 
is  certainly  interesting  in  connection  with  the  plea  of  the  Court  in  the 
earlier  cases  that  it  was  their  duty  to  enforce  the  Constitution  without 
regard  to  clamor  or  criticism.  Here  you  have  two  constructions  of  the 
same  provisions  of  the  Constitution,  by  the  highest  court  of  the  State, 
diametrically  opposite,  and  unless  it  is  assumed  that  the  members  of  the 
Court,  at  one  time  or  the  other,  were  either  imbecile  or  dishonest,  you  are 
forced  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Constitution  was  so  faultily  written  as 
to  give  legitimate  basis  for  two  conflicting  constructions.  The  historical 

««  City  «f  Lafayette  vs.  Jenners,  10  Ind.,  p.  70. 


486 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


interest  lies  in  the  problem  of  finding  some  rational  explanation  of  the 
facts. 

As  to  the  Courts,  the  natural  -presumption  would  be  that  the  earlier 
judges  were  more  in  touch  with  the  purpose  of  the  Convention,  as  they 
were  not  only  contemporaneous  with  it,  but  Judge  Hovey  and  Judge 


JUDGE  B.  K.  ELLIOTT 

Pettit  were  prominent  members  of  it.  On  the  other  hand,  neither  of 
them  took  any  part  in  the  debate  on  the  school  sections,  and  the  debate 
did  not  involve  this  question,  but  was  confined  to  other  features,  the 
chief  of  which  was  the  disposition  of  the  State  University,  as  above 
noted.  It  is  manifest  that  the  prohibition  of  local  and  special  legislation 
"providing  for  supporting  common  schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of 
school  funds, ' '  which  is  made  so  prominent  in  Judge  Hovey 's  argument, 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  case.  No  stretch  of  language  could  make  the 
school  laws  of  1852  and  1855,  or  the  tax  sections  of  those  laws,  either 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  487 

local  or  special.     They  apply  equally  to  all  parts  of  the  State.     The 
only  room  for  difference  of  construction  of  the  words  is  in  the  meaning 
given  to  the  word  '.'uniform."   The  Constitution  of  1816  provided:  "It 
shall  be  the  duty  oLthe  General  Assembly,  as  soon  as  circumstances  will 
permit,  to  provide,  by  law,  for  a  general  system  of  education,  ascending 
in  a  regular  gradation,  from  township  schools  to  a  state  university, 
wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to  all. ' '   The  Constitu- 
tion of  1851  made  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  "to  provide  by 
law,  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  Common  Schools,  wherein 
tuition  shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all."    The  latter 
provision,  as  reported  by  the  committee  on  education,  also  included  the 
words  "as  soon  as  circumstances  will  permit";  and  in  moving  to  strike 
these  words  out,  Col.  James  R.  M.  Bryant,  of  the  committee,  said :    "I 
will  say  that  this  clause  was  inserted  inadvertently  by  the  committee. 
It  was  not  intended  to  retain  any  thing  more  of  the  first  section  of  the 
present  Constitution,  than  those  parts  of  it  that  were  applicable  to  our 
system.    We  certainly  did  not  intend  to  insert  anything  that  would  have 
the    effect    of    preventing    or    postponing    the    establishment    of    free 
schools."43    Here  is  a  frank  confession  that  the  committee  did  not  give 
careful  scrutiny  to  the  words  of  the  section.    There  were  only  two  other 
changes  in  these  words.     The  substitution   of  "without  charge"  for 
' '  gratis ' '  was  no  doubt  due  to  the  objection  of  Edward  R.  May,  who  was 
a  member  of  the  committee,  to  the  use  of  Latin  words,  as  to  which  he 
addressed  the  Convention  at  length.48     The  other  was  the  addition  of 
the  words  ' '  and  uniform. ' '  Presumably  the  object  of  this  was  to  do  away 
with  the  various  systems  that  had  grown  up  in  the  various  counties 
through  the  agency  of  local  and  special  laws,  and  wholly  independent 
officials.    The  only  reference  to  it  in  the  debates  was  by  John  I.  Morri- 
son, the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  education.     He  was  a  school 
teacher,  and  one  of  the  best  in  the  State.    In  the  discussion  of  the  pro- 
vision for  a  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  which  he  had  intro- 
duced, he  said:    "Every  gentleman  must  be  aware  that  our  common 
school  system  has  not  answered  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  devised. 
The  truth  is  we  have  no  uniform  system.     In  one  county  a  particular 
course  of  instruction  is  pursued ;  and  in  an  adjoining  county  the  course 
is  altogether  different.    If  we  wish  to  have  a  system  that  will  be  general, 
uniform,  and  efficient,  we  must  have  an  officer  whose  special  business  it 
will  be  to  direct,  control,  and  guide  that  system."  47    Obviously  what  he 
meant  here  by  a  uniform  system  of  schools,  was  one  in  which  the  instruc- 
ts Debates,  p.  1858. 
4«  Debates,  p.  1383. 
47  Debates,  p.  1861. 


486 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


interest  lies  in  the  problem  of  finding  some  rational  explanation  of  the 
facts. 

As  to  the  Courts,  the  natural  presumption  would  be  that  the  earlier 
judges  were  more  in  touch  with  the  purpose  of  the  Convention,  as  they 
were  not  only  contemporaneous  with  it,  but  Judge  Hovey  and  Judge 


JUDGE  B.  K.  ELLIOTT 


Pettit  were  prominent  members  of  it.  On  the  other  hand,  neither  of 
them  took  any  part  in  the  debate  on  the  school  sections,  and  the  debate 
did  not  involve  this  question,  but  was  confined  to  other  features,  the 
chief  of  which  was  the  disposition  of  the  State  University,  as  above 
noted.  It  is  manifest  that  the  prohibition  of  local  and  special  legislation 
"providing  for  supporting  common  schools,  and  for  the  preservation  of 
school  funds,"  which  is  made  so  prominent  in  Judge  Hovey 's  argument, 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  case.  Xo  stretch  of  language  could  make  the 
school  laws  of  1852  and  1855,  or  the  tax  sections  of  those  laws,  either 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  487 

local  or  special.     They  apply  equally  to  all  parts  of  the  State.     The 
only  room  for  difference  of  construction  of  the  words  is  in  the  meaning 
given  to  the  word  "juniform. "   The  Constitution  of  1816  provided:  "It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as  soon  as  circumstances  will 
permit,  to  provide,  by  law,  for  a  general  system  of  education,  ascending 
in  a  regular  gradation,  from  township  schools  to  a  state  university, 
wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to  all."   The  Constitu- 
tion of  1851  made  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  "to  provide  by 
law,  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of  Common  Schools,   wherein 
tuition  shall  be  without  charge,  and  equally  open  to  all."    The  latter 
provision,  as  reported  by  the  committee  on  education,  also  included  the 
words  "as  soon  as  circumstances  will  permit";  and  in  moving  to  strike 
these  words  out,  Col.  James  R.  M.  Bryant,  of  the  committee,  said:     "I 
will  say  that  this  clause  was  inserted  inadvertently  by  the  committee. 
It  was  not  intended  to  retain  any  thing  more  of  the  first  section  of  the 
present  Constitution,  than  those  parts  of  it  that  were  applicable  to  our 
system.    AVe  certainly  did  not  intend  to  insert  anything  that  would  have 
the    effect    of    preventing    or    postponing    the    establishment    of    free 
schools."45    Here  is  a  frank  confession  that  the  committee  did  not  give 
careful  scrutiny  to  the  words  of  the  section.    There  were  only  two  other 
changes   in  these   words.     The  substitution   of  "without  charge"  for 
"gratis"  was  no  doubt  due  to  the  objection  of  Edward  R.  May,  who  was 
a  member  of  the  committee,  to  the  use  of  Latin  words,  as  to  which  he 
addressed  the  Convention  at  length.4"     The  other  was  the  addition  of 
the  words  "and  uniform."  Presumably  the  object  of  this  was  to  do  away 
with  the  various  systems  that  had  grown  up  in  the  various  counties 
through  the  agency  of  local  and  special  laws,  and  wholly  independent 
officials.    The  only  reference  to  it  in  the  debates  was  by  John  I.  Morri- 
son, the  chairman  of  the  committee  on  education.     He  was  a  school 
teacher,  and  one  of  the  best  in  the  State.    In  the  discussion  of  the  pro- 
vision for  a  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  which  he  had  intro- 
duced, he  said:    "Every  gentleman  must  be  aware  that  our  common 
school  system  has  not  answered  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  devised. 
The  truth  is  we  have  no  uniform  system.     In  one  county  a  particular 
course  of  instruction  is  pursued ;  and  in  an  adjoining  county  the  course 
is  altogether  different.    If  we  wish  to  have  a  system  that  will  be  general, 
uniform,  and  efficient,  we  must  have  an  officer  whose  special  business  it 
will  be  to  direct,  control,  and  guide  that  system."  47    Obviously  what  he 
meant  here  bv  a  uniform  svstem  of  schools,  was  one  in  which  the  instruc- 


ts Debates,  p.  1858. 
««  Debates,  p.  1383. 
47  Debates,  p.  1861. 


4b8 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion  was  similar,  and  not  one  in  which  the  schools  were  conducted  for 
the  same  number  of  days,  or  with  the  same  number  of  pupils,  or  by 
teachers  with  equal  salaries. 

Twenty-seven  years  later,  Mr.  Morrison  wrote  an  article  on  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Constitution  as  to  education,  in  which  he  gave  "a  little  of 
its  inside  and  unpublished  history,  as  it  was  moulded  by  the  Committee 


JOHN  I.  MORRISON 

.      .  ''-          ;-        '       ^ 

on  Education."  In  this  he  says:  "The  standing  Committee  on  Educa- 
tion, selected  by  the  president  chiefly  on  account  of  their  well-known 
sentiments  in  favor  of  free  schools  and  liberal  education,  was  announced 
in  the  following  order:  Messrs.  Morrison,  of  Washington;  Bryant,  May, 
Hitt,  Foster,  Stevenson,  Nofsinger,  Milligan,  and  Blythe.  This  commit- 
tee went  to  work  immediately,  elected  Col.  James  R.  M.  Bryant,  of 
Warren,  secretary,  and  resolved  to  hold  stated  meetings  weekly,  daily, 
when  necessary;  to  compare  views,  collect  information,  and  take  action 
upon  all  subjects  of  special  reference  by  the  convention.  Without  ex- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  489 

• 

agg<  ration  it  may  be  added  that  every  member  was  fully  impressed  with 
a  deep  sense  of  the  heavy  responsibility  that  rested  upon  him,  and  long 
and  earnest  were  the  conflicts,  before  the  general  principles  were  settled, 
which  should  be  embodied  in  the  final  report  of  the  committee.  Indeed, 
the  Jirst  section  of  the  article,  which  in  the  main  was  copied  from  the 
old  constitution,  gave  rise  to  many  warm  and  exciting  discussions.  A 
close  comparison,  however,  will  reveal  differences  vitally  important  to 
the  success  and  efficiency  of  the  whole  scheme.  By  the  new  constitution, 
a  general  and  uniform  system  of  common  schools  is  established,  wherein 
tuition  shall  be  without  charge  and  equally  open  to  all.  Under  the  old 
constitution  all  was  chaos  and  uncertainty;  and  the  legislature  was 
authorized  to  act  "as  soon  as  circumstances  will  permit."  By  the  new, 
every  provision  is  mandatory.  The  system  cannot  remain  inert,  it  must 
be  in  active  operation ;  it  must  have  motion ;  it  must  move  everywhere 
and  fit  all  times;  and  it  must  be  uniform.  While  every  word  in  this 
first  section  was  submitted  to  the  severest  scrutiny,  there  was  none  that 
was  canvassed  with  more  care  and  diligence  than  the  word  "uniform." 
One  member  of  the  committee  contended  with  great  zeal  and  pertinacity, 
that  "equitable"  was  the  proper  word;  but  a  wiser  and  better  judgment 
preponderated,  and  this  term  was  allowed  to  stand. 

"The  second  section,  which  particularizes  what  the  principal  of  the 
Common  School  Fund  shall  consist  of,  was  adopted  in  committee  after 
much  labor  and  painstaking,  especially  the  clause  which  makes  the  fund 
to  be  derived  from  the  sale  of  county  seminaries  and  the  fines  assessed  for 
breaches  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  state,  and  all  forfeitures  that  may  accrue, 
a  part  of  the  principal  of  the  common  school  fund.  It  was  earnestly 
contended  that  all  moneys  arising  from  such  sources  should  be  regarded 
as  so  much  annual  income,  and  be  applied  as  fast  as  it  accrued  to  defray 
the  current  expenses  of  tuition.  But  a  majority  of  the  committee  would 
entertain  no  proposition  which  did  not  contemplate  a  constant  addition 
to  the  principal  of  the  fund — an  ever  swelling  tide — to  such  an  extent 
as  would,  within  a  limited  time,  produce  an  income  amply  sufficient, 
without  any  supplement  from  taxation,  to  educate  every  child,  of  suit- 
able age,  in  the  state.  This  point  being  settled,  the  way  was  opened  for 
the  adoption  of  the  third  section  without  much  debate  with  the  exception 
of  a  little  sharp  criticism  of  the  redundancy  of  the  phrase  'to  no  other 
purpose  whatever,'  in  the  second  clause,  which  reads  as  follows:  'and 
the  income  thereof  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of 
common  schools,  and  to  no  other  purpose  whatever.'  Although  the 
retention  of  this  phrase  was  said  to  be  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  the 
chairman,  yet,  in  the  light  of  experience,  its  necessity  has  been  fully 
vindicated ;  and  it  is  believed  that  no  true  friend  of  common  schools  can 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion  was  similar,  and  not  one  in  which  the  schools  were  conducted  for 
the  same  number  of  days,  or  with  the  same  number  of  pupils,  or  by 
teachers  with  equal  salaries. 

Twenty-seven  years  later.  Mr.  Morrison  wrote  an  article  on  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Constitution  as  to  education,  in  which  he  gave  "a  little  of 
its  inside  and  unpublished  history,  as  it  was  moulded  by  the  Committee 


• 


JOHN  I.  MORRISON 


on  Education."  In  this  he  says:  "The  standing  Committee  on  Educa- 
tion, selected  by  the  president  chiefly  on  account  of  their  well-known 
sentiments  in  favor  of  free  schools  and  liberal  education,  was  announced 
in  the  following  order:  Messrs.  Morrison,  of  Washington;  Bryant,  May, 
Hitt,  Foster,  Stevenson,  Nofsinger,  Milligan,  and  Blythe.  This  commit- 
tee went  to  work  immediately,  elected  Col.  James  R.  M.  Bryant,  of 
Warren,  secretary,  and  resolved  to  hold  stated  meetings  weekly,  daily, 
when  necessary ;  to  compare  views,  collect  information,  and  take  action 
upon  all  subjects  of  special  reference  by  the  convention.  Without  ex- 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  489 

• 

aggf  ration  it  may  be  added  that  every  member  was  fully  impressed  with 
a  deep  sense  of  the  heavy  responsibility  that  rested  upon  him,  and  long 
and  earnest  were  the  conflicts,  before  the  general  principles  were  settled, 
which  should  be  embodied  in  the  final  report  of  the  committee.  Indeed, 
the  first  section  of  the  article,  which  in  the  main  was  copied  from  the 
old  constitution,  gave  rise  to  many  warm  and  exciting  discussions.  A 
close  comparison,  however,  will  reveal  differences  vitally  important  to 
the  success  and  efficiency  of  the  whole  scheme.  By  the  new  constitution, 
a  general  and  uniform  system  of  common  schools  is  established,  wherein 
tuition  shall  be  without  charge  and  equally  open  to  all.  Under  the  old 
constitution  all  was  chaos  and  uncertainty;  and  the  legislature  was 
authorized  to  act  "as  soon  as  circumstances  will  permit."  By  the  new, 
every  provision  is  mandatory.  The  system  cannot  remain  inert,  it  must 
be  in  active  operation ;  it  must  have  motion ;  it  must  move  everywhere 
and  nt  all  times;  and  it  must  be  uniform.  While  every  word  in  this 
first  section  was  submitted  to  the  severest  scrutiny,  there  was  none  that 
was  canvassed  with  more  care  and  diligence  than  the  word  "uniform." 
One  member  of  the  committee  contended  with  great  zeal  and  pertinacity, 
that  "equitable"  was  the  proper  word;  but  a  wiser  and  better  judgment 
preponderated,  and  this  term  was  allowed  to  stand. 

*'*'"'*•  *•'*"'•  "W 

"The  second  section,  which  particularizes  what  the  principal  of  the 
Common  School  Fund  shall  consist  of,  was  adopted  in  committee  after 
much  labor  and  painstaking,  especially  the  clause  which  makes  the  fund 
to  be  derived  from  the  sale  of  county  seminaries  and  the  fines  assessed  for 
breaches  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  state,  and  all  forfeitures  that  may  accrue, 
a  part  of  the  principal  of  the  common  school  fund.  It  was  earnestly 
contended  that  all  moneys  arising  from  such  sources  should  be  regarded 
as  so  much  annual  income,  and  be  applied  as  fast  as  it  accrued  to  defray 
the  current  expenses  of  tuition.  But  a  majority  of  the  committee  would 
entertain  no  proposition  which  did  not  contemplate  a  constant  addition 
to  the  principal  of  the  fund — an  ever  swelling  tide — to  such  an  extent 
as  would,  within  a  limited  time,  produce  an  income  amply  sufficient, 
without  any  supplement  from  taxation,  to  educate  every  child,  of  suit- 
able age,  in  the  state.  This  point  being  settled,  the  way  was  opened  for 
the  adoption  of  the  third  section  without  much  debate  with  the  exception 
of  a  little  sharp  criticism  of  the  redundancy  of  the  phrase  'to  no  other 
purpose  whatever,'  in  the  second  clause,  which  reads  as  follows:  'and 
the  income  thereof  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of 
common  schools,  and  to  no  other  purpose  whatever.'  Although  the 
retention  of  this  phrase  was  said  to  be  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  the 
chairman,  yet,  in  the  light  of  experience,  its  necessity  has  been  fully 
vindicated ;  and  it  is  believed  that  no  true  friend  of  common  schools  can 


490  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

be  found,  at  the  present  day,  so  hypercritical  as  to  extract,  if  he  could, 
that  clincher  from  the  constitution. 

' '  The  sixth  section,  which  held  the  several  counties  liable  for  so  much 
of  the  fund  as  may  be  entrusted  to  them,  and  for  the  payment  of  the 
annual  interest  thereon,  met  with  very  formidable  opposition,  when 
first  suggested  in  the  committee ;  but  when  it  was  shown  that  this  section 
was  an  exact  copy  of  the  law  already  upon  the  statute  books,  all  opposition 
was  withdrawn.  This  section  has  done  its  full  share  in  preserving  the 
integrity  of  the  principal,  and  securing  the  payment  in  full  of  all  the 
accruing  interest.  For  the  seventh  section  which  makes  all  trust  funds 
remain  inviolate,  the  state  is  indebted  to  the  late  Hon.  John  Pettit, — 
not  a  member  of  the  committee,  but  one  of  the  ablest  delegates  of  the 
Convention.  For  the  eigthth  section  which  provides  for  the  election  of 
a  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee must  alone  be  held  responsible.  By  a  majority  vote  in  committee 
this  section  was  stricken  out  from  the  final  report.  The  potent  argu- 
ment used  to  defeat  the  measure,  was  the  creation  of  an  additional  State 
officer,  and  the  consequent  expense  of  maintaining  such  an  office.  The 
news  of  the  decision  of  the  committee  in  rejecting  the  section  was  re- 
ceived with  very  great  alarm  by  its  friends  on  the  floor  of  the  convention. 
It  was  regarded  as  a  fatal  blow  against  the  State's  undertaking  to  edu- 
cate the  children  of  the  State.  Without  a  sentinel  to  guard  the  public 
funds  from  pillage  and  misappropriation,  as  well  as  a  head  to  guide  the 
general  system  and  mould  it  into  proper  form,  it  was  believed  that  the 
whole  system  would  soon  become  a  wreck ;  as  certainly  as  the  richly  laden 
vessel,  when  deprived  of  a  captain,  to  keep  its  reckoning  and  control  its 
helm.  In  the  midst  of  general  despondency,  the  chairman,  having  found 
a  few  sympathizing  friends  who  proffered  their  support,  determined  to 
submit  the  rejection  to  the  tender  mercies  of  the  Convention.  To  his 
great  relief,  after  a  somewhat  stormy  debate,  the  additional  section  was 
adopted,  and  was  ordered  to  be  engrossed  by  a  vote  of  78  to  50.  To 
satisfy  any  regrets  that  the  term  of  office  was  not  made  four  years  in 
stead  of  two,  it  may  suffice  to  add  that  the  aid  referred  to  was  promised 
on  the  express  condition  that  the  term  of  office  should  be  limited  to  two 
years."48 

This  statement  as  to  the  adoption  of  the  word  "uniform"  opens  a 
new  field.  What  is  an  "  equitable  school  system ' '  ?  And  in  what  relation 
to  a  school  system  could  the  word  "equitable"  be  used  to  make  it  prac- 
tically synonymous  with  "uniform"?  In  the  contemporary  discussion 
of  the  schools,  I  have  found  the  word  used  but  once,  and  that  by  Royal 


Indiana  School  Journal,  1878,  p.  435. 


INDIANA  AND  .INDIANANS  491 

Mayhew,  in  1846,  he  being  then  Treasurer  of  State,  and  ex  officio  Super- 
intendent of  Common  Schools.  In  his  report  for  that  year,  he  refers  to 
the  distribution  of  the  local  taxes  to  the  school  districts,  by  the  Township 
trustees,  the  taxes  being  then  collected  on  a  township  basis  only,  as  pre- 
senting many  abuses.  He  says :  ' '  Instances  are  not  wanting  where  the 
most  populous  district  of  a  township,  in  which  resided  all  the  Township 
Trustees,  or  an  acting  majority,  has  received  all  the  funds  due  the  town- 
ship for  several  years  in  succession."  And  further,  "Most  of  the  com- 
plaints which  have  come  to  this  office  in  reference  to  the  distribution  of 
funds,  have  been  on  this  point,  and  I  have  been  compelled  to  notice,  in 
the  most  instances,  that  a  strong  equitable  claim  seemed  to  be  presented 
in  favor  of  the  deprived  district."  The  obvious  equitable  system  was 
to  divide  the  funds  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  children  of  school 
age  in  each  district.  With  this  abuse  in  mind,  and  with  the  added  facts 
that  now,  for  the  first  time,  they  were  preparing  for  a  State  tax  for 
tuition,  and  were  putting  all  of  the  school  funds  under  control  of  the 
State  for  distribution  of  the  interest — even  attempting  to  include  the 
Congressional  Township  fund,  for  the  purpose  of  "equalization" — it 
is  evident  that  the  member  who  insisted  on  the  word  "equitable"  was 
referring  to  the  distribution  of  the  funds,  and  that  the  Committee  was 
satisfied  that  in  this  sense  the  meaning  was  covered  by  ' '  uniform. ' '  And 
this  system  of  distribution  was  adopted  in  the  school  law  of  1852,  and 
has  been  used  ever  since.  To  this  idea  of  each  child  receiving  equal 
benefit  from  the  State's  funds  for  tuition,  Hovey  evidently  added,  by 
a  "natural  process  of  enlargement,  the  idea  "and  no  benefit  from  any 
other  fund  for  tuition." 

The  weakest  point  in  the  argument  of  the  early  decisions  was  that 
the  Court  made  no  pretense  of  giving  the  same  construction  to  the  same 
words  elsewhere  in  the  constitution.  The  prohibition  of  local  and  special 
laws  reads :  "  In  all  the  cases  enumerated  in  the  preceding  section,  and 
in  all  other  cases  where  a  general  law  can  be  made  applicable,  all  laws 
shall  be  general,  and  of  uniform  operation  throughout  the  State."  This 
is  even  stronger  language  than  the  other,  for  the  "operation"  must  be 
uniform.  One  of  the  specifications  is  "county  and  township  business," 
but  the  Court  did  not  hold  this  to  mean  that  counties  must  pay  equal 
amounts  for  their  court  houses,  or  townships  pay  equal  amounts  for 
roads  and  bridges.  The  Constitution  required  the  legislature  to  provide 
by  law  for  ' '  a  uniform  and  equal  rate  of  taxation ' ' ;  but  the  Court  did 
not  hold  that  the  rate  of  taxation  must  be  the  same  in  all  places.  Why, 
then,  did  the  Court  adopt  this  construction  in  this  case?  In  the  later 
case  of  Robinson  vs.  Schenk,  the  Court  says:  "It  is  impossible  to  logic- 
ally maintain  that  a  system  which  confers  upon  all  localities  alike  the 


4-J2  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

power  of  governing  and  maintaining  schools  is  not  a  general  and  uniform 
system.  Where  there  is  no  discrimination  made  in  favor  of  one  sub- 
division or  against  others,  there  is  neither  want  of  uniformity  nor  is  the 
system  any  other  than  a  general  one.  *  *  *  It  is  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  to  perceive  the  shadow  of  a  reason  for  characterizing  the 
system  as  wanting  in  uniformity  or  generality."  If  this  statement  be 
accepted,  there  must  have  been  some  outside  cause  for  the  earlier 
decisions. 

It  was  charged  at  the  time  that  they  were  for  political  purposes,  and 
there  is  some  color  of  basis  for  the  charge.  The  legislature  of  1853  had 
passed  a  local  option  liquor  law,  and  the  Supreme  Court  had  held  it  un- 
constitutional, on  the  ground  that  the  legislature  could  not  delegate  its 
authority  to  the  people  in  such  a  way  that  a  law  could  have  one  effect 
in  one  locality,  and  a  different  effect  in  another.  This  was  charged  to 
have  been  done  in  the  interest  of  the  liquor  business,  and  as  a  concession 
to  the  Germans,  who  were  practically  unanimous  against  any  interference 
with  their  personal  rights.  In  the  spring  of  1854,  the  Democratic  State 
Convention  declared  against  prohibition,  and  against  political  organiza- 
tions based  on  temperance.  The  Supreme  Court  was  Democratic,  and  to 
maintain  an  appearance  of  consistency  they  had  to  stand  against  local 
option  in  other  things,  including  taxes  for  schools.  But  there  was  a 
more  plausible  reason.  In  the  elections  of  that  year,  the  "Peoples 
Party,"  composed  of  free-soil  Democrats,  anti-slavery  Whigs,  Know- 
nothings  and  Temperance  men,  carried  the  State  and  elected  a  majority 
of  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  in  the  October  election.  The  first  school 
decision  was  handed  down  two  months  later.  One  of  the  commonest 
kinds  of  political  finesse  is  making  trouble  for  the  opposition,  without 
regard  to  its  effect  on  the  public.  The  first  school  decision  was  an  express 
declaration  that  it  was  the  duty  of  this  newly  elected  legislature  to  levy 
a  State  school  tax  large  enough  to  maintain  all  the  schools  in  the  State, 
and  thereby  make  "the  elder  brothers"  pay  for  the  tuition  in  the  poorer 
parts  of  the  State.  On  failure  to  do  this,  the  new  legislature  was  charged 
with  intent  to  ruin  the  schools.  Of  course  the  newspapers  of  the  new 
party  bombarded  the  Supreme  Court,  and  they  were  ably  aided  by  the 
teachers  of  the  State,  without  regard  to  party.  After  the  second  de- 
cision, the  criticism  centered  on  Judge  Perkins,  who  wrote  the  opinion, 
and  who  was  also  held  responsible  for  the  overthrow  of  the  prohibition 
liquor  law  of  1855.  Perkins  was  somewhat  sensitive — in  the  expressive 
phrase  of  the  agricultural  frontier,  "He  couldn't  stand  the  gad" — and 
he  broke  into  print  with  a  letter  to  the  editor  of  the  Richmond  Jeffer- 
sonian,  which  was  republished  in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel.  The  School 
Journal  published  it  in  its  issue  for  May,  1857,  with  the  statement  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  493 

it  "is  certainly  worthy  the  attention  of  teachers,  and  we  therefore  give 
all  whom  it  may  concern,  Judge  Perkins  especially,  the  benefit  of  our 
circulation."  It  is  as  follows: 

"Indianapolis,  April  27,  1857. 
"Dear  Jeff. 

"I  see  by  the  last  number  of  our  School  Journal  that  Mr.  Hurty,  of 
your  city,  has  been  appointed  agent  of  the  State  Teachers'  Association 
in  place  of  E.  P.  Cole,  late  of  this  city.  The  change  is  unimportant,  as 
both  of  the  men  seem  to  be  self-important,  rabid,  Kansas-screeching 
Abolitionists.  Such  appears  to  be  Hurty 's  character,  as  given  in  the 
Eichmond  papers — such,  I  infer,  to  be  Cole's,  from  his  flings  at  the 
South  in  the  School  Journal — a  publication,  unworthy  from  its  partisan 
bearings,  of  the  patronage  of  the  people  of  the  State.  The  truth  is  the 
success  of  our  attempt  to  establish  free  schools  in  this  State  is  likely  to 
be  endangered  by  the  efforts  of  the  Abolitionists  to  convert  them  to 
partisan  purposes.  The  teachers  of  our  children  are  mostly  picked  up 
by  that  old-school  Abolitionist,  Slade,  of  Vermont,  and  shipped  out  here, 
from  that  great  cesspool  of  treason,  free-soilism,  Abolitionism,  Atheism, 
and  a  Kansas-screeching,  adulterous  clergy — New  England — the  section 
that  voted  for  Aaron  Burr  and  Fremont,  and  against  the  country  in 
the  war  of  1812;  while  the  Republicans  here  manoeuvre  to  get  them 
employed  in  the  schools,  and  secretly  stimulate  them  to  teach  their  isms 
in  school,  and  insult  those  children  of  Democrats  who  will  not  swallow 
them.  There  are,  I  wish  to  say,  some  good  and  patriotic  men  and  women 
in  New  England,  but  Slade  don't  ship  them  out  here."49 

By  way  of  explanation,  it  may  be  stated  that  Josiah  Hurty,  father  of 
Dr.  John  N.  Hurty,  our  efficient  State  health  agent,  was  a  school  teacher 
and  an  active  and  aggressive  advocate  of  free  schools.  E.  P.  Cole  had 
been  principal  of  the  first  Indianapolis  high  school,  which  was  held  in 
the  old  Marion  County  Seminary  building,  on  University  Square,  from 
1853.  He  remained  in  this  position  until  the  second  school  decision 
broke  up  the  Indianapolis  schools  in  1858;  when  he  was  called  to  the 
office  of  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Minneapolis.  He  was  a  New 
England  man,  but  was  not  ' '  shipped  out  by  Slade, ' '  and  he  was  a  very 
efficient  school  official.  Gov.  William  Slade  was  a  well  educated  man, 
of  both  legal  and  literary  accomplishments,  who  represented  Vermont 
in  Congress  from  1830  to  1842,  after  which  he  was  appointed  Reporter  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State,  and  elected  Governor  for  two  terms, 
in  1844  and  1845.  Later,  he  was  for  fifteen  years  secretary  of  "The 


4«  Ind.  School  Journal,  Vol.  2,  p.  149. 


494  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

National  Board  of  Popular  Education, ' '  an  organization  which  prepared 
and  sent  to  the  West  and  Northwest  some  500  women  teachers,  part  of 
whom  came  to  Indiana.  Slade  was  a  strong  anti-slavery  man,  and  on 
December  20,  1837,  made  a  speech  in  Congress  on  a  petition  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  which  roused  the  special 
wrath  of  the  South,  and  made  him  noted  throughout  the  country.  There 
is  no  known  evidence  that  the  young  women  sent  to  Indiana  were  in- 
strumental in  overthrowing  the  political  prejudices  of  the  State,  and  in 
fact  they  were  cordially  welcomed.  The  popular  sentiment  was  fairly 
expressed  by  Prof.  Daniel  Read,  in  an  address  on  education  to  the 
legislature,  on  December  30,  1851,  in  which  he  said:  "Is  the  question 
asked,  where  are  we  to  obtain  our  teachers  of  common  schools?  Gov- 
ernor Slade,  I  suppose,  will  send  us  well  qualified  Yankee  girls.  Well, 
we  are  glad  to  receive  them — some  of  our  young  men,  especially  our 
bachelors  and  widowers.  We  are  glad  to  receive  them  upon  any  terms, 
whether  as  teachers  or  as  wives;  or  first  as  teachers  and  then  as  wives. 
The  more  that  can  be  sent,  or  come  of  their  own  accord,  the  better.  We 
have  a  broad  land.  It  is  our  State  policy  to  invite  and  encourage  im- 
migration to  our  borders.  With  this  view,  we  allow  men  coming  among 
us  that  most  sacred  privilege  of  citizenship,  the  right  of  voting,  after  a 
residence  among  us  of  but  six  months.  True,  we  exclude  colored  pop- 
ulation; but  to  the  fair,  and  especially  if  very  fair,  coming  in  whatever 
capacity,  and  from  whatever  quarter,  we  proffer  rights  and  privileges 
dearer  far  than  the  right  of  voting  and  that,  too,  it  may  be,  in  a  much 
shorter  time  than  even  six  months." 

There  is  no  way  of  determining  definitely  the  motives  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  the  early  decisions,  but  my  personal  belief,  from  ac- 
quaintance with  the  man,  is  that  Hovey  was  perfectly  honest  in  his 
expressed  opinion,  and  that  in  reality  the  minds  of  the  delegates  to  the 
Convention  never  met  on  this  subject.  Among  the  friends  of  free  schools, 
the  almost  universal  idea  was  that  the  State  should  furnish  tuition  for 
a  three  months'  school,  and  that  idea  was  repeatedly  expressed  in  dis- 
cussions of  the  subject  outside  of  the  Convention,  as  well  as  being  what 
the  laws  of  1852  and  1855  aimed  to  provide.  But  none  of  them  had  any 
idea  of  limiting  it  to  three  months  by  cutting  off  local  support.  Caleb 
Mills  was  elected  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  1854,  and  in 
his  first  report,  of  January  19,  1855,  he  discusses  the  decisions — the  one 
holding  that  the  townships  must  furnish  everything  but  tuition,  and  the 
other  holding  that  the  State  alone  must  furnish  tuition — as  if  the  idea 
were  novel  to  him.  His  evident  purpose  was  to  make  the  best  of  the  sit- 
uation, and,  with  proper  regard  for  his  official  position,  he  does  not  blame 
the  Supreme  Court,  but  the  people  who  brought  the  suits.  He  says  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  495 

' '  these  questions  are  now  settled,  to  the  satisfaction  at  least  of  those  who 
raised  them,"  and  that  "it  is  exceedingly  important  that  our  educational 
progress  should  not  hereafter  be  again  interrupted  by  the  interposition  of 
any  more  such  legal  questions  as  have  stopped  the  erection  of  our  school 
houses,  closed  our  schools,  arrested  the  education  of  our  youth,  and  sent 
our  children  with  tears  and  sadness  to  their  homes."    As  to  the  deci- 
sions themselves,  he  says:   "There  is  no  hazard  in  the  assertion  that  the 
idea  of  the  State,  in  her  sovereign  capacity,  pledging  herself  to  furnish 
not  only  the  funds  for  tuition,  but  the  means  to  provide  buildings  and 
books,  fuel  and  furniture,  never  entered  the  minds  of  the  framers  of  the 
Constitution.     They  entertained  no  such  transcendental  scheme;  they 
contemplated  no  such  Utopian  mission  for  our  educational  funds;  they 
anticipated  no  such  centralization  of  power,  nor  would  they  tolerate  such 
greedy  partners  of  the  educational  patrimony  of  our  youth.    If  this  view 
be  correct,  then  we  can  see  very  clearly  the  reason  and  correctness  of  this 
decision  of  the  Supreme  Court.    The  legislature  is  compelled  by  this  de- 
cree to  meet  the  responsibility  of  providing  the  requisite  funds  by  tax- 
ation.   They  cannot  divide  the  responsibility  with  the  townships.    That 
feature  of  the  law  authorizing  township  taxation  for  the  purpose  of  rais- 
ing means  for  tuition  is  not  only  unconstitutional  on  the  ground  of  a  want 
of  uniformity  but  is  exceedingly  inequitable  and  oppressive.     On  the 
assumption  that  the  expense  of  a  six  months'  school  would  require  a  levy 
of  a  three  mills  tax  (on  one  dollar)  on  the  property  of  the  State,  then 
it  is  evident  that  if  the  avails  of  a  one  mill  tax  are  furnished  by  the 
State  the  balance  must  be  provided  by  the  townships,  or  the  requisitions 
of  the  Constitution  are  not  met.    Experience  has  shown  that  townships 
of  equal  population  will  often  differ  in  wealth  more  than  one  hundred  per 
cent.    On  the  basis  of  such  a  difference  of  valuation  but  an  equality  of 
population,  we  shall  have  an  inequality  of  an  hundred  per  cent,  in  taxa- 
tion for  a  specific  object,  for  which  the  Constitution  requires  the  State 
to  make  uniform  provision.     *     *     *     The  Constitution  requires  uni- 
formity in  other  departments  as  well  as  in  education.    *     *     *     If  this 
view  be  correct,  the  decision  is  rather  a  matter  of  rejoicing  than  regret." 
On  this  basis  he  urged  the  legislature  to  levy  a  tax  sufficient  for  uni- 
versal six  months'  school,  which  he  said  was  all  that  could  be  asked  of 
the  State.    But  if  Mills  had  held  such  views  as  these  before  the  adoption 
of  the  Constitution,  he  would  certainly  have  made  some  expression  of 
them ;  and  the  readiness  with  which  he  adopted  them  is  guaranty  of  their 
seeming  feasibility.    It  is  easy  enough  to  see  how  a  man  like  Hovey,  who 
showed  no  special  interest  in  the  school  reform,  might  have  got  his  idea 
from  the  general  demand  for  the  abolition  of  local  and  special  legisla- 
tion, and  the  common  talk  about  "State-supported  schools."  Of  course  it 


496 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


is  possible  that  he  may  have  been  put  forward, by  the  rest  of  the  Court 
to  render  the  decision,  on  account  of  his  known  views. 

The  Convention  practically  ended  its  labors  on  Saturday,  February 
8,  but  adjourned  to  Monday  morning  at  6  o'clock.  At  that  time  a 
few  formal  resolutions  were  adopted,  the  completed  Constitution  was 
read,  and  the  Chairman  delivered  his  farewell  address.  The  only  roll 
call  showed  79  members  present,  but  a  note  states  that  "Messrs.  Ristine. 
Biddle  and  Hogin  were  in  the  city,  but  unable  to  attend  by  reason  of 
severe  indisposition."  The  rest  of  the  members  had  presumably  gone 


FIRST  MASONIC  TEMPLE,  BUILT  1848-50 
(Where  Constitutional  Convention  closed) 

home.  Before  adjourning,  the  Convention  ordered  50,000  copies  of  the 
Constitution  printed  in  English,  and  5,000  in  German,  together  with  the 
Address  to  the  People.  In  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the 
Convention,  the  legislature  ordered  the  Constitution  submitted  to  the 
voters  at  the  August  election,  the  question  of  negro  exclusion  being  sub- 
mitted separately.  There  was  no  organized  opposition  to  its  adoption, 
and  the  general  satisfaction  of  the  people  with  the  instrument  is  shown 
by  the  vote  of  113,230  for  adoption  to  27,638  against.  It  is  notable  that 
although  eighteen  counties  had  voted  against  a  convention,  only  one 
voted  against  the  Constitution.  This  was  Ohio,  where  the  vote  was  315 
to  438;  but  there  were  some  of  the  other  southern  counties  where  the 
vote  was  close,  as  in  Ripley  1,059  to  941,  Switzerland  966  to  942,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  497 

Vanderburgh  655  to  628.  On  the  other  hand,  the  vote  against  the  Con- 
stitution in  some  of  the  northern  counties  was  remarkably  light,  the  op- 
position being  only  6  \totes  in  Benton,  12  in  Blackford,  10  in  Jasper,  8 
in  Lake,  18  in  Marshall,  2  in  Porter,  6  in  Pulaski,  and  none  in  Starke. 
On  September  3,  1851,  Governor  Wright  issued  his  proclamation  cer- 
tifying the  vote  for  the  Constitution,  and  for  Article  13  (negro  ex- 
clusion), and  reciting:  "I  do,  therefore,  by  virtue  of  the  authority 
vested  in  me,  declare  and  make  known  that  the  New  Constitution  is 
adopted  by  the  good  people  of  this  State,  as  the  Constitution  of  the 
State  of  Indiana ;  and  that  the  said  thirteenth  article  is  declared  to  be  a 
part  of  said  New  Constitution — the  whole  to  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
on  and  after  the  first  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1851."  The  existing  of- 
ficials continued  in  office  until  replaced  after  the  election  of  1852,  but 
took  an  oath  to  support  the  new  Constitution.  And  so  it  went  into  effect 
without  making  a  ripple  on  the  surface,  but  the  people  are  not  yet  as- 
sured as  to  what  all  of  its  provisions  mean. 


Vol.  I—  Si 


CHAPTER  X 
DRIFTING  INTO  WAR 

The  decade  from  1850  to  1860  belongs  with  the  history  of  the  Civil 
War,  as  the  period  in  which  the  war  feeling  developed.  There  had  been 
an  abundance  of  more  or  less  angry  squabbling  between  the  North  and 
the  South  before  that  time,  and  even  some  threats  of  secession,  but  the 
recurrent  causes  of  friction  had  been  removed  by  compromises,  and  each 
time  the  nation  dropped  back  into  a  comparatively  pacific  state  until 
some  new  point  of  controversy  stirred  up  the  feeling  of  antagonism 
again.  The  Mexican  War  had  a  unifying  influence,  with  soldiers  from 
all  parts  of  the  country  fighting  side  by  side  against  a  foreign  enemy. 
In  the  Oregon  question,  the  sentiment  of  "Fifty-four  Forty  or  Fight" 
had  come  to  an  inglorious  but  sensible  end  by  a  compromise  on  parallel 
49  as  the  boundary;  and  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  soon  di- 
verted attention  from  it  altogether.  In  the  campaign  of  1848,  the  Demo- 
crats deprecated  any  further  agitation  of  the  slavery  question,  and  the 
Whigs  ignored  it  entirely,  and  nominated  General  Taylor  on  his  Mexican 
War  record.  Taylor  ignored  the  slavery  question  as  completely  in  his 
speeches  as  the  party  did  in  its  platform,  and  both  the  Whigs  and  the 
Democrats  devoted  much  of  the  campaign  to  abuse  and  ridicule  of  the 
Free  Soilers,  who  had  appeared  as  a  new  party,  with  Martin  Van  Buren 
as  their  candidate.  The  election  was  eloquent  of  the  suppression  of  the 
slavery  question  as  a  national  issue.  Taylor's  popular  vote  was  1,360, 
099;  that  of  Governor  Cass,  the  Democratic  nominee  was  1,220,544; 
while  Van  Buren  received  only  291,263;  but  Van  Buren 's  vote  was  so 
located  that  it  formed  the  balance  of  power  in  a  half-dozen  northern 
states.  In  the  South,  Van  Buren 's  total  popular  vote  was  80  in  Delaware, 
125  in  Maryland,  and  9  in  Virginia.  Taylor,  a  Louisiana  slave  holder, 
carried  all  of  New  England  except  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  while 
Cass  carried  all  of  the  old  Northwest  Territory  and  Iowa.  Of  the  south- 
ern states,  Cass  carried  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Texas,  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  South  Carolina  had  not  yet  adopted  the 
popular  vote  for  electors,  and  the  vote  of  that  state  was  cast  by  the  legis- 

498 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  499 

lature.  Massachusetts  required  a  majority  vote  in  elections,  and  there 
being  no  majority  vote  in  that  state,  its  legislature  also  voted  for  Taylor 
along  with  the  legislature  of  South  Carolina. 

On  its  face,  the  election  in  Indiana  was  very  like  that  in  the  other 
northern  states,  but  there  were  some  local  characteristics.  Gen.  Taylor, 
when  a  captain,  in  1812,  had  successfully  defended  Fort  Harrison,  which 
was  long  remembered  in  the  State,  but  he  had  reflected  severely  and 
unjustly  on  the  Second  Indiana  regiment  at  Buena  Vista,  and  that  was 
a  fresh  and  open  sore.  It  was  made  worse  by  the  fact  that  Taylor's 
report  was  largely  based  on  the  report  to  him  of  Col.  Jefferson  Davis, 
later  of  the  Southern  Confederacy,  who  commanded  the  Mississippi 
regiment  which  came  to  the  relief  of  the  Indiana  troops  at  Buena  Vista, 
Davis  was  a  son-in-law  of  Taylor.  There  is  a  tradition  at  Vineennes 
that  the  courtship  of  Davis  and  Sarah  Knox  Taylor  began  at  Vincennes — 
a  tradition  confirmed  by  the  preservation  of  the  boulder  on  which  they 
were  wont  to  sit  in  those  blissful  days,1  but  the  biographers  of  Davis  omit 
any  mention  of  his  ever  being  at  Vincenne's.  He  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1828,  and  reported  for  service  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  St.  Louis. 
Soon  after  he  was  sent  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  to  assist  in  rebuilding  Fort 
Crawford.  Col.  Taylor  was  put  in  command  of  Fort  Crawford  in  1832, 
and  Lieutenant  Davis  became  engaged  to  his  daughter,  but  owing  to  a 
quarrel  with  Taylor,  was  refused  consent  to  marry  her.  After  waiting 
until  1835  for  the  old  gentleman  to  cool  off,  Miss  Taylor  informed  him 
that  she  was  going  to  marry  Davis  without  his  consent,  which  she  did, 
at  Louisville,  at  the  residence  of  her  aunt.  They  went  to  Mississippi, 
where  Mrs.  Davis  died  a  few  months  later,  on  September  15,  1835.  As 
the  old  fort  at  Vincennes  was  torn  down  in  1816,  and  there  were  no  U.  S. 
troops  stationed  there  afterwards,  it  would  appear  to  have  been  some 
other  Davis  who  sat  on  the  romantic  boulder.  But,  to  return  to  the  elec- 
tion of  1848,  the  First  Indiana  regiment  also  had  a  grievance  against 
Taylor,  for  being  kept  on  the  Rio  Grande  during  the  war,  and  this  made 
Lew  Wallace  abandon  the  party  of  his  father,  and  himself,  and  take  the 
stump  for  Cass.  How  many  others  went  with  him  is  unknown,  but  Cass 
carried  Indiana  by  4,538  plurality,  and  Van  Buren  had  8,100  votes  in  the 
State.  This  large  Free  Soil  vote  in  Indiana  was  not  the  only  indication 
of  the  popular  sentiment  on  slavery.  The  Democrats  carried  the  legis- 
lature, and  a  senator  was  to  be  elected.  There  were  four  candidates  for 
the  office,  Gov.  Whitcomb,  Robert  Dale  Owen,  Senator  Ned  Hannegan, 
and  E.  M.  Chamberlain.  A  caucus  was  held  by  82  of  the  87  Democratic 


i  Greene 's  Vincennes  and  Knox  County,  p.  319. 


500 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


members  of  the  legislature,  which  -called  the  candidates  before  it,  and 
submitted  to  them  the  following  questions: 

1.  "Has  Congress  the  constitutional  power  to  exclude  slavery  from 
the  territories  so  long  as  they  remain  territories? 

2.  If  such  power  exists,  are  you  in  favor  of  so  excluding  slavery? 

3.  If  elected,  will  you  abide  by  the  instructions  of  the  General  As- 
sembly ? 

4.  Will  you  go  into  caucus  and  abide  by  the  result? 

All  of  the  candidates  answered  all  of  the  questions  in  the  affirmative ; 
and  the  most  important  phase  of  the  slavery  question  at  that  time,  was 
the  question  of  slavery  in  the  territories.  It  was  soon  to  come  to  the 
front  in  far  more  exciting  forms  than  it  had  yet  taken,  and  to  understand 
future  sentiment  in  Indiana,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  sentiment 
shown  in  this  Democratic  caucus  was  at  this  time  the  general  sentiment 
of  the  State,  without  regard  to  party.  It  may  seem  strange  that  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1850,  dominated  also  by  Democrats,  and 
holding  these  same  views  on  the  national  slavery  question,  should  have 
adopted  such  harsh  measures  for  the  exclusion  of  negroes  from  Indiana, 
but  that,  like  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  territories,  was  for  the 
benefit  of  the  whites,  and  not  of  the  negroes.  The  compromise  measures 
of  1850  aroused  no  material  resentment  in  Indiana  at  the  time.  The 
admission  of  Oregon  and  California  as  free  states,  and  the  abolition  of 
the  slave  trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia  more  than  offset  the  "exten- 
sion of  the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States ' '  to  New  Mexico,  and 
the  reinforcement  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  at  least  before  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  latter  began.  The  appearance  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  late 
in  1851  had  little  effect  beyond  increasing  the  general  dislike  of  slavery, 
for  some  months.  At  the  election  of  1852  the  Democrats  swept  the  coun- 
try, and  Indiana  went  with  the  crowd.  The  election  was  held  in  October, 
as  provided  by  the  new  constitution,  for  State  officers.  Gov.  Joseph  A. 
Wright  was  renominated  by  the  Democrats,  and  as  none  of  the  Whig 
leaders  desired  to  take  the  nomination,  they  persuaded  Nicholas  Mc- 
Carty.  a  prominent  Indianapolis  merchant,  to  make  the  race.  McCarty 
was  a  native  of  Virginia,  born  September  26,  1795.  Left  an  orphan 
when  a  child,  he  found  employment  in  a  mercantile  establishment,  and 
gradually  worked  his  way  up,  at  Pittsburg  and  at  Newark,  Ohio,  until 
he  came  to  Indianapolis,  in  1823.  Here  he  achieved  success.  He  estab- 
lished the  first  large  mercantile  house  in  the  city,  and  had  several  branch 
houses  at  other  points.  He  did  not  seek  political  life,  but  was  called  on 
several  times  by  his  party.  He  served  as  Commissioner  of  the  Canal 
Fund ;  made  a  losing  race  for  Congress  in  1847 ;  and  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1850.  He  accepted  the  nomination  for  Governor  only 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


501 


on  the  most  earnest  solicitation  of  Whig  leaders  and  made  a  very  good 
candidate.  He  was  nor  match  for  Wright  as  a  debater,  but  he  was  a  good 
talker,  with  a  fund  of.-  catchy  stories,  and  he  probably  ran  better  than 
anyone  else  the  Whigs  could  have  nominated.  Gov.  Wright  was  born 
at  Washington,  Penn.,  April  17,  1810.  When  a  boy  his  parents  removed 
to  Bloornington,  Indiana;  and  as  they  were  poor,  he  made  his  way 


. 


Gov.  JOSEPH  ALBERT  WRIGHT 


through  college  by  serving  as  janitor — earning  money  to  buy  books  and 
clothing  by  working  in  a  brick  yard.  He  then  read  law  with  Judge 
Hester,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1829,  and  opened  a  law  office  at 
Rockville.  In  1833  he  was  elected  a  representative;  in  1840  a  senator; 
in  1843  a  congressman;  in  1849  Governor.  His  later  life  was  prominent, 
but  as  a  Republican.  He  was  a  Douglas  Democrat,  and  left  his  party  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  He  had  been  appointed  Minister  to 
Prussia  in  1857,  and  served  his  full  term  of  four  vears.  In  1861  he 


502  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  appointed  to  the  Senate  by  Gov.  Morton,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Jesse  D.  Bright,  who  had  been  expelled.  In  1863  President  Lincoln 
appointed  him  Commissioner  to  the  Hamburg  Exposition,  and  in  1865 
President  Johnson  appointed  him  Minister  to  Prussia  again.  He  held 
this  office  at  his  death  in  Berlin,  March  11,  1867. 

Governor  Wright  always  made  a  point  of  showing  courtesies  to  visitors 
to  the  city,  and  in  consequence  is  mentioned  at  some  length  by  those 
who  wrote  books  about  their  travels.  Mine.  Theresa  Pulszky,  who  was  at 
Indianapolis  with  Kossuth's  party,  in  1852,  says:  "Governor  Wright  is 
a  type  of  the  Hoosiers,  and  justly  proud  to  be  one  of  them.  *  *  * 
The  Governor  is  plain,  cordial  and  practical,  like  a  farmer,  with  a  deep 
religious  tinge.  Yesterday  we  went  with  him  to  the  Methodist  church, 
and  I  saw  that -Methodism  is  the  form  of  Protestantism  that  best  suits 
the  people  of  the  West.  *  *  *  After  dinner  the  Governor  went  with 
Mr.  Pulszky  to  visit  the  Sunday  schools,  which  he  very  often  attends. 
*  *  *  Mr.  Pulszky  had  to  make  a  speech  in  each  of  the  schools,  and 
Governor  Wright  addressed  them  also,  explaining  to  them  that  religion 
was  the  basis  of  social  order,  and  instruction  the  only  way  to  preserve 
freedom.  He  illustrated  the  obligation  to  submit  to  the  law  of  the  coun- 
try by  several  happy  examples  from  recent  events  in  America.  Such 
constant  and  personal  intercourse  between  the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the 
State  and  the  people  he  governs  is  really  patriarchal,  and  is  in  harmony 
with  the  intellectual  standard  of  an  agricultural  population."  Mme. 
Pulszky  also  attended  a  "levee"  at  the  "Governor's  mansion,"  which 
was  a  two-story  brick  house,  standing  where  the  Traction  Terminal  Sta- 
tion now  stands,  with  its  front  on  Market  Street.  She  says:  "We  went 
to  the  house  of  the  Governor ;  it  is  small,  and  I  soon  perceived  why  it  is 
not  so  comfortable  as  it  could  be.  In  thronged  the  society  and  people 
of  Indianapolis,  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  every  description.  Muddy  boots 
and  torn  clothes,  and  again  desperate  attempts  at  finery;  glass  jewels 
and  French  silk  dresses,  which,  after  having  found  no  purchasers  in  New 
York,  have  been  sent  to  the  West.  Some  of  the  mothers  had  their  babies 
in  their  arms;  workmen  appeared  in  their  blouses  or  dusty  coats,  just 
as  they  came  from  the  workshop ;  farmers  stepped  in  high  boots.  Once 
more  we  saw  that  the  house  of  the  Governor  is  the  property  of  the  people. 
And  yet  this  incongruous  mass  did  not  behave  unbecomingly  to  a  draw- 
ing-room. There  was  no  rude  elbowing,  no  unpleasant  noise,  or,  disturb- 
ing laughter.  Had  they  but  shaken  hands  less  violently!  I  yet  feel 
Western  cordiality  in  my  stiff  arm."2 

That  there  was  some  similarity  in  the  Governor's  entertainment  of 


2  White,  R«d,  Black,  Vol.  2,  pp.  6-13. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  503 

visitors  may  be  seen  from  the  account  of  Hon.  Amelia  M.  Murray,  who 
arrived  in  Indianapolis  on  Saturday,  May  19,  1855,  and  soon  received 
a  call  from  the  Governor  at  her  hotel.  On  Sunday,  she  recorded :  ' '  The 
Governor  came  early  and  took  me  to  his  house.  At  half -past  ten  o  'clock 
we  went  to  the  Episcopal  church,  where  the  duty  was  admirably  done 
by  a  Mr.  Talbott  (later  the  Bishop),  originally  from  Kentucky,  who 
preached  a  sermon,  good  in  matter  as  in  manner.  Dinner  was  at  one 
o'clock,  and  at  two  I  accompanied  the  Governor  to  visit  two  large  Sunday 
schools,  belonging  to  different  denominations.  *  *  *  The  Sunday 
is  kept  at  Indianapolis  with  Presbyterian  strictness.  No  trains  start, 
letters  do  not  go,  nor  are  they  received,  so  that  a  father,  mother,  husband, 
or  wife,  may  be  in  extremity,  and  have  no  means  of  communicating  their 
farewells  or  last  wishes  if  Sunday  intervenes. ' '  On  Monday  morning  at 
four  o'clock  the  Governor  took  her  for  a  walk,  and  in  the  afternoon  drove 
with  her  and  Justice  McLean,  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court,  who  was 
holding  court  in  the  city,  to  visit  the  Blind  Asylum  and  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  Asylum.  On  Wednesday  morning  she  went  with  him  to  market, 
and  in  the  evening  attended  a  "levee"  at  the  Governor's — strange  that 
this  word,  originally  designating  the  assemblage  of  courtiers  who  came 
to  see  the  King  of  France  get  out  of  bed  and  put  on  his  clothes,  should 
have  come  to  mean  an  evening  party  in  the  United  States.  She  says  of 
it :  "  This  evening  the  Governor  had  what  is  now  in  the  States  univers- 
ally called  a  levee  after  the  same  fashion  as  the  President's  receptions. 
Governors  of  individual  States  occasionally  open  their  doors  to  all  the 
citizens  who  choose  to  attend,  and  it  is  considered  a  compliment  to 
stranger  guests,  like  the  Governor  of  Kentucky  and  myself,  that  the 
attendance  should  be  good ;  so  the  rooms  were  filled.  The  Governor  and 
his  lady  do  not  receive  their  visitors,  but  we  all  went  into  the  room  after 
they  had  assembled.  No  refreshments  are  expected  on  these  occasions, 
but  everyone  shakes  hands  upon  being  introduced.  The  assemblage  was 
very  respectable  and  orderly;  it  concluded  about  eleven  o'clock,  having 
begun  at  nine."  The  Hon.  Amelia  summed  up  her  impressions  thus: 
"I  have  heard  much  of  Democracy  and  Equality  since  I  came  to  the 
United  States,  and  I  have  seen  more  evidences  of  Aristocracy  and  Des- 
potism than  it  has  been  before  my  fortune  to  meet  with.  The  'Know- 
nothings',  and  the  'Abolitionists',  and  the  'Mormonites',  are,  in  my 
opinion,  consequent  upon  the  mammonite,  extravagant  pretensions  and 
habits  which  are  really  fashionable  among  Pseudo-Republicans.  *  •  • 
Now  at  Indianapolis  I  have  found  something  like  consistency  for  the 
first  time  since  I  came  this  side  the  Atlantic.  *  *  *  Governor  Wright 
did  not  think  it  a  degradation  to  carry  a  basket  when  I  accompanied 


504  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

him  into  the  market  this  morning,  and  his  whole  demeanor  is  that  of  a 
consistent  Republican. ' '  3 

In  reality,  going  to  market  was  a  rather  fashionable  thing  in  In- 
dianapolis, for  improved  agriculture  was  a  fashionable  topic,  and  accom- 
plished gentlemen  and  ladies  were  expected  to  know  something  about 
choice  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  had  been 
chartered  in  1851,  and  organized  with  Governor  Wright  as  President, 
John  B.  Dillon  as  Secretary,  and  Royal  Mayhew  as  Treasurer.  The  first 
State  Fair  was  held  in  what  is  now  Military  Park,  October  19-25,  1852, 
and  was  considered  a  great  success,  which  it  certainly  was  in  side-shows, 
if  in  nothing  else.  Governor  Wright  gave  a  great  deal  of  attention  to 
improved  agriculture,  even  in  his  political  speeches,  and  his  political 
opponents,  as  he  had  never  been  a  farmer,  retaliated  with  various  forms 
of  ridicule,  one  of  their  stories  being  that  he  had  advised  farmers  to  buy 
hydraulic  rams  to  improve  their  breeds  of  sheep.4  This  jest  was  an  inven- 
tion of  Jesse  D.  Bright,  who  used  to  give  a  fetching  imitation  of  this 
alleged  speech  of  the  Governor's.  It  may  also  be  mentioned  that  although 
no  refreshments  were  served  at  the  levee  attended  by  Miss  Murray,  it 
was  his  custom,  in  season,  to  have  a  table  loaded  with  red  apples,  to  which 
the  guests  helped  themselves  in  cafeteria  style.  Such  was  the  quiet, 
rather  primitive  life  of  Indiana  on  the  surface,  in  the  fifties,  but  beneath 
the  surface,  forces  were  working  that  brought  this  peaceful  life  to  an 
end,  not  only  in  Indiana,  but  throughout  the  Union. 

On  April  22,  1820,  after  the  adoption  of  the  Missouri  Compromise, 
Thomas  Jefferson  wrote  to  John  Holmes:  "But  this  momentous  ques- 
tion, like  a  fire-bell  in  the  night,  awakened  and  filled  me  with  terror.  I 
considered  it  at  once  as  the  knell  of  the  Union.  It  is  hushed  indeed  for 
the  moment,  but  this  is  a  reprieve  only,  not  a  final  sentence.  A  geograph- 
ical line,  coinciding  with  a  marked  principle,  moral  and  political,  once 
conceived  and  held  up  to  the  angry  passions  of  men,  will  never  be 
obliterated,  and  every  new  irritation  will  mark  it  deeper  and  deeper. ' ' 8 
In  Indiana  the  geographical  line  was  the  Ohio  river,  and  that  line  had 
a  profound  significance.  As  Edward  May  had  said,  the  negro  was  either 
a  man  or  a  brute.  South  of  the  Ohio  he  was  a  brute,  a  chattel,  a  part  of 
the  stock,  like  a  horse.  North  of  the  Ohio  he  was  not  a  man  socially  or 
politically,  but  he  was  a  human  being.  The  really  great  effect  of  ' '  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin"  was  impressing  on  the  readers  that  the  negro  was  a  man 
in  his  feelings,  who  could  suffer  as  deeply  as  other  men.  Nobody  under- 
stood that  it  presented  events  that  ordinarily  happened  to  slaves,  but 


a  Letters  from  the  United  States,  Ac.,  pp.  328-34. 

*  Woollen 's  Sketches,  pp.  97,  460. 

••>  Jefferson 's  Works,  Vol.  7,  pp.  1 58-9. 


FIRST  STATE  PAIR  GROUNDS 


506  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


everybody  knew  it  described  things  that  might  happen  to  any  slave,  and 
that  had  occasionally  happened  to  some  of  them.  The  book  was  widely 
read  in  Indiana,  not  only  for  its  story,  but  also  on  account  of  the  prom- 
inence of  the  Beechers  in  the  State,  and  because  the  composite  character 
of  "Uncle  Tom"  was  believed  to  have  been  drawn,  in  part  at  least,  from 
an  old  Indianapolis  negro,  formerly  a  slave  in  the  Noble  family,  who 
was  known  as  "Uncle  Tom,"  and  whose  humble  home  was  always  called 
' '  Uncle  Tom 's  Cabin. ' '  He  was  very  religious,  was  a  favorite  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher,  and  his  family  coincided  with  that  in  the  book.  It  was 
said  that  Mrs.  Stowe  visited  his  home,  while  at  her  brother's  in  Indian- 
apolis.6 There  were  two  features  of  the  fugitive  slave  law  that  soon 
aroused  deep  resentment  in  Indiana,  as  well  as  in  other  northern  states. 
One  was  the  section  making  it  a  penal  offense  to  refuse  to  act  on  a  posse 
for  the  arrest  of  a  fugitive  slave,  and  the  other  was  the  provision  of  a 
fee  of  $10  for  the  court  if  the  negro  were  found  to  be  a  slave,  while  only 
$5  was  allowed  if  the  negro  were  found  to  be  free.  The  insane  folly  of 
the  makers  of  the  law  in  putting  such  a  provision  in  it  is  beyond  compre- 
hension. Its  glaring  injustice  was  conclusively  put  in  the  question, 
"How  would  you  like  to  be  tried  by  a  court  that  got  twice  as  much  for 
finding  you  guilty,  as  for  finding  you  innocent?" 

The  distinction  between  sentiment  north  and  south  of  the  Ohio  grew 
as  the  years  passed  by.  In  the  earlier  period  the  Southern  courts 
indulged  the  presumption  of  freedom  for  a  negro,7  but  as  complaints  of 
runaway  slaves  increased  this  presumption  was  reversed ;  as  well  also 
the  public  presumption.  North  of  the  river  there  were  so  many  cases 
of  kidnaping  free  negroes  that  the  public  presumption  was  that  every 
negro  claimed  as  a  slave  was  about  to  be  kidnaped.  While  there  were 
thousands  of  people  in  the  South  who  condemned  kidnaping,  there  was 
a  large  class  to  whom  a  free  negro  ranked  like  an  ownerless  horse.  To 
them  the  region  north  of  the  river  was  like  a  game  preserve  to  a  hungry 
poacher.  It  was  quickly  demonstrated  that  the  law  of  1850  gave  slight 
protection  to  the  free  negro.  On  June  20,  1853,  John  Freeman,  a  negro 
who  had  lived  in  Indianapolis  for  nine  years,  was  arrested  under  the 
Fugitive  Slave  law,  on  affidavit  of  Pleasant  Ellington,  who  claimed  that 
Freeman  was  his  runaway  slave  Sam.  Luckily  for  Freeman,  he  had 
accumulated  some  property,  and  made  numerous  friends.  He  owned 
nearly  a  block  of  land,  between  Meridian  and  Pennsylvania  streets, 
north  of  Eleventh,  where  he  had  a  garden ;  and  had  a  restaurant  in  the 
basement  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Washington  and  Meridian  streets. 
Henry  P.  Colburn,  William  S.  Hubbard,  and  others  came  to  his  assist- 


r>  Greater  Indianapolis,  pp.  242-4. 
i  Winny  vs.  Whitesides,  1  Mo.,  p. 


472. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  507 

ance,  and  John  L.  Ketchum,  Lucian  Barbour  and  John  Coburn  were 
employed  to  defend  htm.  Ellington  brought  three  men  from  Kentucky, 
who  identified  Freeman  as  Ellington's  Sam.  The  U.  S.  Marshal,  John 
L.  Robinson,  made  Freeman  strip,  in  jail,  and  these  three  witnesses  swore 
to  identifying  marks  on  his  body  and  limbs.  But  his  lawyers  found  the 
real  Sam  in  Canada,  and  two  Kentucky  gentlemen,  neighbors  and 
friends  of  Ellington,  went  to  Canada  and  identified  him  absolutely. 
They  also  found  Freeman's  former  guardian  in  Georgia,  who  came  to 
Indianapolis,  and  identified  him.  Finally  Ellington's  son  came,  and  said 
that  Freeman  was  not  Sam  and  Ellington's  lawyer  dismissed  the  case. 
Ellington  sneaked  out  of  the  city  over-night,  but  service  on  him  was 
obtained,  and  judgment  was  taken  against  him  for  $2,000  for  false  im- 
prisonment, which  still  stands  unsatisfied  on  the  docket.  Judgment  was 
also  taken  against  Robinson  for  assault,  and  for  extorting  three  dollars 
a  day  from  Freeman  while  he  was  confined  in  jail  for  ' '  safety ' ',  but  this 
was  reversed  by  the  Supreme  Court  on  a  question  of  jurisdiction.8 

This  case  attracted  universal  attention  in  Indiana.  On  August  29 
1853,  a  mass  meeting  was  held  in  Masonic  Hall,  and  resolutions  adopted 
congratulating  Freeman  on  his  escape.  Five  gentlemen  from  the  South, 
who  had  come  to  testify  in  his  behalf,  had  seats  on  the  stage,  and  George 
W.  Julian  made  a  speech  hotly  denouncing  the  Fugitive  Slave  law.  The 
Democratic  papers  called  it  an  "Abolition  Whig  meeting",  and  the  Whig 
papers  generally  fought  shy  of  it;  but  the  Indiana  American  spoke  out 
in  these  pointed  words:  "We  see  in  this  case  the  most  remarkable 
instance  on  record  of  mistake  in  personal  identity,  or  else  stupendous 
perjury.  Here  comes  Ellington  and  swears  to  his  'chattel';  then  come 
others  to  testify  to  his  identity;  and  yet  after  all  he  is  no  slave,  but  a 
bona  fide  free  man.  Now  were  Ellington  and  his  co-swearers  all  this 
time  mistaken?  If  so,  what  a  lesson  to  the  courts  on  the  difficulty  of 
'  personal  identity '.  If  not  '  mistaken '  then  were  they  all  the  while  prac- 
tising deep  perjury.  And  now,  who  pays  all  these  costs?  Who  pays  the 
loss  of  Freeman 's  time,  the  sacrifice  of  his  business,  and  the  destruction 
of  its  profits?  *  *  *  By  the  'mistake'  or  perjury  of  the  covetous 
wretch  who  sought  to  increase  his  ownership  in  groaning  humanity,  has 
this  man  been  stripped  of  his  property.  Has  he  a' remedy?  Does  this 
'glorious  compromise'  furnish  any  offset  against  a  grievance  so  oppres- 
sive? Must  this  man — innocent  and  free — bear  all  this  outrage  and 
have  no  legal  redress  ?  Must  he?  Is  this  justice?  Shall  no  legal  justice 
be  visited  on  the  would-be  man  stealer  and  the  marshal  who  was  his 
tool  and  co-oppressor?"9  Moreover,  the  plain  speaking  was  not  all  on 


s  Freeman  vs.  Robinson,  7  Ind.,  p.  321. 

»  Quoted  in  Indianapolis  Journal,  September  22,  1853. 


508  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

party  lines.  The  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel,  a  leading  Democratic  paper, 
when  Freeman  sued  Ellington  for  "$10,000  said :  ' '  We  hope  he  may 
recover  the  full  amount.  A  more  flagrant  case  of  injustice  we  have  never 
seen,  and  he  is  richly  entitled  to  most  exemplary  damages.  It  appears 
to  us  that  if  in  such  cases  the  persons  swearing  to  the  identity  of  the 
accused,  and  seeking  to  consign  a  free  man  to  slavery,  were  tried  and 
punished  for  perjury,  a  wholesale  lesson  would  be  given,  which  might 
prevent  much  injustice  to  free  persons  of  color.  The  fugitive  slave  law 
evidently  needs  some  amendment,  to  give  greater  protection  to  free  per- 
sons of  color.  As  it  now  stands  almost  any  of  them  might  be  dragged 
into  slavery.  If  Freeman  had  not  had  money  and  friends  he  must  inevi- 
tably have  been  taken  off  into  bondage.  Any  poor  man,  without  friends, 
would  at  once  have  been  given  up  and  taken  away,  and  it  was  only  by 
the  most  strenuous  exertions  that  he  was  rescued.  A  law  under  which 
such  injustice  can  be  perpetrated,  and  which  holds  out  such  inducements 
to  perjury,  is  imperfect,  and  must  be  either  amended  or  repealed.  The 
American  people  have  an  innate  sense  of  justice  which  will  not  long 
allow  such  a  law  to  disgrace  our  Statute  books. "  10  It  is  unquestionably 
true,  as  Ignatius  Brown  says,  that,  ' '  This  case  had  no  small  influence  on 
political  matters  afterwards,  and  made  many  earnest  opponents  of  slav- 
ery among  those  who  had  been  formerly  indifferent  on  the  subject."  n 
It  was  a  large  factor  in  the  carrying  of  the  State  by  the  People's  Party 
in  1854. 

But  while  the  region  north  of  the  Ohio  was  in  the  nature  of  a  game 
preserve  to  many  persons,  the  region  south  of  the  river  had  much  the 
same  standing  with  the  radical  abolitionists.  There  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  any  material  escape  of  slaves  to  Canada  until  after  the  War 
of  1812,  partly  because  they  did  not  know  anything  about  Canada,  and 
partly  because  there  were  no  roads  opened  through  from  the  Ohio  river. 
John  F.  Williams,  of  Economy,  Ind.  said  that  fugitives  "commenced 
coming  in  1820",  and  approximately  that  date  is  fixed  by  others.12 
When  Levi  Coffin  came  to  Newport,  Indiana,  in  1826,  he  found  that 
fugitive  slaves  were  being  aided  by  free  negroes  in  that  vicinity,  and 
soon  engaged  in  it  himself,  as  he  had  been  doing  on  his  own  account  in 
the  South  for  a  dozen  years  earlier.  He  and  his  wife  were  North  Caro- 
lina Quakers,  and  their  work  in  behalf  of  fugitive  slaves  is  a  part  of  the 
open  history  of  the  nation ;  and  it  is  well  known  that  they  were  the 
"Simeon  and  Rachel  Halliday"  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  Before  com- 


10  Quoted  in  Journal,  September  8,  1853. 

11  Hist  Indianapolis,  p.   67.     For  details  of  the  case  see  Greater  Indianapolis, 
pp.   244-250. 

' 2  Siehert  "s  Underground   Railroad,  pp.   37-42. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  509 

ing  to  Indiana  their  work  had  been  in  the  line  of  aiding  negroes  to  make 
their  way  to  the  northern  states,  and  this  was  the  extent  of  flight  gener- 
ally, in  these  earliest  *years.  But  soon  ways  to  Canada  were  opened, 
and  it  became  more  dangerous  for  runaways  to  stop  in  the  northern 
states.  At  the  same  time  the  conditions  of  slavery  were  becoming  harder. 
The  demand  for  slaves  from  the  cotton  states  was  met  by  sales  from  the 
border  states,  and  threatened  separations  of  families,  and  fear  of  being 
"sold  South"  added  to  the  stream  of  fugitives.  The  work  of  aiding  the 
fugitives  naturally  grew  more  systematic  as  the  work  itself  increased. 


LEVI  COFFIN  HOUSE,  FOUNTAIN  CITY 

Meanwhile  the  moral  sentiment  against  slavery  was  growing,  and  espe- 
cially among  the  Quakers.  In  1838  the  Friends  at  Newport,  Indiana,  or- 
ganized an  Anti-Slavery  Library  Society,  and  collected  $25  to  purchase 
anti-slavery  literature  for  circulation.  In  1840,  Arnold  Buffum,  the  noted 
Rhode  Island  Quaker  Abolitionist,  visited  the  West.  He  was  a  charter 
member  of  Garrison 's  first  Anti-Slavery  Society,  at  Boston,  in  1832,  and 
was  president  of,  and  lecturer  for  that  organization.  He  made  his  head- 
quarters at  Levi  Coffin's  for  several  months,  and  lectured  at  various 
points  in  Indiana.  In  January,  1841,  the  first  number  of  "The  Protec- 
tionist" appeared  at  Newport,  announcing,  among  other  things,  "The 
character  of  the  paper  will  be  essentially  different  from  that  of  any  now 
published;  its  first  object  being  the  vindication  of  the  rights  of  the 
people  of  the  non-slaveholding  states  to  protection  against  the  possibility 
under  any  circumstances  of  being  claimed  by  mortal  men  as  an  article 


508 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


party  lines.  The  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel,  a  leading  Democratic  paper, 
when  Freeman  sued  Ellington  for  $10,000  said:  "We  hope  he  may 
recover  the  full  amount.  A  more  flagrant  case  of  injustice  we  have  never 
seen,  and  he  is  richly  entitled  to  most  exemplary  damages.  It  appears 
to  us  that  if  in  such  cases  the  persons  swearing  to  the  identity  of  the 
accused,  and  seeking  to  consign  a  free  man  to  slavery,  were  tried  and 
punished  for  perjury,  a  wholesale  lesson  would  be  given,  which  might 
prevent  much  injustice  to  free  persons  of  color.  The  fugitive  slave  law 
evidently  needs  some  amendment,  to  give  greater  protection  to  free  per- 
sons of  color.  As  it  now  stands  almost  any  of  them  might  be  dragged 
into  slavery.  If  Freeman  had  not  had  money  and  friends  he  must  inevi- 
tably have  been  taken  off  into  bondage.  Any  poor  man,  without  friends, 
would  at  once  have  been  given  up  and  taken  away,  and  it  was  only  by 
the  most  strenuous  exertions  that  he  was  rescued.  A  law  under  which 
such  injustice  can  be  perpetrated,  and  which  holds  out  such  inducements 
to  perjury,  is  imperfect,  and  must  be  either  amended  or  repealed.  The 
American  people  have  an  innate  sense  of  justice  which  will  not  long 
allow  such  a  law  to  disgrace  our  Statute  books."  10  It  is  unquestionably 
true,  as  Ignatius  Brown  says,  that,  "This  case  had  no  small  influence  on 
political  matters  afterwards,  and  made  many  earnest  opponents  of  slav- 
ery among  those  who  had  been  formerly  indifferent  on  the  subject."  n 
It  was  a  large  factor  in  the  carrying  of  the  State  by  the  People's  Party 
in  1854. 

But  while  the  region  north  of  the  Ohio  was  in  the  nature  of  a  game 
preserve  to  many  persons,  the  region  south  of  the  river  had  much  the 
same  standing  with  the  radical  abolitionists.  There  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  any  material  escape  of  slaves  to  Canada  until  after  the  War 
of  1812,  partly  because  they  did  not  know  anything  about  Canada,  and 
partly  because  there  were  no  roads  opened  through  from  the  Ohio  river. 
John  F.  Williams,  of  Economy,  Ind.  said  that  fugitives  "commenced 
coming  in  1820",  and  approximately  that  date  is  fixed  by  others.12 
When  Levi  Coffin  came  to  Newport,  Indiana,  in  1826,  he  found  that 
fugitive  slaves  were  being  aided  by  free  negroes  in  that  vicinity,  and 
soon  engaged  in  it  himself,  as  he  had  been  doing  on  his  own  account  in 
the  South  for  a  dozen  years  earlier.  He  and  his  wife  were  North  Caro- 
lina Quakers,  and  their  work  in  behalf  of  fugitive  slaves  is  a  part  of  the 
open  history  of  the  nation ;  and  it  is  well  known  that  they  were  the 
"Simeon  and  Rachel  Hallidav"  of  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  Before  com- 


1°  Quoted  in  Journal,  September  8,  1853. 
"  Hist.  Indianapolis,   p.   67.     For  details  of  the  ease  see  Greater  Indianapolis, 
pp.   244-250. 

'-•  Siebert 's  Vnderground   Railroad,   pp.   37-42. 


. 
• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


509 


ing  to  Indiana  their  work  had  been  in  the  line  of  aiding  negroes  to  make 
their  way  to  the  northern  states,  and  this  was  the  extent  of  flight  gener- 
ally, in  these  earliest  years.  But  soon  ways  to  Canada  were  opened, 
and  it  became  more  dangerous  for  runaways  to  stop  in  the  northern 
states.  At  the  same  time  the  conditions  of  slavery  were  becoming  harder. 
The  demand  for  slaves  from  the  cotton  states  was  met  by  sales  from  the 
border  states,  and  threatened  separations  of  families,  and  fear  of  being 
"sold  South"  added  to  the  stream  of  fugitives.  The  work  of  aiding  the 
fugitives  naturally  grew  more  systematic  as  the  work  itself  increased. 


LEVI  COFFIN  HOUSE,  FOUNTAIN  CITY 

Meanwhile  the  moral  sentiment  against  slavery  was  growing,  and  espe- 
cially among  the  Quakers.  In  1838  the  Friends  at  Newport,  Indiana,  or- 
ganized an  Anti-Slavery  Library  Society,  and  collected  $25  to  purchase 
anti-slavery  literature  for  circulation.  In  1840,  Arnold  Buffum,  the  noted 
Rhode  Island  Quaker  Abolitionist,  visited  the  West.  He  was  a  charter 
member  of  Garrison's  first  Anti-Slavery  Society,  at  Boston,  in  1832,  and 
was  president  of,  and  lecturer  for  that  organization.  He  made  his  head- 
quarters at  Levi  Coffin's  for  several  months,  and  lectured  at  various 
points  in  Indiana.  In  January,  1841,  the  first  number  of  "The  Protec- 
tionist" appeared  at  Newport,  announcing,  among  other  things,  "The 
character  of  the  paper  will  be  essentially  different  from  that  of  any  now 
published ;  its  first  object  being  the  vindication  of  the  rights  of  the 
people  of  the  non-slaveholding  states  to  protection  against  the  possibility 
under  any  circumstances  of  being  claimed  by  mortal  men  as  an  article 


510  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  property."  The  first  number  contains  an  advertisement  that  anti- 
slavery  publications  are  "for  sale  at  the  New  York  prices  at  the  office 
of  The  Protectionist,  over  Levi  Coffin's  store,  by  Arnold  Buffum." 

Arnold  Buffum  was  the  editor  of  this  first  abolition  paper  in  Indiana, 
and  between  his  lectures  and  his  editorials  he  seriously  disturbed  the 
peace  of  the  Quaker  church  in  Indiana.  On  October  30,  1841,  he  wrote 
to  his  daughter,  Elizabeth  Buffum  Chace:  "We  came  to  Richmond  a 
week  ago  to  attend  Yearly  meeting.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  on 
the  concerns  of  the  people  of  color,  the  question  of  Abolition  came  up, 
and  they  got  into  confusion,  and  finally  the  report  was  whispered  round 
that  Arnold  Buffum  was  there,  and  so  to  prevent  me  from  hearing  their  • 
wrangles  they  broke  up  the  meeting.  I  was  all  the  time  a  mile  from 
them."  In  fact  the  peculiar  non-resistance  doctrines  of  the  Quakers 
made  the  question  a  very  doubtful  one  at  the  time,  as  is  manifest  from 
the  following  extract  from  a  letter  of  Mrs.  Chace  to  her  father  on  Febru- 
ary 21, 1841,  she  being  at  the  time  both  a  consistent  Friend  and  an  ardent 
abolitionist:  "We  have  received  thy  paper  and  are  much  interested  in 
reading  it.  We  want  to  send  the  pay  for  it,  but  Samuel  says  one  of  our 
bills  would  not  be  good  with  you.  The  Abolitionists  here  are  generally 
opposed  to  the  third  party  policy,  and  they  feel  it  their  duty  to  do  all 
they  can  for  the  Standard  and  for  the  Liberator.  I,  myself,  dear  father, 
was  sorry  that  it  (the  Protectionist)  espoused  that  policy,  or  that  it  was 
a  political  paper  at  all,  and  it  does  seem  to  me  that  thy  editorials,  which 
in  most  particulars  are  excellent,  do  almost  condemn  that  course.  The 
assertion  that  our  weapons  are  not  carnal  but  spiritual,  does  not,  in  my 
view,  agree  with  the  recommendation  to  use  the  ballot  for  the  overthrow 
of  slavery.  Is  not  the  ballot  a  carnal  weapon?"  13  But  such  compunc- 
tions were  not  universal  either  in  the  East  or  in  the  West ;  or  with  women 
more  than  with  men. 

In  April,  1841,  the  first  number  of  "The  Free  Labor  Advocate,  and 
Anti-Slavery  Chronicle"  appeared  at  New  Garden,  with  Henry  H.  Way 
and  Benjamin  Stanton  as  editors.  On  September  5,  1841,  a  Female  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  was  organized  at  Newport,  whose  charter  members  were 
Beulah  Puckett,  Elizabeth  Stanton,  Rachel  Green,  Mary  Hockett,  Edith 
Osborn,  Elizabeth  Lacy,  Ann  Reynolds,  Keziah  Hough,  Jane  Porch, 
Achsah  Thomas,  Mary  Parker,  Mrs.  Henry  Way  and  Catharine  Coffin. 
This  society  not  only  aided  in  the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question,  but 
made  clothes  for  fugitives  who  needed  them. 

The  organization  work  spread  into  other  localities,  and  in  1842  the 
Free  Labor  Advocate  gives  accounts  of  meetings  of  anti-slavery  societies 


13  Life  of  Elizabeth  Buffum  Chace,  pp.  87,  90. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


511 


in  Randolph,  Henry,  Union,  Hamilton,  Jay  and  other  counties;  and  on 
January  12,  1843,  a  nteeting  of  the  State  Anti-Slavery  Society  was  held 
at  Salem,  and  one  of  the  principal  attractions  was  Stephen  S.  Harding, 
the  Liberty  candidate  for  Lieutenant  Governor.  In  fact  1842  had  been 
an  epoch  marker,  with  Newport  very  much  in  the  limelight.  On  Septem- 
ber 5,  the  State  convention  of  the  Liberty  party  had  met  there,  and 


DR.  ELIZUR  DEMING 

-• 

nominated  Elizur  H.  Deming  for  Governor,  with  Harding  in  second 
place.  They  made  a  formidable  team.  Dr.  Elizur  Deming  was  of  Puri- 
tan ancestry,  born  at  Great-Barrington  Park,  Mass.,  March  4,  1798.  He 
was  well  educated,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty,  having  graduated  in  letters 
and  in  medicine,  he  married  Hester  Carpenter,  at  Wilkesbarre,  Perm., 
and  then  emigrated  to  Ohio,  where  he  practised  for  a  time  at  Milford 
and  Chillicothe,  and  in  1834  located  at  Lafayette.  He  soon  took  high 
rank  as  a  physician,  and  became  prominent  in  Masonry,  being  for  many 


510 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  property."  The  first  number  contains  an  advertisement  that  anti- 
slavery  publications  are  "for  sale  at  the  New  York  prices  at  the  office 
of  The  Protectionist,  over  Levi  Coffin's  store,  by  Arnold  Buffum." 

Arnold  Buffum  was  the  editor  of  this  first  abolition  paper  in  Indiana, 
and  between  his  lectures  and  his  editorials  he  seriously  disturbed  the 
peace  of  the  Quaker  church  in  Indiana.  On  October  30,  1841,  he  wrote 
to  his  daughter,  Elizabeth  Buffum  Chace :  "We  came  to  Richmond  a 
week  ago  to  attend  Yearly  meeting.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  on 
the  concerns  of  the  people  of  color,  the  question  of  Abolition  came  up, 
and  they  got  into  confusion,  and  finally  the  report  was  whispered  round 
that  Arnold  Buffum  was  there,  and  so  to  prevent  me  from  hearing  their 
wrangles  they  broke  up  the  meeting.  I  was  all  the  time  a  mile  from 
them."  In  fact  the  peculiar  non-resistance  doctrines  of  the  Quakers 
made  the  question  a  very  doubtful  one  at  the  time,  as  is  manifest  from 
the  following  extract  from  a  letter  of  Mrs.  Chace  to  her  father  on  Febru- 
ary 21, 1841,  she  being  at  the  time  both  a  consistent  Friend  and  an  ardent 
abolitionist:  "We  have  received  thy  paper  and  are  much  interested  in 
reading  it.  We  want  to  send  the  pay  for  it,  but  Samuel  says  one  of  our 
bills  would  not  be  good  with  you.  The  Abolitionists  here  are  generally 
opposed  to  the  third  party  policy,  and  they  feel  it  their  duty  to  do  all 
they  can  for  the  Standard  and  for  the  Liberator.  I,  myself,  dear  father, 
was  sorry  that  it  (the  Protectionist)  espoused  that  policy,  or  that  it  was 
a  political  paper  at  all,  and  it  does  seem  to  me  that  thy  editorials,  which 
in  most  particulars  are  excellent,  do  almost  condemn  that  course.  The 
assertion  that  our  weapons  are  not  carnal  but  spiritual,  does  not,  in  my 
view,  agree  with  the  recommendation  to  use  the  ballot  for  the  overthrow 
of  slavery.  Is  not  the  ballot  a  carnal  weapon?"  13  But  such  compunc- 
tions were  not  universal  either  in  the'  East  or  in  the  West ;  or  with  women 
more  than  with  men. 

In  April,  1841,  the  first  number  of  "The  Free  Labor  Advocate,  and 
Anti-Slavery  Chronicle"  appeared  "at  New  Garden,  with  Henry  H.  Way 
and  Benjamin  Stanton  as  editors.  On  September  5,  1841,  a  Female  Anti- 
Slavery  Society  was  organized  at  Newport,  whose  charter  members  were 
Beulah  Puckett,  Elizabeth  Stanton,  Rachel  Green,  Mary  Hockett,  Edith 
Osborn,  Elizabeth  Lacy,  Ann  Reynolds.  Keziah  Hough,  Jane  Porch, 
Achsah  Thomas,  Mary  Parker,  Mrs.  Henry  Way  and  Catharine  Coffin. 
This  society  not  only  aided  in  the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question,  but 
made  clothes  for  fugitives  who  needed  them. 

The  organization  work  spread  into  other  localities,  and  in  1842  the 
Free  Labor  Advocate  gives  accounts  of  meetings  of  anti-slavery  societies 


Life  of  Elizabeth  Buffum  Chace,  pp.  87,  90. 


• 


. 

. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


511 


.  : 


in  Randolph,  Henry.  Union,  Hamilton,  Jay  and  other  counties;  and  on 
January  12,  1843,  a  meeting  of  the  State  Anti-Slavery  Society  was  held 
at  Salem,  and  one  of  the  principal  attractions  was  Stephen  S.  Harding, 
the  Liberty  candidate  for  Lieutenant  Governor.  In  fact  1842  had  been 
an  epoch  marker,  with  Newport  very  much  in  the  limelight.  On  Septem- 
ber 5,  the  State  convention  of  the  Liberty  party  had  met  there,  and 


.  . 


• 


.- 


- 


! 

' 
• 

DR.  ELIZU 


IZUR  DEMING 

nominated  Elizur  H.  Deming  for  Governor,  with  Harding  in  second 
place.  They  made  a  formidable  team.  Dr.  Elizur  Deming  was  of  Puri- 
tan ancestry,  born  at  Great-Barrington  Park,  Mass.,  March  4,  1798.  He 
was  well  educated,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty,  having  graduated  in  letters 
and  in  medicine,  he  married  Hester  Carpenter,  at  Wilkesbarre,  Penn., 
and  then  emigrated  to  Ohio,  where  he  practised  for  a  time  at  Milford 
and  Chillicothe,  and  in  1834  located  at  Lafayette.  He  soon  took  high 
rank  as  a  physician,  and  became  prominent  in  Masonry,  being  for  many 


512  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

years  Master  of  Perry  Lodge,  at  Lafayette.  A  Whig  in  politics,  he  took 
the  stump  in  1840,  and  surprised  even  his  friends  by  his  campaign 
oratory.  In  1841,  the  Whigs  elected  him  to  the  legislature,  and  his 
service  there  ended  his  Whig  affiliation.  Notwithstanding  his  open  advo- 
cacy of  abolition,  he  was  chosen  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  Indiana  in 
1847,  and  reelected  in  1848,  1849  and  1850.  In  this  position  he  laid  the 
corner  stone  of  the  Masonic  hall,  at  Washington  street  and  Capitol  Ave- 
nue, and  presided  at  its  dedication.  He  lectured  at  Laporte  medical 
school  from  1847  to  1850,  and  then  at  the  Indianapolis  school  until  its 
dissolution  in  1852.  He  was  then  called  to  the  chair  of  General  Pathology 
and  Clinical  Medicine  at  the  University  of  Missouri,  and  held  this  posi- 
tion until  his  death  on  February  23,  1855.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
organizing  the  union  People's  Party  in  1854,  and  was  tendered  the  nom- 
ination for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  on  its  ticket,  but  de- 
clined and  insisted  on  the  nomination  of  Caleb  Mills.  Stephen  Selwyn 
Harding  was  a  native  of  New  York,  born  in  Ontario  County,  February 
24,  1808.  In  1820  his  parents  removed  to  Ripley  County,  Indiana.  He 
had  few  school  advantages,  but  was  an  omnivorous  reader.  He  studied 
law  at  Brookville,  and  in  1828,  opened  an  office  at  Richmond.  Six  months 
later  he  went  to  New  Orleans  to  practice,  but  returned  to  Versailles  in 
1829,  and  soon  built  up  a  large  practice  there.  He  was  a  strong  speaker, 
and  utterly  fearless.  In  1844  he  was  asked  to  speak  at  the  court  house  j 

at  Versailles,  and  a  number  of  men  gathered  in  the  audience  for  the  usual 
indignities  offered  to  abolition  speakers  in  those  days.  Mounting  the 
stand,  he  said  that  he  understood  that  there  were  persons  in  the  audience 
who  had  come  there  to  egg  him,  and  invited  them  to  take  a  good  look  at 
him,  and  see  whether  he  was  the  sort  of  man  that  would  submit  to  it. 
He  added :  "If  anyone  here  is  resolved  to  do  this  thing,  he  will  assuredly 
meet  his  God,  green  in  his  sins,  for  that  man  shall  die.  Nothing  under 
heaven  can  prevent  me  having  the  innermost  drop  of  blood  that  courses 
his  craven  heart. "  He  was  not  disturbed,  although  he  made  a  fiery  aboli- 
tion speech,  and  predicted  that  within  twenty  years  slavery  would  be 
wiped  out  of  existence  in  the  United  States.  In  1850  Rev.  B.  P.  Kavan- 
augh,  the  State  Agent  of  the  Colonization  Society,  issued  a  challenge  for 
a  debate,  in  which  he  proposed  to  maintain  on  Bible  grounds  that  slavery 
was  a  divinely  instituted  custom.  Some  Quaker  friends  asked  Harding 
to  accept  the  challenge,  and  he  did  so.  The  debate  was  held  in  the  Quaker 
meeting  house  at  Knightstown,  before  a  large  audience.  Kavanaugh  was 
a  fine-looking  man,  with  all  the  oratorical  graces,  and  made  a  very 
plausible  opening;  but  he  was  no  match  for  Harding,  who  painted  the 
horrors  of  slavery,  contrasted  the  humanity  of  Christ,  and  then  turned 
to  a  denunciation  of  the  professed  follower  of  Christ's  teaching  who 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  513 

would  advocate  such  cruelty.  Kavanaugh  turned  pale,  and  sat  trembling, 
with  clenched  handsr  as  Harding  showered  invectives  on  him,  reaching  a 
climax  when  he  rose  .to  full  height  and  launched  at  him  Moore 's  lines, 

"Just  Alia!  what  must  be  thy  look 

When  such  a  wretch  before  thee  stands 
Unblushing,  with  thy  sacred  Book, — 

Turning  the  leaves  with  blood-stained  hands, 
And  wresting  from  its  page  sublime 

His  creed  of  lust,  and  hate,  and  crime;" 

Kavanaugh  issued  no  more  challenges  in  Indiana,  and  soon  after  went 
South,  where  his  talents  were  appreciated,  and  he  was  made  a  bishop. 
Harding  became  an  active  member  of  the  Republican  party.  In  1862, 
President  Lincoln  appointed  him  Governor  of  Utah,  where  he  had  numer- 
ous controversies  with  the  Mormons,  until  1864,  when  he  was  made  Chief 
Justice  of  Colorado.  In  1865  he  returned  to  Indiana  and  resumed  prac- 
tice. He  died  February  12,  1893,  at  his  old  home,  at  Milan,  in  Ripley 
County,  which  had  been  a  station  of  the  Underground  Railroad  in  his 
earlier  years. 

The  election  for  Governor  did  not  occur  until  August,  1843,  and  the 
Presidential  election  in  November  of  that  year,  but  the  Liberty  Party 
already  had  its  presidential  candidates  in  the  field — Birney  and  Morris — 
and  Henry  Clay  was  in  training  for  the  Whig  nomination.  On  October 
5,  1842,  Clay  attended  a  barbecue  at  Indianapolis,  and  returned  East  by 
way  of  Richmond,  where  the  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends  was  in  session. 
The  anti-slavery  brethren  of  Newport  were  waiting  for  him  with  a  peti- 
tion for  him  to  free  his  slaves.  The  astute  Henry  replied  to  their  note 
asking  an  audience,  that  he  would  receive  their  petition  at  the  public 
meeting  which  he  was  to  address,  and  would  answer  it  there.  He  got  the 
committee  up  on  the  platform,  and  after  a  clever  defense  of  his  position, 
and  reflection  on  their  political  motives  and  lack  of  courtesy  to  a  visitor, 
offered  to  free  his  slaves  if  they  would  furnish  the  liberated  negroes  with 
an  amount  equal  to  their  market  value,  as  capital  on  which  to  begin  a 
life  of  freedom.  But  this  incident  attracted  little  attention  as  compared 
with  his  reception  by  the  Friends  Yearly  Meeting,  which  was  the  sub- 
ject of  wide  comment,  and  some  misrepresentation,  by  the  press.  The 
facts,  as  stated  by  the  Free  Labor  Advocate,  after  careful  inquiry,  and 
with  apparent  accuracy,  were  as  follows:  "The  clerk  of  the  Yearly  meet- 
ing took  or  sent  his  carriage  to  Clay's  lodging,  on  first  day  morning,  to 
convey  him  to  meeting.  It  has  been  stated  that  the  carriage  containing 
the  slaveholder  and  the  Yearly  meeting  clerk  was  driven  to  the  meeting 

Vol.  I— SS 


514  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

house  by  the  slave  Charles,  but  this  seems  to  be  incorrect.  We  have  no 
account  of  Charles'  attendance  of  the  meeting  though  he  might  have 
been  in  the  crowd.  At  any  rate  we  are  safe  in  saying  that  he  was  not 
seated  by  the  side  of  the  other  stranger  from  Kentucky;  and  as  our 
Divine  Master  and  Lawgiver,  when  personally  on  earth  made  no  dis- 
tinction in  his  intercourse  with  men,  or  in  the  dispensation  of  favors 
between  the  rich  and  the  poor,  between  the  black  and  the  white  man,  or 
between  the  master  and  the  slave ;  it  would  be  reasonable  to  suppose  that, 
as  Friends  profess  to  be  his  followers,  if  Charles  had  been  there,  the 
same  attention  would  have  been  paid  to  him  that  was  paid  to  his  master. 
We  shall  therefore  conclude  he  was  not  present.  The  company  arrived 
some  time  previous  to  the  sitting  of  the  meeting.  It  is  common  at  these 
large  meetings  to  keep  the  doors  shut  until  the  hour  of  meeting  arrives. 
But  when  Clay  and  his  suit  arrived,  the  north  door  of  the  men's  apart- 
ment was  opened,  and  they  entered.  C.  and  some  of  his  particular  Whig 
friends  were  conducted  to  the  head  of  the  seat  commonly  designated  as 
the  second  gallery  immediately  in  front  of  the  seat  occupied  by  the 
foreign  ministers  in  attendance,  and  the  clerk  of  the  meeting  took  his 
seat  by  their  side.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  meeting  a  scene  took  place 
which  we  believe  is  altogether  unprecedented  in  the  history  of  the  Society. 
A  member  of  the  Yearly  meeting,  a  minister  of  great  notoriety,  who  has 
signalized  himself  in  stirring  up  opposition  to  abolition  Friends,  arose 
and  commenced  the  business  of  a  formal  introduction  of  the  distinguished 
slaveholder  to  his  Friends ;  proclaiming  aloud  This  is  Henry  Clay. — This 
is  Friend  —  this  is  Friend — etc.  The  Friends  of  both  sexes  gathered 
around,  apparently  eager  to  shake  his  bloodstained  hand.  When  this 
part  of  the  scene  had  closed  the  clerk  took  the  slaveholder  by  the  arm 
and  conducted  him  out  of  the  house,  to  the  carriage  near  the  north  door 
and  handed  him  in,  taking  a  seat  with  him.  *  *  *  Though  we  be- 
lieve that  such  special  honors,  such  marked  attentions  were  never  before 
publicly  paid  by  Friends  to  any  man  however  good  or  great,  as  were  on 
this  occasion  paid  to  this  prince  of  slaveholders,  yet  it  may  be  plead  as 
an  excuse  that  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the  case  justified  it.  It  was 
probably  thought  justifiable  and  necessary  to  make  this  extraordinary 
demonstration  of  respect,  in  order  to  evince  to  Henry  Clay  the  determined 
hostility  of  Friends  to  abolitionism  (which  they  must  have  been  sensible 
was  a  great  annoyance  to  him),  and  their  un wavering  attachment  to 
Whigism.  of  which  he  was  looked  up  to  as  the  representative  head. 
Whether  it  was  justifiable  or  not,  under  the  circumstances  let  others  judge. 
It  is  our  business  at  present  to  correct  errors,  and  to  give  if  possible  a 
true  statement  of  facts.  Respecting  the  kissing,  so  much  talked  about, 
it  was  not  done  in  the  meeting  house  that  we  know  of.  All  the  informa- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  515 

tion  we  have  on  the  subject  that  we  can  rely  on  is  this:  Henry  Clay 
being  at  the  temperance  boarding  house,  and  about  to  take  leave  of  the 
place,  when  he  came  down  stairs,  a  considerable  number  of  females,  old, 
and  young,  Orthodox  and  Hicksites,  were  arranged  in  a  line,  along  which 
he  passed  from  one  end  to  the  other,  giving  each  an  affectionate  parting 
kiss.  We  shall  conclude  by  saving  that  we  hope  there  are  yet  'seven 
thousand  in  our  Israel  who  have  not  bowed  the  knee  to  the  Baal  of 
slavery,  nor  kissed  his  image.'  "  14  Marcus  Mote,  "The  Quaker  Artist", 
who  made  the  painting  of  "Indiana  Yearly  Meeting"  reproduced  here- 
with, gives  a  very  faithful  picture  not  only  of  the  grounds,  but  also  of 
the  costumes  and  the  vehicles  then  in  vogue.  He  was  born  near  "West 
Milton,  Ohio,  in  1817,  and  began  drawing  when  a  small  child,  purloining 
his  mother's  indigo  for  art  work.  He  often  visited  Richmond,  and  came 
there  to  reside  in  1863.  His  chief  work  was  in  the  line  of  Sunday  School 
and  Bible  illustrations,  of  which  he  said  he  had  made  "more  than  any 
other  artist  he  ever  heard  of. ' '  He  maintained  for  some  time  a ' '  school  of 
design  for  women"  at  Richmond,  in  which,  in  all  he  had  541  students, 
many  of  whom  took  up  professional  work  in  various  lines,  three  of  them 
becoming  physicians. 

But  while  this  reception  to  Henry  Clay  was  what  excited  the  most 
comment  outside,  it  was  not  the  most  significant  event  of  the  meeting. 
The  anti-slavery  Friends  had  been  teaching  doctrines  entirely  outside 
of  the  "testimony"  of  the  meeting  on  slavery,  and  in  1841,  a  "minute  of 
advice"  had  been  adopted  warning  against  opening  meeting  houses  for 
anti-slavery  meetings;  mentioning  that  "there  are  some  periodicals  with- 
in our  limits"  (the  Protectionist  and  the  Free  Labor  Advocate)  which 
were  printing  articles  to  which  sanction  could  not  be  given,  as  they  were 
not  under  the  supervision  of  the  meeting;  and  adding  "as  the  subject  of 
slavery  is  producing  great  excitement  in  our  land,  we  again  tenderly 
advise  our  dear  friends  not  to  join  in  association  with  those  who  do  not 
profess  to  wait  for  Divine  direction  in  such  important  concerns. ' ' 15  On 
October  3,  1842,  just  before  Henry  Clay's  visit,  the  "meeting  on  suffer- 
ings" reported  that  "Benjamin  Stanton,  Jacob  Grave,  William  Locke 
and  Charles  Osborn  (appointed  by  the  Yearly  Meeting  to  be  members  of 
this  meeting)  have  become  disqualified  for  usefulness  in  this  body,  which 
being  weightily  considered  was  united  with."16  The  "disqualified" 
asked  for  a  statement  of  their  shortcomings  to  be  put  on  record,  but  as 
their  offense  was  wholly  anti-slavery  activity,  this  request  was  not  com- 
plied with.  Stanton  was  the  editor  of  the  Free  Labor  Advocate,  and 

i«  Free  Labor  Advocate,  December  10,  1842. 
.    is  Minutes,  Ind.  Yearly  Meeting,  1841,  p.  17. 

is  Minutes,  p.  18.  ."•'•'VT 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  517 

from  the  historical  .point  of  view,  Charles  Osborn  was  easily  the  most 
notable  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends  in  Indiana.  He  was  born  in 
North  Carolina,  August  21,  1775,  and  at  the  age  of  19  emigrated  to 
Tennessee,  where  he  entered  the  ministry.  In  1814  he  took  the  lead  in 
organizing  the  "Tennessee  Manumission  Society",  which  first  adopted 
the  doctrine  of  "immediate  and  unconditional  emancipation",  and  this 
doctrine  was  advocated  by  Osborn  thereafter.  In  1816  he  removed  to 
Mount  Pleasant,  Ohio,  and  on  August  29,  1817,  issued  the  first  number 
of  "The  Philanthropist",  which  was  the  first  anti-slavery  paper  published 
in  the  United  States.  Benjamin  Lundy  started  in  anti-slavery  work  as 
an  agent  for  and  contributor  to  this  paper.  It  was  continued  until 
October,  1818,  after  which  Osborn  removed  to  Indiana,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death  in  1852.17  The  "disqualified",  to  whom  a  dozen  more  had 
been  added,  met  at  Newport  on  January  4,  1843,  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  call  a  convention  of  Friends  for  the  purpose  of  "reorganizing 
the  Yearly  Meeting  of  Indiana  upon  the  true  principles,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  discipline  and  usages  of  the  Society  of  Friends."  This 
convention  met  at  Newport,  February  6,  1843,  with  a  larger  attendance 
than  was  expected,  and  continued  in  session  till  the  10th,  as  a  Yearly 
meeting.  It  issued  an  address,  and  started  off  full-fledged  as  Indiana 
Yearly  Meeting  of  Anti-Slavery  Friends.  The  Free  Labor  Advocate 
said:  "Numerous  individuals  who  came  entirely  unprepared  for  a 
separation,  and  several  who  left  their  homes  for  the  purpose  of  opposing 
it,  became  fully  satisfied  and  heartily  united  in  the  measure. ' '  This  was 
probably  due  in  part  to  the  action  of  the  Yearly  meeting  of  1842,  for 
while  it  did  not  specify  its  reasons  for  churching  Osborn  and  his  co-labor- 
ers, it  went  squarely  on  record  against  abolition  in  its  "epistle  of  ad- 
vice," as  follows :  "We  are  again  concerned  to  warn  all  our  dear  friends 
against  joining  or  participating  in  the  excitement  and  overactive  zeal  of 
the  anti-slavery  societies,  and  to  be  cautious  about  the  kind  of  reading 
admitted  into  their  families ;  as  the  effect  of  all  those  books  and  papers 
must  be  pernicious  which  have  the  tendency  to  set  one  part  of  society 
against  another."  In  the  same  epistle  is  the  following  passage,  which 
may  indicate  qualms  of  conscience  for  the  Log  Cabin  and  Hard  Cider 
campaign  of  1840:  '"The  increasing  frequency  of  political  celebrations 
and  parades,  has  drawn  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the  necessity  of 
increased  caution  on  the  part  of  our  members,  not  to  take  an  active  part 
therein.  To  join  in  those  marches,  accompanied  as  they  generally  are 
with  martial  display  is  evidently  inconsistent  for  Friends,  and  contrary 
to  our  good  order." 


IT  The  Bank  of  Charles  Osborn  as  an  Anti-Slavery  Pioneer,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs., 
Vol.  2,  p.  231. 


. 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  517 

from  the  historical  point  of  view,  Charles  Osborn  was  easily  the  most 
notable  member  of  tJie  Society  of  Friends  in  Indiana.  He  was  born  in 
North  Carolina,  August  21,  1775,  and  at  the  age  of  19  emigrated  to 
Tennessee,  where  he  entered  the  ministry.  In  1814  he  took  the  lead  in 
organizing  the  "Tennessee  Manumission  Society",  which  first  adopted 
the  doctrine  of  "immediate  and  unconditional  emancipation",  and  this 
doctrine  was  advocated  by  Osborn  thereafter.  In  1816  he  removed  to 
Mount  Pleasant,  Ohio,  and  on  August  29,  1817,  issued  the  first  number 
of  "The  Philanthropist",  which  was  the  first  anti-slavery  paper  published 
in  the  United  States.  Benjamin  Lundy  started  in  anti-slavery  work  as 
an  agent  for  and  contributor  to  this  paper.  It  was  continued  until 
October,  1818,  after  which  Osborn  removed  to  Indiana,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death  in  1852.17  The  "disqualified",  to  whom  a  dozen  more  had 
been  added,  met  at  Newport  on  January  4,  1843,  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  call  a  convention  of  Friends  for  the  purpose  of  "reorganizing 
the  Yearly  Meeting  of  Indiana  upon  the  true  principles,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  discipline  and  usages  of  the  Society  of  Friends."  This 
convention  met  at  Newport,  February  6,  1843,  with  a  larger  attendance 
than  was  expected,  and  continued  in  session  till  the  10th.  as  a  Yearly 
meeting.  It  issued  an  address,  and  started  off  full-fledged  as  Indiana 
Yearly  Meeting  of  Anti-Slavery  Friends.  The  Free  Labor  Advocate 
said:  "Numerous  individuals  who  came  entirely  unprepared  for  a 
separation,  and  several  who  left  their  homes  for  the  purpose  of  opposing 
it,  became  fully  satisfied  and  heartily  united  in  the  measure."  This  was 
probably  due  in  part  to  the  action  of  the  Yearly  meeting  of  1842,  for 
while  it  did  not  specify  its  reasons  for  churching  Osborn  and  his  co-labor- 
ers, it  went  squarely  on  record  against  abolition  in  its  "epistle  of  ad- 
vice, ' '  as  follows :  ' '  We  are  again  concerned  to  warn  all  our  dear  friends 
against  joining  or  participating  in  the  excitement  and  overactive  zeal  of 
the  anti-slavery  societies,  and  to  be  cautious  about  the  kind  of  reading 
admitted  into  their  families ;  as  the  effect  of  all  those  books  and  papers 
must  be  pernicious  which  have  the  tendency  to  set  one  part  of  society 
against  another."  In  the  same  epistle  is  the  following  passage,  which 
may  indicate  qualms  of  conscience  for  the  Log  Cabin  and  Hard  Cider 
campaign  of  1840:  "The  increasing  frequency  of  political  celebrations 
and  parades,  has  drawn  the  attention  of  the  meeting  to  the  necessity  of 
increased  caution  on  the  part  of  our  members,  not  to  take  an  active  part 
therein.  To  join  in  those  marches,  accompanied  as  they  generally  are 
with  martial  display  is  evidently  inconsistent  for  Friends,  and  contrary 
to  our  good  order." 


IT  The  Rank  of  Charles  Osborn  as  an  Anti-Slavery  Pioneer,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs., 
Vol.  2,  p.  231. 


- 


518  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  trouble  was  not  confined  to  the  Quaker  church.  In  the  fall  of 
1842  the  True  Wesleyan,  a  leading  Methodist  paper,  withdrew  from  con- 
nection with  the  Methodist  church,  presenting  an  indictment  of  its  pro- 
slavery  offenses  as  long  as  Jefferson 's  indictment  of  Great  Britain  in  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  refusing  to  "continue  in  fellowship 
with  a  church  which  receives,  shields  and  defends  thousands  and  tens  of 
thousands  who,  according  to  Mr.  Wesley,  are  'exactly  on  a  level  with 
men-stealers. '  "  The  move  met  approbation  in  Indiana,  and  on  February 
27,  1843,  the  Indiana  State  Wesleyan  Anti-Slavery  Convention  met  at 
Newport,  and  unanimously  resolved  to  secede  from  the  Methodist  church, 
and  recommended  all  Abolitionists  to  do  so.  On  April  22,  1843,  thirty- 
two  members  of  the  Methodist  church  at  Newport  withdrew  from  its 
membership,  being  a  majority  of  the  church,  and  formed  a  new  society, 
which  was  joined  two  days  later  by  thirteen  more.  A  national  conven- 
tion of  Methodist  seceders  had  been  called  to  meet  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  on  May 
31,  and  when  it  met  it  organized  the  Wesleyan  Connection  of  the  United 
States,  with  a  membership  of  about  6,000.  Methodists  all  over  the  North 
realized  the  danger,  and  numerous  meetings  called  for  reform  in  the 
church.  For  the  first  time,  the  columns  of  the  Christian  Advocate  were 
opened  to  articles  on  slavery,  and  they  were  used.  At  the  General  Con- 
ference of  1844  two  slavery  cases  came  up.  Rev.  Francis  A.  Harding  had 
been  suspended  from  the  ministry  by  the  Baltimore  Conference,  for 
refusing  to  manumit  slaves  that  had  come  to  him  by  marriage,  and  the 
action  of  the  Baltimore  Conference  was  sustained,  on  appeal,  by  a  vote 
of  111  to  53,  the  division  being  practically  North  and  South.  Bishop 
James  0.  Andrew  had  married  a  slave  owner,  and  thereby  became  a  slave- 
owner, and  a  resolution  was  offered  suspending  him  from  episcopal  func- 
tions "so  long  as  this  impediment  remains."  After  a  protracted  debate, 
it  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  111  to  69.  The  Southern  members  then 
decided  to  withdraw  and  an  amicable  separation  was  arranged.  It  came 
in  good  time  for  the  church  in  the  North,  for  at  the  first  annual  con- 
ference of  the  Wesleyan  Connection  the  membership  was  reported  at 
15,000.  These  movements,  small  as  they  may  seem,  were  manifestations 
of  the  moral  awakening  that  was  going  on  in  the  North,  and  turning 
sympathy  towards  the  escaping  slave,  which  made  the  escape  of  fugitives 
through  the  northern  states  more  easy,  but  there  was  very  little  effort  to 
induce  slaves  to  run  away  until  after  the  passage  of  the  fugitive  slave 
law  of  1850,  and  what  there  was  was  chiefly  by  free  negroes.18 

Most  of  the  early  cases  of  work  by  white  men  in  this  line  were  purely 
individual  effort,  and  two  of  them  were  connected  with  Indiana.     The 


isSiebert's  Underground  Bailroad,  pp.  150-160. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  519 

first  was  that  of  Seth  Concklin,  a  young  man  of  Philadelphia,  who  read 
in  the  "Pennsylvania  Freeman"  the  story  of  Peter  Still,  whose  mother 
had  escaped  from  slavery  in  Maryland,  and  whose  enraged  master  had 
then  sold  him  South,  at  the  age  of  six.  For  more  than  forty  years  he 
labored  before  he  was  able  to  save  enough  to  purchase  his  freedom ;  and 
then,  returning  to  Philadelphia,  found  his  brother  William  agent  of  the 
Anti-Slavery  League.  He  was  joined  with  his  long  lost  family,  but 
mourned  his  wife  and  three  children  left  in  the  South.  In  a  spirit  of 
knight-errantry,  Concklin  volunteered  to  go  South  and  rescue  them. 
Peter  first  went  South,  reached  his  family  by  stealth,  and  arranged  for 
their  flight  when  Concklin  should  come,  taking  a  cape  and  other  trifles 
as  tokens,  by  which  they  should  know  Concklin  when  he  came.  Concklin 
went  to  Alabama  in  January,  1851,  got  in  touch  with  Still's  wife  and 
boys,  who  were  grown;  arranged  to  meet  them  at  the  Tennessee  river, 
seven  miles  above  Florence,  on  March  1st.  He  then  went  down  the 
Tennessee  by  steamer  to  learn  his  route ;  went  to  Cincinnati  to  see  Levi 
Coffin  and  get  information;  and  by  the  middle  of  February  was  in 
Gibson  County,  Indiana,  from  where  he  wrote  this  letter : 

"Princeton,  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  Feb.  18,  1851. 

"To  "Wm.  Still: — The  plan  is  to  go  to  Canada,  on  the  Wabash,  oppo- 
site Detroit,  (i.  e.  on  the  Wabash  route  to  a  point  in  Michigan  west  of 
Detroit).  There  are  four  routes  to  Canada.  One  through  Illinois,  com- 
mencing above  and  below  Alton;  one  through  to  North  Indiana,  and 
the  Cincinnati  route,  being  the  largest  route  in  the  United  States. 

"I  intended  to  have  gone  through  Pennsylvania,  but  the  risk  going 
up  the  Ohio  river  has  caused  me  to  go  to  Canada.  Steamboat  traveling 
is  universally  condemned;  though  many  go  in  boats,  consequently  many 
get  lost.  Going  in  a  skiff  is  new,  and  is  approved  of  in  my  case.  After 
I  arrive  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  river,  I  will  go  up  the  Ohio 
seventy-five  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash,  then  up  the  Wabash 
forty-four  miles  to  New  Harmony,  where  I  shall  go  ashore  by  night, 
and  go  thirteen  miles  east  to  Charles  Grier,  a  farmer,  (colored  man) 
who  will  entertain  us,  and  next  night  convey  us  sixteen  miles  to  David 
Stormon,  near  Princeton,  who  will  take  the  command  and  I  be  released. 

"David  Stormon  estimates  the  expenses  from  his  house  to  Canada 
at  forty  dollars,  without  which  no  sure  protection  will  be  given.  They 
might  be  instructed  concerning  the  course,  and  beg  their  way  through 
without  money.  If  you  wish  to  do  what  should  be  done,  you  will  send 
me  fifty  dollars,  in  a  letter,  to  Princeton,  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  so  as 
to  arrive  there  by  the  8th  of  March.  Eight  days  should  be  estimated  for 
a  letter  to  arrive  from  Philadelphia.  The  money  to  be  State  Bank  of 


520  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Ohio,  or  State  Bank,  or  Northern  Bank  of  Kentucky,  or  any  other  eastern 
bank.  Send  no  notes  larger  than  twenty  dollars.  Levi  Coffin  had  no 
money  for  me.  I  paid  twenty  dollars  for  the  skiff.  No  money  to  get 
back  to  Philadelphia.  It  was  not  understood  that  I  would  have  to  be 
at  any  expense  seeking  aid. 

"One-half  of  my  time  has  been  used  in  trying  to  find  persons  to 
assist,  when  I  may  arrive  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  which  I  have  failed, 
except  Stormon.  Having  no  letter  of  introduction  to  Stormon  from  any 
source,  on  which  I  could  fully  rely,  I  traveled  two  hundred  miles  around 
to  find  out  his  stability.  I  have  found  many  Abolitionists,  nearly  all 
who  have  made  propositions,  which  themselves  would  not  comply  with, 
and  nobody  else  would.  Already  I  have  traveled  over  three  thousand 
miles.  Two  thousand  and  four  hundred  by  steamboat,  two  hundred  by 
railroad,  one  hundred  by  stage,  four  hundred  on  foot,  forty-eight  in  a 
skiff.  I  have  yet  five  hundred  miles  to  go  to  the  plantation,  to  commence 
operations.  I  have  been  two  weeks  on  the  decks  of  steamboats,  three 
nights  out,  two  of  which  I  got  perfectly  wet.  If  I  had  paper  money, 
as  McKim  desired,  it  would  have  been  destroyed.  I  have  not  been  en- 
tertained gratis  at  any  place  except  Stormon 's.  I  had  one  hundred  and 
twenty-six  dollars  when  I  left  Philadelphia,  one  hundred  from  you, 
twenty-six  mine. 

"Telegraphed  to  station  at  Evansville,  thirty-three  miles  from  Stor- 
mon's,  and  at  Vinclure's  twenty-five  miles  from  Stormon 's.  The  Wabash 
route  is  considered  the  safest  route.  No  one  has  ever  been  lost  from 
Stormon 's  to  Canada.  Some  have  lost  between  Stormon 's  and  the  Ohio. 
The  wolves  have  never  suspected  Stormon.  Your  (i.  e.  anybody)  asking 
aid  in  money  for  a  case  properly  belonging  east  of  Ohio,  is  detested.  If 
you  have  sent  money  to  Cincinnati  you  should  recall  it.  I  will  have  no 
opportunity  to  use  it. 

"Seth  Concklin,  Princeton,  Gibson  county,  Ind. 

"P.  S.  First  of  April  will  be  about  the  time  Peter's  family  will 
arrive  opposite  Detroit.  You  should  inform  yourself  how  to  find  them 
there.  I  may  have  no  opportunity.  I  will  look  promptly  for  your  letter 
at  Princeton,  till  the  10th  of  March,  and  longer  if  there  should  have 
been  any  delay  by  the  mails." 

Concklin  made  his  way  to  the  rendezvous  in  Alabama,  with  his  skiff, 
and  met  the  Stills  at  the  appointed  time.  They  got  down  the  Tennessee 
in  safety,  although  hailed  once,  and  fired  at  by  a  patrol.  After  rowing 
for  seven  days  and  nights,  they  reached  New  Harmony,  and  made  their 
way  across  the  country  to  David  Stormont's  (the  "Stormon"  of  the 
above  letter — an  active  Underground  Railroad  man)  in  safety.  Here 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  521 

also  they  met  Rev.  N.  R.  Johnston,  a  Covenanter  minister,  who  had 
formerly  edited  the  "Free  Press"  at  New  Concord,  Ohio,  and  who  had 
met  Concklin  at  Cincinnati.  For  some  reason,  the  original  programme 
was  changed,  and  Concklin  started  on  north  with  the  negroes.  They  had 
reached  a  point  twenty-three  miles  above  Vincennes,  when,  during  a  tem- 
porary absence  of  Concklin,  they  were  arrested  on  suspicion  by  a  party 
of  "slave-catehers, "  and  carried  to  Vincennes,  from  which  point  tele- 
grams were  sent  through  the  South,  seeking  for  claimants.  Their  owner, 
B.  McKiernon,  of  South  Florence,  Alabama,  had  telegraphed  the  Mar- 
shal of  Evansville  to  be  on  the  look-out  for  them,  and  the  two  soon  ap- 
peared at  Vincennes  to  claim  them.  Concklin,  who  was  passing  under 
the  name  of  John  H.  Miller,  came  to  their  rescue,  and  tried  to  have  them 
released  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  but  was  himself  arrested  and  thrown 
into  jail.  As  soon  as  they  heard  of  the  capture,  Stormont  and  Johnston 
started  for  Vincennes,  but  learned  that  the  party  had  already  passed 
on  the  way  to  Evansville,  with  Concklin  in  chains.  Johnston  hurried 
to  Evansville,  to  find  that  they  had  taken  a  steamboat  there  three  hours 
before  he  had  arrived.  It  was  reported  that  Concklin  had  "escaped" 
somewhere  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cumberland  river.  Possibly  he  at- 
tempted to  do  so,  as  his  body  was  afterwards  found  in  the  river,  with 
hands  and  feet  chained,  and  his  skull  crushed.  Little  is  preserved  of 
his  antecedents  except  that  Still  says  that  when  his  sister  was  told  of 
his  fate,  she  said,  "it  was  only  natural  for  him  in  this  case  to  have  taken 
the  steps  he  did,"  and  "recalled  a  number  of  instances  of  his  heroic  and 
daring  deeds  for  others."  What  a  record!  Where  in  the  chronicles  of 
Froissart,  in  the  legends  of  the  Round  Table,  in  the  fairy  tales  of  cap- 
tives rescued  from  giants  and  ogres,  will  you  find  the  equal  of  this  story 
of  altruism?  He  was  not  seeking  the  release  of  a  princess  who  might 
reward  him  with  her  hand.  He  had  no  prospect  of  treasure  or  prefer- 
ment. He  was  not  a  Damon  going  to  the  relief  of  a  friend.  He  under- 
took an  almost  impossible  task  in  behalf  of  utter  strangers,  and  them  of 
a  despised  and  down-trodden  race.  He  had  no  hope  of  glory,  for  he 
knew  that  his  action  was  a  crime  by  the  laws  of  his  country.  It  is  not 
strange  that  when  Levi  Coffin  wrote  to  William  Still  of  Johnston  visiting 
him  and  telling  the  story,  he  said,  "We  wept  together." 

Of  course  the  public  knew  nothing  of  the  facts.  The  only  contempo- 
rary mention  of  the  case  in  Indiana,  that  I  have  found,  is  the  following 
from  the  Evansville  Daily  Journal,  of  April  15,  1851 : 

"FUGITIVE  SLAVES 

"We  take  the  following  letter  from  the  Cape  Girardeau  Eagle,  as 
it  relates  to  persons  who  left  this  city  not  a  great  while  back  in  company 


522  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

with  several  fugitive  slaves  arrested  in  this  state.  Th«  arrest  of  these 
slaves  was  effected  without  any  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  citizens 
of  Indiana,  thus  proving  their  faithfulness  to  the  laws,  and  the  utter 
idleness  of  those  attempts,  which  have  been  made  by  agitators  to  excite 
good  men  into  mutiny  and  mobocracy : 

"  'Steamer  Paul  Anderson,  April  1,  1851. 
'"Mr.  Editor: 

' '  '  We  had  quite  an  adventure  on  this  boat  last  night.  At  Evansville 
we  took  on  board  a  Mr.  B.  McKennon,  of  Florence,  Alabama,  with  four 
or  five  negroes  that  had  been  stolen  from  him  in  Alabama,  by  some 
Abolitionists,  one  of  whom  he  had  manacled.  The  negroes  and  the  thief 
were  taken  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  and  the  owner  permitted  to  take 
them  out  of  the  state  without  any  difficulty  and  brought  on  board  this 
boat.  But  at  this  stage  of  affairs,  his  trouble  seemed  to  begin — for  there 
was  on  board  a  lot  of  emigrants  from  Ohio,  many  of  them  were  ranting 
Abolitionist  and  who  raised  a  perfect  storm.  Colonel  Benton  is  on 
board,  and  he  was  appealed  to,  to  give  "aid  and  comfort"  but  he  sent 
them  with  a  flea  in  their  ears,  and  told  them  he  had  nothing  to  say  where 
property  was  the  matter  of  controversy. 

"  'Notwithstanding,  the  criminal,  who  called  himself  "Miller,"  ac- 
knowledged that  he  and  four  others  had  stolen  the  negroes,  carried 
them  into  a  skiff  down  the  Tennessee  river,  up  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Wabash,  and  up  that  river  to  Harmony,  and  then  by  land  to  Knox 
County  (near  Vincennes).  The  men  did  all  they  could  to  get  the  Cap- 
tain to  put  to  shore  in  order  to  have  him  released,  which  he  peremptorily 
refused  to  do.  The  boat  landed  at  Smithland  and  while  there  the  prisoner 
escaped  to  the  great  joy  of  the  worthy  Ohioans.  I  ascertained  the 
names  of  the  two  of  them; — Wright,  a  chap  with  one  eye,  and  wears 
green  spectacles — the  other  a  Mr.  Meechan. 

"  'We  have  since  understood  that  the  body  of  a  man  was  found  in  the 
river  below  Smithland,  in  irons  and  much  bruised  as  if  struck  by  a 
steamboat  wheel.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  that  of  Miller.'  " 

Rev.  N.  R.  Johnston  went  down  the  river  on  the  next  boat  after  that 
carrying  the  prisoners,  and  made  inquiries  along  the  way.  Years  after- 
wards he  published  a  book,  "Looking  Back  from  Sunset  Land,"  in 
which  he  gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  case.  He  had  got  the  idea  that 
the  officer  from  Evansville  was  an  United  States  Marshal,  but  it  was  in 
fact  the  City  Marshal  of  Evansville,  J.  S.  Gavitt,  who  had  attained  some 
celebrity  as  a  slave-catcher.  He  went  down  the  river  with  McKiernon 
and  the  captives,  and  in  the  night,  after  leaving  Paducah,  went  to  sleep, 
and  left  McKiernon  on  guard.  As  to  Concklin  '&  death,  Johnston  found 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


523 


three  theories  in  circulation :  first,  that  Concklin  had  jumped  overboard, 
intending  to  drown  himself  rather  than  be  taken  to  Alabama  for  trial; 
second,  that  he  had  jumped  overboard  expecting  to  escape,  but  had 
accidentally  struck  his  head,  as  "on  one  side  of  his  head  was  a  severe 
wound,  probably  a  broken  skull ' ' ;  and  third  that  McKiernon  had  killed 
him  and  thrown  him  overboard.  The  last  was  believed  by  Johnston, 


who  gives  these  reasons  for  his  belief:  "It  was  said,  but  upon  what 
authority  I  do  not  remember,  that  McKiernon  had  promised  to  pay  the 
United  States  Marshal  one  thousand  dollars  on  condition  that  he  would 
return  the  fugitives  and  the  man  Miller  at  South  Florence,  Alabama. 
As  at  Paducah  Miller  was  found  dead,  and  as  the  four  slaves  were  in 
the  possession  of  the  master  in  his  own  state,  he  had  no  more  need  of  the 
Marshal  who  now  returned  to  Evansville.  Report  said  moreover,  that 
McKiernon  and  the  Marshal  had  quarreled  about  the  money  promised, 
the  former  refusing  to  pay  because  Miller  had  not  been  returned  accord- 


• 


522 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


with  several  fugitive  slaves  arrested  in  this  state.  The  arrest  of  these 
slaves  was  effected  without  any  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  citizens 
of  Indiana,  thus  proving  their  faithfulness  to  the  laws,  and  the  utter 
idleness  of  those  attempts,  which  have  been  made  by  agitators  to  excite 
good  men  into  mutiny  and  mobocracy : 

"  'Steamer  Paul  Anderson,  April  1,  1851. 
"  'Mr.  Editor: 

"  'We  had  quite  an  adventure  on  this  boat  last  night.  At  Evansville 
we  took  on  board  a  Mr.  B.  McKennon,  of  Florence,  Alabama,  with  four 
or  five  negroes  that  had  been  stolen  from  him  in  Alabama,  by  some 
Abolitionists,  one  of  whom  he  had  manacled.  The  negroes  and  the  thief 
were  taken  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  and  the  owner  permitted  to  take 
them  out  of  the  state  without  any  difficulty  and  brought  on  board  this 
boat.  But  at  this  stage  of  affairs,  his  trouble  seemed  to  begin — for  there 
was  on  board  a  lot  of  emigrants  from  Ohio,  many  of  them  were  ranting 
Abolitionist  and  who  raised  a  perfect  storm.  Colonel  Benton  is  on 
board,  and  he  was  appealed  to,  to  give  "aid  and  comfort"  but  he  sent 
them  with  a  flea  in  their  ears,  and  told  them  he  had  nothing  to  say  where 
property  was  the  matter  of  controversy. 

"  'Notwithstanding,  the  criminal,  who  called  himself  "Miller,"  ac- 
knowledged that  he  and  four  others  had  stolen  the  negroes,  carried 
them  into  a  skiff  down  the  Tennessee  river,  up  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Wabash,  and  up  that  river  to  Harmony,  and  then  by  land  to  Knox 
County  (near  Vincennes).  The  men  did  all  they  could  to  get  the  Cap- 
tain to  put  to  shore  in  order  to  have  him  released,  which  he  peremptorily 
refused  to  do.  The  boat  landed  at  Smithland  and  while  there  the  prisoner 
escaped  to  the  great  joy  of  the  worthy  Ohioans.  I  ascertained  the 
names  of  the  two  of  them ; — Wright,  a  chap  with  one  eye,  and  wears 
green  spectacles — the  other  a  Mr.  Meechan. 

' '  '  We  have  since  understood  that  the  body  of  a  man  was  found  in  the 
river  below  Smithland,  in  irons  and  much  bruised  as  if  struck  by  a 
steamboat  wheel.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  that  of  Miller.'  ' 

Rev.  N.  R.  Johnston  went  down  the  river  on  the  next  boat  after  that 
carrying  the  prisoners,  and  made  inquiries  along  the  way.  Years  after- 
wards he  published  a  book,  "Looking  Back  from  Sunset  Land,"  in 
which  he  gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  case.  He  had  got  the  idea  that 
the  officer  from  Evansville  was  an  United  States  Marshal,  but  it  was  in 
fact  the  City  Marshal  of  Evansville,  J.  S.  Gavitt,  who  had  attained  some 
celebrity  as  a  slave-catcher.  He  went  down  the  river  with  McKiernon 
and  the  captives,  and  in  the  night,  after  leaving  Paducah,  went  to  sleep, 
and  left  McKiernon  on  guard.  As  to  Concklin's  death,  Johnston  found 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


523 


three  theories  in  circulation :  first,  that  Concklin  had  jumped  overboard, 
intending  to  drown  himself  rather  than  be  taken  to  Alabama  for  trial; 
second,  that  he  had  jumped  overboard  expecting  to  escape,  but  had 
accidentally  struck  his  head,  as  "on  one  side  of  his  head  was  a  severe 
wound,  probably  a  broken  skull : ' ;  and  third  that  McKiernon  had  killed 
him  and  thrown  him  overboard.  The  last  was  believed  by  Johnston, 


<><"  - 


'    '          /'  '       '      J 
•/  .-  /  <J  /  '  '    /ft    I  /  /, 

' 


who  gives  these  reasons  for  his  belief:  "It  was  said,  but  upon  what 
authority  I  do  not  remember,  that  McKiernon  had  promised  to  pay  the 
United  States  Marshal  one  thousand  dollars  on  condition  that  he  would 
return  the  fugitives  and  the  man  Miller  at  South  Florence,  Alabama. 
As  at  Paducah  Miller  was  found  dead,  and  as  the  four  slaves  were  in 
the  possession  of  the  master  in  his  own  state,  he  had  no  more  need  of  the 
Marshal  who  now  returned  to  Evansville.  Report  said  moreover,  that 
McKiernon  and  the  Marshal  had  quarreled  about  the  money  promised, 
the  former  refusing  to  pay  because  Miller  had  not  been  returned  accord- 


524  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ing  to  contract;  this  probably  had  not  been  written.  Then  the  suppo- 
sition was  inferred  that  in  order  to  have  revenge  upon  the  man  who  had 
taken  away  his  property,  and  to  get  rid  of  the  payment  of  one  thousand 
dollars,  he  had  taken  a  bludgeon  or  something  and  had  struck  the  fatal 
blow  on  the  head  of  Miller,  and  then  threw  him  overboard,  expecting 
to  escape  detection  as  all  were  fast  asleep  and  none  could  testify  to  the 
facts  which  would  condemn  the  murderer. ' ' 

Concklin's  case  is  almost  equaled  by  that  of  Calvin  Fairbank,  who 
was  born  in  New  York  in  1816,  of  Quaker  parents,  and  attended  Oberlin 
College.  He  contracted  an  intense  hatred  of  slavery  when  a  child,  listen- 
ing to  the  stories  of  an  escaped  slave ;  and  began  his  work  of  liberation 
at  the  age  of  21,  when  taking  a  raft  of  lumber  down  the  Ohio.  He  put 
nine  fugitives  across  the  river  on  that  trip,  and  although  he  spent  more 
than  seventeen  years  in  prison,  he  says:  "Forty-seven  slaves  I  guided 
toward  the  north  star,  in  violation  of  the  state  codes  of  Virginia  and 
Kentucky.  I  piloted  them  through  the  forests,  mostly  by  night;  girls, 
fair  and  white,  dressed  as  ladies;  men  and  boys,  as  gentlemen,  or 
servants;  men  in  women's  clothes,  and  women  in  men's  clothes;  boys 
dressed  as  girls,  and  girls  as  boys ;  on  foot  or  on  horseback,  in  buggies, 
carriages,  common  wagons,  in  and  under  loads  of  hay,  straw,  old  fur- 
niture, boxes  and  bags;  crossing  the  Jordan  of  the  slave,  swimming  or 
wading  chin  deep;  or  in  boats  or  skiffs;  on  rafts,  and  often  on  a  pine 
log.  And  I  never  suffered  one  to  be  recaptured.19  In  September,  1844, 
he  and  Miss  D.  A.  Webster,  a  Vermont  girl  who  was  assisting  him  in 
teaching  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  took  three  slaves,  Lewis  Hayden,  his 
wife  and  boy,  across  the  Ohio  in  a  carriage,  and  started  them  on  their 
way  to  freedom.  They  returned,  and  were  arrested,  and  Miss  Webster 
was  tried  first,  and  sentenced  to  two  years  in  the  penitentiary.  Learning 
that  the  governor  was  inclined  to  pardon  Miss  Webster  if  he  were  con- 
victed, Fairbank  pleaded  guilty,  in  February,  1845,  and  was  sentenced 
to  fifteen  years  in  the  penitentiary.  He  served  until  pardoned  on  August 
23,  1849,  by  Governor  John  J.  Crittenden.  In  a  little  more  than  two 
years  he  was  arrested  again,  this  time  in  Indiana,  whither  he  had  carried 
oft*  a  mulatto  girl  named  Tamar,  the  property  of  A.  L.  Shotwell  of  Louis- 
ville. Without  any  legal  formalities,  he  was  taken  to  Louisville,  where 
he  was  tried  in  February,  1853,  and  again  sentenced  for  fifteen  years. 
The  Civil  War  came  on,  but  Kentucky  remained  in  the  Union  and  held 
her  slaves.  Governor  Bramlette,  although  a  strong  Union  man,  refused 
to  pardon  so  notorious  an  offender  as  Fairbank.  In  July,  1864,  President 
Lincoln  put  Kentucky  under  military  rule,  and  sent  Gen.  Speed  S.  Fry 


i»  During  Slavery  Times,  p.  10. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  525 

to  enroll  the  negroes,  jn  the  state.  On  account  of  interference  with 
this,  Governor  Bramlette  was  summoned  to  Washington  to  answer 
charges,  and  Lieutenant  Governor  Richard  T.  Jacob  became  acting  Gov- 
ernor. Jacob  was  a  son-in-law  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  and  a  slave-holder, 
but  of  anti-slavery  tendencies.  On  his  first  day  as  Governor,  General 
Fry  remarked  to  him :  ' '  Governor,  the  President  thinks  it  would  be  well 
to  make  this  Fairbank  's  day ' ' ;  and  on  the  following  morning  Fair  bank 
was  pardoned.20 

These  isolated  cases  attracted  very  little  attention  in  Indiana  outside 
of  the  little  circle  that  were  acquainted  with  the  real  facts,  and  they  kept 
quiet,  for  obvious  reasons.  There  had  been  other  cases,  however,  that  did 
attract  attention,  and  that  showed  the  trend  of  public  sympathy,  and 
the  growing  suspicion  of  attempts  to  carry  negroes  away  from  the  state. 
The  first  of  these  occurred  in  1844.  For  five  or  six  years  a  negro  named 
Sam,  with  his  wife  and  child,  had  been  living  in  Hamilton  County,  when 
a  man  named  Vaughan,  from  Missouri,  appeared  and  claimed  them  as 
slaves.  He  made  no  public  announcement,  but  secured  the  assistance 
of  a  constable,  and  several  men  who  were  willing  to  become  slave-catchers 
for  pay ;  went  to  Sam 's  cabin  and  demanded  admittance,  which  was  re- 
fused. They  then  threw  down  the  chimney  and  pried  the  door  off  its 
hinges,  after  which  the  inmates  surrendered.  By  this  time  it  was  day, 
and  the  neighbors  began  to  gather.  The  party  started  for  Noblesville, 
five  miles  away,  but  some  of  the  party  insisted  that  they  should  stop  at 
the  farm  of  a  Mr.  Anthony  for  breakfast,  which  was  done  over  Vaughan 's 
protest.  A  delay  of  two  or  three  hours  was  managed  at  this  point,  and 
then  they  started  on,  with  the  negroes  in  a  wagon  furnished  by  Anthony. 
Apparently  an  alarm  had  been  sent  out,  for  when  they  reached  the  fork 
of  the  road  to  Westfield,  a  couple  of  miles  out  of  Noblesville,  the  party 
had  grown  to  150.  At  this  point  the  driver  of  the  wagon  turned  up  the 
Westfield  road  and  whipped  up  his  horses.  Vaughan  tried  to  stop 
them,  but  was  obstructed,  and  they  got  away.  Vaughan  then  brought 
suit  against  a  man  named  Williams,  who  had  shown  an  active  interest 
in  the  negroes,  which  was  tried  at  the  May  term  of  the  U.  S.  Circuit 
Court,  1845.  It  was  shown  that  Williams  was  not  near  the  wagon  when 
the  escape  was  made;  and  also  that  a  former  owner  of  Sam  and  his 
.wife,  named  Tipton,  had  taken  them  into  Illinois  and  kept  them  there 
for  six  months,  when,  on  account  of  talk  among  the  neighbors  that  they 
were  freed,  he  ran  them  off  in  the  night  to  Missouri.  Here  they  were 
sold,  finally  passing  to  Vaughan,  and  in  April,  1837,  they  ran  away. 
The  jury  found  for  the  defendant.21 


2°  Siebert's  Underground  Railroad,  pp.  157-9.    This  is  by  far  the  most  exhaustive 
work  on  this  subject. 

21  Vaughan  vs.  Williams,  3  McLean,  p.  530.  :  . : 


526  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  1849  a  case  came  up  from  Decatur  County.  Woodson  Clark,  living 
near  Clarksburg,  twelve  miles  northeast  of  Greensburg,  saw  a  child 
carrying  food  to  the  barn  of  his  neighbor,  Jane  Speed,  a  colored  woman, 
living  on  "the  Peyton  place,"  and  proceeded  to  investigate.  He  found 
a  negro  woman  and  four  children,  who  had  escaped  on  October  31,  1847, 
two  days  earlier,  from  George  Ray,  a  tavern  keeper  in  Kemble  County, 
Kentucky.  Clark,  who  had  seen  the  negroes  at  Ray 's,  told  them  he  would 
take  them  to  a  safer  place,  and  locked  them  up  in  his  son 's  fodder  house. 
News  of  this  came  promptly  to  friends  of  the  fugitives,  and  .Luther 
Donnell  and  William  Hamilton  got  out  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  on  in- 
formation that  they  were  at  Woodson  Clark's  house.  They  reached  his 
house  after  night,  and  searched  it,  but  found  nobody,  and  went  away. 
Richard  Clark,  the  son,  swore  that,  anticipating  an  attempt  to  release 
the  negroes,  he  watched  his  fodder  house,  and  that  between  three  and 
four  o'clock  in  the  morning  he  saw  Donnell  a°nd  Hamilton  come  and  take 
them  away,  while  he  was  hid  in  a  fence  corner.  Ray  sued  Donnell  and 
Hamilton  in  the  U.  S.  Court  for  the  value  of  the  negroes,  and  the  case 
came  on  for  trial  at  the  May  term,  1849.  The  testimony  was  very  con- 
flicting, some  of  the  witnesses  swearing  that  Richard  Clark  had  said  that 
the  fugitives  were  released  by  negroes.  Whatever  the  truth,  there  was 
so  much  sturdy  lying  in  the  testimony  that  the  Court  observed :  ' '  Never 
in  my  experience  have  I  witnessed  so  great  a  conflict  of  statements  among 
respectable  witnesses."  He  instructed  the  jury,  however,  that  they 
might  make  up  their  minds  from  circumstantial  evidence,  reminded 
them  of  the  defendants  getting  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  and  dilated 
on  the  importance  of  enforcing  the  law.  The  jury  gave  a  verdict  for 
$1,500  damages.  The  probabilities  seem  to  be  that  Clark  lied  about  seeing 
them,  and  that  the  Court  was  wrong  in  guessing  that  they  released  the 
negroes.22  Donnell  was  a  station  agent  of  the  Underground  Railroad, 
but  in  a  statement  made  years  afterwards,  Hamilton  frankly  told  how 
the  negroes  were  brought  in  on  the  Underground ;  how  Clark  lured  them 
away  under  pretense  of  taking  them  to  a  safer  place ;  how  he  and  Donnell 
failed  in  their  search ;  and  how  the  woman  made  her  escape,  and  fell 
in  with  some  colored  men  who  rescued  the  entire  party,  and  got  them 
out  of  the  neighborhood.23  Action.-^vas  also  brought  against  Donnell 
for  the  $500  penalty  prescribed  by  ''the  State  law  for  aiding  a  fugitive 
slave,  but  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  the  State  law  was  unconstitu- 
tional, and  the  jurisdiction  wholly  in  the  federal  courts.24 


22  Ray  vs.  Donnell  and  Hamilton,  4  McLean,  p.  504. 

23  History  of  Decatur  County,  p.  399. 

«  Donnell  vs.  State,  3  Ind.,  p.  480,  following  the  U.  S.  Court  in  Prigg  vs.  Penn- 
sylvania, 16  Peters,  p.  613.  . 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  527 

Perhaps  the  most  exciting  of  the  Indiana  slave  cases  was  one  in 
St.  Joseph  County  in  1849.  In  1847,  four  slaves  escaped  from  John 
Norris,  in  Boone  County,  Kentucky,  and  made  their  way  to  Cass  County, 
Michigan,  where  they  located  in  a  settlement  of  negroes,  with  abolitionist 
neighbors.  Two  years  later  Norris  learned  where  they  were;  made  up 
an  armed  party;  went  quietly  to  Michigan;  broke  open  their  house  in 
the  night ;  captured  the  negroes,  and  got  them  into  Indiana,  below  South 
Bend.  Alarm  was  given,  and  a  neighbor  followed;  secured  the  aid  of 
Edwin  B.  Crocker,  an  attorney;  obtained  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus;  went 
out  with  a  party ;  and  found  Norris  and  his  captives,  who  had  stopped 
to  get  some  food.  The  Norris  party  drew  weapons  and  showed  fight, 
but  finally  consented  to  obey  the  writ,  and  the  negroes  were  taken  to 
South  Bend  and  lodged  in  jail.  Armed  negroes  began  coming  in  from 
Michigan,  and  by  the  time  of  the  hearing  there  was  a  fair  sized  mob  on 
hand.  The  Court  released  the  negroes,  but  in  the  meantime  Norris  had 
got  out  warrants  for  their  arrest  under  the  State  law,  and  his  party  drew 
their  weapons,  and  seized  the  negroes  in  the  court  room.  After  some 
parley  they  were  again  taken  to  jail,  and  another  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
was  taken  out.  Norris  and  his  party  were  arrested  on  charges  of  assault 
and  riot,  but  these  were  not  pressed.  Concluding  that  it  was  hopeless  to 
get  the  negroes  away,  he  refused  to  attend  the  second  hearing,  and  said 
he  would  hold  the  people  responsible  who  had  interfered  with  him. 
The  negroes  were  released  and  hurried  off  to  Canada.  Norris  brought 
suit  in  the  U.  S.  Court  against  Leander  Newton,  Crocker,  and  others, 
and  at  the  trial,  in  1850,  recovered  judgment  for  $2,850.25  There  were 
twelve  additional  suits  brought  for  the  $500  penalty  under  the  State 
law  but  these  were  disposed  of  by  the  law's  being  held  unconstitutional. 

By  these  and  similar  cases  elsewhere,  it  was  made  manifest  that  the 
federal  courts  would  enforce  the  law,  and  that  open  violation  was  dan- 
gerous. The  new  law  of  1850  was  still  more  stringent,  but  instead  of 
preventing  aid  to  fugitive  slaves,  it  merely  increased  the  secrecy  of  their 
frrends  and  stimulated  them  to  greater  activity.  In  1851  there  came  to 
the  farm  of  Col.  James  W.  Cockrum,  at  the  site  of  .Oakland  City,  Gibson 
County,  a  man  known  as  John  Hansen.  He  apparently  knew  where  he 
was  coming,  for  the  two  were  seen  on  confidential  terms,  and  Hansen 
made  the  house  his  headquarters  for  more  than  five  years  after.  Cockrum 
was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in  1799.  He  migrated  to  Tennessee,  and  in 
1816  to  Indiana,  locating  in  Gibson  County.  He  was  a  man  of  superior 
intelligence  and  business  capacity,  and  soon  became  active  in  flat-boating 
produce  to  New  Orleans.  He  then  got  into  the  steamboat  business  on 


25  Norris  vs.  Newton,  5  McLean,  p.  92.    Howard 's,  Hist  St.  Joseph  Co.,  p.  202. 


528 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


southern  rivers  for  ten  years,  during  which  he  owned  and  operated 
consecutively  two  boats,  the  "Otsego"  and  the  "Nile."  Later  he  devoted 
his  attention  to  farming  and  mercantile  business  in  Gibson  County.  He 
was  a  zealous  Baptist,  a  champion  of  free  schools,  and  an  ardent  temper- 
ance and  anti-slavery  man.  Politically  he  was  a  Whig,  later  a  Republi- 
can, and  represented  his  county  in  the  legislature  of  1848  and  1852. 


COL.  JAMES  W.  COCKRUM 
(Of  Executive  Committee  of  Anti-Slavery  League) 

He  had  his  title  from  service  in  the  militia  as  colonel.  Hansen  passed 
as  the  representative  of  a  Philadelphia  real  estate  firm,  and  incidentally 
was  interested  in  natural  history.  One  day  he  was  bitten  by  a  poisonous 
snake  that  he  was  trying  to  capture,  and  for  ten  weeks  was  laid  up  at 
the  Cockrum  home,  having  a  narrow  escape  from  death  from  the  effects 
of  the  poison.  During  this  time  the  Colonel's  youngest  son,  William, 
went  to  Princeton  for  his  mail,  and  finally  was  taken  into  his  confidence, 
and  attended  to  his  correspondence;  and  to  this  personal  acquaintance 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  529 

Indiana  is  indebted-  for  the  most  explicit  account  of  the  work  of  the 
Underground  Railroad  in  Indiana  that  has  ever  been  made  public,  for 
young  Cockrum  entered  into  it  with  zest  and,  having  historical  tastes, 
collected  a  mine  of  information  on  the  subject,  which  he  has  recounted 
with  perfect  frankness  in  a  volume  that  is  as  thrilling  as  any  novel.26 

Hansen,  whose  real  name  was  John  T.  Hanover,  was  an  agent  of  the 
Anti-slavery  League,  and  the  Superintendent  of  its  work  in  Indiana. 
The  organization  was  extensive,  controlled  by  men  of  ability,  and  well 
supplied  with  funds.  Cockrura  says:  "They  had  a  detective  and  spy 
system  that  was  far  superior  to  anything  the  slave  holders  of  the  United 
States  had.  There  were  as  many  as  fifty  educated  and  intelligent  young 
and  middle-aged  men  on  duty  from  some  ways  above  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, along  down  the  Ohio  on  'both  sides  of  it  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
These  men  had  different  occupations.  Some  were  book  agents  and  other 
sort  of  agents;  some  were  singing  teachers,  school  teachers,  writing 
teachers  and  others  map  makers,  carrying  surveying  and  drawing  outfits 
for  that  purpose ;  some  were  real  Yankee  peddlers ;  some  were  naturalists 
and  geologists  carrying  their  hammers  and  nets  for  that  purpose.  They 
belonged  to  any  and  all  sorts  of  occupations  and  professions  that  gave 
them  the  best  opportunity  to  become  acquainted  and  mix  with  the  people 
and  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  traveled  ways  of  the  country.  They  never 
engaged  in  political  arguments,  making  it  a  point  always  to  acquiesce 
with  the  sentiment  of  the  majority  of  the  people  they  were  associating 
with.  There  were  ten  young  men  who  were  carried  on  the  rolls  of  the 
anti-slavery  league  who  took  upon  themselves  the  role  of  a  spy.  These 
spies  were  loud  in  their  pro-slavery  talk  and  were  in  full  fellowship  with 
those  who  were  in  favor  of  slavery.  In  this  way  they  learned  the  move- 
ments of  those  who  aided  the  slave  masters  in  hunting  their  runaways 
and  were  often  enabled  to  put  them  on  the  wrong  track,  thus  .helping 
those  who  were  piloting  the  runaways  to  place  them  beyond  the  chance 
of  recapture.  There  was  also  a  superintendent  for  each  of  the  four 
states,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  who  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  men  working  in  the  state  that  he  was  assigned  to."  There 
were  soon  four  regular  crossing  places  established  on  the  Ohio  between 
the  Falls  and  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash ;  one  at  Diamond  island,  one  near 
the  mouth  of  Little  Pigeon,  on,e  between  Owensboro  and  Rockport,  and 
one  near  the  mouth  of  Indian  Creek  in  Harrison  County.  At  these 
places  there  were  men,  usually  supposed  to  be  fishermen,  who  were  al- 
ways prepared  to  take  fugitive  parties  across  the  river. 

Han'sen  left  nothing  unprovided  for.    He  called  on  A.  L.  Robinson, 


28  The  Underground  Railroad,  Oakland  City,  1915. 
Vol.  I— 34 


528 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


southern  rivers  for  ten  years,  during  which  he  owned  and  operated 
consecutively  two  boats,  the  "Otsego"  and  the  "Nile."  Later  he  devoted 
his  attention  to  farming  and  mercantile  business  in  Gibson  County.  He 
was  a  zealous  Baptist,  a  champion  of  free  schools,  and  an  ardent  temper- 
ance and  anti-slavery  man.  Politically  he  was  a  Whig,  later  a  Republi- 
can, and  represented  his  county  in  the  legislature  of  1848  and  1852. 


COL.  JAMES  W.  COCKRUM 
(Of  Executive  Committee  of  Anti-Slavery  League) 


He  had  his  title  from  service  in  the  militia  as  colonel.  Hansen  passed 
as  the  representative  of  a  Philadelphia  real  estate  firm,  and  incidentally 
was  interested  in  natural  history.  One  day  he  was  bitten  by  a  poisonous 
snake  that  he  was  trying  to  capture,  and  for  ten  weeks  was  laid  up  at 
the  Cockrum  home,  having  a  narrow  escape  from  death  from  the  effects 
of  the  poison.  During  this  time  the  Colonel's  youngest  son,  William, 
went  to  Princeton  for  his  mail,  and  finally  was  taken  into  his  confidence, 
and  attended  to  his  correspondence;  and  to  this  personal  acquaintance 


•   , 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  529 

Indiana  is  indebted  for  the  most  explicit  account  of  the  work  of  the 
Underground  Railroad  in  Indiana  that  has  ever  been  made  public,  for 
young  Cockrum  entered  into  it  with  zest  and,  having  historical  tastes, 
collected  a  mine  of  information  on  the  subject,  which  he  has  recounted 
with  perfect  frankness  in  a  volume  that  is  as  thrilling  as  any  novel.20 

Hansen,  whose  real  name  was  John  T.  Hanover,  was  an  agent  of  the 
Anti-slavery  League,  and  the  Superintendent  of  its  work  in  Indiana. 
The  organixation  was  extensive,  controlled  by  men  of  ability,  and  well 
supplied  with  funds.  Cockrum  says:  "They  had  a  detective  and  spy 
system  that  was  far  superior  to  anything  the  slave  holders  of  the  United 
States  had.  There  were  as  many  as  fifty  educated  and  intelligent  young 
and  middle-aged  men  on  duty  from  some  ways  above  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, along  down  the  Ohio  on  both  sides  of  it  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
These  men  had  different  occupations.  Some  were  book  agents  and  other 
sort  of  agents;  some  were  singing  teachers,  school  teachers,  writing 
teachers  and  others  map  makers,  carrying  surveying  and  drawing  outfits 
for  that  purpose ;  some  were  real  Yankee  peddlers ;  some  were  naturalists 
and  geologists  carrying  their  hammers  and  nets  for  that  purpose.  They 
belonged  to  any  and  all  sorts  of  occupations  and  professions  that  gave 
them  the  best  opportunity  to  become  acquainted  and  mix  with  the  people 
and  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  traveled  ways  of  the  country.  They  never 
engaged  in  political  arguments,  making  it  a  point  always  to  acquiesce 
with  the  sentiment  of  the  majority  of  the  people  they  were  associating 
with.  There  were  ten  young  men  who  were  carried  on  the  rolls  of  the 
anti-slavery  league  who  took  upon  themselves  the  role  of  a  spy.  These 
spies  were  loud  in  their  pro-slavery  talk  and  were  in  full  fellowship  with 
those  who  were  in  favor  of  slavery.  In  this  way  they  learned  the  move- 
ments of  those  who  aided  the  slave  masters  in  hunting  their  runaways 
and  were  often  enabled  to  put  them  on  the  wrong  track,  thus  .helping 
those  who  were  piloting  the  runaways  to  place  them  beyond  the  chance 
of  recapture.  There  was  also  a  superintendent  for  each  of  the  four 
states,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  who  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  men  working  in  the  state  that  he  was  assigned  to."  There 
were  soon  four  regular  crossing  places  established  on  the  Ohio  between 
the  Falls  and  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash ;  one  at  Diamond  island,  one  near 
the  mouth  of  Little  Pigeon,  one  between  Owensboro  and  Rockport,  and 
one  near  the  mouth  of  Indian  Creek  in  Harrison  County.  At  these 
places  there  were  men,  usually  supposed  to  be  fishermen,  who  were  al- 
ways prepared  to  take  fugitive  parties  across  the  river. 

Hansen  left  nothing  unprovided  for.    He  called  on  A.  L.  Robinson, 


26  The  Underground  Railroad,  Oakland  City,  1915. 

Vol.  1—34 


. 

• 
. 


530  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  well  known  Evansville  attorney,  and  paid  him  a  retainer  of  $250 
to  attend  to  any  cases  that  might  come  up  in  his  vicinity.  Cockrum 
says:  "Hansen  was  working  and  traveling  over  the  first  three  or  four 
tiers  of  counties  all  along  the  southern  borders  of  Indiana  and  pretended 
to  be  representing  an  eastern  real-estate  firm  from  which  he  received 
large  packages  of  mail  at  many  of  the  county  seats  and  large  towns  all 
along  southern  Indiana.  The  young  men  assigned  to  do  this  hazardous 
work  under  him  were  men  who  could  be  depended  upon  to  do  it  in  a  way 
that  no  suspicion  of  their  real  mission  would  be  had.  They  were  under 
a  most  perfect  discipline,  similar  to  that  the  secret  service  men  were 
under  during  the  war  times  in  the  sixties.  There  was  a  code  used  that 
each  man  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with.  It  had  their  numbers  and 
all  that  was  said  or  done  about  him  was'  by  number,  which  numbers  were 
referred  to  as  numbers  of  land,  towns,  ranges  and  sections  and  by  acres 
when  the  numbers  were  above  thirty-six.  The  routes  these  men  were 
on  were  called  by  the  names  of  timber,  such  as  linden,  oak,  maple, 
hickory,  walnut,  dogwood,  sassafras,  beech  and  all  the  sorts  of  timber 
that  were  native  of  the  country  in  which  they  worked."  But  the  work 
was  not  all  done  north  of  the  river.  A  part  of  the  men  were  constantly 
employed  in  the  South,  getting  slaves  to  run  away,  and  piloting  them  to 
safety.  This  was  the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  work,  and  all  sorts 
of  ingenious  schemes  were  resorted  to  for  the  accomplishment  of  the 
objects  of  the  organization.  Mr.  Cockrum  informs  me  that  the  members 
were  all  under  a  rigid  oath,  and  any  revelation  of  material  matters  was 
punishable  with  death.  The  results  of  this  work  were  remarkable.  In 
1865,  Hanover  said:  "I  can't  say  for  certain  how  many  fugitive  slaves 
passed  through  the  hands  of  the  men  on  duty  in  my  district  on  the  Ohio 
river,  but  for  the  seven  years  more  than  an  average  of  four  thousand 
each  year. ' '  27  This  seems  almost  incredible,  and  yet  it  is  in  fair  harmony 
with  the  claims  of  losses  made  by  Southerners.28  The  difficulty  of  arriv- 
ing at  a  correct  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  work  is  very  great.  The  census 
of  1850  returned  only  1,011  slaves  escaped  from  their  masters  in  that 
year,  and  the  census  of  1860  returned  only  803,  but  these  figures  did  not 
agree  with  current  opinion,  and  this  was  noted  at  the  time.  The  Madison 
Courier,  which  was  not  an  anti-slavery  paper,  in  discussing  the  figures 
of  1850,  said:  "The  public  impression  as  to  the  number  of  fugitives 
which  may  have  been  at  any  time  or  that  now  remain  in  the  North  is 
undoubtedly  immensely  exaggerated."29  In  the  census  report  for  1860, 
it  is  claimed  that  the  figures  as  to  the  fugitive  slaves  are  accurate,  but 


27  Cockrum  'a  Underground  Railroad,  p.  320. 
28Siebert's  Underground  Railroad,  pp.  341-352. 
29  Courier,  April  2,  1851. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


531 


if  they  are  no  better  than  the  figures  of  the  Canadian  census  for  the 
same  years,  they  are"  of  little  value.  The  Canadian  census  of  1851  re- 
ported 2,095  negroes  in  Upper,  or  West  Canada,  but  gave  figures  for  only 
one-sixth  of  the  districts,  and  said  in  a  footnote  that  there  were  8,000. 
In  Lower  Canada  it  reported  only  18  negroes,  but  these  were  in  three 
of  the  38  districts.  In  1861,  11,223  negroes  were  reported  from  two- 


JOHN  T.  HANOVER 

(Alias  John  Hansen;  Superintendent  of  Anti-Slavery  League, 

in  Indiana) 


thirds  of  the  West  Canada  districts,  and  190  from  Lower  Canada.  It  is 
unquestionable  that  the  migration  to  Canada  was  greater  in  this  decade 
than  in  any  other,  for  in  addition  to  those  going  direct,  many  who  had 
stopped  in  the  Northern  states  fled  to  Canada  on  account  of  the  law  of 
1850..  Cockrum  says  that  in  addition  to  the  crossing  in  the  vicinity  of 
Detroit,  fhere  were  two  large  boats  constantly  employed  in  the  work  of 
transporting  fugitives  to  Canada,  one  on  Lake  Michigan  and  one  on 


. 


530 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  well  known  Evansville  attorney,  and  paid  him  a  retainer  of  $250 
to  attend  to  any  oases  that  might  come  up  in  his  vicinity.  Cockrum 
says:  "Hansen  was  working  and  traveling  over  the  first  three  or  four 
tiers  of  counties  all  along  the  southern  borders  of  Indiana  and  pretended 
to  be  representing  an  eastern  real-estate  firm  from  which  he  received 
large  packages  of  mail  at  many  of  the  county  seats  and  large  towns  all 
along  southern  Indiana.  The  young  men  assigned  to  do  this  hazardous 
work  under  him  were  men  who  could  be  depended  upon  to  do  it  in  a  way 
that  no  suspicion  of  their  real  mission  would  be  had.  They  were  under 
a  most  perfect  discipline,  similar  to  that  the  secret  service  men  were 
under  during  the  war  times  in  the  sixties.  There  was  a  code  used  that 
each  man  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with.  It  had  their  numbers  and 
all  that  was  said  or  done  about  him  was'  by  number,  which  numbers  were 
referred  to  as  numbers  of  land,  towns,  ranges  and  sections  and  by  acres 
when  the  numbers  were  above  thirty-six.  The  routes  these  men  were 
on  were  called  by  the  names  of  timber,  such  as  linden,  oak,  maple, 
hickory,  walnut,  dogwood,  sassafras,  beech  and  all  the  sorts  of  timber 
that  were  native  of  the  country  in  which  they  worked."  But  the  work 
was  not  all  done  north  of  the  river.  A  part  of  the  men  were  constantly 
employed  in  the  South,  getting  slaves  to  run  away,  and  piloting  them  to 
safety.  This  was  the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  work,  and  all  sorts 
of  ingenious  schemes  were  resorted  to  for  the  accomplishment  of  the 
objects  of  the  organization.  Mr.  Cockrum  informs  me  that  the  members 
were  all  under  a  rigid  oath,  and  any  revelation  of  material  matters  was 
punishable  with  death.  The  results  of  this  work  were  remarkable.  In 
1865,  Hanover  said:  "I  can't  say  for  certain  how  many  fugitive  slaves 
passed  through  the  hands  of  the  men  on  duty  in  my  district  on  the  Ohio 
river,  but  for  the  seven  years  more  than  an  average  of  four  thousand 
each  year. "  27  This  seems  almost  incredible,  and  yet  it  is  in  fair  harmony 
with  the  claims  of  losses  made  by  Southerners.28  The  difficulty  of  arriv- 
ing at  a  correct  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  work  is  very  great.  The  census 
of  1850  returned  only  1,011  slaves  escaped  from  their  masters  in  that 
year,  and  the  census  of  1860  returned  only  803,  but  these  figures  did  not 
agree  with  current  opinion,  and  this  was  noted  at  the  time.  The  Madison 
Courier,  which  was  not  an  anti-slavery  paper,  in  discussing  the  figures 
of  1850,  said:  "The  public  impression  as  to  the  number  of  fugitives 
which  may  have  been  at  any  time  or  that  now  remain  in  the  North  is 
undoubtedly  immensely  exaggerated."  2!l  In  the  census  report  for  1860, 
it  is  claimed  that  the  figures  as  to  the  fugitive  slaves  are  accurate,  but 


-~  Coekrum  's  Underground  Railroad,  p.  320. 
^Siebert's  Underground  Railroad,  pp.  341-352. 
=3  Courier,  April  2,  1851. 


. 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


531 


if  they  are  no  better  than  the  figures  of  the  Canadian  census  for  the 
same  years,  they  are  of  little  value.  The  Canadian  census  of  1851  re- 
ported 2,095  negroes  in  Upper,  or  West  Canada,  but  gave  figures  for  only 
one-sixth  of  the  districts,  and  said  in  a  footnote  that  there  were  8,000. 
In  Lower  Canada  it  reported  only  18  negroes,  but  these  were  in  three 
of  the  38  districts.  In  1861,  11,223  negroes  were  reported  from  two- 


JOHN  T.  HANOVER 

(Alias  John  Hansen ;  Superintendent  of  Anti-Slavery  League, 

in  Indiana) 

thirds  of  the  West  Canada  districts,  and  190  from  Lower  Canada.  It  is 
unquestionable  that  the  migration  to  Canada  was  greater  in  this  decade 
than  in  any  other,  for  in  addition  to  those  going  direct,  many  who  had 
stopped  in  the  Northern  states  fled  to  Canada  on  account  of  the  law  of 
1850.  .Cockrum  says  that  in  addition  to  the  crossing  in  the  vicinity  of 
Detroit,  there  were  two  large  boats  constantly  employed  in  the  work  of 
transporting  fugitives  to  Canada,  one  on  Lake  Michigan  and  one  on 


532  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

Lake  Erie.  Siebert  gives  a  list  of  3,211  persons  engaged  in  aiding  fugi- 
tives to  escape,  of  whom  244  are  credited  to  Indiana.  But  he  says  it  is 
a  minimum  list,  and  it  certainly  is  for  Indiana.  In  Gibson  County,  for 
example,  he  has  but  one  name,  while  Cockrum  names  more  than  a  dozen 
white  men,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  free  negroes,  and  the  regular 
workers  of  the  Anti-Slavery  League.  If  the  known  assistants  averaged 
one  person  a  year,  allowing  for  duplication,  the  number  would  go  into 
thousands. 

So  far  as  public  sentiment  was  concerned,  this  uncertainty  as  to  the 
number  of  fugitives  added  to  the  hostility  of  the  North  and  the  South. 
Nine-tenths  of  the  Northern  people  had  no  knowledge  whatever  of  the 
work  of  the  Underground  Railroad,  on  account  of  its  secrecy,  and  if 
these  accepted  such  authorities  as  the  census  reports,  they  naturally 
believed  the  Southern  claimants  of  losses  to  be  liars,  who  were  trying  to 
promote  the  industry  of  kidnaping  free  negroes.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Southerner  who  lost  a  slave  naturally  blamed  the  loss  to  the  Under- 
ground Railroad.  No  doubt  he  was  generally  correct  in  his  suspicion, 
but  not  always.  There  were  always  criminals  in  the  South,  like  John 
Murrell  and  his  band,  who  would  steal  a  negro  as  cheerfully  as  a  horse, 
or  induce  him  to  run  away  under  pretense  of  guiding  him  to  freedom, 
and  sell  him  to  a  new  master.  But  the  average  Southerner  blamed  it  all 
to  the  "Yankees,"  and  with  little  distinction  between  them,  except  for 
political  affiliation.  In  the  heated  debates  in  Congress  in  1860-61,  just 
preceding  secession,  Jones  of  Georgia  said:  "It  is  a  notorious  fact  that  in 
a  good  many  of  the  non-slaveholding  states  the  Republican  party  has 
regularly  organized  societies — underground  railroads — for  the  avowed 
purpose  of  stealing  the  slaves  from  the  border  states,  and  carrying  them 
off  to  a  free  state  or  to  Canada.  These  predatory  bands  are  kept  up  by 
private  and  public  subscriptions  among  the  Abolitionists;  and  in  many 
of  the  States,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  they  receive  the  sanction  and  protection 
of  the  law.  The  border  States  lose  annually  thousands  and  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  property  by  this  system  of  larceny  that  has  been  carried 
on  for  years."  Polk  of  Missouri  said  in  the  Senate:  "Underground 
railroads  are  established,  stretching!  from  the  remotest  slaveholding 
states  clear  up  to  Canada.  Secret  agencies  are  put  to  work  in  the  very 
midst  of  our  slaveholding  communities  to  steal  away  slaves.  *  *  * 
This  lawlessness  is  felt  with  special  seriousness  in  the  border  slave  states. 
The  underground  railroads  start  mostly  from  these  states.  Hundreds 
of  thousands  of  dollars  are  lost  annually.  And  no  state  loses  more 
heavily  than  my  own.  Kentucky,  it  is  estimated,  loses  annually  as  much 
as  $200,000.  The  other  border  states  no  doubt  lose  in  the  same  ratio, 
Missouri  much  more.  But  all  these  losses  and  outrages,  all  this  disregard 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


533 


of  constitutional  obligation  and  social  duty,  are  as  nothing  in  their  bear- 
ing upon  the  Union  In  comparison  with  the  animus,  the  intent  and  pur- 
pose of  which  they  are  at  once  the  fruit  and  the  evidence." 

In  some  respects,  aiding  of  the  fugitives  took  on  the  form  of  a  great 


COL.  WILLIAM  M.  COCKRUM 

game  of  hide  and  seek,  played  while  most  of  the  population  were  in  bed 
and  asleep.  The  slave  hunters,  of  course,  went  armed  when  in  pursuit 
of  fugitives,  and  at  times  were  insolent  and  overbearing,  which  aroused 
the  resentment  of  even  persons  who  were  not  especially  interested  in 
the  fugitives,  and  still  more  so  the  active  anti-slavery  men.  Cockrum 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


532 


Lake  Erie.  Sicbert  gives  a  list  of  3,211  persons  engaged  in  aiding  fugi- 
tives to  escape,  of  whom  244  are  credited  to  Indiana.  But  he  says  it  is 
a  minimum  list,  and  it  certainly  is  for  Indiana.  In  Gibson  County,  for 
example,  he  has  but  one  name,  while  Cockrum  names  more  than  a  dozen 
white  men,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  free  negroes,  and  the  regular 
workers  of  the  Anti-Slavery  League.  If  the  known  assistants  averaged 
one  person  a  year,  allowing  for  duplication,  the  number  would  go  into 
thousands. 

So  far  as  public  sentiment  was  concerned,  this  uncertainty  as  to  the 
number  of  fugitives  added  to  the  hostility  of  the  North  and  the  South. 
Nine-tenths  of  the  Northern  people  had  no  knowledge  whatever  of  the 
work  of  the  Underground  Railroad,  on  account  of  its  secrecy,  and  if 
these  accepted  such  authorities  as  the  census  reports.,  they  naturally 
believed  the  Southern  claimants  of  losses  to  be  liars,  who  were  trying  to 
promote  the  industry  of  kidnaping  free  negroes.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Southerner  who  lost  a  slave  naturally  blamed  the  loss  to  the  Under- 
ground Railroad.  No  doubt  he  was  generally  correct  in  his  suspicion, 
but  not  always.  There  were  always  criminals  in  the  South,  like  John 
Murrell  and  his  band,  who  would  steal  a  negro  as  cheerfully  as  a  horse, 
or  induce  him  to  run  away  under  pretense  of  guiding  him  to  freedom, 
and  sell  him  to  a  new  master.  But  the  average  Southerner  blamed  it  all 
to  the  "Yankees,"  and  with  little  distinction  between  them,  except  for 
political  affiliation.  In  the  heated  debates  in  Congress  in  1860-61,  just 
preceding  secession,  Jones  of  Georgia  said:  "It  is  a  notorious  fact  that  in 
a  good  many  of  the  non-slaveholding  states  the  Republican  party  has 
regularly  organized  societies — underground  railroads — for  the  avowed 
purpose  of  stealing  the  slaves  from  the  border  states,  and  carrying  them 
off  to  a  free  state  or  to  Canada.  These  predatory  bands  are  kept  up  by 
private  and  public  subscriptions  among  the  Abolitionists;  and  in  many 
of  the  States.  I  am  sorry  to  say,  they  receive  the  sanction  and  protection 
of  the  law.  The  border  States  lose  annually  thousands  and  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  property  by  this  system  of  larceny  that  has  been  carried 
on  for  years."  Polk  of  Missouri  said  in  the  Senate:  "Underground 
railroads  are  established,  stretching!  from  the  remotest  slaveholding 
states  clear  up  to  Canada.  Secret  agencies  are  put  to  work  in  the  very 
midst  of  our  slaveholding  communities  to  steal  away  slaves.  *  *  * 
This  lawlessness  is  felt  with  special  seriousness  in  the  border  slave  states. 
The  underground  railroads  start  mostly  from  these  states.  Hundreds 
of  thousands  of  dollars  are  lost  annually.  And  no  state  loses  more 
heavily  than  my  own.  Kentucky,  it  is  estimated,  loses  annually  as  much 
as  $200.000.  The  other  border  states  no  doubt  lose  in  the  same  ratio, 
Missouri  much  more.  But  all  these  losses  and  outrages,  all  this  disregard 


• 

, 

' 


INDIANA  AND  1XDIAXANS 


533 


of  constitutional  obligation  and  social  duty,  are  as  nothing  in  their  bear- 
ing upon  the  Union  iircomparison  with  the  animus,  the  intent  and  pur- 
pose of  which  they  are  at  once  the  fruit  and  the  evidence." 

In  some  respects,  aiding  of  the  fugitives  took  on  the  form  of  a  great 


• 


COL.  WILLIAM  M.  COCKRUM 


game  of  hide  and  seek,  played  while  most  of  the  population  were  in  bed 
and  asleep.  The  slave  hunters,  of  course,  went  armed  when  in  pursuit 
of  fugitives,  and  at  times  were  insolent  and  overhearing,  which  aroused 
the  resentment  of  even  persons  who  were  not  especially  interested  in 
the  fugitives,  and  still  more  so  the  active  anti-slavery  men.  Cockrum 


534  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

tells  of  the  routing  of  a  party  of  slave  catchers  who  were  watching  the 
Dongola  bridge  over  the  Patoka  river  for  a  party  of  fugitives,  by  a 
party  of  anti-slavery  men  who  captured  their  horses,  tied  explosive 
fire-brands  to  their  tails,  and  chased  them  across  the  bridge,  to  the  dismay 
and  terror  of  the  watchers,  who  promptly  decamped.  He  gives  another 
account  of  waylaying  a  mounted  party  at  the  Kirk's  Mill  bridge,  and 
frightening  them  and  their  horses  by  exploding  a  number  of  bombs,  and 
pretending  to  be  in  pursuit  of  them.  More  elaborate  than  these  grimly 
facetious  proceedings,  was  a  bogus  kidnaping  affair  he  recounts.  Two 
of  Hansen  's  spies  enlisted  ten  local  slave-catchers  in  a  scheme  to  capture 
a  crowd  of  free  negroes  and  sell  them  as  slaves.  The  negroes  were  sup- 
posed to  be  holding  a  meeting  of  a  secret  society,  called  "The  Sons  of 
Liberty,"  but  were  prepared  in  advance  for  the  raid.  When  the  kid- 
napers broke  into  the  house,  they  found  themselves  confronted  by 
twelve  sturdy  men — eight  negroes  and  four  whites  disguised  as  negroes — 
who  leveled  rifles  at  them  and  told  them  to  hold  up  their  hands.  The 
kidnapers  were  disarmed  and  manacled  with  the  fetters  they  had 
brought  for  their  expected  captives.  They  were  then  told  that  as  they 
had  invaded  a  meeting  of  the  society,  they  would  have  to  be  initiated. 
They  were  required  to  take  an  oath  never  to  kidnap  a  free  negro  or  aid 
in  capturing  a  fugitive  slave.  The  spies  were  then  told  that  as  they 
had  brought  the  party  to  the  place  they  were  worthy  of  death.  They 
were  taken  into  an  adjoining  room,  from  which  there  soon  came  the 
sound  of  blows  and  of  moans  and  prayers  for  mercy,  followed  by  signifi- 
cant silence.  The  spies  were  then  put  under  a  bed,  with  their  feet  ex- 
tending, for  the  benefit  of  the  remainder,  who  were  brought  in  two  by 
two  and  initiated  by  having  crosses  burned  on  their  breasts  and  shoulders 
with  red-hot  pokers.  The  pokers  were  also  used  to  singe  off  the  beards 
of  those  who  were  not  shaven.  The  spies  were  then  let  out  at  another 
door,  and  mounted  their  horses,  and  drove  away  the  horses  of  the  kid- 
napers, after  which  the  latter  were  released  and  ordered  to  depart.  It 
can  hardly  be  doubted  that  these  proceedings  cast  a  damper  on  slave- 
hunting  in  that  vicinity.  And  yet  this  remained  absolutely  secret  for 
many  years,  as  neither  party  ventured  to  make  it  public. 

But  while  there  was  a  great  deal  of  secret  action,  there  was  no  lack 
of  public  movement  in  connection  with  slavery.  Indeed  there  was  so 
much  of  it  before  the  public  that  the  demand  of  the  South  was  that 
"agitation"  should  cease,  and  this  demand  was  indorsed  by  both  the 
Whigs  and  the  Democrats.  It  was  useless.  As  George  W.  Julian  said 
to  the  Free  Soil  convention  at  Indianapolis,  on  May  25,  1853:  "Every- 
body is  agitating.  The  anti-slavery  man  agitates  because  he  believes 
the  truth  is  on  his  side,  and  that  he  has  nothing  to  fear,  and  everything 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  535 

to  hope  from  the  freest  discussion.  The  pro-slavery  man  agitates,  because 
that  is  his  method  of  convincing  everybody  that  agitation  is  a  curse  and 
a  crime.  Agitation  pervades  the  common  air.  It  meets  us  around  the 
fireside,  in  the  social  circle,  in  our  stage-coaches  and  railway  cars,  and  on 
board  our  steamboats.  The  old  and  the  young,  the  rich  and  the  poor, 
the  wise  and  the  simple,  are  alike  its  victims.  It  has  acquired  a  sort  of 
omnipresence.  The  very  effort  to  escape  it  only  seems  to  draw  it  nearer 
to  us;  and  were  it  possible  to  banish  the  contagion  entirely  from  our 
thoughts,  it  would  be  at  the  cost  of  our  moral  annihilation.  Its  abode  is 
wherever  human  hearts  beat;  and  while  oppression  lasts,  it  can  only 
cease  with  their  pulsations.  Never  has  there  been  such  a  tide  in  our 
affairs  as  at  this  time.  Never  have  the  enemies  of  slavery  had  such 
reasons  to  feel  encouraged  as  the  facts  I  have  presented  furnish.  Never 
has  the  slaveholder  seen  his  day  of  judgment  so  visibly  and  rapidly  ap- 
proaching. Every  attempt  to  cloak  the  hideous  deformity  of  the  great 
dragon  of  slavery  only  seems  to  unmask  it  to  the  gaze  of  the  world. 
Every  diabolical  device  designed  to  crush  our  cause,  is  turned  into  a 
weapon  of  aggression  and  defense.  Slaveholders  themselves  are  now 
among  our  most  efficient  helpers.  Their  unhallowed  rule  has  at  length 
set  the  world  to  thinking,  its  great  heart  to  beating,  and  its  great  voice 
to  agitating,  whilst  their  intended  finality  has  been  hissed  out  of  the 
land.  And  yet  President  Pierce,  in  his  inaugural,  tells  us  that  he  fer- 
vently hopes  the  question  is  at  rest!  Let  us  thank  God  for  such  a  rest 
as  the  world  is  now  having,  and  pray  for  its  increase;  and  as  respects 
slaveholders  and  doughfaces,  let  us  take  comfort  from  the  Scriptural 
assurance  that  there  is  no  rest  for  the  wicked. ' ' 30 

This  extract  will  prepare  the  reader  for  the  statement  that  at  this 
time  Julian  was  the  most  notable  "firebrand"  in  Indiana.  He  was  of 
French  descent  on  his  father's  side,  his  ancestors  having  located  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Maryland  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
Prom  there  his  father  removed  to  Indiana,  and  settled  near  Centreyille, 
in  Wayne  County.  He  was  a  man  of  ability,  and  represented  his  county 
in  the  legislature,  but  died  in  1823.  George  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm,  May  5,  1817,  and  was  one  of  six  children.  The  widow  and  orphans 
had  a  hard  struggle,  but  George  was  determined  to  improve  his  mind. 
He  got  a  little  instruction  in  the  common  school^,  but  was  chiefly  self- 
educated,  reading,  like  Lincoln,  by  firelight,  on  account  of  the  lack  of 
lamp  or  candles.  At  eighteen  he  began  teaching  school,  and  continued 
for  three  years,  meanwhile  taking  up  the  study  of  law.  In  1840  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1845  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature  as  a  Whig. 


Julian  'a  Speeches,  p.  94. 


536  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

As  a  legislator  he  warmly  opposed  repudiation  of  the  State  debt,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  a  fight  for  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment. 
But  he  revolted  at  the  Whig  attitude  towards  slavery,  and  in  1848  went 
as  a  delegate  to  the  Free  Soil  convention  at  Buffalo,  and  from  that  time 
forward  was  an  apostle  of  abolition.  In  1849  the  Free  Soilers  nominated 
him  for  Congress.  The  district  was  reliably  Whig,  but  the  Democrats, 
considering  Whig  defeat  a  half  victory,  voted  for  Julian  and  elected 
him.  The  Whigs  averred  "bargain  and  corruption,"  but  Julian  made 
no  sign  of  compromise  in  his  campaign,  and  in  Congress  he  was  a  radical 
of  the  radicals.  His  speeches  of  May  14  and  September  25,  1850,  against 
the  slave  power  gave  him  national  rank  among  the  abolitionists.  He 
also  made  a  speech  in  favor  of  Andrew  Johnson's  homestead  bill,  which 
probably  helped  to  kill  it,  as  Julian  treated  it  as  an  anti-slavery  meas- 
ure.31 It  is  a  curious  fact  that  many  histories,  including  "The  Public 
Domain, ' '  ascribe  the  first  homestead  bill  to  Qalusha  A.  Grow,  in  1854, 
but  this  bill  was  put  before  Congress  by  Johnson,  after  numerous  re- 
buffs, on  January  23,  1851,  and  he  said  at  the  time  that  the  matter  had 
been  brought  before  Congress  six  years  earlier.  This  peculiar  champion- 
ship of  the  homestead  bill,  to  which  he  was  sincerely  attached,  and  to 
which  he  gave  much  labor  later,  was  in  accord  with  Julian 's  ruling 
characteristics.  He  was  no  politician.  No  consideration  of  diplomacy 
or  tact  ever  prevented  him  from  saying  what  he  thought,  and  it  was  this 
quality  that  brought  him  into  conflict  with  Morton.  Morton  was  a  con- 
sistent Democrat  until  expelled  from  the  Democratic  convention  of  1854 
for  opposition  to  the  Nebraska  bill.  In  1851,  Julian  had  been  renomi- 
nated  for  Congress  by  the  Free  Soilers.  A  majority  of  the  Democratic 
district  convention  decided  to  indorse  him,  over  the  opposition  of  Morton, 
who  advocated  a  separate  nomination.  Julian  was  defeated  in  the  elec- 
tion, and  in  1852  he  was  nominated  for  Vice  President  by  the  Free 
Soilers.  Morton  supported  the  Democratic  ticket  as  usual,  but  in  1854 
he  joined  "The  Peoples  Party,"  and  aided  materially  in  unifying  that 
discordant  organization. 

From  this  time,  Morton's  influence  in  the  new  party,  and  in  the 
Republican  party,  which  succeeded  it  in  1856,  was  stronger  than  that  of 
Julian.  In  1856  Morton  was  nominated  for  Governor,  and  after  a  cam- 
paign with  Ashbel  P.  Willard,  the  Democratic  candidate,  was  defeated 
by  5,842  votes.  In  November,  the  Democrats  carried  the  state  for  Presi- 
dent by  more  than  three  times  that  majority.  On  July  4,  1857,  Julian 
made  an  address  at  Raysville  in  which  he  ascribed  the  defeat  to  an 
abandonment  of  anti-slavery  principles.  His  conclusion  was  probably 


Cong.  Globe,  Jan.  29,  1851,  App.,  p.  135. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  537 

erroneous,  but  his  recital  of  Indiana  political  history  for  the  past  three 
years  was  accurate.  He  said:  "The  sad  truth  is  that  Indiana  is  the 
most  pro-slavery  of  all  our  Northern  states.  Her  Black  Code,  branded 
upon  her  recreant  forehead  by  a  majority  of  nearly  one  hundred  thou- 
sand of  her  voters,  tells  her  humiliating  pedigree  far  more  forcibly  than 
any  words  I  could  employ.  Our  people  hate  the  negro  with  a  perfect, 
if  not  a  supreme  hatred,  and  their  anti-slavery,  making  an  average 
estimate,  is  a  superficial  and  sickly  sentiment,  rather  than  a  deep-rooted 
and  robust  conviction.  *  *  *  There  was  an  honest  element  in  the 
struggle  of  1854,  but  it  was  to"  a  great  extent,  overlaid  and  smothered 
by  adverse  influences.  We  had,  strictly  speaking,  no  anti-slavery  party. 
It  was  simply  an  Anti-Nebraska  party,  mustering  its  large  numbers  by 
appealing  to  prejudices  essentially  hostile  to  anti-slavery  truth,  or  at 
best  only  distantly  related  to  it.  But  there  were  two  other  questions 
which  entered  extensively  into  our  politics  at  the  time  of  which  I  speak. 
One  of  these  was  the  Temperance  Question.  Three  years  ago  the  rallying 
cry  of  our  temperance  men  was  'Seizure,  confiscation,  and  destruction 
of  liquors  kept  for  illegal  sale.'  The  demand  for  a  law  embodying  this 
principle,  which  had  been  growing  louder  and  louder  since  the  enact- 
ment of  the  "Maine  Law,"  was  reaching  its  climax.  The  excitement 
was  at  high  tide.  Many  even  resolved  that  this  question  should  be  made 
paramount  in  the  politics  of  the  State,  and  however  time  and  experience 
may  have  modified  our  zeal  or  modified  our  opinions,  such  were  the 
numbers,  intelligence,  and  character  of  the  men  who  embarked  in  this 
movement  that  our  politicians  were  compelled  to  defer  to  their  wishes. 
No  party  could  afford  to  trifle  with  so  potent  an  influence. 

"The  other  question  referred  to,  and  which  still  more  complicated 
our  political  affairs,  was  Know  Nothingism.  Thousands  were  made  to 
believe  that  the  Romish  Hierarchy  was  rapidly  becoming  a  dangerous 
power  in  'The  things  that  are  Caesar's,'  and  that  the  Man  of  Sin  must 
be  put  down  at  once  and  at  all  hazards.  Thousands  were  persuaded 
that  the  evils  of  foreignism  had  become  so  alarming  as  to  require  the 
most  extraordinary  measures  to  counteract  them,  involving  even  the 
grossest  injustice  to  the  foreigner  himself  that  our  native  demagogues 
might  be  rebuked  for  pandering  to  his  ignorance  or  brutality.  Thou- 
sands, misled  by  designing  knaves,  through  the  arts  of  the  Jesuit,  be- 
lieved that  the  cause  of  freedom  was  to  be  sanctified  and  saved  by  this 
new  thing  under  the  sun.  Thousands,  swayed  by  an  unbridled  credulity, 
thought  that  political  hacks  and  charlatans  were  to  lose  their  occupa- 
tions under  the  new  Order,  and  that  our  debauched  politics  were  to 
be  thoroughly  purified  by  the  lustration  which  it  promised  forthwith 
to  perform.  Thousands,  eager  to  bolt  from  the  old  parties,  but  fearful 


538 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  being  shot  down  on  the  way  as  deserters,  gladly  availed  themselves 
of  this  newly  devised  'Underground  Railroad'  in  escaping  from  the 
service  of  their  old  masters.  Under  these  various  influences,  but  chiefly 
actuated  by  the  extraordinary  feeling  which  prevailed  on  the  subject 
of  foreign  and  Catholic  influence,  secret  and  oath-bound  affiliated  lodges 
were  established  throughout  the  country,  which  exerted  a  controlling  in- 


GEORGE  W.  JULIAN 

fluence  over  political  matters.  These  lodges  were  first  organized  in  Indi- 
ana in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1854,  and  rapidly  spread  over  the 
State.  Their  grand  aim  was  to  carry  out  their  peculiar  dogmas,  and 
secure  the  offices  of  the  country;  and  they  enlisted  a  large  majority  of 
those  who  had  been  known  as  Whigs  and  Free  Soilers,  besides  great 
numbers  of  Democrats,  some  of  whom  stood  openly  with  their  party, 
but  secretly  bolted  by  the  light  of  the  'Dark  Lantern.'  Such  were  the 
elements  of  the  movement  of  1854,  which  first  fused  together  in  the  State 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  539 

Convention  at  Indianapolis  on  the  13th  of  July  of  that  year.  Here  was 
the  favored  opportunity  to  organize  a  party  of  freedom  on  a  substantial 
basis.  *  *  *  Both  the  Temperance -^nen  and  a  majority  of  the  Know 
Nothings  were  more  or  less  imbued  with\aj5lfr«lavery  sentiments,  whilst 
both  stood  ready  to  make  common  cause  against  Old  Line  Democracy, 
and  to  yield  something  of  prejudice,  if  not  of  conviction,  for  the  sake 
of  an  effective  union.  The  Free  Soilers  of  the  State  were  pretty  largely 
represented  in  the  Convention,  and  it  was  only  necessary  for  them  to 
say,  unitedly  and  with  emphasis,  that  a  Republican  party  should  be  or- 
ganized, and  it  would  have  been  done.  But  the  united  and  emphatic 
word  was  not  spoken.  Fusion  was  the  magic  sound  that  charmed  all 
ears.  Resolutions  were  offered  declaring,  first,  the  principle  of  oppo- 
sition to  slavery  within  constitutional  limits,  and  to  the  extent  of  con- 
stitutional power;  and  second,  that  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise had  destroyed  whatever  of  finality  was  understood  to  pertain  to  the 
compromise  acts  of  1850,  and  remitted  the  free  States  back  to  their  just 
rights  under  the  Federal  Constitution.  These  moderate  resolutions  were 
voted  down,  and  others  adopted  by  which  in  effect,  if  not  in  express 
words,  the  restoration  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  was  made  the  only  spe- 
cific basis  of  union.  By  this  action  of  the  Convention  the  new  movement 
was  committed  to  an  essentially  pro-slavery  policy;  for  even  the  dough- 
face could  preach  the  restoration  of  this  compromise  when  expounded  as 
the  limit  of  his  anti-slavery  designs,  as  a  flat  negative  of  the  doctrine 
of  slavery  restriction  generally,  and  merely  as  a  rebuke  to  the  adminis- 
tration for  disturbing  the  healing  measures  of  1850.  It  was  a  narrow 
and  double-faced  issue  at  best,  but  in  this  instance  it  had  only  a  face 
looking  southward.  It  was  a  false  issue,  and  it  was,  besides,  wholly 
impracticable. 

"Our  more  radical  anti-slavery  men,  however,  acquiesced.  The  Tem- 
perance men  were  generally  satisfied,  because  a  resolution  was  adopted 
which  met  their  acceptance.  The  Know  Nothings  were  pleased,  not  only 
because  they  liked  the  platform,  but  because  the  State  ticket  publicly 
nominated  at  the  same  time  had  been  formed  by  the  Order  in  secret 
conclave  the  day  before,  as  the  outside  world  has  since  learned.  Thus 
was  inaugurated  our  'Fusion'  or  'Peoples  Party,'  for  it  did  not  pretend 
to  be  anything  else.  It  was  a  compromise  party.  It  was  '  a  combination 
of  weaknesses, '  rather  than  a  union  of  forces.  It  was  conceived  in  mere 
policy  and  the  lust  for  office,  midwifed  by  unbelieving  politicians,  and 
from  its  birth  cowardice  was  stamped  upon  its  features.  The  campaign 
thus  begun  was  conducted  as  might  have  been  expected.  *  *  *  I 
need  not  refer  to  particular  results.  It  is  sufficient  to  know  that  when 
victory  was  won,  no  great  principle  could  be  regarded  as  having  been 


. 


538 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIAXANS 


of  being  shot  down  on  the  way  as  deserters,  gladly  availed  themselves 
of  this  newly  devised  'Underground  Railroad'  in  escaping  from  the 
service  of  their  old  masters.  Urder  these  various  influences,  but  chiefly 
actuated  by  the  extraordinary  feeling  which  prevailed  on  the  subject 
of  foreign  and  Catholic  influence,  secret  and  oath-bound  affiliated  lodges 
were  established  throughout  the  country,  which  exerted  a  controlling  in- 


. 


GEORGE  \V.  JULIAN 

fluence  over  political  matters.  These  lodges  were  first  organized  in  Indi- 
ana in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1854,  and  rapidly  spread  over  the 
State.  Their  grand  aim  was  to  carry  out  their  peculiar  dogmas,  and 
secure  the  offices  of  the  country ;  and  they  enlisted  a  large  majority  of 
those  who  had  been  known  as  Whigs  and  Free  Soilers,  besides  great 
numbers  of  Democrats,  some  of  whom  stood  openly  with  their  party, 
but  secretly  bolted  by  the  light  of  the  'Dark  Lantern.'  Such  were  the 
elements  of  the  movement  of  1854,  which  first  fused  together  in  the  State 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


589 


Convention  at  Indianapolis  on  the  13th  of  July  of  that  year.  Here  was 
the  favored  opportunity  to  organize  a  party  of  freedom  on  a  substantial 
basis.  *  *  *  Both  the  Temperance  men  and  a  majority  of  the  Know 
Nothings  were  more  or  less  imbued  with  anti-slavery  sentiments,  whilst 
both  stood  ready  to  make  common  cause  against  Old  Line  Democracy, 
and  to  yield  something  of  prejudice,  if  not  of  conviction,  for  the  sake 
of  an  effective  union.  The  Free  Soilers  of  the  State  were  pretty  largely 
represented  in  the  Convention,  and  it  was  only  necessary  for  them  to 
say,  unitedly  and  with  emphasis,  that  a  Republican  party  should  be  or- 
ganized, and  it  would  have  been  done.  But  the  united  and  emphatic 
word  was  not  spoken.  Fusion  was  the  magic  sound  that  charmed  all 
ears.  Resolutions  were  offered  declaring,  first,  the  principle  of  oppo- 
sition to  slavery  within  constitutional  limits,  and  to  the  extent  of  con- 
stitutional power;  and  second,  that  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise had  destroyed  whatever  of  finality  was  understood  to  pertain  to  the 
compromise  acts  of  1850,  and  remitted  the  free  States  back  to  their  just 
rights  under  the  Federal  Constitution.  These  moderate  resolutions  were 
voted  down,  and  others  adopted  by  which  in  effect,  if  not  in  express 
words,  the  restoration  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  was  made  the  only  spe- 
cific basis  of  union.  By  this  action  of  the  Convention  the  new  movement 
was  committed  to  an  essentially  pro-slavery  policy ;  for  even  the  dough- 
face could  preach  the  restoration  of  this  compromise  when  expounded  as 
the  limit  of  his  anti-slavery  designs,  as  a  flat  negative  of  the  doctrine 
of  slavery  restriction  generally,  and  merely  as  a  rebuke  to  the  adminis- 
tration for  disturbing  the  healing  measures  of  1850.  It  was  a  narrow 
and  double-faced  issue  at  best,  but  in  this  instance  it  had  only  a  face 
looking  southward.  It  was  a  false  issue,  and  it  was,  besides,  wholly 
impracticable. 

"Our  more  radical  anti-slavery  men,  however,  acquiesced.  The  Tem- 
perance men  wrere  generally  satisfied,  because  a  resolution  was  adopted 
which  met  their  acceptance.  The  Know  Nothings  were  pleased,  not  only 
because  they  liked  the  platform,  but  because  the  State  ticket  publicly 
nominated  at  the  same  time  had  been  formed  by  the  Order  in  secret 
conclave  the  day  before,  as  the  outside  world  has  since  learned.  Thus 
was  inaugurated  our  'Fusion'  or  'Peoples  Party,'  for  it  did  not  pretend 
to  be  anything  else.  It  was  a  compromise  party.  It  was  '  a  combination 
of  weaknesses,'  rather  than  a  union  of  forces.  It  was  conceived  in  mere 
policy  and  the  lust  for  office,  midwifed  by  unbelieving  politicians,  and 
from  its  birth  cowardice  was  stamped  upon  its  features.  The  campaign 
thus  begun  was  conducted  as  might  have  been  expected.  *  *  *  I 
need  not  refer  to  particular  results.  It  is  sufficient  to  know  that  when 
victory  was  won,  no  great  principle  could  be  regarded  as  having  been 


• 
' 


540  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

settled  by  a  majority  of  the  people ;  that  it  was  gained  by  men  unworthy 
to  share  it,  because  incapable  of  using  it  for  the  public  good;  and  that 
the  real  power  of  a  movement  lies  not  so  much  in  the  numbers  it  can 
muster,  as  in  the  principle  which  is  its  basis,  and  the  loyalty  with  which 
men  stand  by  it.  The  'Peoples  Ticket'  was  carried  by  diplomacy  and 
stratagem,  and  not  by  the  strength  of  a  common  conviction,  and  the  vic- 
tory proved,  to  a  great  extent,  barren  of  good  fruits,  but  prolific  of  bad 
ones,  through  its  demoralizing  example.  *  *  *  Early  in  the  spring 
of  1856  a  convention  of  the  'Peoples  Party'  was  called  at  Indianapolis, 
for  the  first  of  May.  The  familiar  spirit  of  Know  Nothingism  was  dis- 
tinctly shadowed  forth  in  the  call,  though  a  separate  one  was  issued  by  the 
Order  for  a  convention  on  the  same  day,  and  at  the  same  place.  The 
Temperance  men  were  likewise  again  appealed  to,  whilst  the  'People's' 
editors  of  the  State  resolved  to  hold  a  private  consultation  at  Indian- 
apolis on  the  day  before,  several  of  these  editors  being  Know  Nothings 
of  the  Pillmore  type.  Significant  intimations  were  given  out,  in  various 
ways,  that  a  retreat  was  contemplated,  even  from  the  low  ground  occu- 
pied during  the  two  years  previous ;  but  it  was  certain,  at  all  events,  that 
no  advance  was  to  be  made.  *  *  *  Republican  organizations,  on  a 
broad  anti-slavery  basis,  had  been  launched  in  New  York,  Massachusetts, 
Ohio  and  other  states,  and  the  organization  of  a  National  party  had  been 
initiated  at  Pittsburg.  All  could  see  that  the  Democracy  was  to  be 
vanquished,  if  at  all,  by  the  strength  of  the  Republican  idea,  through 
the  Republican  organization  as  its  instrument,  disconnected  with  all 
side  issues,  and  free  from  all  coalitions  whatsoever.  The  Convention, 
however,  under  prevailing  counsels,  whilst  pretending  to  go  considerable 
lengths  on  the  slavery  issues,  dodged  them  all  save  the  single  one  of 
Free  Kansas.  Instead  of  falling  into  line  with  the  movement  referred 
to  in  other  states,  it  expressly  voted  down  a  proposition  to  accept  even 
the  name  Republican.  *  *  *  At  least  one  man  on  the  State  ticket 
was  an  avowed  Fillmore  man,  whilst  both  Fillmore  and  anti-Fillmore 
men  were  chosen  as  delegates  to  Philadelphia,  and  electors  for  the  State. 
Perfect  consistency  only  demanded  one  additional  step  in  the  process 
of  leveling  downwards,  giving  the  Democracy  a  common  stake  in  the 
scramble!  Such  a  policy  was  the  climax  of  political  folly,  to  use  no 
harsher  word.  The  golden  moment  for  organizing  a  party  upon  a  solid 
basis  was  seized  by  faithless  leaders,  and  a  shameless  scuffle  for  the  spoils 
was  substituted  for  a  glorious  battle  for  the  right. 

"Accordingly,  the  policy  which  assumed  to  control  the  canvass  was 
shallow  and  mean  spirited  to  the  last  degree.  The  work  most  of  all 
needed  in  Indiana  was  to  proclaim  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  Repub- 
licanism boldly,  in  their  whole  length  and  breadth..  *  *  *  The  evils? 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


541 


of  slavery  should  have  been  unsparingly  portrayed,  not  simply  as  a 
curse  to  the  soil,  and  a  wrong  to  both  master  and  slave,  but  as  an  un- 
speakable outrage  upon  man,  and  a  crime  against  God.  *  *  *  But 
the  darkest  portions  of  our  State  were  abandoned  in  the  canvass  because 
of  their  darkness.  Southern  Indiana,  in  which  the  fight  should  have 
been  hottest  and  most  incessant,  was  mainly  given  over  to  the  tender 


UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD  LINES  IN  INDIANA 

mercies  of  Fillmore  Know  Nothingism  and  Buchanan  Democracy.  The 
establishment  of  a  press  there,  to  counteract  these  forces,  was  discounte- 
nanced, lest  pro-slavery  men  should  vote  against  our  ticket.  The  country 
south  of  the  National  Road  was  forbidden  ground  to  anti-slavery  speak- 
ers, lest  our  success  should  be  jeopardized  by  the  preaching  of  the  truth. 
*  *  *  And  yet,  after  all,  our  State  ticket  was  beaten.  It  received 
the  support  of  thousands  who  had  little  respect  for  it,  but  who  could 
not  see  how  to  withhold  their  votes  without  damaging  the  National 


542  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

Ticket.  On  the  other  hand,  the  large  majority  of  Buchanan  over  Fre- 
mont, as  compared  with  that  of  Willard  over  Morton,  shows  the  part 
which  Know  Nothingism  played,  the  extent  of  our  complicity  with  it, 
and  of  the  claim  it  would  undoubtedly  have  made  to  the  honors  of  vic- 
tory had  it  been  achieved.  As  the  triumph  of  Fremont  was  denied  to 
us,  owing  to  other  causes  than  the  single  loss  of  Indiana,  I  have  few  tears 
to  shed  over  the  result.  *  •  *  Had  the  slippery  tactics  of  our  leaders 
received  the  premium  of  a  victory,  it  would  have  been  far  more  disastrous 
in  its  influence  hereafter  than  a  merited  defeat,  which  may  even  bless 
us  as  a  timely  reproof  of  our  faithlessness.  I  believe,  however,  that  by 
a  bold  fight  in  Southern  Indiana,  on  the  real  issue,  confronting  the 
Buchanan  and  Fillmore  leaders  at  every  point,  and  exposing  their 
falsehoods,  our  State  could  have  been  saved. ' '  32 

This  was  a  remarkable  speech  from  a  man  who  had  supported  the 
People's  party  in  1854  and  1856,  but  its  purpose  is  apparent.  Up  to 
1854,  Julian  had  been  the  most  prominent  Free  Soiler  in  Indiana,  but 
now  he  saw  the  ground  slipping  from  beneath  his  feet,  and  his  old  enemy, 
Morton,  leading  the  party  he  had  been  building  up,  through  the  means  of 
fusion.  He  apparently  believed  that  Morton  was  a  Know  Nothing,  and 
attributed  his  rise  to  the  influence  of  that  secret  order.  And  he  had 
grounds  for  his  belief,  whether  Morton  was  in  fact  a  member  of  the 
order  or  not.  They  were  both  from  the  same  Congressional  district, 
and,  referring  to  the  anti-Nebraska  movement,  in  1854,  Mr.  Foulke, 
Morton's  biographer  says:  "On  the  6th  day  of  July  the  opponents  of 
this  bill  in  Morton's  Congressional  district,  met  at  Cambridge  City  and 
nominated  D.  P.  Holloway  for  Congress.  Efforts  were  made  by  the  Know 
Nothings  to  nominate  Morton,  but  he  was  not  willing  to  connect  himself 
with  that  organization."  Julian  says  that  the  ticket  in  1854  was  named 
by  the  Know  Nothings,  and  Foulke  says:  *'It  is  easy  to  see  from  the 
speeches  of  Morton  the  influence  which  the  Know  Nothings  had  in  the 
formation  of  the  fusion  organization  known  as  the  '  Peoples  Party. '  Mor- 
ton would  not  join  the  Know  Nothings.  The  Anti-Nebraska  men  would 
not  concur  either  in  their  secret  measures,  their  opposition  to  the  Catho- 
lic church  or  their  exclusion  of  foreigners  from  the  suffrage  for  twenty- 
one  years.  But  they  were  ready  to  go  with  them  as  far  as  seemed  reason- 
able."33 In  its  account  of  the  convention  of  1856,  the  Sentinel  said: 
"Morton's  nomination  was  ordained  by  the  Know  Nothing  council  the 
night  before. ' '  The  convention  declaration  was :  ' '  Resolved,  that  we  are 
in  favor  of  the  naturalization  laws  of  Congress,  with  the  five  years'  pro- 
bation, and  that  the  right  of  suffrage  should  accompany  and  not  precede 

32  Julian 's  Speeches,  p.   127. 
ss  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  41-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  543 

naturalization."  In  his  speech  accepting  the  nomination  at  the  con- 
vention, Morton  not  only  indorsed  this  plank,  but  asserted  that  the  pro- 
vision of  the  Indiana  constitution  of  1851  was  a  violation  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States.  It  is  notable  that  Morton  made  no  denial 
of  or  objection  to  these  charges  when  made,  and  that  his  biographer, 
while  quoting  this  speech  of  Julian's  as  to  other  matters,  makes  no 
reference  to  the  charge  of  Know  Nothingism.34  Hence  it  was  not  pos- 
sible to  mistake  Julian's  purpose  when  he  proceeded  in  this  Raysville 
speech :  ' '  We  should  above  all  things,  shun  every  form  of  partnership 
with  Know  Nothingism  hereafter.  Pretending  to  herald  a  new  era  in 
politics,  in  which  the  people  were  to  take  the  helm  and  expel  dema- 
gogues and  traders  from  the  ship,  it  reduced  political  swindling  to  the 
certainty  and  system  of  an  exact  science.  It  drew  to  itself,  as  the  great 
festering  centre  of  corruption,  all  the  known  political  rascalities  of  the 
last  generation,  and  assigned  them  to  active  duty  in  its  service.  *  *  * 
Whether  sweeping  over  our  towns  and  cities  like  a  tropical  tornado, 
scattering  devastation  and  death  in  its  track,  or  walking  in  darkness  and 
wasting  at  noonday,  like  the  pestilence;  whether  judged  by  its  un- 
christian dogmas,  or  its  ungodly  oath  and  ritual,  Know  Nothingism  is  an 
embodied  lie  of  the  first  magnitude,  a  horrid  conspiracy  against  de- 
cency, the  rights  of  man,  and  the  principle  of  human  brotherhood.  Our 
cause  owes  it  nothing  but  the  most  unwavering  opposition,  so  long  as  a 
vestige  of  its  evil  life  remains.  *  *  *  It  is  not  of  us,  with  us,  nor 
for  us,  and  we  should  recoil  from  its  contaminating  touch.  Whether 
meeting  us,  in  its  old  habiliments,  announcing  its  savage  dogmas  in  their 
undisguised  features,  or  masquerading  under  the  hypocritical  pretense 
of  simply  desiring  a  change  in  our  State  constitution  as  to  foreign  suf- 
frage; whether  we  find  it  taking  up  the  trade  of  'Union-saving,'  and 
openly  meeting  us  on  the  issues  of  Republicanism,  or  flavoring  its  un- 
palatable dish  with  anti-slavery,  in  the  hope  of  prolonging  its  life  and 
inviting  our  recognition,  it  will  be  found  to  be,  as  heretofore,  our  enemy, 
and  should  be  dealt  with  as  such  by  every  man  who  has  our  principles 
at  heart.  It  is  both  the  interest  and  duty  of  Republicanism,  not  merely 
to  terminate  its  political  career,  but  to  shake  off,  unmistakably,  every 
appearance  of  fellowship  with  its  unfruitful  works." 

As  to  the  political  wisdom  of  Julian's  position  there  can  be  little 
question.  It  is  true  that  in  1857,  the  Northern  trend  was  strongly  anti- 
slavery.  In  1856  the  Methodist  Church  North  had  strengthened  its  anti- 
slavery  position  by  declaring  for  the  exclusion  of  slave  owners,  and  the 
Know  Nothings  themselves  had  split  on  the  question.  At  their  National 


3*  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  61-2. 


544  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Convention,  at  Philadelphia,  in  February,  the  platform,  adopted  under 
Southern  influence,  upheld  the  compromise  measures  of  1850  and  the 
fugitive  slave  law ;  and  after  attempts  to  change  this,  most  of  the  North- 
ern delegates  left.  The  convention  then  nominated  Millard  Fillmore  for 
president  and  Andrew  Donelson  of  Tennessee  for  vice  president.  The 
seceders  held  a  convention  and  nominated  Fremont  and  Wm.  F.  John- 
ston. In  the  campaign  the  main  faction  were  known  as  "Fillmore  men" 
or  "South  Americans."  But  the  trend  against  slavery  was  not  to  any- 
thing like  the  point  that  Julian  wanted,  for  he  advocated  Abolitionism, 
out  and  out,  and  Indiana  could  never  have  been  carried  on  that  basis. 
His  desire  for  an  anti-slavery  paper,  in  Southern  Indiana,  meant  an 
abolition  paper,  for  the  Madison  Courier,  edited  by  M.  C.  Garber, 
one  of  the  ablest  papers  in  the  State,  had  announced,  on  March 
5,  1856,  its  willingness  to  "wipe  out,  as  with  a  sponge,  for  the  present, 
all  lesser  and  side  issues,  and  unite  for  one  special  object,  that  object 
to  be  Freedom — opposition  to  the  further  extension  of  human  slavery." 
Garber  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  influential  of  the  organizers  of 
the  new  party.  He  was  sacrificing  his  own  views  to  some  extent ;  and  in- 
deed so  were  the  Know  Nothings,  so  far  as  that  is  concerned,  for  the  stand 
of  the  convention  was  far  short  of  their  demand  for  twenty-one  years 
residence  for  naturalization.  There  is  scant  room  for  doubt  that  Mor- 
ton 's  plan  was  the  sane  one  for  building  up  a  new  party.  The  recruits 
had  to  come  from  various  sources,  and  were  held  together  only  by  a 
common  antipathy  to  the  Democratic  party,  but  an  antipathy  based  on 
various  and  to  some  extent  conflicting  reasons. 

It  is  also  true  that  the  Republican  National  Conventions  of  1856 — 
there  were  two  of  them — went  farther  on  the  slavery  question  than  the 
Indiana  convention,  but  they  did  not  go  so  far  as  Julian.  Indiana's 
part  in  these  conventions  is  of  historical  interest.  Mr.  Foulke  says: 
"The  appointment  of  delegates  was  of  course  informal.  They  were  in 
part  self-constituted,  in  part  sent  by  various  self-appointed  meetings 
and  conventions  of  Republicans  in  the  different  states.'  Wayne  county 
took  an  active  part  in  the  movement,  and  a  meeting  of  citizens  was  held 
at  Richmond  on  February  18,  at  which  resolutions  were  unanimously 
adopted  that  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  territory  now  free  was  the 
paramount  issue,  and  the  common  ground  on  which  all  could  unite.  The 
resolutions  appointed  Oliver  P.  Morton,  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Goodwin  and 
William  Grose  delegates  to  the  convention. "  35  A  contemporary  account 
of  this  Richmond  meeting,  in  the  Jeffersonian,  the  Democratic  paper  of 
that  city,  says :  "It  was  composed  of  a  few  busy  Know  Nothings,  who, 


a*  Life  of  Morton,  p.  44. 


. 


I 

§ 

It 

E 


O 

5 


2 
M 


544 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Convention,  at  Philadelphia,  in  February,  the  platform,  adopted  under 
Southern  influence,  upheld  the  compromise  measures  of  1850  and  the 
fugitive  slave  law ;  and  after  attempts  to  change  this,  most  of  the  North- 
ern delegates  left.  The  convention  then  nominated  Millard  Fillmore  for 
president  and  Andrew  Donelson  of  Tennessee  for  vice  president.  The 
seceders  held  a  convention  and  nominated  Fremont  and  Wm.  F.  John- 
ston. In  the  campaign  the  main  faction  were  known  as  "Fillmore  men" 
or  "South  Americans."  But  the  trend  against  slavery  was  not  to  any- 
thing like  the  point  that  Julian  wanted,  for  he  advocated  Abolitionism, 
out  and  out.  and  Indiana  could  never  have  been  carried  on  that  basis. 
His  desire  for  an  anti-slavery  paper,  in  Southern  Indiana,  meant  an 
abolition  paper,  for  the  Madison  Courier,  edited  by  M.  C.  Garber, 
one  of  the  ablest  papers  in  the  State,  had  announced,  on  March 
5,  1856,  its  willingness  to  "wipe  out,  as  with  a  sponge,  for  the  present, 
all  lesser  and  side  issues,  and  unite  for  one  special  object,  that  object 
to  be  Freedom — opposition  to  the  further  extension  of  human  slavery." 
Garber  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  influential  of  the  organizers  of 
the  new  party.  He  was  sacrificing  his  own  views  to  some  extent ;  and  in- 
deed so  were  the  Know  Nothings,  so  far  as  that  is  concerned,  for  the  stand 
of  the  convention  was  far  short  of  their  demand  for  twenty-one  years 
residence  for  naturalization.  There  is  scant  room  for  doubt  that  Mor- 
ton's plan  was  the  sane  one  for  building  up  a  new  party.  The  recruits 
had  to  come  from  various  sources,  and  were  held  together  only  by  a 
common  antipathy  to  the  Democratic  party,  but  an  antipathy  based  on 
various  and  to  some  extent  conflicting  reasons. 

It  is  also  true  that  the  Republican  National  Conventions  of  1856 — 
there  were  two  of  them — went  farther  on  the  slavery  question  than  the 
Indiana  convention,  but  they  did  not  go  so  far  as  Julian.  Indiana's 
part  in  these  conventions  is  of  historical  interest.  Mr.  Foulke  says: 
"The  appointment  of  delegates  was  of  course  informal.  They  were  in 
part  self-constituted,  in  part  sent  by  various  self-appointed  meetings 
and  conventions  of  Republicans  in  the  different  states.'  Wayne  county 
took  an  active  part  in  the  movement,  and  a  meeting  of  citizens  was  held 
at  Richmond  on  February  18,  at  which  resolutions  were  unanimously 
adopted  that  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  territory  now  free  was  the 
paramount  issue,  and  the  common  ground  on  which  all  could  unite.  The 
resolutions  appointed  Oliver  P.  Morton,  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Goodwin  and 
William  Grose  delegates  to  the  convention."  35  A  contemporary  account 
of  this  Richmond  meeting,  in  the  Jeffersonian,  the  Democratic  paper  of 
that  city,  says:  "It  was  composed  of  a  few  busy  Know  Nothings,  who, 


35  Life  of  Morton,  p.  44. 


' 


. 


• 


Vol.  1—33 


546  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

without  any  public  notice  having  been  given,  stealthily  came  together  in 
the  Mayor's  office."  The  resolutions  themselves  do  not  purport  to  be 
the  action  of  a  Republican  assembly,  but  begin:  "At  a  meeting  of  the 
citizens  of  Richmond,  on  Monday  evening  18th  inst.  in  the  Warner  build- 
ing, John  Finley,  Mayor,  was  called  to  the  chair."  The  appointing  reso- 
lution reads :  ' '  Resolved,  That  we  take  great  pleasure  in  recommending 
the  Hon.  Oliver  P.  Morton,  Rev.  Thomas  Goodwin,  and  William  Grose 
Esq.  to  the  favorable  consideration  of  the  Convention  to  assemble  at 
Pittsburgh  on  the  22nd  day  of  February  inst.,  and  would  say  that  full 
faith  and  credit  may  be  given  to  their,  acts,  as  members  of  said  Con- 
vention, on  behalf  of  Indiana."  The  printed  reports  of  the  Conventon 
show,  however,  that  George  W.  Julian  was  not  only  a  delegate  to  the 
Convention  from  Indiana,  but  was  one  of  the  Vice  Presidents,  and  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Organization,  and  was  the  only  Indiana  dele- 
gate called  to  the  floor  for  a  speech.  Oliver  P.  Morton  was  a  member 
of  the  Platform  Committee.  In  the  telegraphic  dispatches  that  reached 
the  Indiana  papers,  giving  an  account  of  the  Convention,  Julian  was  the 
only  Indiana  man  mentioned.  Commenting  on  this,  the  Jeffersonian, 
which  pronounced  the  Pittsburgh  Convention  a  "regular  Free  Soil,  or 
Abolition  concern,"  said:  "Our  K.  N.  friends  in  this  section  will  per- 
haps be  surprised,  certainly  not  a  little  chagrined,  to  find  the  man  whom 
they  have  so  long  been  doing  their  utmost  to  crush  or  ignore,  the  only 
man  from  Indiana  who  was  prominently  recognized  in  a  National  Con- 
vention of  what  they  assert  to  be  their  party  (the  Republican).  We  see 
no  mention  made  of  toy  other  Selegates  from  this  state.  Others  however 
were  there — '  Hon.  0.  P.  Morton, '  at  any  rate,  having  duly  received  his 
'credentials'  from  the  Know  Nothing  conclave  at  the  Mayor's  office,  sped 
on  his  way.  fully  expecting,  by  the  aid df  these  irresistible  documents,  to 
annihilate  Julian  and  his  influence.  That  is  the  last  we  have  heard  of 
him.  What  must  have  been  the  poor  man's  surprise,  on  arriving  at 
Pittsburgh,  to  find  such  great  men  as  Judge  Perry  and  W.  T.  Dennis 
wholly  unknown  and  unheard  of — and  that  he  whom  the  burlesque  free 
soilers  call  'Julian  the  Apostate'  was  the  only  'Republican'  whose  name 
had  traveled  over,  the  mountains."30  The  only  delegates  in  attendance 
from  Indiana  were  William  Grose,  George  W.  Julian  and  Oliver  P. 
Morton.37 

In  accordance  with  the  call,  the  Pittsburgh  Convention  provided  for 
a  nominating  convention,  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  June  17,  the 
anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  To  this  convention  the  dele- 
gates were  selected  at  the  State  Convention  on  May  1,  the  Congressional 


•i"  Jeffersonian,  Feb.  28. 

3'  Howe,  Political  History  of  Secession,  p.  286. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  547 

districts  electing  ami  reporting  their  delegates,  and  the  Convention  elect- 
ing Henry  S.  Lane,,  John  D.  Defrees,  and  William  McKee  Dunn  as  dele- 
gates at  large,  with  J.  W.  Wright,  Godlove  S.  Orth  and  Charles  H.  Test 
as  alternates.  Indiana  fared  well  in  the  National  Convention.  Lane  was 
made  president,  Test  was  on  the  Committee  on  Credentials,  Defrees  on 
the  Committee  on  Platform,  John  Beard  was  a  Vice  President,  and  Caleb 
B.  Smith  addressed  the  Convention.  Henry  Smith  Lane  here  acquired 
national  celebrity.  He  was  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Kentucky, 
February  11,  1811,  a  son  of  James  Harding  Lane,  an  early  Indian  fighter 
and  militia  colonel.  He  had  a  very  fair  education,  but  his  ability  both 
as  an  orator  and  a  thinker  was  a  natural  gift.  He  began  the  study  of 
the  law  in  1829,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1832.  He  was  an  ad- 
mirer of  Henry  Clay,  but  did  not  like  slavery.  In  October,  1831,  when 
only  twenty  years  of  age  he  made  a  striking  address  to  the  Colonization 
Society  of  Bath  County,  Kentucky,  in  which  he  said :  ' '  The  history  of 
all  times  admonishes  us  that  no  nation  or  community  of  men  can  be  kept 
in  slavery  forever ;  that  no  power  earthly  can  bind  the  immortal  energies 
of  the  human  soul ;  and  however  unpleasant  the  reflection  may  be,  it  is 
nevertheless  true  that  we  must  free  our  slaves,  or  they  will  one  day  free 
themselves.  Perhaps  they  may  soon  rise  in  their  might  and  majesty  of 
freemen  and  cast  their  broken  chains  at  their  feet  with  a  mighty  effort, 
which  will  shake  this  republic  to  its  center.  The  light  of  history  shows 
us  that  men  determined  to  be  free  cannot  be  conquered."  In  1835  he 
left  Kentucky,  and  located  at  Crawfordsville,  where  he  practised  law 
until  1854,  when  he  engaged  in  the  banking  business  with  his  father-in- 
law,  I.  C.  Elston.  There  were  some  breaks  in  his  practice,  however.  In 
1837  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  as  a  Whig.  In  1840  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Tilghman  A. 
Howard,  who  was  running  for  Governor,  defeating  Edward  A.  Hanne- 
gan.  In  1841,  he  was  reelected,  defeating  John  Bryce.  He  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  the  Mexican  War  as  a  public  speaker,  and  also  raised  a 
company  for  the  First  Regiment.  At  the  organization  of  the  Regiment 
he  was  made  Major,  and  was  later  promoted  Lieutenant  Colonel.  He 
made  an  unsuccessful  race  for  Congress  in  1849  against  Joseph  E.  Mc- 
Donald, and  affiliated  with  the  People's  Party  in  1854. 

Though  known  all  over  Indiana  as  a  speaker,  in  1856,  he  was  little 
known  outside  of  the  State.  In  his  report  of  the  Convention,  the  cor- 
respondent of  the  Cincinnati  Commercial  said :  "  H.  S.  Lane,  of  Indiana, 
was  chosen  the  permanent  Chairman  of  the  Convention.  He  was  con- 
ducted to  the  chair,  and  stood  forth  on  the  platform — a  man  about  six 
feet  high,  marvelously  lean,  his  front  teeth  out,  his  complexion  between 
a  sun  blister  and  the  yellow  fever,  and  his  small  eyes  glistening  like  those 


548  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  a  wildcat.  He  'went  in'  and  made  the  most  astonishing  speech  ever 
heard  in  these  parts.  The  New  Yorkers,  near  whose  delegation  I  sat, 
were  first  amazed,  and  then  delighted,  and  throughout  excessively  amused 
and  warmed  up.  They  said,  as  he  would  fling  his  arms  in  wild  gesticula- 
tion, and  utter  the  most  impassioned  and  swelling  sentences,  smacking 
his  fists  horribly  at  the  close  of  every  emphatic  period,  'bringing  down 
the  house'  every  lick  in  a  tremendous  outburst  of  screams,  huzzas  and 
stamping — 'Western  all  over.'  But  he  stirred  the  multitude  as  with  a 
thousand  sharp  sticks,  and  if  he  don't  have  a  national  reputation  soon,  it 
will  not  be  because  he  does  not  deserve  it,  having  fairly  won  that 
much  celebrity.  Taken  all  in  all,  the  speech  made  a  good  impression. 
Then  the  orator  continued  his  'Westernisms',  as  the  Eastern  men  called 
them,  filled  his  mouth  with  tobacco,  placed  one  leg  over  the  table 
behind  which  he  was  seated,  and  put  the  votes  and  made  his  decisions 
in  the  most  off-hand  style  imaginable,  without  rising,  and  infusing  into 
everything  a  spirit  of  a  peculiar  humor  that  was  irresistible."  The 
success  of  Lane  at  the  Convention  put  him  at  the  front  of  the  new 
party  in  Indiana,  and  this  was  a  godsend  to  the  anti-Julian  forces,  as 
it  gave  them  a  leader  whose  anti-slavery  standing  was  unimpeachable, 
and  who  ranked  as  high  as  Julian  himself. 

In  his  Raysville  speech,  Julian  made  one  fatal  error.  Because  the 
Philadelphia  platform  adopted  the  clause  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence as  to  the  equality  of  men,  he  argued  that  it  declared  for  the 
total  abolition  of  slavery.  He  asserted  that  our  forefathers  "did  not 
dream  of  permanently  uniting  such  antagonistic  elements  as  slavery 
and  freedom  under  the  Constitution",  and  declared:  "I  go  for  the 
policy  of  our  fathers.  Like  them,  I  am  for  the  extinction  of  slavery. 

*  *     *     Slavery  must  be  abolished,  and  we  must  not  be  ashamed  to 
avow  this  as  our  ultimate  purpose  as  members  of  the  Republican  party. 

*  *     *     The  Philadelphia  Platform,  unlike  those  adopted  at  Buffalo 
and  Pittsburg,  does  not  avow  the  doctrine  of  non-interference  by  the 
General  Government  with  slavery  in  the  States.     *     *     *     Its  framers 
did  not  foresee  exactly  the  course  of  future  events,  and  therefore  could 
not  prepare  any  precise  policy  in  advance.     *     *     *     But  they  vir- 
tually proclaimed  war  against  the  institution,  and  the  determination 
to  rescue  the  nation  from  its  power.     *     *     *    I  accept  it,  because  I 
think  I  can  stand  on  it  and  preach  from  it  the  whole  anti-slavery  gospel. 

*  *     *     I  accept  it,  because  it  deals  in  no  negatives,  does  not  apolo- 
gize to  the  slaveholder,  nor  cravenly  remind  him  of  any  constitutional 
guarantees  in  favor  of  his  system.     I  accept  it,  because,  as  I  under- 
stand it,  the  ultimate  banishment  of  American  slavery  is  deemed  by  it 
necessary  to  the  well-being  if  not  the  life  of  the  nation,  and  must  be 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  549 

steadily  prosecuted  till  it  shall  be  accomplished.  Let  us  speak  this 
plainly  in  the  ear  of  our  brethren  of  the  South.  *  *  *  Instead  of 
deprecating  radical  measures,  disavowing  'abolitionism',  and  fulsomely 
parading  our  devotion  to  the  Union,  let  us  declare  ourselves  the  un- 
qualified foes  of  slavery  in  principle,  and  make  good  the  declaration 
by  the  same  boldness  of  action  and  uncalculating  directness  of  policy 
which  make  the  politicians  of  the  South,  in  this  respect,  our  fit  example. 
Let  us  tell  them  in  point-blank  words  that  liberty  is  dearer  to  us  than 
the  Union;  that  we  value  the  Union  simply  as  the  servant  of  liberty; 
and  that  we  can  imagine  no  earthly  perils  or  sacrifices  so  great  that 
we  will  not  face  them,  rather  than  buy  our  peace  through  the  perpetual 
enslavement  of  four  millions  of  people  and  their  descendants.  If  we 
assure  them  that  we  love  the  Union,  let  us  not  fail  to  inform  them  that 
we  mean  the  Union  contemplated  by  our  father's,  with  the  chains  of 
the  slave  falling  from  his  limbs  as  the  harbinger  of  'liberty  throughout 
all  the  land,  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof,'  and  that  only  by  restoring 
their  policy,  and  reanimating  the  people  with  the  spirit  of  1776,  can 
these  states  be  permanently  held  together.  With  equal  frankness  let 
us  tell  them  that  we  do  not  love  the  Union  so  dearly  prized  by  modern 
Democracy,  with  James  Buchanan  as  its  king,  and  Chief  Justice  Taney 
as  its  anointed  high-priest;  and  that  at  whatever  cost  we  will  resist  its 
atrocious  conspiracy  to  establish,  on  the  ruins  of  the  Republic,  the 
hugest  and  most  desolating  slave  empire  that  ever  confronted  heaven 
since  the  creation  of  man." 

The  people  of  Indiana  held  no  such  sentiments.  They  were  not 
ready  to  sacrifice  the  Union  for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  or  for  any 
other  possible  consideration.  It  was  their  highest  ideal  of  governmental 
perfection.  From  childhood  they  had  been  taught  to  love  and  venerate 
it.  Devotion  to  it  was  the  test  of  patriotism  with  the  followers  of 
Jackson  and  Clay  alike.  The  stirring  words  of  Webster's  reply  to 
Hayne  found  a  responsive  echo  in  every  Hoosier  breast.  Any  political 
party  that  had  gone  to  the  people  on  any  such  platform  would  have 
been  doomed  to  overwhelming  defeat.  The  idea  of  sacrificing  the  Union 
was  repugnant  even  to  men  who  were  in  a  white  heat  of  political 
passion  over  the  'Border  Ruffians'  of  Kansas,  the  Lecompton  Consti- 
tution and  the  Dred  Scott  decision.  But  Julian  persisted  in  his  fight, 
and  carried  it  to  the  State  Republican  Convention  of  1858,  which  was 
held  at  Indianapolis  on  March  4,  of  that  year.  Morton  and  his  friends 
were  in  absolute  control  of  the  Convention.  Morton  himself  presided ; 
and  by  rule,  all  resolutions  went  to  a  reliable  platform  committee  for 
consideration.  In  the  early  stages  of  the  Convention,  Julian  was  called 
out  by  his  friends  for  a  speech,  and  advocated  the  affirming  of  the 


550  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Philadelphia  platform  as  the  platform  of  this  Convention.  His  oppo- 
nents saw  the  trap.  If  this  were  done,  under  the  circumstances,  it 
meant  adopting  Julian's  construction  of  the  Philadelphia  platform.  To 
refuge  to  adopt  the  Philadelphia  platform  looked  like  a  repudiation  of 
the  National  party.  To  debate  the  meaning  of  the  Philadelphia  plat- 
form would  be  a  confession  of  party  weakness  and  uncertainty  that 
would  handicap  the  campaign.  The  preliminary  debate  was  confined 
pretty  closely  to  the  expediency  of  interfering  with  the  work  of  the 
platform  Committee.  The  Committee  brought  in  its  report,  but  it  did 
not  mention  the  Philadelphia  platform.  It  was  confined  to  the  question 
of  slavery  in  the  territories,  and  the  aggressions  of  the  slave  power. 
When  the  platform  was  reported,  W.  C.  Moreau  of  Shelby  County, 
moved  to  strike  out  the  portions  referring  to  slavery,  and  insert  the 
words  of  the  Philadelphia  platform.  Moreau  was  a  Southern  bohemian, 
who,  in  1855,  purchased  The  Weekly  Chronicle,  published  at  Center- 
ville  by  R.  J.  Strickland,  and  G.  W.  Smith,  and  changed  its  name  to 
the  True  Republican.  This  was  later  bought  by  Isaac  Julian,  removed 
to  Richmond,  and  consolidated  with  a  paper  started  by  two  printers 
on  the  Palladium,  Calvin  R.  Johnson  and  Sewell  R.  Jamison,  bearing 
the  minutely  descriptive  title  of  The  Broad  Axe  of  Freedom  and  Grub- 
bing Hoe  of  Truth.  He  engaged  in  newspaper  enterprises  at  various 
points,  and  had  some  reputation  as  a  speaker.  Soon  after  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  was  commissioned  Captain  of  Company  I  of  the 
Forty-Fifth  Indiana  (Third  Cavalry),  but  resigned  September  13, 
1861.  He  was  recommissioned  June  28,  1863,  and  dismissed  January 
1,  1864.  He  had  at  one  time  a  shooting  "scrape"  with  Judge  Dyke- 
man,  of  Logansport.  Later  he  became  a  preacher,  and  went  South. 
He  was  shot  and  killed  in  Georgia.  Morton  ruled  Moreau 's  motion 
out  of  order  as  the  proposition  had  not  been  referred  to  the  Platform 
Committee,  under  the  rules.  Moreau  appealed  from  the  decision  of  the 
chair,  and  Samuel  W.  Parker  moved  to  lay  the  appeal  on  the  taWe, 
which  was  carried  by  a  large  majority.  But  the  theory  that  a  rule  for 
the  reference  of  resolutions  to  the  Committee  precluded  the  amendment 
of  the  reported  platform  by  the  Convention  was  not  relished  by  some 
of  the  delegates.  Reuben  A.  Riley,  of  Hancock,  (father  of  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley)  took  the  floor,  and,  as  reported  by  the  Journal,  "He  said 
he  adhered  to  his  principles  against  all  influences,  and  he  could  not 
be  sold  out  to  anybody.  He  was  not  in  the  market.  The  resolutions 
he  regarded  as  an  abandonment  of  the  principles  of  the  party,  and  he 
never  would  yield  to  such  a  step."  Things  began  to  look  squally,  and 
the  Convention  was  in  great  confusion.  Henry  S.  Lane  and  William 
McKee  Dunn,  both  of  whom  were  members  of  the  Platform  Committee, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


551 


as  well  as  having  been  delegates  to  the  Philadelphia  Convention,  suc- 
cessively took  the  floor,  and  defended  the  platform.  They  said  it  stated 
the  substance  of  the  Philadelphia  platform,  with  such  changes  as  were 
made  necessary  by  the  changed  conditions  of  the  past  two  years. 
Moreau  made  another  plea  for  the  reiteration  of  the  Philadelphia  plat 
form,  for  which  he  expressed  profound  attachment.  While  he  was 


HENRY  SMITH  LANE 

speaking,  Riley  went  to  the  Clerk's  desk,  examined  the  resolutions,  and 
brought  them  to  Moreau,  apparently  trying  to  satisfy  him  that  they 
were  all  right,  while  the  Convention  cheered  wildly.  When  Moreau 
had  finished,  Riley  took  the  stand,  and  said  that  ' '  after  examining  the 
resolutions  he  was  satisfied  that  he  had  misunderstood  them.  (Great 
cheering.)  He  then  read  them  to  the  Convention,  and  remarked  that 
they  seemed  strong  enough  for  any  Republican." 

Julian  tried  to  stem  the  ebbing  tide.    He  addressed  the  Convention, 


• 


550 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Philadelphia  platform  as  the  platform  of  this  Convention.  His  oppo- 
nents saw  the  trap.  If  this  were  done,  under  the  circumstances,  it 
meant  adopting  Julian's  construction  of  the  Philadelphia  platform.  To 
refuse  to  adopt  the  Philadelphia  platform  looked  like  a  repudiation  of 
the  National  party.  To  debate  the  meaning  of  the  Philadelphia  plat- 
form would  be  a  Confession  of  party  weakness  and  uncertainty  that 
would  handicap  the  campaign.  The  preliminary  debate  was  confined 
pretty  closely  to  the  expediency  of  interfering  with  the  work  of  the 
platform  Committee.  The  Committee  brought  in  its  report,  but  it  did 
not  mention  the  Philadelphia  platform.  It  was  confined  to  the  question 
of  slavery  in  the  territories,  and  the  aggressions  of  the  slave  power. 
When  the  platform  was  reported,  W.  C.  Moreau  of  Shelby  County, 
moved  to  strike  out  the  portions  referring  to  slavery,  and  insert  the 
words  of  the  Philadelphia  platform.  Moreau  was  a  Southern  bohemian, 
who,  in  1855,  purchased  The  Weekly  Chronicle,  published  at  Center- 
ville  by  R.  J.  Strickland,  and  G.  W.  Smith,  and  changed  its  name  to 
the  True  Republican.  This  was  later  bought  by  Isaac  Julian,  removad 
to  Richmond,  and  consolidated  with  a  paper  started  by  two  printers 
on  the  Palladium,  Calvin  R.  Johnson  and  Sewell  R.  Jamison,  bearing 
the  minutely  descriptive  title  of  The  Broad  Axe  of  Freedom  and  Grub- 
bing Hoe  of  Truth.  He  engaged  in  newspaper  enterprises  at  various 
points,  and  had  some  reputation  as  a  speaker.  Soon  after  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  he  was  commissioned  Captain  of  Company  I  of  the 
Forty-Fifth  Indiana  (Third  Cavalry),  but  resigned  September  13, 
1861.  He  was  recommissioned  June  28,  1863,  and  dismissed  January 
1,  1864.  He  had  at  one  time  a  shooting  "scrape"  with  Judge  Dyke- 
man,  of  Logansport.  Later  he  became  a  preacher,  and  went  South. 
He  was  shot  and  killed  in  Georgia.  Morton  ruled  Moreau 's  motion 
out  of  order  as  the  proposition  had  not  been  referred  to  the  Platform 
Committee,  under  the  rules.  Moreau  appealed  from  the  decision  of  the 
chair,  and  Samuel  W.  Parker  moved  to  lay  the  appeal  on  the  table, 
which  was  carried  by  a  large  majority.  But  the  theory  that  a  rule  for 
the  reference  of  resolutions  to  the  Committee  precluded  the  amendment 
of  the  reported  platform  by  the  Convention  was  not  relished  by  some 
of  the  delegates.  Reuben  A.  Riley,  of  Hancock,  (father  of  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley)  took  the  floor,  and,  as  reported  by  the  Journal,  "He  said 
he  adhered  to  his  principles  against  all  influences,  and  he  could  not 
be  sold  out  to  anybody.  He  was  not  in  the  market.  The  resolutions 
he  regarded  as  an  abandonment  of  the  principles  of  the  party,  and  he 
never  would  yield  to  such  a  step."  Things  began  to  look  squally,  and 
the  Convention  was  in  great  confusion.  Henry  S.  Lane  and  William 
McKee  Dunn,  both  of  whom  were  members  .of  the  Platform  Committee, 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


551 


as  well  as  having  been  delegates  to  the  Philadelphia  Convention,  suc- 
cessively took  the  floor,  and  defended  the  platform.  They  said  it  stated 
the  substance  of  the  Philadelphia  platform,  with  such  changes  as  were 
made  necessary  by  the  changed  conditions  of  the  past  two  years. 
Moreau  made  another  plea  for  the  reiteration  of  the  Philadelphia  plat 
form,  for  which  he  expressed  profound  attachment.  While  he  was 


HEXRY  SMITH  LANE 

speaking,  Riley  went  to  the  Clerk's  desk,  examined  the  resolutions,  and 
brought  them  to  Moreau,  apparently  trying  to  satisfy  him  that  they 
were  all  right,  while  the  Convention  cheered  wildly.  When  Moreau 
had  finished,  Riley  took  the  stand,  and  said  that  "after  examining  the 
resolutions  he  was  satisfied  that  he  had  misunderstood  them.  (Great 
cheering.)  He  then  read  them  to  the  Convention,  and  remarked  that 
they  seemed  strong  enough  for  any  Republican." 

Julian  tried  to  stem  the  ebbing  tide.     He  addressed  the  Convention, 


552  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

bitterly  denouncing  the  management  for  trying  to  suppress  the  senti- 
ment of  the  delegates  by  "gag  law."  He  presented  his  interpretation 
of  the  Philadelphia  platform,  and  contrasted  it  with  the  proposed  plat- 
form, which  he  characterized  as  "a  milk  and  water  affair."  When  he 
had  finished,  Morton  called  Godlove  S.  Orth  to  the  chair,  and  replied 
to  Julian  with  that  political  adroitness  in  which  he  was  a  master.  He 
dismissed  the  personal  attack  on  himself  with  the  statement  that  he 
"had  obeyed  the  rules  adopted  by  the  Convention."  He  then  said  that 
objections  had  been  made  to  the  platform  because  it  did  not  reaffirm 
the  words  of  the  Philadelphia  platform.  "What  did  we  care  for  adher- 
ence to  any  form  or  set  of  words?  If  we  declared  in  substance  that 
was  enough.  Mr.  Julian,  who  insisted  on  following  the  words  of  the 
Philadelphia  platform,  would  probably  refuse  to  pray  if  he  could  not 
find  some  old  form  to  pray  in.  (Laughter.)  'He  reminds  me,'  said 
Mr.  Morton,  'of  an  Episcopalian  clergyman  who  was  sent  for  to  pray 
for  a  man  who  had  been  bitten  by  a  rattlesnake.  He  looked  through 
his  prayer  book,  and  refused  to  go  because  the  book  contained  no  form 
of  prayer  for  snake-bite.  (Great  applause  and  laughter.)  The  men 
at  Philadelphia  made  their  own  platform.  They  were  men  of  sense 
and  they  could  act  for  themselves.  They  did  not  hunt  for  a  form  in 
some  platform  of  1854,  or  '52,  or  '48,  but  they  made  just  such  a  one 
as  suited  the  present  case.  And  why  shouldn't  we  do  so  too?  (Great 
applause.)  Mr.  Morton's  speech  was  a  settler  so  far  as  this  question 
was  concerned.  When  he  was  done,  Mr.  Orth  came  forward  and  put 
the  question,  'Shall  the  resolutions  as  reported  by  the  committee  be 
adopted  ? '  The  vote  in  the  affirmative  was  a  tremendous  shout.  Some- 
one said  it  was  not  worth  while-  to  put  the  other  side.  But  Mr.  Orth 
put  the  negative,  and  some  five  or  six  voices  responded  'No.'  So  the 
platform  was  adopted  almost  unanimously.  The  result  was  greeted 
with  long  and  hearty  cheering,  kept  up  for  several  minutes. ' ' 38 

In  reality  Morton's  construction  of  the  rules  was  elastic,  for  in  a 
few  minutes  he  entertained  a  motion  by  Theodore  Hielscher  for  an 
additional  resolution  condemning  the  State  Bank  for  refusing  to  pay 
local  taxes — its  charter  provided  a  special  tax  on  stock  in  lieu  of  all 
other  taxes — which  was  adopted  by  the  Convention  without  any  sug- 
gestion of  reference  to  the  Platform  Committee.  But  in  reality  the 
Free  Soilers  had  no  ground  for  complaint  of  the  platform,  which  was 
devoted  almost  exclusively  to  -the  slavery  question,  on  national  lines, 
with  scant  mention  of  State  affairs.  The  planks  on  naturalization  and 
prohibition,  which  had  been  put  in  previous  platforms  for  the  benefit 


ss  Journal,  March  5,  1858. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  553 

of  the  Know  Nothings  and  the  Temperance  men,  were  omitted  entirely, 
and  these  subjects  were  not  mentioned.  The  reason  for  this  was  obvious. 
Early  in  the  session  Theodore  Hielscher  was  called  on  for  a  speech. 
He  said  there  were  40,000  German  votes  in  this  Stafe  of  which  not 
five  hundred  would  support  the  Lecompton  Constitution.  "There  had 
been  three  German  papers  that  had  supported  Mr.  Buchanan,  but  not 
one  of  them  would  support  him  now. ' '  He  thought  that  the  Republican 
party  was  "the  party  of  the  free  white  laborer",  and  he  "spoke  at 
some  length  of  the  duty  of  the  North,  and  the  necessity  of  firm  resist- 
ance to  the  demands  of  slavery."  Now,  as  to  German  affairs,  Hielscher 
was  one  who  spoke  with  authority,  and  not  as  the  scribes.  He  was 
prominent  among  leaders  of  German  thought,  a  school  teacher,  and 
editor  of  the  Freie  Presse.  Moreover  he  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Freimaennern  Verein,  a  German-American  organization  for  combatting 
"illiberality"  in  all  forms,  including  slavery,  prohibition  and  Chris- 
tianity, which  held  a  convention  at  Indianapolis  in  1854,  and  declared 
itself  on  that  occasion,  with  Abolition  frankness.  He  was  also  a  prom 
inent  member  of  the  Bund  der  Tugenhaften  (League  of  the  Virtuous), 
a  German  secret  society,  which  was  in  general  devoted  to  everything 
"made  in  Germany."  A  German  contemporary,  who  did  not  approve 
of  Hielscher,  had  referred  to  him  as  "that  fool  Hielscher";  and  there- 
after, the  Sentinel  never  referred  to  him  by  any  other  title.  The  Know 
Nothings  in  the  Convention  adopted  Pettit's  theory  that  when  the 
foreigners  voted  with  them,  they  were  patriots;  and  the  Temperance 
men  could  not  find  heart  to  offend  the  Germans,  when  they  were  all 
right  on  the  Kansas  question,  just  because  they  wanted  their  beer. 
Chase  away  40,000  reliable  voters?  Perish  the  thought.  The  truth  is 
that  in  1858  the  Republican  party  was  practically  a  unit  for  the  first 
time,  and  it  was  a  unit  on  the  slavery  question.  The  only  practical 
result  of  Julian's  effort  was  that  he  succeeded  in  getting  himself  dis- 
liked at  the  very  time  when  the  Republican  party  was  coming  his  way 
at  full  speed ;  and  he  would  probably  have  realized  this  fact  if  he  had 
not  been  blinded  by  his  antipathy  to  Morton.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
in  1858  the  Republican  party  in  Indiana  came  much  nearer  taking  the 
ground  that  it  subsequently  held,  than  it  did  in  1854  or  1856.  The 
majority  against  it  in  the  election  of  that  year  was  only  2.500. 

The  country  was  now  getting  near  to  the  parting  of  the  ways. 
The  process  of  division  had  been  going  on  for  more  than  a  decade. 
Following  the  split  in  the  Quaker  and  Methodist  churches  on  the  slavery 
question,  there  had  been  one  in  the  Baptist  church  in  1845.  The  New 
School  Presbyterians  held  together  until  1858,  when  they  had  a  divi- 
sion. None  of  the  churches  split  geographically,  on  Mason  and  Dixon's 


554  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Line  except  the  Methodists.  The  only  political  organization  that  had 
survived  was  the  Democratic  party,  and  it  had  lost  numerous  members 
to  the  new  Republican  party.  In  Indiana  the  first  manifestation  of  a 
formal  split  in  its  ranks  was  in  the  Fall  of  1858,  when,  following  the 
triumph  of  Douglas  in  Illinois,  his  Indiana  adherents,  commonly  known 
then  as  anti-Lecompton  Democrats,  held  a  jollification  meeting  at  Indi- 
anapolis on  November  18.  They  denounced  Buchanan,  and  repudiated 
Senator  Bright.  The  principal  speaker  was  John  G.  Davis,  and  he 
won  applause  by  the  declaration  that,  "Any  candidate  nominated  for 
the  Presidency  in  1860  that  takes  the  ground  that  the  Constitution 
carries  slavery  into  the  territories  without  local  law,  cannot  carry  a 
single  township  north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line."  This  was  the 
first  open  revolt  against  the  authority  of  Jesse  D.  Bright,  aside  from 
mere  personal  rebellions,  that  had  occurred.  Jesse  David  Bright  was 
born  at  Norwich,  New  York,  December  18,  1812.  In  1820,  his  father, 
David  J.  Bright,  came  to  Madison,  Indiana,  where  he  operated  a  hat 
manufactory  for  many  years.  Jesse  obtained  a  fair  education  in  the 
Madison  schools;  read  law;  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831;  and 
became  probate  judge  in  1834,  although  Jefferson  was  a  Whig  County. 
In  1836  the  Whigs  nominated  Williamson  Dunn  for  senator  in  Jeffer- 
son County.  He  was  an  excellent,  and  strong  man,  but  a  very  strict 
Presbyterian,  and  extreme  on  Sunday  observance.  The  liberals  brought 
out  Shadrach  Wilber,  a  Whig,  as  an  independent  candidate,  and  the 
fight  between  the  two  waxed  warm.  Bright  saw  an  opportunity,  and 
came  out  as  a  Democrat,  and  was  elected.  He  at  once  took  rank  as  a 
leader,  and  in  1841  was  appointed  U.  S.  Marshal  for  Indiana.  In  1843 
he  was  elected  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  the  legislature  elected  him 
U.  S.  Senator  to  succeed  Albert  S.  White.  He  was  re-elected  in  1850, 
as  before  mentioned.  In  1856  the  Republicans  had  a  majority  in  the 
senate,  and  refused  to  meet  in  joint  session.  The  Democrats  had  set 
an  example  of  this  kind  in  1854,  in  consequence  of  which  no  successor 
was  elected  to  Senator  John  Pettit,  whose  term  expired  in  1855,  and 
the  State  had  but  one  Senator  for  two  years.  In  1856  the  Democrats 
had  a  majority  of  the  entire  legislature,  and  Ashbel  P.  Willard,  who 
had  been  elected  Governor,  was  Lieutenant  Governor.  They  submitted 
the  problem  to  a  committee  of  three  lawyers,  Samuel  Perkins,  James 
Hughes  and  Joseph  W.  Chapman,  who  decided  that  they  could  legally 
act  in  joint  session.  On  February  2,  1857,  Willard  and  the  Demo- 
cratic Senators  met  with  the  House,  by  invitation,  and  canvassed  the 
vote  for  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor,  declaring  Willard  Gov- 
ernor and  Abram  Adams  Hammond,  Lieutenant  Governor,  they  having 
been  clearly  elected.  On  February  4,  Hammond  and  the  Democratic 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


555 


Senators  again  met  with  the  House  and  elected  Bright  and  Dr.  Graham 
Newel  Fitch  U.  "S.  Senators.  They  received  83  votes  each,  the  Republi- 
can members  of*  the  House  refusing  to  vote,  except  two  members,  who 
voted  for  George  G.  Dunn.  The  House  Republicans  entered  a  protest 
on  the  journal,  but  the  elected  Senators  took  their  seats.  In  1858  the 
Republicans  controlled  the  legislature ;  declared  this  election  illegal ; 


JESSE  D.  BRIGHT 
(From  painting) 

and  elected  Henry  S.  Lane  and  William  M.  McCarty  Senators.  They 
went  to  Washington  and  claimed  their  seats,  but  the  Senate  refused 
to  admit  them,  by  a  party  vote,  except  that  three  Democratic  Senators, 
Douglas,  Broderiok  and  Mason,  voted  to  admit  them.  This  made  Bright 
a  bitter  enemy  of  Douglas  in  all  future  political  movements,  and  split 
the  party  in  Indiana  in  1860,  but  the  two  had  never  been  friendly.  In 
1852,  when  there  was  a  contest  between  Fitch  and  Pettit  for  the  sen- 


554 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Line  except  the  Methodists.  The  only  political  organization  that  had 
survived  was  the  Democratic  party,  and  it  had  lost  numerous  members 
to  the  new  Republican  party.  In  Indiana  the  first  manifestation  of  a 
formal  split  in  its  ranks  was  in  the  Fall  of  1858,  when,  following  the 
triumph  of  Douglas  in  Illinois,  his  Indiana  adherents,  commonly  known 
then  as  anti-Lecompton  Democrats,  held  a  jollification  meeting  at  Indi- 
anapolis on  November  18.  They  denounced  Buchanan,  and  repudiated 
Senator  Bright.  The  principal  speaker  was  John  G.  Davis,  and  he 
won  applause  by  the  declaration  that,  "Any  candidate  nominated  for 
the  Presidency  in  1860  that  takes  the  ground  that  the  Constitution 
carries  slavery  into  the  territories  without  local  law,  cannot  carry  a 
single  township  north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  Line."  This  was  the 
first  open  revolt  against  the  authority  of  Jesse  D.  Bright,  aside  from 
mere  personal  rebellions,  that  had  occurred.  Jesse  David  Bright  was 
born  at  Norwich,  New  York,  December  18,  1812.  In  1820,  his  father, 
David  J.  Bright,  came  to  Madison,  Indiana,  where  he  operated  a  hat 
manufactory  for  many  years.  Jesse  obtained  a  fair  education  in  the 
Madison  schools ;  read  law ;  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831 ;  and 
became  probate  judge  in  1834,  although  Jefferson  was  a  Whig  County. 
In  1836  the  Whigs  nominated  Williamson  Dunn  for  senator  in  Jeffer- 
son County.  He  was  an  excellent,  and  strong  man,  but  a  very  strict 
Presbyterian,  and  extreme  on  Sunday  observance.  The  liberals  brought 
out  Shadrach  Wilber,  a  Whig,  as  an  independent  candidate,  and  the 
fight  between  the  two  waxed  warm.  Bright  saw  an  opportunity,  and 
came  out  as  a  Democrat,  and  was  elected.  He  at  once  took  rank  as  a 
leader,  and  in  1841  was  appointed  U.  S.  Marshal  for  Indiana.  In  1843 
he  was  elected  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  the  legislature  elected  him 
U.  S.  Senator  to  succeed  Albert  S.  White.  He  was  re-elected  in  1850, 
as  before  mentioned.  In  1856  the  Republicans  had  a  majority  in  the 
senate,  and  refused  to  meet  in  joint  session.  The  Democrats  had  set 
an  example  of  this  kind  in  1854,  in  consequence  of  which  no  successor 
was  elected  to  Senator  John  Pettit,  whose  term  expired  in  1855,  and 
the  State  had  but  one  Senator  for  two  years.  In  1856  the  Democrats 
had  a  majority  of  the  entire  legislature,  and  Ashbel  P.  Willard,  who 
had  been  elected  Governor,  was  Lieutenant  Governor.  They  submitted 
the  problem  to  a  committee  of  three  lawyers,  Samuel  Perkins,  James 
Hughes  and  Joseph  W.  Chapman,  who  decided  that  they  could  legally 
act  in  joint  session.  On  February  2,  1857,  Willard  and  the  Demo- 
cratic Senators  met  with  the  House,  by  invitation,  and  canvassed  the 
vote  for  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor,  declaring  Willard  Gov- 
ernor and  Abram  Adams  Hammond,  Lieutenant  Governor,  they  having 
been  clearly  elected.  On  February  4,  Hammond  and  the  Democratic 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


555 


Senators  again  met  with  the  House  and  elected  Bright  and  Dr.  Graham 
Newel  Fitch  U.  "S.  Senators.  They  received  83  votes  each,  the  Republi- 
can members  of"  the  House  refusing  to  vote,  except  two  members,  who 
voted  for  George  G.  Dunn.  The  House  Republicans  entered  a  protest 
on  the  journal,  but  the  elected  Senators  took  their  seats.  In  1858  the 
Republicans  controlled  the  legislature  ;  declared  this  election  illegal  ; 


- 


JESSE  D.  BRIGHT 
(From  painting) 

and  elected  Henry  S.  Lane  and  William  M.  McCarty  Senators.  They 
went  to  Washington  and  claimed  their  seats,  but  the  Senate  refused 
to  admit  them,  by  a  party  vote,  except  that  three  Democratic  Senators, 
Douglas,  Broderick  and  Mason,  voted  to  admit  them.  This  made  Bright 
a  bitter  enemy  of  Douglas  in  all  future  political  movements,  and  split 
the  party  in  Indiana  in  1860,  but  the  two  had  never  been  friendly.  In 
1852,  when  there  was  a  contest  between  Fitch  and  Pettit  for  the  sen- 


556  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

atorship,  Michael  G.  Bright  wrote  to  a  friend,  "Pettit,  with  all  his 
goodness,  is  too  much  identified  with  the  Douglas  faction  to  receive  my 
cordial  support.  On  the  other  hand,  Fitch  is  a  real  gentleman — known 
to  be  right,  and  as  true  as  steel."  39 

Michael  Graham  Bright  was  Jesse's  brother,  older  by  ten  years, 
and  was  a  large  factor  in  his  political  strength.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished lawyer,  and  a  financier  of  no  mean  ability.  Both  were  keeii 
judges  of  men,  and  both  men  of  strong  intellect.  Mr.  Woollen,  who 
was  a  Democrat,  says  of  Jesse  D.  Bright:  "He  was  the,  autocrat  of  his 
party,  and  ruled  it  as  absolutely  as  did  Governor  Morton  the  Republi- 
can party  when  in  the  zenith  of  his  power.  Indeed,  in  many  respects 
these  men  were  alike.  Both  loved  power  and  knew  the  art  of  getting 
it:  both  loved  a  friend  and  hated  an  enemy,  and  both  knew  how  to 
reward  the  one  and  punish  the  other.  *  *  *  He  was  imperious  in 
his  manner,  and  brooked  no  opposition  either  from  friend  or  foe. 
Indeed,  he  classed  every  man  as  a  foe  who  would  not  do  his  bidding, 
and  made  personal  devotion  to  himself  the  test  of  Democracy.  He  had 
natural  talents  of  a  high  order,  but  was  deficient  in  education  and 
cultivation.  In  his  public  speeches  he  was  a  frequent  violator  of  gram- 
mar and  logic,  but  his  manner  was  so  earnest  and  his  delivery  so  im- 
pressive, that  what  he  said  found  a  lodgement  in  the  minds  of  his  hear- 
ers. He  was  the  Danton  of  Indiana  Democracy,  and  was  both  loved  and 
feared  by  his  followers,  Mr.  Bright  was  the  best  judge  of  men  that 
I  ever  knew.  Indeed  he  seemed  to  have  an  intuitive  knowledge  of  men 
and  their  thoughts.  *  *  *  He  never  conciliated;  he  demanded 
absolute  obedience;  he  permitted  no  divided  allegiance.  *  *  *  In 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  Mr.  Bright  did  not  rank  high  as  a 
debater,  but  he  was  good  at  committee  work,  and  won  and  maintained 
a  respectable  standing.  He  was  popular  with  the  Senators,  and  enjoyed 
their  personal  friendship.  *  *  *  Such  was  his  standing  that  on 
the  death  of  Vice-President  King,  in  1853,  he  was  elected  President 
pro  tempore  of  the  Senate.  He  filled  this  office  until  the  inauguration 
of  John  C.  Breckenridge,  in  1857,  and  thus  stood  for  fours  years  within 
one  step  of  the  Presidency.  While  President  of  the  Senate  he  did  not 
assign  Sumner,  Chase  and  Hale  to  places  upon  the  committees,  and 
when  asked  his  reason  for  failing  to  do  so,  replied:  'Because  they  are 
not  members  of  any  healthy  political  organization."  He  did  not  see 
the  seeds  of  the  great  Republican  party  which  were  then  sprouting  and 
about  to  burst  through  the  ground.  In  1857.  when  forming  his  cabinet, 
President  Buchanan  offered  Mr.  Bright  the  secretaryship  of  State, 


3»  Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  454. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  557 

which  office  he  declined.  *  *  *  He  owned  a  farm  in  Kentucky, 
well  stocked  with  negroes,  and  was  thus  identified  with  the  South  by 
interest  as  well  BS  feeling.  *  *  *  A  Senator  from  a  free  State,  he 
was  the  owner  of  slaves;  and  a  representative  of  Indiana,  his  largest 
material  interests  were  in  Kentucky.  During  most  of  the  time  for 
many  years  he  lived  at  Washington  and  in  Kentucky  in  the  midst  of 
slavery.  So  it  is  no  wonder  he  became  politically  permeated  with  the 
virus  of  that  abominable  institution. "  40  It  is  noteworthy  that  Senator 
Turpie,  who  succeeded  Bright  when  he  was  expelled  from  the 
Senate  in  1861,  gives  no  statement  of  his  opinion  of  Bright  in  his 
reminiscences,  although  he  does  give  estimates  of  nearly  every  man  of 
any  prominence  in  the  State  in  his  time.  This  may  have  been  due  to 
his  rather  strict  observance  of  the  rule  of  de  mortuis  nil,  or  because 
he  was  too  ardent  a  Democrat  to  make  any  reflection  on  a  man  who 
had  been  so  prominent  in  his  party.  They  were  not  friends,  personally 
or  politically. 

Bright  drank  the  pro-slavery  cup  to  its  dregs,  and  continually  lost 
strength  in  Indiana  by  so  doing.  The  last  straws  were  his  warm  sup- 
port of  Buchanan  in  his  war  on  Douglas,  and  his  adoption  of  the 
extreme  Southern  position  on  the  Kansas  question.  He  not  only  main- 
tained the  full  authority  of  Congress  over  the  government  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, but  pronounced  allowing  the  people  entire  freedom  to  adopt 
a  constitution  to  be  vicious  in  principle.  Such  doctrine  as  that  could 
not  be  swallowed  by  men  of  Indiana  of  any  party.  If  State  Sovereignty 
did  not  mean  even  the  right  of  local  self-government,  it  was  a  barren 
ideality  for  all  purposes  but  the  extension  of  slavery.  If  there  was 
any  governmental  doctrine  that  commanded  universal  assent  in  Indi- 
ana, it  was  the  right  of  freemen  to  govern  themselves. 

On  the  other  hand,  Dr.  Fitch  always  retained  his  popularity  with 
all  factions  of  the  Indiana  Democrats,  and  deservedly  so.  Turpie  was 
one  of  his  warm  admirers.*1  He  was  born  at  Leroy,  Genessee  County, 
New  York,  December  5,  1809.  His  grandfather  was  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  and  his  father  served  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  received  a 
classical  education  at  Middlebury  and  Geneva,  N.  Y. ;  studied  medicine 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  and  practiced  for  a  time  at 
Fairfield,  N.  Y.  In  1834  he  came  to  Logansport,  and  soon  acquired 
more  than  local  standing  in  his  profession.  He  was  on  the  faculty  at 
Bush  Medical,  Chicago,  from  1844  to  1849,  and  of  the  Indiana  Medical 
from  1878  to  1883.  He  would  no  doubt  have  been  better  known  as  a 
physician  but  for  his  political  employment.  He  was  elected  to  the 


«o  Woollen  'a  Sketches,  pp.  223-9. 

«i  Turpie  'a  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  p.  179. 


558  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

legislature  in  1836  and  1839;  to  Congress  in  1849  and  1851;  and  was 
Presidential  Elector  in  1844,  1848  and  1856.  At  the  close  of  his  Sena- 
torial term,  March  3,  1861,  he  returned  to  his  practice  at  Logansport; 
but  he  could  not  remain  a  bystander  in  the  great  struggle,  although 
past  military  age.  Says  Turpie:  "During  the  Civil  War  Fitch  was 
authorized  to  raise  a  regiment,  the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  of  Indiana 
Volunteers,  which  he  subsequently  commanded  in  the  field.  His 
recruits  were  gathered  by  a  public  canvass  made  by  him  in  his  own  and 
adjoining  counties.  Several  times  I  accompanied  him  in  this  canvass 
and  spoke  from  the  same  stand. .  His  account  of  the  beginning,  course 
and  termination  of  the  movement  of  secession  was  the  most  highly 
finished  and  thoroughly  wrought-out  discussion  of  that  topic  I  have 
ever  heard.  His  exhortation  to  the  sons  of  Indiana  in  behalf  of  the 
Union  and  the  constitution  was  irresistible.  His  regiment  was  rapidly 
filled  by  volunteer  enlistments  to  its  full  complement.  Our  young  men 
were  anxious  to  go  with  him."  Although  his  service  was  terminated 
in  a  little  more  than  a  year  by  bad  health,  he  had  a  prominent  part 
'  at  Ft.  Pillow,  Memphis  and  St.  Charles.  He  resumed  his  practice, 
which  was  thereafter  broken  only  by  his  service  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  of  1868.  He  died  at  Logansport,  No- 
vember 29,  1892,  leaving  two  daughters,  the  wives  of  Hon.  Charles 
Denby  and  Dr.  Asa  Coleman. 

These  Senatorial  elections  of  1855  and  1857  were  the  subjects  of 
bitter  political  controversy  at  the  time,  and  there  was  a  repetition  of 
similar  obstructive  tactics  during  the  Civil  War.  These  Indiana  ex- 
periences caused  the  adoption  of  the  U.  S.  law  for  the  election  of 
Senators,  in  1866,  which  put  an  end  to  this  particular  form  of  political 
idiocy  by  making  it  possible  for  a  majority  of  the  whole  legislature  to 
elect  a  Senator,  without  reference  to  the  action  of  either  house  alone. 
They  also  illustrate  the  extreme  to  which  political  feeling  ran  at  that 
time,  though  not  fully.  Political  interests  were  put  higherJthan  an)' 
other  considerations,  and,  in  their  political  warfare  the  newspapers  of 
the  time  were  worse  than  the  editorial  "muckrakers"  of  today.  There 
is  a  striking  illustration  of  this  in  Indiana's  connection  with  John 
Brown's  invasion  of  Virginia.  The  press  dispatches  of  October  18, 
1859,  the  day  after  the  attack  on  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  said: 
"Brown's  chief  aid  was  John  E.  Cook,  a  comparatively  young  man, 
who  has  resided  in  and  near  the  Ferry  for  some  years.  He  was  first 
employed  in  tending  a  lock  on  the  canal,  afterwards  taught  school  on 
the  Maryland  side  of  the  river,  and  after  a  long  residence  in  Kansas, 
where  it  is  supposed  he  became  acquainted  with  Brown,  returned  to 
the  Ferry  and  married.  Though  he  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  some 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


559 


intelligence,  he  was  known  to  be  anti-slavery,  but  not  so  violent  in  the 
expression  of  opinfons  as  to  excite  any  suspicion."  This  attracted  no 
public  notice  until*  October  23,  when  the  Journal  published  an  article 
stating  that  it  was  suspected  that  Cook  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Gov- 
ernor Willard,  and  that  Willard  was  probably  an  accomplice  in  th* 
insurrection.  It  was  soon  learned  that  Cook  was  in  fact  a  brother  of 


DANIEL  W.  VOORHEES 

Mrs.  Willard,  who  had  left  home  a  number  of  years  before,  and  had 
been  lost  to  his  family  ever  since.  Willard  promptly  announced  this 
fact,  and  on  October  26,  left  for  Charlestown,  accompanied  by  Daniel 
W.  Voorhees  and  Joseph  E.  McDonald,  then  Attorney  General  of  Indi- 
ana, to  render  what  aid  he  could  to  his  unfortunate  relative.  On  Octo- 
ber 29  the  Journal  returned  to  its  charge  that  Willard  was  implicated, 
and  said :  ' '  The  effort  to  palliate  his  conduct  and  cover  it  with  the 
disguise  of  family  feeling  only  shows  how  evidently  his  sympathy  with 


558 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


legislature  in  1836  and  1839;  to  Congress  in  1849  and  1851;  and  was 
Presidential  Elector  in  1844,  1848  and  1856.  At  the  close  of  his  Sena- 
torial term,  March  3,  1861,  he  returned  to  his  practice  at  Logansport; 
but  he  could  not  remain  a  bystander  in  the  great  struggle,  although 
past  military  age.  Says  Turpie:  "During  the  Civil  War  Fitch  was 
authorized  to  raise  a  regiment,  the  Forty-sixth  Regiment  of  Indiana 
Volunteers,  which  he  subsequently  commanded  in  the  field.  His 
recruits  were  gathered  by  a  public  canvass  made  by  him  in  his  own  and 
adjoining  counties.  Several  times  I  accompanied  him  in  this  canvass 
and  spoke  from  the  same  stand.  His  account  of  the  beginning,  course 
and  termination  of  the  movement  of  secession  was  the  most  highly 
finished  and  thoroughly  wrought-out  discussion  of  that  topic  I  have 
ever  heard.  His  exhortation  to  the  sons  of  Indiana  in  behalf  of  the 
Union  and  the  constitution  was  irresistible.  His  regiment  was  rapidly 
filled  by  volunteer  enlistments  to  its  full  complement.  Our  young  men 
were  anxious  to  go  with  him."  Although  his  service  was  terminated 
in  a  little  more  than  a  year  by  bad  health,  he  had  a  prominent  part 
at  Ft.  Pillow,  Memphis  and  St.  Charles.  He  resumed  his  practice, 
which  was  thereafter  broken  only  by  his  service  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  of  1868.  He  died  at  Logansport,  No- 
vember 29,  1892,  leaving  two  daughters,  the  wives  of  Hon.  Charles 
Denby  and  Dr.  Asa  Coleman. 

These  Senatorial  elections  of  1855  and  1857  were  the  subjects  of 
bitter  political  controversy  at  the  time,  and  there  was  a  repetition  of 
similar  obstructive  tactics  during  the  Civil  War.  These  Indiana  ex- 
periences caused  the  adoption  of  the  U.  S.  law  for  the  election  of 
Senators,  in  1866,  which  put  an  end  to  this  particular  form  of  political 
idiocy  by  making  it  possible  for  a  majority  of  the  whole  legislature  to 
elect  a  Senator,  without  reference  to  the  action  of  cither  house  alone. 
They  also  illustrate  the  extreme  to  which  political  feeling  ran  at  that 
time,  though  not  fully.  Political  interests  were  put  higher  than  any 
other  considerations,  and,  in  their  political  warfare  the  newspapers  of 
the  time  were  worse  than  the  editorial  "muckrakers"  of  today.  There 
is  a  striking  illustration  of  this  in  Indiana's  connection  with  John 
Brown's  invasion  of  Virginia.  The  press  dispatches  of  Ootober  18, 
1859,  the  day  after  the  attack  on  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  said: 
"Brown's  chief  aid  was  John  E.  Cook,  a  comparatively  young  man, 
who  has  resided  in  and  near  the  Ferry  for  some  years.  He  was  first 
employed  in  tending  a  lock  on  the  canal,  afterwards  taught  school  on 
the  Maryland  side  of  the  river,  and  after  a  long  residence  in  Kansas, 
where  it  is  supposed  he  became  acquainted  with  Brown,  returned  to 
the  Ferry  and  married.  Though  he  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  some 


• 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


559 


intelligence,  he  was  known  to  be  anti-slavery,  but  not  so  violent  in  the 
expression  of  opinions  as  to  excite  any  suspicion."  This  attracted  no 
public  notice  until  October  23,  when  the  Journal  published  an  article 
stating  that  it  was  suspected  that  Cook  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Gov- 
ernor Willard,  and  that  Willard  was  probably  an  accomplice  in  ths 
insurrection.  It  was  soon  learned  that  Cook  was  in  fact  a  brother  of 


• 


DANIEL  W.  VOORHEES 

Mrs.  Willard,  who  had  left  home  a  number  of  years  before,  and  had 
been  lost  to  his  family  ever  since.  Willard  promptly  announced  this 
fact,  and  on  October  26,  left  for  Charlestown,  accompanied  by  Daniel 
W.  Voorhees  and  Joseph  E.  McDonald,  then  Attorney  General  of  Indi- 
ana, to  render  what  aid  he  could  to  his  unfortunate  relative.  On  Octo- 
ber 29  the  Journal  returned  to  its  charge  that  Willard  was  implicated, 
and  said:  "The  effort  to  palliate  his  conduct  and  cover  it  with  the 
disguise  of  family  feeling  only  shows  how  evidently  his  sympathy  with 


560  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  insurrection  appears,  and  how  important  it  is  to  hide  it."  For  this 
villainous  falsehood  there  was  absolutely  no  excuse,  except  that  the 
Democratic  papers  were  all  blaming  the  insurrection  to  the  "Black 
Republicans. ' ' 

McDonald  did  not  speak  at  the  trial  of  Cook,  and  the  fact  that  he 
was  connected  with  the  ease  is  almost  unknown.  The  common  Indiana 
idea  of  it  is  almost  wholly  derived  from  the  speech  of  Voorhees,  which 
was  printed  in  full  in  Indiana  papers,  apparently  for  political  con- 
sumption, though  announced  merely  as  a  specimen  of  eloquence,  which 
it  unquestionably  was.  It  was  simply  a  plea  for  mercy,  conceding 
Cook's  guilt,  but  claiming  that  he  was  only  a  good-hearted  young  man 
who  had  been  led  astray  by  John  Brown,  and  by  the  agitation  of  the 
abolitionists,  naming  Seward,  Giddings  and  others,  who  were  portrayed 
as  the  real  offenders.  Its  only  real  effect  was  to  rob  Cook  of  a  crown 
of  martyrdom,  similar  to  Brown's;  for  it  did  not  convince  the  jury, 
as  it  did  not  exactly  hinge  with  the  evidence,  and  they  sentenced  Cook 
to  be  hanged.  In  reality  Cook  did  not  go  to  Kansas  when  he  first  left 
Harper's  Ferry,  but  to  Williamsburg,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  read 
law  with  John  N.  Stearns.  Stearns,  who  spoke  of  him  as  a  man  whose 
"mind  wandered  in  a  land  of  dreams",  said:  "While  he  could  not 
draw  a  complaint  or  a  promissory  note,  a  score  of  fancy  verses  for  a 
lady's  album  would  be  thrown  off  without  effort,  as  by  intuition.  The 
use  of  guns  and  pistols  was  with  him  a  kindred  passion  to  his  poetry; 
as  a  marksman  he  was  a  dead  shot.  If  thrown  in  the  midst  of  strife 
and  contention,  he  would  naturally  become  a  soldier  as  by  the  force  of 
this  passion,  without  personal  motive  or  inducement,  and,  indeed,  as 
against  his  own  welfare  and  happiness."42  About  the  beginning  of 
1856,  Cook  went  to  Kansas  where,  according  to  the  New  York  Tribune, 
he  "distinguished  himself  in  the  free  state  cause."  His  next  record 
was  in  the  following  item  from  the  Hartford  Courant  of  September  1, 
1856:  "John  E.  Cook,  Esq.,  a  lawyer  from  Lawrence,  Kansas,  is  ex- 
pected in  town  today,  and  will  speak  at  Touro  Hall  this  evening,  upon 
the  wrongs  and  wants  of  Kansas.  Mr.  Cook  went  from  Haddam  to 
Kansas,  and  while  there  he  made  himself  perfectly  familiar  with  the 
movements  of  both  parties.  He  starts  for  Kansas  on  Thursday,  at  the 
head  of  a  brave  company  of  men,  who'  go  prepared  to  defend  themselves 
from  attack,  and  to  give  the  Ruffians  an  opportunity  if  they  care  or 
dare  to  earn  the  reward  of  eleven  hundred  dollars  which  has  been 
offered  for  his  scalp.  We  are  assured  that  he  is  a  brave,  fearless  man, 
and  defies  them.  Let  there  be  a  grand  rally  to  hear  the  truth."43 


42  Sentinel,  October  31,  1859. 
«3  Sentinel,  October  27,  1859. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  561 

Anyone  who  harbors  the  impression  that  Brown  was  of  sound  mind, 
would  probably  have  it  dispelled  by  reading  his  "Provisional  Consti- 
tution and  Ordinances  for  the  United  States,"  which,  with  a  mass  of 
other  papers  that  any  sane  conspirator  would  have  destroyed,  was  cap- 
tured among  his  effects;  and  which  provides  for  a  government  of  the 
nation  by  officials  "elected  by  all  citizens  of  sound  mind."  But  in 
Cook's  case  the  evidence  is  not  so  clear.  On  the  night  of  October  17, 
after  the  capture  of  the  arsenal,  he  led  a  party  to  the  residence  of 
Col.  Lewis  Washington,  whom  he  put  under  arrest,  and  from  whose 
place  he  took  a  carriage  and  a  wagon,  and  all  the  arms  in  the  house, 
including  two  pistols  presented  to  George  Washington  by  Lafayette, 
and  a  sword  presented  by  Frederick  the  Great;  and  carried  off  twelve 
negroes.  From  there  he  went  to  the  home  of  a  farmer  named  Allsteadt, 
whom  he  arrested,  with  his  son,  and  carried  off  all  the  negroes  from 
this  place. 

The  negroes  do  not  appear  to  have  entered  into  the  movement  very 
enthusiastically.  Cook  and  two  other  white  men  escaped  from  the 
arsenal  during  the  attack  by  the  Virginia  forces,  with  a  part  of  the 
slaves,  and  took  to  the  mountains.  Shortly  after,  one  of  Col.  Wash- 
ington's negroes  came  in  and  reported  that  they  were  in  the  moun- 
tains three  miles  away.  They  were  closely  pursued  by  the  militia, 
who  were  now  swarming  into  the  region,  but  Cook  escaped  out  of  the 
state,  and  wag  captured  several  days  later  near  Chambersburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, while  trying  to  secure  some  provisions.  He  was  heavily 
armed,  and  nearly  starved.  He  was  surrendered  to  the  Virginia  author- 
ities, and  during  his  confinement  in  prison  professed  repentance  and 
conversion,  but  his  chief  regret  seems  to  have  been  that  the  negroes 
did  not  respond.  In  a  letter  to  his  wife,  he  said:  "I  gave  heart  and 
hand  to  a  work  which  I  deemed  a  noble  and  holy  cause.  The  result 
has  proved  that  we  were  deceived,  that  the  masses  of  slaves  did  not 
wish  for  freedom.  There  was  no  rallying  beneath  our  banner.  We 
were  left  to  meet  the  conflict  all  alone ;  to  dare,  and  do,  and  die.  Twelve 
of  my  comrades  are  now  sleeping  with  the  damp  mold  over  them,  and 
five  are  inmates  of  these  prison  walls.  We  have  been  deceived,  but 
found  out  our  error  when  too  late.  Those  who  are  dead,  died  like 
brave  men,  though  mistaken.  Those  who  still  live  will  not  shame,  I 
trust,  their  comrades  who  are  gone."  44  Brown  was  executed  on  Decem- 
ber 2,  and  Cook  and  others  on  December  16.  On  the  evening  of  the 
fifteenth,  he  and  a  comrade  named  Coppic  cut  their  shackles  off  with 
a  saw  made  of  a  Barlow  knife,  and  escaped  from  the  jail  through  a 


«  Sentinel,  Dec.  16,  1859. 

Vol.  I— 36 


562  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

hole  they  had  made  in  the  wall;  but  when  they  tried  to  get  over  the 
fence  around  the  jail  yard,  they  were  fired  on  by  the  military  guard, 
and  driven  back.  During  these  two  months  the  whole  country  was  in 
a  ferment  over  the  case.  On  account  of  continued  rumors  that  bodies 
of  men  were  forming  in  the  North  to  rescue  the  prisoners,  about  two 
thousand  troops  were  assembled  at  Charleston,  under  General  Talia- 
ferro,  to  resist  the  threatened  invasion.  The  newspapers  resorted  to 
every  expedient  to  make  political  capital  of  the  matter,  and  the  vilifi- 
cation of  Governor  Willard  became  national.  The  Baltimore  Patriot 
even  went  to  the  length  of  stating  that  the  insurrection  was  the  result 
of  a  cunningly  devised  scheme  to  entrap  Brown.  It  said:  "We  have 
reliable  intelligence  from  Washington  that  Governor  Willard  of  Indiana 
is  at  the  bottom  of  the  whole  affair.  Cook,  who  is  his  brother-in-law, 
is  said  to  have  been  prompted  by  him  to  inveigle  the  madman  Brown 
into  the  net  thus  spread  for  them,  with  the  assurance  that  he  (Cook) 
should  be  let  off  scot  free,  if  he  should  not  "escape.  Willard  is  now  at 
Charlestown,  and  Cook  is  to  be  used  as  state's  evidence,  on  condition 
of  his  release. "  45  This  was  followed  a  few  days  later  by  an  announce- 
ment that  Northern  Democratic  papers  were  to  urge  Cook's  pardon  on 
the  ground  of  Willard 's  political  services.  It  has  often  been  said  that 
Governor  Wise  made  a  mistake  in  not  pardoning,  or  commuting  the 
sentences  of  all  the  prisoners,  but  when  one  reads  the  newspapers  of  the 
time,  he  may  find  ample  cause  for  any  man's  failure  to  give  rational 
consideration  to  the  possible  future  effects  of  their  execution. 

Willard 's  experience  differed  from  that  of  others  only  in  degree. 
The  historical  writer  can  portray  almost  any  public  man  of  the  time 
as  an  angel  of  light  or  as  a  fiend  incarnate,  by  simply  quoting  from 
opposing  political  papers.  But  Willard  had  not  long  to  endure  his 
unpleasant  notoriety.  In  the  summer  of  1860,  while  addressing  a  con- 
vection at  Columbus,  Indiana,  he  had  a  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs. 
By  advice  of  physicians,  he  left  his  official  duties  and  went  to  Min- 
nesota in  search  of  health.  But  it  was  too  late.  On  October  4,  1860, 
he  breathed  his  last.  He  was  the  first  Governor  of  Indiana  to  die  in 
office,  and  thousands  came  to  pay  homage  as  his  remains'  lay  in  state 
at  Indianapolis,  and  regret  the  strange  injustice  that  had  come  to  him. 
But  this  was  but  a  lull  in  the  storm  of  political  vituperation,  for 
another  heated  campaign  was  in  progress.  And  yet  the  issues  of  the 
campaign  of  1860  were  not  nearly  so  pronounced  as  in  previous  years. 
The  Democratic  party,  in  its  State  convention  on  January  12,  indorsed 
Buchanan's  administration,  and  somewhat  inconsistently  adopted  the 


«»  Sentinel,  November  5,  1859. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


563 


(Douglas  positi«n  on  slavery  in  the  territories,  and  indorsed  Douglas 
r  the  presidency  by  a  large  majority.  They  came  out  strong  on  John 
Brown,  with  a  resolution  that,  "We  regard  the  recent  outrage  at  Har- 
per's Ferry  as  a  crime  not  only  against  the  State  of  Virginia,  but  against 
the  Union  itself;  and  we  hereby  reprobate  and  denounce  the  crime 
and  the  treason."  The  Republican  State  platform  of  February  22  was 


GrOV.    ASHBEL   PARSONS   WlIAARD 

almost  as  explicit,  declaring,  ' '  That  we  are  opposed  to  any  interference 
with  slavery  where  it  exists  under  the  sanction  of  State  law;  that  the 
soil  of  every  state  should  be  protected  from  lawless  invasion  from  every 
quarter,  and  that  the  citizens  of  every  state  should  be  protected  from 
illegal  arrests  and  searches,  as  well  as  from  mob  violence."  The 
national  Republican  platform  also  said:  "We  denounce  the  lawless 
invasion  by  an  armed  force  of  the  soil  of  any  State  or  Territory,  no 
matter  under  what  pretext,  as  among  the  gravest  of  crimes. ' '  The  most 


• 

. 


INTENTIONAL  SECOND  EXPOSURE 


562 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


hole  they  had  made  in  the  wall ;  but  when  they  tried  to  get  over  the 
fence  around  the  jail  yard,  they  were  fired  on  by  the  military  guard, 
and  driven  back.  During  these  two  months  the  whole  country  was  in 
a  ferment  over  the  case.  On  account  of  continued  rumors  that  bodies 
of  men  were  forming  in  the  North  to  rescue  the  prisoners,  about  two 
thousand  troops  were  assembled  at  Charleston,  under  General  Talia- 
ferro,  to  resist  the  threatened  invasion.  The  newspapers  resorted  to 
every  expedient  to  make  political  capital  of  the  matter,  and  the  vilifi- 
cation of  Governor  Willard  became  national.  The  Baltimore  Patriot 
even  went  to  the  length  of  stating  that  the  insurrection  was  the  result 
of  a  cunningly  devised  scheme  to  entrap  Brown.  It  said:  "We  have 
reliable  intelligence  from  Washington  that  Governor  Willard  of  Indiana 
is  at  the  bottom  of  the  whole  affair.  Cook,  who  is  his  brother-in-law, 
is  said  to  have  been  prompted  by  him  to  inveigle  the  madman  Brown 
into  the  net  thus  spread  for  them,  with  the  assurance  that  he  (Cook) 
should  be  let  off  scot  free,  if  he  should  not  «escape.  Willard  is  now  at 
Charlestown,  and  Cook  is  to  be  used  as  state's  evidence,  on  condition 
of  his  release."4*  This  was  followed  a  few  days  later  by  an  announce- 
ment that  Northern  Democratic  papers  were  to  urge  Cook's  pardon  on 
the  ground  of  Willard 's  political  services.  It  has  often  been  said  that 
Governor  Wise  made  a  mistake  in  not  pardoning,  or  commuting  the 
sentences  of  all  the  prisoners,  but  when  one  reads  the  newspapers  of  the 
time,  he  may  find  ample  cause  for  any  man's  failure  to  give  rational 
consideration  to  the  possible  future  effects  of  their  execution. 

Willard 's  experience  differed  from  that  of  others  only  in  degree. 
The  historical  writer  can  portray  almost  any  public  man  of  the  time 
as  an  angel  of  light  or  as  a  fiend  incarnate,  by  simply  quoting  from 
opposing  political  papers.  But  Willard  had  not  long  to  endure  his 
unpleasant  notoriety.  In  the  summer  of  1860,  while  addressing  a  con- 
vention at  Columbus,  Indiana,  he  had  a  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs. 
By  advice  of  physicians,  he  left  his  official  duties  and  went  to  Min- 
nesota in  search  of  health.  But  it  was  too  late.  On  October  4,  1860, 
he  breathed  his  last.  He  was  the  first  Governor  of  Indiana  to  die  in 
office,  and  thousands  came  to  pay  homage  as  his  remains  lay  in  state 
at  Indianapolis,  and  regret  the  strange  injustice  that  had  come  to  him. 
But  this  was  but  a  lull  in  the  storm  of  political  vituperation,  for 
another  heated  campaign  was  in  progress.  And  yet  the  issues  of  the 
campaign  of  1860  were  not  nearly  so  pronounced  as  in  previous  years. 
The  Democratic  party,  in  its  State  convention  on  January  12,  indorsed 
Buchanan's  administration,  and  somewhat  inconsistently  adopted  the 


Sentinel,  November  5,  1859. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


56:J 


Douglas  position  -on  slavery  in  the  territories,  and  indorsed  Douglas 
for  the  presidency  by  a  large  majority.  They  came  out  strong  on  John 
Brown,  with  a  resolution  that,  "We  regard  the  recent  outrage  at  Har- 
per's Ferry  as  a  crime  not  only  against  the  State  of  Virginia,  but  against 
the  Union  itself;  and  we  hereby  reprobate  and  denounce  the  crime 
and  the  treason."  The  Republican  State  platform  of  February  22  was 


Gov.  ASHBEL  PARSONS  WII-LARD 

almost  as  explicit,  declaring,  ' '  That  we  are  opposed  to  any  interference 
with  slavery  where  it  exists  under  the  sanction  of  State  law;  that  the 
soil  of  every  state  should  be  protected  from  lawless  invasion  from  every 
quarter,  and  that  the  citizens  of  every  state  should  be  protected  from 
illegal  arrests  and  searches,  as  well  as  from  mob  violence."  The 
national  Republican  platform  also  said :  ' '  We  denounce  the  lawless 
invasion  by  an  armed  force  of  the  soil  of  any  State  or  Territory,  no 
matter  under  what  pretext,  as  among  the  gravest  of  crimes. ' '  The  most 


564  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pronounced  issue  as  to  slavery  was  on  the  principles  of  the  Dred  Scott 
decision,  the  Republicans  denouncing  it,  and  the  Democrats  pledging 
themselves  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  consti- 
tutional matters.  The  Republicans  cut  away  from  Knownothingism, 
with  a  resolution,  "That  we  are  in  favor  of  equal  rights  to  all  citizens, 
at  home  and  abroad,  without  reference  to  their  place  of  nativity,  and 
that  we  will  oppose  any  attempt  to  change  the  present  Naturalization 
Laws. ' '  The  Dred  Scott  decision  was  generally  unpopular  in  the  State, 
and  would  have  been  much  more  so  if  it  had  been  known  then,  as  has 
recently  bejen  demonstrated  by  Judge  Howe,  that  Buchanan  was  not 
only  informed  of  the  decision  in  advance,  for  political  purposes,  but 
also  had  used  his  influence  to  secure  the  decision.46 

This  campaign  was  the  ba'tfle  of  the  giants,  in  Indiana.  The  Demo- 
crats nominated  Thomas  A.  IJ&ndricks  for  Governor,  and  David  Turpie 
for  Lieutenant  Governor;  the 'Republicans  Henry  S.  Lane  for  Governor, 
and  Oliver  P.  Morton  for  Lieutenant  Governor.  Turpie  says:  "These 
four  persons,  in  the  campaign  that  followed,  in  respect  to  the  offices 
for  which  they  were  named,  made  only  a  tentative  canvass — such  was 
the  understanding  in  both  parties.  If  the  Republicans  carried  the 
state  Mr.  Lane  was  to  be  elected  to  the  Senate,  Mr.  Morton  succeeding 
to  the  governorship;  if  our  party  prevailed  similar  changes  were  to 
be  the  result.  The  election  in  October  .carried  out  in  part  this  arrange- 
ment. Mr.  Lane  was  selected  United  States  Senator.  The  future  in 
some  degree  carried  it  still  further.  All  four  of  these  candidates  upon 
the  state  tickets  of  1860  became  senators  in  this  order  of  service: 
Lane,  Turpie,  Hendricks,  Morton.  On  this  same  ticket  were  the  names 
of  two  other  persons,  opposing  candidates  for  reporter  of  the  supreme 
court — Mr.  Michael  C.  Kerr  and  Mr.  Benjamin  Harrison.  The  first 
named  was  afterward  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  at  Washington,  and 
died  while  holding  that  great  position.  Mr.  Benjamin  Harrison,  twenty- 
eight  years  afterward,  was  elected  to  the  presidency.  It  would  thus 
seem  that  these  candidates  of  both  parties  upon  the  state  ticket  in  1860 
were  composed  of  a  material  somewhat  durable;  the  loom  of  time 
wove  for  them  garments  of  diverse  figures,  but  of  a  lasting  texture."  47 
But  these  were  not  the  only  celebrities  in  the  campaign.  In  the  Fourth 
District  William  S.  Holman  won  another  term  in  his  long  record  of 
over  thirty  years  in  Congress.  In  the  Fifth,  Julian,  who  had  been 
shut  out  for  one  term  by  Judge  David  Kilgore,  came  to  his  own  again 
with  a  majority  of  4,736,  the  largest  in  the  State.  In  the  Fourth, 
Albert  G.  Porter,  afterwards  Governor  and  Minister  to  Italy,  was 


Political  History  of  Secession,  pp.  331-345. 
Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  pp.  183-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


565 


elected.  In  the  Seventh,  Daniel  W.  Voorhees,  who  had  in  all  a  service 
of  nine  years  in  the  House  and  twenty  years  in  the  Senate,  was  vic- 
torious. In  the  Ninth  the  successful  candidate  was  Schuyler  Colfax, 
later  Speaker  of  the  House  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 
There  were  other  notables  all  along  the  line,  as  may  be  judged  from 
the  fact  that  the  four  Republican  candidates  for  Delegates  at  Large 


Gov.  ABRAM  ADAMS  HAMMOND 

were  Wm.  T.  Otto,  afterwards  Reporter  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court; 
Pleasant  Adams  Hackelman,  later  Brigadier  General,  and  killed  while 
trying  to  rally  his  troops,  on  October  3,  1863,  at  the  Battle  of  Corinth; 
Daniel  D.  Pratt,  U.  S.  Senator  from  1869  to  1875 ;  and  Caleb  B.  Smith, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  Lincoln,  and  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge  for 
Indiana.  The  campaign  was  largely  conducted  in  joint  debates,  Lane 
and  Hendricks,  Morton  and  Turpie,  and  so  on  down  the  line.  There 
was  no  formal  split  in  the  Democratic  party  in  Indiana  as  to  the  State 


564 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pronounced  issue  as  to  slavery  was  on  the  principles  of  the  Dred  Scott 
decision,  the  Republicans  denouncing  it,  and  the  Democrats  pledging 
themselves  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  consti- 
tutional matters.  The  Republicans  cut  away  from  Knownothingism, 
with  a  resolution,  "That  we  are  in  favor  of  equal  rights  to  all  citizens, 
at  home  and  abroad,  without  reference  to  their  place  of  nativity,  and 
that  we  will  oppose  any  attempt  to  change  the  present  Naturalization 
Laws."  The  Dred  Scott  decision  was  generally  unpopular  in  the  State, 
and  would  have  been  much  more  so  if  it  had  been  known  then,  as  has 
recently  been  demonstrated  by  Judge  Howe,  that  Buchanan  was  not 
only  informed  of  the  decision  in  advance,  for  political  purposes,  but 
also  had  used  his  influence  to  secure  the  decision.40 

This  campaign  was  the  battle  of  the  giants,  in  Indiana.  The  Demo- 
crats nominated  Thomas  A.  Hcndricks  for  Governor,  and  David  Turpie 
for  Lieutenant  Governor ;  the  Republicans  Henry  S.  Lane  for  Governor, 
and  Oliver  P.  Morton  for  Lieutenant  Governor.  Turpie  says:  "These 
four  persons,  in  the  campaign  that  followed,  in  respect  to  the  offices 
for  which  they  were  named,  made  only  a  tentative  canvass — such  was 
the  understanding  in  both  parties.  If  the  Republicans  carried  the 
state  Mr.  Lane  was  to  be  elected  to  the  Senate,  Mr.  Morton  succeeding 
to  the  governorship ;  if  our  party  prevailed  similar  changes  were  to 
be  the  result.  The  election  in  October  carried  out  in  part  this  arrange- 
ment. Mr.  Lane  was  selected  United  States  Senator.  The  future  in 
some  degree  carried  it  still  further.  All  four  of  these  candidates  upon 
the  state  tickets  of  1860  became  senators  in  this  order  of  service : 
Lane,  Turpie,  Hendricks,  Morton.  On  this  same  ticket  were  the  names 
of  two  other  persons,  opposing  candidates  for  reporter  of  the  supreme 
court — Mr.  Michael  C.  Kerr  and  Mr.  Benjamin  Harrison.  The  first 
named  was  afterward  chosen  speaker  of  the  House  at  Washington,  and 
died  while  holding  that  great  position.  Mr.  Benjamin  Harrison,  twenty- 
eight  years  afterward,  was  elected  to  the  presidency.  It  would  thus 
seem  that  these  candidates  of  both  parties  upon  the  state  ticket  in  1860 
were  composed  of  a  material  somewhat  durable;  the  loom  of  time 
wove  for  them  garments  of  diverse  figures,  but  of  a  lasting  texture."47 
But  these  were  not  the  only  celebrities  in  the  campaign.  In  the  Fourth 
District  William  S.  Holman  won  another  term  in  his  long  record  of 
over  thirty  years  in  Congress.  In  the  Fifth,  Julian,  who  had  been 
shut  out  for  one  term  by  Judge  David  Kilgore,  came  to  his  own  again 
with  a  majority  of  4,736,  the  largest  in  the  State.  In  the  Fourth, 
Albert  G.  Porter,  afterwards  Governor  and  Minister  to  Italy,  was 


<«  Political  History  of  Secession,  pp.  331-345. 
*•  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  pp.  183-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


565 


elected.  In  the  Seventh,  Daniel  W.  Voorhees,  who  had  in  all  a  service 
of  nine  years  in  the  House  and  twenty  years  in  the  Senate,  was  vic- 
torious. In  the  Ninth  the  successful  candidate  was  Schuyler  Colfax, 
later  Speaker  of  the  House  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 
There  were  other  notables  all  along  the  line,  as  may  be  judged  from 
the  fact  that  the  four  Republican  candidates  for  Delegates  at  Large 


Gov.  A  DRAM  ADAMS  HAMMOND 

. 

were  Wm.  T.  Otto,  afterwards  Reporter  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court; 
Pleasant  Adams  Hackelman,  later  Brigadier  General,  and  killed  while 
trying  to  rally  his  troops,  on  October  3.  1863,  at  the  Battle  of  Corinth ; 
Daniel  D.  Pratt,  U.  S.  Senator  from  1869  to  1875;  and  Caleb  B.  Smith, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  Lincoln,  and  U.  S.  Circuit  Judge  for 
Indiana.  The  campaign  was  largely  conducted  in  joint  debates.  Lane 
and  Hendricks,  Morton  and  Turpie,  and  so  on  down  the  line.  There 
was  no  formal  split  in  the  Democratic  party  in  Indiana  as  to  the  State 


566  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ticket,  but  Turpie  says  that  signs  of  disaster  were  plainly  visible  before 
the  election,  in  the  defection  of  Democrats  to  the  Republican  ranks, 
especially  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  The  Republicans 
were  victorious  at  the  October  elections,  Lane's  majority  over  Heu- 
dricks  being  9,757,  and  Morton's  over  Turpie,  10,178.  In  the  Novem- 
ber election  the  vote  was  Lincoln,  139,013;  Douglas,  115,166;  Breck- 
enridge,  12,295;  Bell,  5,339;  and  Gerritt  Smith,  5.  This  vote  is  the 
most  conclusive  test  of  Indiana  sentiment  on  the  slavery  question  that 
exists.  The  Breckenridge  vote  presents  the  total  of  those  who  sym- 
pathized with  the  Southern  view  of  slavery.  Although  in  a  general 
way  it  was  chiefly  in  the  Southern  part  of  the  State,  it  was,  in  fact, 
very  widely  scattered.  There  were  but  six  counties  in  the  State  in 
which  the  Breckenridge  vote  reached  500,  and  they  were  Boone,  649 ; 
Daviess,  529 ;  Jefferson,  564 ;  Lawrence,  530 ;  Posey,  523 ;  and  Warrick, 
816.  Lincoln  carried  all  of  these  counties  but  the  last  two.  The  vote  in 
Posey  was  Lincoln,  1,055;  Douglas,  1,128;  and  in  Warrick,  Lincoln 
745;  Douglas,  784.  In  other  words,  Breckenridge  carried  only  one 
county  in  the  State,  and  his  total  vote  there  was  but  little  more  than 
one-third  of  the  total  vote.  In  Posey  his  vote  was  less  than  one-fifth 
of  the  total  vote. 

The  agreement  between  Lane  and  Morton  that  Lane  should  go  to 
the  Senate,  and  leave  Morton  Governor,  had  been  made  at  the  State 
convention  of  1860.  Foulke  says:  "Morton  undoubtedly  expected 
the  nomination.  But  certain  supposed  considerations  of  expediency 
finally  turned  the  sentiment  in  favor  of  Lane.  Friends  of  both  candi- 
dates proposed  the  following  arrangement,  if  the  Republicans  carried 
the  legislature,  Lane  should  go  to  the  Senate,  and  Morton  would  then 
succeed  to  the  office  of  Governor.  But  this  plan  was  not  satisfactory 
to  Morton.  He  would  rather  go  to  the  Senate  himself  than  become 
Governor,  and  if  he  took  the  lower  place  on  the  ticket,  ought  he  not 
to  have  the  choice?  But  it  was  determined  otherwise.  *  *  *  Mor- 
ton at  last  determined  to  make  the  sacrifice,  for  such  it  then  seemed 
to  be."  He  further  says  that  Thomas  H.  Nelson,  of  Vigo,  in  nominat- 
ing Morton,  said  that  "it  was  not  the  place  his  friends  had  wished 
for  him",  and  himself  adds:  "This  nomination  to  the  second  place 
was  undoubtedly  a  disappointment  to  Morton."  There  is  a  tradition 
that  this  arrangement  was  first  suggested  by  John  Beard,  of  Mont- 
gomery, the  man  who  moved  the  provision  that  gave  Indiana  the 
greater  part  of  her  school  fund.  If  so,  he  also  gave  Indiana  her  War 
Governor.  The  arrangement  was  carried  out  without  a  hitch.  The 
legislature  met  on  January  14,  1861,  and  Lane  and  Morton  were  in- 
augurated. On  the  16th  Lane  was  elected -to  the  Senate,  and  resigned 


INDIAN7 A  AND  1NDIANANS 


567 


as  Governor.    Morton  was  at  once  sworn  in  as  Governor,  and  the  stage 
of  Indiana  was  set  for  the  drama  of  the  Civil  War. 

The  brief  unexpired  term  of  Governor  Willard,  from  October,  1860, 
to  January,  1861,  was  filled  by  Abram  Adams  Hammond,  Lieutenant 
Governor.  He  was  a  native  of  Vermont,  born  at  Brattleboro,  March 
21,  1814.  His  parents,  Nathaniel  and  Patty  (Ball)  Hammond,  moved 


RUPUS  A.  LOCKWOOD 


to  Brookville,  Indiana,  when  he  was  five  years  old,  and  he  grew  up 
there,  receiving  the  education  of  the  common  schools.  He  read  law 
with  John  Ryman.  a  noted  lawyer  of  that  place,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  in  1835  opened  an  office  at  Greenfield.  In  1840  he  removed 
to  Columbus,  and  while  there  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  the 
circuit,  a  position  which  he  filled  with  ability.  In  1846  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  and  the  next  year  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  until 
1849,  and  then  returned  to  Indianapolis.  In  1850  the  Court  of  Com- 


566 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ticket,  but  Turpie  says  that  signs  of  disaster  were  plainly  visible  before 
the  election,  in  the  defection  of  Democrats  to  the  Republican  ranks, 
especially  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.  The  Republicans 
were  victorious  at  the  October  elections,  Lane's  majority  over  Heu- 
dricks  being  9,757,  and  Morton's  over  Turpie,  10,178.  In  the  Novem- 
ber election  the  vote  was  Lincoln,  139,013;  Douglas,  115,166;  Breck- 
enridge,  12,295;  Bell,  5,339;  and  Gerritt  Smith,  5.  This  vote  is  the 
most  conclusive  test  of  Indiana  sentiment  on  the  slavery  question  that 
exists.  The  Breckenridge  vote  presents  the  total  of  those  who  sym- 
pathized with  the  Southern  view  of  slavery.  Although  in  a  general 
way  it  was  chiefly  in  the  Southern  part  of  the  State,  it  was,  in  fact, 
very  widely  scattered.  There  were  but  six  counties  in  the  State  in 
which  the  Breckenridge  vote  reached  500,  and  they  were  Boone,  649 ; 
Daviess,  529;  Jefferson,  564;  Lawrence,  530;  Posey,  523;  and  Warrick, 
816.  Lincoln  carried  all  of  these  counties  but  the  last  two.  The  vote  in 
Posey  was  Lincoln,  1,055 ;  Douglas,  1,128  j  and  in  Warrick,  Lincoln 
745;  Douglas,  784.  In  other  words,  Breckenridge  carried  only  one 
county  in  the  State,  and  his  total  vote  there  was  but  little  more  than 
one-third  of  the  total  vote.  In  Posey  his  vote  was  less  than  one-fifth 
of  the  total  vote. 

The  agreement  between  Lane  and  Morton  that  Lane  should  go  to 
the  Senate,  and  leave  Morton  Governor,  had  been  made  at  the  State 
convention  of  1860.  Foulke  says:  "Morton  undoubtedly  expected 
the  nomination.  But  certain  supposed  considerations  of  expediency 
finally  turned  the  sentiment  in  favor  of  Lane.  Friends  of  both  candi- 
dates proposed  the  following  arrangement,  if  the  Republicans  carried 
the  legislature,  Lane  should  go  to  the  Senate,  and  Morton  would  then 
succeed  to  the  office  of  Governor.  But  this  plan  was  not  satisfactory 
to  Morton.  He  would  rather  go  to  the  Senate  himself  than  become 
Governor,  and  if  he  took  the  lower  place  on  the  ticket,  ought  he  not 
to  have  the  choice?  But  it  was  determined  otherwise.  *  *  *  Mor- 
ton at  last  determined  to  make  the  sacrifice,  for  such  it  then  seemed 
to  be."  He  further  says  that  Thomas  H.  Nelson,  of  Vigo,  in  nominat- 
ing Morton,  said  that  "it  was  not  the  place  his  friends  had  wished 
for  him",  and  himself  adds:  "This  nomination  to  the  second  place 
was  undoubtedly  a  disappointment  to  Morton."  There  is  a  tradition 
that  this  arrangement  was  first  suggested  by  John  Beard,  of  Mont- 
gomery, the  man  who  moved  the  provision  that  gave  Indiana  the 
greater  part  of  her  school  fund.  If  so,  he  also  gave  Indiana  her  War 
Governor.  The  arrangement  was  carried  out  without  a  hitch.  The 
legislature  met  on  January  14,  1861,  and  Lane  and  Morton  were  in- 
augurated. On  the  16th  Lane  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  and  resigned 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


567 


as  Governor.    Morton  was  at  once  sworn  in  as  Governor,  and  the  stage 
of  Indiana  was  set  for  the  drama  of  the  Civil  War. 

The  brief  unexpired  term  of  Governor  Willard,  from  October,  1860, 
to  January,  1861,  was  filled  by  Abram  Adams  Hammond,  Lieutenant 
Governor.  He  was  a  native  of  \7ermont,  born  at  Brattleboro,  March 
21,  1814.  His  parents,  Nathaniel  and  Patty  (Ball)  Hammond,  moved 


RUPUS  A.  LOCKWOOD 

to  Brookville,  Indiana,  when  he  was  five  years  old,  and  he  grew  up 
there,  receiving  the  education  of  the  common  schools.  He  read  law 
with  John  Ryman.  a  noted  lawyer  of  that  place,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  in  1835  opened  an  office  at  Greenfield.  In  1840  he  removed 
to  Columbus,  and  while  there  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  the 
circuit,  a  position  which  he  filled  with  ability.  In  1846  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  and  the  next  year  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  until 
1849,  and  then  returned  to  Indianapolis.  In  1850  the  Court  of  Com- 


568 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mon  Pleas  was  created,  and  Mr.  Hammond  was  elected  the  first  Judge 
of  this  court  in  Marion  County.  In  1852  he  resigned  this  office,  and 
went  to  San  Francisco,  where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  that  re- 
markable legal  genius,  Rufus  A.  Lockwood,  a  sketch  of  whose  extraordi- 
nary life  appears  elsewhere  in  this  work.  He  returned  to  Indiana,  and 
in  1855  located  at  Terre  Haute,  where  he  was  a  partner  of  Thomas 
H.  Nelson,  later  U.  S.  Minister  to  Mexico.  His  nomination  in  185G 
was  of  an  unusual  character.  He  had  been  a  Whig  but  had  not  taken 
an  active  part  in  politics.  On  the  disintegration  of  the  Whig  party, 
many  of  its  members  came  over  to  the  Democrats,  and  among  them 
Hammond.  In  1856,  the  Democrats  had  nominated  John  C.  Walker 
for  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  after  his  nomination  it  was  discovered 
that  he  was  not  of  constitutional  age  for  that  office.  The  Democratic 
State  Central  Committee,  desiring  to  recognize  the  old  Whig  element, 
and  Judge  Hammond  being  the  most  prominent  man  connected  with  it 
in  Indiana,  he  was  put  on  the  ticket,  and  elected.  He  sent  but  one 
message  to  the  legislature,  and  it  was  marked  by  a  recommendation 
for  the  establishment  of  a  house  of  refuge  for  juvenile  offenders,  but 
this  was  not  adopted  by  the  legislature.  Soon  after  leaving  office, 
Governor  Hammond's  health  gave  way,  and  in  1874,  after  trying 
various  medical  remedies,  he  went  to  Colorado,  to  try  the  climatic  cure. 
He  died  there  on  August  24,  1874. 


. 


- 


L  \  B  RAR.Y 

OF   THE 

U  N  1VERS1TY 
Of    ILLINOIS 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


University  of  Illinois  Library 


._ 
.,.    -   - 


-  • 

' 


T"^ 


N  0  2  1987 


MAR  i  8  1989 


. 


L161— 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  PIATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME   II 


• 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


• 


Copyright,    1919 

by 
THE   AMERICAN   HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


97-7,2 

j> 
v. 


Indiana  and  Indianans 


CHAPTER  XI 
..      THE  CIVIL  WAR 

It  is  probable  that  the  United  States  never  passed  a  more  miserable 
five  months  than  that  from  the  November  election,  1860,  to  April  12, 
1861,  or  rather  the  Northern  States.  The  Southern  States  were  generally 
bent  on  secession.  They  thought  they  knew  where  they  were  going,  and 
they  were  ' '  on  their  way. ' '  They  were  at  least  free  from  the  depressing 
uncertainty  that  hung  like  a  pall  over  the  North.  The  period  was 
peculiarly  trying  to  newspaper  editors.  Nobody  knew  what  was  going 
to  happen;  but  most  men  were  not  obliged  to  talk.  The  editor  of  a 
daily  paper  not  only  had  to  talk,  but  he  was  expected  to  lead  public 
opinion,  and  above  all  things,  to  avoid  getting  his  political  party  into 
trouble.  Any  statement  would  be  promptly  snatched  up  by  the  opposi- 
tion as  an  expression  of  party  sentiment,  although  it  may  have  been 
in  fact  a  mere  personal  idea,  and  the  editor  may  have  been  quite  a» 
willing  to  have  said  just  the  opposite  if  he  had  thought  it  would  be 
popular.  Prom  the  standpoint  of  future  years,  the  Indianapolis  Jour- 
nal, the  Republican  organ  of  Indiana,  started  wrong  in  the  Civil  War. 
A  quarter  of  a  century  later,  its  editor,  Berry  Sulgrove,  wrote :  ' '  From 
the  secession  of  South  Carolina  to  the  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  opinion 
was  divided  in  Indiana  on  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  the  seceded 
states.  The  more  demonstrative  and  probably  stronger  division,  led  by 
Governor  Morton,  held  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  government  to  reduce 
the  disobedient  states  by  force,  proceeding  by  aggressive  warfare,  in- 
vasion, and  destruction  of  life  and  property,  as  in  the  case  of  any  other 
public  enemy.  The  other  division,  represented  by  John  R.  Cravens, 
David  C.  Branham,  and  the  Journal,  under  the  direction  of  B.  R. 
Sulgrove,  thought  that  an  aggressive  war  on  the  part  of  the  govern- 
ment, which  would  make  it  strike  the  first  blow  and  shed  the  first  blood, 
while  the  South  acted  only  by  ordinances  and  resolutions,  would  force 
all  the  border  states  into  the  Confederacy,  repel  the  sympathy  of 

569 


I iOibo- 


570  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Europe,  and  probably  induce  alliances  there,  consolidate  Democratic 
sympathy  in  the  North  with  secession,  and  present  a  front  of  hostility 
against  which  the  government  might  be  broken  hopelessly.  Considering 
the  condition  of  Indiana  after  the  elections  of  1862, — and  Indiana  was 
no  worse  than  other  states — and  the  course  of  the  Legislature  of  1863, 
and  the  active  sympathy  with  the  rebellion  that  made  draft  riots  all 
over  the  country,  with  numerous  murders  of  draft  officers,  and  con- 
sidering further,  our  narrow  escape  from  an  English  war  in  the  Trent 
case,  it  is  now  far  from  clear  that  the  aggressive  policy  would  have  been 
wise  or  successful.  But  all  differences  were  blown  to  pieces  by  the 
first  gun  fired  at  Major  Anderson's  little  garrison.  Those  who  differed 
about  aggression  could  have  no  difference  about  resisting  aggression. ' ' J 
This  statesmanlike  view  of  the  situation  is  hardly  borne  out  by  the 
record.  On  election  day,  November  6,  1860,  the  Journal  scoffed  at 
Southern  threats  of  secession  as  campaign  buncombe.  On  November 
10,  after  South  Carolina  had  begun  active  and  open  preparations  for 
secession,  the  Journal  said:  "South  Carolina  and  Georgia  seem  to  be 
the  most  active  in  the  folly,  but  probably  Alabama  and  Mississippi 
will  join  them.  If  they  do,  we  say  'Amen'.  *  *  *  When  they  have 
suffered  the  benefits  of  disunion  about  a  year  they  will  be  glad  to  get 
back  on  any  terms.  We  are  sick  of  this  insanity,  and  believe  its  only 
cure  is  to  let  it  run  its  course.  Let  the  two  or  three  or  four  states 
which  are  bent  on  disunion  go  out,  and  go  to  ruin.  They  solicit  their 
peril,  and  we  are  willing  they  should  experience  its  virtues.  Nobody 
need  care  a  straw  for  such  folly.  It  will  never  amount  to  more  than 
words,  and  if  it  does  it  can  only  damage  those  who  are  engaged  in  it. 
The  Union  is  too  strong,  and  too  good  to  suffer  from  the  madness  of 
such  men."  On  November  13,  it  said :  " The  parade  of  military  organi- 
zation and  forcible  resistance  which  they  are  making  is  the  acme  of 
absurdity.  *  *  *  They  know  very  well  that  if  they  are  determined 
to  leave  the  Union  no  Republican  will  care  to  have  them  stay.  A 
Union  preserved  only  by  intimidation  and  force  is  a  mockery,  and  it  is 
better  broken  than  whole.  If  South  Carolina  and  her  associates  in 
folly  really  want  to  leave  the  Union  they  can  go  without  a  word  of 
objection  from  any  map  North  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line."  On  No- 
vember 15,  it  said:  "Coercion  we  regard  as  out  of  the  question  in  any 
case.  And  South  Carolina  is  not  going  to  use  her  troops  to  assault  the 
United  States  forces  unless  they  come  with  coercion  in  view.  We  have 
no  fears  of  a  bloody  collision  therefore."  On  November  19,  it  said :  "In 
the  present  case  it  seems  clear  to  us  that  if  the  enforcement  of  the  Con- 
stitution leads  to  civil  war,  we  shall  be  better  off  to  let  the  Constitution 


i  History  of  Indianapolis,  p.  305. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  571 

be  broken  and  save  bloodshed.  *  *  *  We  can  imagine  no  evil  equal 
to  an  American  civil  wa,r.  The  separation  of  the  whole  confederacy  into 
independent  nations  would  be  harmless  beside  it.  We  cannot  endure  the 
thought  of  it.  The  main  question  therefore  is  not  the  constitutionality 
of  secession,  but  the  blood  and  horror  of  coercion,  *  *  *  Of  what 
value  will  a  Union  be  that  needs  links  of  bayonets  and  bullets  to  hold  it 
together?  *  *  *  If  any  state  will  go  from  us,  let  it  go.  *  *  * 
Of  -course  peaceable  secession  implies  the  adjustment  of  some  very  com- 
plicated and  delicate  questions  of  debt,  common  property  and  future 
intercourse,  but  it  is-  better  to  settle  them  by  a  commission  than  by  a 
campaign." 

This  last  editorial  ealled  forth  a  strong  protest  from  Abel  D. 
Streight,  which  is  notable  as  the  first  clear  pronouncement  in  favor 
of  forcible  resistance  to  secession  in  a  State,  the  vast  majority  of  whose 
people  were  devoted  to  the  Union.  Streight 's  letter,  published  in  the 
Journal  of  November  21,  closed  with  these  words :  "Is  war  so  dreadful 
or  peace  so  desirable  that  we  should  consent  to  the  overthrow  of  the 
Constitution  prepared  by  the  fathers  of  our  country  as  a  sacred  guar- 
antee for  our  liberties  and  the  basis  of  our  unexampled  prosperity? 
May  it  never  be  said  that  we  are  the  degenerate  sons  of  a  brave  and 
noble  ancestry,  who  are  too  timorous  to  preserve  the  liberties  so  gal- 
lantly won  by  the  immortal  heroes  of  the  Revolution."  Streight  was 
a  notable  character.  His  father,  a  native  of  Vermont,  moved  to  Steuben 
County,  New  York,  and  settled  on  a  farm,  where  Abel  D.  was  born 
June  17,  1828.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  having  passed  his  boyhood  on 
the  farm,  with  ordinary  common  school  advantages,  he  "purchased  his 
time"  of  his  father,  until  twenty-one,  at  sixty  dollars  a  year,  and 
started  out  for  himself.  He  learned  the  carpenter's  trade,  and  at 
nineteen  took  a  contract  for  a  large  mill,  which  he  successfully  com- 
pleted. He  purchased  a  saw-mill,  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business 
at  Wheeler,  N.  Y.,  until  1858,  when  he  removed  to  Cincinnati.  The 
following  year  he  removed  to  Indianapolis,  and  engaged  in  publishing. 
Not  satisfied  with  newspaper  articles,  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  the 
duty  of  the  hour,  urging  the  preservation  of  the  Union  at  all  hazards, 
and  reproducing  articles  from  The  Federalist..  President  Jackson's  seces- 
sion message,  and  other  standard  expressions  of  American  statesmen 
on  the  same  patriotic  lines.  In  September,  1861,  he  joined  the  army, 
as  Colonel  of  the  Fifty-First  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  went  to 
the  front,  seeing  actual  service  first  at  the  siege  of  Corinth.  In  April, 
1863,  Streight  was  sent  by  Rosecrans,  with  a  force  of  1,800  men,  to  cut 
the  railroads  in  western  Georgia,  over  which  supplies  were  sent  to 
Bragg 's  army.  The  force  divided,  and  Streight,  with  about  two-thirds 
of  it,  was  surrounded  on  May  3  by  a  large  force  under  General  Forrest, 


572 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  forced  to  surrender.  The  prisoners  were  taken  to  Libby  prison, 
where  in  a  few  weeks  the  enlisted  men  were  exchanged,  but  the  offi- 
cers were  held,  under  various  pretexts.  After  eight  months  impris- 
onment Streight  escaped,  but  was  recaptured,  put  in  irons,  and  con- 
fined in  a  dungeon  for  twenty-one  days.  On  February  9,  1864,  he 
escaped  with  108  others,  through  a  tunnel  under  the  prison  wall.  The 


COL.  ABEL  D.  STREIGHT 

tunnel  was  sixty  feet  long,  and  they  were  three  weeks  digging  it. 
After  hiding  in  Richmond  for  eight  days,  Streight  made  his  way  north 
and  reached  Washington  on  March  1.  He  stopped  for  a  few  weeks  at 
Indianapolis,  during  which  he  got  out  a  new  edition  of  his  war  pam- 
phlet, with  additions  concerning  the  draft  law ;  after  which  he  went  to 
the  front  again  to  remain  till  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  was  mus- 
tered out  a  brevet  brigadier-general. 

Another  forcible  expression  quickly  followed.    The  "Rail  Maulers" 
had  arranged  for  a  Republican  jollification  on  November  22,  and  Lane 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  573 

and  Morton  spoke.  Lane  followed  the  general  and  popular  line  of 
conciliation,  referring  especially  to  the  friendly  relations  that  had 
always  existed  between  Indiana  and  Kentucky.  Morton  ignored 
conciliation,  and  turned  his  guns  on  the  Journal's  position  against 
coercion.  He  said:  "We  hear  much  said  against  the  policy  of  co- 
ercing South  Carolina  in  case  she  attempts  to  secede.  What  is  coer- 
cion but  the  enforcement  of  the  law?  Is  anything  else  intended  or  re- 
quired? Secession  or  nullification  can  only  be  regarded  by  the  general 
government  as  individual  action  upon  individual  responsibility.  Those 
concerned  in  it  can  not  entrench  themselves  behind  the  forms  of  the 
state  government  so  as  to  give  their  conduct  the  semblance  of  legality, 
and  thus  devolve  the  responsibility  upon  the  state  government,  which 
of  itself  is  irresponsible.  The  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 
States  operate  upon  individuals,  but  not  upon  states,  and  precisely  as 
if  there  were  no  states.  In  this  matter  the  President  has  no  discretion. 
He  has  taken  a  solemn  oath  to  enforce  the  laws  and  preserve  order, 
and  to  this  end  he  has  been  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy.  *  *  *  There  is  but  one  way  in  which  the  President  can  bo 
absolved  from  his  duty  to  enforce  the  laws  in  South  Carolina,  and 
that  is  by  our  acknowledgment  of  her  independence.  *  *  *  If 
Congress  possesses  the  power  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  a 
state,  and  thus  to  place  it  without  the  pale  of  the  Union,  that  power 
must  result  from  an  inexorable  necessity  produced  by  a  successful 
revolution.  While  a  state  is  in  the  Union,  there  is  no 'power  under  the 
constitution  permitting  the  general  and  state  governments  to  enter  into 
negotiations  with  each  other.  No  government  possesses  the  constitu- 
tional power  to  dismember  itself.  If  the  right  does  exist  in  this  gov- 
ernment to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  South  Carolina,  or  of 
any  other  state,  that  right  can  only  be  exercised  by  an  act  of  Congress. 
The  President,  of  himself,  does  not  possess  it,  and  consequently,  until 
released  from  his  duty  by  such  acknowledgment,  he  must  exert  his 
power  to  enforce  the  laws.  *  *  * 

"The  right  of  secession  conceded,  the  nation  is  dissolved.  Instead  of 
having  a  nation — one  mighty  people — we  have  but  a  collection  and 
combination  of  thirty-three  independent  and  petty  states,  held  together 
by  a  treaty  which  has  hitherto  been  called  a  constitution,  of  the  in- 
fraction of  which  constitution  each  state  is  to  be  the  judge,  and  from 
which  combination  any  state  may  withdraw  at  pleasure.  It  would  not 
be  twelve  months  until  a  project  for  a  Pacific  empire  would  be  set  on 
foot.  California  and  Oregon,  being  each  sovereign  and  independent, 
would  have  a  right  to  withdraw  from  their  present  partnership  and 
form  a  new  one,  or  form  two  separate  nations.  *  *  *  We  should 
then  have  before  us  the  prospect  presented  by  the  history  of  the  petty 


572 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  forced  to  surrender.  The  prisoners  were  taken  to  Libby  prison, 
where  in  a  few  weeks  the  enlisted  men  were  exchanged,  but  the  offi- 
cers were  held,  under  various  pretexts.  After  eight  months  impris- 
onment Streight  escaped,  but  was  recaptured,  put  in  irons,  and  con- 
fined in  a  dungeon  for  twenty-one  days.  On  February  9,  1864,  he 
escaped  with  108  others,  through  a  tunnel  under  the  prison  wall.  The 


-; 


COL.  ABEL  I).  STREIGHT 


tunnel  was  sixty  feet  long,  and  they  were  three  weeks  digging  it. 
After  hiding  in  Richmond  for  eight  days,  Streight  made  his  way  north 
and  reached  Washington  on  March  1.  He  stopped  for  a  few  weeks  at 
Indianapolis,  during  which  he  got  out  a  new  edition  of  his  war  pam- 
phlet, with  additions  concerning  the  draft  law ;  after  which  he  went  to 
the  front  again  to  remain  till  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  was  mus- 
tered out  a  brevet  brigadier-general. 

Another  forcible  expression  quickly  followed.     The  "Rail  Maulers" 
had  arranged  for  a  Republican  jollification  on  November  22,  and  Lane 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  573 

and  Morton  spoke.  Lane  followed  the  general  and  popular  line  of 
conciliation,  referring"  especially  to  the  friendly  relations  that  had 
always  existed  between  Indiana  and  Kentucky.  Morton  ignored 
conciliation,  and  turned  his  guns  on  the  Journal's  position  against 
coercion.  He  said :  ' '  We  hear  much  said  against  the  policy  of  co- 
ercing South  Carolina  in  case  she  attempts  to  secede.  What  is  coer- 
cion but  the  enforcement  of  the  law?  Is  anything  else  intended  or  re- 
quired? Secession  or  nullification  can  only  be  regarded  by  the  general 
government  as  individual  action  upon  individual  responsibility.  Those 
concerned  in  it  can  not  entrench  themselves  behind  the  forms  of  the 
state  government  so  as  to  give  their  conduct  the  semblance  of  legality, 
and  thus  devolve  the  responsibility  upon  the  state  government,  which 
of  itself  is  irresponsible.  The  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United 
States  operate  upon  individuals,  but  not  upon  states,  and  precisely  as 
if  there  were  no  states.  In  this  matter  the  President  has  no  discretion. 
He  has  taken  a  solemn  oath  to  enforce  the  laws  and  preserve  order, 
and  to  this  end  he  has  been  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy.  *  *  *  There  is  but  one  way  in  which  the  President  can  be 
absolved  from  his  duty  to  enforce  the  laws  in  South  Carolina,  and 
that  is  by  our  acknowledgment  of  her  independence.  *  *  *  If 
Congress  possesses  the  power  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  a 
state,  and  thus  to  place  it  without  the  pale  of  the  Union,  that  power 
must  result  from  an  inexorable  necessity  produced  by  a  successful 
revolution.  While  a  state  is  in  the  Union,  there  is  no  power  under  the 
constitution  permitting  the  general  and  state  governments  to  enter  into 
negotiations  with  each  other.  No  government  possesses  the  constitu- 
tional power  to  dismember  itself.  If  the  right  does  exist  in  this  gov- 
ernment to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  South  Carolina,  or  of 
any  other  state,  that  right  can  only  be  exercised  by  an  act  of  Congress. 
The  President,  of  himself,  does  not  possess  it,  and  consequently,  until 
released  from  his  duty  by  such  acknowledgment,  he  must  exert  his 
power  to  enforce  the  laws.  *  *  * 

"The  right  of  secession  conceded,  the  nation  is  dissolved.  Instead  of 
having  a  nation — one  mighty  people — we  have  but  a  collection  and 
combination  of  thirty-three  independent  and  petty  states,  held  together 
by  a  treaty  which  has  hitherto  been  called  a  constitution,  of  the  in- 
fraction of  which  constitution  each  state  is  to  be  the  judge,  and  from 
which  combination  any  state  may  withdraw  at  pleasure.  It  would  not 
be  twelve  months  until  a  project  for  a  Pacific  empire  would  be  set  on 
foot.  California  and  Oregon,  being  each  sovereign  and  independent, 
would  have  a  right  to  withdraw  from  their  present  partnership  and 
form  a  new  one,  or  form  two  separate  nations.  *  *  *  We  should 
then  have  before  us  the  prospect  presented  by  the  history  of  the  petty 


574  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

states  of  Greece  and  Italy  and  the  principalities  of  Germany.  Need  I 
stop  to  argue  the  political,  intellectual,  social  and  commercial  death 
involved  in  this  wreck  and  ruin  ?  We  must  then  cling  to  the  idea  that 
we  are  a  nation,  one  and  indivisible,  and  that,  although  subdivided  by 
state  lines,  for  local  and  domestic  purposes,  we  are  one  people,  the  citi- 
zens of  a  common  country,  having  like  institutions  and  manners,  and 
possessing  a  common  interest  in  that  inheritance  of  glory  so  richly 
provided  by  our  fathers.  We  must,  therefore,  do  no  act,  we  must 
tolerate  no  act,  we  must  concede  no  idea  or  theory  that  looks  to  or  in- 
volves the  dismemberment  of  the  nation.  And  especially  must  we 
of  the  inland  states  cling  to  the  national  idea.  If  South  Carolina  may 
secede  .peaceably,  so  may  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Maryland  and 
Louisiana,  cutting  off  our  commerce  and  destroying  our  right  of  way 
to  the  ocean.  We  should  thus  be  shut  up  in  the  interior  of  a  con- 
tinent, surrounded  by  independent,  perhaps  hostile  nations,  through 
whose  territories  we  could  obtain  egress  to  the  seaboard  only  upon 
such  terms  as  might  be  agreed  to  by  treaty.  *  *  *  But  we  are 
told  that  if  we  use  force  to  compel  submission  to  the  laws  in  South 
Carolina,  this  act  will  so  exasperate  the  other  slave  states  as  to  lead 
them  to  make  common  cause  with  her;  I  am  not  willing  to  believe  that 
treason  is  so  widely  spread,  and  that  sympathy  with  South  Carolina 
will  be  stronger  than  devotion  to  the  Union.  *  *  *  But  if  they 
intend  to  secede  we  can  not  know  the  fact  too  soon,  that  we  may  pre- 
pare for  the  worst.  I  am  not  willing  to  believe  that  the  bad  example 
of  South  Carolina  will  be  followed  by  any  other  states — certainly 
not  by  more  than  one  or  two.  If  South  Carolina  gets  out  of  the  Union, 
I  trust  it  will  be  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  after  our  best  efforts 
have  failed  to  compel  her  submission  to  the  laws.  Better  concede  her 
independence  to  force,  to  revolution,  than  to  right  and  principle.  Such 
a  concession  can  not  be  drawn  into  precedent  and  construed  into  an 
admission  that  we  are  but  a  combination  of  petty  states,  any  one  of 
which  has  a  right  to  secede  and  set  up  for  herself,  whenever  it  suits  her 
temper,  or  her  views  of  her  peculiar  interest.  *  *  * 

"Shall  we  now  surrender  the  natron  without  a  struggle  and  let 
the  Union  go  with  merely  a  few  hard  words?  Shall  we  encourage 
faint-hearted  traitors  to  pursue  their  treason,  by  advising  them  in 
advance  that  it  will  be  safe  and  successful?  If  it  was  worth  a  bloody 
struggle  to  establish  this  nation,  it  is  worth  one  to  preserve  it;  and  I 
trust  that  we  shall  not,  by  surrendering  with  indecent  haste,  publish  to 
the  world  that  the  inheritance  which  our  fathers  purchased  with  their 
blood,  we  have  given  up  to  save  ours.  Seven  years  is  but  a  day  in  the 
life  of  a  nation,  and  I  would  rather  come  out  of  a  struggle  at  the  end 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  575 

of  that  time,  defeated  in  arms  and  conceding  independence  to  suc- 
cessful revolution,  than  purchase  present  peace  by  the  concession  of  a 
principle  that  must  inevitably  explode  this  nation  into  small  and  dis- 
honored fragments.  *  *  *  I  will  not  stop  to  argue  the  right  of 
secession.  The  whole  question  is  summed  up  in  this  proposition:  'Are 
we  one  nation,  one  people,  or  thirty-three  nations,  thirty -three  independ- 
dent  and  petty  states?'  The  statement  of  the  proposition  furnishes  the 
answer.  If  we  are  one  nation,  then  no  state  has  a  right  to  secede.  Se- 
cession can  only  be  the  result  of  successful  revolution.  I  answer  the 
question  for  you — and  I  know  that  my  answer  will  find  a  response  in 
every  true  American  heart — that  we  are  one  people,  one  nation,  un- 
divided and  indivisible."  The  Journal  did  not  print  a  report  of  this 
meeting  on  the  following  day.  The  "local  editor"  said  that  he  did 
not  attend  the  meeting.  It  was  not  until  the  27th  that  Morton's  speech 
appeared  in  the  columns  of  the  Republican  organ;  and  it  was  offset  to 
some  extent  by  a  long  argument  from  Robert  Dale  Owen  against  co- 
ercion published  on  the  28th.  Streight  answered  Owen  in  a  long  article 
in  the  Sentinel. 

At  the  close  of  Morton's  speech  a  paper  was  handed  to  him  from 
which  he  read  as  follows:  "This  is  understood  to  be  meeting  of  re- 
joicing over  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Will  the  speaker  please 
state  to  his  audience:  '1.  Whether  or  not  he  and  his  party  rejoice 
over  the  universal  bankruptcy  and  ruin  now  about  to  fall  upon  our 
country,  as  a  consequence  of  that  election?  2.  Whether  they  rejoice 
that  the  free  laborers,  about  which  they  have  told  us  so  much,  are 
on  the  eve  of  being  turned  out  and  starved  as  a  consequence  of  that 
election?  3.  Whether  they  rejoice  at  the  prospect  of  fraternal  strife 
and  internecine  war,  which  now  presents  itself  in  the  immediate  future 
as  a  consequence  of  that  election?  4.  Whether  they  rejoice  in  the 
humiliation  of  being  compelled,  by  the  exigencies  of  the  times,  to  ac- 
cept the  very  principle  announced  and  maintained  by  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  (whom  they  have  denounced  and  vilified  for  his  steadfast  ad- 
vocacy of  it)  as  the  only  basis  of  Union  and  peace  hereafter;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  whether  they  rejoice  in  the  certainty  that  the  honest 
adherence  to  their  own  principles  and  doctrines  will  insure  the  speedy 
destruction  of  their  country,  and  demonstrate  the  failure  of  republi- 
can governments  to  the  world?"  Morton  said  that  has  he  recognized 
the  signer  of  the  paper  as  a  gentleman,  though  a  Democrat,  he  would 
take  pleasure  in  answering.  He  answered  on  political  lines,  as  was 
fully  justified,  that  he  and  his  party  were  not  rejoicing  at  any  public 
calamity,  present  or  to  come,  but  that  any  such  calamity  was  due  tto 
the  Democratic  party  refusing  to  submit  to  the  result  of  a  legal  and 


576 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


fair  election.  He  "called  for  a  division"  of  the  fourth  question,  which 
he  truly  characterized  as  "quite  lengthy,  and  has  a  very  considerable 
stump  speech  injected  into  the  body  of  it,-"  and  said:  "To  the  first 
branch  of  the  question,  I  answer  that  we  have  not  'vilified'  Stephen 
A.  Douglas  for  his  'steadfast  advocacy'  of  a  principle  or  for  any  other 
cause.  He  has  been  upon  all  sides  of  the  vexed  question.  Within  the 
last  twelve  months  he  has  undergone  more  changes  than  the  inoon.  He 
has  advocated  nothing  steadfastly  but  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  To  the  last 
branch  of  the  question,  I  answer  that  we  do  not  rejoice  in  the  certainty 
that  an  honest  adherence  to  our  principles  'will  insure  the  speedy 
destruction  of  our  country  and  demonstrate  the  failure  of  republican 
government  to  the  world. '  On  the  contrary,  we  believe  that  our  princi- 
ples are  those  of  the  constitution  of  the  fathers,  and  that  peace  can  only 
be  restored  and  the  safety  of  our  institutions  secured  by  bringing  the 
government  to  that  ancient,  just  and  liberal  policy  upon  which  it  was 
founded  and  administered  for  many  years." 

Morton's  fling  at  Douglas  was  justifiable  only  from  the  purely  politi- 
cal standpoint,  as  it  was  both  illogical  and  impolitic.  During  the  cam- 
paign just  closed  Douglas  had  sturdily  preached  the  very  doctrine 
that  Morton  had  just  been  preaching;  and  historians  accord  him  a  large 
part  in  the  salvation  of  the  Union.  Judge  Howe,  a  Republican  and 
an  old  soldier — old  soldiers  are  usually  far  more  just  than  civilians  in 
their  discussions  of  the  Civil  war — says  of  Douglas,  in  the  campaign 
of  1860:  "He  entered  upon  a  speaking  campaign,  making  speeches  in 
many  places  in  the  South  as  well  as  in  the  North.  To  a  question  put 
to  him  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  whether  the  Southern  States  would  be 
'justified  in  seceding  from  the  Union  if  Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected 
President',  Douglas,  promptly  and  without  any  attempt  at  evasion, 
replied:  'It  is  the  duty  of  the  President  and  of  others  in  authority 
under  him  to  enforce  the  laws  of  the  United  States  as  Congress  passes 
and  the  courts  expound  them;  and  I,  as  in  duty  bound  by  my  oath  of 
fidelity  to  the  Constitution,  will  exert  all  my  power  to  aid  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  in  maintaining  the  supremacy,  of  the  laws 
against  all  resistance  from  any  quarter  whatever.'  At  Petersburg, 
Virginia,  he  said  there  was  'no  grievance  that  can  justify  disunion.' 
Goaded  by  the  bitter  opposition  of  both  the  Buchanan  Administration 
and  the  Southern  Democratic  leaders,  Douglas's  courage  and  patriotism 
both  seemed  to  rise  to  the  occasion.  At  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  he  said 
that '  there  is  one  thing  remaining  to  be  done,  in  order  to  prove  us  capable 
of  meeting  any  emergency ;  and  whenever  the  time  comes  I  trust  the 
Government  will  show  itself  strong  enough  to  perform  that  final  deed — 
hang  a  traitor.'  To  Douglas's  great  credit,  it  is  to  be  said  that  through- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  577 

out  the  campaign  he  never  abated  one  iota  of  his  unflinching  patriotism 
in  order  to  court  favor  in  the  South. "  After  noting  the  votes  of  the  Sep- 
tember and  October  states  for  Lincoln,  Judge  Howe  continues :  "It  was 
now  plain  to  Douglas,  as  to  all  others,  that  he  conild  not  be  elected,  but 
he  did  not  despair.  'Mr.  Lincoln,'  he  said,  'is  the  next  President.  We 
must  try  to  save  the  Union.  I  will  go  South.'  He  at  once  cancelled  all 
his  speaking  engagements  in  the  North  and  made  a  tour  through  the 
South,  making  an  heroic  but  hopeless  effort  to  stem  the  rising  tide 
of  secession.  *  *  •  And  when  the  crisis  came  with  the  firing  on 
Fort  Sumter,  his  attitude  was  that  of  unswerving  and  uncompromising 
loyalty  to  the  Union.  He  will  be  remembered  in  future  history,  not  for 
his  record  as  a  politician,  but  for  his  services  as  a  patriot. ' '  2 

Naturally,  the  example  of  Judge  Douglas  had  great  influence  with 
his  political  adherents,  and  they  included  nearly  half  of  the  voters  of  In- 
diana. There  is  a  striking  illustration  of  this  influence  in  this  con- 
nection. While  Morton  was  answering  the  questions  just  quoted,  he  was 
interrupted  by  Richard  J.  Ryan,  an  impulsive  young  war  Democrat,  who 
asked  "whether  those  questions  were  really  prepared  by  a  Democrat?" 
Gordon  Tanner  then  arose  and  stated  that  he  was  the  author  of  the 
the  questions.  Tanner  was  a  Democrat  of  some  prominence.  He  was 
born  near  Brownstown,  Jackson  County,  Indiana,  July  19,  1829.  He 
was  of  Revolutionary  stock,  and  his  father  was  a  militia  colonel  for 
fifteen  years.  Not  strong  physically,  Gordon  became  a  great  reader, 
and  at  thirteen  began  preparation  to  enter  college,  but  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1845  stopped  this  for  the  time.  He  enlisted  for  the  Mexican 
War,  but  contracted  yellow  fever  at  New  Orleans,  and  after  three  months 
confinement  returned  home,  and  served  as  recruiting  officer  of  the 
Third  Indiana  during  the  remainder  of  the  war.  He  attended  Bloom- 
ington  University  in  1848  and  1849,  and  began  the  study  of  law.  Iii 
1850  he  published  the  Brownstown  Observer,  but  disposed  of  it  to  join 
Walker's  Cuban  expedition.  Fortunately  he  reached  New  Orleans 
after  the  ill-fated  expedition  had  started,  and  returned  home  and  re- 
sumed the  study  of  law.  In  1850-51  he  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention;  and  in  1854  was  elected  State  Librarian, 
aiding  in  editing  the  Democratic  Review  while  in  that  position.  In  1850 
he  edited  the  Democratic  Platform,  a  campaign  paper  and  in  the  same 
year  was  elected  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  His  biographer  says : 
"He  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer  and  devoted  friend  of  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  and  followed  the  political  fortunes  of  that  great  statesman  and 
political  leader  with  unswerving  fidelity.  *  *  *  The  great  speeches 


2  Political  History  of  Secession,  pp.  444-447. 


578  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  Mr.  Douglas,  jus£  before  and  after  the  inauguration  of  President 
Lincoln,  expressed  the  sentiments  which  Major  Tanner  thought  should 
be  entertained  by  every  patriotic  citizen."  His  question  to  Morton 
did  not  come  from  any  sympathy  with  secession.  Two  months  later 
he  responded  to  a  toast  to  Indiana  at  a  re-union,  at  Cincinnati,  of  the 
legislatures  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  said :  ' '  On 
behalf  of  the  citizens  of  Indiana,  from  the  lake  to  the  Ohio,  from  the 
Miami  to  the  Wabash — on  behalf  of  the  whole  people  of  our  state,  the 
humblest  of  her  citizens  may  express  gratitude  to  the  Divine  Providence 
which  has  brought  together,  in  peace  and  harmony,  the  contending 
brethren  of  sister  republics.  Indiana  responds,  throughout  all  her 
borders,  to  each  and  every  expression  of  patriotism  and  devotion  to 
the  Union  which  has  been  uttered  by  the  eloquent  and  honored  repre- 
sentatives of  her  elder  and  greater  sisters.  Thank  God !  Indiana  needs 
no  panegyric.  Not  one  word  need  be  said  of  her  devotion  to  the  union  of 
these  States.  Her  past  history  speaks  for  her.  There  is  not  this  day 
one  disunionist,  one  secessionist,  within  her  boundaries.  There  is  not  a 
battalion  of  drilled  soldiery  in  the  northwest  that  could  prevent  the 
conservative  masses  of  Indiana  from  hanging  a  professed  disunionist  on 
the  nearest  tree.  She  has  been  in  some  sort  a  silent  member.  She  has 
been  the  Cinderella  of  a  more  brilliant  and  favored  sisterhood.  What 
influences  have  brought  a  great  and  powerful  State  to  this  position,  I  do 
not  now  propose  to  point  out.  But  from  this  time  forth  she  intends  that 
her  voice  shall  be  heard  and  her  power  felt  in  determining  the  destinies 
of  this  republic.  The  time  for  action  has  come.  We  have  among  us 
those  who  can  move  the  people  by  their  eloquence.  We  have  among  us 
those  who  have  fought  more  wordy  battles  for  the  Union,  against  more 
fearful  odds,  than  have  been  fought  by  the  citizens  of  any  State  in  the 
Confederacy.  But  we  are  tired  of  talking  about  disunion.  We  are 
ready  for  the  'overt  act.'  We  are  ready  to  pledge  our  wealth,  our  in- 
tellect, our  muscle,  and  honor  to  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
to  '  crush  out  treason  wherever  it  may  raise  its  head '. "  3 

This  is  a  broad  statement,  but  it  was  no  "bluff"  so  far  as  Tanner 
was  concerned.  He  went  into  the  army  as  Major  of  the  Twenty-Second 
Regiment,  which  was  sent  to  Missouri.  On  September  18,  1861,  he 
was  sent  with  three  companies  on  a  reconnoissance  near  Glasgow,  in  that 
state;  and  in  the  night  was  fired  on  by  Union  pickets,  who  thought  it 
a  hostile  party.  The  fire  was  returned,  and  in  the  engagement  thirteen 
men  were  killed,  and  Tanner  was  severely  wounded.  He  died  eleven 
days  later  from  his  wounds.  He  was  buried  at  Indianapolis  on  October 


3  Indiana's  Roll' of  Honor,  Vol.  1,  pp.  499-506. 


. 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


579 


4,  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  It  does  not  seem  strange  that  a  Jackson 
Democrat  should  readily  see  his  place  on  the  Union  side,  for  Morton's 
speech,  and  those  of  Douglas,  were  exactly  on  the  line  of  Jackson's 
celebrated  nullification  message;  but  that  was  twenty-eight  years 
earlier,  and  for  a  generation  the  attention  of  Americans  has  been  cen- 
tered on  the  somewhat  abstract  question  of  the  constitutional  rights  of 


MAJ.  GORDON  TANNER 

slave-owners  in  the  territories,  and  nine-tenths  of  them  had  been  de- 
nouncing the  disturbing  agitation  of  abolition.  Even  Lew  Wallace, 
an  original  Whig,  found  the  problem  a  hard  one.  He  portrays  his 
mental  struggle  at  length,  and  concludes:  "I  grouped  all  the  interests 
together — Freedom,  Slavery,  Individual  Rights,  Popular  Government 
— and  tried  to  weigh  them  dispassionately.  There  was  immense  worry 
to  me  while  the  subject  was  in  the  scales  but  at  last  it  became  sunlight 
clear  that  the  one  thing  upon  which  all  the  rest  depended,  was  the  union 


578 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


of  Mr.  Douglas,  jusfl  before  and  after  the  inauguration  of  President 
Lincoln,  expresseoVtne  sentiments  which  Major  Tanner  thought  should 
be  entertained  by  every  patriotic  citizen."  His  question  to  Morton 
did  not  come  from  any  sympathy  with  secession.  Two  months  later 
he  responded  to  a  toast  to  Indiana  at  a  re-union,  at  Cincinnati,  of  the 
legislatures  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  said :  "On 
behalf  of  the  citizens  of  Indiana,  from  the  lake  to  the  Ohio,  from  the 
Miami  to  the  Wabash — on  behalf  of  the  whole  people  of  our  state,  the 
humblest  of  her  citizens  may  express  gratitude  to  the  Divine  Providence 
which  has  brought  together,  in  peace  and  harmony,  the  contending 
brethren  of  sister  republics.  Indiana  responds,  throughout  all  her 
borders,  to  each  and  every  expression  of  patriotism  and  devotion  to 
the  Union  which  has  been  uttered  by  the  eloquent  and  honored  repre- 
sentatives of  her  elder  and  greater  sisters.  Thank  God !  Indiana  needs 
no  panegyric.  Not  one  word  need  be  said  of  her  devotion  to  the  union  of 
these  States.  Her  past  history  speaks  for  her.  There  is  not  this  day 
one  disunionist,  one  secessionist,  within  her  boundaries.  There  is  not  a 
battalion  of  drilled  soldiery  in  the  northwest  that  could  prevent  the 
conservative  masses  of  Indiana  from  hanging  a  professed  disunionist  on 
the  nearest  tree.  She  has  been  in  some  sort  a  silent  member.  She  has 
been  the  Cinderella  of  a  more  brilliant  and  favored  sisterhood.  What 
influences  have  brought  a  great  and  powerful  State  to  this  position,  I  do 
not  now  propose  to  point  out.  But  from  this  time  forth  she  intends  that 
her  voice  shall  be  heard  and  her  power  felt  in  determining  the  destinies 
of  this  republic.  The  time  for  action  has  come.  We  have  among  us 
those  who  can  move  the  people  by  their  eloquence.  We  have  among  us 
those  who  have  fought  more  wordy  battles  for  the  Union,  against  more 
fearful  odds,  than  have  been  fought  by  the  citizens  of  any  State  in  the 
Confederacy.  But  we  are  tired  of  talking  about  disunion.  We  are 
ready  for  the  'overt  act.'  We  are  ready  to  pledge  our  wealth,  our  in- 
tellect, our  muscle,  and  honor  to  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
to  'crush  out  treason  wherever  it  may  raise  its  head'."3 

This  is  a  broad  statement,  but  it  was  no  "bluff"  so  far  as  Tanner 
was  concerned.  He  went  into  the  army  as  Major  of  the  Twenty-Second 
Regiment,  which  was  sent  to  Missouri.  On  September  18,  1861,  he 
was  sent  with  three  companies  on  a  reconnoissance  near  Glasgow,  in  that 
state ;  and  in  the  night  was  fired  on  by  Union  pickets,  who  thought  it 
a  hostile  party.  The  fire  was  returned,  and  in  the  engagement  thirteen 
men  were  killed,  and  Tanner  was  severely  wounded.  He  died  eleven 
days  later  from  his  wounds.  He  was  buried  at  Indianapolis  on  October 


Indiana's  Roll  of  Honor,  Vol.  1,  pp.  499-506. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


579 


4,  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  It  does  not  seem  strange  that  a  Jackson 
Democrat  should  readily  see  his  place  on  the  Union  side,  for  Morton's 
speech,  and  those  of  Douglas,  were  exactly  on  the  line  of  Jackson's 
celebrated  nullification  message;  but  that  was  twenty-eight  years 
earlier,  and  for  a  generation  the  attention  of  Americans  has  been  cen- 
tered on  the  somewhat  abstract  question  of  the  constitutional  rights  of 


MA.I.  GORDON  TANNER 

slave-owners  in  the  territories,  and  nine-tenths  of  them  had  been  de- 
nouncing the  disturbing  agitation  of  abolition.  Even  Lew  Wallace, 
an  original  Whig,  found  the  problem  a  hard  one.  He  portrays  his 
mental  struggle  at  length,  and  concludes:  "I  grouped  all  the  interests 
together — Freedom,  Slavery,  Individual  Rights,  Popular  Government 
— and  tried  to  weigh  them  dispassionately.  There  was  immense  worry 
to  me  while  the  subject,  was  in  the  scales  but  at  last  it  became  sunlight 
clear  that  the  one  thing  upon  which  all  the  rest  depended,  was  the  union 


580  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  the  states.  *  *  *  I  resolved  to  hold  myself  in  readiness  to  go 
with  the  side  proposing  to  uphold  the  integrity  of  the  Union — this  with- 
out regard  for  section  or  party."4  It  was  a  time  of  mental  readjust- 
ment all  over  the  country,  but'  the  people  of  the  North  were  spared 
one  hard  choice — that  between  loyalty  to  the  Union  and  loyalty  to  the 
State.  In  the  election  of  1860  the  Bell  Union  party  came  as  near  divid- 
ing the  South  with  Breckenridge  as  Douglas  divided  the  North  with 
Lincoln ;  but  when  secession  came,  thousands  of  these  Union  men  went 
with  their  states.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the  original  Abolition 
ists  did  not  want  any  "Union  with  slaveholders,"  and  had  no  use  for 
the  "Constitution  as  it  is" — in  fact  the  Garrison  following  had  pub- 
licly burned  that  "covenant  with  death  and  an  agreement  with  Hell" 
on  July  4,  1854,  and  took  no  interest  in  the  suppression  of  the  Rebel- 
lion until  after  the  Emancipation  Proclamation.5  Sulgrove  had  a 
strenuous  time  getting  the  Journal  into  a  consistent  position.  He  held 
to  his  position  against  coercion  for  two  months,  and  urged  conciliation 
even  to  the  extent  of  declaring  his  willingness  to  allow  slave  owners 
to  bring  their  slaves  temporarily  into  free  territory  ;6  but  in  January, 
1861,  he  reconciled  himself  and  his  paper  on  the  theory  that  while  he 
was  in  favor  of  letting  South  Carolina  secede  if  she  desired  to  do  so, 
yet  if  she  opposed  the  enforcement  of  United  States  laws  within  her 
borders,  that  would  constitute  aggression  which  must  be  resisted;  and 
thereafter  he  vehemently  denounced  as  traitors  all  those  who  adhered 
to  his  original  position.7  However,  on  February  5,  he  published  with 
approval  a  letter  of  W.  S.  Holman,  Democratic  Congressman  from  Indi- 
ana, declaring  himself  in  favor  of  conciliation,  "But  if  the  Union  can- 
not be  preserved  by  such  sacrifices  I  am  unwilling  at  any  time  or  under 
any  circumstances  whatever  that  this  Union  shall  be  dissolved.  I  hope 
Indiana  will  be  willing  to  make  any  reasonable  concession,  but  at  every 
peril  to  her  sons  I  trust  she  will  never  by  her  acts  or  by  her  silence 
consent  to  the  dissolution  of  the  Union." 

Morton  was  opposed  to  any  conciliation.  He  appointed  as  dele- 
gates to  the  Virginia  Peace  Congress  Caleb  B.  Smith,  Pleasant  A. 
Hackleman,  Godlove  S.  Orth,  Thomas  C.  Slaughter,  and  Erastus  W.  H. 
Ellis,  all  well  known  Republicans,  but  Foulke  says  that  before  appoint- 
ing them  he  submitted  to  each  four  written  questions:  "1.  Would  you 
favor  any  proposition  of  compromise  that  involves  an  amendment  of 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States?  2.  Would  you  be  in  favor  of 


«  Autobiography,  pp.  236-243. 

•"•  Howe's  Political  History  of  Secession,  pp.  77-83;  Julian's  Speeches,  pp.  184,  205. 

«  Journal,  December  1,  7,  22,  1860. 

1  Journal,  Jan.  1,  7,  1861. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  581 

any  proposition  by  which  slavery  should  be  recognized  as  existing  in 
any  of  the  territories  of  the  United  States,  present  or  to  be  acquired? 

3.  Would  you  favor  granting  to  slavery  any  additional  guarantees? 

4.  Are  you  in   favor  of  maintaining  the  constitution   of   the   United 
States  as  it  is,  and  of  enforcing  the  laws?"     To  these  questions  the 
appointees  answered  the  first  three  in  the  negative  and  the  last  in  the 
affirmative.8    Foulke  says:    "The  commissioners  from  Indiana  did  not 
carry  out  in  full  the  views  they  had  expressed  in  their  letters  to  Morton. 
But  nothing  came  of  the  proposed  amendments   (to  the  constitution), 
so  it  was  not  necessary  for  him  to  disclose  the  change  of  front  on  the 


OLD  BATES  HOUSE  WHERE  LINCOLN  SPOKE 

part  of  the  men  he  had  chosen."  This  action  was  characteristic  of 
Morton.  On  February  11,  Lincoln  arrived  at  Indianapolis,  on  his  way 
to  his  inauguration  and  spoke  briefly  to  an  enthusiastic  welcoming 
throng  from  one  of  the  balconies  of  the  Bates  House.  Foulke  says: 
"Lincoln  had  not  spoken  at  this  time  of  his  policy  or  intentions,  and 
Governor  Morton  desired,  if  possible,  to  draw  out  some  expression  of 
the  views  of  the  President-elect.  So  he  delivered  a  brief  speech  of 
welcome,  in  which  he  referred  to  the  Union  as  'the  ideal  of  our  hopes, 
the  parent  of  our  prosperity,  our  shield  and  protection  abroad,  and 
our  title  to  the  respect  and  consideration  of  the  world.'  He  then  con- 
tinued :  '  You  are  about  to  enter  upon  your  official  duties  under  cir- 
cumstances at  once  novel  and  full  of  difficulty,  and  it  will  be  the  duty 
of  all  good  citizens,  without  distinction  of  party,  to  yield  a  cordial 


s  Life  of  Morton,  p.  105. 


582  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  earnest  support  to  every  measure  of  your  administration  calculated 
to  maintain  the  Union,  promote  the  national  prosperity  and  restore 
peace  to  our  distracted  and  unhappy  country.  Our  government  *  *  * 
is  today  threatening  to  crumble  into  ruins,  and  it  remains  to  be  seen 
whether  it  possesses  a  living  principle,  or  whether,  in  the  fullness  of 
time,  the  hour  of  its  dissolution  is  at  hand.  But  we  are  full  of  confi- 
dence that  the  end  is  not  yet,  that  the  precious  inheritance  of  our 
fathers  will  not  elude  our  grasp  or  be  wrested  from  us  without  a 
struggle.  *  *  *  " 

But  Lincoln  was  too  wise  to  be  caught  in  that  way.  He  knew  that 
the  time  for  him  to  talk  had  not  arrived.  For  weeks  he  had  resolutely 
kept  silent  while  everybody  else  was  talking,  while  newspapers  were 
asking  why  he  did  not  announce  what  he  was  going  to  do,  and  while 
zealous  citizens  were  calling  at  his  home  and  trying  to  get  him  to  com- 
mit himself.  In  response  to  Morton,  after  returning  thanks  for  his 
reception,  he  said:  "You  have  been  pleased  to  address  yourself  to  me 
chiefly  in  behalf  of  this  glorious  Union  in  which  we  live,  in  all  of  which 
you  have  my  hearty  sympathy,  and,  as  far  as  may  be  in  my  power, 
will  have,  one  and  inseparably,  my  hearty  consideration.  I  will  only 
say  that  to  the  salvation  of  this  Union  there  needs  but  one  single  thing, 
the  hearts  of  a  people  like  yours.  Of  the  people,  when  they  rise  in 
mass  in  behalf  of  the  Union  and  the  liberties  of  their  country,  truly 
may  it  be  said,  'the  gates  of  hell  can  not  prevail  against  them.'  In  ail 
the  trying  positions  in  which  I  shall  be  placed,  and,  doubtless,  I  shall 
be  placed  in  many  such,  my  reliance  will  be  upon  you,  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  and  I  wish  you  to  remember,  now  and  forever,  that 
it  is  your  business,  and  not  mine ;  that  if  the  union  of  these  states  and 
the  liberties  of  this  people  shall  be  lost,  it  is  but  little  to  any  one  man 
of  fifty-two  years  of  age,  but  a  great  deal  to  the  30,000,000  of  people 
who  inhabit  these  United  States,  and  to  their  posterity  in  all  coming 
time.  It  is  your  business  to  rise  up  and  preserve  the  Union  and  liberty 
for  yourselves  and  not  for  me.  I  am  but  an  accidental  instrument, 
to  serve  but  for  a  limited  time,  and  I  appeal  to  you  again  to  bear  con- 
stantly in  mind  that  with  you,  and  not  with  politicians,  not  with  Presi- 
dents, not  with  office-seekers,  but  with  you  is  the  question,  'Shall  the 
Union,  shall  the  liberties  of  this  country  be  preserved  to  the  latest 
generation?'  "  9  He  expressed  his  own  desire,  but  he  knew  he  was  talk- 
ing to  the  entire  nation,  and  not  merely  an  Indianapolis  audience;  and 
closed  no  door  through  which  salvation  could  possibly  enter. 

The  legislature  which  met  in  January,  1861,  had  a  Republican  ma- 


Journal,  Feb.  12,  1861. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  583 

jority,  but  it  exhibited  much  of  the  chaotic  condition  of  public  senti- 
ment that  existed  outside,  as  well  as  much  of  the  political  feeling  of 
the  preceding  campaign.  There  were  charges  of  frauds  and  irregu- 
larities made,  one  reflecting  on  the  late  Governor  Willard,  which  was 
of  course  resented  by  his  friends.  There  was  a  congressional  appor- 
tionment bill  urged,  which  like  the  ordinary  Indiana  apportionment 
bill,  favored  the  dominant  party.  There  was  a  militia  bill,  abolishing 
the  existing  militia  establishment,  and  creating  a  new  one,  in  which  the 
appointments  would  be  made  by  Morton,  who  had  advanced  to  a  new 
position  on  national  questions.  It  was  decided  to  raise  the  national 
flag  over  the  State  capitol  on  January  22,  with  public  ceremonies,  in- 
cluding a  review  of  the  militia  companies.  There  is  no  room  to  doubt 
that  the  large  majority  of  the  legislature  were  disposed  to  be  con- 
ciliatory, if  there  was  any  chance  to  save  the  Union  by  reasonable  con- 
cessions, for  ten  days  later  they  passed  a  joint  resolution  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  delegates  to  the  Virginia  Peace  Congress.  The  speakers 
were  Senator  Lane,  ex-Governor  Hammond.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks, 
Daniel  W.  Voorhees,  and  Governor  Morton.  The  first  four  spoke  on 
conciliatory  lines,  such  as  were  commonly  discussed  at  the  time.  Ham- 
mond favored  the  "Crittenden  Resolution,"  and  Hendricks  advocated 
the  concession  of  "state  equality,"  i.  e.,  to  give  slave  owners  the  right 
to  carry  their  slaves  into  the  territories,  which  the  Supreme  Court 
had  asserted  they  already  had,  in  the  Dred  Scott  case.  Morton  said : 
"I  came  not  here  to  argue  questions  of  state  equality,  but  to  denounce 
treason  and  uphold  the  cause  of  the  Union.  We  live  at  a  time  when 
treason  is  running  riot  through  the  land.  Certain  states  of  this  Union, 
unmindful  of  the  blessings  of  liberty,  forgetful  of  the  duties  they  owe 
to  their  sister  states  and  to  the  American  people  as  a  nation,  are  at- 
tempting to  sever  the  bonds  of  the  Union,  and  to  pull  down  in  irre- 
trievable ruin  our  fabric  of  government,  which  has  been  the  admiration 
and  wonder  of  the  world.  *  *  *  In  view  of  the  solemn  crisis  in 
which  we  stand,  all  minor,  personal  and  party  considerations  should  be 
banished  from  every  heart.  There  should  be  but  one  party,  and  that 
the  party  of  the  Constitution  and  the  Union.  No  man  need  pause  to 
consider  his  duty.  It  is  inscribed  upon  every  page  of  our  history,  in 
all  our  institutions  and  on  everything  by  which  we  are  surrounded.  The 
path  is  so  plain  that  the  wayfaring  man,  though  he  be  a  fool,  can  not 
err  therein.  It  is  no  time  for  hesitation ;  the  man  who  hesitates  under 
circumstances  like  these  is  lost.  I  would  here  in  all  kindness  speak  a 
word  of  warning  to  the  unwary.  Let  us  beware  how  we  encourage 
them  to  persist  in  their  mad  designs  by  assurances  that  we  are  a  divided 
house,  that  there  are  those  in  our  midst  who  will  not  permit  the  en- 

Yol.  H— * 


584  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

forcement  of  the  laws  and  the  punishment  of  their  crimes.  Let  us 
diligently  search  our  hearts  and  see  if  there  are  any  partisan  preju- 
dices, any  party  resentments  that  are,  imperceptibly  and  unknown  to 
ourselves,  leading  us  aside  from  the  path  of  duty,  and  if  we  find  them 
there,  pluck  them  out  and  hastily  return.  For  myself,  I  will  know 
no  man  who  will  stop  and  prescribe  the  conditions  upon  which  he  will 
maintain  that  flag,  who  will  argue  that  a  single  star  may  be  erased,  or 
who  will  consent  that  it  may  be  torn,  that  he  may  make  choice  between 
its  dishonored  fragments.  I  will  know  that  man  only  who  vows  ridelity 
to  the  Union  and  the  constitution,  under  all  circumstances  and  at  all 
hazards;  who  declares  that  he  will  stand  by  the  constituted  authorities 
of  the  land,  though  they  be  not  of  his  own  choosing;  who,  when  he 
stands  in  the  base  presence  of  treason,  forgets  the  contests  and  squab- 
bles of  the  past  in  the  face  of  the  coming  danger;  who  then  recognizes 
but  two  parties — the  party  of  the  Union,  and  the  base  faction  of  its 
foes.  To  that  man,  come  from  what  political  organization  he  may,  by 
whatever  name  he  may  have  been  known,  I  give  my  hand  as  a  friend 
and  brother,  and  between  us  there  shall  be  no  strife." 

It  would  be  hard  to  imagine  a  more  patriotic  position  than  these 
words  imply  at  first  blush ;  but  what  Morton  meant  was  that  there  must 
be  only  one  political  party  at  the  North,  and  that  must  be  his  party. 
He  announced  here  his  opposition  to  all  the  "peace  panaceas"  that 
were  being  considered  by  nine-tenths  of  the  Union  men  of  the  country, 
though  not  as  explicitly  as  in  his  questions  to  the  delegates  to  the 
Virginia  Peace  Congress;  and  this  was  ten  weeks  before  the  firing  on 
Fort  Sumter.  When  that  came,  there  seemed  for  a  while  a  complete 
realization  of  Morton's  program.  It  is  thus  stated  by  John  H.  Holli- 
day,  a  life-long  Republican,  who  lived  through  this  epoch:  "The  blow 
fell  with  the  attack  on  Ft.  Sumter.  Sentiment  crystallized  in  a  flash. 
War  had  come  unprovoked.  The  flag  had  been  fired  on  and  humiliated 
by  defeat.  There  was  but  one  voice — sustain  the  government  and  put 
down  the  rebellion.  The  13th  day  of  April  was  another  great  day  in 
Indianapolis,  the  greatest  it  had  yet  seen ;  and  probably  it  has  never 
been  surpassed  in  the  intense  interest,  anxiety  and  enthusiasm  exhibited. 
Never  were  its  people  so"  aroused.  It  was  Saturday.  Business  was 
practically  forgotten ;  the  streets  were  crowded ;  the  newspaper  neigh- 
borhoods were  thronged ;  a  deep  solemnity  was  over  all  as  they  waited  to 
hear  the  news,  or  discussed  in  low  tones  the  crisis  that  was  upon  them. 
In  the  afternoon  dodgers  were  issued  calling  for  a  public  meeting  at 
the  Court-house  at  seven  o'clock:  Before  the  time  the  little  room  was 
packed.  Ebenezer  Dumont,  a  Democrat,  who  had  been  an  officer  in 
the  Mexican  war,  was  made  chairman,  and  immediately  a  motion  was 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


585 


made  to  adjourn  to  the  Metropolitan  theater.  The  crowd,  constantly 
augmenting,  hurried  down  Washington  street  to  the  theater,  which 
was  soon  filled  to  overflowing.  The  Masonic  Hall,  across  the  street, 
was  opened  and  filled,  with  hundreds  standing  in  the  streets.  The 
meetings  were  full  of  the  war  spirit.  Governor  Morton  and  others 
spoke.  Patriotic  resolutions  were  adopted  declaring  in  favor  of  armed 


• 


GEN.  LEW  WALLACE 

(In  1864) 

resistance.  Major  Gordon  announced  that  he  would  organize  a  flying 
artillery  company,  for  which  Governor  Morton  had  already  secured  six 
guns,  and  forty-five  men  enrolled  their  names  for  the  war.  At  the  close 
the  surrender  of  Ft.  Sumter  was  announced,  and  the  meetings  dispersed 
in  deep  gloom  but  with  firm  purpose. ' ' 10 

The  Union  spirit  grew  as  by  infection.     On  the  16th  the  Journal 


10  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  p.  548. 


584 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


t'orcement  of  the  laws  and  the  punishment  of  their  crimes.  Let  us 
diligently  search  our  hearts  and  see  if  there  are  any  partisan  preju- 
dices, any  party  resentments  that  are,  imperceptibly  and  unknown  to 
ourselves,  leading  us  aside  from  the  path  of  duty,  and  if  we  find  them 
there,  pluck  them  out  and  hastily  return.  For  myself,  1  will  know 
no  man  who  will  stop  and  prescribe  the  conditions  upon  which  he  will 
maintain  that  flag,  who  will  argue  that  a  single  star  may  be  erased,  or 
who  will  consent  that  it  may  be  torn,  that  he  may  make  choice  between 
its  dishonored  fragments.  I  will  know  that  man  only  who  vows  fidelity 
to  the  Union  and  the  constitution,  under  all  circumstances  and  at  all 
hazards:  who  declares  that  he  will  stand  by  the  constituted  authorities 
of  the  land,  though  they  be  not  of  his  own  choosing:  who.  when  he 
stands  in  the  base  presence  of  treason,  forgets  the  contests  and  squab- 
bles of  the  past  in  the  face  of  the  coming  danger;  who  then  recognizes 
but  two  parties — the  party  of  the  Union,  and  the  base  faction  of  its 
foes.  To  that  man,  come  from  what  political  organization  he  may,  by 
whatever  name  he  may  have  been  known,  I  give  my  hand  as  a  friend 
and  brother,  and  between  us  there  shall  be  no  strife.'' 

It  would  be  hard  to  imagine  a  more  patriotic  position  than  these 
words  imply  at  first  blush ;  but  what  Morton  meant  was  that  there  must 
be  only  one  political  party  at  the  North,  and  that  must  be  his  party. 
He  announced  here  his  opposition  to  all  the  ''peace  panaceas''  that 
were  being  considered  by  nine-tenths  of  the  I'liion  men  of  the  country, 
though  not  as  explicitly  as  in  his  questions  to  the  delegates  to  the 
Virginia  Peace  Congress;  and  this  was  ten  weeks  before  the  tiring  on 
Fort  Sumter.  When  that  came,  there  seemed  for  a  while  a  complete 
realization  of  Morton's  program.  It  is  thus  stated  by  .John  II.  Holli- 
day,  a  life-long  Republican,  who  lived  through  this  epoch:  "The  blow 
fell  with  the  attack  on  Ft.  Sumter.  Sentiment  crystallized  in  a  flash. 
War  had  come  unprovoked.  The  flag  had  been  tired  on  and  humiliated 
by  defeat.  There  was  but  one  voice — sustain  the  government  and  put 
down  the  rebellion.  The  13th  day  of  April  was  another  great  day  in 
Indianapolis,  the  greatest  it  had  yet  seen ;  and  probably  it  has  never 
been  surpassed  in  the  intense  interest,  anxiety  and  enthusiasm  exhibited. 
Never  were  its  people  so"  aroused.  It  was  Saturday.  Business  was 
practically  forgotten;  the  streets  were  crowded;  the  newspaper  neigh- 
borhoods were  thronged ;  a  deep  solemnity  was  over  all  as  they  waited  to 
hear  the  news,  or  discussed  in  low  tones  the  crisis  that  was  upon  them. 
In  the  afternoon  dodgers  were  issued  calling  for  a  public  meeting  at 
the  Court-house  at  seven  o'clock:  Before  the  time  the  little  room  was 
packed.  Ebenezer  Dumont,  a  Democrat,  who  had  been  an  officer  in 
the  Mexican  war,  was  made  chairman,  and  immediately  a  motion  was 


INDIANA  AND  1XDIANANS 


585 


made  to  adjourn  to  the  Metropolitan  theater.  The  crowd,  constantly 
augmenting,  hurried  down  Washington  street  to  the  theater,  which 
was  soon  filled  to  overflbwing.  The  Masonic*  Hall,  across  the  street, 
was  opened  and  filled,  with  hundreds  standing  in  the  streets.  The 
meetings  were  full  of  the  war  spirit.  Governor  Morton  and  others 
spoke.  Patriotic  resolutions  were  adopted  declaring  in  favor  of  armed 


• 


GEN.  LEW  WALLACE 
(In  1864) 

resistance.  Major  Gordon  announced  that  he  would  organize  a  flying 
artillery  company,  for  which  Governor  Morton  had  already  secured  six 
guns,  and  forty-five  men  enrolled  their  names  for  the  war.  At  the  close 
the  surrender  of  Ft.  Sumter  was  announced,  and  the  meetings  dispersed 
in  deep  gloom  but  with  firm  purpose."10 

The  Union  spirit  grew  as  by  infection.     On  the  16th  the  Journal 

i"  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  j>.  548. 


586  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

said :  ' '  There  is  but  one  feeling  in  Indiana.  We  are  no  longer  Repub- 
licans or  Democrats.  Never  did  party  names  lose  their  significance  so 
rapidly  or  completely  as  since  the  news  of  Saturday.  Parties  are  for- 
gotten and  only  common  danger  is  remembered.  Here  and  there  in- 
veterate sympathizers  with  Southern  institutions  and  feelings  scowl  and 
curse  the  mighty  tempest  of  patriotism  they  dare  not  encounter;  but 
they  are  few,  as  pitiful  in  strength  as  in  spirit.  Even  the  Sentinel 
now  avows  its  devotion  to  the  stars  and  stripes,  and  gives  us  some  cause 
to  modify  if  not  recall  the  harsh  censures  we  expressed  yesterday. 
*  *  *  In  the  full  spirit  of  the  times  Governor  Morton  has  sunk  party 
distinctions,  and  yesterday  appointed  to  the  important  post  of  Adjutant 
General  of  the  state,  Capt.  Lewis  Wallace  of  Montgomery  County, 
a  prominent  Democrat  and  widely  known  for  his  military  zeal  and 
skill.  Lewis  H.  Sands,  of  Putnam,  another  Democrat  devoted  to  his 
country,  has  been  appointed  colonel.  There  will  be  no  more  Republicans 
or  Democrats  hereafter  till  the  country  is  at  peace."  But  the  rift  in  the 
lute  was  at  hand.  Mr.  Holliday  says:  "Candidates  at  the  election  of 
city  officers  on  May  3d  had  been  nominated  before  the  war  began.  A 
few  days  later  C.  A.  R.,  in  a  communication  to  the  Journal,  advises 
that  'the  Republican  candidates  should  resign  in  favor  of  a  patriotic 
ticket  or  a  new  party,'  'embracing  all  its  country's  friends.'  'Let  us 
all  unite  now  and  forget  party  till  the  war  is  over.'  Sound  advice,  that 
if  heeded  and  followed  up  would  have  been  of  untold  value,  but  the 
selfish  desire  for  office  was  too  great  and  the  election  was  held  on  party 
lines  with  Republican  success.  Soon  after  two  new  wards  were  organ- 
ized, but  the  councilmen  were  Democrats  and  they  were  kept  out  of 
office  by  the  Republican  majority  until  their  terms  were  almost  out. 
Such  peanut  politics  bore  bitter  fruit  in  increasing  partisan  hostility. 
The  Sentinel,  though  professing  extreme  loyalty,  soon  began  a  course 
of  censorious  criticism  and  opposition  to  the  State  and  Federal  adminis- 
trations that  grew  fiercer  as  the  war  progressed,  and  was  terribly  effect- 
ive for  harm  to  the  national  cause.  Possibly  a  different  attitude  on  the 
part  of  the  Republicans  might  have  prevented  this,  or  at  least  modified 
it.  Later  in  the  summer  the  Democrats  offered  to  withdraw  their 
candidates  for  county  and  township  officers  and  unite  with  the  Re- 
publicans on  a  union  ticket,  but  the  offer  was  treated  wtih  contempt 
and  another  opportunity  for  conciliation  lost."11  In  succeeding  cam- 
paigns the  Republicans  dropped  their  party  name,  and  adopted  the 
title  of  "the  Union  party,"  designating  all  Democrats  as  "butternuts." 
"copper-heads,"  "rebels"  or  "Southern  sympathizers.'* 


n  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  p.  560. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  587 

The  display  of  Union  spirit  was  not  confined  to  Indianapolis.  A 
special  session  of  the  legislature  was  called  for  April  24,  and  Morton's 
message  asked  all  that  he*  thought  desirable  to  put  the  State  on  a  war 
footing.  Foulke  says:  "The  General  Assembly,  almost  to  a  man, 
seemed  animated  by  the  spirit  which  ran  through  this  message.  It 
responded  with  alacrity  to  the  Governor's  recommendations.  He  asked 
an  appropriation  of  one  million  dollars  and  more  than  two  millions 
were  appropriated.  The  bonds  were  provided  for,  the  militia  system 
inaugurated,  the  additional  troops  taken  care  of,  treason  against  the 
state  defined  and  punishment  provided,  counties  authorized  to  appro- 
priate money  for  army  purposes,  and  other  salutary  legislation  enacted. 
The  law  suspending  the  collection  of  debts  against  soldiers  was  the 
only  recommendation  neglected,  and  this  was  omitted  on  account  of  its 
doubtful  constitutionality,  a  matter  which  in  the  press  of  affairs  Morton 
had  no  doubt  overlooked.  This  was  par  excellence  a  'star  and  stripe' 
session.  The  first  glow  of  the  war  fever  was  upon  the  members  of  the 
legislature  and  their  resolutions  and  speeches  breathed  the  fervor  of 
enthusiastic  patriotism.  *  *  *  One  who  looks  into  the  record  of 
this  session  will  find  it  hard  to  believe  that  the  same  members  were 
taking  part  in  it,  so  great  was  the  change  wrought  by  the  inspiration 
of  the  attack  on  Sumter."1- 

At  the  opening  of  the  special  session,  Horace  Heffren,  Democratic 
nominee  for  Speaker  at  the  regular  session,  and  former  outspoken  op- 
ponent of  coercion,  nominated  Cyrus  M.  Allen,  his  former  opponent, 
for  Speaker,  saying:  "Times  have  changed.  The  Union  that  you  and 
I  love,  and  we  all  love — the  star-spangled  banner,  which  my  hands  and 
the  hands  of  my  gray  haired  friend  here  assisted  in  raising  over  the 
dome  of  this  building,  is  in  danger.  Union  and  harmony  and  conces- 
sion should  now  be  our  motto."  Allen  and  the  other  officers  were 
elected  by  unanimous  votes.  Foulke  says:  "Equally  emphatic  was 
the  expression  of  the  House  in  regard  to  the  conduct  of  Jesse  D.  Bright, 
who  represented  Indiana  in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  who  had 
avowed  his  sympathy  with  secession.  On  May  23  the  House  requested 
his  resignation,  and  near  the  end  of  the  session  declared  that  he  was 
no  longer  an  inhabitant  of  the  state  and  had  forfeited  all  right  to 
represent  it,  and  the  Senate  was  requested  to  declare  his  seat  vacant." 
No  resolution  naming  Senator  Bright  was  introduced  in  the  House, 
but  on  May  23  a  committee  resolution  was  reported  that  any  Repre- 
sentative or  Senator  who  may  "sympathize  with  those  engaged  in  said 
rebellion,  and  be  disinclined  *  vote  mr-»  and  money  to  aid  in  the  sup- 


12  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  121-3. 


588  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pression  thereof,  they  are  hereby  requested  to  resign  their  seats"  and 
give  room  for  someone  who  really  represented  the  State.  This  was 
adopted  by  a  vote  of  82  to  2 ;  and  in  the  discussion,  Lewis  Prosser, 
Democrat  from  Brown  County,  said  he  wanted  to  know  where  Jesse 
D.  Bright  stood;  that  "a  man  who  had  taken  the  ground  he  had  on 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  matter  was  mean  enough  to  go  over  and  join 
Jeff  Davis 's  army.  He  had  broken  up  the  Democratic  party,  and  the 
Democrats  hated  him  as  they  did  the  devil."  Before  this,  however, 
on  May  10,  Smith  Jones,  Democratic  Senator  from  Bartholomew  County, 
introduced  the  following:  "Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  Federal 
Relations  be  instructed  to  inquire  and  report  at  any  early  day  whether 
Jesse  D.  Bright,  one  of  our  United  States  Senators,  is  a  citizen  of 
Indiana ;  and  further,  whether  he  can  and  will  represent  the  people 
of  Indiana  in  the  United  States  Senate  truly  and  fully  in  the  present 
crisis;  and  further,  whether  his  present  position  on  the  questions  now 
engrossing  public  attention  does  not  render  his  future  continuance  in 
the  Senate  of  the  United  States  inconsistent  with  public  interests  and 
public  safety."  This  was  adopted  by  consent,  but  no  report  was  made 
on  it. 

These  notable  expressions  by  Democrats  were  made  long  before  any 
knowledge  of  Mr.  Bright 's  ' '  overt  act, ' '  which  was  the  following  letter : 

"Washington,  D.  C.,  March  1,  1861. 

"My  Dear  Sir — Allow  me  to  introduce  to  your  acquaintance  my 
friend,  Thomas  Lincoln,  of  Texas.  He  visits  your  capital  mainly  to 
dispose  of  what  he  regards  a  great  improvement  to  fire-arms.  I  recom- 
mend him  to  your  favorable  consideration  as  a  gentleman  of  the  first 
respectability,  and  reliable  in  every  respect. 

' '  Very  truly  yours, 

JESSE  D.  BRIGHT. 

"To  His  Excellency  Jefferson  Davis.  President  of  the  Confederation 
of  States." 

Nothing  was  known  of  this  letter  until  the  arrest  of  the  bearer, 
Lincoln,  at  Cincinnati,  August  17,  1861 ;  the  account  of  the  letter  being 
found  on  him  appearing  in  the  Indianapolis  papers  of  August  22.  It 
was  brought  before  the  Senate  at  the  next  session  of  congress,  and  on 
January  13,  1862,  the  Committee  on  Judiciary  reported  that  the  facts 
were  not  sufficient  to  justify  expulsion.  This  was  contested  on  the 
floor,  and  in  the  discussion  Bright  submitted  a  letter  which  he  had 
written  to  John  Fiteh,  of  Madison,  Indiana,  on  September  7,  1861.  con- 
cerning the  Lincoln  letter,  which  contained  the  statement,  "I  have  op- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  589 

posed,  and  so  long  as  my  present  convictions  last  shall  continue  to 
oppose  the  entire  coercion  policy  of  the  Government. ' '  This  was  de- 
nounced as  worse  than  {he  first  letter,  which  had  been  written  before 
Sumter  was  fired  on,  and  on  February  5,  1862,  Bright  was  expelled 
by  a  vote  of  32  to  14.  He  sought  reelection  in  1862,  as  a  "vindica- 
tion," but  the  Democratic  members  declined,  and  elected  David  Turpie, 
a  war  Democrat,  in  his  place.  Bright  devoted  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  efforts  to  "get  even"  with  those  responsible  for  his  defeat,  and 
was  probably  responsible  for  the  defeat  of  Hendricks  for  the  Presi 
dential  nomination  in  1868.13  He  died  at  Baltimore,  May  20,  1875. 

Morton  changed  his  positions  on  a  great  many  subjects,  but  he 
always  adhered  to  this  proposition  that  there  could  be  but  one  political 
party  in  the  North  that  was  for  the  Union.  It  was  much  as  if  President 
Wilson  should  announce  that  henceforth  there  would  be  but  two  politi- 
cal parties  in  this  country,  the  Kaiser  party  and  the  anti-Kaiser 
party,  and,  as  a  matter  of  obvious  convenience,  the  Democratic  organi- 
zation would  manage  the  anti-Kaiser  party.  There  have  been  many 
persons  who  have  maintained  the  desirability  of  an  opposition  party 
in  time  of  war,  to  restrain  the  tendency  to  undermine  the  constitutional 
safeguards  of  personal  liberty,  which  is  frequently  manifested  in  such 
times ;  but  no  one  has  had  the  temerity  to  avow  that  it  is  easy  for  such 
a  party  to  maintain  a  strict  adherence  to  the  demands  of  loyalty.  Its 
very  existence  presupposes  the  criticism  of  the  administration  when  it 
is  supposed  to  deserve  criticism,  and  in  war  time  this,  of  itself,  is  usually 
treated  as  evidence  of  disloyalty.  The  position  of  the  editor  of  an 
opposition  newspaper,  in  war  time,  is  especially  trying,  for  he  is  obliged 
to  express  himself,  and  is  at  once  responsible  for  saying  things  that 
will  suit  his  party,  and  avoiding  anything  that  will  get  it  into  trouble. 
The  editor  of  the  Sentinel,  Joseph  J.  Bingham,  and  the  editor  of  the 
Journal,  Berry  K.  Sulgrove,  were  neither  of  them  broadminded  men, 
merely  controversial  experts  of  the  old  type,  whose  chief  aim  in  life 
was  party  advantage.  On  January  23,  1861,  these  two  were  their  party 
candidates  for  State  Printer,  and  Sulgrove  was  duly  elected.  From 
that  time  forward  he  succeeded  in  avoiding  any  conflict  with  Morton's 
ideas,  such  as  he  had  fallen  into  on  the  subject  of  coercion.  Later 
he  became  Morton's  private  secretary.  Unquestionably,  a  great  deal 
that  was  said  in  both  papers  was  purely  for  political  purposes,  and 
one  who  desires  to  get  a  true  historical  perspective  must  keep  this  in 
mind.  One  of  the  most  effective  political  methods  of  the  time  was  what 
is  commonly  known  as  "smoking  them  out."  This  was  in  part  done 

is  Woollen 's  Sketches,  pp.  230-2. 

.  >••' 


590 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


by  so-called  "vigilance  committees,"  who  waited  on  Democrats  and 
demanded  an  expression  of  their  loyalty ;  and  thereafter  if  one  of  them 
appeared  in  politics,  the  Journal's  sufficient  comment  was  that  the 
person  had  been  waited  on  by  a  vigilance  committee.  Another  effective 
scheme  was  to  print  some  unfounded  rumor  about  a  prominent  Demo- 
crat, and  force  him  to  denial.  On  April  23,  1861,  the  Journal  printed 


THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS 

such  a  report  about  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  and  Mr.  Hendricks  at  once 
replied  as  follows: 

"Indianapolis,  April  24,  1861. 

"Mr.  Editor — My  attention  has  been  called  to  an  editorial  in  the 
Journal  this  morning,  in  which  it  is  stated  that,  at  a  Union  meeting 
held  at  Shelbyville  a  few  evenings  since,  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  wait  on  me  with  the  request  that  I  would  speak;  that  being  called 
upon  by  the  committee,  I  refused  to  speak,  saying  that  I  had  no  hand 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


591 


in  originating  the  difficulty  and  would  have  nothing  to  do  in  extricating 
the  country  from  its  perilous  condition. 

"The  writer  has  been  wholly  misinformed.  I  never  heard  of  the 
appointment  of  such  a  committee,  and  suppose  that  none  was  appointed. 
No  committee  waited  upon  me  with  such  a  request.  Had  I  been  so 
honored,  1  certainly  should  have  responded  I  have  never  withheld 
my  views  upon  any  question  of  public  interest  from  the  people  ol 
Shelby  County.  Upon  all  occasions  when  it  appeared  proper,  I  have 
expressed  my  opinions  in  relation  to  our  present  troubles.  Since  the 
war  commenced  I  have  uniformly  said  that  the  authority  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  is  not  questioned  in  Indiana,  and  that 
I  regarded  it  as  the  duty  of  the  citizens  of  Indiana  to  respect  and 
maintain  that  authority  and  to  give  the  government  an  honest  and 
earnest  support  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  until,  in  the  providence 
of  God,  it  may  be  brought  to  an  honorable  conclusion  and  the  blessings 
of  peace  restored  to  our  country — postponing  until  that  time  all  con- 
troversy in  relation  to  the  causes  and  responsibilities  of  the  war.  No 
man  will  feel  a  deeper  solicitude  in  the  welfare  and  .proud  bearing  of 
Indiana's  soldiery  in  the  conflict  of  arms  to  which  they  are  called 
than  myself. 

"Allow  me  to  add  that,  in  my  judgment,  a  citizen  or  newspaper  is 
not  serving  the  country  well  in  the  present  crisis  by  attempting  to  give 
a  partisan  aspect  to  the  war,  or  by  seeking  to  pervert  the  cause  of  the 
country  to  party  ends." 

The  Journal  printed  this,  with  no  apology  but  that  it  had  not  known 
what  the  views  of  Mr.  Hendricks  were;  and  Mr.  Poulke  commits  a 
more  unpardonable  offense  by  saying:  "Even  Mr.  Hendricks  thought 
it  necessary  to  avert  the  suspicion  of  disloyalty"  by  writing  this  letter. 
The  only  disloyalty  of  which  Mr.  Hendricks  was  guilty  was  voting 
and  supporting  the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  twenty  years  after  the  war,  when  the  polit- 
ical emergency  was  gone,  Sulgrove  himself  wrote  of  Hendricks:  "He 
favored  the  earnest  prosecution  of  the  war,  and  voted  for  supplies  to 
sustain  the  army.  He  was  opposed  to  conscription,  and  favored  the 
enlistment  of  volunteers  and  payment  of  soldiers'  bounties.  *  *  * 
The  extent  and  character  of  Governor  Hendricks'  attainments  can  be 
well  gauged  by  his  public  and  professional  record.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  his  political  views,  although  he  has  stronger  convictions  than 
are  credited  to  him.  Under  a  somewhat  cautious,  reserved  manner  he 
conceals  great  depth  of  sentiment  and  indomitable  faith  in  the  triumph 
of  right  over  wrong,  truth  over  envy,  malice  and  detraction."14 


Hist,  of  Indianapolis,  p.  201. 


590 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


by  so-called  "vigilance  committees,"  who  waited  on  Democrats  and 
demanded  an  expression  of  their  loyalty ;  and  thereafter  if  one  of  them 
appeared  in  politics,  the  Journal's  sufficient  comment  was  that  the 
person  had  been  waited  on  by  a  vigilance  committee.  Another  effective 
scheme  was  to  print  some  unfounded  rumor  about  a  prominent  Demo- 
crat, and  force  him  to  denial.  On  April  23,  1861,  the  Journal  printed 


THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS 


such  a  report  about  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  and  Mr.  Hendricks  at  once 
replied  as  follows: 

"Indianapolis,  April  24,  1861. 

"Mr.  Editor — My  attention  has  been  called  to  an  editorial  in  the 
Journal  this  morning,  in  which  it  is  stated  that,  at  a  Union  meeting 
held  at  Shelbyville  a  few  evenings  since,  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  wait  on  me  with  the  request  that  I  would  speak ;  that  being  called 
upon  by  the  committee,  I  refused  to  speak,  saying  that  I  had  no  hand 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  591 

•   '', 

in  originating  the  difficulty  and  would  have  nothing  to  do  in  extricating 
the  country  from  its  perilous  condition. 

"The  writer  has  been » -wholly  misinformed.  I  never  heard  of  the 
appointment  of  such  a  committee,  and  suppose  that  none  was  appointed. 
No  committee  waited  upon  me  with  such  a  request.  Had  I  been  so 
honored,  1  certainly  should  have  responded  I  have  never  withheld 
my  views  upon  any  question  of  public  interest  from  the  people  oi 
Shelby  County.  Upon  all  occasions  when  it  appeared  proper,  1  have 
expressed  my  opinions  in  relation  to  our  present  troubles.  Since  the 
war  commenced  I  have  uniformly  said  that  the  authority  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  is  not  questioned  in  Indiana,  and  that 
I  regarded  it  as  the  duty  of  the  citizens  of  Indiana  to  respect  and 
maintain  that  authority  and  to  give  the  government  an  honest  and 
earnest  support  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  until,  in  the  providence 
of  God,  it  may  be  brought  to  an  honorable  conclusion  and  the  blessings 
of  peace  restored  to  our  country — postponing  until  that  time  all  con- 
troversy in  relation  to  the  causes  and  responsibilities  of  the  war.  No 
man  will  feel  a  deeper  solicitude  in  the  welfare  and  .proud  bearing  of 
Indiana's  soldiery  in  the  conflict  of  arms  to  which  they  are  called 
than  myself. 

"Allow  me  to  add  that,  in  my  judgment,  a  citizen  or  newspaper  is 
not  serving  the  country  well  in  the  present  crisis  by  attempting  to  give 
a  partisan  aspect  to  the  war,  or  by  seeking  to  pervert  the  cause  of  the 
country  to  party  ends." 

The  Journal  printed  this,  with  no  apology  but  that  it  had  not  known 
what  the  views  of  Mr.  Hendricks  were;  and  Mr.  Foulke  commits  a 
more  unpardonable  offense  by  saying:  "Even  Mr.  Hendricks  thought 
it  necessary  to  avert  the  suspicion  of  disloyalty"  by  writing  this  letter. 
The  only  disloyalty  of  which  Mr.  Hendricks  was  guilty  was  voting 
and  supporting  the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  twenty  years  after  the  war,  when  the  polit- 
ical emergency  was  gone,  Sulgrove  himself  wrote  of  Hendricks:  "He 
favored  the  earnest  prosecution  of  the  war,  and  voted  for  supplies  to 
sustain  the  army.  He  was  opposed  to  conscription,  and  favored  the 
enlistment  of  volunteers  and  payment  of  soldiers'  bounties.  *  *  * 
The  extent  and  character  of  Governor  Hendricks'  attainments  can  be 
well  gauged  by  his  public  and  professional  record.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  his  political  views,  although  he  has  stronger  convictions  than 
are  credited  to  him.  Under  a  somewhat  cautious,  reserved  manner  he 
conceals  great  depth  of  sentiment  and  indomitable  faith  in  the  triumph 
of  right  over  wrong,  truth  over  envy,  malice  and  detraction."  14 


n  Hist,  of  Indianapolis,  p.  201. 


592  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

It  may  be  noted,  in  this  connection,  that  later  writers  have  in  some 
cases  out-Journaled  the  Journal.  For  example,  Mr.  Foulke,  in  his 
account  of  the  Democratic  meeting  held  on  the  State  House  square,  on 
May  20,  1863,  says:  "About  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  while 
Hendricks  was  speaking,  some  eight  or  ten  soldiers  with  bayonets  fixed 
and  rifles  cocked  entered  the  crowd  and  advanced  slowly  toward  the 
stand.  A  great  uproar  arose.  The  multitude  scattered  in  every  direc- 
tion. A  high  fence  on  the  east  side  of  the  state-house  square  was 
pushed  down  by  the  rushing  crowd.  A  squad  of  cavalry  galloped 
along  Tennessee  street  adding  to  the  tumult.  The  soldiers  who  were 
moving  towards  the  stand  were  ordered  to  halt  by  Colonel  Coburn, 
who  had  been  guarding  the  quartermaster's  stores  north  of  the  state- 
house,  but  who  came  out  when  he  heard  the  disturbance.  He  asked 
what  they  were  doing.  They  said  they  were  'going  for  Tom  Hendricks,' 
that  he  had  said  too  much,  and  they  intended  to  kill  him.  Coburn 
expostulated  with  them  and  they  desisted.  There  was  much  confusion 
on  the  stand.  Hendricks  closed  his  remarks  prematurely,  suggesting 
that  the  resolution  be  read  and  the  meeting  dismissed. ' ' 15  The  Jour- 
nal report  of  the  same  meeting,  on  May  21,  1863,  after  speaking  of  the 
interruption  of  a  speech  by  Samuel  Hamill,  earlier  in  the  day,  says: 
"There  was  no  disturbance  after  this  of  any  consequence  till  Mr. 
Hendricks  had  been  speaking  some  time.  Then,  in  reply  to  some  mean 
disloyal  remark  of  his,  a  Union  man  in  the  crowd  called  out  something 
which  he  did  not  hear.  A  Copperhead  seized  him,  and  he  rushed 
towards  the  stand.  A  scuffle  followed,  which  was  ended  by  the  soldiers' 
entering  the  crowd  and  taking  off  the  man  who  committed  the  assault. 
This  affair  soon  got  out  into  the  streets  in  fifty  wild  forms,  the  most 
prevalent  of  which  was  that  the  soldiers  had  cleared  the  stand,  broken 
up  the  meeting,  and  chased  Hendricks  out  of  the  yard.  The  truth  is 
Mr.  Hendricks  finished  his  speech,  though  interrupted  occasionally,  and 
improperly,  and  the  resolutions  of  the  committee  were  read  by  Mr. 
Buskirk,  and  adopted,  and  the  meeting  adjourned  sine  die,  regularly, 
and  without  any  row  at  all.  It  was  then  that  the  Union  men  and 
soldiers  took  possession  of  the  stand,  and  held  a  meeting  of  their  own." 

During  the  war  the  four  prominent  leaders  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  Indiana  were  Hendricks,  McDonald,  Turpie  and  Voorhees.  They 
were  personal  as  well  as  political  friends,  and  their  standing  outside  of 
their  party  is,  in  the  main  due  to  the  fact  that  Morton  had  a  personal 
antipathy  to  Hendricks  and  Voorhees,  and  personally  liked  McDonald 
and  Turpie.  The  Journal  reflected  these  feelings,  and  others.  In  the 


is  Life  of  Morton,  Vol.  1,  p.  274. 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  593 

early  part  of  the  war,  the  national  administration  did  not  move  fast 
enough  to  suit  Morton,fand  especially  Simon  Cameron,  the  Secretary 
of  War.  On  August  23,  1861,  Sulgrove  published  a  remarkable  edi- 
torial attack  on  the  administration,  under  the  head  "A  Few  Plain 
Words,"  in  which  he  said:  "The  President  has  acted  a  good  deal  as 
if  the  army  were  no  particular  portion  of  his  business,  though  an  affair 
of  interest  enough  to  induce  him  to  go  out  and  look  at  it  once  in  a 
while.  He  has  reviewed  the  troops  a  few  times,  and  visited  their  camps 
for  a  few  moments,  probably  a  dozen  times.  But  we  have  no  informa- 
tion at  all  that  he  has  busied  himself  to  find  out  or  improve  the  condi- 
tions of  the  men.  *  *  *  Men  have  suffered  for  food  within  five 
miles  of  Washington.  Whole  regiments  have  been  nearly  in  mutiny 
because  their  clothes  were  rags  and  their  food  rotten.  A  visit,  not  of 
parade,  but  aid,  from  the  President,  and  a  word  to  the  commissary, 
would  soothe  the  men  and  rectify  the  neglect.  *  *  *  We  believe 
he  ought  to  make  the  army  his  place  of  business  now,  and  le^politicians 
and  diplomatists  go — well,  let  us  say  go  home.  *  *  *  At  Fortress 
Monroe  there  are  two  regiments  actually  worthless,  so  worthless  that 
a  portion  of  each  has  been  taken  out  of  the  field,  and  they  have  become 
so  solely  because  nobody  has  cared  for  them.  Their  food  has  been 
abominable,  their  camps  filthy,  their  clothing  rotten.  Their  officers 
in  disgust  have  resigned,  and  the  men,  sick  and  without  officers  are 
disorganized.  Would  these  men  have  become  what  they  are  if  they  had 
seen  with  their  own  eyes,  that  the  head  of  the  Government  felt  so  much 
interest  in  them  that  he  examined  into  their  camps,  inquired  about  their 
clothing,  aud  looked  after  their  food  himself?  *  *  *  What  is  true 
of  the  President  is  true  of  the  Cabinet.  What  he  can  do  they  can  do, 
in  some  cases  better  than  he.  But  Secretary  Cameron  is  too  busy  set- 
tling the  conflicting  claims  of  his  friends  for  army  contracts  and  laying 
out  anchors  to  pull  round  a  Presidential  nomination  by,  to  bother  him- 
self about  the  clothing  and  food  of  the  men  whose  courage  alone  gives 
him  the  means  of  keeping  his  place.  *  *  *  The  Administration, 
all  through,  has  apparently  regarded  the  war  as  a  far-off  matter,  that 
could  be  attended  to  with  ample  care  by  following  the  old  beaten  line 
of  official  duties.  It  is  time  this  should  change." 

This  was  the  more  notable  because  similar  charges  of  poor  supplies 
had  been  made  in  regard  to  the  State  troops  at  Camp  Morton.  Letters 
of  complaint  appeared  in  the  papers,  demonstrating  that  even  nt  that 
time  Indiana  had  literary  talent  capable  of  producing  "best-sellers." 
One  soldier  from  Hancock  County,  the  home  of  Riley — but  he  was  too 
young  to  be  in  the  army — declared  that  "a  wild  goose  could  take  a 
grain  of  coffee  in  its  bill,  swim  down  the  Mississippi  from  St.  Paul, 


594  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  make  a  better  beverage  all  the  way  to  the  Gulf  than  the  soldiers 
get  at  Camp  Morton."  A  joint  committee  of  the  legislature  investi- 
gated the  matter,  and  Foulke  says  they  found  that  Morton's  "old 
friend,  Isaiah  Mansur,  commissary  general,"  had  issued  rations  that 
"were  not  in  accordance  with  the  commissary's  schedule,  that  there 
had  been  favoritism  on  the  part  of  employees,  that  the  coffee  was 
'basely  adulterated'  with  parched  beans,  and  that  fourteen-ounce  pack- 
ages were  distributed  as  one  pound,  though  it  did  not  appear  that 
Mansur  had  made  anything  by  this.  Bad  meat,  however,  had  been 
furnished  by  the  commissary  general  out  of  his  own  pork-house  which 
he  rather  naively  explained  by  saying  that  the  commissary's  duties 
were  hard  and  that  if  anything  was  to  be  made  out  of  the-  sales  he 
thought  he  had  as  good  a  right  to  make  it  as  any  one'."  It  was  even 
worse.  The  committee  reported  the  beans  "poor,"  the  meat  "bad," 
and  the  dried  fruit  ' '  very  bad ' ' ;  but  they  thought  that  nobody  should 
be  blamed,  because  it  was  such  a  large  business,  and  had  to  be  done  so 
hastily  that  mistakes  were  unavoidable,  though  they  could  not  under- 
stand why  the  contractor  went  to  the  trouble  of  mixing  peas  and 
beans  with  the  coffee.10  The  House  was  not  so  exculpatory,  and  on 
May  25,  requested  the  removal  of  the  commissary  by  an  almost  unani- 
mous vote.  Morton  accepted  his  resignation,  and  appointed  Asahel  Stone 
in  his  place,  after  which  things  went  better,  though  there  was  complaint 
five  months  later  that  the  coffee  was  the  "worst  on  the  market."  17 

Obviously,  there  had  been  some  room  for  "camp  visiting"  at  home, 
but  after  this  first  miscarriage,  the  soldiers  had  no  occasion  for  com- 
plaint of  Morton.  He  went  into  the  war  work  with  feverish  zeal. 
There  was  no  trouble  about  getting  men.  The  first  call,  for  six  regi- 
ments, was  responded  to  by  more  than  twice  the  number  of  men 
wanted.  The  total  call  on  Indiana  for  men  in  1861,  was  38,832,  and 
Indiana  actually  furnished  in  that  year  48  regiments  of  infantry,  3 
regiments  of  cavalry,  and  17  batteries,  in  all  53,035  men,  or  an  excess  of 
14,203.  But  throngh  failure  to  file  muster  rolls  at  Washington,  the 
State  did  not  get  credit  for  this  excess  until  after  the  year  1862.  In 
July  and  August,  1862,  President  Lincoln  called  for  600,000  men)  Indi- 
ana's quota  being  42,500.  By  September  20,  the  volunteers  were  6,060 
short  of  this  number,  and  a  draft  was  ordered,  to  take  effect  October 
6.  By  that  time  the  apparent  deficiency  was  reduced  to  3,003,  for  which 
the  draft  was  made,  although  the  State  was  in  reality  over  25,000  in 
excess  of  her  quota  at  the  time.18  The  drafted  men  were  to  serve  for 


House  Journal,  Special  Session,  1861,  p.  213. 
Journal,  Oct.  1,  1861. 
Terrell's  Report,  Vol.  1,  p.  76. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  595 

nine  months,  but  all  but  four  companies  of  them  (395  men)  volunteered 
for  three  years,  and  were  sent  to  the  front  as  volunteers.  By  Decem- 
ber 1,  1863,  Indiana  fiad  furnished  over  110,000  men.  But,  at  the 
outset,  there  was  a  sorry  lack  of  equipment  and  supplies.  In  March, 
1861,  anticipating  war,  Morton  went  to  Washington  for  supplies.  There 
were  488  muskets  due  the  State  on  its  1861  militia  allotment,  and  he 
took  a  6-pound  cannon  and  350  minie  rifles  in  place  of  them.  The  State 
had  less  than  800  muskets,  in  serviceable  condition,  mostly  in  the  hands 
of  the  militia.  Seeing  that  the  State  would  have  to  purchase  arms 
to  get  them  promptly,  he  sent  Calvin  Fletcher  to  find  what  could  be 
done  in  that  line,  but  without  success.  On  May  30,  he  appointed  Robert 
Dale  Owen  agent  to  purchase  6,000  rifles  and  1,000  carbines,  and  con- 
tinued his  service  until  by  February  6,  1863,  he  had  purchased  30,000 
Enfield  rifles,  2,731  carbines,  751  revolvers,  and  797  sabres,  at  a  cost 
of  $752,694.75;  and  had  also  expended  $3,905  for  cavalry  equipment. 
$50,407  for  blankets,  and  $84,829  for  overcoats.  Morton  kept  the 
telegraph  wires  warm  seeing  that  these  overcoats  got  to  the  Indiana 
soldiers. 

Ammunition  could  not  be  bought  in  quantities.  Morton  found  that 
Herman  Sturm,  an  officer  in  one  of  the  batteries,  had  learned  the  busi 
ness  in  Germany.  He  rented  a  room  in  the  square  south  of  the  State 
House,  and  put  Sturm  in  charge,  with  a  blacksmith's  forge  for  melting 
lead,  and  a  detail  of  men  from  the  Eleventh  Regiment  to  make  car- 
tridges. The  work  was  so  successful  that  buildings  were  erected  on  the 
square  north  of  the  State  House — now  the  north  half  of  the  Capitol 
grounds — and  an  extensive  manufactory  inaugurated  in  June.  At  one 
time  over  600  people  were  engaged  in  this  work,  and  the  total  product 
to  its  close,  on  April  18,  1864,  amounted  to  $788,838.45,  out  of  which 
the  State  made  a  clear  profit  of  $77,457.32.  In  1862,  this  arsenal  was 
moved  to  a  location  a  mile  and  a  half  east  of  the  State  House,  and  in 
1863,  the  national  government  purchased  the  tract  now  occupied  by  the 
Technical  High  School,  and  erected  buildings  for  an  arsenal  there,  the 
work  being  turned  over  to  it  thereafter.  The  western  armies  were 
largely  supplied  from  this  State  arsenal  when  the  government  could 
not  supply  them,  and  several  times  at  criticial  periods.  In  addition 
to  the  supplies  purchased  by  Owen,  the  Quartermaster  General  of  the 
State  reported  in  May,  1862,  that  he  had  expended  $406,484.75  for 
clothing  and  blankets,  and  $65,801.77  for  camp  equipment.  Morton 
established  a  Post  Bakery  at  Camp  Morton,  which  furnished  the  men 
11,000  loaves  of  fresh  bread  per  day.  In  1862,  he  established  a  Soldiers : 
Home  on  West  Street,  south  of  Maryland,  which  was  increased  until 
it  would  accommodate  250  men  with  lodgings,  and  1,000  for  meals.  In 


596  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  fall  of  1863  he  established  a  Soldiers'  Families  Home,  near  the 
Union  Station,  for  the  accommodation  of  women  and  children  visiting 
soldier  relatives.  On  October  10,  1861,  Morton  issued  an  appeal  to  the 
patriotic  women  of  Indiana  to  furnish  socks,  underwear,  mittens,  etc., 
for  the  soldiers.  The  State  was  fairly  swamped  with  such  supplies 
within  a  month.  Best  of  all,  in  the  spring  of  1862,  he  organized  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  which  did  a  great  work  in  raising  money  and  fur- 
nishing the  soldiers  with  all  sorts  of  supplies  and  comforts  not  fur- 
nished b.y  the  United  States.  On  May  18,  1861,  through  his  efforts, 
the  unfinished  City  Hospital  of  Indianapolis  was  turned  over  to  the 
government  for  a  military  hospital,  and  he  was  also  active  in  securing 
the  establishment  of  military  hospitals  at  Evansville,  New  Albany,  Jeff- 
ersonville  and  Madison.  After  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  he  obtained  from 
the  national  government  permission  to  appoint  two  assistant  surgeons 
for  each  Indiana  regiment,  which  proved  so  advantageous  that  Congress 
passed  a  law  providing  an  assistant  for  all  regiments.  He  kept  agents 
in  the  South  to  look  after  soldiers  who  needed  assistance,  and  chartered 
steamboats  to  carry  medical  and  other  supplies  to  the  Indiana  troops. 
He  sent  agents  to  the  camps  to  induce  soldiers  to  send  part  of  their 
pay  to  their  families,  and  to  forward  the  money  for  them.  As  this 
work  grew  in  magnitude,  he  established  an  office  at  Indianapolis  which 
attended  to  forwarding  the  money  without  expense.  Unquestionably 
Morton  fairly  earned  his  title  of  "The  Soldier's  Friend." 

As  there  had  been  five  Indiana  regiments  in  the  Mexican  war,  thi; 
Civil  war  regiments  numbered  from  the  Sixth.  The  first  regiment  called 
into  service  was  the  Eleventh,  commanded  by  Lew  Wallace,  and  com- 
posed largely  of  militia  companies  which  were  already  equipped.  On 
May  8,  a  banner  was  presented  to  it  by  the  ladies  of  Indianapolis,  Mrs. 
Abbie  Cady  making  the  presentation  at  the  State  House;  and  then 
Wallace  recounted  the  story  of  the  unfair  treatment  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment in  the  Mexican  war  by  Jeff  Davis,  and  had  the  men  kneel,  and 
swear  to  "remember  Buena  Vista."  On  the  evening  of  the  ninth,  the 
Eleventh  took  cars  for  Evansville,  whose  people  were  calling  for  pro- 
tection from  anticipated  raids  from  Kentucky,  and  commissioned  to 
stop  the  shipment  of  supplies  to  the  South.  The  remaining  regiments 
were  sent  into  West  Virginia,  and  did  the  first  fighting  of  the  war,  after 
the  attack  on  Sumter.  The  delegates  from  the  western  counties  of 
Virginia  had  opposed  the  secession  ordinance  adopted  by  the  conven- 
tion of  that  State,  on  April  17,  1861,  and  were  supported  by  their  con- 
stituents. On  April  20,  Gov.  Letcher,  of  Virginia,  telegraphed  to 
Mayor  Andrew  Sweeney  of  Wheeling  to  "take  possession  of  the  Cus- 
tom House,  Post  Office,  all  public  buildings  and  public  documents,  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  597 

the  name  of  Virginia."  Sweeney  answered  that  he  had  taken  posses- 
sion of  them  "in  the  name  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the 
United  States,  whose  property  they  are."  A  convention  of  Union  men 
was  called  at  Wheeling  on  May  13,  but  adjourned  to  June  11  without 
action.  Letcher  began  sending  troops  into  the  western  counties,  and 
trying  to  enlist  recruits  there.  On  May  24,  George  B.  McClellan,  who 
had  been  put  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Ohio,  including  western 
Virginia,  visited  Indianapolis,  and  reviewed  the  five  regiments,  which 
had  been  organized  as  a  brigade,  under  command  of  Gen.  Thomas  A. 
Morris.  On  May  26,  McClellan,  at  Cincinnati,  received  word  that  the 
rebels  were  burning  the  bridges  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 
He  at  once  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  Virginians  that  he  was  about 
to  send  troops  for  their  protection,  adding,  "Notwithstanding  all  that 
has  been  said  by  the  traitors  to  induce  you  to  believe  that  our  advent 
among  you  will  be  signalized  by  interference  with  your  slaves,  under- 
stand one  thing  clearly — not  only  will  we  abstain  from  all  such  inter- 
ference, but  we  will,  on  the  contrary,  with  an  iron  hand,  crush  any 
attempt  at  insurrection  on  their  part."  He  called  for  the  Indiana  regi- 
ments, which  were  sent  at  once,  Gen.  Morris,  with  the  Sixth,  Seventh 
and  Ninth  regiments  going  to  .Grafton,  West  Virginia. 

Morris  was  born  in  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky,  December  26,  1811. 
In  1821,  his  father,  Morris  Morris,  moved  to  Indianapolis,  then  in  its 
infancy,  and  in  1823  young  Morris  went  to  work  in  the  office  of  The 
Western  Censor  and  Emigrant's  Guide,  the  predecessor  of  the  Journal. 
After  three  years,  during  which  he  became  a  fair  printer,  he  stopped  to 
go  to  school.  At  nineteen  he  was  appointed  to  West  Point,  and  grad- 
uated there  in  1834.  After  a  year  of  service  as  lieutenant  of  artillery, 
he  was  detailed  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the  National  Road  in 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  had  charge  of  the  division  between  Richmond 
and  Indianapolis.  A  year  later  he  entered  the  service  of  the  State, 
having  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  Central  canal.  From  1841  to 
1847,  he  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Madison  Railroad,  the  first  railroad 
in  the  State;  and  thereafter  until  1859  was  engaged  in  railroad  work, 
as  chief  engineer  of  the  Vandalia,  the  "Bee  Line,"  and  the  Indianapolis 
and  Cincinnati,  serving  also  as  President  of  the  last  two.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  Morton  appointed  him  Quartermaster  General,  and  he 
supervised  the  equipment  of  the  troops  that  he  commanded  in  the  three 
months  service.  He  was  promised  appointment  as  Major  General  at 
the  close  of  the  three  months  service,  but  failed  to  receive  it,  due,  it  was 
charged,  to  the  hostility  of  Gen.  McClellan.  He  then  resumed  railroad 
work,  in  connection  with  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati,  and  Indian- 
apolis and  St.  Louis,  building  the  latter  from  Terre  Haute  to  Indian- 


- 
598  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

apolis.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Commissioners  for  the 
erection  of  the  present  State  Capitol — a  position  which  his  fathei' 
held  for  the  one  preceding  it.  He  planned  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  Union  Railway  and  Union  Depot  at  Indianapolis,  and 
was  later  President  of  the  Indianapolis  Water  Company.  He  died  at 
Indianapolis,  April  1,  1904. 


GEN.  THOMAS  A.  MORRIS 

When  Morris  arrived  at  Grafton,  he  learned  that  Col.  Porterfield 
was  at  Philippi,  a  few  miles  away,  with  1,200  rebel  troops,  500  of  whom 
were  cavalry.  He  planned  a  surprise,  divided  his  force  into  two  parties, 
marched  twelve  miles  through  rain  and  mud  on  the  night  of  June  2, 
and  struck  Porterfield 's  camp  at  dawn  of  June  3.  The  rebels  fled  at 
the  first  fire,  leaving  their  baggage,  380  stand  of  arms,  and  one  flag. 
They  were  reinforced  by  Gen.  Garnett,  and  took  a  strong  position  at 
Laurel  Hill,  where  Morris  held  them  while  McClellan  made  a  night 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  599 

march  and  defeated  Gen.  Pegram  at  Rich  Mountain.  Garnett,  learning 
of  this,  slipped  away  on  the  night  of  July  11,  but  was  followed  the  next 
morning  by  Morris,  who  Overtook  and  defeated  him  at  Carrick's  Ford, 
Garnett  being  killed  in  the  engagement.  Pegram  was  hemmed  in,  and 
surrendered  to  McClellan.  In  this  brief  campaign,  West  Virginia  was 
cleared  of  rebel  troops,  and  five  guns,  twelve  flags,  1,500  stand  of 
arms,  and  1,000  prisoners  were  taken.  Meanwhile,  on  June  6,  Wallace 
was  ordered  to  take  the  Eleventh  from  Evansville  to  Cumberland,  Mary- 
land. On  arriving  at  Piedmont,  he  made  a  night  march  and  surprised 
Col.  Angus  McDonald  who  was  at  Romney  with  500  Virginia  troops 
and  two  guns,  on  the  morning  of  June  13.  The  rebels  fled  after  a 
few  shots,  and  fugitives  reported  to  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  that  McClellan  was  advancing  on  him  from  that  quarter,  where- 
upon Johnston  burned  all  the  bridges  over  the  Potomac  from  Harper's 
Ferry  to  Williamsport,  and  fell  back  to  Winchester.  So  all  of  the 
three  months  regiments  returned  covered  with  glory,  and  most  of 
them  reenlisted  for  three  years.  Their  achievements  also  induced  many 
others  to  enlist.  In  the  skirmishing  at  Laurel  Hill,  William  T.  Girard, 
of  Company  G.,  Ninth  Indiana,  was  killed;  and  was  the  first  Union 
soldier  killed  in  battle  after  Fort  Sumter  was  taken.  It  is  a  singular 
fact  that  the  last  Union  soldier  killed  in  battle  was  John  J.  Williams,  of 
the  Thirty-Fourth  Indiana,  who.  fell  at  Palmetto  Ranch,  Texas,  on  May 
13,  1865. 

Indiana  also  got  into  the  illustrated  papers  early  in  the  war.  J. 
F.  Gookins,  the  Indiana  artist,  enlisted  in  the  Eleventh  Indiana  as  a 
musician,  and  was  at  Romney.  He  made  a  sketch  of  the  fight  at  the 
bridge,  and  sent  it  with  an  account  of  the  battle  to  Harper's  Weekly, 
which  duly  published  it;  and  it  remains  in  striking  contrast  with  other 
battle  scenes  in  the  same  publication  "by  our  Special  Artist,'*  who 
probably  drew  them  in  some  back-room  in  New  York.19 

It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this  work  to  give  the  details  of  the 
movements  of  Indiana  troops  in  the  war.  That  has  been  the  subject  of 
dozens  of  volumes,  and  will  be  the  subject  of  many  more.  Their  sen-- 
ice was  universal.  No  history  of  the  Civil  War  can  be  written  that 
does  not  include  the  recital  of  the  achievements  in  which  they  partici- 
pated at  every  turn.  After  the  close  of  the  war,  on  July  4,  1866,  the 
flags  of  the  Indiana  troops  were  formally  presented  to  Governor  Morton 
to  be  deposited  in  the  State  House.  In  making  the  presentation  speech, 
Major  General  Lew  Wallace  said :  ' '  Three  of  our  regiments  took  part  in 
the  first  battle  of  the  war,  while  another,  in  view  of  the  Rio  Grande, 


Harper 't  Weekly,  1861. 

Vol.  II—  3 


598 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


• 


apolis.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Commissioners  for  the 
erection  of  the  present  State  Capitol — a  position  which  his  father 
held  for  the  one  preceding  it.  He  planned  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  Union  Railway  and  Union  Depot  at  Indianapolis,  and 
was  later  President  of  the  Indianapolis  Water  Company.  He  died  at 
Indianapolis,  April  1,  1904. 


- 


- 


GEN.  THOMAS  A.  MORRIS 


When  Morris  arrived  at  Grafton,  he  learned  that  Col.  Porterfield 
was  at  Philippi,  a  few  miles  away,  with  1,200  rebel  troops,  500  of  whom 
were  cavalry.  He  planned  a  surprise,  divided  his  force  into  two  parties, 
marched  twelve  miles  through  rain  and  mud  on  the  night  of  June  2, 
and  struck  Porterfield 's  camp  at  dawn  of  June  3.  The  rebels  fled  at 
the  first  fire,  leaving  their  baggage,  380  stand  of  arms,  and  one  flag. 
They  were  reinforced  by  Gen.  Garnett,  and  took  a  strong  position  at 
Laurel  Hill,  where  Morris  held  them  while  McClellan  made  a  night 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


599 


march  and  defeated  Gen.  Pegram  at  Rich  Mountain.  Garuett,  learning 
of  this,  slipped  away  on  the  night  of  July  11,  but  was  followed  the  next 
morning  by  Morris,  who  "overtook  and  defeated  him  at  Carrick's  Ford, 
Garnett  being  killed  in  t'he  engagement.  Pegram  was  hemmed  in,  aim 
surrendered  to  McClellan.  In  this  brief  campaign,  West  Virginia  was 
cleared  of  rebel  troops,  and  five  guns,  twelve  flags,  1,500  stand  of 
arms,  and  1,000  prisoners  were  taken.  Meanwhile,  on  June  6,  Wallace 
was  ordered  to  take  the  Eleventh  from  Evansville  to  Cumberland,  Mary- 
land. On  arriving  at  Piedmont,  he  made  a  night  march  and  surprised 
Col.  Angus  McDonald  who  was  at  Romney  with  500  Virginia  troops 
and  two  guns,  on  the  morning  of  June  13.  The  rebels  fled  after  a 
few  shots,  and  fugitives  reported  to  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  that  McClellan  was  advancing  on  him  from  that  quarter,  where- 
upon Johnston  burned  all  the  bridges  over  the  Potomac  from  Harper's 
Ferry  to  Williamsport,  and  fell  back  to  Winchester.  So  all  of  the 
three  months  regiments  returned  covered  with  glory,  and  most  of 
them  reenlisted  for  three  years.  Their  achievements  also  induced  many 
others  to  enlist.  In  the  skirmishing  at  Laurel  Hill,  William  T.  Girard, 
of  Company  G.,  Ninth  Indiana,  was  killed;  and  was  the  first  Union 
soldier  killed  in  battle  after  Fort  Sumter  was  taken.  It  is  a  singular 
fact  that  the  last  Union  soldier  killed  in  battle  was  John  J.  Williams,  of 
the  Thirty-Fourth  Indiana,  who  fell  at  Palmetto  Ranch,  Texas,  on  May 
13,  1865. 

Indiana  also  got  into  the  illustrated  papers  early  in  the  war.  J. 
F.  Gookins,  the  Indiana  artist,  enlisted  in  the  Eleventh  Indiana  as  a 
musician,  and  was  at  Romney.  He  made  a  sketch  of  the  fight  at  the 
bridge,  and  sent  it  with  an  account  of  the  battle  to  Harper's  Weekly, 
which  duly  published  it;  and  it  remains  in  striking  contrast  with  other 
battle  scenes  in  the  same  publication  "by  our  Special  Artist,"  who 
probably  drew  them  in  some  back-room  in  New  York.19 

It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this  work  to  give  the  details  of  the 
movements  of  Indiana  troops  in  the  war.  That  has  been  the  subject  of 
dozens  of  volumes,  and  will  be  the  subject  of  many  more.  Their  serv- 
ice was  universal.  No  history  of  the  Civil  War  can  be  written  that 
does  not  include  the  recital  of  the  achievements  in  which  they  partici- 
pated at  every  turn.  After  the  close  of  the  war,  on  July  4,  1866,  the 
flags  of  the  Indiana  troops  were  formally  presented  to  Governor  Morton 
to  be  deposited  in  the  State  House.  In  making  the  presentation  speech. 
Major  General  Lew  Wallace  said:  "Three  of  our  regiments  took  part  in 
the  first  battle  of  the  war,  while  another,  in  view  of  the  Rio  Grande, 


i»  Harper's  Weekly,  1861. 

Vol.  II— 3 


600 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


fought  its  very  last  battle.  The  first  regiment  under  Butler,  to  land  at 
the  wharf  at  New  Orleans,  was  the  Twenty-First  Indiana.  The  first 
flag  over  the  bloody  parapet  at  Fort  Wagner,  in  front  of  Charleston, 
was  that  of  the  Thirteenth  Indiana.  The  first  to  show  their  stars  from 
the  embattled  crest  of  Mission  Ridge,  were  those  of  the  Seventy-Ninth 
and  Eighty-Sixth  Indiana.  Two  of  our  regiments  helped  storm  Fort 
McAllister,  down  by  Savannah.  Another  was  among  the  first  in  the 
assaulting  line  at  Fort  Fisher.  Another,  converted  into  engineers,  built 
all  of  Sherman's  bridges  from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta,  from  Atlanta  to 
the  sea,  and  from  the  sea  northward.  Another,  in  line  of  battle,  on 


BATTLE  OP  ROMNEY — SKIRMISH  AT  THE  BRIDGE 
(From  drawing  by  J.  F.  Gookins,  in  Harper's  Weekly) 

the  beach  of  Hampton  Roads,  saw  the  frigate  Cumberland  sink  to  the 
harbor's  bed,  rather  than  strike  her  flag,  and,  in  looking  from  the  same 
place,  the  next  day,  cheered  as  never  men  cheered,  at  the  sight  of  the 
same  Merrimac  beaten  by  a  single  gun  in  the  turret  of  Worden's  little 
Monitor.  Others  aided  in  the  overthrow  of  the  savages,  red  and  rebel, 
at  Pea  Ridge,  Missouri.  Three  from  Washington,  across  the  peninsula, 
within  sight  of  Richmond  evacuated,  to  Harrison's  Landing,  followed 
McClellan  to  his  fathomless  fall.  Five  were  engaged  in  the  salvation 
of  Washington  at  Antietam.  Four  were  with  Burnside  at  Fred- 
ericksburg,  where  some  of  Kimball's  Hoosiers  were  picked  up  lying 
nearer  than  all  others  to  the  pitiless  embrasures.  Five  were  at  Chan- 
cellorsville,  where  Stonewall  Jackson  took  victory  out  of  Hooker's  hands 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  601 

and  carried  it  with  him  into  his  grave.  Six  were  almost  annihilated  ar 
Gettysburg.  One,  an  infantry  regiment,  marched  nearly  ten  thousand 
miles,  literally  twice  abound  the  rebellion,  fighting  as  it  went.  Four 
were  a  part  of  the  besom  with  which  Sheridan  swept  the  8hen<mdoah 
Valley.  Finally,  when  Grant,  superseding  Halleck,  transferred  his 
headquarters  to  the  East,  and  began  the  last  grand  march  toward 
Richmond,  four  of  our  regiments,  joined  soon  after  by  another,  fol- 
lowed him  faithfully,  leaving  their  dead  all  along  the  way — in  the 
Wilderness,  at  Laurel  Hill,  at  Spottsylvania,  at  Po  River,  at  North  Anna 
River,  at  Bethesda  Church,  at  Cold  Harbor,  in  front  of  Petersburg, 
down  to  Clover  Hill — down  to  the  final  halt,  in  the  war,  in  which  Lee 
yielded  up  the  sword  of  rebellion. 

"But,  sir,  most  of  the  flags  returned  to  you,  belong  to  regiments 
whose  theater  of  operations  cannot  well  be  territorially  described; 
whose  lines  of  march  were  backward  and  forward  through  fifteen 
States  of  the  Union.  If  one  seeks  the  field  in  which  the  power  of  our 
State,  as  well  as  the  valor  of  our  people,  had  the  finest  exemplifica- 
tion, he  must  look  to  the  West  and  the  South.  I  will  not  say  that 
Indiana's  contributions  to  the  cause  were  indispensable  to  final  suc- 
cess. That  would  be  unjust  to  States  more  populous  and  wealthy,  and 
equally  devoted.  But  1  will  say  that  her  quotas  precipitated  the  re- 
sult; without  them  the  war  might  yet  be  in  progress  and  doubtful. 
Let  us  consider  this  proposition  a  moment.  At  Shiloh,  Indiana  had  thir- 
teen regiments;  at  Vicksburg  she  had  twenty-four;  at  Stone  River 
twenty- five;  at  Chickamauga,  twenty-seven;  at  Mission  Ridge,  twenty; 
in  the  advance  from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta,  fifty;  at  Atlanta  Sherman 
divided  them  so  that  exactly  twenty-five  went  with  him  down  to  the  sea, 
while  twenty-five  marched  back  with  Thomas  and  were  in  at  the  annihi- 
lation of  Hood  at  Nashville.  What  a  record  is  thus  presented!  Ask 
Grant,  or  Rosecrans,  or  Sherman,  if  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of 
their  operations  there  was  a  day  for  which  they  could  have  spared 
those  regiments?" 

Statistics  are  almost  equally  striking.  Indiana  furnished  a  total 
of  196,363  men  in  the  war,  and  only  784  paid  money  commutation  for 
exemption  from  service.  On  this  basis,  Indiana  furnished  74.3  per  cent 
of  her  total  population  capable  of  bearing  arms,  according  to  the  census 
of  1860,  to  the  armies  of  the  Union.  On  this  basis,  but  one  State  in 
the  Union  surpassed  or  equalled  her  record,  and  that  was  Delaware, 
which  is  credited  with  74.8  per  cent  of  her  military  population  of  1860. 
But  of  the  supply  credited  to  Delaware,  one-tenth  was  in  money  com- 
mutation, and  nearly  one-tenth  of  the  men  were  colored.  On  an  esti- 
mate (Fox's  Regimental  Losses)  made  on  the  basis  of  white  .troops  ac- 


\ 

602  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tually  furnished  for  three  years  of  service,  Indiana  supplied  57  per 
cent  of  her  military  population  of  1860 — i.  e.,  the  males  between  la 
and  45  years  of  age.  On  this  basis  she  was  surpassed  by  only  one 
State,  Kansas,  whose  record  was  59.4  per  cent.  But  Kansas  furnished 
•  in  the  aggregate  less  than  one-tenth  the  troops  Indiana  furnished; 
and  the  frontier  conditions  existing  then  in  Kansas  made  it  much 
less  onerous  for  a  large  proportion  of  fighting  men  to  go  to  the  front. 
Of  the  troops  sent  by  Indiana,  7,243  were  killed  or  mortally  wounded 
on  the  battlefield,  and  19,429  died  from  other  causes,  making  a  total 
death  loss  of  over  13  per  cent  of  all  troops  furnished.  Clearly,  Indiana 
did  her  full  part  in  the  war;  and  while  no  just  historian  could  with- 
hold credit  from  her  War  Governor  for  his  relentless  energy  in  pro- 
moting the  Union  cause,  the  chief  credit  belongs  to  the  people.  The 
conclusive  proof  of  this  is  that  Indiana  furnished  much  more  than  her 
quota  of  men  by  volunteers,  and,  as  before  mentioned,  the  draft  in  this 
State  was  due  to  mistake ;  but  of  the  3,003  men  drafted  for  nine  months 
service,  all  but  395  volunteered  for  three  years.  Out  of  all  the  host  fur- 
nished by  Indiana,  there  were  but  395  men  who  could  be  said  to  have 
served  unwillingly;  and  no  doubt  the  objection  with  many  of  that 
little  number  was  to  be  found  in  family  or  business  reasons,  as  is  the  uni- 
versal rule  in  such  cases. 

In  connection  with  the  draft,  a  rather  interesting  situation  devel- 
oped in  Indiana  under  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State 
exempting  from  militia  service  persons  "conscientiously  opposed  to 
bearing  arms."  The  Constitution  provides  for  payment  of  an  equiv- 
alent for  exemption,  but  none  had  been  fixed  by  State  law.  Under  the 
draft  act  of  Congress  of  July  17,  1862,  the  Secretary  of  War  fixed 
the  money  commutation  at  $200.  There  were  3,169  who  claimed  ex- 
emption in  Indiana  on  conscientious  grounds.  J.  P.  Siddall,  the  Draft 
Commissioner,  says  in  his  report:  "A  portion  of  the  religious  society 
known  as  Orthodox  Friends,  objected  to  its  (the  money  equivalent)  col- 
lection on  two  grounds:  First,  that  no  equivalent  should  be  required; 
second,  that  if  the  equivalent  were  required,  the  mode  adopted  was  not 
equitable.  As  I  was  unable  to  see  the  force  of  the  objection,  they  ap- 
pealed from  my  action  in  the  premises  to  yourself,  and  to  the  Wai- 
Department.  *  *  *  I  have  since  had  a  consultation,  at  Washington, 
with  the  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  who  had  the  immediate  charge 
of  the  draft,  in  relation  to  the  enforcement  of  thp  collection  of  the 
equivalent.  After  a  mature  examination  of  the  whole  matter,  he  doubts 
the  authority  of  the  war  power  to  enforce  payment,  deeming  it  a  mat- 
ter more  appropriately  belonging  to  State  legislation.  This  conclu- 
sion of  the  War  Department,  and  the  absence  of  State  legislation,  make 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


603 


it  impossible  for  me  to  act  further  in  the  premises.  I  had  previously 
received;  by  voluntary  payments,  about  $21,000,  on  equivalents,  from 
members  of  the  religious  society  known  as  Dunkers. " 

Without  invidious  distinction,  there  is  one  case  of  personal  serv- 
ice from  an  Indiana  man  that  deserves  commemoration,  and  that  is 
the  service  of  James  Buchanan  Eads.  He  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Indiana,  May  23,  1820.  Both  his  father,  Thomas  C.  Eads,  and  his 


CAPT.  JAMES  B.  EADS 

mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Buchanan,  were  of  Irish  stock,  and 
came  from  Maryland  to  Indiana  in  the  early  settlement  of  the  White- 
water Valley.  His  uncle,  William  H.  Eads,  was  one  of  the  first  busi- 
ness men  of  Brookville,  where  he  had  a  store  and  a  tannery,  and  on 
November  18,  1811,  was  licensed  to  keep  a  tavern;  he  was  made  an 
associate  judge  in  1815,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1816.  His  father  tried  merchandising,  but  was  not  suc- 
cessful, due  prehaps  to  his  nugatory  disposition.  He  lived  at  Brook- 
ville, Fairfield,  Lawrenceburg,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  and  finally  at 


602 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tually  furnished  for  three  years  of  service,  Indiana  supplied  57  per 
cent  of  her  military  population  of  1860 — i.  e.,  the  males  between  18 
and  45  years  of  age.  On  this  basis  she  was  surpassed  by  only  one 
State,  Kansas,  whose  record  was  59.4  per  cent.  But  Kansas  furnished 
in  the  aggregate  less  than  one-tenth  the  troops  Indiana  furnished; 
and  the  frontier  conditions  existing  then  in  Kansas  made  it  much 
less  onerous  for  a  large  proportion  of  fighting  men  to  go  to  the  front. 
Of  the  troops  sent  by  Indiana,  7,243  were  killed  or  mortally  wounded 
on  the  battlefield,  and  19,429  died  from  other  causes,  making  a  total 
death  loss  of  over  13  per  cent  of  all  troops  furnished.  Clearly,  Indiana 
did  her  full  part  in  the  war;  and  while  no  just  historian  could  with- 
hold credit  from  her  War  Governor  for  his  relentless  energy  in  pro- 
moting the  Union  cause,  the  chief  credit  belongs  to  the  people.  The 
conclusive  proof  of  this  is  that  Indiana  furnished  much  more  than  her 
quota  of  men  by  volunteers,  and,  as  before  mentioned,  the  draft  in  this 
State  was  due  to  mistake ;  but  of  the  3,003  men  drafted  for  nine  months 
service,  all  but  395  volunteered  for  three  years.  Out  of  all  the  host  fur- 
nished by  Indiana,  there  were  but  395  men  who  could  be  said  to  have 
served  unwillingly;  and  no  doubt  the  objection  with  many  of  that 
little  number  was  to  be  found  in  family  or  business  reasons,  as  is  the  uni- 
versal rule  in  such  cases. 

In  connection  with  the  draft,  a  rather  interesting  situation  devel- 
oped in  Indiana  under  the  provision  of  the  Constitution  of  the  State 
exempting  from  militia  service  persons  "conscientiously  opposed  to 
bearing  arms."  The  Constitution  provides  for  payment  of  an  equi\- 
alent  for  exemption,  but  none  had  been  fixed  by  State  law.  Under  the 
draft  act  of  Congress  of  July  17,  1862,  the  Secretary  of  War  fixed 
the  money  commutation  at  $200.  There  were  3,169  who  claimed  ex- 
emption in  Indiana  on  conscientious  grounds.  J.  P.  Siddall,  the  Draft 
Commissioner,  says  in  his  report:  "A  portion  of  the  religious  society 
known  as  Orthodox  Friends,  objected  to  its  (the  money  equivalent)  col- 
lection on  two  grounds :  First,  that  no  equivalent  should  be  required ; 
second,  that  if  the  equivalent  were  required,  the  mode  adopted  was  not 
equitable.  As  I  was  unable  to  see  the  force  of  the  objection,  they  ap- 
pealed from  my  action  in  the  premises  to  yourself,  and  to  the  War 
Department.  *  *  *  I  have  since  had  a  consultation,  at  Washington, 
with  the  Assistant  Adjutant  General,  who  had  the  immediate  charge 
of  the  draft,  in  relation  to  the  enforcement  of  the  collection  of  the 
equivalent.  After  a  mature  examination  of  the  whole  matter,  he  doubts 
the  authority  of  the  war  power  to  enforce  payment,  deeming  it  a  mat- 
ter more  appropriately  belonging  to  State  legislation.  This  conclu- 
sion of  the  War  Department,  and  the  absence  of  State  legislation,  makp 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


603 


it  impossible  for  me  to  act  further  in  the  premises.  I  had  previously 
received;  by  voluntary  payments,  about  $21,000,  on  equivalents,  from 
members  of  the  religious  'society  known  as  Dunkers.  '  ' 

Without  invidious  distinction,  there  is  one  case  of  personal  serv- 
ice from  an  Indiana  man  that  deserves  commemoration,  and  that  is 
the  service  of  James  Buchanan  Eads.  He  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Indiana,  May  23,  1820.  Both  his  father,  Thomas  C.  Eads,  and  his 


• 


"V* 


CAPT.  JAMES  B.  EADS 

mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Buchanan,  were  of  Irish  stock,  and 
came  from  Maryland  to  Indiana  in  the  early  settlement  of  the  White- 
water Valley.  His  uncle,  William  H.  Eads,  was  one  of  the  first  busi- 
ness men  of  Brookville,  where  he  had  a  store  and  a  tannery,  and  on 
November  18,  1811,  was  licensed  to  keep  a  tavern;  he  was  made  an 
associate  judge  in  1815,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention of  1816.  His  father  tried  merchandising,  but  was  not  suc- 
cessful, due  prehaps  to  his  migatory  disposition.  He  lived  at  Brook- 
ville, Fairfield,  Lawrenceburg,  Cincinnati,  Louisville,  and  finally  at 


604  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

St.  Louis,  where  the  family  stranded  on  account  of  a  steamboat  fire, 
and  Mrs.  Eads  opened  a  boarding  house.  James  got  a  little  schooling 
at  Lawrenceburg  and  at  Brookville,  where  he  attended  Dennison's 
school,  in  the  old  log  court  house.  He  had  however  a  taste  for  reading, 
and  a  mechanical  genius  which  was  displayed  in  making  water-wheels, 
toy  steamboats,  and  the  like.  At  St.  Louis  he  peddled  apples,  and  did 
odd  jobs  until  Barrett  Williams,  one  of  his  mother's  boarders,  offered 
him  work  as  a  clerk  in  his  dry-goods  store.  Here  he  remained  for  five 
years,  having  meanwhile  the  use  of  his  employer's  library,  where  he 
got  his  first  knowledge  of  theoretical  engineering.  Then  for  three 
years  he  was  clerk  on  a  Mississippi  River  steamboat,  and  there  got  his 
first  insight  of  the  mysteries  of  the  Father  of  Waters.  In  1842  he  joined 
the  partnership  of  Case  &  Nelson,  and  projected  a  diving-bell  boat  for 
raising  sunken  boats  and  their  cargoes.  While  it  was  being  built,  they 
took  a  contract  to  salvage  a  bargeload  of  pig  lead  that  had  sunk  in 
the  rapids  at  Keokuk.  Eads  took  charge  of  the  work,  with  an  expert 
diver  from  the  great  lakes,  but  the  diver  was  unable  to  do  anything  on 
account  of  the  swift  current.  Eads  improvised  a  diving-bell  of  a 
hogshead  weighted  with  lead ;  went  down  in  it  himself  to  demonstrate  its 
feasibility,  and  rescued  the  cargo.  The  business  was  very  profitable, 
and  Eads  got  his  title  of  Captain  as  commander  of  the  diving-bell  boat. 
In  1845  he  married  Martha  Dillon,  daughter  of  a  wealthy  St.  Louis  man. 
and  undertook  the  manufacture  of  glass.  This  proved  a  failure,  and 
he  went  back  to  the  wrecking  business,  which  developed  enormously  on 
account  of  his  ingenuity  in  devising  apparatus.  He  used  to  say  that 
there  was  not  a  stretch  of  fifty  miles  in  the  river  where  he  had  not  stood 
on  the  -bottom  under  a  diving-bell.  In  1857,  on  account  of  ill-health,  he 
retired  from  business  with  a  fortune,  and  for  four  years  was  a  man  of 
leisure  and  culture. 

Eads  was  a  Union  man,  and  after  the  election  of  Lincoln  he  and 
three  other  prominent  St.  Louis  men  sent  a  letter  to  Lincoln,  stating 
their  fear  of  secession,  and  urging  the  appointment  of  a  Southern  man 
as  Secretary  of  State,  as  a  conciliatory  measure.  They  highly  recom- 
mended Edward  Bates  for  this  position.  Lincoln  made  Bates  Attorney 
General,  and  three  days  after  Sumter  was  fired  on,  Bates  wrote  to 
Eads  that  he  would  be  wanted  for  consultation  as  to  control  of  the 
Mississippi.  The  telegram  calling  him  to  Washington  soon  followed, 
and  Eads  hastened  there  to  give  what  aid  he  could.  Bates  and  Eads 
recommended  a  fleet  of  gunboats.  Lincoln  realized  the  importance  of 
the  project,  and  called  the  Mississippi  "the  backbone  of  the  rebel- 
lion," and  "the  key  to  the  whole  situation;"  but  Secretary  of  War 
Cameron  did  not,  and,  what  was  worse,  claimed  jurisdiction  of  the  mat- 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  605 

ter  as  against  Secretary  Welles,  of  the  Navy,  who  favored  it.  Finally 
Cameron  sent  an  officer  with  Eads  to  the  West  to  purchase  boats  to  be 
armed;  but  he  refused  Eads'  advice,  bought  three  boats  at  Cincinnati, 
and  armed  them  himself.  In  July,  the  government  advertised  for  the 
construction  of  seven  iron-clad  gun  boats,  and  when  the  bids  were  opened 
on  August  5,  it  was  found  that  'Eads  offered  the  lowest  bid  and  the 
quickest  work.  On  August  7,  a  contract  was  signed  fo.r  the  seven  boats, 
to  be  delivered  at  Cairo,  on  October  10.  They  were  built  at  Carondelet, 
but  the  material  had  to  be  gathered  from  eight  states.  Within  two 
weeks  4.000  men  were  a  work,  at  widely  separated  points.  The  boats 
were  not  finished  by  October  10,  on  account  of  the  failure  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  meet  payments,  and  alterations  in  the  plans,  which  were 
not  made  by  Eads.  But  they  were  all  launched  within  one  hundred 
days  from  the  date  of  the  contract,  and  were  ready  before  the  crews 
were  ready  to  take  charge  of  them.  These  boats  were  175  feet  long, 
and  51%  feet  beam,  with  flat  sides  sloping  up  and  in  at  an  angle  of 
about  thirty-five  degrees.  They  were  intended  to  fight  bow  on,  and  had 
in  front  2%  inches  of  armor  plate,  over  two  feet  of  solid  oak,  but  their 
only  other  armor  was  abreast  the  boiler  and  engines.  They  had  three 
guns  forward,  four  on  each  side,  and  two  at  the  ste.ru.  These  boats 
forced  the  surrender  of  Fort  Henry,  on  February  6,  1862,  and,  speak- 
ing of  the  Saint  Louis  (later  the  De  Kalb),  the  first  one  of  them 
launched,  Eads  said  she  "was  the  first  ironclad  built  in  America.  She 
was  the  first  armored  vessel  against  which  the  fire  of  a  hostile  battery 
was  directed  on  this  continent;  and,  so  far  as  I  can  ascertain,  she  was 
the  first  ironclad  that  ever  engaged  a  naval  force  in  the  world  "  Iu 
September,  1861,  General  Fremont  gave  an  order  for  an  additional  boat, 
and  Eads  had  an  opportunity  to  follow  his  own  designs.  He  took  i 
double-hulled  snag  boat,  which  he  had  before  recommended  to  Cam- 
eron's agent,  and  converted  it  into  the  "Benton,"  which  was  pro- 
nounced ' '  the  most  powerful  warship  afloat ' '  at  that  time.  She  was  200 
feet  long,  and  armored  all  over.  The  service  of  these  gunboats  was 
reckoned  equal  to  that  of  5,000  men  each.  In  April,  1862,  Eads  was 
called  to  Washington  to  make  plans  for  six  iron  boats,  with  Ericsson 
turrets.  He  succeeded  in  getting  permission  to  fit  two  of  them  with 
turrets  of  his  own  design,  with  guns  operated  by  steam,  on  condition 
of  replacing  them  at  his  own  expense  if  not  satisfactory.  This  was 
the  first  handling  of  heavy  artillery  by  steam,  and  the  guns  could  be 
fired  every  forty-five  seconds,  or  seven  times  as  fast  as  in  the  Ericsson 
turrets.  In  addition  to  these  fourteen  gunboats,  Eads  made  seven 
musket  proof  transports,  commonly  called  "tinclads,"  and  built  four 
mortar-boats.  Boynton  truly  says:  "Such  men  deserve  a  place  in 


606  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

history  by  the  side  of  those  who  fought  our  battles."  It  may  be  added 
that  Eads  not  only  distinguished  himself  by  his  generous  donations 
of  money  for  relief  work,  but  also  confined  himself  so  closely  to  his  shop, 
in  devising  war  apparatus  that  his  health  again  gave  way.  Bates  wrote 
to  him  to  take  care  of  himself,  adding:  "the  country  can't  spare  you, 
and  I  can;t  spare  you." 

There  were  several  natives  of  Indiana  who  attained  prominence  in  the 
war,  perhaps  the  most  notable  being  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside — he  who 
put  the  "side"  in  side- whiskers.  He  was  of  an  old  South  Carolina 
family,  the  son  of  Judge  Edghill  Burnside,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  of  Union  County.  He  was  born  on  his  father's  farm  near 
Liberty,  May  23,  1824 ;  and  was  christened  Ambrose  Evert,  but  at  West 
Point  his  name  was  entered  "Everett"  and  so  it  has  remained.  He 
served  an  apprenticeship  to  John  E.  Dunham,  a  tailor  at  Centerville, 
and  opened  a  tailor  shop  at  Liberty,-  in  partnership  with  John  M. 
Myers;  but  he  had  a  longing  for  military  life,  and  by  the  aid.of  his 
father,  who  was  at  the  time  a  state  senator,  he  secured  an  appointment 
to  West  Point  in  1843.  He  graduated,  and  remained  in  the  service 
until  1857.  The  government  wanted  a  breech-loading  gun,  and  Burn- 
side  invented  one,  which  was  pronounced  the  best,  in  a  competitive  test, 
by  an  examining  board.  But  it  was  not  adopted,  and  Burnside  was 
informed  that  it  would  not  be  unless  he  shared  profits  with  -John  B. 
Floyd,  Secretary  of  War.  In  disgust,  he  resigned,  sold  his  uniform  for 
$30  to  a  second-hand  dealer,  and  started  West,  looking  for  employment. 
George  B.  McClellan,  an  old  schoolmate,  was  vice-president  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  Company,  and  offered  him  a  position  as  Cashier  of 
the  Land  Office  of  the  road.  He  accepted,  and  in  June,  1860,  was  made 
Treasurer  of  the  company,  with  offices  at  New  York.  While  in  the 
army,  Burnside  had  been  stationed  at  Fort  Adams,  near  Newport;  and 
while  there  had  married  Miss  Mary  Bishop  of  Providence.  On  April  15, 
1861,  he  received  a  telegram  from  Gov.  Sprague,  of  Rhode  Island,  ask- 
ing him  to  take  command  of  a  regiment  he  had  raised.  He  accepted, 
and  his  regiment  was  one  of  the  first  to  arrive  at  Washington.  His  sub- 
sequent military  career,  and  his  service  as  Governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  Senator  from  that  State,  are  matters  of  national  history.  He  died 
September  13,  1881,  and  was  buried  at  Providence. 

Brigadier  General  Pleasant  Adams  Hackelman  was  the  only  general 
officer  from  Indiana  killed  in  battle.  He  was  born  in  Franklin  County, 
November  15,  1814,  passed  an  uneventful  youth,  with  few  advantages, 
read  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837.  He  was  elected  probate 
judge  of  Rush  County  in  the  same  year,  representative  in  1841,  and  was 
county  Clerk  from  1847  to  1855.  He  was  a  prominent  Odd  Fellow, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


607 


and  was  chosen  Grand  Master  of  that  order  in  1857.  On  May  18,  1861, 
he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  Sixteenth  Indiana  Volunteers,  and  on 
April  30,  1862,  was  promoted  Brigadier  General.  He  was  fatally 
wounded  while  leading  his  brigade  at  Corinth,  October  3,  1862. 

Gen.  Robert  H.  Milroy  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Ind.,  June 
11,  1816.    When  he  was  ten  years  old  his  father,  Gen.  Samuel  Milroy, 


BRIG.-GEN.  PLEASANT  A.  HACKEL.MAN 

a  prominent  pioneer,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1816,  removed  to  Carroll  County ;  and  there  Robert  grew  to  man- 
hood, receiving  a  good  common  school  education.  In  1840,  he  entered 
the  Military  Academy  of  Captain  Partridge,  at  Norwich,  Vermont,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1844,  and  at  once  took  up  the  study  of  law.  He 
served  through  the  Mexican  war  as  Captain  in  the  First  Indiana,  attended 
the  law  school  of  Indiana  University  in  1848-9,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice.  In  1850  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 


606 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


. 

• 


. 


history  by  the  side  of  those  who  fought  our  battles."  It  may  be  added 
that  Eads  not  only  distinguished  himself  by  his  generous  donations 
of  money  for  relief  work,  but  also  confined  himself  so  closely  to  his  shop, 
in  devising  war  apparatus  that  his  health  again  gave  way.  Bates  wrote 
to  him  to  take  care  of  himself,  adding:  "the  country  can't  spare  you, 
and  I  can't  spare  you." 

There  were  several  natives  of  Indiana  who  attained  prominence  in  the 
war,  perhaps  the  most  notable  being  Gen.  Ambrose  E.  Burnside — he  who 
put  the  "side"  in  side-whiskers.  He  was  of  an  old  South  Carolina 
family,  the  son  of  Judge  Edghill  Burnside,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  of  Union  County.  He  was  born  on  his  father's  farm  near 
Liberty,  May  23,  1824 ;  and  was  christened  Ambrose  Evert,  but  at  West 
Point  his  name  was  entered  "Everett"  and  so  it  has  remained.  He 
served  an  apprenticeship  to  John  E.  Dunham,  a  tailor  at  Centerville, 
and  opened  a  tailor  shop  at  Liberty,  in  partnership  with  John  M. 
Myers;  but  he  had  a  longing  for  military  life,  and  by  the  aid  of  his 
father,  who  was  at  the  time  a  state  senator,  he  secured  an  appointment 
to  West  Point  in  1843.  He  graduated,  and  remained  in  the  service 
until  1857.  The  government  wanted  a  breech-loading  gun,  and  Burn- 
side  invented  one,  which  was  pronounced  the  best,  in  a  competitive  test, 
by  an  examining1  board.  But  it  was  not  adopted,  and  Burnside  was 
informed  that  it  would  not  be  unless  he  shared  profits  with  -John  B. 
Floyd,  Secretary  of  War.  In  disgust,  he  resigned,  sold  his  uniform  for 
$30  to  a  second-hand  dealer,  and  started  West,  looking  for  employment. 
George  B.  McClellan,  an  old  schoolmate,  was  vice-president  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  Company,  and  offered  him  a  position  as  Cashier  of 
the  Land  Office  of  the  road.  He  accepted,  and  in  June,  1860,  was  made 
Treasurer  of  the  company,  with  offices  at  New  York.  While  in  the 
army,  Burnside  had  been  stationed  at  Fort  Adams,  near  Newport ;  and 
while  there  had  married  Miss  Mary  Bishop  of  Providence.  On  April  15, 
1861,  he  received  a  telegram  from  Gov.  Sprague,  of  Rhode  Island,  ask- 
ing him  to  take  command  of  a  regiment  he  had  raised.  He  accepted, 
and  his  regiment  was  one  of  the  first  to  arrive  at  Washington.  His  sub- 
sequent military  career,  and  his  service  as  Governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  Senator  from  that  State,  are  matters  of  national  history.  He  died 
September  13,  1881,  and  was  buried  at  Providence. 

Brigadier  General  Pleasant  Adams  Hackelman  was  the  only  general 
officer  from  Indiana  killed  in  battle.  He  was  born  in  Franklin  County, 
November  15,  1814,  passed  an  uneventful  youth,  with  few  advantages, 
read  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837.  He  was  elected  probate 
judge  of  Rush  County  in  the  same  year,  representative  in  1841,  and  was 
county  Clerk  from  1847  to  1855.  He  was  a  prominent  Odd  Fellow, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


607 


and  was  chosen  Grand  Master  of  that  order  in  1857.  On  May  18,  1861, 
he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the  Sixteenth  Indiana  Volunteers,  and  on 
April  30,  1862,  was  promoted  Brigadier  General.  He  was  fatally 
wounded  while  leading  his  brigade  at  Corinth,  October  3,  1862. 

Gen.  Robert  H.  Milroy  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Ind.,  June 
11,  1816.    When  he  was  ten  years  old  his  father,  Gen.  Samuel  Milroy, 


i 


•i 


« 

BRIG.-GEN.  PLEASANT  A.  HACKELMAN 


a  prominent  pioneer,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1816,  removed  to  Carroll  County;  and  there  Robert  grew  to  man- 
hood, receiving  a  good  common  school  education.  In  1840,  he  entered 
the  Military  Academy  of  Captain  Partridge,  at  Norwich,  Vermont,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1844,  and  at  once  took  up  the  study  of  law.  He 
served  through  the  Mexican  war  as  Captain  in  the  First  Indiana,  attended 
the  law  school  of  Indiana  University  in  1848-9,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice.  In  1850  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 


608  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

vention  of  that  year,  and  in  1853  was  appointed  Circuit  Judge.  On 
February  7,  1861,  foreseeing  hostilities,  he  issued  a  call  for  a  volunteer 
company,  which  was  one  of  the  first  to  report  after  the  attack  on  Sumter ; 
and  he  was  made  Colonel  of  the  Ninth  Indiana,  the  first  Indiana  regi- 
ment to  enter  West  Virginia.  He  was  made  Brigadier  General  Septem- 
ber 3,  1861,  and  Major  General  November  29,  1862 ;  but  was  condemned 
by  Gen.  Halleck  for  evacuating  Winchester,  in  the  face  of  a  greatly 
superior  force,  which  he  warmly  resented.20  By  order  of  President 
Lincoln  he  was  transferred  to  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  where  he 
served  efficiently.  In  1872  he  removed  to  Washington  Territory,  where 
he  was  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs.  He  died  in  Washington, 
March  29,  1890. 

Perhaps  the  ablest  of  the  Indiana  Generals  was  Jefferson  C.  Davis, 
who  was  born  in  Clark  County,  March  2,  1828.  He  was  fond  of  study, 
and  in  1841,  he  entered  the  Clark  County  Academy,  an  excellent  school. 
He  left  it  to  volunteer  for  the  Mexican  war,  through  which  he  served. 
On  June  17,  1848,  he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  First  U.  S. 
Artillery,  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  and  continued  in  active  service 
until  the  Civil  War.  In  August,  1858,  he  was  made  the  first  com- 
mander of  Fort  Sumter,  where  he  remained  under  the  command  of 
Major  Anderson  until  the  surrender,  and  accompanied  Anderson  to  New 
York.  He  was  at  once  detailed  to  Indiana  as  mustering  officer,  but 
remained  only  until  August,  when  he  went  to  Missouri  as  Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-Second  Indiana.  He  soon  made  a  record  as  a  fighting  officer, 
especially  at  Pea  Ridge  and  Milford,  and  was  promoted  Brigadier  Gen- 
eral. In  1862,  when  Bragg  and  Kirby  Smith  were  threatening  Louis- 
ville, Davis  was  at  home  on  sick  leave,  but  tendered  his  services,  and 
was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  citizen  soldiery  by  Major  General 
William  Nelson,  who  was  in  command.  Nelson  had  originally  been  a 
naval  officer,  and  was  very  abusive  and  overbearing.  He  forced  a  quarrel 
on  Davis,  over  the  merest  triviality,  and  finally  struck  him  in  the  face. 
Davis  shot  and  killed  him.  He  was  arrested  and  confined  for  twenty 
days,  when  he  was  released,  and  put  in  command  of  the  forces  at  New- 
port and  Covington,  returning  to  his  brigade  when  the  scare  was  over. 
He  was  recommended  for  Major  General  for  service  at  Stone  River,  and 
was  brevetted  Major  General  August  8,  1864.  He  was  with  Sherman  in 
the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  march  to  the  sea,  in  command  of  the 
Fourteenth  Corps,  winning  laurels  at  Rome,  Kenesaw,  Jonesboro  and 
Bentonville.  After  the  war  he  resumed  army  life  as  Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-Third  U.  S.  infantry.  After  the  assassination  of  Gen.  E.  R.  S. 


-'«  Indiana 's  Boll  of  Honor,  Vol.  2,  pp.  408-420. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


609 


Canby,  Davis  was  put  in  command  of  the  troops  at  the  Lava  Beds,  and 
forced  the  surrender  of  the  Modocs.  He  died  at  Chicago,  November  30, 
1879.  It  may  be  noted  that  Gen.  Canby  is  often  treated  as  an  Indiana 
man,  having  been  appointed  to  "West  Point  from  this  State.  He  was 
born  in  Kentucky,  and  his  parents  removed  to  Indiana  when  he  was  a 
child.  So  likewise,  Generals  Joseph  J.  Reynolds,  George  H.  Chapman, 


GEN.  JEFF.  C.  DAVIS 

Solomon  Meredith,  William  E.  Grose,  James  R.  Slack  and  George  F. 
McGinniss,  although  going  into  the  war  from  Indiana,  and  intimately 
connected  with  the  State,  were  not  natives  of  it. 

Gen.  Nathan  Kimball  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  at  Fredericks- 
burg,  November  22,'  1822.  He  graduated  at  Asbury  University,  read 
medicine,  and  secured  a  large  practice,  residing  consecutively  at  Salem. 
Livonia  and  Loogootee.  He  commanded  a  company  in  the  Second 
Indiana  in  the  Mexican  war,  where  he  distinguished  himself  at  Buena 


i 


• 
. 


608 


.INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


vention  of  that  year,  and  in  1853  was  appointed  Circuit  Judge.  On 
February  7,  1861,  foreseeing  hostilities,  he  issued  a  call  for  a  volunteer 
company,  which  was  one  of  the  first  to  report  after  the  attack  on  Sumter ; 
and  he  was  made  Colonel  of  the  Ninth  Indiana,  the  first  Indiana  regi- 
ment to  enter  West  Virginia.  He  was  made  Brigadier  General  Septem- 
ber 3,  1861,  and  Major  General  November  29,  1862 ;  but  was  condemned 
by  Gen.  Halleck  for  evacuating  Winchester,  in  the  face  of  a  greatly 
superior  force,  which  he  warmly  resented.-0  By  order  of  President 
Lincoln  he  was  transferred  to  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  where  he 
served  efficiently.  In  1872  he  removed  to  Washington  Territory,  where 
he  was  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs.  He  died  in  Washington, 
.March  29,  1890. 

Perhaps  the  ablest  of  the  Indiana  Generals  was  Jefferson  C.  Davis, 
who  was  born  in  Clark  County,  March  2,  1828.  He  was  fond  of  study, 
and  in  1841,  he  entered  the  Clark  County  Academy,  an  excellent  school. 
He  left  it  to  volunteer  for  the  Mexican  war,  through  which  he  served. 
On  June  17,  1848,  he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  the  First  U.  S. 
Artillery,  for  gallantry  at  Buena  Vista,  and  continued  in  active  service 
until  the  Civil  War.  In  August,  1858,  he  was  made  the  first  com- 
mander of  Fort  Sumter,  where  he  remained  under  the  command  of 
Major  Anderson  until  the  surrender,  and  accompanied  Anderson  to  New 
York.  He  was  at  once  detailed  to  Indiana  as  mustering  officer,  but 
remained  only  until  August,  when  he  went  to  Missouri  as  Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-Second  Indiana.  He  soon  made  a  record  as  a  fighting  officer, 
especially  at  Pea  Ridge  and  Milford,  and  was  promoted  Brigadier  Gen- 
eral. In  1862,  when  Bragg  and  Kirby  Smith  were  threatening  Louis- 
ville, Davis  was  at  home  on  sick  leave,  but  tendered  his  services,  and 
was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  citizen  soldiery  by  Major  General 
William  Nelson,  who  was  in  command.  Nelson  had  originally  been  a 
naval  officer,  and  was  very  abusive  and  overbearing.  He  forced  a  quarrel 
on  Davis,  over  the  merest  triviality,  and  finally  struck  him  in  the  face. 
Davis  shot  and  killed  him.  He  was  arrested  and  confined  for  twenty 
days,  when  he  was  released,  and  put  in  command  of  the  forces  at  New- 
port and  Covington,  returning  to  his  brigade  when  the  scare  was  over. 
He  was  recommended  for  Major  General  for  service  at  Stone  River,  and 
was  brevetted  Major  General  August  8,  1864.  He  was  with  Sherman  in 
the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  march  to  the  sea,  in  command  of  the 
Fourteenth  Corps,  winning  laurels  at  Rome,  Kenesaw,  Jonesboro  and 
Bentonville.  After  the  war  he  resumed  army  life  as  Colonel  of  the 
Twentv-Third  U.  S.  infantry.  After  the  assassination  of  Gen.  E.  R.  S. 


-"  Indiana 's  Roll  of  Honor,  Vol.  2,  pp.  408-420. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


609 


Canby,  Davis  was  put  in  command  of  the  troops  at  the  Lava  Beds,  and 
forced  the  surrender  of  the  Modocs.  He  died  at  Chicago,  November  30, 
1879.  It  may  be  noted  that  Gen.  Canby  is  often  treated  as  an  Indiana 
man,  having  been  appointed  to  West  Point  from  this  State.  He  was 
born  in  Kentucky,  and  his  parents  removed  to  Indiana  when  he  was  a 
child.  So  likewise,  Generals  Joseph  J.  Reynolds,  George  H.  Chapman. 


• 


GEN.  JEFF.  C.  DAVIS 


Solomon  Meredith,  William  E.  Grose,  James  R.  Slack  and  George  F. 
McGinniss,  although  going  into  the  war  from  Indiana,  and  intimately 
connected  with  the  State,  were  not  natives  of  it. 

Gen.  Nathan  Kimball  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  at  Fredericks- 
burg,  November  22,'  1822.  He  graduated  at  Asbury  University,  read 
medicine,  and  secured  a  large  practice,  residing  consecutively  at  Salem. 
Livonia  and  Loogootee.  He  commanded  a  company  in  the  Second 
Indiana  in  the  Mexican  war,  where  he  distinguished  himself  at  Buena 


610  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Vista  by  rallying  his  company,  after  the  regimental  break,  and  fighting 
through  the  rest  of  the  day,  as  also  by  publicly  refusing  to  recognize 
Col.  Bowles,  and  leading  his  company  off  the  parade  ground  when  the 
Colonel  undertook  to  inspect  them.  He  was  arrested  and  tried  for  this, 
but  was  soon  restored  to  office.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he 
raised  a  company  of  volunteers  in  Martin  County,  was  made  Colonel 
of  the  Fourteenth  Indiana,  and  sent  into  West  Virginia,  where  he  served 
with  distinction,  as  later  at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Vicksburg,  Kene- 
saw,  and  various  other  points.  He  was  mustered  out  in  August,  1865, 
as  Brevet  Major  General,  having  been  a  Brigadier  General  since  April 
15,  1862.  He  was  elected  Treasurer  of  Indiana  in  1870,  and  was  made 
Surveyor  General  of  Utah  in  1873,  by  Gen.  Grant.  He  died  at  Ogden, 
Utah,  June  21,  1898. 

Another  Indiana  general  who  became  prominent  in  the  West  was 
John  Franklin  Miller.  He  was  born  in  Union  County,  November  21, 
1831,  and  his  parents  removed  to  South  Bend  in  1833.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  South  Bend,  and  at  an  academy  in  Chicago ;  and  grad- 
uated from  the  State  and  National  Law  School,  at  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y., 
in  1852.  He  began  practice  at  South  Bend,  but  in  1853  removed  to 
Napa,  California,  for  a  stay  of  two  years,  returning  to  South  Bend  in 
1855.  In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate.  After  the  special 
session  of  1861,  he  resigned  his  seat,  organized  the  Twenty-Ninth 
Indiana,  and  was  made  its  Colonel.  His  early  service  was  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  being  in  command  of  Nashville  during  1862,  and  having 
numerous  encounters  with  Morgan 's  cavalry.  He  was  severely  wounded 
at  Stone  River,  and  again  at  Liberty  Gap,  losing  his  left  eye  at  the 
latter  engagement.  He  was  commissioned  Brigadier  General  January 
5,  1864,  and  brevetted  Major  General  September  25,  1865.  He  was 
offered  an  appointment  as  colonel  in  the  regular  army,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  but  declined,  and  went  to  California,  where  President  Johnson 
made  him  Collector  of  the  Port  of  San  Francisco.  He  held  this  position 
for  four  years  and  was  prominent  in  the  State  thereafter,  being  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  Senate  in  1880.  He  always  suffered  from  his  wounds,  and 
died  March  8,  1886,  while  serving  his  term  as  Senator. 

Another  Indiana  general  who  was  tendered  a  regular  army  appoint- 
ment was  Robert  Sandford  Poster.  He  was  born  at  Vernon,  Jennings 
County,  January  27,  1834,  and  received  a  common  school  education  at 
that  place.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  Indianapolis,  and  learned  the 
tinner's  trade  with  his  uncle,  Andrew  Woollen.  He  went  into  the 
war  at  the  beginning  as  Captain  in  the  Eleventh  Indiana;  reenlisted  as 
Major  in  the  Thirteenth  Indiana ;  and  was  promoted  for  meritorious 
service  to  Lieutenant  Colonel,  Colonel,  and  on  June  13,  1863,  Brigadier 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


611 


General.  His  service  was  chiefly  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
the  Army  of  the  James..  He  led  one  of  the  columns  in  the  assault  on 
Petersburg,  and  pursued-  Gen.  Lee  in  retreat  so  closely  that  he  had  the 
honor  of  making  that  great  Confederate  put  up  his  flag  of  truce,  and  ask 
for  terms  of  capitulation.21  For  this  service  he  was  brevetted  Major 
General  March  13,  1865.  He  was  offered  an  appointment  as  Lieutenant 


GEN.  ROBERT  S.  FOSTER 

Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  but  declined.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Military  Commission  that  tried  the  assassins  of  President  Lincoln.  Re- 
turning to  Indianapolis,  he  was  elected  City  Treasurer  for  the  term 
1867-71.  He  was  U.  S,  Marshal  for  Indiana  1881-5,  and  was  appointed 
Quartermaster  General  by  Gov.  Durbin,  which  office  he  held  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  March  3,  1903.  He  organized  the  G.  A.  R.  in  Indiana,  and 
was  the  first  Department  Commander  of  the  State. 


21  An  account  of  this  pursuit,  by  Capt.  Charles  W.  Smith,  is  in  Ind.  Hist.  Pubs., 
Vol.  5,  p.  519. 


• 


610 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Vista  by  rallying  his  company,  after  the  regimental  break,  and  fighting 
through  the  rest  of  the  day,  as  also  by  publicly  refusing  to  recognize 
Col.  Bowles,  and  leading  his  company  off  the  parade  ground  when  the 
Colonel  undertook  to  inspect  them.  He  was  arrested  and  tried  for  this, 
but  was  soon  restored  to  office.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he 
raised  a  company  of  volunteers  in  Martin  County,  was  made  Colonel 
of  the  Fourteenth  Indiana,  and  sent  into  West  Virginia,  where  he  served 
with  distinction,  as  later  at  Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Vicksburg,  Kene- 
saw,  and  various  other  points.  He  was  mustered  out  in  August,  1865, 
as  Brevet  Major  General,  having  been  a  Brigadier  General  since  April 
15,  1862.  He  was  elected  Treasurer  of  Indiana  in  1870,  and  was  made 
Surveyor  General  of  Utah  in  1873,  by  Gen.  Grant.  He  died  at  Ogden, 
Utah,  June  21,  1898. 

Another  Indiana  general  who  became  prominent  in  the  West  was 
John  Franklin  Miller.  He  was  born  in  Union  County,  November  21, 
1831,  and  his  parents  removed  to  South  Bend  in  1833.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  South  Bend,  and  at  an  academy  in  Chicago ;  and  grad- 
uated from  the  State  and  National  Law  School,  at  Baliston  Spa,  N.  Y., 
in  1852.  He  began  practice  at  South  Bend,  but  in  1853  removed  to 
Napa,  California,  for  a  stay  of  two  years,  returning  to  South  Bend  in 
1855.  In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate.  After  the  special 
session  of  1861,  he  resigned  his  seat,  organized  the  Twenty-Ninth 
Indiana,  and  was  made  its  Colonel.  His  early  service  was  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee,  being  in  command  of  Nashville  during  1862,  and  having 
numerous  encounters  with  Morgan's  cavalry.  He  was  severely  wounded 
at  Stone  River,  and  again  at  Liberty  Gap,  losing  his  left  eye  at  the 
latter  engagement.  He  was  commissioned  Brigadier  General  January 
5,  1864,  and  brevetted  Major  General  September  25,  1865.  He  was 
offered  an  appointment  as  colonel  in  the  regular  army,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  but  declined,  and  went  to  California,  where  President  Johnson- 
made  him  Collector  of  the  Port  of  San  Francisco.  He  held  this  position 
for  four  years  and  was  prominent  in  the  State  thereafter,  being  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  Senate  in  1880.  He  always  suffered  from  his  wounds,  and 
died  March  8,  1886,  while  serving  his  term  as  Senator. 

Another  Indiana  general  who  was  tendered  a  regular  army  appoint- 
ment was  Robert  Sandford  Foster.  He  was  born  at  Vernon,  Jennings 
County,  January  27,  1834,  and  received  a  common  school  education  at 
that  place.  At  the  age  of  16  he  went  to  Indianapolis,  and  learned  the 
tinner's  trade  with  his  uncle,  Andrew  Woollen.  He  went  into  the 
war  at  the  beginning  as  Captain  in  the  Eleventh  Indiana ;  reenlisted  as 
Major  in  the  Thirteenth  Indiana ;  and  was  promoted  for  meritorious 
service  to  Lieutenant  Colonel,  Colonel,  and  on  June  13,  1863,  Brigadier 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


611 


General.  His  service  was  chiefly  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
the  Army  of  the  James.  "  He  led  one  of  the  columns  in  the  assault  on 
Petersburg,  and  pursued  Gen.  Lee  in  retreat  so  closely  that  he  had  the 
honor  of  making  that  great  Confederate  put  up  his  flag  of  truce,  and  ask 
for  terms  of  capitulation.21  For  this  service  he  was  brevetted  Major 
General  March  13,  1865.  He  was  offered  an  appointment  as  Lieutenant 


GEN.  ROBERT  S.  FOSTER 


Colonel  in  the  regular  army,  but  declined.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Military  Commission  that  tried  the  assassins  of  President  Lincoln.  Re- 
turning to  Indianapolis,  he  was  elected  City  Treasurer  for  the  term 
1867-71.  He  was  U.  S.  Marshal  for  Indiana  1881-5,  and  was  appointed 
Quartermaster  General  by  Gov.  Durbin,  which  office  he  held  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  March  3,  1903.  He  organized  the  G.  A.  R.  in  Indiana,  and 
was  the  first  Department  Commander  of  the  State. 


21  An  account  of  this  pursuit,  by  Capt.  Charles  W.  Smith,  is  in  Ind.  Hist.  Pubs., 
Vol.  5,  p.  519. 


• 

612  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indiana 's  naval  officer  who  attained  greatest  prominence  was  Admiral 
George  Brown.  He  was  born  at  Rushville,  June  19,  1835,  and  appointed 
to  the  navy  in  1849.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  had  reached 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant,  and  was  in  continuous  service  during  the  war. 
He  was  in  command  of  the  ' '  tin-clad ' '  Indianola  at  Vicksburg ;  and  after 
running  the  batteries  there  was  engaged  single-handed  with  two  Con- 
federate rams  and  two  "cotton-clad"  steamers.  After  a  fight  of  an 
hour  and  a  half,  during  which  the  Indianola  was  rammed  seven  times, 
she  was  run  ashore  in  a  sinking  condition.  Brown  was  badly  wounded, 
and  captured,  but  was  soon  exchanged;  and  commanded  the  gunboat 
Itasca  in  Farragut's  operations  at  Mobile.  After  the  war  he  was  in 
widely  varied  responsible  naval  employment,  and  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  naval  forces  on  the  Pacific  Station  1889-92.  He  was  made 
Commodore  September  4,  1877,  and  Rear  Admiral  September  27,  1893. 
He  retired  June  19,  1897,  but  performed  special  duty  on  the  West 
coast  during  the  Spanish-American  war.  He  died  at  his  home  at 
Indianapolis,  June  29,  1913.  Another  naval  officer  of  the  Civil  War 
who  became  an  admiral  was  Napoleon  Collins.  He  is  credited  to  Indiana 
because  appointed  from  the  State,  but  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  May 
4.  1814.  His  parents  removed  to  Indiana,  and  he  went  into  the  navy  in 
1834.  He  achieved  international  prominence  on  October  7,  1864,  when 
he  captured  the  rebel  raider  steamship  Florida,  in  the  Brazilian  port 
of  Bahia,  he  being  in  command  of  the  steam  sloop  Wachusett,  which 
was  at  anchor  in  the  port  when  the  Florida  came  in.  The  Florida  had 
permission  from  the  Brazilian  government  to  remain  for  forty-eight 
hours,  and  a  Brazilian  corvette  dropped  in  between  the  two  ships,  and 
anchored.  The  next  morning  Collins  got  under  way,  and  crossed  the 
bow  of  the  Brazilian  ship,  intending  to  ram  the  Florida  and  sink  her. 
He  failed  in  this,  but  fired  two  guns  into  her,  after  which  she  surren- 
dered, and  he  towed  her  out  of  the  harbor,  and  took  her  to  Hampton 
Roads.  The  Brazilian  government  protested  at  this  infringement  of 
neutrality,  and  the  United  States  disavowed  the  act,  and  ordered  the 
Florida  returned,  but  a  transport  managed  to  run  into  her  and  sink 
her.  Collins  was  not  officially  censured,  and  on  July  25,  1866,  he  was 
promoted  to  Captain;  January  19,  1871,  to  Commodore;  and  August 
9,  1874,  to  Rear  Admiral,  and  put  in  command  of  the  South  Pacific 
squadron.  He  died  at  Callao,  Peru,  August  9,  1875. 

Lieutenant  Commander  William  Gwin  was  born  at  Columbus,  Indi- 
ana, December  5,  1832,  and  would  no  doubt  have  attained  greater 
prominence  but  for  his  early  death.  He  was  well  educated,  passing 
three  years  at  St.  Xavier  's  College  at  Cincinnati,  and  an  equal  period  at 
St.  Xavier's  at  Vincennes,  before  his  appointment  to  Annapolis,  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  613 

1847.  Six  months  later  he  was  ordered  to  the  frigate  Brandy  wine,  and 
began  a  varied  experience  in  naval  service.  One  of  his  adventures 
occurred  in  1858,  while  a  Lieutenant  on  the  slpop  Vandalia,  in  the 
Feejee  islands.  The  cannibals  had  captured  and  eaten  three  American 
sailors,  and  Gwin  started  with  sixty  men  for  the  chief 's  town  for  repara- 
tion. They  were  ambushed  and  attacked  by  five  hundred  savages,  but 
defeated  them,  and  reduced  the  island  to  submission.  At  the  opening 
of  the  war  he  was  engaged  on  blockade  duty  until  January,  1862,  when 
at  his  request  he  was  transferred  to  Commodore  Foote's  Mississippi 
flotilla.  He  was  put  in  command  of  the  wooden  gunboat  Tyler,  and 
rendered  such  effective  service  that  he  was  put  in  command  of  the  big 
iron-clad  Benton.  While  attacking  the  rebel  batteries  at  Haines'  Bluff, 
Gwin  went  on  deck  to  observe  the  effect  of  the  guns,  and  was  struck 
by  a  solid  shot,  from  the  effect  of  which  he  died  a  week  later,  January 
3,  1863.  He  had  been  married  two  months  earlier  to  a  wealthy  young 
lady  of  New  York,  and  was  urged  to  leave  the  service,  but  obeyed  the 
call  of  patriotism,  and  went  back  to  his  death. 

It  should  be  mentioned  that  in  addition  to  regular  war  taxes,  Indiana 
made  large  contributions  of  money  for  war  purposes,  as  well  as  con- 
tributions of  men.  One  of  the  largest  items  was  that  of  bounties  to 
enlisted  men,  paid  by  counties,  townships  and  cities,  which  made  a  grand 
total  of  $15,492,876.  From  the  same  sources  came  a  contribution  of 
$4,566,898  for  the  relief  of  the  families  of  soldiers,  and  the  State  supple- 
mented this  with  a  contribution  of  $1,646,809.  The  contributions  to  the 
Sanitary  Commission  were  $606,570,  and  for  miscellaneous  war  pur- 
poses $198,866,  making  a  total  of  over  $22,500,000.  The  collection  and 
distribution  of  funds  enlisted  the  services  of  a  great  number  of  unpaid 
workers,  and  so  did  the  relief  work  of  all  kinds.  In  all  this  the  women 
of  the  State  had  a  large  part.  More  than  one  hundred  Indiana  women 
went  as  nurses.  Two  of  them  died  in  service — Miss  Hannah  Powell  and 
Miss  Asinae  Martin,  of  Goshen — while  serving  in  the  hospitals  at  Mem- 
phis. A  notable  record  was  made  by  Mrs.  Eliza  E.  George,  who  left  home 
and  family  when  over  fifty  years  of  age,  to  care  for  the  wounded.  She 
went  with  the  army,  to  be  where  help  was  most  needed,  and  was  known 
as  "Mother  George"  by  the  soldiers.  She  went  with  Sherman's  army 
to  Atlanta,  and  on  through  Georgia,  until  at  Wilmington,  North  Cam 
lina,  she  died  of  typhoid  fever,  on  May  9,  1865.  The  people  of  Fort 
Wayne,  her  home,  erected  a  handsome  monument  in  memory  of  her  de- 
voted service. 

Mention  has  been  made  of  the  rebel  prisoners  at  Camp  Morton,  which 
was  the  only  regular  prison  camp  in  Indiana,  though  a  few  prisoners 
were  temporarily  confined  at  Terre  Haute,  and  Lafayette.  After  the 


614 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  Gen.  Halleck  telegraphed  an  inquiry  to  Gov. 
Morton,  asking  how  many  prisoners  he  could  care  for,  and  he  replied 
"three  thousand."  Halleck  sent  3,700  to  Indianapolis,  in  addition 
to  800  that  went  to  Terre  Haute,  and  a  like  number  to  Lafayette,  tempo- 
rarily. They  arrived  on  the  22nd  of  February,  1862.  Camp  Morton  was 
the  State  Fair  Grounds,  which  had  been  converted  into  a  camp  for  our 
soldiers  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Additional  barracks  were  at  once 


K 


TREATMENT  OF  PRISONERS  AT  CAMP  MORTON. 


i  • I-      I     I        I      I     •  I 


run  or  CAMI-  uotmm.  (coumma  mm  WCTCHU  «v  SRVMAL  mso»  «HO  WUE  ON  DUTY  IM  THE  ..*-...•    .i.ii. . 

THE    CaOUtID    IS    STILL.    INCLOSED    AMD    USED    AS    STATE    FAIR    CROfNOS.)' 


tv  Old  Itopiulb^MteK-fc  •i^Bil 


Sutler's  wort.   5. 


.   ».  Sutl 
o«c«.  n. 


17    Sfc*ds  fcr  officers'    hniMI     A  DMch.  i>  Diniac-moM.    tn.  Kitchen,    at.  Pi»MW 
-     .«.    •»(4M«''>  o*c«-   r- • 


building*  -h>ilt  In  iWv    »•  New  Hotpil.iH  -huilt  in  1X4. 

t>minf  room.    tn.  Kifeh«n.    at.  DtM««-ro 
and  supply  loom.    -  •  • Guard  IMM. 


built,  and  bunks,  stoves  and  equipage  were  furnished  as  to  our  own 
troops;  and  in  March  the  prisoners  at  Terre  Haute  and  Lafayette  were 
all  brought  to  this  point.  Others  followed,  and  the  camp  was  enlarged 
as  needed.  A  general  exchange  of  prisoners  was  made  in  August,  1862, 
and  Camp  Morton  was  temporarily  closed  as  a  prison,  but  was  opened 
again  in  1863,  after  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and  continued  to  the  end 
of  the  war.  There  was  some  suffering  among  the  prisoners,  especially  the 
first  ones.  Gen.  Terrell  says :  ' '  On  arrival,  especially  the  Fort  Donelson 
and  Fort  Henry  prisoners,  many  were  sick  from  the  terrible  exposure 
to  which  they  had  been  subjected.  The  day  after  the  main  body  came, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


615 


the  surgeons  of  the  city  prescribed  for  more  than  five  hundred,  and  the 
sick  list  for  some  time  increased  rapidly.  The  men  were  thinly  clad, 
unaccustomed  to  the  rigors  of  outdoor  life  in  winter,  and  had  been  poorly 
fed.  The  prevailing  diseases  were  pneumonia  and  diarrhea.  Ample 
hospital  arrangements  were  made,  and  everything  that  kindness  or 
humanity  could  suggest  was  done  to  alleviate  the  distressed  condition  of 
the  prisoners.  The  citizens  of  Indianapolis,  as  well  as  of  Terre  Haute 
and  Lafayette,  responded  to  the  calls  of  the  authorities  and  did  all  that 
was  possible  to  be  done  in  furnishing  suitable  nourishment,  delicacies 
and  attention.  Many  very  estimable  ladies  and  gentlemen  volunteered 
their  services  as  nurses  and  attendants,  and  prominent  members  of  the 
medical  profession  were  particularly  kind  and  attentive.  Buildings 
were  rented  outside  the  camp  and  converted  into  infirmaries,  with  every 
convenience  and  comfort  required  by  the  sick.  Despite  all  these  efforts, 
the  mortality  was  frightful  during  the  first  month  or  two.  All  who 
died  were  decently  buried  in  plain  wooden  coffins,  in  the  public  ceme- 
teries, and  a  record"  made  of  their  names,  regiments,  etc.,  for  the  informa- 
tion of  relatives  and  friends.  After  the  weather  moderated  and  grew 
warm  a  marked  change  took  place  in  the  general  health  of  the  prisoners 
and  but  few  deaths  occurred."22 

Until  June  10,  1862,  Camp  Morton  was  under  command  of  Col. 
Richard  Owen,  of  the  Sixtieth  Indiana,  and  the  remainder  of  that  year 
under  Col.  David  Garland  Rose,  of  the  Fifty-Fourth.  After  1862  the 
prison  was  taken  over  by  the  national  government,  and  Gen.  Ambrose 
A.  Stevens,  of  Michigan  was  in  command.  There  has  been  some  contro- 
versy over  the  treatment  of  the  prisoners  at  this  camp,  arising  chiefly 
from  criticisms  made  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Wyeth,  which  were  answered  by  a 
committee  of  the  G.  A.  R.  headed  by  Gen.  Carnahan.23  In  reality  the 
criticisms  amount  to  little  more  than  the  statement  of  the  health  condi- 
tions by  Terrell,  and  when  it  is  considered  that  in  the  Civil  War  the 
losses  of  the  Union  Army  from  disease  were  much  greater  than  those  from 
battle,  the  basis  for  them  becomes  slight.  What  there  was  of  it  was 
happily  disposed  of  in  1913,  when  S.  A.  Cunningham,  editor  of  the 
Confederate  Veteran,  started  a  movement  for  a  Confederate  memorial 
to  Col.  Owen,  who  was  in  command  during  the  period  described  by 
Terrell.  A  fund  was  raised  by  contributions  from  ex-confederate 
prisoners  at  Camp  Morton,  and  a  bust  of  Col.  .Owen  was  made  by  Miss 
Belle  Kinney,  the  Nashville  sculptress,  who  made  the  statue  of  Gen.  Jos. 

22  Report,  Vol.  1,  p.  457. 

as  Wyeth 's  "With  Sabre  and  Scalpel,"  pp.  286-312;  Century  Magazine,  April  and 
September,  1891;  Southern  Historical  8oc.  Papers,  Vol.,18,  p.  327;  Report  of  G.  A.  R. 
Committee. 

Vol.  II— 4 


614 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  Gen.  Halleck  telegraphed  an  inquiry  to  Gov. 
Morton,  asking  how  many  prisoners  he  could  care  for,  and  he  replied 
"three  thousand."  Halleck  sent  3,700  to  Indianapolis,  in  addition 
to  800  that  went  to  Terre  Haute,  and  a  like  number  to  Lafayette,  tempo- 
rarily. They  arrived  on  the  22nd  of  February,  1862.  Camp  Morton  was 
the  State  Fair  Grounds,  which  had  been  converted  into  a  camp  for  our 
soldiers  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Additional  barracks  were  at  once 


TREATMENT  OF  PRISONERS  AT  CAMP  MORTON. 


FLAM    OF    CAMP    UO*TON.     (COMntSD    PBOM    SKCTCHBS    BY    8RV*MAL    PCHSOMS 

TUB  raasoffus  WBHK  TIMBM.    THE  CKOCMO  is  STILL  INCLOSED  AN 


KRE    ON    DUTY    IV    THE    CAMP    WiltUC 


H?*dqMf«tn-  *.  OU  Hocpiu  1  bwlM.t*.  >  B«p*f«l  teals.    4-  Sutler's  store.    J,  Hovpit  .il  haildiofi  -  Ntilt  in  186).    0.  New  H<»pit.tl*  -Null  in  1 
r  Barrack*.  •.  HoftpttaK    9.  Gates.    10.  Cr**n«rmatt<r*s  ol&ce.  it.   ComntUHry  erf  Sub**ttence.     13-  H..ter>-.     i  >.   Ba«e-bjll  ^roumt*.    u    Crcrk 
-  -"  Tte  PMMMC."     i$-  BridffOT.     ^   iWfM      n    Sheds  for  officers'    bones,    rt.  Ditch.  t>  Dining  room.    so.  KiKhen.    31.  Oiu^-room. 
•t.  CowuIUnff  Itoocft.    a>  ReceptiM  room.    J4     Eur»"»e<''*  office.    «v  Pmcnption  and  supply  room  .........  Gu-irU  line. 


built,  and  bunks,  stoves  and  equipage  were  furnished  as  to  our  own 
troops;  and  in  March  the  prisoners  at  Terre  Haute  and  Lafayette  were 
all  brought  to  this  point.  Others  followed,  and  the  camp  was  enlarged 
as  needed.  A  general  exchange  of  prisoners  was  made  in  August,  1862, 
and  Camp  Morton  was  temporarily  closed  as  a  prison,  but  was  opened 
again  in  1863,  after  the  Vicksburg  campaign,  and  continued  to  the  end 
of  the  war.  There  was  some  suffering  among  the  prisoners,  especially  the 
first  ones.  Gen.  Terrell  says :  "  On  arrival,  especially  the  Fort  Donelson 
and  Fort  Henry  prisoners,  many  were  sick  from  the  terrible  exposure 
to  which  they  had  been  subjected.  The  day  after  the  main  body  came, 


• 


s 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  615 

the  surgeons  of  the  city  prescribed  for  more  than  five  hundred,  and  the 
sick  list  for  some  time  increased  rapidly.  The  men  were  thinly  clad, 
unaccustomed  to  the  rigors  of  outdoor  life  in  winter,  and  had  been  poorly 
fed.  The  prevailing  diseases  were  pneumonia  and  diarrhea.  Ample 
hospital  arrangements  were  made,  and  everything  that  kindness  or 
humanity  could  suggest  was  done  to  alleviate  the  distressed  condition  of 
the  prisoners.  The  citizens  of  Indianapolis,  as  well  as  of  Terre  Haute 
and  Lafayette,  responded  to  the  calls  of  the  authorities  and  did  all  that 
was  possible  to  be  done  in  furnishing  suitable  nourishment,  delicacies 
and  attention.  Many  very  estimable  ladies  and  gentlemen  volunteered 
their  services  as  nurses  and  attendants,  and  prominent  members  of  the 
medical  profession  were  particularly  kind  and  attentive.  Buildings 
were  rented  outside  the  camp  and  converted  into  infirmaries,  with  every 
convenience  and  comfort  required  by  the  sick.  Despite  all  these  efforts, 
the  mortality  was  frightful  during  the  first  month  or  two.  All  who 
died  were  decently  buried  in  plain  wooden  coffins,  in  the  public  ceme- 
teries, and  a  record  made  of  their  names,  regiments,  etc.,  for  the  informa- 
tion of  relatives  and  friends.  After  the  weather  moderated  and  grew 
warm  a  marked  change  took  place  in  the  general  health  of  the  prisoners 
and  but  few  deaths  occurred."22 

Until  June  10,  1862,  Camp  Morton  was  under  command  of  Col. 
Richard  Owen,  of  the  Sixtieth  Indiana,  and  the  remainder  of  that  year 
under  Col.  David  Garland  Rose,  of  the  Fifty-Fourth.  After  1862  the 
prison  was  taken  over  by  the  national  government,  and  Gen.  Ambrose 
A.  Stevens,  of  Michigan  was  in  command.  There  has  been  some  contro- 
versy over  the  treatment  of  the  prisoners  at  this  camp,  arising  chiefly 
from  criticisms  made  by  Dr.  J.  A.  Wyeth,  which  were  answered  by  a 
committee  of  the  G.  A.  R.  headed  by  Gen.  Carnahan.23  In  reality  the 
criticisms  amount  to  little  more  than  the  statement  of  the  health  condi- 
tions by  Terrell,  and  when  it  is  considered  that  in  the  Civil  War  the 
losses  of  the  Union  Army  from  disease  were  much  greater  than  those  from 
battle,  the  basis  for  them  becomes  slight.  What  there  was  of  it  was 
happily  disposed  of  in  1913,  when  S.  A.  Cunningham,  editor  of  the 
Confederate  Veteran,  started  a  movement  for  a  Confederate  memorial 
to  Col.  Owen,  who  was  in  command  during  the  period  described  by 
Terrell.  A  fund  was  raised  by  contributions  from  ex-confederate 
prisoners  at  Camp  Morton,  and  a  bust  of  Col.  .Owen  was  made  by  Miss 
Belle  Kinney,  the  Nashville  sculptress,  who  made  the  statue  of  Gen.  Jos. 

22  Report,  Vol.  1,  p.  457. 

as  Wyeth 's  "With  Sabre  and  Scalpel,"  pp.  286-312;  Century  Magazine,  April  and 
September,  1891;  Southern  Historical  Soc.  Papers,  Vol.. 18,  p.  327;  Report  of  G.  A.  E. 
Committee. 

Vol.  II— 4 


616 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


E.  Johnston  at  Dalton,  Georgia,  and  other  monuments  at  various 
Southern  points.  It  was  formally  unveiled  and  presented  at  the  State 
Capitol  on  June  9,  1913,  the  presentation  speech  being  made  by  Gen. 
Bennett  H.  Young,  Commander  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans, 
and  warm  tribute  to  Col.  Owen  was  made  in  behalf  of  his  former 
prisoners,  before  an  audience  largely  composed  of  Union  -and  Con- 


COtoNEL  RICHARD  OWEN 
' 


federate  veterans,  who  fraternized  most  cordially  on  the  occasion.  It 
was  an  unprecedented  tribute,  and  one  in  which  Indiana  takes  just  pride. 
During  the  war  the  soil  of  Indiana  was  three  times  invaded  by 
rebels.  The  first  and  least  important  invasion  occurred  on  July  18, 
1862,  when  about  thirty  men,  under  command  of  a  guerrilla  chief  named 
Adam  R.  Johnson,  seized  a  ferry-boat,  and  crossed  the  Ohio  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Newburg,  in  Warrick  County.  There  were  no  troops  at  the 
place,  except  about  eighty  sick  soldiers  who  were  in  a  temporary  hos- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  617 

pital.  The  raiders  took  possession  of  the  hospital,  but  paroled  the  in- 
mates. They  then  seized  some  arms  that  were  stored  in  the  place, 
plundered  several  stores  and  houses,  and  returned  to  the  Kentucky 
shore.  Within  three  days  ten  companies  of  volunteers  had  assembled 
at  Evansville,  under  command  of  Col.  James  Gavin,  of  the  Seventh 
Indiana,  and  Col.  John  T.  Wilder,  of  the  Seventeenth  Indiana,  who 
1  were  at  home  on  leave  of  absence.  They  were  sent  into  Kentucky  with 
orders  from  Governor  Morton  to  shoot  all  guerrillas  found  under  arms, 
and  all  persons  making  resistance.  In  a  few  days  that  part  of  Ken- 
tucky was  cleared  of  guerrillas.  The  people  of  Newbury  decided  that 
the  raid  had  been  instigated  by  citizens  of  that  place,  and  after  the 
raiders  left,  killed  H.  H.  Carney  and  Elliott  Melford,  who  had  been 
seen  in  consultation  with  the  raiders.  The  second  raid  was  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Thomas  H.  Hines,  of  the  Ninth  Kentucky  Cavalry. 
He  was  attached  to  the  command  of  Gen.  John  Morgan,  and  early 
in  June,  1863,  was  sent  by  Morgan  to  scout  north  of  the  Cumberland, 
with  120  men.  After  committing  some  depredations  at  Elizabeth  town, 
forty  miles  southwest  of  Louisville,  he  was  pursued  by  Union  troops, 
and  part  of  his  men  were  captured.  He  then  determined,  according  to 
Gen.  Basil  Duke,  to  cross  over  into  Indiana,  "and  stir  up  the  copper- 
heads. ' '  -4  He  reached  the  Ohio  with  64  men,  and  early  on  the  morn- 
ing of  June  18,  crossed  at  Flint  Island,  eight  miles  above  Cannelton. 
They  were  not  in  uniform*,  and  were  variously  armed  with  muskets, 
rifles  and  shotguns,  but  each  had  two  revolvers.  They  rode  north 
through  Perry  County,  pretending  to  be  Union  troops  looking  for  desert- 
ers, and  exchanged  their  tired  horses  for  fresh  ones,  giving  orders  on 
the  U.  S.  Quartermaster  at  Indianapolis  for  any  agreed  difference  in 
value.  They  reached  Orange  County,  near  Orleans,  that  evening,  and 
learning  that  the  militia  were  gathering  to  oppose  them,  turned  east,  and 
rode  all  night,  making  towards  Leavenworth.  They  killed  one  man 
who  refused  to  give  up  his  horse.  At  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  they 
reached  the  house  of  Bryant  Breedon,  three  miles  from  Leavenworth, 
and  ordered  him  to  conduct  them  to  a  crossing  of  the  Ohio  near  the 
mouth  of  Blue  River.  He  sent  his  son  to  Leavenworth  to  warn  the 
Home  Guards,  and  led  them  by  a  circuitous  route  to  an  island  three 
miles  above  Leavenworth,  where  there  was  a  shallow  channel  on  the 
Indiana  side,  but  on  the  Kentucky  side  the  river  was  not  fordable. 
After  they  were  on  the  island,  the  militia  came  up  and  cut  off  retreat 
on  the  Indiana  side,  while  the  steamer  Izetta,  which  had  taken  on  a 
small  cannon  at  Leavenworth,  came  up  and  opened  fire  on  them  from 
the  river.  Three  of  the  raiders  were  killed,  two  drowned,  and  fifty-four 


=••  Morgan's  Cavalry,  p.  431. 


616 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


. 

• 


E.  Johnston  at  Dalton,  Georgia,  and  other  monuments  at  various 
Southern  points.  It  was  formally  unveiled  and  presented  at  the  State 
Capitol  on  June  9,  1913,  the  presentation-  speech  being  made  by  Gen. 
Bennett  H.  Young,  Commander  of  the  United  Confederate  Veterans, 
and  warm  tribute  to  Col.  Owen  was  made  in  behalf  of  his  former 
prisoners,  before  an  audience  largely  composed  of  Union  and  Con- 


• 


• 


federate  veterans,  who  fraternized  most  cordially  on  the  occasion.  It 
was  an  unprecedented  tribute,  and  one  in  which  Indiana  takes  just  pride. 
During  the  war  the  soil  of  Indiana  was  three  times  invaded  by 
rebels.  The  first  and  least  important  invasion  occurred  on  July  18, 
1862,  when  about  thirty  men.  under  command  of  a  guerrilla  chief  named 
Adam  R.  Johnson,  seized  a  ferry-boat,  and  crossed  the  Ohio  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Newburg,  in  "VVarrick  County.  There  were  no  troops  at  the 
place,  except  about  eighty  sick  soldiers  who  were  in  a  temporary  hos- 


INDIANA  AND  1XDIANANS  617 

pital.  The  raiders  took  possession  of  the  hospital,  but  paroled  the  in- 
mates. They  then  seize'd  some  arms  that  were  stored  in  the  place, 
plundered  several  stores  and  houses,  and  returned  to  the  Kentucky 
shore.  Within  three  days  ten  companies  of  volunteers  had  assembled 
at  Evansville,  under  command  of  Col.  James  Gavin,  of  the  Seventh 
Indiana,  and  Col.  John  T.  Wilder,  of  the  Seventeenth  Indiana,  who 
were  at  home  on  leave  of  absence.  They  were  sent  into  Kentucky  with 
orders  from  Governor  Morton  to  shoot  all  guerrillas  found  under  arms, 
and  all  persons  making  resistance.  In  a  few  days  that  part  of  Ken- 
tucky was  cleared  of  guerrillas.  The  people  of  Xewbury  decided  that 
the  raid  had  been  instigated  by  citizens  of  that  place,  and  after  the 
raiders  left,  killed  H.  H.  Carney  and  Elliott  Melford.  who  had  been 
seen  in  consultation  with  the  raiders.  The  second  raid  was  under  com- 
mand of  Captain  Thomas  H.  Hines,  of  .the  Ninth  Kentucky  Cavalry. 
He  was  attached  to  the  command  of  Gen.  John  Morgan,  and  early 
in  June,  1863,  was  sent  by  Morgan  to  scout  north  of  the  Cumberland, 
with  120  men.  After  committing  some  depredations  at  Elizabethtown, 
forty  miles  southwest  of  Louisville,  he  was  pursued  by  Union  troops, 
and  part  of  his  men  were  captured.  He  then  determined,  according  to 
Gen.  Basil  Duke,  to  cross  over  into  Indiana,  "and  stir  up  the  copper- 
heads."-4 He  reached  the  Ohio  with  64  men,  and  early  on  the  morn- 
ing of  June  18,  crossed  at  Flint  Island,  eight  miles  above  Cannelton. 
They  were  not  in  uniform1,  and  were  variously  armed  with  muskets, 
rifles  and  shotguns,  but  each  had  two  revolvers.  They  rode  north 
through  Perry  County,  pretending  to  be  Union  troops  looking  for  desert- 
ers, and  exchanged  their  tired  horses  for  fresh  ones,  giving  orders  on 
the  T".  S.  Quartermaster  at  Indianapolis  for  any  agreed  difference  in 
value.  They  reached  Orange  County,  near  Orleans,  that  evening,  and 
learning  that  the  militia  were  gathering  to  oppose  them,  turned  east,  and 
rode  all  night,  making  towards  Leavenworth.  They  killed  one  man 
who  refused  to  give  up  his  horse.  At  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  they 
reached  the  house  of  Bryant  Breedon,  three  miles  from  Leavenworth, 
and  ordered  him  to  conduct  them  to  a  crossing  of  the  Ohio  near  the 
mouth  of  Blue  River.  He  sent  his  son  to  Leavenworth  to  warn  the 
Home  Guards,  and  led  them  by  a  circuitous  route  to  an  island  three 
miles  above  Leavenworth,  where  there  was  a  shallow  channel  on  the 
Indiana  side,  but  on  the  Kentucky  side  the  river  was  not  fordable. 
After  they  were  on  the  island,  the  militia  came  up  and  cut  off  retreat 
on  the  Indiana  side,  while  the  steamer  Izetta,  which  had  taken  on  a 
small  cannon  at  Leavenworth,  came  up  and  opened  fire  on  them  from 
the  river.  Three  of  the  raiders  were  killed,  two  drowned,  and  fifty-four 


-4  Morgan's  Cavalry,  p.  431. 


618 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


surrendered.  Captain  Hines  made  his  escape  across  the  river.  The 
prisoners  expressed  disappointment  at  being  treated  as  enemies  by 
everybody  they  had  met  in  Indiana,  and  the  only  kindness  shown  to 
them  was  by  a  man  at  New  Amsterdam,  in  Harrison  County,  who  was 
found  treating  some  of  them  after  their  capture,  and  was  forthwith  put 
in  jail  with  them.25 


CAPTAIN  THOMAS  H.  HIKES  AT  TWENTY-THREE 
(Afterwards  Chief  Justice  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals) 

This  is  significant  in  connection  with  the  later  activities  of  Capt. 
Hines  in  connection  with  Indiana.  He  was  an  interesting  character, 
a  native  of  Kentucky,  born  October  9,  1838,  of  an  old  Kentucky  fam- 
ily. His  father,  Judge  Warren  W.  Hines,  was  in  comfortable  circum- 
stances, and  young  Hines  received  so  excellent  a  private  education  at 
home  that,  in  1859,  he  began  teaching  in  the  Masonic  University,  at 


2*  New  Albany  Ledger,  June  22,  1863. 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  619 


Lagrange.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  as  a  lieutenant^  and,  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh  joined  Mor- 
gan's cavalry,  for  which  he  raised  the  company  he  commanded.  He 
was  with  Morgan  in  his  raid  through  Indiana,  was  captured  with 
him,  was  the  principal  agent  in  the  escape  of  Morgan  from  the  Ohio 
penitentiary  in  1863,  and  sacrificed  himself  to  protect  his  chief.  He 
was  the  principal  agent  of  the  South  in  "the  Northwestern  Conspir- 
acy," and  after  its  collapse  escaped  to  Canada,  where  he  began  to  read 
law  with  Gen.  J.  C.  Breckenridge,  at  Toronto.  After  the  war  he  re- 
moved to  Memphis,  where  he  edited  the  Memphis  Daily  Appeal,  and 
finished  his  legal  studies  under  Gen.  Alfred  Pike.  He  was  admitted  to 
practice,  and  in  1870,  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Warren  County  Court. 
In  1878,  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals,  and 
was  Chief  Justice  of  that  Court  in  1884-5.  Later  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  and  died  on  January  23,  1898. 

But  the  great  raid  was  Morgan 's,  though  that  of  Hines  may  have  been 
an  introduction  to  it.  As  early  as  June  20,  some  of  the  prisoners  of 
the  Hines  command  stated  that  a  rebel  force  of  1,500  men  would  be  in 
Indiana  within  ten  days.26  It  appears  to  have  been  the  purpose  to 
relieve  the  pressure  on  Bragg 's  army  by  drawing  the  Union  troops  out 
of  Kentucky  in  pursuit  of  Morgan,  who,  marching  without  impedimenta, 
could  avoid  pursuing  forces,  and  safely  return  south  of  the  Ohio.  This 
would  probably  have  been  the  result,  but  for  an  unexpected  rise  in 
the  Ohio,  which  prevented  his  crossing  at  Buffington  Island.  Morgan 
marched  rapidly  through  Kentucky,  and  arrived  at  Bradenburg  on. 
July  7,  and  that  night  captured  the  steamer  "J.  T.  McComb,"  which 
landed  at  the  town ;  anchored  in  midstream,  and  put  up  distress  sig- 
nals. The  steamer  "Alice  Dean,"  coming  up  the  river  went  to  the  re- 
lief, and  was  also  captured.  Morgan  had  senf  out  parties  to  cut  the 
telegraph  wires  in  all  directions,  which  was  thoroughly  done,  but  citi- 
zens of  Brandenburg  got  across  the  river,  and  gave  the  alarm  at  Mauek- 
port,  from  where  it  was  sent  to  Corydon  and  Leavenworth.  A  force 
of  Home  Guards  appeared  on  the  Indiana  side,  with  a  six-pound  cannon, 
but  Morgan  had  two  three-inch  Parrott  guns  and  two  twelve-pound 
howitzers,  and  the  defenders  were  driven  away,  and  Morgan's  forces 
were  all  across  by  midnight  of  the  8th.  Generals  Hobson  and  Shaekel- 
ford,  of  Kentucky,  who  were  in  pursuit  of  Morgan,  were  in  reach  of 
Brandenburg  on  the"  evening  of  the  8th,  but  did  not  undertake  to  enter 
the  town  until  the  next  morning.  A  gunboat  had  come  down  Salt  River, 
and  attacked  Morgan,  but  he  had  the  heavier  artillery,  and  it  retired. 


2«  New  Albany  Ledger,  June  20,  1863. 


•  • 


618 


INDIANA  AND  IXD1ANANS 


surrendered.  Captain  Hines  made  his  escape  across  the  river.  The 
prisoners  expressed  disappointment  at  being  treated  as  enemies  by 
everybody  they  had  met  in  Indiana,  and  the  only  kindness  shown  to 
them  was  by  a  man  at  New  Amsterdam,  in  Harrison  County,  who  was 
found  treating  some  of  them  after  their  capture,  and  was  forthwith  put 
in  jail  with  them.25 


CAPTAIN  THOMAS  H.  HINES  AT  TWENTY-THREE 
(Afterwards  Chief  Justice  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals) 

This  is  significant  in  connection  with  the  later  activities  of  Capt. 
Hines  in  connection  with  Indiana.  He  was  an  interesting  character, 
a  native  of  Kentucky,  born  October  9,  1838,  of  an  old  Kentucky  fam- 
ily. His  father,  Judge  Warren  W.  Hines,  was  in  comfortable  circum- 
stances, and  young  Hines  received  so  excellent  a  private  education  at 
home  that,  in  1859,  he  began  teaching  in  the  Masonic  University,  at 


25  New  Albany  Ledger,  June  22,  1863. 


. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  619 

Lagrange.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  he  entered  the  Confed- 
erate army  as  a  lieutenant,  and,  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh  joined  Mor- 
gan's cavalry,  for  which  he  raised  the  company  he  commanded.  He 
was  with  Morgan  in  his  raid  through  Indiana,  was  captured  with 
him,  was  the  principal  agent  in  the  escape  of  Morgan  from  the  Ohio 
penitentiary  in  1863,  and  sacrificed  himself  to  protect  his  chief.  He 
was  the  principal  agent  of  the  South  in  "the  Northwestern  Conspir- 
acy," and  after  its  collapse  escaped  to  Canada,  where  he  began  to  read 
law  with  Gen.  J.  C.  Breckenridge,  at  Toronto.  After  the  war  he  re- 
moved to  Memphis,  where  he  edited  the  Memphis  Daily  Appeal,  and 
finished  his  legal  studies  under  Gen.  Alfred  Pike.  He  was  admitted  to 
practice,  and  in  1870.  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Warren  County  Court. 
In  1878,  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Kentucky  Court  of  Appeals,  and 
was  Chief  Justice  of  that  Court  in  1884-5.  Later  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  and  died  on  January  23,  1898. 

But  the  great  raid  was  Morgan 's,  though  that  of  Hines  may  have  been 
an  introduction  to  it.  As  early  as  June  20,  some  of  the  prisoners  of 
the  Hines  command  stated  that  a  rebel  force  of  1,500  men  would  be  in 
Indiana  within  ten  days.-0  It  appears  to  have  been  the  purpose  to 
relieve  the  pressure  on  Bragg's  army  by  drawing  the  Union  troops  out 
of  Kentucky  in  pursuit  of  Morgan,  who,  marching  without  impedimenta, 
could  avoid  pursuing  forces,  and  safely  return  south  of  the  Ohio.  This 
would  probably  have  been  the  result,  but  for  an  unexpected  rise  in 
the  Ohio,  which  prevented  his  crossing  at  Buffington  Island.  Morgan 
marched  rapidly  through  Kentucky,  and  arrived  at  Bradeiiburg  on 
July  7,  and  that  night  captured  the  steamer  "J.  T.  McComb,"  which 
landed  at  the  town ;  anchored  in  midstream,  and  put  up  distress  sig- 
nals. The  steamer  "Alice  Dean,''  coming  up  the  river  went  to  the  re- 
lief, and  was  also  captured.  Morgan  had  sent  out  parties  to  cut  the 
telegraph  wires  in  all  directions,  which  was  thoroughly  done,  but  citi- 
zens of  Brandenburg  got  across  the  river,  and  gave  the  alarm  at  Mauck- 
port,  from  where  it  was  sent  to  Corydon  and  Leavenworth.  A  force 
of  Home  Guards  appeared  on  the  Indiana  side,  with  a  six-pound  cannon, 
but  Morgan  had  two  three-inch  Parrott  guns  and  two  twelve-pound 
howitzers,  and  the  defenders  were  driven  away,  and  Morgan's  forces 
were  all  across  by  midnight  of  the  8th.  Generals  Hobson  and  Shackel- 
ford,  of  Kentucky,  who  were  in  pursuit  of  Morgan,  were  in  reach  of 
Brandenburg  on  the"  evening  of  the  8th,  but  did  not  undertake  to  enter 
the  town  until  the  next  morning.  A  gvmboat  had  come  down  Salt  River, 
and  attacked  Morgan,  but  he  had  the  heavier  artillery,  and  it  retired. 


2«New  Albany  Ledger,  June  20,  1863. 


620  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Morgan  burned  the  "Alice  Dean,"  but  not  the  "J.  T.  McComb,"  and 
instead  of  using  the  latter  at  once  for  putting  his  troops  across  the 
river,  Shackelford  sent  her  up  to  Louisville  for  transports,  and  so  Mor- 
gan had  twenty-four  hours  start  of  his  pursuers  in  Indiana. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  Morgan  started  north  to  Corydon. 
Near  Corydon  he  encountered  a  force  of  Home  Guards,  posted  behind 
rail  barricades,  and  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  the  Home  Guards  lost  four 
killed  and  two  wounded,  while  Morgan  had  eight  killed  and  thirty- 
three  wounded.  But  Morgan's  artillery  put  an  end  to  the  resistance,  and 
300  Home  Guards  surrendered  and  were  at  once  paroled.  They  de- 
layed the  raiders  so  much  that  they  made  only  14  miles  that  day,  or 
about  one-third  of  their  average  distance.  After  a  short  stay  at  Cory- 
don, Morgan  moved  north  again,  camped  for  a  few.  hours  near  Palmyra, 
and  reached  Salem  at  nine  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  10th.  They 
left  there  at  two  in  the  afternoon,  and  moved  east  to  Vienna  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Jeffersonville  Railroad,  where  they  captured  the  tele- 
graph operator  before  he  could  send  out  a  warning  message,  and,  by 
listening  to  messages  going  over  the  lines,  learned  of  the  preparations 
being  made  for  their  reception.  Word  of  the  invasion  reached  Louis- 
ville on  the  afternoon  of  the  9th,  and  was  at  once  telegraphed  to  Gov- 
ernor Morton,  reaching  him  about  three  o'clock.  Morton  at  once  is- 
sued a  proclamation  calling  on  all  able-bodied  white  male  citizens  of  the 
counties  south  of  the  National  Road,  to  assemble,  form  companies,  arm 
themselves,  and  drill.  By  the  llth,  15,000  improvised  militia  had 
reported,  and  two  days  later  there  were  over  60,000.  The  alarm  was 
widespread.  Morgan  kept  parties  scouting  for  five  or  ten  miles  on 
both  sides  of  his  line  of  march,  and  the  reports  of  his  force  were  greatly 
exaggerated,  and  wild  rumors  located  him  at  places  where  he  did  not 
go.  Louisville  sent  a  million  and  a  half  of  specie  north  for  safety,  and 
Indianapolis  banks  did  likewise,  for-  it  was  thought  for  a  time  thai  Mor- 
gan was  heading  for  the  State  capital.  But  this  was  no  part  of  his 
plan.  From  Vienna  they  moved  east  to  Lexington,  near  which  they 
camped  most  of  the  night;  then  on  to  Vernon,  where  they  found  a 
force  of  Home  Guards  out  to  protect  the  town.  These  asked  time  to  re- 
move non-combatants,  which  was  promptly  granted;  and  while  they 
were  getting  ready  to  fight,  Morgan  drew  his  force  off  on  the  road  to 
Dupont  and  left  them.  They  crossed  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  16  miles  north  of  Lawrenceburg,  burning  bridges,  tearing 
up  rails,  and  cutting  telegraph  wires,  as  they  did  all  along  their  route. 
They  reached  Harrison  on  Monday,  the  13th,  crossed  the  Whitewater, 
and  burned  the  bridge  after  them.  As  the  advance  of  Hobson's  pur- 
suing force  came  down  into  the  valley,  to  enter  Harrison,  they  saw  the 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


621 


rear  of  Morgan's  party  moving  up  the  hill  to  the  east.  Morgan  was 
out  of  Indiana,  and  his  further  pursuit  and  capture  belong  to  the  his- 
tory of  Ohio  and  of  the,  nation. 


ROUTE  OF  MORGAN'S  RAID 


In  this  raid  Morgan's  men  not  only  "lived  on  the  country,"  in  the 
military  sense,  but  robbed  private  citizens  of  their  valuables  like  or- 
dinary highwaymen.  Millers,  and  owners  of  manufactories  were  re- 
quired to  "ransom"  them  or  have  them  burned — usually  at  a  price  of 
$1,000  or  more.  Women  were  not  molested,  except  in  the  search  of 


- 


620  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Morgan  burned  the  "Alice  Dean,"  but  not  the  "J.  T.  McComb,"  and 
instead  of  using  the  latter  at  once  for  putting  his  troops  across  the 
river,  Shackelford  sent  her  up  to  Louisville  for  transports,  and  so  Mor- 
gan had  twenty-four  hours  start  of  his  pursuers  in  Indiana. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  Morgan  started  north  to  Corydon. 
Near  Corydon  he  encountered  a  force  of  Home  Guards,  posted  behind 
rail  barricades,  and  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  the  Home  Guards  lost  four 
killed  and  two  wounded,  while  Morgan  had  eight  killed  and  thirty- 
three  wounded.  But  Morgan's  artillery  put  an  end  to  the  resistance,  and 
300  Home  Guards  surrendered  and  were  at  once  paroled.  They  de- 
layed the  raiders  so  much  that  they  made  only  14  miles  that  day,  or 
about  one-third  of  their  average  distance.  After  a  short  stay  at  Cory- 
don, Morgan  moved  north  again,  camped  for  a  few.  hours  near  Palmyra, 
and  reached  Salem  at  nine  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  10th.  They 
left  there  at  two  in  the  afternoon,  and  moved  east  to  Vienna  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Jeffersonville  Railroad,  where  they  captured  the  tele- 
graph operator  before  he  could  send  out  a  warning  message,  and,  by 
listening  to  messages  going  over  the  lines,  learned  of  the  preparations 
being  made  for  their  reception.  Word  of  the  invasion  reached  Louis- 
ville on  the  afternoon  of  the  9th,  and  was  at  once  telegraphed  to  Gov- 
ernor Morton,  reaching  him  about  three  o'clock.  Morton  at  once  is- 
sued a  proclamation  calling  on  all  able-bodied  white  male  citizens  of  the 
counties  south  of  the  National  Road,  to  assemble,  form  companies,  arm 
themselves,  and  drill.  By  the  llth,  15,000  improvised  militia  had 
reported,  and  two  days  later  there  were  over  60,000.  The  alarm  was 
widespread.  Morgan  kept  parties  scouting  for  five  or  ten  miles  on 
both  sides  of  his  line  of  march,  and  the  reports  of  his  force  were  greatly 
exaggerated,  and  wild  rumors  located  him  at  places  where  he  did  not 
go.  Louisville  sent  a  million  and  a  half  of  specie  north  for  safety,  and 
Indianapolis  banks  did  likewise,  foi»  it  was  thought  for  a  time  that  Mor- 
gan was  heading  for  the  State  capital.  But  this  was  no  part  of  his 
plan.  From  Vienna  they  moved  east  to  Lexington,  near  which  they 
camped  most  of  the  night;  then  on  to  Vernon,  where  they  found  a 
force  of  Home  Guards  out  to  protect  the  town.  These  asked  time  to  re- 
move non-combatants,  which  was  promptly  granted;  and  while  they 
were  getting  ready  to  fight,  Morgan  drew  his  force  off  on  the  road  to 
Dupont  and  left  them.  They  crossed  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  16  miles  north  of  Lawrenceburg.  burning  bridges,  tearing 
up  rails,  and  cutting  telegraph  wires,  as  they  did  all  along  their  route. 
They  reached  Harrison  on  Monday,  the  13th,  crossed  the  Whitewater, 
and  burned  the  bridge  after  them.  As  the  advance  of  Hobson's  pur- 
suing force  came  down  into  th?  valley,  to  enter  Harrison,  they  saw  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


621 


rear  of  Morgan's  party  moving  up  the  hill  to  the  east.  Morgan  was 
out  of  Indiana,  and  his  further  pursuit  and  capture  belong  to  the  his- 
tory of  Ohio  and  of  the"  nation. 


*ir  tsowno  »o« 


ROUTE  OP  MORGAN'S  RAID 

In  this  raid  Morgan's  men  not  only  "lived  on  the  country,"  in  the 
military  sense,  but  robbed  private  citizens  of  their  valuables  like  or- 
dinary highwaymen.  Millers,  and  owners  of  manufactories  were  re- 
quired to  "ransom"  them  or  have  them  burned — usually  at  a  price  of 
$1,000  or  more.  Women  were  not  molested,  except  in  the  search  of 


. 


620 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Morgan  burned  the  "Alice  Dean,"  but  not  the  "J.  T.  McComb,"  and 
instead  of  using  the  latter  at  once  for  putting  his  troops  across  the 
river,  Shackelford  sent  her  up  to  Louisville  for  transports,  and  so  Mor- 
gan had  twenty-four  hours  start  of  his  pursuers  in  Indiana. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  9th,  Morgan  started  north  to  Corydon. 
Near  Corydon  he  encountered  a  force  of  Home  Guards,  posted  behind 
rail  barricades,  and  a  tight  ensued,  in  which  the  Home  Guards  lost  four 
killed  and  two  wounded,  while  Morgan  had  eight  killed  and  thirty- 
three  wounded.  But  Morgan's  artillery  put  an  end  to  the  resistance,  and 
300  Home  Guards  surrendered  and  were  at  once  paroled.  They  de- 
layed the  raiders  so  much  that  they  made  only  14  miles  that  day,  or 
about  one-third  of  their  average  distance.  After  a  short  stay  at  Cory- 
don, Morgan  moved  north  again,  camped  for  a  few.  hours  near  Palmyra, 
and  reached  Salem  at  nine  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  10th.  They 
left  there  at  two  in  the  afternoon,  and  moved  east  to  Vienna  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Jeffersonvillc  Railroad,  where  they  captured  the  tele- 
graph operator  before  he  could  send  out  a  warning  message,  and,  by 
listening  to  messages  going  over  the  lines,  learned  of  the  preparations 
being  made  for  their  reception.  Word  of  the  invasion  reached  Louis- 
ville on  the  afternoon  of  the  9th,  and  was  at  once  telegraphed  to  Gov- 
ernor Morton,  reaching  him  about  three  o'clock.  Morton  at  once  is- 
sued a  proclamation  calling  on  all  able-bodied  white  male  citizens  of  the 
counties  south  of  the  National  Road,  to  assemble,  form  companies,  arm 
themselves,  and  drill.  By  the  llth,  15,000  improvised  militia  had 
reported,  and  two  days  later  there  were  over  60,000.  The  alarm  was 
widespread.  Morgan  kept  parties  scouting  for  five  or  ten  miles  on 
both  sides  of  his  line  of  inarch,  and  the  reports  of  his  force  were  greatly 
exaggerated,  and  wild  rumors  located  him  at  places  where  he  did  not 
go.  Louisville  sent  a  million  and  a  half  of  specie  north  for  safety,  and 
Indianapolis  banks  did  likewise,  for-  it  was  thought  for  a  time  that  .Mor- 
gan was  heading  for  the  State  capital.  But  this  was  no  part  of  lii-; 
plan.  From  Vienna  they  moved  east  to  Lexington,  near  which  they 
camped  most  of  the  night ;  then  on  to  Vernon,  where  they  found  a 
force  of  Home  Guards  out  to  protect  the  town.  These  asked  time  to  re- 
move non-combatants,  which  was  promptly  granted;  and  while  tln-y 
were  getting  ready  to  fight,  Morgan  drew  his  force  off  on  the  road  to 
Dupout  and  left  them.  They  crossed  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  16  miles  north  of  Lawrenceburg.  burning  bridges,  tearing 
up  rails,  and  cutting  telegraph  wires,  as  they  did  all  along  their  route. 
They  reached  Harrison  on  Monday,  the  13th,  crossed  the  Whitewater, 
and  burned  the  bridge  after  them.  As  the  advance  of  Hobson's  pur- 
suing force  came  down  into  th?  valley,  to  »nter  Harrison,  they  saw  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


621 


rear  of  Morgan's  party  moving  up  the  hill  to  the  east.  Morgan  was 
out  of  Indiana,  and  his  further  pursuit  and  capture  belong  to  the  his- 
tory of  Ohio  and  of  the"  nation. 


• 


ROUTE  OP  MORGAN  's  RAID 


In  this  raid  Morgan's  men  not  only  "lived  on  the  country,"  in  the 
military  sense,  but  robbed  private  citizens  of  their  valuables  like  or- 
dinary highwaymen.  Millers,  and  owners  of  manufactories  were  re- 
quired to  "ransom"  them  or  have  them  burned — usually  at  a  price  of 
$1,000  or  more.  Women  were  not  molested,  except  in  the  search  of 


622  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

houses  for  money,  in  the  course  of  which  beds  were  ripped  up,  furni- 
ture broken,  and  mirrors  thrown  down.  Stores  were  plundered  promis- 
cuously, and  with  a  wanton  spirit  that  might  have  been  expected  from 
a  lot  of  drunken  Halloween  roysterers.  Gen.  Basil  Duke  freely  ad- 
mits this,  as  follows:  "This  disposition  for  wholesale  plunder  ex- 
ceeded anything  that  any  of  us  had  ever  seen  before.  The  men  seemed 
actuated  by  a  desire  to  'pay  off'  in  the  'enemy's  country'  all  scores  that 
the  Federal  army  had  chalked  up  in  the  South.  The  great  cause  for 
apprehension,  which  our  situation  might  have  inspired,  seemed  only  to 
make  them  reckless.  Calico  was  the  staple  article  of  appropriation — 
each  man  (who  could  get  one)  tied  a  bolt  of  it  to  his  saddle,  only  to 
throw  it  away  and  get  a  fresh  one  at  the  first  opportunity.  They  did 
not  pillage  with  any  sort  of  method  or  reason — it  seemed  to  be  a  mania, 
senseless  and  purposeless.  One  man  carried  a  bird-cage,  with  thrte 
canaries  in  it,  for  two  days.  Another  rode  with  a  chafing  dish,  which 
looked  like  a  small  metallic  coffin,  on  the  pommel  of  his  saddle,  until 
an  officer  forced  him  to  throw  it  away.  Although  the  weather  was  in- 
tensely warm,  another,  still,  slung  seven  pairs  of  skates  around  his  necK, 
and  chuckled  over  his  acquisition.  I  saw  very  few  artices  of  real  value 
taken — they  pillaged  like  boys  robbing  an  orchard.  I  would  not  have 
believed  that  such  a  passion  could  have  been  developed,  so  ludicrously, 
among  any  body  of  civilized  men.  At  Piketon,  Ohio,  some  days  later, 
one  man  broke  through  the  guard  posted  at  t  store,  rushed  in  ( trembling 
with  excitement  and  avarice),  and  filled  his  pockets  with  horn  but- 
tons. They  would  (with  few  exceptions)  throw  away  their  plunder 
after  a  while,  like  children  tired  of  their  toys.  *  *  *  Passing 
through  Dupont  a  little  after  daylight,  a  new  feature  in  the  practice  of 
appropriation  was  developed.  A  large  meat  packing  establishment  was 
in  this  town,  and  each  man  had  a  ham  slung  to  his  saddle.  There  was 
no  difficulty  at  any  time  in  supplying  men  and  horses,  in  either  Indiana 
or  Ohio — forage  and  provisions  were  to  be  had  in  abundance,  stop 
where  we  would.  There  is  a  custom  prevailing  in  those  States,  which  is 
of  admirable  assistance  to  soldiery,  and  should  be  encouraged — a  prar- 
tice  of  baking  bread  once  a  week  in  large  quantities.  Every  house  is 
full  of  it.  The  people  were  still  laboring  under  vast  apprehensions  re- 
garding us,  and  it  was  a  rare  thing  to  see  an  entire  family  remaining 
at  home.  The  men  met  us  oftener  in  their  capacity  of  militia  than  at 
their  houses,  and  the  'Copperheads'  and  'Vallandinghamers'  fought 
harder  than  the  others.  Wherever  we  passed,  bridges  and  depots,  water- 
tanks,  etc.,  were  burned  and  the  railroads  torn  up,  but  I  knew  of  but 
one  private  dwelling  being  burned  upon  the  entire  raid,  and  we  were 
fired  upon  from  that  one."27 


Hist,  of  Morgan  'g  Cavalry,  pp.  436-9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  623 

The  private  dwelling  referred  to  was  that  of  Rev.  Peter  Glenn, 
south  of  Corydon.  Glenn  attempted  to  enter  the  house  after  it  was  fired, 
after  being  ordered  to  desist,  and  was  shot  and  killed.  There  were 
about  18  non-eombatants  killed  by  the  raiders  in  Indiana,  most  of  them 
for  not  obeying  orders  to  halt.  The  amount  of  damage  done  was  not 
so  large  as  might  have  been  expected.  In  1867,  the  General  Assembly 
provided  for  a  commission  to  pass  on  claims  for  damages  in  the  Mor- 
gan raid,  and  the  State  finally  allowed  and  paid  $413,599.48  for  damage 
done  and  property  taken.  The  State  was  later  reimbursed  in  part  by 
the  United  States  government.  The  scare  was  so  widespread,  and  the 
damage  so  much  less  than  feared,  that  the  invasion  was  largely  a  mat- 
ter of  jest  for  years  afterwards;  and  in  fact  it  was  probably  worth  all 
it  cost  in  rousing  the  people  to  the  importance  of  supporting  the  Union 
cause,  and  keeping  the  war  as  far  away  from  Indiana  as  possible.  It 
also  convinced  the  Confederates  that  there  was  very  little  sympathy 
for  them  north  of  the  Ohio,  as  indicated  by  Gen.  Duke,  above.  This  was 
confirmed  on  all  sides  at  the  time.  Gen.  Shackelford  says  of  Indiana, 
in  his  official  report :  ' '  The  kindness,  hospitality,  and  patriotism  of 
that  noble  state,  as  exhibited  on  the  passage  of  the  Federal  forces,  was 
sufficient  to  convince  the  most  consummate  traitor  of  the  impossibility 
of  severing  this  great  Union.  Ohio  seemed  to  vie  with  her  sister  Indi- 
ana in  facilitating  our  pursuit  after  the  great  Rebel  raider.  In  each 
of  these  two  great  states  our  troops  were  fed  and  furnished  with  water 
from  the  hands  of  men,  women  and  children ;  from  the  palace  and  hut 
alike  we  shared  their  hospitality."  Gen.  Hobson  said  in  his  report: 
"And  to  the  citizens  of  Indiana  and  Ohio  who  so  generously  came  to 
our  assistance,  and  so  generously  provided  for  our  wants,  I  return  my 
thanks,  and  I  assure  them  they  will  ever  be  held  in  grateful  remern- 
berance  by  all  the  command."  Morton  issued  a  proclamation  of  thanks 
to  the  "minute  men,"  in  which  he  stated  that  Morgan  unquestionably 
intended  originally  to  sack  the  capital,  but  had  been  prevented  by  the1 
popular  resistance.  "This  wonderful  uprising  will  exert  a  marked 
effect  throughout  the  country,  exhibiting  as  it  does  in  the  strongest  and 
most  favorable  light  the  military  spirit  and  patriotism  of  our  people. 
*  *  *  For  the  alacrity  with  which  you  have  responded  to  my  call 
and  left  your  harvest  fields,  your  workshops  and  offices,  and  took  up 
arms  to  protect  your  State  and  punish  the  invaders,  allow  me,  on 
behalf  of  the  State  to  tender  my  hearty  thanks.  Your  example  will 
not  be  lost  upon  the  nation,  and  you  have  taught  the  Rebels  a  lesson 
which  will  not  be  forgotten." 

The  Journal  joined  in  the  common  testimony,  on  July  15,  saying: 
"Political  differences  were  for  the  moment  forgotten,  and  feuds  that 


624  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

had  long  separated  friends  were  lost  in  the  overwhelming  patriotism, 
and  men  clasped  hands  and  marched  shoulder  to  shoulder  as  friends 
again.  *  *  *  We  thank  Morgan  for  this  raid.  It  has  evolved  our 
patriotism;  it  has  given  us  a  marvelous  unity;  it  has  organized  our 
state  forces  and  rendered  them  efficient  for  any  emergency ;  it  has  effec- 
tually cowed  down  sympathy  with  rebels;  more  than  all  it  .has  taught 
the  raider,  who  loves  to  plunder  and  lay  waste  more  than  he  does  to 
fight,  that  no  part  of  the  North  is  what  Grierson  found  the  South  to  be, 
a  mere  empty  shell."  But  this  did  not  last.  The  Journal  was  soon 
arguing  that  Morgan  could  not  possibly  have  got  out  of  Indiana,  if  he 
had  not  been  aided  by  copperheads,  and  the  Sentinel  was  demonstrat- 
ing that  Morgan's  escape  was  due  to  official  blundering,  and  especially 
holding  troops  to  protect  Indianapolis.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting 
testimony  in  that  connection  is  the  report  of  Gen.  Hascall,  made  some 
time  later,  in  which  he  says:  "It  soon  became  evident  that  Morgan  had 
no  serious  intention  of  attacking  the  capital,  but  was  trying  to  escape 
through  Ohio.  To  prevent  this  Brigadier  General  Carrington  was  or- 
dered to  proceed  with  three  regiments  of  minute  men  and  a  battery  of 
artillery,  by  way  of  Richmond  and  Hamilton,  to  intercept  Morgan  at 
or  near  Loveland,  north  of  Cincinnati.  He  was  ordered  to  proceed  at 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  13th  day  of  July,  and  the  trains 
were  said  to  have  been  in  readiness  at  that  time.  At  nine  o'clock  at 
night,  however,  he  had  not  gone,  and  General  Willcox  thereupon  sus- 
pended him  from  command,  and  ordered  me  to  proceed  with  the  troops-, 
which  I  did,  arriving  at  the  point  of  destination  'just  in  time  to  be  too 
late.'  The  few  hours  lost  in  starting  from  Indianapolis  gave  the  rebel 
marauder  ample  time  to  pass  the  proposed  point  of  attack  without  de- 
tention, and  the  last  opportunity  offered  to  Indiana  troops  to  inflict 
chastisement  on  the  fleeing  enemy  was  thus  lost.28 

It  was  in  this  connection  that  George  W.  Julian  entered  military 
life.  Julian  says:  "Messengers  were  at  once  dispatched  to  all  parts 
of  Wayne  County  conveying  the  news  of  the  invasion,  and  the  next 
morning  the  people  came  pouring  in  from  all  directions,  while  the  great- 
est excitement  prevailed.  The  town  had  eighty  muskets,  belonging  to 
the  Home  Guard,  and  I  took  one  of  them,  which  I  afterward  exchanged 
for  a  good  French  rifle ;  and  having  put  on  the  military  equipments,  and 
supplied  myself  with  a  blanket  and  canteen,  I  was  ready  for  marching 
orders.  The  volunteers  who  rallied  at  Centreville  were  shipped  to  In- 
dianapolis, and  were  about  seven  hours  on  the  way.  I  was  a  member 
of  Company  C,  and  the  regiment  to  which  I  belonged  was  the  One  Hun- 


=8  Terrell  'a  Report,  Vol.  1,  p.  277. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  625 

dred  and  Sixth,  and  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Isaac  P.  Gray.  Of  the 
force  which  responded  to  the  call  of  the  Governor,  thirteen  regiments 
and  one  battalion  were  organized  specially  for  the  emergency,  and  sent 
into  the  field  in  different  directions,  except  the  One  Hundred  and 
Tenth  and  the  One  hundred  and  Eleventh,  which  remained  at  Indian- 
apolis. The  One  Hundred  and  Sixth  was  shipped  by  rail  to  Cincinnati, 
and  but  for  a  detention  of  several  hours  at  Indianapolis,  caused  by  the 
drunkenness  of  an  officer  high  in  command,  it  might  possibly  have 
encountered  Morgan  near  Hamilton,  the  next  morning,  on  the  way 
South.  *  *  *  We  were  reshipped  to  Indianapolis  by  rail,  where  we 
were  mustered  out  of  service  and  returned  to  our  homes  after  a  cam- 
paign of  eight  days.  This  was  the  sum  of  my  military  experience,  but 
it  afforded  me  some  glimpses  of  the  life  of  a*  soldier,  and  supplied  me 
with  some  startling  facts  respecting  the  curse  of  intemperance  in  our 
armies.29 

The  civil  history  of  Indiana  during  the  war  is  not  so  gratifying  as  the 
military  history,  and  the  ordinary  idea  of  it  has  given  the  State  a  repu- 
tation that  is  not  deserved.  As  has  been  noted,  in  1861,  after  Sumter 
was  fired  on,  Indiana  was  practically  a  unit  for  the  suppression  of  the 
rebellion,  as  was  specially  evidenced  by  the  special  session  of  the  legis- 
lature which  was  convened  after  the  war  had  so  begun.  It  subordinated 
all  considerations  of  party,  and  gave  Governor  Morton  even  more  than 
he  asked.  No  governor  had  ever  had  such  power  in  Indiana  as  was 
conferred  on  him  by  law  at  this  time.  The  legislative  enthusiasm  for 
the  preservation,  of  the  Union  was  simply  an  illustration  of  the  general 
feeling.  That  there  were  some  Southern  sympathizers  in  Indiana  is 
unquestionable,  but  they  were  few  in  number,  and  no  more  numerous 
than  the  average  in  the  Northern  States.  Some  of  them  left  the  State 
and  went  South,  as  was  easy  on  account  of  the  geographical  relation, 
and  those  who  remained  were  neither  active  nor  influential.  And  yet. 
with  a  people  enthusiastic  for  war,  with  himself  at  the  head  of  the  war 
management,  with  his  devotion  to  the  war  unquestioned,  Morton  lost 
political  control  of  the  State  in  eighteen  months.  In  1862  the  people 
elected  Democratic  State  officers  (excepting  the  Governor  and  Lieu- 
tenant Governor)  and  a  Democratic  legislature.  There  were  two  sena- 
tors to  be  elected,  one  for  a  full  term,  and  one  for  the  unexpired  term  of 
Jesse  D.  Bright.  The  Democratic  members  were  unanimously  for 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  for  the  full  term,  and  practically  so  for  David 
Turpie  for  the  short  term,  although  Bright  was  on  hand  -asking  a  re- 
election for  "vindication."  The  Republicans  undertook  to  control  thi 


Political  Recollections,  p.  232. 


626 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Democratic  nominations,  and  began  bolting  to  prevent  the  election  of 
Hendricks  and  Turpie.  Foulke  says:  "They  believed  that  Hendricks, 
one  of  the  candidates  for  the  Senate,  was  not  in  favor  of  the  war,  and 
would  advocate  a  separate  political  union  of  the  Northwestern  states, 
as  foreshadowed  in  his  speech  of  January  8,  1862.  They  did  not  intend 
that  he  should  be  elected,  unless  with  some  pledge  of  loyalty,  or  upon 


DAVID  TURPIE 

resolution  which  would  require  his  support  of  the  war.  *  *  *  The 
withdrawal  of  the  Republican  senators,  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  a 
quorum  and  preventing  the  election  of  Hendricks  and  Turpie  to  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  was  a  mistake.  The  Democrats  had  the 
undoubted  right  to  elect  those  senators.  While  Hendricks  had  not  sup- 
ported the  war,  he  had  not  actively  opposed  it,  and  his  declarations  in 
favor  of  the  union  of  the  Northwest  made  in  the  convention  of  the  8th  of 
January,  1862,  were  ambiguous.  He  would  be  powerless  in  the  Federal 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  627 

Senate  to  accomplish  any  great  evil  in  the  face  of  the  Republican  ma- 
jority, and  if  his  conduct  became  objectionable  in  the  same  way  that 
Mr.  Bright 's  had  been,  he  could  be  removed  by  the  action  of  that  body. 
There  was  no  need  for  the  Republican  senators  to  assume  the  extreme 
position  which  they  did  at  the  outset  of  the  session."  30  Apparently  not. 
Turpie  says:  "After  the  election  I  called  at  the  governor's  office.  Mr. 
Morton  gave  me  my  commission  with  his  best  wishes  for  my  personal 
success,  observing  also  that  the  honors  of  our  party  had  been  justly  and 
deservedly  awarded.  This  remark  I  repeated  to  Mr.  Hendricks,  since  it 
was  doubtless  intended  as  a  compliment  to  both  the  senators  elect.  All 
these  things  were  very  pleasant. ' '  81  What  Mr.  Hendricks  had  said  was 
that  in  case  the  South  achieved  its  independence,  the  interests  of  the 
Northwest  were  with  it,  rather  than  with  New  England;  which  seemed 
rather  obvious  at  the  time,  as  Governor  Morton  wrote  to  Lincoln,  on 
October  27,  1862: 

"The  fate  of  the  North  is  trembling  in  the  balance.  The  result  of 
the  late  elections  admonishes  all  who  understand  its  import  that  not  an 
hour  is  to  be  lost.  The  Democratic  politicians  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and 
Illinois  assume  that  the  rebellion  will  not  be  crushed,  and  that  the 
independence  of  the  rebel  Confederacy  will,  before  many  months,  be 
practically  acknowledged.  Starting  upon  this  hypothesis,  they  ask  the 
question,  'What  shall  be  the  destiny  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois? 
Shall  they  remain  attached  to  the  old  government,  or  shall  they  secede 
and  form  a  new  one — a  Northwestern  Confederacy — as  a  preparatory 
step  to  annexation  with  the  South  1  The  latter  project  is  the  programme, 
and  has  been  for  the  last  twelve  months.  During  the  recent  campaign  it 
was  the  staple  of  every  Democratic  speech — that  we  had  no  interests  or 
sympathies  in  common  with  the  people  of  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
states ;  that  New  England  is  fattening  at  our  expense ;  that  the  people 
of  New  England  are  cold,  selfish,  money-making,  and,  through  the 
medium  of  tariffs  and  railroads,  are  pressing  us  to  the  dust ;  that 
geographically  these  states  are  a  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and,  in 
their  political  associations  and  destiny,  can  not  be  separated  from  the 
other  states  of  that  valley;  that  socially  and  commercially  their  sym- 
pathies and  interests  are  with  the  people  of  the  Southern  states  rather 
than  with  the  people  of  the  North  and  East ;  that  the  Mississippi  river 
is  the  great  artery  and  outlet  of  all  Western  commerce ;  that  the  people 
of  the  Northwest  can  never  consent  to  be  separated  politically  from  the 
people  who  control  the  mouth  of  that  river;  that  this  war  has  been 
forced  upon  the  South  for  the  purpose  of  abolishing  slavery,  and  that 

*   so  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  214,  219. 
»»  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  p.  200. 


626 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Democratic  nominations,  and  began  bolting  to  prevent  the  election  of 
Hendricks  and  Turpie.  Foulke  says:  "They  believed  that  Hendricks, 
one  of  the  candidates  for  the  Senate,  was  not  in  favor  of  the  war,  and 
would  advocate  a  separate  political  union  of  the  Northwestern  states, 
as  foreshadowed  in  his  speech  of  January  8,  1862.  They  did  not  intend 
that  he  should  lie  elected,  unless  with  some  pledge  of  loyalty,  or  upon 


' 

• 
• 


• 


DAVID  TURPIE 


resolution  which  would  require  his  support  of  the  war.  *  *  *  The 
withdrawal  of  the  Republican  senators,  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  a 
quorum  and  preventing  the  election  of  Hendricks  and  Turpie  to  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  was  a  mistake.  The  Democrats  had  the 
undoubted  right  to  elect  those  senators.  While  Hendricks  had  not  sup- 
ported the  war,  he  had  not  actively  opposed  it,  and  his  declarations  in 
favor  of  the  union  of  the  Northwest  made  in  the  convention  of  the  8th  of 
January,  1862.  were  ambiguous.  He  would  be  powerless  in  the  Federal 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  627 


Senate  to  accomplish  any  great  evil  in  the  face  of  the  Republican  ma- 
jority, and  if  his  conduct  became  objectionable  in  the  same  way  that 
Mr.  Bright 's  had  been,  he  could  be  removed  by  the  action  of  that  body. 
There  was  no  need  for  the  Republican  senators  to  assume  the  extreme 
position  which  they  did  at  the  outset  of  the  session."  30  Apparently  not. 
Turpie  says:  "After  the  election  I  called  at  the  governor's  office.  Mr. 
Morton  gave  me  my  commission  with  his  best  wishes  for  my  personal 
success,  observing  also  that  the  honors  of  our  party  had  been  justly  and 
deservedly  awarded.  This  remark  I  repeated  to  Mr.  Hendricks,  since  it 
was  doubtless  intended  as  a  compliment  to  both  the  senators  elect.  All 
these  things  were  very  pleasant. ' '  31  What  Mr.  Hendricks  had  said  was 
that  in  case  the  South  achieved  its  independence,  the  interests  of  the 
Northwest  were  with  it,  rather  than  with  New  England:  which  seemed 
rather  obvious  at  the  time,  as  Governor  Morton  wrote  to  Lincoln,  on 
October  27,  1862 : 

"The  fate  of  the  North  is  trembling  in  the  balance.  The  result  of 
the  late  elections  admonishes  all  who  understand  its  import  that  not  an 
hour  is  to  lie  lost.  The  Democratic  politicians  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and 
Illinois  assume  that  the  rebellion  will  not  be  crushed,  and  that  the 
independence  of  the  rebel  Confederacy  will,  before  many  mouths,  be 
practically  acknowledged.  Starting  upon  this  hypothesis,  they  ask  the 
question,  'What  shall  be  the  destiny  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois? 
Shall  they  remain  attached  to  the  old  government,  or  shall  they  secede 
and  form  a  new  one — a  Northwestern  Confederacy — as  a  preparatory 
step  to  annexation  with  the  South  1  The  latter  project  is  the  programme, 
and  has  been  for  the  last  twelve  months.  During  the  recent  campaign  it 
was  the  staple  of  every  Democratic  speech — that  we  had  no  interests  or 
sympathies  in  common  with  the  people  of  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
states;  that  New  England  is  fattening  at  our  expense;  that  the  people 
of  New  England  are  cold,  selfish,  money-making,  and,  through  the 
medium  of  tariffs  and  railroads,  are  pressing  us  to  the  dust ;  that 
geographically  these  states  are  a  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and,  in 
their  political  associations  and  destiny,  can  not  be  separated  from  the 
other  states  of  that  valley;  that  socially  and  commercially  their  sym- 
pathies and  interests  are  with  the  people  of  the  Southern  states  rather 
than  with  the  people  of  the  North  and  East :  that  the  Mississippi  river 
is  the  great  artery  and  outlet  of  all  Western  commerce ;  that  the  people 
of  the  Northwest  can  never  consent  to  be  separated  politically  from  the 
people  who  control  the  mouth  of  that  river;  that  this  war  has  been 

forced  upon  the  South  for  the  purpose  of  abolishing  slavery,  and  that 

^ 

'    so  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  214,  219. 
«  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  p.  200. 


628  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  South  has  offered  reasonable  and  proper  compromises  which,  if  they 
had  been  accepted,  would  have  avoided  the  war.  In  some  of  these  argu- 
ments there  is  much  truth.  Our  geographical  and  social  relations  are  not 
to  be  denied;  but  the  most  potent  appeal  is  that  connected  with  the 
free  navigation  and  control  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  importance  of 
that  river  to  the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  Northwest  is  so  patent  as  to 
impress  itself  with  great  force  upon  the  most  ignorant  minds,  and  re- 
quires only  to  be  stated  to  be  at  once  understood  and  accepted,  and  I 
give  it  here  as  my  deliberate  judgment  that,  should  the  misfortune  of 
our  arms,  or  other  causes,  compel  us  to  the  abandonment  of  this  war 
and  the  concession  of  the  independence  of  the  rebel  states — Ohio, 
Indiana  and  Illinois  can  only  be  prevented  from  a  new  act  of  secession 
by  a  bloody  and  desolating  civil  war.  The  South  would  have  the  prestige 
of  success:  the  commerce  of  the  world  would  be  opened  to  feed  and 
furnish  her  armies,  and  she  would  contend  for  every  foot  of  land  west 
of  the  Alleghenies,  and  in  the  struggle  would  be  supported  by  a  powerful 
party  in  these  states. 

' '  If  the  states  which  have  already  seceded  should  succeed  in  their 
rebellion,  our  efforts  must  then  be  directed  to  the  preservation  of  what 
is  left;  to  maintaining  in  the  Union  those  which  are  termed  loyal,  and 
to  retaining  the  territories  of  the  West.  God  grant  that  this  contingency 
may  never  happen,  but  it  becomes  us,  as  men,  to  look  it  boldly  in  the 
face.  Let  us  take  security  against  it  if  possible,  especially  when  by  so 
doing  we  shall  be  pursuing  the  surest  mode  for  crushing  out  the  rebellion 
in  every  part,  and  restoring  the  Union  to  its  former  limits.  The  plan 
which  I  have  to  suggest  is  the  complete  clearing  out  of  all  obstacles  to 
the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  thorough  conquest  of 
the  states  upon  its  western  bank.  Between  the  state  of  Missouri  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  western  bank,  are  the  states  of  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana.  Arkansas  has  a  population  of  about  three  hundred  and 
twenty-five  thousand  white  citizens  and  one  hundred  and  eleven  thousand 
slaves,  and  a  very  large  percentage  of  her  white  population  is  in  the 
rebel  army,  and  serving  east  of  the  Mississippi.  Of  the  fighting  popula- 
tion of  western  Louisiana  not  less  than  fifty  per  cent  is  in  the  rebel 
army,  and  in  service  east  of  the  river.  The  river  once  in  our  possession 
and  occupied  by  our  gunboats  can  never  be  crossed  by  a  rebel  army, 
and  the  fighting  men  now  without  those  states  can  never  get  back  to 
their  relief.  To  make  their  conquest  thorough  and  complete  your 
proclamation  should  be  executed  in  every  county  and  every  township 
and  upon  every  plantation.  All  this  can  be  done  in  less  than  ninety 
days  with*  an  army  of  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  men.  Texas 
would  then  be  entirely  isolated  from  the  rebel  Confederacy,  and  would 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  629 

readily  fall  into  our  hand*.  She  has  undoubtedly  a  large  Union  element 
in  her  population,  and  with  her  complete  separation  from  the  people 
of  the  other  rebel  states,  could  make  but  feeble  resistance.  The  remain- 
ing rebel  states,  separated  by  the  river,  would  be  cut  off  effectually  from 
all  the  territories  and  from  the  states  of  Mexico.  The  dangers  to  be 
apprehended  from  French  aggressions  in  Mexico  would  be  avoided.  The 
entire  western  part  of  the  continent  now  belonging  to  the  government 
would  be  secured  to  us,  and  all  communication  between  the  rebel  states 
and  the  states  of  the  Pacific  entirely  stopped.  The  work  of  conquest 
in  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  would  be  easy  and  certain,  and  the  presence 
of  our  gunboats  in  the  river  would  effectually  prevent  any  large  force 
from  coming  from  the  east  to  the  relief  of  those  states.  The  complete 
emancipation  which  could  and  should  be  made  of  all  the  slaves  in 
Arkansas,  Louisiana  and  Texas  would  place  the  possession  of  those 
states  on  a  very  different  footing  from  that  of  any  other  rebel  territory 
which  we  have  heretofore  overrun. 

' '  But  another  result  to  be  gained  by  the  accomplishment  of  this  plan 
will  be  the  creation  of  a  guaranty  against  the  further  depreciation  of 
the  loyalty  of  the  Northwestern  states  by  the  assurance  that  whatever 
may  be  the  result  of  the  war,  the  free  navigation  and  control  of  the 
Mississippi  river  will  be  secured  at  all  events. ' ' 

Aside  from  a  natural  flfesire  to  find  a  foreign  explanation  for  the 
political  reverse  in  Indiana,  there  is  no  reason  to  suspect  the  sincerity 
of  Morton  in  this  letter;  though  the  "plan"  was  a  matter  of  "carrying 
coals  to  Newcastle, ' '  as  the  opening  of  the  Mississippi  was  what  Lincoln 
had  been  striving  for  for  months.  Farragut  and  Butler  had  taken  New 
Orleans  in  April,  and  Natchez  in  May;  but  the  gunboats  had  been  un- 
able to  reduce  the  fortifications  at  Vicksburg,  and  Grant  had  been 
ordered  to  march  on  it  from  Corinth.  Possibly  Morton  was  demonstrat- 
ing his  military  capacity,  for  he  persistently  sought  an  appointment  from 
Lincoln.  Foulke  says :  ' '  Morton 's  restless  energy  was  ill  content  with 
a  merely  civil  office  in  time  of  war.  The  palpable  incompetence  of  many 
of  the  men  who  were  conducting  great  operations  provoked  in  him  an 
eager  desire  to  take  the  field  in  person.  His  natural  gifts  qualified  him 
for  military  leadership.  At  a  very  early  period  he  was  convinced  of  the 
importance  of  dividing  the  Confederacy  along  the  line  of  the  Mississippi 
and  of  cutting  off  the  territory  west  of  the  river  from  the  rest  of  the 
seceding  states.  This  was  before  the  country  realized  the  necessity  of 
the  immense  armies  which  were  afterwards  required.  Morton  proposed 
to  raise  and  command  a  force  of  ten  thousand  men  for  this  purpose. 
William  R.  Holloway,  his  private  secretary,  went  to  Washington  to  lay 
the  plan  before  the  President.  *  *  *  In  the  summer  of  1862, 


. 


630 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Morton's  desire  for  a  military  command  was  again  communicated  to 
the  President.  A  number  of  leading  men  from  the  West  urged  the 
consolidation  of  the  troops  in  that  section  under  Morton 's  command. ' ' 82 
Simultaneously  with  this  movement  the  Journal  opened  a  campaign 
against  General  Grant.  Sulgrove  visited  the  army  after  Shiloh,  and 
on  April  29,  1862,  he  wrote,  for  the  Journal:  "Of  General  Grant  I 


GEN.  JOHN  F.  MILLER,  U.  S.  A. 


heard  much  and  little  to  his  credit.  The  army  may  know  nothing  of 
the  real  guilt  of  the  late  sacrifice  and  the  real  cause  of  the  confusion 
that  was  left  to  arrange  itself  in  a  storm  of  bullets  and  fire,  but  they 
believe  that  Grant  is  at  fault.  No  respect  is  felt  for  him  and  no  con- 
fidence felt  in  him.  I  heard  nobody  attempt  to  exculpate  him,  and  his 
conduct  was  the  one  topic  of  discussion  around  camp  fires  during  my 
stay."  This  attitude  was  maintained  for  months.  On  November  13. 


32  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  180-1. 


.      INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  631 

1862,  the  Journal  said:  "General  Grant  has  been  living  a  good  while 
on  whiskey  and  the  reputation  he  made  without  any  effort  of  his  own 
at  Ft.  Donelson,  and  if  he  has  taken  on  himself  to  defy  his  superiors 
and  flout  his  equals,  he  has  about  exhausted  the  patience  that  his  ficti- 
tious honors  entitle  him  to." 

On  October  7,  1862,  Morton  wrote  to  Lincoln:  "In  my  opinion,  if 
our  arms  do  not  make  great  progress  within  the  next  sixty  days,  our 
cause  will  be  almost  lost.  *  *  *  You  have  now  immense  armies  in 
the  field,  and  all  that  they  require  to  achieve  victory  is  that  they  be 
led  with  energy  and  discretion.  The  cold  professional  leader,  whose 
heart  is  not  in  the  cause,  who  regards  it  as  only  a  professional  job,  and 
whose  rank  and  importance  would  be  greatly  diminished  by  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  war,  will  not  succeed  in  a  contest  like  this.  I  would  rely 
with  infinitely  more  confidence  upon  the  man  of  strong  intellect,  whose 
head  is  inspired  by  his  heart,  who,  although  he  be  unlearned  in  military 
science,  believes  that  our  cause  is  sacred,  and  that  he  is  fighting  for 
all  that  is  dear  to  him  and  his  country,  rather  than  upon  the  polished 
professional  soldier,  whose  sympathies,  if  he  have  any,  are  most  likely 
on  the  other  side.  It  is  my  solemn  conviction  that  we  will  never  succeed 
until  the  leadership  of  our  armies  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  men  who 
are  greatly  in  earnest,  and  who  are  profoundly  convinced  of  the  justice 
of  our  cause.  Let  me  beg  of  you,  sir,  as  I  am  your  friend,  a  friend  of 
the  administration,  and  a  friend  of  our  unfortunate  and  unhappy 
country,  that  you  will  at  once  take  up  the  consideration  of  this  subject, 
and  act  upon  the  inspiration  of  your  own  heart  and  the  dictates  of  your 
own  judgment.  Another  three  months  like  the  last  six,  and  we  are 
lost — lost. ' '  But  Lincoln  was  having  trouble  enough  with  ' '  cold  profes- 
sional leaders"  to  risk  any  experiments  with  "men  of  strong  intellect, 
unlearned  in  military  science, ' '  and  Morton  was  not  appointed.  And  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  Lincoln's  trials  with  his  generals  were  much 
more  worry  to  him  than  listening  to  their  critics.  It  is  related  that 
after  listening  to  a  visitor  berate  one  of  them,  he  said :  ' '  Now  you  are 
just  the  man  I  have  been  looking  for.  I  want  you  to  give  me  your 
advice,  and  tell  me,  if  you  were  in  my  place,  and  had  learned  all  you've 
been  telling,  and  didn  't  believe  a  word  of  it,  what  would  you  do  ? " 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  Morton 's  letter  of  October  27  he  ascribes  the 
political  reversal  chiefly  to  the  lack  of  success  in  the  war,  and  to  a 
belief  that  its  object  was  to  free  the  slaves,  and  not  to  preserve  the 
Union.  Unquestionably  both  of  these  causes  had  weight.  There  had 
been  many  persons  who  doubted  that  the  South  could  be  conquered,  and 
there  had  not  been  much  apparent  progress  towards  it  by  the  fall  of 
1862.  War  conditions  were  not  pleasant  even  to  those  who  were  not 

Tel.  n— I 


630 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Morton's  desire  for  a  military  command  was  again  communicated  to 
the  President.  A  number  of  leading  men  from  the  West  urged  the 
consolidation  of  the  troops  in  that  section  under  Morton's  command."32 
Simultaneously  with  this  movement  the  Journal  opened  a  campaign 
against  General  Grant.  Sulgrove  visited  the  army  after  Shiloh,  and 
on  April  29,  1862,  he  wrote,  for  the  Journal:  "Of  General  Grant  I 


' 


1 


GEN.  JOHN  F.  MILLER,  U.  S.  A. 


heard  much  and  little  to  his  credit.  The  army  may  know  nothing  of 
the  real  guilt  of  the  late  sacrifice  and  the  real  cause  of  the  confusion 
that  was  left  to  arrange  itself  in  a  storm  of  bullets  and  fire,  but  they 
believe  that  Grant  is  at  fault.  No  respect  is  felt  for  him  and  no  con- 
fidence felt  in  him.  I  heard  nobody  attempt  to  exculpate  him,  and  his 
conduct  was  the  one  topic  of  discussion  around  camp  fires  during  my 
stay."  This  attitude  was  maintained  for  months.  On  November  13. 


3=  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  180-1. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  631 

1862,  the  Journal  said:  "General  Grant  has  been  living  a  good  while 
on  whiskey  and  the  reputation  he  made  without  any  effort  of  his  own 
at  Ft.  Donelson,  and  if  he  has  taken  on  himself  to  defy  his  superiors 
and  flout  his  equals,  he  has  about  exhausted  the  patience  that  his  ficti- 
tious honors  entitle  him  to." 

On  October  7,  1862,  Morton  wrote  to  Lincoln :  "  In  my  opinion,  if 
our  arms  do  not  make  great  progress  within  the  next  sixty  days,  our 
cause  will  be  almost  lost.  *  *  *  You  have  now  immense  armies  in 
the  field,  and  all  that  they  require  to  achieve  victory  is  that  they  be 
led  with  energy  and  discretion.  The  cold  professional  leader,  whose 
heart  is  not  in  the  cause,  who  regards  it  as  only  a  professional  job,  and 
whose  rank  and  importance  would  be  greatly  diminished  by  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  war,  will  not  succeed  in  a  contest  like  this.  I  would  rely 
with  infinitely  more  confidence  upon  the  man  of  strong  intellect,  whose 
head  is  inspired  by  his  heart,  who,  although  he  be  unlearned  in  military 
science,  believes  that  our  cause  is  sacred,  and  that  he  is  fighting  for 
all  that  is  dear  to  him  and  his  country,  rather  than  upon  the  polished 
professional  soldier,  whose  sympathies,  if  he  have  any,  are  most  likely 
on  the  other  side.  It  is  my  solemn  conviction  that  we  will  never  succeed 
until  the  leadership  of  our  armies  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  men  who 
are  greatly  in  earnest,  and  who  are  profoundly  convinced  of  the  justice 
of  our  cause.  Let  me  beg  of  you,  sir,  as  I  am  your  friend,  a  friend  of 
the  administration,  and  a  friend  of  our  unfortunate  and  unhappy 
country,  that  you  will  at  once  take  up  the  consideration  of  this  subject, 
and  act  upon  the  inspiration  of  your  own  heart  and  the  dictates  of  your 
own  judgment.  Another  three  months  like  the  last  six,  and  we  are 
lost — lost. ' '  But  Lincoln  was  having  trouble  enough  with  ' '  cold  profes- 
sional leaders"  to  risk  any  experiments  with  "men  of  strong  intellect, 
unlearned  in  military  science, ' '  and  Morton  was  not  appointed.  And  it 
may  be  doubted  whether  Lincoln's  trials  with  his  generals  were  much 
more  worry  to  him  than  listening  to  their  critics.  It  is  related  that 
after  listening  to  a  visitor  berate  one  of  them,  he  said:  "Now  you  are 
just  the  man  I  have  been  looking  for.  I  want  you  to  give  me  your 
advice,  and  tell  me,  if  you  were  in  my  place,  and  had  learned  all  you've 
been  telling,  and  didn  't  believe  a  word  of  it,  what  would  you  do  ? " 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  Morton 's  letter  of  October  27  he  ascribes  the 
political  reversal  chiefly  to  the  lack  of  success  in  the  war,  and  to  a 
belief  that  its  object  was  to  free  the  slaves,  and  not  to  preserve  the 
Union.  Unquestionably  both  of  these  causes  had  weight.  There  had 
been  many  persons  who  doubted  that  the  South  could  be  conquered,  and 
there  had  not  been  much  apparent  progress  towards  it  by  the  fall  of 

1862.     War  conditions  were  not  pleasant  even  to  those  who  were  not 

vol.  n— s 


•  .•;./•.• 
632  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

actively  engaged  in  it.  Prices  had  almost  doubled,  and  taxes  had  in- 
creased enormously.  The  negro  question  was  quite  as  prominent  as 
before  the  war,  and  there  had  been  a  lurking  suspicion  from  the  first 
that  the  war  was  an  abolition  scheme,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  war 
nine-tenths  of  the  people  of  Indiana  were  utterly  opposed  to  abolition, 
and  almost  equally  so  to  the  negro.  At  the  special  legislative  session 
of  1861,  which  was  so  enthusiastically  for  the  war,  there  were  two 
manifestations  of  these  sentiments.  On  April  29,  Representative  Owen 
introduced  a  bill  making  any  white  person  who  married  a  negro  or 
mulatto  incompetent  as  a  witness.  On  May  9,  the  Committee  on  Rights 
and  Privileges  recommended  the  indefinite  postponement  of  this  bill, 
on  the  ground  that  such  a  marriage  was  a  nullity,  and  that  "any  white 
person  who  would  debase  themselves  .so  low  as  to  intermarry  with  a 
mulatto  or  negro  should  not  be  debased  any  lower  by  an  act  of  the 
Legislature."  This  recommendation  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  58  to 
18,  but  on  May  31,  the  bill  was  laid  on  the  table.  Both  houses  had  joint 
resolutions  "in  relation  to  neutrality  in  time  of  war,"  and  "constitu- 
tional obligations"  of  the  states  and  the  United  States,  and  on  April 
30,  the  Senate  added  to  its  resolutions  the  declaration  "Nor  is  it  the 
intention  of  the  State  of  Indiana  that  any  portion  of  her  resources  of 
either  men  or  money  shall  ever  be  employed,  either  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, in  any  aggression  upon  the  institution  of  slavery,  or  any  other 
constitutional  right  belonging  to  any  of  the  States. ' ' 33  This  addition 
was  recommended  by  the  Committee  on  Federal  Relations,  and  adopted 
by  consent,  and  yet  within  two  years  the  same  sentiment  was  treated 
as  disloyal.  Two  years  of  war  worked  a  revolution  of  sentiment  that 
was  astounding.  The  abominated  abolitionist  was  having  his  day,  and 
Indiana  had  her  representative  in  the  foremost  ranks.  On  January 
14,  1862,  George  W.  Julian  delivered  a  speech  in  Congress  in  which  he 
urged  that  slavery  was  the  cause  of  the  rebellion,  and  its  support ;  and 
demanded  its  abolition.  His  logic  was  perfect — his  invective  terrific. 

He  said:  "This  black  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  the  Republic, 
which  has  armed  half  a  million  of  men  in  its  work  of  treason,  piracy 
and  murder, — this  magnificent  spectacle  of  total  depravity  made  easy 
in  real  life,  is  the  crowning  flower  and  fruit  of  our  partnership  with 
the  sum  of  all  the  villanies.  All  the  crimes  and  horrors  of  this  struggle 
for  national  existence  cry  out  against  it,  and  demand  its  utter  political 
damnation.  In  the  fires  of  the  revolution  which  it  has  kindled,  it  has 
painted  its  own  character  with  a  pencil  dipped  in  hell.  The  lives  sac- 
rificed in  the  war  it  has  waged,  the  agonies  of  the  battle-field,  the  bodies 


33  Sen.  Journal,  p.  59. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  633 

and  limbs  mangled  and  majmed  for  life,  the  widows  and  orphans  made 
to  mourn,  the  moral  ravages  of  war,  the  waste  of  property,  the  burning 
of  bridges,  the  robbery  of  forts,  arsenals,  navy-yards,  and  mints,  the 
public  sanction  and  practice  of  piracy,  and  the  imminent  peril  to  which 
the  cause  of  free  government  throughout  the  world  is  subjected,  all 
write  their  deep  brand  upon  slavery  as  a  Christless  outlaw,  and  plead 
with  us  to  smite  it  in  the  name  of  God.  *  *  *  I  know  it  was  not  the 
purpose  of  this  administration,  at  first,  to  abolish  slavery,  but  only  to 
save  the  Union,  and  maintain  the  old  order  of  things.  Neither  was  it  the 
purpose  of  our  fathers,  in  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  to  insist  on 
independence.  Before  the  first  battles  were  fought,  a  reconciliation  could 
have  been  secured  simply  by  removing  the  grievance  which  led  to  arms. 
But  events  soon  prepared  the  people  to  demand  absolute  separation. 
Similar  facts  may  tell  the  story  of  the  present  struggle.  *  *  *  The 
rebels  have  demanded  a  'reconstruction'  on  the  basis  of  slavery;  let  us 
give  them  a  'reconstruction'  on  the  basis  of  freedom.  Let  us  convert 
the  rebel  States  into  conquered  provinces,  remanding  them  to  the  status 
of  mere  Territories,  and  governing  them  as  such  in  our  discretion. 

*  *     *     As  we  are  freed  from  all  antecedent  obligations,  we  should 
deal  with  this  remorseless  oligarchy  as  if  we  were  now  at  the  beginning 
of  the  nation's  life,  and  about  to  lay  the  foundation  of  empire  in  these 
States  for  ages  to  come.     Our  failure  to  give  freedom  to  four  millions 
of  slaves  would  be  a  crime  only  to  be  measured  by  that  of  putting  them 
in  chains  if  they  were  free.  •  *     *     *    A  right  to  subdue  the  rebels 
carries  with  it  a  right  to  employ  the  means  of  doing  it,  and  of  doing  it 
effectively,  and  with  the  least  possible  cost.     *     *     *     The  rebels  use 
their  slaves  in  building  fortifications;  shall  we  not  invite  them  to  our 
lines,  and  employ  them  in  the  same  business?    The  rebels  employ  them 
in  raising  the  provisions,  without  which  their  armies  must  perish ;  shall 
we  not  entice  them  to  join  our  standard,  and  thus  compel  the  enemy 
to  reinforce  the  plantation  by  weakening  the  army?    The  rebels  employ 
them  as  cooks,  nurses,  teamsters  and  scouts;  shall  we  decline  such  serv- 
ices in  order  to  spare  slavery  ?     The  rebels  organize  regiments  of  black 
men,  who  shoot  down  our  loyal  white  soldiers;  shall  we  sacrifice  our 
sons  and  brothers  for  the  sake  of  slavery,  refusing  to  put  black  men 
against  black  men,  when  the  highest  interests  of  both  white  and  black 
plead  for  it? 

"Sir,  when  the  history  of  this  rebellion  shall  be  written,  its  saddest 
pages  will  record  the  careful  and  studious  tenderness  of  the  administra- 
tion toward  American  slavery.  I  say  this  with  the  sincerest  regret. 

*  *     *    Instead  of  making  slavery  the  special  point  of  attack,  as  the 
weak  point  of  the  enemy,  the  policy  of  the  administration  has  been  that 


634  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  perpetual  deference  to  its  claims.  The  government  speaks  of  it  with, 
bated  breath.  It  handles  it  with  kid  gloves.  Very  often  has  it  spread  its 
parental  wing  over  it,  as  the  object  of  its  peculiar  care.  In  dealing 
with  the  interests  of  rebels,  it  singles  out  as  its  pet  and  favorite,  as 
the  spared  object  of  its  love,  the  hideous  monster  that  is  at  once  the 
body,  soul,  and  spirit  of  the  movement  we  are  endeavoring  to  subdue. 
While  the  rebels  have  trampled  the  Constitution  under  their  feet,  and 
pursued  their  purposes  like  thugs  and  pirates,  the  government  has  lost 
no  opportunity  of  declaring  that  the  constitutional  rights  of  slavery  shall 
be  protected  by  loyal  men.  *  *  *  To  this  strange  deference  to 
slavery  must  be  referred  the  fact  that  such  swarms  of  disloyal  men  have 
been  retained  in  the  several  departments  of  the  government,  and  that 
the  spirit  and  energy  of  the  war  have  been  paralyzed  from  the  begin- 
ning. To  the  same  cause  must  we  attribute  the  recent  proclamations  of 
General  Sherman  and  General  Dix,  and  the  humiliating  services  of 
our  armies  in  the  capture  and  return  of  fugitive  slaves.  Again  and 
again  have  our  commanders  engaged  in  this  execrable  business,  in  dis- 
regard of  the  Constitution,  and  in  defiance  of  all  precedent.  In  numer- 
ous instances  fugitives  have  been  delivered  to  rebel  masters, — an  of- 
fense compounded  of  piracy  and  treason,  which  should  have  been  pun- 
ished with  death.  *  *  *  Sir,  our  treatment  of  these  fugitives  has 
not  only  been  disgraceful,  but  infamous.  For  the  rebels,  the  Constitution 
has  ceased  to  exist,  but  were  it  otherwise,  it  is  neither  the  right  nor  the 
duty  of  our  army  to  return  their  slaves.  •*  *  *  The  conduct  of  the 
administration  toward  General  Fremont  forms  a  kindred  topic  of  crit- 
icism. When  he  proclaimed  freedom  to  the  slaves  of  rebels  in  Missouri, 
it  was  greeted  with  almost  universal  joy  throughout  the  free  States. 
*  *  *  But  the  President  at  once  modified  it,  so  far  as  its  anti- 
slavery  features  went  beyond  the  Confiscation  Act  of  July.  *  *  * 
The  Confiscation  Act  bribes  all  the  slaves  of  the  South  to  murder  our 
people,  and  the  President  refuses  to  allow  the  war  power  to  go  beyond 
it.  The  effect  is,  that  if  the  slaves  engage  in  .the  war  at  all,  they  must  do 
so  as  our  enemies,  while,  if  they  remain  at  home  on  their  plantations, 
in  the  business  of  feeding  the  rebel  army,  they  will  have  the  protec- 
tion both  of  the  loyal  and  confederate  governments.  Sir,  is  not  this  a 
practical  espousal  of  the  rebellion  by  the  administration!  *  *  * 
It  is  known  that  General  Fremont's  proclamation  was  modified  to  ac- 
commodate the  loyal  slave-holders  of  Kentucky,  but  what  right,  I  ask, 
had  the  loyal  men  of  that  State  to  complain  if  the  disloyal  men  of 
Missouri  forfeited  their  slaves  by  treason?  If  pretended  loyal  men  in 
Kentucky  or  elsewhere  value  slavery  above  the  Union,  then  they  are  not 
loyal,  and  the  attempt  to  make  them  so  by  concessions  will  be  vain. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


635 


A  conditional  Union  man  is  no  Union  man  at  all.  Loyalty  must  be 
absolute.  *  *  *  We  must  cease  to  regard  the  rebels  as  misguided 
men,  whose  infatuation  is  to  be  deplored,  whilst  we  still  hope  to  bring 
them  to  their  senses.  *  *  *  We  must  abandon  entirely  the  delusion 
that  rebels  and  outlaws  have  any  rights  under  the  Constitution,  and 
deal  with  them  as  rebels  and  outlaws.  *  *  *  If  they  had  the  power 


LiEUT.-CoM.  WILLIAM  GWIN 

they  would  exterminate  us  from  the  face  of  the  earth.  They  have 
turned  loose  to  prey  upon  the  Republic  the  transmitted  vices  and  dia- 
bolisms of  two  hundred  years,  and  sooner  than  fail  in  their  struggle 
they  would  light  up  heaven  itself  with  the  red  glare  of  the  Pit,  and 
convert  the  earth  into  a  carnival  of  devils. 

"All  tenderness  to  such  a  foe  is  treason  to  our  cause,  murder  to  our 
people,  faithlessness  to  the  grandest  and  holiest  trust  ever  committed 
to  a  free  people.  The  policy  for  which  I  plead,  sooner  or  later,  must  be 


634 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  perpetual  deference  to  its  claims.  The  government  speaks  of  it  with 
bated  breath.  It  handles  it  with  kid  gloves.  Very  often  has  it  spread  its 
parental  wing  over  it,  as  the  object  of  its  peculiar  care.  In  dealing 
with  the  interests  of  rebels,  it  singles  out  as  its  pet  and  favorite,  as 
the  spared  object  of  its  love,  the  hideous  monster  that  is  at  once  the 
body,  soul,  and  spirit  of  the  movement  we  are  endeavoring  to  subduo. 
While  the  rebels  have  trampled  the  Constitution  under  their  feet,  and 
pursued  their  purposes  like  thugs  and  pirates,  the  government  has  lost 
no  opportunity  of  declaring  that  the  constitutional  rights  of  slavery  shall 
be  protected  by  loyal  men.  *  *  *  To  this  strange  deference  to 
slavery  must  be  referred  the  fact  that  such  swarms  of  disloyal  men  have 
been  retained  in  the  several  departments  of  the  government,  and  that 
the  spirit  and  energy  of  the  war  have  been  paralyzed  from  the  begin- 
ning. To  the  same  cause  must  we  attribute  the  recent  proclamations  of 
General  Sherman  and  General  Dix,  and  the  humiliating  services  of 
our  armies  in  the  capture  and  return  of  fugitive  slaves.  Again  and 
again  have  our  commanders  engaged  in  this  execrable  business,  in  dis- 
regard of  the  Constitution,  and  in  defiance  of  all  precedent.  In  numer- 
ous instances  fugitives  have  been  delivered  to  rebel  masters, — an  of- 
fense compounded  of  piracy  and  treason,  which  should  have  been  pun- 
ished with  death.  *  *  *  Sir,  our  treatment  of  these  fugitives  has 
not  only  been  disgraceful,  but  infamous.  For  the  rebels,  the  Constitution 
has  ceased  to  exist,  but  were  it  otherwise,  it  is  neither  the  right  nor  the 
duty  of  our  army  to  return  their  slaves.  *  *  *  The  conduct  of  the 
administration  toward  General  Fremont  forms  a  kindred  topic  of  crit- 
icism. When  he  proclaimed  freedom  to  the  slaves  of  rebels  in  Missouri, 
it  was  greeted  with  almost  universal  joy  throughout  the  free  States. 
*  *  *  But  the  President  at  once  modified  it,  so  far  as  its  anti- 
slavery  features  went  beyond  the  Confiscation  Act  of  July.  *  *  * 
The  Confiscation  Act  bribes  all  the  slaves  of  the  South  to  murder  our 
people,  and  the  President  refuses  to  allow  the  war  power  to  go  beyond 
it.  The  effect  is,  that  if  the  slaves  engage  in  .the  war  at  all,  they  must  do 
so  as  our  enemies,  while,  if  they  remain  at  home  on  their  plantations, 
in  the  business  of  feeding  the  rebel  army,  they  will  have  the  protec- 
tion both  of  the  loyal  and  confederate  governments.  Sir,  is  not  this  a 
practical  espousal  of  the  rebellion  by  the  administration?  *  *  * 
It  is  known  that  General  Fremont's  proclamation  was  modified  to  ac- 
commodate the  loyal  slave-holders  of  Kentucky,  but  what  right.  I  ask, 
had  the  loyal  men  of  that  State  to  complain  if  the  disloyal  men  of 
Missouri  forfeited  their  slaves  by  treason?  If  pretended  loyal  men  in 
Kentucky  or  elsewhere  value  slavery  above  the  Union,  then  they  are  not 
loyal,  and  the  attempt  to  make  them  so  by  concessions  will  be  vain. 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


635 


A  conditional  Union  man^  is  no  Union  man  at  all.  Loyalty  must  be 
absolute.  *  *  *  We  must  cease  to  regard  the  rebels  as  misguided 
men,  whose  infatuation  is  to  be  deplored,  whilst  we  still  hope  to  bring 
them  to  their  senses.  *  *  *  We  must  abandon  entirely  the  delusion 
that  rebels  and  outlaws  have  any  rights  under  the  Constitution,  and 
deal  with  them  as  rebels  and  outlaws.  *  *  *  If  they  had  the  power 


LiEUT.-Coai.  WILLIAM  GWIN 

they  would  exterminate  us  from  the  face  of  the  earth.  They  have 
turned  loose  to  prey  upon  the  Republic  the  transmitted  vices  and  dia- 
bolisms of  two  huudred  years,  and  sooner  than  fail  in  their  struggle 
they  would  light  up  heaven  itself  with  the  red  glare  of  the  Pit,  and 
convert  the  earth  into  a  carnival  of  devils. 

"All  tenderness  to  such  a  foe  is  treason  to  our  cause,  murder  to  our 
people,  faithlessness  to  the  grandest  and  holiest  trust  ever  committ«d 
to  a  free  people.  The  policy  for  which  I  plead,  sooner  or  later,  must  be 


636  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

adopted,  if  the  rebels  are  to  be  mastered,  and  every  delay  puts  in  peril 
the  precious  interests  for  which  we  fight.  *  *  *  Let  us  not  mock  the 
Almighty  by  waiting  till  we  are  forced  by  needless  calamities  to  do 
what  should  be  done  at  once,  as  the  dictate  alike  of  humanity  and 
policy ;  for  it  may  happen,  when  this  rebellion  shall  have  hung  crape  on 
one  hundred  thousand  doors  in  the  free  States,  that  a  ruined  country 
will  taunt  us  with  the  victory  which  might  have  been  ours,  and  leave  us 
only  the  poor  consolation  of  bitter  and  unavailing  regrets.  Mr.  Chair- 
man, the  sweeping  policy  I  would  have  the  government  adopt  toward 
slavery  will  be  objected  to  on  the  ground  of  its  injustice  to  the  loyal 
slaveholders  of  the  South.  To  this  objection  I  have  several  replies 
to  make.  In  the  first  place,  I  would  pay  to  every  loyal  slave  claimant, 
on  due  proof  of  loyalty,  the  fairly  assessed  value  of  his  slaves.  I  would 
not  do  this  as  compensation,  for  no  man  should  receive  pay  for  rob- 
bing another  of  his  earnings,  and  plundering  him  of  his  humanity ;  but 
as  a  means  of  facilitating  a  settlement  of  our  troubles,  and  securing  a 
lasting  peace,  I  would  tax  the  public  treasury  to  this  extent.  *  *  * 
In  the  next  place,  I  reply  that  the  total  extirpation  of  slavery  will  be  our 
only  security  against  future  trouble  and  discord.  By  any  sacrifice,  and 
by  all  possible  means,  should  we  now  guard  against  repetition  of  the 
scenes  through  which  we  have  been  called  to  pass.  If  we  will  heed  the 
lesson  of  experience,  we  cannot  go  astray.  *  *  *  I  reply  further, 
that  while  loyal  slaveholders  may  dislike  exceedingly  to  part  with  their 
slaves,  and  still  more  to  give  up  their  cherished  institutions,  yet  the  hard- 
ship of  their  case  is  not  peculiar.  This  rebellion  is  placing  heavy  bur- 
dens upon  all  loyal  men.  At  whatever  cost,  and  at  all  hazards,  it  must 
be  put  down.  This  is  the  principle  on  which  we  must  act.  Accord- 
ingly, the  State  which  I  in  part  represent,  has  not  only  done  her  full 
share  in  the  way  of  means  to  carry  on  the  war,  but  has  placed  in  the 
field  one-twentieth  part  of  her  entire  population.  She  will  be  ready  to 
make  still  further  sacrifices  when  they  shall  be  demanded.  Neither 
our  property  nor  the  lives  of  our  people  will  be  counted  too  precious 
for  an  offering.  If  loyal  slaveholders  are  as  patriotic  as  loyal  non- 
slaveholders,  they  will  be  equally  ready  to  make  sacrifices.  *  *  *  I 
reply,  finally,  that  if  the  war  is  to  be  conducted  on  the  policy  of  fully 
accommodating  the  wishes  of  loyal  slaveholders,  that  policy  will  be 
found  impracticable,  and  therefore  need  not  be  attempted.  *  *  *  I 
must  not  conclude,  Mr.  Chairman,  without  noticing  a  further  objec- 
tion to  the  policy  for  which  I  contend.  I  refer  to  the  alleged  danger 
of  this  policy,  and  the  disposition  of  the  slaves  after  they  shall  be  free. 
*  *  *  Do  you  tell  me  that  if  the  slaves  are  set  free  they  will  rise 
against  their  former  masters,  and  pillage  and  lay  waste  the  South?  I 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


637 


answer,  that  all  that,  should  it  happen,  would  be  far  less  deplorable 
than  a  struggle  like  this,"  involving  the  existence  of  a  free  nation  of 
thirty  millions  of  people,  and  the  hope  of  the  civilized  world.  If  there- 
fore, our  policy  is  to  be  determined  by  the  question  of  consequences,  the 
argument  is  clearly  on  the  side  of  universal  freedom."84 

This  was  very  radical  doctrine  for  the  time — certainly  more  radical 


GEN.  ROBERT  H.  MILROY 

than  was  publicly  advocated  by  any  other  public  man  in  Indiana.  And 
yet  the  country  was  moving  towards  it  with  headlong  speed.  It  was 
fair  notice  to  the  Democrats  of  Indiana  of  what  might  be  looked  for; 
and  it  was  followed  on  September  22,  before  the  elections,  by  Lincoln's 
first  proclamation  that  he  would  emancipate  the  slaves  in  all  states  in 
rebellion  on  January  1,  1863.  Unless  the  South  submitted,  the  war 
was  thenceforth  a  war  to  free  the  slaves,  as  well  as  to  preserve  the  Union. 

'  '  • 

3*  Speeches  on  Political  Questions,  pp.  161-177. 


• 


636 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


adopted,  if  the  rebels  are  to  be  mastered,  and  every  delay  puts  in  peril 
the  precious  interests  for  which  we  fight.  *  *  *  Let  Us  not  mock  the 
Almighty  by  waiting  till  we  are  forced  by  needless  calamities  to  do 
what  should  be  done  at  once,  as  the  dictate  alike  of  humanity  and 
policy ;  for  it  may  happen,  when  this  rebellion  shall  have  hung  crape  on 
one  hundred  thousand  doors  in  the  free  States,  that  a  ruined  country 
will  taunt  us  with  the  victory  which  might  have  been  ours,  and  leave  us 
only  the  poor  consolation  of  bitter  and  unavailing  regrets.  Mr.  Chair- 
man, the  sweeping  policy  I  would  have  the  government  adopt  toward 
slavery  will  be  objected  to  on  the  ground  of  its  injustice  to  the  loyal 
slaveholders  of  the  South.  To  this  objection  I  have  several  replies 
to  make.  In  the  first  place,  I  would  pay  to  every  loyal  slave  claimant, 
on  due  proof  of  loyalty,  the  fairly  assessed  value  of  his  slaves.  I  would 
not  do  this  as  compensation,  for  no  man  should  receive  pay  for  rob- 
bing another  of  his  earnings,  and  plundering  him  of  his  humanity ;  but 
as  a  means  of  facilitating  a  settlement  of  our  troubles,  and  securing  a 
lasting  peace,  I  would  tax  the  public  treasury  to  this  extent.  *  *  * 
In  the  next  place,  I  reply  that  the  total  extirpation  of  slavery  will  be  our 
only  security  against  future  trouble  and  discord.  By  any  sacrifice,  and 
by  all  possible  means,  should  we  now  guard  against  repetition  of  the 
scenes  through  which  we  have  been  called  to  pass.  If  we  will  heed  the 
lesson  of  experience,  we  cannot  go  astray.  *  *  *  I  reply  further, 
that  while  loyal  slaveholders  may  dislike  exceedingly  to  part  with  their 
slaves,  and  still  more  to  give  up  their  cherished  institutions,  yet  the  hard- 
ship of  their  case  is  not  peculiar.  This  rebellion  is  placing  heavy  bur- 
dens upon  all  loyal  men.  At  whatever  cost,  and  at  all  hazards,  it  must 
be  put  down.  This  is  the  principle  on  which  we  must  act.  Accord- 
ingly, the  State  which  I  in  part  represent,  has  not  only  done  her  full 
share  in  the  way  of  means  to  carry  on  the  war,  but  has  placed  in  the 
field  one-twentieth  part  of  her  entire  population.  She  will  be  ready  to 
make  still  further  sacrifices  when  they  shall  be  demanded.  Neither 
our  property  nor  the  lives  of  our  people  will  be  counted  too  precious 
for  an  offering.  If  loyal  slaveholders  are  as  patriotic  as  loyal  non- 
slaveholders,  they  will  be  equally  ready  to  make  sacrifices.  *  *  *  I 
reply,  finally,  that  if  the  war  is  to  be  conducted  on  the  policy  of  fully 
accommodating  the  wishes  of  loyal  slaveholders,  that  policy  will  be 
found  impracticable,  and  therefore  need  not  be  attempted.  *  *  *  I 
must  not  conclude,  Mr.  Chairman,  without  noticing  a  further  objec- 
tion to  the  policy  for  which  I  contend.  I  refer  to  the  alleged  danger 
of  this  policy,  and  the  disposition  of  the  slaves  after  they  shall  be  free. 
*  *  *  Do  you  tell  me  that  if  the  slaves  are  set  free  they  will  rise 
against  their  former  masters,  and  pillage  and  lay  waste  the  South?  I 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


637 


answer,  that  all  that,  should  it  happen,  would  be  far  less  deplorable 
than  a  struggle  like  this,,*  involving  the  existence  of  a  free  nation  of 
thirty  millions  of  people,  and  the  hope  of  the  civilized  world.  If  there- 
fore, our  policy  is  to  be  determined  by  the  question  of  consequences,  the 
argument  is  clearly  on  the  side  of  universal  freedom. ' ' 34 

This  was  very  radical  doctrine  for  the  time — certainly  more  radical 


GEN.  ROBERT  H.  MILROY 

than  was  publicly  advocated  by  any  other  public  man  in  Indiana.  And 
yet  the  country  was  moving  towards  it  with  headlong  speed.  It  was 
fair  notice  to  the  Democrats  of  Indiana  of  what  might  be  looked  for: 
and  it  was  followed  on  September  22,  before  the  elections,  by  Lincoln's 
first  proclamation  that  he  would  emancipate  the  slaves  in  all  states  in 
rebellion  on  January  1,  1863.  Unless  the  South  submitted,  the  war 
was  thenceforth  a  war  to  free  the  slaves,  as  well  as  to  preserve  the  Union. 

3«  Speeches  on  Political  Questions,  pp.  161-177. 


638  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

There  were  hundreds  of  men,  all  over  the  country,  who  balked  at  that 
proposition,  although  the  sum  of  public  sentiment  was  far  nearer  it 
than  it  was  in  1860.  The  natural  animosity  roused  by  "the  slaveholders 
rebellion"  was  added  to  by  other  causes.  The  Union  soldiers  in  the 
South  found  their  chief — almost  only — friends  among  the  negroes,  and 
they  were  writing  back  home.  There  were  many  negro  refugees  coming 
into  Indiana,  whose  destitution  and  helplessness  awakened  compassion. 
They  were  inoffensive,  and  willing  to  work,  and  in  the  dearth  of  white 
labor  they  were  in  the  nature  of  a  godsend.  The  laws  prohibiting  them 
from  coming  into  the  State,  and  making  contracts  with  them  void,  were 
absolutely  ignored.  The  race  prejudice,  which  was  formerly  greater  in 
the  North  than  in  the  South,  rapidly  diminished.  But  the  ' '  war  meas- 
ure" argument  was  far  more  potent  than  any  other,  and  especially  with 
the  soldiers.  As  one  put  it  to  me :  "I  went  into  the  war  strongly  op- 
posed to  abolition,  and  to  arming  the  negroes;  but  it  gradually  dawned 
on  me  that  a  nigger  would  stop  a  bullet  just  as  well  as  I  could."  The 
sum  of  all  this  was  that  in  the  elections  of+1862,  the  political  division 
was  largely  between  those  who  were  reconciled  to  a  war  for  emancipa- 
tion and  those  who  were  not.  The  change  of  sentiment  had  been  large, 
but  it  was  far  from  universal.  Five  years  earlier,  John  Brown  had 
been  the  subject  of  very  general  denunciation,  but  now  "John  Brown's 
Body,"  with  the  accompanying  sentiment  of  "Hang  Jeff  Davis  on  a 
sour  apple  tree,"  was  a  very  popular  song.  Moreover,  what  Kipling 
calls  "the  awful  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic"  had  taken  hold  of  the 
public  mind,  and  the  idea  that  the  Union  armies  had  gone  out  as  agents 
of  the  Almighty,  to  free  the  slave,  and  wreak  vengeance  on  the  slave- 
holder, was  taking  firm  root.  But  there  remained  very  many,  who  had 
grown  up  under  the  old  political  tenets,  to  whom  abolitionism  was  as 
unconstitutional  as  it  had  ever  been  when  both  Whigs  and  Democrats 
were  denouncing  it.35 

Another  influence  that  was  very  potent  was  what  are  known  as  ' '  arbi- 
trary arrests,"  though  the  objection  was  not  so  much  to  the  arrests  as 
to  the  suspension  of  the  write  of  habeas  corpus  for  the  person  arrested. 
The  practice  of  military  arrests  was  begun  in  1861,  but  was  at  first  con- 
fined chiefly  to  states  where  military  operations  were  in  progress.  For 
example,  between  July  and  October,  1861,  175  persons  were  arrested 
and  confined  in  Fort  Lafayette,  including  the  officers  of  the  Maryland 
legislature,  and  nine  members  of  its  House  of  Delegates.  They  were 
arrested  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  "War,  and  the  military 
authorities  declined  to  recognize  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus.  On  Sep- 


3«  An   interesting   contemporary   presentation  of   the  changing  sentiment   as  to 
slavery  will  be  found  in  the  Annual  Cyclopedia  for  1862,  Tit.  Slaves. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  639 

tember  24,  1862,  President  Lincoln  ordered  the  arrest  of  persons  dis- 
couraging enlistments,  resisting  conscription,  or  guilty  of  disloyal  prac- 
tices which  afforded  aid  and  comfort  to  rebels,  and  suspending  the  writ 
of  habeas  corpus  as  to  such  arrested  persons.  There  was  a  general  re- 
monstrance in  the  Northern  states,  where  the  courts  were  open,  and  the 
legality  of  the  action  was  at  once  questioned  in  the  courts.  There  was 
some  difference  of  opinion,  but  courts  in  Pennsylvania,  Vermont  and 
Wisconsin  held  the  arrests  illegal.  The  order  had  been  made  just  be- 
fore the  fall  elections,  and  the  elections  went  against  the  Republicans 
all  over  the  country.  President  Lincoln  apparently  became  satisfied  that 
he  had  made  a  mistake,  and  on  November  22  the  order  was  rescinded. 
There  were  a  number  of  these  arrests  in  Indiana,  and  they  were  bit- 
terly denounced  in  the  campaign.  Like  all  questions  that  get  into 
politics,  they  were  disposed  of  by  the  public  on  party  lines.  To  the  Re- 
publicans, any  man  who  was  arrested  was  a  guilty  traitor.  To  the  Dem- 
ocrats he  was  merely  a  Democrat  arrested  for  political  purposes.  The 
matter  was  made  the  subject  of  legislative  investigation  at  the  next  ses- 
sion, and  the  committee  divided  on  party  lines,  making  majority  and 
minority  reports.  On  the  face  of  the  reports,  it  seems  probable  that 
the  witnesses  divided  in  the  same  way. 

There  is  another  peculiar  manifestation  of  the  intense  political  feel- 
ing of  the  time  in  the  reports  of  criminal  items  in  the  newspapers.  Every- 
thing was  put  on  a  political  basis.  The  ordinary  reports  of  crimes  as 
crimes  dwindled  away,  but  the  Journal  abounded  in  reports  of  Copper- 
head outrages  on  Republicans,  and  the  Sentinel  in  reports  of  Aboli- 
tionist outrages  on  Democrats.  There  was  the  natural  increase  of  law- 
lessness incident  to  large  gatherings  of  soldiers  where  the  sale  of  liquor 
is  not  restricted,  and  vice  is  not  suppressed.  Speaking  of  Indianapolis 
in  October,  1862,  Holliday  says:  "Deserters  began  to  be  very  numerous 
and  rewards  were  offered  for  their  arrest,  eighty-six  from  the  51st  being 
missing.  Crime  had  become  so  prevalent,  and  disorder  of  all  sorts,  that 
the  streets  were  not  safe.  A  permanent  provost  guard  was  established, 
that  patrolled  the  streets,  watched  the  Union  Station  and  other  places. 
Somewhat  later  guards  were  placed  on  every  train  when  in  the  station 
and  no  soldier  could  enter  unless  he  had  a  pass.  Annoyances  to  citizens 
occurred  sometimes  and  people  began  to  realize  what  military  rule 
meant."36  It  was  quite  a  common  subject  for  complaint  throughout 
the  country  that  gamblers,  confidence  men,  and  other  harpies  who  prey 
on  soldiers  gathered  wherever  they  were  in  numbers.  But  there  was 
another  condition  peculiar  to  the  Ohio  Valley  states.  As  before  men- 


Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  4,  p.  574. 


640  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tioned,  the  Ohio  had  for  years  been  a  rallying  point  for  the  criminal 
classes,  on  account  of  the  opportunities  it  offered  both  for  plunder  and 
for  escape.  Moreover,  being  the  line  between  slavery  and  freedom,  there 
had  developed  along  it  on  both  sides,  an  element  of  kidnapers  and  slave- 
catchers  who  knew  each  other,  and  worked  in  harmony  for  mutual 
profit,  in  any  kind  of  lawlessness.  On  the  Kentucky  side  there  were 
quickly  formed  bands  of  guerrillas  who  plundered  without  regard  to 
politics,  until  they  were  driven  out  by  Indiana  troops,  as  before  men- 
tioned. On  the  Indiana  side  a  like  situation  was  prevented  by  prompt 
action.  On  May  7,  Representative  C.  S.  Dobbins  presented  to  the  House, 
at  the  Special  Session  of  1861,  a  letter  from  C.  H.  McCarty,  of  Dover 
Hill,  Martin  County,  which  said:  "We  have  in  our  county  jail  two 
men  (Templeton  and  Vandever)  arrested  and  committed  without  the 
privilege  of  bail,  for  organizing  a  band  of  guerrillas,  or  robbers,  to 
operate  during  the  present  war.  Their  guilt  is  clearly  proved.  They 
had  enlisted  about  fifteen  others.  Now  you  perhaps  know  the  Vandever 
stock,  and  Templeton  is  no  better.  We  need  a  law  to  put  down  such 
men  as  have  these  evil  intentions — levying  war  against  the  state — it  can 
be  nothing  else.  We  must  have  such  a  law  as  will  reach  their  case.  We 
will  arrest  at  least  a  dozen  more.  The  proof  is  plain  and  beyond  doubt. 
Will  the  legislature  give  us  a  law  to  stop  this  lawless  outrage,  and  pre- 
serve the  lives  and  property  of  our  citizens  ? " 37  The  legislature  in 
addition  to  ordinary  criminal  laws,  passed  a  very  sweeping  treason  law, 
making  it  a  felony,  punishable  by  2  to  21  years  in  the  penitentiary,  and 
$10,000  fine,  for  any  person  to  aid  or  assist  the  enemy  by  any  direct  act, 
"or  by  carrying  on  a  traitorous  correspondence  with  them,  or  shall 
form  or  be  in  any  wise  concerned  in  forming  any  combination  or  plot  or 
conspiracy  for  betraying  this  State,  or  the  United  States,  or  the  armed 
forces  of  either,  into  the  hands  or  power  of  any  foreign  enemy,  or  of  any 
organized  or  pretended  government  engaged  in  resisting  the  laws  or 
authority  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  of  America,  or  shall 
give  any  intelligence  to  any  such  enemies  or  pretended  government  or 
their  forces,  for  that  purpose.38  It  will  be  noted  that  this  statute 
exactly  covers  the  offenses  of  the  "Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,"  of 
later  date.  It  is  also  apparent  that  this  criminal  element,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Ohio,  furnishes  an  explanation  of  the  ' '  copperhead ' '  communica- 
tion of  intelligence  to  the  South,  commonly  charged  at  the  time.  , 

The  legislature  of  1863  was  conducted  on  a  political  basis  from  the 
first.  The  Republican  minority  openly  demanded  to  control  the  policy 
of  the  legislature,  on  an  assumption  of  superior  patriotism,  beginning 

IT  House  Journal,  p.  131. 

»«  Special  Session  of  1861,  p.  44. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  641 

as  mentioned,  by  bolting  to  prevent  the  election  of  Mr.  Hendricks  to  the 
Senate,  questioning  his  Ipyalty,  which  was  as  offensive  a  thing  as  they 
could  have  devised.  The  Democrats  regarded  the  election  as  a  con- 
demnation of  the  administration  for  the  past  two  years,  on  the  issues 
of  the  campaign,  one  of  which  was  the  charge  that  Morton  had  used 
his  control  of  the  militia  for  political  purposes.  They  proposed  to 
take  from  him  the  appointment  of  militia  officers,  and  put  in  a  board  of 
State  officers.  The  Republicans  gave  notice  that  they  would  bolt  to 
prevent  this,  and  did  so,  leaving  the  appropriation  bills,  and  other 
important  legislation  unpassed.  It  was  evidently  supposed  that  this 
situation  would  force  a  special  session,  but  Morton  refused  to  call  one. 
It  was  claimed  that  the  militia  bill  deprived  the  Governor  of  his  con- 
stitutional prerogatives;  but  it  was  not  specified  in  what  way.  The 
constitution  makes  the  Governor  commander-in-chief  of  the  militia,  but 
expressly  provides  that  the  militia  "shall  be  organized,  officered, 
armed,  equipped,  and  trained  in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by 
law."  In  earlier  years  the  militia  had  elected  their  officers.  The  law 
of  1861.  in  which  the  Democrats  had  joined,  simply  gave  Governor 
Morton  greater  control  over  the  militia  than  any  previous  governor  had 
exercised.  An  effort  was  made  to  control  the  legislature  by  means  of 
petitions  from  soldiers  in  the  field,  but  attention  was  called  to  the  fact 
that  these  petitions,  although  coming  from  widely  separated  points, 
were  identical  in  language.  The  Senate  Committee  on  Federal  rela- 
tions reported  a  resolution  stating  that  the  legislature  had  been  mis- 
represented to  the  soldiers ;  and  that  they  were  both  desirous  of  putting 
down  the  rebellion  and  preserving  the  constitution.  It  also  reported 
another  resolution  defining  its  position.  It  maintained  that  the  forma- 
tion of  West  Virginia  was  unconstitutional,  that  the  arbitrary  arrests 
were  acts  of  unauthorized  tyranny;  that  the  Emancipation  Proclama- 
tion ought  to  be  withdrawn,  and  that  the  destruction  of  abolitionism 
was  essential  to  the  restoration  of  the  Union;  but  at  the  same  time  it 
condemned  secession  as  a  ruinous  heresy,  denounced  secret  organiza- 
tions, and  complimented  the  gallantry  of  Indiana  troops.  Their  posi- 
tion was  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  violate  the  constitution  in  the 
effort  to  preserve  it.  The  answer  to  this  was  a  charge  that  the  avowed 
loyalty  to  the  constitution  was  merely  sympathy  with  the  rebels  who 
were  trying  to  destroy  it. 

Indiana  now  entered  on  the.  two  most  remarkable  years  in  her  his- 
tory. Morton  decided  to  manage  the  State  without  regard  to  the 
legislature.  Mr.  Foulke  heads  his  chapter  on  this  period  with  the 
words,. "I  am  the  State;"  and  says:  "Morton  accomplished  what  has 
never  before  been  attempted  in  American  history.  For  two  years  he 


642  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

carried  on  the  government  of  a  great  state  solely  by  his  own  personal 
energy,  raising  money  without  taxation  on  his  own  responsibility  and 
disbursing  it  through  bureaus  organized  by  himself.  The  legislature, 
as  we  have  seen,  adjourned  without  making  any  appropriations.  The 
state  government  and  the  benevolent  institutions  had  to  be  provided 
for,  and  there  was  no  money  with  which  to  do  it.  Morton  had  to  make 
choice  of  one  of  three  courses :  first,  he  could  call  a  special  session  of  the 
legislature,  which  had  just  adjourned;  second,  he  could  close  the  state 
institutions  and  stop  the  government;  third,  it  was  just  possible  that 
by  personal  effort  he  could  raise  the  money  to  carry  it  on.  He  had 
been  able  to  borrow  several  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  a  short  time, 
for  the  purpose  of  equipping  soldiers  to  oppose  the  invasion  of  Kirby 
Smith,  but  now  a  loan  must  be  obtained  for  two  years  upon  the  doubtful 
contingency  that  the  next  legislature  would  sustain  him  in  this  perilous 
undertaking.  Should  he  fail  to  get  the  money  he  would  be  discredited ; 
should  the  loan  not  be  repaid  by  the  next  legislature  he  would  be  bank- 
rupt in  purse  and  reputation.  The  responsibility  was  great,  yet  he  did 
not  hesitate.  The  other  alternatives  were  fraught  with  public  disaster. 
To  call  the  legislature  together  was  to  invite  a  repetition  of  the  scenes 
already  enacted.  The  General  Assembly  would  make  no  appropriations 
except  at  the  price  of  a  military  bill  depriving  Morton  of  all  control  of 
the  forces  of  the  state.  Under  no  circumstances  would  he  consider  this 
alternative.  Better  that  the  state  should  be  left  unprovided  for; 
that  the  criminals,  the  insane,  the  blind  and  the  deaf  and  dumb  should 
be  turned  out  upon  the  highways  than  that,  under  the  control  of  the 
sympathizers  with  secession,  Indiana  should  become  an  ally  of  the 
Confederacy.39 

It  was  all  of  that.  It  was  something  never  attempted  in  American 
history,  either  before  or  since.  It  was  something  that  could  not  have 
been  done  in  Indiana,  except  in  time  of  war,  when  the  Governor  was 
in  absolute  military  control.  The  State  officers,  who  were  Democrats, 
refused  to  pay  money  out  of  the  treasury,  except  in  pursuance  of 
appropriations.  If  a  loan  was  made  by  the  State,  the  money  was 
required  by  law  to  be  paid  into  the  treasury,  and  the  constitution  pro- 
vided that  "No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  pursu- 
ance of  appropriations  made  by  law."  It  was  the  most  tremendous 
gamble  ever  tried  in  any  American  state.  If  the  Union  cause  tri- 
umphed, his  action  would  probably  be  condoned.  If  the  war  was  no 
more  hopeful  in  1864  than  it  was  in  1862,  and  popular  sentiment  did 
not  change  in  the  meantime,  he  would  be  due  for  both  civil  and  criminal 


3»  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  253-4. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  643 

liability.  What  was  more,  he  not  only  was  taking  chances  himself,  but 
he  had  to  get  someone  tp  risk  his  money  in  the  venture.  The  State 
officers  took  suits  to  the  Supreme  Court,  and  it  decided  that  no  appro- 
priations had  been  made,  and  that  the  provision  against  paying  out 
money  without  an  appropriation  was  one  of  the  fundamental  magna 
charta  principles,  designed  especially  to  curb  the  executive.  Morton 
ignored  the  decision.40  In  his  message  of  1865,  he  says:  "Without 
intending  any  disrespect  to  the  eminent  tribunal  by  which  this  case 
was  decided  I  must  be  permitted  to  observe  that  the  history  of  its 
origin,  progress  and  conclusion  was  such  as  to  deprive  it  of  any  moral 
influence,  and  that  the  principles  upon  which  the  decision  was  made 
have  been  since  openly  disregarded  by  the  Auditor  and  Treasurer  of 
State  in  the  payment  of  large  sums  of  money  to  the  Public  Printer." 
Although  Morton's  course  now  involved  ignoring  the  Judicial  and 
Legislative  departments,  and  all  of  the  administrative  officers,  he  found 
two  men  to  back  him  financially.  In  July,  1861,  Congress  had  appro- 
priated two  million  dollars  to  be  used  by  the  President  in  arming  loyal 
citizens  in  states  that  were  threatened  with  rebellion.  Secretary  Stan- 
ton,  on  the  strength  of  this,  advanced  to  Morton  $90,000  for  military 
operations,  and  $160,000  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  State  debt.  The 
latter  was  not  used  for  that  purpose,  as  Winslow,  Lanier  &  Co.  took 
over  that  part  of  the  burden,  and  advanced  in  all  $640,000  for  that 
purpose.  This  was  due  to  the  personal  interest  of  J.  F.  Lanier,  who 
says  in  his  autobiographical  sketch,  prepared  for  the  family: 

"Governor  Morton,  most  anxious  to  preserve  the  honor  and  credit 
of  the  state,  applied  to  me  to  advance  the  necessary  sums.  Unless  this 
could  be  done  he  felt  that  he  could  not  justify,  before  his  own  state  and 
the  country,  the  position  which  his  friends  in  the  legislature  had  taken 
through  his  counsel  and  advice. '  The  application  was  made  at  the 
darkest  period  of  the  whole  war.  I  could  have  no  security  whatever, 
and  could  only  rely  for  reimbursement  on  the  good  faith  of  a  legislature 
to  be  chosen  at  a  future  and  distant  day,  and  on  the  chance  of  its  being 
made  up  of  more  upright  and  patriotic  members  than  those  composing 
the  one  then  in  existence.  If  the  great  contest  should  turn  out  disas- 
trously to  the  cause  of  the  Union  and  of  freedom,  I  could  never  expect 
to  be  repaid  a  dollar.  I  felt,  however,  that  on  no  account  must  the  debt 
of  a  great  state  be  discredited,  nor  the  position  of  its  chief  magistrate, 
the  ablest  and  most  efficient  of  all  the  loyal  Governors,  and  the  one 
who  contributed  most  to  our  success,  be  compromised  or  weakened.  No 
alternative  was  left  to  me  but  to  advance  the  sums  required.  I  would 

«oRistme,  Auditor,  vs.  The  State,  20  Ind.  328;  State  ex  rel.  vs.  Bistine,  20  Ind., 
p.  345. 


644  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

not  allow  myself  to  be  responsible  for  the  consequences  of  a  refusal  of 
his  request.  If  the  credit  of  the  state  in  such  a  critical  period  should  be 
destroyed,  that  of  the  other  states,  and  even  of  the  Federal  government, 
might  be  so  impaired  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  them  to  sustain  the 
immense  burdens  of  the  war.  Another  influence  of  very  great  weight 
with  me  was  an  ambition  to  maintain  the  credit  of  a  state  with  which 
I  had  so  long  been  identified,  to  which  I  was  indebted  for  my  start  in 
life,  and  for  whose  credit  in  former  times  I  had  earnestly  labored.  The 
last,  perhaps,  was  the  ruling  motive." 

Such  was  the  effect  of  Morton's  course  on  a  political  sympathizer. 
His  political  opponents  exhausted  the  English  language  in  their  efforts 
to  portray  adequately  the  depravity  of  his  course.  And  yet  from  one 
of  those  political  enemies,  comes  what  is  probably  the  most  rational 
estimate  of  Morton  that  has  appeared  in  print.  David  Turpie  was  a 
political  contemporary  of  Morton,  but  younger.  Morton  was  born  at 
Salisbury,  Wayne  County,  August  4,  1823.  His  father's  name  was 
James  Throckmorton,  but  he  preferred  to  divide  it  into  two  parts,  and, 
being  a  shoemaker,  stuck  to  his  last.  At  the  time  of  Oliver's  birth  he 
was  keeping  a  tavern  at  Salisbury.  The  boy  was  christened  Oliver 
Hazard  Perry  Throck  Morton.  He  was  called  Perry  when  a  boy,  and 
when  he  entered  the  practice  of  law,  on  advice  of  his  preceptor,  he 
dropped  the  Hazard  and  Throck,  and  thereafter  was  Oliver  P.  Morton. 
Turpie  was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  July  8,  1829.  While  an 
infant,  his  parents  removed  to  Carroll  County,  Indiana,  where  he  grew 
up  on  a  farm.  In  addition  to  ordinary  schooling,  he  pursued  a  system 
of  home  study,  and  was  able  to  graduate  from  Kenyon  College  after  a 
two  years  course,  in  1848.  He  read  law  with  Daniel  D.  Pratt,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1849,  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1852,  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Plea's  in  1854,  Circuit  Judge  in  1856, 
and  again  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1858.  Morton's  mother  died 
when  he  was  three  years  old,  and  for  the  next  twelve  years  he  lived 
with  two  aunts,  at  Springfield,  Ohio.  One  of  them  taught  school,  and 
Oliver  had  good  rudimentary  training,  especially  in  the  Bible,  as  his 
aunts  were  strict  Presbyterians.  At  fourteen  he  had  the  advantage  of 
a  year  in  Prof.  Hoshour's  Wayne  County  Seminary,  and  then  took 
service  with  Dr.  Swain,  who  kept  a  drug  store,  as  well  as  practicing 
medicine,  expecting  to  become  a  doctor.  But  he  had  become  a  voracious 
reader,  and  devoted  too  much  time  to  books  to  suit  the  Doctor,  who  one 
day  undertook  personal  chastisement,  and  met  a  return  in  kind.  That 
ended  the  medical  education,  and  Oliver  was  apprenticed  to  his  brother 
William,  to  learn  the  hatter's  trade.  After  serving  for  three  years  and 
a  half,  he  bought  the  remaining  six  months  of  his  time,  and  went  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


645 


Miami  University  for  two  years.  He  did  not  take  a  regular  course, 
and  did  not  graduate,  but  look  high  rank  in  mathematics  and  debating. 
He  also  fell  in  love  with  Lucinda  M.  Burbank,  quit  school  in  1845, 
began  reading  law  with  John  S.  Newman,  at  Centreville,  and  got  mar- 
ried. In  the  spring  of  1852,  he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  to  fill  an 
eight-months  vacancy  on  the  Circuit  bench;  and  after  finishing  that 


Gov.  OLIVER  P.  MORTON 
(From  the  painting  by  James  Forbes) 

service,  he  decided  that  he  wanted  more  instruction  in  law,  and  went 
to  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  for  six  months.  He  and  Turpie  met  as 
opponents  in  the  joint  debate  of  1860,  and  again  in  1863,  when  Morton 
was  Governor,  and  Turpie  elected  to  the  national  Senate.  In  the 
meantime,  Turpie  had  been  making  unsuccessful  races  for  Congress 
against  Schuyler  Colfax,  who  was  invincible  in  his  district — represent- 
ing it  from  1855  to  1869,  when  he  was  elected  Vice  President.  His 


644 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


not  allow  myself  to  be  responsible  for  the  consequences  of  a  refusal  of 
his  request.  If  the  credit  of  the  state  in  such  a  critical  period  should  be 
destroyed,  that  of  the  other  states,  and  even  of  the  Federal  government, 
might  be  so  impaired  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  them  to  sustain  the 
immense  burdens  of  the  war.  Another  influence  of  very  great  weight 
with  me  was  an  ambition  to  maintain  the  credit  of  a  state  with  which 
I  had  so  long  been  identified,  to  which  I  was  indebted  for  my  start  in 
life,  and  for  whose  credit  in  former  times  I  had  earnestly  labored.  The 
last,  perhaps,  was  the  ruling  motive." 

Such  was  the  effect  of  Morton's  course  on  a  political  sympathizer. 
His  political  opponents  exhausted  the  English  language  in  their  efforts 
to  portray  adequately  the  depravity  of  his  course.  And  yet  from  one 
of  those  political  enemies,  comes  what  is  probably  the  most  rational 
estimate  of  Morton  that  has  appeared  in  print.  David  Turpie  was  a 
political  contemporary  of  Morton,  but  younger.  Morton  was  born  at 
Salisbury,  Wayne  County,  August  4,  1823.  His  father's  name  was 
James  Throckmorton,  but  he  preferred  to  divide  it  into  two  parts,  and, 
being  a  shoemaker,  stuck  to  his  last.  At  the  time  of  Oliver's  birth  he 
was  keeping  a  tavern  at  Salisbury.  The  boy  was  christened  Oliver 
Hazard  Perry  Throck  Morton.  He  was  called  Perry  when  a  boy,  and 
when  he  entered  the  practice  of  law,  on  advice  of  his  preceptor,  he 
dropped  the  Hazard  and  Throck,  and  thereafter  was  Oliver  P.  Morton. 
Turpie  was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  July  8,  1829.  While  an 
infant,  his  parents  removed  to  Carroll  County,  Indiana,  where  he  grew 
up  on  a  farm.  In  addition  to  ordinary  schooling,  he  pursued  a  system 
of  home  study,  and  was  able  to  graduate  from  Kenyon  College  after  a 
two  years  course,  in  1848.  He  read  law  with  Daniel  D.  Pratt,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1849,  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1852,  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  1854,  Circuit  Judge  in  1856, 
and  again  elected  to  the  legislature  in  1858.  Morton's  mother  died 
when  he  was  three  years  old,  and  for  the  next  twelve  years  he  lived 
with  two  aunts,  at  Springfield,  Ohio.  One  of  them  taught  school,  and 
Oliver  had  good  rudimentary  training,  especially  in  the  Bible,  as  his 
aunts  were  strict  Presbyterians.  At  fourteen  he  had  the  advantage  of 
a  year  in  Prof.  Hoshour's  Wayne  County  Seminary,  and  then  took 
service  with  Dr.  Swain,  who  kept  a  drug  store,  as  well  as  practicing 
medicine,  expecting  to  become  a  doctor.  But  he  had  become  a  voracious 
reader,  and  devoted  too  much  time  to  books  to  suit  the  Doctor,  who  one 
day  undertook  personal  chastisement,  and  met  a  return  in  kind.  That 
ended  the  medical  education,  and  Oliver  was  apprenticed  to  his  brother 
William,  to  learn  the  hatter's  trade.  After  serving  for  three  years  and 
a  half,  he  bought  the  remaining  six  months  of  his  time,  and  went  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


645 


Miami  University  for  two  years.  He  did  not  take  a  regular  course, 
and  did  not  graduate,  but  look  high  rank  in  mathematics  and  debating. 
He  also  fell  in  love  with  Lucinda  M.  Burbank,  quit  school  in  1845, 
began  reading  law  with  John  S.  Newman,  at  Centreville,  and  got  mar- 
ried. In  the  spring  of  1852,  he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  to  fill  an 
eight-months  vacancy  on  the  Circuit  bench ;  and  after  finishing  that 


Gov.  OLIVER  P.  MORTON 
(From  the  painting  by  James  Forbes) 

service,  he  decided  that  he  wanted  more  instruction  in  law,  and  went 
to  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  for  six  months.  He  and  Turpie  met  as 
opponents  in  the  joint  debate  of  1860,  and  again  in  1863,  when  Morton 
was  Governor,  and  Turpie  elected  to  the  national  Senate.  In  the 
meantime,  Turpie  had  been  making  unsuccessful  races  for  Congress 
against  Schuyler  Colfax,  who  was  invincible  in  his  district — represent- 
ing it  from  1855  to  1869,  when  he  was  elected  Vice  President.  His 


646  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

opportunity  to  know  Morton  was  ample,  though  their  relations,  as  he 
says,  "were  adverse  and  controversial,  those  of  intercourse  rather  than 
of  intimacy."  In  later  life  he  wrote  of  Morton: 

"Morton  was  a  lawyer  of  such  superior  talents  and  learning,  that 
when  he  abandoned  the  practice  to  enter  upon  public  life,  he  left  in  the 
bar  and  circuit  to  which  he  belonged  a  well  marked  vacancy.  *  *  * 
The  manner  of  Morton,  whether  in  the  Senate  or  in  a  popular  assembly, 
was  that  of  a  practiced  advocate.  His  speech  was  an  argument  pro- 
ceeding regularly  from  premise  to  premise.  He  told  no  stories,  made 
no  repetitions,  sometimes  made  use  of  irony  or  satire,  but  these  must 
be  closely  akin  to  the  main  subject.  *  *  *  He  made  little  attempt 
to  placate  opponents  or  to  assuage  animosities  within  his  party.  It 
used  to  be  said  of  him  by  his  Republican  opponents  that  he  was  very 
much  opposed  to  slavery  except  among  the  ranks  of  his  own  followers ; 
their  condition  was  one  of  abject  servitude.  Persons  that  were  not 
docile  and  tractable  under  his  rule  he  labored  diligently  to  disparage 
and  suppress.  None  of  these  things  were  necessary  to  him  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  useful  service  to  the  state  and  the  country;  they  were 
not  at  all  needful  to  the  maintenance  of  his  ascendancy  in  the  councils 
of  his  party ;  he  was  easily  at  the  front  without  them ;  but  he  preferred 
to  assert  his  leadership  and  to  exercise  its  functions  in  this  manner. 
Our  Democratic  success  so  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  may  have 
been  in  some  measure  due  to  the  Republican  revolt  against  this  sort  of 
domination.  Hendricks  was  elected  governor,  McDonald  became  sen- 
ator, and  our  electoral  vote  was  cast  for  Tilden — all  in  the  lifetime  of 
Morton.  •  *  •  The  administration  of  Morton  as  war  governor  has 
been  the  theme  both  of  unmeasured  detraction  and  panegyric.  It 
deserves  neither.  As  a  chief  magistrate  in  the  regular  discharge  of 
constitutional  duty  he  was  no  model.  As  a  political  leader,  placed  in  a 
position  of  uncontrollable  power,  his  course  may  be  susceptible  of  a 
somewhat  favorable  consideration.  He  opposed  the  proclamation  of 
martial  law  in  the  state,  a  measure  more  than  once  seriously  entertained 
and  seconded,  yet  he  himself  did  many  things  possible  only  under  that 
system. 

"The  true  method  of  estimating  his  conduct  is  to  regard  it,  as  it 
actually  was  for  the  time  being,  that  of  an  absolute  ruler.  In  the 
exercise  of  this  extreme  authority  he  recognized  certain  limitations; 
they  were  not  limitations  of  law  or  of  constitutional  right,  but  simply 
the  suggestions  of  his  own  prudence  and  discretion.  In  a  particular 
class  of  cases,  he  knew  that  he  might  go  far  beyond  the  ordinary  line  of 
legal  procedure.  Public,  or  rather  popular,  opinion  not  only  tolerated 
but  vehemently  approved  this  course.  Here  he  stayed  his  hand.  His 


• 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  647 

most  arbitrary  acts  were  done  openly  under  the  plea. always  made  in 
such  cases,  of  military  necessity  or  of  the  public  safety.  The  arbitrary 
acts  which  he  forebore  to  do,  though  often  urged  to  their  performance, 
were  much  worse  in  character,  as  they  would  have  been  in  their  conse- 
quences, than  those  he  committed. 

'What's  done,  we  partly  may  compute 
But  know  not  what's  resisted.' 

"He  was  a  veritable  type  of  the  spirit  prevalent  in  that  age,  a  virile 
exponent  of  the  aims  and  purposes  of  the  intense  partisan  school.  This 
partisan  intensity  seemed  to  grow  with  his  years;  it  did  not  decline 
when  the  causes  that  had  at  first  engendered  it  were  diminished.  His 
posthumous  fame,  therefore,  may  have  incurred  some  injustice,  and  for 
the  same  reason  his  capacity  otherwise  is  not  shown  in  its  due  propor- 
tions. Like  another  Oliver,  the  great  ruler  of  the  English  Common- 
wealth in  the  seventeenth  century,  whom  he  in  some  respects  resembled, 
his  political  course  was  not  free  from  inconsistencies,  but  these  were 
merged  and  harmonized  in  one  object,  the  success  that  attended  him. 
What  was  merely  said  of  Burke  might  be  emphasized  in  largest  capitals 
of  Morton:  he  not  only  gave  up,  but  deliberately  surrendered  and 
devoted  to  party  what  was  meant  for  mankind.  Hence  his  reputation, 
though  extensive  and  well  established,  is  great  within  certain  metes  and 
bounds ;  yet  it  is  such  as  he  chose  to  make  it.  His  views  of  our  national 
policy  not  connected  with  partisan  interests  or  action  were  just  and 
comprehensive.  During  his  service  in  the  Senate  they  were  often  made 
known,  always  strongly  stated  and  vigorously  upheld.  Since  his  day 
they  have  been  little  studied  or  exploited.  After  his  death  they  lapsed. 
Many  wore  his  yoke  but  none  his  mantle.  It  is  hard  to  take  to  pieces, 
to  depict  separately,  the  features  or  lineaments  of  such  a  character. 
The  effect  of  the  whole,  upon  those  who  knew  him,  was  so  impressive  as 
somewhat  to  obscure  the  parts.  In  regard  to  these  it  is  easier  to  say 
what  he  was  not  than  what  he  was.  To  speak  of  one  particular,  avarice 
had  no  place  in  his  nature.  In  a  time  not  free  from  corruption,  prone 
to  the  adulation  of  wealth  and  rife  with  the  sordid  temptations  of  self- 
interest,  he  lived  and  died  no  richer  than  when  he  first  took  office. 
Herein  is  an  exemplar  most  laudable.  This  tells  of  him  much  more 
than  monuments  may  show,  better  things  than  eulogy  can  utter. 

"Republican  partisans  desiring  to  compliment  some  one  of  their 
modern  leaders,  often  liken  him  to  Morton.  These  persons  seem  to 
forget  that  Morton  was  a  man  of  great  intellectual  strength,  as  well  as 
of  the  finest  executive  talents ;  that  during  the  whole  period  of  the  war 


vol.  ii— a 


648  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

for  the  Union,  when  we  had  more  than  one  hundred  regiments  in  the 
field,  and  when  the  civil  list  was  also  necessarily  much  enlarged,  and 
long  after  this,  he  had  as  governor  and  senator,  as  far  as  it  concerned 
this  state,  the  entire  control  of  patronage,  federal  and  local,  civil  and 
military.  Who  now  has,  or  can  have,  such  a  following?  Circumstances 
have  not  since  existed  to  make  a  leader  of  any  party,  moving  and  acting 
in  such  an  extensive,  almost  boundless  sphere  of  opportunity  and  power. 
In  this,  as  in  many  other  respects,  he  stands  and  will  stand  for  many 
a  day,  alone  and  unapproachable. "  4 1 

Inasmuch  as  he  had  ignored  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  there 
was  no  opportunity  to  contest  Morton's  assumption  of  power  until  the 
election  of  1864.  In  1863  the  Union  prospects  began  to  improve.  The 
Fourth  of  July  was  celebrated  by  Lee's  retreat  from  Gettysburg,  and 
Pemberton  's  surrender  of  Vicksburg.  The  Mississippi  was  open  at  last, 
except  for  the  works  at  Port  Hudson,  which  were  taken  soon  after. 
Lee  returned  to  defensive  tactics  in  the  east,  and  little  more  was 
accomplished  there;  and  Lee  detached  forces  that  did  serious  damage  in 
the  west.  The  North  received  a  hard  blow  at  Chickamauga ;  but  Grant 
was  hurried  to  Chattanooga,  and  in  November  Lookout  Mountain  and 
Missionary  Ridge  were  added  to  his  list  of  victories.  This  settled  the 
worst  difficulty  of  the  war — inefficiency  at  the  top — for  on  February  27, 
1864,  Congress  passed  a  bill  reviving  the  office  of  Lieutenant  General, 
and  Grant  was  appointed  to  it,  and  thereby  to  the  command  of  all  the 
armies  in  the  field.  The  South  was  far  from  conquered,  but  it  was  "on 
the  way."  But  the  most  effective  political  justification  for  Morton  in 
Indiana  was  furnished  by  the  "Sons  of  Liberty."  This  secret  organ- 
ization is  usually  treated  as  a  revival  or  successor  of  the  "Knights  of 
the  Golden  Circle,"  but  no  real  connection  has  been  shown.  The  latter 
was  a  Southern  organization,  existing  before  the  war,  and  having  in 
view  an  invasion  of  Mexico.  Either  it  or  something  similar  to  it  was 
continued  after  the  beginning  of  the  war.42  In  May,  1862,  the  United 
States  grand  jury,  at  Indianapolis,  reported  that  the  order  existed  in 
Indiana;  that  it  had  about  15,000  members,  and  that  they  were  pledged 
'to  resist  the  payment  of  Federal  taxes,  and  to  prevent  enlistments. 
This  report  was  published  on  August  4,  1862,  and  apparently  had  little 
effect  on  the  election  that  fall.  It  was  charged  that  it  was  a  knowledge 
of  this  organization  which  caused  Morgan  to  invade  Indiana;  but  there 
were  no  material  signs  of  it  during  the  invasion,  and  Morgan's  evident 
purpose  was  to  get  out  as  rapidly  and  unexpectedly  as  he  came  in. 

«  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  pp.  219-26. 

«2  A  pamphlet  of  88  pages  making  an  alleged  exposure  of  it  was  printed  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1861. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  649 

In  August,  1863,  P.  C.  Wright,  of  New  York,  came  into  Indiana, 
and  began  at  Terre  Haute  "the  organization  of  the  Order  of  American 
Knights.  The  persons  at  the  meeting  were  initiated  by  Wright ;  and 
then  a  Grand  Council  was  appointed,  which  met  at  Indianapolis  on 
September  10th  with  representatives  from  other  localities  where  the 
organization  was  started.*3  On  the  face  of  the  ritual  the  purposes  of 
the  order  appear  to  be  political,  of  the  extreme  states  rights  school, 
denying  the  constitutional  right  of  the  United  States  to  coerce  a  state ; 
and  presented  in  the  terrifying  forms  common  to  college  fraternities, 
and  other  secret  organizations.  Prominent  Democrats  were  asked  to 
join  it.  Joseph  E.  McDonald  with  whom  I  read  law,  talked  to  me  very 
freely  about  it.  He  said  that  both  he  and  Mr.  Hendricks  were  present 
at  the  first  meeting  at  Indianapolis,  by  invitation.  After  the  organizer 
had  made  his  explanation  of  the  purposes  of  the  order,  which  were 
mainly  mutual  protection  against  Republican  aggressions  on  individ- 
uals, both  he  and  Mr.  Hendricks  spoke,  advising  against  it.  They 
urged  that  however  proper  its  purposes  might  be,  a  secret  society  op- 
posed to  the  administration  in  time  of  war,  was  almost  certain  to  drift 
into  something  treasonable;  that  instead  of  being  a  protection  it  would 
be  a  source  of  danger ;  that  it  would  be  sure  to  be  invaded  by  govern- 
ment detectives  and  spies,  and  anything  that  one  or  more  members 
might  say  in  the  supposed  secrecy  of  a  meeting  could  be  made  the  basis 
of  a  charge  of  treason  against  all  the  members.  After  speaking,  they 
withdrew,  and  about  half  of  the  meeting  followed  them,  while  the 
others  remained  and  formed  the  local  organization.  Wm.  M.  Harrison, 
Grand  Secretary  of  the  Order,  who  appeared  as  a  government  witness 
at  the  trial,  testified  that  the  Grand  Council  instituted  a  Military 
Degree,  under  direction  of  Wright,  and  appointed  Major  Generals,  for 
four  districts,  under  whom  subordinate  officers  were  to  be  appointed 
and  regiments  organized;  but  he  never  knew  of  any  action  towards 
arming  or  drilling  them.44  He  had  charge  of  the  reports  of  member- 
ship, and  gave  the  total  in  September,  1864,  at  not  to  exceed  18,000. 
On  cross-examination  he  said:  "I  do  not  believe  that  the  majority 
of  the  first  and  second  degree  members  ever  knew  or  thought  that 
revolution  in  Indiana  was  contemplated.45  J.  J.  Bingham,  Editor  of 
the  Sentinel,  who  testified  for  the  government,  said  that  he  declined  to 
join  when  invited  by  Wright,  but  joined  later  at  the  request  of  Dodd, 
the  Grand  Commander  of  the  Order,  who  represented  that  it  was  to 
be  a  permanent  political  educational  society,  similar  to  the  Masons  and 

«  Treason  Trials,  p.  80. 
««  Treason  Trials,  p.  88. 
is  Treason  Trials,  p.  92. 


650 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Odd  Fellows;  and  was  to  found  a  newspaper  and  a  University  at 
Indianapolis.  At  the  first  meeting  that  he  attended  he  was  appointed 
chairman  of  a  committee  on  these  subjects,  and  very  judiciously  advised 


COL.  WILLIAM  BOWLES 


that  no  newspaper  be  started  until  they  had  money  enough  to  run  it 
for  a  year;  and  that  the  university  be  indefinitely  postponed.  He  said 
he  never  knew  of  any  military  organization  until  the  exposure.49 


«•  Treason  Trials,  pp.  98-9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  651 

Horace  Heffren,  Deputy  Grand  Commander  of  the  Order,  who  was 
a  government  witness,  said  that  there  were  two  organizations,  "one 
within  the  other, ' '  the  civil  organization  being  purely  political,  and  not  a 
military  organization.  When  asked  what  proportion  of  the  members 
belonged  to  the  military  organization,  he  replied,  "Only  the  leaders; 
they  were  to  control  the  matter  through  a  Committee  of  Thirteen,  who 
were  to  be  known  only  to  the  Grand  Commander  and  themselves. ' '  *7 
More  remarkable  than  all  of  these,  although  Clement  L.  Vail  an  ding- 
ham  was  the  Supreme  Commander  of  the  Order,  his  son  says  that  he 
knew  nothing  of  the  military  part  for  some  time  after  he  accepted  the 
office.  The  Order  of  American  Knights  was  changed  to  the  Sons  of 
Liberty  in  February,  1864,  while  Vallandingham  was  in  Canada.  When 
first  solicited  to  become  the  head  oi  the  new  organization,  he  refused, 
being  an  opponent  of  secret  organizations.  The  promoters  of  the  Order 
came  back  later,  with  a  plea  that  it  was  an  educational  affair,  to  pro- 
mulgate the  political  ideas  that  he  was  advocating.  He  then  consented, 
but  did  not  even  read  the  ritual.  He  was  approached  by  a  Confederate 
agent  with  a  proposition  to  assist  the  South,  but  declined  to  consider 
it  until  the  South  was  willing  to  abandon  disunion.  "When  informed 
by  one  of  the  officials  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  that  aid  to  the  South  was 
being  planned,  he  waxed  indignant,  and  said:  "Not  a  hand  shall  be 
offered  to  assist  the  Southern  people  nor  a  shot  fired  in  their  favor  if 
I  can  control  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  until  it  is  distinctly  understood  that 
the  idea  of  permanent  disunion  is  entirely  given  up  and  completely 
abandoned.  If  I  hear  of  any  further  developments,  under  existing 
circumstances,  of  attempts  of  members  of  our  order  to  assist  the  South- 
ern Government,  I  will  myself  inform  the  Lincoln  Administration,  and 
see  that  the  authors  of  a  worse  than  abortive  revolution  are  promptly 
punished."48  Vallandingham  was  in  a  peculiarly  trying  position.  His 
family  was  divided,  part  of  his  nephews  being  in  the  Union  army,  and 
part  in  the  rebel  army,  two  killed  on  each  side.  He  was  absolutely 
opposed  to  disunion,  but  equally  opposed  to  coercion-,  and  still  was 
wrecking  his  life  in  efforts  to  secure  peace  on  his  ideas  of  constitutional 
right.  But  we  are  not  concerned  with  him,  except  as  connected  with 
the  effort  to  understand  what  happened  in  Indiana. 

The  first  that  the  Indiana  Democratic  leaders  knew  of  the  treason- 
able plans  was  on  August  4,  when  Michael  C.  Kerr,  the  well  known 
Congressman — Speaker  of  the  House  in  1875 — came  to  Indianapolis 
with  a  report  of  the  proposed  insurrection.  A  meeting  of  prominent 
Democrats  was  held  at  the  office  of  Senator  McDonald  on  the  5th. 


*i  Treason  Trials,  p.  125. 

«s  Life  of  Vallandingham,  pp.  371-6. 


652  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

' 

Dodd  and  Walker  were  called  in,  and  told  that  the  affair  must  be 
stopped;  and  promised  that  it  should  be.  It  was  also  decided  that 
Morton  should  be  informed,  and  as  McDonald  was  his  personal  friend, 
he  was  selected  to  convey  the  information.  He  waited  on  Morton,  and 
told  him  what  he  had  learned.  Morton  informed  him  that  he  knew 
all  about  it.  Kerr  had  joined  the  order,  understanding  it  to  be  entirely 
political,  and  was  initiated  by  Heffren,  but  his  complete  loyalty  was 
never  questioned. 

After  his  death,  Senator  Morton  said  of  him:  "His  name  will  be 
remembered  with  pride  and  with  affection  in  Indiana.  He  was  one  of 
her  most  highly  favored  and  gifted  sons,  and  it  gives  me  satisfaction  to 
bear  testimony  to  his  patriotism.  I  believe  he  was  a  devout  lover  of 
his  country,  and  went  for  that  which  he  believed  was  for  the  best.  I 
have  always  given  him  credit  for  his  integrity,  for  his  patriotism,  and 
for  love  of  his  country,  and  the  strongest  testimony  which  I  can  bear 
to  the  character  of  Mr.  Kerr  is  to  say  that  he  was  regarded  by  men 
of  all  parties  in  Indiana  as  an  honest  man,  an  able  man,  a  patriotic 
man,  and  that  his  death  was  mourned  by  all  his  neighbors,  and  by  all 
who  knew  him,  without  distinction  of  party."4" 

The  first  real  knowledge  of  the  treasonable  proposal  came  to  the 
authorities  through  Gen.  Rosecrans,  from  Missouri.  He  obtained  a 
pretty  full  exposure  of  the  plot,  and  communicated  it  first  to  Qov. 
Yates,  of  Illinois.  About  May  1,  Gen.  Carrington,  of  Indiana,  having 
received  information  of  the  matter,  sent  a  request  to  Capt.  Stephen 
E.  Jones,  Provost  Marshall  of  Kentucky,  for  a  reliable  Kentuckian 
to  watch  Dr.  Wm.  A.  Bowles,  of  French  Lick,  who  was  expecting  to 
go  to  Kentucky  to  organize  lodges  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty.  At  that 
time,  Felix  Grundy  Stidger  was  in  Louisville,  seeking  employment  with 
the  Secret  Service  Department,  and  through  the  recommendation  of 
a  friend  in  the  employ  of  Jones,  was  sent  for  to  engage  in  this  work. 
As  nothing  definite  was  known  about  the  plans  of  Bowles,  it  was  agreed 
that  Stidger  should  go  to  French  Lick  and  get  acquainted  with  him 
there.  Carrington 's  letter  had  been  sent  by  James  Prentice,  a  soldier 
from  a  Michigan  regiment,  who  had  been  detailed  for  work  under  Car- 
rington. He  instructed  Stidger  in  the  signs  and  "work"  of  the  first, 
or  Neophyte  Degree  of  the  Order,  which  was  as  far  as  any  of  the 
government  detectives  had  then  got.  Stidger  was  a  remarkable  natural 
detective.  He  was  born  at  Taylorsville,  Spencer  County,  Kentucky, 
August  5,  1836 ;  and  had  a  varied  experience  as  employe  in  the  County 
Clerk's  office,  hod-carrier,  carpenter  and  clerk  in  a  general  store.  In 


"Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  340. 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


653 


October,  1862,  McCook's  Corps  came  through  Taylorsville,  in  the  pur- 
suit of  Bragg,  and  Gen.  Rousseau,  acting  Assistant  Adjutant  General 
of  Division,  wanted  a  clerk,  whereupon  Stidger  applied  for  the  position, 
and  enlisted  in  the  Fifteenth  Kentucky  to  take  it.  In  February,  1864, 
he  succeeded,  after  some  rebuffs,  in  getting  out  of  the  service  on  a 
medical  certificate  that  he  was  suffering  from  "a  predisposition  to 


FELIX  G.  STIDGER 

consumption,  hereditary  in  its  character,"  and  so  got  his  chance  to  be 
a  detective.  On  May  7,  having  purchased  a  suit  of  "butternut"  clothes 
and  a  pair  of  spectacles,  for  disguise,  he  started,  and  from  failure  to 
learn  his  route,  stopped  at  Salem,  Ind.  By  a  lucky  chance  he  met 
Horace  Heffren,  with  whom  he  ingratiated  himself,  and  from  whom  he 
materially  increased  his  knowledge  of  the  Indiana  organization.  On 
the  8th  he  went  on  to  French  Lick,  and  was  received  with  open  arms 
by  Bowles,  who  seemed  to  be  longing  for  an  opportunity  to  unbosom 


652 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Dodd  and  Walker  were  called  in,  and  told  that  the  affair  must  be 
stopped;  and  promised  that  it  should  be.  It  was  also  decided  that 
Morton  should  be  informed,  and  as  McDonald  was  his  personal  friend, 
he  was  selected  to  convey  the  information.  He  waited  on  Morton,  and 
told  him  what  he  had  learned.  Morton  informed  him  that  he  knew 
all  about  it.  Kerr  had  joined  the  order,  understanding  it  to  be  entirely 
political,  and  was  initiated  by  Heffren,  but  his  complete  loyalty  was 
never  questioned. 

After  his  death,  Senator  Morton  said  of  him:  "His  name  will  be 
remembered  with  pride  and  with  affection  in  Indiana.  He  was  one  of 
her  most  highly  favored  and  gifted  sons,  and  it  gives  me  satisfaction  to 
bear  testimony  to  his  patriotism.  I  believe  he  was  a  devout  lover  of 
his  country,  and  went  for  that  which  he  believed  was  for  the  best.  I 
have  always  given  him  credit  for  his  integrity,  for  his  patriotism,  and 
for  love  of  his  country,  and  the  strongest  testimony  which  I  can  bear 
to  the  character  of  Mr.  Kerr  is  to  say  that  he  was  regarded  by  men 
of  all  parties  in  Indiana  as  an  honest  man,  an  able  man,  a  patriotic 
man,  and  that  his  death  was  mourned  by  all  his  neighbors,  and  by  all 
who  knew  him,  without  distinction  of  party."4" 

The  first  real  knowledge  of  the  treasonable  proposal  came  to  the 
authorities  through  Gen.  Rosecrans,  from  Missouri.  He  obtained  a 
pretty  full  exposure  of  the  plot,  and  communicated  it  first  to  Gov. 
Yates,  of  Illinois.  About  May  1,  Gen.  Carrington,  of  Indiana,  having 
received  information  of  the  matter,  sent  a  request  to  Capt.  Stephen 
E.  Jones,  Provost  Marshall  of  Kentucky,  for  a  reliable  Kentuckian 
to  watch  Dr.  Win.  A.  Bowles,  of  French  Lick,  who  was  expecting  to 
go  to  Kentucky  to  organize  lodges  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty.  At  that 
time,  Felix  Grundy  Stidger  was  in  Louisville,  seeking  employment  with 
the  Secret  Service  Department,  and  through  the  recommendation  of 
a  friend  in  the  employ  of  Jones,  was  sent  for  to  engage  in  this  work. 
As  nothing  definite  was  known  about  the  plans  of  Bowles,  it  was  agreed 
that  Stidger  should  go  to  French  Lick  and  get  acquainted  with  him 
there.  Carrington 's  letter  had  been  sent  by  James  Prentice,  a  soldier 
from  a  Michigan  regiment,  who  had  been  detailed  for  work  under  Car- 
rington. He  instructed  Stidger  in  the  signs  and  "work"  of  the  first, 
or  Neophyte  Degree  of  the  Order,  which  was  as  far  as  any  of  the 
government  detectives  had  then  got.  Stidger  was  a  remarkable  natural 
detective.  He  was  born  at  Taylorsville,  Spencer  County,  Kentucky, 
August  5,  1836 ;  and  had  a  varied  experience  as  employe  in  the  County 
Clerk's  office,  hod-carrier,  carpenter  and  clerk  in  a  general  store.  In 


< »  Woollen's  Sketches,  p.  340. 


' 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


653 


October,  1862,  McCook's  Corps  came  through  Taylorsville,  in  the  pur- 
suit of  Bragg,  and  Gen.  Rousseau,  acting  Assistant  Adjutant  General 
of  Division,  wanted  a  clerk,  whereupon  Stidger  applied  for  the  position, 
and  enlisted  in  the  Fifteenth  Kentucky  to  take  it.  In  February,  1864, 
he  succeeded,  after  some  rebuffs,  in  getting  out  of  the  service  on  a 
medical  certificate  that  he  was  suffering  from  "a  predisposition  to 


FELIX  G.  STIDGER 

consumption,  hereditary  in  its  character,"  and  so  got  his  chance  to  be 
a  detective.  On  May  7,  having  purchased  a  suit  of  "butternut"  clothes 
and  a  pair  of  spectacles,  for  disguise,  he  started,  and  from  failure  to 
learn  his  route,  stopped  at  Salem,  Ind.  By  a  lucky  chance  he  met 
Horace  Heffren,  with  whom  he  ingratiated  himself,  and  from  whom  he 
materially  increased  his  knowledge  of  the  Indiana  organization.  On 
the  8th  he  went  on  to  French  Lick,  and  was  received  with  open  arms 
by  Bowles,  who  seemed  to  be  longing  for  an  opportunity  to  unbosom 


654  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

himself.     He  stayed  with  Bowles  for  four  days,  and  then  returned  to 
Louisville  and  submitted  a  written  report  to  Jones. 

After  reading  the  report,  Jones  told  him  that  "he  did  not  believe 
a  word  of  it."  Stidger  offered  some  additional  details,  and  then  asked 
why  his  report  was  doubted.  Jones  replied  that  "he  did  not  see,  nor 
could  not  perceive  nor  understand  how  any  man  could  so  far  ingratiate 
himself  into  the  confidence  of  an  entire  stranger  in  so  short  a  time,  as 
to  obtain  the  information  that  I  claimed  in  that  report  to  have  obtained 
of  Horace  Heffren  and  Dr.  Bowles. ' ' 50  Indeed  the  revelations  were 
enough  to  stagger  anyone  of  ordinary  skepticism.  Stidger  said  that 
Bowles  w'ds  particularly  desirous  to  find  someone  in  Kentucky  to  make 
him  three  or  four  thousand  lances,  which  were  described  as  follows: 
"The  lancers  were  to  be  armed  with  lances,  of  what  length  I  do  not 
know,  but  there  was  to  be  a  hook,  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  a 
sickle;  the  lance  to  punch  with,  and  a  sickle  to  cut  the  horse's  bridle; 
there  was  to  be  a  thrust  and  a  cut,  a  thrust  for  the  man  and  a  out 
for  the  horses'  bridles;  he  thought  the  enemy  would  become  confused 
and  distracted,  and  if  a  charge  was  made  upon  them  when  they  had 
no  means  of  controlling  the  horses  they  would  be  easily  mashed  up." 
It  was  aptly  claimed  that  this  would  be  "a  terrible  weapon."  51  It  may 
excite  surprise  that  the  ingenious  inventor  overlooked  providing  hatchets 
to  chop  off  the  legs  of  the  infantry,  but  there  should  remain  no  wonder 
that  he  got  his  regiment  into  trouble  at  Buena  Vista.  Dodd,  who  was 
at  the  head  of  the  order  in  Indiana,  was  equally  lucid.  Bingham  testi- 
fied that  when  Dodd  revealed  his  plan  for  releasing  the  prisoners  at 
Camp  Morton,  "I  looked  at  the  man  in  astonishment.  I  thought  it  was 
a  wild  dream ;  I  could  not  believe  it  possible.  I  studied  a  moment,  and 
said,  'Mr.  Dodd,  do  you  know  what  you  are  going  to  undertake?  Do 
you  know  the  position  of  military  affairs  here  at  this  post?  Do  you 
think  you  can  accomplish  this  scheme  with  any  number  of  unarmed  and 
undisciplined  men  you  can  bring  here?'  "  Dodd's  plan  was  to  hold 
"ordinary  politieal  meetings,"  or  equivalents,  at  three  points  east  of 
Camp  Morton.  "One  meeting  would,  perhaps,  be  a  Sabbath  school  meet- 
ing; another  a  political  meeting;  and  the  third,  perhaps,  a  political 
meeting — or  something  of  that  kind."  Arms  were  to  be  brought  in 
wagons,  concealed  under  hay  or  straw.  Someone  was  to  propose  a  drill, 
without  arms,  "to  be  in  the  fashion."  Then,  "At  the  time  of  day  when 
the  soldiers  came  on  dress  parade,  at  some  place  east  of  the  camp 
ground,  some  one  at  the  camp  would  throw  up  a  signal,  which  would 
be  seen  from  these  meeting  places;  when  the  signal  was  seen,  those  who 


Stidger 's  Treason  History,  p.  41. 
Treason  Trials,  pp.  115,  128. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


655 


understood  what  they  had  met  there  for,  would  at  once  seize  their  arms 
and  march  immediately  in  ,lhe  direction  of  Camp  Morton.  At  the  time 
they  were  thus  marching,  the  fences  and  buildings  of  Camp  Morton 
were  to  be  fired.  It  was  understood  that  the  released  rebel  prisoners 
would  participate  in  the  affair,  and  that  these  rebel  soldiers  could 
come  up  in  the  rear,  and  that  the  Federal  soldiers,  finding  themselves 
surrounded,  would  be  easily  overcome.  The  rebel  prisoners  would  be 
armed  with  the  soldiers'  arms,  and  the  soldiers  would  be  held  as  prison- 
ers of  war.  At  the  time  this  was  going  on  the  work  of  freeing 
prisoners  and  the  capturing  of  these  soldiers — a  detail  of  persons  was 


" 


A   WAK-T1XI   nWTOGKAPH. 


to  be  sent  to  take  care  of  the  Governor,  and  secure  him;  in  some  way 
take  care  of  him ;  and  then  the  arsenals  at  this  place  were  to  be  seized, 
and  a  better  quality  of  arms  procured;  those  that  went  with  this  ex- 
pedition were  to  be  as  fully  armed  from  the  arsenal  as  was  necessary. 
They  were  also  to  take  such  munitions  of  war  as  they  thought  proper 
with  them.  They  were  then  to  seize  the  railroad  to  Jeffersonville,  and 
make  use  of  the  cars  for  the  transportation  of  troops  and  rebel  prison- 
ers; they  were  then  to  go  on  and  complete  the  same  work  at  Jefferson- 
ville and  New  Albany,  and  also  to  cooperate  in  the  capture  of  Louis- 
ville."52 

The  one  man  who  declined  to  get  excited  about  the  plot  was  Lincoln. 
"The  President's  attitude  in  regard  to  this  organization  was  one  of 
good-humored  contempt  rather  than  anything  else."  In  reply  to  the 

52  Treason  Trials,  pp.  101,  148. 


656  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

urgent  demands  of  Rosecrans  and  Yates  that  he  call  an  officer  to  Wash- 
ington to  give  him  the  details  of  the  uprising,  which  they  expected  to 
occur  on  the  return  of  Vallandingham  to  Ohio,  he  finally  sent  a  private 
secretary  to  St.  Louis  to  investigate  and  report.  He  came  back  with 
an  account  of  the  discoveries  of  the  detectives,  and  injunctions  from 
Rosecrans  for  the  utmost  secrecy.  After  hearing  the  report,  Lincoln 
thoughtfully  observed  that  "a  secret  confided  on  the  one  side  to  half 
a  million  Democrats,  and  on  the  other  to  five  Governors  and  their  staffs, 
was  hardly  worth  keeping.  He  said  the  Northern  section  of  the  con- 
spiracy merited  no  special  attention,  being  about  an  equal  mixture  of 
puerility  and  malice."  As  to  the  claim  that  Indiana  would  furnish 
100,000  men  for  the  uprising,  he  said :  ' '  Nothing  can  make  me  believe 
that  100,000  Indiana  Democrats  are  disloyal."53  Wise  old  Father 
Abraham.  He  had  not  forgotten  the  reception  to  John  Morgan.  As 
to  the  number  in  Indiana,  the  leaders,  when  singing  "the  Conspirators 
Chorus,"  claimed  all  the  way  from  40,000  to  100,000;  but  Wm.  M. 
Harrison,  the  Grand  Secretary  of  the  Order,  testified  that  the  number 
just  before  the  exposure  was  ' '  not  to  exceed  eighteen  thousand ' ' ;  and 
the  case  before  the  military  commission  was  tried  on  that  basis,  the 
Judge  Advocate  holding  that  "these  eighteen  thousand  members  of  the 
Order  of  American  Knights,  or  Sons  of  Liberty,  are  all  of  them  parties 
to  this  conspiracy,  and  held  responsible  for  what  Dodd  and  others 
did."54  A  wealth  of  imagination  is  indicated  as  to  the  money  sup- 
plied by  the  Confederacy.  Heffren  said  that  Dr.  James  B.  Wilson, 
who  attended  the  meeting  at  the  time  of  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention, said  that  the  Confederate  government  had  sent  $500,000  to 
be  used  in  the  movement ;  and  Wilson  said  it  was  announced  at  Chicago 
that  there  were  $2,000,000,  and  that  $200,000  was  furnished  to  Indiana, 
half  to  Dodd  and  half  to  John  C.  Walker.53  If  they  received  a  tenth 
of  that  amount  they  were  working  a  confidence  game  on  the  Confed- 
erate emissaries.  This  appears  possible.  The  man  in  charge  of  the 
Confederate  interests  at  Chicago  was  Capt.  Thos.  Henry  Hines,  the 
same  who  invaded  Indiana,  and  later  helped  Morgan  escape  from  prison. 
He  seems  to  have  been  a  young  dare-devil,  who  was  a  good  soldier,  but 
not  a  wily  financier.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his  experience  later  for 
the  Southern  Bivouac,  and  tells  of  one  clerical  conspirator  to  whom 
he  furnished  $5,000,  who  returned  and  claimed  that  he  had  been  ar- 
rested, and  the  money  taken  from  him,  but  he  had  escaped.  Hines 
had  a  collection  of  "choice  spirits"  from  the  South  with  him,  one  of 


as  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Vol.  8,  pp.  9-13. 
**  Treason  Trials,  pp.  87,  167. 
»»  Treason  Trials,  pp.  126,  145. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


657 


the  most  picturesque  being  "Lt.  Col.  St.  Leger  Grenfell,  of  the  English 
service,"  who  was  either  $  talented  liar  or  a  man  of  remarkable  experi- 
ence. He  claimed  to  have  served  five  years  with  the  French  in  Algiers, 
several  years  with  the  Moors  in  Tangiers;  four  years  under  Abd-el- 
Kader,  besides  going  through  the  Crimean  war  and  the  Sepoy  Rebel- 
lion, and  serving  with  Garabaldi  in  South  America.  He  took  a  fancy 


L 


CAPT.  JOHN  B.  CASTLEMAN  AT  TWENTY-TWO 

to  Morgan,  and  joined  him;  he  became  Morgan's  Adjutant  General, 
and.  made  lot  of  trouble  by  insisting  that  all  papers  should  be  made 
out  in  English  fashion.  Basil  Duke,  who  had  quite  a  good  opinion 
of  him,  says:  "He  was  the  only  gentleman  I  ever  knew  who  liked  to 
fight  with  his  fists,  and  he  was  always  cheerful  and  contented  when 
he  could  shoot  and  be  shot  at.56  He  was  arrested  when  the  Union  author- 
ities at  Chicago  made  a  descent  on  the  conspirators  on  November  6, 

««  Morgan 's  Cavalry,  p.  180. 


. 


. 

. 


656 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


urgent  demands  of  Rosecrans  and  Yates  that  he  call  an  officer  to  Wash- 
ington to  give  him  the  details  of  the  uprising,  which  they  expected  to 
occur  on  the  return  of  Vallandingham  to  Ohio,  he  finally  sent  a  private 
secretary  to  St.  Louis  to  investigate  and  report.  He  c,ame  back  with 
an  account  of  the  discoveries  of  the  detectives,  and  injunctions  from 
Rosecrans  for  the  utmost  secrecy.  After  hearing  the  report,  Lincoln 
thoughtfully  observed  that  "a  secret  confided  on  the  one  side  to  half 
a  million  Democrats,  and  on  the  other  to  five  Governors  and  their  staffs, 
was  hardly  worth  keeping.  He  said  the  Northern  section  of  the  con- 
spiracy merited  no  special  attention,  being  about  an  equal  mixture  of 
puerility  and  malice."  As  to  the  claim  that  Indiana  would  furnish 
100,000  men  for  the  uprising,  he  said :  ' '  Nothing  can  make  me  believe 
that  100,000  Indiana  Democrats  are  disloyal."53  Wise  old  Father 
Abraham.  He  had  not  forgotten  the  reception  to  John  Morgan.  As 
to  the  number  in  Indiana,  the  leaders,  when  singing  "the  Conspirators 
Chorus,"  claimed  all  the  way  from  40,000  to  100,000;  but  Wm.  M. 
Harrison,  the  Grand  Secretary  of  the  Order,  testified  that  the  number 
just  before  the  exposure  was  "not  to  exceed  eighteen  thousand";  and 
the  case  before  the  military  commission  was  tried  on  that  basis,  the 
Judge  Advocate  holding  that  "these  eighteen  thousand  members  of  the 
Order  of  American  Knights,  or  Sons  of  Liberty,  are  all  of  them  parties 
to  this  conspiracy,  and  held  responsible  for  what  Dodd  and  others 
did."34  A  wealth  of  imagination  is  indicated  as  to  the  money  sup- 
plied by  the  Confederacy.  Heffren  said  that  Dr.  James  B.  Wilson, 
who  attended  the  meeting  at  the  time  of  the  Democratic  National  Con- 
vention, said  that  the  Confederate  government  had  sent  $500,000  to 
be  used  in  the  movement ;  and  Wilson  said  it  was  announced  at  Chicago 
that  there  were  $2,000,000,  and  that  $200,000  was  furnished  to  Indiana, 
half  to  Dodd  and  half  to  John  C.  Walker.5-"1  If  they  received  a  tenth 
of  that  amount  they  were  working  a  confidence  game  on  the  Confed- 
erate emissaries.  This  appears  possible.  The  man  in  charge  of  the 
Confederate  interests  at  Chicago  was  Capt.  Thos.  Henry  Hines,  the 
same  who  invaded  Indiana,  and  later  helped  Morgan  escape  from  prison. 
He  seems  to  have  been  a  young  dare-devil,  who  was  a  good  soldier,  but 
not  a  wily  financier.  He  wrote  an  account  of  his  experience  later  for 
the  Southern  Bivouac,  and  tells  of  one  clerical  conspirator  to  whom 
he  furnished  $5,000,  who  returned  and  claimed  that  he  had  been  ar- 
rested, and  the  money  taken  from  him,  but  he  had  escaped.  Hints 
had  a  collection  of  "choice  spirits"  from  the  South  with  him,  one  of 


53  Nicolay  and  Hay,  Vol.  8,  pp.  9-13. 
»«  Treason  Trials,  pp.  87,  167. 
»5  Treason  Trials,  pp.  126,  145. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


657 


the  most  picturesque  being  "Lt.  Col.  St.  Leger  Grenfell,  of  the  English 
service,"  who  was  either, a  talented  liar  or  a  man  of  remarkable  experi- 
ence. He  claimed  to  have  served  five  years  with  the  French  in  Algiers, 
several  years  with  the  Moors  in  Tangiers;  four  years  under  Abd-el- 
Kader,  besides  going  through  the  Crimean  war  and  the  Sepoy  Rebel- 
lion, and  serving  with  Garabaldi  in  South  America.  He  took  a  fancy 


i    VI 

CAPT.  JOHN  B.  CASTLEMAN  AT  TWENTY-TWO 

to  Morgan,  and  joined  him;  he  became  Morgan's  Adjutant  General, 
and  made  lot  of  trouble  by  insisting  that  all  papers  should  be  made 
out  in  English  fashion.  Basil  Duke,  who  had  quite  a  good  opinion 
of  him,  says :  ' '  He  was  the  only  gentleman  I  ever  knew  who  liked  to 
fight  with  his  fists,  and  he  was  always  cheerful  and  contented  when 
he  could  shoot  and  be  shot  at.">r>  He  was  arrested  when  the  Union  author- 
ities at  Chicago  made  a  descent  on  the  conspirators  on  November  6, 

86  Morgan  'a  Cavalry,  p.  180. 


658  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


two  days  before  the  national  election,  and  was  convicted,  and  sentenced 
to  death,  but  this  was  commuted  to  imprisonment  in  the  Dry  Tortugas. 
Hines  felt  that  they  had  been  "bunkoed"  in  some  way,  and  says, 
"When  the  count  was  taken  of  the  number  of  Sons  of  Liberty  on  whom 
we  could  rely,  it  seemed  worse  than  folly  to  attempt  to  use  them." 

Some  valuable  light  is  thrown  on  this  affair  by  a  recent  publication 
by  Gen.  John  Breckenridge  Castleman,  who  was  associated  with  Hines 
in  the  activities  at  Chicago.57  Castleman  is  of  one  of  the  old  Virginia 
families  that  settled  in  Kentucky  in  an  early  day.  He  was  born  on  his 
father's  estate  of  "  Castleton,  "•  in  Fayette  County,  Kentucky,  June 
30,  1841,  and  enjoyed  that  ideal  childhood  of  the  wealthy  in  the  South, 
where,  as  he  says:  "Every  child  old  enough  to  ride  had  his  horse 
and  his  dog,  every  boy  his  gun."  He  was  educated  at  a  neighborhood 
school,  at  Fort  Hill,  with  the  young  Breckenridges,  Simralls,  and 
other  neighbors,  and  as  a  youth  was  a  member  of  the  Lexington  Chas- 
seurs. Lexington  had  two  militia  companies,  the  Chasseurs  and  the 
Rifles,  the  latter  commanded  by  John  H.  Morgan,  and  the  former  by 
Sander  D.  Bruce.  Morgan  joined  the  Confederate  army,  and  most  of 
his  company  followed  him.  Bruce  joined  the  Union  army,  and  most 
of  his  company  did  likewise,  but  Castleman  raised  a  company  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  joined  Morgan  at  Chattanooga.  He  became  a  Major  in  the 
Confederate  army;  and  in  the  Spanish- American  War  was  Colonel 
of  the  First  Kentucky  Volunteers,  and  commissioned  Brigadier  General 
on  June  10,  1899.  Incidentally,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  Castlemau 
says  he  wrote  the  Southern  Bivouac  articles  which  are  credited  to 
Hines.  He  states  that  when  the  Northwestern  scheme  was  evolved, 
Hines  was  furnished  200  bales  of  cotton,  with  which  to  raise  money; 
and  made  his  way  to  Canada  with  $300,000,  which  was  put  in  the 
hands  of  the  Confederate  Commissioners,  headed  by  Jacob  Thompson. 
He  says  that  $30,000  was  given  to  Ben  Wood,  of  the  New  York  Daily 
News;  and  that  funds  were  "liberally  supplied"  to  James  A.  Barrett, 
of  St.  Louis,  and  to  Gen.  John  C.  Walker,  of  Indiana,  but  does  not 
state  the  amounts.  He  also  says  that  over  $40,000  was  contributed  to 
the  campaign  fund  of  the  Democrats  in  Illinois,  in  1864.  He  says  that 
he,  with  Hines,  Lt.  George  B.  Eastin,  and  seventy  Confederate  soldiers, 
went  to  Chicago  at  the  time  of  the  Democratic  Convention,  and  stopped 
at  the  Richmond  House.  Here  they  got  in  touch  with  the  leaders  of 
the  Sons  of  Liberty,  and  Castleman  says: 

"On  the  night  of  the  28th  of  August  we  called  a  conference  of  the 
recognized  leaders  and  were  not  altogether  surprised  to  find  lack  of 


57  "Active  Service,"  Louisville,  1917;  Courier-Journal  Job  Printing  Co. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  659 

actual  available  organization.  There  was  little  reason  to  doubt  that 
a  large  per  cent  of  the  strangers  in  Chicago  belonged  to  the  semi- 
military  Order  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty.  But  these  were  distributed 
amongst  a  vast  multitude  and  there  was  no  organization.  And  besides 
this  it  was  apparent  (and  it  was  not  unreasonable)  that  the  command- 
ers were  appalled  by  the  actual  demand  for  overt  action  against  armed 
forces.  And  when  Captain  Hines  called  for  5,000  men  to  assault  Camp 
Douglas  the  excuses  of  the  commanders  made  evident  a  hesitancy  about 
the  sacrifice  of  life.  This  aggressive  readiness  was  theoretical.  They 
had  not,  till  now,  been  brought  to  face  the  actualities  of  probable  war. 
And  the  responsibilities  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  had  not  been  under- 
stood to  be  the  offer  of  life.  Captain  Hine.s  and  I  were  not  willing  to 
sacrifice,  without  numerical  support,  the  little  body  of  comrades  that 
we  had  brought  upon  the  scene,  but  concluded  to  adjourn  the  com- 
manders' meeting  until  the  following  morning.  There  was  still  lack  of 
assured  organization.  "We  then  advised  that  if  we  had  our  little  band 
reinforced  by  500  organized  and  well  armed  men,  we  would  on  that 
night  take  Rock  Island,  where  the  prison  guards  numbered  seven  hun- 
dred and  the  prisoners  seven  thousand.  Captain  Hines  agreed  that  if, 
with  five  hundred  Western  men  and  twenty  Confederate  soldiers,  I 
would  run  through  on  regular  train  and  on  schedule  time  to  Rock 
Island,  he  would,  with  fifty  Confederate  soldiers,  control  all  the  wires 
and  railroads  out  of  Chicago,  preventing  any  truthful  telegraphic 
news,  or  any  transportation,  and  convey  to  the  outside  world  the  break- 
ing up  of  the  National  Democratic  Convention  by  assault  of  the  United 
States  troops,  while  we  would  release  Rock  Island  and  controlling 
railroads  and  telegraph  wires  take  possession  of  the  arsenal  at  Spring- 
field. But  the  commanders  could  not  be  ready  for  schedule  time  of 
the  Rock  Island  train,  and  we  noted  that  some  who  had  previously 
attended  were  not  present.  The  conditions  were  hopeless,  and  we  knew 
that  we  had  to  leave  the  crowds  attending  the  convention.  The 
commanders  hold  out  assurances  of  better  organization  and  positive 
action  at  the  time  of  the  presidential  election  in  November.  We  doubt 
this,  but  will  try  further.  It  is  in  view  of  these  promises  that  we  arc 
here,  Captain  Hines  at  Mattoon  and  I  at  Marshall.  The  vigilant  and 
untiring  efforts  of  Honorable  Jacob  Thompson  have  not  been  rewarded. 
We  convened  at  Richmond  House  on  the  night  of  30th  ulto.  the  seventy 
Confederate  soldiers,  stated  to  them  that  because  of  lack  of  cooperation 
we  had  failed,  and  advised  them  not  to  follow  Captain  Hines  or  me 
further  because  of  the  imminent  danger,  and  offered  them  transporta- 
tion to  go  South.  Twenty-two  followed  us.  Twenty-five  went  South. 
Twenty-three  returned  to  Canada.  We  furnished  transportation  to  all, 


660  .          INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

leaving  them  to  elect  their  destination.  Captain  Hines  and  I,  with 
the  fearless  little  band  with  us  will  use  a  free  discretion  in  performance 
of  what  we  conceive  to  be  duty,  shall  respect  private  interests  and  will 
not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  we  act  on  our  own  responsibility  and 
at  our  own  risk  without  involving  the  Confederate  Government." 

The  above  is  an  extract  from  Castleman's  report  of  September  7, 
1864,  to  James  A.  Seddon,  Confederate  Secretary  of  War,  forwarded 
through  Commissioner  Jacob  Thompson.  It  does  not  state  fully  the 
causes  for  their  alarm,  which  are  given  by  Castleman  elsewhere.  They 
had  become  distrustful  of  some  of  their  own  men,  and  with  cause,  for 
two  of  them  appeared  at  the  trials  subsequently  as  Government  wit- 
nesses, and  one  committed  suicide;  and  they  found  that  some  of  their 
men  had  been  talking  too  much.  But  they  did  not  seem  to  realize 
that  their  allied  lunatics  from  the  North  were  also  communicative; 
and,  with  an  innocence  that  is  very  common  with  conspirators,  they 
did  not  figure  on  what  "the  other  fellow"  was  doing.  If  they  had 
known  that  on  August  12,  Col.  B.  J.  Sweet,  commanding  at  Chicago, 
had  officially  reported  information  as  to  proceedings  at  Toronto,  add- 
ing: ''I  have  the  honor  respectfully  to  report  in  addition  to  the  sup- 
posed organization  at  Toronto,  Canada,  which  was  to  come  here  iu 
squads,  then  combine  and  attempt  to  rescue  the  prisoners  at  war  at 
Camp  Douglas,  that  there  is  an  armed  organization  in  this  city  of  five 
thousand  men,  and  that  the  rescue  of  our  prisoners  would  be  the  signal 
for  a  general  insurrection  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,"  they  would  have 
been  more  perturbed;  and  still  more  so  if  they  had  known  that  Gov- 
ernment agents  were  attending  their  meetings  at  the  Richmond  House.36 
The  astonishing  thing  is  that  they  did  not  take  warning  from  the  news- 
papers, for  the  exposures  had  begun  early  in  August,  and  were  quickly 
followed  by  the  arrests  of  Judge  Bullitt  of  Kentucky,  and  others ;  and 
by  the  middle  of  August  the  newspapers  were  full  of  articles  in  regard 
to  the  conspiracy.  The  seizure  of  "Dodd's  Sunday-School  books"59 
at  Indianapolis,  was  made  on  August  20 ;  and  on  the  same  day  the  Cin- 
cinnati Gazette  published  a  long  account  of  the  expose  in  Indiana.  On 
August  22,  an  "indignation  meeting"  was  held  at  the  Circle,  in  Indian- 
apolis, and  many  details  were  made  public.  On  August  19,  John  Y. 
Beall,  the  only  one  of  the  conspirators  who  accomplished  anything,  with 
twenty  Confederate  soldiers,  seized  the  "Philo.  Parsons,"  a  steamer 
on  Lake  Erie,  and  captured  and  destroyed  "The  Island  Queen."  He 

ss  For  an  interesting  statement  of  the  Government  'a  information,  see  article  ' '  The 
Chicago  Conspiracy,"  in  Atlantic  Monthly  for  July,  1865. 

s»  The  ' '  Sunday  School ' '  was  a  fiction,  thrown  in  for  effect.  Sulgrove  's  Hist,  of 
Indianapolis,  p.  318. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  661 

was  to  have  released  the  prisoners  on  Johnson's  Island,  but  his  meu 
refused  to  follow  him,  and  he  ran  into  Sandwich  and  destroyed  the 
boat — he  was  later  captured  in  another  piratical  venture,  and  executed 
in  New  York.  'All  of  these  things  were  reported  in  the  Chicago  papers, 
but  the  Confederate  emissaries  remained  on  the  job  at  Chicago  until 
the  dispersal,  above  mentioned,  on  August  30.  Manifestly  the  only 
reason  why  they  were  not  arrested  was  that  the  officials  were  not  ready 
to  spring  their  trap. 

Captain  George  Frank  Miller,  of  Co.  A,  Fourth  Ky.  (Confederate) 
Cavalry,  who  was  a  prisoner  in  Camp  Douglas  at  the  time  of  these  pro- 
ceedings, informs  me  that  they  had  no  knowledge  on  the  inside  of  any 
plans  for  release  on  the  outside,  except  inklings  in  the  Chicago  news- 
papers ;  but  that  they  did  have  a  plan  of  escape  of  their  own.  He  had 
been  with  Morgan's  Cavalry,  and  was  captured  in  June,  at  Mossy  Creek, 
after  the  defeat  of  Morgan  at  Cynthiana.  He  was  brought  to  Camp 
Douglas  in  July,  and  was  taken  into  the  scheme  for  escape,  in  which 
he  believes  from  4,000  to  5,000  of  the  prisoners  had  joined.  At  from 
6:30  to  7  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  guards  used  to  come  into  the 
Camp  to  "call  roll,"  which  meant  that  the  prisoners  lined  up  in  front 
of  their  barracks,  and  a  guard  passed  down  the  line  and  counted  them. 
There  was  a  guard  for  each  barrack  and  a  sergeant  for  each  row  of 
barracks,  making  60  men,  each  armed  with  a  revolver.  The  plan  was 
to  seize  these  guards,  get  the  revolvers,  and  rush  the  gates.  After  get- 
ting out,  they  proposed  to  raid  the  fire-engine  houses,  livery  barns,  and 
other  supplies  of  horses,  and  make  for  Missouri,  to  join  Price.  On  the 
appointed  morning,  their  spies  reported  that  there  were  troops,  with 
four  batteries  posted  at  the  four  corners  of  the  camp  waiting  for  them 
to  appear.  They  had  been  betrayed  by  a  Texan  named  Shank,  who  had 
been  in  charge  of  the  express-office  of  the  Camp,  and  had  been  detected 
by  the  prisoners  stealing  from  packages  sent  to  them,  on  account  of 
which  they  had  threatened  to  mob  him.  He  then  had  a  great  change 
of  heart ;  repented  his  disloyalty ;  and  told  all  he  knew  to  the  authorities 
to  prove  his  devotion  to  his  country.  His  pathetic  reformation  is  set 
forth  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  article,  above  referred  to. 

After  leaving  Chicago,  Eastin  and  two  others  went  to  Louisville  to 
attempt  the  destruction  of  some  Government  stores ;  and  Castleman  with 
ten  men  went  to  St.  Louis  to  destroy  steamboats  that  were  carrying  sup- 
plies to  the  army.  They  were  supplied  with  "Greek  fire,"  an  alleged 
explosive  compound  that  was  relied  on  to  produce  awful  results;  but 
when  they  tried  it  they  found  it  would  not  burn ;  and  they  left  regretting 
that  they  had  not  put  their  trust  in  lucifer  matches.  Castleman  then 
undertook  to  make  his  way  through  Indiana,  but  the  authorities  were  on 


662  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

his  trail,  and  he  was  arrested  at  Sullivan,  on  October  1,  and  taken  to 
Indianapolis  for  confinement.  He  was  put  in  the  "United  States  Mili- 
tary Prison,"  the  old  post  office  building,  then  under  command  of  Col. 
A.  J.  Warner,  in  a  cell  next  to  that  of  Milligan,  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty, 
and  was  kept  there  until  the  following  May,  when  he  was  taken  East, 
and  released  under  the  agreement  between  Gen.  Grant  and  Gen.  Lee. 
It  was  lucky  for  him  that  the  war  was  so  nearly  over  when  he  was 
taken,  and  that  he  had  friends  who  stood  by  him.  One  of  these  was 
Hines,  who  furnished  Castleman's  mother  with  a  New  Testament,  with 
some  saws  in  the  binding,  which  she  was  allowed  to  give  to  him,  but  he 
was  not  able  to  make  effective  use  of  it.  More  effective  was  his  brother- 
in-law,  Judge  Breckenridge,  a  well  known  Union  man,  who  obtained  a 
promise  from  President  Lincoln  to  intervene  in  case  of  conviction,  and 
also  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  employed  Porter  &  McDonald  to  defend 
him.  Castleman  says:  "I  afterwards  saw  a  good  deal  of  Mr.  Porter. 
He  was  a  most  delightful  man  and  manifested  for  me  a  genuine  and 
almost  an  affectionate  interest,  although  he  repeatedly  accused  me  of 
quixotism  and  urged  that  my  peculiar  views  obstructed  his  professional 
purposes.  Subsequently  Mr.  Porter  was  governor  of  Indiana  and  min- 
ister to  Italy."  After  all  of  their  warning,  part  of  the  Confederates 
stayed  at  Chicago,  to  assist  in  the  promised  uprising  on  election  day, 
November  9.  On  the  night  of  November  6,  the  time  being  "ripe,"  the 
military  authorities  swooped  down  on  them,  and  arrested  Grenfell,  Col. 
Vincent  Marmaduke,  and  Capt.  Cantrill,  of  Morgan's  command,  with 
Brigadier  General  Walsh  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty  and  a  number  of  others. 
It  was  published  with  dramatic  effect  in  the  Chicago  papers,  and  tele- 
graphed all  over  the  country.  The  writer  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
above  quoted,  aptly  says:  "But  the  men  of  Chicago  not  only  talked, 
they  voted.  They  went  to  the  polls  and  voted  for  the  Union;  and  so 
told  the  world  what  honest  Illinois  thought  of  treason."  This  was  the 
chief  practical  result  of  the  great  conspiracy. 

If  Morton  ever  apprehended  any  danger  from  the  Sons  of  Liberty 
he  very  soon  recovered  from  it.  But  he  realized  the  value  of  the 
organization  to  himself  as  a  political  asset.  It  furnished  a  justification 
for  arbitrary  government  that  closed  the  mouth  of  every  objector.  Mr. 
Foulke  says :  "It  was  fortunate  that  there  was  at  this  time  at  the  head 
of  affairs  in  Indiana  a  man  whose  resources  were  equal  to  every  emer- 
gency, whose  autocratic  will  supplied  everything  that  was  lacking  in  a 
disloyal  legislature  and  a  partisan  judiciary,  a  man  who  could  hold  as 
a  plaything  in  his  hands  a  conspiracy  that  aimed  at  his  own  life,  and 
could  even  coerce  it  into  his  service.  No  one  can  read  the  history  of  the 
secret  organizations  in  Indiana  and  not  feel  that,  wide-spread  as  they 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  663 

were,  there  was  not  an  instant  in  which  they  were  not  securely  within 
the  grasp  of  the  'War  Governor. '  In  the  narrative  of  these  organiza- 
tions his  name  does  not  often  appear.  It  was  ostensibly  by  others  that 
they  were  exposed  and  overthrown,  but  many  of  the  secret  agents 
employed  were  his  emissaries  and  those  who  have  examined  the  reports 
made  to  him  at  each  step  in  the  plot  can  understand  how  completely 
these  organizations  were  under  his  control,  how  he  played  with  them  as 
a  cat  with  a  mouse,  how  he  even  permitted  them  to  grow  and  develop 
that  he  might  fasten  conviction  more  securely  upon  them  and  overthrow 
them  utterly  when  the  time  should  be  ripe  for  their  destruction."60 
This  was  true,  and  the  time  was  always  ripe  during  a  political  cam- 
paign. His  chief  agent  was  Gen.  H.  B.  Carrington,  and  they  had  full 
lists  of  the  members  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  which  were  introduced  in 
evidence  in  the  treason  trials  under  the  name  of  "Roll  of  Prisoners"; 
and  these  were  used  whenever  available,  on  the  theory  that  anyone  who 
had  joined  even  the  first,  or  outside  degree,  was  a  party  to  the  plot  of 
Dodd  and  his  associates.  But  the  political  effect  was  meagre  unless  some 
Democrat  of  real  prominence  could  be  implicated.  Early  in  August, 
1864,  Carrington  went  over  to  Terre  Haute,  and  seized  a  lot  of  papers, 
including  a  number  of  rituals  of  the  Order  of  American  Knights,  in  an 
office  that  had  been  occupied  by  D.  W.  Voorhees.  These  were  at  once 
published  in  the  Journal,  and  also  in  a  campaign  pamphlet.  Voorhees 
answered,  denying  any  knowledge  of  the  rituals,  and  explaining  every- 
thing that  had  any  savor  of  impropriety  in  the  letters  and  papers.  The 
controversy  was  carried  on  through  the  campaign,  and  was  repeatedly 
revived  in  later  years,  in  attacks  on  Voorhees ;  and  yet  it  is  obvious  that 
if  he  had  been  connected  with  the  order,  it  would  have  been  charged 
direct,  as  they  had  the  lists  of  the  members.  But  the  most  effective 
campaign  literature  captured  in  this  raid  was  a  letter  from  McDonald, 
which  was  included  in  the  campaign  pamphlet  thus: 

"JOSEPH  E.  MCDONALD  TO  DAN  VOORHEES. 
Hallucinations  and  Insanity  of  Judge  Perkins. 

"Indianapolis,  November  14,  1863. 

"Hon.  D.  W.  Voorhees, — Dear  Friend:  Your  favor  per  Brown,  I 
received.  I  did  all  that  could  be  done  for  the  boy,  and  that  was  to  have 
him  sent  back  to  his  company  without  being  regarded  as  a  deserter, 
until  the  President  shall  modify  his  proclamation  suspending  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus.  If  a  woman  should  be  sworn  into  the  service,  there  is 


«o  Life  of  Morton,  Vol.  I,  pp.  373-4. 

Vol.  II—  7 


664 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


no  power  to  discharge  her  but  the  War  Department,  and  that  never  acts 
in  any  case  where  humanity  makes  the  call. 

"As  to  Perkins,  you  will  have  learned  from  our  mutual  friend 
Dowling  that  we  have  had  an  interview  with  the  Judge,  and  found  him 
enjoying  a  lucid  interval,  and  fully  aware  of  the  hallucination  under 
which  he  has  lately  been  laboring,  but  I  dont  see  just  how  he  can  right 


JOSEPH  E.  MCDONALD 

• 

himself.     I  think  he  will  be  permanently  cured  of  his  insanity  in  time, 
but  it  may  take  time. 

"Of  course  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  say  to  you  that  I  knew  no 
more  of  the  sentiments  of  his  letter  until  I  saw  it  in  the  public  papers 
than  you  did.  If  he  had  sent  his  letter  to  me,  and  not  the  editor  of  the 
Sentinel,  it  would  not  have  seen  the  light  of  day  in  that  shape ;  but  he 
seemed  to  think  he  had  discovered  the  Northwest  passage,  and  he  wanted 
the  whole  benefit  of  the  discovery ;  and  consequently  he  had  to  give  this 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  665 

thing  to  the  public  at  once.  When  I  see  you  we  will  talk  at  length  on 
these  matters,  as  I  want  a  long  talk  with  you  before  you  go  to  Wash- 
ington. 

Respectfully  Your  Friend, 

J.  E.  McDonald. 
"McDonald  is  candidate  for  Governor;  Perkins  for  Judge." 

There  is  plainly  nothing  treasonable  or  suspicious  about  this  letter, 
and  nothing  to  distinguish  its  taking  from  plain  larceny,  except  that  it 
was  taken  under  the  form  of  a  military  search.  No  possible  excuse  can 
be  made  for  the  taking  or  use  of  this  letter.  It  was  looting  for  political 
purposes,  plain  and  simple.  The  letter  was  used  in  that  campaign,  and 
for  years  afterward,  whenever  Perkins  was  a  candidate.  Prom  the  fact 
that  Oscar  B.  Hord,  son-in-law  of  Perkins,  later  became  the  law  partner 
of  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  this  letter  contributed  to  the  breach  that 
finally  came  between  McDonald  and  Hendricks.  As  a  military  man 
Carrington  was  a  joke — a  very  poor  joke.  His  failtfre  to  obey  orders 
and  go  in  pursuit  of  John  Morgan,  has  been  mentioned.  After  the  war, 
he  was  sent  out  to  build  Fort  Phil  Kearney,  and  let  his  troops  get  into 
an  ambuscade  which  resulted  in  the  fearful  massacre  at  that  point. 
Years  after,  when  he  was  peddling  his  own  books,  I  saw  him  come  into 
McDonald's  office  and  ask  him  to  buy  a  copy  of  his  "Battles  of  the 
Revolution."  And  McDonald  bought  it. 

In  September,  1864,  in  the  midst  of  the  political  campaign,  Dodd. 
Bowles,  Heffren,  Lambdin  P.  Milligan,  Stephen  Horsey,  and  Andrew 
Humphreys,  were  brought  to  trial  at  Indianapolis,  before  a  Military 
Commission,  and  were  all  convicted.  They  were  all  plainly  guilty 
except  Humphreys.  The  evidence  showed  that  he  was  made  a  "gen- 
eral" without  his  knowledge,  and  when  notified,  declined  to  accept. 
But  Stidger  testified  that  Bowles  told  him  later  that  Humphreys  had 
consented  to  take  command  of  "the  forces  in  the  rear,"  and  on  this 
apparent  jest  he  was  sentenced  to  "confinement  within  the  boundaries 
of  two  townships  in  his  own  county. ' '  Heffren  turned  State 's  evidence : 
Dodd  escaped  from  the  third  floor  of  the  old  post-office  building,  at 
Indianapolis,  where  they  were  confined  during  the  trial,  by  sliding 
down  a  rope,  and  made  his  way  to  Canada :  Bowles,  Milligan  and 
Horsey  were  sentenced  to  death,  but  Horsey 's  sentence  was  commuted 
to  imprisonment  for  life.  The  other  two  were  to  be  hanged  on  May  19, 
but  after  a  great  deal  of  pressure,  including  urgent  insistence  from 
Governor  Morton,  President  Johnson  postponed  the  execution  to  June 
20,  to  give  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  a  chance  to  hear  the 
case.  The  Supreme  Court  unanimously  held  that  there  was  no  legal 


664 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


no  power  to  discharge  her  but  the  War  Department,  and  that  never  acts 
in  any  case  where  humanity  makes  the  call. 

"As  to  Perkins,  you  will  have  learned  from  our  mutual  friend 
Dowling  that  we  have  had  an  interview  with  the  Judge,  and  found  him 
enjoying  a  lucid  interval,  and  fully  aware  of  the  hallucination  under 
which  he  has  lately  been  laboring,  but  I  dont  see  just  how  he  can  right 


. 


• 


JOSEPH  E.  MCDONALD 


himself.     I  think  he  will  be  permanently  cured  of  his  insanity  in  time, 
but  it  may  take  time. 

"Of  course  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to  say  to  you  that  I  knew  no 
more  of  the  sentiments  of  his  letter  until  I  saw  it  in  the  public  papers 
than  you  did.  If  he  had  sent  his  letter  to  me,  and  not  the  editor  of  the 
Sentinel,  it  would  not  have  seen  the  light  of  day  in  that  shape;  but  he 
seemed  to  think  he  had  discovered  the  Northwest  passage,  and  he  wanted 
the  whole  benefit  of  the  discovery ;  and  consequently  he  had  to  give  this 


665 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

thing  to  the  public  at  once.  When  I  see  you  we  will  talk  at  length  on 
these  matters,  as  I  want  a  long  talk  with  you  before  you  go  to  Wash- 
ington. ' 

Respectfully  Your  Friend, 

J.  E.  McDonald. 
"McDonald  is  candidate  for  Governor;  Perkins  for  Judge." 

There  is  plainly  nothing  treasonable  or  suspicious  about  this  letter, 
and  nothing  to  distinguish  its  taking  from  plain  larceny,  except  that  it 
was  taken  under  the  form  of  a  military  search.  No  possible  excuse  can 
be  made  for  the  taking  or  use  of  this  letter.  It  was  looting  for  political 
purposes,  plain  and  simple.  The  letter  was  used  in  that  campaign,  and 
for  years  afterward,  whenever  Perkins  was  a  candidate.  From  the  fact 

•*  • 

that  Oscar  B.  Hord,  son-in-law  of  Perkins,  later  became  the  law  partner 
of  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  this  letter  contributed  to  the  breach  that 
finally  came  between  McDonald  and  Hendricks.  As  a  military  man 
Carrington  was  a  joke — a  very  poor  joke.  His  failu're  to  obey  orders 
and  go  in  pursuit  of  John  Morgan,  has  been  mentioned.  After  the  war. 
he  was  sent  out  to  build  Fort  Phil  Kearney,  and  let  his  troops  get  into 
an  ambuscade  which  resulted  in  the  fearful  massacre  at  that  point. 
Years  after,  when  he  was  peddling  his  own  books.  I  saw  him  come  into 
McDonald's  office  and  ask  him  to  buy  a  copy  of  his  "Battles  of  the 
Revolution."  And  McDonald  bought  it. 

In  September,  1864,  in  the  midst  of  the  political  campaign.  Dodd. 
Howies,  Heffren,  Lambdin  P.  Milligan,  Stephen  Horsey,  and  Andrew 
Humphreys,  were  brought  to  trial  at  Indianapolis,  before  a  Military 
Commission,  and  were  all  convicted.  They  were  all  plainly  guilty 
except  Humphreys.  The  evidence  showed  that  he  was  made  a  "gen- 
eral" without  his  knowledge,  and  when  notified,  declined  to  accept. 
But  Stidger  testified  that  Bowles  told  him  later  that  Humphreys  had 
consented  to  take  command  of  "the  forces  in  the  rear."  and  on  this 
apparent  jest  he  was  sentenced  to  "confinement  within  the  boundaries 
of  two  townships  in  his  own  county."  Heffren 'turned  State's  evidence: 
Dodd  escaped  from  the  third  floor  of  the  old  post-office  building,  at 
Indianapolis,  where  they  were  confined  during  the  trial,  by  sliding 
down  a  rope,  and  made  his  way  to  Canada ;  Bowles,  Milligan  and 
Horsey  were  sentenced  to  death,  but  Horsey 's  sentence  was  commuted 
to  imprisonment  for  life.  The  other  two  were  to  be  hanged  on  May  19, 
but  after  a  great  deal  of  pressure,  including  urgent  insistence  from 
Governor  Morton,  President  Johnson  postponed  the  execution  to  June 
20,  to  give  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  a  chance  to  hear  the 
case.  The  Supreme  Court  unanimously  held  that  there  was  no  legal 


666  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

power  to  try  by  military  commission  in  Indiana,  and  the  majority  held 
that  Congress  had  no  power  to  authorize  military  law  under  such  condi- 
tions. The  Court  said:  "This  court  has  judicial  knowledge  that  in 
Indiana  the  Federal  authority  was  always  unopposed,  and  its  courts 
always  open  to  hear  criminal  accusations  and  redress  grievances ;  and  no 
usage  of  war  could  sanction  a  military  trial  there  for  any  offence  what- 
ever of  a  citizen  in  civil  life,  in  nowise  connected  with  the  military 
service.  Congress  could  grant  no  such  power;  and  to  the  honor  of  our 
national  legislature  be  it  said,  it  has  never  been  provoked  by  the  state 
of  the  country  even  to  attempt  its  exercise.  One  of  the  plainest  consti- 
tutional provisions  was,  therefore,  infringed  when  Milligan  was  tried  by 
a  court  not  ordained  and  established  by  Congress,  and  not  composed  of 
judges  appointed  during  good  behavior.  *  *  *  It  will  be  borne  in 
mind  that  this  is  not  a  question  of  the  power  to  proclaim  martial  law, 
when  war  exists  in  a  community  and  the  courts  and  civil  authorities  are 
overthrown.  Nor  is  it  a  question  what  rule  a  military  commander,  at 
the  head  of  his  army,  can  impose  on  states  in  rebellion  to  cripple  their 
resources  and  quell  the  insurrection.  *  *  *  If  armies  were  col- 
lected in  Indiana,  they  were  to  be  employed  in  another  locality,  where 
the  laws  we're  obstructed  and  the  national  authority  disputed.  On  her 
soil  there  was  no  hostile  foot ;  if  once  invaded,  that  invasion  was  at  an 
end,  and  with  it  all  pretext  for  martial  law.  Martial  law  cannot  arise 
from  a  threatened  invasion.  The  necessity  must  be  actual  and  present; 
the  invasion  real,  such  as  effectually  closes  the  courts  and  deposes  the 
civil  administration.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  safety  of  the  country  * 
required  martial  law  in  Indiana.  If  any  of  her  citizens  were  plotting 
treason,  the  power  of  arrest  could  secure  them,  until  the  government 
was  prepared  for  their  trial,  when  the  courts  were  open  and  ready  to 
try  them.  It  was  as  easy  to  protect  witnesses  before  a  civil  as  a  military 
tribunal ;  and  as  there  could  be  no  wish  to  convict,  except  on  sufficient 
legal  evidence,  surely  an  ordained  and  established  court  was  better  able 
to  judge  of  this  than  a  military  tribunal  composed  of  gentlemen  not 
trained  to  the  profession  of  the  law. ' ' 61  Humphreys  sued  the  members 
of  the  Commission  for  false  imprisonment,  in  the  Sullivan  Circuit  Court. 
The  defendants  asked  a  removal  to  the  Federal  Court,  which  was  re- 
fused, and  on  default  judgment  was  rendered  for  $25,000  damages. 
This  was  reversed  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the  case  ordered  to  the 
Federal  Court.82  In  the  U.  S.  District  Court,  the  case  was  finally  dis- 
missed at  defendants'  costs  on  Nov.  5,  1869. 

«i  ET  parte  Milligan,  4  Wall.,  p.  2. 

"2  McCormick  et  al.  v.  Humphreys,  27  Ind.,  p.  144. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  667 

The  decision  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  was  not  filed  for  some  time 
after  the  election,  although  the  order  for  the  release  of  the  men  was 
made  in  June.  (  It  is  doubtful  if  it  would  have  had  any  material  effect 
on  the  election  if  made  earlier,  although  it  was  on  these  lines  that  the 
Democrats  were  attacking  the  administration,  and  the  opinion  is  a  plain 
condemnation  of  military  usurpation  of  all  kinds.  The  devotion  of  the 
average  American  to  the  constitution  is  usually  manifested  when  it 
favors  what  he  wants  to  do,  and  while  a  great  many  Democrats  objected 
seriously  to  military  arrests  and  military  trials,  there  were  very  few 
Republicans  who  were  worrying  about  them.  Those  who  did  supported 
the  third  party  movement  for  Fremont,  until  he  withdrew,  and  then 
went  to  Lincoln,  as  the  less  of  two  evils.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention,  on  August  29,  the  Republican  prospects  were 
not  encouraging.  Lincoln  and  all  his  close  friends  were  very  despond- 
ent."3 But  the  Democrats  were  walking  into  an  open  pit.  According 
to  the  testimony  of  Dr.  James  B.  Wilson,  who  attended  the  Sons  of 
Liberty  meeting  at  Chicago,  at  that  time,  part  of  them  wanted  to  nomi- 
nate a  separate  ticket,  but  Vallandingham  took  the  position  that  they 
should  support  McClellan  if  they  could  get  a  satisfactory  platform.  He 
drafted  the  famous  second  plank  of  the  platform,  as  follows: 

"That  this  convention  does  explicitly  declare,  as  the  sense  of  the 
American  people,  that  after  four  years  of  failure  to  restore  the  Union  by 
the  experiment  of  war,  during  which,  under  the  pretense  of  a  military 
necessity  or  war-power  higher  than  the  Constitution,  the  Constitution 
itself  has  been  disregarded  in  every  part,  and  public  liberty  and  private 
right  alike  trodden  down,  and  the  material  prosperity  of  the  country 
essentially  impaired — justice,  humanity,  liberty,  and  the  public  welfare 
demand  that  immediate  efforts  be  made  for  a  cessation  of  hostilities, 
with  a  view  to  the  ultimate  convention  of  the  states,  or  other  peaceable 
means,  to  the  end  that,  at  the  earliest  practicable  moment,  peace  may  be 
restored  on  the  basis  of  the  federal  union  of  the  states. ' ' 

At  the  time  of  its  adoption,  the  Union  cause  was  certainly  in  a 
depressing  state.  Grant  had  given  up  his  effort  to  get  through  the 
Wilderness,  with  its  appalling  loss  of  life.  Sherman  was  making  some 
progress  towards  Atlanta,  but  was  not  there.  Mobile  was  blockaded, 
but  was  still  reached  by  blockade  runners.  But  before  the  ink  was  well 
dried  on  the  Democratic  declaration,  things  began  to  change  as  if  they 
had  been  waiting  for  that  one  incentive.  On  September  3,  Lincoln 
issued  proclamations  of  national  thanks  for  the  captures  of  Atlanta  and 


Nicolay  and  Hay,  Vol.  9,  p.  250. 


o> 

*J 
03 

§  o5 

oo    - 


f 


S  e 

£1 

HH      j 

«     "^ 


f-      t- 

03    * 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  669 

Mobile.  On  September  19,  Sheridan  defeated  Early  at  Opequon  Creek, 
and  on  September  22  at  Fisher's  Hill.  On  October  19,  Sheridan  made 
his  famous  ridje  from  Winchester  to  Cedar  Creek,  turned  defeat  to  vic- 
tory, and  cleared  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  These  Union  victories  turned 
back  the  tide  of  depression  in  the  North,  and  changed  the  Republicans 
to  an  aggressive,  jubilant  host.  More  than  any  other  one  agency,  they 
contributed  to  the  election  of  Lincoln  in  1864.  In  Indiana  the  contest 
for  Governor  was  between  Morton  and  McDonald,  who  made  a  joint  can- 
vass of  the  state.  Opinions  differ  as  to  the  merits  of  the  debate,  but  not 
as  to  the  high  plane  on  which  it  was  conducted.  Mr.  Foulke  says :  ' '  The 
relations  between  Morton  and  McDonald  through  this  campaign,  as  at 
every  other  time,  were  cordial.  Neither  'of  them  ever  failed  in  personal 
courtesy  toward  his  antagonist.  After  Morton  had  been  elected  he  pro- 
cured a  portrait  of  McDonald  and  hung  it  in  his  office  where  it  remained 
while  he  was  Governor.  When  they  became  colleagues  many  years 
afterwards  in  the  United  States  Senate,  they  were  still  warm  friends, 
and  they  so  remained  until  Morton's  death.  Indeed  had  it  not  been  for 
these  excellent  personal  relations  there  could  have  been  no  joint  cam- 
paign at  all  in  1864.  The  bitterest  feelings  had  been  aroused  between 
the  two  parties.  Great  numbers  of  men  upon  both  sides  came  armed 
to  the  meetings.  At  South  Bend,  the  determination  shown  in  the  faces 
of  many  in  the  great  audience  foreboded  evil.  As  they  sat  side  by  side 
upon  the  platform,  Morton  said  to  McDonald :  '  I  am  told  a  great  many 
of  your  friends  have  come  here  armed. '  McDonald  answered :  '  I  have 
no  doubt  three-fourths  of  that  audience  are  armed,  but  you  and  I  can 
control  these  meetings,  and  so  long  as  we  do  not  lose  our  heads  there  will 
be  no  trouble.'  Morton  answered  that  there  was  no  danger  in  that 
quarter,  and  the  debate  went  on  without  disturbance. "  64  In  my  opinion 
McDonald  had  the  best  of  the  argument  as  to  State  issues ;  but  Morton 
was  shrewd  enough  to  force  the  fighting  on  national  lines;  and  on  the 
question,  if  the  war  was  a  failure,  what  other  remedy  he  would  propose, 
McDonald  was  necessarily  weak  from  the  start;  and  his  position  grew 
worse  with  every  Union  victory.  The  one  great  issue  of  the  campaign 
was  between  a  war  simply  for  the  restoration  of  the  Union,  and  a  war 
for  the  restoration  of  the  Union  with  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves. 
The  Democratic  slogan  was  "the  constitution  as  it  is."  But  the  consti- 
tution was  always  subject  to  one  thing  superior  to  itself,  in  the  minds 
of  the  American  people,  and  that  was  the  inalienable  right  of  the  people 
to  alter  their  form  of  government.  In  the  election  of  1864,  the  people 
voted  that  slavery  should  go.  The  South  understood  that  fully.  The 

6*  Life  of  Morton,  Vol.  1,  p.  355. 


J 


o 

X 

s 

•- 


S 

».  "p. 


•2 


INDIANA  AND  1XDIANANS  669 

Mobile.  On  September  19,  Sheridan  defeated  Early  at  Opequon  Creek, 
and  on  September  22  at  Fisher's  Hill.  On  October  19,  Sheridan  made 
his  famous  ride  from  Winchester  to  Cedar  Creek,  turned  defeat  to  vic- 
tory, and  cleared  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  These  Union  victories  turned 
back  the  tide  of  depression  in  the  North,  and  changed  the  Republicans 
to  an  aggressive,  jubilant  host.  More  than  any  other  one  agency,  they 
contributed  to  the  election  of  Lincoln  in  1864.  In  Indiana  the  contest 
for  Governor  was  between  Morton  and  McDonald,  who  made  a  joint  can- 
vass of  the  state.  Opinions  differ  as  to  the  merits  of  the  debate,  but  not 
as  to  the  high  plane  on  which  it  was  conducted.  Mr.  Foulke  says :  ' '  The 
relations  between  Morton  and  McDonald  through  this  campaign,  as  at 
every  other  time,  were  cordial.  Neither  of  them  ever  failed  in  personal 
courtesy  toward  his  antagonist.  After  Morton  had  been  elected  he  pro- 
cured a  portrait  of  McDonald  and  hung  it  in  his  office  where  it  remained 
while  he  was  Governor.  When  they  became  colleagues  many  years 
afterwards  in  the  United  States  Senate,  they  were  still  warm  friends, 
and  they  so  remained  until  Morton's  death.  Indeed  had  it  not  been  for 
these  excellent  personal  relations  there  could  have  been  no  joint  cam- 
paign at  all  in  1864.  The  bitterest  feelings  had  been  aroused  between 
the  two  parties.  Great  numbers  of  men  upon  both  sides  came  armed 
to  the  meetings.  At  South  Bend,  the  determination  shown  in  the  faces 
of  many  in  the  great  audience  foreboded  evil.  As  they  sat  side  by  side 
upon  the  platform,  Morton  said  to  McDonald :  '  I  am  told  a  great  many 
of  your  friends  have  come  here  armed.'  McDonald  answered:  'I  have 
no  doubt  three-fourths  of  that  audience  are  armed,  but  you  and  I  can 
control  these  meetings,  and  so  long  as  we  do  not  lose  our  heads  there  will 
be  no  trouble. '  Morton  answered  that  there  was  no  danger  in  that 
quarter,  and  the  debate  went  on  without  disturbance. ' '  "4  In  my  opinion 
McDonald  had  the  best  of  the  argument  as  to  State  issues;  but  Morton 
was  shrewd  enough  to  force  the  fighting  on  national  lines;  and  on  the 
question,  if  the  war  was  a  failure,  what  other  remedy  he  would  propose. 
McDonald  was  necessarily  weak  from  the  start ;  and  his  position  grew 
worse  with  every  Union  victory.  The  one  great  issue  of  the  campaign 
was  between  a  war  simply  for  the  restoration  of  the  Union,  and  a  war 
for  the  restoration  of  the  Union  with  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves. 
The  Democratic  slogan  was  "the  constitution  as  it  is."  But  the  consti- 
tution was  always  subject  to  one  thing  superior  to  itself,  in  the  minds 
of  the  American  people,  and  that  was  the  inalienable  right  of  the  people 
to  alter  their  form  of  government.  In  the  election  of  1864,  the  people 
voted  that  slavery  should  go.  The  South  understood  that  fully.  The 


Life  of  Morton,  Vol.  1,  p.  355. 


670  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

majorities  were  not  overwhelming,  but  they  were  enough,  and  they  were 
practically  universal.  In  Indiana  the  vote  was  150,238  for  Lincoln,  and 
130,233  for  McClellan. 

The  legislature  elected  in  Indiana  was  Republican,  and  gave  full 
indorsement  to  Morton's  administration  for  the  past  two  years.  It 
made  provision  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  he  had  contracted  on 
public  account,  and  provided  for  the  future.  The  audit  of  his  accounts 
demonstrated  that  the  large  funds  which  he  had  administered  had  been 
faithfully  applied  to  proper  public  purposes,  and  there  remained  no 
basis  for  the  slightest  question  of  his  integrity  in  financial  matters.  The 
State  agency  for  the  colonization  of  negroes  was  abolished,  on  the  very 
practical  ground  that  it  had  cost  $8,000,  and  had  only  sent  one  negro 
to  Liberia ;  but  a  bill  to  admit  the  testimony  of  negroes  in  courts  failed. 
The  dominant  feature  of  the  session  was  the  support  of  pushing  the 
war  to  a  successful  close.  The  legislature  also  adopted  the  13th  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  abolishing  slavery.  The 
war  was  practically  ended  when  the  legislature  adjourned.  Lee  surren- 
dered on  April  9.  But  a  far  worse  calamity  awaited  the  South.  On 
the  14th  Lincoln  fell  by  the  hand  of  the  assassin,  and  the  South  lost  a 
friend,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  who  could  and  would  have  done 
more  for  it  in  its  defeat  than  any  other  man.  At  the  same  time,  the 
horrible  crime  awakened  a  spirit  of  bitter  resentment  in  the  North, 
which  showed  little  discrimination  in  its  results.  It  would  have  been 
a  happy  chance  for  the  Southern  people  if  Edwin  Booth  had  shot  him- 
self, instead  of  the  President.  No  man  was  ever  more  universally  and 
sincerely  mourned  by  the  American  people.  At  Indianapolis,  a  public 
meeting  was  called  by  Governor  Morton,  at  the  state  house  square,  at 
noon  of  the  15th,  and  Hendricks,  McDonald  and  ex-Governor  Wright 
were  invited  to  speak.  The  solemnity  of  the  occasion  was  marred  by 
hoodlums  who  publicly  insulted  Mr.  Hendricks.  This  was  deplored  by 
everyone  who  had  any  sense  of  decency  and  propriety,  and  the  ill-bred 
subsided.  On  Sunday,  April  30,  the  remains  of  the  President  lay  in 
state  in  the  capitol,  and  from  9  to  11  a.  m.  of  the  rainy,  gloomy  day 
were  viewed  by  thousands  of  silent  mourners  from  all  parts  of  the  State. 
The  remaining  events  of  the  war,  in  Indiana,  were  the  return  and  public 
reception  of  the  Indiana  troops — the  comparatively  few  of  them  who 
remained — who  were  all  given  warm  welcomes.  The  long  struggle  was 
over,  and  there  were  none  who  were  not  glad  that  it  was  over.  The 
people  were  thoroughly  tired  of  war,  and  ready  for  the  pursuits  of 
peace.  The  war  itself  had  been  a  business  education  to  many  of  the 
soldiers,  in  the  making  of  roads  and  bridges,  excavation,  and  other  lines 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


671 


of  work  that  fell  to  the  armies ;  and  this  added  to  the  business  prosperity 
and  enterprise  that  followed.  A  material  change  had  taken  place  in  the 
social  conditions  of  the  State,  and  it  entered  on  a  new  era  of  its 
progress. 


' 


. 
CHAPTER  XII 

AFTER  THE  WAR 

Amoug  the  earlier  regiments  to  return  to  Indiana  was  the  Sixty- 
Ninth  Infantry.  It  had  gone  back  to  Mobile  from  Selma,  and  had 
been  left  there  when  the  rest  of  the  troops  were  ordered  to  the  Rio 
Grande,  preparatory  to  expelling  the  French  from  Mexico,  in  case 
they  had  to  be  expelled.  The  Sixty-Ninth  went  into  camp  out  at  the 
end  of  Dauphin  Way,  next  to  the  residence  of  R.  Bumford  Owens,  pro- 
prietor of  the  Mobile  Register;  and  proceeded  to  make  a  second  con- 
quest of  Mobile.  Col.  Oran  Perry  gave  very  strict  orders  to  the  men 
as  to  their  deportment,  and  especially  that  they  were  not  to  enter 
private  premises  under  any  circumstances.  The  Mobilians,  who  were 
expecting  to  be  abused  and  plundered  by  the  "Yankees,"  did  not  know 
what  to  make  of  such  scandalously  decent  treatment.  A  day  or  two 
after  their  arrival,  a  colored  "mammy"  came  running  over  from  the 
Owens  house,  and  asked  if  they  had  a  doctor  that  would  come  and 
treat  a  sick  child.  Dr.  Montieth,  the  regimental  surgeon,  went  at 
once,  and  found  a  very  sick  little  girl,  whom  he  succeeded  in  bringing 
back  to  health  after  two  or  three  days.  Then  Owens  came  over  to  see 
Col.  Perry,  and  said :  "I  notice  your  cook  is  carrying  water  about 
three  blocks,  and  I  would  be  glad  to  have  you  use  my  well;  just  knock 
a  paling  off  the  fence,  and  come  right  in  and  help  yourselves."  Col. 
Perry  explained  that  he  appreciated  the  invitation,  but  he  had  ordered 
his  men  to  keep  out  of  private  premises,  and  he  could  not  disobey  his 
own  orders.  Owens  went  away  protesting,  and  the  next  day  he  knocked 
a  paling  off  the  fence  himself,  and  invited  the  cook  to  come  in  and 
get  water.  Col.  Perry  ignored  this  breach ;  and  in  a  day  or  two  Owens 
came  back.  "I  violated  your  orders,  sir,"  he  said,  "but  I  want  to 
explain  that  a  man's  house  is  his  castle,  sir,  and  I  have  a  right  to 
invite  anyone  I  choose  to  my  premises. ' '  By  this  time,  the  town  people 
had  begun  coming  out  to  see  the  regiment  parade  in  the  evening,  and 
were  warm  in  their  applause,  especially  the  ex-Confederate  soldiers. 
The  little  girl  who  had  been  sick  had  come  over  to  visit,  and  had 
become  a  camp  pet.  She  was  particularly  devoted  to  Col.  Perry,  and 
used  to  hang  to  his  coat-tail  during  parade  in  a  way  that  threatened 
the  dignity  of  the  occasion,  but  discipline  triumphed. 

672 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  673 

Owens  had  suspended  the  publication  of  the  Register  on  the  capitu- 
lation of  the  city,  and  he  decided  to  resume.  He  announced  his  pur- 
pose at  a  supper,  to  which  he  invited  a  number  of  Union  and  ex-Con- 
federate officers,  informing  them  that  the  country  was  starting  on  a 
new  era,  and  that  he  proposed  to  advocate  everybody's  joining  in  and 
making  it  a  great  era  for  the  whole  country.  There  was  entire  una- 
nimity in  the  sentiment.  The  Confederates  realized  fully  that  the  old 
issues  had  been  settled  by  the  arbitrament  of  arms,  and  that  the  settle- 
ment was  final.  All  that  was  left  for  them  was  to  accept  the  condi- 
tions and  go  back  to  earning  a  living.  They  made  no  complaint.  As 
one  stout-built  colonel  insisted :  "It  was  a  fair  fight — and  we  lost. ' ' 
And  so  Mobile  started  on  the  work  of  reconstruction  in  its  own  way. 
with  hope  and  cheer.  When  the  Sixty-Ninth  left,  it  brought  along  as 
"son  of  the  regiment"  a  rebel  orphan  urchin,  whose  father  and  two 
brothers  had  been  killed  at  Shiloh,  and  who  attracted  the  friendship 
of  the  boys  when  he  came  to  the  camp  to  black  boots,  sell  papers,  and 
do  odd  jobs.  He  is  now  well  known  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  as  John 
Henry  Newman,  teacher  and  platform-orator,  and  an  honored  comrade 
in  the  Sixty-Ninth. 

On  July  18,  1865,  the  returning  remnants  of  the  Sixty-Ninth  were 
given  a  public  reception  at  Indianapolis,  at  which  Gov.  Morton  made 
an  address  of  welcome.  Col.  Perry  was  from  Morton's  old  hope.  He 
was  a  son  of  Judge  James  Perry,  and  was  born  at  Liberty,  Union 
County,  February  1,  1838;  but  his  family  removed  to  Richmond  in 
1844.  Oran  volunteered  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  in  the  Sixteenth 
Indiana,  and  at  the  close  of  his  one  year's  service,  went  back  as  Adj'J- 
tant  of  the  Sixty-Ninth.  He  was  wounded  and  captured  at  Richmond, 
Kentucky,  but  exchanged.  He  was  then  promoted  to  Lieutenant 
Colonel  on  petition  of  his  superior  officers,  and  served  through  the  war, 
being  again  severely  wounded  at  Fort  Blakely.  Col.  Perry  says: 
"After  the  speaking,  I  shook  hands  with  Morton,  and  he  asked  me  to 
call  before  I  left  town.  I  told  him  I  certainly  would  pay  my  respects: 
and  accordingly  went  to  his  rooms  in  the  State  House,  and  was  ushered 
in  by  his  secretary,  Will  Holloway.  After  greeting  me,  Morton  asked 
if  I  had  given  any  thought  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  Southern  states, 
and  I  told  him  no.  He  then  asked  if  I  had  given  any  thought  to  negro 
suffrage,  and  I  said:  'Why,  no.  I'm  no  politician.  I  am  only  a  boy 
— have  never  voted  but  once — and  have  been  doing  what  I  could  to  put 
down  the  rebellion.'  He  then  asked  me  what  was  my  opinion  about 
it.  'Why,'  said  I.  'I  know  that  most  of  the  plantation  negroes  in  the 
South  are  not  fit  to  vote.  I  have  no  objection  to  their  color,  but  they 
are  too  ignorant;  they  are  little  more  intelligent  than  animals.  All 


674  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  the  boys  I  have  talked  to  feel  that  way.  They  want  them  to  he  free, 
but  negro  suffrage  is  a  pretty  tough  proposition.'  He  then  asked  me 
if  I  would  be  in  favor  of  letting  the  rebels  vote,  and  I  said,  'Yes,  I 
would.  They  are  the  only  men  in  the  South  capable  of  leading  out — 
the  men  of  education  and  intelligence.  They  are  thoroughly  whipped, 
and  are  through  with  secession.  I  have  talked  to  many  of  them;  and 
they  are  sick  of  war,  and  want  to  get  home,  settle  down,  and  come 
back  into  the  Union."  I  gave  him  an  illustration  of  their  good  faith. 
Two  or  three  weeks  before  we  left  Mobile,  all  the  troops  were  ordered 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  to  join  Sheridan's  army  and  drive  the  French  out 
of  Mexico.  At  that  time  Mobile  was  overrun  with  late  rebels.  Our 
camps  swarmed  with  them,  and  we  were  dividing  rations  with  them. 
Whenever  our  officers  would  listen,  their  officers  and  men  would  unani- 
mously volunteer  to  go  to  Mexico,  and  help  also  drive  out  the  French. 
We  were  all  struck  with  their  sincerity.  I  made  a  number  of  acquaint- 
ances at  the  time,  and  some  friendships  that  lasted  through  life,  with 
men  who  became  good  citizens.  I  still  believe  it  would  have  been  the 
best  course. 

"I  had  relatives  in  Louisiana  who  were  original  Union  men.  My 
uncle,  Robert  Perry,  was  a  prominent  planter,  and  his  son-in-law, 
O'Brien,  who  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  that  voted  for  secession, 
made  Uic  last  speech  against  it,  and  voted  against  it;  but  when  the 
State  went  out  they  all  went  with  it.  My  cousin  Robert,  later  Judge 
of  the  Appellate  Court  of  Louisiana,  was  an  officer  of  the  Eighth 
Louisiana,  and  had  been  captured  in  the  Wilderness,  and  confined 
at  Johnson's  Island.  He  told  me  that  the  prisoners  there  organized 
a  debating  society,  to  pass  away  the  time,  and  among  other  things, 
discussed  what  they  should  do  after  the  war,  which  they  saw  was  hope- 
less for  the  South.  He  told  me  they  all  agreed  that  the  only  thing  was 
to  accept  the  situation,  and  help  build  up  the  country.  As  I  was 
leaving,  Morton  joked  with  me,  and  said,  'You  said  you  had  not  been 
thinking  about  these  things,  but  you  see  that  you  have,  and  did  not 
know  it.'  The  next  day  I  met  Bob  Conover  (Col.  Robert  Conover,  of 
the  Sixteenth  Indiana)  over  by  the  Bates  House,  and  he  asked,  'Did 
Morton  send  for  you,  and  ask  you  what  you  thought  about  the  negroes 
voting?'  I  said  yes,  and  told  him  what  I  had  said.  He  said  that  Mor- 
ton had  also  sent  for  him,  and  he  told  him  the  same  thing,  and  that 
several  others  had  told  him  the  same  thing ;  and  that  several  others  had 
told  him  that  Morton  had  sent  for  them,  and  they  had  given  him  the 
same  opinion.  That  was  the  first  I  knew  of  his  talking  to  others. 
While  I  was  talking  to  Morton  he  didn't  say  anything,  except  to  ask 
a  question  now  and  then.  He  just  sat  back  and  listened.  It  was  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


675 


way.  They  called  him  a  boss,  but  I  never  saw  anything  of  that  kind 
about  him.  But  he  had  a  most  remarkable  faculty  of  drawing  men  out, 
and  making  (them  talk.  I  have  seen  him  draw  out  fellows  that  had  no 
idea  of  talking,  until  he  pumped  them  dry.  Of  course,  when  he  made 


COL.  ORAN  PERRY 

up  his  mind  he  went  at  things  with  a  sledge  hammer.  He  made  a  speech 
over  at  Richmond  soon  after  we  came  back,  in  which  he  advocated  the 
ideas  we  held  in  regard  to  negro  suffrage.  He  took  the  other  side  later 
on;  but  I  think  he  was  driven  to  it  by  party  pressure."1 


Interview,  Dec.  4,  1917. 


674 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  the  boys  I  have  talked  to  feel  that  way.  They  want  them  to  he  free, 
hut  negro  suffrage  is  a  pretty  tough  proposition.'  He  then  asked  me 
if  I  would  be  in  favor  of  letting  the  rebels  vote,  and  I  said,  'Yes,  I 
would.  They  are  the  only  men  in  the  South  capable  of  leading  out — 
the  men  of  education  and  intelligence.  They  are  thoroughly  whipped, 
and  are  through  with  secession.  I  have  talked  to  many  of  them;  and 
they  are  sick  of  war,  and  want  to  get  home,  settle  down,  and  come 
back  into  the  Union."  I  gave  him  an  illustration  of  their  good  faith. 
Two  or  three  weeks  before  we  left  Mobile,  all  the  troops  were  ordered 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  to  join  Sheridan's  army  and  drive  the  French  out 
of  Mexico.  At  that  time  Mobile  was  overrun  with  late  rebels.  Our 
camps  swarmed  with  them,  and  we  were  dividing  rations  with  them. 
Whenever  our  officers  would  listen,  their  officers  and  men  would  unani- 
mously volunteer  to  go  to  Mexico,  and  help  also  drive  out  the  French. 
We  were  all  struck  with  their  sincerity.  I  made  a  number  of  acquaint- 
ances at  the  time,  and  some  friendships  that  lasted  through  life,  with 
men  who  became  good  citizens.  I  still  believe  it  would  have  been  the 
best  course. 

"I  had  relatives  in  Louisiana  who  were  original  Union  men.  My 
uncle,  Robert  Perry,  was  a  prominent  planter,  and  his  son-in-law, 
O'Brien,  who  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  that  voted  for  secession, 
made  the  last  speech  against  it,  and  voted  against  it;  but  when  the 
State  went  out  they  all  went  with  it.  My  cousin  Robert,  later  Judge 
of  the  Appellate  Court  of  Louisiana,  was  an  officer  of  the  Eighth 
Louisiana,  and  had  been  captured  in  the  Wilderness,  and  confined 
at  Johnson's  Island.  He  told  me  that  the  prisoners  there  organized 
a  debating  society,  to  pass  away  the  time,  and  among  other  things, 
discussed  what  they  should  do  after  the  war,  which  they  saw  was  hope- 
less for  the  South.  He  told  me  they  all  agreed  that  the  only  thing  was 
to  accept  the  situation,  and  help  build  up  the  country.  As  I  was 
leaving,  Morton  joked  with  me,  and  said,  'You  said  you  had  not  been 
thinking  about  these  things,  but  you  see  that  you  have,  and  did  not 
know  it.'  The  next  day  I  met  Bob  Conover  (Col.  Robert  Conover,  of 
the  Sixteenth  Indiana)  over  by  the  Bates  House,  and  he  asked,  'Did 
Morton  send  for  you,  and  ask  you  what  you  thought  about  the  negroes 
voting?'  I  said  yes,  and  told  him  what  I  had  said.  He  said  that  Mor- 
ton had  also  sent  for  him,  and  he  told  him  the  same  thing,  and  that 
several  others  had  told  him  the  same  thing ;  and  that  several  others  had 
told  him  that  Morton  had  sent  for  them,  and  they  had  given  him  the 
same  opinion.  That  was  the  first  I  knew  of  his  talking  to  others. 
While  I  was  talking  to  Morton  he  didn't  say  anything,  except  to  ask 
a  question  now  and  then.  He  just  sat  back  and  listened.  It  was  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


675 


way.  They  called  him  a  boss,  but  I  never  saw  anything  of  that  kind 
about  him.  But  he  had  a  most  remarkable  faculty  of  drawing  men  out, 
and  making  them  talk.  I  have  seen  him  draw  out  fellows  that  had  no 
idea  of  talking,  until  he  pumped  them  dry.  Of  course,  when  he  made 


COL.  ORAN  PERRY 

up  his  mind  lie  went  at  things  with  a  sledge  hammer.  He  made  a  speech 
over  at  Richmond  soon  after  we  came  back,  in  which  he  advocated  the 
ideas  we  held  in  regard  to  negro  suffrage.  He  took  the  other  side  later 
on;  but  I  think  he  was  driven  to  it  by  party  pressure."1 


Interview,  Dec.  4,  1917. 


676  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Morton  was  not  looking  for  ideas  on  negro  suffrage.  He  had  them 
already;  but  he  had  a  problem  on  his  hands.  The  murder  of  Lincoln 
had  completely  upset  political  calculations.  Julian  describes  the  situa- 
tion thus:  "Johnson  was  inaugurated  at  eleven  o'clock  on  the  morning 
of  the  15th,  and  was  at  once  surrounded  by  radical  and  conservative 
politicians,  who  were  alike  anxious  about  the  situation.  I  spent  most 
of  the  afternoon  in  a  political  caucus,  held  for  the  purpose  of  consid- 
ering the  necessity  for  a  new  cabinet  and  a  line  of  policy  less  con- 
ciliatory than  that  of  Mr.  Lincoln ;  and  while  everybody  was  shocked  at 
his  murder,  the  feeling  was  nearly  universal  that  the  accession  of  John- 
son to  the  Presidency  would  prove  a  godsend  to  the  country.  Aside 
from  Mr.  Lincoln's  known  policy  of  tenderness  to  the  Rebels,  which 
now  so  jarred  upon  the  feelings  of  the  hour,  his  well-known  views  on 
the  subject  of  Reconstruction  were  as  distasteful  as  possible  to  radical 
Republicans.  In  his  last  public  utterance,  only  three  days  before  his 
death,  he  had  declared  his  adherence  to  the  plan  of  reconstruction  an- 
nounced by  him  in  December,  1863,  which  in  the  following  year  so 
stirred  the  ire  of  Wade  and  Winter  Davis  as  an  attempt  of  the  Execu- 
tive to  usurp  the  powers  of  Congress.  .According  to  this  plan  the  work 
of  reconstruction  in  the  rebel  States  was  to  be  inaugurated  and  carried 
on  by  those  only  who  were  qualified  to  vote  under  the  Constitution 
and  laws  of  these  States  as  they  existed  prior  to  the  Rebellion.  Of 
course  the  negroes  of  the  South  could  have  no  voice  in  framing  the 
institutions  under  which  they  were  to  live,  and  the  question  of  negro 
suffrage  would  thus  have  been  settled  by  the  President,  if  he  had  lived 
and  been  able  to  maintain  this  policy,  while  no  doubt  was  felt  that 
this  calamity  had  now  been  averted  and  the  way  opened  for  the  radical 
policy  which  afterwards  involved  the  impeachment  of  Johnson,  but 
finally  prevailed.  *  *  * 

"On  the  following  day,  in  pursuance  of  a  previous  engagement, 
the  Committee  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War  met  the  President  at  his 
quarters  in  the  Treasury  Department.  He  received  us  with  decided 
cordiality,  and  Mr.  Wade  said  to  him:  'Johnson,  we  have  faith  in  you. 
By  the  gods,  there  will  be  no  trouble  now  in  running  the  government ! ' 
The  President  thanked  him,  and  went  on  to  define  his  well-remembered 
policy  at  that  time.  'I  hold,'  said  he,  'that  robbery  is  a  crime;  rape 
is  a  crime ;  murder  is  a  crime ;  treason  is  a  crime,  and  crime  must  be 
punished.  Treason  must  be  made  infamous,  and  traitors  must  be  im- 
poverished.' We  were  all  cheered  and  encouraged  by  this  brave  talk, 
and  while  we  were  rejoiced  that  the  leading  conservatives  of  the  country 
were  not  in  Washington,  we  felt  that  the  presence  and  influence  of  the 
committee,  of  which  Johnson  had  been  a  member,  would  aid  the  Ad- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  677 

ministration  in  getting  on  the  right  track.  We  met'  him  again  the 
next  day  and  found  the  symptoms  of  a  vigorous  policy  still  favorable, 
and  although  I  had  some  misgivings,  the  general  feeling  was  of  un- 
bounded confidence  in  his  sincerity  and  firmness,  and  that  he  would 
act  upon  the  advice  of  General  Butler  by  inaugurating  a  policy  of 
his  own,  instead  of  administering  on  the  political  estate  of  his  prede- 
cessor."2 

But  "the  leading  conservatives"  also  realized  the  importance  of 
their  "presence  and  influence"  on  the  President;  and  Julian  says  the 
President's  "demeanor,  at  first,  seemed  modest  and  commendable,  but 
his  egotism  soon  began  to  assert  itself,  while  his  passion  for  stump- 
speaking  was  pampered  by  the  delegations  which  began  to  pour  into 
the  city  from  various  States  and  flatter  him  by  formal  addresses,  to 
which  he  replied  in  length."  Morton  was  among  the  throng  of  advisors, 
and  on  April  21,  descended  on  Johnson  with  "a  delegation  of  citizens 
from  Indiana,"  and  posted  him  on  the  law  and  the  duty  of  the  hour. 
He  maintained  that  the  rebel  States  had  never  been  out  of  the  Union; 
that  treason  was  a  personal  offense  that  must  be  personally  punished; 
and  that  "there  is  in  every  rebel  State  a  loyal  element  of  greater  or 
less  strength,  and  to  its  hands  should  be  confided  the  power  and  duty 
of  reorganizing  the  State  government,  giving  to  it  military  protec- 
tion until  such  time  as  it  can,  by  convention  or  otherwise,  so  regulate 
the  right  of  suffrage  that  this  right  will  be  intrusted  only  to  safe  and 
loyal  hands."  Johnson  replied  in  the  same  strain,  and  declared  that 
he  "might  well  have  adopted  Governor  Morton's  speech  as  his  own."3 
Julian  was  one  of  this  delegation,  and  says,  "Governor  Morton  headed 
the  movement,  which  I  now  found  had  a  decidedly  political  signifi- 
cance." He  did  not  approve  of  this  Morton- Johnson  theory.  He 
says:  "According  to  this  doctrine  a  rebellious  State  becomes  independ- 
ent. If  the  people  could  rightfully  be  overpowered  by  the  national 
authority,  that  very  fact  would  at  once  re-clothe  them  in  all  their 
rights,  just  as  if  they  had  never  rebelled.  In  framing  their  new  gov- 
ernments Congress  would  have  no  right  to  prescribe  any  conditions, 
or  to  govern  them  in  any  way  pending  the  work  of  State  reconstruc- 
tion, since  this  would  be  to  recognize  the  States  as  Territories,  and 
violate  the  principle  of  State  rights.  The  Governor's  theory  of  recon- 
struction, in  fact  made  our  war  for  the  Union  flagrantly  unconstitu- 
tional. The  crime  of  treason  being  'individual,'  and  only  to  'be  treated 
individually,'  we  had  no  right  to  hold  prisoners  of  war,  seize  property 
and  capture  and  confiscate  Vessels  without  a  regular  indictment  and 


2  Political  Recollections,  pp.  255-7. 
s  Fonlke  's  Life  of  Morton,  pp.  440-2. 


€78  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

trial;  and  this  being  so,  every  Rebel  in  arms  was  in  full  legal  pos- 
session of  his  political  rights,  and  no  power  could  prevent  him  from 
exercising  them  except  through  judicial  conviction  of  treason  in  the 
district  in  which  the  overt  act  was  committed.  Singularly  enough,  he 
seemed  entirely  unaware  of  the  well-settled  principle  which  made  our 
war  for  the  Union  a  territorial  conflict,  like  that  of  a  war  with  Mexico 
or  England;  that  the  Rebels,  while  still  liable  to  be  hung  or  otherwise 
dealt  with  for  treason,  had  taken  upon  themselves  the  further  char- 
acter of  public  enemies;  and  that  being  now  conquered  they  were 
conquered  enemies,  having  simply  the  rights  of  a  conquered  people. 
The  Governor  further  informed  the  President  that  if  the  revolted  dis- 
tricts should  be  dealt  with  as  mere  Territories,  or  conquered  provinces, 
the  nation  would  be  obliged  to  pay  the  debts  contracted  by  them  prior 
to  the  war.  These  remarkable  utterances,  which  he  repudiated  in  less 
than  a  year  afterward,  were  emphatically  endorsed  by  the  President, 
who  entered  upon  the  same  theme  at  a  dismal  length,  freely  indulging 
in  his  habit  of  bad  English  and  incoherence  of  thought;  I  was  dis- 
gusted, and  sorry  that  the  confidence  of  so  many  of  my  radical  friends 
had  been  entirely  misplaced."4 

This  brought  on  war  in  Indiana.  Julian  says  that  the  radicals  in 
Congress  held  a  caucus  on  May  12,  at  the  National  Hotel,  to  consider 
"measures  for  saving  the  new  Administration  from  the  conservative 
control  which  then  threatened  it;"  but  that  they  were  divided,  Wade 
and  Sumner  insisting  that  the  President  was  in  favor  of  negro  suffrage, 
and  was  "in  no  danger."  Julian  did  not  believe  it.  He  came  home 
and  opened  a  negro-suffrage  campaign  in  his  district.  He  says:  "The 
Republicans  were  everywhere  divided  on  the  question,  while  the  current 
of  opinion  was  strongly  against  the  introduction  of  the  issue  as  prema- 
ture. The  politicians  all  opposed  it  on  the  plea  that  it  would  divide  the 
Republicans  and  restore  the  Democrats  to  power,  and  that  we  must  wait 
for  the  growth  of  a  public  opinion  that  would  justify  its  agitation. 
Governor  Morton  opposed  the  policy  with  inexpressible  bitterness, 
declaring,  with  an  oath,  that  'negro  suffrage  must  be  put  down,"  while 
every  possible  effort  was  made  to  array  the  soldiers  against  it.  His 
hostility  to  the  suffrage  wing  of  his  party  seemed  to  be  quite  as  relentless 
as  to  the  Rebels,  while  the  great  body  of  the  Republicans  of  the  district 
deferred  strongly  to  his  views.  In  the  beginning  of  the  canvass  I  even 
found  a  considerable  portion  of  my  old  anti-slavery  friends  unprepared 
to  follow  me;  but  feeling  perfectly  sure  that  I  was  right  and  that  I 
could  revolutionize  the  general  opinion,  I  entered  upon  the  work  and 


*  Political  Recollections,  pp.  261-2. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  679 

prosecuted  it  with  all  my  might  for  nearly  four  months.  My  task  was 
an  arduous  one,  but  I  found  the  people  steadily  yielding  up  their  preju- 
dices, and  ready  to  lay  hold  of  the  truth  when  fairly  and  dispassionately 
presented,  while  the  soldiers  were  among  the  first  to  accept  my  teach- 
ings. The  tide  was  at  length  so  evidently  turning  in  my  favor  that  on 
the  28th  of  September  Governor  Morton  was  induced  to  make  his  elab- 
orate speech  at  Richmond,  denouncing  the  whole  theory  of  Republican 
reconstruction  as  subsequently  carried  out,  and  opposing  the  policy  of 
negro  suffrage  by  arguments  which  he  seemed  to  regard  as  overwhelm- 
ing. He  made  a  dismal  picture  of  the  ignorance  and  degradation  of  the 
plantation  negroes  of  the  South,  and  scouted  the  policy  of  arming  them 
with  political  power."5 

To  understand  the  controversy  between  these  two  men — and  it 
should  be  understood  because  it  was  the  chief  factor  in  shaping  Indiana 
politics  for  several  years — it  is  necessary  to  keep  in  mind  always  that 
Morton  and  Julian  hated  each  other  cordially,  and  they  were  both  tal- 
ented haters.  Julian  says  the  trouble  began  in  1851,  when  he  was  a 
candidate  for  reelection  to  Congress,  having  been  elected  two  years 
earlier  as  a  Free  Soiler,  by  Democratic  votes.  He  says:  "I  would 
undoubtedly  have  been  reelected  but  for  very  vigorous  outside  interfer- 
ence. Wm.  J.  Brown  (Democratic  Representative  from  the  Indianapo- 
lis district),  who  had  intrigued  with  the  leading  Free  Soilers  for  the 
Speakership  in  1849,  as  I  have  already  shown,  and  favored  the  passage 
of  the  Wilmot  proviso  in  order  to  'stick  it  at  old  Zach,'  was  now  the 
editor  of  the  'Sentinel,'  the  State  organ  of  the  Democracy,  which  was 
sufficiently  orthodox  on  the  slavery  question  to  pass  muster  in  South 
Carolina.  It  was  this  organ  which  afterward  insisted  that  my  abolition- 
ism entitled  me  to  at  least  five  years  service  at  hard  labor  in  the  peni- 
tentiary. Mr.  Brown's  dread  of  this  fearful  heresy  seemed  as  intense 
as  it  was  unbounded,  and  he  resolved,  at  -all  hazards,  to  avert  any 
further  alliance  with  it  by  Democrats  in  any  portion  of  the  State.  By 
very  hard  work  and  the  most  unscrupulous  expedients  he  succeeded  in 
enlisting  a  few  ambitious  local  magnates  of  his  party  in  the  district, 
who  were  fully  in  sympathy  with  his  spirit  and  aims,  and  of  whom 
Oliver  P.  Morton  was  the  chief;  and  by  thus  drawing  away  from  the 
Democracy  from  two  to  three  hundred  proslavery  malcontents  and 
turning  them  over  to  my  Whig  competitor,  my  defeat  was  accomplished. 
*  *  *  I  never  obtained  his  forgiveness  for  my  success  in  that  con- 
test (1849),  and  his  unfriendliness  was  afterward  aggravated  by  his 
failure  as  a  Republican  leader  to  supplant  me  in  the  district,  and  it 


6  Political   Recollections,   pp.   263-4. 
vol.  n— s 


680 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


continued  to  the  end.  *.  *  *  During  the  war,  earnest  efforts  were 
made  by  his  friends  and  mine  looking  to  a  reconciliation,  and  the  restora- 
tion of  that  harmony  in  the  party  which  good  men  on  both  sides  greatly 
coveted;  but  all  such  efforts  necessarily  failed.  If  I  had  been  willing 
to  subordinate  my  political  convictions  and  sense  of  duty  to  his  ambition, 
peace  could  at  once  have  been  restored ;  but  as  this  was  impossible.  I  was 


• 


DAVID  P.  HOLLOWAY 

.  •  •     '    '  - 

obliged  to  accept  the  warfare  which  continued  and  increased,  and  which 
I  always  regretted  and  deplored. ' ' 6 

Julian  gave  no  marked  evidence  of  deploring  the  warfare  while  it 
was  in  progress,  and  he  had  a  chance  of  winning.  He  was  the  one  man 
in  Indiana  who  had  successfully  defied  Morton,  although  this  entailed  a 
continuous  fight  in  his  district  against  Morton's  followers.  The  Journal 
said  he  had  "quarreled  with  every  prominent  public  man  in  his  dis- 

«  Political  Recollections,  pp.  117,  270. 


- 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  681 

trict,"  naming  "Rariden,  Smith,  Parker,  Kilgore,  Meredith,  Newman, 
Morton,  Holloway,  Colgrove,  Elliott,  Grose,  Wilson,  Murphy,  Yaryan, 
Siddell,  Benne*tt,  and  Trusler,"  which  means  that  these  gentlemen  were 
to  be  included  in  the  Morton  following.  One  of  the  most  important  of 
these  was  David  P.  Holloway.  He  was  born  in  Warren  County,  Ohio, 
December  6,  1809,  of  Quaker  parentage;  his  parents  moving  to  Rich- 
mond in  1821,  where  David  learned  the  printer's  trade,  and  in  1833 
became  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Palladium,  of  which  he  was  the 
editor  for  more  than  forty  years.  •  He  was  the  father  of  Col.  W.  R. 
Holloway,  who  had  been  Morton's  private  secretary,  and  in  1865  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Journal,  and  who  was  also  Morton's 
brother-in-law.  Coincident  with  Morton's  Richmond  speech,  a  number 
of  editorial  attacks  on  Julian  appeared  in  the  Journal,  which  show  that 
the  speech  was  intended  as  an  attack  on  Julian,  by  attacking  the  doc- 
trines he  was  preaching  in  his  campaign ;  and  the  speech  was  published 
in  pamphlet  form,  and  widely  circulated.  The  speech  itself  was  one  of 
the  ablest  Morton  ever  made.  Indeed,  if  he  had  stuck  to  the  principles 
then  advocated,  it  would  have  given  him  a  stronger  claim  to  statesman- 
ship with  future,  and  dispassionate  generations,  than  any  other  he  ever 
made  except  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  The  Republican  party  did 
not  follow  it,  and  Morton  had  to  abandon  it,  or  abandon  the  Republican 
party ;  but  if  the  party  had  followed  it,  it  would  have  escaped  the  blot  of 
the  radical  Reconstruction  legislation.  But  Julian  knew  that  in  politics 
the  appeal  to  resentment  and  hatred  is  vastly  more  effective  than  an 
appeal  to  forgiveness  and  generosity,  and  he  accepted  Morton's  chal- 
lenge with  alacrity.  On  November  15,  David  W.  Chambers,  of  Henry 
County,  offered  a  resolution  that  the  use  of  the  hall  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  be  allowed  to  Hon.  George  W.  Julian,  on  the  evening 
of  the  17th,  "to  speak  upon  the  political  topics  of  the  day."  Alfred 
Kilgore,  of  Delaware — a  son  of  Judge  David  Kilgore,  and  later  U.  S. 
District  Attorney — moved  to  amend  by  adding:  "And  that  Mr.  Julian 
be,  and  is  hereby  respectfully  requested,  to  express  his  views  with  regard 
to  the  reconstruction  policy  of  President  Johnson,  with  such  precision 
and  certainty  that  his  expressions  may  not  be  susceptible  of  more  than 
one  construction  as  to  meaning,  and  certain  as  to  approval  or  disap- 
proval. ' '  The  amendment  and  the  resolution  were  adopted.  The  Mor- 
ton speech  had  been  printed  in  the  Journal,  and  was  considered  unan- 
swerable by  his  followers.  The  position  of  the  President  was  known. 
Morton  had  ascertained  the  sentiment  of  the  soldiers.  His  position 
seemed  to  be  impregnable ;  and  Julian  was  coming  to  attack  him  on  his 
own  ground.  The  situation  was  fully  understood,  and  the  hall  of  the 
House  was  crowded  to  hear  him. 


. 


682  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Julian  began  by  denying  that  he  had  made  any  attacks  on  Gov. 
Morton  or  President  Johnson,  or  had  otherwise  been  trying  to  disor- 
ganize the  party,  as  his  enemies  had  been  reporting.  In  regard  to  his 
"instructions"  as  to  his  speech,  ,he  was  not  certain  that  he  knew  what 
President  Johnson 's  policy  was,  but  if  he  was  in  favor  of  leaving  recon- 
struction to  Congress  where  it  belonged,  he  was  in  favor  of  it ;  however, 
he  found  that  some  of  the  vilest  and  meanest  Copperheads  indorsed 
Johnson's  policy,  and  he  thought  there  must  be  some  misunderstanding 
about  it.  He  had  some  views  of  his  own,  which  he  would  advance,  and 
they  could  judge  whether  he  was  in  accord  with  the  President.  He 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  Lincoln's  Emancipation  did  not  abolish 
slavery,  but  merely  freed  the  slaves  in  certain  districts;  and  that  the 
Thirteenth  Amendment  had  not  yet  been  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the 
States.  He  said:  "There  has  been  no  moment,  in  my  judgment,  since 
the  beginning  of  this  war,  so  full  of  peril  to  the  nation  as  the  present. 
I  may  refer  to  the  testimony  of  Governor  Brownlow,  who  says  that  the 
only  difference  between  the  rebels  of  to-day  and  of  1861  is  that  a  good 
many  of  them  are  under  the  ground.  They  are  still  unconverted,  unre- 
generate,  and  the  thorough  reconstruction  of  government  and  society  in 
the  States  recently  in  revolt  can  never  be  accomplished  by  half-way 
measures  or  a  temporizing  policy.  In  my  judgment,  our  first  and 
immediate  duty  is  the  adequate  punishment  of  the  rebel  leaders;  the 
adequate  punishment  of  the  villains  who  plunged  the  Republic  into 
war.  In  Indiana  when  men  committed  murder  or  piracy  we  indicted, 
convicted  and  hanged  them.  If  Jeff  Davis  were  indicted  to-night,  this 
would  be  the  charge:  'He  has  murdered  three  hundred  thousand  of 
our  soldiers;  he  has  mangled  and  maimed  for  life  three  hundred  thou- 
sand more;  he  has  duplicated  these  atrocities  upon  his  own  half  of  the 
Union,  and  upon  his  own  miserable  followers.  He  has  organized  great 
conspiracies  here  in  the  North  and  Northwest,  to  lay  in  rapine  and  blood 
the  towns,  and  villages,  and  cities,  and  plantations  of  the  whole  loyal 
portion  of  the  land.  He  has  sought  to  introduce  into  the  United  States, 
and  to  nationalize  on  this  Continent,  pestilence,  in  the  form  of  yellow 
fever :  an  enterprise  which,  had  it  succeeded,  would  have  startled  Heaven 
itself  with  the  agony  and  sorrow  it  would  have  lavished  upon  the  land. 
He  has  put  to  death,  by  the  slow  torture  of  starvation  in  rebel  prisons, 
sixty  thousands  of  our  sons  and  brothers.  He  has  been  a  party  to  the 
assassination  of  our  martyred  President.  He  has  poisoned  our  wells; 
planted  infernal  machines  in  the  track  of  his  armies;  murdered  our 
wounded  soldiers;  boiled  the  dead  bodies  of  our  boys  in  cauldrons,  and 
sawed  up  their  bones  into  jewelry  to  decorate  the  God-forsaken  bodies 
of  his  rebel  followers.  He  has  hatched  into  life  whole  broods  of  vil- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  683 

lainies  that  are  enough,  it  seems  to  me,  to  make  the  devil  himself  turn 
pale  at  the  spectacle.  He  has  done  everything  that  a  devil  incarnate 
could  do  to  let  loose  ' '  the  whole  contagion  of  hell, ' '  and  convert  the  earth 
into  one  grand  carnival  of  demons.  *  *  * 

"I  don't  ask  vengeance.  Davis  has  committed  treason,  and  the 
Constitution  demands  his  punishment.  In  the  name  of  half  a  million 
soldiers  who  have  gone  up  to  the  throne  of  God  as  witnesses  against  'the 
deep  damnation  of  their  taking  off' — in  the  name  of  your  living  soldiers 
— in  the  name  of  the  Republic,  whose  life  has  been  put  in  deadly  peril — 
in  the  name  of  the  great  future,  whose  fate  to-day  hangs  in  the  balance, 
depending  on  the  example  you  make  of  treason,  I  demand  the  execution 
of  Jeff  Davis.  And  inasmuch  as  the  gallows  is  the  symbol  of  infamy 
throughout  the  civilized  world  I  would  give  him  the  gallows,  which  is 
far  too  good  for  his  neck.  Not  for  all  the  honors  and  offices  of  this 
government  would  I  spare  him,  if  in  my  power.  I  should  expect  the 
ghosts  of  half  a  million  soldiers  would  haunt  my  poor  recreant  life  to 
the  grave.  And  I  would  not  stop  with  Davis.  Why  should  IT  There 
is  General  Lee,  as  hungry  for  the  gallows  as  Davis.  He  is  running  at 
large  up  and  down  the  hills  and  valleys  of  Old  Virginia,  as  if  nothing 
at  all  had  happened;  and  lately  I  have  heard  that  he  has  been  offered 
the  presidency  of  a  college ;  going  to  turn  missionary  and  school-master, 
I  suppose,  to  'teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot.'  At  the  same  time,  as 
we  are  informed,  he  is  to  write  a  history  of  the  rebellion.  Gentlemen,  I 
would  not  have  him  write  that  history.  I  would  have  it  written  by  a 
loyal  man,  and  I  would  have  him  put  in  a  chapter  giving  an  account  of 
the  hanging  of  Lee  as  a  traitor.  *  *  *  Nor  would  I  stop  with  Lee. 
I  would  hang  liberally,  while  I  had  my  hand  in.  I  would  make  the 
gallows  respectable  in  these  latter  days,  by  dedicating  it  to  Christian 
uses.  I  would  dispose  of  a  score  or  two  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  the 
rebel  leaders,  not  for  vengeance,  but  to  satisfy  public  justice,  and  make 
expensive  the  enterprise  of  treason  for  all  time  to  come.  *  *  *  But 
suppose  you  were  to  hang  or  exile  all  these  leaders, — for  if  you  don't 
hang  aH  of  them  you  should  put  them  out  of  the  way, — your  work,  then, 
is  only  just  begun.  You  ought,  in  the  next  place,  to  take  their  large 
landed  estates  and  parcel  them  out  among  our  soldiers  and  seamen,  and 
the  poor  people  of  the  South,  black  and  white,  as  a  basis  of  real  de- 
mocracy and  genuine  civilization.  Why,  yonder  is  Bob  Johnson,  of 
Arkansas,  an  arch  rebel  leader,  who  owns  forty  thousand  acres  of  rich 
land ;  enough  to  make  four  hundred  farms  for  so  many  industrious  loyal 
men.  I  would  give  the  land  to  them,  and  not  leave  enough  to  bury  his 
carcass  in.  And  yonder  is  Jake  Thompson,  one  of  Jimmy  Buchanan's 
beloved,  and  beautiful,  and  blessed  disciples;  the  man  who  stole  our 


684  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indian  bonds,  and  who  is  so  mean  that  I  could  never  find  words  to 
describe  him.  He  owns  forty  thousand  acres  or  more,  and  I  would  take 
it  and  divide  it  out  in  the  way  mentioned.  The  leading  rebels  in  the 
South  are  the  great  landlords  of  that  country.  One-half  to  three-fourths 
of  all  the  cultivated  land  belongs  to  them,  and  if  you  would  take  it,  aa 
you  have  the  right  to  do,  by  confiscation,  you  would  not  disturb  the 
rights  of  the  great  body  of  the  people  in  the  South,  for  they  never 
owned  the  land.  I  had  the  honor  to  propose,  in  a  bill  I  introduced 
into  the  last  Congress,  this  identical  thing.  It  has  passed  one  House 
by  a  large  majority,  but  has  failed  thus  far  in  the  other.  If  you  don't 
do  something  of  that  kind,  you  will  have  in  the  rebel  States  a  system 
of  serfdom  over  the  poor  almost  as  much  to  be  deplored  as  slavery 
itself.  Rich  Yankees  will  go  down  there, — and  I  don't  want  to  abuse 
the  Yankees,  for  they  have  made  this  country  what  it  is ;  but  there  are 
Yankees  who  believe  that  the  almighty  dollar  is  the  only  living  and  true 
God,  and  it  is  said  some  of  them  would  wade  into  the  mouth  of  hell 
after  a  bale  of  cotton.  *  *  *  There  are  men  who  would  go  down 
and  buy  up  these  estates,  and  establish  a  system  of  wages-slavery,  of 
serfdom  over  the  poor,  that  would  be  as  intolerable  as  the  old  system 
of  servitude.  *  *  *  No,  you  want  no  order  of  nobility  there  save 
that  of  the  laboring  masses.  Instead  of  large  estates,  widely  scattered 
settlements,  wasteful  agriculture,  popular  ignorance,  social  degradation, 
the  decline  of  manufactures,  contempt  for  honest  labor,  and  a  pampered 
oligarchy,  you  want  small  farms,  thrifty  tillage,  free  schools,  social 
independence,  flourishing  manufactures  and  the  arts,  respect  for  honest 
labor,  and  equality  of  political  rights.  You  can  lay  hold  of  these  bless- 
ings, on  the  one  hand,  or  these  corresponding  curses,  on  the  other,  just  as 
you  please.  *  *  * 

"But  suppose  you  have  hung  or  exiled  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion, 
and  disposed  of  their  great  landed  estates  in  the  way  indicated;  your 
work  is  then  only  half  done.  Without  something  else,  you  will  fail 
after  all  to  reap  the  full  rewards  of  your  sufferings  and  sacrifices.  In 
order  to  complete  your  work  of  reconstruction,  you  must  put  the  ballot 
into  the  hands  of  the  loyal  men  of  the  south.  *  •  *  Let  me  say  to 
you,  too,  by  way  of  quieting  your  nerves,  that  I  won 't  preach  in  favor 
of  black  suffrage  to-night,  nor  white  suffrage.  All  I  want  is  loyal  suf- 
frage, without  regard  to  color.  *  *  *  The  fact  is,  I  have  got  to  be 
a  Conservative  lately.  I  wish  simply  to  present  some  of  the  old  con- 
servative doctrines  of  the  founders  and  framers  of  the  Republic — men 
whose  memories  you  all  revere,  and  whose  counsels  you  will  be  glad  to 
accept  if  you  are  loyal;  and  everybody  is  loyal  now,  or  ought  to  be. 
During  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  that  primitive  era  of  the  nation's 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  685 

life,  that  golden  age  of  public  virtue  and  private,  as  we  are  accustomed 
to  regard  it,  negroes  voted  in  all  the  States  or  colonies  of  the  Union, 
except  South  Carolina — poor,  sin-smitten,  Heaven-forsaken  spot,  that 
might  have  been  sunk  in  the  sea  forty  years  ago  without  material  detri- 
ment, and  without,  in  my  opinion  disturbing  Divine  Providence  in  his 
manner  of  governing  the  world.  *  *  *  Washington,  and  Jefferson, 
and  Jay,  and  Hancock,  and  Hamilton,  every  year  went  up  to  the  polls 
and  deposited  their  ballots  where  the  negroes  did  theirs,  and  I  never 
heard  that  they  were  denied,  or  that  the  Union  was  particularly  en- 
dangered. *  *  *  And  afterward  they  voted  under  Washington, 
Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  and  Jackson.  In  five  of  the  New 
England  States,  and  in  New  York,  they  have  been  voting  ever  since. 
In  Pennsylvania  they  continued  to  vote  until  1838;  in  Maryland  and 
Virginia  they  voted  until  1832  or  1833;  in  New  Jersey  until  1839  or 
1840 ;  and  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  until  1835.  Some  of  my 
old  North  Carolina  friends  here  will  remember  that  George  E.  Badger 
was  elected  to  Congress  by  negro  votes ;  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  also ; 
and  old  Cave  Johnson,  on  one  occasion  finding  that  he  was  about  to  lose 
his  election,  emancipated  about  fifteen  or  twenty  of  his  own  slaves,  and 
they  went  up  to  the  polls  and  elected  him  to  Congress.  Now  I  have 
thought  that  as  the  negroes  are  now  all  free  down  there,  we  might 
extend  this  Democratic  precedent  a  little  further.  Even  Andrew  Jack- 
son, old  Hickory  himself, — who  was  a  good  Democrat  in  his  day,  though 
he  would  not  pass  muster  now. — the  old  hero  who  praised  the  negroes 
for  fighting  so  well  under  him  at  New  Orleans,  and  who  ever  afterward 
enjoyed  their  gratitude  and  respect, — when  a  young  man,  called  on 
the  negroes  to  help  elect  the  legislature  which  afterwards  gave  him  a 
seat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States ;  and  I  think  if  old  Jackson  could 
do  so  naughty  a  thing  as  this  it  would  not  disgrace  a  Copperhead  to 
have  a  few  negroes  vote  for  him,  if  they  were  so  crazy  as  to  vote  on 
that  side.  *  *  * 

"But  I  would  give  the  ballot  to  the  negro  for  another  reason.  We 
called  upon  him  to  help  us,  and  he  has  helped  us.  We  tried  with  all  our 
might  to  save  the  Union,  and  to  save  slavery  with  it.  We  had  got  into 
our  heads  that  the  stars  of  our  flag  were  for  the  whites,  and  the  stripes 
for  the  blacks.  *  *  *  When  the  question  -became  one  of  salvation 
or  damnation  to  the  white  man ;  when  the  Union  was  about  to  perish  in 
the  red  sea  of  war,  into  which  our  guilt  and  folly  had  tumbled  it,  we 
called  on  these  wronged  people  to  help  us.  They  fought  side  by  side  with 
our  white  soldiers,  fighting  so  well  that  our  generals  praised  them  for 
their  bravery  and  endurance.  You  remember  that  Father  Abraham  in 
his  message  told  you  that  without  the  help  of  the  negro  population  the 


686  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Union  would  have  perished.  *  *  *  In  traveling  over  the  country 
I  frequently  hear  some  slimy,  sneaking  Copperhead  saying  'Damn  the 
nigger, '  when  not  more  than  two  years  ago  that  same  Copperhead  might 
have  been  seen  perambulating  the  country,  hunting  up  a  negro  to  stand 
between  him  and  the  bullets  of  the  rebels,  and  save  his  cowardly  carcass 
from  harm.  *  *  *  The  Copperhead  hunted  his  black  substitute, 
found  him,  hired  him  to  go;  he  went,  fought  like  a  hero,  rushed  into 
every  ugly  gap  of  death  big  commander  told  him  to  enter,  and  now, 
on  his  safe  return,  the  Copperhead  looks  down  upon  him  and  says  'Damn 
the  nigger — go  back  to  your  old  master,  I  am  done  with  you.'  Is  this 
a  specimen  of  your  magnanimity  and  manhood  ?  My  conservative  friends 
say  to  me,  '  Is  it  not  strange  that  the  soldiers  are  against  negro  suffrage 
in  the  South.  Gentlemen,  I  know  of  no  question  of  negro  suffrage  con- 
nected with  our  national  politics,  except  as  between  the  loyal  negro,  and 
the  white  rebels  of  the  South.  Now,  I  ask  you,  have  you  a  soldier  among 
you  who  hates  the  loyal  negro  who  fought  for  his  country  more  than  he 
hates  the  white  rebels  who  fought  against  it?  or  who,  if  the  ballot  is  to 
be  given  to  the  one  or  the  other,  would  give  it  to  the  white  rebel  in 
preference  ?  or  who,  if  the  ballot  is  to  be  given  to  the  white  rebel,  would 
not  checkmate  him  by  giving  it  to  the  loyal  negro  at  his  side!  Have 
you  any  civilian  among  you  who  would  espouse  the  cause  of  the  white 
rebel  in  the  cases  I  have  supposed?  If  you  answer  these  questions  in 
the  negative,  then  you  are  with  me  on  the  question  of  negro  suffrage. 
Gentlemen,  when,  two  or  three  years  ago,  the  government  decided  that 
the  negro  was  fit  to  carry  a  gun  to  shoot  rebels  down,  it  thereby  pledged 
itself  irrevocably  to  give  him  the  ballot  to  Vote  rebels  down, .  when  it 
should  become  necessary.  And  the  nation  never  can  go  behind  that  act. 

*  *     *    Negro  suffrage  in  the  South  is  a  chapter  in  the  history  of  this 
contest  as  sure  to  come  as  was  the  arming  of  the  negro,  and  you  who 
oppose  it  would  do  well  to  stand  out  of  the  way,  for  it  will  sweep  over 
you  as.  remorselessly  as  would  the  tides  of  the  gea.     *     *    * 

"But  I  would  give  the  negro  the  ballot  for  another  reason.  Before 
the  war  broke  out,  the  South,  on  the  basis  of  its  negro  population,  had 
eighteen  members  of  Congress.  Now  they  will  have  twelve  additional 
members,  or  thirty  in  all,  based  upon  a  population  that  is  dumb.  *  *  * 
Are  you  safe  under  the  operation  of  a  provision  so  iniquitous  as  this? 
It  not  only  disfranchises  the  negro,  but  it  disfranchises  you.  *  *  * 
If  you  tolerate  this  principle,  if  you  don't  give  the  negro  the  ballot, 
another  consequence  will  come,  and  that  is  the  repudiation  of  your  debt. 

*  *     *    If  you  hold  their  noses  to  the  grindstone,  as  you  ought  to  do, 
every  dollar  of  their  rebel  debt  is  gone,  and  you  will  compel  them  to 
help  pay  our  debt.    They  will  hate  that  confoundedly,  and  will  agonize 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  687 

day  and  night  to  find  some  way  of  escape;  and  they  will  not  be  slow 
in  finding  it.  *  *  *  They  hunger  and  thirst  for  an  opportunity  to 
join  hands  with  their  old  allies  at  the  North ;  and  these  allies,  who  only 
a  year  ago'  got  up  secret  orders  to  murder  you  and  usurp  your  State 
government — most  of  you  know  them — are  ready  to  join  hands  with  their 
old  masters.  A  small  sum  of  money  will  buy  Copperheads  in  Congress 
enough  to  give  back  to  the  South  her  ancient  domination  in  the  Union ; 
and  then  they  will  repudiate  our  debt,  and  saddle  upon  your  shoulders 
their  debt,  rendering  us  all  the  most  pitiful  vagabonds  that  were  ever 
turned  loose  upon  the  world.  Now,  you  white  capitalists,  who  don't  love 
the  negro,  but  do  love  money,  whether  you  are  willing  that  this  state  of 
things  shall  come  about  or  not,  it  will  come,  unless  you  provide  against 
it.  You  can  save  the  country  from  this  financial  maelstrom  simply  by 
dealing  justly  with  the  negro.  *  *  *  I  would  give  the  negro  the 
ballot  for  another  reason,  and  that  is,  that  every  rebel  in  the  South,  and 
every  Copperhead  in  the  North  is  opposed  to  negro  suffrage.  If  there  were 
no  other  argument  than  this  I  would  be  in  favor  of  negro  enfranchise- 
ment. When  you  know  a  man  to  be  in  sympathy  with,  and  doing  the 
works  of  the  devil,  have  you  any  doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  you  are  on 
the  Lord's  side  in  fighting  him?  And  when  you  hear  the  rebels  of  the 
South  and  Copperheads  of  the  North  denouncing  negro  suffrage,  can't 
you  swear  you  are  right  in  favoring  it,  without  the  least  fear  of  a  mistake 
in  your  oath?  *  *  * 

"It  is  said  that  the  negroes  are  unfit  to  vote — that  they  are  too  ignor- 
ant ;  and  I  have  heard  it  said  that  they  need  a  probation  of  ten  or  twenty 
years  to  prepare  them  for  the  ballot ;  that  they  must  have  time  to  acquire 
property,  knowledge  of  political  rights  and  duties,  and  then  it  will  do 
to  give  them  the  ballot.  I  don't  understand  that  argument.  •  •  • 
You  might  as  well  talk  about  preparing  a  man  to  see  by  punching  out 
his  eyes;  or  preparing  him  for  war  by  cutting  off  his  feet  and  hands;  or 
preparing  the  lamb  for  security  by  committing  it  to  the  jaws  of  the  wolf. 
If  you  want  to  prepare  the  negro  for  suffrage  take  off  his  chains,  and 
give  him  equal  advantages  with  white  men  in  fighting  the  battle  of  life. 
Don't  charge  him  with  unfitness,  until  you  have  given  him  equal  oppor- 
tunities with  others.  Gentlemen,  who  made  them  unfit?  I  think  it 
was  the  rebels.  *  *  *  Are  you  going  to  be  very  nice  or  fastidious 
in  selecting  a  man  to  vote  down  a  rebel  T  Must  you  have  a  perfect  gentle- 
man and  scholar  for  this  work?  I  think  the  negro  just  the  man.  I 
would  not  have  a  better,  if  I  could.  Of  all  men  he  is  the  most  fit.  The 
rebel,  I  know,  won't  like  it.  *  *  *  He  is  the  architect  of  his  own 
fortune ;  let  him  enjoy  it.  It  is  ordained  by  Providence  that  retribution 
shall  follow  wrong  doing.  Are  you  going  to  rush  between  the  rebel  and 


• 


688  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  consequences  of  his  internal  deeds?  Let  him  reap  as  he  has  sown. 
For  one,  I  have  too  much  to  do  to  vex  myself  about  how  he  will  fare 
under  negro  ballots.  I  am  sure  he  will  get  along  as  well  as  he  deserves, 
and  I  prefer  to  leave  the  whole  matter  with  the  negro,  as  the  tables  are 
at  last  turned  in  his  favor.  But  what  is  fitness  to  vote  ?  It  is  a  relative 
term.  Nobody  is  perfectly  fit  to  vote.  I  have  never  seen  a  man  that  was. 

*  *     *     He  would  have  to  be  an  angel  or  a  god.     *    *     *    We  are  all 
more  or  lesg .unfit  to  vote,  and  to  discharge  all  our  duties.     *     *     *    Show 
me  a  man  whose  heart  is  right,  and  he  will  do  to  trust  all  the  time.    The 
negro 's  heart  has  been  right  all  through  the  war ;  true  as  the  needle  to 
the  pole.    He  never  betrayed  a  trust ;  always  knew  the  difference  between 
a  gray  coat  and  a  blue  one ;  always  knew  the  difference  between  treason 
and  loyalty ;  and  that  is  more  than  Jeff  Davis  has  found  out  to  this  day, 
with  all  his  knowledge.     It  is  true,  the  negroes  cannot  read  or  write 
much ;  perhaps  not  one  in  forty  or  fifty  of  the  field  hands  can  read  or 
write.    The  same,  if  not  more,  is  true  of  the  'white  trash.'    When  you 
talk  about  disfranchising  the  negro  because  he  can't  read  or  write,  you 
ought  to  apply  your  philosophy  elsewhere.     You  have  half  a  million 
white  men  in  the  Union  marching  up  to  the  ballot-box  every  year  who 
cannot  write  their  own  names.     I  believe  that  one-ninth  of  the  adult 
people  in  Indiana  can  neither  read  nor  write.     You  don't  propose  to 
disfranchise  them.    The  best  educated  country  in  the  world  is  Prussia; 
everybody  there  is  educated;  and  yet  in  Prussia  where  you  would  sup- 
pose education  had  made  free  institutions,  nobody  votes,  and  the  govern- 
ment is  despotic.     Education  is  not  freedom.     It  does  not,  necessarily, 
fit  any  man  in  the  world  to  vote.     *     *     *     My  friends,  the  true  way 
to  fit  men  for  voting  is  to  put  the  ballot  into  their  hands.     *     *     * 
Suppose  you  want  to  teach  your  boy  how  to  swim,  and  you  won't  let 
him  go  into  the  water  for  fear  of  drowning;  he  must  stand  on  the  land 
and  go  through  the  motions.     How  long,  on  a  reasonable  calculation, 
would  it  take  to  teach  him  to  swim  ?  • 

"But  I  am  told  that  the  negroes  will  vote  as  their  masters  want 
them  to.  Do  you  believe  it  ?  *  *  *  They  didn  't  fight  with  their  old 
masters.  *  *  *  Why,  every  South  Carolinian  would  be  preaching 
negro  suffrage  with  me  to-night,  if  he  thought  the  negroes  would  vote 
as  he  wanted  them  to.  *  *  *  'But  it  is  said  that  if  we  give  the  negroes 
the  ballot  in  the  South,  we  will  have  to  give  it  to  those  in  Indiana. 

*  *     *     If 'you  secure  equal  rights  and  equal  advantages  to  the  ne- 
gro, in  {he  reconstruction  of  the  South,  under  this  inducement  to  our 
colored  people  to  return  to  their  sunny  home,  the  question  of  negro  suf- 
frage might  never  come  in  Indiana.     If  it  should  come,  I  will  be  in 
favor  of  taking  it  up  and  dealing  with  it  upon  its  merits.     *     *     * 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  689 

But  this  question  belongs  to  you,  gentlemen  of  the  Legislature,  and 
Congress  cannot  touch  it.  Let  me  beg  of  you  not  to  confound  together 
very  different  questions.  *  *  *  Let  us  settle  this  great  national 
question,  and  then  we  shall  be  better  prepared  for  minor  ones.  My 
conservative  friends  are  grieved  because  I  do  not  demand  immediate 
negro  suffrage  in  Indiana  as  my  '  one  idea. '  I  am  always  glad  to  pleaso 
these  friends,  and  I  am  naturally  amiable,  but  I  must  beg  leave  iu 
this  case  to  decline  acceding  to  their  wishes.  Gentlemen,  another  objec- 
tion I  have  heard  to  negro  suffrage  is  that  they  will  hold  all  the  offices 
in  the  South ;  that  the  whites  there  will  leave,  and  we  shall  no  longer  mi- 
grate there.  *  *  *  I  cannot,  however,  feel  alarmed.  *  *  *  I 
have  already  referred  to  the  policy  of  negro  voting  in  nearly  all  of  the 
States  for  some  thirty  or  forty  years  of  our  history,  and  I  believe  it 
never  led  to  negro  office-holding.  Even  in  Massachusetts  I  remember 
no  case  of  the  sort.  *  *  *  Nor  has  negro  voting  ever  led  to  social 
equality  or  miscegenation,  to  my  knowledge.  If  my  Democratic  friends, 
however,  feel  in  danger  of  marrying  negro  women,  I  am  in  favor  of 
a  law  for  their  protection.  *  *  *  I  agree,  gentlemen,  that  the  ques- 
tion (of  suffrage)  belongs  to  the  States,  subject  to  the  reserved  right 
and  duty  of  the  United  States  to  guarantee  Republican  governments 
to  the  States.  *  *  *  As  I  have  already  said,  these  rebel  States  arc 
outside  of  their  constitutional  orbit,  and  they  can  never  get  back  into 
it  without  the  consent  of  Congress.  And  right  here  is  where  the  mat- 
ter of  suffrage  comes  under  your  jurisdiction.  Carolina,  for  example, 
asks  admission.  *  *  *  I  remember  a  clause  of  the  Constitution 
which  says,  'The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  a  repub- 
lican form  of  government.'  What  is  a  republican  form  of 
government,  is  a  political  question  exclusively  for  Congress  to 
decide.  Well,  I  look  at  her  Constitution,  and  find  that  it  disfranchises 
two  thirds  of  her  people,  and  the  only  loyal  ones  in  her  border,  and 
gives  the  ballot  to  one  third,  and  they  rebels,  who  ought  to  have  been 
bung  or  exiled  before  to-day.  Gentlemen,  I  would  decide,  without  hesi- 
tation, that  her  Constitution  was  not  republican  in  form  or  in  fact; 
and  I  would  slam  the  door  in  her  face.  I  would  have  Congress  put  a 
territorial  government  over  her,  and  President  Johnson  to  appoint  a 
chief  justice,  a  governor,  a  marshal,  etc.,  and  in  local  politics,  in  elect- 
ing justices,  constables,  etc.,  I  would  set  the  people  to  voting.  *  *  * 
I  trust  that  by  this  time  even  my  friend  Kilgore  understands  my  posi- 
tion. *  *  *  The  way  is  perfectly  open  to  you,  unobstructed  by  any 
constitutional  difficulty,  any  obstacle  in  any  form,  to  do  exactly  what  may 
seem  right  in  your  eyes.  You  can  hold  the  rebels  in  the  strong  grasp 
of  war  till  the  end  and  purpose  of  the  war,  which  is  a  lasting  peace,  shall 


• 

•    . 

- .    •  .        ~'f 

690  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

be  made  sure.  *  *  *  Shall  we  deal  with  conquered  traitors  and 
public  enemies  as  equal  sovereigns  with  ourselves,  and  insult  justice 
.and  mock  God  by  pettifogging  their  cause?  Gentlemen,  I  repeat  it, 
the  rebels  are  in  our  power,  and  if  we  foolishly  surrender  it  we  shall 
be  the  most  recreant  people  on  earth.  The  glorious  fruits  of  our  vic- 
tory are  within  our  grasp.  We  have  only  to  reach  forth  our  hands  to 
possess  them.  Let  me  plead  with  you  to  do  your  duty.7 

The  Journal  did  not  report  this  speech.  In  its  local  columns  it  said : 
"The  burden  of  his  address  was  the  wonderful  properties  of  negro  suf- 
frage as  a  National  cure-all.  The  member  of  the  Burnt  District  thinks 
'the  country  will  go  straight  to  damnation'  without  the  colored  ballot. 
He  is  welcome  to  his  opinions."  Editorially  it  had  a  column  attack  on 
Julian,  with  no  reference  to  the  speech.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  explosion 
of  a  mine  in  the  Morton  camp.  Julian  says  of  it:  "Every  possible 
effort  was  made  by  the  Johnsonized  Republicans  to  prevent  me  from 
having  an  audience,  but  they  failed  utterly ;  and  I  analyzed  the  positions 
of  Governor  Morton  in  a  speech  of  two  hours,  which  was  reported  for 
the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and  subsequently  published  in  a  large  pamphlet 
edition.  The  political  rage  and  exasperation  which  now  prevailed  in 
the  ranks  of  the  Anti-Suffrage  faction  can  be  more  readily  imagined 
than  described.  Their  organ,  the  Indianapolis  Journal,  poured  out  upon 
me  an  incredible  deliverance  of  vituperation  and  venom  for  scattering 
my  heresies  outside  of  my  Congressional  district,  declaring  that  I  had 
'the  temper  of  a  hedgehog,  the  adhesiveness  of  a  barnacle,  the  vanity  of 
a  peacock,  the  vindictiveness  of  a  Corsican.  the  hypocrisy  of  Arainadab 
Sleek,  and  the  duplicity  of  the  devil.  I  rather  enjoyed  these  paroxysms 
of  malignity,  which  broke  out  all  over  the  State  among  the  Governor's 
conservative  satellites,  since  my  only  offense  was  fidelity  to  my  politi- 
cal opinions,  the  soundness  of  which  I  was  finding  fully  justified  by 
events ;  for  the  friends  of  the  Governor,  in  a  few  short  months,  gathered 
together  and  cremated  all  the  copies  of  his  famous  speech  which  could 
be  found.  But  the  disowned  document  was  printed  as  a  campaign  tract 
by  the  Democrats  for  a  dozen  successive  years  afterward,  and  circulated 
largely  in  several  of  the  Northern  States,  while  the  Governor  himself, 
by  a  sudden  and  splendid  somersault,  became  the  champion  and  ex- 
emplar of  the  very  heresies  which  had  so  furiously  kindled  his  ire 
against  me. "  8 

And  yet,  it  was  not  wholly  a  season  of  joy  for  Julian.  The  Journal 
printed  its  analysis  of  his  character,  quoted  above,  on  November  22,  and 


'  Speeches  on  Political  Questions,  p.  262. 
•  Political  Recollections,  p.  268. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


691 


a  return  in  kind  appeared  in  the  True  Republican,  published  by  Julian's 
brother  Jacob  Julian,  at  Richmond,  to  which  Col.  Holloway  replied  on 
November  2£  with  a  signed  editorial,  resenting  the -"abuse  of  our  fami- 
ly, ' '  charging  that  George  W.  Julian  was  the  author,  and  denouncing  him 
as  "a  cowardly  blackguard,  a  malignant  liar,  and  a  dirty  poltroon."  On 
November  29,  the  Journal  found  greater  consolation  in  an  account  of  the 


-  -    -       -         - 


GEN.  SOL.  MEREDITH 


horse-whipping  of  Julian  at  Richmond,  by  Gen.  Sol  Meredith,  on  ac- 
count of  reflections  on  his  loyalty.  In  fact,  November,  1865,  was  a 
red  letter  month  in  Republican  chronology  in  Indiana.  On  the  night  of 
October  10,  Morton  had  suffered  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  His  physicians 
ordered  absolute  rest;  and  he  determined  to  go  to  Paris,  and  try  the 
"moxa"  treatment  of  Prof.  Brown-Sequard.  On  September  13  he  had 
issued  a  call  for  the  legislature  to  meet  in  special  session  on  November 
13.-  He  was  able  to  deliver  his  message  in  person,  on  the  14th ;  and  on  the 


- 


690 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


be  made  sure.  *  *  *  Shall  we  deal  with  conquered  traitors  and 
public  enemies  as  equal  sovereigns  with  ourselves,  and  insult  justice 
and  mock  God  by  pettifogging  their  cause?  Gentlemen,  I  repeat  it, 
the  rebels  are  in  our  power,  and  if  we  foolishly  surrender  it  we  shall 
be  the  most  recreant  people  on  earth.  The  glorious  fruits  of  our  vic- 
tory are  within  our  grasp.  We  have  only  to  reach  forth  our  hands  to 
possess  them.  Let  me  plead  with  you  to  do  your  duty.7 

The  Journal  did  not  report  this  speech.  In  its  local  columns  it  said: 
"The  burden  of  his  address  was  the  wonderful  properties  of  negro  suf- 
frage as  a  National  cure-all.  The  member  of  the  Burnt  District  thinks 
'the  country  will  go  straight  to  damnation'  without  the  colored  ballot. 
He  is  welcome  to  his  opinions."  Editorially  it  had  a  column  attack  on 
Julian,  with  no  reference  to  the  speech.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  explosion 
of  a  mine  in  the  Morton  camp.  Julian  says  of  it:  "Every  possible 
effort  was  made  by  the  Johnsonized  Republicans  to  prevent  me  from 
having  an  audience,  but  they  failed  utterly ;  and  I  analyzed  the  positions 
of  Governor  Morton  in  a  speech  of  two  hours,  which  was  reported  for 
the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  and  subsequently  published  in  a  large  pamphlet 
edition.  The  political  rage  and  exasperation  which  now  prevailed  in 
the  ranks  of  the  Anti-Suffrage  faction  can  be  more  readily  imagined 
than  described.  Their  organ,  the  Indianapolis  Journal,  poured  out  upon 
me  an  incredible  deliverance  of  vituperation  and  venom  for  scattering 
my  heresies  outside  of  my  Congressional  district,  declaring  that  I  had 
'the  temper  of  a  hedgehog,  the  adhesiveness  of  a  barnacle,  the  vanity  of 
a  peacock,  the  vindictiveness  of  a  Corsican.  the  hypocrisy  of  Aminadab 
Sleek,  and  the  duplicity  of  the  devil.  I  rather  enjoyed  these  paroxysms 
of  malignity,  which  broke  out  all  over  the  State  among  the  Governor's 
conservative  satellites,  since  my  only  offense  was  fidelity  to  my  politi- 
cal opinions,  the  soundness  of  which  I  was  finding  fully  justified  by 
events ;  for  the  friends  of  the  Governor,  in  a  few  short  months,  gathered 
together  and  cremated  all  the  copies  of  his  famous  speech  which  could 
be  found.  But  the  disowned  document  was  printed  as  a  campaign  tract 
by  the  Democrats  for  a  dozen  successive  years  afterward,  and  circulated 
largely  in  several  of  the  Northern  States,  while  the  Governor  himself, 
by  a  sudden  and  splendid  somersault,  became  the  champion  and  ex- 
emplar of  the  very  heresies  which  had  so  furiously  kindled  his  ire 
against  me."  8 

And  yet,  it  was  not  wholly  a  season  of  joy  for  Julian.  The  Journa] 
printed  its  analysis  of  his  character,  quoted  above,  on  November  22,  and 


7  Speeches  on  Political  Questions,  p.  262. 
»  Political  Recollections,  p.  268. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


691 


a  return  in  kind  appeared  in  the  True  Republican,  published  by  Julian's 
brother  Jacob  Julian,  at  Richmond,  to  which  Col.  Holloway  replied  on 
November  £5  with  a  signed  editorial,  resenting  the -"abuse  of  our  fami- 
ly," charging  that  George  W.  Julian  was  the  author,  and  denouncing  him 
as  "  a  cowardly  blackguard,  a  malignant  liar,  and  a  dirty  poltroon. ' '  On 
November  29,  the  Journal  found  greater  consolation  in  an  account  of  the 


GEN.  SOL.  MEREDITH 


horse-whipping  of  Julian  at  Richmond,  by  Gen.  Sol  Meredith,  on  ac- 
count of  reflections  on  his  loyalty.  In  fact,  November,  1865,  was  a 
red  letter  month  in  Republican  chronology  in  Indiana.  On  the  night  of 
October  10,  Morton  had  suffered  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  His  physicians 
ordered  absolute  rest;  and  he  determined  to  go  to  Paris,  and  try  the 
"moxa"  treatment  of  Prof.  Brown-Sequard.  On  September  13  he  had 
issued  a  call  for  the  legislature  to  meet  in  special  session  on  November 
13.  He  was  able  to  deliver  his  message  in  person,  on  the  14th ;  and  on  the 


692  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

17th  he  turned  the  State  government  over  to  Lieutenant  Governor 
Baker,  and  started  for  Washington.  He  was  accredited  by  the  Presi 
dent  for  a  special  mission  to  inspect  military  affairs  in  Europe,  and 
also  for  a  secret  mission  to  Louis  Napoleon,  to  advise  that  gentleman  to 
get  his  troops  out  of  Mexico  promptly.  He  performed  these  services 
satisfactorily,  had  the  painful  moxa  treatment,  and  got  back  to  New 
York,  somewhat  improved,  on  March  7,  1866;  passed  a  month  in  the 
East  getting  in  touch  with  the  political  situation ;  and  was  back  in  In- 
dianapolis on  April  12.  He  had  learned  that  the  radicals  were  going  to 
have  their  own  way,  and  Julian's  policies  were  going  to  be  adopted. 
He  made  an  effort  to  pull  the  President  into  line,  and  then  turned  his 
attention  to  his  own  affairs.  A  Senator  was  to  be  elected  in  Indiana, 
and  the  Senator  would  be  either  a  Democrat  or  a  Radical.  He  was  a 
candidate.  On  June  20,  he  delivered  his  "Masonic  Hall  speech,"  in 
which  he  even  distanced  Julian  in  his  appeal  to  hatred,  though  he  kept 
clear  of  the  suffrage  question.  His  climax  was  this:  "Every  unregen- 
erate  rebel  lately  in  arms  against  his  government  calls  himself  a  Demo- 
crat. Every  bounty  jumper,  every  deserter,  every  sneak  who  ran  away 
from  the  draft  calls  himself  a  Democrat.  Bowles,  Milligan,  Walker, 
Dodd,  Horsey  and  Humphreys  call  themselves  Democrats.  Every  'Son 
of  Liberty '  who  conspired  to  murder,  burn,  rob  arsenals  and  release  rebel 
prisoners  calls  himself  a  Democrat.  John  Morgan,  (Champ  Ferguson, 
Wirtz  Payne  and  Booth  proclaimed  themselves  Democrats.  Every  man 
who  labored  for  the  rebellion  in  the  field,  who  murdered  Union  prison- 
ers by  cruelty  and  starvation,  who  conspired  to  bring  about  civil  war 
in  the  loyal  states,  who  invented  dangerous  compounds  to  burn  steam- 
boats and  Northern  cities,  who  contrived  hellish  schemes  to  introduce 
into  Northern  cities  the  wasting  pestilence  of  yellow  fever,  calls  him- 
self a  Democrat.  Every  dishonest  contractor  who  has  been  convicted  of 
defrauding  the  government,  every  dishonest  paymaster  or  disbursing  offi- 
cer who  has  been  convicted  of  squandering  the  public  money  at  the 
gaming  table  or  in  gold  gambling  operations,  every  officer  in  the  army 
who  was  dismissed  for  cowardice  or  disloyalty,  calls  himself  a  Dem- 
ocrat. Every  wolf  in  sheep's  clothing,  who  pretends  to  preach  the  gospel 
but  proclaims  the  righteousness  of  man-selling  and  slavery;  every  one 
who  shoots  down  neerroes  in  the  streets,  burns  nesrro  school-houses  and 
meeting-houses,  and  murders  women  and  children  by  the  light  of  their 
own  flaming  dwellings,  calls  himself  a  Democrat;  every  New  York  rioter 
in  1863  who  burned  up  little  children  in  colored  asylums,  who  robbed, 
ravished  and  murdered  indiscriminately  in  the  midst  of  a  blazing  city 
for  three  days  and  nights,  called  himself  a  Democrat.  In  short,  the  Dem- 
ocratic party  may  be  described  as  a  common  sewer  and  loathsome  re- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  693 

ceptacle,  into  which  is  emptied  every  element  of  treason  North  and 
South,  and  every  element  of  inhumanity  and  barbarism  which  has  dis- 
honored the  age." 

His  biographer  says  of  this  speech :  ' '  Morton  was  an  intense  and 
bitter  partisan,  to  whom  the  success  of  the  Democracy  meant  the  loss 
of  all  that  had  been  won.  He  had  grouped  together  every  disloyal  act, 
and  in  a  masterly  statement,  had  flung  the  record,  not  simply  at  the  guilty 
men,  but  at  the  party  which  had  tolerated  their  leadership  or  compan- 
ionship. It  was  the  speech  to  win.  The  Republicans  had  been  divided 
and  lukewarm,  the  Democrats  united  and  aggressive.  Under  such  con- 
ditions the  way  to  success  was  to  awaken  old  memories,  to  draw  the  party 
lines  as  closely  as  possible,  to  make  the  fight  bitter  and  irreconcilable, 
to  drive  every  disaffected  Republican  back  into  the  ranks  by  hatred  of 
a  common  enemy.9  The  campaign  was  cleverly  worked  out  on  these 
lines.  On  July  4,  a  public  presentation  of  the  battle-flags  to  the  State 
was  made,  Morton  receiving  them  and  replying  in  a  set  political  speech, 
in  which  he  told  the  soldiers  that  the  issue  was,  "whether  they  shall 
shamefully  and  blindly  surrender  at  the  ballot-box  the  great  prizes 
which  they  have  conquered  on  the  field."  There  was  no  mention  of 
Democrats,  in  the  Journal,  during  the  campaign — only  "Copperhead 
speeches"  and  "Copperhead  meetings."  On  the  morning  of  September 
10,  the  day  on  which  President  Johnson  arrived  in  Indianapolis  when 
"swinging  round  the  circle,"  the  Journal  said:  "If  Andrew  Johnson 
were  today  expected  to  visit  this  city  as  President  of  the  United  States, 
the  whole  people  of  this  city  and  State  would  turn  out  and  welcome  him 
irrespective  of  party,  to  testify  their  respect  for  their  Chief  Magistrate 
But  he  comes  here  as  a  partizan  to  harangue  the  people  for  the  benefit 
of  the  Copperheads  and  to  build  up  a  party  almost  composed  exclusively 
of  men  who  were  disloyal  to  the  Government  during  the  terrible  civil  war, 
and  who  still  are  in  sympathy  with  the  enemies  of  the  Republic.  *  *  * 
No  loyal  man  can  participate  in  the  ceremonies  without  being  insulted 
by  the  man  who  has  basely  betrayed  them  after  'being  elevated  to  the 
second  place  in  the  gift  of  the  people  by  their  votes'."  The  reception 
in  the  evening  was  broken  up  by  a  mob  which  would  not  allow  the 
President  and  others  to  speak ;  and  an  attack  was  made  on  the  pro- 
cession, resulting  in  a  riot  in  which  one  man  was  killed  and  five  wounded, 
including  the  Journal  reporter.  The  parader  who  fired  the  fatal  shot 
was  arrested  and  tried  for  murder,  but  acquitted  on  a  plea  of  self-defense. 
In  its  report  of  the  affair,  the  Journal  said :  ' '  We  knew  beforehand  that 
-the  popular  mind  was  set  strongly  against  Andrew  Johnson,  but  did 


»  Life  of  Morton,  Vol.  1,  p.  476. 


694  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

not  anticipate  so  deplorable  an  affair."  There  was  also  reason  to  deplore 
in  the  fact  that  the  police  and  other  peace  officers  of  the  city  and  county 
were  under  Republican  control. 

The  election  in  October  resulted  in  a  Republican  majority  of  a  little 
less  than  15,000 — a  decrease  of  some  5,000  from  1864 — but  enough  to  give 
a  substantial  Republican  majority  in  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  and 
eight  of  the  eleven  Congressmen.  As  Morton  had  taken  personal  super- 
vision of  the  legislative  electors,10  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  without 
material  opposition.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature  he  came  out  openly, 
for  the  first  time,  in  favor  of  negro  suffrage,  on  Julian's  most  effective 
ground — that  it  was  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  Republican  party. 
He  said:  "The  proposition  to  introduce  at  once  to  the  ballot-box  half 
a  million  men,  who  but  yesterday  were  slaves,  the  great  mass  of  whom 
are  profoundly  ignorant,  and  all  impressed  with  that  character  which 
slavery  impresses  upon  its  victims,  is  repugnant  to  the  feelings  of  a 
large  part  of  our  people,  and  would  be  justified  only  by  the  necessity 
resulting  from  inability  to  maintain  loyal  Republican  state  governments 
in  any  other  way.  But  the  necessity  for  loyal  Republican  state  govern- 
ments that  shall  protect  men  of  all  races,  classes  and  opinions,  and  shall 
render  allegiance  and  support  to  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
must  override  every  other  consideration  of  prejudice  or  policy."  Hav- 
ing thus  moved  over  into  Julian's  nest,  as  in  1854,  the  next  step,  as 
then,  was  to  institute  vigorous  measures  for  throwing  Julian  out.  To 
this  the  legislature  gave  attention  by  a  Congressional  reapportion- 
ment  act  which  replaced  a  large  portion  of  Julian's  Republican  constitu- 
ents by  Democrats.11  As  Julian  had  told  the  tale  of  his  first. ravishment 
in  his  Raysville  speech,  of  July  4,  1857,  he  preserved  the  details  of  the 
second  in  his  Dublin  speech  of  October  25,  1868,  and  again  in  his  Recol- 
lections. He  says:  "Nearly  all  of  my  old  opponents  in  the  district  and 
State  were  now  Johnsonized,  except  Gov.  Morton,  whose  temporary  de- 
sertion the  year  before  was  atoned  for  by  a  prudent  and  timely  re- 
pentance. He  was  not,  however,  thoroughly  reconstructed,  for  in  the 
Philadelphia  Loyal  Convention  which  met  in  September  of  this  year 
to  consider  the  critical  state  of  the  country,  he  used  his  influence  with 
the  delegates  from  the  South  to  prevent  their  espousal  of  Negro  Suf- 
frage, and  begged  Theodore  Tilton  to  prevail  on  Frederick  Douglass 
to  take  the  first  train  of  cars  for  home,  in  order  to  save  the  Republican 
party  from  detriment.  He  was  still  under  the  shadow  of  his  early  Dem- 
ocratic training ;  and  he  and  his  satellites,  vividly  remembering  my  cam- 
paign for  Negro  Suffrage  the  year  before,  and  finding  me  thoroughly  in- 


10  Life  of  Morton,  p.  484. 

11  Acts,  1867,  p.  108. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  695 

trenched  in  my  Congressional  district,  hit  upon  a  new  project  for  my 
political  discomfiture.  This  was  the  re-districting  of  the  State  at  the 
ensuing  session  of  the  Indiana  Legislature,  which  they  succeeded  in  ac- 
complishing by  disguising  their  real  purpose.  There  was  neither  reason 
nor  excuse  for  such  a  scheme  at  this  time,  apart  from  my  political  for- 
tunes, and  by  the  most  shameless  gerrymandering  in  three  counties  of  my 
district,  which  gave  me  a  majority  of  5,000  were  taken  from  me,  and  four 
others  added  in  which  I  was  personally  but  little  acquainted,  and  which 
gave  an  aggregate  Democratic  majority  of  about  1,500.  This  was 
preliminary  to  the  next  Congressional  race,  and  the  success  of  the  en- 
terprise remained  to  be  tested ;  but  it  furnishes  a  curious  illustration  of 
the  state  of  Indiana  Republicanism  at  that  time.  *  *  *  In  my  new 
Congressional  district  I  was  unanimously  renominated  by  the  Repub- 
licans, and  entered  at  once  upon  the  canvass,  though  scarcely  well  enough 
to  leave  my  bed.  The  issue  was  doubtful,  and  my  old-time  enemies  put 
forth  their  whole  power  against  me  at  the  election.  They  were  deter- 
mined, this  time,  to  win,  and  to  make  sure  of  this  embarked  in  a  des- 
perate and  shameless  scheme  of  ballot-stuffing  in  the  city  of  Richmond 
which  was  afterward  fully  exposed ;  but  in  spite  of  this  enterprise  of  '  Ku 
Klux  Republicans, '  I  was  elected  by  a  small  majority.  The  result,  how- 
ever, foreshadowed  the  close  of  my  congressional  labors,  which  followed 
two  years  later,  just  as  the  XV  Constitutional  Amendment  had  made 
voters  of  the  colored  men  of  the  State ;  but  it  was  only  made  possible 
by  my  failing  health  which  had  unfitted  me  for  active  leadership."  12 

When  Morton  was  elected  to  the  Senate,  the  office  of  Governor  passed 
to  Lieutenant  Governor  Baker,  who  was  eminently  fitted  for  it.  He  was 
a  sound  lawyer,  not  showy  but  thoroughly  honest  and  conscientious, 
putting  public  duty  above  politics,  and  of  marked  capacity.  Conrad 
Baker  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  February  12,  1817. 
He  graduated  at  the  Pennsylvania  College,  at  Gettysburg ;  read  law  with 
the  celebrated  Thad  Stevens ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1839 ;  and  after 
two  years  practice  at  Gettysburg,  removed  to  Evansville,  where  he  had 
a  leading  place  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  was  a  representative 
in  1845,  and  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  1852.  In  1856,  without  even 
consulting  him,  the  Republicans  put  him  on  their  State  ticket  for  Lieu- 
tenant Governor,  with  Morton,  and  they  went  to  defeat  together.  In 
1861,  he  volunteered  as  Colonel  of  the  First  Cavalry,  Twenty-Eighth 
Indiana,  and  served  for  three  years,  part  of  the  time  as  a  brigade  com- 
mander, when  he  was  made  Provost  Marshal  at  Indianapolis.  In  1864 
he  was  again  nominated  for  Lieutenant  Governor  without  solicitation. 


i* Political  Recollections,  pp.  303,  320.    See  also  Speeches  on  Political  Questions, 
pp.  468-472. 

TO».  n-t 


696 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Bar  meeting  resolutions,  as  a  rule  are  not  more  reliable  than  other 
obituaries,  but  after  Governor  Baker's  death  on  April  28,  1885,  the  bar 
memorial  very  truly  said  of  him:  "Indiana  has  never  had  a  wiser  and 
better  administration  of  its  affairs  than  while  he  was  its  governor.  He 
gave  to  the  administration  of  them  a  dignity  and  elevation  of  character 
which  had  it's  source  in  himself.  In  the  field  and  at  the  head  of  his 


HON.  CONRAD  BAKER 


regiment  he  displayed  a  tranquil '  courage  and  calm  fortitude  which 
never  deserted  him  under  any  of  the  vicissitudes  of  war.  A  striking 
illustration  of  these  qualities  is  afforded  by  an  act  of  his  while  he  was 
Provost  Marshal  at  Indianapolis.  An  unruly  and  belligerent  mob  of 
soldiers  was  threatening  with  destruction  the  office  of  a  newspaper  which 
had  incurred  their  hostility.  He  went  among  them  alone  and  at  great 
personal  risk,  and  stopped  the  assault  as  soon  as  it  began.  It  was  at  a 
time  when  the  Union  sentiment  was  intense  and  prescriptive,  and  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  697 

interference  in  behalf  of  a  newspaper  that  had  become  the  object  of  its 
passionate  fury  was  simply  heroic.  His  sense  of  justice  could  not  be 
subjugated  by  popular  clamor,  and  it  was  broad  enough  to  include  those 
who  were  regarded  by  his  associates  and  comrades  as  the  enemies  of  his 
country.  The  patriotism  which  made  him  a  soldier  actuated  him  as  a 
citizen,  and  it  never  degenerated  into  mere  partisanship." 

In  1868,  Baker  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  Governor,  the 
Democrats  nominating  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  and  the  two  made  a 
joint  canvass,  holding  meetings  in  each  of  the  eleven  Congressional  dis- 
tricts. The  two  were  personal  friends,  and  their  debate  was  marked  by 
perfect  courtesy.  The  election  was  very  close,  the  Republican  majority 
in  the  State  being  only  961.  The  Democrats  claime4  that  even  this  was 
the  result  of  fraud,13  but  Mr.  Hendricks  made  no  contest,  and  Governor 
Baker  continued  his  excellent  service  for  four  years.  In  1872,  Mr. 
Hendricks  was  renominated,  the  Republicans  nominating  Gen.  Thomas 
M.  Browne.  This  was  the  year  of  the  Liberal  Republican  revolt  against 
Grant's  administration,  and  the  result  in  Indiana  was  an  illustration  of 
personal  prejudice  in  politics.  As  an  October  State,  Indiana  was  a  field 
of  intensive  fighting,  with  all  the  bitterness  of  the  war  issues  that 
Senator  Morton,  who  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  could  inject  into 
the  campaign.  Hendricks  carried  the  State  by  a  majority  of  1,148,  but 
the  only  other  Democratic  State  officer  elected  was  Milton  B.  Hopkins, 
the  candidate  for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction;  and  the  Re- 
publicans carried  the  legislature,  and  returned  Morton.  The  election 
of  Hendricks  was  unquestionably  due  to  the  reported  intemperate 
habits  of  his  opponent,  which  turned  the  temperance  vote  against  him, 
and  the  temperance  vote  was  becoming  powerful  again  in  Indiana.  In 
November,  Grant  carried  the  State  by  a  majority  of  22,294  over  Greeley. 
This  was  due  to  the  refusal  of  old-time  Democrats  to  vote  for  a  man  who 
had  for  years  held  them  up  to  public  scorn  in  language  that  was  extreme, 
even  in  the  picturesque  style  of  newspaper  writing  of  that  day.  Even 
Voorhees  refused  at  first  to  accept  so  bitter  a  prescription,  but  he  thought 
better  of  it  on  reflection,  and  accepted  the  inevitable.  There  was,  how- 
ever, a  substantial  Republican  defection  in  Indiana,  and  it  was  made 
permanent  by  the  abuse  heaped  on  the  Liberals  during  the  campaign, 
making  a  valuable  accession  to  the  Democratic  party,  not  only  in  num- 
bers but  also  in  its  effect  of  nullifying  the  old  war  issues.  When  Mr. 
Hendricks  took  Gov.  Baker's  place  in  office,  Gov.  Baker  replaced  him 
at  the  bar,  and  the  firm  of  Hendricks,  Hord  &  Hendricks  became  Baker, 
Hord  &  Hendricks,  and  so  continued  until  Governor  Baker's  death. 


:  H^leombe  's  Life  of  Hendricks,  p.  301. 


696 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Bar_meeting  resolutions,  as  a  rule  are  not  more  reliable  than  other 
obituaries,  but  after  Governor  Baker's  death  on  April  28,  1885,  the  bar 
memorial  very  truly  said  of  him :  ' '  Indiana  has  never  had  a  wiser  and 
better  administration  of  its  affairs  than  while  he  was  its  governor.  He 
gave  to  the  administration  of  them  a  dignity  and  elevation  of  character 
which  had  its  source  in  himself.  In  the  field  and  at  the  head  of  his 


HON.  CONRAD  BAKER 


regiment  he  displayed  a  tranquil  courage  and  calm  fortitude  which 
never  deserted  him  under  any  of  the  vicissitudes  of  war.  A  striking 
illustration  of  these  qualities  is  afforded  by  an  act  of  his  while  he  was 
Provost  Marshal  at  Indianapolis.  An  unruly  and  belligerent  mob  of 
soldiers  was  threatening  with  destruction  the  office  of  a  newspaper  which 
had  incurred  their  hostility.  He  went  among  them  alone  and  at  great 
personal  risk,  and  stopped  the  assault  as  soon  as  it  began.  It  was  at  a 
time  when  the  Union  sentiment  was  intense  and  prescriptive,  and  his 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


697 


interference  in  behalf  of  a  newspaper  that  had  become  the  object  of  its 
passionate  fury  was  simply  heroic.  His  sense  of  justice  could  not  be 
subjugated  by  popular  clamor,  and  it  was  broad  enough  to  include  those 
who  were  regarded  by  his  associates  and  comrades  as  the  enemies  of  his 
country.  The  patriotism  which  made  him  a  soldier  actuated  him  as  a 
citizen,  and  it  never  degenerated  into  mere  partisanship." 

In  1868,  Baker  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  for  Governor,  the 
Democrats  nominating  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  and  the  two  made  a 
joint  canvass,  holding  meetings  in  each  of  the  eleven  Congressional  dis- 
tricts. The  two  were  personal  friends,  and  their  debate  was  marked  by 
perfect  courtesy.  The  election  was  very  close,  the  Republican  majority 
in  the  State  being  only  961.  The  Democrats  claimed  that  even  this  was 
the  result  of  fraud,13  but  Mr.  Hendricks  made  no  contest,  and  Governor 
Baker  continued  his  excellent  service  for  four  years.  In  1872,  Mr. 
Hendricks  was  renominated,  the  Republicans  nominating  Gen.  Thomas 
M.  Browne.  This  was  the  year  of  the  Liberal  Republican  revolt  against 
Grant's  administration,  and  the  result  in  Indiana  was  an  illustration  of 
personal  prejudice  in  politics.  As  an  October  State,  Indiana  was  a  field 
of  intensive  fighting,  with  all  the  bitterness  of  the  war  issues  that 
Senator  Morton,  who  was  a  candidate  for  re-election,  could  inject  into 
the  campaign.  Hendricks  carried  the  State  by  a  majority  of  1,148,  but 
the  only  other  Democratic  State  officer  elected  was  Milton  B.  Hopkins, 
the  candidate  for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction;  and  the  Re- 
publicans carried  the  legislature,  and  returned  Morton.  The  election 
of  Hendricks  was  unquestionably  due  to  the  reported  intemperate 
habits  of  his  opponent,  which  turned  the  temperance  vote  against  him, 
and  the  temperance  vote  was  becoming  powerful  again  in  Indiana.  In 
November,  Grant  carried  the  State  by  a  majority  of  22,294  over  Greeley. 
This  was  due  to  the  refusal  of  old-time  Democrats  to  vote  for  a  man  who 
had  for  years  held  them  up  to  public  scorn  in  language  that  was  extreme, 
even  in  the  picturesque  style  of  newspaper  writing  of  that  day.  Even 
Voorhees  refused  at  first  to  accept  so  bitter  a  prescription,  but  he  thought 
better  of  it  on  reflection,  and  accepted  the  inevitable.  There  was,  how- 
ever, a  substantial  Republican  defection  in  Indiana,  and  it  was  made 
permanent  by  the  abuse  heaped  on  the  Liberals  during  the  campaign, 
making  a  valuable  accession  to  the  Democratic  party,  not  only  in  num- 
bers but  also  in  its  effect  of  nullifying  the  old  war  issues.  When  Mr. 
Hendricks  took  Gov.  Baker's  place  in  office,  Gov.  Baker  replaced  him 
at  the  bar,  and  the  firm  of  Hendricks,  Hord  &  Hendricks  became  Baker, 
Hord  &  Hendricks,  and  so  continued  until  Governor  Baker's  death. 


"Hplcombe's  Life  of  Hendricks,  p.  301. 


i 


698  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

;.    "  .    " 

The  campaign  of  1872  ended  Julian's  connection  with  the  Republican 
party.  Julian  says:  "In  February, -I  was  strongly  urged  to  become 
a  candidate  for  Congressman  at  large  under  the  new  Congressional 
apportionment;  and  although  failing  health  unfitted  me  for  active  poli- 
tics, to  which  I  had  no  wish  to  return,  I  really  wanted  the  compliment  of 
the  nomination.  The  long-continued  and  wanton  opposition  which  had 
been  waged  against  me  in  my  own  party  led  me  to  covet  it,  and  in  the 
hope  that  General  Grant's  nomination  might  yet  be  averted  I  allowed 
my  friends  to  urge  my  claims,  and  to  believe  I  would  accept  the  honor 
if  tendered  which  I  meant  to  do  should  this  hope  be  realized.  I  saw  that 
I  could  secure  it.  My  standing  in  my  own  party  was  better  than  ever 
before.  The  'Indianapolis  Journal,'  for  the  first  time,  espoused  my 
cause,  along  with  other  leading  Republican  papers  in  different  sections 
of  the  State.  The  impolicy  and  injustice  of  the  warfare  which  had  long 
been  carried  on  against  me  in  Indiana  were  so  generally  felt  by  all  fair- 
minded  Republicans  that  Senator  Morton  himself,  though  personally 
quite  as  hostile  as  ever,  was  constrained  to  call  off  his  forces,  and  favor 
a  policy  of  conciliation.  It  was  'evident  that  my  nomination  was  assured 
if  I  remained  in  the  field ;  but  as  time  wore  on  I  saw  that  the  re-nomina- 
tion of  General  Grant  had  become  absolutely  inevitable ;  and  as  I  could 
not  support  him  I  could  not  honorably  accept  a  position  which  would 
commit  me  in  his  favor.  The  convention  was  held  on  the  22d  of  Feb- 
ruary, and  on  the  day  before  I  sent  a  telegram  peremptorily  refusing  to 
stand  as  a  candidate;  and  I  soon  afterward  committed  myself  to  the 
Liberal  Republican  movement.  I  could  not  aid  in  the  re-election  of 
Grant  without  sinning  against  decency  and  my  own  self-respect.  I 
deplored  the  fact,  but  there  was  no  other  alternative.  If  it  had  been 
morally  possible,  I  would  have  supported  him  gladly.  I  had  no  per- 
sonal grievances  to  complain  of,  and  most  sincerely  regretted  the  neces- 
sity which  compelled  my  withdrawal  from  political  associations  in  which 
I  had  labored  many  long  years,  and  through  seasons  of  great  national 
danger."14 

The  regular  Republicans  claimed  that  he  had  been  a  candidate  for 
Congressman  at  large  until  he  found  that  he  could  not  get  the  nomina- 
tion; produced  letters  showing  that  he  had  taken  an  active  interest  in 
the  matter:  and  said  that  he  acknowledged  it  in  a  speech  at  Muncie, 
during  the  campaign.15  There  is  no  room  for  question  that  the  Morton 
following  were  glad  to  have  him  go.  After  the  October  election,  the 
Journal,  editorially,  said  it  had  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  smaller 


11  Political  Recollections,  p.  334. 

i»  Journal,  Oct.  31 ;  Nov.  1 ;  Nov.  7,  1872. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  699 

Liberals  in  Indiana  had  been  led  astray,  and  it  was  willing  to  re-admit 
them  to  the  Eepublican  ranks,  "But  to  Julian  and  Cravens,  Allen  and 
Hudson,  Judges  Scott  and  Drummond,  Finch  and  Holliday,  we  would 
state  that  the  Republican  canvass  is  a  large  one  but  we  prefer  that  you 
keep  on  the  outside.16  In  political  circles,  the  belief  was  that  Morton 
had  led  Julian  on  to  think  that  he  could  be  nominated,  until  he  had 
committed  himself,  and  that  Julian  found  that  he  was  being  deceived 
just  in  time  to  let  go.  However  that  may  be,  it  is  manifest  that  Julian, 
like  many  of  the  other  Abolitionists,  after  the  slavery  question  was  out 
of  the  way,  naturally  found  a  new  foe  in  industrial  serfdom.  As  he 
put  it:  "We  have  entered  upon  a  new  dispensation.  The  withdrawal 
of  the  slavery  question  from  the  strife  of  political  parties  has  changed 
the  face  of  our  politics  as  completely  as  did  its  introduction.  *  *  * 
The  tyranny  of  industrial  domination,  which  borrows  its  life  from  the 
alliance  of  concentrated  capital  with  labor-saving  machinery,  must  be 
overthrown.  Commercial  feudalism,  wielding  its  power  through  the  ma- 
chinery of  great  corporations  which  are  practically  endowed  with  life 
offices  and  the  right  of  hereditary  succession  and  control  the  makers  and 
expounders  of  our  laws,  must  be  subordinated  to  the  will  of  the  people. 
The  system  of  agricultural  serfdom  called  Land  Monopoly,  which  is  now 
putting  on  new  forms  of  danger  in  the  rapid  multiplication  of  great 
estates  and  the  purchase  of  vast  bodies  of  lands  by  foreign  capitalists, 
must  be  resisted  as  a  still  more  formidable  foe  of  democratic  Govern- 
ment. The  legalized  robbery  now  carried  on  in  the  name  of  Protection 
to  American  labor  must  be  overthrown.  The  system  of  spoils  and 
plunder  must  also  be  destroyed,  in  order  that  freedom  itself  may  be 
rescued  from  the  perilous  activities  quickened  into  life  by  its  own  spirit, 
and  the  conduct  of  public  affairs  inspired  by  the  great  moralities  which 
dignify  private  life.  These  are  the  problems  which. appeal  to  the  present 
generation,  and  especially  to  the  honorable  ambition  of  young  men  now 
entering  upon  public  life.17  With  a  devotion  to  these  principles  on 
national  lines,  he  found  himself  very  much  at  home  in  the  Democratic 
party  until  his  death,  on  July  7,  1899. 

In  getting  rid  of  Julian,  the  Indiana  Republicans  went  out  of  the 
frying  pan  into  the  fire.  The  man  who  made  the  chief  fight  against 
Julian  in  his  district,  where  his  influence  was  most  feared,  was  William 
Baxter,  then  a  candidate  for  the  legislature.  Baxter  was  an  English- 
man, of  Quaker  parentage,  born  at  Appletreewick,  Yorkshire,  February 
11,  1824.  He  had  to  go  to  work  in  a  woolen  mill  at  thirteen,  but  he 


«  Journal,  Oct.  14,  1872. 

IT  Political  Recollections,  p.  372. 


700 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  a  youth  of  enterprise,  and  got  into  the  tea  business,  incidentally 
reading  some  law,  until  1848,  when  he  came  to  the  United  States,  and 
for  about  eight  months  sold  English-made  worsteds  by  sample.  He  then 
entered  the  employ  of  a  large  Philadelphia  dry-goods  house,  in  which 
he  became  a  partner.  In  1864  he  retired,  with  a  competence,  and  located 
on  a  farm  across  the  Whitewater  from  Richmond — now  included  in 


WILLIAM  BAXTER 


West  Richmond.  Here  he  soon  attained  celebrity  as  an  advocate  of 
temperance,  and  this  made  him  peculiarly  available  as  a  Republican 
candidate  in  1872,  for  one  of  the  chief  arguments  of  the  Democrats  was 
the  intemperance  of  Grant.  Baxter  demonstrated  to  his  own  satisfac- 
tion, and  to  that  of  his  constituents,  that  Grant  was  a  model  of  temper- 
ance, and  by  so  doing  contributed  very  largely  to  Republican  success. 
His  own  devotion  to  temperance  was  as  intense  as  Julian's  devotion  to 
Abolition.  He  had  begun  making  temperance  speeches  at  the  age  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  701 

sixteen,  and  never  got  over  the  habit.  He  was  the  first  man  who  came 
to  the  support  of  the  Women's  Temperance  Union  in  Indiana.  Anyone 
who  heard  him  speak,  in  those  days,  will  remember  his  impressive  de- 
scription of  the  siege  of  Lucknow,  in  the  Sepoy  Rebellion,  and  how  one 
of  the  despairing  garrison  heard  the  music  of  the  bag-pipes,  and  elec- 
trified his  comrades  by  the  glad  shout,  "The  Campbells  are  coming"; 
and  his  application  of  it  to  the  existing  situation,  and  the  fact  that 
"The  women  are  coming."  The  men  were  coming  also;  and  when 
Baxter  got  into  the  legislature,  there  was  so  strong  a  temperance  senti- 
ment that  he  succeeded  in  securing  the  passage  of  a  stringent  temper- 
ance law — or  at  least  what  was  then  so  considered,  though  it  would  not 
be  regarded  as  a  very  unreasonable  regulation  law  at  the  present  time. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  "The  Baxter  Bill"  was  that  it  did  away 
with  State  license  entirely,  and  provided  for  a  "permit"  to  sell  intoxi- 
cating liquors  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  voters,  reserving,  however, 
the  power  in  cities  and  towns  to  require  a  license  fee.  After  getting 
a  permit,  the  saloon-keeper  had  to  give  a  bond  for  the  sum  of  $3,000  to 
obey  the  law,  and  to  compensate  for  any  damages  that  might  result  from 
selling  liquor  to  an  intoxicated  person,  to  which  exemplary  damages 
might  be  added.  Anybody  could  succor  a  helplessly  intoxicated  person, 
and  recover  his  expense  from  the  man  who  sold  him  the  liquor.  These 
were  the  features  of  the  law  that  were  most  obnoxious  to  the  liquor 
men,  but  what  made  it  objectionable  to  drinkers  was  the  early  closing 
hours,  the  sale  being  prohibited  between  9  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  This  was 
particularly  resented  by  the  Germans,  who,  like  the  Liberal  Republicans, 
now  that  the  slavery  question  was  disposed  of,  were  ready  for  the  de- 
fense of  any  other  kind  of  "liberty"  in  which  they  were  interested. 
The  ensuing  Republican  reverse  was  charged  principally  to  this  measure ; 
but  there  was  another  element  in  the  change,  and  one  that  grew  more 
effective  in  the  course  of  the  next  few  years,  and  that  was  the  panic 
of  1873,  and  the  hr.rd  times  resulting  from  that  and  the  act  for  the 
resumption  of  specie  payments  in  1875.  It  would  have  saved  millions 
of  dollars  to  the  country  if  Congress  had  heeded  the  cry,  "The  way  to 
resume  is  to  resume";  and  had  provided  for  an  immediate  resumption 
of  a  specie  basis,  and  the  redemption  of  the  greenbacks  at  their  market 
value,  with  an  adjustment  of  private  debts  at  the  same  rate.  This  was 
the  course  taken  by  France  after  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  France  basked 
in  prosperity,  while  the  other  European  countries,  which  undertook  to 
bring  their  paper  currency  back  to  par,  went  through  years  of  depres- 
sion and  bankruptcy.  The  objection  to  this  course,  that  it  would  be 
partial  repudiation,  was  theoretical  only,  because  the  holders  of  the  bills 
had  taken  them  at  market  value  and  were  ready  to  pay  them  out  on 


700 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


was  a  youtli  of  enterprise,  and  got  into  the  tea  business,  incidentally 
reading  some  law,  until  1848,  when  he  came  to  the  United  States,  and 
for  about  eight  months  sold  English-made  worsteds  by  sample.  He  then 
entered  the  employ  of  a  large  Philadelphia  dry-goods  house,  in  which 
he  became  a  partner.  In  1864  he  retired,  with  a  competence,  and  located 
on  a  farm  across  the  Whitewater  from  Richmond — now  included  in 


. 
. 


WILLIAM  BAXTER 


West  Richmond.  Here  he  soon  attained  celebrity  as  an  advocate  of 
temperance,  and  this  made  him  peculiarly  available  as  a  Republican 
candidate  in  1872,  for  one  of  the  chief  arguments  of  the  Democrats  was 
the  intemperance  of  Grant.  Baxter  demonstrated  to  his  own  satisfac- 
tion, and  to  that  of  his  constituents,  that  Grant  was  a  model  of  temper- 
ance, and  by  so  doing  contributed  very  largely  to  Republican  success. 
His  own  devotion  to  temperance  was  as  intense  as  Julian's  devotion  to 
Abolition.  He  had  begun  making  temperance  speeches  at  the  age  of 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  701 

sixteen,  and  never  got  over  the  habit.  He  was  the  first  man  who  came 
to  the  support  of  the  Women's  Temperance  Union  in  Indiana.  Anyone 
who  heard  him  speak,  in  those  days,  will  remember  his  impressive  de- 
scription of  the  siege  of  Lucknow,  in  the  Sepoy  Rebellion,  and  how  one 
of  the  despairing  garrison  heard  the  music  of  the  bag-pipes,  and  elec- 
trified his  comrades  by  the  glad  shout,  "The  Campbells  are  coming"; 
and  his  application  of  it  to  the  existing  situation,  and  the  fact  that 
"The  women  are  coming."  The  men  were  coming  also;  and  when 
Baxter  got  into  the  legislature,  there  was  so  strong  a  temperance  senti- 
ment that  he  succeeded  in  securing  the  passage  of  a  stringent  temper- 
ance law — or  at  least  what  was  then  so  considered,  though  it  would  not 
be  regarded  as  a  very  unreasonable  regulation  law  -at  the  present  time. 
The  distinctive  feature  of  "The  Baxter  Bill"  was  that  it  did  away 
with  State  license  entirely,  and  provided  for  a  "permit"  to  sell  intoxi- 
cating liquors  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the  voters,  reserving,  however, 
the  power  in  cities  and  towns  to  require  a  license  fee.  After  getting 
a  permit,  the  saloon-keeper  had  to  give  a  bond  for  the  sum  of  $3,000  to 
obey  the  law,  and  to  compensate  for  any  damages  that  might  result  from 
selling  liquor  to  an  intoxicated  person,  to  which  exemplary  damages 
might  be  added.  Anybody  could  succor  a  helplessly  intoxicated  person, 
and  recover  his  expense  from  the  man  who  sold  him  the  liquor.  These 
were  the  features  of  the  law  that  were  most  obnoxious  to  the  liquor 
men,  but  what  made  it  objectionable  to  drinkers  was  the  early  closing 
hours,  the  sale  being  prohibited  between  9  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m.  This  was 
particularly  resented  by  the  Germans,  who,  like  the  Liberal  Republicans, 
now  that  the  slavery  question  was  disposed  of,  were  ready  for  the  de- 
fense of  any  other  kind  of  "liberty"  in  which  they  were  interested. 
The  ensuing  Republican  reverse  was  charged  principally  to  this  measure ; 
but  there  was  another  element  in  the  change,  and  one  that  grew  more 
effective  in  the  course  of  the  next  few  years,  and  that  was  the  panic 
of  1873,  and  the  hrrd  times  resulting  from  that  and  the  act  for  the 
resumption  of  specie  payments  in  1875.  It  would  have  saved  millions 
of  dollars  to  the  country  if  Congress  had  heeded  the  cry,  "The  way  to 
resume  is  to  resume";  and  had  provided  for  an  immediate  resumption 
of  a  specie  basis,  and  the  redemption  of  the  greenbacks  at  their  market 
value,  with  an  adjustment  of  private  debts  at  the  same  rate.  This  was 
the  course  taken  by  France  after  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  France  basked 
in  prosperity,  while  the  other  European  countries,  which  undertook  to 
bring  their  paper  currency  back  to  par,  went  through  years  of  depres- 
sion and  bankruptcy.  The  objection  to  this  course,  that  it  would  be 
partial  repudiation,  was  theoretical  only,  because  the  holders  of  the  bills 
had  taken  them  at  market  value  and  were  ready  to  pay  them  out  on 


702  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  same  basis.  The  important  consideration  which  was  overlooked,  or 
neglected,  was  that  the  greenback  was  the  measure  of  value  in  actual 
use,  and  the  volume  of  greenbacks  was  insignificant  as  compared  with  the 
volume  of  debt  and  commodities  to  be  measured  by  greenbacks.  It 
meant  a  constant  increase  in  the  burden  of  existing  debt,  and  a  con- 
stant fall  in  the  money  value  of  all  commodities.  Legitimate  business 
cannot  be  successfully  transacted  on  a  constantly  falling  market. 

Indiana  was  hard  hit.  The  years  following  the  war  had  been  very 
prosperous,  culminating  in  "boom  times"  in  the  early  seventies.  Busi- 
ness men  were  confident  and  aggressive.  Boards  of  trade  were  actively 
urging  progress.  The  first  State  exposition  was  held,  in  conjunction  with 
the  State  Pair,  in  September,  1873.  Energetic  steps  were  being  taken 
for  an  Indiana  coal  road.  The  thunderbolt  came  from  a  clear  sky. 
Bankruptcies,  which  had  not  averaged  over  100  a  year,  in  Indiana, 
increased  to  294  in  1876,  405  in  1877,  and  835  in  the  first  eight  months 
of  1878.  The  private  mortgage  debt  of  the  State  increased  over  $60,000,- 
000  from  June  1,  1872,  to  June  1,  1879.  The  foreclosures  by  thirteen 
foreign  insurance  companies  alone,  in  the  federal  court,  in  1878,  amounted 
to  $703,971.80.  Plainly  there  was  something  wrong,  when  such  results 
could  come  in  a  State  with  a  fertile  soil,  great  natural  resources,  and  an 
industrious  people.  The  masses  rightly  put  the  source  of  the  trouble 
in  the  currency,  and  popular  remedies  were  largely  based  on  the  financial 
absurdity  of  an  irredeemable  fiat  currency.  "  Greenbackism  "  made 
large  inroads  in  the  Republican  ranks,  and  those  of  the  Democrats  were 
largely  tinctured  with  it,  but  politically  the  responsibility  for  the 
financial  trouble  was  put  on  the  party  in  power — as  it  always  is.  So 
with  the  Baxter  Bill,  which  was  not  wholly  a  •party  measure,  as  11  Demo- 
crats voted  for  it  in  the  House,  and  six  in  the  Senate;  and  Governor 
Hendricks  signed  it.  Governor  Hendricks  did  not  discuss  the  subject  in 
his  inaugural  address;  but  Governor  Baker  took  strong  temperance 
ground  in  his  message,  saying:  "The  intelligent  legislator  can  not  close 
his  eyes  to  the  fact  that  the  intemperate  use  of  intoxicating  liquors  is 
fearfully  prevalent,  and  that  it  is  the  fruitful  source  of  pauperism  and 
crime,  of  social  disorder  and  wretchedness.  *  *  *  As  Mr.  Lincoln 
said  of  slavery,  so  say  I  of  tippling  houses,  namely:  If  they  are  not 
wrong,  then  nothing  is  wrong.  *  *  *  The  legislation  of  the  State 
should,  on  this  subject,  keep  pace  with  public  opinion,  and  it  would  be 
better  to  have  the  law  a  little  in  advance  of  public  opinion  than  to 
have  it  lag  far  behind.  «  •  *  You  are  fresh  from  the  ranks  of  the 
people,  assembled  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  are  much  better 
acquainted  with  public  opinion  than  I  am,  and  should,  in  my  judgment, 
legislate  for  the  restraint  and  diminution  of  public  tippling  houses  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  703 

• '      -   ' :    -  "-."•.  •'.     . 

the  highest  point  that  the  existing  state  of  public  opinion  will  sustain, 
so  that  (as  Mr.  Lincoln  on  another  occasion  said  of  slavery)  the  public 
mind  may  confidently  rest  in  the  belief  that  they  are  in  process  of  ulti- 
mate extinction/' 

The  bill,18  though  commonly  known  as  the  Baxter  Bill,  was  intro- 
duced in  the  House  by  Nathan  T.  Butts,  representative  from  Randolph 
County,  and  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Temperance.  He  was  a  na- 
tive of  Randolph  County,  born  in  1838,  and  had  experienced  the  hard 
lot  of  an  orphan  boy,  bound  as  an  apprentice  to  a  cruel  master,  but  had 
worked  his  way  to  local  prominence  by  personal  strength  of  character. 
He  was  a  licensed  Methodist  preacher,  and  an  active  temperance  worker. 
Both  he  and  Baxter  had  brought  bills  for  introduction,  which,  with  a 
number  of  other  bills  that  had  been  introduced,  were  referred  to  a 
sub-committee,  of  which  he  and  Baxter  were  members,  and  these  two 
drafted  a  new  bill,  embodying  various  features,  but  chiefly  on  the  lines 
of  Baxter's  bill.  It  was  then  submitted  to  Governor  Baker  and  other 
lawyers,  including  Benjamin  Harrison,  Judge  Mellett,  of  Henry  County, 
and  Barbour  &  Jacobs,  and  as  finally  revised  was  introduced  and  passed 
without  material  change.  It  was  submitted  to  Governor  Hendricks 
for  approval -on  February  25,  and  some  doubt  was  expressed  as  to  what 
he  would  do.  On  the  morning  of  February  27,  the  streets  of  Indian- 
apolis were  covered  with  a  glare  of  ice,  and  as  Governor  Hendricks 
started  down  town,  he  fell  on  the  steps  of  his  house  striking  his  head, 
and  incurring  injuries  that  for  a  time  were  feared  to  be  serious.  As 
soon  as  the  doctor  had  attended  to  his  injuries,  he  sent  for  the  bill  and 
signed  it.  At  the  Democratic  State  Convention  of  July  15,  1874,  which 
took  a  stand  against  the  bill,  he  stated,  as  Chairman,  that  he  had  signed 
the  bill,  although  he  did  not  agree  with  its  provisions,  because  it  repre- 
sented the  deliberate  judgment  and  will  of  the  Legislature,  and  was  not 
unconstitutional.  Personally,  he  favored  the  license  system,  and  was  of 
the  opinion  that  the  next  Legislature  would  repeal  or  modify  it,  as  it  had 
not  met  public  favor.  A  test  case  had  been  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court, 
which  sustained  the  law.19  The  Democrats  declared  expressly  against 
the  Baxter  Bill,  and  in  favor  of  a  license  system,  and  defeated  the  Re- 
publicans by  a  plurality  of  17,252.  The  Greenback  party  appeared  in 
the  field  this  year  with  a  vote  of  16,233,  drawn  from  both  of  the  old 
parties,  but  principally  from  the  Republicans.  The  elections  in  Indiana 
for  the  next  ten  years  were  largely  dependent  on  this  third  party  vote, 
which  dropped  to  9,533  in  1876,  and  rose  to  38,448  in  1878.  This  was 


House  BUI,  327. 

Groesch  vs.  the  State,  42  Ind.  p.  547. 


704  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

its  high  point,  and  it  declined  gradually  thereafter,  until  its  remnants 
were  merged  with  the  Populists  in  1890.  The  Democrats  now  had  an 
inning,  carrying  the  State  by  5,515  in  1876,  and  by  13,736  in  1878. 

Adversity  had  made  the  Democrats  fairly  harmonious.  Their  four 
recognized  leaders  from  1860  to  1885  were  Hendricks,  McDonald,  Voor- 
hees  and  Turpie,  who  were  wholly  unlike,  except  that  they  were  all 
Democrats  and  all  born  in  Ohio.  Hendricks  was  born  near  Zanes- 
ville,  September  7,  1819.  His  family  removed  to  Indiana  in  1832,  and 
he  graduated  at  Hanover  in  1841.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843 ; 
elected  representative  in  1848,  senator  in  1849,  member  of  the  Consti- 
tutional Convention  in  1850.  He  was  Commissioner  of  the  Land  Office 
from  1855  to  1859,  United  States  Senator  from  1863  to  1869,  and  Gov- 
ernor in  1872,  being  the  first  Democratic  governor  in  any  of  the  North- 
ern states  after  the  war.  McDonald  was  born  in  Butler  County,  August 
29,  1819,  and  came  to  Indiana  in  1826  with  his  widowed  mother,  a 
woman  of  superior  intellect,  whose  maiden  name  was  Eleanor  Piatt — of 
the  New  Jersey  Huguenot  family.  Joseph  was  apprenticed  to  a  saddler, 
learned  the  trade,  and  worked  at  it  for  a  time ;  but  he  wanted  something 
better.  He  entered  Wabash  College  after  his  marriage,  graduated, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843.  He  was  elected  Pros- 
ecuting Attorney  1843-7,  Congressman  1849-51,  Attorney  General  1856- 
60.  Voorhees  was  born  in  Butler  County,  June  12,  1827.  He  came  to 
Indiana  and  graduated  at  Asbury  in  1849,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1851,  was  the  U.  S.  District  Attorney  from  1858  to  1861,  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  1861-5  and  1869-73.  Turpie,  as  before  mentioned, 
was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  July  8,  1829,  and  graduated  at  Kenyon 
College,  Ohio.  All  of  them  were  men  of  high  character.  Turpie  says: 
"Hendricks  and  McDonald  were  both  politicians  and  statesmen  of  the 
highest  type  and  character,  men  of  unquestioned  personal  integrity  and 
honor.  They  vied  with  each  other  in  their  common  support  of  the  organi- 
zation and  constitutional  principles  of  the  party  of  their  choice.  They 
were  not  merely  active  and  prominent  in  the  sunshine  of  popular  favor — 
in  the  darkest  days  of  misfortune  and  disaster  they  cleaved  to  their 
political  faith  with  unshaken  courage  and  fidelity.  Both  had  in  their 
time  a  great  deal  of  the  world's  notice,  yet  more  of  its  abuse  and  calum- 
ny. Conscious  of  their  own  rectitude  they  literally  lived  down  the 
contumely  and  proscription  of  their  partisan  opponents.  "20  jje  might 
have  said  the  same  of  himself  and  Voorhees. 

And  yet,  as  said,  these  men  were  essentially  different.    Voorhees  was 
by  far  the  most  impulsive  of  the  four,  and,  like  most  men  who  make 


20  Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  p.  238. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  705 

a  specialty  of  oratory,  had  the  tendency  to  give  more  attention  to  the 
sound  of  what  he  said  than  to  its  possible  applications.  His  impas- 
sioned speeches,  especially  during  Civil  war  times,  left  impressions  that 
forced  him  to  the  defensive  at  various  times  in  later  life.  Hendricks 
was  not  only  cautious,  but  also  conservative  by  nature  and  conviction. 
In  chatting  with  him  one  evening  after  the  Journal  had  called  him  a 
"trimmer,"  he  told  me  that  in  his  opinion  Lord  Halifax,  to  whom  the 
epithet  "trimmer"  was  first  applied,  had  the  correct  idea  of  statesman- 
ship in  a  republic.  The  great  body  of  the  people  are  not  extremists,  and 
are  not  satisfied  with  extreme  measures.  Most  great  measures  of  legisla- 
tion are  matters  of  compromise  for  this  reason.  This  is  unquestionably 
true  in  general,  as  is  recognized  by  most  men  who  succeed  in  politics. 
Julian  says  that  Schuyler  Colfax  claimed  that  when  in  doubt  he  in- 
quired how  Julian  and  Wm.  McKee  Dunn — a  notable  conservative — 
stood,  and  then  took  a  middle  ground,  feeling  perfectly  sure  that  he 
would  be  right.21  But  it  is  equally  true  that  in  time  of  stress,  as  during 
the  Civil  War,  it  is  the  extremist  who  attains  popular  favor — if  he  is  on 
the  right  extreme.  Personally,  Mr.  Hendricks  was  most  affable  and  con- 
ciliatory. The  only  word  that  will  describe  his  bearing  is  "courtly." 
He  would  have  attracted  favorable  notice  in  any  court  on  earth  by  his 
distinguished  presence,  and  yet  he  won  the  favor  of  the  humblest  citi- 
zen who  approached  him.  I  had  a  higher  regard,  personally,  for  Mc- 
Donald than  for  any  of  the  others — possibly  because  I  knew  him  better. 
He  was  certainly  the  most  amiable  of  the  four.  Everyone  that  knew  him 
liked  him.  He  was  the  only  one  of  the  four  that  had  a  really  keen  sense 
of  humor.  He  loved  a  good  story  as  well  as  Mr.  Lincoln,  with  whom,  by 
the  way,  he  was  on  most  friendly  terms.  He  was  an  omnivorous  reader, 
especially  fond  of  good  fictipn,  and  in  his  library  I  made  my  acquaint- 
ance with  several  of  the  rarer  works  of  English  and  American  humor. 
Speaking  of  fiction,  he  always  reminded  me  of  "John  Halifax,  Gentle- 
man," in  his  character,  to  which  were  added  later  suggestions  of  "Peter 
Stirling."  There  was  a  fine  vein  of  altruism  in  his  make-up  that  never 
allowed  the  sacrifice  of  the  interests  of  others  for  his  own  advantage. 
He  was  so  just,  so  sturdy,  so  self -poised,  that  one  was  moved  to  say: 
' '  Here  is  a  man. ' '  I  was  with  him  for  some  time  on  the  day  before  his 
death.  His  ailment  did  not  confine  him  to  his  bed,  but  he  knew  its 
fatal  character.  At  his  request,  his  doctor  had  frankly  explained  his 
condition  to  him,  and  had  told  him  that  he  was  trying  the  last  medi- 
cine in  which  there  was  any  hope — that  its  efficacy  would  be  known  within 
twenty-four  hours.  He  was  noting  the  development  of  his  symptoms  as 


21  Personal  Recollections,  p.  243. 


706  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

calmly  as  Socrates  watched  the  effects  of  the  hemlock.  He  had  received 
the  sacraments  of  the  church.  He  had  an  abiding  faith  in  the  exist- 
ence of  an  all- wise  and  all- just  God;  and  with  his  own  devotion  to 
justice,  and  his  own  kindly  and  merciful  nature,  he  was  not  afraid  to 
appear  before  the  Great  Judge. 

McDonald  was  a  great  lawyer,  but  he  was  not  a  "case-lawyer."  His 
arguments  were  always  based  on  fundamental  principles,  and  their  logical 
application,  and,  naturally,  they  were  not  always  successful.  There 
was  one  illustration,  of  this  that  was  a  source  of  much  amusement  to 
him,  as  well  as  to  others.  He  had  filed  a  demurrer  to  a  complaint  brought 
by  "old  Joe  Koberts,"  a  local  "curb  stone  lawyer,"  and  well-known  char- 
acter in  Indianapolis,  and  argued  it  orally,  demonstrating  to  the  Court 
that  the  plaintiff  had  not  stated  any  legal  cause  of  action.  When  he 
finished,  Roberts  arose  and  said:  "May  it  please  the  Court,  Senator 
McDonald  has  made  a  very  able  argument,  but  evidently  he  has  not 
read  the  36th  Indiana, ' '  and  thereupon  he  pulled  that  volume  from  un- 
der his  coat,  and  read  a  complaint  which  he  had  copied  word  for  word, 
and  which  had  been  held  good  by  the  Supreme  Court.  Ever  after  that, 
"you  evidently  have  not  read  the  36th  Indiana"  was  the  answer  to 
an  unconvincing  argument,  in  McDonald  &  Butler's  office.  I  think 
McDonald  enjoyed  an  argument,  on  principles,  on  almost  any  subject — 
at  least,  he  was  very  tolerant  in  that  line  with  me,  and  never  showed 
any  impatience  with  my  persistence  in  differing  with  him  except  on  one 
occasion,  when  I  was  trying  to  convince  him  that  a  stable  double- 
standard  of  gold  and  silver  was  a  feasible  proposition.  The  others,  es- 
pecially Voorhees  and  Turpie,  did  not  view  youthful  presumption  so 
leniently.  I  once  acquired  the  impression  that  Turpie  might  have  some 
valuable  information  concerning  Indian  names,  and  had  an  interview 
with  him  on  the  subject.  He  was  interested,  having  given  considerable 
attention  to  the  subject ;  but  I  soon  found  that  he  was  loaded  with  the 
errors  common  to  the  frontier.  In  the  course  of  the  conversation,  he 
dilated  on  the  word  "Wabash,"  which  he  said  meant  "white  clouds," 
and  referred  to  the  mists  and  fogs  on  the  river.  Thoughtlessly  I  at- 
tempted to  explain  to  him  the  real  significance  of  the  word,  until  I  saw 
by  his  look  of  astonishment  and  indignation  that  I  had  ventured  in 
where  discreet  angels  would  have  asked  for  rain  tickets;  and  I  changed 
the  subject  as  quickly  as  possible. 

The  Legislature  elected  in  1874  was  Democratic,  but  was  quite  strong 
in  Greenback  sentiment.  McDonald  was  the  preeminent  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator,  but  his  friends  were  alarmed  on  account  of  his 
well-known  "hard  money"  views,  especially  as  Voorhees  had  catered 
largely  to  the  Greenback  sentiment.  One  intimate  friend  ventured  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


707 


approach  him  with  the  suggestion  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  make 
some  sort  of  concession  to  the  paper  money  idea.  When  he  had  stated 
his  proposal,  McDonald  calmly  replied:  "Colonel,  I  would  not  alter  a 
word  in  my  record  on  the  financial  question  to  be  made  Senator  for  life." 
The  Legislature  had  so  much  confidence  in  him  that  it  elected  him  with- 
out regard  for  his  financial  views.  Voorhees  had  his  turn  on  the  death 


Gov.  JAMES  D.  WILLIAMS 

of  Senator  Morton,  in  1877,  when  Gov.  Williams  appointed  him  for  the 
vacancy — for  which  he  was  also  elected  by  the  next  Legislature,  and  re- 
elected  in  1855  and  1891,  serving  continuously  from  November  6, 
1877,  to  March  3,  1897.  He  died  in  Washington  just  after  the  close 
of  his  last  term,  on  April  9,  1897.  Governor  James  Douglas  Williams, 
who  was  elected  in  1876,  was  also  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  in  Pickaway 
County,  January  16,  1808.  His  family  removed  to  Knox  County,  Indi- 
ana, in  1818.  He  grew  up  on  the  farm,  and  continued  in  agricultural 


• 


706 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


calmly  as  Socrates  watched  the  effects  of  the  hemlock.  He  had  received 
the  sacraments  of  the  church.  He  had  an  abiding  faith  in  the  exist- 
ence of  an  all-wise  and  all-just  God;  and  with  his  own  devotion  to 
justice,  and  his  own  kindly  and  merciful  nature,  he  was  not  afraid  to 
appear  before  the  Great  Judge. 

McDonald  was  a  great  lawyer,  but  he  was  not  a  ' '  case-lawyer. ' '  His 
arguments  were  always  based  on  fundamental  principles,  and  their  logical 
application,  and,  naturally,  they  were  not  always  successful.  There 
was  one  illustration,  of  this  that  was  a  source  of  much  amusement  to 
him,  as  well  as  to  others.  He  had  filed  a  demurrer  to  a  complaint  brought 
by  "old  Joe  Roberts,"  a  local  "curb  stone  lawyer,"  and  well-kuown  char- 
acter in  Indianapolis,  and  argued  it  orally,  demonstrating  to  the  Court 
that  the  plaintiff  had  not  stated  any  legal  cause  of  action.  "When  he 
finished,  Roberts  arose  and  said :  ' '  May  it  please  the  Court,  Senator 
McDonald  has  made  a  very  able  argument,  but  evidently  he  has  not 
read  the  36th  Indiana,"  and  thereupon  he  pulled  that  volume  from  un- 
der his  coat,  and  read  a  complaint  which  he  had  copied  word  for  word, 
and  which  had  been  held  good  by  the  Supreme  Court.  Ever  after  that, 
"you  evidently  have  not  read  the.  36th  Indiana"  was  the  answer  to 
an  unconvincing  argument,  in  McDonald  &  Butler's  office.  I  think 
McDonald  enjoyed  an  argument,  on  principles,  on  almost  any  subject — 
at  least,  he  was  very  tolerant  in  that  line  with  me,  and  never  showed 
any  impatience  with  my  persistence  in  differing  with  him  except  on  one 
occasion,  when  I  was  trying  to  convince  him  that  a  stable  double- 
standard  of  gold  and  silver  was  a  feasible  proposition.  The  others,  es- 
pecially Voorhees  and  Turpie,  did  not  view  youthful  presumption  so 
leniently.  I  once  acquired  the  impression  that  Turpie  might  have  some 
valuable  information  concerning  Indian  names,  and  had  an  interview 
with  him  on  the  subject.  He  was  interested,  having  given  considerable 
attention  to  the  subject;  but  I  soon  found  that  he  was  loaded  with  the 
errors  common  to  the  frontier.  In  the  course  of  the  conversation,  he 
dilated  on  the  word  "Wabash,"  which  he  said  meant  "white  clouds," 
and  referred  to  the  mists  and  fogs  on  the  river.  Thoughtlessly  I  at- 
tempted to  explain  to  him  the  real  significance  of  the  word,  until  I  saw 
by  his  look  of  astonishment  and  indignation  that  I  had  ventured  in 
where  discreet  angels  would  have  asked  for  rain  tickets ;  and  I  changed 
the  subject  as  quickly  as  possible. 

The  Legislature  elected  in  1874  was  Democratic,  but  was  quite  strong 
in  Greenback  sentiment.  McDonald  was  the  preeminent  candidate  for 
United  States  Senator,  but  his  friends  were  alarmed  on  account  of  his 
well-known  "hard  money"  views,  especially  as  Voorhees  had  catered 
largely  to  the  Greenback  sentiment.  One  intimate  friend  ventured  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


707 


approach  him  with  the  suggestion  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  make 
some  sort  of  concession  to  the  paper  money  idea.  When  he  had  stated 
his  proposal,  McDonald  calmly  replied:  "Colonel,  I  would  not  alter  a 
word  in  my  record  on  the  financial  question  to  be  made  Senator  for  life." 
The  Legislature  had  so  much  confidence  in  him  that  it  elected  him  with- 
out regard  for  his  financial  views.  Voorhees  had  his  turn  on  the  death 


Gov.  JAMES  D.  WILLIAMS 


of  Senator  Morton,  in  1877,  when  Gov.  Williams  appointed  him  for  the 
vacancy — for  which  he  was  also  elected  by  the  next  Legislature,  and  re- 
elected  in  1855  and  1891,  serving  continuously  from  November  6, 
1877,  to  March  3,  1897.  He  died  in  Washington  just  after  the  close 
of  his  last  term,  on  April  9,  1897.  Governor  James  Douglas  Williams, 
who  was  elected  in  1876,  was  also  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  in  Pickaway 
County,  January  16,  1808.  His  family  removed  to  Knox  County,  Indi- 
ana, in  1818.  He  grew  up  on  the  farm,  and  continued  in  agricultural 


708  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

life,  being  the  first  fanner  elected  to  the  office  of  Governor  in  Indiana. 
When  he  was  twenty  years  old  his  father  died,  and  on  him,  as  the  oldest 
of  six  children,  the  care  of  the  family  devolved.  He  had  little  schooling, 
but  was  of  strong  mind,  and  absorbed  education.  Governor  Baker  well 
said  of  him :  ' '  He  was  not  a  learned  man,  but  not  an  uneducated  man. 
I  mean  by  that,  he  was  a  man  who  knew  how  to  think.  He  had  learnd 
the  art  of  thinking,  but  had  he  been  an  educated  man  he  would  have 
been  a  good  lawyer.  He  had  a  discriminating  mind.  He  was  one  of 
the  best  parliamentarians  I  ever  knew,  hardly  ever  making  a  mistake." 
His  neighbors  soon  realized  his  merit,  and  in  1839,  elected  him  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  in  which  office  he  gave  public  satisfaction,  resigning  in  1843 
to  go  to  the  Legislature.  He  was  a  representative  also  in  the  Legisla- 
tures of  1847,  1851,  1856  and  1868;  senator  in  1858,  1862  and  1870;  and 
Congressman  from  March  4,  1875,  to  December  1,  1876,  when  he  re- 
signed, after  his  election  as  Governor.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Indiana 
law  giving  widows  estates  of  deceased  'husbands,  not  exceeding  three 
hundred  dollars,  without  administration ;  the  law  dividing  the  sinking 
fund  among  the  counties;  and  was  a  leader  in  the  establishment  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  of  which  he  was  a  member  for  sixteen  years, 
and  four  years  president.  He  always  wore  a  suit  of  blue  jeans,  possi- 
bly with  an  eye  to  its  political  beauty,  and  was  commonly  known  as 
' '  Blue  Jeans  Williams. ' ' 

In  the  campaign  of  1876,  the  Republicans  made  the  mistake  of  trying 
to  ridicule  him  as  an  ignorant  clod-hopper,  in  an  agricultural  State 
where  he  had  been  at  the  top  in  agricultural  affairs  for  years.  Still 
more  unfortunately  for  themselves,  they  nominated  against  him  Godlove 
S.  Orth,  who  had  been  in  Congress  for  several  terms,  and  was  then  U.  S. 
Minister  to  Austria.  Charges  were  made  against  him  of  implication 
in  certain  Venezuela  frauds,  and  although  he  was  later  exonerated,  this 
forced  his  withdrawal  from  the  ticket  a  few  weeks  before  the  election, 
Gen.  Benjamin  Harrison  being  put  in  his 'place.  The  campaign,  was 
also  notable  in  Indiana  because  Mr.  Hendricks  was  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  Vice  President.  In  1872,  Mr.  Greeley  died  before  the  electoral 
votes  were  counted,  and  in  the  division  of  the  63  Democratic  votes  in  the 
Electoral  College,  42  were  given  to  Hendricks,  18  to  B.  Gratz  Brown,  2 
to  Charles  J.  Jenkins,  of  Georgia,  and  1  to  Judge  David  Davis.  As  all 
these  votes  were  from  the  South,  and  Hendricks  was  the  first  Governor 
elected  in  the  North,  after  the  war,  by  the  Democratic  party,  he  became 
a  formidable  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  and  would  have  been  nom- 
inated in  1876,  but  for  the  phenomenal  rise  of  Governor  Tilden,  of  New 
York.  In  the  election,  Indiana  went  Democratic  by  5,515,  and  for  the 
first  time  since  the  war  the  Democrats  had  a  majority  of  the  popular 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  709 

vote  of  the  nation,  even  on  the  Returning  Board  figures.  Governor 
Williams  died  in  office,  November  20, 1880,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  Isaac  Pusey  Gray.  The  Democrats  elected  the  State  Sen- 
ate in  1876,  but  thanks  to  an  ingenious  gerrymander  in  1872,  the  Re- 
publicans had  a  majority  in  the  House.  This  was  a  blessing  to  the  State 
in  one  way.  The  State  House  had  been  disgracefully  dilapidated  for 
years,  but  neither  political  party,  on  account  of  the  close  margin  in  the 
State,  dared  to  take  the  responsibility  of  building  a  new  one.  The 
political  division  gave  the  opportunity  to  proceed  with  one  party  as 
responsible  as  the  other  for  the  expenditure. 

The  law  of  March  14,  1877,  provided  for  the  appointment  by  the 
Governor  '  'of  four  commissioners,  two  from  each  of  the  leading  political 
parties  of  the  State,"  who,  with  the  Governor,  should  be  a  Commission 
to  erect  a  new  State  House.  The  Governor  appointed  Gen.  John  Love 
and  Gen.  Thomas  A.  Morris,  of  Indianapolis,  Isaac  D.  G.  Nelson,  of  Fort 
Wayne,  and  William  R.  McKeen,  of  Terre  Haute ;  and  the  Commission  or- 
ganized, and  advertised  for  plans.  Twenty-four  plans  were  submitted, 
and  the  commission,  assisted  by  experts,  selected  that  of  Edwin  May, 
with  some  modifications.  Disappointed  architects  brought  suit  in  the 
Marion  Circuit  Court  to  prevent  the  expenditure  of  over  $2,000,000, 
the  amount  fixed  by  the  law,  for  the  building,  and  for  incidental  expenses. 
It  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court  which  decided  that  the  incidentals 
were  not  to  be  included.  Charges  of  fraud  in  the  award  were  also  made, 
but  a  legislative  investigating  committee  found  that  there  was  no  basis 
for  them.  The  building  was  completed  in  1888,  at  a  cost  of  $1,980,969.18 
for  construction,  with  $210,890.24  for  incidentals,  including  quarters 
for  the  State  officers,  while  the  building  was  in  progress.  The  build- 
ing was  most  substantially  built,  but  like  all  public  buildings  in  the 
United  States,  was  designed  for  looks  more  than  for  use.  As  a  result, 
it  is  already  outgrown,  and  the  architecturally  beautiful  corridors  are 
partitioned  off  with  unsightly  wooden  partitions,  to  furnish  room  for 
the  public  uses  of  the  building.  An  effort  was  made  to  secure  a  new 
building  for  the  State  Library  and  State  Museum,  as  a  memorial  of  the 
centennial  of  the  State,  in  1916,  but  the  legislature  was  afraid  to  pro- 
vide for  it,  and  finally,  on  the  urgent  request  of  Governor  Ralston,  sub- 
mitted the  question  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  The  question  of  a  Constitu- 
tional Convention  was  submitted  at  the  same  time.  The  liquor  in- 
terests fought  the  convention,  from  fear  of  prohibition,  nominally  ou 
the  ground  that  a  convention  would  cost  $500,000.  As  the  cost  of  the 
proposed  new  building  was  $2,000,000,  they  also  fought  that,  and  both 
propositions  were  gloriously  defeated. 

The  same  legislature  of  1877,  not  being  able  to  devote  any  attention 


1 

I 


02 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  711 

to  political  legislation,  also  undertook  to  patch  up  the  Constitution,  which 
was  almost  as  much  in  need  of  repair  as  the  State  House.  This  was  prin- 
cipally due  to  the  efforts  of  an  organization  of  citizens  of  both  parties, 
in  which  the  chief  factor  was  William  H.  English.  What  he  especially 
desired  was  a  provision  limiting  municipal  debt  to  two  per  cent  of  the 
taxable  property  of  the  municipality.  This  wise  provision  met  the  ap- 
proval of  all  large  tax-payers,  and  was  accompanied  by  a  proposal  to 
substitute  it  for  Article  13,  which  contained  the  obsolete  prohibition  of 
negro  immigration,  as  also  a  proposal  to  eliminate  the  word  "white" 
in  connection  with  suffrage;  one  to  require  the  registration  of  voters; 
one  to  permit  the  regulation  of  fees  and  salaries  of  county  officers  on 
the  basis  of  population ;  one  to  substitute  the  words  ' '  such  other  courts ' ' 
for  "such  inferior  courts,"  so  as  to  allow  the  formation  of  nisi  prius 
courts  of  equal  rank  with  the  Circuit  Courts;  and  one  to  change  the 
State  elections  from  October  to  November.  These  amendments  were 
submitted  to  the  people,  in  due  course,  at  the  township  elections  on  the 
first  Monday  in  April,  1880,  and  received  a  majority  of  about  17,000  of 
the  votes  cast, — the  vote  on  the  election  amendment  being  169,483  for  and 
152,251  against.  A  test  case  was  at  once  made,  and  on  June  18,  the 
Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  amendments  were  not  adopted,  two  of 
the  five  judges  dissenting.  The  decision  came  to  the  public  Under  ex- 
traordinary circumstances.  Judge  Worden  came  into  the  Supreme  Court 
Library  room,  where  James  H.  Rice,  Secretary  of  the  Democratic  State 
Central  Committee  was  talking  with  Fred  Hiner,  the  Librarian,  and 
said :  ' '  Well,  Jim,  I  guess  you  had  better  telegraph  to  the  boys  that  we 
overthrew  the  amendments  this  morning  by  a  vote  of  three  to  two.  They 
will  be  glad  to  know  about  it."  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  his  mean- 
ing. The  Democratic  National  Convention  was  on  the  eve  of  meeting 
at  Cincinnati,  and  the  Indiana  delegation  had  gone  to  that  city.  A 
reporter  for  the  News  was  in  the  room,  and  heard  the  conversation.  He 
printed  it,  and  "Telegraph  it  to  the  boys"  became  famous.  The 
Journal,  the  next  morning,  said :  "  It  is  a  partisan  decision  for  partisan 
purposes.  The  principal  object  was  to  make  Indiana  an  October  state 
this  year.  The  Democratic  managers  believed  that  would  inure  to  the 
interest  of  their  party,  and  especially  of  Mr.  Hendricks,  and  hence  the 
conspiracy.  Under  this  decision  they  will  go  to  Cincinnati  and  repre- 
sent that  Indiana  is  an  October  state,  and  that  the  nomination  of  Mr. 
Hendricks  is  necessary  to  carry  it. ' ' 22 

In  reality  the  decision  was  right,  so  far  as  the  question  of  adoption 
is  concerned.    The  Constitution  expressly  requires  a  vote  of  a  majority 


22  Journal,  June  19 ;  News,  June  18,  1880. 
TOI.  n— 10 


• 


. 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANAXS  711 

to  political  legislation,  also  undertook  to  patch  up  the  Constitution,  which 
was  almost  as  much  in  need  of  repair  as  the  State  House.  This  was  prin- 
cipally due  to  the  efforts  of  an  organization  of  citizens  of  both  parties, 
in  which  the  chief  factor  was  William  H.  English.  What  he  especially 
desired  was  a  provision  limiting  municipal  debt  to  two  per  cent  of  the 
taxable  property  of  the  municipality.  This  wise  provision  met  the  ap- 
proval of  all  large  tax-payers,  and  was  accompanied  by  a  proposal  to 
substitute  it  for  Article  13,  which  contained  the  obsolete  prohibition  of 
negro  immigration,  as  also  a  proposal  to  eliminate  the  word  "white" 
in  connection  with  suffrage ;  one  to  require  the  registration  of  voters ; 
one  to  permit  the  regulation  of  fees  and  salaries  of  county  officers  on 
the  basis  of  population;  one  to  substitute  the  words  "such  other  courts" 
for  "such  inferior  courts,"  so  as  to  allow  the  formation  of  nisi  prius 
courts  of  equal  rank  with  the  Circuit  Courts;  and  one  to  change  the 
State  elections  from  October  to  November.  These  amendments  were 
submitted  to  the  people,  in  due  course,  at  the  township  elections  on  the 
first  Monday  in  April,  1880,  and  received  a  majority  of  about  17,000  of 
the  votes  cast, — the  vote  on  the  election  amendment  being  169,483  for  and 
152,251  against.  A  test  case  was  at  once  made,  and  on  June  18,  the 
Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  amendments  were  not  adopted,  two  of 
the  five  judges  dissenting.  The  decision  came  to  the  public  under  ex- 
traordinary circumstances.  Judge  Worden  came  into  the  Supreme  Court 
Library  room,  where  James  H.  Rice,  Secretary  of  the  Democratic  State 
Central  Committee  was  talking  with  Fred  Hiner,  the  Librarian,  and 
said :  ' '  Well,  Jim,  I  guess  you  had  better  telegraph  to  the  boys  that  we 
overthrew  the  amendments  this  morning  by  a  vote  of  three  to  two.  They 
will  be  glad  to  know  about  it."  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  his  mean- 
ing. The  Democratic  National  Convention  was  on  the  eve  of  meeting 
at  Cincinnati,  and  the  Indiana  delegation  had  gone  to  that  city.  A 
reporter  for  the  News  was  in  the  room,  and  heard  the  conversation.  He 
printed  it,  and  "Telegraph  it  to  the  boys"  became  famous.  The 
Journal,  the  next  morning,  said:  "It  is  a  partisan  decision  for  partisan 
purposes.  The  principal  object  was  to  make  Indiana  an  October  state 
this  year.  The  Democratic  managers  believed  that  would  inure  to  the 
interest  of  their  party,  and  especially  of  Mr.  Hendricks,  and  hence  the 
conspiracy.  Under  this  decision  they  will  go  to  Cincinnati  and  repre- 
sent that  Indiana  is  an  October  state,  and  that  the  nomination  of  Mr. 
Hendricks  is  necessary  to  carry  it."22 

In  reality  the  decision  was  right,  so  far  as  the  question  of  adoption 
is  concerned.    The  Constitution  expressly  requires  a  vote  of  a  majority 


22  Journal,  June  19;  News,  June  18,  1880. 
Vol.  n— 10 


712  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  the  electors  of  the  State  to  adopt  an  amendment,  and  the  number  of 
votes  actually  cast  at  the  election  was  380,471 ;  the  numtar  by  the  official 
enumeration  of  1877  was  451,028;  and  the  number  cast  at  the  election 
for  Governor  in  1876  was  434,006.  It  is  preposterous  to  say  that  169,483 
votes  was  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  the  State,  under  such  a  record. 
And  the  Court  very  rationally  said:  "The  principle  of  plurality  con- 
tended for  by  the  counsel  for  the  appellee  frequently  develops  sufficiently 
glaring  disproportions  between  the  number  of  electors  of  a  constituency 
and  the  number  of  votes  cast  sufficient  to  elect.  But  the  ratification  of 
a  constitutional  amendment  affects  the  rights  of  millions  of  people  who 
are  not  electors  and  who  cannot  vote,  and  for  an  indefinite  time,  until 
the  amendment  shall  be  abrogated  by  the  same  power  that  made  it. 
In  such  case  the  constitution  requires  the  majority  of  all  the  electors  to 
ratify  the  amendment.  The  principle  of  plurality,  which  might  ratify 
a  constitutional  amendment  binding  the  rights  of  two  millions  of  people, 
for  an  indefinite  period,  by  a  vote  of  two  electors  against  the  vote  of 
one,  when  the  whole  number  of  votes  cast  were  but  three,  is  not  only 
unconstitutional,  but  it  is  dangerous  to  human  rights  and  repugnant  to 
the  sense  of  mankind. ' ' 23  But,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Court  hopelessly 
hamstrung  itself,  not  only  by  Judge  Worden's  announcement,  but  by 
the  fact  that  the  decision  was  rendered  within  twenty-four  hours  after 
the  argument,  and  by  the  act  of  the  Court  in  stating  that  the  amend- 
ments were  still  pending,  and  might  be  resubmitted  at  a  special  election, 
at  which  the  Court  need  not  take  judicial  notice  of  any  more  voters  in 
the  State  than  actually  voted.  As  to  this  last  proposition,  Judge  Scott 
said,  in  his  dissenting  opinion :  ' '  The  opinion  of  the  majority  of  the 
Court  proceeds  on  the  theory  that,  if  the  amendment  had  been  submitted 
on  a  day  there  was  no  general  election,  the  number  of  votes  cast  for  and 
against  such  amendment  would  constitute  the  number  of  electors  of  the 
State ;  and  if  it  had  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  thus  cast,  it  would 
have  been  ratified  in  accordance  with  section  1  of  article  16  of  the  con- 
stitution. I  am  unable  to  see  any  force  in  this  distinction."  Naturally. 
There  is  no  force  to  see.  It  is  merely  a  legal  fiction. 

But  this  plan  was  followed.  The  amendments  were  resubmitted,  by 
act  of  the  legislature,  at  a  special  election,  on  March  14,  1881,  and  at 
that  election  only  172,900  votes  were  cast,  the  largest  on  any  amend- 
ment being  128,730  for,  and  38,435  against.  The  result  was  proclaimed, 
and  the  amendments  became  part  of  the  Constitution,  by  a  ratification 
vote  40,000  less  than  that  which  had  not  been  sufficient  to  adopt  them 
in  1880 — by  a  vote  of  not  over  30  per  cent  of  the  electors  of  the  State. 


23  State  vs.  Swift,  60  Tnd.  505. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  713 

This  followed  the  only  precedent  in  the  State,  the  vote  in  1873  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  amendment.  On  account  of  an  alleged  movement  to 
have  the  State  pay  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  bonds,  for  which  the 
bondholders  had  taken  the  Canal  as  security,  Governor  Baker  had  recom- 
mended a  constitutional  amendment  **  prohibiting  such  action,  and  it 
was  duly  submitted  to  the  people  on  February  18,  1873.  There  were 
158,400  votes  for  the  amendment,  and  1,030  against;  and  it  was  pro- 
claimed adopted,  although  at  the  election  for  Governor,  four  months 
earlier,  there  were  377,700  votes  cast,  and  the  official  enumeration  of 
1871  showed  378,871.  The  Supreme  Court  disposed  of  this  precedent, 
in  the  Swift  case,  by  saying  that  it  was  res  adjudicata.  This  has  become 
the  established  law  of  the  State.25  In  view  of  the  widely  professed 
respect  for  the  stability  of  the  Constitution,  this  theory  presents  a  field 
that  humorists  have  neglected,  with  an  utter  disregard  of  the  lessons 
of  "conservation  of  resources"  that  are  now  so  common.  But  practically 
the  amendments  thus  far  adopted  have  been  desirable ;  and  it  is  perhaps 
better  to  have  some  plausible  form  for  evading  the  provisions  of  the 
Constitution  in  accordance  with  legal  decisions  than  simply  to  ignore 
them,  as  was  done  for  years  with  the  article  prohibiting  the  immigra- 
tion of  negroes. 

The  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  Swift  case  had  no  political 
effect  except  to  bring  reproach  on  the  judges  and  the  Democratic  party. 
Smarting  under  the  settlement  of  1876,  Democrats  very  generally  de- 
sired to  renominate  "the  old  ticket,"  but  Tilden  refused  to  run  again, 
and  Hendricks  refused  to  run  for  Vice  President.  The  Indiana  delega- 
tion, with  McDonald  at  its  head,  was  instructed  for  Hendricks  for 
President,  and  nothing  else.  Tilden  desired  the  nomination  of  Randall, 
of  Pennsylvania,  but  the  tariff  reform  Democrats  would  not  consider 
that.  Hendricks  was  not  considered  "available,"  because  the  mass  of 
the  party  were  specially  desirous  of  getting  away  from  "the  bloody 
shirt"  issue,  and  the  slogan  of  "vote  as  you  shot";  and  while  there  was 
no  reason  to  assail  the  loyalty  of  Mr.  Hendricks,  his  friendship  to  the 
South  in  the  reconstruction  period  was  open.  It  was  really  creditable 
to  him,  but  it  was  unpopular  at  the  time,  and  politicians  knew  it.  There 
was  a  strong  movement  to  nominate  McDonald,  and  it  was  generally 
believed  that  he  would  have  been  nominated  if  the  friends  of  Mr. 
Hendricks  had  given  the  movement  support.  They  not  only  declined, 
but  charged  that  the  movement  had  been  worked  up  by  Richard  J. 
Bright,  who  was  on  hand  following  up  the  old  time  family  enmity  to 


24  Journal,  Dec.  7,  1872. 

25  In  re  Denny,  156  Ind.  104. 


714 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Hendricks.  On  the  other  hand,  Oscar  B.  Hord,  who  was  the  personal 
representative  of  Hendricks  on  the  delegation,  had  old  scores  to  settle 
with  McDonald  on  account  of  the  Perkins  letter,  which  Gen.  Carrington 
purloined  and  published.  Between  them,  they  made  things  so  un- 
pleasant for  McDonald  that  the  Indiana  delegation  adopted  formal 
resolutions  to  the  effect  that  the  delegation  was  for  Hendricks  only,  and 


WILLIAM  H.  ENGLISH 

that  McDonald  was  not  to  be  considered,  which  resolutions  were  signed 
by  the  entire  delegation,  McDonald  at  the  head,  and  published.  The 
Convention  finally  decided  to  get  rid  of  the  war  issue  by  nominating 
Gen.  Hancock,  and  to  satisfy  Indiana  as  far  as  possible  by  nominating 
Win.  H.  English  for  Vice  President.  It  also  placated  the  tariff  re- 
formers by  declaring  for  a  tariff  "for  revenue  only,"  without  much 
thought  as  to  just  what  it  meant. 

The  tariff  issue  had  little  effect,  however,  in  Indiana,  except  as  it 
may  have  influenced  contributions  to  campaign  funds.     Both  parties 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  715 

used  large  amounts  of  money,  and  the  Democrats  claimed  that  the  Re- 
publicans used  most.  It  is  easy  to  account  for  the  result  without  regard 
to  either  of  these  considerations.  Indiana  was  more  interested  in  the 
money  question  than  in  any  other  economic  subject.  The  people  had 
suffered  enormously  from  hard  times,  and  many  attributed  it  to  the 
financial  legislation.  In  1878,  the  Greenback  vote  in  Indiana  reached 
39,448,  and  the  leaders  of  the  party  got  the  idea  that  their  organization 
would  supplant  the  Democratic  party.  Democratic  leaders  became  ap- 
prehensive of  the  same  thing.  In  1878  the  two  parties  had  coalesced  at 
various  points,  and  with  success.  Now  the  Greenbackers  demanded  too 
much,  and  a  divorce  ensued.  In  1878,  in  the  Indianapolis  district,  the 
Democrats  had  indorsed  Rev.  Gilbert  De  la  Matyr,  the  Greenback  nomi- 
nee, and  he  had  been  elected.  In  1880  they  turned  their  backs  on  him, 
and  nominated  Cass  Byfield,  a  staunch  Democrat.  For  Governor  they 
nominated  Franklin  Landers,  who  had  represented  the  Indianapolis 
district  in  1875-6,  and  who  was  enthusiastic  in  his  championship  of  the 
greenback.  It  was  supposed  that  he  would  carry  the  Greenback 
strength,  but  the  Greenbackers  regarded  it  as  an  attempt  to  steal  their 
party,  and  the  Republicans  who  had  joined  them,  very  generally  went 
back  to  their  old  party,  and  most  of  the  12,986  who  remained  that  year 
were  original  Democrats.  The  result  was  a  Republican  plurality  of 
6,641.  This  was  the  last  campaign  in  Indiana  in  which  the  candidates 
for  Governor  held  joint  debates.  The  Republicans  had  nominated  Albert 
G.  Porter,  a  lawyer  and  a  trained  debater,  and  he  had  the  best  of  the 
joint  canvass,  as  might  naturally  be  expected.  The  personal  equation, 
nevertheless,  was  of  little  force,  as  Landers  was  a  man  of  good  natural 
ability. 

Porter  made  a  very  good  Governor.  He  was  an  extremely  cautious 
and  conservative  man,  and  therefore  a  safe  executive  under  ordinary 
conditions.  But  his  party  encountered  trouble.  Temperance  sentiment 
was  again  prominent.  The  "Blue  Ribbon"  movement  had  been  strong 
in  Indiana;  and  when  the  Republican  legislature  of  1881  met,  it  was 
confronted  by  a  petition  said  to  have  been  signed  by  more  than  200,000 
persons,  asking  for  the  submission  of  a  prohibition  amendment  to  the 
Constitution.  The  legislature  took  the  necessary  action  of  adopting  a 
submission  resolution,  which  under  the  Constitution,  lay  over  to  the 
next  legislature  for  adoption  by  it  before  submission  to  the  people.  The 
Democrats  took  issue  on  this,  and  elected  the  next  legislature,  carrying 
the  State  by  10,924  plurality.  This  disposed  of  the  prohibition  amend- 
ment, and  also  gave  a  legislature  politically  hostile  to  the  Governor.  As 
our  wise  forefathers  had  provided  that,  "All  officers  whose  appointment 
is  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  Constitution,  shall  be  chosen  in  such 


714 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Hendricks.  On  the  other  hand,  Oscar  B.  Hord,  who  was  the  personal 
representative  of  Hendricks  on  the  delegation,  had  old  scores  to  settle 
with  McDonald  on  account  of  the  Perkins  letter,  which  Gen.  Carrington 
purloined  and  published.  Between  them,  they  made  things  so  un- 
pleasant for  McDonald  that  the  Indiana  delegation  adopted  formal 
resolutions  to  the  effect  that  the  delegation  was  for  Hendricks  only,  and 


. 
WILLIAM  H.  ENGLISH 

that  McDonald  was  not  to  be  considered,  which  resolutions  were  signed 
by  the  entire  delegation,  McDonald  at  the  head,  and  published.  The 
Convention  finally  decided  to  get  rid  of  the  war  issue  by  nominating 
Gen.  Hancock,  and  to  satisfy  Indiana  as  far  as  possible  by  nominating 
Wm.  H.  English  for  Vice  President.  It  also  placated  the  tariff  re- 
formers by  declaring  for  a  tariff  "for  revenue  only,"  without  much 
thought  as  to  just  what  it  meant. 

The  tariff  issue  had  little  effect,  however,  in  Indiana,  except  as  it 
may  have  influenced   contributions  to  campaign  funds.     Both  parties 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  715 

used  large  amounts  of  money,  and  the  Democrats  claimed  that  the  Re- 
publicans used  most.  It  is  easy  to  account  for  the  result  without  regard 
to  either  of  these  considerations.  Indiana  was  more  interested  in  the 
money  question  than  in  any  other  economic  subject.  The  people  had 
suffered  enormously  from  hard  times,  and  many  attributed  it  to  the 
financial  legislation.  In  1878,  the  Greenback  vote  in  Indiana  reached 
39,448,  and  the  leaders  of  the  party  got  the  idea  that  their  organization 
would  supplant  the  Democratic  party.  Democratic  leaders  became  ap- 
prehensive of  the  same  thing.  In  1878  the  two  parties  had  coalesced  at 
various  points,  and  with  success.  Now  the  Greenbackers  demanded  too 
much,  and  a  divorce  ensued.  In  1878,  in  the  Indianapolis  district,  the 
Democrats  had  indorsed  Rev.  Gilbert  De  la  Matyr,  the  Greenback  nomi- 
nee, and  he  had  been  elected.  In  1880  they  turned  their  backs  on  him, 
and  nominated  Cass  Byfield,  a  staunch  Democrat.  For  Governor  they 
nominated  Franklin  Landers,  who  had  represented  the  Indianapolis 
district  in  1875-6,  and  who  was  enthusiastic  in  his  championship  of  the 
greenback.  It  was  supposed  that  he  would  carry  the  Greenback 
strength,  but  the  Greenbackers  regarded  it  as  an  attempt  to  steal  their 
party,  and  the  Republicans  who  had  joined  them,  very  generally  went 
back  to  their  old  party,  and  most  of  the  12,986  who  remained  that  year 
were  original  Democrats.  The  result  was  a  Republican  plurality  of 
6,641.  This  was  the  last  campaign  in  Indiana  in  which  the  candidates 
for  Governor  held  joint  debates.  The  Republicans  had  nominated  Albert 
G.  Porter,  a  lawyer  and  a  trained  debater,  and  he  had  the  best  of  the 
joint  canvass,  as  might  naturally  be  expected.  The  personal  equation, 
nevertheless,  was  of  little  force,  as  Landers  was  a  man  of  good  natural 
ability. 

Porter  made  a  very  good  Governor.  He  was  an  extremely  cautious 
and  conservative  man,  and  therefore  a  safe  executive  under  ordinary 
conditions.  But  his  party  encountered  trouble.  Temperance  sentiment 
was  again  prominent.  The  "Blue  Ribbon"  movement  had  been  strong 
in  Indiana;  and  when  the  Republican  legislature  of  1881  met,  it  was 
confronted  by  a  petition  said  to  have  been  signed  by  more  than  200,000 
persons,  asking  for  the  submission  of  a  prohibition  amendment  to  the 
Constitution.  The  legislature  took  the  necessary  action  of  adopting  a 
submission  resolution,  which  under  the  Constitution,  lay  over  to  the 
next  legislature  for  adoption  by  it  before  submission  to  the  people.  The 
Democrats  took  issue  on  this,  and  elected  the  next  legislature,  carrying 
the  State  by  10,924  plurality.  This  disposed  of  the  prohibition  amend- 
ment, and  also  gave  a  legislature  politically  hostile  to  the  Governor.  As 
our  wise  forefathers  had  provided  that,  "All  officers  whose  appointment 
is  not  otherwise  provided  for  in  this  Constitution,  shall  be  chosen  in  such 


716  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

manner  as  now  is,  or  hereafter  may  be  prescribed  by  law";  that  all 
officers  "may  be  impeached,  or  removed  from  office  in  such  manner  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law";  and  that  any  law  may  be  passed  over  the 
Governor's  veto  by  a  majority  of  the  legislature;  the  legislature  pro- 
ceeded to  vacate  a  number  of  offices,  take  the  appointing  power  away 
from  the  Governor,  and  vest  it  in  Democratic  officers.  It  also  introduced 
a  new  feature  in  political  rape.  The  control  of  the  police  force  of  Indi- 
anapolis had  become  of  political  importance,  and  on  a  plea  of  needed 
reform,  a  Metropolitan  Police  bill  was  adopted,  with  control  lodged  in  a 
board  appointed  by  Democratic  State  officers.  The  Republicans  made  a 
great  outcry  over  this  rude  assault  on  local  self-government;  but  when 
they  got  control  again  they  not  only  continued  it,  but  extended  it  to 
other  cities.  It  remained  for  years  as  a  political  and  social  nuisance,  the 
appointing  power  being  shifted  to  and  from  the  Governor  as  the  exigen- 
cies of  the  case  demanded.  The  course  of  the  legislature  of  1883  might 
have  made  serious  trouble  with  a  Governor  more  belligerent,  or  less 
learned  in  the  law,  than  Porter,  but  he  was  never  a  man  to  hunt  trouble. 
In  fact  he  was  nominated  largely  on  that  account,  his  competitor,  Gen. 
A.  D.  Streight,  a  very  positive  and  forceful  man,  having  incurred  the 
hostility  of  the  party  leaders.  Albert  Gallatin  Porter  was  born  at 
Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  April  20,  1824.  His  father,  a  Pennsylvanian, 
was  a  member  of  Ball 's  regiment  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Mississinewa.  After  the 
war  he  located  at  Lawrenceburg,  where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas 
Tousey,  who  lived  across  the  river  in  Kentucky.  After  the  death  of 
Thomas  Tousey,  the  family  moved  over  to  his  farm.  Albert  wanted  an 
education,  and  went  to  Hanover  until  he  ran  out  of  funds.  Then  his 
uncle,  Omer  Tousey,  came  to  his  assistance,  but  insisted  on  Methodist 
training;  so  Albert  went  to  Asbury,  where  he  graduated  in  1843.  He 
studied  law,  and  in  1846  located  at  Indianapolis. 

In  1853  he  was  appointed  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  on  recom- 
mendation of  the  Supreme  Judges.  Under  the  old  Constitution  the 
cases  had  been  reported  by  Judge  Blackford,  and  most  creditably  re- 
ported, but  our  wise  forefathers  evidently  "had  it  in"  for  Blackford, 
and  provided  in  the  Constitution  of  1851  that  the  General  Assembly 
should  provide  for  the  publication  of  the  reports,  "but  no  Judge  shall 
be  allowed  to  report  such  decisions."  Provision  was  made  by  law  for 
the  election  of  a  Reporter,  and  Horace  E.  Carter  was  elected  to  the 
office,  but  died  in  1853.  Judge  Blackford  was  extremely  careful  in  his 
reports,  not  only  as  to  matter,  but  also  as  to  spelling  and  punctuation. 
He  was  accustomed  to  hang  a  copy  of  the  proofs  in  the  Law  Library, 
and  request  attorneys  to  call  his  attention  to  any  errors  they  might  find 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


717 


in  them.  One  day  Porter  found  an  error,  and  called  Blackford's  atten- 
tion to  it;  and  thereafter  he  was  Blackford's  ideal  of  a  Reporter — and 
if  anybody  knew  a  good  Reporter,  Blackford  did.  He  secured  the  in- 
dorsement of  the  Bench  for  Porter,  and  Governor  Wright  appointed 
him.  He  was  elected  to  the  office  in  1854  by  a  large  majority.  Not- 


Gov.  ALBERT  G.  PORTER 
(From  the  portrait  by  Steele) 

* 

withstanding  this,  he  went  over  to  the  Republicans  in  1856,  on  the 
slavery  question,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  that  year.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  to  Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket.  The  party 
leaders  wanted  him  to  run  for  Governor  in  1876,  but  he  declined ;  and 
in  1877  was  made  First  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  by  John  Sherman, 
resigning  this  office  after  his  nomination  for  Governor  in  1880.  Presi- 
dent Garfield  offered  him  a  Cabinet  position,  but  he  declined  on  the 
ground  that  he  owed  it  to  the  people  of  Indiana  to  serve  his  term  as 


i 

716 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


manner  as  now  is,  or  hereafter  may  be  prescribed  by  law";  that  all 
officers  "may  be  impeached,  or  removed  from  office  in  such  manner  as 
may  be  prescribed  by  law";  and  that  any  law  may  be  passed  over  the 
Governor's  veto  by  a  majority  of  the  legislature;  the  legislature  pro- 
ceeded to  vacate  a  number  of  offices,  take  the  appointing  power  away 
from  the  Governor,  and  vest  it  in  Democratic  officers.  It  also  introduced 
a  new  feature  in  political  rape.  The  control  of  the  police  force  of  Indi- 
anapolis had  become  of  political  importance,  and  on  a  plea  of  needed 
reform,  a  Metropolitan  Police  bill  was  adopted,  with  control  lodged  in  a 
board  appointed  by  Democratic  State  officers.  The  Republicans  made  a 
great  outcry  over  this  rude  assault  on  local  self-government;  but  when 
they  got  control  again  they  not  only  continued  it,  but  extended  it  to 
other  cities.  It  remained  for  years  as  a  political  and  social  nuisance,  the 
appointing  power  being  shifted  to  and  from  the  Governor  as  the  exigen- 
cies of  the  case  demanded.  The  course  of  the  legislature  of  1883  might 
have  made  serious  trouble  with  a  Governor  more  belligerent,  or  less 
learned  in  the  law,  than  Porter,  but  he  was  never  a  man  to  hunt  trouble. 
In  fact  he  was  nominated  largely  on  that  account,  his  competitor,  Gen. 
A.  D.  Streight,  a  very  positive  and  forceful  man,  having  incurred  the 
hostility  of  the  party  leaders.  Albert  Gallatin  Porter  was  born  at 
Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  April  20,  1824.  His  father,  a  Pennsylvania!!, 
was  a  member  of  Ball's  regiment  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteers  in  the  War 
of  1812,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Mississinewa.  After  the 
war  he  located  at  Lawrenceburg,  where  he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas 
Tousey,  who  lived  across  the  river  in  Kentucky.  After  the  death  of 
Thomas  Tousey,  the  family  moved  over  to  his  farm.  Albert  wanted  an 
education,  and  went  to  Hanover  until  he  ran  out  of  funds.  Then  his 
uncle,  Omer  Tousey,  came  to  his  assistance,  but  insisted  on  Methodist 
training;  so  Albert  went  to  Asbury,  where  he  graduated  in  1843.  He 
studied  law,  and  in  1846  located  at  Indianapolis. 

In  1853  he  was  appointed  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  on  recom- 
mendation of  the  Supreme  Judges.  Under  the  old  Constitution  the 
cases  had  been  reported  by  Judge  Blackford,  and  most  creditably  re- 
ported, but  our  wise  forefathers  evidently  "had  it  in"  for  Blackford, 
and  provided  in  the  Constitution  of  1851  that  the  General  Assembly 
should  provide  for  the  publication  of  the  reports,  "but  no  Judge  shall 
he  allowed  to  report  such  decisions."  Provision  was  made  by  law  for 
.  the  election  of  a  Reporter,  and  Horace  E.  Carter  was  elected  to  the 
office,  but  died  in  1853.  Judge  Blackford  was  extremely  careful  in  his 
reports,  not  only  as  to  matter,  but  also  as  to  spelling  and  punctuation. 
He  was  accustomed  to  hang  a  copy  of  the  proofs  in  the  Law  Library, 
and  request  attorneys  to  call  his  attention  to  any  errors  they  might  find 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


717 


in  them.  One  day  Porter  found  an  error,  and  called  Blackford's  atten- 
tion to  it;  and  thereafter  he  was  Blackford's  ideal  of  a  Reporter — and 
if  anybody  knew  a  good  Reporter,  Blackford  did.  He  secured  the  in- 
dorsement of  the  Bench  for  Porter,  and  Governor  Wright  appointed 
him.  He  was  elected  to  the  office  in  1854  by  a  large  majority.  Not- 


Gov.  ALBERT  G.  PORTER 
(From  the  portrait  by  Steele) 


withstanding  this,  he  went  over  to  the  Republicans  in  1856,  on  the 
slavery  question,  and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  in  that  year.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  to  Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket.  The  party 
leaders  wanted  him  to  run  for  Governor  in  1876,  but  he  declined ;  and 
in  1877  was  made  First  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury  by  John  Sherman, 
resigning  this  office  after  his  nomination  for  Governor  in  1880.  Presi- 
dent Garfield  offered  him  a  Cabinet  position,  but  he  declined  on  the 
ground  that  he  owed  it  to  the  people  of  Indiana  to  serve  his  term  as 


718  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Governor.  He  declined  to  run  for  Governor  in  1888,  but  took  an  active 
part  in  the  campaign,  and  was  appointed  Minister  to  Italy  by  President 
Harrison,  retiring  from  public  life  at  the  close  of  his  term.  He  died  at 
Indianapolis,  May  3,  1897. 

Porter's  successor  as  Governor,  Isaac  Pusey  Gray,  had  the  reverse 
experience,  having  left  the  Republican  party  to  become  a  Democrat. 
He  was  born  October  18,  1828,  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania;  and 
his  parents,  who  belonged  to  the  Society  of  Friends,  later  removed  to 
Ohio,  where  Isaac  grew  to  manhood,  receiving  a  common-school  educa- 
tion. He  studied  law,  but  for  financial  reasons  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  at  New  Madison,  Ohio.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Union  City, 
Randolph  County,  Indiana,  where  he  was  a  successful  merchant  for 
several  years,  and  then  entered  the  practice  of  law.  When  the  Civil 
War  came  on  he  had  military  aspirations;  and  his  military  career  is 
well  summed  up  in  the  Latin  sentence  Veni,  vidi,  vivi.  He  was  commis- 
sioned Colonel  of  the  Fourth  Cavalry — Seventy-Seventh  Indiana  Vol- 
unteers— on  September  4,  1862.  On  account  of  the  threatening  condi- 
tion of  affairs  in  Kentucky,  four  companies  of  the  regiment,  under  Major 
John  A.  Platter,  -were  sent  to  Henderson,  Kentucky,  and  the  remainder 
to  Louisville.  Gray  resigned  on  February  11,  1863,  before  the  regiment 
got  into  action.  He  resumed  military  life  during  the  Morgan  raid, 
being  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  106th  Regiment  of  "Minute  Men," 
on  July  12,  1863 ;  and  was  mustered  out  on  July  17,  1863.  He  was  next 
commissioned  Captain  of  the  Union  City  Guards,  of  the  Randolph  Bat- 
tallion  of  the  Indiana  Legion,  and  resigned  on  November  16,  1863.  In 
1866  he  was  selected  by  the  Morton  faction  as  a  candidate  against  Julian 
in  the  April  primaries,  but  Julian  was  renominated  by  915  majority. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  where  he  achieved  fame  that 
is  recorded  thus :  :' '  He  served  in  the  State  Senate,  1868-72,  being  chosen 
by  his  colleagues  as  president,  pro  tempore,  and  while  filling  this  office, 
the  15th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  ratified 
by  the  state  through  his  intervention.  Indiana  was  the  last  state  to  vote 
upon  the  amendment  and  her  vote  was  necessary  to  insure  success.  The 
State  Senate  was  a  Republican  body,  but  the  Democrats,  who  were 
violently  opposed  to  the  amendment,  could  defeat  legislation  by  bolting 
and  breaking  a  quorum.  When  the  amendment  came  up  for  a  vote, 
the  Democrats  began  dropping  out  one  by  one.  President  Gray  left  his 
chair,  as  presiding  officer,  went  to  the  door,  locked  it,  put  the  key  in  his 
pocket  and  coolly  went  back  to  his  chair.  The  minority  surged  against  the 
door,  but  it  would  not  open.  '  Who  dares  lock  senators  in  1 '  one  of  them 
demanded  of  the  chair.  '  I  do, '  President  Gray  replied.  '  The  key  is  in  my 
pocket.  We  have  a  right  to  break  up  unwarranted  interference  with 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  719 

the  business  of  this  assembly.'  He  then  directed  the  secretary  to  pro- 
ceed with  the  roll  call,  in  spite  of  the  indignant  protests  of  the  Demo- 
crats. They  then  crowded  the  lobby,  but  the  chair  pointed  them  out, 
and  directed  the  secretary  to  record  them  as  present  but  not  voting. 
In  this  way  he  counted  a  quorum  and  a  majority  for  the  amendment.26 
This  is  notsquite  all  of  the  truth.  On  March  4,  on  account  of  the 
proposed  amendment  and  other  threatened  political  legislation,  all  of 
the  Democratic  members  of  the  legislature  resigned.  Governor  Baker 
called  for  a  new  election  on  March  23,  and  a  special  session  of  the  legis- 
lature. The  Democrats  who  had  resigned  were  all  reelected,  and  the 
Senate  stood  23  Democrats  and  27  Republicans.  An  agreement  was 
made  to  maintain  the  two-thirds  of  the  membership  required  by  the 
Constitution  as  to  necessary  legislation,  and  that  no  political  legisla- 
tion should  be  considered  before  May  11.  Thirteen  of  the  Democrats 
then  resigned,  leaving  a  bare  quorum  of  37  members.  The  Lieutenant 
Governor,  Will  Cumback,  was  unwilling  to  carry  out  the  program  which 
the  Republican  leaders  had  agreed  on,  and  on  May  12  Gray  was  elected 
president  pro  tern.  The  Democrats  got  wind  of  the  scheme,  and  two 
more  of  them  resigned,  but  were  present  in  the  Senate  on  the  13th. 
When  their  names  were  called  they  stated  that  they  had  resigned,  and 
were  not  members;  but  they  were  counted  on  the  plea  that  the  Senate 
had  not  been  officially  notified  of  their  resignations.  The  journals  were 
"doctored"  to  cover  the  transaction,  the  doors  closed,  and  the  public 
excluded.  Neither  the  journals  nor  the  Brevier  Reports,  which  were 
furnished  to  the  daily  papers  for  publication,  even  show  that  Gray  was 
in  the  chair.  Nobody  ever  pretended  that  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  was 
legally  ratified  by  Indiana,  but  it  was  so  returned,  and  counted  on  the 
theory  that  you  "can  not  go  behind  the  returns."  The  case  was  cited 
as  a  precedent  by  Speaker  Reed  for  counting  a  quorum  in  the  National 
House  in  later  years.  Gray  did  not  reap  the  fruits  of  his  work  until 
1892.  He  left  the  Republicans  in  1871,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Liberal 
Republican  Convention  in  1872 — the  Republicans  claiming  that  he  had 
left  them  because  he  was  not  given  the  nomination  for  Congress  after 
Randolph  County  had  been  taken  out  of  Julian's  district  by  the  gerry- 
mander of  1867.  In  1876  he  was  nominated  for  Lieutenant  Governor 
by  the  Democrats,  as  a  recognition  of  the  Liberal  Republicans,  and  was 
elected ;  and  on  the  death  of  Governor  Williams,  on  November  20,  1880, 
became  Governor.  The  legislature  of  1881  was  to  elect  a  successor  to 
Senator  McDonald,  whose  term  expired  that  year,  and  the  majority 
being  Republican,  Gen.  Harrison  was  elected.  It  was  supposed  that  the 


2«  National  Cyclopedia  of  Biography,  Vol.  13,  p.  273. 


720  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

complimentary  minority  Democratic  vote  would  be  given  to  McDonald, 
whose  service  had  been  entirely  satisfactory,  and  he  did  not  even  come 
home  from  Washington  to  look  after  the  matter;  but  Gray  quietly 
secured  the  support  of  a  majority  of  the  Democratic  members  in  the 
caucus,  and  got  the  complimentary  vote,  for  which  McDonald's  friends 
never  forgave  him,  as  the  action  was  a  palpable  reflection  on  McDonald. 
In  1884,  as  a  harmony  arrangement,  he  was  nominated  for  Governor,  and 
the  Democratic  State  Convention  instructed  for  McDonald  for  President. 
But  Grover  Cleveland  had  loomed  up  as  the  wearer  of  the  mantle  of 
Tilden,  and  was  nominated;  while  Hendricks,  who  headed  the  Indiana 
delegation,  was  nominated  for  Vice  President.  The  Democrats  again 
carried  the  State,  the  vote  being  Cleveland,  244,990;  Elaine,  238,463; 
Butler,  Labor,  8,293;  and  St.  John,  Prohibition,  3,028. 

Governor  Gray  believed  in  making  hay  while  the  sun  shines,  and  lost 
none  of  the  advantages  that  his  office  gave  to  prepare  the  way  for  his 
election  to  the  national  Senate,  on  the  expiration  of  Senator  Harrison's 
term1,  in  1887,  and  this  led  to  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  complica- 
tions that  has  ever  afflicted  the  State.  In  July,  1886,  Lieutenant  Gover- 
nor -M.  D.  Manson  accepted  an  appointment  as  collector  of  internal 
revenue,  for  the  seventh  Indiana  district,  and  thereby  vacated  his  office 
of  Lieutenant  Governor.  The  Constitution  provides  that  the  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  "shall  hold  his  office  during  four  years";  and  also 
contains  these  provisions  in  Article  5 : 

Sec.  9.  The  official  term  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor 
shall  commence  on  the  second  Monday  of  January,  in  the  year  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty-three;  and  on  the  same  day  every 
fourth  year  thereafter. 

Sec.  10.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  Governor  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation  or  inability  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office,  the 
same  shall  devolve  on  the  Lieutenant  Governor;  and  the  General  As- 
sembly shall,  by  .law,  provide  for  the  case  of  removal  from  office,  death, 
resignation,  or  inability  both  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor, declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  Governor;  and  such  offi- 
cer shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be  removed  or  a  Governor 
elected. 

Sec.  11.  Whenever  the  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  act  as  Governor,  or 
shall  be  unable  to  attend  as  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Senate  shall 
elect  one  of  its  own  members  as  President  for  the  occasion. 

The  legislature  had  never  made  the  provision  called  for,  and,  in 
consequence  there  was  nothing  but  the  Constitution  itself  to  determine 
who  should  succeed  the  Lieutenant  Governor,  or  act  as  Governor  in  case 
of  the  death  of  both.  Gray  saw  that  this  situation  would  be  fatal  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  721 

his  election  to  the  Senate,  and  secured  an  opinion  from  the  Attorney 
General,  Francis  Hord,  that  a  Lieutenant  Governor  should  be  elected 
in  1886,  to  fill  the  vacancy.  Both  parties  acted  on  this  opinion,  and  made 
nomination,  the  Republicans  nominating  Robert  S.  Robertson,  and  the 
Democrats 'John  C.  Nelson;  but  the  Republicans  carried  the  State,  which 
left  Gray  in  worse  position  than  before.  The  Republicans  claimed  that 
the  result  was  due  to  the  Democratic  gerrymander  of  1885,  but  the  re- 
turns indicate  that  it  was  due  to  national  influences.  The  vote  was 
Robertson,  231,922;  Nelson,  228,598;  Edward  S.  Pope,  National,  4,646; 
Jesse  M.  Gale,  Prohibition,  9,185.  This  was  a  drop  from  the  election  of 
1884  of  16,542  in  the  Democratic  vote,  against  a  drop  of  5,826  in  the 
Republican  vote.  The  change  in  third  parly  votes  was  not  large,  the 
National  vote  dropping  3,692,  and  the  Prohibition  vote  increasing  5,217. 
Democrats  who  had  wanted  offices,  and  they  were  numerous,  blamed  their 
disappointment  to  Mr.  Cleveland's  civil  service  principles;  old  soldiers 
were  indignant  over  his  pension  vetoes;  and  silver  and  greenback  men 
were  incensed  by  his  success  in  securing  the  repeal  of  the  Bland-Allison 
act  for  the  coinage  of  silver  dollars.  The  result  also  endangered  the 
election  of  a  senator  by  the  Democrats,  as  the  Republicans  had  carried 
the  House  by  a  small  margin,  and  were  proposing  to  unseat  several 
Democrats.  If  they  had  the  presiding  officer  in  the  Senate,  their  ad- 
vantage would  be  largely  increased.  In  this  emergency,  Alonzo  Green 
Smith  came  to  the  front  with  the  proposition  that  the  election  for 
Lieutenant  Governor  was  unconstitutional  and  void;  that  he  had  been 
elected  President  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate  on  April  13,  1885,  and  as 
such  was  entitled  to  preside  over  that  body.  Although  this  position 
called  for  a  repudiation  of  the  action  taken  by  all  of  the  political  parties, 
on  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney  General,  the  Democrats  adopted  it,  and 
Smith  showed  his  confidence  in  it  by  bringing  an  action  for  an  in- 
junction to  prevent  the  Secretary  of  State  from  certifying  the  election 
returns  to  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  Republicans  contested  the 
case,  but  kept  away  from  the  question  of  the  legality  of  the  election, 
basing  their  defense  on  the  lack  of  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  to  enjoin 
a  ministerial  act  of  an  officer  which  was  commanded  by  law.  This  view 
was  adopted  by  the  Supreme  Court,  which  handed  down  a  decision  on 
January  4,  1887,  not  only  ruling  against  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts, 
but  declining  to  give  any  opinion  on  the  legality  of  the  election.27  This 
caused  an  explosion. 

The  Sentinel,  the  Democratic  State  organ,  was  at  this  time  con- 
trolled by  W.  J.  Craig,  a  very  enthusiastic  Democrat,  and  deeply  im- 


=-  Smith  vs.  Myers,  109  Ind.  p.  1. 


722  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pressed  with  the  party  responsibility  of  conducting  a  party  organ.  He 
instructed  his  editorial  writer,  Gus  Matthews,  to  prepare  an  editorial 
condemning  the  Supreme  Court,  which  consisted  of  four  Democratic  and 
one  Republican  judge,  for  cowardice.  The  editorial  was  written,  begin- 
ning with  the  words,  "The  members  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana 
are  afraid  of  their  shadows,"  pointing  out  their  duty  to  the  public  to 
declare  the  law  in  a  case  involving  serious  public  questions,  and  de- 
nouncing them  for  "taking  advantage  of  a  technicality  to  escape  the 
responsibility  of  a  decision  upon  the  only  vital  issue."  Craig  read  it 
over,  wrote  the  words,  "Damn  their  cowardly  souls"  at  the  beginning, 
and  put  it  in  the  paper.  This  caused  a  revulsion  of  sentiment  that  cast 
a  reflection  on  the  Democratic  position,  and  which  has  given  color  to 
the  affair  ever  since,  although  the  Supreme  Court  adopted  the  principles 
of  the  editorial  within  two  months.  There  were  31  Democrats  and  19 
Republicans  in  the  Senate,  and  the  Democrats  proceeded  to  organize, 
with  Smith  as  President,  excluding  Robertson,  who  was  recognized  as 
Lieutenant  Governor  by  the  House.  To  fortify  their  position,  the  Sen- 
ate adopted  a  resolution  on  January  6,  reciting  the  vacancy  in  the  office 
of  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  the  election  of  Smith  in  1885,  and,  there- 
fore, "Resolved,  that  the  Hon.  Alonzo  G.  Smith  is  hereby  recognized 
and  elected  as  President  of  the  Senate  of  Indiana."  The  Republican 
senators,  who  declined  to  take  part  in  the  organization  of  the  Senate, 
were  counted  as  present  and  not  voting.  Smith  next  showed  his  willing- 
ness to  submit  the  question  to  judicial  decision,  by  bringing  an  action 
in  the  Marion  Circuit  Court,  on  January  12,  to  enjoin  Robertson  from 
attempting  to  interfere  in  the  exercise  of  his  office.  Robertson  appeared 
in  person,  and  by  counsel,  and  asked  a  dismissal  of  the  case  on  the 
ground  that  the  case  should  have  been  brought  in  the  county  in  which  he 
resided.  The  case  was  heard  by  Alexander  C.  Ayres,  a  judge  of  mi- 
questioned  probity  and  ability,  who  held  that  the  Court  had  jurisdic- 
tion; that  the  election  was  illegal,  as  the  Constitution  plainly  contem- 
plated but  one  election  in  four  years,  and  granted  the  injunction.  The 
case  was  at  once  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  held  against  the 
jurisdiction,  but  Judges  Mitchell  and  Howk  dissented  from  this  on  the 
ground  that  Robertson  had  been  summoned  in  Marion  County,  and  had 
appeared.28  But  all  of  the  judges  gave  their  opinions  as  to  the  legal 
merits  of  the  question,  Judges  Elliott  and  Niblack  affirming  that,  "The 
Senate  has  the  unquestioned  right  to  determine  who  is  entitled  to  act  as 
its  presiding  officer,"  and  all  agreeing  that  the  question  was  one  for 
legislative  decision,  and  not  for  the  Courts. 


28  Robertson  vs.  The  State  ei  rel.  109  Ind.  p.  79. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


723 


The  House  Republicans  had  gone  on  with  their  program,  counting 
the  vote,  in  the  absence  of  the  Senate,  on  January  10,  and  declaring 
Robertson  elected.  On  January  14,  they  unseated  Cornelius  Meagher, 
and  gave  his  place  to  Henry  Clay  Dickinson.  The  Senate  promptly 
retaliated  on  January  17,  by  expelling  Senator  Wm.  N.  McDonald,  on 


ISAAC  P.  GRAY 

a  charge  of  bribery  in  his  election,  and  seating  Frank  Branaman  in  his 
place.  After  the  decision  by  Judge  Ayres,  it  became  apparent  that  there 
was  no  political  capital  to  be  made  by  arbitrary  refusal  to  recognize 
judicial  opinion,  and  the  members  of  the  legislature  got  together  in 
a  compromise  agreement  for  the  election  of  a  United  States  Senator 
which  recognized  Smith,  for  the  occasion.29  The  only  real  contest  was 
in  the  Democratic  caucus.  Gray  had  publicly  withdrawn  from  the  race, 


2»  Senate  Journal,  p.  201. 


722 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pressed  with  the  party  responsibility  of  conducting  a  party  organ.  He 
instructed  his  editorial  writer,  Gus  Matthews,  to  prepare  an  editorial 
condemning  the  Supreme  Court,  which  consisted  of  four  Democratic  and 
one  Republican  judge,  for  cowardice.  The  editorial  was  written,  begin- 
ning with  the  words,  "The  members  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana 
are  afraid  of  their  shadows,"  pointing  out  their  duty  to  the  public  to 
declare  the  law  in  a  case  involving  serious  public  questions,  and  de- 
nouncing them  for  "taking  advantage  of  a  technicality  to  escape  the 
responsibility  of  a  decision  upon  the  only  vital  issue."  Craig  read  it 
over,  wrote  the  words,  "Damn  their  cowardly  souls"  at  the  beginning, 
and  put  it  in  the  paper.  This  caused  a  revulsion  of  sentiment  that  cast 
a  reflection  on  the  Democratic  position,  and  which  has  given  color  to 
the  affair  ever  since,  although  the  Supreme  Court  adopted  the  principles 
of  the  editorial  within  two  months.  There  were  31  Democrats  and  19 
Republicans  in  the  Senate,  and  the  Democrats  proceeded  to  organize, 
with  Smith  as  President,  excluding  Robertson,  who  was  recognized  as 
Lieutenant  Governor  by  the  House.  To  fortify  their  position,  the  Sen- 
ate adopted  a  resolution  on  January  6.  reciting  the  vacancy  in  the  office 
of  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  the  election  of  Smith  in  1885,  and,  there- 
fore, "Resolved,  that  the  Hon.  Alonzo  G.  Smith  is  hereby  recognized 
and  elected  as  President  of  the  Senate  of  Indiana."  The  Republican 
senators,  who  declined  to  take  part  in  the  organization  of  the  Senate, 
were  counted  as  present  and  not  voting.  Smith  next  showed  his  willing- 
ness to  submit  the  question  to  judicial  decision,  by  bringing  an  action 
in  the  Marion  Circuit  Court,  on  January  12,  to  enjoin  Robertson  from 
attempting  to  interfere  in  the  exercise  of  his  office.  Robertson  appeared 
in  person,  and  by  counsel,  and  asked  a  dismissal  of  the  case  on  the 
ground  that  the  case  should  have  been  brought  in  the  county  in  which  he 
resided.  The  case  was  heard  by  Alexander  C.  Ayres,  a  judge  of  un- 
questioned probity  and  ability,  who  held  that  the  Court  had  jurisdic- 
tion ;  that  the  election  was  illegal,  as  the  Constitution  plainly  contem- 
plated but  one  election  in  four  years,  and  granted  the  injunction.  The 
case  was  at  once  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  held  against  the 
jurisdiction,  but  Judges  Mitchell  and  Howk  dissented  from  this  on  the 
ground  that  Robertson  had  been  summoned  in  Marion  County,  and  had 
appeared.2**  But  all  of  the  judges  gave  their  opinions  as  to  the  legal 
merits  of  the  question,  Judges  Elliott  and  Niblack  affirming  that,  "The 
Senate  has  the  unquestioned  right  to  determine  who  is  entitled  to  act  as 
its  presiding  officer,"  and  all  agreeing  that  the  question  was  one  for 
legislative  decision,  and  not  for  the  Courts. 


?s  Robertson  vs.  The  State  ex  rel.  109  Intl.  p.  79. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  723 

The  House  Republicans  had  gone  on  with  their  program,  counting 
the  vote,  in  the  absence  of  the  Senate,  on  January  10,  and  declaring 
Robertson  elected.  On  January  14,  they  unseated  Cornelius  Meagher, 
and  gave  his  place  to  Henry  Clay  Dickinson.  The  Senate  promptly 
retaliated  on  January  17,  by  expelling  Senator  Win.  X.  McDonald,  on 


ISAAC  P.  GRAY 

a  charge  of  bribery  in  his  election,  and  seating  Frank  Branaraan  in  his 
place.  After  the  decision  by  Judge  Ayres,  it  became  apparent  that  there 
was  no  political  capital  to  be  made  by  arbitrary  refusal  to  recognize 
judicial  opinion,  and  the  members  of  the  legislature  got  together  in 
a  compromise  agreement  for  the  election  of  a  United  States  Senator 
which  recognized  Smith,  for  the  occasion.29  The  only  real  contest  was 
in  the  Democratic  caucus.  Gray  had  publicly  withdrawn  from  the  race, 


29  Senate  Journal,  p.  201. 


724  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

announcing  that  he  would  have  stayed  in  if  there  had  been  a  Lieutenant 
Governor  to  succeed  him.  He  threw  his  strength  in  the  caucus  to  Judge 
Niblack,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  whose  vote  was  practically  equal  to  that 
for  McDonald,  neither  being  able  to  secure  a  majority.  The  McDonald 
strength  was  then  thrown  to  David  Turpie,  who  was  nominated  and 
elected.  In  1892,  Gray  became  a  candidate  for  Vice  President — the  first 
time  an  Indiana  man  had  offered  himself  for  second  place;  but  it  was 
evident  that  Cleveland  would  be  renominated,  and  it  was  second  place 
or  none.  In  the  National  Democratic  Convention  the  Indiana  dele- 
gation made  a  deal  with  W.  C.  Whitney,  who  was  managing  for  Cleve- 
land, that  Gray  should  be  nominated  for  Vice  President,  in  consideration 
of  a  solid  vote  of  Indiana  for  Cleveland,  and  it  appeared  to  be  a  cer- 
tainty. But  a  newspaper  man  got  wind  of  the  arrangement,  and  sent 
it  out  by  wire,  causing  its  publication  in  Indiana,  and  at  once  there  fol- 
lowed a  stream  of  telegrams  to  Whitney  from  Germans  and  Irishmen, 
assuring  him  that  the  nomination  of  Gray  would  cost  at  least  50,000 
votes  in  Indiana,  oh  account  of  his  Knownothing  record.  At  the  same 
time  the  Convention  and  hotels  were  flooded  with  a  circular  giving  the 
record  of  Gray's  part  in  the  ratification  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment, 
with  extracts  from  various  speeches  bitterly  denouncing  Democrats  which 
he  had  made  during  the  Reconstruction  period.  In  consequence,  after 
Indiana  had  given  her  vote  for  Cleveland,  Whitney  informed  the  dele- 
gation that  he  "could  not  deliver  the  goods,"  and  Adlai  Stevenson  re- 
ceived the  nomination.  There  was  some  manifestation  of  warmth  in 
the  Indiana  delegation,  but  they  accepted  the  inevitable,  and  the  State 
went  Democratic,  largely  on  local  issues,  which  will  be  mentioned  later. 
Gray  was  placated  by  an  appointment  as  Minister  to  Mexico,  and  died 
while  in  that  office,  on  February  14,  1895. 

In  1892,  there  came  also  a  sequel  to  the  controversy  over  the  gerry- 
mander of  1885,  which  is  likewise  suggestive  of  "the  irony  of  fate."  In 
1891,  the  Democrats  had  passed  a  new  apportionment  act,  and  Ben- 
jamin S.  Parker  brought  an  action  to  test  its  constitutionality ;  not  be- 
cause it  was  worrying  him  especially,  he  being  a  poet  and  of  happy  dis- 
position, but  he  had  been  elected  Clerk  of  Henry  County,  and  the  Re- 
publican managers  thought  they  could  help  their  cause  by  having  the  ap- 
portionment laws  of  1891  and  1885  held  unconstitutional  and  falling 
back  on  the  law  of  1879,  and  this  was  what  the  complaint  asked.  But 
when  the  Supreme  Court  tackled  the  question,  it  found  itself  in  very 
deep  water,  as  is  manifest  from  the  dissenting  and  concurring  opinion.30 
Aside  from  the  question  of  jurisdiction  over  a  discretionary  legislative 


so  Parker  vs.  State  ex  rel.  133  Ind.  p.  178. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  725 

power,  the  Court  was  confronted  by  the  evident  fact  that  if  the  inequali- 
ties complained  of  made  the  act  unconstitutional,  there  had  never  been 
a  valid  apportionment  act  passed.  As  Judge  Elliott  stated  it:  "If  the 
system  which  the  relator  avers  is  in  conflict  with  the  Constitution,  is 
to  be  smitten  to  death  by  the  courts,  it  must  be  at  the  suit  of  one  who 
assails  all  the  legislative  acts  founded  on  that  system,  for  it  cannot  be 
done  at  the  suit  of  a  party  who  demands  that  one  of  the  acts  resting 
on  that  system  be  upheld  and  the  others  destroyed.  *  *  *  The  act  of 
1879  is,  according  to  his  own  theory,  as  full  of  evil  as  those  he  assaults, 
so  that  if  one  goes  down  so  must  all,  and  with  the  fall  of  the  act  of 
1879  ends  the  relators  case.  *  *  *  It  is  indispensably  necessary  to 
designate  a  valid  law,  either  in  the  statutes  or  the  Constitution,  under 
which  legislators  can  be  chosen,  for  it  is  inconceivable  that  no  law  exists 
providing  for  legislative  elections.  If  *  *  *  the  court  assumes  to 
enter  the  field  covering  the  acts  of  1885  and  1891,  it  must,  as  a  matter" 
of  judicial  knowledge,  take  notice  of  all  the  statutes  upon  the  subject, 
and  fix  upon  a  valid  one,  or  else  declare  that  no  such  act  exists,  and 
travel  back  to  the  apportionment  made  by  our  present  Constitution." 
The  Court  escaped  from  the  dilemma  by  holding  that  the  acts  of  1891 
and  1879  were  both  unconstitutional,  but  the  question  as  to  the  act  of 
1885  was  not  so  fully  presented  as  to  require  any  ruling  on  it.  Con- 
sequently the  election  of  1892  was  held  under  the  gerrymander  of  1885. 
In  1893,  the  legislature  passed  another  apportionment  law,  and  in  1895, 
the  political  complexion  of  the  legislature  having  changed,  this  law  was 
repealed  on  the  ground  of  its  unfairness.  The  act  of  1895  was  attacked 
in  the  courts,  and  the  Supreme  Court  held  that  both  the  acts  of  1893  and 
1895  were  unconstitutional,  and  that  as  the  act  of  1885  was  the  only 
one  that  had  not  been  assailed,  the  election  must  be  held  under  it.  In 
other  words,  the  gerrymander  of  1885  is  the  only  apportionment  act  of 
Indiana  that  has  not  been  held  unconstitutional,  except  the  act  of  1897, 
which  likewise  was  never  attacked.31 

There  is  nothing  that  has  made  more  trouble  in  Indiana  than  the 
gerrymander,  and  the  cause  of  it  is  the  absurd  effort  of  the  Constitu- 
tion to  provide  for  numerical  representation,  which  is  conceded  to  be  a 
mathematical  impossibility.  It  being  admitted  that  some  divergence 
from  exact  numerical  representation  is  unavoidable,  the  question  of  the 
amount  of  divergence  becomes  one  of  legislative  discretion.  That  dis- 
cretion is  invariably  exercised  by  the  political  majority  in  the  legisla- 
ture taking  every  advantage  it  possibly  can.  The  only  differences  has  been 
in  the  point  of  it  being  a  Democratic  or  a  Republican  gerrymander. 


i  Denny  vs.  State  ex  rel.  144  Ind.  503 ;  Brooks  vs.  State  ex  rel.  162  Ind.  p.  568. 


726  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

When  the  question  goes  to  the  courts,  there  is  merely  a  substitution  of 
judicial  discretion  for  legislative  discretion.  And  while  men  of  all 
parties  have  raved  about  "disfranchisement"  by  various  gerrymanders, 
practically  no  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  disfranchisement  of  politi- 
cal minorities.  For  example,  under  the  apportionment  law  of  1915, 
Marion  County  has  ten  representatives.  If  the  Democrats  cast  31,000 
votes,  and  the  Republicans  cast  30,000,  the  Democrats  elect  all  of  them, 
and  the  30,000  Republicans  are  just  as  fully  disfranchised  as  if  they 
lived  in  a  county  that  had  no  representation,  so  far  as  politics  is  con- 
cerned, and  that  is  what  most  of  them  are  interested  in.  In  the 
entire  period  from  1850  to  1900,  the  only  public  man  who  ever  made  a 
rational  and  statesmanlike  comment  on  this  was  Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 
In  his  inaugural  address,  in  1873,  he  made  an  earnest  plea  for  steps  to 
secure  honest  elections,  and  added:  "In  this  connection  I  wish  to  call 
attention  to  the  subject  of  representative  reform,  which,  during  the  last 
ten  years,  has  been  advocated  by  some  of  the  best  minds,  both  in  Europe 
and  in  this  country,  and  is  now  undergoing  the  test  of  experience.  I 
desire  to  make  this  the  more  emphatic,  because  in  this  State  it  seems  yet 
to  be  regarded  as  right  and  proper,  for  the  majority  to  deny  to  the 
minority  even  that  representation,  which  an  apportionment  based  upon 
population,  and  contiguity  of  counties  would  give.  Representative  re- 
form rests  upon  the  proposition  that  minorities  of  constituencies  should 
have  a  representation  as  nearly  in  proportion  to  numbers  as  may  be  prac- 
ticable. All  the  citizens  contribute  to  the  burdens  of  government,  and 
should  yield  obedience  to  the  laws,  and  it  is  just,  equal  and  fair,  that  all 
should  be  represented.  One  of  the  ablest  of  English  statesmen,  in  the 
debate  in  the  House  of  Lords,  on  the  reform  bill  of  1867,  suggested  this 
illustration;  suppose  a  representative  district  has  ten  thousand  voters, 
and  six  thousand  are  of  one  side  in  politics  and  four  thousand  of  the  other, 
would  that  district  not  be  better  represented  if  both  the  six  thousand 
and  the  four  thousand  were  represented,  than  if  the  votes  of  either  be 
wholly  rejected,  and  without  influence  or  power?  He  added:  'I  can 
well  understand  men  who  are  extremely  intolerant  and  exclusive  in 
politics,  objecting  to  give  any  voice  to  those  whose  political  views  are 
distasteful  to  them,  but  I  can  not  understand  such  an  objection  being 
urged  by  those  who  are  in  favor  of  having  public  opinion  fairly  repre- 
sented.' The  advantages  of  this  reform  are  obvious.  Political  as- 
perities would  be  modified;  local  satisfaction  would  be  produced;  the 
temptation  to  corruption  and  bribery  at  elections  would  be  greatly  re- 
moved; and  security  and  permanency  would  be  given  to  the  influence 
and  power  of  the  minority,  thus  securing  a  check  upon  the  majority, 
should  it  become  arrogant  or  unscrupulous,  so  that  legislation  would  pro- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  727 

ceed  more  for  the  people  and  less  for  party."32  He  might  have  added 
that  the  standard  of  representation  would  be  raised,  if  under  such  a 
system  the  office  went  to  those  of  each  party  having  the  highest  number 
of  votes,  because,  as  a  rule,  the  best  men  on  any  ticket  run  ahead  of 
the  average,  and  men  who  are  really  objectionable  nearly  always  run  be- 
low the  average.  And  for  the  rational  purposes  of  legislation,  ability  and 
character  are  of  vastly  more  importance  than  party  affiliation.  It 
would  at  any  rate  do  away  with  what  is  commonly  known  in  American 
politics  as  "the  yellow  dog"  being  elected  merely  because  he  is  able  to 
secure  a  nomination. 


«2  House  Journal,  1873,  p.  80. 


vol.  n— 11 


* 
-/•"•'". 

CHAPTEE  XIII 
AN  ERA  OF  REFORM 

The  year  1888  marked  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  Indiana.  It  was 
the  first  year  in  which  an  Indiana  man  had  been  a  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent. He  had  the  misfortune  to  be  born  at  North  Bend,  Ohio ;  but  that 
is  just  across  the  line  from  Indiana;  and  his  father,  John  Scott  Harri- 
son, was  born  at  Vincennes,  October  4,  1804 ;  his  grandfather  was  Gov- 
ernor of  Indiana  Territory;  and  he  had  lived  in  Indiana  since  1854,  so 
that  the  benign  influences  of  the  Hoosier  State  had  a  very  good  oppor- 
tunity to  work  on  him.  He  was  born  August  20,  1833,  and  passed  his 
childhood  on  his  father's  farm,  getting  his  rudimentary  education  at  a 
log  school  house  in  the  neighborhood.  After  two  years  at  Farmers 
College,  at  College  Hill,  near  Cincinnati,  he  entered  Miami  University, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1852.  He  at  once  entered  on  the  study  of 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  In  the  same  year  he  married 
Caroline,  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  W.  Scott,  and  in  the  year  following  located 
at  Indianapolis.  Here  he  soon  attained  standing,  and  in  1860,  was 
elected  Reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Soon  after,  he  had  a  political 
debate  with  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  which  gave  him  a  State  reputation 
as  a  speaker.  He  entered  the  United  States  service  as  second  lieu- 
tenant, in  July,  1862,  and  assisted  in  organizing  the  Seventieth  Indiana, 
of  which  he  was  made  Colonel  in  August.  He  gave  satisfactory  service 
in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee ;  led  a  desperate  charge  at  Resaca,  on  May 
15,  1864,  in  which  one-third  of  his  command  were  killed  or  wounded; 
commanded  a  brigade  at  Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  Peachtree  Creek,  and 
on  January  23,  1865,  was  brevetted  Brigadier  General  "for  ability  and 
manifest  energy  and  gallantry  in  command  of  brigade."  He  was  re- 
elected  Reporter  in  1864 ;  was  the  unsuccessful  Republican  candidate 
for  Governor  in  1876;  member  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission  in 
1878 ;  and  United  States  Senator  1881-7.  He  was  easily  the  most  promi- 
nent man  in  his  party  during  this  period,  in  Indiana,  and  had  the 
enthusiastic  support  of  the  Indiana  Republicans  for  the  Presidential 
nomination  in  1888.  Elaine  was  named  as  a  candidate,  but  withdrew, 
and  threw  his  support  to  Harrison,  who  was  nominated.  The  campaign 

798 

I  ~o 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS  729 

• 

in  Indiana  was  hotly  contested.  The  Republicans  appealed  vigorously 
to  "State  pride,"  but  no  such  provincial  argument  availed  in  Indiana, 
where  politics  was  a  passion  as  strong  as  religion.  The  Democrats 
replied  that  State  pride  had  not  been  manifested  when  Hendricks  was 
a  candidate  for  Vice  President,  and  so  they  went  at  it,  hammer  and 
tongs.  The  principal  issue  discussed  in  the  campaign  was  the  tariff. 
Elaine  had  made  a  desperate  effort  to  revive  the  "bloody  shirt"  issue 
in  1884,  and  had  failed ;  and  that  was  the  last  material  attempt  to  revive 
the  animosities  of  the  Civil  war.  In  1883,  a  Republican  Tariff  Commis- 
sion had  recommended  reductions  in  the  tariff  averaging  twenty  per  cent, 
and  had  reported  it  to  Congress  without  securing  any  action.  In  1884, 
the  Morrison  horizontal  reduction  bill  was  defeated  in  the  House,  by 
protectionist  Democrats,  led  by  Randall,  of  Pennsylvania,  who  united 
with  the  Republicans.  In  July,  1888,  the  tariff  reformers  succeeded  in 
getting  the  Mills  bill  through  the  House ;  but  the  Senate  had  not  acted 
on  it,  and  the  tariff  beneficiaries  made  the  fight  of  their  lives  to  dis- 
credit it  by  a  popular  victory. 

It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  many  votes  were  changed  by  the  dis- 
cussion. Prof.  James  A.  Woodburn  very  truly  says :  "In  appealing  to 
the  voters  for  support,  the  party  leaders  relied  more  than  ever  upon 
the  perfection  of  the  party  organization;  upon  the  activity  of  party 
agents  who  were  anticipating  party  appointments  and  perquisites ;  upon 
appeals  to  party  traditions,  prejudices  and  habits;  and  still  on  the  old 
soldier  fear  of  restoring  the  old  Democracy  of  the  South.  Large  moneyed 
and  corporate  interests  and  professional  politicians  and  office-holders 
were,  in  this  period,  very  largely  in  control  of  the  nominating  ma- 
chinery, if  not  of  the  public  policy,  of  the  Republican  party,  and  the 
party  experienced  alternate  victory  and  defeat  in  1884,  1888,  and  1892. 
It  was  a  period  marked  by  an  alarming  growth  of  campaign  funds  and 
of  corruption  within  the  party  in  the  use  of  money  to  control  elections, 
by  the  application  of  Dorsey's  'Soap'  to  smooth  the  way  to  success  in 
party  contests  in  the  close  states  by  the  herding  of  the  voters  into 
Dudley's  'blocks  of  five,'  and  by  'frying  the  fat'  from  the  protected 
industries  to  secure  an  administration  that  would  safeguard  their  in- 
terests." 1  It  was  in  the  campaign  of  1888  that  the  celebrated  Dudley 
letter  was  exposed,  and  drew  public  attention  forcibly  to  political  cor- 
ruption in  Indiana.  It  was  not  an  altogether  novel  subject.  There  had 
been  more  or  less  of  political  trickery  in  elections  in  Indiana  from  the 
earliest  times,  but  it  is  commonly  conceded  that  there  was  no  extensive 
use  of  money  for  buying  votes  until  1876.2  In  May,  1886,  Wm.  P.  Fish- 

1  Cyclopedia  of  Am.  Government,  Vol.  3,  p.  197. 

2  Smith  'a  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  p.  230. 


730 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


back  delivered  an  address  to  the  students  of  Indiana  University,  entitled 
"A  Plea  for  Honest  Elections,"  in  which  he  told  a  large  amount  of 
plain  truth ;  and  he  was  qualified  to  tell  it,  for  he  had  been  more  or  less 
in  political  life  for  thirty  years,  and  during  a  part  of  that  time  was 
editor  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal.  As  to  the  innocence  of  Indiana 
before  it  was  corrupted  by  the  East,  Mr.  Fishback  said:  "In  1848, 


GENERAL  BENJAMIN  HARRISON 
(In  1864) 

the  Whig  national  committee  thought  that  rich  Whigs  of  the  East, 
whose  infant  industries  had  been  fostered  by  protective  tariffs,  should 
assist  the  poor  Whigs  of  Indiana,  who  had  been  robbed  by  these  same 
protective  tariffs,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  campaign.  I  have  been 
informed  that  Mr.  Truman  Smith,  of  Connecticut,  sent  to  Mr.  John 
D.  Defrees,  of  Indianapolis,  a  draft  for  $5,000  to  be  used  in  the  State 
canvass.  I  am  also  informed  that  the  draft  was  returned  with  the  state- 
ment that  the  money  was  not  needed.  In  1858,  our  esteemed  fellow 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS'  731 

citizen,  Mr.  William  Wallace,  was  treasurer  of  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee.  He  received  from  Mr.  Simon  Yandes,  who  was  a 
candidate  for  Supreme  Judge,  a  voluntary  contribution  or  assessment 
of  $100  for  campaign  purposes.  After  the  election  and  after  all  bills 
were  paid,  Mr.  Wallace  reported  an  unexpended  balance  in  his  hands  to 
the  credit  of  Mr.  Yandes  of  $25.00.  The,  same  year  I  was  a  candidate 
for  the  office  of  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  Indianapolis  Circuit,  then 
composed  of  six  or  seven  counties,  and  I  was  assessed  or  made  a  volun- 
tary contribution  of  $1  to  each  county,  to  pay  my  share  of  the  cost 
of  printing  and  distributing  election  tickets.  To  the  ears  of  the  present 
generation,  these  facts  have  a  Munchausen  sound.  The  more  the  pity 
for  the  present  generation." 

In  presenting  the  attitude  of  "the  present  generation,"  Mr.  Fishback 
began,  chronologically,  with  the  activities  of  Senator  Barnum,  in  the 
campaign  of  1876,  saying:  "We  remember  the  kindly  and  personal 
interest  he  manifested  in  Indiana  politics  that  year.  He  came  like  the 
troubadour  from  his  distant  home  in  Connecticut,  and,  braving  all  the 
dangers  incident  to  our  malarial  climate,  took  up  his  abode  here,  and 
began  to  distribute  money  with  lavish  hand.  •  •  *  It  will  be  re- 
membered also  that  Mr.  Barnum,  while  here  in  1876,  embarked  in  the 
livestock  trade — making-  a  specialty  of  mules.  A  dispatch,  which  has 
become  historical,  was  sent  by  Mr.  Barnum  during  the  campaign,  to  a 
Democrat  of  this  State  authorizing  the  purchase  of  'seven  more  mules' 
for  account  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee.  It  is  proper  to  say, 
in  this  connection,  however,  that  while  the  mule  business  was  active, 
the  telegraph  wires  were  kept  warm  with  messages  from  Republicans 
in  the  East  to  Republicans  in  Indianapolis  concerning  certain  mythical 
Indian  agents,  which  agents,  whatever  else  they  may  have  done,  re- 
plenished the  Republican  exchequer.  But  the  mules  beat  the  Indian 
agents,  and  Indiana,  in  that  year,  cast  her  vote  for  Tilden  and  Hendricks. 
Then  came  the  contest,  the  electoral  bill — eight  to  seven — and  the  Hayes 
administration."  As  to  the  election  of  1880,  he  had  been  furnished 
with  data  by  Hon.  Wm.  H.  English,  for  Mr.  English  was  the  pioneer 
of  election  reform  in  Indiana;  and,  in  an  interview  printed  in  the 
Cincinnati  Enquirer,  on  February  9,  1882,  he  told  some  plain  truth, 
possibly  because  he  was  smarting  under  charges  that  he  had  not  con- 
tributed to  the  Democratic  campaign  fund  as  liberally  as  had  been  ex- 
pected. His  interview  was  not  reproduced  by  the  Sentinel,  and  the 
Journal  printed  mangled  extracts,  with  an  explanation  that  all  the 
rascality  was  by  Democrats.  Mr.  Fishback,  in  his  address  quoted  it 
as  follows: 
*•  "Q.  But,  Mr.  English,  how  was  it  on  the  subject  of  money? 


730 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


back  delivered  an  address  to  the  students  of  Indiana  University,  entitled 
"A  Plea  for  Honest  Elections,"  in  which  he  told  a  large  amount  of 
plain  truth ;  and  he  was  qualified  to  tell  it,  for  he  had  been  more  or  less 
in  political  life  for  thirty  years,  and  during  a  part  of  that  time  was 
editor  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal.  As  to  the  innocence  of  Indiana 
before  it  was  corrupted  by  the  East,  Mr.  Fishback  said:  "In  1848, 


• 


GENERAL   BENJAMIN   HARRISON 
(In  1864) 


the  Whig  national  committee  thought  that  rich  Whigs  of  the  East, 
whose  infant  industries  had  been  fostered  by  protective  tariffs,  should 
assist  the  poor  Whigs  of  Indiana,  who  had  been  robbed  by  these  same 
protective  tariffs,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  campaign.  I  have  been 
informed  that  Mr.  Truman  Smith,  of  Connecticut,  sent  to  Mr.  John 
D.  Defrees,  of  Indianapolis,  a  draft  for  $5,000  to  be  used  in  the  State 
canvass.  I  am  also  informed  that  the  draft  was  returned  with  the  state- 
ment that  the  money  was  not  needed.  In  1858,  our  esteemed  fellow 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  731 


citizen,  Mr.  William  Wallace,  was  treasurer  of  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee.  He  received  from  Mr.  Simon  Yandes,  who  was  a 
candidate  rfor  Supreme  Judge,  a  voluntary  contribution  or  assessment 
of  $100  for  campaign  purposes.  After  the  election  and  after  all  bills 
were  paid,  Mr.  Wallace  reported  an  unexpended  balance  in  his  hands  to 
the  credit  of  Mr.  Yandes  of  $25.00.  The  same  year  I  was  a  candidate 
for  the  office  of  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  Indianapolis  Circuit,  then 
composed  of  six  or  seven  counties,  and  I  was  assessed  or  made  a  volun- 
tary contribution  of  $1  to  each  county,  to  pay  my  share  of  the  cost 
of  printing  and  distributing  election  tickets.  To  the  ears  of  the  present 
generation,  these  facts  have  a  Munchausen  sound.  The  more  the  pity 
for  the  present  generation." 

In  presenting  the  attitude  of  "the  present  generation,"  Mr.  Fishback 
began,  chronologically,  with  the  activities  of  Senator  Barnum,  in  the 
campaign  of  1876,  saying:  "We  remember  the  kindly  and  personal 
interest  he  manifested  in  Indiana  politics  that  year.  He  came  like  the 
troubadour  from  his  distant  home  in  Connecticut,  and,  braving  all  the 
dangers  incident  to  our  malarial  climate,  took  up  his  abode  here,  and 
began  to  distribute  money  with  lavish  hand.  *  *  *  It  will  be  re- 
membered also  that  Mr.  Barnum,  while  here  in  1876,  embarked  in  the 
livestock  trade — making-  a  specialty  of  mules.  A  dispatch,  which  has 
become  historical,  was  sent  by  Mr.  Barnum  during  the  campaign,  to  a 
Democrat  of  this  State  authorizing  the  purchase  of  'seven  more  mules' 
for  account  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee.  It  is  proper  to  say, 
in  this  connection,  however,  that  while  the  mule  business  was  active, 
the  telegraph  wires  were  kept  warm  with  messages  from  Republicans 
in  the  East  to  Republicans  in  Indianapolis  concerning  certain  mythical 
Indian  agents,  which  agents,  whatever  else  they  may  have  done,  re- 
plenished the  Republican  exchequer.  But  the  mules  beat  the  Indian 
agents,  and  Indiana,  in  that  year,  cast  her  vote  for  Tilden  and  Hendricks. 
Then  came  the  contest,  the  electoral  bill — eight  to  seven — and  the  Hayes 
administration."  As  to  the  election  of  1880,  he  had  been  furnished 
with  data  by  Hon.  Wm.  H.  English,  for  Mr.  English  was  the  pioneer 
of  election  reform  in  Indiana;  and,  in  an  interview  printed  in  the 
Cincinnati  Enquirer,  on  February  9,  1882,  he  told  some  plain  truth, 
possibly  because  he  was  smarting  under  charges  that  he  had  not  con- 
tributed to  the  Democratic  campaign  fund  as  liberally  as  had  been  ex- 
pected. His  interview  was  not  reproduced  by  the  Sentinel,  and  the 
Journal  printed  mangled  extracts,  with  an  explanation  that  all  the 
rascality  was  by  Democrats.  Mr.  Fishback,  in  his  address  quoted  it 
as  follows: 

"Q.  But,  Mr.  English,  how  was  it  on  the  subject  of  money* 


732  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"A.  Well,  sir,  the  misrepresentation  upon  that  subject  has  been  even 
greater.  More  money  was  used  by  the  Democrats  in  the  campaign  of 
1880  than  was  ever  used  in  any  previous  canvass.  More  was  used  by 
the  National  Committee,  more  by  the  State  committee,  more  by  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Vice-President,  more  by  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  Governor,  and  more  for  the  party  generally.  The  expense  of 
the  whole  canvass  up  to  the  time  of  its  close,  prior  to  the  October  elec- 
tion, was  paid  out  of  money  raised  within  the  State;  the  money  used 
on  the  day  of  the  election  and  a  few  days  before,  came  from  abroad, 
almost  entirely  through  the  National  committee,  and  was  disbursed 
among  the  counties  by  the  chairman  of  the  National  committee,  as  he 
had  done  in  1876,  and  at  the  same  period  before  the  election.  The 
National  committee  did  all  in  this  matter  any  body  had  a  right  to  expect. 
So  did  the  State  committee,  and,  in  the  main,  so  did  the  candidates. 
I  could  make  an  approximately  correct  statement  of  the  amount  dis- 
bursed by  the  Democrats  in  the  canvass;  how  it  was  distributed,  and 
into  whose  hands  it  primarily  went.  If  I  did  so  (and  I  may  if  it 
becomes  necessary);  it  -would  astonish  a  great  many  people,  and  would 
show  conclusively  that  there  was  no  lack  of  money  to  prosecute  a  legiti- 
mate campaign  in  the  most  vigorous  and  effective  manner.  My  own 
judgment  now  is  that  it  was  largely  in  excess  of  what  was  needed,  and 
five  times  more  than  I  should  recommend  the  Democrats  to  raise  in 
any  campaign  hereafter." 

"Q.  Do  you  think  the  Democrats  had  as  much  money  as  the  Re- 
publicans ? 

"No,  sir,  I  have  already  explained  that  the  idea  that  we  could  com- 
pete with  the  Republicans  either  in  raising  money  or  using  it  for  cor- 
rupt purposes  was  an  utter  absurdity.  We  had  neither  the  source  of 
supply,  the  officers  and  machinery  to  use  it,  nor  the  disposition  to  use  it 
for  corrupt  purposes.  The  Democratic  party,  to  succeed,  must  stand  on 
the  eternal  principles  of  right,  and  if  they  should  in  future  contests 
endeavor  to  carry  elections  by  the  corrupt  use  of  money  or  other  ras- 
calities, they  will  deserve  to  be  beaten.  The  corrupt  use  of  money  at 
elections  is  the  very  worst  evil  of  the  times,  and  should  be  discouraged 
by  good  men  of  all  parties,  and  I  have  a  very  poor  opinion  of  the  man 
who  would  hold  an  office,  knowing  it  to  have  been  corruptly  and  fraudu- 
lently obtained.  We  had  not  the  influence  and  salaries  of  a  hundred 
thousand  federal  officers  to  help  us  in  that  October  fight;  nor  Star 
Route  and  treasury  thieves  to  pour  corruption  funds  into  our  borders, 
and  chuckle  with  the  beneficiaries  over  the  bountiful  supply  of  'soap'; 
nor  a  great  system  of  banks  nor  great  manufactories,  nor  moneyed  cor- 
porations, to  look  to  for  aid;  nor  cartloads  of  crisp  and  unworn  green- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  733 

backs  apparently  fresh  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  the 
history  of  which  may  yet  startle  the  country  if  the  subject  is  ever 
properly  investigated.  Even  if  there  had  been  no  principle  involved, 
successful  competition  with  the  Republicans  in  money  and  corrupt  prac- 
tices was  absurd  and  impossible,  and  human  ingenuity  could  not  have 
devised  a  better  way  to  give  them  the  benefit  of  their  superior  facilities 
than  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  overthrowing  the  constitu- 
tional amendments  and  forcing  the  State  election  to  come  off  in  October 
instead  of  on  the  day  of  the  presidential  election."  , 

Mr.  Fishback,  as  a  consistent  Republican,  devoted  some  time  to  sar- 
castic intimations  that  Mr.  English  knew  all  the  time  what  was  going 
on,  which  nobody  of  ordinary  intelligence  doubted;  but  he  also  made 
confession  for  the  Republicans.  He  says:  "The  Republicans  were  not 
idle  while  these  things  were  going  on.  *  *  *  So  it  happened,  as 
Mr.  English  says,  that  Mr.  Barnum  pitched  his  tent  here  during  the  dog- 
days  and  resumed  the  mule  business.  This  provoked  the  Republicans  to 
like  good  works,  and  Mr.  Dorsey  came  upon  the  scene  to  look  after  the 
Indian  agency  business.  It  surprises  many  to  learn  the  fact  that  this 
precious  pair,  Barnum  and  Dorsey,  who  are  still  in  good  and  regular 
and  high  standing  in  their  respective  parties,  were  in  1880  business 
partners.  In  the  very  hottest  of  the  campaign,  the  local  papers  at 
Indianapolis  were  publishing  advertisements  of  'The  Bull  Domingo 
Mining  Co.'  of  which  Barnum  was  president  and  Dorsey  secretary. 
These  two  gentlemen — business  partners — personal  friends  but,  God 
save  the  mark,  bitter  political  foes,  came  to  Indianapolis,  to  assist  in 
the  herculean  task  of  organizing  the  State.  How  much  money  Barnum 
brought  West  I  don't  know.  Mr.  English  says  he  knows,  but  won't  tell. 
He  does  say,  however,  that  the  sum  put  into  the  '  pot '  by  the  candidates 
here,  with  the  money  used  by  Barnum  was  five  times  too  much.  Now, 
when  Mr.  English  says  there  is  too  much  money,  and  five  times  too  much, 
it  means  a  great  deal.  And  then  we  are  assured  by  the  same  authority  * 
that  the  Republicans  had  a  great  deal  more  than  the  Democrats.  As  to 
that,  I  plead  nan  sii'm  informatus.  It  has  been  stated  that  the  amount 
used  by  both  parties  was  something  over  a  half  million  dollars.  Much 
of  this  came  from  those  over-worked  and  under-paid  individuals  who 
own  the  infant  industries  in  the  East,  which  support  a  weak  and  uncer- 
tain existence  by  means  of  the  fostering  tariff  laws  enacted  for  their 
benefit,  gentlemen  who  lobby  for  legislation  in  the  interest  of  American 
labor  and  go  straightway  and  forget  what  manner  of  men  they  were  and 
import  semi-civilized  Poles  and  Hungarians  who  terrorize  our  people 
and  shock  the  world  by  their  atrocities.  Some  came  from  Star  Route 
contractors — Jay  Hubbell  assessments  and  other  sources.  The  'marines' 


734  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

are  told,  and  are  expected  to  believe,  that  these  vast  sums  of  money 
were  used  in  the  work  of  organization.  *  *  *  Dorsey  was  probably 
fighting  the  Democratic  devil  with  fire,  and  Barnum  was  after  the  Re- 
publican devil  in  the  same  fashion.  It  has  been  wittily  observel  by  the 
editor  of  the  Nation  that  fire  is  not  the  weapon  to  fight  the  devil  with, 
and  that  Holy  Water  would  prove  much  more  effective  in  such  a  con- 
flict. It  is  not  likely  that  either  Barnum  or  Dorsey  had  a  reservoir  of 
Holy  Water  at  his  disposal.  *  *  * 

"Let  us  not  blink  matters,  but  speak  the  truth.  We  know  to  a 
moral  certainty  that  these  gentlemen,  Barnum  and  Dorsey,  were  the 
custodians  and  distributors  of  large  sums  of  money,  which  were  used, 
and  intended  to  be  used,  to  promote  illegal  voting,  the  bribery  of  electors 
and  other  election  frauds.  And  it  is  a  matter  of  indifference  whether 
the  money  used  was  the  'crisp,  uncut  bank  bills  fresh  from  the  treasury,' 
described  by  Mr.  English,  or  the  greasy,  ragged  currency  contributed 
by  the  hungry  office  seekers  of  the  Democratic  party.  No  reputable 
Democrat  or  Republican  pretends  that  these  vast  sums  of  money  were 
necessarily  to  be  used,  or  were  in  fact  used,  for  the  purposes  of  legiti- 
mate political  warfare.  It  was  an  organized  assault  upon  the  right  of 
suffrage,  countenanced,  I  am  sorry  to  believe,  if  not  approved,  by  party 
leaders  of  both  parties,  who,  in  the  midst  of  excitement,  connived  at 
transactions  from  which,  in  quieter  times,  an  honorable  man  instinctively 
recoils.  From  Barnum  and  Dorsey  down  through  the  whole  gamut  of 
lesser  scoundrels,  to  the  poor  devil  who  sat  on  the  fence  till  five  minutes 
before  six  o'clock  p.  m.  and  then  sold  his  vote  for  a  dollar  or  a  drink  of 
whisky — all  who  were  engaged  in  the  disgraceful  business  deserved  the 
penitentiary.  If  Nathaniel  Hawthorne's  magic  bugle  were  to  summon 
into  line — clothed  in  proper  raiment  of  horizontal  stripes,  all  the  rascals 
who  bribed  voters,  or  who  took  bribes  for  their  votes,  who  corrupted 
election  officers,  or  falsified  election  returns,  who  swore  in  illegal  votes, 
who  colonized  voters,  who  voted  twice,  or  voted  double  tickets,  who 
tampered  with  ballots  after  they  were  cast,  who  consorted  with  or  en- 
couraged repeaters  and  ballot-box  stuffers,  or  who  were  accessory  to 
their  escape  from  the  just  penalties  of  the  violated  law,  it  would  be, 
I  fear,  a  large  procession,  in  which  we  should  see  both  parties  repre- 
sented, and  in  which  we  might  discover  men  of  good  repute,  as  the 
phrase  goes,  and  some  who  have  had  and  now  have  official  preferment 
mainly  because  they  had  earned  a  place  in  that  procession. ' '  The  picture 
is  not  overdrawn,  but  Fishback  saw  no  remedy  but  in  public  opinion. 
He  says:  "We  have  laws  enough.  What  we  want  is  more  common 
honesty,  a  strong,  healthy,  vigorous  public  sentiment  which  will  secure 


TNDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  735 

the  enforcement  of  these  laws,  that  are  now  a  dead  letter;  a  sentiment 
that  will  brand  with  enduring  social  infamy,  every  man  who  seeks  by 
corrupt  methods  to  defeat  a  fair  expression  of  the  people's  will. 
*  *  *  It  has  been  said  that  it  is  a  great  calamity  for  a  people  when 
its  criminal  classes  have  learned  to  take  an  active  part  in  politics.  It  is 
much  worse  when  the  active  management  of  the  politics  of  a  free  state 
is  almost,  if  not  wholly,  surrendered  to  the  criminal  classes." 

Unhappily,  the  appeal  to  reason  is  no  more  effective  in  politics  than 
in  religion.  Before  Mr.  Pishback  got  his  address  printed,  the  local 
Democratic  leaders  in  Marion  County  undertook  to  steal  the  office  of 
Circuit  Judge,  by  altering  the  tally-sheets  of  the  election  of  1886.  It 
was  done  for  the  benefit  of  the  Liquor  League,  and  done  so  clumsily 
that  it  was  a  decided  reflection  on  Indiana  art.  A  Citizens  Committee 
was  formed,  and  the  authority  of  the  TI.  S.  Court  was  invoked,  on  the 
ground  that  a  Congressman  had  been  voted  for  at  the  election.  Col. 
Eli  F.  Ritter,  and  Judge  Solomon  Claypool  were  engaged  as  special 
counsel  to  prosecute  the  cases,  and  Judge  William  A.  Woods,  of  the 
Federal  Court  used  the  privileges  of  the  Federal  bench  to  the  fullest  to 
secure  conviction.  The  cases  were  tried  in  January,  1888 ;  and  Simeon 
Coy,  and  W.  F.  A.  Bernhamer  were  convicted,  and  sent  to  the  peni- 
tentiary. Even  this  did  not  put  an  end  to  ordinary  election  rascality  in 
the  election  of  1888.  On  October  31,  the  Sentinel  published  the  circular 
letter  of  Treasurer  W.  W.  Dudley,  of  the  National  Republican  Com- 
mittee, sent  to  the  local  chairman  of  Indiana,  with  its  cold-blooded 
instructions  to,  "Divide  the  floaters  into  blocks  of  five,  and  put  a 
trusted  man  with  necessary  funds  in  charge  of  these  five,  and  make  him 
responsible  that  none  get  away  and  that  all  vote  our  ticket."  There  were 
feeble  attempts  to  put  an  innocent  construction  on  the  letter,  but  they 
were  soon  abandoned.  There  was  not  a  person  of  ordinary  intelligence 
in  the  State  who  did  not  understand  perfectly  the  gigantic  scheme  of 
bribery  outlined.  There  was  a  temporary  effort  to  create  belief  that 
the  letter  was  a  forgery ;  and  this  prevented  some  of  the  effect  it  should 
have  had  in  the  election ;  but  this  also  was  abandoned.  There  was  not 
a  county  in  the  State  where  it  had  not  been  received.  The  truth  was 
that  the  letter  had  been  stolen  from  the  mails  by  a  Democratic  mail 
clerk,  who  noticed  them  going  through  in  quantities,  and  was  by  him 
turnedi  over  to  the  Democratic  managers.  Judge  Claypool  was  again 
made  special  prosecutor,  and  went  to  work  enthusiastically;  but  Judge 
Woods  had  lost  his  former  ardor  for  purity  in  elections.  The  case 
dragged  along  until  January  15,  1889,  when  Judge  Woods  gave  supple- 


HEADQUARTERS, 

tt$IaJumai  CJom 

F  J  r  T  H     AVENUE. 


Kew  York.  Oct.  24th.  1888. 


Aaiw  kept  copies  ef  the  lists 
tent  me      Such  Information  ts  very  valuable  and  can  be  used 
to  great  advantage.     It  has  enabled  me  to  demonstrate  to 
friend's  here  that  with  proper  ass  t  stance  Indiana  is  surely 
Republican  for  Governor  and  President,  and  has  ••esulted.as  I 
hoped  It  would,  in  securing  far  Indiana  tha  aid  necessary. 
Yo'ur  Comtlttee  will  certainly  receive  from  Chairman  Huston  tho 
assistance  necessary  to  hold  our  floaters  and  doubtful  voters,- 
and  gain  enough  of  Ota  other*  kind  to  give  Harrison  and  Morton 
10,000  plurality.     New  York  ts  now  safe  beyond  peradventure 
far  the  Republican  Presidential  tlcket;Connec6tcut  likewise. 
In  short  every  northern  State,  except  possibly  New  Jersey, 
though  we  still  hope   to  carry  that  State.     Harrison'*  majority 
in  Ae  Electoral  Collegejglll  not  be  lets  than  100.     Malta 
our  friends  in  aach  -precinct  take-up  to  the  fact  that  only 
boodle  and  fraudulent  votes  and  false  counting  of  returns 
can  boat  us  in   tht  Stata.  Write  each  of  our  precinct 

correspondents,  lit,  To  find  our  who  hat  Demcrattc  boodle,  ant 
steer  the  Democratic  workers  to   them,  and  make  them  pay  big 
prices  fen  the  tr  own  men.     2nd,Saan  the  flection  officers 
closely,  and  make  sire  to  have  no  man'tn  the  Board  vhoso  in- 
tegrity ts  even  questionable,  and  insist  on  Republicans  watch- 
ing every  movement  of  the  election  officers.     3rd,  See  that 
our  workers  know  every  voter  entitled  to  a  vote,  and  let  n» 
one  -else  &>en  offer  to  vote.     4th.Otvtde  the  floaters  into 
blocks  of  fine,  and  put  a   trusted  tun  utth  nectssary  fi/tdi   in 
charge  of  these  f  tve  .and  make  him  responsible  jUiat  none  get- 
away and  that  all  veto  -our  ticket.     5th.  Hak*  a  personal  ap- 
peal to.  your  best  business  men  to  pledge  themselves  to  de- 
vote tha  entire  day  ,  Nov.  6th,  to  work  at  the  polls',  I.e.  to  be 
present  at  the  polls  with  tickets.     Thay  will  be  astonished, 
to  see  hoa  utterly  dub  founded  the  ordinary  Democratic 
alec'tlon  bwoier  will  be  and  hate  quickly  he  will  disappear, 
The  result  will  fully  Justify  the  sacrifice  ef  time  and  eom- 
f  art  .and  will  be  a  source  of  satisfaction  afteruards  to  thorn 
u>h»  help  In  this  way.        Lay  great  street  en  this  last 
natter.       ft  will  pay. 

Tliere  will  be  no  doubt  of  your  receiving  ''the  necessary 
assistance  through  the  National,  State  and  County  Comittaee, 
-  only  see   that  It  Is  luisbantted  and  made  to  pmoduce  results. 
1  rely  on  you  to  advise  your  precinct  correspondents,  and 
urge  them  to  unremitting  and  constant  efforts  from  no»  ttJl 
tha  polls  close,  and  Ota  result  ts  announced  officially.     Wt 
will  fight  for  a  fair  election  hare  if  necessary.     Th»  ftebel 
crew  can't  steal  thi's  election  from  us  as  they  did  In  1384, 
without  someone  getting  hurt.     Let  ruiry  Heaubltean  do  hit 
uhole  duty  ant  Ota  country  will  pass  into  Republican  hande, 
never  to  leave  tt.J  trust.       Tharttlng  you  again  for  your 
efforts  to  assist  me  In  my  work.  I  remain 

Yours  Sincerely, 


PI  east  nt  re  me  result  in  principal  precincts  artt  county. 
DUDLEY  LETTER  REDUCED  ONE-HALF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  737 

mental  instructions  to  the  grand  jury,  reversing  his  rulings  in  the  tally- 
sheet  cases,  and  making  the  conviction  of  Dudley  impossible.3 

In  the  meantime,  there  had  been  two  occurrences  that  materially  af- 
fected the  history  of  Indiana.  The  first  was  a  change  in  the  ownership  of 
the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  the  State  Democratic  organ.  Craig,  who  had 
lost  what  influence  he  had  left  after  the  Supreme  Court  editorial  by  a 
hopeless  attempt  to  defend  the  tally-sheet  forgers,  became  weary  of  lead- 
ing public  opinion  that  would  not  lead,  and  in  February,  1888,  the  paper 
passed  under  the  control  of  Samuel  E.  Morss,  an  up-to-date  newspaper 
man  of  the  highest  type.  Morss  was  born  at  Fort  Wayne,  December  15, 
1852,,  of  English  ancestry,  the  first  of  whom  came  to  America  in  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  located  in  Massachusetts,  later 
removing  to  what  became  Maine.  His  father,  Samuel  S.  Morss,  was  born 
at  Bath,  Maine,  whence  his  parents  removed  to  Western  New  York,  and 
in  1835,  he  located  at  Fort  Wayne,  where,  in  1837,  he  married  Susan 
Clark,  a  native  of  Le  Roy,  New  York,  who  had  come  to  Fort  Wayne  in 
1833,  with  her  brother  Nelson  Clark,  and,  in  1836,  opened  the  first  private 
school  for  young  children  in  Fort  Wayne.  Young  Morss  graduated  from 
the  Fort  Wayne  high  school  in  1871,  and  at  once  went  to  work  on  the 
Gazette  as  a  reporter.  He  made  his  way  rapidly,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1875  was  put  in  editorial  control  of  the  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel,  then 
owned  by  William  Fleming,  who  was  later  Treasurer  of  State.  In  April, 
1879,  Morss  and  William  B.  Nelson  purchased  the  Sentinel,  which  they 
conducted  until  August  of  the  following  year,  when  they  sold  to  E.  A.  K. 
Hackett,  and  went  to  Kansas  City,  and  founded  the  Star,  with  Morss  as 
editor.  He  ruined  his  health  by  overwork  in  establishing  that  phe- 
nomenally successful  paper,  and,  in  the  latter  part  of  1882  went  to 
Europe  for  a  six  months  stay.  On  his  return  he  was  employed  by  the 
Chicago  Times  as  editorial  writer,  later  as  Washington  correspondent, 
until  December,  1887,  when  he  organized  the  company  that  bought  the 
Indianapolis  Sentinel.  Of  this  he  made  a  financial  success  for  several 
years,  and  bought  other  interests  until  he  practically  became  the  sole 
owner.  Morss  was  a  born  reformer.  He  had  learned  the  secret,  so  com- 
monly overlooked  in  the  United  States,  that  the  best  politics  is  doing  what 
is  for  the  interests  of  the  public.  In  the  campaign  of  1888,  the  chief  issue 
discussed  was  the  tariff,  and  there  was  no  argument  on  either  side  of  the 
question  with  which  he  was  not  familiar.  As  a  newspaper  writer,  he 
never  had  a  superior  in  Indiana,  and  he  had  a  faculty  of  getting  on  the 
right  side  of  new  questions — known  in  newspaperdom  as  "lighting  on 


*  A  full  account  of  these  cases  will  be  found  in  my  history  of  Greater  Indiana- 
polis, pp.  292-306.  There  have  been  some  attempts  to  justify  Judge  Woods  since  its 
publication,  but  none  calling  for  any  change  in  that  statement  or  for  any  answer. 


738  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

your  feet ' '  that  was  almost  uncanny.  By  the  end  of  the  campaign,  he  had 
given  the  Sentinel  a  standing  and  influence  that  it  had  not  known  for 
years.  The  course  of  Judge  Woods  in  the  Dudley  case  roused  his  indigna- 
tion to  the  highest  pitch,  and  on  January  16,  1889,  the  day  following  the 
"second  decision,"  he  indicted  Woods  in  an  editorial  that  stands  as  a 
classic.  It  concludes  with  these  words :  "Weighing  our  words  carefully, 
and  fully  prepared  to  accept  all  the  consequences,  we  pronounce  the 
course  of  Judge  Woods  in  this  matter  a  monstrous  abuse  of  his  judicial 
opportunities  and  a  flagrant,  scandalous,  dishonorable  and  utterly  unpre- 
cedented perversion  of  the  machinery  of  justice  to  the  purpose  of  knavery, 
and  we  believe  that  it  should  lead  to  his  impeachment  instead  of,  as  it 
probably  will,  to  his  promotion  to  the  supreme  bench  of  the  United  States, 
as  soon  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  Benjamin  Harrison  to  reward  him  in  this 
manner  for  dragging  his  judicial  robes  in  the  filth  of  Dudleyism. " 

From  the  historical  point  of  view,  it  is  not  to  be  understood  that  either 
Woods  or  Dudley  were  especially  bad  men;  on  the  contrary,  they  were 
very  respectable  citizens  in  ordinary  matters.  They  merely  illustrate  that 
intense  political  bias  which  has  made  it  a  proverb  in  Indiana — and  prob- 
ably elsewhere  in  the  country — that  "men  will  do  things  in  politics  that 
they  would  scorn  in  any  other  relation."  William  Allen  Woods  was  a 
very  able  judge.  He  was  born  in  Marshall  County,  Tennessee,  May  16, 
1837,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  removed  with  his  step-father,  Capt.  J. 
Miller,  an  anti-slavery  man,  to  Iowa,  and  there  acquired  his  partisan  bias 
in  his  youth.  He  came  back  to  Indiana  for  his  education,  and  graduated 
at  Wabash  in  1859.  He  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  in  1861,  but  was  dis- 
abled by  an  injured  foot,  and  took  up  the  law,  locating  at  Goshen,  in 
1862.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  1867 ;  declined  re-election, 
and  also  nomination  for  Congress ;  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  in  1873,  re- 
elected  without  opposition  in  1878,  and  elected  Judge  of  the  State  Su- 
preme Court  in  1880.  He  made  an  excellent  record,  and  in  May,  1883, 
was  appointed  U.  S.  District  Judge  for  Indiana,  to  succeed  Judge  Gres- 
ham.  His  strength  was  his  weakness,  for  he  had  what  lawyers  call  "an 
acute  legal  mind,"  and,  practically,  that  means  an  ability  to  find  a 
plausible  reason  for  deciding  whatever  you  wish.  His  decision  in  the 
Dudley  case  could  not  have  been  attacked  successfully,  if  it  had  not  been 
a  reversal  of  his  construction  of  the  same  statute  under  which  the  Demo- 
cratic tally-sheet  forgers  had  been  convicted  in  his  court.  He  made  the 
matter  worse  in  March  and  April,  1889,  by  quashing  indictments  in 
nearly  two  hundred  election  cases,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  "defec- 
tive," although  in  form  that  had  been  used  for  years,  and  that  he  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


739 


sustained  in  previous  cases.4  If  his  changes  of  heart  were  honest — and 
there  is  little  limit  to  the  mental  effects  of  political  bias — it  was  unfortu- 
nate that  they  came  at  a  time  when  only  Republican  scoundrels  were  the 
beneficiaries.  So  William  Wade  Dudley  had  a  good  record.  He  was 
born  at  Weathersfield  Bow,  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  August  27,  1842, 
the  son  of  Rev.  John  Dudley,  a  Presbyterian  preacher.  He  was  edu- 


GEN.  WILLIAM  W.  DUDLEY 

cated  at  Phillips  Academy,  at  Danville,  Vermont,  and  at  Russell's  Col- 
legiate Institute,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  the  latter  being  a  military 
school.  In  1860,  he  came  to  Richmond,  Indiana,  where  he  became  cap- 
tain of  the  City  Grays,  a  company  that  went  into  the  Nineteenth  Indiana, 
in  July,  1861.  He  was  made  Colonel  for  merit,  and  lost  a  leg  at  Gettys- 
burg, where  his  regiment  was  in  an  exposed  position,  and  lost  72  per 
cent  of  its  members  in  killed  and  wounded.  He  was  brevetted  Brigadier 


«  Federal  Rep.,  Vol.  29,  p.  897;  Vol.  31,  p.  794. 


738 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


your  feet ' '  that  was  almost  uncanny.  By  the  end  of  the  campaign,  he  had 
given  the  Sentinel  a  standing  and  influence  that  it  had  not  known  for 
years.  The  course  of  Judge  Woods  in  the  Dudley  case  roused  his  indigna- 
tion to  the  highest  pitch,  and  on  January  16,  1889,  the  day  following  the 
"second  decision,"  he  indicted  Woods  in  an  editorial  that  stands  as  a 
classic.  It  concludes  with  these  words :  "Weighing  our  words  carefully, 
and  fully  prepared  to  accept  all  the  consequences,  we  pronounce  the 
course  of  Judge  Woods  in  this  matter  a  monstrous  abuse  of  his  judicial 
opportunities  and  a  flagrant,  scandalous,  dishonorable  and  utterly  unpre- 
cedented perversion  of  the  machinery  of  justice  to  the  purpose  of  knavery, 
and  we  believe  that  it  should  lead  to  his  impeachment  instead  of,  as  it 
probably  will,  to  his  promotion  to  the  supreme  bench  of  the  United  States, 
as  soon  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  Benjamin  Harrison  to  reward  him  in  this 
manner  for  dragging  his  judicial  robes  in  the  filth  of  Dudleyism." 

From  the  historical  point  of  view,  it  is  not  to  be  understood  that  either 
Woods  or  Dudley  were  especially  bad  men ;  on  the  contrary,  they  were 
very  respectable  citizens  in  ordinary  matters.  They  merely  illustrate  that 
intense  political  bias  which  has  made  it  a  proverb  in  Indiana — and  prob- 
ably elsewhere  in  the  country — that  "men  will  do  things  in  politics  that 
they  would  scorn  in  any  other  relation."  William  Allen  Woods  was  a 
very  able  judge.  He  was  born  in  Marshall  County,  Tennessee,  May  16, 
1837,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  removed  with  his  step-father,  Capt.  J. 
Miller,  an  anti-slavery  man,  to  Iowa,  and  there  acquired  his  partisan  bias 
in  his  youth.  He  came  back  to  Indiana  for  his  education,  and  graduated 
at  Wabash  in  1859.  He  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  in  1861,  but  was  dis- 
abled by  an  injured  foot,  and  took  up  the  law,  locating  at  Goshen,  in 
1862.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  1867 ;  declined  re-election, 
and  also  nomination  for  Congress ;  was  elected  Circuit  Judge  in  1873,  re- 
elected  without  opposition  in  1878,  and  elected  Judge  of  the  State  Su- 
preme Court  in  1880.  He  made  an  excellent  record,  and  in  May,  1883, 
was  appointed  U.  S.  District  Judge  for  Indiana,  to  succeed  Judge  Gres- 
ham.  His  strength  was  his  weakness,  for  he  had  what  lawyers  call  "an 
acute  legal  mind,"  and.  practically,  that  means  an  ability  to  find  a 
plausible  reason  for  deciding  whatever  you  wish.  His  decision  in  the 
Dudley  case  could  not  have  been  attacked  successfully,  if  it  had  not  been 
a  reversal  of  his  construction  of  the  same  statute  under  which  the  Demo- 
cratic tally-sheet  forgers  had  been  convicted  in  his  court.  He  made  the 
matter  worse  in  March  and  April,  1889,  by  quashing  indictments  in 
nearly  two  hundred  election  eases,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  "defec- 
tive," although  in  form  that  had  been  used  for  years,  and  that  he  had 


• 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


739 


sustained  in  previous  cases.4  If  his  changes  of  heart  were  honest — and 
there  is  little  limit  to  the  mental  effects  of  political  bias — it  was  unfortu- 
nate that  they  came  at  a  time  when  only  Republican  scoundrels  were  the 
beneficiaries.  So  William  Wade  Dudley  had  a  good  record.  He  was 
born  at  Weathersfield  Bow.  Windsor  County,  Vermont,  August  27,  1842. 
the  son  of  Rev.  John  Dudley,  a  Presbyterian  preacher.  He  was  edu- 


• 


• 


GEN.  "WILLIAM  W.  DUDLEY 

cated  at  Phillips  Academy,  at  Danville,  Vermont,  and  at  Russell's  Col- 
legiate Institute,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  the  latter  being  a  military 
school.  In  1860,  he  came  to  Richmond,  Indiana,  where  he  became  cap- 
tain of  the  City  Grays,  a  company  that  went  into  the  Nineteenth  Indiana, 
in  July,  1861.  He  was  made  Colonel  for  merit,  and  lost  a  leg  at  Gettys- 
burg, where  his  regiment  was  in  an  exposed  position,  and  lost  72  per 
cent  of  its  members  in  killed  and  wounded.  He  was  brevetted  Brigadier 


4  Federal  Rep.,  Vol.  29,  p.  897;  Vol.  31,  p.  794. 


740  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

General,  and  served  through  the  remainder  of  the  war  as  inspector  and 
judge-advocate.  In  1866-74,  he  was  Clerk  of  the  Wayne  Circuit  Court; 
1875-9,  Cashier  of  the  Richmond  Savings  Bank ;  1879-81,  U.  S.  Marshal 
for  Indiana;  and  1881-4,  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  under  President 
Garfield.  He  then  practiced  law  at  Washington,  taking  a  very  active 
part  in  politics  until  1887,  when  he  was  made  National  Treasurer  for 
his  party. 

There  was  never  any  reflection  on  his  private  and  business  life,  and 
in  politics  he  had  merely  engaged  in  what  hundreds  of  others  had  been 
engaged  in  in  Indiana,  since  1876,  though  on  a  somewhat  larger  scale. 
Yet  he  had  little  sympathy  in  his  own  party,  for  from  the  political  stand- 
point, he  had  done  worse  than  commit  a  crime — he  had  made  a  colossal 
blunder.  The  insanity  of  putting  such  a  letter  in  typewriter  print,  and 
scattering  it  broadcast,  was  appalling  to  even  ordinary  political  heelers. 
Moreover,  it  was  wholly  unnecessary  and  superfluous.  The  Indiana 
Republicans,  in  1888,  had  a  scheme  of  vote-buying  that  made  Dudley's 
insignificant  by  comparison.  They  had  organized  "get  a  man"  clubs, 
in  which  each  member  pledged  himself  to  get  one  vote  for  the  ticket. 
It  was  a  very  expensive  process  of  vote-buying,  involving  the  "sugaring 
and  nursing"  of  some  floater  during  the  campaign;  and  was  possible 
only  under  the  circumstances  of  having  the  presidential  candidate  from 
the  State,  with  a  wide-spread  expectation  of  political  reward  in  case  of 
success.  There  was  not  only  more  money  used  in  Indiana  in  1888  than 
in  any  preceding  campaign,  but  it  was  used  more  effectively  through 
this  system.  Men  who  had  never  before  indulged  in  political  crooked- 
ness went  into  it,  many  probably  not  realizing  what  it  meant  until  they 
were  started,  and  then  not  having  the  nerve  to  withdraw.  The  Demo- 
crats had  a  fair  supply  of  money,  and  used  it,  in  addition  of  going  head 
over  heels  into  debt,  in  expectation  of  winning;  but  they  were  out- 
bought,  and  the  State  went  for  Harrison  by  the  narrow  margin  of  2,348. 
After  the  election,  Dudley  was  an  elephant  on  the  party's  hands,  and 
Harrison  very  wisely  refused  him  any  recognition.  He  continued  his 
law  practice  at  Washington,  and  died  December  15,  1909.  A  posthumous 
defense  of  his  action,  prepared  by  himself,  met  a  very  chilly  reception.5 
But  Judge  Woods  could  not  be  ignored,  and  in  the  spring  of  1892,  Presi- 
dent Harrison  nominated  him  for  Circuit  Judge,  under  the  new  law 
creating  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  and  he  was  confirmed.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis,  June  28,  1901,  after  creditable  service  in  his  new  position. 

Within  three  years  after  Mr.  Fishback  made  his  plea  for  honest  elec- 
tions, the  two  most  disgraceful  election  scandals  ever  known  in  Indiana 


Indianapolis  News,  March  17,  1910. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


741 


had  been  consummated,  but  the  way  was  opened  for  reform,  and  the 
Australian  Ballot  Law,  of  1889,  is  Indiana's  perpetual  monument  to 
these  affairs  and  the  men  concerned  in  them.  Although  the  Republicans 
had  carried  the  State,  the  Democrats  had  both  houses  of  the  Legislature. 
This  wfcs  claimed  by  Republicans  to  be  due  to  "the  gerrymander  of  1885" ; 
but  was  in  fact  the  result  of  the  Democrats  carrying  the  large  counties 


SIMON  P.  SHEERJN 

that  had  multiple  representation,  and  to  Republicans  "trading  for  the 
head  of  the  ticket,"  i.  e.  agreeing  with  a  Democrat  to  vote  his  local 
ticket  if  he  would  vote  the  Republican  State  and  National  ticket.  As  the 
local  candidates  and  their  friends  are  more  interested  in  their  success 
than  in  anything  else,  there  is  usually  more  or  less  of  this  in  general 
elections.  Moreover,  the  Democrats  had  "put  their  best  foot  forward" 
by  nominating  strong  men  for  the  Legislature,  and  the  result  was  an 
unusually  strong  legislative  body.  On  the  Democratic  side  of  the  House 


740  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

General,  and  served  through  the  remainder  of  the  war  as  inspector  and 
judge-advocate.  In  1866-74,  he  was  Clerk  of  the  Wayne  Circuit  Court ; 
1875-9,  Cashier  of  the  Richmond  Savings  Bank;  1879-81,  U.  S.  Marshal 
for  Indiana;  and  1881-4,  Commissioner  of  Pensions,  under  President 
Garfield.  He  then  practiced  law  at  Washington,  taking  a  very  active 
part  in  politics  until  1887,  when  he  was  made  National  Treasurer  for 
his  party. 

There  was  never  any  reflection  on  his  private  and  business  life,  and 
in  politics  he  had  merely  engaged  in  what  hundreds  of  others  had  been 
engaged  in  in  Indiana,  since  1876,  though  on  a  somewhat  larger  scale. 
Yet  he  had  little  sympathy  in  his  own  party,  for  fr"om  the  political  stand- 
point, he  had  done  worse  than  commit  a  crime — he  had  made  a  colossal 
blunder.  The  insanity  of  putting  such  a  letter  in  typewriter  print,  and 
scattering  it  broadcast,  was  appalling  to  even  ordinary  political  heelers. 
Moreover,  it  was  wholly  unnecessary  and  superfluous.  The  Indiana 
Republicans,  in  1888,  had  a  scheme  of  vote-buying  that  made  Dudley's 
insignificant  by  comparison.  They  had  organized  "get  a  man"  clubs, 
in  which  each  member  pledged  himself  to  get  one  vote  for  the  ticket. 
It  was  a  very  expensive  process  of  vote-buying,  involving  the  "sugaring 
and  nursing"  of  some  floater  during  the  campaign;  and  was  possible 
only  under  the  circumstances  of  having  the  presidential  candidate  from 
the  State,  with  a  wide-spread  expectation  of  political  reward  in  case  of 
success.  There  was  not  only  more  money  used  in  Indiana  in  1888  than 
in  any  preceding  campaign,  but  it  was  used  more  effectively  through 
this  system.  Men  who  had  never  before  indulged  in  political  crooked- 
ness went  into  it,  many  probably  not  realizing  what  it  meant  until  they 
were  started,  and  then  not  having  the  nerve  to  withdraw.  The  Demo- 
crats had  a  fair  supply  of  money,  and  used  it,  in  addition  of  going  head 
over  heels  into  debt,  in  expectation  of  winning;  but  they  were  out- 
bought,  and  the  State  went  for  Harrison  by  the  narrow  margin  of  2,348. 
After  the  election,  Dudley  was  an  elephant  on  the  party's  hands,  and 
Harrison  very  wisely  refused  him  any  recognition.  He  continued  his 
law  practice  at  Washington,  and  died  December  15,  1909.  A  posthumous 
defense  of  his  action,  prepared  by  himself,  met  a  very  chilly  reception.5-. 
But  Judge  Woods  could  not  be  ignored,  and  in  the  spring  of  1892,  Presi- 
dent Harrison  nominated  him  for  Circuit  Judge,  under  the  new  law 
creating  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  and  he  was  confirmed.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis,  June  28,  1901,  after  creditable  service  in  his  new  position. 

Within  three  years  after  Mr.  Fishback  made  his  plea  for  honest  elec- 
tions, the  two  most  disgraceful  election  scandals  ever  known  in  Indiana 


a  Indianapolis  News,  March  17,  1910. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


741 


had  been  consummated,  but  the  way  was  opened  for  reform,  and  the 
Australian  Ballot  Law,  of  1889,  is  Indiana's  perpetual  monument  to 
these  affairs  and  the  men  concerned  in  them.  Although  the  Republicans 
had  carried  the  State,  the  Democrats  had  both  houses  of  the  Legislature. 
This  w'as  claimed  by  Republicans  to  be  due  to  "the  gerrymander  of  1885" ; 
but  was  in  fact  the  result  of  the  Democrats  carrying  the  large  counties 


SIMON  P.  SHEERIN 

that  had  multiple  representation,  and  to  Republicans  "trading  for  the 
head  of  the  ticket,"  i.  e.  agreeing  with  a  Democrat  to  vote  his  local 
ticket  if  he  would  vote  the  Republican  State  and  National  ticket.  As  the 
local  candidates  and  their  friends  are  more  interested  in  their  success 
than  in  anything  else,  there  is  usually  more  or  less  of  this  in  general 
elections.  Moreover,  the  Democrats  had  "put  their  best  foot  forward" 
by  nominating  strong  men  for  the  Legislature,  and  the  result  was  an 
unusually  strong  legislative  body.  On  the  Democratic  side  of  the  House 


742  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

were  such  men  as  Andrew  A.  Adams,  Frank  D.  Ader,  Smith  Askren, 
John  Beasley,  Charles  G.  Cox,  James  B.  Curtis,  Frank  P.  Foster,  Wm. 
A.  Hughes,  Sidney  R.  Moon,  Mason  J.  Niblack,  John  Nugent,  Wm.  S. 
Oppenheim,  E.  W.  Pickhardt,  George  S.  Pleasants,  Gabriel  Schmuck, 
Wm.  H.  Shambaugh,  H.  F.  Work,  and  Philip  Zoercher.  In  the  Senate 
were  James  M.  Barrett,  W.  W.  Berry,  V.  P.  Bozeman,  Geo.  A.  Byrd, 
M.  L.  DeMotte,  F.  M.  Griffith,  S.  W.  Hale,  Timothy  E.  Howard,  W.  A. 
Traylor,  and  S.  E.  Urmston.  At  the  same  time  there  had  been  an  access 
of  new  blood  in  the  party  management  that  made  a  great  improvement 
in  it.  At  the  head  was  Simon  P.  Sheerin,  one  of  the  finest  characters 
ever  known  in  Indiana  politics.  He  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Febru- 
ary 14,  1846,  the  son  of  Thomas  Sheerin,  a  revolutionist  of  1848,  who 
came  to  the  United  States  with  his  family  in  1849,  landing  at  New 
Orleans.  He  was  warned  out  of  there  on  account  of  abolition  tendencies, 
and  located  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  where  Simon  grew  up.  Here  he  had  a 
common  school  education,  and  a  course  in  a  business  college,  after  which 
he  learned  the  blacksmith's  trade.  In  1866  he  moved  to  Logansport, 
Indiana,  and  worked  at  his  trade,  meanwhile  cultivating  literature  and 
politics.  He  was  elected  Recorder  of  Cass  County  in  1870,  and  reelected 
in  1874;  and  began  writing  for  the  newspapers.  In  this  he  found  an 
attractive  calling,  and  in  1875  purchased,  and  took  editorial  control  of 
the  Logansport  Pharos,  soon  attaining  rank  as  one  of  the  ablest  editors 
of  the  State.  He  was  a  man  of  the  McDonald  type  in  his  absolute  hon- 
esty and  unswerving  adherence  to  principles,  while  his  native  wit  and 
common  sense,  backed  by  wide  and  intelligent  reading,  always  made  his 
presentation  of  his  views  attractive.  In  1882  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  He  declined  a  renomination  in  1886,  but  served  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
1884,  1886,  and  1888;  and  in  the  last  year  was  chosen  as  Indiana's 
representative  on  the  National  Committee,  of  which  he  was  made  Secre- 
tary, incidentally  giving  special  attention  to  Indiana. 

In  Marion  County  there  had  come  a  change  of  vital  import.  After 
the  conviction  of  Coy,  he  was  determined  to  retain  his  held  on  the  Demo- 
cratic organization  in  Marion  County,  but,  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of 
Oliver  Reveal,  a  country  boy,  whose  popularity  and  political  acumen 
had  made  him  County  Commissioner,  he  was  replaced  as  Chairman  by 
Thomas  Taggart,  whose  political  skill  has  attained  national  reputation. 
Taggart  was  born  in  County  Monaghan,  Ireland,  November  17,  1856. 
His  parents  emigrated  to  America  in  1861,  locating  at  Xenia,  Ohio. 
Here,  after  a  common  school  education,  Thomas  entered  the  employ  of 
N.  &  G.  Ohmer,  railroad  eating-house  men,  and  showed  so  much  aptitude 
that  in  1874,  he  was  put  in  charge  of  their  restaurant  at  Garrett,  Indiana, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


743 


and  in  1877,  of  the  Union  Station  restaurant  at  Indianapolis.  His  intelli- 
gence and  affability  made  him  so  popular  that  in  1886,  Coy  induced  him 
to  accept  a  nomination  for  County  Auditor  to  give  strength  to  the  ticket ; 
and  so  he  began  his  political  career,  which  led  to  his  national  prominence. 
There  was  universal  approval  in  Indiana  when,  on  the  death  of  Senator 
Shively,  March  14,  1916,  Governor  Ralston  appointed  Mr.  Taggart  to 


JOHN  R.  WILSON 

serve  for  his  unexpired  term.  As  Chairman  he  brought  into  service 
the  best  element  of  the  party,  notable  among  them  being  John  P.  Frenzel, 
who  by  sterling  qualities  had  come  through  hard  knocks,  to  be  President 
of  the  Merchants  National  Bank,  and  John  R.  Wilson,  the  ablest  young 
lawyer  of  Indianapolis.  Wilson  was  a  Virginian — his  middle  name  was 
Randolph,  and  he  was  entitled  to  it  by  blood — born  at  Fannville,  Prince 
Edward  County,  March  16,  1851.  His  family  had  been  impoverished 

by  the  Civil  War,  and  his  rudimentary  education  was  largely  from  his 
vol.  n— it 


742 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANAXS 


were  such  men  as  Andrew  A.  Adams,  Frank  D.  Ader,  Smith  Askreii, 
John  Beasley,  Charles  G.  Cox,  James  B.  Curtis,  Frank  P.  Foster,  Wui. 
A.  Hughes,  Sidney  R.  Moon,  Mason  J.  Niblack,  John  Nugent,  Win.  S. 
Oppenheim,  E.  W.  Pickhardt,  George  S.  Pleasants,  Gabriel  Schmuck. 
Win.  H.  Shambaugh,  H.  F.  Work,  and  Philip  Zoercher.  In  the  Senate 
were  James  M.  Barrett,  W.  W.  Berry,  V.  P.  Bozeman,  Geo.  A.  Byrd, 
M.  L.  DeMotte,  F.  M.  Griffith,  S.  W.  Hale,  Timothy  E.  Howard,  W.  A. 
Traylor,  and  S.  E.  Urmston.  At  the  same  time  there  had  been  an  access 
of  new  blood  in  the  party  management  that  made  a  great  improvement 
in  it.  At  the  head  was  Simon  P.  Sheerin,  one  of  the  finest  characters 
ever  known  in  Indiana  politics.  He  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Febru- 
ary 14,  1846,  the  son  of  Thomas  Sheerin,  a  revolutionist  of  1848,  who 
came  to  the  United  States  with  his  family  in  1849,  landing  at  New 
Orleans.  He  was  warned  out  of  there  on  account  of  abolition  tendencies, 
and  located  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  where  Simon  grew  up.  Here  he  had  a 
common  school  education,  and  a  course  in  a  business  college,  after  which 
he  learned  the  blacksmith's  trade.  In  1866  he  moved  to  Logansport, 
Indiana,  and  worked  at  his  trade,  meanwhile  cultivating  literature  and 
politics.  He  was  elected  Recorder  of  Cass  County  in  1870,  and  reelected 
in  1874;  and  began  writing  for  the  newspapers.  In  this  he  found  an 
attractive  calling,  and  in  1875  purchased,  and  took  editorial  control  of 
the  Logansport  Pharos,  soon  attaining  rank  as  one  of  the  ablest  editors 
of  the  State.  He  was  a  man  of  the  McDonald  type  in  his  absolute  hon- 
esty and  unswerving  adherence  to  principles,  while  his  native  wit  and 
common  sense,  backed  by  wide  and  intelligent  reading,  always  made  his 
presentation  of  his  views  attractive.  In  1882  he  was  elected  Clerk  of  tht» 
Supreme  Court.  He  declined  a  renomination  in  1886,  but  served  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
1884,  1886,  and  1888;  and  in  the  last  year  was  chosen  as  Indiana's 
representative  on  the  National  Committee,  of  which  he  was  made  Secre- 
tary, incidentally  giving  special  attention  to  Indiana. 

In  Marion  County  there  had  come  a  change  of  vital  import.  After 
the  conviction  of  Coy,  he  was  determined  to  retain  his  held  on  the  Demo- 
cratic organization  in  Marion  County,  but,  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of 
Oliver  Reveal,  a  country  boy,  whose  popularity  and  political  acumen 
had  made  him  County  Commissioner,  he  was  replaced  as  Chairman  by 
Thomas  Taggart,  whose  political  skill  has  attained  national  reputation. 
Taggart  was  born  in  County  Monaghan,  Ireland,  November  17,  1856. 
His  parents  emigrated  to  America  in  1861,  locating  at  Xenia,  Ohio. 
Here,  after  a  common  school  education,  Thomas  entered  the  employ  of 
N.  &  G.  Ohmer,  railroad  eating-house  men,  and  showed  so  much  aptitude 
that  in  1874,  he  was  put  in  charge  of  their  restaurant  at  Garrett,  Indiana, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


743 


and  in  1877,  of  the  Union  Station  restaurant  at  Indianapolis.  His  intelli- 
gence and  affability  made  him  so  popular  that  in  1886,  Coy  induced  him 
to  accept  a  nomination  for  County  Auditor  to  give  strength  to  the  ticket ; 
and  so  he  began  his  political  career,  which  led  to  his  national  prominence. 
There  was  universal  approval  in  Indiana  when,  on  the  death  of  Senator 
Shively,  March  14,  1916,  Governor  Ralston  appointed  Mr.  Taggart  to 


- 
' 


• 


' 


JOHN  R.  WILSON 


serve  for  his  unexpired  term.  As  Chairman  he  brought  into  service 
the  best  element  of  the  party,  notable  among  them  being  John  P.  Frenzel, 
who  by  sterling  qualities  had  come  through  hard  knocks,  to  be  President 
of  the  Merchants  National  Bank,  and  John  R.  Wilson,  the  ablest  young 
lawyer  of  Indianapolis.  Wilson  was  a  Virginian — his  middle  name  was 
Randolph,  and  he  was  entitled  to  it  by  blood — born  at  Farmville,  Prince 
Edward  County,  March  16,  1851.  His  family  had  been  impoverished 
by  the  Civil  War,  and  his  rudimentary  education  was  largely  from  his 

Vol.  II— 12 


744  INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

father,  who  was  a  lawyer.  He  graduated,  however,  from  Hampden 
Sidney,  and  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  where  he  had  the 
good  fortune  of  instruction  by  the  noted  John  R.  Minor.  He  located  at 
Indianapolis  in  1873,  first  in  the  office  of  Hendricks,  Hord  &  Hendricks, 
and  soon  after  in  practice.  In  1888  he  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Duncan,  Smith  &  Wilson.  He  was  the  best  read  man  in  law,  economics  and 
political  history  that  I  have  ever  known,  and  his  native  ability  entitled 
him  to  much  higher  public  position  than  the  chances  of  politics  ever 
brought  him.  And  these  were  the  chances  that  he  could  not  control,  for 
he  left  nothing  to  chance  that  he  could  control.  He  introduced  systematic, 
scientific  organization  into  the  methods  of  the  Democratic  party  in 
Indiana,  and  it  was  to  this  that  much  of  the  later  success  of  the  party 
was  due.  He  was  a  born  teacher,  and  was  not  only  an  active  agent  in 
the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  Law  Schools  at  Indianapolis,  but 
also,  for  years,  held  private  classes  in  which  law  students  of  the  city 
received  instruction  without  charge ;  and  his  generous  kindness  to  young 
men,  as  well  as  others,  made  him  troops  of  personal  friends.  In  1888  he 
defeated  A.  G.  Smith  for  the  nomination  for  Attorney  General,  although 
Smith  was  a  sort  of  party  idol  for  his  record  in  1887,  by  sheer  force  of 
organization.  He  made  a  strong  campaign,  and  although  defeated  with 
his  party,  was  second  on  the  ticket,  losing  by  only  1,853  votes.  Notwith- 
standing the  tally-sheet  forgery  backset,  the  Democrats  carried  Marion 
County,  and  this  gave  them  the  Legislature. 

In  the  campaign,  I  had  been  put  in  charge  of  the  literary  work  of  the 
State  Central  Committee,  of  the  Democratic  party,  which  threw  me  in 
close  touch  with  Morss;  and  after  the  election  he  asked  me  to  take  edi- 
torial charge  of  the  paper  while  he  took  a  vacation  to  recuperate.  I  felt 
that  this  was  the  opportunity  for  election  reform,  and  began  a  search 
for  something  that  would  stop  the  atrocious  corruption  in  Indiana  elec- 
tions. I  had  a  slight  knowledge  of  the  Australian  ballot  system,  but  not 
enough  to  discuss  it.  The  only  man  I  could  find  in  Indianapolis  who 
could  write  intelligently  on  the  subject  was  Lafayette  P.  Custer,  a  tele- 
graph operator,  and  prominent  in  labor  circles.  He  prepared  an  article 
which  I  printed  on  November  19,  with  editorial  indorsement  and  so  the 
movement  was  launched.  I  also  invited  readers  to  send  in  suggestions, 
which  they  did  very  freely.  Meanwhile  I  sent  for  all  the  literature  on 
the  subject  that  I  could  learn  of.  When  Morss  returned,  he  took  up  the 
idea  with  enthusiasm,  and  printed  columns  of  correspondence  and  com- 
ment, working  all  the  time  towards  the  Australian  system.  To  get  the 
matter  in  shape,  he  had  a  meeting  at  his  house  with  Gov.  Gray,  John  R. 
Wilson,  and  myself,  at  which  we  agreed  on  the  outlines  of  a  law  based 
on  one  proposed  by  New  York  reformers,  but  modified  to  meet  our  estab- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  745 

lished  customs  »as  far  as  possible,  and  utilizing  party  organizations  to 
watch  each  other,  by  giving  them  equal  representation  on  the  election 
boards,  and  in  outside  officials.  Our  theory  was  that  the  most  effective 
check  on  crookedness  was  to  give  each  party  full  opportunity  to  stop  it 
at  the  outset.  This  theory,  since  widely  adopted,  was  here  first  given 
full  effect,  so  far  as  I  am  informed.  We  also  agreed  on  a  provision  for 
small  precincts,  on  the  suggestion  of  Senator  McDonald,  who  favored  the 
reform,  but  was  unable  to  attend  the  meeting.  His  idea  was  that  as 
clpse  an  approach  as  possible  to  the  old  English  "hundred"  was  the  best 
precaution  against  election  frauds,  on  account  of  the  mutual  acquaint- 
ance of  the  voters  which  it  assured.  I  was  appointed  clerk,  and  directed 
to  prepare  a  tentative  form  for  the  law,  which  was  considered  from  time 
to  time,  others  being  called  into  consultation,  and  the  bill  being  modi- 
fied whenever  a  suggestion  considered  valuable  was  offered.  At  the 
last  consultation  meeting,  at  Wilson's  office,  there  were  thirty  or  forty 
present,  including  several  members  of  the  legislature,  and  several  valu- 
able suggestions  were  made,  notably  one  by  W.  A.  Pickens.  We  had 
agreed  on  the  Belgian  system  of  designating  the  several  party  tickets,  for 
the  benefit  of  illiterate  voters,  by  printing  their  tickets  on  strips  of  differ- 
ent colors  on  the  ballot.  He  suggested  the  plan  of  designating  by  a 
party  device,  placed  at  the  head  of  the  ticket,  which  brought  the  print- 
ing more  fully  within  the  possibilities  of  a  country  printing  office :  and 
it  was  adopted. 

The  bill  was  put  in  the  hands  of  Senator  James  M.  Andrews  for  intro- 
duction, as  his  name  was  first  on  the  roll,  and  went  through  as  Senate 
Bill  No.  1.  It  was,  however,  under  the  special  management  of  Senator 
James  M.  Barrett,  and  his  management  was  very  skillful.  The  discus- 
sion had  attracted  so  much  attention  that  many  members  had  come  up 
with  bills  in  their  pockets,  and  the  problem  was  to  get  them  into  agree- 
ment. It  was  debated  in  the  Senate  for  nearly  a  month,  Barrett  yielding 
to  amendments  that  were  insisted  on,  and  then,  the  Senate,  having 
reached  a  conception  of  a  consistent  whole,  repealed  all  the  amend- 
ments and  passed  the  bill  substantially  as  introduced.  Meanwhile  the 
Sentinel  continued  the  agitation.  On  January  16,  the  same  day  on 
which  it  published  the  second  instruction  of  Judge  Woods,  it  printed 
the  proposed  ballot  law.  On  January  17,  it  took  the  ground  squarely 
that  the  Democrats  could  not  hope  to  compete  with  the  Republicans  in 
election  rascality,  and  that  their  only  salvation  was  in  honest  elections. 
This  was  not  based  on  any  assumption  of  superior  virtue,  or  lack  of 
criminal  talent,  but  simply  because  the  party,  by  its  war  on  the  tariff 
and  trusts,  had  set  the  capitalist  element  in  opposition  to  it,  and  it  fur- 
nished the  funds  for  vote-buying.  As  it  said :  ' '  The  moneyed  power 


746      •  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  the  country  is  arrayed  on  the  side  of  the  Republican  party.  In  every 
national  campaign  it  has  a  corruption  fund  of  untold  millions  at  its 
disposal."  This,  coupled  with  the  recent  record  of  the  Federal  court 
punishing  Democratic  scoundrels,  and  releasing  Republican  scoundrels, 
was  the  argument  that  convinced  Democratic  legislators,  with  few  excep- 
tions. I  remember  one  old  warrior  who  insisted  to  the  last  that  he  pre- 
ferred the  old  system,  "so  that  he  could  take  a  floater  back  of  the  school- 
house,  and  mark  his  ticket  for  him."  And  in  the  campaign  of  1890, 
when  the  law  had  its  first  trial,  there  were  serious  misgivings  among 
Democratic  politicians.  The  tide  was  coming  their  way,  and  they  felt 
sure  of  the  election  but  for  "this  d — n  ballot  law."  But  when  the  votes 
were  counted  in  1900,  and  the  Democrats  had  twenty  thousand  majority, 
the  Sentinel  promptly  claimed  that  it  was  all  due  to  the  new  election 
law,  and  that  theory  was  generally  accepted.  In  reality  the  result  was 
largely  due  to  the  disappointment  of  thousands  of  Republicans  who 
expected  to  get  offices  after  1888,  and  disgust  among  Republican  poli- 
ticians over  Harrison's  treatment  of  Dudley — as  they  said,  "the  man 
who  elected  him" — but  in  fact  Dudley  came  much  nearer  defeating  than 
electing  him. 

The  Democrats  passed  another  memorable  election  law  at  this  ses- 
sion which  deserves  commemoration  on  account  of  its  originality  and  its 
wisdom.  It  was  for  the  punishment  of  bribery,  and  was  devised  by 
Judge  James  McCabe,  later  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  relieved  the  vote- 
seller  of  penalty,  treating  him  as  one  who  had  lost  his  virtue  through 
seduction;  and  gave  him  a  right  of  action  against  the  purchaser,  and 
anyone  who  furnished  the  money,  for  $300  and  attorney's  fees.  The 
amount  of  recovery  was  fixed,  and  the  judgment  defendants  had  to  go 
to  jail  until  it  was  paid,  as  in  cases  of  bastardy.  It  was  the  most  effec- 
tive preventive  for  vote-buying  ever  devised,  and  it  made  the  elections 
of  1890,  1892,  and  1894  the  purest  held  in  Indiana  for  years  before  and 
after.  In  1897  a  Republican  legislature  destroyed  the  effect  of  the  law 
by  a  law  punishing  the  seller  by  fine  of  $500,  disfranchisement,  and 
imprisonment  for  one  to  five  years.  In  1899,  the  law  of  1889  was  repealed, 
and  the  vote-seller  made  punishable  by  disfranchisement,  with  a  reward 
of  $100  for  his  conviction.  The  Supreme  Court  held  that  the  purchaser 
could  not  recover  this  reward,  on  account  of  his  own  wrong.  In  1905, 
the  same  penalty  was  provided  for  both  buyer  and  seller,  which  effectually 
ended  prosecutions  by  anyone;  and  that  was  the  purpose  of  the  law, 
despite  hypocritical  pretense  of  virtuous  purpose.  In  consequence,  vote 
buying  is  almost  as  common  as  in  1886.  It  may  be  added  that  the  fea- 
ture of  the  Australian  ballot  law  which  gave  the  greatest  public  satis- 
faction at  the  first  was  the  strict  enforcement  of  the  provision  prohibit- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


747 


ing  anyone  but  voters  and  election  officials  from  coming  within  fifty 
feet  of  the  polls;  and  the  common  relaxation  as  to  this  subjects  the 
voter  to  almost  as  much  hustling  and  solicitation  as  was  common  before 
the  law  was  adopted.  It  is  a  forcible  illustration  of  the  difficulty  of 
securing  the  enforcement  of  meritorious  law  in  this  country.  It  may 
also  be  added  that  the  Democrats  have  never  had  sense  enough  to 


JAMES  M.  BARRETT 


restore  the  McCabe  law  of  1889,  although  they  have  had  the  legislature 
several  times.  It  would  have  been  worth  a  great  deal  of  money  to  them 
if  they  had  remembered  the  lesson  of  1889  that  they  could  not  compete 
with  the  Republicans  in  rascality;  and  several  Democratic  statesmen 
might  not  have  taken  residence  in  the  penitentiary,  where  they  worked 
under  Republicans  who  were  quite  as  guilty  of  election  offences  as  them- 
selves. But  perhaps  it  is  asking  too  much  to  expect  all  Democrats  to 
have  common  sense. 


746 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


of  the  country  is  arrayed  on  the  side  of  the  Republican  party.  In  every 
national  campaign  it  has  a  corruption  fund  of  untold  millions  at  its 
disposal."  This,  coupled  with  the  recent  record  of  the  Federal  court 
punishing  Democratic  scoundrels,  and  releasing  Republican  scoundrels, 
was  the  argument  that  convinced  Democratic  legislators,  with  few  excep- 
tions. I  remember  one  old  warrior  who  insisted  to  the  last  that  he  pre- 
ferred the  old  system,  "so  that  he  could  take  a  floater  back  of  the  school- 
house,  and  mark  his  ticket  for  him."  And  in  the  campaign  of  1890, 
when  the  law  had  its  first  trial,  there  were  serious  misgivings  among 
Democratic  politicians.  The  tide  was  coming  their  way,  and  they  felt 
sure  of  the  election  but  for  ' '  this  d — n  ballot  law. ' '  But  when  the  votes 
were  counted  in  1900,  and  the  Democrats  had  twenty  thousand  majority, 
the  Sentinel  promptly  claimed  that  it  was  all  due  to  the  new  election 
law,  and  that  theory  was  generally  accepted.  In  reality  the  result  was 
largely  due  to  the  disappointment  of  thousands  of  Republicans  who 
expected  to  get  offices  after  1888,  and  disgust  among  Republican  poli- 
ticians over  Harrison's  treatment  of  Dudley — as  they  said,  "the  man 
who  elected  him" — but  in  fact  Dudley  came  much  nearer  defeating  than 
electing  him. 

The  Democrats  passed  another  memorable  election  law  at  this  ses- 
sion which  deserves  commemoration  on  account  of  its  originality  and  its 
wisdom.  It  was  for  the  punishment  of  bribery,  and  was  devised  by 
Judge  James  McCabe,  later  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  relieved  the  vote- 
seller  of  penalty,  treating  him  as  one  who  had  lost  his  virtue  through 
seduction;  and  gave  him  a  right  of  action  against  the  purchaser,  and 
anyone  who  furnished  the  money,  for  $300  and  attorney's  fees.  The 
amount  of  recovery  was  fixed,  and  the  judgment  defendants  had  to  go 
to  jail  until  it  was  paid,  as  in  cases  of  bastardy.  It  was  the  most  effec- 
tive preventive  for  vote-buying  ever  devised,  and  it  made  the  elections 
of  1890,  1892,  and  1894  the  purest  held  in  Indiana  for  years  before  and 
after.  In  1897  a  Republican  legislature  destroyed  the  effect  of  the  law 
by  a  law  punishing  the  seller  by  fine  of  $500,  disfranchisement,  and 
imprisonment  for  one  to  five  years.  In  1899,  the  law  of  1889  was  repealed, 
and  the  vote-seller  made  punishable  by  disfranchisement,  with  a  reward 
of  $100  for  his  conviction.  The  Supreme  Court  held  that  the  purchaser 
could  not  recover  this  reward,  on  account  of  his  own  wrong.  In  1905, 
the  same  penalty  was  provided  for  both  buyer  and  seller,  which  effectually 
ended  prosecutions  by  anyone;  and  that  was  the  purpose  of  the  law, 
despite  hypocritical  pretense  of  virtuous  purpose.  In  consequence,  vote 
buying  is  almost  as  common  as  in  1886.  It  may  be  added  that  the  fea- 
ture of  the  Australian  ballot  law  which  gave  the  greatest  public  satis- 
faction at  the  first  was  the  strict  enforcement  of  the  provision  prohibit- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


747 


ing  anyone  but  voters  and  election  officials  from  coming  within  fifty 
feet  of  the  polls ;  and  the  common  relaxation  as  to  this  subjects  the 
voter  to  almost  as  much  hustling  and  solicitation  as  was  common  before 
the  law  was  adopted.  It  is  a  forcible  illustration  of  the  difficulty  of 
securing  the  enforcement  of  meritorious  law  in  this  country.  It  may 
also  be  added  that  the  Democrats  have  never  had  sense  enough  to 


JAMES  M.  BARRETT 


restore  the  McCabe  law  of  1889,  although  they  have  had  the  legislature 
several  times.  It  would  have  been  worth  a  great  deal  of  money  to  them 
if  they  had  remembered  the  lesson  of  1889  that  they  could  not  compete 
with  the  Republicans  in  rascality;  and  several  Democratic  statesmen 
might  not  have  taken  residence  in  the  penitentiary,  where  they  worked 
under  Republicans  who  were  quite  as  guilty  of  election  offences  as  them- 
selves. But  perhaps  it  is  asking  too  much  to  expect  all  Democrats  to 
have  common  sense. 


748  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

But  election  reform  was  only  one  of  many.  Rev.  O.  C.  McCulloch 
had  a  project  for  a  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Corrections,  in  the 
nature  of  a  perpetual  investigating  committee,  with  power  to  investigate 
any  charitable  or  correctional  institution  at  will,  and  report  publicly; 
and  Morss  gave  this  enthusiastic  support.  It  was  adopted,  and  has 
completely  revolutionized  charitable  and  correctional  work,  and  has  put 
Indiana  in  the  foremost  rank  of  American  States,  in  these  matters. 
Another  measure  of  immense  effect  was  what  is  known  as  "the  Barrett 
Law. ' '  This  was  a  distinctively  Indiana  idea,  devised  by  Senator  J.  M. 
Barrett.  There  was  a  widespread  and  growing  desire  in  Indiana  for 
substantial  street  improvements,  and  they  were  sadly  needed,  but  the 
cost,  under  our  system,  was  borne  by  adjacent  property-owners,  and  was 
a  heavy  burden,  especially  to  small  property-owners.  His  plan  was  the 
simple  expedient  of  giving  the  property-owner  ten  years  in  which  to  pay 
for  the  improvement,  the  municipality  issuing  bonds  to  the  contractor  to 
cover  the  cost.  This  was  championed  by  Morss,  and  was  adopted.  It 
proved  so  popular  that  it  has  since  been  widely  extended,  though  some 
of  its  most  useful  features  have  been  destroyed  through  the  greed  of 
local  officials,  and  the  imbecility  of  the  courts.  In  spite  of  these,  it  is 
the  direct  cause  of  the  up-to-date  appearance  of  Indiana  cities  and 
towns.  At  the  same  time,  the  revenues  of  cities  and  towns  were  materi- 
ally increased  by  raising  the  limit  of  liquor  licenses  from  $100  to  $250 
in  cities,  and  from  $100  to  $150  in  towns.  Senator  Byrd  had  some 
measures  for  the  relief  of  coal  miners,  notably  one  for  abolishing  the 
villainous  "pluck-me"  store,  which  were  advocated  by  Morss,  and 
adopted.  Representative  Pleasants  had  a  bill  to  checkmate  the  school- 
book  trust,  by  a  system  of  State  school  books,  with  a  limited  price. 
Morss  came  to  his  support  and  it  was  adopted.  There  were  others, 
almost  too  numerous  to  mention,  including  a  law  for  an  eight-hour  day, 
a  law  requiring  night-schools  in  towns  of  over  3,000  inhabitants,  a  law 
providing  for  farmers'  institutes  and  appropriating  $5,000  to  Purdue 
University  to  conduct  them.  There  were  also  constitutional  amend- 
ments submitted,  removing  the  word  "white"  from  the  militia  section, 
requiring  thirty  days  residence  in  the  precinct  for  voters,  making  all 
offices  four  years  and  one  term,  putting  legislators  on  a  salary  and  allow- 
ing them  to  determine  the  length  of  their  sessions,  and  providing  for 
nine  judges  for  the  Supreme  Court.  The  legislature  of  1889  adopted 
more  and  better  laws  than  any  legislature  that  preceded  or  followed  it: 
but  what  was  of  more  importance,  it  set  a  pace  for  its  successors.  It 
emphasized  the  fact  that  the  proper  function  of  a  legislature  is  to  pass 
laws  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  and  although  there  has  been  some 
humbug  since  then  in  the  adoption  of  professedly  beneficial  laws,  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  749 

continuous  appeal  to  the  voters  has  been  on  records  of  laws  for  their 
good;  and  the  period  since  1888  stands  out  preeminently  in  the  history 
of  the  State  as  an  era  of  reform.  I  may  add  that  a  reform  in  which  I 
was  especially  interested  was  the  rehabilitation  of  the  State  Library,  • 
which  for  years  had  been  receiving  an  appropriation  of  $400  a  year  for 
the  purchase  and  binding  of  books,  and  had  fallen  into  a  mournful 
state  of  decay.  I  succeeded  in  getting  an  appropriation  of  $5,000  for 
the  first  year  and  $2,000  a  year  thereafter,  with  the  understanding  that 
I  would  take  the  office  of  State  Librarian,  and  earn  my  salary  of  the 
Democratic  party,  as  well  as  of  the  State,  which  I  did  for  the  next  four 
years. 

The  Democrats  swept  the  State  in  1890,  which  was  accepted  as  an 
indorsement  of  the  legislative  reforms,  and  the  legislature  of  1891  was 
in  a  reform  mood ;  but  so  much  attention  had  been  given  in  the  campaign 
to  the  proposal  to  abolish  the  fee  system,  and  substitute  salaries  for  the 
compensation  of  officials,  that  many  of  the  members  paid  little  attention 
to  anything  else.  The  finances  of  the  State  were  in  bad  condition. 
Governor  Gray  proceeded  on  the  avowed  principle  that  "The  people  do 
not  care  a  snap  for  going  into  debt,  but  they  object  to  increased  taxes. ' ' 
After  the  Civil  War,  the  war  tax  rate  of  25  cents  and  75  cents  poll  had 
been  continued  until  1871,  and  the  State  was  put  in  fair  financial  con- 
dition, except  that  it  had  "borrowed"  the  school  fund,  and  was  paying 
six  per  cent  interest  on  it.  But  in  the  '80s  the  State  built  the  Northern, 
Eastern  and  Southern  Insane  Hospitals,  the  Soldiers  and  Sailors  Monu- 
ment, and  replaced  the  Soldiers  and  Sailors  Orphans  Home  at  Knights- 
town,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  fire  in  1886.  It  had  gone  into  debt 
for  these,  and  the  tax  rate  had  been  made  so  low  that  it  did  not  cover 
current  expenses.  By  1889  the  State  debt  had  reached  $8,056,615.12, 
and  the  State  was  borrowing  more  money  to  pay  the  interest.  The  situ- 
ation was  made  worse  by  the  utter  demoralization  of  the  tax  system. 
Every  locality  had  adopted  the  policy  of  under-assessment  to  escape 
taxation  by  the  State,  which  not  only  deprived  the  State  of  its  proper 
revenues,  but  wholly  destroyed  uniformity  of  taxation  throughout  the 
State.  The  first  wise  step  of  reform  was  made  by  the  legislature  of 
1889,  which  provided  for  refunding  the  school  fund  of  $3,905,000,  at 
three  per  cent  interest,  and  distributing  the  proceeds  to  the  several 
counties,  to  be  loaned,  on  mortgage  security,  at  six  per  cent  interest. 
This  saved  the  State  $117,150  yearly  in  interest,  and  reduced  the  pre- 
vailing interest  rate  on  loans  throughout  the  State.  It  was  evident, 
however,  that  the  essential  step  towards  financial  stability  was  a  radical 
revision  of  the  tax  system.  When  I  became  State  Librarian,  I  instituted 
what  is  now  known  as  Legislative*  Reference  work,  to  the  extent  of 


750  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

gathering  literature  on  those  subjects  that  I  anticipated  would  engage 
the  attention  of  the  legislature;  and  I  collected  everything  I  could  find 
on  taxation,  which  was  now  beginning  to  receive  attention  throughout 
•  a  large  part  of  the  country.  There  had  been  several  tax  investigations, 
and  all  brought  the  same  story  of  uuder-assessment  and  lack  of  uni- 
formity. The  best  presentation  of  the  question  was  in  Prof.  K.  T.  Ely's 
Taxation  in  American  States  and  Cities,  then  recently  published.  Hav- 
ing read  it,  I  induced  Morss  and  several  of  the  influential  party  leaders 
to  do  the  same,  and  we  agreed  to  make  a  fight  for  uniform  assessment 
at  true  cash  value.  Several  of  the  most  influential  members  of  the 
legislature  united  earnestly  in  the  movement. 

The  first  step  was  the  introduction  of  a  bill  by  W.  S.  Oppenheim, 
the  Democratic  House  leader,  for  the  separation  of  State  and  municipal 
revenue,  turning  the  railroads  over  for  State  taxation,  and  exempting 
them  from  local  taxation.  This  was  defeated  by  the  railroad  lobby, 
who  plausibly  appealed  to  the  representatives  of  the  counties  with  large 
railroad  mileage,  there  being  three  counties  which  then  had  no  rail- 
roads. Oppenheim  next  tried  a  bill  giving  half  of  the  total  railroad 
taxes  to  the  State,  and  supplementing  the  revenue  by  saloon  and  other 
taxes,  but  this  also  was  defeated.  There  remained  nothing  but  to 
revise  the  tax  law,  and  make  it  as  strong  as  possible,  and  the  work  of 
drafting  the  bill  was  given  to  Judge  Timothy  Howard,  who  did  it  so 
well  that  it  withstood  all  the  assaults  of  corporation  lawyers ;  and,  in  the 
interest  of  historical  truth,  it  should  be  recorded  that  the  corporate 
interests  assailed  the  law  as  thoroughly  as  legal  shrewdness  could  sug- 
gest; and  that  A.  G.  Smith,  the  Attorney  General,  is  entitled  to  much 
more  credit  for  their  defeat  than  he  has  ordinarily  received.  Governor 
Hovey  appointed  tax  commissioners  who  were  rather  above  the  usual 
run  of  political  appointments;  but  the  State  Board  was  actually  con- 
trolled by  the  Democratic  State  officials  who  were  ex  officio  members  of 
the  Board ;  and  no  member  of  the  Board  was  in  fact  a  tax  expert,  nor 
has  one  ever  been  appointed  a  member  since  then,  although  the  law 
expressly  requires  it.  There  have,  however,  been  several  members  who 
acquired  a  fair  acquaintance  with  the  science  of  taxation  during  their 
appointment.  The  weakness  of  the  Board,  then  and  ever  since,  was  not 
lack  of  information,  but  lack  of  determination  to  enforce  the  law;  and 
this  is  not  peculiar  to  Indiana.  The  universal  American  idea  is  that  tax 
laws  are  not  intended  to  be  enforced.  They  get  together,  and  agree  on 
a  system  which  they  all  concede  to  be  just  and  fair  to  all ;  and  as  soon 
as  it  is  enacted,  begin  figuring  on  modes  of  evading  it.  The  national 
government  has  succeeded  in  enforcing  some  of  its  tax  and  excise  laws 
fairly  well,  but  there  has  never  been  a  general  tax  law  that  was  enforced 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


751 


in  any  State  of  the  Union.  The  extraordinary  thing  is  the  complacency 
with  which  the  people  endure  this  condition.  Even  the  truly  good  who 
have  spasms  over  the  non-enforcement  of  law,  are  not  troubled  by  this. 
What  they  understand  by  "law"  is  the  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic 
and  the  suppression  of  gambling  and  the  social  evil.  And  yet  the  viola- 
tion of  tax  laws  causes  greater  and  more  widespread  wrong,  and  more 


SAMUEL  E.  MORSS 

bad  government,  than  all  other  law  violations  put  together.  It  has  been 
mathematically  demonstrated,  by  every  tax  investigation  in  the  country, 
that  the  class  which  really  gets  the  benefit  of  the  violation  of  tax  laws 
is  composed  of  a  comparatively  small  body  of  corporations  and  wealthy 
men.  Every  cent  of  taxation  evaded  by  them  has  to  be  made  up  by  the 
small  tax-payers.  In  consequence,  nine-tenths  of  the  tax-payers  of 
America  are  paying  larger  taxes  than  they  should;  but  they  do  not 
object  to  it  because  they  are  under  the  delusion  that  they  have  an 


750 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


gathering  literature  on  those  subjects  that  I  anticipated  would  engage 
the  attention  of  the  legislature;  and  I  collected  everything  I  could  find 
on  taxation,  which  was  now  beginning  to  receive  attention  throughout 
-  a  large  part  of  the  country.  There  had  been  several  tax  investigations, 
and  all  brought  the  same  story  of  under-assessinent  and  lack  of  uni- 
formity. The  best  presentation  of  the  question  was  in  Prof.  R.  T.  Ely's 
Taxation  in  American  States  and  Cities,  then  recently  published.  Hav- 
ing read  it,  I  induced  Morss  and  several  of  the  influential  party  leaders 
to  do  the  same,  and  we  agreed  to  make  a  fight  for  uniform  assessment 
at  true  cash  value.  Several  of  the  most  influential  members  of  the 
legislature  united  earnestly  in  the  movement. 

The  first  step  was  the  introduction  of  a  bill  by  W.  S.  Oppenheim, 
the  Democratic  House  leader,  for  the  separation  of  State  and  municipal 
revenue,  turning  the  railroads  over  for  State  taxation,  and  exempting 
them  from  local  taxation.  This  was  defeated  by  the  railroad  lobby, 
who  plausibly  appealed  to  the  representatives  of  the  counties  with  large 
railroad  mileage,  there  being  three  counties  which  then  had  no  rail- 
roads. Oppenheim  next  tried  a  bill  giving  half  of  the  total  railroad 
taxes  to  the  State,  and  supplementing  the  revenue  by  saloon  and  other 
taxes,  but  this  also  was  defeated.  There  remained  nothing  but  to 
revise  the  tax  law,  and  make  it  as  strong  as  possible,  and  the  work  of 
drafting  the  bill  was  given  to  Judge  Timothy  Howard,  who  did  it  so 
well  that  it  withstood  all  the  assaults  of  corporation  lawyers ;  and,  in  the 
interest  of  historical  truth,  it  should  be  recorded  that  the  corporate 
interests  assailed  the  law  as  thoroughly  as  legal  shrewdness  could  sug- 
gest ;  and  that  A.  G.  Smith,  the  Attorney  General,  is  entitled  to  much 
more  credit  for  their  defeat  than  he  has  ordinarily  received.  Governor 
Hovey  appointed  tax  commissioners  who  .were  rather  above  the  usual 
run  of  political  appointments;  but  the  State  Board  was  actually  con- 
trolled by  the  Democratic  State  officials  who  were  ex  officio  members  of 
the  Board ;  and  no  member  of  the  Board  was  in  fact  a  tax  expert,  nor 
has  one  ever  been  appointed  a  member  since  then,  although  the  law 
expressly  requires  it.  There  have,  however,  been  several  members  who 
acquired  a  fair  acquaintance  with  the  science  of  taxation  during  their 
appointment.  The  weakness  of  the  Board,  then  and  ever  since,  was  not 
lack  of  information,  but  lack  of  determination  to  enforce  the  law;  and 
this  is  not  peculiar  to  Indiana.  The  universal  American  idea  is  that  tax 
Uiws  are  not  intended  to  be  enforced.  They  get  together,  and  agree  on 
a  system  which  they  all  concede  to  be  just  and  fair  to  all ;  and  as  soon 
as  it  is  enacted,  begin  figuring  on  modes  of  evading  it.  The  national 
government  has  succeeded  in  enforcing  some  of  its  tax  and  excise  laws 
fairly  well,  but  there  has  never  been  a  general  tax  law  that  was  enforced 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


751 


in  any  State  of  the  Union.  The  extraordinary  thing  is  the  complacency 
with  which  the  people  endure  this  condition.  Even  the  truly  good  who 
have  spasms  over  the  non-enforcement  of  law,  are  not  troubled  by  this. 
What  they  understand  by  "law"  is  the  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic 
and  the  suppression  of  gambling  and  the  social  evil.  And  yet  the  viola- 
tion of  tax  laws  causes  greater  and  more  widespread  wrong,  and  more 


. 


SAMUEL  E.  MORSS 


bad  government,  than  all  other  law  violations  put  together.  It  has  been 
mathematically  demonstrated,  by  every  tax  investigation  in  the  country, 
that  the  class  which  really  gets  the  benefit  of  the  violation  of  tax  laws 
is  composed  of  a  comparatively  small  body  of  corporations  and  wealthy 
men.  Every  cent  of  taxation  evaded  by  them  has  to  be  made  up  by  the 
small  tax-payers.  In  consequence,  nine-tenths  of  the  tax-payers  of 
America  are  paying  larger  taxes  than  they  should ;  but  they  do  not 
object  to  it  because  they  are  under  the  delusion  that  they  have  an 


752  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


advantage,  because  their  property  is  not  assessed  at  true  value,  as 
required  by  law.  At  the  same  time,  although  most  of  the  tax  laws  of 
the  United  States  are  not  up  to  date  in  detail,  there  is  not  one  of  them 
which  would  not  produce  comparatively  fair  results  if  it  were  strictly 
enforced. 

In  1892,  the  first  State  Tax  Board  under  the  new  law  requested  me 
to  assess  the  railroad  property  of  the  State  for  them.  I  called  to  my 
assistance  Dr.  J.  F.  VanVorhis,  of  the  firm  of  VanVorhis  &  Spencer, 
who  as  attorneys  for  the  Marion  County  Commissioners,  had  made  the 
first  intelligent  study  of  railroad  values  ever  known  in  Indiana.  We 
made  the  valuation  on  the  three  bases  of  cost  of  construction,  market 
value  of  stocks  and  bonds,  and  net  earning  value.  On  receipt  of  our 
report,  the  State  Board  proceeded  to  cut  our  figures  30  per  cent,  with 
additional  cuts  in  Marion  County,  where  the  value  of  terminal  facilities 
was  simply  beyond  their  comprehension.  To  our  remonstrances,  they 
replied  that  the  real  estate  of  the  State  had  not  been  assessed  at  over  70 
per  cent  of  actual  value,  and  as  they  were  required  to  equalize,  it  would 
be  unjust  to  tax  railroads  at  a  higher  rate.  I  insisted  that  their  sworn 
duty  was  to  increase  the  assessment  of  the  realty,  which  they  had  abso- 
lute power  to  do,  but  they  answered  that  if  they  did  so,  the  State  reve- 
nues, under  the  rate  which  had  been  fixed  by  the  legislature,  would  be 
so  great  that  it  would  ruin  the  party.  Being  helpless,  I  submitted,  and 
the  result  was  an  approach  to  an  uniform  assessment  at  about  70  per 
cent  of  true  value.  This  was  a  vast  improvement,  as  any  uniform 
assessment  is.  Even  with  the  cut  made  by  the  State  Board,  the  railroad 
assessment,  which  had  been  scandalously  low,  was  increased  from 
$69,762,676  to  $161,039,169,  or  over  130  per  cent,  while  other  property, 
on  the  average,  was  increased  less  than  50  per  cent.  In  addition  to  this, 
there  had  been  gross  favoritism  in  the  former  assessments  of  railroads, 
one  road  having  actually  been  assessed  at  more  than  its  real  value ;  and 
railroad  men  conceded  privately  that  this  was  the  fairest  assessment  of 
railroad  property  that  had  ever  been  made  in  the  State.  An  actual  test 
of  the  results  in  Marion  County  showed  that  by  the  tax  duplicates  th--re 
were  549  tax-payers  in  Center  Township  in  the  county  assessed  at  $25,000 
or  more,  and  these  owned  practically  one-half  the  property  in  the  town- 
ship. Their  assessments  had  been  increased  an  average  of  75  per  cent. 
The  remaining  property  of  the  township  was  owned  by  38,014  tax- 
payers, and  their  assessments  had  been  increased  an  average  of  55  per 
cent.  As  the  rates  in  the  township  had  been  largely  decreased,  the 
majority  of  the  tax-payers  were  actually  paying  less  taxes  than  before. 
But  this  was  not  true  everywhere.  The  Republican  leaders  had  under- 
taken a  special  fight  on  the  tax  law,  and  their  local  officials,  almost  uni- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  7«>3 

formly  had  increased  their  local  rates,  on  the  largely  increased  assess- 
ment, and  undertaken  to  blame  the  increased  taxes  on  the  law.  They 
overlooked  the  fact  that  all  the  tax  returns  would  be  made  to  the  Auditor 
of  State  before  the  election.  It  so  happened  that  the  State  was  evenly 
divided  politically,  each  party  having  the  County  Commissioners  in  46 
counties;  and,  in  ample  time  before  the  election,  the  Republicans  were 
confronted  by  the  official  returns  grouped  politically,  showing  that  while 
the 'assessment  in  the  46  Republican  counties  had  increased  43  per  cent, 
and  that  in  the  Democratic  counties  49  per  cent,  the  local  taxes  in  the 
Republican  counties  had  increased  $1,258,265,  and  the  local  taxes  in  the 
Democratic  counties  only  $510,458 ;  and  further,  that  the  increase  in 
Democratic  counties  was  due  to  Republican  municipalities.  Thus,  in 
Marion  County,  the  Republican  school  board  of  Indianapolis  had  • 
increased  their  taxes  $113,014,  when  they  should  have  decreased  them 
by  $32,000,  as  they  were  getting  that  amount  more  from  the  State 
school  tax.  The  "trail  of  the  serpent"  was  so  plain  that  it  cost  the 
Republicans  hundreds  of  votes,  especially  of  Republican  tax-payers  in 
Republican  counties,  who  objected  to  being  butchered  to  nwke  a  Repub- 
lican holiday. 

The  failure  of  the  State  Tax  Board  to  obey  the  law,  and  assess  at 
true  cash  value,  has  been  made  the  excuse  of  all  succeeding  Boards  for 
continuing  the  violation,  although  they  have  had  full  power  to  correct 
this  false  step,  and  indeed  are  enjoined  by  the  law  to  give  special  atten- 
tion to  improvements  in  administration.  The  administration  of  the  law 
has  gone  from  bad  to  worse  until  members  of  the  Board  and  their 
"experts"  cannot  tell  how  they  assess  anything.6  As  nearly  a«  can  be 
ascertained,  the  process  is  similar  to  what  used  to  be  said  to  be  the  mode 
of  weighing  hogs  in  Kentucky — put  the  hogs  in  one  side  of  the  scale, 
and  enough  stones  in  the  other  to  balance  them ;  then  guess  how  much 
the  stones  weigh.  In  1915  a  law  was  passed  providing  for  a  Commis- 
sion "to  investigate  the  problem  of  taxation  in  Indiana,"  and  report 
its  findings  with  bills  for  any  laws  it  recommended.  It  made  an  exten- 
sive expert  investigation,  and  reported  mathematical  proof  that  there 
was  no  approach  to  uniformity  of  assessment  and  taxation  in  tne  State ; 
that  "there  are  three  counties  in  the  State  in  which  the  average  assess- 
ment is  25  per  cent  of  true  value  or  less,  and  that  there  are  three 
counties  in  which  the  average  assessment  is  as  high  as  75  per 
cent  of  true  value";  that  the  discrimination  between  individuals  is  far 
greater,  ranging  from  an  average  of  14.7  per  cent  of  true  value  in  the 
most  favored  class  to  146  per  cent  of  true  value  in  the  class  of  notable 


8  Report  of  Commission  on  Taxation,  1916,  pp.  69-74,  130-3. 


754 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


victims  of  the  violation  of  the  tax  law.  The  Commission  recommended 
the  abolition  of  the  State  Board,  and  the  creation  of  a  new  one  with 
greater  powers;  and  a  thorough  revision  of  the  machinery  of  assess- 
ment; but  its  bills  did  not  even  get  before  the  legislature,  although 
reported  to  the  Governor  before  the  session  began.  In  consequence  the 


Gov.  CLAUDE  MATTHEWS 


same  old  system  of  injustice  to  the  small  property  owner  is  still  in  use. 
A  significant  feature  of  its  effects  is  shown  by  the  Census  report,  which 
gives  the  relation  of  assessed  values  to  true  values  in  Indiana,  as  found 
by  the  experts  of  the  Census  Bureau.  The  average  rate  of  assessment 
of  all  property  in  the  State  is  37Vo  per  cent  of  true  value,  and  the 
average  of  various  kinds  of  property  by  classes  is  real  estate  44  per  cent, 
personal  and  corporate  property  29  per  cent,  live  stock  53  per  cent, 
steam  railroads  43  per  cent,  and  electric  railroads  14  per  cent.  There 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS  755 

is  a  singular  coincidence  in  the  fact  that  the  managers  of  the  electric 
railroad  lines  of  Indiana  have  a  great  deal  of  political  influence.7 

In  1892,  Claude  Matthews  was  elected  Governor,  with  the  rest  of  the 
Democratic  ticket.  He  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  born  in  Bath  County, 
December  14,  1845.  His  father  was  a  man  of  some  property,  and 
Claude  graduated  at  Center  College,  Danville,  Kentucky,  in  1867.  In 
the  same  year  he  married  Martha  R.  Whitcomb,  daughter  of  former 
Governor  Whitcomb  of  Indiana,  who  had  been  attending  school  at  Dan- 
ville; and  they  located  in  Vermillion  County,  Indiana,  where  Mr.  Mat- 
thews had  a  farm  of  2,000  acres,  and  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to 
stock  raising.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1890 
Secretary  of  State.  The  first  two  years  of  his  administration  as  Gov- 
ernor were  not  eventful ;  but  the  panic  of  1893  put  an  end  to  Democratic 
supremacy  in  Indiana,  and  in  1894  the  Republicans  obtained  control  of 
both  houses  of  the  legislature  for  the  first  time  since  1872.  Then  the 
Governor's  troubles  began,  and  during  the  session  of  1895  he  was  kept 
busy  vetoing  political  measures  of  various  kinds,  especially  bills  taking 
the  appointing  power  from  his  hands.  His  last  veto  did  not  reach  the 
legislature.  It  was  on  the  last  night  of  the  session,  and  his  private 
secretary  had  started  up  in  the  elevator  to  deliver  it,  when  a  party  of 
Republican  legislators,  who  were  lying  in  wait,  stopped  the  elevator 
between  two  floors,  and  kept  the  private  secretary  imprisoned  there 
until  the  legislature  adjourned.  The  vetos  that  reached  their  destina- 
tion were  promptly  disposed  of  by  passing  the  bills  over  the  vetos,  as 
only  a  majority  vote  in  each  house  was  necessary  for  that  purpose.  For 
a  number  of  years  it  had  been  the  Democratic  party  custom  to  nominate 
for  President  and  Vice  President,  "favorite  sons"  of  New  York  and 
Indiana,  on  the  theory  that  they  were  "pivotal  states"  in  the  elections; 
and  the  Indiana  Democratic  State  Convention  indorsed  Governor 
Matthews  for  the  Presidential  nomination,  in  1896.  But  a  new  issue 
had  been  brought  to  the  front  by  the  panic  of  1893,  or  rather  an  old  one 
had  been  emphasized.  The  demonetization  of  silver  was  now  charged 
to  be  the  cause  of  all  the  financial  and  business  troubles  of  the  country, 
and  this  belief  seemed  to  have  taken  firm  possession  of  the  West  and 
Middle  West.  One  of  the  most  potent  agencies  in  the  movement  was 
the  celebrated  little  pamphlet  "Coin's  Financial  School,"  which  became 
the  Bible  of  the  advocates  of  "free  silver;"  and  was  studied  as  a  text- 
book, especially  in  the  various  farmers'  organizations.  Why  anybody 
should  have  taken  this  clever  allegory  as  a  record  of  historical  events 
is  almost  beyond  comprehension,  but  there  were  thousands  who  did ;  and 


"  Report  of  Commission  on  Taxation,  p.  44. 


754 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS 


victims  of  the  violation  of  the  tax  law.  The  Commission  recommended 
the  abolition  of  the  State  Board,  and  the  creation  of  a  new  one  with 
greater  powers;  and  a  thorough  revision  of  the  machinery  of  assess- 
ment; but  its  bills  did  not  even  get  before  the  legislature,  although 
reported  to  the  Governor  before  the  session  began.  In  consequence  the 


Gov.  CLAUDE  MATTHEWS 

same  old  system  of  injustice  to  the  small  property  owner  is  still  in  use. 
A  significant  feature  of  its  effects  is  shown  by  the  Census  report,  which 
gives  the  relation  of  assessed  values  to  true  values  in  Indiana,  as  found 
by  the  experts  of  the  Census  Bureau.  The  average  rate  of  assessment 
of  all  property  in  the  State  is  37  Vo  per  cent  of  true  value,  and  the 
average  of  various  kinds  of  property  by  classes  is  real  estate  44  per  cent, 
personal  and  corporate  property  29  per  cent,  live  stock  53  per  cent, 
steam  railroads  43  per  cent,  and  electric  railroads  14  per  cent.  There 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


103 


is  a  singular  coincidence  in  the  fact  that  the  managers  of  the  electric 
railroad  lines  of  Indiana  have  a  great  deal  of  political  influence.7 

In  1892,  Claude  Matthews  was  elected  Governor,  with  the  rest  of  the 
Democratic  ticket.  He  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  born  in  Bath  County, 
December  14,  1845.  His  father  was  a  man  of  some  property,  and 
Claude  graduated  at  Center  College,  Danville,  Kentucky,  in  1867.  In 
the  same  year  he  married  Martha  R.  Whitcomb,  daughter  of  former 
Governor  Whitcomb  of  Indiana,  who  had  been  attending  school  at  Dan- 
ville; and  they  located  in  Vermillion  County,  Indiana,  where  Mr.  Mat- 
thews had  a  farm  of  2,000  acres,  and  devoted  his  attention  chiefly  to 
stock  raising.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  in  1890 
Secretary  of  State.  The  first  two  years  of  his  administration  as  Gov- 
ernor were  not  eventful ;  but  the  panic  of  1893  put  an  end  to  Democratic 
supremacy  in  Indiana,  and  in  1894  the  Republicans  obtained  control  of 
both  houses  of  the  legislature  for  the  first  time  since  1872.  Then  the 
Governor's  troubles  began,  and  during  the  session  of  1895  he  was  kept 
busy  vetoing  political  measures  of  various  kinds,  especially  bills  taking 
the  appointing  power  from  his  hands.  His  last  veto  did  not  reach  the 
legislature.  It  was  on  the  last  night  of  the  session,  and  his  private 
secretary  had  started  up  in  the  elevator  to  deliver  it,  when  a  party  of 
Republican  legislators,  who  were  lying  in  wait,  stopped  the  elevator 
between  two  floors,  and  kept  the  private  secretary  imprisoned  there 
until  the  legislature  adjourned.  The  vetos  that  reached  their  destina- 
tion were  promptly  disposed  of  by  passing  the  bills  over  the  vetos,  as 
only  a  majority  vote  in  each  house  was  necessary  for  that  purpose.  For 
a  number  of  years  it  had  been  the  Democratic  party  custom  to  nominate 
for  President  and  Vice  President,  "favorite  sons"  of  New  York  and 
Indiana,  on  the  theory  that  they  were  "pivotal  states"  in  the  elections; 
and  the  Indiana  Democratic  State  Convention  indorsed  Governor 
Matthews  for  the  Presidential  nomination,  in  1896.  But  a  new  issue 
had  been  brought  to  the  front  by  the  panic  of  1893,  or  rather  an  old  one 
had  been  emphasized.  The  demonetization  of  silver  was  now  charged 
to  be  the  cause  of  all  the  financial  and  business  troubles  of  the  country, 
and  this  belief  seemed  to  have  taken  firm  possession  of  the  West  and 
Middle  West.  One  of  the  most  potent  agencies  in  the  movement  was 
the  celebrated  little  pamphlet  "Coin's  Financial  School,"  which  became 
the  Bible  of  the  advocates  of  "free  silver;"  and  was  studied  as  a  text- 
boot,  especially  in  the  various  farmers'  organizations.  Why  anybody 
should  have  taken  this  clever  allegory  as  a  record  of  historical  events 
is  almost  beyond  comprehension,  but  there  were  thousands  who  did :  and 


t  Beport  of  Commission  on  Taxation,  p.  44. 


756  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

when  the  free  silver  issue  came  on  for  discussion,  the  most  effective 
agency  in  overthrowing' the  movement  was  the  establishment  of  the  facts 
that  "Coin"  was  an  imaginary  person;  that  no  "financial  school"  had 
ever  existed ;  and  that  the  debates  recorded  in  the  book  had  never 
occurred.  It  was  through  this  mirage  that  the  Democratic  ship  steered 
straight  for  the  rocks. 

There  was  a  notable  effort  to  prevent  it  in  Indiana,  the  organization 
of  which  was  due  more  to  the  work  of  John  R.  Wilson  than  that  of  any 
other  one  person ;  but  there  were  many  of  the  strongest  men  in  the 
party  who  enlisted  in  it,  including  Thomas  Taggart,  John  W.  Kern, 
Samuel  0.  Pickens,  A.  G.  Smith,  W.  D.  Bynum,  Wm.  R.  Myers,  J.  E. 
McCullough,  John  P.  Frenzel,  State  Chairman  Sterling  R.  Holt,  and 
National  Committeeman  Simon  P.  Sheerin.  On  May  28,  they  held  a 
"sound  money"  meeting  at  English's  Opera  House;  and  very  able 
speeches  were  made  by  Wm.  R.  Myers,  A.  G.  Smith,  John  W.  Kern, 
W.  D.  Bynum,  and  Congressman  George  W.  Cooper.  Kern  made  a 
special  hit  with  the  audience  by  an  account  of  experience  with  Confed- 
erate fiat  money,  including  a  story  of  a  Confederate  who  was  offered 
three  thousand  dollars  for  a  horse  he  was  riding,  and  indignantly 
replied:  "Three  thousand  hell!  I  just  paid  five  thousand  to  have  this 
horse  shod!"  The  free  silver  Democrats  responded  with  a  meeting  at 
the  same  place  on  .June  5,  at  which  their  side  was  presented  by  J.  G. 
Shanklin  and  B.  F.  Shively.  This  meeting  made  a  special  demonstration 
for  Matthews  for  President,  but  he  was  not  at  the  meeting.  The  Gold 
Democrats  were  very  bitter  towards  him  later,  claiming  that  he  had 
privately  assured  them  of  his  opposition  to  the  free  silver  movement. 
The  free  silver  men  controlled  the  State  Convention,  and  nominated 
Shively  for  Governor.  The  National  Convention  was  swept  away  by 
Bryan's  "cross  of  gold  and  crown  of  thorns"  speech,  and  nominated 
him  on  a  free  silver  platform,  with  Arthur  Sewall,  of  Maine,  for  Vice 
President.  This  ticket  was  indorsed  by  the  Silver  Party,  at  St.  Louis, 
on  July  24;  and  on  the  next  day  the  Populists,  at  the  same  place,  nom- 
inated Bryan  and  Thomas  E.  Watson,  of  Georgia.  Taggart,  Kern,  and 
some  other  of  the  Gold  Democrats,  accepted  the  party  decision,  and 
acted  with  the  regulars  in  the  campaign.  Bynum,  W.  E.  English,  and 
a  few  others  went  over  to  the  Republicans.  The  large  majority,  how- 
ever, determined  on  independent  action.  On  August  6,  a  call  was  issued 
for  a  convention  of  Gold  Democrats,  on  a  national  basis,  to  be  held  at 
Indianapolis  on  September  2,  which  was  duly  carried  into  effect.  The 
convention  was  a  notable  one  in  the  character  of  its  members,  but  in 
little  else.  It  nominated  John  M.  Palmer  and  Simon  B.  Buckner  for 
its  Presidential  ticket,  who  were  irreverently  denominated  "senile 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


757 


dements"  by  a  leading  Indiana  Kepublican ;  and  adopted  a  "sound 
money"  platform. 

During  the  contest  before  the  National  Convention,  the  Sentinel  had 
tried  to  steer  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis  by  advocating  international 
bimetallism,  which  had  some  distinguished  advocates  abroad,  such  as 
Arthur  Balfour  and  President  Meline,  of  France,  but  it  was  no  time  for 


CHARLES  W.  FAIRBANKS 

any  compromise  position.  After  Cleveland's  election,  Mr.  Morss  had 
been  appointed  Consul  General,  at  Paris ;  and  had  left  me  in  editorial 
charge  of  the  Sentinel  After  Bryan's  nomination,  he  telegraphed  me 
to  support  the  ticket,  and  I  did  so,  declining,  however,  to  support  the 
free  silver  dogma  that  the  United  States,  of  itself,  could  maintain  silver 
on  a  parity  with  gold.  As  a  result,  when  the  campaign  was  over,  the 
Sentinel  had  no  friends  in  either  faction.  The  campaign  had  developed 
the  most  intense  bitterness  of  partisan  feeling  that  had  been  known  since 


. 


756 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


when  the  free  silver  issue  came  on  for  discussion,  the  most  effective 
agency  in  overthrowing'the  movement  was  the  establishment  of  the  facts 
that  "Coin"'  was  an  imaginary  person;  that  no  "financial  school"  had 
ever  existed ;  and  that  the  debates  recorded  in  the  book  had  never 
occurred.  It  was  through  this  mirage  that  the  Democratic  ship  steered 
straight  for  the  rocks. 

There  was  a  notable  effort  to  prevent  it  in  Indiana,  the  organization 
of  which  was  due  more  to  the  work  of  John  R.  Wilson  than  that  of  any 
other  one  person ;  but  there  were  many  of  the  strongest  men  in  the 
party  who  enlisted  in  it,  including  Thomas  Taggart,  John  W.  Kern, 
Samuel  O.  Pickens,  A.  G.  Smith,  W.  D.  Bynum,  Wm.  R.  Myers,  J.  E. 
McCullough,  John  P.  Frenzel,  State  Chairman  Sterling  R.  Holt,  and 
National  Committeeman  Simon  P.  Sheerin.  On  May  28,  they  held  a 
"sound  money"- meeting  at  English's  Opera  House;  and  very  able 
speeches  were  made  by  Wm.  R.  Myers,  A.  G.  Smith,  John  W.  Kern, 
W.  D.  Bynum,  and  Congressman  George  W.  Cooper.  Kern  made  a 
special1  hit  with  the  audience  by  an  account  of  experience  with  Confed- 
erate fiat  money,  including  a  story  of  a  Confederate  who  was  offered 
three  thousand  dollars  for  a  horse  he  was  riding,  and  indignantly 
replied:  "Three  thousand  hell!  I  just  paid  five  thousand  to  have  this 
horse  shod!"  The  free  silver  Democrats  responded  with  a  meeting  at 
the  same  place  on  June  o,  at  which  their  side  was  presented  by  J.  G. 
Shanklin  and  B.  F.  Shively.  This  meeting  made  a  special  demonstration 
for  Matthews  for  President,  but  he  was  not  at  the  meeting.  The  Gold 
Democrats  were  very  bitter  towards  him  later,  claiming  that  he  had 
privately  assured  them  of  his  opposition  to  the  free  silver  movement. 
The  free  silver  men  controlled  the  State  Convention,  and  nominated 
Shively  for  Governor.  The  National  Convention  was  swept  away  by 
Bryan's  "cross  of  gold  and  crown  of  thorns"  speech,  and  nominated 
him  on  a  free  silver  platform,  with  Arthur  Sewall,  of  Maine,  for  Vice 
President.  This  ticket  was  indorsed  by  the  Silver  Party,  at  St.  Louis, 
on  July  24;  and  on  the  next  day  the  Populists,  at  the  same  place,  nom- 
inated Bryan  and  Thomas  E.  Watson,  of  Georgia.  Taggart,  Kern,  and 
some  other  of  the  Gold  Democrats,  accepted  the  party  decision,  and 
acted  with  the  regulars  in  the  campaign.  Bynum,  W.  E.  English,  and 
a  few  others  went  over  to  the  Republicans.  The  large  majority,  how- 
ever, determined  on  independent  action.  On  August  6,  a  call  was  issued 
for  a  convention  of  Gold  Democrats,  on  a  national  basis,  to  be  held  at 
Indianapolis  on  September  2,  which  was  duly  carried  into  effect.  The 
convention  was  a  notable  one  in  the  character  of  its  members,  but  in 
little  else.  It  nominated  John  M.  Palmer  and  Simon  B.  Buckner  for 
its  Presidential  ticket,  who  were  irreverently  denominated  "senile 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


757 


dements"  by  a  leading  Indiana  Republican;   and  adopted  a   "sound 
money"  platform. 

During  the  contest  before  the  National  Convention,  the  Sentinel  had 
tried  to  steer  between  Scylla  and  Charybdis  by  advocating  international 
bimetallism,  which  had  some  distinguished  advocates  abroad,  such  as 
Arthur  Balfour  and  President  Meline,  of  France,  but  it  was  no  time  for 


CHARLES  W.  FAIRBANKS 

any  compromise  position.  After  Cleveland's  election,  Mr.  Morss  had 
been  appointed  Consul  General  at  Paris ;  and  had  left  me  in  editorial 
charge  of  the  Sentinel.  After  Bryan's  nomination,  he  telegraphed  me 
to  support  the  ticket,  and  I  did  so,  declining,  however,  to  support  the 
free  silver  dogma  that  the  United  States,  of  itself,  could  maintain  silver 
on  a  parity  with  gold.  As  a  result,  when  the  campaign  was  over,  the 
Sentinel  had  no  friends  in  either  faction.  The  campaign  had  developed 
the  most  intense  bitterness  of  partisan  feeling  that  had  been  known  since 


758  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

war  times.  The  free  silver  men  thought  that  the  continuation  of  the 
gold  standard  meant  ruin,  especially  for  the  debtor  class.  The  gold  men 
were  convinced  that  free  silver  meant  the  destruction  of  all  property 
values.  Ordinarily  there  is  about  one-tenth  of  the  total  vote  that  is  not 
cast,  composed  chiefly  of  retired  business  men  and  well-to-do  people  who 
do  not  concern  themselves  with  politics.  In  this  election  these  were 
active.  I  knew  one  man  whose  Democracy  was  so  intense  that  he  quit 
voting  after  the  adoption  of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment,  who  voted  for 
McEinley  in  this  election  and  remained  a  Republican  thereafter.  The 
Presidential  vote  in  Indiana  was  McKinley  323,754,  Bryan  305,573, 
Palmer  2,145,  Levering,  Prohibitionist,  5,323.  The  Palmer  vote  was  no 
indication  of  the  Gold  Democratic  strength.  Many  of  them  became 
frightened  by  the  Bryan  enthusiasm,  which  was  indeed  remarkable,  and 
voted  the  straight  Republican  ticket.  An  unusual  feature  of  the  bitter- 
ness engendered  by  the  campaign  was  the  boycotting  of  the  Sentinel  by 
advertisers  after  it  was  over.  This  caused  the  financial  ruin  of  the 
paper  despite  the  efforts  of  Morss  to  keep  it  up.  Things  went  from  bad 
to  worse,  until  he  made  the  mistake  of  selling  his  Associated  Press  fran- 
chise, which  was  the  most  valuable  asset  he  had,  and  converting  it  into 
an  evening  paper.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  office  window,  on 
October  20,  1903.  The  paper  was  not  a  complete  loss,  through  the 
management  of  Aquilla  Q.  Jones,  who  wound  up  his  affairs.  Fortunately 
for  his  heirs,  Morss  had  become  interested  in  a  Mexican  copper  mine 
which  proved  very  valuable,  and  put  them  in  affluence. 

In  1893  Charles  Warren  Fairbanks  came  into  political  prominence 
in  Indiana  as  a  candidate  for  the  Senate,  though  he  was  defeated  by 
David  Turpie.  He  was  born  in  Union  County,  Ohio,  May  11,  1852,  and 
after  the  ordinary  course  in  the  common  schools,  graduated  from  Ohio 
Wesleyan  in  1872.  He  first  entered  journalism,  as  agent  of  the  Associ- 
ated Press  at  Pittsburg  and  Cleveland,  but  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1874.  In  the  same  year  he  removed  to  Indianapo- 
lis and  entered  the  practice.  His  interest  in  public  affairs  brought  him 
into  politics,  and  he  was  called  upon  to  preside  over  the  Republican 
State  Convention  of  1892.  His  opportunity  for  preferment  came  with 
the  Republican  legislature  of  1897,  which  elected  him  to  the  United 
States  Senate.  His  service  there  made-  him  the  nominee  of  his  party 
for  the  Vice  Presidency  in  1904;  and  after  his  term  of  service  in  that 
office,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Fairbanks 
also  attained  a  diplomatic  reputation  as  a  member  of  the  American  and 
British  Joint  High  Commission,  which  met  at  Quebec  in  1898  for  the 
adjustment  of  Canadian  questions. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Matthews  witnessed  the  beneficial 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  759 

effects  of  the  Democratic  financial  legislation  of  1889  and  1891,  in  the 
payment  of  $2,110,000  of  the  State  debt,  or  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  total. 
It  was  also  during  his  administration  that  the  peculiar  controversy  over 
Green  River  Island  was  finally  concluded.  This  was  a  dispute  over  the 
territorial  jurisdiction  over  a  large  tract  of  land  just  above  the  City 
of  Evansville,  which  was  an  island  at  the  time  of  Virginia's  cession 
of  the  Northwest  territory,  but  which  had  long  been  joined  to  the  Indiana 
shore  by  the  filling  of  the  channel  on  the  Indiana  side.  The  controversy 
had  continued  for  years,  and  finally  went  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  which,  011  May  19,  1890,  decided  that  the  land  belonged 
to  Kentucky.8  It. then  became  necessary  to  establish  a  boundary  line, 
and  the  work  of  the  commission  appointed  to  do  this  was  confirmed  by 
the  Supreme  Court  on  May  13,  1896.  In  consequence,  this  is  now  the 
one  point  at  which  the  Ohio  River  is  not  the  boundary  line  between 
Indiana  and  Kentucky.  In  connection  with  this  historic  controversy,  it 
may  be  mentioned  that  in  1895  a  commission  of  thirty  members  was 
appointed  to  report  plans  for  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  anniver- 
sary of  the  establishment  of  Indiana  Territory.  It  reported  in  favor 
of  an  exposition,  and  the  erection  of  a  building  for  that  purpose;  but 
no  action  was  taken  by  the  legislature.  Governor  Matthews  attracted 
contemporary  notice  by  suppressing  gambling  and  winter  racing  at 
Roby',  by  the  sporting  element  of  Chicago.  He  did  not  long  survive  his 
administration.  On  August  25,  1898,  he  suffered  a  paralytic  stroke, 
while  addressing  an  old  settlers  meeting  at  Meharry's  Grove,  in  Mont- 
gomery County ;  and  died  from  the  effects  of  it  on  August  28. 

His  successor  in  office  was  James  Atwell  Mount,  a  native  of  Indiana, 
born  in  Montgomery  County,  March  23,  1843.  His  father,  Atwell  Mount. 
a  Virginian,  located  there  in  1828.  The  son  had  the  rather  meager 
advantages  of  the  common  schools;  and,  in  1862,  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Seventy-Second  Indiana,  which  was  a  part  of  the  famous  Wilder 's 
Brigade.  He  made  a  good  record  as  a  soldier,  though  he  did  not  rise 
above  the  office  of  corporal;  and  after  the  war  had  one  year  more  of 
school  at  the  Presbyterian  Academy  of  Lebanon.  He  took  up  the  occu- 
pation of  farming,  and  in  1888  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  for 
State  senator,  without  solicitation,  and  elected.  In  1890  he  was  nomi- 
nated for  Congress,  but  defeated.  His  administration  was  not  very 
eventful,  the  most  exciting  episode  being  a  lynching  in  Ripley  County. 
A  mob  from  Osgood  took  five  men  from  that  place,  who  were  charged 
with  burglary,  from  the  jail  at  Versailles,  overpowering  the  sheriff,  and 
hanged  them  on  the  public  square.  There  was  no  question  of  their 


Indiana  vs.  Kentucky,  136  U.  8.  p.  479. 
vol.  n— is 


760 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


guilt,  but  there  had  been  considerable  unpleasant  notoriety  for  Indiana 
for  white-capping,  and  a  special  effort  was  made  to  punish  members  of 
the  mob.  It  was  fruitless.  The  victims  had  been  taken  red-handed, 
after  a  desperate  fight,  and  were  all  jail  characters,  with  connection 
with  a  gang  of  counterfeiters  who  infested  the  locality  after  the  Civil 
.War;  and  the  sentiment  of  the  neighborhood  coincided  with  that  of 
Lord  Chief  Justice  Coleridge,  of  England,  that,  "there  are  times  when 
the  swift  methods  of  Judge  Lynch  become  necessary  in  a  community 


Gov.  JAMES  A.  MOUNT 

where  crime  is  influential  and  powerful  enough  to  debauch  or  intimi- 
date courts  or  juries."9  It  was  during  Governor  Mount's  administra- 
tion that  the  Spanish-American  War  came  on,  with  a  demonstration  of 
Indiana's  "preparedness"  that  was  very  convincing.  The  preliminaries 
of  war  had  been  in  progress  at  Washington  for  nearly  a  week,  and  the 


«  Fishback  'a  Recollections  of  Lord  Coleridge,  p.  9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  761 

military  department  of  Indiana  was  waiting  only  for  the  word.  On 
April  25,  1898,  at  6 :15  p.  m.  the  President 's  proclamation  was  received, 
calling  for  four  regiments  of  infantry,  and  two  batteries.  Twenty 
minutes  later  the  Governor's  proclamation  was  issued,  and  the  Adjutant 
issued  orders  to  Brig.  Gen.  Will  J.  McKee  to  mobilize  the  National 
Guard.  He  wired  orders,  and  at  7  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  first 
company,  from  Frankfort,  appeared  at  the  State  Fair  Grounds,  which 
had  been  named  as  the  rendezvous,  and,  as  the  gates  were  not  yet  opened, 
climbed  the  fence,  and  took  possession.  By  night  the  camp  was  full. 
An  additional  regiment,  and  two  companies  of  colored  troops  were  called 
for  later  and  promptly  furnished,  making  a  total  of  7,301  men  called  for 
and  furnished.  None  of  them  got  into  actual  warfare,  though  the  27th 
Battery  was  on  the  firing  line  at  San  Juan  when  news  of  the  signing  of 
the  peace  protocol  was  received,  and  Co.  D.  of  the  Second  U.  S.  Engi- 
ners,  which  was  recruited  in  Indiana,  was  kept  at  work  in  Cuba  until 
the  spring  of  1899.  A  number  of  Indiana  soldiers  were  engaged  in  the 
Philippines;  and  Gen.  Henry  W.  Lawton,  of  Indiana,  was  killed  there, 
while  on  duty,  on  December  19,  1899.  He  was  born  at  Manhattan,  Ohio, 
March  17,  1843,  but  his  family  removed  to  Fort  Wayne  when  he  was 
a  child.  He  was  a  student  in  the  Methodist  Academy  at  Fort  Wayne 
when  the  Civil  War  began,  and  enlisted  in  the  Ninth  Indiana,  being 
made  sergeant  in  Company  E.  He  served  through  the  war,  and  was 
mustered  out  as  Lieutenant  Colonel,  in  1865.  He  began  the  study  of 
law,  but  in  1867  accepted  a  commission  in  the  regular  army,  where  he 
saw  much  of  Indian  warfare.  It  was  his  command  that  captured 
Geronimo.  When  war  with  Spain  was  declared,  he  was  Inspector  Gen- 
eral of  the  army,  but  asked  for  active  service,  and  was  made  Brigadier 
General,  and  given  command  of  the  Second  Division  of  the  Fifth  Army 
Corps.  His  troops  were  the  first  to  land  in  Cuba,  and  he  commanded 
at  the  battle  of  El  Caney,  being  promoted  to  Major  General  for  his 
services  there.  He  was  sent  to  the  Philippines  in  December,  1898.  A 
monument  to  his  memory  was  erected  at  Indianapolis  in  1907. 

The  Republican  victory  of  1898  in  Indiana  gave  that  party  the  legis- 
lature, and  after  a  remarkable  contest,  it  elected  Albert  Jeremiah  Bev- 
eridge  to  the  United  States  Senate.  Senator  Beveridge  was  born  in 
Highland  County,  October  6, 1862.  His  father  served  in  the  Union  army, 
at  a  sacrifice  of  business  interests,  and  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War,  removed  to  Sullivan,  Illinois,  where  business  disaster  followed 
him.  Albert  attended  the  common  schools,  but  was  early  thrown  on 
his  own  resources,  and  had  the  experiences  of  a  ploughboy,  a  railroad 
hand,  a  teamster,  and  a  logger;  but  he  made  his  way  through  high 
school,  and  graduated  from  DePauw  in  1885.  After  one  more  year  of 


I 


760 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


guilt,  but  there  had  been  considerable  unpleasant  notoriety  for  Indiana 
for  white-capping,  and  a  special  effort  was  made  to  punish  members  of 
the  mob.  It  was  fruitless.  The  victims  had  been  taken  red-handed, 
after  a  desperate  fight,  and  were  all  jail  characters,  with  connection 
with  a  gang  of  counterfeiters  who  infested  the  locality  after  the  Civil 
.War;  and  the  sentiment  of  the  neighborhood  coincided  with  that  of 
Lord  Chief  Justice  Coleridge,  of  England,  that,  "there  are  times  when 
the  swift  methods  of  Judge  Lynch  become  necessary  in  a  community 


Gov.  JAMES  A.  MOUNT 


where  crime  is  influential  and  powerful  enough  to  debauch  or  intimi- 
date courts  or  juries."9  It  was  during  Governor  Mount's  administra- 
tion that  the  Spanish-American  War  came  on,  with  a  demonstration  of 
Indiana's  "preparedness"  that  was  very  convincing.  The  preliminaries 
of  war  had  been  in  progress  at  Washington  for  nearly  a  week,  and  the 


sFishback's  Recollections  of  Lord  Coleridge,  p.  9. 


• 


• 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  761 

military  department  of  Indiana  was  waiting  only  for  the  word.  On 
April  25,  1898,  at  6:15  p.  m.  the  President's  proclamation  was  received, 
calling  for  four  regiments  of  infantry,  and  two  batteries.  Twenty 
minutes  later  the  Governor's  proclamation  was  issued,  and  the  Adjutant 
issued  orders  to  Brig.  Gen.  Will  J.  McKee  to  mobilize  the  National 
Guard.  He  wired  orders,  and  at  7  o'clock  the  next  morning  the  first 
company,  from  Frankfort,  appeared  at  the  State  Fair  Grounds,  which 
had  been  named  as  the  rendezvous,  and,  as  the  gates  were  not  yet  opened, 
climbed  the  fence,  and  took  possession.  By  night  the  camp  was  full. 
An  additional  regiment,  and  two  companies  of  colored  troops  were  called 
for  later  and  promptly  furnished,  making  a  total  of  7,301  men  called  for 
and  furnished.  None  of  them  got  into  actual  warfare,  though  the  27th 
Battery  was  on  the  firing  line  at  San  Juan  when  news  of  the  signing  of 
the  peace  protocol  was  received,  and  Co.  D.  of  the  Second  U.  S.  Engi- 
ners,  which  was  recruited  in  Indiana,  was  kept  at  work  in  Cuba  until 
the  spring  of  1899.  A  number  of  Indiana  soldiers  were  engaged  in  the 
Philippines;  and  Gen.  Henry  W.  Lawton,  of  Indiana,  was  killed  there, 
while  on  duty,  on  December  19,  1899.  He  was  born  at  Manhattan,  Ohio, 
March  17,  1843,  but  his  family  removed  to  Fort  Wayne  when  he  was 
a  child.  He  was  a  student  in  the  Methodist  Academy  at  Fort  Wayne 
when  the  Civil  War  began,  and  enlisted  in  the  Ninth  Indiana,  being 
made  sergeant  in  Company  E.  He  served  through  the  war,  and  was 
mustered  out  as  Lieutenant  Colonel,  in  1865.  He  began  the  study  of 
law,  but  in  1867  accepted  a  commission  in  the  regular  army,  where  he 
saw  much  of  Indian  warfare.  It  was  his  command  that  captured 
Geronimo.  When  war  with  Spain  was  declared,  he  was  Inspector  Gen- 
eral of  the  army,  but  asked  for  active  service,  and  was  made  Brigadier 
General,  and  given  command  of  the  Second  Division  of  the  Fifth  Army 
Corps.  His  troops  were  the  first  to  land  in  Cuba,  and  he  commanded 
at  the  battle  of  El  Caney,  being  promoted  to  Major  General  for  his 
services  there.  He  was  sent  to  the  Philippines  in  December,  1898.  A 
monument  to  his  memory  was  erected  at  Indianapolis  in  1907. 

The  Republican  victory  of  1898  in  Indiana  gave  that  party  the  legis- 
lature, and  after  a  remarkable  contest,  it  elected  Albert  Jeremiah  Bev- 
eridge  to  the  United  States  Senate.  Senator  Beveridge  was  born  in 
Highland  County,  October  6, 1862.  His  father  served  in  the  Union  army, 
at  a  sacrifice  of  business  interests,  and  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Civil 
War,  removed  to  Sullivan,  Illinois,  where  business  disaster  followed 
him.  Albert  attended  the  common  schools,  but  was  early  thrown  on 
his  own  resources,  and  had  the  experiences  of  a  ploughboy,  a  railroad 
hand,  a  teamster,  and  a  logger;  but  he  made  his  way  through  high 
school,  and  graduated  from  DePauw  in  1885.  After  one  more  year  of 


762 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


labor,  as  a  cowboy  in  the  west,  he  began  the  study  of  law  at  Indian- 
apolis, in  the  office  of  McDonald  &  Butler,  and  from  that  time  advanced 
rapidly  in  his  profession  and  in  politics,  his  gift  of  oratory  being  a 
strong  lever  in  both.  He  was  soon  known  throughout  Indiana  as  a 
popular  speaker,  and  in  1896  attracted  national  notice  by  his  reply  to 
Governor  Altgeld  of  Illinois.  There  were  four  formidable  candidates 


ALBERT  J.  BEVERIDGE 

against  him  in  the  senatorial  election  of  1899,  and  most  of  the  politicians 
thought  that  he  had  no  chance  of  election;  but  the  relative  strength  of 
his  opponents,  and  the  hostility  which  they  developed  toward  each  other, 
gave  the  prize  to  the  popular  young  orator.  His  record  in  the  Senate 
gave  him  reelection  in  1905.  In  1912  he  followed  the  fortunes  of  Roose- 
velt, and  was  the  Progressive  candidate  for  Governor  of  Indiana.  Since 
then  he  has  engaged  chiefly  in  literary  work.  In  fact  he  had  issued 
several  volumes  before  then,  and  had  been  in  demand  as  a  magazine 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  763 

writer.  His  latest  venture  is  a  life  of  John  Marshall,  and  if  it  holds  up 
to  the  quality  of  the  first  volume  it  is  destined  to  a  place  among  the 
notable  biographical  works  of  America. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Mount,  the  debt  paying  under 
the  provisions  of  1889  and  1891  continued ;  and  at  the  close  of  his  term 
the  /3ebt  was  reduced  to  $4,504,615.  In  his  message  of  January  10, 
1901,  he  said:  "The  debt  paying  policy  has  continued  during  the  past 
two  years  until  at  the  present  time  it  can  be  safely  predicted  that  all  of 
the  State's  indebtedness  that  admits  of  payment  will  be  paid  within  a 
time  not  exceeding  four  years,  should  the  specific  appropriations  of  the 
coming  Legislature  not  be  abnormally  large.  *  *  *  The  State  debt 
sinking  fund  levy,  three  cents  on  the  one  hundred  dollars,  now  yields 
about  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  per  annum.  In  my  judgment  this 
should  be  continued,  and  taking  that  amount  as  a  basis,  the  surplus  from 
the  general  fund  that  will  accrue,  with  the  average  of  appropriations 
previous  to  the  session  of  1899,  will  extinguish  the  available  portion  of 
the  debt  within  the  next  four  years."  Notwithstanding  this  prediction, 
the  debt  was  reduced  in  the  next  four  years  only  to  $2,162,615 ;  but  the 
incoming  Governor,  Winfield  T.  Durbin,  acquired  the  delusion  that  he 
was  the  only  original  debt-payer;  and  the  Republican  platform  of  1904 
dwelt  on  this  idea  so  extensively  that  the  Democrats  retorted  in  their 
platform  with  the  following  tribute  to  the  Governor:  "The  adminis- 
tration of  Governor  Winfield  T.  Durbin,  so  fulsomely  lauded  and  in- 
dorsed by  the  recent  Republican  State  Convention,  is  a  mournful  and 
humiliating  illustration  of  the  decadence  of  the  Republican  party  in 
Indiana  under  its  present  leadership.  Through  his  persistent  endeavors 
to  build  up  a  personal  political  machine,  the  efforts  of  his  Republican 
and  Democratic  predecessors  to  put  the  State  benevolent  and  penal 
institutions  on  a  non-partisan  basis  have  been  nullified,  and  a  subser- 
vient Legislature  has  promoted  his  design  by  passing  the  iniquitous 
'ripper'  bill  in  the  face  of  a  storm  .of  public  disapproval.  He  has 
insisted  on  the  control  of  subordinate  appointments,  even  to  the  jani- 
tors of  the  State  Capitol,  and  when  resisted  has  not  hesitated  to  obstruct 
the  work  of  the  rebellious  department.  For  this  reason  the  report  of 
the  State  Geologist  for  1902  was  arbitrarily  held  back  from  the  printers 
from  January  28,  1902,  until  April  20,  1903,  making  its  information  to 
the  people  almost  valueless.  The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
for  1901  was  likewise  held  back  for  nearly  a  year.  The  Board  of  State 
Charities  has  been  obstructed  in  its  work  because  it  opposed  the  'ripper' 
legislation ;  and  Governor  Durbin  is  now  pressing  his  project  to  abolish 
the  boards  of  control  of  the  several  benevolent  and  penal  institutions 
and  concentrate  the  power  in  a  single  appointive  board,  the  preliminary 


762 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


labor,  as  a  cowboy  in  the  west,  he  began  the  study  of  law  at  Indian- 
apolis, in  the  office  of  McDonald  &  Butler,  and  from  that  time  advanced 
rapidly  in  his  profession  and  in  politics,  his  gift  of  oratory  being  a 
strong  lever  in  both.  He  was  soon  known  throughout  Indiana  as  a 
popular  speaker,  and  in  1896  attracted  national  notice  by  his  reply  to 
Governor  Altgeld  of  Illinois.  There  were  four  formidable  candidates 


ALBERT  J.  BEVERIDGE 

against  him  in  the  senatorial  election  of  1899,  and  most  of  the  politicians 
thought  that  he  had  no  chance  of  election;  but  the  relative  strength  of 
his  opponents,  and  the  hostility  which  they  developed  toward  each  other, 
gave  the  prize  to  the  popular  young  orator.  His  record  in  the  Senate 
gave  him  reelection  in  1905.  In  1912  he  followed  the  fortunes  of  Roose- 
velt, and  was  the  Progressive  candidate  for  Governor  of  Indiana.  Since 
then  he  has  engaged  chiefly  in  literary  work.  In  fact  he  had  issued 
several  volumes  before  then,  and  had  been  in  demand  as  a  magazine 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  763 

writer.  His  latest  venture  is  a  life  of  John  Marshall,  and  if  it  holds  up 
to  the  quality  of  the  first  volume  it  is  destined  to  a  place  among  the 
notable  biographical  works  of  America. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Mount,  the  debt  paying  under 
the  provisions  of  1889  and  1891  continued ;  and  at  the  close  of  his  term 
the  debt  was  reduced  to  $4,504,615.  In  his  message  of  January  10, 
1901,  he  said:  "The  debt  paying  policy  has  continued  during  the  past 
two  years  until  at  the  present  time  it  can  be  safely  predicted  that  all  of 
the  State's  indebtedness  that  admits  of  payment  will  be  paid  within  a 
time  not  exceeding  four  years,  should  the  specific  appropriations  of  the 
coming  Legislature  not  be  abnormally  large.  *  *  *  The  State  debt 
sinking  fund  levy,  three  cents  on  the  one  hundred  dollars,  now  yields 
about  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  per  annum.  In  my  judgment  this 
should  be  continued,  and  taking  that  amount  as  a  basis,  the  surplus  from 
the  general  fund  that  will  accrue,  with  the  average  of  appropriations 
previous  to  the  session  of  1899,  will  extinguish  the  available  portion  of 
the  debt  within  the  next  four  years."  Notwithstanding  this  prediction, 
the  debt  was  reduced  in  the  next  four  years  only  to  $2,162,615 ;  but  the 
incoming  Governor,  Winfield  T.  Durbin,  acquired  the  delusion  that  he 
was  the  only  original  debt-payer;  and  the  Republican  platform  of  1904 
dwelt  on  this  idea  so  extensively  that  the  Democrats  retorted  in  their 
platform  with  the  following  tribute  to  the  Governor:  "The  adminis- 
tration of  Governor  Winfield  T.  Durbin,  so  fulsomely  lauded  and  in- 
dorsed by  the  recent  Republican  State  Convention,  is  a  mournful  and 
humiliating  illustration  of  the  decadence  of  the  Republican  party  in 
Indiana  under  its  present  leadership.  Through  his  persistent  endeavors 
to  build  up  a  personal  political  machine,  the  efforts  of  his  Republican 
and  Democratic  predecessors  to  put  the  State  benevolent  and  penal 
institutions  on  a  non-partisan  basis  have  been  nullified,  and  a  subser- 
vient Legislature  has  promoted  his  design  by  passing  the  iniquitous 
'ripper'  bill  in  the  face  of  a  storm  of  public  disapproval.  He  has 
insisted  on  the  control  of  subordinate  appointments,  even  to  the  jani- 
tors of  the  State  Capitol,  and  when  resisted  has  not  hesitated  to  obstruct 
the  work  of  the  rebellious  department.  For  this  reason  the  report  of 
the  State  Geologist  for  1902  was  arbitrarily  held  back  from  the  printers 
from  January  28,  1902,  until  April  20,  1903,  making  its  information  to 
the  people  almost  valueless.  The  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
for  1901  was  likewise  held  back  for  nearly  a  year.  The  Board  of  State 
Charities  has  been  obstructed  in  its  work  because  it  opposed  the  'ripper' 
legislation :  and  Governor  Durbin  is  now  pressing  his  project  to  abolish 
the  boards  of  control  of  the  several  benevolent  and  penal  institutions 
and  concentrate  the  power  in  a  single  appointive  board,  the  preliminary 


• 


764 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


steps  having  been  taken  by  the  Legislature  of  1903,  at  his  bidding,  in 
creating  a  Prison  Reform  Board  to  formulate  plans  for  the  change. 
We  oppose  any  such  radical  change  in  a  system  that  has  proven  satis- 
factory, without  an  opportunity  for  full  consideration  by  the  people. 
The  Board  of  Charities,  created  by  the  Democratic  Legislature  of  1889, 
has  demonstrated  its  value  by  making  our  penal  and  benevolent  system 


GOV.  WlNPIELD  DURBIN 


a  model  that  has  attracted  approval  and  imitation  from  other  States, 
and  we  demand  that  no  action  for  political  ends  shall  be  allowed  to 
impair  its  efficiency. ' ' 

The  Democratic  platform  then  reviewed  the  financial  history  of  the 
past  twelve  years,  concluding:  "In  reality  the  Republican  administra- 
tion of  State  affairs  has  been  extravagant  and  wasteful.  Offices  have  been 
multiplied  and  salaries  increased,  the  last  Legislature  alone  having  made 
many  new  offices  and  increased  annual  salaries  of  State  house  officials 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  765 

$40,000.  Even  the  so-called  economies  of  Governor  Dubbin  have  been 
costly.  His  refusal  to  allow  the  Health  Board  in  1901  to  use  the  con- 
tagious disease  fund  of  $50,000  provided  by  the  Legislature  for  stamp- 
ing out  smallpox  resulted  in  widespread  infection  that  has  cost  the 
people  thousands  of  dollars  as  well  as  much  loss  of  life.  While  the  work 
of  several  departments  has  been  obstructed  by  cheese-paring  methods, 
Governor  Durbin  has  been  liberal  with  himself,  as  shown  by  his  taking 
the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  Band  to  Jeffersonville  on  one  of  his  jaunts 
and  trying  to  saddle  the  expense  of  entertaining  it  on  the  State  Reforma- 
tory; or  as  is  even  more  clearly  manifest  in  his  recent  issue  at  an 
expense  of  $1,575  to  the  State,  of  a  railroad  map  of  Indiana,  bound  in 
full  morocco,  and  inscribed  in  gilt  letters  'Compliments  of  Winfield  T. 
Durbin,  Governor.'  "  But  State  issues  were  of  little  consequence  in 
Indiana  in  1904.  The  Democrats  had  lost  the  State  in  1896  and  1900, 
when  Bryan  was  their  candidate  for  President,  on  account  of  the  defec- 
tion of  the  Gold  Democrats;  and  when  Alton  B.  Parker  was  nominated 
in  1904,  the  Free  Silver  Democrats  whetted  their  knives  for  his  immo- 
lation ;  and  Roosevelt  carried  the  State  by  the  unheard-of  plurality  of 
93,934,  the  State  offices  and  the  legislature  being  thrown  in  for  good 
measure.  Durbin  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  May  4,  1847.  His 
father,  Winfield  S.  Durbin,  came  to  Indiana  from  Kentucky  when  a 
youth,  in  company  with  his  brother,  John  P.  Durbin,  the  noted  Metho- 
dist divine,  and  learned  the  tanners  trade  at  Brookville,  later  establish- 
ing a  tannery  at  Lawrenceburg.  Young  Winfield  grew  up  at  New 
Philadelphia,  in  Washington  County,  where  he  attended  the  common 
schools.  He  also  took  a  course  in  a  business  college,  and  then  went  to 
work  in  his  father's  tanyard.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Sixteenth 
Indiana,  but  was  not  mustered  in  on  account  of  an  accident.  In  1863 
he  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-Ninth  Indiana,  and  served 
through  the  war.  After  the  war,  he  resumed  work  as  a  tanner,  then 
taught  school  for  four  years,  and  then  put  in  ten  years  as  a  dry  goods 
salesman  for  an  Indianapolis  firm.  In  1879  he  removed  to  Anderson 
where  he  engaged  in  banking  and  manufacturing.  In  the  Spanish- 
American  War  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Sixty-First  Regiment. 

Durbin 's  successor  was  J.  Frank  Hanly,  a  man  of  very  different  type. 
He  was  born  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  April  4,  1863.  His  parents 
were  very  poor,  and  he  had  no  school  advantages,  but  learned  to  read 
from  a  History  of  the  Civil  War  that  had  come  into  the  possession  of  the 
family.  He  read  it  until  he  knew  it  by  heart.  In  1879,  he  walked 
to  Williamsport,  Indiana,  and  got  employment  sawing  wood,  for  sev- 
enty-five cents  a  day.  Later  he  found  work  on  a  farm,  and  had  six 


. 


764 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


steps  having  been  taken  by  the  Legislature  of  1903,  at  his  bidding,  in 
creating  a  Prison  Reform  Board  to  formulate  plans  for  the  change. 
We  oppose  any  such  radical  change  in  a  system  that  has  proven  satis- 
factory, without  an  opportunity  for  full  consideration  by  the  people. 
The  Board  of  Charities,  created  by  the  Democratic  Legislature  of  1889, 
has  demonstrated  its  value  by  making  our  penal  and  benevolent  system 


GOV.   WlNFlELD  DURBIN 


a  model  that  has  attracted  approval  and  imitation  from  other  States, 
and  we  demand  that  no  action  for  political  ends  shall  be  allowed  to 
impair  its  efficiency." 

The  Democratic  platform  then  reviewed  the  financial  history  of  the 
past  twelve  years,  concluding:  "In  reality  the  Republican  administra- 
tion of  State  affairs  has  been  extravagant  and  wasteful.  Offices  have  been 
multiplied  and  salaries  increased,  the  last  Legislature  alone  having  made 
many  new  offices  and  increased  annual  salaries  of  State  house  officials 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  765 

$40,000.  Even  the  so-called  economies  of  Governor  Durbin  have  been 
costly.  His  refusal  to  allow  the  Health  Board  in  1901  to  use  the  con- 
tagious disease  fund  of  $50,000  provided  by  the  Legislature  for  stamp- 
ing out  smallpox  resulted  in  widespread  infection  that  has  cost  the 
people  thousands  of  dollars  as  well  as  much  loss  of  life.  While  the  work 
of  .several  departments  has  been  obstructed  by  cheese-paring  methods, 
Governor  Durbin  has  been  liberal  with  himself,  as  shown  by  his  taking 
the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  Band  to  Jcffersonville  on  one  of  his  jaunts 
and  trying  to  saddle  the  expense  of  entertaining  it  on  the  State  Reforma- 
tory ;  or  as  is  even  more  clearly  manifest  in  his  recent  issue  at  an 
expense  of  $1,575  to  the  State,  of  a  railroad  map  of  Indiana,  bound  in 
full  morocco,  and  inscribed  in  gilt  letters  'Compliments  of  Winfield  T. 
Durbin,  Governor.'  "  But  State  issues  were  of  little  consequence  in 
Indiana  in  1904.  The  Democrats  had  lost  the  State  in  1896  and  1900, 
when  Bryan  was  their  candidate  for  President,  on  account  of  the  defec- 
tion of  the  Gold  Democrats;  and  when  Alton  B.  Parker  was  nominated 
in  1904,  the  Free  Silver  Democrats  whetted  their  knives  for  his  immo- 
lation ;  and  Roosevelt  carried  the  State  by  the  unheard-of  plurality  of 
93,934,  the  State  offices  and  the  legislature  being  thrown  in  for  good 
measure.  Durbin  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana,  May  4,  1847.  His 
father,  Winfield  S.  Durbin,  came  to  Indiana  from  Kentucky  when  a 
youth,  in  company  with  his  brother,  John  P.  Durbin,  the  noted  Metho- 
dist divine,  and  learned  the  tanners  trade  at  Brookville,  later  establish- 
ing a  tannery  at  Lawrenceburg.  Young  Winfield  grew  up  at  New 
Philadelphia,  in  Washington  County,  where  he  attended  the  common 
schools.  He  also  took  a  course  in  a  business  college,  and  then  went  to 
work  in  his  father's  tanyard.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Sixteenth 
Indiana,  but  was  not  mustered  in  on  account  of  an  accident.  In  1863 
he  enlisted  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-Ninth  Indiana,  and  served 
through  the  war.  After  the  war,  he  resumed  work  as  a  tanner,  then 
taught  school  for  four  years,  and  then  put  in  ten  years  as  a  dry  goods 
salesman  for  an  Indianapolis  firm.  In  1879  he  removed  to  Anderson 
where  he  engaged  in  banking  and  manufacturing.  In  the  Spanish- 
American  War  he  was  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Sixty-First  Regiment. 

Durbin 's  successor  was  J.  Frank  Hanly,  a  man  of  very  different  type. 
He  was  born  in  Champaign  County,  Illinois,  April  4,  1863.  His  parents 
were  very  poor,  and  he  had  no  school  advantages,  but  learned  to  read 
from  a  History  of  the  Civil  War  that  had  come  into  the  possession  of  the 
family.  He  read  it  until  he  knew  it  by  heart.  In  1879,  he  walked 
to  Williamsport,  Indiana,  and  got  employment  sawing  wood,  for  sev- 
enty-five cents  a  day.  Later  he  found  work  on  a  farm,  and  had  six 


766  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

months  of  education  in  a  district  school.  Then  for  eight  years  he  taught 
school  in  the  winter  and  worked  on  a  farm  in  summer.  Meanwhile  he 
read  law,  and  in  1889  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  A  gift  of  oratory  gave 
him  prominence  as  a  lawyer,  and  introduced  him  into  politics.  He  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1890,  and  to  Congress  in  1894.  His  career 
as  Governor  was  stormy.  With  the  exception  of  Morton,  he  had  a  more 
indomitable  will  than  any  other  Governor  of  Indiana,  and  showed  a 
more  reckless  courage  in  enforcing  it.  But  he  did  not  have  an  army, 
or  a  war  feeling  back  of  him,  as  Morton  did ;  and  he  did  not  hesitate 
to  assail  abuses  in  his  own  party,  in  which  he  stands  unique.  He  was 
a  stranger  to  compromise  or  conciliation — indeed  seemed  so  fearful  of 
them  that  his  antagonism  was  aroused  by  any  attempt  to  alter  a  policy 
he  had  decided  upon,  even  by  reason.  He  undertook  to  govern  with  a 
club.  He  was  an  ardent  temperance  man,  but  many  of  the  Republican 
leaders  and  legislators  were  not.  His  temperance  feeling,  and  his 
forceful  oratory  may  be  seen  from  the  following  extract  from  one  of  his 
speeches:  "I  bear  no  malice  toward  those  engaged  in  the  liquor  busi- 
ness, but  I  hate  the  traffic.  I  hate  its  every  phase.  I  hate  it  for  its 
intolerance.  I  hate  it  for  its  arrogance.  I  hate  it  for  its  hypocrisy ;  for 
its  cant  and  craft  and  false  pretense.  I  hate  it  for  its  commercialism; 
for  its  greed  and  avarice ;  for  its  sordid  love  of  gain  at  any  price.  I 
hate  it  for  its  domination  in  politics ;  for  its  corrupting  influence  in  civic 
affairs;  for  its  incessant  effort  to  debauch  the  suffrage  of  the  country; 
for  the  cowards  it  makes  of  public  men.  I  hate  it  for  its  utter  disre- 
gard of  law ;  for  its  ruthless  trampling  of  the  solemn  compacts  of  state 
constitutions.  I  hate  it  for  the  load  it  straps  to  labor's  back;  for  the 
palsied  hands  it  gives  to  toil ;  for  its  wounds  to  genius ;  for  the  tragedies 
of  its  might-have-beens.  I  hate  it  for  the  human  wrecks  it  has  caused. 
I  hate  it  for  the  almshouses  it  peoples;  for  the  prisons  it  fills;  for  the 
insanity  it  begets ;  for  its  countless  graves  in  potters '  fields.  I  hate  it 
for  the  mental  ruin  it  imposes  upon  its  victims;  for  its  spiritual  blight; 
for  its  moral  degradation.  I  hate  it  for  the  crimes  it  commits;  for  the 
homes  it  destroys;  for  the  hearts  it  breaks.  I  hate  it  for  the  malice  it 
plants  in  the  hearts  of  men;  for  its  poison,  for  its  bitterness,  for  the 
dead  sea  fruit  with  which  it  starves  their  souls.  I  hate  it  for  the  grief 
it  causes  womanhood — the  scalding  tears,  the  hopes  deferred,  the 
strangled  aspirations,  its  burden  of  want  and  care.  I  hate  it  for  its 
heartless  cruelty  to  the  aged,  the  infirm  and  the  helpless;  for  the 
shadow  it  throws  upon  the  lives  of  children ;  for  its  monstrous  injustice 
to  blameless  little  ones.  I  hate  it  as  virtue  hates  vice,  as  truth  hates 
error,  as  righteousness  hates  sin,  as  justice  hates  wrong,  as  liberty  hates 
tyranny,  as  freedom  hates  oppression.  I  hate  it  as  Abraham  Lincoln 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  767 

hated  slavery.  And  as  he  sometimes  saw  in  prophetic  vision  the  end  of 
slavery,  and  the  coming  of  the  time  when  the  sun  should  shine  and  the 
rain  should  fall  upon  no  slave  in  all  the  Republic,  so  I  sometimes  seem 
to  see  the  end  of  this  unholy  traffic,  the  coming  of  the  time  when,  if  it 
does  not  wholly  cease  to  be,  it  shall  find  no  safe  habitation  anywhere 
beneath  Old  Glory's  stainless  stars." 

Republican  party  harmony  began  to  be  strained  during  the  legislative 
session  of  1905;  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  it  was  badly  shattered, 
when  Governor  Hanly  demanded  the  resignation  of  David  E.  Sherrick, 
Auditor  of  State,  forced  his  return  of  $156,367.31  to  the  State  Treasury, 
and  had  him  indicted  and  convicted  of  embezzlement;  but  he  was  later 
released  on  reversal  of  the  judgment  for  a  technical  defect.  The  Gov- 
ernor also  forced  the  resignations  of  Adjutant  General  John  R.  Ward 
and  Secretary  of  State  Daniel  E.  Storms  for  irregularities  in  their 
accounts.  Such  vigorous  treatment  of  party  associates  was  unprece- 
dented in  Indiana,  and  caused  widespread  resentment  in  his  party, 
which  was  openly  shown  in  the  legislative  session  of  1907.  The  expo- 
sures forced  the  passage  of  the  Public  Depository  law,  requiring  all 
public  officials  to  deposit  to  public  credit  all  moneys  coming  into  their 
hands  "by  virtue  of  their  offices,"  and  the  interest  thereon  to  be  paid 
into  the  public  treasuries.  Formerly  the  officials  had  retained  all  inter- 
est received  and  were  entitled  to  do  so  under  the  ruling  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  But  the  opposition  to  the  Governor  defeated  his  recommenda- 
tions for  insurance  legislation;  passed  the  Vincennes  University  claim 
over  his  veto ;  and  defeated  his  proposal  to  increase  the  saloon  license  to 
$1000.  He  refused  to  issue  the  Vincennes  bonds,  as  recounted  else- 
where ;  and  his  course  on  the  liquor  question  was  even  more  radical.  In 
1895  the  Nicholson  Remonstrance  law  had  been  adopted,  giving  local 
option  by  townships  and  wards;  and  in  1905  this  had  been  strengthened 
by  "the  Moore  amendment"  for  blanket  remonstrances.  In  1908  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  forced  a  plank  in  the  Republican  State  platform 
in  favor  of  putting  remonstrance  on  a  county  basis,  and  the  Democrats 
declared  in  favor  of  retaining  the  township  basis.  The  Republicans 
nominated  James  E.  Watson  for  Governor,  and  the  Democrats  nomi- 
nated Thomas  R.  Marshall.  The  liquor  question  became  the  chief  issue 
of  the  campaign;  and  the  report  was  circulated  that  the  Republican 
managers  had  assured  the  liquor  interests  that  if  they  were  successful 
no  change  would  be  made.  In  the  midst  of  the  campaign,  Governor 
Hanly  startled  the  State  by  calling  a  special  session  of  the  legislature 
for  September  18.  The  call  specified  the  purpose  of  passing  a  county 
option  law,  and  several  minor  matters;  but  the  option  law  was  the 
central  feature,  and  it  was  commonly  reported  that  the  Governor  had 


Gov.  J.  FRANK  HANLY 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  769 

given  notice  that  if  it  were  not  passed,  he  would  keep  on  calling  special 
sessions  until  it  was  passed.  It  was  passed  by  a  narrow  margin,  through 
the  aid  of  several  temperance  Democrats,  after  a  spirited  contest. 

The  result  of  the  election  of  1908  was  peculiar.  On  the  Presidential 
ticket  Taft  received  348,993  votes,  and  Bryan  338,262,  with  18,045  for 
Claflin,  Prohibitionist,  and  13,476  for  Debs,  Socialist.  But  notwith- 
standing this  Republican  plurality  of  10,731,  the  Democrats  elected  11 
of  the  13  Congressmen,  the  joint  Democratic  plurality  in  the  con- 
gressional districts  being  16,334.  For  Governor,  Marshall  had  a  plu- 
rality of  14,809,  but  the  only  other  Democratic  State  officers  elected  were 
Frank  Hall,  Lieutenant  Governor,  with  1,672  plurality;  and  Robert  J. 
Aley,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  with  762  plurality.  With 
such  results,  it  is  hardly  questionable  that  personal  popularity  was  an 
unusually  large  factor  in  the  election. 

The  legislature  was  Democratic,  and  a  Senator  was  to  be  elected. 
John  Worth  Kern  was  ranked  as  the  leading  candidate.  He  was  born  at 
Alto,  in  Howard  County,  Indiana,  December  20,  1849.  His  father,  Dr. 
Jacob  H.  Kern,  was  a  Virginian,  who  located  in  Indiana  in  1836. 
John  went  through  the  common  schools,  attended  the  Normal  School  at 
Kokomo,  and  graduated  in  law  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1869. 
He  was  City  Attorney  of  Kokomo  from  1871  to  1884 ;  Reporter  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1885  to  1889;  State  Senator  in  1893  and  1895; 
and  City  Attorney  of  Indianapolis  from  1897  to  1901.  He  had  been  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  in  1900  and  1904;  received  the 
Democratic  vote  for  Senator  in  1905 ;  and  was  the  National  candidate  for 
Vice  President  in  1908.  But  Kern  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
liquor  interest.  He  had  been  approaching  dissipation  in  his  earlier 
career,  but  reformed  absolutely.  He  had  made  a  speech  in  the  State 
Senate  on  a  local  option  measure,  in  which  he  told  the  saloon  men  some 
plain  truths,  and  they  never  forgave  him.  After  a  prolonged  struggle, 
the  Democratic  caucus  of  1909  nominated  Benjamin  Franklin  Shively, 
who  had  represented  the  South  Bend  district  in  Congress  for  four 
terms,  and  had  been  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  in  1896. 
Shively  was  born  in  St.  Joseph  County,  March  20,  1857.  He  attended 
the  common  schools,  the  Northern  Indiana  Normal  School,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but  taught  school 
from  1874  to  1880,  and  engaged  in  newspaper  work  from  1880  to  1884. 
He  died  in  Washington,  March  14,  1916.  Kern  was  elected  to  the 
Senate  in  1911,  and  died  shortly  after  the  close  of  his  term,  on  August 
17,  1917,  at  Asheville,  N.  C. 

Thomas  Riley  Marshall  was  easily  the  ablest  Democratic  Governor 
that  had  been  elected  since  Thomas  A.  Hendricks.  He  was  born  at 


Gov.  J.  FRANK  HANLY 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


769 


given  notice  that  if  it  were  not  passed,  he  would  keep  on  calling  special 
sessions  until  it  was  passed.  It  was  passed  by  a  narrow  margin,  through 
the  aid  of  several  temperance  Democrats,  after  a  spirited  contest. 

The  result  of  the  election  of  1908  was  peculiar.  On  the  Presidential 
ticket  Taft  received  348,993  votes,  and  Bryan  338,262,  with  18,045  for 
Claflin,  Prohibitionist,  and  13,476  for  Debs,  Socialist.  But  notwith- 
standing this  Republican  plurality  of  10,731,  the  Democrats  elected  11 
of  the  13  Congressmen,  the  joint  Democratic  plurality  in  the  con- 
gressional districts  being  16,334.  For  Governor,  Marshall  had  a  plu- 
rality of  14,809,  but  the  only  other  Democratic  State  officers  elected  were 
Frank  Hall,  Lieutenant  Governor,  with  1,672  plurality ;  and  Robert  J. 
Aley,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  with  762  plurality.  "With 
such  results,  it  is  hardly  questionable  that  personal  popularity  was  an 
unusually  large  factor  in  the  election. 

The  legislature  was  Democratic,  and  a  Senator  was  to  be  elected. 
John  Worth  Kern  was  ranked  as  the  leading  candidate.  He  was  born  at 
Alto,  in  Howard  County,  Indiana,  December  20,  1849.  His  father,  Dr. 
Jacob  H.  Kern,  was  a  Virginian,  who  located  in  Indiana  in  1836. 
John  went  through  the  common  schools,  attended  the  Normal  School  at 
Kokomo.  and  graduated  in  law  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1869. 
He  was  City  Attorney  of  Kokomo  from  1871  to  1884;  Reporter  of  the 
Supreme  Court  from  1885  to  1889;  State  Senator  in  1893  and  1895; 
and  City  Attorney  of  Indianapolis  from  1897  to  1901.  He  had  been  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  in  1900  and  1904;  received  the 
Democratic  vote  for  Senator  in  1905 ;  and  was  the  National  candidate  for 
Vice  President  in  1908.  But  Kern  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the 
liquor  interest.  He  had  been  approaching  dissipation  in  his  earlier 
career,  but  reformed  absolutely.  He  had  made  a  speech  in  the  State 
Senate  011  a  local  option  measure,  in  which  he  told  the  saloon  men  some 
plain  truths,  and  they  never  forgave  him.  After  a  prolonged  struggle, 
the  Democratic  caucus  of  1909  nominated  Benjamin  Franklin  Shively, 
who  had  represented  the  South  Bend  district  in  Congress  for  four 
terms,  and  had  been  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  in  1896. 
Shively  was  born  in  St.  Joseph  County,  March  20,  1857.  He  attended 
the  common  schools,  the  Northern  Indiana  Normal  School,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar;  but  taught  school 
from  1874  to  1880,  and  engaged  in  newspaper  work  from  1880  to  1884. 
He  died  in  "Washington;  March  14,  1916.  Kern  was  elected  to  the 
Senate  in  1911,  and  died  shortly  after  the  close  of  his  term,  on  August 
17,  1917,  at  Asheville,  N.  C. 

Thomas  Riley  Marshall  was  easily  the  ablest  Democratic  Governor 
that  had  been  elected  since  Thomas  A.  Hendricks.  He  was  born  at 


• 


770  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

North  Manchester,  Indiana,  March  14,  1854.  He  graduated  at  Wabash 
College  in  1873 ;  was  given  the  degree  of  A.  M.  by  Wabash  in  1876 ;  and 
has  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  half-a-dozen  universities  in  later 
years.  He  was  admitt«d  to  the  practice  of  law  in  1875,  and  was  engaged 
in  that  profession  at  Columbia  City  until  his  election  as  Governor.  The 
first  two  years  of  his  term  were  quiet.  He  had  announced  his  policy 
of  non-interference  with  the  other  departments  of  the  State  government, 
on  the  ground  that  the  constitution  created  three  independent  and 
co-ordinate  departments  of  government,  prescribed  their  duties,  and  pro- 
vided that  neither  should  exercise  the  functions  of  another;  and  this 
course  produced  a  great  calm  as  compared  with  the  administration  of 
his  predecessor.  But  at  the  legislative  session  of  1911  a  situation  was 
presented  that  called  for  radical  action.  The  Constitution  of  Indiana, 
like  all  other  American  constitutions,  declares,  "that  all  power  is  inher- 
ent in  the  people ;  and  that  all  free  governments  are,  and  of  right  ought 
to  be,  founded  on  their  authority,  and  instituted  for  their  peace,  safety 
and  well  being.  For  the  advancement  of  these  ends,  the  people  have  at 
all  times  an  indefeasible  right  to  alter  and  reform  their  government." 
But  it  made  no  provision  for  changing  the  constitution  except  a  pro- 
vision for  amending  by  the  vote  of  two  successive  legislatures,  followed 
by  the  ratification  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  the  State.  It  further 
provided  that  when  any  amendment  ' '  shall  be  awaiting  the  action  of  the 
succeeding  General  Assembly,  or  of  the  electors,  no  additional  amend- 
ment or  amendments  shall  be  proposed.."  The  Supreme  Court  had  made 
the  process  of  amendment  more  difficult  by  holding  that  if  an  amend- 
ment were  submitted  and  not  adopted  by  a  majority  of  the  voters  at  the 
election,  but  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  on  the  amendment, 
it  remained  "awaiting  the  action  of  the  electors,"  and  therefore  no 
other  amendment  could  be  offered.  The  constitution  provides  that 
"every  person  of  good  moral  character,  being  a  voter,  shall  be  entitled 
to  admission  to  practice  law  in  all  courts  of  justice,"  and  this  was  a 
thorn  in  the  flesh  of  those  members  of  the  legal  profession  who  took  any 
pride  in  the  standing  of  the  profession.  In  1897  they  proposed  an 
amendment  authorizing  the  legislature  to  prescribe  qualifications  for 
admission  to  the  bar,  which  was  duly  adopted  by  two  successive  legisla- 
tures. It  was  voted  on  at  the  elections  of  1900,  1906,  and  1910,  but  the 
people  were  so  little  interested  in  it  that  all  the  votes  for  and  against 
it  were  less  than  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting,  though  each  time  more 
voted  for  it  than  against  it.  Consequently  it  was  still  "pending,"  and 
blocked  any  other  amendment.10 


10  The  Supreme  Court  later  changed  this  ruling.    In  Re  Boswell,  179  Ind.  292 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  771 

Governor  Marshall,  as  a  lawyer,  was  especially  interested  in  getting 
some  relief  for  the  Supreme  Court,  which  was  limited  by  the  Constitu- 
tion to  five  judges;  and  these  had  long  been  unable  to  handle  the  volume 
of  business  coming  to  the  Court.  An  effort  to  remedy  this  by  the  crea- 
tion of  an  intermediate  Appellate  Court  had  been  made,  but  it  appeared 
to  make  the  situation  worse.  The  Court  was  about  two  years  behind, 
which  made  almost  a  denial  of  justice  in  some  cases.  He  also  desired  a 
"workmen's  compensation"  law,  which  was  presumably  barred  by  the 
Constitution,  and  a  provision  that  the  State  could  not  condemn  property, 
except  in  case  of  necessity,  without  first  assessing  and  tendering  dam- 
ages. More  than  all,  he  wanted  some  removal  of  the  constitutional 
obstructions  to  honest  elections.  He  decided  that  the  Gordian  knot 
could  be  cut  by  the  legislature  submitting  a  new  constitution  to  the 
people  for  their  adoption  or  rejection.  Among  others  consulted,  he 
asked  my  opinion,  as  I  had  given  considerable  attention  to  constitutional 
reform.  The  plan  struck  me  as  feasible,  and  he  asked  me  to  formulate 
the  changes  which  I  considered  desirable,  which 'I  did.  The  Democratic 
legislators  met  in  caucus,  and  decided  to  support  the  measure;  and  it 
was  duly  passed.  I  made  the  defense  of  it,  in  a  series  of  newspaper 
articles — as  I  had  previously  done  for  the  Australian  Ballot  law,  the 
Tax  law,  and  other  Democratic  reform  measures — and  these  were  sub- 
sequently published  in  pamphlet  form  under  the  title,  "The  Proposed 
Constitution  of  Indiana."  No  material  attack  was  made  on  any  change 
proposed;  but  a  general  onslaught  was  made  on  the  method  of  change 
offered;  and  the  advocates  of  woman's  suffrage  and  prohibition  were 
indignant  because  no  provision  was  made  for  them.  It  is  safe  to  say 
that  there  was  considerable  objection  then  that  is  regretted  now  by 
those  from  whom  it  came.  One  of  the  changes  simplified  the  process  of 
amendment  by  providing  that  any  legislature  might  adopt  an  amend- 
ment and  submit  it  to  the  people;  and  under  this  woman's  suffrage  and 
prohibition  might  have  been  submitted  and  voted  on  long  since,.  But 
especially,  it  provided  that  no  one  should  vote  unless  he  was  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  and  if  that  had  been  adopted  we  should  now  be 
spared  the  spectacle  of  alien  enemies,  who  are  debarred  from  military 
service,  and  who  cannot  go  within  certain  distances  of  munition  plants 
and  other  instrumentalities  of  war,  being  allowed  to  vote  in  Indiana  for 
all  officials  of  the  State  and  the  United  States.  •  -• 

The  proposed  constitution  was  attacked  in  the  courts  by  John  T. 
Dye  and  Addison  C.  Harris,  who  had  distinguished  themselves  by  con- 
testing other  Democratic  reform  legislation,  especially  the  Tai  law,  by 
an  application  for  injunction  to  prevent  the  State  Election  Board  from 
presenting  the  question  to  the  voters  on  the  ballots.  The  application 


Gov.  THOMAS  R.  MARSHALL 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS      .  773 

was  resisted  on  the  ground  that  the  right  of  the  people  to  change  their 
constitution  was  inherent,  indefeasible  and  inalienable;  that  it  was 
superior  to  any  constitution,  and  was  merely  recognized  by  the  Consti- 
tution as  an  inalienable  right;  that  "the  legislative  authority  of  the 
State"  was  vested  in  the  legislature,  which  was  composed  of  "the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people,"  and  that  the  legislature  had  the  right  to 
submit  to  the  people  any  question  that  they  thought  proper.  It  was 
further  urged  that,  on  account  of  the  constitutional  division  of  powers, 
the  court  had  no  power  to  interfere  with  the  process  of  legislation. 
Nobody  pretended  that  the  legislature  had  the  power  to  adopt  a  con- 
stitution, and  the  proposed  constitution  could  not  have  any  legal  effect 
until  the  people  had  voted  for  it.  If  they  favored  it,  the  courts  could 
then  say  whether  it  had  been  legally  adopted.  Of  course,  it  would  have 
caused  some  trouble  and  expense  to  have  a  constitution  apparently,  but 
illegally,  adopted ;  but  so  it  does  to  have  the  legislature  adopt  an  uncon- 
stitutional law,  and  yet  nobody  claims  that  the  courts  can  intervene  to 
prevent  the  passage  of  such  a  law.  Judge  Bemster,  of  the  Marion  Cir- 
cuit Court,  to  whom  the  application  was  made,  granted  the  injunction. 
An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  sustained  the  injunc- 
tion by  a  divided  bench,  Judge  Charles  E.  Cox,  a  Democrat,  voting  with 
the  two  Republican  judges.  They  took  the  same  ground  as  Judge  Rem- 
ster,  that  "the  legislative  authority  of  the  State"  which  was  vested  in 
the  legislature  was  the  "ordinary"  legislative  power,  which  nobody  dis- 
puted, but  denied  the  power  of  the  legislature  to  submit  to  the  people, 
to  whom  the  power  of  ' '  extraordinary ' '  legislation  is  reserved,  an  oppor- 
tunity to  exercise  their  power.11  An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  by  Governor  Marshall,  under  the  provision 
of  the  national  constitution :  ' '  The  United  States  shall  guaranty  to 
every  state  in  this  union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall 
protect  each  of  them  against  invasion ;  and  on  application  of  the  legis- 
lature, or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened) 
against  domestic  violence."  The  proposition  was  that  the  courts,  by 
usurping  the  functions  of  the  legislative  and  executive  departments,  had 
destroyed  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  there  was  no  remedy 
in  the  State  except  forcible  resistance  to  the  order  of  the  court.  The 
national  Supreme  Court  dodged  the  question — refusing  to  consider  it, 
on  the  ground  that  Governor  Marshall  had  appealed  as  Governor  and 
not  as  a  citizen  alleging  personal  injury — that  the  appeal  does  not 
charge  that  the  acts  of  the  court  "violate  rights  of  a  personal  nature."12 
Nothing  could  better  illustrate  the  absurd  tangle  of  technicalities 

"  Ellingham  vs.  Dye,  178  Ind.  292. 

12  Marshall,  Governor  vs.  Dye.  231  U.  S.  p.  250. 


Gov.  THOMAS  R.  MARSHALL 


• 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  773 

was  resisted  on  the  ground  that  the  right  of  the  people  to  change  their 
constitution  was  inherent,  indefeasible  and  inalienable;  that  it  was 
superior  to  any  constitution,  and  was  merely  recognized  by  the  Consti- 
tution as  an  inalienable  right;  that  "the  legislative  authority  of  the 
State"  was  vested  in  the  legislature,  which  was  composed  of  "the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people,"  and  that  the  legislature  had  the  right  to 
submit  to  the  people  any  question  that  they  thought  proper.  It  was 
further  urged  that,  on  account  of  the  constitutional  division  of  powers, 
the  court  had  no  power  to  interfere  with  the  process  of  legislation. 
Nobody  pretended  that  the  legislature  had  the  power  to  adopt  a  con- 
stitution, and  the  proposed  constitution  could  not  have  any  legal  effect 
until  the  people  had  voted  for  it.  If  they  favored  it,  the  courts  could 
then  say  whether  it  had  been  legally  adopted.  Of  course,  it  would  have 
caused  some  trouble  and  expense  to  have  a  constitution  apparently,  but 
illegally,  adopted ;  but  so  it  does  to  have  the  legislature  adopt  an  uncon- 
stitutional law,  and  yet  nobody  claims  that  the  courts  can  intervene  to 
prevent  the  passage  of  such  a  law.  Judge  Remster,  of  the  Marion  Cir- 
cuit Court,  to  whom  the  application  was  made,  granted  the  injunction. 
An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court,  which  sustained  the  injunc- 
tion by  a  divided  bench,  Judge  Charles  E.  Cox,  a  Democrat,  voting  with 
the  two  Republican  judges.  They  took  the  same  ground  as  Judge  Rem- 
ster, that  "the  legislative  authority  of  the  State"  which  was  vested  in 
the  legislature  was  the  "ordinary"  legislative  power,  which  nobody  dis- 
puted, but  denied  the  power  of  the  legislature  to  submit  to  the  people, 
to  whom  the  power  of  "extraordinary"  legislation  is  reserved,  an  oppor- 
tunity to  exercise  their  power.11  An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  by  Governor  Marshall,  under  the  provision 
of  the  national  constitution:  "The  United  States  shall  guaranty  to 
every  state  in  this  union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall 
protect  each  of  them  against  invasion ;  and  on  application  of  the  legis- 
lature, or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened) 
against  domestic  violence."  The  proposition  was  that  the  courts,  by 
usurping  the  functions  of  the  legislative  and  executive  departments,  had 
destroyed  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  there  was  no  remedy 
in  the  State  except  forcible  resistance  to  the  order  of  the  court.  The 
national  Supreme  Court  dodged  the  question — refusing  to  consider  it, 
on  the  ground  that  Governor  Marshall  had  appealed  as  Governor  and 
not  as  a  citizen  alleging  personal  injury — that  the  appeal  does  not 
charge  that  the  acts  of  the  court  "violate  rights  of  a  personal  nature."12 
Nothing  could  better  illustrate  the  absurd  tangle  of  technicalities 


n  Ellingham  vs.  Dye,  178  Ind.  292. 

12  Marshall,  Governor  vs.  Dye.  231  TJ.  S.  p.  250. 


774  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

into  which  the  courts  of  the  United  States  have  fallen.  The  guaranty 
of  the  federal  constitution  is  not  to  the  individual  citizens  of  the  State, 
but  to  the  State;  and  the  express  provision  is  that  the  appeal  shall  be 
made  by  the  legislative  or  executive  departments,  which  alone  can  speak 
for  the  State.  The  functions  of  the  executive  were  charged  to  be 
usurped,  and  he  was  one  of  the  parties  enjoined  by  the  court  from 
enforcing  a  law,  which  he  was  sworn  to  enforce.  In  place  of  an  appeal 
from  him  in  his  official  capacity, '  the  U.  S.  court  asked  for  one  of  those 
theoretical  claims  of  personal  damage,  with  which  "government  by 
injunction"  has  made  the  country  familiar.  For  example,  in  this  very 
case,  Mr.  Dye's  allegation  of  personal  damage  was  for  his  share  of  the 
cost  of  printing  the  question  of  the  constitution  on  the  ballots,  which  was 
shown  to  be  a  fraction  of  one  cent.  That  sort  of  damage,  by  this  ruling 
of  the  highest  court  of  the  land,  is  made  superior  to  the  damage  of  over- 
throwing the  constitutional  government  of  a  state,  by  judicial  decree. 
But  this  refusal  to  decide  an  important  question  on  its  merits  forces  the 
consideration  of  the  really  serious  problem,  what  remedy  have  the 
American  people  for  judicial  usurpation?  Theoretically  our  govern- 
ments are  based  on  "checks  and  balances"  between  the  three  govern- 
mental departments,  but  in  reality  there  is  no  check  on  the  judicial 
department.  The  judges  are  subject  to  impeachment  for  misbehavior, 
but  no  American  would  vote  to  convict  a  judge  who  claimed  to  have 
made  a  decision  in  good  faith.  Furthermore,  with  all  our  precautions 
for  maintaining  constitutions,  we  have  put  it  in  the  power  of  one  man 
to  change  the  constitution.  In  this  very  case,  the  question  was  decided 
by  the  vote  of  one  man,  and  the  question  whether  the  constitution  was 
or  was  not  overthrown  depends  wholly  on  the  question  whether  that  one 
man  was  right  or  wrong.  But  there  have  been  many  cases  where  there 
is  no  question.  For  example,  as  noted  elsewhere,  the  Supreme  Court  at 
first  decided  that  a  local  tax  could  not  be  levied  in  support  of  the  com- 
mon schools,  and  later  decided  exactly  the  opposite.  Necessarily,  either 
the  Supreme  Court  annulled  the  constitution  in  the  first  decision,  or  we 
are  daily  annulling  it  now  under  the  second  decision.  You  can  take 
your  choice  as  to  the  time  when  the  Supreme  Court  annulled  the  Con- 
stitution in  this  respect,  but  you  cannot  avoid  the -fact  that  it  annulled 
the  Constitution.  What  is  your  remedy?  You  can  remove  a  judge  by 
impeachment,  or  by  defeating  him  for  re-election,  but  that  does  not 
remove  the  decision.  This  is  one  of  the  most  serious  questions  that  the 
American  people  have  yet  to  solve;  and  one  that  they  probably  will  not 
solve  until  some  grave  crisis  shall  arise  from  it. 

The  only  rational  proposal  for  a  remedy  that  has  ever  been  made  is 
Theodore  Roosevelt's  plan  for  the  recall  of  judicial  decisions  on  consti- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  775 

tutional  questions,  and  it  has  been  hooted  out  of  sane  consideration  by 
the  legal  profession,  who  rail  at  the  submission  of  intricate  legal  ques- 
tions to  tinkers  and  hod-carriers.  And  yet  these  same  legal  lights  ail 
agree  that  no  constitution  should  be  adopted  without  submitting  it  to  a 
vote  of  these  same  tinkers  and  hod-carriers,  notwithstanding  the  adop- 
tion/of  the  constitution  carries  with  it  every  intricate  legal  question  that 
can  possibly  arise  under  its  provisions.  Obviously,  the  only  thing  on 
which  the  people  can  vote  intelligently  is  a  concrete  question.  In  the 
school  cases  above  referred  to,  if  the  legislature,  or  the  Governor  could 
have  submitted  to  the  people  this  question:  "Do  you  mean  by  your 
Constitution  that  no  local  school  tax  shall  be  levied  in  support  of  the 
common  schools  ? ' '  there  was  not  a  voter  in  Indiana  who  would  not  have 
understood  it,  and  have  voted  intelligently.  The  only  "intricate  legal 
question"  involved  was  the  intricate  process  of  reasoning  from  general 
principles  by  which  the  court  reached  its  conclusion.  The  State  is  con- 
fronting a  similar  question  now  in  the  matter  of  prohibition.  More 
than  half-a-century  ago  the  Supreme  Court  decided  that  a  prohibition 
law  was  unconstitutional.13  The  constitution  does  not  say  a  word  about 
prohibition.  The  decision  was  deduced  from  enunciations  of  general 
principles.  As  an  historical  proposition,  it  is  absolutely  safe  to  say 
that  the  makers  of  the  Constitution  never  contemplated  any  provision 
against  prohibition,  and  the  voters  never  dreamed  of  such  a  thing  when 
they  adopted  the  Constitution.  It  was  purely  a  piece  of  judicial  consti- 
tution-making by  the  Supreme  Court,  for  political  purposes,  if  there 
was  ever  such  a  thing  in  the  United  States — and  Heaven  knows  there 
have  been  many  such.  It  is  as  certain  as  anything  could  be  that  the 
people  would  have  wiped  the  decision  out  either  by  amendment  or  by 
the  election  of  another  court,  if  the  Civil  war  had  not  come  on,  and 
turned  their  attention  to  other  matters.  How  simple  and  easy  would 
have  been  the  remedy  of  submitting  to  the  people  the  question:  "Do 
you  mean  by  your  Constitution  to  prevent  the  adoption  of  a  prohibition 
law?"  The  most  ignorant  voter  could  understand  that,  although  he 
might  well  be  puzzled  by  the  "intricate  legal  question"  evolved  by  the 
Supreme  Court.  The  American  people  have  put  themselves  in  volun- 
tary slavery  to  their  courts,  and  until  they  get  rid  of  the  absurd  delusion 
that  all  judges  are  upright,  and  incorruptible,  and  infallible,  and  above 
partisan  control,  they  will  simply  continue  to  suffer  any  indignities  that 
the  courts  may  choose  to  inflict  upon  them.  I  am  not  writing  an  essay, 
nor  an  anarchistic  plea,  but  the  sober  truth  of  history,  which  has  been 
exemplified  in  every  state  in  the  Union,  not  to  mention  such  little  events 
as  the  Dred  Scott  decision;  and  especially  in  Indiana,  where  an  Attor- 

"  Beebee  vs.  the  State,  6  Ind.  p.  501. 
vol.  n— u 


776  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ney  General  once  boasted,  "We  have  the  Supreme  Court" — and  the 
boast  was  true.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  has  taken  the  further 
step  in  control  of  popular  will  of  deciding  that  the. legislature  of  1917 
could  not  call  a  constitutional  convention,  because,  forsooth,  the  ques- 
tion of  a  constitutional  convention  had  been  submitted  to  the  people  at 
the  election  of  1914,  and  they  had  voted  338,947  to  235,140  against  it. 
And  yet  it  was  a  notorious  fact  that  the  defeat  of  the  proposal  in  1914 
was  due  to  the  work  of  the  liquor  interests,  while  the  temperance  people 
were  not  alert;. and  the  sentiment  of  the  people  in  1916  had  been  clearly 
shown  by  the  election  of  a  temperance  legislature,  which  adopted  the 
prohibition  law  now  under  judicial  scrutiny.  Who  dares  to  maintain 
that  the  people  of  Indiana  "have  at  all  times  an  indefeasible  right  to 
alter  and  reform  their  government?"  •• 

The  Marshall  proposal  started  the  people  of'  Indiana  to  thinking, 
and  the  realization  has  steadily  grown  that  they  are  suffering  needless 
ills,  in  gerrymanders,  crooked  elections,  legal  delay,  and  other  matters, 
all  on  account  of  an  antiquated  constitution.  It  was  probably  very 
instrumental  in  his  nomination  for  Vice  President.  The  campaign  of 
Woodrow  Wilson  for  the  Democratic  nomination  in  1912  was  without 
precedent  in  the  United  States.  The  party  leaders  were  against  him, 
and  he  went  to  the  people,  who,  especially  in  the  West,  wanted  relief 
from  the  fetters  of  conservatism  that  bound  them.  The  United  States 
has  grown  something  like  a  tree,  rooted  in  the  East,  with  stem  and 
branches  steadily  reaching  westward.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  signs 
of  life  are  most  manifest — the  blossoming  and  fruitage — because  there 
is  the  freedom  of  the  frontier.  There  are  the  great  mass  of  those  who 
believe  that  the  earth  belongs  to  the  living,  and  not  to  the  dead;  and 
that  no  past  generation  should  have  power  to  hamper  the  legitimate 
progress  of  the  present,  by  absurd  restrictions  that  have  long  since  lost 
their  reason  for  existence.  Marshall  was  advertised  from  one  end  of 
the  nation  to  the  other  by  his  proposal,  which  his  political  enemies  called 
"the  Tom  Marshall  constitution";  and  progressive  men  everywhere  wel- 
comed a  man  who  had  the  originality  and  courage  to  attempt  any  plan 
for  getting  rid  of  their  manacles.  At  the  Baltimore  convention  this 
record  broke  the  force  of  Bryan's  opposition  to  his"  nomination,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  a  "reactionary."  The  convention  had  gone  through 
the  long  struggle  of  46  ballots  to  nominate  Wilson  for  President;  and 
the  party  leaders  met  in  consultation  to  agree  on  the  most  available  can- 
didate for  the  Vice-Presidency,  but  were  unable  to  reach  any  approach 
to  harmony,  because  there  were  strong  movements  based  on  the  idea 
that  it  was  necessary  to  nominate  Champ  Clark  or  Bryan  to  strengthen 
the  ticket ;  but  both  of  these  refused  to  be  considered,  and  the  convention 


Gov.  SAMUEL  M.  RALSTON 


776 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


•  ney  General  once  boasted,  "  \Ve  have  the  Supreme  Court'' — aiid  the 
boast  was  true.  The  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  has  taken  the  further 
step  in  control  of  popular  will  of  deciding  that  the  legislature  of  1917 
could  not  call  a  constitutional  convention,  because,  forsooth,  the  ques- 
tion of  a  constitutional  convention  had  been  submitted  to  the  people  at 
the  election  of  1914,  and  they  had  voted  338,947  to  235,140  against  it. 
And  yet  it  was  a  notorious  fact  that  the  defeat  of  the  proposal  in  1914 
was  due  to  the  work  of  the  liquor  interests,  while  the  temperance  people 
were  not  alert ;  and  the  sentiment  of  the  people  in  1916  had  been  clearly 
shown  by  the  election  of  a  temperance  legislature,  which  adopted  the 
prohibition  law  now  under  judicial  scrutiny.  Who  dares  to  maintain 
that  the  people  of  Indiana  "have  at  all  times  an  indefeasible  right  to 
alter  and  reform  their  government?" 

The  Marshall  proposal  started  the  people  of  Indiana  to  thinking, 
and  the  realization  has  steadily  grown  that  they  are  suffering  needless 
ills,  in  gerrymanders,  crooked  elections,  legal  delay,  and  other  matters, 
all  on  account  of  an  antiquated  constitution.  It  was  probably  very 
instrumental  in  his  nomination  for  Vice  President.  The  campaign  of 
Woodrow  Wilson  for  the  Democratic  nomination  in  1912  was  without 
precedent  in  the  United  States.  The  party  leaders  were  against  him, 
and  he  went  to  the  people,  who,  especially  in  the  West,  wanted  relief 
from  the  fetters  of  conservatism  that  bound  them.  The  United  States 
has  grown  something  like  a  tree,  rooted  in  the  East,  with  stem  and 
branches  steadily  reaching  westward.  It  is  in  the  latter  that  the  signs 
of  life  are  most  manifest — the  blossoming  and  fruitage — because  there 
is  the  freedom  of  the  frontier.  There  are  the  great  mass  of  those  who 
believe  that  the  earth  belongs  to  the  living,  and  not  to  the  dead;  and 
that  no  past  generation  should  have  power  to  hamper  the  legitimate 
progress  of  the  present,  by  absurd  restrictions  that  have  long  since  lost 
their  reason  for  existence.  Marshall  was  advertised  from  one  end  of 
the  nation  to  the  other  by  his  proposal,  which  his  political  enemies  called 
"the  Tom  Marshall  constitution":  and  progressive  men  everywhere  wel- 
comed a  man  who  had  the  originality  and  courage  to  attempt  any  plan 
for  getting  rid  of  their  manacles.  At  the  Baltimore  convention  this 
record  broke  the  force  of  Bryan's  opposition  to  his"  nomination,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  a  "reactionary."  The  convention  had  gone  through 
the  long  struggle  of  46  ballots  to  nominate  Wilson  for  President ;  and 
the  party  leaders  met  in  consultation  to  agree  on  the  most  available  can- 
didate for  the  Vice-Presidency,  but  were  unable  to  reach  any  approach 
to  harmony,  because  there  were  strong  movements  based  on  the  idea 
that  it  was  necessary  to  nominate  Champ  Clark  or  Bryan  to  strengthen 
the  ticket ;  but  both  of  these  refused  to  be  considered,  and  the  convention 


. 

' 


' 


Gov.  SAMUEL  M.  RALSTON 


778  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  left  to  make  its  choice  on  the  personnel  of  other  candidates.  Mar- 
shall led  on  the  first  ballot,  and  was  nominated  on  the  second.  The 
progressive  element  of  the  Republican  party  was  confronted  by  a  choice 
between  a  reactionary  Republican  ticket  and  a  progressive  Democratic 
ticket;  and  took  the  course  of  nominating  Theodore  Roosevelt  as  the 
least  of  three  evils.  The  election  in  Indiana  was  remarkable.  Taft 
carried  only  one  county — Warren.  Roosevelt  carried  Elkhart,  La- 
Grange,  Lake,  Randolph,  Wabash  and  Wayne,  and  led  Taft  10,000  votes 
in  the  State;  but  Wilson's  plurality  was  119,883. 

In  .this  campaign,  Samuel  Moffett  Ralston  was  elected  Governor. 
His  early  life,  and  sturdy  Hoosier  character  have  been  noted  elsewhere. 
He  is  a  Democrat  from  principle,  and  had  made  himself  known  from 
one  end  of  the  State  to  the  other  as  an  effective  speaker  in  political 
campaigns  for  the  benefit  of  other  candidates.  In  1912  there  was  a 
general  feeling  that  he  ought  to  head  the  ticket,  and  he  was  nominated 
by  acclamation.  He  declared  in  his  inaugural  address  his  purpose  to 
enforce  the  laws  without  fear  or  favor,  and  it  was  not  long  before  he 
was  put  to  the  test.  In  the  fall  of  his  first  year  there  came  on  a  most 
vicious  street  railroad  strike  in  Indianapolis.  Both  sides  were  obstinate 
and  determined,  and  both,  as  usual,  were  to  some  extent  wrong.  Vio- 
lence ensued,  property  was  destroyed,  and  life  endangered.  The  local 
authorities  sneaked  out  of  their  responsibility,  and  the  situation  became 
serious.  Governor  Ralston  called  the  entire  militia  of  the  State  to  the 
city  to  preserve  order.  The  strikers  sent  a  committee  to  him  to  ask  him 
to  withdraw  the  troops.  After  hearing  them,  he  put  the  situation  to 
them  from  his  standpoint,  with  violence  before  his  eyes,  and  his  oath 
to  enforce  the  laws,  and  asked  them  what  they  would  do  if  in  his  place. 
They  tried  to  evade  but  he  insisted  on  an  answer;  and  they  admitted 
that  they  would  do  the  same,  and  went  out  and  told  the  men  that  the 
Governor  was  right.  The  officials  of  the  company  wanted  him  to  enforce 
their  views  by  military  power.  He  presented  to  them  the  situation  from 
his  standpoint,  of  private  parties  producing  public  disturbance,  and 
destroying  public  right  to  transportation  by  arbitrary  demands  for 
abstract  rights.  As  the  result,  both  sides  submitted  the  matter  to  him 
for  arbitration,  and  both  were  satisfied  with  the  result.  It  was  the 
illustration  of  the  beneficial  effect  of  having  a  man  in  authority  who 
impressed  all  who  came  in  contact  with  him  that  he  was  fair;  that  he 
desired  to  do  what  was  right;  and  that  he  had  the  courage  to  do  the 
right  as  he  saw  it.  This  character  marked  his  entire  administration, 
and  made  it  one  in  which  the  opposition  could  find  little  to  criticise. 

Without  attempting  to  control  the  legislatures  of  1913  and  1915, 
Governor  Ralston  threw  the  weight  of  his  influence  and  earnest  counsel 

. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  779 

in  behalf  of  beneficial  reform  legislation,  and  the  result  was  a  body  of 
reform  legislation  that  was  most  creditable  to  the  State.  In  the  lines 
of  protection  of  the  public  there  were  adopted  a  very  excellent  public 
utilities  law,  a  law  for  the  protection  of  small  borrowers  from  the  merci- 
less exactions  of  loan  sharks;  a  "blue  sky  law"  to  prevent  swindles 
through  irresponsible  corporations;  an  anti-cocaine  law;  a  law  creating 
the  office  of  fire  marshal,  with  powers  to  check  the  carelessness  that  has 
caused  the  unnecessary  destruction  of  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  prop- 
erty yearly  in  the  country ;  and  a  law  for  the  suppression  of  the  social 
evil  that  gives  opportunity  for  the  removal  of  the  roots  of  that  ancient 
cancer.  An  anti-lobby  law  was  adopted  that  had  an  immediate  effect 
in  lessening  the  evils  of  the  lobby  system.  In  penal  and  charitable  prog- 
ress, the  State  was  advanced  by  the  establishment  of  a  penal  farm,  and 
by  a  tuberculosis  hospital,  both  of  which  have  already  demonstrated 
their  value.  In  education  the  step  was  taken  which  advanced  educators 
had  been  calling  for,  and  of  which  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Education  said:  "In  what  is  probably  the  most  comprehensive  statute 
yet  enacted,  the  Indiana  legislature  established  a  state  system  of  voca- 
tional education,  giving  state  aid  for  training  in  industries,  agricul- 
tural and  domestic  science,  through  all  day,  part  time,  and  evening 
schools."  There  were  laws  passed  for  the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of 
habit-forming  drugs,  for  flood  protection,  for  industrial  aid  to  the  blind, 
for  pure  water  supply,  and  for  promoting  the  establishment  of  play- 
grounds for  children.  Another  law  that  is  worthy  of  special  mention  is 
the  housing  law,  which  is  peculiarly  a  monument  to  that  talented 
daughter  of  Indiana,  Mrs.  Albion  Fellows  Bacon,  its  author  and  chief 
promoter. 

Mrs.  Bacon  is  not  so  well  known  outside  of  Indiana  as  her  older  sister, 
Annie  Fellows  Johnston — Mrs.  Johnston  was  born  at  Evansville  May  15, 
1863,  and  Mrs.  Bacon  April  8,  1865— whose  "Little  Colonel"  stories 
have  made  her  name  a  household  word  wherever  there  are  children. 
They  are  the  daughters  of  Rev.  Albion  Fellows,  a  Methodist  clergyman, 
and  his  wife,  Mary  (Erskine).  Fellows.  Both  were  educated  in  the  Evans- 
ville schools,  Mrs.  Johnston  also  studying  at  the  State  University;  and 
both  were  married  in  1888.  'Mrs.  Bacon  has  always  been  a  leader  in 
local  charitable  and  reform  organizations  and  her  practical  experience 
interested  her  in  tenement  reform  especially.  She  was  the  author  and 
chief  advocate  of  the  State  tenement  law  of  1909,  and  organized  the 
S*tate  Housing  Association  in  1911.  Her  educational  work  in  this  line 
has  been  enormous,  both  on  the  platform  and  by  booklets  and  tracts. 
In  -1913  she  secured  the  passage  of  the  tenement  law  applying  to  all 
cities  in  Indiana.  Her  one  excursion  into  general  literature  was  the 


MRS.  ALBION  FELLOWS  BACON 


. 

; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  781 

joint  authorship  with  her  sister  of  a  book  of  poems,  "Songs  Ysame." 
The  literary  productions  of  Mrs.  Johnston  are  too  numerous  for  sepa- 
rate mention.  The  demand  for  her  stories  for  children  has  been  so  great 
that  she  is  known  chiefly  in  that  line ;  but  she  has  also  written  a  number 
of  short  stories  for  various  magazines,  poetry,  and  novels.  Of  the  novels, 
"In  League  With  Israel"  and  "Asa  Holmes,  At  the  Cross  Roads"  have 
won  the  greatest  popular  approval. 

Governor  Ralston  recommended  a  number  of  reform  laws  that  the 
legislature  did  not  reach  action  on  in  any  final  way;  and  he  urged 
strongly  the  adequate  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  admission  of 
the  State  to  the  Union,  by  the  erection  of  a  memorial  building,  for  the 
housing  of  the  State  Library,  State  Museum,  and  other  agencies  for  the 
preservation  of  the  history  of  the  State.  But  the  small  politicians  of 
the  legislature  were  afraid  to  make  an  appropriation  of  $2,000,000  for 
this  purpose;  and  the  utmost  that  could  be  secured  was  the  submission 
of  the  appropriation  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  In  the  election,  the  appro- 
priation was  defeated,  chiefly  through  the  opposition  of  the  Liquor 
League,  which  was  fighting  a  constitutional  convention  on  the  ground 
that  it  would  cost  $500,000,  and  used  opposition  to  the  centennial  memo- 
rial as  an  evidence  of  good  faith  in  its  pretense  of  economy,  and  as  an 
evidence  of  the  wild  extravagance  to  which  sentiment  led.  In  reality  there 
was  an  actual  need  for  more  room  for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of 
the  State;  and  every  legislator  knew  it,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
finding  committee  rooms  for  the  use  of  the  legislature.  It  was  a  repe- 
tition of  the  picayune  politics  that  caused  the  State  to  be  discommoded 
for  years  by  the  old  State  House,  until  we  had  a  legislature  in  which 
the  two  houses  were  of  different  political  majorities,  and  neither  party 
had  to  take  the  responsibility  of  the  expenditure.  An  attempt  is  now 
being  made  to  remedy  the  lack  of  room  by  remodelling  and  utilizing 
the  basement  of  the  capitol ;  but  this  is  only  a  temporary  makeshift,  and 
it  is  a  certainty  that  additional  buildings  will  have  to  be  constructed 
within  a  few  years.  Governor  Ralston  did  succeed  however  in  inducing 
the  legislature  to  create  a  non-political  and  non-salaried  Centennial  Com- 
mission of  nine  members,  and  to  appropriate  $25,000  for  its  use  in  pro- 
moting the  general  celebration  of  this  notable  epoch  in  the  State's  his- 
tory, a  large  portion  of  which  was  to  be  expended  in  the  publication 
of  historical  material  desirable  for  the  use  of  the  entire  State,  and  not 
accessible  to  the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Commission  did  a  valuable 
work  in  promoting  local  celebrations  and  pageants  which  aroused  a  very 
general  interest  in  the  history  of  the  State,  and  made  many  persons 
realize  that  it  was  their  history,  who  had  never  grasped  that  fact  before. 
The  beggarly  amount  available  for  publication  was  well  utilized  by  the 


• 


MRS.  ALBION  FELLOWS  BACON 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  781 

joint  authorship  with  her  sister  of  a  book  of  poems,  "Songs  Ysaine." 
The  literary  productions  of  Mrs.  Johnston  are  too  numerous  for  sepa- 
rate mention.  The  demand  for  her  stories  for  children  has  been  so  great 
that  she  is  known  chiefly  in  that  line ;  but  she  has  also  written  a  number 
of  short  stories  for  various  magazines,  poetry,  and  novels.  Of  the  novels, 
"In  League  With  Israel"  and  "Asa  Holmes,  At  the  Cross  Roads"  have 
won  the  greatest  popular  approval. 

Governor  Ralston  recommended  a  number  of  reform  laws  that  the 
legislature  did  not  reach  action  on  in  any  final  way ;  and  he  urged 
strongly  the  adequate  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  admission  of 
the  State  to  the  Union,  by  the  erection  of  a  memorial  building,  for  the 
housing  of  the  State  Library,  State  Museum,  and  other  agencies  for  the 
preservation  of  the  history  of  the  State.  But  the  small  politicians  of 
the  legislature  were  afraid  to  make  an  appropriation  of  $2,000,000  for 
this  purpose ;  and  the  utmost  that  could  be  secured  was  the  submission 
of  the  appropriation  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  In  the  election,  the  appro- 
priation was  defeated,  chiefly  through  the  opposition  of  the  Liquor 
League,  which  was  fighting  a  constitutional  convention  on  the  ground 
that  it  would  cost  $500,000,  and  used  opposition  to  the  centennial  memo- 
rial as  an  evidence  of  good  faith  in  its  pretense  of  economy,  and  as  an 
evidence  of  the  wild  extravagance  to  which  sentiment  led.  In  reality  there 
was  an  actual  need  for  more  room  for  the  transaction  of  the  business  of 
the  State;  and  every  legislator  knew  it,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
finding  committee  rooms  for  the  use  of  the  legislature.  It  was  a  repe- 
tition of  the  picayune  politics  that  caused  the  State  to  be  discommoded 
for  years  by  the  old  State  House,  until  we  had  a  legislature  in  which 
the  two  houses  were  of  different  political  majorities,  and  neither  party 
had  to  take  the  responsibility  of  the  expenditure.  An  attempt  is  now 
being  made  to  remedy  the  lack  of  room  by  remodelling  and  utilizing 
the  basement  of  the  capitol ;  but  this  is  only  a  temporary  makeshift,  and 
it  is  a  certainty  that  additional  buildings  will  have  to  be  constructed 
within  a  few  years.  Governor  Ralston  did  succeed  however  in  inducing 
the  legislature  to  create  a  non-political  and  non-salaried  Centennial  Com- 
mission of  nine  members,  and  to  appropriate  $25,000  for  its  use  in  pro- 
moting the  general  celebration  of  this  notable  epoch  in  the  State's  his- 
tory, a  large  portion  of  which  was  to  be  expended  in  the  publication 
of  historical  material  desirable  for  the  use  of  the  entire  State,  and  not 
accessible  to  the  greater  part  of  it.  The  Commission  did  a  valuable 
work  in  promoting  local  celebrations  and  pageants  which  aroused  a  very 
general  interest  in  the  history  of  the  State,  and  made  many  persons 
realize  that  it  was  their  history,  who  had  never  grasped  that  fact  before. 
The  beggarly  amount  available  for  publication  was  well  utilized  by  the 


fc 
o 

5s 
•Jl 

3 
s 

O 
O 


o 

S 


55 

2 
S 


Et, 
O 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  783 

issue  of  four  volumes — two  on  "Constitution-Making  in  Indiana,"  one 
"Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,"  and  one  "The  Play  Party." 
But  in  comparison  with  what  other  states  are  doing  in  the  publication 
of  their  early  records  and  other  historical  material  this  is  so  pitiable  that 
the  rising  generation,  which  is  having  five  years  of  Indiana  history  in 
the  public  schools,  will  probably  blush  for  the  penuriousness  and  lack  of 
vision  of  the  generation  preceding,  and  set  to  work  to  put  Indiana  in 
line  with  other  progressive  states  in  this  respect. 

There  was  another  project  in  which  Governor  Ralston  took  a  leading 
part  that  might  be  considered  sentimental  by  some  persons,  but  which 
has  an  important  practical  side.  On  account  of  his  interest  in  the  Good 
Roads  Movement,  in  the  spring  of  1915  he  called  a  meeting  of  the 
Governors  of  seven  states  to  consider  the  construction  of  a  national 
highway  from  Chicago  to  Jacksonville,  Florida,  to  be  known  as  the 
Dixie  Highway.  This  unique  proposal  met  with  universal  approval,  and 
the  meeting  was  held  at  Chattanooga  in  April,  1915.  It  was  attended 
by  large  delegations  from  all  of  the  Ohio  Valley  states  and  Southern 
states  east  of  the  Mississippi,  who  gave  strong  assurances  of  support. 
Michigan  announced  the  intention  to  extend  the  road  through  that  state 
to  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  The  project  was  realized  to  be  one  of  national 
importance,  as  was  the  old  National  road  from  east  to  west ;  and  it 
appears  to  be  in  a  fair  way  to  completion. 

The  election  of  1916  was  the  first  in  many  years  in  which  interna- 
tional affairs  had  any  material  influence  in  Indiana.  At  that  time  the 
pro-German  vote  in  the  State  was  much  more  open  in  expression,  and 
probably  much  stronger  than  after  later  experience  writh  the  German 
treatment  of  helpless  neutral  nations,  and  with  the  treasonable  work  of 
German  emissaries  at  home.  It  was  notorious  that  many  Republicans 
and  independent  voters  supported  President  Wilson,  but  the  plurality  in 
the  State  was  8,779  against  him.  That  he  received  this  outside  support 
is  shown  conclusively  by  the  fact  that  while  James  P.  Goodrich,  the  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  Governor,  received  652  votes  less  than  Mr.  Hughes, 
his  plurality  was  14,609;  and  while  the  aggregate  Republican  vote  for 
congressmen  was  only  131  more  than  the  vote  for  Mr.  Hughes,  the  aggre- 
gate Republican  congressional  plurality  was  21,702.  The  heavy  Demo- 
cratic losses  were  in  the  strong  German  districts.  The  Democrats  might 
have  offset  their  loss  if  they  had  made  a  flat  anti-German  fight,  but  local 
politicians  foolishly  undertook  to  placate  the  Germans  who  were  incensed 
against  Wilson,  and  in  consequence  they  lost  in  both  directions,  as  they 
deserved  to  lose.  It  does  not  pay  to  try  to  carry  water  on  both  shoulders 
in  war  time.  It  was  the  realization  of  what  had  happened  to  them  that 
reconciled  large  numbers  of  Democrats  to  the  adoption  of  the  prohibi- 


• 


a 

0 


I 

tfl 


a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


783 


issue  of  four  volumes — two  on  "Constitution-Making  in  Indiana,"  one 
"Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,"  and  one  "The  Play  Party." 
But  in  comparison  with  what  other  states  are  doing  in  the  publication 
of  their  early  records  and  other  historical  material  this  is  so  pitiable  that 
the  rising  generation,  which  is  having  five  years  of  Indiana  history  in 
the  public  schools,  will  probably  blush  for  the  penuriousness  and  lack  of 
vision  of  the  generation  preceding,  and  set  to  work  to  put  Indiana  in 
line  with  other  progressive  states  in  this  respect. 

There  was  another  project  in  which  Governor  Ralston  took  a  leading 
part  that  might  be  considered  sentimental  by  some  persons,  but  which 
has  an  important  practical  side. '  On  account  of  his  interest  in  the  Good 
Roads  Movement,  in  the  spring  of  1915  he  called  a  meeting  of  the 
Governors  of  seven  states  to  consider  the  construction  of  a  national 
highway  from  Chicago  to  Jacksonville,  Florida,  to  be  known  as  the 
Dixie  Highway.  This  unique  proposal  met  with  universal  approval,  and 
the  meeting  was  held  at  Chattanooga  in  April,  1915.  It  was  attended 
by  large  delegations  from  all  of  the  Ohio  Valley  states  and  Southern 
states  east  of  the  Mississippi,  who  gave  strong  assurances  of  support. 
Michigan  announced  the  intention  to  extend  the  road  through  that  state 
to  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  The  project  was  realized  to  be  one  of  national 
importance,  as  was  the  old  National  road  from  east  to  west;  and  it 
appears  to  be  in  a  fair  way  to  completion. 

The  election  of  1916  was  the  first  in  many  years  in  which  interna- 
tional affairs  had  any  material  influence  in  Indiana.  At  that  time  the 
pro-German  vote  in  the  State  was  much  more  open  in  expression,  and 
probably  much  stronger  than  after  later  experience  with  the  German 
treatment  of  helpless  neutral  nations,  and  with  the  treasonable  work  of 
German  emissaries  at  home.  It  was  notorious  that  many  Republicans 
and  independent  voters  supported  President  Wilson,  but  the  plurality  in 
the  State  was  8,779  against  him.  That  he  received  this  outside  support 
is  shown  conclusively  by  the  fact  that  while  James  P.  Goodrich,  the  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  Governor,  received  652  votes  less  than  Mr.  Hughes, 
his  plurality  was  14.609;  and  while  the  aggregate  Republican  vote  for 
congressmen  was  only  131  more  than  the  vote  for  Mr.  Hughes,  the  aggre- 
gate Republican  congressional  plurality  was  21,702.  The  heavy  Demo- 
cratic losses  were  in  the  strong  German  districts.  The  Democrats  might 
have  offset  their  loss  if  they  had  made  a  flat  anti-German  fight,  but  local 
politicians  foolishly  undertook  to  placate  the  Germans  who  were  incensed 
against  Wilson,  and  in  consequence  they  lost  in  both  directions,  as  they 
deserved  to  lose.  It  does  not  pay  to  try  to  carry  water  on  both  shoulders 
in  war  time.  It  was  the  realization  of  what  had  happened  to  them  that 
reconciled  large  numbers  of  Democrats  to  the  adoption  of  the  prohibi- 


Qov.  JAMES  P.  GOODRICH 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  785 

tion  law  by  the  legislature  of  1917.  They  were  of  the  class  that  were  not 
especially  interested  in  prohibition,  but  had  an  ambition  to  "get  even 
with  the  Dutch."  What  was  more  important,  the  election  opened  their 
eyes  to  the  impropriety  of  catering  to  a  disloyal  element,  and  did  away 
with 'a  quantity  of  namby-pamby  sentiment  about  German  "good  citi- 
zenship." There  is  no  sentimentality  about  the  German  in  American 
politics.  Like  Fritzi  Scheff,  he  "wants  what  he  wants,  when  he  wants  it," 
and  he  goes  after  it,  whether  it  be  "  personal  liberty, ' '  or  what  not. 

James  Putnam  Goodrich,  the  present  Governor  of  Indiana,  is  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  a  successful  business  man,  and  a  politician  of  con- 
ceded acumen.  He  was  born  at  Winchester,  Indiana,  February  18, 
1864,  the  son  of  John  Bell  Goodrich  and  Elizabeth  Putnam  (Edger) 
Goodrich.  He  was  educated  at  De  Pauw  University;  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  'bar  in  1886,  practicing  at  Winchester  and  Indian- 
apolis. He  has  held  a  prominent  place  in  Republican  politics  for  a 
number  of  years,  having  served  as  Chairman  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee for  eight  years,  and  as  member  of  the  National  Executive  Com- 
mittee. It  is  too  soon  to  judge  of  the  merits  of  his  administration ;  but 
it  may  be  said  that  he  is  apparently  trying  to  introduce  business  princi- 
ples and  methods  in  the  transaction  of  public  business,  and  is  meeting 
the  opposition  that  always  arises  when  that  effort  is  made.  Perhaps 
the  most  common  criticism  of  his  administration  thus  far  is  of  a  lack 
of  what  may  be  called  the  sentimental  side — a  lack  of  appreciation  of 
things  that  go  to  make  a  State  worthy  of  admiration  outside  of  success 
in  a  business  way — but  that  is  a  matter  of  which  the  future  generation 
will  probably  be  better  fitted  to  judge  than  the  present. 


' 


I 

i 

- 


Gov.  JAMES  P.  GOODRICH 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  785 

tion  law  by  the  legislature  of  1917.  They  were  of  the  class  that  were  not 
especially  interested  in  prohibition,  but  had  an  ambition  to  "get  even 
with  the  Dutch."  What  was  more  important,  the  election  opened  their 
eyes  to  the  impropriety  of  catering  to  a  disloyal  element,  and  did  away 
with  a  quantity  of  namby-pamby  sentiment  about  German  "good  citi- 
zenship." There  is  no  sentimentality  about  the  German  in  American 
politics.  Like  Fritzi  Scheff ,  he  ' '  wants  what  he  wants,  when  he  wants  it, ' ' 
and  he  goes  after  it,  whether  it  be  "  personal  liberty, ' '  or  what  not. 

James  Putnam  Goodrich,  the  present  Governor  of  Indiana,  is  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  a  successful  business  man,  and  a  politician  of  con- 
ceded acumen.  He  was  born  at  Winchester.  Indiana,  February  18, 
1864,  the  son  of  John  Bell  Goodrich  and  Elizabeth  Putnam  (Edger) 
Goodrich.  He  was  educated  at  De  Pauw  University;  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1886,  practicing  at  Winchester  and  Indian- 
apolis. He  has  held  a  prominent  place  in  Republican  politics  for  a 
number  of  years,  having  served  as  Chairman  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee for  eight  years,  and  as  member  of  the  National  Executive  Com- 
mittee. It  is  too  soon  to  judge  of  the  merits  of  his  administration ;  but 
it  may  be  said  that  he  is  apparently  trying  to  introduce  business  princi- 
ples and  methods  in  the  transaction  of  public  business,  and  is  meeting 
the  opposition  that  always  arises  when  that  effort  is  made.  Perhaps 
the  most  common  criticism  of  his  administration  thus  far  is  of  a  lack 
of  what  may  be  called  the  sentimental  side — a  lack  of  appreciation  of 
things  that  go  to  make  a  State  worthy  of  admiration  outside  of  success 
in  a  business  way — but  that  is  a  matter  of  which  the  future  generation 
will  probablv  be  better  fitted  to  judge  than  the  present. 


• 


CHAPTER  XIV 

MEDICAL  HISTORY  OF  INDIANA'S  FIRST  CENTURY 
By  Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper 

July  13,  1787,  congress  passed  the  bill  known  as  "The  Ordinance  of 
1787."  In  time,  five  states  were  formed  out  of  the  territory  covered  by 
that  remarkable  ordinance.  From  this  domain,  congress,  on  May  7, 1800, 
created  the  territory  of  Indiana,  and  prescribed  certain  limits  for  its 
boundary.  Indiana  and  Illinois  were  embraced  in  this  bill.  In  1809  this 
territory  was  divided  into  the  present  states  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

On  December  4,  1815,  a  census  showed  that  the  territory  of  Indiana 
had  a  population  of  12,112  white  males  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years 
and  upwards,  and  a  total  population  of  63,897.  With  this  showing 
Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  the  nineteenth  state  on  the  llth 
day  of  December,  1816.  Corydon  was  the  capital  from  and  after  the 
first  day  of  May,  1813,  until  January  10,  1825,  when  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  removed  to  Indianapolis. 

One  hundred  years  is  a  long  period  of  time  when  measured  by  human 
life ;  it  is  comparatively  short  when  applied  to  the  age  of  a  state.  What 
momentous  history  has  been  recorded  in  the  century  since  Indiana  came 
into  the  galaxy  of  states ! 

One  hundred  years  ago  the  steamboat  had  been  on  trial  only  a  few 
times.  There  was  no  railroad  in  the  United  States.  Morse  had  not  con- 
ceived the  telegraph,  and  no  one  dreamed  of  the  telephone,  nor  a  thousand 
other  conveniences  that  surround  us  at  the  present  day.  We,  at  that 
time,  were  reading  and  writing  by  the  light  of  chimney  fires  and  tallow 
dips.  Lucifer  matches,  sewing  machines,  reapers  and  the  various  im- 
proved farming  implements  of  the  present  day  were  wholly  unknown. 
The  reaping  hook  was  then  in  use  as  the  common  harvester,  and  men  and 
women  were  binding  sheaves  to  their  bosoms  as  in  the  days  of  the 
Psalmist. 

One  hundred  years  ago  Abraham  Lincoln  was  only  seven  years  old 
and  a  child  of  toil  in  the  wilds  of  southern  Indiana.  Oliver  P.  Morton, 
our  great  war  Governor  was  then  unborn ;  as  well  as  the  two  hundred  and 
ten  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-seven  soldiers  who  went  from 

787 


. 


CHAPTER  XIV 
MEDICAL  HISTORY  OF  INDIANA'S  FIRST  CENTURY 

.-  -•  '.. '.  .   '- 

By  Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper 

July  13,  1787,  congress  passed  the  bill  known  as  "The  Ordinance  of 
1787."  In  time,  five  states  were  formed  out  of  the  territory  covered  by 
that  remarkable  ordinance.  From  this  domain,  congress,  on  May  7,  1800, 
created  the  territory  of  Indiana,  and  prescribed  certain  limits  for  its 
boundary.  Indiana  and  Illinois  were  embraced  in  this  bill.  In  1809  this 
territory  was  divided  into  the  present  states  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

On  December  4,  1815,  a  census  showed  that  the  territory  of  Indiana 
had  a  population  of  12,112  white  males  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years 
and  upwards,  and  a  total  population  of  63,897.  With  this  showing 
Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  the  nineteenth  state  on  the  llth 
day  of  December,  1816.  Corydon  was  the  capital  from  and  after  the 
first  day  of  May,  1813,  until  January  10,  1825,  when  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  removed  to  Indianapolis. 

One  hundred  years  is  a  long  period  of  time  when  measured  by  human 
life ;  it  is  comparatively  short  when  applied  to  the  age  of  a  state.  What 
momentous  history  has  been  recorded  in  the  century  since  Indiana  came 
into  the  galaxy  of  states ! 

One  hundred  years  ago  the  steamboat  had  been  on  trial  only  a  few 
times.  There  was  no  railroad  in  the  United  States.  Morse  had  not  con- 
ceived the  telegraph,  and  no  one  dreamed  of  the  telephone,  nor  a  thousand 
other  conveniences  that  surround  us  at  the  present  day.  We,  at  that 
time,  were  reading  and  writing  by  the  light  of  chimney  fires  and  tallow 
dips.  Lucifer  matches,  sewing  machines,  reapers  and  the  various  im- 
proved farming  implements  of  the  present  day  were  wholly  unknown. 
The  reaping  hook  was  then  in  use  as  the  common  harvester,  and  men  and 
women  were  binding  sheaves  to  their  bosoms  as  in  the  days  of  the 
Psalmist. 

One  hundred  years  ago  Abraham  Lincoln  was  only  seven  years  old 
and  a  child  of  toil  in  the  wilds  of  southern  Indiana.  Oliver  P.  Morton, 
our  great  war  Governor  was  then  unborn ;  as  well  as  the  two  hundred  and 
ten  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-seven  soldiers  who  went  from 

787 


788  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Indiana  and  followed  the  flag  in  the  days  of  the  Civil  War  from  1861 
to  1865. 

At  the  beginning  of  our  state  history  we  were  dependent  upon  our 
log  school  houses  for  instruction;  and  yet  these  developed  a  large  num- 
ber of  scholars  and  teachers. 

Few  of  the  early  physicians  of  Indiana  were  college  bred, — and  these 
were  from  the  eastern  states.  Prior  to  1816,  there  was  not  a  medical 
college  west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains,  and  at  that  date  there  was  only 
one  medical  journal  in  the  United  States, — ' '  The  Electric  Repertory  and 
Analytical  Review,"  of  Philadelphia.  That  city  then  was  the  medical 
Mecca  of  the  United  States.  Dr.  W.  H.  Wishard  declared  that  from  the 
best  statistics  he  could  obtain,  that  as  late  as  1825,  not  ten  per  cent  of 
the  physicians  of  Indiana  were  graduates  of  medical  colleges,  and  not 
to  exceed  twenty-five  or  thirty  per  cent  had  ever  attended  one  course 
of  lectures. 

According  to  Dr.  L.  P.  Yandell,  Sr.,  of  Kentucky,  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Ephraim  McDowell,  of  Danville,  Ky.,  was  not  a  graduate  of  medicine; 
he  attended  one  course  of  lectures  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  returned  to 
Kentucky  in  1793,  and  in  1809  performed  the  first  operation  for  the 
removal  of  an  ovarian  tumor  that  had  ever  been  attempted.  In  1825 
the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  Dr. 
McDowell  by  the  University  of  Maryland.  "When  a  doctor  was  accused 
of  being  a  one  course  student  his  answer  invariably  would  be,  "So  was 
Dr.  McDowell." 

The  Ohio  Medical  College  graduated  its  first  class  in  1821 ;  this  and 
the  Transylvania,  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  were  the  only  medical  colleges  in 
the  western  states  until  1837.  In  the  winter  of  1837-8,  the  first  course 
of  lectures  was  delivered  at  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Louisville.  Medical  lectures  were  not  given  in  Indiana  until  1842, — 

at  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at  Laporte. 

i 

EARLY  DOMESTIC  MEDICINE 

Indiana  passed  through  her  days  of  domestic  and  primitive  medicine. 
Quite  often  homes  were  remotely  situated  from  the  family  physician,  or 
he  was  absent  on  a  call  and  the  mothers  learned  to  meet  the  emergencies 
of  minor  surgery,  and  the  trifling  ills  of  childhood.  She  tied  up  cut 
fingers, — applying  turpentine  or  brown  sugar  to  the  wound,  inasmuch  as 
these  articles  were  supposed  to  be  ' '  healing. ' ' 

If  the  baby  was  seized  with  a  fit,  the  cause  was  assigned  to  "worms," 
and  a  draught  of  "pink  and  senna"  was  quickly  administered,  bowels 
cleared  out,  and  a  cure  wrought  without  alarming  the  neighborhood. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  789 

The  camphor  bottle  on  the  shelf  was  ever  ready  for  accidents  and 
bruises;  warm  poultices  were  quickly  prepared  from  slippery  elm,  or 
bread  and  milk.  Mother  was  resourceful ;  truly,  she  is  childhood 's  best 
friend, — ever  ready  to  assist  and  always  sympathetic. 

If  the  doctor  was  absent, — in  an  emergency,  there  were  men  and 
women  in  every  locality  who  could  render  first  aid.  They  could  bleed  an 
injured  person,  or  extract  a  tooth  with  the  old-fashioned  turnkey.  In 
short,  there  were  persons  at  hand  who  were  accounted  as  handy  in  any 
crisis,  and  when  an  opportunity  presented,  these  persons, — to  use  a  mili- 
tary phrase, — assumed  command,  whether  at  a  birth,  a  death,  or  a 
funeral ;  in  fact,  in  all  departures  from  the  normal,  these  officious  minis- 
tering angels, — male  and  female,  were  on  the  ground,  or  speedily  sum- 
moned. The  phrase  "safety  first"  had  not  been  coined  at  that  early 
date.  The  patent  medicine  vender  was  sojourning  with  the  innocents 
of  that  primitive  day  as  if  to  remind  them  that  they  were  living  in  a 
period  of  business  and  indigestion. 

As  time  progressed,  the  standard  of  the  Physician  was  elevated ;  still, 
he  had  his  faults.  Jealousy  was  the  besetting  sin  of  the  old  time  doctor ; 
he  disliked  rivals,  and  was  given  to  petty  quarrels.  Often  the  neighbor- 
hoods took  sides  with  their  chosen  doctor.  The  animosity  of  former  days 
is  rarely  met  with  at  the  present  day, — having  been  superseded  by  the 
spirit  of  altruism. 

The  old  time  family  doctor  is  rapidly  vanishing.  He  has  been 
crowded  out  of  the  cities,  and  exists  at  the  present  day  in  small  towns 
and  country  places.  He  flourished  in  an  age  when  physicians  did  a 
general  practice,  and  covered  a  large  field.  He  cured  a  cold;  treated  a 
fever,  and  prescribed  for  acute  and  chronic  ailments.  He  managed 
diseases  of  the  ear,  throat,  and  eye.  He  adjusted  broken  bones,  and  re- 
duced dislocations;  sewed  up  wounds,  and  extracted  teeth.  He  waited 
patiently  and  tenderly  at  the  bedside  of  the  expectant  mother,  and  cared 
for  the  ills  of  childhood.  Dr.  Oliver  "Wendell  Holmes  said  the  motto 
of  a  physician  should  be  semper  paratus, — always  ready.  Day  and  night 
the  faithful  country  doctor  responded  to  calls  of  suffering  humanity. 

"In  the  night-time  or  the  day-time  he  would  rally  brave  and  well 
Though  the  summer  lark  was  fifing,  or  the  frozen  lances  fell." 

The  old  time  doctor  was  loved,  feared,  and  venerated.  He  knew  the 
family  secrets,  and  was  trusted  implicitly.  His  decisions  were  final,  and 
in  sickness  he  was  the  pilot.  The  friends  of  the  sick  watched  for  his 
coming,  and  they  lingered  to  watch  his  departure.  What  anguish,  what 
joy,  what  despair  in  his  coming,  and  in  his  going ! 


790  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Many  of  these  men  died  in  poverty,  a  few  were  comfortable  in  their 
declining  years, — and  still  fewer  died  rich. 

This  is  an  age  of  specialism,  and  the  medical  profession  has  caught 
the  spirit.  There  are  eye,  nose,  and  throat  specialists;  physicians  who 
give  their  attention  to  internal  medicine,  fever  specialists,  those  who 
treat  the  heart  and  lungs,  those  who  specialize  on  diseases  of  women  and 
children,  and  still  others  who  confine  their  practice  to  surgery.  If  you 
have  a  diseased  tooth  you  seek  a  dentist.  • 

The  practice  of  medicine  has  always  been  beset  by  impostors.  If 
the  honest  practitioner  informs  the  invalid  that  his  case  is  hopeless ;  that 
he  is  suffering  from  a  disease  that  inevitably  tends  to  a  fatal  termina- 
tion, he  will  be  disposed  to  seek  advice  from  one  who  will  promise  a  cure. 
The  patient  wants  to  get  well.  "All  that  a  man  hath  will  he  give  for 
his  life,"  and  he  seeks  the  charlatan  who  deals  in  unwarranted  promises 
and  robs  hia  victim  of  his  last  penny. 

PRIMITIVE  MEDICAL,  FADS 

One  of  the  early  medical  fada  was  known  as  Thomsoniasm,  "steam 
doctors, "  etc.  This  system  was  inaugurated  by  an  ignorant  but  energetic 
charlatan, — "Dr."  Samuel  Thomson,  who  was  born  in  Olmstead,  New 
Hampshire,  February  9,  1767.  At  an  early  age  he  began  to  experiment 
with  lobelia.  Later  he  added  to  his  stock  of  drugs  and  practice,  emetics, 
sudorifics,  capsicum,  "composition  powders,"  "number  six,"  and  hot 
drops.  He  patented  his  system  in  1823,  and  sold  rights  in  several  states, 
while  he  practiced  on  horseback,  riding  through  New  Hampshire,  Maine, 
Vermont,  and  Massachusetts.  Some  of  his  pilgrimages  extended  as  far 
west  as  Ohio.  I  have  one  of  his  patent  rights  in  my  possession ;  printed 
on  cheap  paper,  and  ornamented  with  a  spread  eagle,  proclaiming 
E  Pluribus  Unum! 

My  friend,  Rev.  E.  F.  Hasty,  now  a  resident  of  California,  presented 
me  with  the  "right,"  and  also  one  of  Thomson's  books.  Dr.  Hasty  said, 
"I  found  these  among  my  grandfather's  papers, — Jacob  Smith,  who 
resided  near  Richmond,  Indiana.  He  did  not  at  all  pretend  to  be  a 
doctor,  but  in  an  early  day  the  neighbors  depended  much  upon  him  and 
grandmother  in  time  of  sickness ;  perhaps  they  were  as  good  as  many  of 
the  quack  doctors."1 

His  book  consists  of  188  pages  of  fine  type,  and  the  title  page  reads 
as  follows:  "A  narrative  of  the  life  and  medical  discoveries  of  Samuel 
Thomson ;  containing  an  account  of  his  system  of  practice  and  the  manner 
of  curing  disease  with  vegetable  medicine,  etc. ' ' 


See  fae-simile  of  Thomson  Certificate  on  p.  791. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


791 


This  is  the  3rd  edition  and  was  published  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1827, 
by  Horton  Howard. 

This  book  has  the  stamp  of  ignorance  and  error  upon  every  page. 
Supported  by  the  energy  of  Thomson,  and  the  industry  of  his  agents, 
thousands  purchased  it.  Strange  enough,  he  seemed  to  realize  but  little 
money  from  his  patent  and  his  book.  He  spent  too  much  of  his  time 
riding  on  horseback  among  the  barren  hills  of  New  England,  paying 
court  fees,  and  boarding  in  jails,  to  create  a  bank  account.  He  lacked  the 
shrewdness  of  the  street  faker  of  the  present  day. 

Venesection,  or  removing  blood  from  a  vein,  was  a  common  practice 


MAT  UKATlft'I,  THAT  I  HATS  RECEIVED  OP 

*£~~%t  -  ---  Twenty  Dollars,  in  full,  for  the  right 
of  preparing  and  using  for  <"£'" -self  and  family,  the  medicine  and  sys- 
tem of  practice  secured  to  Samuel  Thomson,  by  Letters  Patent  from 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  dated  January  28  th,  1823;  and  that 
he  is  thereby  constituted  a  member  of  the  Friendly  Botanic  Society,  and 
is  entitled  to  an  enjoyment  of  all  the  privileges  attached  to  member- 
ship therein.  /^  x  ^^  x__^»  -^^  Jlf^ 

Dated  at  tTff**-**"**—  this   ^U<£^fay  of  ^  ^TPN-f 

in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 

twenty- 


FACSIMILE  OF  THOMSON  CERTIFICATE 


three-quarters  of  a  century  ago.  Doctors  had  faith  in  the  efficacy  of  this 
remedy,  and  the  laity  as  well.  In  my  childhood  days  the  family  physician 
seldom  came  to  my  father's  home  without  "bleeding"  the  patient.  I 
will  venture  the  assertion  that  there  are  practicing  physicians  of  large 
experience  in  Indiana  today  who  never  performed  this  operation, — 
possibily,  some  who  never  saw  any  one  else  "bleed"  a  patient.  Possibly 
no  remedy  was  more  popular  in  its  day  than  was  bleeding.  So  popular 
was  venesection  among  the  masses  in  those  days  that  had  one  of  the 
political  parties  declared  in  its  platform  for  this  measure,  it  would  have 
served  a  good  purpose  in  augmenting  the  vote  \  2 


21  have  before  me  "Dewees'  Practice  of  Physic,"  2nd  ed.  1833,  and  upon  its 
title-page  as  a  motto,  I  find  this  extract,  "Had  T  dared  to  bleed  freely,  and  espe- 
cially by  means   of  leeches,  the  patient   might  have  been  saved;   but  I  was  afraid 
of  debility.     But  who  is  to  blame! — Broussais,  Phleg.  Chron.     Vol.  11,  p.  82." 
vol.  n— 15 


792  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  madstone,  an  aluminous  shale,  or  sometimes  a  small  bone  from 
the  heart  of  a  wild  deer,  was  "deemed  valuable  as  a  remedy  for  hydro- 
phobia, snake-poison,  and  certain  septic  affections.  Many  persons  for- 
merly set  great  store  by  this  worthless  fraud.  Quite  recently  a  man 
called  at  my  office  and  offered  to  sell  me  a  madstone  at  a  fabulous  price. 

There  were  a  select  few  who  could  "blow  the  fire"  out  of  persons 
who  had  suffered  burns ;  and  others  who  could  arrest  hemorrhage,  even  at 
a  distance,  by  uttering  certain  cabalistic  words.  It  was  proper  to  send 
some  member  of  the  household  to  make  the  dog  stop  its  howling,  and  thus 
avert  a  death  in  the  family! 

There  are,  even  at  the  present  day,  persons  who  wear  a  copper  wire 
around  the  waist,  or  carry  a  buckeye  in  the  pocket  to  prevent  rheuma- 
tism. Possibly,  as  a  survival  of  the  fittest  specimen  of  superstition  is 
the  dread  of  many  college-bred  people  of  the  present  day  as  they  ap- 
proach the  small-sized  banquet  table,  until  a  careful  count  shows  less  or 
more  than  thirteen  persons. 

In  my  early  childhood  days  I  saw  some  men  cut  a  hole  through  a 
tree  and  pass  a  delicate  child  through  the  opening,  in  order  to  cure  it 
of  a  so-called  "short  growth." 

EARLY  LAWS  REGULATING  THE  PRACTICE  OF  MEDICINE 

In  the  years  1816-1825,  laws  were  enacted  entitled,  acts  for  the  bet- 
ter regulation  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  State  of  Indiana.  These 
laws  were  imperfect;  they  arranged  for  the  granting  of  charters  for 
medical  societies;  they  granted  judicial  or  medical  districts  the  power 
to  license  physicians  to  practice  medicine  by  certificate,  and  denied  the 
aid  of  the  law  to  collect  the  bills  of  irregular  practitioners. 

These  laws  were  repealed  in  1830,  and  no  laws  were  at  that  time 
enacted  in  their  stead.  This  repeal  left  the  citizens  of  Indiana  without 
any  legal  protection  against  incompetent  practitioners  for  a  period  of 
fifty-five  years. 

The  next  'attempt  to  create  legal  enactments  to  guard  the  practice  o: 
medicine  was  in  1885. 

LATER  LEGISLATION 

At  the  session  of  the  legislature  of  1885,  a  law  was  enacted  designed 
to  regulate  the  practice  of  medicine,  surgery,  and  obstetrics  in  the  State 
of  Indiana.  This  beneficent  law  was  opposed  by  the  irregular  practi- 
tioners and  their  friends  in  Indiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 
LAWS  OP  1897 


793 


In  1897  the  law  was  changed,  and  the  act  as  amended  provides  that 
all  physicians  who  had  registered  under  the  act  of  1885,  and  had  been 
in  continuous  practice  in  the  State  since  that  date  shall  be  permitted  to 
register  under  the  new  law.  This  law  also  created  the 

BOARD  OP  MEDICAL  BEGISTRATION  AND  EXAMINATION 
to  which  all  applications  for  registration  must  be  made,  and  whose  duty 


DR.  W.  H.  WISHARD 

it  is  to  issue  permits  in  the  way  of  certificates  setting  forth  that  ap- 
plicants have  complied  with  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

On  the  presentation  of  these  certificates  to  the  clerk  of  the  court  of 
the  county  in  which  the  applicant  lives  and  proposes  to  practice,  and 
the  payment  of  a  proper  fee,  a  license  is  issued  by  the  clerk.  Under 
the  law  of  1897,  the  applicant  must  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  medical 


792 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  madstone,  an  aluminous  shale,  or  sometimes  a  small  bone  from 
the  heart  of  a  wild  deer,  was  'deemed  valuable  as  a  remedy  for  hydro- 
phobia, snake-poison,  and  certain  septic  affections.  Slany  persons  for- 
merly set  great  store  by  this  worthless  fraud.  Quite  recently  a  man 
called  at  my  office  and  offered  to  sell  me  a  madstone  at  a  fabulous  price. 

There  were  a  select  few  who  could  "blow  the  fire"  out  of  persons 
who  had  suffered  burns ;  and  others  who  could  arrest  hemorrhage,  even  at 
a  distance,  by  uttering  certain  cabalistic  words.  It  was  proper  to  send 
some  member  of  the  household  to  make  the  dog  stop  its  howling,  and  thus 
avert  a  death  in  the  family ! 

There  are,  even  at  the  present  day,  persons  who  wear  a  copper  wire 
around  the  waist,  or  carry  a  buckeye  in  the  pocket  to  prevent  rheuma- 
tism. Possibly,  as  a  survival  of  the  fittest  specimen  of  superstition  is 
the  dread  of  many  college-bred  people  of  the  present  day  as  they  ap- 
proach the  small-sized  banquet  table,  until  a  careful  count  shows  less  or 
more  than  thirteen  persons. 

In  my  early  childhood  days  I  saw  some  men  cut  a  hole  through  a 
tree  and  pass  a  delicate  child  through  the  opening,  in  order  to  cure  it 
of  a  so-called  "short  growth." 


EARLY  LAWS  REGULATING  THE  PRACTICE  OF  MEDICINE 

In  the  years  1816-1825,  laws  were  enacted  entitled,  acts  for  the  bet- 
ter regulation  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  State  of  Indiana.  These 
laws  were  imperfect;  they  arranged  for  the  granting  of  charters  for 
medical  societies ;  they  granted  judicial  or  medical  districts  the  power 
to  license  physicians  to  practice  medicine  by  certificate,  and  denied  the 
aid  of  the  law  to  collect  the  bills  of  irregular  practitioners. 

These  laws  were  repealed  in  1830,  and  no  laws  were  at  that  time 
enacted  in  their  stead.  This  repeal  left  the  citizens  of  Indiana  without 
any  legal  protection  against  incompetent  practitioners  for  a  period  of 
fifty-five  years. 

The  next  attempt  to  create  legal  enactments  to  guard  the  practice  of 
medicine  was  in  1885. 


LATER  LEGISLATION 


At  the  session  of  the  legislature  of  1885,  a  law  was  enacted  designed 
to  regulate  the  practice  of  medicine,  surgery,  and  obstetrics  in  the  State 
of  Indiana.  This  beneficent  law  was  opposed  by  the  irregular  practi- 
tioners and  their  friends  in  Indiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 
LAWS  OF  1897 


793 


In  1897  the  law  was  changed,  and  the  act  as  amended  provides  that 
all  physicians  who  had  registered  under  the  act  of  1885,  and  had  been 
in  continuous  practice  in  the  State  since  that  date  shall  be  permitted  to 
register  under  the  new  law.  This  law  also  created  the 

BOARD  OF  MEDICAL  REGISTRATION  AND  EXAMINATION 
to  which  all  applications  for  registration  must  be  made,  and  whose  duty 


DR.  W.  H.  WISHARD 

it  is  to  issue  permits  in  the  way  of  certificates  setting  forth  that  ap- 
plicants have  complied  with  the  provisions  of  the  law. 

On  the  presentation  of  these  certificates  to  the  clerk  of  the  court  of 
the  county  in  which  the  applicant  lives  and  proposes  to  practice,  and 
the  payment  of  a  proper  fee,  a  license  is  issued  by  the  clerk.  Under 
the  law  of  1897,  the  applicant  must  be  a  graduate  of  a  reputable  medical 


' 


794  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

college,  and  the  standard  of  the  college  is  determined  by  the  board  of 
medical  registration  and  examination. 

The  following  schools  of  practice  are  represented  on  the  Indiana 
state  board  of  medical  registration  and'  examination:  regular,  physio- 
medical,  homeopath,  eclectic,  and  osteopath.  At  the  present  time  (1918) 
this  board  is  composed  of  the  following  named  persons : 

W.  A.  Spurgeon,  president — physio-medical;  J.  M.  Dennen,  vice- 
president — regular;  W.  T.  Gott,  secretary — homeopath;  M.  S.  Canfield, 
treasurer — eclectic;  S.  C.  Smelser — regular;  A.  B.  Caine — osteopath. 

FIRST  PRACTITIONERS  OF  INDIANA 

There  were  many  excellent  practitioners  among  the  early  physicians 
of  Indiana.  Their  preliminary  education,  often,  did  not  measure  up  to 
the  standard  of  our  medical  men  of  the  present  day;  they  had  a  fair 
knowledge  of  the  theory  of  medicine,  and  gained  much  from  experience. 
Often  they  were  distant  from  professional  counsel,  and  learned  to  act 
independently.  I  have  encountered  conflicts  on  battlefields  when,  if  it 
had  not  been  my  duty  to  be  there  and  nowhere  else,  I  should  have  fled ; 
and  I  have  met  conflicts  no  less  severe  single-handed  and  alone,  far 
removed  from  a  professional  help  when,  if  I  had  not  been  a  physician, 
I  would  not  have  remained.  There  is  no  place  like  the  firing  line  for 
training  a  soldier. 

Some  of  the  physicians  of  the  period  we  are  considering  were  grad- 
uates of  literary  and  medical  colleges  of  eastern  states.  Many  physi- 
cians in  Vincennes,  Terre  Haute,  Fort  Wayne,  Madison,  New  Albany, 
Rushville,  Brookville,  and  Indianapolis,  were  known  as  cultured,  schol- 
arly men. 

Possibly  James  Whitcomb  Riley  has  unduly  praised  the  virtues 
of  "Doc"  Sifers,  and  yet  this  character  had  varied  attainments;  was 
equal  to  most  emergencies,  and  was  a  useful  individual  in  his  neighbor- 
hood. The  village  doctor  ranked  higher  in  intelligence  than  the  village 
pettifogger.  ; 

The  early  doctors  did  not  possess  large  libraries — perhaps  not  more 
than  "five  feet"— but  they  were  close  students  of  such  books  as  they 
owned.  They  treated  fevers,  broken  bones,  extracted  teeth,  performed 
venesection,  cared  for  the  ills  of  women  and  children,  and  it  may  truth- 
fully be  said  that  they  were  fairly  successful.  There  was  little  ma- 
chinery in  those  days  and  so  there  were  fewer  extensive  injuries.  He  was 
equal  to  the  task  of  the  minor  surgery  of  his  day. 

There  were  competent  midwives  in  the  early  days.     Mrs.  Brown, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


795 


mother  of  Prof.  Ryland  T.  Brown,  had  an  extensive  practice  in  Rich- 
land  Township,  Rush  County. 

The  medical  men  of  Indiana  have  kept  pace  with  the  advancements  ot 
modern  medicine,  and  have  taken  a  high  rank  as  practitioners,  teachers 
and  authors.  The  majority  of  the  physicians  of  Indiana  have  stood  as 
a  unit  for  high  qualifications  for  students  and  practitioners.  They  have 
been  instrumental  in  placing  upon  our  statute  books  laws  that  protected 


OLD  CITY  HOSPITAL,  INDIANAPOLIS.,-. 
(From  a  war  time  photograph) 

the  well,  and  cared  for  the  sick.  <5Vhile  true  physicians  have  been  faith- 
ful in  guarding  the  welfare  of  the  masses,  quacks  and  charlatans  have 
striven  to  hinder  the  good  work.  Too  often  the  public  has  been  indif- 
ferent to  our  beneficent  acts  and  misjudged  our  motives.  The  medical 
profession  of  Indiana  has  never  placed  'a  law  upon  the  statute  books  of 
the  state  that  was  not  for  the  welfare  of  the  people.  The  charlatans 
never  even  asked  for  nor  supported  a  single  measure  that  would  benefit 
one  sick  or  well  person! 

Statistics  demonstrate  that  within  the  last  half  of  the  century 
of  our  existence  as  a  state  the  average  of  human  life  in  this  country  has 
been  lengthened  to  the  extent  of  ten  years.  This  is  due  to  the  beneficent 


796 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


results  of  the  sanitary  laws  of  the  country  guarding  the  health  of  the 
people  of  the  state  and  the  nation. 

The  author  of  this  paper  located  in  Muncie,  August  19,  1865.  All 
physicians  at  that  time  were  making  country  calls  on  horseback ;  a  few 
were  using  buggies  or  carts  in  the  summer  season  while  the  roads  were 
in  better  condition.  As  the  roads  were  improved  vehicles  became  more 


DR.  JOSEPH  W.  MARSEE 

common,  until  gradually  the  doctor  with  saddle-hags  merged  into  the 
physician  riding  in  a  phaeton,  and  still  later — as  at  the  present  day,  in 
an  automobile — a  veritable  evolution,  as  I  have  witnessed,  from  eques- 
trianism to  electricity  and  gasoline. 

The  physicians  who  practice  in  Indiana  today  and  ride  along  its  well 
constructed  roads  can  scarcely  appreciate  the  hardships  that  the  early 
practitioners  endured  before  our  gravel  roads  were  constructed.  Visits 
made  on  errands  of  mercy  were  often  attended  with  peril,  as  it  was  no 

' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  797 

uncommon  thing  for  the  horse  to  mire  in  creeks  and  swamps.  How- 
ever, it  was  no  more  perilous  than  the  upsetting  of  an  automobile,  as 
occasionally  happens  at  the  present  day. 

May  I  describe  one  of  these  early  physicians?  Dr.  Levi  Minshall 
was  the  second  physician  to  locate  in  Delaware  County,  in  1829.  An 
old  citizen  who  remembers  Dr.  Minshall's  first  appearance  in  Muncie 
says  that  he  came  here  from  Dayton,  Ohio,  riding  a  very  large  iron-gray 
horse  and  wearing  a  suit  of  broadcloth — a  circumstance  that  created 
almost  a  sensation  among  the  primitive  people  living  here  at  that  time, 
as  homespun  jeans  was  the  regulation  apparel,  and  broadcloth  was  re- 
served for  the  rich  and  nobility.  One  of  the  interesting  incidents  of  his 
early  practice  in  the  country  when  visiting  the  sick,  was  that  he  would 
ride  up  and  down  White  river  in  the  water  to  avoid  bears  and  wolves 
that  roamed  about  in  their  native  freedom  in  the  woods  in  the  territory 
which  now  comprises  Delaware  County. 

SOME  EARLY  DISEASES  IN  INDIANA 

From  the  time  that  Indiana  was  settled  until  as  late  as  in  the  seventies, 
a  class  of  fevers  usually  began  to  prevail  about  the  middle  of  July  and 
continued  until  frost  made  its  appearance.  This  fever  was  geneflally 
known  as  autumnal  fever,  also  "ague,"  "chills  and  fever,"  "intermit- 
tent," "remittent,"  "malarial  fever,"  etc.  Its  periodicity  was  peculiar. 
Its  exacerbations  occurred,  commonly,  daily,  alternate  days,  or  on  the 
third  day;  rarely  on  the  fourth.  For  a  better  knowledge  of  the  cause, 
malaria,  miasm,  etc.,  were  assigned. 

An  idea  was  prevalent  that  these  unwelcome  diseases  which  came 
to  nearly  every  home  like  an  unbidden  guest,  had  their  origin  in  the 
numerous  swamps  that  gave  rise  to  a  subtle  malarial  poison.  The  theory 
was  tenable  that  this  effluvia  arose  from  stagnant  pools  of  water  and 
hovered  about,  especially  at  night — this  "night-air"  thus  acquired  a 
questionable  reputation.  Older  physicians  will  remember  the  classical 
phrase  of  the  former  days  that  "malaria  loves  the  ground,"  indicating 
that  its  intensity  was  greatest  near  the  earth  or  foul  water. 

The  mosquito  was  considered  harmless  in  those  days;  beyond  the 
abstraction  of  a  small  quantity  of  blood,  no  criminality  was  suspected. 
Flies  were  supposed  to  be  scavengers — possibly  serving  a  useful  pur- 
pose— until  the  microscope  exposed  their  dangerous  germ-laden  feet  and 
legs.  An  investigation  showed  that  the  stagnant  pools  were  guilty  only 
as  they  were  hatching  beds  for  mosquitoes — the  real  cause  of  the  malarial 
poisoning.  Finally,  Reid  and  Carroll,  in  1899,  established  the  trans- 
mission of  yellow  fever  by  mosquitoes. 


798  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Dr.  Danid~Drake  (1785-1852),  of  Cincinnati,  a  physician  of  great 
ability  in  the  forties  made  extensive  journeys  into  the  several  states 
comprising  the  Mississippi  valley,  including  Indiana,  in  order  to  investi- 
gate the  various  diseases  of  that  area.  In  1850  he  published  a  work  of  968 
pages  entitled,  ''On  the  Principal  Diseases  of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
in  which  he  devotes  186  pages  to  the  consideration  of  autumnal  fevers. 
He  wrote  learnedly  for  that  early  period,  but  his  writings  were  historical 
rather  than  scientific.  He  did  not  suspect  the  mosquito. 

PIONEER  INDIANA  PHYSICIANS 

Dr.  Hubbard  Madison  Smith,  who  lived  and  died  at  Vincenncs,  in 
' '  Historical  Sketches  of  Old  Vincennes, ' '  gives  •  the  following  history 
of  the  early  physicians  of  that  place: 

"There  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  earliest  physicians  located  here, 
since  no  record  exists  giving  their  names  or  labors.  It  is  said  a  Doctor 
Tisdale  was  here  as  early  as  1792,  and  that  Samuel  McKee,  Surgeon 
United  States  army,  was  here  as  early  as  1800,  and  Doctor  Scull,  a  little 
later,  who  was  with  General  Harrison  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Enox 
County  history  says  a  medical  society  was  organized  in  1817  and  met 
again  in  1819  for  the  last  time,  but  no  names  are  given  of  the  members. 

"The  first  medical  society  of  Vincennes  of  which  any  authentic  rec- 
ord exists  was  organized  June  5,  1827,  with  the  following  named  mem- 
bers and  officers:  President,  Doctor  E.  McNamee;  Secretary,  Hiram 
Decker;  Treasurer,  J.  Kuykendall;  members,  Philip  Barton,  J.  D. 
Wolverton  and  Doctor  O 'Haver.  Doctor  James  Porter  was  elected  a 
member  at  the  same  meeting,  paying  a  fee  of  $5.00  for  a  diploma. 

"It  is  presumed  that  the  society  was  organized  under  the  provisions 
of  the  charter  of  the  Vincennes  University,  which  permitted  the  confer- 
ring of  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine.  The  society  was  called  'The 
First  District  Medical  Society  of  Indiana.'  As  the  years  went  by  Doc- 
tors A.  Elliot  and  J.  W.  Davis  became  members ;  the  latter  subsequently 
went  into  politics  and  became  a  United  States  Minister  abroad.  In 
May,  1830,  Doctors  W.  Dinwiddie,  Joseph  W.  Posey,  Hezekiah  Holland, 
Pennington  and  Joseph  Somes  were  admitted  to  membership.  In  Novem- 
ber following,  Doctor  N.  Mears  joined.  In  May,  1831,  Doctors  "W.  "W. 
Hitt,  H.  Davidson  and  0.  G.  Stewart  were  admitted. 

"In  the  years  following,  up  to  1853,  there  appear  on  the  roll  Doc- 
tors G.  G.  Barton,  Thomas  Nesbit,  Joseph  Brown,  Joseph  Maddox,  Daniel 
Stahl,  F.  M.  McJenkin,  F.  F.  Offatt,  William  Warner,  J.  S.  Sawyer, 
John  Barry,  in  June,  1839 ;  B.  J.  Baty,  March,  1840 ;  Alexander  Leslie, 
November,  1843 ;  William  Fairhurst,  November,  1842 ;  John  R.  Mantle, 
November,  1844;  James  P.  DeBruler,  November,  1842;  Thomas  B. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


799 


Thompson,  1841;  Hubbard  M.  Smith,  May,  1849;  George  B.  Shumard, 
June,  1849;  R.  B.  Jessup  February,  1854." 

Dr.  Henry  P.  Ayres  3  (1813-1887),  of  Fort  Wayne,  gives  the  follow- 
ing account  of  early  physicians  of  Allen  County: 

Dr.  Curtis  was  the  first  whose  name  can  be  definitely  determined. 
He  visited  Fort  Wayne  in  1810  and  was  as  much  of  an  Indian  trader  as 


DR.  JOHN  W.  MOODEY 

a  physician.  The  same  year  Dr.  Turner,  who  was  connected  with  the 
United  States  army  as  a  surgeon,  reported  there  for  duty.  In  1813, 
Dr.  Crow  and  Dr.  Vorees,  of  the  United  States  army,  reported  at  Fort 
Wayne  for  duty  with  the  garrison.  Dr.  Treat  came  in  1815,  and  relieved 
Dr.  Crow.  Dr.  Smith,  from  Lancaster,  Ohio,  located  at  Fort  Wayne 
and  remained  one  year.  Dr.  Uphane,  of  Canada,  located  in  Fort  Wayne 
in  1818 ;  lived  but  a  short  time  and  was  buried  there.  In  1818  or  1819, 
Dr.  Benjamin  Cushman  moved  to  Fort  Wayne  and  began  the  regular 


3  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1874,  p.  58. 


. 


798 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Dr.  Daniel  Drake  (1785-1852),  of  Cincinnati,  a  physician  of  great 
ability  in  the  forties  made  extensive  journeys  into  the  several  states 
comprising  the  Mississippi  valley,  including  Indiana,  in  order  to  investi- 
gate the  various  diseases  of  that  area.  In  1850  he  published  a  work  of  968 
pages  entitled,  "On  the  Principal  Diseases  of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
in  which  he  devotes  186  pages  to  the  consideration  of  autumnal  fevers. 
He  wrote  learnedly  for  that  early  period,  but  his  writings  were  historical 
rather  than  scientific.  He  did  not  suspect  the  mosquito. 

PIONEER  INDIANA  PHYSICIANS 


Dr.  Hubbard  Madison  Smith,  who  lived  and  died  at  Vincennes,  in 
"Historical  Sketches  of  Old  Vincennes,"  gives,  the  following  history 
of  the  early  physicians  of  that  place: 

"There  is  little  to  be  said  of  the  earliest  physicians  located  here, 
since  no  record  exists  giving  their  names  or  labors.  It  is  said  a  Doctor 
Tisdale  was  here  as  early  as  1792,  and  that  Samuel  McKee,  Surgeon 
United  States  army,  was  here  as  early  as  180'0,  and  Doctor  Scull,  a  little 
later,  who  was  with  General  Harrison  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Knox 
County  history  says  a  medical  society  was  organized  in  1817  and  met 
again  in  1819  for  the  last  time,  but  no  names  are  given  of  the  members. 

"The  first  medical  society  of  Vincennes  of  which  any  authentic  rec- 
ord exists  was  organized  June  5,  1827,  with  the  following  named  mem- 
bers and  officers:  President,  Doctor  E.  McNamee;  Secretary,  Hiram 
Decker;  Treasurer,  J.  Kuykendall;  members,  Philip  Barton,  J.  D. 
Wolverton  and  Doctor  0 'Haver.  Doctor  James  Porter  was  elected  a 
member  at  the  same  meeting,  paying  a  fee  of  $5.00  for  a  diploma. 

"It  is  presumed  that  the  society  was  organized  under  the  provisions 
of  the  charter  of  the  Vincennes  University,  which  permitted  the  confer- 
ring of  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine.  The  society  was  called  'The 
First  District  Medical  Society  of  Indiana.'  As  the  years  went  by  Doc- 
tors A.  Elliot  and  J.  \V.  Davis  became  members ;  the  latter  subsequently 
went  into  politics  and  became  a  United  States  Minister  abroad.  In 
May,  1830,  Doctors  W.  Dinwiddie,  Joseph  W.  Posey,  Hezekiah  Holland, 
Pennington  and  Joseph  Somes  were  admitted  to  membership.  In  Novem- 
ber following,  Doctor  N.  Mears  joined.  In  May,  1831,  Doctors  W.  "W. 
Hitt,  H.  Davidson  and  0.  G.  Stewart  were  admitted. 

"In  the  years  following,  up  to  1853,  there  appear  on  the  roll  Doe- 
tors  G.  G.  Barton,  Thomas  Nesbit,  Joseph  Brown,  Joseph  Maddox,  Daniel 
Stahl,  F.  M.  McJenkin,  F.  F.  Offatt,  William  Warner,  J.  S.  Sawyer, 
John  Barry,  in  June,  1839 ;  B.  J.  Baty,  March,  1840 ;  Alexander  Leslie, 
November,  1843;  William  Fairhurst,  November,  1842;  John  R.  Mantle, 
November,  1844;  James  P.  DeBruler,  November,  1842;  Thomas  B. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


799 


Thompson,  1841 ;  Hubbard  M.  Smith,  May,  1849 ;  George  B.  Shumard, 
June,  1849;  R.  B.  Jessup  February,  1854." 

-Dr.  Henry  P.  Ayres  3  (1813-1887),  of  Fort  Wayne,  gives  the  follow- 
ing account  of  early  physicians  of  Allen  County : 

Dr.  Curtis  was  the  first  whose  name  can  be  definitely  determined. 
He  visited  Fort  "Wayne  in  1810  and  was  as  much  of  an  Indian  trader  as 


DR.  JOHN  W.  MOODEY 

a  physician.  The  same  year  Dr.  Turner,  who  was  connected  with  the 
United  States  army  as  a  surgeon,  reported  there  for  duty.  In  1813, 
Dr.  Crow  and  Dr.  Vorees,  of  the  United  States  army,  reported  at  Fort 
Wayne  for  duty  with  the  garrison.  Dr.  Treat  came  in  1815,  and  relieved 
Dr.  Crow.  Dr.  Smith,  from  Lancaster,  Ohio,  located  at  Fort  Wayne 
and  remained  one  year.  Dr.  Uphane,  of  Canada,  located  in  Fort  Wayne 
in  1818 ;  lived  but  a  short  time  and  was  buried  there.  In  1818  or  1819, 
Dr.  Benjamin  Cushman  moved  to  Fort  Wayne  and  began  the  regular 


Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1874,  p.  58. 


800 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


practice  of  medicine  and  may  properly  be  considered  the  first  resident 
physician;  he  died  about  1839.  Dr.  L.  G.  Thompson  located  in  Fort 
Wayne  in  1825  and  was  the  second  resident  physician.  He  was  an  able 
and  skillful  physician  and  beloved  in  the  community.  He  died  in  1845. 
Dr.  Ezra  Read  (1811-1877),  formerly  a  well-known  and  excellent 
physician  of  Terre  Haute,  says  he  settled  in  that  place  in  1843,  and  found 


DR.  EZRA  READ 

at  that  date  Doctors  Ebenezer  Daniels,  Septer  Patrick,  Edward  V.  Ball, 
and  Azel  Holmes.4 

At  New  Albany  there  were  Doctors  Asahel  Clapp,  William  A.  Clapp, 
William  Cooper,  Henry  M.  Dowling,  Somerville  E.  Leonard,  William  A. 
Scribner,  Pleasant  S.  Shields,  William  G.  Sinex,  and  John  Sloan. 

Dr.  William  T.  S.  Cornett  (1805-1897),  of  Ripley  County,  and  Dr. 
Isaac  Fenley,  of  Columbus,  deserve  honorable  mention. 

The  late  Dr.  William  H.  Wishard  5  (1816-1913),  of  Indianapolis,  men- 


«  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1874,  p.  45. 

»  Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1893,  p.  16. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  801 

tions  the  names  of  the  following  physicians  at  Indianapolis  during  its 
first  fifteen  years  of  existence:  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Mitchell,  first  physician 
to  locate,  in  April,  1821 ;  Isaac  Coe,  Livingston  Dunlap,  Jonathan  Cool, 
K.  A.  Scudder,  W.  H.  Lilly,  Henry  Ross,  Charles  McDougle,  John  L. 
Mothershead,  John  H.  Sanders,  George  W.  Hears,  who  removed  from 
Vincennes  in  1834;  Dr.  John  L.  Richmond,  who  performed  the  first 
Cesarean  section  west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains,  at  Newtown,  Ohio, 
April  23,  1827,6  located  at  Indianapolis  about  1836.  During  the  interval 
between  1836  and  1846,  Doctors  John  S.  Bobbs,  Charles  Parry,  and 
others  located  in  Indianapolis. 

Space  will  not  permit  the  recording  of  but  a  few  of  the  names  of  the 
very  early  physicians  of  Indiana.  The  reader  who  may  desire  to  pursue 
this  subject  is  referred  to  the  Author's  Medical  History  of  Indiana, 
1911,  for  an  extensive  list  of  early  and  later  physicians  of  Indiana. 

'  Dr.  Dickinson  Burt  was  the  first  physician  to  locate  in  Delaware 
County.  The  date  is  not  known,  but  it  was  prior  to  1829.  Dr.  Levi 
Minshall  was  the  second,  in  1829.  He  died  at  Muncie  in  1836,  aged 
32  years. 

EABL.T  MEDICAL  PRACTICE 

Dr.  Joel  Pennington  (1799-1887),  one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of 
Indiana  and  a  very  intelligent  man,  gave  us  an  excellent  sketch  of  the 
plan  of  treating  fever  patients  in  early  days : 7  "I  settled  in  the  village 
of  Milton,  Wayne  County,  in  October,  1825.  Before  commencing  with 
the  good  old  doctor's  treatment  of  fever,  I  will  quote  a  few  lines  in- 
dicating how  they  managed  to  live  in  those  days.  Lest  we  forget,  there 
were  good  days  before  us ;  and  better  days  ahead  of  us. " 

He  says:  "Soon  after  arriving  I  purchased  of  an  old  friend  (Quaker) 
a  hindquarter  of  beef,  which  cost,  in  the  payment  of  a  doctor  bill,  2y2 
cents  per  pound.  Pork  was  worth  from  $1.25  to  $1.50  per  one  hundred 
pounds;  corn  10  cents  per  bushel;  potatoes,  12%  cents  per  bushel; 
turnips  the  same;  sweet  potatoes,  25  cents  per  bushel;  wheat,  3?V£ 
cents  per  bushel,  and  all  other  products  of  the  soil  in  proportional 
prices. 

"When  called  during  the  fever  and  wild  delirium,  we  seated  the 
patient  on  the  side  of  the  bed  and  held  him  there  by  the  aid  of  assist- 
ants, if  necessary,  opened  a  vein  in  the  arm  by  making  as  large  an 

«  The  reader  who  may  be  interested  in  this  remarkable  ease  will  find  a  full  his- 
tory of  it  in  the  Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  September,  1909,  by  G.  W.  H. 
Kemper,  M.  D.,  Muncie,  Ind.  Also  Richmond  Memorial  Celebration,  held  at  New- 
town,  Ohio,  April  22,  1912.  The  Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  May,  1912,  by  G.  W. 
H.  Kemper,  M.  D. 

i  President 's  Address,  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1873,  p.  11. 


800 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


practice  of  medicine  and  may  properly  be  considered  the  first  resident 
physician;  he  died  about  1839.  Dr.  L.  G.  Thompson  located  in  Fort 
Wayne  in  1825  and  was  the  second  resident  physician.  He  was  an  able 
and  skillful  physician  and  beloved  in  the  community.  He  died  in  1845. 
Dr.  Ezra  Read  (1811-1877),  formerly  a  well-known  and  excellent 
physician  of  Terre  Haute,  says  he  settled  in  that  place  in  1843,  and  found 


DR.  EZRA  READ 

at  that  date  Doctors  Ebenezer  Daniels,  Septer  Patrick,  Edward  V.  Ball, 
and  Azel  Holmes.4 

At  New  Albany  there  were  Doctors  Asahel  Clapp,  William  A.  Clapp, 
William  Cooper,  Henry  M.  Dowling,  Somerville  E.  Leonard,  William  A. 
Scribner,  Pleasant  S.  Shields,  William  G.  Sinex,  and  John  Sloan. 

Dr.  William  T.  S.  Cornett  (1805-1897),  of  Ripley  County,  and  Dr. 
Isaac  Fenley,  of  Columbus,  deserve  honorable  mention. 

The  late  Dr.  William  H.  Wishard  5  (1816-1913),  of  Indianapolis,  men- 


*  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1874,  p.  45. 

5  Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1893,  p.  16. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  801 

tions  the  names  of  the  following  physicians  at  Indianapolis  during  its 
first  fifteen  years  of  existence:  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Mitchell,  first  physician 
to  locate,  in  April,  1821 ;  Isaac  Coe,  Livingston  Dunlap,  Jonathan  Cool, 
K.  A.  Scudder,  W.  H.  Lilly,  Henry  Ross,  Charles  McDougle,  John  L. 
Mothershead,  John  H.  Sanders,  George  W.  Mears,  who  removed  from 
Vincennes  in  1834;  Dr.  John  L.  Richmond,  who  performed  the  first 
Cesarean  section  west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains,  at  Newtown,  Ohio, 
April  23,  1827,6  located  at  Indianapolis  about  1836.  During  the  interval 
between  1836  and  1846,  Doctors  John  S.  Bobbs,  Charles  Parry,  and 
others  located  in  Indianapolis. 

Space  will  not  permit  the  recording  of  but  a  few  of  the  names  of  the 
very  early  physicians  of  Indiana.  The  reader  who  may  desire  to  pursue 
this  subject  is  referred  to  the  Author's  Medical  History  of  Indiana, 
1911,  for  an  extensive  list  of  early  and  later  physicians  of  Indiana. 

Dr.  Dickinson  Burt  was  the  first  physician  to  locate  in  Delaware 
County.  The  date  is  not  known,  but  it  was  prior  to  1829.  Dr.  Levi 
Minshall  was  the  second,  in  1829.  He  died  at  Muncie  in  1836,  aged 
32  years. 

EARLY  MEDICAL  PRACTICE 

Dr.  Joel  Pennington  (1799-1887),  one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of 
Indiana  and  a  very  intelligent  man,  gave  us  an  excellent  sketch  of  the 
plan  of  treating  fever  patients  in  early  days : 7  "I  settled  in  the  village 
of  Milton,  Wayne  County,  in  October,  1825.  Before  commencing  with 
the  good  old  doctor's  treatment  of  fever,  I  will  quote  a  few  lines  in- 
dicating how  they  managed  to  live  in  those  days.  Lest  we  forget,  there 
were  good  days  before  us ;  and  better  days  ahead  of  us. ' ' 

He  says :  "Soon  after  arriving  I  purchased  of  an  old  friend  (Quaker) 
a  hindquarter  of  beef,  which  cost,  in  the  payment  of  a  doctor  bill,  2% 
cents  per  pound.  Pork  was  worth  from  $1.25  to  $1.50  per  one  hundred 
pounds;  corn  10  cents  per  bushel;  potatoes,  12%  cents  per  bushel; 
turnips  the  same;  sweet  potatoes,  25  cents  per  bushel;  wheat,  37% 
cents  per  bushel,  and  all  other  products  of  the  soil  in  proportional 
prices. 

"When  called  during  the  fever  and  wild  delirium,  we  seated  the 
patient  on  the  side  of  the  bed  and  held  him  there  by  the  aid  of  assist- 
ants, if  necessary,  opened  a  vein  in  the  arm  by  making  as  large  an 


6  The  reader  who  may  be  interested  in  this  remarkable  ease  will  find  a  full  his- 
tory of  it  in  the  Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  September,  1909,  by  G.  W.  H. 
Kemper,  M.  D.,  Muncie,  Ind.  Also  Richmond  Memorial  Celebration,  held  at  New- 
town,  Ohio,  April  22,  1912.  The  Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  May,  1912,  by  G.  W. 
H.  Kemper,  M.  D. 

t  President's  Address,  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1873,  p.  11. 


THE  THIRD  WESLEY  CHAPEL,  BUILT  1846 
(In  which  the  State  Medical  Convention  of  1849  was  held) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  803 

orifice  as  practicable,  and  allowed  the  blood  to  flow  until  his  pulse  be- 
came soft  and  less  resisting,  or  until -syncope  supervened.  We  relied 
more  on  the  effect  produced  than  on  the  quantity  of  blood  extracted, 
our  object  being  to  produce  a  decided  impression  upon  the  heart 's  action. 
Our  patient  being  in  a  sitting  posture  and  the  blood  escaping  from  a 
free  opening,  it  did  not  require  a  great  length  of  time  to  produce  the 
desired  effect.  Often  within  ten  or  twenty  minutes  after  faintness  or 
sickness  occurred,  the  subject  of  this  mode  of  treatment  would  become 
bathed  in  a  copious  perspiration,  and  the  violent  fever  and  delirium 
existing  a  short  time  before  would  have  entirely  passed  away.  Now,  if 
the  indications  seemed  to  require  it,  we  directed  an  emetic  to  be  given, 
usually  composed  of  tartarized  antimony  and  ipecac  combined,  or  wine 
of  antimony.  After  free  emesis  and  the  sickness  had  subsided,  if  thought 
necessary,  we  gave  a  brisk  cathartic  usually  containing  more  or  less 
calomel.  After  the  primae  vine  had  been  well  cleared,  it  was  our  prac- 
tice to  give  opium  in  such  doses  as  the  case  required,  in  order  to  allay 
all  irritability  of  the  stomach  and  bowels.  We  directed  the  usual  febri- 
fuges to  be  given  if  the  fever  should  return,  and  these  were  given  in 
such  doses  as  required  to  arrest  or  mitigate  it.  We  used  no  manner  of 
temporizing  treatment,  but  aimed  our  agents  directly  at  the  extermina- 
tion of  diseases. 

"Under  the  above  manner  of  treating  a  case  of  remittent  fever  it 
was  no  uncommon  thing  on  our  second  visit  to  find  our  patient  sitting 
up  and  feeling  pretty  well,  except  a  little  weak;  and  within  a  few  days 
able  to  return  to  his  ordinary  avocation." 

The  high  price  of  quinine  hindered  many  of  the  early  physicians 
from  using  it.  Dr.  Pennington  says:  "The  first  I  used  cost  me  at 
the  rate  of  $30.00  per  ounce." 

The  late  Dr.  J.  W.  Hervey,8  of  Indianapolis,  in  "Reminiscences  of 
Western  Hancock  County,"  mentions  an  epidemic  of  congestive  fever 
in  the  year  1846,  and  states  that  physicians  were  hindered  from  using 
this  drug  owing  to  the  price.  He  says:  "The  great  hindrance  to  the 
use  of  quinine  was  its  cost  and  the  scarcity  of  money.  Quinine  cost 
$6.00  (I  think  at  one  time  $8.00)  an  ounce,  and  scarce  at  that.  Dr. 
Hervey  bought  up  a  number  of  fat  cattle,  drove  them  to  Indianapolis, 
sold  them  for  $7.50  a  head,  and  bought  quinine  with  the  money." 

EPIDEMICS 

Several  epidemics  of  various  diseases  have  invaded  our  State  at 
different  periods  of  its  history.  With  our  present-day  methods  of  quar- 
antine, studies  in  bacteriology,  antidotes,  and  remedies,  it  is  not  likely 
that  we  will  again  be  invaded  by  any  widespread  epidemic  of  disease. 

s  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1874,  p.  74. 


804  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Asiatic  cholera  first  invaded  our  state  in  Dearborn  County  in  1833, 
having  been  conveyed  from  New  Orleans  by  steamboat.  At  that  early 
period  the  real  nature  of  this  disease  was  not  understood,  and  quarantine 
measures  were  not  instituted.  Remedies  were  futile  and  the  well  por- 
tion sought  safety  by  escaping  to  uninfected  districts. 

In  1848-49,  cholera  again  invaded  a  number  of  the  middle  states, 
advancing  from  New  Orleans  along  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers.  This 
was  a  most  virulent  type  of  the  disease.  Cholera  of  a  milder  type  in- 
vaded Indiana  in  the  years  1854,  1860  and  1873. 

Koch  discovered  the  cholera  bacillus  February  2,  1884.  This  dis- 
covery and  quarantine  have  robbed  cholera  of  its  terrors. 

In  1842-3  epidemic  erysipelas  prevailed  in  a  number  of  counties 
in  southern  Indiana,  and  was  known  by  a  number  of  popular  names,  as 
"black  tongue,"  "sore  throat,"  "swelled  head,"  etc.  The  fatality  was 
great. 

In  1843,  influenza,  now  known  as  la  grippe,  prevailed  in  several 
portions  of  Indiana.  It  was  seldom  fatal,  but  its  sequelae  were  numerous 
and  often  fatal. 

In  1848  scarlet  fever  prevailed  to  a  marked  extent  over  southern 
Indiana. 

From  1836  to  1856,  the  disease  known  as  "Morbo  Lacteo,"  or  "milk 
sickness,"  was  encountered  in  numerous  localities.  It  especially  affected 
cattle,  involving  both  flesh  and  milk.  The  diseased  cattle  were  subject 
to  a  species  of  ' '  trembles, ' '  quite  characteristic  of  the  disease.  Sucking 
calves  were  affected.  Humans  who  partook  of  the  milk  or  butter  of 
diseased  cows  contracted  the  disease. 

In  some  localities  farmers  lost  portions  of  their  stock.  This  led  to 
a  depreciation  of  farm  lands  in  suspicious  localities,  and  at  times  the 
innocent  suffered  with  the  unfortunate.  In  the  human  the  premonitory 
symptoms  of  this  disease  were  a  remarkable  feeling  of  lassitude,  loss  of 
appetite,  headache,  fever,  furred  tongue,  and  a  burning  sensation  in 
the  epigastric  region.  Later,  nausea,  vomiting,  a  low  grade  of  fever, 
and  obstinate  constipation  ensued.  Sporadic  cases  are  occasionally  met 
with  at  the  present  day.  Many  physicians  classed  the  disease  as  apocry- 
phal, considering  it  a  type  of  malarial  fever. 

Several  epidemics  of  smallpox  have  occurred  in  portions  of  the  state. 
In  December,  1847,  a  severe  epidemic  occurred  at  Indianapolis  while 
the  legislature  was  in  session,  and  several  legislators  were  attacked. 
Hon.  Andrew  Kennedy,  of  Muncie,  received  the  nomination  for  United 
States  senator.  He  was  stricken  with  the  disease  and  died,  and  was 
buried  at  Indianapolis.  The  legislature  adjourned  precipitately,  and 
the  members  who  were  well  hurried  to  their  homes.  Mr.  Kennedy  died 
December  31,  1847. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  805 

A  severe  epidemic  of  smallpox  occurred  at  Muncie  in  the  autumn 
of  1893.9 

-Diphtheria  has  occurred  as  an  epidemic  in  a  number  of  places.  A 
notable  instance  was  at  Columbus  in  1896. 10 

Epidemics  of  dysentery  were  common  in  Indiana  during  the  summer 
months  of  1849,50,51,  and  52.  The  disease  was  especially  fatal  in  1851. 
Shiga  discovered  the  dysentery  bacillus  in  1897,  since  which  time  the, 
disease  has  been  more  readily  controlled. 

THE  INDIANA  STATE  MEDICAL  SOCIETY 

February  26,  1848,  ' '  The  Indianapolis  Medical  Society, ' '  a  local  or- 
ganization, was  established.  At  its  first  meeting  the  following  named 
physicians  were  selected  as  officers:  President,  John  H.  Sanders;  vice 
president,  Livingston  Dunlap;  secretary,  John  S.  Bobbs;  corresponding 
secretary,  Talbott  Bullard;  treasurer,  John  L.  Mothershead ;  censors, 
George  "W.  Mears,  Charles  Parry  and  Livingston  Dunlap ;  members,  David 
Funkhouser,  John  Nutt,  Herschel  V.  V.  Johnson,  John  Pleasants,  James 
S.  Harrison,  John  Evans,  Alois  D.  Gall,  William  R.  Smith,  R.  G.  Gray- 
don,  John  M.  Gaston,  A.  G.  Ruddell,  Isaac  Meranda  and  William  Clin- 
ton Thompson.  In  May,  1849,  this  society  issued  a  call  for  a  State  Med- 
ical Convention  to  be  held  at  Indianapolis  in  June  of  the  same  year. 

Pursuant  to  call,  the  State  Medical  Convention  assembled  in  Wesley 
Chapel,  at  Indianapolis,  on  Wednesday,  June  6,  1849,  at  10  o'clock  A.  M. 
An  organization  was  effected  by  electing  John  H.  Sanders  president, 
and  John  S.  Bobbs  secretary.  This  session  was  termed  "Convention." 
At  the  session  of  1850,  the  organization  was  permanently  named  ' '  State 
Medical  Society,"  and  was  known  by  this  name  until  1904,  when  the 
name  "Association"  was  substituted  for  Society.11  This  change  was 
made  in  order  to  harmonize  with  the  various  state  organizations  and 
the  American  Medical  Association.  The  proceedings  of  the  several  ses- 
sions from  1849  to  1907  were  printed  in  pamphlet  form  termed  Transac- 
tions, until  1873,  and  beginning  with  1874  were  bound  in  muslin  and 
issued  to  the  members.  The  transactions  were  discontinued  in  1907. 


» Dr.  Hugh  A.  Cowring,  at  that  time  county  health  officer,  prepared  an  inter- 
esting and  elaborate  account  of  this  epidemic.  W.  B.  Burford,  Indianapolis,  1894. 

10  Personal  observations  in  190  cases.  Dr.  George  T.  MacCoy,  Health  officer 
of  Columbus,  Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1897,  p.  54.  Also  Ib. 
1898  (Supplemental),  p.  350.  Also  on  same  epidemic,  Dr.  G.  M.  Voris,  Columbus. 
Trans,  for  1897,  p.  66.  These  reports  and  the  discussions  are  quite  valuable. — K. 

"  Considerable  discussion  has  been  indulged  over  the  question  as  to  who  was 
the  president  of  the  first  session  of  the  ' '  state  society. ' '  This  is  easily  disposed  or. 
John  H.  Sanders  was  president  of  the  convention  in  1849,  and  William  T.  S.  Cornet* 
president  of  the  society  in  1850. 


806  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

With  January,  1908,  the  transactions  gave  place  to  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Association.  This 
journal  is  mailed  regularly  to  members  of  the  association. 

Unfortunately,  only  a  few  complete  files  of  the  transactions  are  in 
existence.12 

.  In  these  pamphlets  and  volumes — fifty-eight  in  number — is  a  treas- 
ure of  medical  literature  that  the  present  and  coming  generations  of 
medical  men  will  do  well  to  care  for  tenderly.  They  reach  back  to  a 
period  antedating  our  state  medical  journals,  and  so  far  as  I  can  deter- 
mine, the  transactions  were  the  first  medical  publications  in  bound  form 
issued  in  Indiana.13 

The  pamphlet  proceedings  of  the  convention  of  1849  consist  of 
fourteen  pages.  It  gives  the  names  of  eighty-four  physicians.  I  am 
in  doubt  whether  the  eighty-four  were  all  present  or  only  a  portion  of 
them,  while  the  remainder  sent  credentials. 

It  was  common  in  those  days  to  give  simply  the  initial  letter  of  the 
first  name,  but  I  have  been  able  to  supply  the  full  name  of  all  save 
one.  Two  names — probably  in  a  rush — were  bunched,  as  "Farquhar 
and  Henkle,  of  Wabash."  Neither  of  these  physicians  resided  at 
Wabash.  Farquhar  (Uriah)  lived  and  died  at  Logansport.  After  due 
diligence  I  have  been  unable  to  locate  "Dr.  Henkle."  The  witnesses 
are  all  dead;  possibly  it  may  be  a  typographical  error. 

I  think  the  publication  of  these  names  at  this  time  is  proper  as  show- 
ing a  list  of  representative,  progressive  physicians  who  lived  when 
Indiana  was  yet  young : 

Allen,  Joseph,  Crawfordsville ;  Ardery,  Joseph  C.,  Decatur  County; 
Annington,  John  L.,  Greensburg;  Athon,  James  S.,  Charleston;  Ballard, 
Chester  G.,  Waveland;  Bobbs,  John  S.,  Indianapolis;  Boyd,  John  M., 
Thorntown ;  Brower,  Jeremiah  H.,  Lawrenceburg ;  Bullard,  Talbott, 
Indianapolis ;  Byers,  William  J.,  Frankfort ;  Clapp,  Asahel,  New  Albany ; 
Clapp,  William  A.,  New  Albany;  Collum,  William  F.,  Jeffersonville ; 
Conn,  Richard  B.,  Ripley  County ;  Cooper,  William,  New  Albany ;  Corn- 

12  A  complete  set  of  the  transactions  can  be  consulted  at  the  Indianapolis  City 
Library.  They  contain  many  valuable  articles,  medical,  surgical,  scientific,  historical, 
etc.  In  January,  1915,  the  author  of  this  paper  published  a  complete  index  of 
the  transactions  from  1849  to  1907,  inclusive;  combined  with  this  index  is  an  alpha- 
betical list  of  contributors  to  the  transactions  from  1849  to  1907.  This  pamphlet 
contains  the  names  of  four  hundred  and  eighty -one  (481)  physicians,  and  the 
titles  of  twelve  hundred  and  two  (1202)  articles. 

is  I  have  in  my  possession  a  small  volume  of  182  pages,  printed  at  Connersville 
in  1845,  for  Dr.  Buell  Eastman,  a  physician  who  resided  only  a  few  years  in  that 
place  (possibly  1844  to  1846).  So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  determine,  this  is  the 
first  medical  book  printed  in  Indiana.  It  is  entitled:  "Practical  Treatise  on  Dis- 
eases Peculiar  to  Women  and  Girls. ' '  It  appeals  to  the  laity,  and,  strictly  speaking, 
is  not  a  professional  work. 


PRACTICAL  TREATISE 

. 

OK  DISEASES 

PECULIAR  TO  WOMEN  AND  GIRLS: 

TO  WHICH  fS  ADDED 

AN  ECLECTIC  SYSTEM  OF  MIDWIFERY. 

ALSO. 

THE   TREATMENT  OF  THE  DISEASES  OF  CHILDREN1, 

AND  THE   REMEDIES  USED  IN  THE 

CURE  OF  DISEASES: 

PARTICULARLY  ADAPTED  TO  THE  USE  OF 

HEADS   OF    FAMILIES    AND   M1DWIVES. 


BY  BUELL  EASTMAN,  M.  D. 
THE  tsurtmc  tociiit  or  Kcaicin,  *i»o  mnoK  MCKIIK  or  m 
MimCAL  IOCIITT  or  anaxn»Tt 


StconB    E6(tlon 


CONNERSVILLE: 
184S. 


(FACSIMILE  TITLE  PAGE  OF  FIRST  INDIANA  MEDICAL  BOOK) 


vol.  n— is 


808  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ett,  William  T.  S.,  Ripley  County;  Cowgill,  Tarvin  W.,  Greencastle; 
Curran,  Robert,  Indianapolis;  Davidson,  William,  Madison;  Dowling, 
Henry  M.,  New  Albany ;  Dunlap,  Livingston,  Indianapolis ;  Eldridge, 
Albert,  Dearborn  County;  Farquhar,  Uriah,  Logansport;  Fenley,  Isaac, 
Columbus ;  Florer,  Thomas  W.,  Alamo ;  Foster,  William  C.,  Sr.,  Bloom- 
ington ;  Francis,  James  K.,  Ripley  County ;  Fry,  Thomas  W.,  Crawfords- 
ville;  Funkhouser,  David,  Indianapolis;  Gall,  Alois  D.,  Indianapolis; 
Gaston,  John  M.,  Indianapolis ;  Gordon,  Jonathan  W.,  Dearborn  County ; 
Hamil,  Robert  C.,  Bloomington ;  Harding,  Myron  H.,  Lawrenceburg ; 
Harrison,  James  S.,  Indianapolis;  Helm,  Jefferson,  Rushville;  Henkle, 
,  Wabash ;  Hinman,  Homer  T.,  Columbus ;  Hitt,  Washing- 
ton Willis,  Vincennes;  Holcomb,  John  B.,  Madison;  Huggins  George 
M.,  Darlington;  Hunt,  Andrew  M.,  Indianapolis;  Hunt,  Franklin  W., 
Laporte ;  Hunt,  John,  Madison  County ;  Hutchinson,  David,  Mooresville ; 
Jameson,  Patrick  H.,  Indianapolis;  Johnson,  H.  V.  V.,  Broad  Ripple; 
Johnson,  Nathan,  Cambridge  City;  Judkins,  Stanton,  New  Garden, 
Wayne  County;  Kersey,  Vierling,  Milton;  Leonard,  Somervell  E.,  New 
Albany;  Lewis,  John,  Ripley  County;  Mahan,  Oliver  P.,  Crawfords- 
ville;  Maxwell,  James  D.,  Bloomington;  Mears  George  W.,  Indianapolis; 
Moodey,  John  W.,  Greensburg;  Mothershead,  John  L.,  Indianapolis; 
Mullen,  Alexander  J.,  Napoleon;  Mullen,  Bernard  Francis,  Napoleon; 
Mullen,  John  William,  Madison;  New,  George  W.,  Greensburg;  Nutt, 
John,  Marion  County;  Parry,  Charles,  Indianapolis;  Patterson,  R.  J., 
Indianapolis;  Pegg,  Jesse  A.,  New  Garden;  Preston,  Albert  G.,  Green- 
castle;  Ramsey,  C.  S.,  Indianapolis;  Rodgers,  Joseph  H.  D.,  Madison; 
Ryan,  Townsend,  Anderson;  Sanders,  John  H.,  Indianapolis;  Scribner, 
William  A.,  New  Albany;  Shields,  Pleasant  S.,  New  Albany;  Sinex,  Wil- 
liam G.,  New  Albany;  Sloan,  John,  New  Albany;  Smith,  William  R., 
Cumberland;  Talbott,  Hiram  E.,  Greencastle;  Taylor,  W.  H.,  Dearborn 
County;  Thompson,  W.  Clinton,  Indianapolis;  Tichnor,  James,  Craw- 
fordsville;  Wallace,  Charles,  Belleville;  Weldon,  Samuel  J.,  Covington; 
White,  William,  Prairieville,  Clinton  County;  Wiley,  John  Hezekiah, 
Richmond;  Wishard,  William  H.,  Johnson  County;  total,  84. 

PRESIDENTS  OP  THE  INDIANA  STATE  MEDICAL  SOCIETY  AND  ASSOCIATION 

Medical  Convention — 1849,  "Livingston  Dunlap,  Indianapolis. 

Medical  Society— 1849-1850,  *William  T.  S.  Cornett,  Versailles;  1850- 
1851,  *Asahel  Clapp,  New  Albany;  1851-1852,  *George  W.  Mears,  Indian- 
apolis; 1852-1853,  "Jeremiah  H.  Brower,  Lawrenceburg;  1853-1854, 
"Elizur  H.  Deming,  Lafayette;  1854-1855,  "Madison  J.  Bray,  Evans- 
ville;  1855-1856,  "William  Lomax,  Marion;  1856-1857,  "Daniel  Meeker, 
Laporte ;  1857-1858,  "Talbott  Bullard,  Indianapolis ;  1858-1859,  "Nathan 

•  Dead. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  809 

Johnson,  Cambridge  City;  1859-1860,  'David  Hutchinson,  Mooresville; 
1860-1861,  'Benjamin  S.  Woodworth,  Fort  Wayne;  1861-1862,  "Theoph- 
ilus  Parvin,  Indianapolis;  1862-1863,  'James  F.  Hibberd,  Richmond; 
1863-1864,  'John  Sloan,  New  Albany;  1864,  'John  Moffet  (acting), 
Bushville;  1864,  'Samuel  M.  Linton,  Columbus;  1865,  'Myron  H.  Hard- 
ing, Lawrenceburg;  1865-1866,  'Wilson  Lockhart  (acting),  Danville; 
1866-1867,  'Vierling  Kersey,  Richmond ;  1867-1868,  'John  S.  Bobbs,  In- 
dianapolis; 1868-1869,  'Nathaniel  Field,  Jeffersonville ;  1869-1870, 
•George  Sutton,  Aurora;  1870-1871,  'Robert  N.  Todd,  Indianapolis; 
1871-1872,'Henry  P.  Ayres,  Fort  Wayne;  1872-1873,  'Joel  Pennington, 
Milton;  1873-1874,  'Isaac  Casselberry,  Evansville;  1873-1874,  'Wilson 
Hobbs,  Knightstown;  1874-1875,  'Richard  E.  Haughton,  Richmond; 
1875-1876,  'John  H.  Helm,  Peru;  1876-1877,  'Samuel  S.  Boyd,  Dublin; 
1877-1878,  'Luther  D.  Waterman,  Indianapolis ;  1878J,  'Louis  Humph- 
reys, South  Bend;  1878-1879,  'Benjamin  Newland  (acting),  Bedford 
(V.-P.) ;  1879-1880,  'Jacob  R.  Weist,  Richmond;  1880-1881,  "Thomas  B. 
Harvey,  Indianapolis;  1881-1882,  'Marshall  Sexton,  Rushville;  1882- 
1883,  'William  H.  Bell,  Logansport;  1883-1884,  'Samuel  E.  Munford, 
Princeton;  1884-1885,  'James  H.  Woodburn,  Indianapolis;  1885-1886, 
•James  S.  Gregg,  Fort  Wayne;  1886-1887,  General  W.  H.  Kemper,  Mun- 
cie;  1887-1888,  'Samuel  H.  Charlton,  Seymour;  1888-1889,  'William  H. 
Wishard,  Indianapolis;  1889-1890,  'James  D.  Gatch,  Lawrenceburg; 
1890-1891,  'Gonsolvo  C.  Smythe,  Greencastle;  1891-1892,  Edwin  Walker, 
Evansville;  1892-1893,  George  F.  Beasley,  Lafayette;  1893-1894, 
•Charles  A.  Daugherty,  South  Bend ;  1894-1895,  •Elijah  S.  Elder,  In- 
dianapolis; 1894-1895,  Charles  S.  Bond  (acting),  Richmond;  1895-1896, 
Miles  F.  Porter,  Fort  Wayne ;  1895-1896,  •James  H.  Ford,  Wabash ;  1897- 
1898,  William  N.  Wishard,  Indianapolis;  1898-1899,  John  C.  Serton, 
Rushville ;  1899-1900,  *Walter  Schell,  Terre  Haute ;  1900-1901,  George  W. 
McCaskey,  Fort  Wayne;  1901-1902,  Alembert  W.  Brayton,  Indianapolis; 
1902-1903,  John  B.  Berteling,  South  Bend. 

Medical  Association — 1903-1904,  Jonas  Stewart,  Anderson;  1904- 
1905,  George  T.  MacCoy,  Columbus ;  1905-1906,  'George  H.  Grant,  Rich- 
mond; 1906-1907,  'George  J.  Cook,  Indianapolis;  1907-1908,  David  C. 
Peyton,  Jeffersonville ;  1908-1909,  'George  D.  Kahlo,  French  Lick ;  1909- 
1910,  Thomas  C.  Kennedy,  Shelbyville;  1910-1911,  Frederick  C.  Heath, 
Indianapolis;  1911-1912,  William  F.  Howat.  Hammond;  1912-1913, 
Albert  C.  Kimberlin,  Indianapolis;  1913-1914,  John  P.  Salb,  Jasper; 
1914-1915,  Frank  B.  Wynn,  Indianapolis;  1915-1916,  George  F.  Keiper, 
Lafayette;  1916-1917,  John  H.  Oliver,  Indianapolis;  1917-1918,  Joseph 
Rilus  Eastman,  Indianapolis. 

•  Dead. 

*  Resigned. 


I 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  811 

Presidents  of  the  American  Medical  Association  from  Indiana — 
1879,  *Theophilus  Parvin ;  1894,  *James  F.  Hibberd. 

MEDICAL  COLLEGES 

•'•  !.  .!-•*•':••   •.  •:'•... 

The  legislature  of  the  territory  of  Indiana  granted  a  charter  for  the 
Vincennes  University  in  1807,  with  the  privilege  of  uniting  a  medical  de- 
partment with  law  and  theology,  but  the  medical  department  was  never 
organized. 

In  1842  the  Indiana  Medical  College  of  Laporte  was  established  and 
continued  until  1850.  The  regular  course  consisted  of  sixteen  weeks.  The 
faculty  was  as  follows :  Daniel  Meeker,  anatomy  and  surgery ;  Franklin 
Hunt,  materia  medica  and  botany;  Jacob  P.  Andrew,  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women  and  children ;  Qustavus  A.  Rose,  theory  and  practice ; 
John  B.  Niles,  chemistry.  At  this  session  there  were  thirty  matriculates 
and  one  graduate. 

At  the  several  sessions  of  this  institution  there  were  a  number  of  dis- 
tinguished men  besides  those  named  who  filled  medical  and  surgical 
chairs:  Azariah  B.  Shipman,  Elizur  H.  Deming,  Tompkins  Higday,  J. 
Adams  Allen,  Ryland  T.  Brown,  and  others. 

Many  of  the  graduates  of  this  school  in  time  became  prominent  prac- 
titioners. A  few  may  be  named :  John  Evans,  at  one  time  superintendent 
of  the  Indiana  Insane  Asylum  and  later  a  lecturer  in  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  the  founder  of  Evanston,  Illinois;  Louis  Humphrey,  South 
Bend ;  William  Lomax,  Marion ;  "William  H.  Wishard,  Indianapolis ;  S. 
S.  Todd,  of  Kansas  City,  professor  of  theory  and  practice  in  Kansas  City 
Medical  College. 

In  the  fall  of  1849  the  Indiana  Medical  College,  located  at  Indianap- 
olis, held  its  first  session.  This  school  was  a  branch  of  Asbury  (now 
Depauw)  University,  at  Greencastle,  the  trustees  of  which  acted  in  the 
same  capacity  to  the  college.  The  professors  who  were  elected  to  the 
various  chairs  were:  John  S.  Bobbs,  Indianapolis,  anatomy;  Alvah  H. 
Baker,  Cincinnati,  surgery ;  Livingston  Dunlap,  Indianapolis,  theory  and 
practice;  Charles  Downey,  Greencastle,  chemistry;  James  Harrison,  In- 
dianapolis, materia  medica  and  therapeutics. 

During  the  session  of  1849-50,  forty  students  were  in  attendance, 
among  whom  were  John  A.  Comingor  and  Robert  N.  Todd.  Later  these 
two  men  arose  to  eminence  as  medical  professors  in  Indianapolis  schools 
of  medicine. 

In  the  summer  of  1850,  the  medical  school  of  Laporte  having  sus- 

*  Dead. 


3 
I 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN8  811 

Presidents  of  the  American  Medical  Association  from  Indiana — 
l*i<),  *Theophilus  Parvin;  1894,  *James  F.  Hibberd. 

MEDICAL  COLLEGES 

. 

The  legislature  of  the  territory  of  Indiana  granted  a  charter  for  the 
Vincennes  University  in  1807,  with  the  privilege  of  uniting  a  medical  de- 
partment with  law  and  theology,  but  the  medical  department  was  never 
organized. 

In  1842  the  Indiana  Medical  College  of  Laporte  was  established  and 
continued  until  1850.  The  regular  course  consisted  of  sixteen  weeks.  The 
faculty  was  as  follows:  Daniel  Meeker,  anatomy  and  surgery;  Franklin 
Hunt,  materia  medica  and  botany;  Jacob  P.  Andrew,  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women  and  children ;  Gustavus  A.  Rose,  theory  and  practice ; 
John  B.  Niles,  chemistry.  At  this  session  there  were  thirty  matriculates 
and  one  graduate. 

At  the  several  sessions  of  this  institution  there  were  a  number  of  dis- 
tinguished men  besides  those  named  who  filled  medical  and  surgical 
chairs:  Azariah  B.  Shipman,  Elizur  H.  Deming,  Tompkins  Higday,  J. 
Adams  Allen,  Ryland  T.  Brown,  and  others. 

Many  of  the  graduates  of  this  school  in  time  became  prominent  prac- 
titioners. A  few  may  be  named :  John  Evans,  at  one  time  superintendent 
of  the  Indiana  Insane  Asylum  and  later  a  lecturer  in  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  the  founder  of  Evanston,  Illinois;  Louis  Humphrey,  South 
Bend ;  William  Lomax,  Marion ;  "William  H.  Wishard,  Indianapolis ;  S. 
S.  Todd,  of  Kansas  City,  professor  of  theory  and  practice  in  Kansas  City 
Medical  College. 

In  the  fall  of  1849  the  Indiana  Medical  College,  located  at  Indianap- 
olis, held  its  first  session.  This  school  was  a  branch  of  Asbury  (now 
Depauw)  University,  at  Greencastle,  the  trustees  of  which  acted  in  the 
same  capacity  to  the  college.  The  professors  who  were  elected  to  the 
various  chairs  were:  John  S.  Bobbs,  Indianapolis,  anatomy;  Alvah  H. 
Baker,  Cincinnati,  surgery ;  Livingston  Dunlap.  Indianapolis,  theory  and 
practice:  Charles  Downey,  Greencastle,  chemistry;  James  Harrison,  In- 
dianapolis, materia  medica  and  therapeutics. 

During  the  session  of  1849-50,  forty  students  were  in  attendance, 
among  whom  were  John  A.  Comingor  and  Robert  N.  Todd.  Later  these 
two  men  arose  to  eminence  as  medical  professors  in  Indianapolis  schools 
of  medicine. 

In  the  summer  of  1850.  the  medical  school  of  Laporte  having  sus- 


Peart. 


812  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pended,  two  who  were  engaged  in  teaching  there  were  elected  to  chairs 
in  the  Indiana  Central  Medical  College — Doctor  Doming  to  the  newly 
formed  chair  of  institutes  of  medicine  and  general  pathology,  and  Doctor 
Meeker  to  fill  the  chair  of  anatomy.  Dr  Baker  having  resigned  the  chair 
of  surgery,  Dr.  Bobbs  was  elected  to  fill  that  vacancy. 

The  last  session  of  this  school  was  held  in  1851-2,  at  which  time,  owing 
to  some  disagreement  among  the  faculty  and  trustees,  the  school  was 
disbanded.  From  that  date  until  the  fall  of  1869,  Indianapolis  was  with- 
out a  medical  college. 

In  the  early  part  of  1869  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  at  Indianapolis, 
appointed  a  committee  to  select  a  faculty  for  the  Indiana  Medical  College, 
with  the  following  result :  J.  S.  Bobbs,  principles  of  surgery ;  J.  A.  Com- 
ingor,  orthopedic  surgery  and  surgical  pathology ;  R.  N.  Todd,  practice 
of  medicine;  T.  B.  Harvey,  diseases  of  women  and  children;  W.  B. 
Fletcher,  physiology;  R.  T.  Brown,  chemistry;  Dougan  Clark,  materia 
medica ;  G.  W.  Mears,  obstetrics ;  L.  D.  Waterman,  anatomy.  The  college 
met  with  a  severe  loss  intthe  death  of  Dr.  Bobbs,  which  occurred  on  May 
1,  1870,  and  required  a  readjustment  of  the  faculty.  Of  the  men  named 
above,  all  are  dead. 

Space  will  not  permit  an  enumeration  of  the  several  medical  colleges 
which  have  arisen,  and  run  their  course  in  the  state  since  1871. 

In  September,  1905,  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana,  the  Central  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the  Fort  Wayne  College  of  Medicine 
merged  under  the  name,  The  Indiana  Medical  College — the  school  of 
medicine  of  Purdue  University. 

In  the  summer  of  1907  the  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine  and 
the  State  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  united  under  the  name 
and  style  of  the  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine. 

In  April,  1908,  negotiations  were  completed  whereby  the  Indiana 
Medical  College  should  be  united  with  the  Indiana  University  School  of 
Medicine,  under  the  name  of  the  latter. 

On  February  26, 1909,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of  Indiana 
authorizing  the  trustees  of  Indiana  University  to  conduct  a  medical  school 
in  Marion  County,  Indiana ;  to  receive  gifts  of  real  estate  and  other  prop- 
erty in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Indiana  for  the  maintenance  of  medical 
education  in  said  county,  and  declaring  an  emergency. 

In  October,  1910,  Dr.  Robert  W.  Long,  of  Indianapolis,  began  nego- 
tiations with  the  president  of  the  University,  whereby  Dr.  Robert  W. 
Long  and  Clara  Long,  his  wife,  proposed  to  donate  certain  properties  in 
the  City  of  Indianapolis,the  estimated  value  of  which  was  $200,000,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  State  Hospital,  under  the  control  of  the 
University.  This  princely  gift  was  accepted  by  an  act  of  the  following 


s 

H 


$ 

S1 


a 

1 


2! 

C 


812 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pended,  two  who  were  engaged  in  teaching  there  were  elected  to  chairs 
in  the  Indiana  Central  Medical  College — Doctor  Deming  to  the  newly 
formed  chair  of  institutes  of  medicine  and  general  pathology,  and  Doctor 
Meeker  to  fill  the  chair  of  anatomy.  Dr  Baker  having  resigned  the  chair 
of  surgery,  Dr.  Bobbs  was  elected  to  fill  that  vacancy. 

The  last  session  of  this  school  was  held  in  1851-2,  at  which  time,  owing 
to  some  disagreement  among  the  faculty  and  trustees,  the  school  was 
disbanded.  From  that  date  until  the  fall  of  1869,  Indianapolis  was  with- 
out a  medical  college. 

In  the  early  part  of  1869  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  at  Indianapolis, 
appointed  a  committee  to  select  a  faculty  for  the  Indiana  Medical  College, 
with  the  following  result :  J.  S.  Bobbs,  principles  of  surgery ;  J.  A.  Com- 
ingor,  orthopedic  surgery  and  surgical  pathology ;  R.  N.  Todd,  practice 
of  medicine ;  T.  B.  Harvey,  diseases  of  women  and  children ;  W.  B. 
Fletcher,  physiology;  R.  T.  Brown,  chemistry;  Dougan  Clark,  materia 
medica ;  G.  W.  Mears,  obstetrics ;  L.  D.  Waterman,  anatomy.  The  college 
met  with  a  severe  loss  in  the  death  of  Dr.  Bobbs,  which  occurred  on  May 
1,  1870,  and  required  a  readjustment  of  the  faculty.  Of  the  men  named 
above,  all  are  dead. 

Space  will  not  permit  an  enumeration  of  the  several  medical  colleges 
which  have  arisen,  and  run  their  course  in  the  state  since  1871. 

In  September,  1905,  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana,  the  Central  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  the  Fort  Wayne  College  of  Medicine 
merged  under  the  name.  The  Indiana  Medical  College — the  school  of 
medicine  of  Purdue  University. 

In  the  summer  of  1907  the  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine  and 
the  State  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  united  under  the  name 
and  style  of  the  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine. 

In  April,  1908,  negotiations  were  completed  whereby  the  Indiana 
Medical  College  should  be  united  with  the  Indiana  University  School  of 
Medicine,  under  the  name  of  the  latter. 

On  February  26,  1909,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of  Indiana 
authorizing  the  trustees  of  Indiana  University  to  conduct  a  medical  school 
in  Marion  County,  Indiana ;  to  receive  gifts  of  real  estate  and  other  prop- 
erty in  behalf  of  the  State  of  Indiana  for  the  maintenance  of  medical 
education  in  said  county,  and  declaring  an  emergency. 

In  October,  1910,  Dr.  Robert  W.  Long,  of  Indianapolis,  began  nego- 
tiations with  the  president  of  the  University,  whereby  Dr.  Robert  W. 
Long  and  Clara  Long,  his  wife,  proposed  to  donate  certain  properties  in 
the  City  of  Indianapolis.the  estimated  value  of  which  was  $200,000,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  State  Hospital,  under  the  control  of  the 
University.  This  princely  gift  was  accepted  by  an  act  of  the  following 


• 


• 


o 
a 


$ 

F 
o 
2: 
o 


K 

a 
$ 

5* 


• 


814  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

legislature.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Long  afterward  conveyed  to  the  State  of 
Indiana  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine 
this  property.  The  magnificent  hospital  has  been  constructed,  and  is  now 
serving  humanity. 

Subsequently,  Doctor  Long  made  additional  gifts  amounting  to  the 
sum  approximately  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  ($50,000),  and  he  has  pro- 
vided in  his  will  for  the  residue  of  his  estate  to  go  for  the  use  and  main- 
tenance of  this  hospital. 

After  the  several  schools  of  medicine  had  been  merged  into  the  In- 
diana University  School  of  Medicine,  and  all  necessary  legal  enactments 
consummated,  Charles  Phillips  Emerson,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  was  made  dean 
of  the  school  of  medicine. 

The  officers  and  faculty  of  the  medical  department  at  Bloomington 
and  at  Indianapolis  are  teachers  and  instructors  of  the  highest  order,  and 
our  school  of  medicine  compares  most  favorably  with  the  high  class  insti- 
tutions of  other  states. 

MEDICAL  JOURNALS 

Dr.  Theophilus  Parvin  was  the  first  of  our  Indiana  physicians  to  enter 
medical  journalism.  His  scholarly  attainments  particularly  fitted  him 
for  the  work.  In  1866  he  began  the  publication  of  the  "Western  Journal 
of  Medicine,  at  Cincinnati.  It  might  properly  be  classed  with  the  Indiana 
journals.  In  1870  this  journal  was  transferred  to  Indianapolis,  and  the 
name  changed  to  Indiana  Journal  of  Medicine.  In  1882  the  name  was 
changed  to  Indiana  Medical  Journal.  This  name  continued  to  1908. 

Dr.  Alembert  W.  Brayton  deserves  especial  praise  for  his  efforts  to 
advance  medical  journalism  in  Indiana.  For  many  years  he  edited  the 
Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  on  the  editorial  staff  of  several  of  the  Indiana  journals. 

Dr.  Thaddeus  M.  Stevens,  of  Indianapolis,  was  editor  of  the  Indiana 
Medical  Journal  for  several  years,  and  discharged  his  duties  in  a  credit- 
able manner. 

Doctors  Frank  C.  Ferguson,  Samuel  E.  Earp,  and  R.  French  Stone, 
all  of  Indianapolis,  have  labored  efficiently  in  editorial  work  bestowed 
upon  several  medical  journals. 

In  June,  1898,  The  Medical  and  Surgical  Monitor  was  first  issued  at 
Indianapolis — Dr.  S.  E.  Earp,  editor. 

The  Central  States  Medical  Magazine,  for  a  short  time  published  at 
Anderson,  and  edited  by  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Norris,  of  that  city,'  merged  with 
the  Medical  and  Surgical  Monitor  in  November,  1905.  The  union  of 
these  journals  took  the  name  of  the  Central  States  Medical  Monitor,  with 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  815 

Dr.  S.  E.  Earp  editor,  and  Dr.  S.  E.  Norris  and  Dr.  Simon  P.  Scherer, 
associate  editors. 

January,  1909,  The  Indiana  Medical  Journal,  edited  by  Dr.  A.  W. 
Brayton,  merged  with  the  Central  States  Medical  Monitor,  and  assumed 
the  name,  The  Indianapolis  Medical  Journal,  with  Dr.  S.  E.  Earp,  editor- 
in-chief,  Dr.  A.  W.  Brayton,  editor,  and  Dr.  S.  P.  Scherer  and  Dr.  S.  C. 
Norris,  associate  editors.  This  is  an  independent  medical  journal  and 
the  editors  are  assisted  by  a  number  of  Indiana  physicians,  who  serve  as 
collaborators:  Charles  P.  Emerson,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  Curran  Pope, 
M.  D.,  Louisville,  Ky.;  John  C.  Sexton,  M.  D.,  Rushville,  Ind.;  N.  E. 
Aronstam,  M.  D.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  M.  N.  Hadley,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis; 
Thomas  B.  Eastman,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  Charles  R.  Sowder,  M.  D., 
Indianapolis ;  Charles  S.  Houghland,  M.  D.,  Milroy,  Ind. ;  C.  B.  Strick- 
land, Indianapolis ;  F.  F.  Hutchins,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis ;  Leslie  H.  Max- 
well, M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  George  L.  Servoss,  Reno,  Nev. ;  Frank  Crockett, 
Lafayette,  Ind.;  E.  D.  Clark,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  F.  B.  Wynn,  M.  D., 
Indianapolis;  E.  B.  Mumford,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  J.  N.  Hurty,  M.  D., 
Indianapolis ;  Goethe  Link,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  Ralcy  Husted  Bell,  M.  D., 
New  York  City;  Joseph  Rilus  Eastman,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  John  F. 
Barnhill,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  Thomas  Kennedy,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis; 
Bernard  Erdman,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  J.  W.  Wainwright,  M.  D.,  New 
York  City;  W.  H.  Foreman,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  R.  O.  McAlexander, 
M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  J.  0.  Stillson,  M.  D.,  Indianapolis;  W.  W.  Kahn, 
M.  D.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  *W.  W.  Vinnedge,  M.  D.,  Lafayette;  Paul  Coble, 
M.  D.,  Indianapolis ;  G.  W.  H.  Kemper,  M.  D.,  Muncie,  Ind. 

Prior  to  1892,  for  a  number  of  years,  Dr.  Christian  B.  Stemen  pub- 
lished a  small  medical  journal  at  Fort  Wayne,  known  as  the  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences.  This  appeared  at  irregular  intervals. 

In  1892  the  Fort  Wayne  Medical  Magazine  was  established  in  that 
city  with  Dr.  Albert  E.  Bulson,  Jr.,  as  editor,  and  with  an  associate  staff 
composed  of  Drs.  Miles  F.  Porter,  George  W.  McCaskey,  Maurice  I.  Rosen- 
thai,  Budd  Van  Sweringen,  and  Kent  K.  Wheelock.  Beginning  with 
January,  1897,  the  Fort  Wayne  Medical  Magazine  absorbed  the  Journal 
of  the  Medical  Sciences,  published  by  Doctor  Stemen,  and  thereafter  the 
periodical  was  known  as  the  Fort  Wayne  Medical  Journal-Magazine, 
with  Doctor  Bulson  as  editor,  and  with  Doctor  Stemen  added  to  the  ed- 
itorial staff.  Within  two  or  three  years  the  editorial  staff  and  owners  had, 
through  resignations,  been  reduced  to  three  men,  namely,  Doctors  Miles 
F.  Porter,  George  W.  McCaskey  and  Albert  E.  Bulson,  Jr.  These  three 
men  continued  the  periodical  up  to  and  including  December,  1907,  when 

»  Dead. 


816  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  Port  Wayne  Medical  Journal-Magazine  ceased  to  exist  in  name  and 
merged  its  identity  with  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

At  the  session  of  the  State  Medical  Society  held  at  Richmond,  in  1907, 
a  resolution  was  adopted,  instructing  the  council  to  take  necessary  steps 
to  abolish  the  yearly  Transactions  which  had  been  the  custom  from  1849 
to  1907,  and  substitute  a  monthly  medical  journal.  In  accordance  with 
this  resolution  the  first  number  of  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Association  was  issued  January  15,  1908,  at  Fort  Wayne.  Dr. 
Albert  E.  Bulson,  Jr.,  was  selected  as  editor  and  manager. 

This  journal  has  proved  highly  satisfactory  to  the  profession  of  the 
state,  and  has  taken  a  rank  with  the  best  medical  journals  of  the  country. 
Dr.  Bulson  is  to  be  complimented  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  has 
conducted  the  journal.  The  high  tone  of  professional  character ;  freedom 
from  mercenary  motives  and  charlatanism,  combined  with  its  dignified 
and  classical  editorials,  eminently  commend  this  monthly  visitor  to  the 
profession  of  the  state. 

WOMEN  PHYSICIANS 

While  untrained  midwives  were  common  in  the  early  days  of  Indiana, 
professional  female  nurses  and  female  physicians  were  unknown  until 
a  much  later  period.  After  the  medical  colleges  permitted  women  to 
matriculate  and  graduate,  they  took  high  rank  with  their  professional 
brothers. 

I  think  it  is  proper  to  mention  a  few  names  of  women  physicians  in 
order  to  show  their  honorable  attainments.  I  wish  I  could  publish  the 
names  of  all  who  are  practicing  in  the  state,  as  an  honor  roll,  but  cannot. 
I  am  sure  that  those  whose  names  are  omitted  will  pardon  me. 

Dr.  Rose  Alexander  Bowers,  Michigan  City,  has  rendered  good  serv- 
ice in  psychiatry.  Dr.  Laura  Carter,  Shelbyville,  is  specializing  in  gyne- 
cology.  Dr.  Etta  Charles,  Alexandria,  has  done  efficient  work  as  a  gen- 
eral practitioner  at  Summitville,  and  in  Madison  County,  one  of  our  most 
efficient  county  secretaries,  Dr.  Maria  Allen  Jessup,  Canby,  has  practiced 
for  a  number  of  years  in  her  native  town,  specializing  in  obstetrics.  Dr. 
Marie  Kast,  Indianapolis,  is  employed  as  anesthetist  in  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Hospital.  Dr.  Amelia  Keller,  Indianapolis,  has  practiced  in 
that  city,  and  is  associate  professor  of  pediatrics  in  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Jane  Merrill  Ketcham,  Indianapolis,  has  ren- 
dered efficient  service  in  a  number  of  stations,  and  is  clinical  associate  in 
medicine  in  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Adah  Mc- 
Mahon,  Lafayette,  is  in  general  practice  and  obstetrics.  Dr.  Lillian  B. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


817 


Mueller,  Indianapolis,  is  anesthetist  at  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Hos- 
pital. Dr.  Nettie  B.  Powell,  Marion,  is  a  successful  practitioner  and  city 
health  officer.  Dr.  Mary  Thayer  Hitter,  Angola,  is  in  general  practice  and 
gynecology;  also  secretary  Steuben  County  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Anna 
T.  McKamy,  New  Albany,  is  a  general  practitioner,  specializing  in  ob- 


DR.  HELENE  KNABE 

stetrics.  Dr.  Ada  E.  Schweitzer,  Indianapolis,  is  a  specialist  in  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  and  assistant  bacteriologist  in  the  State  Laboratory 
of  Hygiene.  She  is  author  of  a  number  of  papers  on  scientific  subjects. 
Dr.  Eenosha  Sessions,  Indianapolis,  has  had  experience  in  children's 
hospitals,  girls'  schools  and  is  physician  to  women  at  Southern  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Evansville.  Dr.  Mary  Angela  Spink,  Indianapolis, 
with  Dr.  W.  B.  Fletcher,  established  the  Fletcher  Sanatorium  in  1888, 
and  after  his  death  became  superintendent  of  that  institution.  At  this 
time  she  is  president.  Dr.  Alice  B.  Williams,  Columbia  City,  is  a  practi- 


816 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  Fort  Wayne  Medical  Journal-Magazine  ceased  to  exist  in  name  and 
merged  its  identity  with  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

At  the  session  of  the  State  Medical  Society  held  at  Richmond,  in  1907, 
a  resolution  was  adopted,  instructing  the  council  to  take  necessary  steps 
to  abolish  the  yearly  Transactions  which  had  been  the  custom  from  1849 
to  1907,  and  substitute  a  monthly  medical  journal.  In  accordance  with 
this  resolution  the  first  number  of  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Association  was  issued  January  15,  1908,  at  Fort  Wayne.  Dr. 
Albert  E.  Bulson,  Jr.,  was  selected  as  editor  and  manager. 

This  journal  has  proved  highly  satisfactory  to  the  profession  of  the 
state,  and  has  taken  a  rank  with  the  best  medical  journals  of  the  country. 
Dr.  Bulson  is  to  be  complimented  for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  has 
conducted  the  journal.  The  high  tone  of  professional  character ;  freedom 
from  mercenary  motives  and  charlatanism,  combined  with  its  dignified 
and  classical  editorials,  eminently  commend  this  monthly  visitor  to  the 
profession  of  the  state. 


WOMEN  PHYSICIANS 

• 

While  untrained  midwives  were  common  in  the  early  days  of  Indiana, 
professional  female  nurses  and  female  physicians  were  unknown  until 
a  much  later  period.  After  the  medical  colleges  permitted  women  to 
matriculate  and  graduate,  they  took  high  rank  with  their  professional 
brothers. 

I  think  it  is  proper  to  mention  a  few  names  of  women  physicians  in 
order  to  show  their  honorable  attainments.  I  wish  I  could  publish  the 
names  of  all  who  are  practicing  in  the  state,  as  an  honor  roll,  but  cannot. 
I  am  sure  that  those  whose  names  are  omitted  will  pardon  me. 

Dr.  Rose  Alexander  Bowers,  Michigan  City,  has  rendered  good  serv- 
ice in  psychiatry.  Dr.  Laura  Carter,  Shelbyville,  is  specializing  in  gyne- 
cology.  Dr.  Etta  Charles,  Alexandria,  has  done  efficient  work  as  a  gen- 
eral practitioner  at  Summitville,  and  in  Madison  County,  one  of  our  most 
efficient  county  secretaries,  Dr.  Maria  Allen  Jessup,  Canby,  has  practiced 
for  a  number  of  years  in  her  native  town,  specializing  in  obstetrics.  Dr. 
Marie  Kast,  Indianapolis,  is  employed  as  anesthetist  in  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Hospital.  Dr.  Amelia  Keller,  Indianapolis,  has  practiced  in 
that  city,  and  is  associate  professor  of  pediatrics  in  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Jane  Merrill  Ketcham,  Indianapolis,  has  ren- 
dered efficient  service  in  a  number  of  stations,  and  is  clinical  associate  in 
medicine  in  Indiana  University  School  of  Medicine.  Dr.  Adah  Mc- 
Mahon,  Lafayette,  is  in  general  practice  and  obstetrics.  Dr.  Lillian  B. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


817 

Mueller,  Indianapolis,  is  anesthetist  at  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Hos- 
pital. Dr.  Nettie  B.  Powell,  Marion,  is  a  successful  practitioner  and  city 
health  officer.  Dr.  Mary  Thayer  Ritter,  Angola,  is  in  general  practice  and 
gynecology;  also  secretary  Steuben  County  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Anna 
T.  McKamy,  New  Albany,  is  a  general  practitioner,  specializing  in  ob- 


DE.  HELENE  KNABE 


stetrics.  Dr.  Ada  E.  Schweitzer,  Indianapolis,  is  a  specialist  in  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  and  assistant  bacteriologist  in  the  State  Laboratory 
of  Hygiene.  She  is  author  of  a  number  of  papers  on  scientific  subjects. 
Dr.  Kenosha  Sessions,  Indianapolis,  has  had  experience  in  children's 
hospitals,  girls'  schools  and  is  physician  to  women  at  Southern  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Evansville.  Dr.  Mary  Angela  Spink,  Indianapolis, 
with  Dr.  W.  B.  Fletcher,  established  the  Fletcher  Sanatorium  in  1888, 
and  after  his  death  became  superintendent  of  that  institution.  At  this 
time  she  is  president.  Dr.  Alice  B.  Williams,  Columbia  City,  is  a  practi- 


818 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tioner  of  general  medicine.  Dr.  Urbane  Spink,  Indianapolis,  has  been 
efficient  at  the  Fletcher  Sanatorium.  Dr.  Sarah  Stockton  was  one  of 
the  first  women  to  practice  medicine  in  Indianapolis.  For  several  years 
past  she  has  been  an  associate  physician  at  the  Central  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  Dr.  Doris  Meister,  of  Anderson,  and  Dr.  Harriet  Wiley,  of  Port- 
land, have  been  faithful  workers  in  the  ranks. 

DEATH  LIST 

A  number  of  faithful  women  physicians  are  contained  in  this  list: 
Dr.  Helene  Elise  Hermine  Knabe,  Indianapolis ;  Dr.  Rebecca  Rogers 

George,  Indianapolis;  Dr.  Mary  Widdop,  Longcliffe;  Dr.  Harriet  E. 

Turner,  Indianapolis;  Dr.  Martha  E.  Keller,  Indianapolis;  Dr.  Sarah 

F.  Stockwell,  South  Bend. 

INDIANA  NUBSES 

•^   ' 
The  Crimean  war  raged  from  1853  to  1856,  and  Florence  Nightingale 

accompanied  the  British  soldiers  as  the  first  female  nurse.  The  names  of 
the  several  generals  who  commanded  those  vast  bodies  of  troops  have 
left  our  memories,  but  we  treasure  the  name  of  Florence  Nightingale. 
The  wounded  and  dying  soldiers  in  that  Crimean  hospital  who  turned 
upon  beds  to  kiss  the  shadow  of  saintly  Florence  Nightingale  as  it  fell 
upon  them,  have  told  us  that  to  them  it  was  a  holy  shadow.  On  April 
29,  1905,  it  was  my  privilege  to  walk  by  the  graves  of  these  soldiers  in 
the  English  cemetery  at  Scutari,  Constantinople,  and  with  uncovered 
head  I  recalled  the  deeds  of  this  good  nurse. 

In  1859  Florence  Nightingale  first  published  her  work,  "Notes  on 
Nursing."  This  work  was  a  gospel  call  to  women,  reminding  them  that 
they  should  share  the  toils  of  the  sick  room  and  the  hospital  with  the 
physician  and  surgeon. 

In  my  army  experience  of  three  years  in  the  Civil  war,  I  never  saw 
but  two  women  upon  a  battlefield.  At  the  closing  hours  of  the  battle  of 
Farmington,  Tennessee,  October  7, 1863, 1  saw  two  women  from  the  village 
come  upon  the  field  with  a  bucket  of  water  and  two  tin  cups,  and  give 
a  drink  to  wounded  Union  and  Confederate  soldiers  alike.  It  was  a 
rare  opportunity  for  giving  the  "cup  of  cold  water." 

During  the  Civil  war  Miss  Catharine  Merrill  was  a  lone  nurse  from 
Indiana.  A  writer  in  the  Indianapolis  News,  November  1, 1916,  pays  the 
following  tribute  to  her  memory:  "A  comrade  said  to  another:  'Captain, 
what  of  all  you  saw  in  the  war  will  stay  with  you  the  longest?'  He  was 
silent  for  a  moment  and  then  replied :  'There  was  a  lovely  lady  who  left 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  819 

her  "home  of  comfort  and  refinement  and  came  to  the  army  in  the  field. 
The  day  I  was  carried  into  the  hospital  I  saw  her,  basin  and  towel  in 
hand,  going  from  cot  to  cot,  washing  the  feet  of  the  sick,  the  wounded 
and  the  dying,  gently  preparing  the  tired  boys  for  that  long  journey 
from  which  none  ever  returns.  The  act  was  done  with  such  gracious 
humility,  as  if  it  were  a  privilege,  that  I  turned  my  head  away  with  my 
eyes  filled  with  tears,  and  I  say  to  you  now  that  after  all  other  earthly 
scenes  have  vanished  this,  on  which  a  radiance  from  heaven  fell,  will 
abide  forever.'  " 

Nursing  as  a  profession  was  not  established  in  Indiana  until  within 
the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  Indianapolis  Flower 
Mission  and  the  Hospital  Board  organized  in  1883  the  first  training 
school  for' nurses.  Miss  Mary  C.  Iddings  (Mrs.  Thomas  B.  Stanley) 
was  the  first  nurse  graduated  from  this  school. 

The  physician  and  surgeon  at  this  day  finds  an  able  ally  in  the 
skilled  nurse.  She  relieves  him  of  much  of  the  drudgery  of  the  sick 
chamber — work  that  she  can  do  much  better  than  the  doctor  and  permit 
him  to  see  other  patients.  During  the  first  twenty-five  years  of  my 
practice  my  nurse  help  usually  came  from  unskilled  women ;  true,  they 
were  willing  and  ever  ready,  but  I  was  compelled  to  do  menial  service 
that  the  young  doctor  of  today  would  shrink  from.  I  washed  the  disciples ' 
feet! 

The  trained  nurse  has  come  to  stay.  "We  find  her  in  the  home,  the 
hospital,  the  camp,  and  with  our  armies  that  went  out  to  battle  for  a 
world  peace.  There  are  hundreds  in  France;  we  have  sent  some  to  Eng- 
land, to  Russia,  to  Belgium,  to  Austria,  to  Poland,  to  Rournania,  and  to 
Germany.  Several  died  in  those  countries ;  some  who  labor  and  toil  for 
humanity  in  those  lands  will  never  see  home  again. 

MEDICAL,  AUTHORS 

Theodore  Potter — "Essays  on  Bacteriology,  and  Its  Relation  to  the 
Progress  of  Medicine.  "—1898. 

Theophilus  Parvin— "  Science  and  Art  of  Obstetrics. ' ;— 1886. 

R.  French  Stone— " Elements  of  Modern  Medicine."— 1885.  "Biog- 
raphy of  Eminent  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons. ' ' — 1894. 

John  W.  Sluss— "Handbook  of  Surgery. "—1911. 

John  F.  Barnhill  and  Ernest  De  W.  Wales — "On  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Otology."— 1911. 

John  J.  Kyle — ' '  Compend  of  Diseases  of  the  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat. ' ' 
—1903. 


820 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


G.  W.  H.  Kemper— "The  World's  Anatomists. "—1905.  "Medical 
History  of  Indiana.  "—1911. 

G.  C.  Smythe— "Medical  Heresies. "—1880. 

Quite  a  number  of  medical  monographs  have  been  written  by  physi- 
cians of  Indiana;  many  of  them  are  valuable  contributions. 

Dr.  David  Hutchinson    (1812-1891),  formerly  of  Mooresville,  and 


DR.  GEORGE  SUTTON 

while  residing  at  that  place,  was  the  recipient  of  the  Fiske  Fund  Prize 
Essay,  on  "Stomatitis  Materna," — Nursing  sore  mouth,  June  3,  1857.14 

Dr.  Jacob  R.  Weist  (1834-1900),  Richmond,  was  the  successful  com- 
petitor for  a  prize  essay  in  1868,  entitled,  "The  Causes,  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Cerebro-spinal  Meningitis."  Transactions  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society,  1868,  p.  121. 

Dr.  George  Sutton,  one  of  the  brilliant  physicians  of  the  early  days 

"Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sciences,  Vol.  xxxiv,  p.  369.     ( October,  1857.) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  821 

of  Indiana,  in  November,  1843,  contributed  to  the  Western  Lancet,  an 
article  entitled,  "Remarks  on  an  Epidemic  Erysipelas,  Known  by  the 
Popular  Name  of  'Black  Tongue,'  Which  Prevailed  in  Ripley  and  Dear- 
born Counties,  Indiana. ' '  This  article  was  of  so  much  merit  that  it  was 
reproduced  entire  in  the  English  work  of  ' '  Nunneley  on  Erysipelas. ' ' — 
1844. 

Buried  in  the  fifty-eight  copies  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Indiana 
State  Medical  Society  may  be  found  many  articles  of  great  interest  to 
the  profession  of  Indiana. 

\ 

SOME  LATER  MEDICAL,  TEACHERS 

Bigelow,  James  K. ;  Chambers,  John ;  Cook,  George  J. ;  Dills,  Thomas 
J. ;  Dunning,  Lehman  H. ;  Eastman,  Joseph;  Elder,  Elijah  S. ;  Fitch, 
Graham  N.;  Fletcher,  William  B.;  Ford,  James  H.;  Geis,  John  F.; 
Hadley,  Evan ;  Harvey,  Thomas  B. ;  Raymond,  William  S. ;  Hays,  Frank- 
lin W. ;  Hibberd,  James  F. ;  Hodges,  E.  F. ;  Lash,  Hugh  M. ;  McShane, 
John  T. ;  Marsee,  Joseph  W. ;  Maxwell,  Allison;  Myers,  William  H.; 
Parvin,  Theophilus ;  Pearson,  Charles  D. ;  Potter,  Theodore ;  Reyer,  Er- 
nest C. ;  Smythe,  Gonsalvo  C. ;  Stemen,  Christian  B. ;  Stevens,  Thaddeus 
M. ;  Stone,  R.  French;  Thompson,  Daniel  A.;  Thompson,  James  L. ; 
Todd,  Robert  N. ;  Walker,  Isaac  N. ;  Weist,  Jacob  R. ;  Williams,  Elkanah ; 
Wright,  Chas.  E. 

HOSPITALS 

Hospitals  are  a  product  of  the  last  half  of  our  statehood.  The  first 
attempt  to  establish  a  city  hospital  at  Indianapolis  was  in  1858.  It  did 
not  prove  successful  and  the  plan  was  soon  abandoned.  The  Civil  war 
in  1861  gave  a  new  impetus  for  their  creation,  and  the  Indianapolis 
city  hospital  was  revived ;  at  the  close  of  the  war  the  interest  again  de- 
clined until  the  year  1867,  when  the  city  council  of  Indianapolis  took 
action  in  the  matter  and  the  hospital  proved  a  success,  its  wards  being 
full  since  that  date.  At  the  present  time  Indianapolis  may  justly  be 
proud  of  the  number  and  completeness  of  its  hospitals.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  all  of  our  larger  cities. 

At  this  time  almost  every  city  or  town  of  any  magnitude  in  the  state 
is  provided  with  one  or  more  of  these  institutions.  Municipal  authori- 
ties, churches,  and  fraternal  organizations,  as  well  as  railroads,  deserve 
praise  for  erecting  these  homes  for  the  care  of  sick  and  injured,  whose 
numbers,  unfortunately,  are  constantly  increasing. 

There  is  a  law  upon  our  statute  books  which  generously  allows  conn- 


820 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANAXS 


G.  W.  H.  Kempcr— "The  World's  Anatomists."— 1905.  "Medical 
History  of  Indiana." — 1911. 

G.  C.  Smythe— "Medical  Heresies. "—1880. 

Quite  a  number  of  medical  monographs  have  been  written  by  physi- 
cians of  Indiana ;  many  of  them  are  valuable  contributions. 

Dr.  David  Hutchinson    (1812-1891),   formerly  of  Mooresville,   and 


DR.  GEORGE  SUTTON 

while  residing  at  that  place,  was  the  recipient  of  the  Fiske  Fund  Prize 
Essay,  on  "Stomatitis  Materna," — Nursing  sore  mouth,  June  3,  1857.14 

Dr.  Jacob  R.  \Veist  (18:34-1900),  Richmond,  was  the  successful  com- 
petitor for  a  prize  essay  in  1868.  entitled,  "The  Causes,  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Cerebro-spinal  Meningitis."  Transactions  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society,  1868.  p.  121. 

Dr.  George  Sutton,  one  of  the  brilliant  physicians  of  the  early  days 

"Am.  Jour.  Mod.  Sciences,  Vol.  xxxiv,  ]>.  :!69.     (October,  1857.) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  821 

of  Indiana,  in  November,  1843,  contributed  to  the  Western  Lancet,  an 
article  entitled,  "Remarks  on  an  Epidemic  Erysipelas,  Known  by  the 
Popular  Name  of  'Black  Tongue,'  Which  Prevailed  in  Ripley  and  Dear- 
born Counties,  Indiana."  This  article  was  of  so  much  merit  that  it  was 
reproduced  entire  in  the  English  work  of  ' '  Nunneley  on  Erysipelas. ' ' — 
1844. 

Buried  in  the  fifty-eight  copies  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Indiana 
State  Medical  Society  may  he  found  many  articles  of  great  interest  to 
the  profession  of  Indiana. 

. 
SOME  LATER  MEDICAL,  TEACHERS 

Bigelow,  James  K. ;  Chambers,  John ;  Cook,  George  J. ;  Dills,  Thomas 
J. ;  Dunning,  Lehman  H. ;  Eastman,  Joseph ;  Elder,  Elijah  S. ;  Fitch, 
Graham  N. ;  Fletcher,  William  B. ;  Ford,  James  H. ;  Geis,  John  F. ; 
Hadley,  Evan ;  Harvey,  Thomas  B. ;  Raymond,  William  S. ;  Hays.  Frank- 
lin W. ;  Hibberd,  James  F.;  Hodges,  E.  F.;  Lash,  Hugh  M.;  McShane, 
John  T. ;  Marsee,  Joseph  W. ;  Maxwell,  Allison;  Myers,  William  H. ; 
Parvin,  Theophilus ;  Pearson,  Charles  D. ;  Potter,  Theodore ;  Reyer,  Er- 
nest C. ;  Smythe,  Gonsalvo  C. ;  Stemen,  Christian  B. ;  Stevens,  Thaddeus 
M. ;  Stone,  R.  French ;  Thompson,  Daniel  A. ;  Thompson,  James  L. ; 
Todd,  Robert  N. ;  Walker,  Isaac  N. ;  Weist,  Jacob  R. ;  Williams,  Elkanah ; 
Wright,  Chas.  E. 

HOSPITALS 

Hospitals  are  a  product  of  the  last  half  of  our  statehood.  The  first 
attempt  to  establish  a  city  hospital  at  Indianapolis  was  in  1858.  It  did 
not  prove  successful  and  the  plan  was  soon  abandoned.  The  Civil  war 
in  1861  gave  a  new  impetus  for  their  creation,  and  the  Indianapolis 
city  hospital  was  revived ;  at  the  close  of  the  war  the  interest  again  de- 
clined until  the  year  1867,  when  the  city  council  of  Indianapolis  took 
action  in  the  matter  and  the  hospital  proved  a  success,  its  wards  being 
full  since  that  date.  At  the  present  time  Indianapolis  may  justly  be 
proud  of  the  number  and  completeness  of  its  hospitals.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  all  of  our  larger  cities. 

At  this  time  almost  every  city  or  town  of  any  magnitude  in  the  state 
is  provided  with  one  or  more  of  these  institutions.  Municipal  authori- 
ties, churches,  and  fraternal  organizations,  as  well  as  railroads,  deserve 
praise  for  erecting  these  homes  for  the  care  of  sick  and  injured,  whose 
numbers,  unfortunately,  are  constantly  increasing. 

There  is  a  law  upon  our  statute  books  which  generously  allows  coun- 


822 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ties  in  Indiana  to  erect  and  maintain  hospitals  at  the  expense  of  its  citi- 
zens.   A  few  counties  already  have  chosen  to  build  under  this  law. 

MEDICAL  LIBRARIES 

The  Marion  County  Medical  Society  has  been  instrumental  in  build- 
ing up  an  excellent  medical  library,  now  located  in  the  James  Whitcomb 


DR.  GEORGE  \V.  MEARS 

Riley  Library  building  in  Indianapolis.  This  collection  was  started  by 
donations  from  physicians  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

At  the  death  of  the  late  Dr.  Theophilus  Parvin,  January  29,  1898,  his 
widow  very  generously  donated  his  medical  library  to  the  above  named 
collection. 

Also,  at  the  death  of  the  late  Dr.  George  W.  Mears,  his  library  was 
presented  to  the  physicians  of  Marion  County,  by  his  son,  Dr.  J.  Ewing 
Mears,  of  Philadelphia. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  823 

The  library  of  the  late  Dr.  John  S.  Bobbs  was  donated  to  the  Marion 
County  Medical  Society  soon  after  his  death,  but,  unfortunately,  was 
burned  with  the  medical  college  some  years  ago. 

One  of  the  valuable  libraries — literary  and  medical,  for  a  small  city, 
is  at  New  Harmony.  This  was  a  gift  from  one  of  its  former  citizens, 
Dr.  Edward  Murphy.  ' '  In  1893  he  induced  the  Library  Society  to  sell 
its  old  quarters  and  assisted  it  to  erect  the  building  now  occupied.  This 
is  a  handsome  brick  structure  containing  in  addition  to  its  excellent 
•  library  quarters  a  large  auditorium,  a  museum,  and  a  very  creditable 
art  gallery.  Dr.  Murphy  made  contributions  of  books  and  specimens  for 
the  museum,  and  filled  the  art  gallery  with  costly  paintings  purchased 
in  Italy.15 

The  Vigo  County  Medical  Society  has  secured  quite  a  number  of 
medical  volumes  for  its  public  library. 

Many  of  the  county  medical  societies  have  formed  very  creditable 
collections  of  medical  books,  utilizing  space  in  public  library  buildings. 

The  Indiana  State  Library,  located  in  the  state  capitol,  Demarchus 
C.  Brown,  librarian,  contains  a  number  of  medical  books. 

HOSPITALS  FOB  THE  INSANE.16 

The  care  of  the  insane  in  Indiana  dates  from  an  Act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  1844-1845,  which  resulted  in  the  purchase  of  land  and  the  con- 
struction of  the  Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Indianapolis. 
The  new  constitution  of  1851  declared  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly to  provide  by  law  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane.  This,  however, 
has  never  been  done  fully.  At  no  time  have  all  of  the  insane  in  Indiana 
been  under  state  care.  The  Central  Hospital  was  the  only  institution 
provided  for  these  unfortunates  until  the  Legislature  of  1883  provided 
for  three  additional  hospitals,  which  were  developed  in  the  Northern 
Indiana  Hospital  at  Logansport,  the  Eastern  Indiana  Hospital  at  Rich- 
mond, and  the  Southern  Indiana  Hospital  at  Evansville.  One  of  these 
hospitals  was  opened  for  the  admission  of  patients  in  1888  and  the  other 
two  in  1890.  In  1905  the  Organic  Act  of  the  Southeastern  Hospital  at 
North  Madison  was  passed  and  that  institution  was  opened  for  the  admis- 
sion of  patients  in  1910.  There  are,  therefore,  five  hospitals  for  the  in- 
sane in  this  state,  which  have  a  total  enrollment  of  approximately  5,800 
patients.  According  to  a  law  provided  for  the  purpose,  the  State  is 


is  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  by  George  B.  Lockwood,  1905. 
IB  In  the  preparation  of  this  article  T  am  under  especial  obligations  to  Dr.  S.  E. 
Smith,  Easthaven. — K. 
vol.  n— IT 


822 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ties  in  Indiana  to  erect  and  maintain  hospitals  at  the  expense  of  its  citi- 
zens.   A  few  counties  already  have  chosen  to  build  under  this  law. 

MEDICAL  LIBRARIES 

The  Marion  County  Medical  Society  has  been  instrumental  in  build- 
ing up  an  excellent  medical  library,  now  located  in  the  James  Whitcomb 


DR.  GEORGE  \Y.  MEAKS 

Riley  Library  building  in  Indianapolis.  This  collection  was  started  by 
donations  from  physicians  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

At  the  death  of  the  late  Dr.  Theophilus  Parvin,  January  29,  1898,  his 
widow  very  generously  donated  his  medical  library  to  the  above  named 
collection. 

Also,  at  the  death  of  the  late  Dr.  George  W.  Mears,  his  library  was 
presented  to  the  physicians  of  Marion  County,  by  his  son,  Dr.  J.  Ewing 
Mears,  of  Philadelphia. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  823 


The  library  of  the  late  Dr.  John  S.  Bobbs  was  donated  to  the  Marion 
County  Medical  Society  soon  after  his  death,  but,  unfortunately,  was 
burned  with  the  medical  college  some  years  ago. 

One  of  the  valuable  libraries — literary  and  medical,  for  a  small  city, 
is  at  New  Harmony.  This  was  a  gift  from  one  of  its  former  citizens, 
Dr.  Edward  Murphy.  ' '  In  1893  he  induced  the  Library  Society  to  sell 
its  old  quarters  and  assisted  it  to  erect  the  building  now  occupied.  This 
is  a  handsome  brick  structure  containing  in  addition  to  its  excellent 
•  library  quarters  a  large  auditorium,  a  museum,  and  a  very  creditable 
art  gallery.  Dr.  Murphy  made  contributions  of  books  and  specimens  for 
the  museum,  and  filled  the  art  gallery  with  costly  paintings  purchased 
in  Italy.15 

The  Vigo  County  Medical  Society  has  secured  quite  a  number  of 
medical  volumes  for  its  public  library. 

Many  of  the  county  medical  societies  have  formed  very  creditable 
collections  of  medical  books,  utilizing  space  in  public  library  buildings. 

The  Indiana  State  Library,  located  in  the  state  capitol,  Demarchus 
C.  Brown,  librarian,  contains  a  number  of  medical  books. 

HOSPITALS  FOR  THE  INSANE.IC 

.  -  -'m  •    r-i  •-  *•'."' 

The  care  of  the  insane  in  Indiana  dates  from  an  Act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture of  1844-1845,  which  resulted  in  the  purchase  of  land  and  the  con- 
struction of  the  Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Indianapolis. 
The  new  constitution  of  1851  declared  it  the  duty  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly to  provide  by  law  for  the  treatment  of  the  insane.  This,  however, 
has  never  been  done  fully.  At  no  time  have  all  of  the  insane  in  Indiana 
been  under  state  care.  The  Central  Hospital  was  the  only  institution 
provided  for  these  unfortunates  until  the  Legislature  of  1883  provided 
for  three  additional  hospitals,  which  were  developed  in  the  Northern 
Indiana  Hospital  at  Logansport,  the  Eastern  Indiana  Hospital  at  Rich- 
mond, and  the  Southern  Indiana  Hospital  at  Evansville.  One  of  these 
hospitals  was  opened  for  the  admission  of  patients  in  1888  and  the  other 
two  in  1890.  In  1905  the  Organic  Act  of  the  Southeastern  Hospital  at 
North  Madison  was  passed  and  that  institution  was  opened  for  the  admis- 
sion of  patients  in  1910.  There  are,  therefore,  five  hospitals  for  the  in- 
sane in  this  state,  which  have  a  total  enrollment  of  approximately  5,800 
patients.  According  to  a  law  provided  for  the  purpose,  the  State  is 


is  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  by  George  B.  Loekwood,  1905. 
IB  In  the  preparation  of  this  article  T  am  under  especial  obligations  to  Dr.  S.  E. 
Smith,  Easthaven. — K. 
vo».  n— IT 


824  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

divided  into  five  districts  for  the  insane,  based  upon  population  and  the 
capacity  of  the  institutions.  Each  hospital  has  a  definite  district  of  cer- 
tain counties  which  are  tributary  to  it. 

The  Indiana  laws  upon  the  subject  of  the  organization  of  the  hospitals 
for  the  insane  and  other  correctional  and  benevolent  institutions,  are  not 
equaled  by  those  of  any  other  state  in  the  union.  These  laws  so  defi- 
nitely and  clearly  establish  the  principle  of  non-partisan  management 
that  there  has  been  no  interference  of  this  character  in  the  management 
of  these  institutions  for  many  years. 

The  management  is  lodged  in  a  board  of  trustees  of  four  members, 
two  belonging  to  each  of  the  dominant  political  parties  and  one  is  ap- 
pointed each  year  for  a  term  of  four  years.  By  this  arrangement  the 
majority  of  the  board  cannot  retire  at  the  same  time.  The  board  of 
trustees  appoints  the  superintendent  and  fixes  all  salaries  of  officers, 
nurses,  attendants  and  employes. 

Appointment  and  tenure  of  office  of  the  medical  superintendent  are 
based  upon  experience,  merit  and  faithful  discharge  of  duty  and  the  law 
prohibits  the  consideration  of  party  affiliations.  The  medical  superin- 
tendent is  charged  with  full  responsibility  for  the  internal  affairs  of  the 
hospital  and  is  by  law  given  power  to  employ  and  discharge  all  subordi- 
nate officers  and  employes.  This  kind  of  organization  is  regarded  by 
experts  as  the  best  that  has  been  devised. 

These  five  institutions  are  receiving  between  twelve  hundred  and 
thirteen  hundred  patients  each  year,  and  the  scope  of  their  work  is  being 
constantly  developed  and  broadened.  The  medical  staff  of  each  hospital 
consists  of  the  medical  superintendent  and  from  three  to  seven  assistants, 
depending  upon  the  number  of  patients.  Generally  there  is  one  assistant 
physician  to  about  two  hundred  patients.  Each  institution  has  a  labora- 
tory more  or  less  complete,  in  which  pathological  examinations  and  those 
for  diagnostic  purposes  are  made  by  an  assistant  trained  in  this  line  of 
work.  There  is  now  in  process  of  development  in  the  several  institutions 
a  system  of  social  service,  mental  clinics  and  free  consultation  for  deserv- 
ing cases  in  their  respective  districts,  from  which  much  good  is  expected 
to  result.  A  colony  system  is  also  being  developed  at  the  Eastern  Hos- 
pital at  Richmond.  Another  has  been  started  at  the  Southeastern  Hos- 
pital at  North  Madison,  and  others  will  follow. 

These  institutions,  and  all  other  correctional  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions in  Indiana,  are  under  the  advisory  suggestions  of  the  Indiana  Board 
of  State  Charities,  which,  also,  is  a  non-partisan  board,  made  up  of 
benevolent  citizens  who  serve  for  a  period  of  four  years  each  without 
compensation,  except  for  necessary  traveling  expenses. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 
CENTRAL  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE 


825 


This  hospital  is  located  at  Indianapolis  and  is  the  largest  institution 
in  the  state,  having  an  approximate  capacity  of  fifteen  hundred  patients. 
Dr.  George  F.  Edenharter,  Superintendent,  was  elected  May  1,  1893, 
and  has  served  continuously  to  this  date.  The  original  building  in  this 
hospital,  constructed  in  1848,  is  still  in  service  and  constitutes  the  de- 


DR.  WILLIAM  B.  FLETCHER 

partment  for  men.  The  department  for  women  was  built  thirty  years 
later  and  is  a  good  example  of  the  Kirkbride  construction  so  popular  in 
those  days.  Both  departments  are  under  one  roof  and  are  large.  The 
clinical  laboratory  was  planned  and  constructed  by  Dr.  Edenharter  and 
is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  in  the  country.  He  has  opened 
it  and  provided  clinics  for  the  Indiana  University  Medical  School,  which 
thereby  furnishes  to  its  students  cases  in  neurology  and  psychiatry 
such  as  few  medical  schools  in  the  country  are  able  to  obtain. 


' 


824 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


divided  into  five  districts  for  the  insane,  based  upon  population  and  the 
capacity  of  the  institutions.  Each  hospital  has  a  definite  district  of  cer- 
tain counties  which  are  tributary  to  it. 

The  Indiana  laws  upon  the  subject  of  the  organization  of  the  hospitals 
for  the  insane  and  other  correctional  and  benevolent  institutions,  are  not 
equaled  by  those  of  any  other  state  in  the  union.  These  laws  so  defi- 
nitely and  clearly  establish  the  principle  of  non-partisan  management 
that  there  has  been  no  interference  of  this  character  in  the  management 
of  these  institutions  for  many  years. 

The  management  is  lodged  in  a  board  of  trustees  of  four  members, 
two  belonging  to  each  of  the  dominant  political  parties  and  one  is  ap- 
pointed each  year  for  a  term  of  four  years.  By  this  arrangement  the 
majority  of  the  board  cannot  retire  at  the  same  time.  The  board  of 
trustees  appoints  the  superintendent  and  fixes  all  salaries  of  officers, 
nurses,  attendants  and  employes. 

Appointment  and  tenure  of  office  of  the  medical  superintendent  are 
based  upon  experience,  merit  and  faithful  discharge  of  duty  and  the  law 
prohibits  the  consideration  of  party  affiliations.  The  medical  superin- 
tendent is  charged  with  full  responsibility  for  the  internal  affairs  of  the 
hospital  and  is  by  law  given  power  to  employ  and  discharge  all  subordi- 
nate officers  and  employes.  This  kind  of  organization  is  regarded  by 
experts  as  the  best  that  has  been  devised. 

These  five  institutions  are  receiving  between  twelve  hundred  and 
thirteen  hundred  patients  each  year,  and  the  scope  of  their  work  is  being 
constantly  developed  and  broadened.  The  medical  staff  of  each  hospital 
consists  of  the  medical  superintendent  and  from  three  to  seven  assistants, 
depending  upon  the  number  of  patients.  Generally  there  is  one  assistant 
physician  to  about  two  hundred  patients.  Each  institution  has  a  labora- 
tory more  or  less  complete,  in  which  pathological  examinations  and  those 
for  diagnostic  purposes  are  made  by  an  assistant  trained  in  this  line  of 
work.  There  is  now  in  process  of  development  in  the  several  institutions 
a  system  of  social  service,  mental  clinics  and  free  consultation  for  deserv- 
ing oases  in  their  respective  districts,  from  which  much  good  is  expected 
to  result.  A  colony  system  is  also  being  developed  at  the  Eastern  Hos- 
pital at  Richmond.  Another  has  been  started  at  the  Southeastern  Hos- 
pital at  North  Madison,  and  others  will  follow. 

These  institutions,  and  all  other  correctional  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions in  Indiana,  are  under  the  advisory  suggestions  of  the  Indiana  Board 
of  State  Charities,  which,  also,  is  a  non-partisan  board,  made  up  of 
benevolent  citizens  who  serve  for  a  period  of  four  years  each  without 
compensation,  except  for  necessary  traveling  expenses. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 
CENTRAL  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE 


825 


This  hospital  is  located  at  Indianapolis  and  is  the  largest  institution 
in  the  state,  having  an  approximate  capacity  of  fifteen  hundred  patients. 
Dr.  George  P.  Edenharter,  Superintendent,  was  elected  May  1,  1893, 
and  has  served  continuously  to  this  date.  The  original  building  in  this 
hospital,  constructed  in  1848,  is  still  in  service  and  constitutes  the  de- 


DR.  WILLIAM  B.  FLETCHER 

partment  for  men.  The  department  for  women  was  built  thirty  years 
later  and  is  a  good  example  of  the  Kirkbride  construction  so  popular  in 
those  days.  Both  departments  are  under  one  roof  and  are  large.  The 
clinical  laboratory  was  planned  and  constructed  by  Dr.  Edenharter  and 
is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  in  the  country.  He  has  opened 
it  and  provided  clinics  for  the  Indiana  University  Medical  School,  which 
thereby  furnishes  to  its  students  cases  in  neurology  and  psychiatry 
such  as  few  medical  schools  in  the  country  are  able  to  obtain. 


826  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Dr.  Edenharter  is  the  eleventh  superintendent  and  his  tenure  of 
office  is  much  longer  than  any  of  his  predecessors.  Among  his  prede- 
cessors are  such  well-known  physicians  as  Dr.  James  S.  Athon,  Dr.  James 
H.  "Woodburn,  Dr.  Orpheus  Everts,  Dr.  Joseph  G.  Rogers,  Dr.  William 
B.  Fletcher  and  Dr.  Charles  E.  Wright. 

,  NORTHERN  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE 

This  hospital  is  located  at  Longcliff,  near  Logansport.  It  was  built 
under  the  Organic  Act  of  1883  and  opened  for  the  admission  of  patients 
July  1,  1888,  with  Dr.  Joseph  G.  Rogers  as  medical  superintendent,  who 
continued  in  charge  until  his  death  on  April  11,  1908.  Dr.  Rogers  was 
one  of  the  eminent  psychiatrists  and  medical  superintendents  of  the 
country  and  he  has  left  a  large  impression  upon  the  hospitals  for  the 
insane  in  Indiana.  He  served  Indiana  well  and  efficiently  for  approxi- 
mately thirty  years  as  medical  superintendent  and  medical  engineer  of 
construction  of  the  three  additional  hospitals. 

Following  the  tenure  of  Dr.  Rogers,  Dr.  Frederick  W.  Terflinger,  a 
member  of  the  hospital  staff  for  six  years,  was  appointed  medical  super- 
intendent and  continues  in  charge  to  this  date.  The  Northern  Hospital 
is  a  good  representation  of  the  modified  pavilion  type  of  construction, 
consisting  of  many  detached  buildings  both  for  patients  and  administra- 
tive purposes.  It  has  a  capacity  of  about  1,042  patients. 

.    •  EASTERN  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE 

This  hospital  is  located  at  Easthaven,  near  Richmond.  It  was  one  of 
the  three  additional  hospitals  and  was  created  by  the  Organic  Act  of 
1883,  and  was  opened  for  the  admission  of  patients  August  1,  1890,  with 
Dr.  Edward  F.  Wells  in  charge,  who  retired  in  less  than  one  year.  Dr. 
Samuel  E.  Smith,  formerly  assistant  physician  at  the  Northern  Hospital, 
Logansport,  was  elected  medical  superintendent  and  assumed  office  May 
15,  1891,  and  has  filled  this  office  to  the  present  date,  making  the  longest 
continuous  service  of  a  medical  superintendent  in  the  history  of  Indiana. 
The  capacity  of  the  hospital  is  896.  This  institution  is  built  upon  the 
well-known  cottage  plan,  consisting  of  thirty-four  small  brick  structures 
arranged  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle.  The  medical  staff  consists  of  a 
medical  superintendent,  three  assistant  physicians,  one  woman  physician 
and  a  laboratory  assistant.  It  is  located  on  a  farm  consisting  of  350 
acres  and  two  miles  distant  is  a  colony  farm  of  520  acres,  on  which  are 
established  three  colony  units.  The  plan  of  the  colonization  of  the  in- 
sane in  Indiana  began  in  this  institution  and  is  being  slowly  elaborated. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  827 

It  is  based  upon  the  idea  of  giving  helpful  employment  in  the  open  air  to 
the  able-bodied  patients  in  simple  surroundings  somewhat  removed  from 
the  parent  institution,  but  still  under  the  direction  of  the  medical 
superintendent. 

SOUTHERN  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOB  THE  INSANE 

This  hospital  is  located  at  Woodmere,  near  Evansville.  It  is  the 
third  of  the  additional  hospitals  for  the  insane  built  under  the  Organic 
Act  of  1883,  and  was  opened  for  the  admission  of  patients  November  1, 
1890.  The  first  superintendent  was  Dr.  A.  J.  Thomas,  formerly  and  for 
many  years  assistant  superintendent  of  the  Central  Hospital  at  Indiana- 
polis. His  services  as  medical  superintendent  terminated  July  15,  1897. 
Dr.  C.  E.  Laughlin,  the  present  medical  superintendent  and  the  fourth 
in  the  history  of  the  hospital,  has  had  an  incumbency  since  June  1,  1903. 
This  hospital  as  originally  built  is  a  good  representation  of  the  congre- 
gate-radiate  plan,  consisting  of  a  central  building  and  two  wings,  three 
stories  in  height.  Extensions  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  by 
detached  construction,  including  a  modern  hospital,  completely  equipped. 
It  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  tract  of  275  acres  of  land  to  which  small 
additions  have  been  made  in  late  years.  It  has  a  capacity  of  870  patients. 

SOUTHEASTERN  HOSPITAL,  FOR  THE  INSANE 

This  hospital  is  located  at  Cragmont,  North  Madison,  on  a  most  beau- 
tiful site,  overlooking  the  City  of  Madison  and  the  Ohio  River  for  many 
miles.  This  is  the  largest  hospital  in  the.  state  and  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  best  constructed  and  equipped  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the  country. 
It  is  cottage  construction,  made  up  of  thirty-four  buildings  made  of 
pressed  shale  brick  and  roofed  with  red  Spanish  tile.  It  was  built  under 
an  Act  of  the  Legislature  of  1905  and  opened  for  the  admission  of 
patients  August  23,  1910,  with  a  normal  capacity  of  1,120  patients. 

This  hospital  was  planned  by  Dr.  S.  E.  Smith,  Medical  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Eastern  Hospital  at  Richmond,  who  was  medical  adviser 
to  the  board  of  commissioners  throughout  its  construction  and  equip- 
ment. It  has  had  two  medical  superintendents — Dr.  E.  P.  Busse,  1910- 
1915,  and  Dr.  James  W.  Milligan,  the  present  incumbent,  who  was  for- 
merly assistant  physician  for  ten  years  at  the  Northern  Hospital  and 
later  resident  physician  in  the  Indiana  State  Prison. 

This  hospital  is  located  on  a  tract  of  360  acres  of  land.  A  new 
colony  farm  of  approximately  1000  acres  has  been  purchased  within  the 
past  year.  Colonies  will  be  established  thereon  as  rapidly  as  conditions 
will  permit. 


828  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  . 

INDIANA  STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH 

The  idea  of  creating  a  State  Board  of  Health  in  Indiana  originated 
in  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society.  The  said  society  was  organized 
at  a  medical  convention  in  Indianapolis,  June,  1849.  Prior  to  the  crea- 
tion of  the  State  Board  of  Health  a  local  board  of  health,  probably  the 
first  in  the  state,  was  appointed  on  the  25th  day  of  October,  1832,  by  the 
city  council  of  Madison.  An  outbreak  of  cholera  on  the  23rd  of  Octo- 
ber, 1832,  impelled  the  city  council  to  this  step.  The  ordinance  said  the 
duty  of  the  board  was  to  meet  daily  at  1 :00  P.  M.  to  receive  the  reports 
of  physicians,  and  it  will  be  noted  that  this  was  the  first  effort  to  collect 
vital  statistics.  The  city  council  of  Madison  passed  a  supplemental 
ordinance  October  22, 1832.  which  required  all  tenants  and  householders 
to  keep  the  gutters  in  front  of  their  premises  clean,  to  remove  all  filth 
that  had  accumulated  on  their  premises  under  penalty  of  not  less  than 
one  dollar  fine  and  costs  of  suit.  There  was  a  Board  of  Health  in  Bloom  - 
ington  as  early  as  August,  1833.  The  first  board  of  health  in  Fort 
Wayne  was  established  in  1842. 

The  law  creating  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Health  and  establishing 
health  boards  in  all  counties,  cities  and  towns,  was  passed  in  1881.  The 
resolution  passed  by  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  out  of  which 
finally  originated  the  State  Board  of  Health,  was  as  follows: 

"Resolved:  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  memorialize 
the  legislature,  asking  them  to  provide  by  law  for  a  registration  of 
births,  marriages  and  deaths." 

At  this,  date  cholera  was  raging  at  New  Albany  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  prevent  the  delegate  from  that  county,  Dr.  W.  H.  Dowling,  from  at- 
tending the  medical  convention.  It  was  32  years  after  this  resolution  and 
first  step  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  before  the  State  Health 
law  was  enacted.  The  population  of  Indiana  in  1880  was  1,909,916. 
The  first  statistical  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  the  year  end- 
ing October  31,  1832,  shows  11,392  deaths  reported  from  all  causes  or  a 
death  rate  of  5.96  per  thousand.  It  was  estimated  that  not  more  than 
one-third  of  deaths  was  reported  so  that  the  actual  death  rate  was 
probably  not  less  than  17  per  thousand.  The  record  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health  both  of  achievement  and  omission  is  found  in  the  annual 
.  reports  of  this  board.  The  first  report  appeared  in  1882. 

In  1913  the  American  Medical  Association  undertook  a  survey  of  all 
activities,  equipment  and  accomplishments  of  the  various  state  boards 
of  health.  The  report,  when  published,  had  this  to  say  in  regard  to 
Indiana:  "The  department  of  health  in  Indiana  seems  to  have  kept 
free  from  political  interference,  and  its  efficient  executive  has  remained 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  the  office  for  many  years,  and  has  been  able  to  follow  a  consistent 
policy.  A  successful  registration  of  deaths  has  been  accomplished  and 
that  of  births  is  rapidly  improving  and  is  doubtless  over  90  per  cent." 
The  American  Medical  Association  adopted  a  rating  system  and  in  its 
tables  rated  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Health  as  sixth  in  efficiency  and 
21st  in  per  capita  expenditure  for  health  purposes.  The  per  capita 


DR.  THOMAS  B.  HARVEY 


expenditure  at  that  date  was  1.39  cents  per  annum.    The  state  having 
the  highest  per  cent  expenditure  was  Florida,  15.21  cents. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  presented  the  first  food  law  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  in  1897,  and  it  was  unanimously  rejected.  The  said  law 
was  presented  again  to  the  assembly  in  1899  and  was  passed,  after 
all  possibility  of  enforcement  was  removed  through  amendment.  Au- 
thorization of  laboratories  and  power  for  the  enforcement  of  the  pure 
food  law  and  certain  phases  of  the  health  law  was  given  by  the  general 


828 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 
INDIANA  STATE  BOARD  OF  HEALTH 


The  idea  of  creating  a  State  Board  of  Health  in  Indiana  originated 
in  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society.  The  said  society  was  organized 
at  a  medical  convention  in  Indianapolis,  June,  1849.  Prior  to  the  crea- 
tion of  the  State  Board  of  Health  a  local  board  of  health,  probably  the 
first  in  the  state,  was  appointed  on  the  25th  day  of  October,  1832,  by  the 
city  council  of  Madison.  An  outbreak  of  cholera  on  the  23rd  of  Octo- 
ber, 1832,  impelled  the  city  council  to  this  step.  The  ordinance  said  the 
duty  of  the  board  was  to  meet  daily  at  1  -.00  P.  M.  to  receive  the  reports 
of  physicians,  and  it  will  be  noted  that  this  was  the  first  effort  to  collect 
vital  statistics.  The  city  council  of  Madison  passed  a  supplemental 
ordinance  October  22,  1832.  which  required  all  tenants  and  householders 
to  keep  the  gutters  in  front  of  their  premises  clean,  to  remove  all  filth 
that  had  accumulated  on  their  premises  under  penalty  of  not  less  than 
one  dollar  fine  and  costs  of  suit.  There  was  a  Board  of  Health  in  Bloom- 
ington  as  early  as  August,  1833.  The  first  board  of  health  in  Fort 
"Wayne  was  established  in  1842. 

The  law  creating  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Health  and  establishing 
health  boards  in  all  counties,  cities  and  towns,  was  passed  in  1881.  The 
resolution  passed  by  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  out  of  which 
finally  originated  the  State  Board  of  Health,  was  as  follows: 

' '  Resolved :  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  memorialize 
the  legislature,  asking  them  to  provide  by  law  for  a  registration  of 
births,  marriages  and  deaths." 

At  this,  date  cholera  was  raging  at  New  Albany  to  such  an  extent  as 
to  prevent  the  delegate  from  that  county,  Dr.  W.  H.  Dowling,  from  at- 
tending the  medical  convention.  It  was  32  years  after  this  resolution  and 
first  step  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  before  the  State  Health 
law  was  enacted.  The  population  of  Indiana  in  1880  was  1,90,9,916. 
The  first  statistical  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  the  year  end- 
ing October  31,  1832,  shows  11,392  deaths  reported  from  all  causes  or  a 
death  rate  of  5.96  per  thousand.  It  was  estimated  that  not  more  than 
one-third  of  deaths  was  reported  so  that  the  actual  death  rate  was 
probably  not  less  than  17  per  thousand.  The  record  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health  both  of  achievement  and  omission  is  found  in  the  annual 
reports  of  this  board.  The  first  report  appeared  in  1882. 

In  1913  the  American  Medical  Association  undertook  a  survey  of  all 
activities,  equipment  and  accomplishments  of  the  various  state  boards 
of  health.  The  report,  when  published,  had  this  to  say  in  regard  to 
Indiana:  "The  department  of  health  in  Indiana  seems  to  have  kept 
free  from  political  interference,  and  its  efficient  executive  has  remained 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


'  in  the  office  for  many  years,  and  has  been  able  to  follow  a  consistent 
policy.  A  successful  registration  of  deaths  has  been  accomplished  and 
that  of  births  is  rapidly  improving  and  is  doubtless  over  90  per  cent." 
The  American  Medical  Association  adopted  a  rating  system  and  in  its 
tables  rated  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Health  as  sixth  in  efficiency  and 
21st  in  per  capita  expenditure  for  health  purposes.  The  per  capita 


DR.  THOMAS  B.  HARVEY 


expenditure  at  that  date  was  1.39  cents  per  annum.    The  state  having 
the  highest  per  cent  expenditure  was  Florida,  15.21  cents. 

The  State  Board  of  Health  presented  the  first  food  law  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  in  1897,  and  it  was  unanimously  rejected.  The  said  law 
was  presented  again  to  the  assembly  in  1899  and  was  passed,  after 
all  possibility  of  enforcement  was  removed  through  amendment.  Au- 
thorization of  laboratories  and  power  for  the  enforcement  of  the  pure 
food  law  and  certain  phases  of  the  health  law  was  given  by  the  general 


830  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

assembly  of  1905.  This  was  called  the  "Laboratory  Law"  and  gave  the 
State  Board  of  Health  $10,000  annually  and  power  to  establish  a  labora- 
tory wherein  food  and  drug  and  water  analyses  could  be  made  and  where 
pathological  and  bacteriological  and  microscopical  examinations  could 
also  be  made,  the  work  to  be  entirely  free,  no  fees  to  be  charged.  At  the 
present  time  the  State  Board  of  Health  is  divided  into  nine  divisions: 

1.  Executive. 

2.  Accounting. 

3.  Child  and  School  Hygiene. 

4.  Vital  Statistics. 

5.  Laboratory  of  Bacteriology  and  Pathology. 

6.  Pasteur  Laboratory. 

7.  Laboratory  for  Pood  and  Drugs. 

8.  Laboratory  for  Water  and  Sewage. 

9.  Weights  and  Measures. 

The  total  appropriation  for  all  these  departments  at  the  present  time 
is  $83,000,  divided  as  follows :  Executive,  $35,000.  From  this  sum  must 
also  be  paid  the  expenses  of  the  Division  of  Statistics  and  Division  of 
Child  and  School  Hygiene.  The  appropriation  for  the  Bacteriological 
and  Pathological  Laboratory  is  $10,000.  For  the  Food  and  Drug  Labora- 
tory, $25,000. .  Weights  and  Measures,  $10,000.  Waters  and  Sewage, 
$5,000.  Pasteur  Laboratory,  5  per  cent  of  the  excess  dog  tax  amounting 
to  $3,000. 

The  membership  of  the  first  board  of  health  created  in  1881  was  as 
follows:  Dr.  John  W.  Compton,  Evansville;  Thaddeus  M.  Stevens, 
Indianapolis ;  Dr.  J.  M.  Partridge,  South  Bend ;  and  Dr.  W.  W.  Vin- 
nedge,  Lafayette.  Dr.  Stevens  was  elected  secretary  and  was  therefore' 
the  first  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  and  the  first  state  health 
officer  of  Indiana.  Dr.  Stevens  served  as  secretary  until  March,  1883, 
and  was  then  succeeded  by  Dr.  E.  R.  Hawn,  who  served  until  his  death, 
September  6,  1883.  Dr.  Elijah  Elder  was  his  successor  and  served  from 
September  6,  1883,  to  May  8,  1885.  Dr.  Charles  N.  Metcalf  succeeded 
Dr.  Elder  and  served  from  May  8  to  March,  1896,  when  he  died.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Dr.  J.  N.  Hurty,  who  was  appointed  March  6,  1896, 
and  has  served  from  that  date  continuously  until  the  present  time.  The 
very  extensive  powers  and  manifold  duties  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
are  distinctly  set  forth  in  the  statutes.  There  are  now  37  statutes  passed 
at  various  times  by  the  general  assembly,  their  enforcement  being  given 
to  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

The  original  health  law  of  1881  was  amended  in  1891  and  at  this  time 
is  in  force.     The  present  vital  statistics  law,  under  which  accurate  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  831 

'reliable  vital  statistics  are  secured,  was  passed  in  1913.  The  quarantine 
law  of  1903  gave  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  ample  powers  for  the  con- 
trol of  infectious  and  contagious  diseases.  The  legislature  of  1911  dis- 
tinguished itself  by  passing  the  sanitary  schoolhouse  law  and  the  medical 
school  inspection  law,  both  of  which  laws  aim  at  the  promotion  and 
conservation  of  child  life.  The  infant  blindness  law  for  the  prevention 
of  infant  blindness  was  passed  in  1911.  The  importance  of  this  action 
will  be  appreciated  when  it  is  known  that  about  one-third  of  all  infant 
blindness  is  preventable.  The  hydrophobia  law  was  passed  in  1911.  Un- 
der i'ts  beneficent  provisions  it  is  safe  to  say  several  hundred  lives  have 
been  saved.  The  antitoxin  law  was  passed  in  1907,  which  under  very 
liberal  conditions,  supplies  free  antitoxin  to  the  poor  for  the  cure  and 
prevention  of  diphtheria.  The  anti-rat  law,  the  public  water  supply  law, 
the  public  playgrounds  law  were  all  passed  in  1913.  The  pure  food  and 
drug  law,  which  is  now  in  force,  was  passed  in  1907. 

The  membership  of  the  present  State  Board  of  Health,  1918,  is  as 
follows : 

Dr.  Chas.  B.  Kern,  President,  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

Dr.  Hugh  A.  Cowing,  Vice  President,  Muncie,  Indiana. 

Dr.  J.  N.  Hurty,  Secretary,  Indianapolis. 

Dr.  James  S.  Boyers,  Decatur,  Indiana. 

Dr.  John  H.  Hewitt,  Terre  Haute,  Indiana. 

Dr.  William  F.  King  is  assistant  secretary  and  is  also  Chief  of  the 
Division  of  Child  and  School  Hygiene. 

Credit  is  herewith  given  for  much  of  the  historical  information  in 
compiling  this  matter  to  an  article  written  by  Dr.  W.  F.  King  in  1916 
and  entitled  "One  Hundred  Years  Progress  in  Public  Health  Adminis- 
tration in  Indiana."  This  article  will  be  found  in  the  proceedings  of 
the  Ninth  Annual  Convention  of  the  Indiana  Sanitary  and  Water  Supply 
Association  held  at  Indianapolis,  February  2,  3,  and  4,  1916. 

MEDICAL  AND  SITRGICAL  DISCOVERIES 

More  beneficent  discoveries  have  been  made  in  the  last  one  hundred 
years  than  in  all  the  preceding  centuries.  A  majority  of  these  dis- 
coveries were  made  in  the  last  half  of  the  century, — really,  in  the  period 
in  which  a  majority  of  us  have  lived. 

The  present  array  of  death  dealing  destructives  in  war  was  never 
equaled,  and  the  means  of  relief  for  caring  for  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiery  in  this  world  wide  war  surpasses  the  methods  of  all  preceding 
wars.  Our  surgeons  are  more  skillful,  have  more  appliances,  and  better 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


equipped  hospitals,  than  in  any  preceding  war.  Another  additional  help 
is  the  presence  and  aid  of  skilled  nurses.  Our  means  for  staunching 
blood,  and  relieving  pain  are  numerous.  Much  of  our  preparedness  in 
relief  work  is  due  to  modern  discoveries. 

In  the  century  since  our  state  was  admitted,  many  valuable  instru- 
ments for  diagnostic  purposes  have  been  invented.    Notably  the  X-ray, 


DR.  THEOPHILUS  PARVIN 

discovered  by  Rontgen  in  1893.  In  the  hands  of  experts  this  apparatus 
has  proved  of  great  value  in  discovering  broken  bones,  locating  bullets 
and  foreign  bodies  in  the  tissues,  as  well  as  determining  many  internal 
diseases.  The  hypodermic  syringe,  fever  thermometer,  the  stethoscope, 
and  the  large  number  of  instruments  whose  names  terminate  in 
"scope," — signifying  to  examine. 

A  distinguished  American  called  upon  Charles  Darwin,  and  in  the 
course  of  conversation  asked  him  what  he  considered  the  most  important 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  833 

discovery  of  the  nineteenth  century.  To  which  Mr.  Darwin  replied, 
after  a  slight  hesitation :  ' '  Painless  surgery. ' ' 

Velpeau,  the  leading  surgeon  of  the  world,  wrote  in  his  great  work 
on  surgery  in  1844:  "To  avoid  pain  in  operations  is  a  chimera  that  we 
can  no  longer  pursue  in  our  times.  A  cutting  instrument  and  pain  in 
operative  surgery,  are  two  words  which  are  never  presented  separately 
to  the  mind  of  the  patient,  but  in  an  association  which  he  must  of  neces- 
sity admit.  It  is  to  the  hand  of  the  operator  and  the  quality  of  the 
bistoury  that  he  must  look  to  obtain  the  desired  result.  Let  the  hand  be 
light  and  steady,  and  the  bistoury  smooth  and  well-shaped  *  *  •  and 
you  will  have  no  other  pains  to  encounter  than  those  which  are  inherent 
in  the  operation,  and  which  nothing  can  separate  from  it." 

Before  these  gloomy  words  were  printed,  namely,  March  30,  1842, 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long  (1815-1878),  residing  at  Jefferson,  Jackson 
County,  Georgia,  as  has  been  well  attested,  while  a  patient  was  under 
the  influence  of  sulphuric  ether,  removed  a  small  tumor  from  the  back 
of  the  neck.  He  performed,  about  the  same  date  a  number  of  other 
minor  operations,  but  failed  to  publish  his  claim  of  discovery  for  a 
number  of  years.  Many  think  that  because  of  this  negligence  he  should 
not  be  entitled  to  the  honor. 

The  first  public  use  of  ether  was  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital on  October  16,  1846.  Chloroform  was  first  used  November  17,  1847. 
In  1867  the  use  of  nitrous  oxid  came  into  use  in  dentistry.17 

In  1884  Koller  first  used  cocaine  as  a  local  anesthetic.  Quinke  first 
used  the  lumbar  puncture  in  1891 ;  and  Schleich  introduced  infiltration 
anesthesia  in  1894. 

Lord  Joseph  Lister  promulgated  antiseptic  surgery  in  1867.  Anes- 
thesia and  antiseptic  surgery  have  done  more  for  the  advancement  of 
surgery  than  all  other  aids  combined.  Prior  to  Lister's  discovery,  sur- 
geons were  content  to  speak  of  "laudable  pus."  Now,  the  surgeon  is 
humiliated  when  he  encounters  pus  after  his  operations. 

Physicians  and  scientists  have  done  much  to  aid  in  the  prevention  of 
disease,  and  epidemics.  "We  would  soon  "stamp  out"  smallpox  if  vac- 
cination was  universally  practiced. 

In  1884  Crede  began  the  use  of  silver  nitrate  instillation  in  the  new- 
born children's  eyes  as  a  preventive  of  conjunctivitis  and  blindness. 
Since  1911  physicians  and  midwives  in  Indiana  have  been  required  by 
a  statute  to  treat  the  eyes  of  all  newborn  children  with  the  silver  solu- 


"  It  is  interesting  to  know  that  when  Lord  Nelson  had  his  arm  amputated  after 
the  engagement  of  Trafalgar,  before  the  days  of  anesthetics  that  the  amputating 
knife  was  cold  and  the  sensation  was  so  disagreeable  that  he  issued  an  order  requir- 
ing that  when  amputations  were  required  the  knife  should  be  warmed  in  hot  water. 


832 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


equipped  hospitals,  than  in  any  preceding  war.  Another  additional  help 
is  the  presence  and  aid  of  skilled  nurses.  Our  means  for  staunching 
blood,  and  relieving  pain  are  numerous.  Much  of  our  preparedness  in 
relief  work  is  due  to  modern  discoveries. 

In  the  century  since  our  state  was  admitted,  many  valuable  instru- 
ments for  diagnostic  purposes  have  been  invented.    Notably  the  X-ray, 


DR.  THEOPHILUS  PARVIN 


_ 


discovered  by  Rontgen  in  1893.  In  the  hands  of  experts  this  apparatus 
has  proved  of  great  value  in  discovering  broken  bones,  locating  bullets 
and  foreign  bodies  in  the  tissues,  as  well  as  determining  many  internal 
diseases.  The  hypodermic  syringe,  fever  thermometer,  the  stethoscope, 
and  the  large  number  of  instruments  whose  names  terminate  in 
"scope," — signifying  to  examine. 

A  distinguished  American  called  upon  Charles  Darwin,  and  in  the 
course  of  conversation  asked  him  what  he  considered  the  most  important 


' 

' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  833 

discovery  of  the  nineteenth  century.  To  which  Mr.  Darwin  replied, 
after  a  slight  hesitation:  "Painless  surgery." 

Velpeau,  the  leading  surgeon  of  the  world,  wrote  in  his  great  work 
on  surgery  in  1844 :  "To  avoid  pain  in  operations  is  a  chimera  that  we 
can  no  longer  pursue  in  our  times.  A  cutting  instrument  and  pain  in 
operative  surgery,  are  two  words  which  are  never  presented  separately 
to  the  mind  of  the  patient,  but  in  an  association  which  he  must  of  neces- 
sity admit.  It  is  to  the  hand  of  the  operator  and  the  quality  of  the 
bistoury  that  he  must  look  to  obtain  the  desired  result.  Let  the  hand  be 
light  and  steady,  and  the  bistoury  smooth  and  well-shaped  *  *  *  and 
you  will  have  no  other  pains  to  encounter  than  those  which  are  inherent 
in  the  operation,  and  which  nothing  can  separate  from  it." 

Before  these  gloomy  words  were  printed,  namely,  March  30,  1842, 
Dr.  Crawford  W.  Long  (1815-1878),  residing  at  Jefferson,  Jackson 
County,  Georgia,  as  has  been  well  attested,  while  a  patient  was  under 
the  influence  of  sulphuric  ether,  removed  a  small  tumor  from  the  back 
of  the  neck.  He  performed,  about  the  same  date  a  number  of  other 
minor  operations,  but  failed  to  publish  his  claim  of  discovery  for  a 
number  of  years.  Many  think  that  because  of  this  negligence  he  should 
not  be  entitled  to  the  honor. 

The  first  public  use  of  ether  was  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital on  October  16,  1846.  Chloroform  was  first  used  November  17,  1847. 
In  1867  the  use  of  nitrous  oxid  came  into  use  in  dentistry.17 

In  1884  Roller  first  used  cocaine  as  a  local  anesthetic.  Quinke  first 
used  the  lumbar  puncture  in  1891 ;  and  Schleich  introduced  infiltration 
anesthesia  in  1894. 

Lord  Joseph  Lister  promulgated  antiseptic  surgery  in  1867.  Anes- 
thesia and  antiseptic  surgery  have  done  more  for  the  advancement  of 
surgery  than  all  other  aids  combined.  Prior  to  Lister's  discovery,  sur- 
geons were  content  to  speak  of  "laudable  pus."  Now,  the  surgeon  is 
humiliated  when  he  encounters  pus  after  his  operations. 

Physicians  and  scientists  have  done  much  to  aid  in  the  prevention  of 
disease,  and  epidemics.  We  would  soon  "stamp  out"  smallpox  if  vac- 
cination was  universally  practiced. 

In  1884  Crede  began  the  use  of  silver  nitrate  instillation  in  the  new- 
born children's  eyes  as  a  preventive  of  conjunctivitis  and  blindness. 
Since  1911  physicians  and  midwives  in  Indiana  have  been  required  by 
a  statute  to  treat  the  eyes  of  all  newborn  children  with  the  silver  solu- 


"  It  is  interesting  to  know  that  when  Lord  Nelson  had  his  arm  amputated  after 
the  engagement  of  Trafalgar,  before  the  days  of  anesthetics  that  the  amputating 
knife  was  cold  and  the  sensation  was  so  disagreeable  that  he  issued  an  order  requir- 
ing that  when  amputations  were  required  the  knife  should  be  warmed  in  hot  water. 


834 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion.    Many  children  are  saved  from  permanent  blindness  by  this  pre- 
caution. 

In  1843  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  declared  that  puerperal  fever  was 
contagious,  and  was  carried  to  patients  by  the  attending  physician.  This 
discovery  has  saved  hundreds  of  women. 

We  have  learned  and  demonstrated  in  recent  years  that  tuberculosis 


DR.  WILLIAM  LOMAX 


of  the  lungs  is  contagious,  and  not  hereditary.  We  know  that  there  is 
no  specific  remedy,  and  that  tuberculosis  cannot  be  cured  by  medicines. 

Sunlight  and  fresh  air  will  come  nearer  curing  the  disease  than  any- 
thing else  known  to  the  medical  profession. 

In  1876  Peter  Dettweiler  first  treated  consumptive  patients  by  rest 
in  the  open  air. 

In  1882  Koch  discovered  the  tubercle  bacillus,  and  in  1890  the  same 
person  introduced  tuberculin. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  835 

The  Henry  Phipps  Institute  for  Tuberculosis  was  opened  in  1903. 

In  1845  the  work  of  Prof  Eberle,  an  efficient  textbook  for  its  day, 
did  not  contain  the  word  diphtheria.  Membranous  croup  was  recog- 
nized and  described;  a  few  years  later  diphtheria  was  recognized  and 
classed  among  other  diseases.  At  that  period  these  two  diseases  were  con- 
sidered as  distinct, — at  the  present  day  authors  generally  class  them  as 
one  and  the  same, — croup  involving  the  larynx ;  diphtheria  the  pharynx, 
or  throat. 

Thirty-five  years  ago  the  mortality  of  diphtheria  was  very  high,  and 
nearly  all  cases  of  croup  perished  unless  intubation  (tube  in  larynx) 
or  tracheotomy  (an  incision  into  the  larynx  or  windpipe)  was  resorted 
to, — and  these  measures  gave  but  little  hope. 

A  brighter  day  has  dawned.  In  1883  Edwin  Klebs,  and  a  short  time 
afterwards  Loeffler,  discovered  the  germ  of  diphtheria. 

In  1890  Behring  first  used  antitoxin  as  a  remedy  in  this  disease.  A 
few  cases  only,  are  fatal  at  the  present  day  if  antitoxin  is  used,  especially 
•if  used  at  an  early  period  in  the  disease. 

Typhoid  fever  has,  virtually,  been  banished  from  the  several  armies. 
The  typhoid  bacillus  was  discovered  in  1880.  In  the  Civil  war  there  were 
79,462  cases  of  typhoid  fever,  with  a  mortality  of  29,336.  The  anti- 
typhoid serum  ,does  not  cure  the  disease, — it  prevents  it, — a  far  better 
service. 

Tetanus,  or  lockjaw  is  another  terrible  disease  that  has  been  largely 
deprived  of  its  fatality  by  a  special  antitoxin  used  for  a  preventive. 

Pasteur,  the  great  French  scientist  deserves  unbounded  praise  for 
his  discoveries.  He  gave  us  methods  of  cure  for  hydrophobia,  anthrax, 
and  other  diseases.  He  deserves  credit  for  protecting  the  silkworm. 

Time  and  space  will  not  permit  entering  upon  a  prolonged  discussion 
of  many  other  affections,  such  as  hookworm,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis, 
bubonic  plague,  yellow  fever,  syphilis,  and  many  other  diseases  that  have 
been  routed  by  modern  discoveries. 

Cancer  is  an  enemy  that  we  have  not  as  yet  conquered.  It  defies  all 
our  remedies  and  investigations.  Insanity  haunts  us,  and  we  are  help- 
less, both  as  regards  prevention  and  cure ;  all  that  we  can  do  is  to  build 
more  insane  asylums.  Wretched  men  and  women  are  not  content  to 
endure  the  evils  they  have  but  "fly  to  those  they  know  not  of," — and 
so  suicide  is  on  the  increase, — an  awful  increase! 

MEXICAN  WAR  HISTORY 

Indiana  furnished  five  regiments  for  the  Mexican  "War,  which  con- 
tinued from  1846  to  1848  inclusive.  Seventy  years  have  passed  away 


834 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion.    Many  children  are  saved  from  permanent  blindness  by  this  pre- 
caution. 

In  1843  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  declared  that  puerperal  fever  was 
contagious,  and  was  carried  to  patients  by  the  attending  physician.  This 
discovery  has  saved  hundreds  of  women. 

We  have  learned  and  demonstrated  in  recent  years  that  tuberculosis 


DR.  WILLIAM  LOMAX 


of  the  lungs  is  contagions,  and  not  hereditary.  We  know  that  there  is 
no  specific  remedy,  and  that  tuberculosis  cannot  be  cured  by  medicines. 

Sunlight  and  fresh  air  will  come  nearer  curing  the  disease  than  any- 
thing else  known  to  the  medical  profession. 

In  1876  Peter  Dettweiler  first  treated  consumptive  patients  by  rest 
in  the  open  air. 

In  1882  Koch  discovered  the  tubercle  bacillus,  and  in  1890  the  same 
person  introduced  tuberculin. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  835 

r 

•  .    -.     "-• "  ^  -      _•_....• 

The  Henry  Phipps  Institute  for  Tuberculosis  was  opened  in  1903. 

In  1845  the  work  of  Prof  Eberle,  an  efficient  textbook  for  its  day, 
did  not  contain  the  word  diphtheria.  Membranous  croup  was  recog- 
nized and  described;  a  few  years  later  diphtheria  was  recognized  and 
classed  among  other  diseases.  At  that  period  these  two  diseases  were  con- 
sidered as  distinct, — at  the  present  day  authors  generally  class  them  as 
one  and  the  same, — croup  involving  the  larynx ;  diphtheria  the  pharynx, 
or  throat. 

Thirty-five  years  ago  the  mortality  of  diphtheria  was  very  high,  and 
nearly  all  cases  of  croup  perished  unless  intubation  (tube  in  larynx) 
or  tracheotomy  (an  incision  into  the  larynx  or  windpipe)  was  resorted 
to, — and  these  measures  gave  but  little  hope. 

A  brighter  day  has  dawned.  In  1883  Edwin  Klebs,  and  a  short  time 
afterwards  Loeffler,  discovered  the  germ  of  diphtheria. 

In  1890  Behring  first  used  antitoxin  as  a  remedy  in  this  disease.  A 
few  cases  only,  are  fatal  at  the  present  day  if  antitoxin  is  used,  especially 
'if  used  at  an  early  period  in  the  disease. 

Typhoid  fever  has,  virtually,  been  banished  from  the  several  armies. 
The  typhoid  bacillus  was  discovered  in  1880.  In  the  Civil  war  there  were 
79,462  cases  of  typhoid  fever,  with  a  mortality  of  29,336.  The  anti- 
typhoid serum  .does  not  cure  the  disease, — it  prevents  it, — a  far  better 
service. 

Tetanus,  or  lockjaw  is  another  terrible  disease  that  has  been  largely 
deprived  of  its  fatality  by  a  special  antitoxin  used  for  a  preventive. 

Pasteur,  the  great  French  scientist  deserves  unbounded  praise  for 
his  discoveries.  He  gave  us  methods  of  cure  for  hydrophobia,  anthrax, 
and  other  diseases.  He  deserves  credit  for  protecting  the  silkworm. 

Time  and  space  will  not  permit  entering  upon  a  prolonged  discussion 
of  many  other  affections,  such  as  hookworm,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis, 
bubonic  plague,  yellow  fever,  syphilis,  and  many  other  diseases  that  have 
been  routed  by  modern  discoveries. 

Cancer  is  an  enemy  that  we  have  not  as  yet  conquered.  It  defies  all 
our  remedies  and  investigations.  Insanity  haunts  us,  and  we  are  help- 
less, both  as  regards  prevention  and  cure ;  all  that  we  can  do  is  to  build 
more  insane  asylums.  Wretched  men  and  women  are  not  content  to 
endure  the  evils  they  have  but  "fly  to  those  they  know  not  of," — and 
so  suicide  is  on  the  increase,— an  awful  increase! 

MEXICAN  WAR  HISTORY 

Indiana  furnished  five  regiments  for  the  Mexican  War,  which  con- 
tinued from  1846  to  1848  inclusive.  Seventy  years  have  passed  away 


836  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

since  its  close,  and  all  the  Indiana  surgeons  have  been  dead  for  some 
years. 

Caleb  V.  Jones  was  promoted  from  a  private  to  surgeon  of  the  first 
Indiana  volunteer  regiment.  William  Fosdick  was  assistant  surgeon  of 
the  same  regiment.  During  the  Civil  war  Dr.  Jones  was  surgeon  of  the 
63rd  Regiment  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry. 

Daniel  S.  Lane  was  surgeon  of  the  second  Indiana  volunteer  regi- 
ment ;  John  T.  Walker,  assistant  surgeon. 

James  S.  Athon  was  surgeon  of  the  third  Indiana  volunteer  regiment ; 
John  G.  Dunn,  assistant  surgeon. 

The  fourth  Indiana  volunteer  regiment  was  not  provided  with  sur- 
geons. Isaac  Penley  a  contract  physician  was  with  the  regiment  as  its 
medical  officer  during  the  years  1847  and  1848.  A  letter  from  the 
Adjutant  General's  office  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  says:  "Nothing  has 
been  found  of  record  to  show  that  any  other  person  was  on  duty  with 
that  organization  in  a  medical  capacity." 

James  S.  Athon  was  surgeon  of  the  fifth  Indiana  volunteer  regiment ; 
P.  G.  Jones,  assistant  surgeon. 

CIVIL  WAR  HISTORY 

Indiana  sent  to  the  Civil  War  136  regiments  of  infantry ;  13  regi- 
ments of  cavalry ;  1  regiment  of  heavy  artillery ;  25  companies  of  light 
artillery  and  2,130  naval  volunteers, — a  total  of  210,497  men.  There 
were  24,416  of  these  men  who  gave  up  their  lives.  Approximately,  550 
physicians  of  Indiana  served  as  surgeons  for  these  soldiers.  Generally 
one  surgeon  and  two  assistant  surgeons  were  assigned  to  each  regiment. 
In  a  few  instances  the  same  person  served  as  medical  officer  in  two,  and 
in  a  few  instances  in  three  different  regiments ;  after  resigning  the  ser- 
vice in  one  regiment,  the  same  medical  officer  would  re-enter  the  service 
in  a  later  regiment. 

Quite  a  number  of  Indiana  physicians. served  as  combatants  during 
the  Civil  war.  Some  were  enlisted  as  privates  and  also  line  officers  of 
regiments.  Quite  a  number  of  men  who  served  in  the  Civil  war,  and, 
possibly  in  the  Mexican  war,  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  after  their 
return  home  and  became  valuable  members  of  the  medical  profession. 

The  following  alphabetical  list  of  surgeons  who  served  in  Indiana 
regiments  was  prepared  with  diligent  care,  and  was  published  in  Kemp- 
er's  Medical  History  of  Indiana. 

Abbett,  Charles  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry;  Aborn,  Orin,  Asst. 
Surg.,  40th  Infantry ;  Adams,  David,  Asst.  Surg.,  51st  Infantry ;  Adams, 
James  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  58th  Infantry;  Surgeon.  15th  Infantry;  Adams, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  837 

Marcellus  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  116th  Infantry;  Aichele,  Emil,  Asst.  Surg., 
32nd  Infantry;  Allen,  Joseph  S.,  Surgeon,  10th  Infantry;  Allen,  Wil- 
liam S.,  Asst  Surg.,  143rd  Infantry;  Alexander,  John  H.,  Asst.  Surg., 
27th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  27th  Infantry;  Anderson,  Joseph  V.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  15th  Infantry;  Anderson,  William,  Surgeon,  37th  Infantry; 
Applegate,  Charles  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry;  Archer,  Samuel  M., 
Asst.  Surg.,  133rd  Infantry ;  Armstrong,  James  B.,  Surgeon,  31st  Infan- 
try; Arnold,  Martin  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  155th  Infantry;  Arthur,  Christo- 
pher S.,  Surgeon,  75th  Infantry;  Averdick,  Henry  G.,  Surgeon,  35th 
Infantry;  Avery,  Increase  J.,  Surgeon,  10th  Infantry;  Avery,  John  P., 
Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry;  Austin,  Thomas  D.,  Surgeon,  23rd  Infan- 
try. 

Babbitt,  Edward  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  34th  Infantry;  Baker,  Braxton, 
Asst.  Surg.,  130th  Infantry ;  Ballard,  Micajah,  Asst.  Surg.,  140th  Infan- 
try;. Banks,  Ephriam  N.,  Surgeon,  54th  Infantry;  Bare,  Addison  W., 
Asst.  Surgeon.,  82nd  Infantry ;  Bare,  John  R.,  Surgeon,  66th  Infantry ; 
Barker,  William  L.,  Surgeon,  120th  Infantry ;  Bassett,  John  Q.  A.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  74th  Infantry;  Bayse,  Thomas  S.,  Surgeon,  36th  Infantry; 
Beachley,  Nathaniel  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  22nd  Infantry;  Beck,  Elias  W.  H., 
Surgeon,  3rd  Cavalry;  Beck,  William  H.,  Surgeon,  145  Infantry;  Beck- 
with,  Lod  W.,  Surgeon,  38th  Infantry ;  Beebe,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  148th 
.  Infantry ;  Beeks,  Green  C.,  Surgeon,  150th  Infantry ;  Bell,  Nathaniel  G., 
Asst.  Surg.,  35th  Infantry ;  Bence,  Robert  F.,  Surgeon,  33rd  Infantry ; 
Bennett,  Basil  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  101st  Infantry;  Benson,  Julius  L.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  7th  Cavalry;  Berryman,  James  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  135th  Infantry; 
Bigelow,  James  K.,  Surgeon,  8th  Infantry ;  Bigney,  Peter  M.,  Asst.  Surg., 
18th  Infantry ;  Blackwell,  John  A.,  Surgeon,  115th  Infantry ;  Black- 
stone,  John  K.,  Asst.  Surg.,  9th  Infantry;  Blair,  William  W.,  Surgeon, 
58th  Infantry;  Blaser,  Felix  F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  32nd  Infantry;  Blount, 
Rufus  F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  118th  Infantry ;  Bodman,  Elam,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th 
Infantry ;  Bogart,  Henry  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  139th  Infantry ;  Bogle,  Chris- 
topher F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  43rd  Infantry ;  Bond,  Richard  C.,  Surgeon,  15th 
Infantry;  Boor,  William  F.,  Surgeon,  4th  Cavalry;  Bosworth,  Richard, 
Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry;  Bounell,  Mathew  H.,  Surgeon,  116th  In- 
fantry; Boyd,  Samuel  S.,  Surgeon,  84th  Infantry;  Boynton,  Charles  S., 
Surgeon,  24th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  67th  Infantry;  Boyse,  Thomas  F., 
Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry ;  Brackett,  Charles,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry ; 
Bray,  Madison  J.,  Surgeon,  60th  Infantry;  Brazelton,  John  B.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  134th  Infantry;  Brenton,  William  H.,  Asst,  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry; 
Brooks,  Mordecai,  Asst.  Surg.,  82nd  Infantry ;  Brown,  Clay,  Asst.  Surg., 
llth  Infantry ;  Brown,  Jacob  R.,  Asst.  Surgeon,  29th  Infantry ;  Brown, 
Jesse  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  57th  Infantry;  Brown,  S.  Clay,  Asst.  Surg.,  8th 


£38  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  ' 

Infantry;  Surgeon,  18th  Infantry;  Brown,  Wilkins  B.,  Surgeon,  59th 
Infantry;  Browne,  John  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th  Cavalry;  Bruce,  George 
W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  142nd 
Infantry;  Brucker,  Magnus,  Surgeon,  23rd  Infantry;  Brusie,  Luther, 
.  Asst.  Surg.,  3rd  Cavalry ;  Bryan,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  67th  Infantry ; 
Bryson,  Frank  T.,  Surgeon,  48th  Infantry;  Buck,  Robert  H.,  Surgeon, 
13th  Cavalry;  Asst.  Surg.,  75th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  118th  Infantry; 
Burton,  William  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  24th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  57th  In- 
fantry; Bushnell,  Samuel  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Cavalry;  Butterworth, 
William  W.,  Surgeon,  99th  Infantry ;  Buzett,  Edward  P.,  Surgeon,  49th 
Infantry;  Byers,  Alexander  R.,  Surgeon,  65th  Infantry;  Byrn,  Spen- 
cer, Asst.  Surg.,  23rd  Infantry. 

Calderwood,  James  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  23rd  Infantry;  Campbell,  John 
C.  L.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st  Infantry ;  Campfield,  John  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th 
Infantry;  Carley,  Rush,  Asst.  Surg.,  146th  Infantry;  Carr,  George  W., 
Asst.  Surg.,  44th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  129th  Infantry ;  Casselberry, 
Isaac,  Surgeon,  1st  Cavalry ;  Casterline,  Amos  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  52nd  In- 
fantry; Casterline,  Ziba,  Asst.  Surg.,  84th  Infantry;  Chamberlain, 
James  M.,  Surgeon,  152nd  Infantry;  Chamberlain,  N.  A.,  Surgeon,  13th 
Infantry;  Champ,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  139th  Infantry;  Chandler, 
Joseph  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  155th  Infantry ;  Charlton,  Robert,  Surgeon,  79th 
Infantry;  Charlton,  Samuel  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Infantry;  Chittenden, 
George  F.,  Surgeon,  16th  Infantry;  Chitwood,  Joshua,  Surgeon,  7th 
Cavalry;  Clapp,  William  A.,  Surgeon,  38th  Infantry;  Clippinger, 
George  W.,  Surgeon,  14th  Infantry;  Clowes,  David  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th 
Cavalry ;  Cole,  William  C.,  Surgeon,  72nd  Infantry ;  Coleman,  Asa,  Pro- 
tern  Asst.  Surg.,  46th  Infantry ;  Coleman,  Horace,  Surgeon.,  46th  Infan- 
try; Collett,  Joseph  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Cavalry;  Collings,  Isaac  S., 
Asst.  Surg.,  57th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry;  Collins,  Erasmus 
B.,  Surgeon,  51st  Infantry ;  Collins,  George  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  17th  Infan- 
try ;  Collins,  William  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Infantry ;  Comingor,  John  A., 
Surgeon,  llth  Infantry;  Confer,  James  M.,  Surgeon,  29th  Infantry; 
Conn,  Isaac  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st  Infantry;  Connett,  Mahlon  C.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  8th  Cavalry ;  Cook,  Robert  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th  Infantry ;  Coop- 
er, Joel  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  115th  Infantry ;  Cox,  Jesse  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  89th 
Infantry;  Craig,  Isaac  N.,  Surgeon,  13th  Infantry;  Craig,  John  M., 
Asst.  Surg.,  134th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  146th  Infantry;  Cravens, 
James  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry;  Cresap,  William  S.,  Asst.  Surg., 
135th  Infantry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  154th  Infantry ;  Crosby,  Thomas  H.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  47th  Infantry;  Grouse,  Henry  M.,  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry; 
Crowder,  Robert  H.,  Surgeon,  llth  Cavalry;  Culbertson,  David  P.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  43rd  Infantry ;  Culbertson,  Joseph  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Cavalry ; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  839 

Culbertson,  Robert  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  80th  Infantry;  Cullen,  John  C., 
Surgeon,  16th  Infantry;  Curry,  John,  Surgeon,  38th  Infantry;  Cyrus, 
William  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  54th  Infantry. 

Daly,  George  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  78th  Infantry;  Darnell,  Milton  B., 
Asst.  Surg.,  43rd  Infantry;  Surgeon,  43rd  Infantry;  Daughters,  An- 
drew P.,  Surgeon,  18th  Infantry;  Davis,  John  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st  In- 
fantry; Davis,  John  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  24th  In- 
fantry; Davis,  Joseph  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  145th  Infantry;  Davis,  Robert 
P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  84th  Infantry;  Davis,  Samuel,  Surgeon,  83rd  Infantry; 
Davis,  Solomon,  Surgeon,  10th  Cavalry;  Surgeon,  53rd  Infantry;  Dav- 
idson, Benjamin  F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  143rd  Infantry;  Davidson,  William, 
Asst.  Surg.,  76th  Infantry;  Davisson,  Henry  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  54th  In- 
fantry ;  Dewey,  Annin  W.,  Surgeon,  101st  Infantry ;  Dicken.  James  L., 
Surgeon,  47th  Infantry;  Dixon,  William  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  59th  Infantry; 
Doane,  George  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  46th  Infantry;  Dodd,  James,  Asst.  Surg., 
67th  Infantry;  Dodge,  Henry  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  74th  Infantry;  Dodson, 
Jonas  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  4th  Cavalry ;  Dome,  David  C.,  Asst.  Surgeon,  17th 
Infantry;  Downey,  William  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  58th  Infantry;  Duffield, 
James  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  76th  Infantry;  Duffy, 
John  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  145th  Infantry ;  Dukate,  John  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  53rd 
Infantry ;  Dunn,  Williamson  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  40th  Infantry ;  Dunn,  Wil- 
liamson D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st  Infantry,  1st  Heavy  Artillery;  Durand, 
Amos  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  50th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  52nd  Infantry;  Dut- 
ton,  Daniel  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  123rd  Infantry. 

Easterling,  Amos,  Asst.  Surg.,  51st  Infantry;  Ebersole,  Jacob,  Sur- 
geon, 19th  Infantry;  Edgerle,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Infantry; 
Edwins,  Stanley  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  124th  Infantry ;  Eliott,  James  S.,  Sur- 
geon, 86th  Infantry;  Ellis,  Hamilton  E.,  Surgeon,  43rd  Infantry;  Els- 
ton,  William  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  151st  Infantry;  Eno,  Newton  G.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  88th  Infantry;  Evans,  David  S.,  Surgeon,  69th  Infantry;  Everts, 
Orpheus,  Surgeon,  20th  Infantry. 

Ferguson,  William  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  142nd  Infantry ;  Field,  Nathaniel, 
Surgeon,  66th  Infantry;  Fisher,  Elias,  Surgeon,  16th  Infantry;  Fitz- 
gerald, David  A.,  Asst.  Surgeon.,  47th  Infantry;  Fitzgerald  Jenkins  A., 
Asst.  Surg.,  70th  Infantry;  Flack,  William  C.,  Surgeon,  50th  Infantry; 
Florer,  Thomas  W.,  Surgeon,  26th  Infantry ;  Ford,  James,  Surgeon,  8th 
Infantry;  Ford,  John  H.,  Surgeon,  93rd  Infantry;  Forstmeyer,  Emil, 
Asst.  Surg.,  32nd  Infantry;  Fosdick,  Albert  C.,  Surgeon,  5th  Cavalry; 
Foster,  William  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  13th  Infantry ;  Fouts,  William  D.,  Sur- 
geon, 81st  Infantry;  France,  Samuel,  Surgeon,  100th  Infantry;  Free- 
man, Samuel  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th  Infantry;  Freeman,  William,  Sur- 
geon, 7th  Cavalry;  Asst.  Surg.,  52nd  Infantry;  French,  John  S.,  Asst. 
v«i.  n— is 


840  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Surg.,  120th  Infantry;  Fritts,  Thomas  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  3rd  Cavalry; 
Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Cavalry ;  Fry,  Thomas  W.,  Sr.,  Surgeon,  llth  Infantry ; 
Fullerton,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  136th  Infantry. 

Gall,  Alois  D.,  Surgeon,  13th  Infantry ;  Garrett,  Anthony,  Surgeon, 
63rd  Infantry;  Garrison,  Herod  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  4th  Cavalry;  Garrison, 
James  L.  F.,  Surgeon,  52nd  Infantry;  Garver,  Henry  F.,  Asst.  Surg., 
19th  Infantry;  Garver,  James  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Cavalry;  Surgeon, 
136th  Infantry;  Gatch,  James  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  16th  Infantry;  Gentry, 
Zachariah  B.,  Surgeon,  154th  Infantry;  Gerrard,  Jerome  B.,  Asst. 
Surg.  35th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  117th  Infantry;  Gerrish,  James  W. 
F.,  Surgeon,  67th  Infantry;  Gillespie,  William,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th  Infan- 
try; Surgeon,  83rd  Infantry;  Gillum,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  138th  Infan- 
try ;  Gilmore,  Alexander  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  9th  Infantry ;  Glick,  Elias  B., 
Surgeon,  40th  In-fantry;  Goldsberry,  John  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st  Infan- 
try ;  Goodwin,  John  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  37th  Infantry ;  Gordon,  George  W., 
-Surgeon,  18th  Infantry;  Gorrell,  Joseph  R.,  Asst.  Surg.  129th  Infantry; 
Goss,  James  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  149th  Infantry ;  Gould,  Vernon,  Asst.  Surg., 
87th  Infantry;  Graham,  William  B.,  Surgeon,  101st  Infantry;  Gray, 
Arthur  W.,  Surgeon,  24th  Infantry ;  Gray,  John  M.,  Surgeon,  8th  Cav- 
alry ;  Gregg,  James  S.,  Surgeon,  88th  Infantry ;  Gregg,  Vincent  H.,  Sur- 
geon, 124th  Infantry;  Green,  Hiram  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry; 
Green,  John  N.,  Asst.  Surg.,  19th  Infantry;  Griffith,  John  C.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  29th  Infantry;  Grinwell,  John  L.,  Asst.  Surg.,  34th  Infantry; 
Grove,  Jasper  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th  Cavalry;  Grover,  Henry  C.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  20th  Infantry;  Guffin,  John,  Asst.  Surg.,  20th  Infantry;  Sur- 
geon, 156th. 

Haines,  Abram  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  19th  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  20th  In- 
fantry ;  Surgeon,  146th  Infantry ;  Hall,  Daniel  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  In- 
fantry ;  .Ham,  Levi  J.,  Surgeon,  48th  Infantry ;  Harriman,  Simeon  B., 
Asst.  Surg.,  34th  Infantry ;  Harris,  William  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  82nd  Infan- 
try; Harrison,  Robert  G.,  Asst.  Surg.,  120th  Infantry;  Harrison,  Thomas 
H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  150th  Infantry;  Hawn,  Emanuel  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  21st 
Infantry,  1st  Heavy  Artillery ;  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  144th 
Infantry;  Hayes,  Samuel  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th  Infantry;  Raymond, 
William  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  46th  Infantry;  Heaton,  Johnson  F.,  Asst.  Surg., 
29th  Infantry;  Helmer,  Orlando  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  43rd  Infantry;  Hen- 
derson, John  F.,  Surgeon,  89th  Infantry;  Hendricks,  William  C.,  Sur- 
geon, 31st  Infantry;  Surgeon,  147th  Infantry;  Henry,  David  H.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  17th  Infantry;  Henry,  Robert,  Asst.  Surg.,  65th  Infantry;  Her- 
vey,  James  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  50th  Infantry ;  Hervey,  Thomas  P.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  50th  Infantry;  Hiatt,  Christopher  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  5th  Cavalry; 
Surgeon,  6th  Cavalry;  Higbee,  Edward  S.,  Surgeon,  74th  Infantry; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


841 


Higinbotham,  Samuel,  Surgeon,  87th  Infantry ;  Hilburn,  Jabez  C.,  Sur- 
geon, 97th  Infantry ;  Hitchcock,  John  W.,  Surgeon,  18th  Infantry ;  Sur- 
geon, 133rd  Infantry;  Hitt,  John  Y.,  Surgeon,  17th  Infantry;  Hoag- 
land,  John  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  53rd  Infantry;  Hobbs,  William  P.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  85th  Infantry ;  Hobbs,  Wilson,  Surg.,  85th  Infantry ;  Hochstetter, 
Jacob  P.,  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry ;  Hodgkins,  Lewis  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  68th 


DR.  MADISON  J.  BRAT 

Infantry ;  Hoffman,  Max  F.  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  9th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  128th 
Infantry;  Holtzman,  Samuel  E.,  Surgeon,  58th  Infantry;  Hornbrook, 
William  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  42nd  Infantry ;  Horner,  Jacob  S.,  Surgeon,  53rd 
Infantry;  Houghland,  William  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  25th  Infantry;  Houser, 
Jacob  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Cavalry ;  Howard,  Noble  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th 
Infantry;  Humphreys,  Louis,  Surgeon,  29th  Infantry;  Hunt,  Andrew 
M.,  Asst.  Surgeon,  33rd  Infantry ;  Hunter,  James  B.,  Surgeon,  60th  In- 


842  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

fantry ;  Hurd,  Anson,  Surgeon,  14th  Infantry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  20th  Infan- 
try; Hutchinson,  David,  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry. 

Ireland,  William  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  22nd  Infantry;  Irwin,  George  E., 
Asst.  Surg.,  93rd  Infantry. 

Jaquess,  George  D.,  Surgeon,  80th  Infantry;  Jay,  James  C.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  7th  Cavalry;  Jeancon,  John  Allard,  Surgeon,  32nd  Infantry; 
Jessup,  Robert  B.,  Surgeon,  24th  Infantry;  Johnson,  Isaac  C.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  153rd  Infantry;  Johnson,  Jarvis  J.,  Surgeon,  27th  Infantry; 
Johnson,  John  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  72nd  Infantry ;  Johnson,  Samuel  F.,  Sur- 
geon, 65th  Infantry;  Johnson,  Thomas  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  25th  Infantry; 
Johnson,  "William  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  85th  Infantry ;  Jones,  Caleb  V.,  Sur- 
geon, 63rd  Infantry;  Jones,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  63rd  Infantry; 
Jones,  Harry,  Asst.  Surg.,  57th  Infantry;  Jones,  James  T.,  Asst.  Surg., 
132nd  Infantry;  Jones,  John  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  13th  Cavalry;  Jones, 
Joseph,  Surgeon,  86th  Infantry;  Jones,  Thomas  N.,  Asst.  Surg.,  2nd 
Cavalry;  Surgeon,  130th  Infantry;  Jones,  William  B.,  Surgeon,  149th 
Infantry;  Josse,  John  M.,  Surgeon,  32nd  Infantry. 

Kay,  Robert,  Asst.  Surg.,  23rd  Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  144th  Infan- 
try ;  Kay,  David  G.,  Surgeon,  81st  Jnfantry ;  Keen,  Lorenzo  S.,  Sur- 
geon, 29th  Infantry ;  Keiser,  Alfred,  Asst.  Surg.,  124th  Infantry ;  Kelly, 
Mathew,  Asst.  Surg.,  82nd  Infantry;  Kelso,  William  H.,  Asst.  Surg., 
81st  Infantry;  Kemper,  General  W.  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  17th  Infantry; 
Kendrick,  William  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  19th  Infantry ;  Kennedy,  Hamlet  K., 
Asst.  Surg.,  13th  Infantry;  Kennedy,  Leroy  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  70th  In- 
fantry ;  Kersey,  Silas  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  36th  In- 
fantry ;  Kilgore,  Tecumseh,  Asst.  Surg.,  84th  Infantry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  13th 
Cavalry;  Surgeon,  13th Cavalry;  Killen,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Infan- 
try; Kimball,  Abner  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  48th  Infantry;  King,  Henry  R., 
Asst.  Surg.,  51st  Infantry;  King,  William  F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  124th  Infan- 
try; Surgeon,  147th  Infantry;  Kirby,  .Henry,  Surgeon,  84th  Infantry; 
Kirkpatrick,  George  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  72nd  Infantry;  Knight,  James  H., 
Asst.  Surg.,  3rd  Cavalry;  Krauth,  Ferdinand,  Surgeon,  32nd  Infantry; 
Kuester,  Charles  E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  133rd  Infantry;  Surgeon,  156th  In- 
fantry; Kunkler,  Gustave  A.,  Surgeon,  32nd  Infantry;  Lambey,  Louis, 
Asst.  Surg.,  14th  Infantry;  Lansing,  Sylvester,  Asst.  Surg.,  48th  Infan- 
try ;  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  U.  S.  C.  T. ;  Larkin,  John  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  17th  In- 
fantry; Surgeon,  17th  Infantry;  Lattimore,  Finley  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th 
Infantry;  Leavitt,  Philander  C.,  Surgeon,  100th  Infantry;  Leech,  El- 
liott W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  123rd  Infantry;  Leedy,  John  K,  Surgeon,  74th  In- 
fantry; Lemon,  William  H.t> Surgeon,  82nd  Infantry;  Lent,  Cyrus  V.  N., 
Surgeon,  101st  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  138th  Infantry ;  Lewis,  Eli,  Surgeon, 
65th  Infantry ;  Lewis,  Samuel  B.,  Surgeon,  10th  Cavalry ;  Liddall,  James 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  843 

P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  22nd  Infantry;  Lininger,  Daniel  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th 
Infantry;  Lomax,  William,  Surgeon,  12th  Infantry. 

McCarthy,  John  F.,  Surgeon,  29th  Infantry ;  McChristie,  John,  Asst. 
Surg.,  9th  Cavalry;  McClelland,  James  S.,  Surgeon,  135th  Infantry; 
McClure,  Samuel  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  37th  Infantry;  McCoy,  George  K., 
Asst.  Surg.,  35th  Infantry;  McCoy,  James  A.  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  In- 
fantry; McCoy,  John,  Surgeon,  139th  Infantry;  McCrea,  Thomas  P., 
Surgeon,  10th  Infantry;  McCune,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  14th  Infantry; 
McFadden,  William  G.,  Surgeon,  79th  Infantry ;  McGee,  Richard,  Asst. 
Surg.,  100th  Infantry;  McKinney,  Asa  W.,  Surgeon,  31st  Infantry; 
McNutt,  James  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  97th  Infantry;  McPheeters,  John  S., 
Surgeon,  23rd  Infantry;  McPheeters,  Joseph  G.,  Surgeon,  14th  Infan- 
try; Surgeon,  33rd  Infantry;  Magann,  Edwin  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  9th  Cav- 
alry; Mageniss,  John,  Asst.  Surg.,  42nd  Infantry;  Manker,  Lewis,  Sur- 
geon, 79th  Infantry;  Martin,  James  W.,  Surgeon,  52nd  Infantry:  Martin, 
Samuel  F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  66th  Infantry;  Martin,  William  H.,  Surgeon, 
10th  Infantry ;  Martin,  W.  W.,  Surgeon,  44th  Infantry ;  Mason,  Ferdi- 
nand, Surgeon,  13th  Infantry;  Meek,  John  A.,  Asst.  Surg.  89th  Infan- 
try; Meeker,  Daniel,  Surgeon,  9th  Infantry;  Meeker,  Lysander,  Asst. 
Surg.,  128th  Infantry ;  Melscheimer,  Charles  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  101st  Infan- 
try; Mendenhall,  William  T.,  Asst.  Surg.,  57th  Infantry;  Mercer,  Wil- 
liam M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  152nd  Infantry ;  Meredith,  Marion,  Asst.  Surg.,  68th 
Infantry ;  Merit,  Nathaniel  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  31st  Infantry ;  Messner,  Sam- 
uel F.,  Asst.  Surg.,  116th  Infantry ;  Miller,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th  In- 
fantry; Mills,  James  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  47th  Infantry;  Milner,  Isaac  N., 
Asst.  Surg.  53rd  Infantry ;  Mitchell,  Elisha  V.,  Surgeon,  91st  Infantry ; 
Mitchell,  Robert,  Asst.  Surg.,  38th  Infantry;  Mitchell,  Robert  S.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  57th  Infantry ;  Moffit,  John,  Asst.  Surg.,  33rd  Infantry ;  Monroe, 
Jasper  R.,  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry ;  Monteith,  Jacob  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  69th 
Infantry;  Montgomery,  George  B.,  Surgeon,  24th  Infantry;  Morgan, 
James  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  31st  Infantry;  Morrow,  Doctor  F.,  Asst.  Surg., 
13th  Cavalry ;  Morrow,  James  L.,  Surgeon,  72nd  Infantry ;  Moss,  Gordon 
A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  87th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  151st  Infantry;  Mullen,  Alex- 
ander J.,  Surgeon,  35th  Infantry;  Mullinix,  Maston  G.,  Asst.  Surg., 
149th  Infantry;  Munford,  Samuel  E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  17th  Infantry;  Sur- 
geon 17th  Infantry ;  Murphy,  Alexander  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  97th  Infantry ; 
Murphy,  Alexander  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  97th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  97th  In- 
fantry ;  Murray,  Ralph  V.,  Asst.  Surg.,  137th  Infantry ;  Myers,  Seth  F., 
Surgeon,  73rd  Infantry;  Myers,  William  D.,  Surgeon,  88th  Infantry; 
Myers,  William  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry. 

Neat,  Thomas  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  144th  Infantry;  Neely,  John  M.,  Sur- 
geon, 120th  Infantry;  Nelson,  William  Y.,  Asst.  Surg.,  128th  Infantry; 


844  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

New,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  7th  Infantry;  Newland,  Benjamin,  Surgeon, 
22nd  Infantry ;  Nichols,  John  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  38th  Infantry. 

0 Terrell,  Robert  M.,  Surgeon,  40th  Infantry;  Olds,  Joseph  H., 
Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Cavalry;  O'Neal,  Laughlin,  Surgeon,  153rd  Infantry; 
Orr,  James  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry;  Osgood,  Howard  G.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  5th  Cavalry. 

Parks,  Edward  R.,  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry;  Parsons,  George  W., 
Asst.  Surg.,  35th  Infantry;  Patten,  James  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry; 
Asst.  Surg.,  58th  Infantry ;  Patterson,  John  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry ; 
Pattison,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  130th  Infantry;  Pearce,  John  W.,  Asst 
Surg.,  51st  Infantry;  Pearman,  Francis  M.,  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry; 
Pearson,  Charles  D.,  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  82nd  Infantry; 
Peck,  Samuel  W.,  Surgeon,  18th  Infantry;  Pegann,  Emanuel,  Surgeon, 
155th  Infantry ;  Perkins,  Conrad  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Infantry ;  Phipps, 
John  M.,  Surgeon,  132nd  Infantry ;  Piatt,-William  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  140th 
Infantry;  Pickthall,  Arthur,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  Infantry;  Pitcher,  Ste- 
wart C.,  Surgeon,  143rd  Infantry;  Plummer,  Isaac  N.,  Asst.  Surg.,  44th 
Infantry;  Poffenberger,  Isaiah,  Asst.  Surg.,  99th  Infantry;  Pope,  Hen- 
ry E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  54th  Infantry ;  Porter,  John  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  89th  In- 
fantry; Pottenger,  Wilson,  Asst.  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry;  Potts,  John, 
A.sst.  Surg.,  40th  Infantry;  Pratt,  Samuel  R.,  Surgeon,  12th  Cavalry; 
Surgeon,  87th  Infantry;  Preston,  Albert  G.,  Surgeon,  55th  Infantry; 
Prichet,  John,  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry;  Prunk,  Daniel  H.,  Asst.  Surg., 
20th  Infantry ;  Ralston,  William  G.,  Surgeon,  81st  Infantry ;  Read,  Ez- 
ra, Surgeon,  llth  Cavalry;  Surgeon,  21st  Infantry,  1st  Heavy  Artillery; 
Reagan,  Amos  W.,  Surgeon,  70th  Infantry;  Reagan,  Jesse,  Surgeon, 
148th  Infantry;  Reed  Albert  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  147th  Infantry;  Rerick, 
John  H.,  Surgeon,  44th  Infantry ;  Reynolds,  Robert  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  43rd 
Infantry;  Richards,  Samuel  D.,  Surgeon,  59th  Infantry;  Richardson, 
Adamson,  G.,  Asst.  Surg.,  154th  Infantry;  Riffle,  John  S.,  Asst.  Snrg., 
40th  Infantry ;  Ritter,  John  A.,  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry ;  Robinson,  John 
A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Cavalry;  Robinson,  Lawson  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  99th  In- 
fantry; Robson,  John  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry;  Asst.  Surg.,  91st 
Infantry ;  Robson,  Robert,  Surgeon,  91st  Infantry ;  Rockwell,  William, 
Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry;  Roe,  John  L.,  Surgeon,  137th  Infantry; 
Roether,  Daniel  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th  Cavalry;  Rogers,  Dudley,  Surgeon, 
59th  Infantry;  Rooker,  James  I.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry;  Rose,  Madi- 
son H.,  Surgeon,  53rd  Infantry;  Rupert,  Delos  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th 
Infantry;  Russell,  George  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  5th  Cavalry;  Russell,  Isaac  S., 
Asst.  Surg.,  99th  Infantry ;  Ruter,  Rinaldo  R.,  Surgeon,  93rd  Infantry ; 
Rutledge,  William,  Asst.  Surg.,  2nd  Cavalry;  Ryan,  Townsend,  Surgeon. 
54th  Infantry. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


845 


Sabin,  Elias  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  14th  Infantry ;  Sadler,  Joseph  J.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  16th  Infantry ;  Salisbury,  David,  Asst.  Surg.,  128th  Infantry ; 
Scearce,  John  C.,  Surgeon,  llth  Infantry;  Schell,  Frederick  A.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  6th  Cavalry;  Schmidt,  Gustavus  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Cavalry; 
Schussler,  Charles,  Surgeon,  6th  Infantry;  Scott,  William,  Surgeon, 
89th  Infantry;  Scott,  William  G.,  Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Cavalry;  Scudder, 


DR.  ABRAM  0.  MILLER 

John  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  65th  Infantry;  Sexton,  Marshall,  Surgeon,  52nd 
Infantry ;  Shaffer,  Abner  H.,  Surgeon,  75th  Infantry ;  Shapley,  William 
W.,  Surgeon,  42nd  Infantry;  Sheldon,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  74th  In- 
fantry; Sherman,  Mason  G.,  Surgeon,  9th  Infantry;  Sherrod,  William 
F.,  Surgeon,  21st  Infantry;  Sherwin,  Herman  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  152nd 
Infantry;  Short,  Wesley,  Asst.  Surg.,  26th  Infantry;  Simms,  John  M., 
Asst.  Surg.,  76th  Infantry;  Simonson,  James  C.,  Surgeon,  66th  Infan- 
try; Slaughter,  Robert  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  25th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  53rd 


844 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


New,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  7th  Infantry ;  Newland,  Benjamin,  Surgeon, 
22nd  Infantry:  Nichols,  John  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  38th  Infantry. 

0 Terrell,  Robert  M.,  Surgeon,  40th  Infantry;  Olds,  Joseph  H., 
Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Cavalry;  O'Neal,  Laughlin,  Surgeon,  153rd  Infantry; 
Orr,  James  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry;  Osgood,  Howard  G.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  5th  Cavalry. 

Parks,  Edward  R.,  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry ;  Parsons,  George  W., 
Asst.  Surg..  35th  Infantry;  Patten,  James  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry; 
Asst.  Surg.,  58th  Infantry ;  Patterson,  John  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry ; 
Pattison,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  130th  Infantry;  Pearce,  John  W.,  Asst 
Surg.,  51st  Infantry;  Pearman,  Francis  M.,  Surgeon,  30th  Infantry; 
Pearson,  Charles  D.,  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry ;  Surgeon,  82nd  Infantry ; 
Peck,  Samuel  W.,  Surgeon,  18th  Infantry ;  Pegann,  Emanuel,  Surgeon, 
155th  Infantry ;  Perkins,  Conrad  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  10th  Infantry ;  Phipps, 
John  M.,  Surgeon,  132nd  Infantry ;  Piatt,  William  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  140th 
Infantry;  Pickthall,  Arthur,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  Infantry;  Pitcher,  Ste- 
wart C.,  Surgeon,  143rd  Infantry ;  Plummer,  Isaac  N.,  Asst.  Surg.,  44th 
Infantry;  Poffenberger,  Isaiah,  Asst.  Surg.,  99th  Infantry;  Pope,  Hen- 
ry E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  54th  Infantry ;  Porter,  John  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  89th  In- 
fantry; Pottenger,  Wilson,  Asst.  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry;  Potts,  John, 
A.sst.  Surg.,  40th  Infantry;  Pratt,  Samuel  R.,  Surgeon,  12th  Cavalry; 
Surgeon,  87th  Infantry ;  Preston,  Albert  G.,  Surgeon,  55th  Infantry ; 
Prichet,  John,  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry;  Prunk,  Daniel  H.,  Asst.  Surg.. 
20th  Infantry ;  Ralston,  William  G.,  Surgeon,  81st  Infantry ;  Read,  Ez- 
ra, Surgeon,  llth  Cavalry;  Surgeon,  21st  Infantry,  1st  Heavy  Artillery; 
Reagan,  Amos  W.,  Surgeon,  70th  Infantry ;  Reagan,  Jesse,  Surgeon, 
148th  Infantry;  Reed  Albert  S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  147th  Infantry;  Reriek, 
John  H.,  Surgeon,  44th  Infantry;  Reynolds,  Robert  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  43rd 
Infantry ;  Richards,  Samuel  D.,  Surgeon,  59th  Infantry ;  Richardson. 
Adamson,  G.,  Asst.  Surg.,  154th  Infantry ;  Riffle,  John  S.,  Asst.  Snrg., 
40th  Infantry;  Ritter,  John  A.,  Surgeon,  49th  Infantry:  Robinson,  John 
A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Cavalry;  Robinson,  Lawson  D.,  Asst.  Surg.,  99th  In- 
fantry; Robson,  John  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  1st  Cavalry;  Asst.  Surg.,  91st 
Infantry;  Robson,  Robert,  Surgeon,  91st  Infantry;  Rockwell,  William, 
Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry;  Roe,  John  L.,  Surgeon,  137th  Infantry: 
Roether,  Daniel  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  7th  Cavalry;  Rogers,  Dudley,  Surgeon, 
59th  Infantry;  Rooker,  James  I.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry:  Rose,  Madi- 
son H.,  Surgeon,  53rd  Infantry ;  Rupert,  Delos  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  30th 
Infantry;  Russell,  George  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  5th  Cavalry:  Russell.  Isaac  S.. 
Asst.  Surg.,  99th  Infantry ;  Ruter,  Rinaldo  R.,  Surgeon,  93rd  Infantry : 
Rutledge,  William,  Asst.  Surg..  2nd  Cavalry;  Ryan,  Townsend.  Surgeon. 
54th  Infantry. 

. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


845 


Sabin,  Elias  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  14th  Infantry ;  Sadler,  Joseph  J.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  16th  Infantry;  Salisbury,  David,  Asst.  Surg.,  128th  Infantry; 
Scearce,  John  C.,  Surgeon,  llth  Infantry;  Schell,  Frederick  A.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  6th  Cavalry ;  Schmidt,  Gustavus  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  6th  Cavalry ; 
Schussler,  Charles,  Surgeon,  6th  Infantry;  Scott,  William,  Surgeon, 
89th  Infantry;  Scott,  William  G.,  Asst.  Surg.,  8th  Cavalry;  Scudder, 


DR.  ABRAM  O.  MILLER 


John  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  65th  Infantry;  Sexton,  Marshall,  Surgeon,  52nd 
Infantry ;  Shaffer,  Abner  H.,  Surgeon,  75th  Infantry ;  Shapley,  William 
W.,  Surgeon,  42nd  Infantry;  Sheldon,  George  W.,  Surgeon,  74th  In- 
fantry; Sherman,  Mason  G.,  Surgeon,  9th  Infantry;  Sherrod,  William 
F.,  Surgeon,  21st  Infantry ;  Sherwin,  Herman  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  152nd 
Infantry;  Short,  Wesley,  Asst.  Surg.,  26th  Infantry;  Simms,  John  M., 
Asst.  Surg.,  76th  Infantry;  Simonson,  James  C.,  Surgeon,  66th  Infan- 
try; Slaughter,  Robert  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  25th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  53rd 


846  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Infantry ;  Slaughter,  William  W.,  Surgeon,  60th  Infantry ;  Slavens,  Ze- 
nas  L.,  Asst.  Surg.,  115th  Infantry ;  Smith,  Andrew  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  2nd 
Cavalry;  Smith,  John  W.,  Surgeon,  155th  Infantry;  Smith,  William  R., 
Asst.  Surg.,  70th  Infantry ;  Smith,  William  Z.,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  Infan- 
try; Smydth,  William  C.,  Surgeon,  43rd  Infantry;  Smythe,  Gonsolvo, 
C.,  Surgeon,  43rd  Infantry ;  Spain,  Archibald  W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  80th  In- 
fantry; Asst.  Surg.,  136th  Infantry;  Sparks,  Nathan  B.,  Asst.  Surg., 
6th  Infantry;  Speed,  Edward  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  44th  Infantry;  Spencer, 
Robert,  Surgeon,  73rd  Infantry;  Spencer,  William,  Asst.  Surg.,  46th 
Infantry;  Asst.  Surg.,  73rd  Infantry;  Spottswood,  Edmund  T.,  Sur- 
geon, 6th  Cavalry;  Spurrier,  John  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  16th  Infantry;  Sur- 
geon, 123rd  Infantry;  Squire,  William  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  14th  Infantry; 
St.  Glair,  Owen,  Asst.  Surg.,  142nd  Infantry;  Stearns,  Elias  P.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  72nd  Infantry ;  Stewart,  William  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  47th  Infantry ; 
Stillwell,  Joseph  A.,  Surgeon,  22nd  Infantry;  Stucky,  John  M.,  Asst. 
Surg..  59th  Infantry;  Swafford,  Benjamin  F.,  Surgeon,  llth  Cavalry; 
Swartz,  David  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  100th  Infantry ;  Sweeny,  Thomas  J.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  43rd  Infantry ;  Sweezy,  William  C.,  Surgeon,  140th  Infantry. 

Taggart,  John  P.,  Surgeon,  4th  Cavalry;  Taylor,  Alfred  B.,  Asst. 
Surgeon,  12th  Infantry;  Taylor,  Daniel  W.,  Surgeon,  34th  Infantry; 
Taylor,  William  D.,  Surgeon,  42nd  Infantry ;  Teal,  Norman,  Asst.  Surg., 
88th  Infantry;  Thomas,  Charles  L.,  Surgeon,  25th  Infantry;  Thomas, 
Elias  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  4th  Cavalry ;  Thomas,  James  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  117th 
Infantry;  Thomas,  John  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  Infantry;  Thompson, 
VJohn  C.,  Surgeon,  llth  Infantry;  Tilford,  John  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  79th 
Infantry ;  Tillson,  Hosea,  Asst.  Surg.,  and  Surgeon,  57th  Infantry ;  Til- 
man,  Jonathan  R.,  Asst.  Surg.,  60th  Infantry;  Todd,  Robert  N.,  Sur- 
geon, 26th  Infantry;  Todd,  William  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry; 
Tolerton,  James,  Surgeon  129th  Infantry;  Torbet,  George  A.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  26th  Infantry;  Triplett,  Charles  E.,  Surgeon,  87th  Infantry; 
Twiford,  Willis  H.,  Surgeon,  27th  Infantry;  Tyner,  Samuel  L.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  42nd  Infantry. 

Underhill,  Joshua  W.,  Surgeon,  46th  Infantry. 

Vaile,  Joel,  Surgeon,  2nd  Cavalry;  Van  Voris,  Flavius  J.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  86th  Infantry;  Vincent,  Henry  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  83rd  Infantry; 
Vincent,  Jeremiah  K.,  Asst.  Surg.,  33rd  Infantry;  Voyles,  David  W., 
Surgeon,  66th  Infantry. 

Walker,  Augustus  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  63rd  Infantry ;  Walker,  John  T., 
Surgeon,  25th  Infantry;  Wallace,  James  P.,  Asst.  Surg.,  150th  Infan- 
try ;  Walton,  Allen  M.,  Surgeon,  13th  Cavalry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  86th  Infan- 
try; Washburn,  Israel  B.,  Surgeon,  46th -Infantry;  Waterman,  Luther 
D.,  Surgeon,  8th  Cavalry ;  Weaver,  Samuel  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  83rd  Infan- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  8.7 

try ;  Webb,  William  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  70th  Infantry ;  Weddington,  Sam- 
uel C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  147th  Infantry ;  Weir,  Andrew  N.,  Surgeon,  6th  Cav- 
alry; Welborn,  William  P.,  Surgeon,  80th  Infantry;  Wells,  James  C., 
Asst.  Surg.,  50th  Infantry;  Welman,  Richmond  M.,  Surgeon,  9th  Cav- 
alry; Whitaker,  Eli  D.,  Surgeon,  38th  Infantry;  White,  Arthur,  Asst 
Surg.,  25th  Infantry;  White,  Jacob  S.,  Surgeon,  34th  Infantry;  White, 
James  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  75th  Infantry ;  White,  John  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  70th 
Infantry;  Whitehall,  Alexander  L.,  Asst.  Surg.,  60th;  Whitesell,  Jo- 
seph M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  36th  Infantry;  Whitesell,  Philip  P.,  Surgeon, 
101st  Infantry ;  Widmer,  John  F.  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  49th  Infantry ;  Wiles, 
William  V.,  Asst.  Surg.,  85th  Infantry ;  Williamson,  Eleazer,  Asst.  Surg., 
130th  Infantry;  Williamson,  Robert  A.,  Surgeon,  10th  Infantry;  Wil- 
liamson, Thomas  W.  C.,  Asst.  Surg.,  24th  Infantry ;  Wilson,  Isaac,  Asst. 
Surg.,  137th  Infantry;  Wilson,  Jacob  B.,  Asst.  Surg.,  123rd  Infantry; 
Wilson,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  llth  Infantry;  Winans,  Richard,  Asst. 
Surg.,  17th  Infantry ;  Wishard,  Joseph  M.,  Surgeon,  5th  Cavalry ;  Witt, 
William  B.,  Surgeon,  69th  Infantry;  Wolf,  Harvey  S.,  Surgeon,  81st 
Infantry;  Wonsetler,  Gideon,  Asst.  Surg.,  15th  Infantry;  Wood, 
James  A.,  Asst.  Surg.,  12th  Cavalry ;  Wooden,  John  L.,  Surgeon,  68th 
Infantry ;  Woods,  Calvin  J.,  Surgeon,  19th  Infantry ;  Woods,  Daniel  L., 
Asst.  Surg.,  21st  Infantry,  1st  Heavy  Artillery;  Asst.  Surg.,  138  In- 
fantry ;  Asst.  Surg.,  153rd  Infantry ;  Woolen,  Green  V.,  Asst.  Surg.,  27th 
Infantry ;  Wright,  Ivy  E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  116th  Infantry. 

Youart,  John  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  15th  Infantry;  Surgeon,  15th  Infan- 
try. 

SURGEONS  IN  COLORED  REGIMENTS 

Eastman,  Joseph,  Asst.  Surg.,  44th  U.  S.  C.  T. ;  Strong,  John  T.,  Sur- 
geon, 44th  U.  S.  C.  T. ;  Thompson,  James  L.,  Surgeon,  4th  U.  S.  Heavy 
Artillery ;  Weist,  Jacob  R.,  Surgeon,  1st  U.  S.  C.  T. 

• ,  ••'.' 

SURGEONS  IN  MINUTE  MEN  REGIMENTS 

Bounell,  Mathew  H.,  Surgeon,  102nd  Regiment;  Buck,  Robert  H., 
Surgeon  103d  Regiment ;  Harrison,  Thomas  H.,  Asst.  Surg.,  102nd  Regi- 
ment; Thomas,  L.  C.,  Surgeon,  104th  Regiment;  MeClain,  James,  Asst. 
Surg.,  104th  Regiment ; ;  Wheeldon,  John,  Asst.  Snrg.,  104th  Regiment ; 
Spurrier,  John  H.,  Surgeon,  105th  Regiment ;  Kellog,  Norman  P.,  Asst. 
Surg.,  105th  Regiment;  Chitwood,  Joshua,  Asst.  Surg.,  106th  Regiment; 
Parvin,  Theophilus,  Surgeon,  107th  Regiment;  Constant,  John  H.,  Sur- 
geon, 108th  Regiment ;  Moore.  Anderson  M.,  Asst.  Surg.,  108th  Regiment ; 


848 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


May,  Willis  L.,  Asst.  Surg.,  108th  Regiment;  Johnson,  Jarvis  J.,  Surgeon, 
109th  Regiment;  Hall,  Daniel  D.,  Surgeon,  lllth  Regiment;  Beard, 
Ferdinand  W.,  Surgeon,  112th  Regiment ;  Bare,  Addison  W.,  Asst.  Surg., 
112th  Regiment;  Parmerlee,  H.  M.,  Surgeon,  113th  Regiment;  Wood, 
Meredith,  Asst  Surg.,  113th  Regiment. 

NOTE. — No  medical  officers  were  supplied  to  the  110th  and  114th 
regiments. 

MEDICAL  OFFICERS  FROM  INDIANA  COMMISSIONED  BY  THE  PRESIDENT, 

VOLUNTEERS,  1861-65 

John  S.  Bibbs,  surgeon;  William  D.  Stewart,  surgeon;  William  C. 
Thompson,  surgeon ;  Charles  S.  Frink,  surgeon ;  James  M.  Study,  assistant 
surgeon. 

VOLUNTEER  NAVY — ACTING  ASSISTANT  SURGEONS  ( CIVIL  WAR) 

Philip  H.  Barton,  George  F.  Beasley,  William  Commons,  David  G. 
Curtis,  William  C.  Foster,  Thomas  F.  Leech,  Jacob  J.  Smith. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR 

Indiana  equipped  and  sent  out  five  regiments  for  this  war ;  and  fur- 
nished them  with  five  regimental  surgeons,  eleven  regimental  assistant 
surgeons,  three  surgeons  in  the  volunteer  army  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  fifteen  hospital  stewards,  making  a  total  of  thirty-four  medical 
officers.  An  alphabetical  list  of  their  names  is  given : 

Barcus,  Paul  J.,  Asst.  Surg.,  158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry; 
Barnett,  Charles  E.,  Asst.  Surg.,  157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry; 
.  Barnett,  Walter  W.,  Surgeon,  157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Bueh- 
ler,  Eugene,  Asst.  Surg.,  160th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Charlton, 
Fred  R.,  Surgeon,  158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Davis,  William 
S.,  Asst.  Surg.,  159th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Foxworthy,  Frank 
W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  160th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Garstang,  Reginald 
W.,  Asst.  Surg.,  157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Gerrish,  Millard  F., 
Asst.  Surg.,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Hawkins,  Eugene,  Asst. 
Surg.,  159th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Jones,  Homer  I.,  Asst.  Surg., 
158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Kyle,  John  J.,  Surgeon,  160th  Regi- 
ment, Indiana  Infantry;  Siver,  Emmett  L.,  Surgeon,  157th  Regiment, 
Indiana  Infantry;  Smith,  Wicliffe,  Surgeon,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana 
Infantry;  Stunkard,  Thomas  C.,  Surgeon,  159th  Regiment,  Indiana  In- 
fantry; Wilson,  James,  Asst.  Surg.,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  849 

LIST  OP  SURGEONS  APPOINTED  BY  THE  PRESIDENT  IN  THE  VOLUNTEER  ARMY 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

English,  Calvin  H.,  Major  and  Brigade  Surgeon;  Kimball,  Thomas 
C.,  Major  and  Chief  Surgeon;  Peyton,  David  C.,  Major  and  Brigade 
Surgeon. 

HOSPITAL  STEWARDS 

Espey,  James  G.,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Hawkins,  Robert 
W.,  159th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Langdon,  Harry  K.,  159th  Regi- 
ment, Indiana  Infantry;  Lewis,  John  I.,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana  In- 
fantry; Moore,  Harry  S.,  158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Moore, 
Harvey  A.,  157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Newland,  Harrod  C., 
158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Pfaff,  John  A.,  160th  Regiment,  In- 
diana Infantry ;  Rathert,  William  H.,  161st  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ; 
Schultz,  Guy  A.,  157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry;  Shell,  Ogden  G., 
157th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Sommer,  Edgar  L.,  160th  Regiment. 
Indiana  Infantry;  Starrett,  Walter  K.,  160th  Regiment,  Indiana  In- 
fantry ;  Townsend,  Terry  M.,  159th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry ;  Wright, 
Charles  E.,  158th  Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry. 

Dr.  Graham  N.  Fitch,  of  Logansport,  was  born  in  Le  Roy,  New  York, 
in  1808,  and  died  in  Logansport,  November  28,  1892.  He  served  in  the 
Indiana  legislature  in  1836  and  1839.  In  1844  filled  a  chair  in  Rush 
Medical  College.  From  1848  to  1852  was  a  member  of  congress  from  his 
district.  From  1856  to  1861  was  United  States  senator  from  Indiana. 
(During  the  Civil  war  he  was  colonel  of  the  46th  Regiment  Indiana  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  and  for  a  time  commanded  a  brigade.  After  the  close  of 
the  Civil  war,  he  occupied  the  chair  of  surgery  in  several  of  the  medical 
colleges  of  Indiana. 

Dr.  Abram  0.  Miller  (1827-1901),  Lebanon,  was  colonel  of  the  72nd 
Regiment  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry  (later  mounted  infantry),  and 
much  of  the  time  commanded  the  famous  Wilder 's  Brigade  of  Mounted 
Infantry.  At  the  battle  of  Selma,  Alabama,  he  received  a  severe  wound, 
but  remained  in  the  service  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

Dr.  William  H.  Wishard  deserves  especial  mention.  He  may  be 
classed  as  physician,  soldier,  and  historian.  While  he  was  not  mustered 
into  the  army  as  a  soldier,  yet  he  rendered  faithful  service  in  many  a 
military  camp. 

Dr.  Wishard  was  born  in  Nicholas  County,  Ky.,  January  17,  1816, 
and  came  with  his  parents  at  an  early  age  to  Indiana.  He  graduated  at 
the  Laporte  College  at  its  early  career.  Began  practice  at  Waverly, 


850 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


April  22,  1840.    Afterwards  moved  to  Greenwood, — later  at  Southport, 
and  to  Indianapolis  in  1876. 

He  was  present  at  the  medical  convention  held  at  Indianapolis  in 
1849,  and  was  the  last  member  of  that  band  to  pass  away.  He  rendered 
service  to  Indiana  soldiers  on  numerous  occasions.  The  author  first  met 
Dr.  Wishard  on  the  battlefield  of  Shiloh,  in  April,  1862. 


DR.  GRAHAM  N.  FITCH 
(U.  S.  Senator  1857-61.) 


• 


Probably  he  met  face  to  face  more  Indiana  physicians  than  any  other 
practitioner  in  the  state,  and  saw  more  of  the  public  men  of  the  state. 
His  sketches  of  early  Indiana  physicians,  and  early  medicine  of  Indiana 
have  been  invaluable  to  our  state  medical  history. 

He  died  at  Indianapolis,  December  9,  1913;  having  almost  reached 
the  century  mark. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


DR.  BOBBS  AND  THE  STORY  OF  CHOLECYSTOTOMY 


851 


Dr.  John  Stough  Bobbs  was  born  in  Greenvillage,  Pa.,  December  28, 
1809.  He  located  at  Indianapolis  in  1835 ;  died  in  that  city  May  1,  1870. 
Prior  to  the  Civil  war  he  was  a  state  senator  one  term.  During  the  Civil 
war  he  was  commissioned  by  the  President  a  brigade  surgeon  and  served 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  T.  A.  Morris. 


Dr.  Bobbs  is  especially  known,  honored,  and  recognized  as  the  first 
surgeon  to  open  the  human  gall  bladder  in  the  living  subject, — an  opera- 
tion quite  common  at  the  present  day,  and  known  as  "cholecystotomy." 
Dr.  Bobbs  never  saw  that  word  in  print,  and  he  named  his  operation: 
"Lithotomy  of  the  Gallbladder."  18 

The  patient  was  Miss  Mary  S.  Wiggins,  of  Indianapolis,  aged  30 
years.  Later  she  married  and  was  known  as  Mrs.  Z.  Burnsworth,  and 


""Lithotomy  of  the  Gallbladder."  Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medi- 
cal Society,  1868,  p.  68.  To  the  laity  I  may  say  by  way  of  explanation,  that 
Lithotomy  signifies,  "Incision  into  the  bladder  to  remove  a  calculus"  (Gould). 


850 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


April  22,  1840.    Afterwards  moved  to  Greenwood, — later  at  Southport, 
and  to  Indianapolis  in  1876. 

He  was  present  at  the  medical  convention  held  at  Indianapolis  in 
1849,  and  was  the  last  member  of  that  band  to  pass  away.  He  rendered 
service  to  Indiana  soldiers  on  numerous  occasions.  The  author  first  met 
Dr.  Wishard  on  the  battlefield  of  Shiloh,  in  April,  1862. 


• 

• 


• 


DR.  GRAHAM  N.  FITCH 
(1T.  S.  Senator  1857-61) 


Probably  he  met  face  to  face  more  Indiana  physicians  than  any  other 
practitioner  in  the  state,  and  saw  more  of  the  public  men  of  the  state. 
His  sketches  of  early  Indiana  physicians,  and  early  medicine  of  Indiana 
have  been  invaluable  to  our  state  medical  history. 

He  died  at  Indianapolis,  December  9,  1913;  having  almost  reached 
the  century  mark. 


I 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  851 

DR.  BOBBS  AND  THE  STORY  OP  CHOLECYSTOTOMY 

Dr.  John  Stough  Bobbs  was  born  in  Greenvillage,  Pa.,  December  28, 
1809.  He  located  at  Indianapolis  in  1835 ;  died  in  that  city  May  1,  1870. 
Prior  to  the  Civil  war  he  was  a  state  senator  one  term.  During  the  Civil 
war  he  was  commissioned  by  the  President  a  brigade  surgeon  and  served 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  T.  A.  Morris. 


Dr.  Bobbs  is  especially  known,  honored,  and  recognized  as  the  first 
surgeon  to  open  the  human  gall  bladder  in  the  living  subject, — an  opera- 
tion quite  common  at  the  present  day,  and  known  as  "  cholecystotomy. " 
Dr.  Bobbs  never  saw  that  word  in  print,  and  he  named  his  operation: 
"Lithotomy  of  the  Gallbladder."  1S 

The  patient  was  Miss  Mary  S.  Wiggins,  of  Indianapolis,  aged  30 
years.  Later  she  married  and  was  known  as  Mrs.  Z.  Burnsworth,  and 


ig  ' '  Lithotomy  of  the  Gallbladder. ' '  Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medi- 
cal Society,  1868,  p.  68.  To  the  laity  I  may  say  by  way  of  explanation,  that 
Lithotomy  signifies,  "Incision  into  the  bladder  to  remove  a  calculus"  (Gould). 


852 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lived  and  died  at  McCordsville,  Indiana.  She  died  April  22,  1913,  She 
outlived  Dr.  Bobbs  and  all  who  assisted  him  in  the  operation:  1H  surviv- 
ing forty-six  years. 

The  operation  was  performed  June  15, 1867,  Dr.  Bobbs  being  assisted 
by  "Drs.  Newcomer,  Todd,  Comingor,  Hears,  Moore,  Avery,  and  a  med- 
ical student."  The  patient  soon  recovered,  Dr.  Bobbs  died  three  years 
later;  doctors  quit  talking  about  the  case,  and  everybody  else,  appar- 
ently, forgot  its  history.  The  story  of  the  case  slumbered  twelve  years, — 
1879,  when  the  author  of  this  paper,  in  preparing  material  for  an  article 
brought  the  erase  to  light.20 


MBS.  Z.  BURNSWORTH,  FORMERLY  Miss  MARY  E.  WIGGINS 
First  person  operated  on  for  gall  stones  in  the  world 


In  closing  my  article  referred  to,  I  said:  "It  is  a  pleasing  duty  to 
pay  this  small  tribute  to  the  memory  of  our  departed  fellow  and  brother 
(Dr.  Bobbs).  While  several  European  and  American  surgeons  are  dis- 
cussing the  feasibility  and  priority  of  the  operation  of  cholecystotomy, 
with  as  yet  no  complete  results,  but  only  the  promise  of  success  for  the 


19  It  is  interesting  as  a  bit  of  medical  history  to  know  that  in  June,  1909,  Sir 
Alexander  B.  Simpson,  for  thirty-five  years  professor  of  midwifery  and  diseases 
of  women  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  was  visiting  in  Indianapolis,  and  expressed 
a  desire  to  visit  Mrs.  Burnsworth  in  order  to  see  this  remarkable  patient.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  June  12,  1909,  Drs.  O.  G.  Pfaff,  A.  C.  Kimberlin,  and  A.  W.  Brayton, 
accompanied  Sir  Alexander  to  the  home  of  that  lady,  where  the  distinguished  physi- 
cian and  celebrated  patient  met.  Sir  Alexander  died  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  April 
7,  1916. 

20 ' '  Affections  of  the  Gallbladder  Tending  to  Result  in  Cutaneous  Biliary  Fis- 
tula. ' ' — Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1879,  p.  120. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  853 

future,  they  are  astonished  to  learn  that  the  operation  was  successfully 
performed  by  a  surgeon  of  Indiana,  twelve  years  ago." — page  13b. 

At  Indianapolis,  October  11,  1917,  in  the  medical  section  of  the  new 
$6,000,000  library  building  a  bronze  tablet  was  erected  in  honor  of  the 
memory  of  Dr.  Bobbs.  This  bronze  tablet  executed  by  Gutzon  Borglum, 
is  six  feet  by  three  and  a  half  feet  in  size,  bears  in  bas  relief  the  figure 
of  Dr.  Bobbs,  and  the  following  inscription:  "Illustrious  Surgeon, 
Patriotic  Citizen,  Self-sacrificing  Benefactor,  Servant  of  God  through 
service  to  Mankind.  First  to  perform  the  operation  of  cholecystotomy." 

INDIVIDUAL.  DONATIONS 

Dr.  John  S.  Bobbs  in  1870  gave  a  gift  to  the  poor  of  Indianapolis, 
which  was  made  the  nucleus  for  the  establishment  of  Bobbs'  Free  Dis- 
pensary, now  known  as  the  City  Dispensary. 

His  medical  library  was  bequeathed  to  the  physicians  of  Indianapolis. 
Later,  when  the  medical  college  burned,  these  books  were  destroyed. 

Dr.  William  Lomax,  of  Marion,  gave,  in  1890,  to  Indiana  Medical 
College,  farm  lands,  and  property  in  the  city  of  Marion  that  were  valued 
at  approximately  ten  thousand  ($10,000)  dollars. 

Dr.  William  Flynn,  deceased,  of  Marion,  gave  to  the  Indiana  Medical 
College,  a  gift  of  money  that  was  realized  after  his  death,  amounting  to 
five  thousand  five  hundred  ($5,500)  dollars. 

Dr.  Luther  D.  Waterman,  who  resided  at  Indianapolis,  recently  con- 
veyed and  donated  to  Indiana  University,  the  bulk  of  his  estate,  of  the 
probable  value  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  ($150,000)  dollars, 
for  the  establishment  of  a  department  of  research  work. 

> 

MINERAL  WATERS  OF  INDIANA 

This  article  will  not  attempt  to  enter  into  a  scientific  discussion  of 
local  mineral  waters.  Persons  seeking  aid  for  special  diseases  will  do 
well  to  consult  intelligent  physicians  for  proper  knowledge  relating  to 
waters  adapted  to  their  particular  disease.  The  principal  ones  only  will 
be  mentioned  historically. 

Medical  experts  do  not  hesitate  to  assert  that  we  have  in  Indiana 
mineral  waters  which  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  some  of  the 
best  known  spas  of  America  and  Europe. 

The  French  Lick  and  West  Baden  springs  are  the  better  known  of  all 
our  medicinal  waters,  and  are  usually  considered  the  most  important  in 
a  therapeutic  sense. 

The  natural  mineral  waters  of  Orange  County  are  similar  to  those 
,of  the  Baden-Lick  valley  in  their  chemical  constitution. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lived  and  died  at  McCordsville,  Indiana.  She  died  April  22,  1913,  She 
outlived  Dr.  Bobbs  and  all  who  assisted  him  in  the  operation:  1!1  surviv- 
ing forty-six  years. 

The  operation  was  performed  June  15,  1867,  Dr.  Bobbs  being  assisted 
by  "Drs.  Newcomer,  Todd,  Comingor,  Mears,  Moore,  Avery,  and  a  med- 
ical student.*'  The  patient  soon  recovered,  Dr.  Bobbs  died  three  years 
later;  doctors  quit  talking  about  the  ease,  and  everybody  else,  appar- 
ently, forgot  its  history.  The  story  of  the  case  slumbered  twelve  years, — 
1879,  when  the  author  of  this  paper,  in  preparing  material  for  an  article 
brought  the  ease  to  light.20 


' 
' 


MRS.  Z.  BURXSWORTH,  FORMERLY  Miss  MARY  E.  WIGGINS 
First  person  operated  on  for  gall  stones  in  the  world 


In  closing  my  article  referred  to,  I  said:  "It  is  a  pleasing  duty  to 
pay  this  small  tribute  to  the  memory  of  our  departed  fellow  and  brother 
(Dr.  Bobbs).  While  several  European  and  American  surgeons  are  dis- 
cussing the  feasibility  and  priority  of  the  operation  of  cholecystotomy, 
with  as  yet  no  complete  results,  but  only  the  promise  of  success  for  the 


19  It  is  interesting  as  a  liit  of  medi-'al  history  to  know  that  in  June,  1909,  Sir 
Alexander  R.  Simpson,  for  thirty-five  years  professor  of  midwifery  and  diseases 
of  women  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  was  visiting  in  Indianapolis,  and  expressed 
a  desire  to  visit  Mrs.  Burnsworth  in  order  to  see  this  remarkable  patient.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  June  12,  1909,  Drs.  O.  O.  PfafT,  A.  C.  Kimberlin,  and  A.  \V.  Brayton, 
accompanied  Sir  Alexander  to  the  home  of  that  lady,  where  the  distinguished  physi- 
cian and  celebrated  patient  met.  Sir  Alexander  died  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  April 
7,  1916. 

2" "  Affections  of  tin-  Gallbladder  Tending  to  Result  in  Cutaneous  Biliary  Fis- 
tula."— Transactions  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1879,  p.  120. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  853 

tuture,  they  are  astonished  to  learn  that  the  operation  was  successfully 
performed  by  a  surgeon  of  Indiana,  twelve  years  ago." — page  13t». 

At  Indianapolis,  October  11,  1917,  in  the  medical  section  of  the  new 
$6,000,000  library  building  a  bronze  tablet  was  erected  in  honor  of  the 
memory  of  Dr.  Bobbs.  This  bronze  tablet  executed  by  Gutzon  Borglum, 
is  six  feet  by  three  and  a  half  feet  in  size,  bears  in  bas  relief  the  figure 
of  Dr.  Bobbs,  and  the  following  inscription:  "Illustrious  Surgeon, 
Patriotic  Citizen,  Self-sacrificing  Benefactor,  Servant  of  God  through 
service  to  Mankind.  First  to  perform  the  operation  of  cholecystotomy. ' ' 

INDIVIDUAL  DONATIONS 

Dr.  John  S.  Bobbs  in  1870  gave  a  gift  to  the  poor  of  Indianapolis, 
which  was  made  the  nucleus  for  the  establishment  of  Bobbs'  Free  Dis- 
pensary, now  known  as  the  City  Dispensary. 

His  medical  library  was  bequeathed  to  the  physicians  of  Indianapolis. 
Later,  when  the  medical  college  burned,  these  books  were  destroyed. 

Dr.  William  Lomax,  of  Marion,  gave,  in  1890,  to  Indiana  Medical 
College,  farm  lands,  and  property  in  the  city  of  Marion  that  were  valued 
at  approximately  ten  thousand  ($10,000)  dollars. 

Dr.  William  Flynn,  deceased,  of  Marion,  gave  to  the  Indiana  Medical 
College,  a  gift  of  money  that  was  realized  after  his  death,  amounting  to 
five  thousand  five  hundred  ($5,500)  dollars. 

Dr.  Luther  D.  Waterman,  who  resided  at  Indianapolis,  recently  con- 
veyed and  donated  to  Indiana  University,  the  bulk  of  his  estate,  of  the 
probable  value  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  ($150,000)  dollars, 
for  the  establishment  of  a  department  of  research  work. 

MINERAL  WATERS  OF  INDIANA 

This  article  will  not  attempt  to  enter  into  a  scientific  discussion  of 
local  mineral  waters.  Persons  seeking  aid  for  special  diseases  will  do 
well  to  consult  intelligent  physicians  for  proper  knowledge  relating  to 
waters  adapted  to  their  particular  disease.  The  principal  ones  only  will 
be  mentioned  historically. 

Medical  experts  do  not  hesitate  to  assert  that  we  have  in  Indiana 
mineral  waters  which  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  some  of  the 
best  known  spas  of  America  and  Europe. 

The  French  Lick  and  West  Baden  springs  are  the  better  known  of  all 
our  medicinal  waters,  and  are  usually  considered  the  most  important  in 
a  therapeutic  sense. 

The  natural  mineral  waters  of  Orange  County  are  similar  to  those 
,of  the  Baden-Lick  vallev  in  their  chemical  constitution. 


854  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Martinsville  is  a  mecca  for  hundreds  of  invalids  who  annually  resort 
thither  for  various  diseases, — especially  rheumatism. 

Mudlavia,  near  Attica,  promises  a  similar  water,  but  is  especially  re- 
nowned for  its  mud  baths ;  this  mud  being  a  very  black  loam  of  vegetable 
decomposition  and  seems  particularly  adapted  to  chronic  diseases  and 
rheumatism. 

Drilled  wells  have  been  constructed  at  several  places,  and  attract  sick 
persons  seeking  relief  from  various  ailments.  The  waters  of  Greenwood, 
Shelbyville,  Winona,  and  some  other  points,  present  their  claims  to  a 
less  or  greater  degree. 

Commodious  hotels  and  sanitariums  have  been  erected  at  all  of  these 
points  so  that  those  seeking  relief  from  ailments,  or  desiring  a  haven  for 
rest  and  retirement,  will  find  all  needful  conveniences  for  comfort  and 
treatment. 

CLOSING  WORDS 

• 

The  growing  figures  at  the  top  of  my  pages  admonish  me  that  I  should 
bring  my  paper  to  a  close.  It  was  with  some  hesitation  that  I  consented 
to  prepare  the  medical  chapter  for  the  forthcoming  History  of  Indiana. 
I  am  now  in  my  seventy-nipth  year, — past  that  period  when  ideas  and 
words  come  flocking  to  the  mind ;  my  old  brain  fatigues  more  easily  than 
when  I  was  younger.  I  crave  the  indulgence  of  the  reader.  I  may  have 
said  words  that  I  should  not  have  said;  still  worse,  I  have  failed  to 
record  words  that  deserve  to  be  written. 

The  physicians  of  Indiana  have  acted  well  their  part, — whether  at 
the  bedside,  in  the  hospital,  in  the  lecture  hall,  or  in  the  domain  of 
medical  literature,  their  work  has  been  creditable.  The  early  physicians 
of  Indiana  were  honest,  faithful,  and  did  the  best  they  knew  how.  As  I 
have  recorded  the  names  of  these  early  physicians  I  have  been  struck 
with  the  large  number  of  Christian  names  derived  from  the  scriptures. 
They  were  born  in  homes  where  father  and  mother  read  the  Bible. 

The  medical  men  of  the  present  day  are  no  better  meij  than  were  the 
earlier  physicians,  but  they  are  better  physicians.  These  have  had 
greater  facilities,  and  where  much  is  given  much  will  be  required. 

If  the  physicians  whom  I  met  in  Delaware  County  fifty-three  years 
ago  were  to  rise  from  the  dead  and  appear  upon  our  streets  today,  they 
would  be  startled  at  our  speeding  automobiles,  but  no  less  surprised  if 
they  should  enter  a  modern  medical  meeting  and  hear  doctors  talking 
about  asepsis,  antiseptics,  listerism,  antitoxins,  serums,  and  germs.  They 
would  not  understand  the  meaning  of  these  terms  and  would  be  com- 
pelled to  consult  a  modern  medical  dictionary ! 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


855 


The  changes  in  physicians  and  medical  practice  during  the  past  one 
hundred  years  have  been  incidentally  touched  upon  in  the  preceding 
pages  of  this  paper.  The  changes  are  all  the  more  striking  to  us  physi- 
cians who  have  lived  for  many  years  amid  these  revolutions  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  transformations. 

I  began  my  practice  amid  the  carnage  of  the  Civil  war;  after  fifty- 


DR.  JAMES  F.  HIBBERD 

seven  years,  when  ready  to  lay  my  burden  down,  our  country  is  again 
engaged  in  war. 

On  November  6,  1861,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  delivered  before 
the  medical  class  of  Harvard  University,  an  introductory  lecture  in  which 
he  closed  with  a  stirring  appeal  to  the  young  medical  men.  They  are 
applicable  today  when  our  country  is  again  in  peril,  and  I  shall  quote 
them :  ' '  The  young  man  who  has  not  heard  the  clarion-voices  of  honor 

and  of  duty  now  sounding  throughout  the  land,  will  heed  no  word  of 
v<4.  n— it 


854 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Martinsville  is  a  mecca  for  hundreds  of  invalids  who  annually  resort 
thither  for  various  diseases, — especially  rheumatism. 

Mudlavia,  near  Attica,  promises  a  similar  water,  but  is  especially  re- 
nowned for  its  mud  baths ;  this  mud  being  a  very  black  loam  of  vegetable 
decomposition  and  seems  particularly  adapted  to  chronic  diseases  and 
rheumatism. 

Drilled  wells  have  been  constructed  at  several  places,  and  attract  sick 
persons  seeking  relief  from  various  ailments.  The  waters  of  Greenwood, 
Shelbyville,  Winona,  and  some  other  points,  present  their  claims  to  a 
less  or  greater  degree. 

Commodious  hotels  and  sanitariums  have  been  erected  at  all  of  these 
points  so  that  those  seeking  relief  from  ailments,  or  desiring  a  haven  for 
rest  and  retirement,  will  find  all  needful  conveniences  for  comfort  and 
treatment. 

CLOSING  WORDS 

The  growing  figures  at  the  top  of  my  pages  admonish  me  that  I  should 
bring  my  paper  to  a  close.  It  was  with  some  hesitation  that  I  consented 
to  prepare  the  medical  chapter  for  the  forthcoming  History  of  Indiana. 
I  am  now  in  my  seventy-ninth  year, — past  that  period  when  ideas  and 
words  come  flocking  to  the  mind ;  my  old  brain  fatigues  more  easily  than 
when  I  was  younger.  I  crave  the  indulgence  of  the  reader.  I  may  have 
said  words  that  I  should  not  have  said ;  still  worse,  I  have  failed  to 
record  words  that  deserve  to  be  written. 

The  physicians  of  Indiana  have  acted  well  their  part, — whether  at 
the  bedside,  in  the  hospital,  in  the  lecture  hall,  or  in  the  domain  of 
medical  literature,  their  work  has  been  creditable.  The  early  physicians 
of  Indiana  were  honest,  faithful,  and  did  the  best  they  knew  how.  As  I 
have  recorded  the  names  of  these  early  physicians  I  have  been  struck 
with  the  large  number  of  Christian  names  derived  from  the  scriptures. 
They  were  born  in  homes  where  father  and  mother  read  the  Bible. 

The  medical  men  of  the  present  day  are  no  better  men  than  were  the 
earlier  physicians,  but  they  are  better  physicians.  These  have  had 
greater  facilities,  and  where  much  is  given  much  will  be  required. 

If  the  physicians  whom  I  met  in  Delaware  County  fifty-three  years 
ago  were  to  rise  from  the  dead  and  appear  upon  our  streets  today,  they 
would  be  startled  at  our  speeding  automobiles,  but  no  less  surprised  if 
they  should  enter  a  modern  medical  meeting  and  hear  doctors  talking 
about  asepsis,  antiseptics,  listerism,  antitoxins,  serums,  and  germs.  They 
would  not  understand  the  meaning  of  these  terms  and  would  be  com- 
pelled to  consult  a  modern  medical  dictionary ! 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  changes  in  physicians  and  medical  practice  during  the  past  one 
hundred  years  have  been  incidentally  touched  upon  in  the  preceding 
pages  of  this  paper.  The  changes  are  all  the  more  striking  to  us  physi- 
cians who  have  lived  for  many  years  amid  these  revolutions  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  transformations. 

I  began  my  practice  amid  the  carnage  of  the  Civil  war;  after  fifty- 


DR.  JAMES  P.  HIBBERD 

seven  years,  when  ready  to  lay  my  burden  down,  our  country  is  again 
engaged  in  war. 

On  November  6,  1861,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  delivered  before 
the  medical  class  of  Harvard  University,  an  introductory  lecture  in  which 
he  closed  with  a  stirring  appeal  to  the  young  medical  men.  They  are 
applicable  today  when  our  country  is  again  in  peril,  and  I  shall  quote 
them:  "The  young  man  who  has  not  heard  the  clarion-voices  of  honor 

and  of  duty  now  sounding  throughout  the  land,  will  heed  no  word  of 
vol.  n— 19 


856  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

mine.  In  the  camp  or  the  city,  in  the  field  or  the  hospital,  under  shelter- 
ing roof,  or  half-protecting  canvas,  or  open  sky,  shedding  our  own  blood 
or  stanching  that  of  our  wounded  defenders,  students  or  teachers, — 
whatever  our  calling  and  our  ability,  we  belong,  not  to  ourselves,  but  to 
our  imperilled  country,  whose  danger  is  our  calamity,  whose  ruin  would 
be  our  enslavement,  whose  rescue  shall  be  our  earthly  salvation!" 

HISTORICAL  REFERENCES 

Dr.  W.  H.  Wishard,  "President's  Address."  Transactions  of  the 
Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  1889,  p.  5. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Wishard,  ' '  Medical  Men  and  Medical  Practice  in  the  Early 
Days  of  Indianapolis."  Ib.  1893,  p.  16. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Wishard,  "Organization  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society  and  Its  Influence  upon  the  Profession."  Ib.  1899,  p.  20. 

Drs.  W.  H.  Byford,  M.  H.  Harding,  and  J.  N.  Graham,  "Report  on 
the  Practice  of  Medicine. ' '  The  topography  of  several  counties  in  eastern 
Indiana  is  given  by  Drs.  Woody,  of  Winchester,  Harding,  of  Lawrence- 
burg,  Shields,  of  New  Albany,  Kersey,  of  Milton,  Crooks  and  De  Bruler, 
of  Rockport,  are  historical  and  instructive.  In  this  same  article,  also, 
are  included  notes  on  typhoid  fever,  epidemic  erysipelas,  dysentery,  and 
various  forms  of  malarial  fever.  Ib.  1853,  pp.  24-57. 

Dr.  George  Sutton,  of  Aurora,  contributes  a  valuable  historical  paper 
on  "Asiatic  Cholera  as  it  prevailed  in  Indiana  during  the  years  1849-50- 
51  and  52. "  Also  on  same  subject.  Ib.  1853,  pp.  109-175 ;  Ib.  1867,  p.  85 ; 
Ib.  1868,  p.  51.  ' 

"Milk  Sickness,"  "Trembles  or  Milk  Sickness,"  "Morbo  Lacteo." 
Drs.  George  Sutton,  Trans.  1853,  p.  176.  James  S.  McClelland,  Ib.  1854, 
p.  43.  E.  S.  Elder,  Ib.  1874,  pp.  113-127. 

"Nursing  Sore  Mouth,"  Dr.  J.  S.  McClelland,  Ib.  1856,  p.  48. 

"On  Fractures  and  False  Joints,"  Trans.  1857,  p.  29,  1858,  p.  40, 
1859,  p.  34.  These  are  valuable  articles  at  the  present  day.  Contributed 
by  Prof.  Daniel  Meeker,  of  Laporte. 

"Report  on  the  Diseases  of  Indiana  for  the  Year  1872;  With  a  Brief 
Outline  of  the  Medical  Topography  and  Climatology  of  Different  Locali- 
ties. ' '  Reports  from  42  counties.  Dr.  George  Sutton,  Chairman,  Trans. 
1873,  p.  61. 

"History  of  the  Medical  Institutions  of  Indianapolis." — Editorial 
Indiana  Journal  of  Medicine,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  313,  415,  November,  1873. 

"Early  State  Medical  Society — Fifth  District  Medical  Society." — 
Dr.  W.  B.  Fletcher.  Trans.  1874,  p.  26. 

"Cholera   as   Appearing   in   Indiapanolis   During  the   Summer  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  857 

1873."— Dr.  Thad.  M.  Stevens,  Indiana  Journal  of  Medicine,  Vol.  V, 
p.  41  (June,  1874). 

"State  Boards  of  Health."— Dr.  Thad.  M.  Stevens.  Trans.  1875, 
p.  65. 

"Report  on  Medical  History  of  Indiana." — Dr.  Thad.  M.  Stevens. 
Trans.  1875,  p.  79. 

"Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  Elkhart  County."— Dr.  M.  M. 
Latta.  Trans.  1875,  p.  82. 

"Medical  History  of  Grant  County." — Dr.  "William  Lomax.  Trans. 
1875,  p.  88. 

"A  Report  on  Trichinosis  as  Observed  in  Dearborn  County  in 
1874."— Dr.  George  Sutton.  Trans.  1875,  p.  109. 

"First  Case  of  Recognized  Podelcoma  (Madura  Foot  Disease)  Oc- 
curring in  the  United  States." — Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper,  American  Prac- 
titioner, Vol.  XIV,  p.  129  (September,  1876). 

"Diseases  Prevalent  in  the  Early  Settlement  of  Kokomo." — Dr. 
Corydon  Richmond.  Trans.  1879,  p.  19. 

"Statistics  of  Placenta  Praevia,"  240  cases  valuable  for  reference. 
Dr.  Enoch  W.  King.  Trans.  1879,  pp.  43-92,  and  1881,  pp.  168-226. 

"A  Review  of  the  Epidemics  that  have  occurred  in  Southeastern  In- 
diana During  the  Last  Fifty  Years,  and  the  Observations  on  Change  of 
Type  in  our  Endemic  Malarial  Diseases." — Dr.  George  Sutton.  Trans. 
1885,  p.  104. 

"Report  of  the  Literary  Proceedings  of  the  Banquet  Given  by  the 
Marion  County  Medical  Society  to  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society  at 
the  New  Denison  Hotel,  on  the  Evening  of  June  5,  1888."  At  this  meet- 
ing, James  Whitcomb  Riley  first  read  his  poem,  "Doc  Sifers. " — Trans. 
1888,  p.  160. 

"One  Thousand  Cases  of  Labor  and  Their  Lessons." — Dr.  G.  W.  H. 
Kemper,  Medical  News,  Vol.  59,  p.  285  (Sept.  12,  1891). 

"Memoirs  of  the  Professional  Lives  of  Drs.  John  S.  Bobbs,  Charles 
Parry,  Talbott  Bullard,  and  David  Funkhouser. — Dr.  P.  H.  Jameson. 
Trans.  1894,  p.  212a. 

"Biographical  Sketch  of  the  late  Dr.  E.  H.  Deming."— Dr.  John  S. 
Bobbs.  Trans.  1857,  p.  53. 

"The  Use  of  Antitoxin  in  the  Treatment  of  Diphtheria  and  Mem- 
branous Group  with  a  Collective  Report  of  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
two  Cases."— Dr.  E.  L.  Larkins.  Trans.  1896,  p.  197. 

"War  Number"  of  the  Indiana  Medical  Journal,  Vol.  XVI  (Septem- 
ber, 1898).  Especially  valuable  to  those  seeking  knowledge  of  the  sev- 
eral Indiana  Regiments  in  the  Spanish-American  war. 


858  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"Essays  on  Bacteriology  and  its  Relation  to  the  Progress  of  Medi- 
cine."— Dr.  Theodore  Potter,  Medical  and  Surgical  Monitor,  1898. 

"Mineral  Waters  of  West  Baden,  Indiana,  as  a  Therapeutic  Agent." 
— Dr.  W.  D.  Pennington,  Medical  and  Surgical  Monitor,  Vol.  I,  p.  185 
(October,  1898). 

"The  Mineral  Waters  of  Indiana  with  Indications  for  Their  Appli- 
cation."—Dr.  Robert  Hessler.  Trans.  1902,  p.  365. 

"The  Mineral  Waters  of  Indiana." — Dr.  George  Kahlo.  Trans. 
1903,  p.  237. 

"The  Mineral  Waters  of  Orange  County." — Dr.  John  L.  Howard. 
Trans.  1905,  p.  413. 

"Camp  Morton  Hospital  in  the  Civil  War.  "-r-Report  by  Drs.  John 
M.  Kitchen  and  P.  H.  Jameson  to  Gov.  Morton,  Jan.  6,  1863,  Indiana 
Medical  Journal,  Vol.  XVII,  p.  270  (January,  1899). 

"Indiana  in  Medicine."  A  Toast.  Dr.  Alembert  W.  Brayton,  Fort 
Wayne  Medical  Journal,  Magazine  Medical  Journal,  February,  1900, 
p.  43. 

"Report  of  Committee  on  State  Medicine  and  Hygiene." — Drs.  J.  N. 
Hurty,  L.  P.  Drayer,  and  N.  P.  Cox.  Trans.  1899,  p.  126. 

' '  Clinical  Features  of  Malaria  as  Seen  at  Camp  Mount  Hospital. ' ' — 
Dr.  W.  T.  S.  Dodds.  Trans.  1899,  p.  197. 

"Smallpox  in  Anderson — A  Study  of  the  Present  Epidemic." — Dr. 
Charles  Trueblood.  Trans.  1900,  p.  120. 

"Aneurysm  of  the  Cervical  Portion  of  the  Vertebral  Artery;  Opera- 
tion ;  Recovery. ' '  Twenty  cases  only  are  on  record,  with  six  recoveries. 
This  adds  one  more  to  number  and  recoveries — six  of  the  successful  cases 
were  performed  by  American  surgeons. — Dr.  I.  N.  Trent.  Trans.  1901, 
p.  118. 

"Modern  War  Wounds."— Dr.  Frank  W.  Foxworthy.  Trans.  1902, 
p.  302. 

"Institutional  Practice. "—Dr.  Harry  Sharp.    Trans.  1905,  p.  67. 

' '  Blastomycosis  and  Its  Congeners — Report  of  Eight  Cases  Observed 
in  Indiana."— Dr.  A.  W.  Brayton.  Trans.  1907,  p.  35. 

"A  Report  of  One  Thousand  Obstetrical  Cases  Without  a  Maternal 
Death. ' ' — Dr.  Samuel  Kennedy,  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State  Med- 
ical Association,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  200. 

"Historical  Sketch  of  Medicine  and  Medical  Men  in  the  Early  Days 
of  Johnson  County,  Indiana." — Dr.  R.  W.  Terhune,  Whiteland.  Pamph- 
let, Indiana  State  Library,  Indianapolis. 

"Medicine  in  the  Northwestern  Territory:  A  Contribution  to  the 
Early  Medical  History  of  Indiana." — Dr.  Hubbard  M.  Smith,  Trans. 
Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  p.  438,  1906. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  859 

"Malaria  in  Indiana." — Dr.  Ada  E.  Schweitzer.  Historical  and 
valuable  for  reference.  The  Journal  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, Vol.  IV,  p.  70  (February,  1911). 

"A  Plea  for  the  Cesarean  Operation.  Based  on  a  Report  of  Fifty- 
three  Cases  Performed  in  Indiana. ' ' — Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper.  The  Jour- 
nal of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Association,  Vol.  IV,  p.  162. 

' '  A  Medical  History  of  Indiana. '  '—By  Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper.  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association  Press,  1911. 

Dunn's  "History  of  Greater  Indianapolis,"  chapter  41,  and  Sul- 
grove's  "History  of  Indianapolis  and  Marion  County,"  chapter  12,  will 
give  considerable  information  concerning  the  physicians  of  Marion 
County. 


. 


CHAPTER    XV 
EDUCATION 

The  beginnings  of  education  in  Indiana  are  involved  in  some  obscu- 
rity. The  first  direct  witness  is  Count  Volney,  who  visited  the  French 
settlers  of  Vincennes  in  1796,  and  wrote :  ' '  Nobody  ever  opened  a  school 
among  them  till  it  was  done  by  the  abbe  R.  a  polite,  well  educated,  and 
liberal  minded  missionary,  banished  hither  by  the  French  revolution. 
Out  of  nine  of  the  French,  scarcely  six  could  read  or  write,  whereas 
nine-tenths  of  the  Americans,  or  emigrants  from  the  East  could  do 
both:"1  This  school  could  not  have  existed  many  months  before  Vol- 
ney's  visit;  for  the  Abbe  Rivet,  to  whom  he  refers,  succeeded  Father 
Flaget  as  parish  priest  at  Vincennes,  and  he  did  not  leave  until  the 
spring  of  1795.  The  next  direct  witness  is  brought  forward  by  Rev.  F.  C. 
Holliday,  as  follows :  ' '  The  first  school  of  any  kind  held  in  the  territory 
of  Indiana  was  taught  one-and-a-half  miles  south  of  Charlestown,  the 
present  county  seat  of  Clark  County,  in  1803.  Rev.  Geo.  K.  Hester, 
who  was  a  pupil  in  this  school  in  1804,  says:  'Our  first  books  were  gen- 
erally very  far  from  facilitating  an  education,  or  affording  material  for 
the  mental  culture  of  youth.  My  first  two  reading  books  were  "Gulli- 
ver 's  Travels ' '  and  a  ' '  Dream  Book. ' '  We  had  to  commence  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  language  in  "Dilworth's  Spelling-Book. "  The  rigid  discipline 
exercised,  the  cruelty  practiced  on  delinquent  scholars,  as  well  as  the 
long  confinement  of  children  to  their  books,  from  soon  after  sunrise  to 
sunset,  with  only  vacation  at  noon,  was  detrimental  to  their  advance- 
ment in  learning.'  "  2 

This  positive  statement  seems  hardly  credible.  It  is  stated  that, ' '  Gen. 
Henry  Dodge  taught  school  in  the  Goodwin  neighborhood,  in  the  early 
part  of  1800."  3  This  was  in  Clark  County,  and  Gen.  Dodge  was  later 
the  noted  Governor  of  Wisconsin.  Judge  Banta,  who  gave  the  subject 
much  study,  says  that  providing  schools  for  the  children  as  soon  as  there 
were  enough  families  in  a  settlement  to  call  for  a  school,  "I  believe  to 


1  View  of  the  Climate  and  Soil  of  the  United  States,  p.  335. 

2  Indiana  Methodism,  p.  36. 

s  Hist.  Ohio  Falls  Cos.,  Vol.  2,  p.  351. 

860 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  861 

have  been  the  unvarying  American  practice. ' '  On  this  basis  he  surmises 
that  there  was  a  school  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  not  later  than  1785, 
and  one  in  Dearborn  County  prior  to  1802.  As  to  the  custom,  Judge 
Banta  is  supported  by  Timothy  Flint,  who  was  familiar  with  the  State 
from  1816,  and  says :  ' '  That  spirit  of  regard  for  schools,  religious  socie- 
ties and  institutions,  connected  with  them,  which  has  so  honorably  dis- 
tinguished the  commencing  institutions  of  Ohio,  has  displayed  itself 
also  in  this  state.  There  are  districts,  no  doubt,  where  people  have  but 
just  made  beginnings ;  and  where  they  are  more  anxious  about  carrying 
on  the  first  operations  of  making  a  new  establishment,  than  about  educat- 
ing their  children.  But  it  ought  to  be  recorded  to  the  honor  of  the  people 
in  this  state,  that  among  the  first  public  works  in  an  incipient  village, 
is  a  school  house,  and  among  the  first  associations,  that  for  establishing 
a  school.  Schools  are  of  course  established  in  all  the  considerable  towns 
and  villages  of  the  state.  In  many  of  the  compact  villages,  there  is  a 
reading  room,  and  a  social  library.  *  *  *  The  only  endowed  col- 
lege, with  which  we  are  acquainted,  is  fixed  at  Vincennes. ' ' 4  The  one 
thing  that  is  certain  is  that  these  early  schools  were  ephemeral  private 
schools,  with  the  exception  of  Vincennes  University.  The  township 
granted  for  its  support  was  selected  in  October,  1806,  and  the  same  year 
the  University  was  incorporated,  its  trustees  being  authorized  to  sell 
4,000  acres  of  the  land.  The  common  school  lands,  one  section  in  each 
township,  could  not  be  sold ;  and  in  1808  the  county  courts  were  author- 
ized to  lease  them  for  not  more  than  five  years,  the  lessee  being  required 
to  put  at  least  ten  acres  under  cultivation  in  each  quarter  section.  In 
1810,  the  school  fever  had  been  awakened,  and  Governor  Harrison  made 
his  famous  recommendations  for  military  instruction  in  the  schools.  In 
that  year  the  legislature  provided  for  a  township  trustee  for  school  lands, 
with  power  to  lease  not  over  160  acres  to  one  person,  and,  singularly 
enough,  prohibiting  the  destruction  of  timber.  There  was  little  encour- 
agement to  anyone  to  lease  school  lands,  when  they  could  enter  lands 
for  themselves,  and  why  anyone  should  want  timber  lands  that  could 
not  be  cleared,  is  a  puzzle.  At  any  rate  the  income  from  the  school 
lands  at  that  period  was  a  mere  pittance,  and  the  expense  of  maintain- 
ing the  schools  fell  upon  the  patrons. 

In  reality,  the  public  school  system,  in  1810,  was  all  university,  for 
out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  lands  sold,  the  trustees  had  erected  a  brick 
building,  at  a  cost  of  some  six  thousand  dollars,«and  the  institution  was 
opened  in  1810  as  a  "grammar  school"  with  Rev.  Samuel  Scott  as 
"President."  But  even  this  was  a  "vision,"  for  David  Thomas  who 


*  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  460. 


862 


INDIANA. AND  INDIANANS 


visited  Vincennes  in  1816-7,  recorded:  "The  Academy  stands  east  of 
the  town.  •  It  can  be  seen  a  considerable  distance  in  every  direction, 
and  makes  a  very  handsome  appearance.  It  was  erected  in  1807.  The 
walls  are  brick;  the  length  is  sixty-five  feet,  the  width  forty-four  feet, 
and  the  height  three  stories.  It  was  designed  for  eighteen  rooms.  Ten 
thousand  dollars  have  been  expended,  and  it  stands  unfinished.  The 
fund  consists  of  land,  twenty-five  miles  south  of  this  place.  The  Legisla- 


FIRST  BUILDING  OF  INDIANA  UNIVERSITY 


ture  authorized  the  sale  of  a  part  of  this  tract,  and  appointed  twenty- 
one  trustees  to  govern  the  Institution ;  but  the  hopes  of  its  founders 
have  not  been  realized'.  Only  a  common  school  has  been  kept  in  it." 
This  was  the  situation  when  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1816  met ; 
and  this  situation  is  of  importance  in  considering  the  action  of  the  Con- 
vention. Rev.  Samuel  Thornton  Scott,  who  taught  this  school,  was  born 
in  Kentucky  in  1780.  He  studied  at  Transylvania,  but  before  complet- 
ing his  course,  was  called  to  Vincennes  as  a  teacher,  by  some  of  the 
Kentucky  families  that  had  settled  there.  He  went  back  to  Kentucky, 
and  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1803.  He  officiated  in  Kentucky,  making 
occasional  missionary  visits  to  Indiana,  until  1808,  when  he  was  called 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  863 

to  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Vincennes.5  He  preached  and  taught 
there  until  his  death  on  December  30,  1827.  The  old  Vincennes  Univer- 
sity building  was  sold  on  execution,  in  1839,  to  John  A.  Vabret,  for 
$6,500;  and  for  a  time  was  occupied  by  Ste.  Rose  Academy  for  Girls. 
It  was  sold  again  in  1841  to  Peter  Bellier,  who  occupied  it  with  St. 
Gabriel  College;  ana  after  him,  it  was  bought  by  the  County  Trustees. 
The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1816  created  a  committee  on  "Edu- 
cation and  universal  dissemination  of  useful  knowledge,  and  other  ob- 
jects which  it  may  be  proper  to  enjoin  or  recommend  the  Legislature  to 
provide  for, ' '  composed  of  James  Scott,  of  Clark,  chairman,  John  Badol- 
lett  and  William  Polke  of  Knox,  Dann  Lynn  6f  Foseyyand  John  Boone 
of  Harrison.  This  committee  was  remarkably  of  Vincennes,  anti- 
Jennings  make-up,  the  first  four  members  voting  on  the  slavery  side  in 
the  divisions  made  in  the  Convention.  Scott,  Badollett  and  Polke  were 
men  of  more  than  ordinary  education.  As  Vincennes  was  specially  inter- 
ested in  the  educational  provisions,  and  Badollett  and  Polke  were  directly 
interested  in  Vincennes,  with  Scott  and  Lynn  both  personally  and  politic- 
ally friendly  to  them,  it  would  seem  that  Jennings  had  followed  his  usual 
policy  of  placating  by  giving  them  control  of  this  committee.  It  did  not 
report  until  June  25,  fours  days  before  the  adjournment ;  and  then  Scott 
reported  Article  9  of  the  Constitution,  which  was  slightly,  but  not  mate- 
rially amended  on  the  26th,  and  engrossed  on  the  27th.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Section  4,  which  refers  only  to  penal  and  charitable  legislation, 
the  Article  is  as  follows : 

' '  Sec.  1.  Knowledge  and  learning,  generally  diffused  through  a  com- 
munity, being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  Government,  and 
spreading  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education  through  the 
various  parts  of  the  country  being  highly  conducive  to  this  end,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to  provide  by  law  for  the  improve- 
ment of  such  lands  as  are,  or  hereafter  may  be,  granted  by  the  United 
States  to  this  State  for  the  use  of  schools,  and  to  apply  any  funds  which 
may  be  raised  from  such  lands,  or  from  any  other  quarter,  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  grand  object  for  which  they  are  or  may  be  intended. 
But  no  lands  granted  for  the  use  of  schools  or  seminaries  of  learning 
shall  be  sold,  by  authority  of  this  State,  prior  to  the  year  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  twenty ;  and  the  moneys  which  may  be  raised  out  of  the  sale 
of  any  such  lands,  or  otherwise  obtained  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  shall 
be  and  remain  a  fund  for  the  exclusive  purpose  of  promoting  the  inter- 
est of  literature  and  the  sciences,  and  for  the  support  of  seminaries  and 


sEdson's  Hist.  Pres.  Church,  p.  42. 


862 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


visited  Vincennes  in  1816-7,  recorded:  "The  Academy  stands  east  of 
the  town.  It  can  be  seen  a  considerable  distance  in  every  direction, 
and  makes  a  very  handsome  appearance.  It  was  erected  in  1807.  The 
walls  are  brick;  the  length  is  sixty-five  feet,  the  width  forty-four  feet, 
and  the  height  three  stories.  It  was  designed  for  eighteen  rooms.  Ten 
thousand  dollars  have  been  expended,  and  it  stands  unfinished.  The 
fund  consists  of  land,  twenty-five  miles  south  of  this  place.  The  Legisla- 


FIRST  BUILDING  OF  INDIANA  UNIVERSITY 


ture  authorized  the  sale  of  a  part  of  this  tract,  and  appointed  twenty- 
one  trustees  to  govern  the  Institution ;  but  the  hopes  of  its  founders 
have  not  been  realized.  Only  a  common  school  has  been  kept  in  it." 
This  was  the  situation  when  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1816  met; 
and  this  situation  is  of  importance  in  considering  the  action  of  the  Con- 
vention. Rev.  Samuel  Thornton  Scott,  who  taught  this  school,  was  born 
in  Kentucky  in  1780.  He  studied  at  Transylvania,  but  before  complet- 
ing his  course,  was  called  to  Vincennes  as  a  teacher,  by  some  of  the 
Kentucky  families  that  had  settled  there.  He  went  back  to  Kentucky, 
and  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1803.  He  officiated  in  Kentucky,  making 
occasional  missionary  visits  to  Indiana,  until  1808,  when  he  was  called 


• 


« 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  863 

to  the  Presbyterian  church  at  Vineennes.5  He  preached  and  taught 
there  until  his  death  on  December  30,  1827.  The  old  Vineennes  Univer- 
sity building  was  sold  on  execution,  in  1839,  to  John  A.  Vabret.  for 
$6,500;  and  for  a  time  was  occupied  by  Ste.  Rose  Academy  for  Girls. 
It  was  sold  again  in  1841  to  Peter  Bellier,  who  occupied  it  with  St. 
Gabriel  College;  and  after  him,  it  was  bought  by  the  County  Trustees. 

The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1816  created  a  committee  on  "Edu- 
cation and  universal  dissemination  of  useful  knowledge,  and  other  ob- 
jects which  it  may  be  proper  to  enjoin  or  recommend  the  Legislature  to 
provide  for,"  composed  of  James  Scott,  of  Clark,  chairman,  John  Badol- 
lett  and  William  Polke  of  Knox,  Dann  Lynn  of  Pbsey,:'and  John  Boone 
of  Harrison.  This  committee  was  remarkably  of  Vineennes,  anti- 
Jennings  make-up,  the  first  four  members  voting  on  the  slavery  side  in 
the  divisions  made  in  the  Convention.  Scott,  Badollett  and  Polke  were 
men  of  more  than  ordinary  education.  As  Vineennes  was  specially  inter- 
ested in  the  educational  provisions,  and  Badollett  and  Polke  were  directly 
interested  in  Vineennes,  with  Scott  and  Lynn  both  personally  and  politic- 
ally friendly  to  them,  it  would  seem  that  Jennings  had  followed  his  usual 
policy  of  placating  by  giving  them  control  of  this  committee.  It  did  not 
report  until  June  25,  fours  days  before  the  adjournment ;  and  then  Scott 
reported  Article  9  of  the  Constitution,  which  was  slightly,  but  not  mate- 
rially amended  on  the  26th,  and  engrossed  on  the  27th.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Section  4,  which  refers  only  to  penal  and  charitable  legislation, 
the  Article  is  as  follows: 

-'.'•''•".• 

' '  Sec.  1.  Knowledge  and  learning,  generally  diffused  through  a  com- 
munity, being  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  Government,  and 
spreading  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education  through  the 
various  parts  of  the  country  being  highly  conducive  to  this  end,  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to  provide  by  law  for  the  improve- 
ment of  such  lands  as  are,  or  hereafter  may  be,  granted  by  the  United 
States  to  this  State  for  the  use  of  schools,  and  to  apply  any  funds  which 
may  be  raised  from  such  lands,  or  from  any  other  quarter,  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  grand  object  for  which  they  are  or  may  be  intended. 
But  no  lands  granted  for  the  use  of  schools  or  seminaries  of  learning 
shall  be  sold,  by  authority  of  this  State,  prior  to  the  year  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  twenty;  and  the  moneys  which  may  be  raised  out  of  the  sale 
of  any  such  lands,  or  otherwise  obtained  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  shall 
be  and  remain  a  fund  for  the  exclusive  purpose  of  promoting  the  inter- 
est of  literature  and  the  sciences,  and  for  the  support  of  seminaries  and 


Edson  's  Hist.  Pres.  Church,  p.  42. 


> 

s 


5 


1 

5 


E- 
U 


CO 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  865 

public  schools.  The  General  Assembly  shall  from  time  to  time  pass  such 
laws  as  shall  be  calculated  to  encourage  intellectual,  scientifical,  and 
agricultural  improvements,  by  allowing  rewards  and  immunities,  for 
the  promotion  and  improvement  of  the  arts,  sciences,  commerce,  manu- 
factures, and  natural  history;  and  to  countenance  and  encourage  the 
principles  of  humanity,  honesty,  industry,  and  morality. 

"Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as  soon  as 
circumstances  will  permit  to  provide  by  law  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  ascending  in  a  regular  graduation  from  township  schools  to 
a  State  University,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to  all. 

"Sec.  3.  And,  for  the  promotion  of  such  salutary  end,  the  money 
which  shall  be  paid  as  an  equivalent  by  persons  exempt  from  militia 
duty,  except  in  times  of  war,  shall  be  exclusively  and  in  equal  proportion 
applied  to  the  support  of  county  seminaries;  also,  all  fines  assessed  for 
any  breach  of  the  penal  laws  shall  be  applied  to  said  seminaries  in  the 
counties  wherein  they  shall  be  assessed. 

"Sec.  5.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the  time  they  lay  off  a  new 
county,  shall  cause  at  least  ten  percent  to  be  reserved  out  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale  of  town  lots,  in  the  seat  of  justice  of  such  county,  for 
the  use  of  a  public  library  for  such  county ;  and  at  the  same  session  they 
shall  incorporate  a  library  company,  under  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  will  best  secure  its  permanence  and  extend  its  benefits. ' ' 

In  1844,  the  State  University  held  its  commencement  on  September 
30,  and  the  accounts  of  it  published  in  the  Indianapolis  papers  state 
that  the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  "on  the  Hon.  James  Scott,  for- 
merly a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the  author  of  that  part  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  which  relates  to  education."  6  The 
statement  is  presumably  correct.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committee, 
and  he  was  somewhat  flamboyant  in  style,  as  may  be  seen  from  his  reply, 
as  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  1813,  to  the  address 
of  the  Governor.7  This  would  account  for  the  fact  that  the  provision 
for  the  application  of  the  school  funds  is  that  they  shall  be  applied  "to 
the  accomplishment  of  the  grand  object  for  which  they  are  or  may  be 
intended." 

It  is  astonishing  that  there  is  no  biographical  record  of  so  prominent 
a  man  in  any  State  or  local  history,  or  even  history  of  the  bench  and 
bar.  But  there  was  a  tradition  that  he  died  at  Carlisle,  Indiana;  and 
Mrs.  Luella  B.  Wagner,  of  the  Public  Library  there,  found  on  the  tomb- 
stone of  a  neglected  grave  in  the  old  cemetery  of  that  place  the  following 
inscription : 

•  Sentinel,  Oct.  3 ;  Journal,  Oct.  5,  1844. 
'Western  Sun,  March  6,  1813. 


as 
w 


z 

^ 

5 


5 
P 


S 

I 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  865 

public  schools.  The  General  Assembly  shall  from  time  to  time  pass  such 
laws  as  shall  be  calculated  to  encourage  intellectual,  scientifical,  and 
agricultural  improvements,  by  allowing  rewards  and  immunities,  for 
the  promotion  and  improvement  of  the  arts,  sciences,  commerce,  manu- 
factures, and  natural  history ;  and  to  countenance  and  encourage  the 
principles  of  humanity,  honesty,  industry,  and  morality. 

"Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as  soon  as 
circumstances  will  permit  to  provide  by  law  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  ascending  in  a  regular  graduation  from  township  schools  to 
a  State  University,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally  open  to  all. 

"Sec.  3.  And,  for  the  promotion  of  such  salutary  end,  the  money 
which  shall  be  paid  as  an  equivalent  by  persons  exempt  from  militia 
duty,  except  in  times  of  war,  shall  be  exclusively  and  in  equal  proportion 
applied  to  the  support  of  county  seminaries;  also,  all  fines  assessed  for 
any  breach  of  the  penal  laws  shall  be  applied  to  said  seminaries  in  the 
counties  wherein  they  shall  be  assessed. 

"Sec.  5.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the  time  they  lay  off  a  new 
county,  shall  cause  at  least  ten  percent  to  be  reserved  out  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale  of  town  lots,  in  the  seat  of  justice  of  such  county,  for 
the  use  of  a  public  library  for  such  county ;  and  at  the  same  session  they 
shall  incorporate  a  library  company,  under  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  will  best  secure  its  permanence  and  extend  its  benefits.'' 

In  1844,  the  State  University  held  its  commencement  on  September 
30,  and  the  accounts  of  it  published  in  the  Indianapolis  papers  state 
that  the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  "on  the  Hon.  James  Scott,  for- 
merly a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the  author  of  that  part  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  which  relates  to  education."0  The 
statement  is  presumably  correct.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committee, 
and  he  was  somewhat  flamboyant  in  style,  as  may  be  seen  from  his  reply, 
as  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  1813,  to  the  address 
of  the  Governor.7  This  would  account  for  the  fact  that  the  provision 
for  the  application  of  the  school  funds  is  that  they  shall  be  applied  "to 
the  accomplishment  of  the  grand  object  for  which  they  are  or  may  be 
intended." 

It  is  astonishing  that  there  is  no  biographical  record  of  so  prominent 
a  man  in  any  State  or  local  history,  or  even  history  of  the  bench  and 
bar.  But  there  was  a  tradition  that  he  died  at  Carlisle,  Indiana;  and 
Mrs.  Luella  B.  Wagner,  of  the  Public  Library  there,  found  on  the  tomb- 
stone of  a  neglected  grave  in  the  old  cemetery  of  that  place  the  following 
inscription : 


«  Sentinel,  Oct.  3 ;  Journal,  Oct.  5,  1844. 
T  Western  Sun,  March  6,  1813. 


. 


866  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

JAMES  SCOTT,  LL.D. 


A  Native  of  Pennsylvania 

Died 
.,.,•  .  March  2,  1855 

Aged 
87  years,  9  months,  4  days 


• 


He  was  for  eighteen  years  a  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Terri- 
tory and  State  of  Indiana. 


With  men  he  was  a  man, 
With  God,  a  child. 


Judge  Scott  was  appointed  Prosecuting  Attorney  for  Clark  County 
in  1810,  and  resided  at  Charlestown,  where  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Sunday  School  in  1812.  He  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives in  1813,  and  resigned  on  being  appointed  Chancellor  of  the 
Territory.  He  served  on  the  Supreme  Bench  from  1816  to  1831;  and 
was  candidate  for  Governor  on  the  Anti-Masonic  ticket  in  1832.  After 
retiring  from  the  Supreme  Bench,  he  made  an  unsuccessful  effort  to 
resume  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Charlestown.  For  a  short 
time  he  published  a  newspaper  called  "The  Comet";  and  then  opened 
a  school  for  young  ladies.  After  the  election  of  Gen.  Harrison  to  the 
Presidency,  he  was  appointed  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office  at  Jefferson- 
ville ;  and  after  the  expiration  of  his  term,  being  advanced  in  years,  he 
went  to  live  with  an  adopted  daughter  at  Carlisle. 

A  careful  examination  of  the  provisions  of  Article  9  will  show  that 
they  are  framed  with  reference  to  existing  conditions.  Indiana  had  its 
university  already,  at  Vincennes,  with  a  township  of  land  for  endow- 
ment. It  also  had  land  for  public  schools.  The  care  of  these  was  pro- 
vided for,  but  there  is  also  special  provision  made  for  seminaries  in  all 
of  the  counties,  which  would  give  them  something  of  the  higher  educa- 
tion that  had  been  provided  for  at  Vincennes.  Presumably  this  was 
what  reconciled  the  other  delegates  to  fastening  Vincennes  University 
to  the  public  school  system,  with  State  responsibility  for  instruction  in 
it  being  gratis.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  possible  that  Jennings  was 
even  then  figuring  on  the  removal  of  the  University,  and  was  entirely 
willing  to  have  it  put  under  State  supervision  by  the  Constitution. 
But  these  provisions  made  a  top-heavy  system,  which  did  not  promote 
the  establishment  of  common,  or  elementary  schools.  On  December  28, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN8  867 

1825,  John  Ewiiig,  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Education,  reported: 
"With  the  exception  of  county  seminaries  deriving  some  aid  from  the 
penal  code,  and  the  township  rents  accruing  to  the  State  University, 
there  exists  no  active  fund  for  education  to  which  resort  could  be  had ; 
and  the  pittance  of  rent  from  some  sixteenth  sections  is  entirely  inade- 
quate to  effect  the  object  at  this  time. ' '  The  makers  of  the  Constitution 
of  1816  had  superb  "vision"  of  what  was  going  to  result  from  the  land 
grants  for  schools,  but  the  financial  results  they  contemplated  were 
never  realized;  and  furthermore  there  was  a  damper  on  support  by 
taxation  in  the  provision  of  the  Enabling  Act,  under  which  the  State  was 
admitted,  exempting  all  pubiie  lands  sold  after  1816  from  taxation  for 
five  years  from  the  date  of  sale}  but  this  was  not  so  serious  as  might  be 
imagined,  because  there  was  no  effort  to  raise  school  money  by  taxation, 
except  to  provide  school-houses,  for  many  years  afterward.  It  Was  a 
beautiful  school  system,  without  funds  to  carry  it  into  effect.  In  fact 
it  way  designed  for  futurity,  rather  than  for  immediate  use.  There 
were  no  really  free  schools  in  Indiana,  except  at  New  Harmony,  and 
indeed,  none  in  the  United  States  outside  of  New  England. 

In  fact,  no  law  was  adopted,  or  even  contemplated,  for  carrying  the 
provisions  of  the  Constitution  into  effect,  until,  on  January  9,  1821, 
a  resolution  was  adopted,  "that  John  Badollett,  and  David  Hart,  of 
Knox  County,  William  W.  Martin,  of  Washington  County,  James 
Welch,  of  Switzerland  County,  Daniel  S.  Caswell,  of  Franklin  County, 
Thomas  C.  Searle,  of  Jefferson  County,  and  John.Todd,  of  Clark  County, 
be  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  a  committee  to  draft  and  report  to 
the  next  General  Assembly  of  this  State  a  bill  providing  for  a  general 
system  of  education  ascending  in  regular  gradation  from  township 
schools  to  a  State  university,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis,  and  equally 
open  to  all ;  and  particularly  to  guard  against  'any  distinctions  exist- 
ing in  any  of  the  said  institutions  between  the  rich  and  the  poor."  It 
will  be  noted  that  his  resolution  is  in  the  words  of  the  Constitution, 
except  the  concluding  clause;  and  Prof.  Boone  says  of.it:  "The  signifi- 
cance of  the  last  clause  appears  in  the  peculiar  educational  notions  and 
social  standards  prevalent  at  that  time.  The  Literary  Fund  of  Virginia 
had  just  been  set  apart  (1810),  as  had  that  of  Georgia  also  (1817),  for 
the  exclusive  benefit  of  the  poor.  New  Jersey  about  the  same  date 
legalized  township  taxation  'for  the  education  of  paupers?;  and  Ohio, 
but  a  few  days  before  the  appointment  of  the  Indiana  committee,  had, 
in  an  otherwise  liberal  act,  provided  for  schools,  'open  first  to  the  needy 
and  dependent,  then,  if  means  and  accommodations  afforded,  to  others.' 
American  public  schools  have  frequently  been,  East  and  West,  North  and 
South,  even  among  the  New  England  States,  'pauper'  or  'charity' 


868 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


schools;  and  it  is  greatly  to  the  credit  of  the  Indiana  Legislature  that, 
as  early  as  1821,  when  her  sister  states  saw  no  way  to  make  elementary 
education  both  free  and  universal,  the  Assembly  of  one  Western  State, 
taking  counsel  of  progress,  saw  and  was  ready  to  affirm  the  right  of 
every  child,  of  whatever  rank  or  social  condition,  to  an  education  at 
public  expense.  This  was  theory;  and  it  may  be  held  as  sound  educa- 


EARLY  Loo  SCHOOL  HOUSE  IN  WAYNE  COUNTY 


tional  doctrine  to-day.    Such  wise  faith  dignifies  even  the  failure  of  the 
fathers."8 

There  are  two  other  things  about  this  committee  that  are  noteworthy. 
One  is  that  no  one  of  them  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  at  the  time, 
which  was  a  very  unusual  proceeding  for  an  Indiana  legislature.  They 
were  selected  from  the  citizens  of  the  State  on  account  of  their  interest 
in  education.  The  other  was  their  optimistic  dispositions,  although  in 
that  they  probably  shared  a  very  general  impression  at  the  time  of  the 
value  of  the  school  lands.  By  an  elaborate  computation  they  reached 
the  conclusion  that  in  six  years  the  annual  revenues  from  the  school 


Hist,  of  Education  in  Indiana,  p.  24. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  869 

lands  would  be  sufficient  to  maintain  a  school  in  each  school  district 
of  the  State  for  three  months.  They  also  computed  that  in  the  same  time 
the  university  would  have  accumulated  from  its  lands  $260,772 ;  and 
they  thought  it  would  then  be  safe  to  invest  $40,000  of  this  in  a  building, 
and  $20,772  in  apparatus,  library,  etc.,  reserving  the  remainder  as  a 
permanent  endowment.  They  recommended  at  that  time  a  liberal  in- 
crease of  the  members  of  the  faculty. 

The  committee  called  Judge  Benjamin  Parke  to  its  aid,  and  a  bill  was 
prepared  which  was  finally  adopted,  after  some  amendment,  and  ap- 
proved January  31,  1824.  It  is  entirely  permissory.  In  any  township, 
three  freeholders  or  householders  could  call  a  meeting,  and  if  twenty 
of  like  qualification  attended,  they  could  elect  three  trustees,  who  should 
have  charge  of  the  school  lands.  The  trustees  were  to  make  school  dis- 
tricts, and  appoint  a  "sub- trustee"  for  each  district.  The  sub-trustee 
was  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  freeholders  and  householders  of  his  dis- 
trict, and  take  a  vote  whether  they  would  support  a  school  for  not  less 
than  three  months  in  the  year.  If  they  agreed  to  do  so,  he  was  to  call 
a  meeting  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  to  meet  at  the  site,  which 
the  former  meeting  had  selected,  and  commence  work.  Then  came  a 
mandatory  provision  that,  "Every  able  bodied  male  person  of  the  age 
of  twenty -one  years  and  upwards,  being 'a  freeholder  or  householder  as 
aforesaid,  residing  within  the  bounds  of  such  school  district,  shall  be 
liable  equally  to  work  one  day  in  each  week,  until  such  building  may 
be  completed,  or  pay  the  sum  of  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents  for  every 
day  he  may  so  fail  to  work."  The  house  was  to  be  built  "of  brick, 
stone,  hewn  timber,  or  frame"  as  the  majority  might  desire;  but  with 
the  requirement,  "That  in  all  cases,  such  school  house  shall  be  eight  feet 
between  the  floors,  and  at  least  one  foot  from  the  surface  of  the  ground 
to  the  first  floor,  and  finished  in  a  manner  calculated  to  render  com- 
fortable the  teacher  and  pupils;  with  a  suitable  number  of  seats,  tables, 
lights  and  every  other  thing  necessary  for  the  convenience  of  such 
school;  which  shall  forever  be  open  for  the  education  of  all  children 
within  the  district  without  distinction."  After  the  schoolhouse  was 
built,  the  sub-trustee  called  another  meeting,  which  decided  how  many 
months  of  school  they  wanted,  and  "whether  they  will  suffer  any  por- 
tion of  the  tax  for  the  support  of  such  school  to  be  raised  in  money, 
and,  if  so,  what  proportion."  This  was  certified  to  the  township  trus- 
tees, who  were  then  to  employ  a  teacher,  "Provided,  however,  that  no 
person  shall  be  employed  as  a  teacher  as  aforesaid,  until  he  shall  produce 
the  certificate  of  the  township  trustees,  that  they  have  examined  him 
touching  his  qualifications,  and  particularly  as  respects  his  knowledge  of 
the  English  language,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  and  that  in  their  opinion, 


868 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


schools;  and  it  is  greatly  to  the  credit  of  the  Indiana  Legislature  that, 
as  early  as  1821,  when  her  sister  states  saw  no  way  to  make  elementary 
education  both  free  and  universal,  the  Assembly  of  one  Western  State, 
taking  counsel  of  progress,  saw  and  was  ready  to  affirm  the  right  of 
every  child,  of  whatever  rank  or  social  condition,  to  an  education  at 
public  expense.  This  was  theory;  and  it  may  be  held  as  sound  educa- 


EARLY  Loo  SCHOOL  HOUSE  IN  WAYNE  COUNTY 

tional  doctrine  to-day.     Such  wise  faith  dignifies  even  the  failure  of  the 
fathers."8 

There  are  two  other  things  about  this  committee  that  are  noteworthy. 
One  is  that  no  0:10  of  them  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  at  the  time, 
which  was  a  very  unusual  proceeding  for  an  Indiana  legislature.  They 
were  selected  from  the  citixens  of  the  State  on  account  of  their  interest 
in  education.  The  other  was  their  optimistic  dispositions,  although  in 
that  they  probably  shared  a  very  general  impression  at  the  time  of  the 
value  of  the  school  lands.  l>y  an  elaborate  computation  they  reached 
the  conclusion  that  in  six  vears  the  annual  revenues  from  the  school 


»  Hist,  of  Education  in  Indiana,  p.  24. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  869 

lands  would  be  sufficient  to  maintain  a  school  in  each  school  district 
of  the  State  for  three  months.  They  also  computed  that  in  the  same  time 
the  university  would  have  accumulated  from  its  lands  $260,772;  and 
they  thought  it  would  then  be  safe  to  invest  $40,000  of  this  in  a  building, 
and  $20,772  in  apparatus,  library,  etc.,  reserving  the  remainder  as  a 
permanent  endowment.  They  recommended  at  that  time  a  liberal  in- 
crease of  the  members  of  the  faculty. 

The  committee  called  Judge  Benjamin  Parke  to  its  aid,  and  a  bill  was 
prepared  which  was  finally  adopted,  after  some  amendment,  and  ap- 
proved January  31,  1824.  It  is  entirely  permissory.  In  any  township, 
three  freeholders  or  householders  could  call  a  meeting,  and  if  twenty 
of  like  qualification  attended,  they  could  elect  three  trustees,  who  should 
have  charge  of  the  school  lands.  The  trustees  were  to  make  school  dis- 
tricts, and  appoint  a  "sub-trustee"  for  each  district.  The  sub-trustee 
was  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  freeholders  and  householders  of  his  dis- 
trict, and  take  a  vote  whether  they  would  support  a  school  for  not  less 
than  three  months  in  the  year.  If  they  agreed  to  do  so,  he  was  to  call 
a  meeting  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  to  meet  at  the  site,  which 
the  former  meeting  had  selected,  and  commence  work.  Then  came  a 
mandatory  provision  that,  "Every  able  bodied  male  person  of  the  age 
of  twenty-one  years  and  upwards,  being  a  freeholder  or  householder  as 
aforesaid,  residing  within  the  bounds  of  such  school  district,  shall  be 
liable  equally  to  work  one  day  in  each  week,  until  such  building  may 
be  completed,  or  pay  the  sum  of  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents  for  every 
day  he  may  so  fail  to  work."  The  house  was  to  be  built  "of  brick, 
stone,  hewn  timber,  or  frame"  as  the  majority  might  desire;  but  with 
the  requirement,  "That  in  all  cases,  such  school  house  shall  be  eight  feet 
between  the  floors,  and  at  least  one  foot  from  the  surface  of  the  ground 
to  the  first  floor,  and  finished  in  a  manner  calculated  to  render  com- 
fortable the  teacher  and  pupils;  with  a  suitable  number  of  seats,  tables, 
lights  and  every  other  thing  necessary  for  the  convenience  of  such 
school;  which  shall  forever  be  open  for  the  education  of  all  children 
within  the  district  without  distinction."  After  the  schoolhouse  was 
built,  the  sub-trustee  called  another  meeting,  which  decided  how  many 
months  of  school  they  wanted,  and  "whether  they  will  suffer  any  por- 
tion of  the  tax  for  the  support  of  such  school  to  be  raised  in  money, 
and.  if  so,  what  proportion."  This  was  certified  to  the  township  trus- 
tees, who  were  then  to  employ  a  teacher,  "Provided,  however,  that  no 
person  shall  be  employed  as  a  teacher  as  aforesaid,  until  he  shall  produce 
the  certificate  of  the  township  trustees,  that  they  have  examined  him 
touching  his  qualifications,  and  particularly  as  respects  his  knowledge  of 
the  English  language,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  and  that  in  their  opinion, 


870  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

he  will  be  a  useful  person  to  be  employed  as  a  teacher  in  said  school." 
This  was  substantially  the  system  followed  until  the  adoption  of  the 
school  law  of  1852,  with  some  amendments,  such  as  provision  for 
''examiners"  for  teachers,  in  1837.  These  were  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court,  but  their  cooperation  might  be  declined  by 
the  trustees  if  they  so  wished. 

The  only  "free"  feature  of  the  system  was  the  schoolhouse.  The 
patrons  paid  the  teacher,  or  rather  underpaid  him,  and  it  was  largely 
a  matter  of  chance  if  they  got  their  money 's  worth.  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs 
related  that  when  he  came  before  the  examiner,  the  first  question  asked 
was,  "What  is  the  product  of  25  cents  by  25  cents?"  It  was  a  stumper. 
There  was  no  such  "sum"  in  Pike's  Arithmetic,  which  he  had  studied. 
He  started  a  discussion,  and  found  that  the  examiner  thought  it  would 
be  6l/±  cents,  with  which  he  gracefully  coincided;  and  after  an  hour's 
further  conversation,  in  which  no  more  questions  were  asked,  he  was 
granted  his  license;  and  one  of  the  best  teachers  Indiana  ever  had  was 
saved  to  the  State.  Some  of  the  teachers  were  people  who  could  not 
earn  a  living  any  other  way,  on  account  of  physical  disability,  age,  or 
even  intemperance.  Judge  Banta,  who  made  a  very  full  investigation 
of  the  subject,  says :  ' '  All  sorts  of  teachers  were  employed  in  Johnson 
County.  There  was  the  'one-eyed  teacher';  the  'one-legged  teacher';  the 
'lame  teacher';  the  'single-handed  teacher';  the  teacher  who  had  'fits'; 
the  teacher  who  had  been  educated  for  the  ministry,  but  owing  to  his 
habits  of  hard  drink  had  turned  pedagogue ;  the  teacher  who  got  drunk 
on  Saturday  and  whipped  the  entire  .school  on  Monday.  Some  are 
remembered  for  the  excellence  of  their  teaching,  and  some  for  their 
rigorous  government.  Some  are  remembered  for  their  good  scholarship 
and  some  for  their  incompetency. "  9  It  was  much  the  same  everywhere. 
Their  wages  were  poor,  $10  to  $20  a  month,  and  ' '  boarded  around, ' '  for 
men,  and  half  of  that  for  women,  who  were  seldom  employed  at  all.  In 
1827,  Rev.  Isaac  Reed  wrote:  "The  State  is  not  districted;  and  the  com- 
mon schools  are  generally  cf  a  low  character,  when  compared  with  the 
schools  of  the  Northern  States.  Here  and  there  is  found  a  district,  where 
the  school  is  well  supported,  and  well  taught.  The  schools  are  nearly 
all  taueht  by  men.  It  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  a  woman  teaching  school."  10 
Most  of  the  parents  believed  in  whipping,  and  did  not  think  that  women 
could  control  the  larger  pupils. 

The  women  who  did  teach  usually  had  special  schools  for  girls,  or 
were  assistants  in  larger  schools,  as  at  New  Harmony.  It  is  a  relief  to 

»  History  Johnson  County,  p.  365 ;  see  als6  articles  by  Judge  Banta  in  Ind.  Mag. 
of  History,  Vol.  2. 

10  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  501. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


871 


turn  from  the  usual  condition  to  the  record  of  a  woman  teacher  who 
was  ideal.  At  Vevay,  Mrs.  Julia  L.  Dumont  was  the  teacher.  Years 
afterward,  one  of  her  pupils,  who  never  knew  but  two  men  teachers 
who  did  not  believe  in  corporal  punishment,  wrote  of  this  woman,  who 
never  resorted  to  it:  "As  a  school-mistress,  Mrs.  Dumont  deserves  im- 
mortality. She  knew  nothing  of  systems,  but  she  went  unerringly  to 


MRS.  JULIA  L.  DUMONT 

the  goal  by  pure  force  of  native  genius.  In  all  her  early  life  she  taught 
because  she  was  poor,  but  after  her  husband's  increasing  property  re- 
lieved her  from  necessity,  she  still  taught  school  from  love  of  it.  When 
she  was  past  sixty  years  old,  a  school-room  was  built  for  her  alongside 
her  residence,  which  was  one  of  the  best  in  the  town.  It  was  here  that 
I  first  knew  her,  after  she  had  already  .taught  two  generations  in  the 
place.  The  '  graded '  schools  had  been  newly  introduced,  and  no  man  was 
found  who  could,  either  in  acquirements  or  ability,  take  precedence  of 
the  venerable  school-mistress;  so  the  high-school  was  given  to  her.  I 

can  see  the  wonderful  old  lady  now,  as  she  was  then,  with  her  cape 
vol.  n— 20 


• 


870 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


he  will  be  a  useful  person  to  be  employed  as  a  teacher  iu  said  school." 
This  was  substantially  the  system  followed  until  the  adoption  of  the 
school  law  of  1852,  with  some  amendments,  such  as  provision  for 
"examiners"  for  teachers,  in  1837.  These  were  to  be  appointed  by  the 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court,  but  their  cooperation  might  be  declined  by 
the  trustees  if  they  so  wished. 

The  only  "free"  feature  of  the  system  was  the  schoolhouse.  The 
patrons  paid  the  teacher,  or  rather  underpaid  him,  and  it  was  largely 
a  matter  of  chance  if  they  got  their  money's  worth.  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs 
related  that  when  he  came  before  the  examiner,  the  first  question  asked 
was,  "What  is  the  product  of  25  cents  by  25  cents?"  It  was  a  stumper. 
There  was  no  such  "sum"  in  Pike's  Arithmetic,  which  he  had  studied. 
He  started  a  discussion,  and  found  that  the  examiner  thought  it  would 
be  6^4  cents,  with  which  he  gracefully  coincided;  and  after  an  hour's 
further  conversation,  in  which  no  more  questions  were  asked,  he  was 
granted  his  license ;  and  one  of  the  best  teachers  Indiana  ever  had  was 
saved  to  the  State.  Some  of  the  teachers  were  people  who  could  not 
earn  a  living  any  other  way,  on  account  of  physical  disability,  age,  or 
even  intemperance.  Judge  Banta,  who  made  a  very  full  investigation 
of  the  subject,  says:  "All  sorts  of  teachers  were  employed  in  Johnson 
County.  There  was  the  'one-eyed  teacher';  the  'one-legged  teacher';  the 
'lame  teacher';  the  'single-handed  teacher';  the  teacher  who  had  'fits'; 
the  teacher  who  had  been  educated  for  the  ministry,  but  owing  to  his 
habits  of  hard  drink  had  turned  pedagogue ;  the  teacher  who  got  drunk 
on  Saturday  and  whipped  the  entire  .school  on  Monday.  Some  are 
remembered  for  the  excellence  of  their  teaching,  and  some  for  their 
rigorous  government.  Some  are  remembered  for  their  good  scholarship 
and  some  for  their  incompetency. "  "  It  was  much  the  same  everywhere. 
Their  wages  were  poor,  $10  to  $20  a  month,  and  "boarded  around,"  for 
men,  and  half  of  that  for  women,  who  were  seldom  employed  at  all.  In 
1827,  Rev.  Isaac  Reed  wrote:  "The  State  is  not  districted;  and  the  com- 
mon schools  are  generally  cf  a  low  character,  when  compared  with  the 
schools  of  the  Northern  States.  Here  and  there  is  found  a  district,  where 
the  school  is  well  supported,  and  well  taught.  The  schools  are  nearly 
all  tauoht  by  men.  It  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  a  woman  teaching  school."  10 
Most  of  the  parents  believed  in  whipping,  and  did  not  think  that  women 
could  control  the  larger  pupils. 

The  women  who  did  teach  usually  had  special  schools  for  girls,  or 
were  assistants  in  larger  schools,  as  at  New  Harmony.  It  is  a  relief  to 


»  History  Johnson  County,  p.  365;   see  also  articles  by  Judge  Banta  in  Ind.  Mag. 
of  History,  Vol.  2. 

i"  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  501. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  871 

turn  from  the  usual  condition  to  the  record  of  a  woman  teacher  who 
was  ideal.  At  Vevay,  Mrs.  Julia  L.  Dumont  was  the  teacher.  Years 
afterward,  one  of  her  pupils,  who  never  knew  but  two  men  teachers 
who  did  not  believe  in  corporal  punishment,  wrote  of  this  woman,  who 
never  resorted  to  it:  "As  a  school-mistress,  Mrs.  Dumont  deserves  im- 
mortality. She  knew  nothing  of  systems,  but  she  went  unerringly  to 


. 


MRS.  JULIA  L.  DUMONT 

the  goal  by  pure  force  of  native  genius.  In  all  her  early  life  she  taught 
because  she  was  poor,  but  after  her  husband's  increasing  property  re- 
lieved her  from  necessity,  she  still  taught  school  from  love  of  it.  When 
she  was  past  sixty  years  old,  a  school-room  was  built  for  her  alongside 
her  residence,  which  was  one  of  the  best  in  the  town.  It  was  here  that 
I  first  knew  her,  after  she  had  already  taught  two  generations  in  the 
place.  The  'graded'  schools  had  been  newly  introduced,  and  no  man  was 
found  who  could,  either  in  acquirements  or  ability,  take  precedence  of 
the  venerable  school-mistress:  so  the  high-school  was  given  to  her.  I 
can  see  the  wonderful  old  lady  now,  as  she  was  then,  with  her  cape 

Vol.  11—20 


872  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

pinned  awry,  rocking  her  splint-bottom  chair  nervously  while  she  talked. 
Full  of  all  manner  of  knowledge,  gifted  with  something  very  like  elo- 
quence in  speech,  abounding  in  affection  for  her  pupils  and  enthusiasm 
in  teaching,  she  moved  us  strangely.  Being  infatuated  with  her,  we 
became  fanatic  in  our  pursuit  of  knowledge,  so  that  the  school  hours 
were  not  enough,  and  we  had  a  'lyceum'  in  the  evening  for  reading 
'compositions,'  and  a  club  for  the  study  of  history.  If  a  recitation 
became  very  interesting,  the  entire  school  would  sometimes  be  drawn 
into  the  discussion  of  the  subject;  all  other  lessons  went  to  the  wall, 
books  of  reference  were  brought  out  of  her  library,  hours  were  consumed, 
and  many  a  time  the  school  session  was  prolonged  until  darkness  forced 
us  reluctantly  to  adjourn. 

"Mrs.  Dumont  was  the  ideal  of  a  teacher  because  she  succeeded  in 
forming  character.  She  gave  her  pupils  unstinted  praise,  not  hypo- 
critically, but  because  she  lovingly  saw  the  best  in  every  one.  We  worked 
in  the  sunshine.  A  dull  but  industrious  pupil  was  praised  for  dili- 
gence, a  bright  pupil  for  ability,  a  good  one  for  general  excellence. 
The  dullards  got  more  than  their  share,  for  knowing  how  easily  such 
an  one  is  disheartened,  Mrs.  Dumont  went  out  of  her  way  to  praise 
the  first  show  of  success  in  a  slow  scholar.  She  treated  no  two  alike. 
She  was  full  of  all  sorts  of  knack  and  tact,  a  person  of  infinite  resource 
for  calling  out  the  human  spirit.  She  could  be  incredibly  severe  when 
it  was  needful,  and  no  overgrown  boy  whose  meanness  had  once  been 
analyzed  by  Mrs.  Dumont  ever  forgot  it.  I  remember  one  boy  with 
whom  she  had  taken  some  pains.  One  day  he  wrote  an  insulting  word 
about  one  of  the  girls  of  the  school  on  the  door  of  a  deserted  house. 
Two  of  us  were  deputized  by  the  other  boys  to  defend  the  girl  by  com- 
plaining of  him.  Mrs.  Dumont  took  her  seat  and  began  to  talk  to  him 
before  the  school.  The  talking  was  all  there  was  of  it,  but  I  think  I 
never  pitied  any  human  being  more  than  I  did  that  boy  as  she  showed 
him  his  vulgarity  and  his  meanness,  and,  as  at  last  in  the  climax  of  her 
indignation,  she  called  him  'a  miserable  hawbuck.'  At  another  time 
when  she  had  picked  a  piece  of  paper  from  the  floor  with  a  bit  of  pro- 
fanity written  on  it,  she  talked  about  it  until  the  whole  school  detected 
the  author  by  the  beads  of  perspiration  on  his  forehead."11 

It  should  be  added  also  that  much  of  the  school  teaching  was  by 
young  men  who  had  no  idea  of  remaining  teachers,  but  needed  money 
to  continue  their  education  for  lawyers,  or  doctors,  or  preachers.  In 
1861,  James  Sutherland  made  the  first  collection  of  biographical 
sketches  of  an  Indiana  legislature,  and  in  that  body  there  were  26 


1  Some  Western  Schoolmasters,  in  Scribner's  Magazine,  Vol.  17,  p.  747. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  873 

members  who  had  at  some  time  taught  school,  and  mentioned  it.  There 
were  probably  more  than  that,  as  many  of  the  sketches  were  evidently 
based  on  scant  information.  There  was  early  a  widespread  call  for 
better  teachers.  In  his  message  of  December  3,  1833,  Governor  Noble 
said:  "The  want  of  competent  persons  to  instruct  in  our  schools,  is  a 
cause  of  complaint  in  many  sections  of  the  State.  And  it  is  to  be  re- 
gretted that  in  employing  transient  persons  from  other  States,  combin- 
ing but  little  of  qualification  or  moral  character,  the  profession  is  not 
in  the  repute  it  should  be."  Possibly  this  was  an  echo  "of  a  movement 
that  was  already  on  foot  for  raising  the  professional  standard.  It  began 
as  a  New  England  missionary  movement,  awakened  by  the  appeals  of 
Isaac  Reed  and  others  to  ' '  come  over  into  Macedonia  and  help  us, ' '  and 
was  backed  by  the  Beechers  and  others  at  Cincinnati,  which  was  the 
educational,  as  well  as  the  literary  center  of  the  Ohio  Valley  in  early 
days.  There  was  organized  there,  in  1829,  the  "Academic  Institute," 
a  teachers'  association,  which  in  June,  1831,  called  a  convention  of  pro- 
fessional teachers  of  the  Ohio  Valley;  and  this  Convention  organized 
"The  Western  Literary  Institute  and  College  of  Professional  Teachers," 
whose  stated  object  was  announced  thus:  "Its  objects  shall  be  to  pro- 
mote, by  every  laudable  means,  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  in  regard  to 
Education,  and  especially  by  aiming  at  the  elevation  of  the  character  of 
Teachers  who  shall  have  adopted  Instruction  as  their  regular  profes- 
sion. ' '  This  organization  had  five  directors  from  each  of  the  States  con- 
nected with  it.  The  first  records  to  which  I  have  had  access  are  for 
1834,  when  the  Indiana  directors  were  Rev.  M.  A.  H.  Niles,  Professor 
of  Languages  at  Hanover ;  Prof.  John  H.  Harney,  of  Hanover,  William 
McKee  Dunn,  who  was  then  an  instructor  at  Bloomington;  John  I. 
Morrison,  of  the  Salem  Seminary ;  and  Rev.  J.  U.  Parsons,  President  of 
the  Teachers  Seminary  at  Madison.  In  1835  Dunn  and  Parsons  were 
replaced  by  Ebenezer  N.  Elliott  of  the  State  University  and  Moody 
Park  of  Madison.  In  1837  the  directors  were  increased  to  six,  those 
from  Indiana  being  J.  H.  Harney,  H.  McGuffey,  L.  H.  Parker,  J.  L. 
Holman,  Edmund  0.  Hovey  of  Crawfordsville,  and  President  Andrew 
Wylie  of  the  State  University.  In  1838,  Wylie  and  Holman  were  re- 
tained, with  J.  S.  Kemper,  A.  Keuler,  David  Stuart,  and  George  W. 
Julian,  who  was  then  teaching.  There  were  other  Indiana  teachers  in 
the  organization,  among  whom  were  J.  Thompson,  Samuel  Merrill  and 
J.  N.  Farnham,  in  1835;  and  Isaac  McCoy  and  William  Twining  in 
1837. 

These  names  introduce  the  most  notable  educational  activities  of 
Indiana  at  the  time.  The  State  Seminary,  as  it  was  then  called,  was 
opened  at  Bloomington,  in  1824,  with  Rev.  Baynard  R.  Hall,  as  sole 

_•-'•'•  ••-?•  *;..!' . 


874 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


teacher.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Union  College  and  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary.  He  had  13  pupils  the  first  year,  15  the  second,  and  21  the 
third;  and  taught  them  Latin  and  Greek,  at  a  salary  of  $250  a  year. 
He  is  best  known  to  the  present  by  his  sketch  of  his  Indiana  life,  "The 
New  Purchase,"  published  in  1846  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Robert 


CHARACTERISTIC  LETTER  OP  MRS.  DUMONT 

Carleton."  In  1828,  the  institution  was  chartered  as  a  college,  and  Rev. 
Andrew  Wylie,  a  class-mate  of  Gov.  William  Hendricks  at  Jefferson 
College,  was  made  President.  He  had  previously  been  President  of 
Jefferson  College,  and  of  Washington  College.  Hall  remained  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Ancient  Languages,  and  John  H.  Harney  was  added  to  the 
faculty  in  the  chair  of  Mathematics,  Philosophy  and  Chemistry.  The 
latter  two  resigned  in  1831,  and  were  replaced  by  Beaumont  Parks,  and 
Ebenezer  N.  Elliott.  The  delay  in  getting  the  State  Seminary  on  a 
higher  basis  did  not  suit  those  who  were  calling  for  education  for  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  875 

ministry ;  and  they  had  been  moving.  The  American  Annals  of  Educa- 
tion for  June,  1833,  contains  this  item:  "South  Hanover  College.  This 
is  a  Manual  Labor  School  where  the  industrious  student  may  defray,  by 
his  own  hands,  the  expenses  of  his  education.  It  comprises  a  Literary 
and  Theological  Department,  in  which  all  the  ordinary  branches  of 
language,  science  and  divinity  are  taught.  It  numbers  at  this  time  a 
President  and  five  Professors,  and  ninety-five  students.  In  1827,  this 
institution  commenced  its  operations  in  a  log  cabin,  16  by  18  feet,  with 
six  students  under  the  care  of  Rev.  John  F.  Crowe,  who  is  properly  the 
originator  of  the  whole  plan.  It  now  has  several  buildings  for  accommo- 
dating students,  the  largest  40  by  100  feet,  and  three  stories  high,  with 
a  good  farm  and  suitable  workshops."  But  John  Finley  Crowe  could 
not  have  started  his  institution  without  the  aid  of  Judge  Williamson 
Dunn,  who  donated  50  acres  of  land  for  it.  Judge  Dunn  took  great 
interest  in  education.  He  was  born  near  Danville,  Kentucky,  December 
25,  1781,  his  father,  Samuel  Dunn,  an  Irishman  who  had  fought  in 
Dunmore's  War  and  the  Revolution,  having  emigrated  from  Virginia. 
In  1809,  Williamson  came  to  Indiana,  and  located  where  Hanover  now 
is,  bringing  with  him  three  slaves,  whom  he  freed.  He  was  made  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  1811 ;  and  in 
1812  was  made  captain  of  a  company  of  Rangers,  in  which  were  included 
two  of  his  brothers,  and  two  brothers-in-law.  They  did  valuable  service 
through  the  war.  In  1814,  he  was  made  Associate  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court.  After  the  admission  of  the  State  he  was  a  member  of  the  first 
four  legislatures.  In  1820  he  was  made  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  for 
the  Terre  Haute  district.  He  and  Major  Whitlock  laid  out  the  town  of 
Crawfordsville,  and  the  Land  Office  was  removed  to  that  place  in  1823. 
Dunn  induced  Chester  Holbrook  to  come  up  from  Hanover  and  open 
the  first  school  at  Crawfordsville,  to  which  he  sent  his  six  children.  The 
Presbyterian  preachers  of  the  district  wanted  a  theological  college,  and 
he  offered  them  15  acres  at  Crawfordsville.  On  November  21,  1832,  nine 
Presbyterian  preachers  met  there  and  decided  to  start  the  school.  The 
next  day  they  held  a  public  meeting  to  inaugurate  the  movement:  and 
on  December  3,  1833,  the  Wabash  Manual  Labor  and  Teachers  Seminary 
was  opened  by  Caleb  Mills,  with  twelve  students.  Edmund  0.  Hovey 
went  east  to  raise  funds,  and  eventually  raised  $29,000  for  Wabash, 
which  put  it  in  the  nabob  class.  Meanwhile  Judge  Dunn's  sons  were 
being  educated  at  Bloomington,  and  William  McKee  Dunn,  the  most 
noted  of  them,  was  not  only  a  member  of  the  College  of  Teachers,  as 
mentioned  above,  but  was  always  a  good  friend  of  common  schools. 
William  McKee  Dunn  was  born  at  Hanover  December  12,  1814.  His 
elementary  education  was  in  a  log  schoolhouse  at  that  place,  with  greased 


874 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


teacher.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Union  College  and  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary.  He  had  13  pupils  the  first  year,  15  the  second,  and  21  the 
third ;  and  taught  them  Latin  and  Greek,  at  a  salary  of  $250  a  year. 
He  is  best  known  to  the  present  by  his  sketch  of  his  Indiana  life,  "The 
New  Purchase,"  published  in  1846  under  the  pseudonym  of  "Robert 


CHARACTERISTIC  LETTER  OF  MRS.  DUMONT 


Carleton."  In  1828,  the  institution  was  chartered  as  a  college,  and  Rev. 
Andrew  \Vylie,  a  class-mate  of  Gov.  William  Hendricks  at  Jefferson 
College,  was  made  President.  He  had  previously  been  President  of 
Jefferson  College,  and  of  Washington  College.  Hall  remained  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Ancient  Languages,  and  John  H.  Harney  was  added  to  the 
faculty  in  the  chair  of  Mathematics,  Philosophy  and  Chemistry.  The 
latter  two  resigned  in  1831,  and  were  replaced  by  Beaumont  Parks,  and 
Ebenezer  N.  Elliott.  The  delay  in  getting  the  State  Seminary  on  a 
higher  basis  did  not  suit  those  who  were  calling  for  education  for  the 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS  875 

ministry ;  and  they  had  been  moving.  The  American  Annals  of  Educa- 
tion for  June,  1833,  contains  this  item:  "South  Hanover  College.  This 
is  a  Manual  Labor  School  where  the  industrious  student  may  defray,  by 
his  own  hands,  the  expenses  of  his  education.  It  comprises  a  Literary 
and  Theological  Department,  in  which  all  the  ordinary  branches  of 
language,  science  and  divinity  are  taught.  It  numbers  at  this  time  a 
President,  and  five  Professors,  and  ninety-five  students.  In  1827,  this 
institution  commenced  its  operations  in  a  log  cabin,  16  by  18  feet,  with 
six  students  under  the  care  of  Rev.  John  F.  Crowe,  who  is  properly  the 
originator  of  the  whole  plan.  It  now  has  several  buildings  for  accommo- 
dating students,  the  largest  40  by  100  feet,  and  three  stories  high,  with 
a  good  farm  and  suitable  workshops."  But  John  Finley  Crowe  could 
not  have  started  his  institution  without  the  aid  of  Judge  Williamson 
Dunn,  who  donated  50  acres  of  land  for  it.  Judge  Dunn  took  great 
interest  in  education.  He  was  born  near  Danville,  Kentucky,  December 
25,  1781,  his  father,  Samuel  Dunn,  an  Irishman  who  had  fought  in 
Dunmore's  War  and  the  Revolution,  having  emigrated  from  Virginia. 
In  1809,  Williamson  came  to  Indiana,  and  located  where  Hanover  now 
is,  bringing  with  him  three  slaves,  whom  he  freed.  He  was  made  a 
Justice  of  the  Peace  and  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  1811 :  and  in 
1812  was  made  captain  of  a  company  of  Rangers,  in  which  were  included 
two  of  his  brothers,  and  two  brothers-in-law.  They  did  valuable  service 
through  the  war.  In  1814,  he  was  made  Associate  Judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court.  After  the  admission  of  the  State  he  was  a  member  of  the  first 
four  legislatures.  In  1820  he  was  made  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  for 
the  Terre  Haute  district.  He  and  Major  Whitlock  laid  out  the  town  of 
Crawfordsville,  and  the  Land  Office  was  removed  to  that  place  in  1823. 
Dunn  induced  Chester  Holbrook  to  come  up  from  Hanover  and  open 
the  first  school  at  Crawfordsville,  to  which  he  sent  his  six  children.  The 
Presbyterian  preachers  of  the  district  wanted  a  theological  college,  and 
he  offered  them  15  acres  at  Crawfordsville.  On  November  21,  1832,  nine 
Presbyterian  preachers  met  there  and  decided  to  start  the  school.  The 
next  day  they  held  a  public  meeting  to  inaugurate  the  movement :  and 
on  December  3,  1833,  the  Wabash  Manual  Labor  and  Teachers  Seminary 
was  opened  by  Caleb  Mills,  with  twelve  students.  Edmund  O.  Hovey 
went  east  to  raise  funds,  and  eventually  raised  $29,000  for  Wabash, 
which  put  it  in  the  nabob  class.  Meanwhile  Judge  Dunn's  sons  were 
being  educated  at  Bloomington,  and  William  McKee  Dunn,  the  most 
noted  of  them,  was  not  only  a  member  of  the  College  of  Teachers,  as 
mentioned  above,  but  was  always  a  good  friend  of  common  schools. 
William  McKee  Dunn  was  born  at  Hanover  Dec-ember  12,  1814.  His 
elementary  education  was  in  a  log  schoolhouse  at  that  place,  with  greased 


876 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


paper  windows,  and  puncheon  floors.  He  said  of  it,  in  an  address  at 
Hanover,  in  1883 :  ' '  The  masters  usually  were  Scotch  or  Irish,  who  be- 
lieved in  doing  a  good  day's  work  themselves,  and  required  the  children 
to  do  the  same.  Good  beech  switches  were  always  on  hand,  back  of 
the  teacher's  chair  ready  for  use,  and  I  can  bear  testimony  that  they 
were  used.  The  excitement  of  the  day  commenced  toward  the  close  of 


WILLIAM  McKEE  DUNN 

school  in  the  afternoon,  when  all  the  recitations  were  over  except  the 
spelling  lessons,  and  the  children  were  told  to  learn  them.  These  lessons 
we  were  permitted  to  learn  aloud,  and  then  Babel  was  turned  loose.  Every 
scholar,  with  his  spelling-book  in  hand,  spelled,  or  pretended  to  spell, 
the  words  at  the  very  top  of  his  voice.  We  almost  made  the  clapboards  on 
the  roof  rattle.  Sometimes  in  the  evening  the  older  boys  would  have 
exercises  in  dialogues  and  declamations.  I  can  now  almost  see  the  tallow- 
dips  and  the  lard,  Aladdin-shaped,  lamps  that  used  dimly  to  illuminate 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  877 

the  school-house  on  such  occasions."  After  graduating  at  the  State 
College,  he  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1835;  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
after  teaching  mathematics  at  Hanover  for  a  year.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1848,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1850.  He  served  in  Congress  from  1859  to  1863,  and 
then  became  Assistant  Judge  Advocate  General.  He  died  in  Maplewood, 
Virginia,  July  24,  1887. 

But  Hanover  was  not  the  only  place  on  the  school  map.  Another 
live  spot  was  Salem.  John  I.  Morrison  had  begun  teaching  in  Washing- 
ton County  in  1824,  and  so  had  James  G.  May,  and  they  had  good  back- 
ing. Perhaps  the  most  notable  champion  of  public  education  there  was 
John  H.  Farnham,  who  a  few  years  later  distinguished  himself  as  one  of 
the  incorporators,  and  the  first  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Society.  He  was  invited  to  make  the  Fourth  of  July  oration 
at  Salem  in  1826,  and  consented  on  condition  that  he  should  speak  on 
' '  The  necessity  of  a  public  school  system  in  Indiana. ' '  The  Fourth  was 
rainy,  but  the  old  Presbyterian  church  was  crowded  to  hear  him ;  and 
he  made  a  forcible  argument  for  free  schools  at  public  expense,  that  was 
far  in  advance  of  the  general  sentiment  of  the  day.  It  was  one  of 
Indiana's  misfortunes  that  he  was  a  victim  of  the  cholera  epidemic  of 
1833,  for  few  men  of  his  time  displayed  so  great  and  intelligent  public 
spirit  as  he.12  In  January,  1830,  Rev.  Andrew  "Wylie,  by  invitation 
of  the  Joint  Committee  on  Education,  addressed  the  Legislature  on 
education,  directing  his  remarks  to  higher  education ;  and  two  thousand 
copies  of  the  discourse  were  ordered  printed,  and  distributed  with  the 
laws.  In  the  same  year  the  Indiana  Branch  of  the  Presbyterian  Educa- 
tion Society  was  organized.  It  was  chiefly  interested  in  educating  young 
men  for  the  ministry,  and  did  not  publish  a  report  until  its  annual  meet- 
ing at  Crawfordsville,  October  17,  1832.  At  that  time  its  President  was 
Judge  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  with  a  long  list  of  Vice  Presidents,  Directors, 
and  committees.  Its  receipts,  at  that  time,  had  been  $578.10,  and  dis- 
bursements $503.50.  It  had  over  400  members,  and  had  found  ' '  perhaps 
eleven  or  twelve"  young  men  who  desired  to  educate  themselves  for  the 
work.  The  first  step  of  organized  work  for  common  schools,  was  the 
meeting,  at  Madison,  Sept.  3d  and  4th,  1833,  "according  to  appoint- 
ment of  the  Prudential  Committee,"  of  the  "Association  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Common  Schools  in  Indiana."  The  officers  of  this  pioneer 
society  were,  President,  Hon.  Wm.  Hendricks;  Vice  Presidents,  Hon. 
Jesse  L.  Holman,  Hon.  S.  C.  Stevens,  James  Blythe,  D.  D.,  Dr.  E.  F. 
Pabody,  Rev.  J.  M.  Dickey,  Hon.  Benj.  Parke,  Hon.  M.  C.  Eggleston, 


12  Stevens  Hist.  Washington  County,  p.  335. 


876 


• 

INDIANA  AND  LNDIANANS 


paper  windows,  and  puncheon  floors.  He  said  of  it,  in  an  address  at 
Hanover,  in  1883:  "The  masters  usually  were  Scotch  or  Irish,  who  be- 
lieved in  doing  a  good  day 's  work  themselves,  and  required  the  children 
to  do  the  same.  Good  beech  switches  were  always  on  hand,  back  of 
the  teacher's  chair  ready  for  use,  and  I  can  bear  testimony  that  they 
were  used.  The  excitement  of  the  day  commenced  toward  the  close  of 


\VIU.IAM  McKEE  DUNN 


school  in  the  afternoon,  when  all  the  recitations  were  over  except  the 
spelling  lessons,  and  the  children  were  told  to  learn  them.  These  lessons 
we  were  permitted  to  learn  aloud,  and  then  Babel  was  turned  loose.  Every 
scholar,  with  his  spelling-book  in  hand,  spelled,  or  pretended  to  spell, 
the  words  at  the  very  top  of  his  voice.  We  almost  made  the  clapboards  on 
the  roof  rattle.  Sometimes  in  the  evening  the  older  boys  would  have 
exercises  in  dialogues  and  declamations.  I  can  now  almost  see  the  tallow- 
dips  and  the  lard,  Aladdin-shaped,  lamps  that  used  dimly  to  illuminate 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  877 

the  school-house  on  such  occasions."  After  graduating  at  the  State 
College,  he  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1835;  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
after  teaching  mathematics  at  Hanover  for  a  year.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1848,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1850.  He  served  in  Congress  from  1859  to  1863,  and 
then  became  Assistant  Judge  Advocate  General.  He  died  in  Maplewood, 
Virginia,  July  24,  1887. 

But  Hanover  was  not  the  only  place  on  the  school  map.  Another 
live  spot  was  Salem.  John  I.  Morrison  had  begun  teaching  in  Washing- 
ton County  in  1824,  and  so  had  James  G.  May,  and  they  had  good  back- 
ing. Perhaps  the  most  notable  champion  of  public  education  there  was 
John  H.  Farnham,  who  a  few  years  later  distinguished  himself  as  one  of 
the  incorporators,  and  the  first  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Society.  He  was  invited  to  make  the  Fourth  of  July  oration 
at  Salem  in  1826,  and  consented  on  condition  that  he  should  speak  on 
"The  necessity  of  a  public  school  system  in  Indiana."  The  Fourth  was 
rainy,  but  the  old  Presbyterian  church  was  crowded  to  hear  him ;  and 
he  made  a  forcible  argument  for  free  schools  at  public  expense,  that  was 
far  in  advance  of  the  general  sentiment  of  the  day.  It  was  one  of 
Indiana's  misfortunes  that  he  was  a  victim  of  the  cholera  epidemic  of 
1833,  for  few  men  of  his  time  displayed  so  great  and  intelligent  public 
spirit  as  he.12  In  January,  1830,  Rev.  Andrew  Wylie,  by  invitation 
of  the  Joint  Committee  on  Education,  addressed  the  Legislature  on 
education,  directing  his  remarks  to  higher  education ;  and  two  thousand 
copies  of  the  discourse  were  ordered  printed,  and  distributed  with  the 
laws.  In  the  same  year  the  Indiana  Branch  of  the  Presbyterian  Educa- 
tion Society  was  organized.  It  was  chiefly  interested  in  educating  young 
men  for  the  ministry,  and  did  not  publish  a  report  until  its  annual  meet- 
ing at  Crawfordsville,  October  17,  1832.  At  that  time  its  President  was 
Judge  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  with  a  long  list  of  Vice  Presidents,  Directors, 
and  committees.  Its  receipts,  at  that  time,  had  been  $578.10,  and  dis- 
bursements $503.50.  It  had  over  400  members,  and  had  found  "perhaps 
eleven  or  twelve"  young  men  who  desired  to  educate  themselves  for  the 
work.  The  first  step  of  organized  work  for  common  schools,  was  the 
meeting,  at  Madison,  Sept.  3d  and  4th,  1833,  "according  to  appoint- 
ment of  the  Prudential  Committee,"  of  the  "Association  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Common  Schools  in  Indiana."  The  officers  of  this  pioneer 
society  were,  President,  Hon.  Wni.  Hendricks ;  Vice  Presidents,  Hon. 
Jesse  L.  Holman,  Hon.  S.  C.  Stevens,  James  Blythe,  D.  D.,  Dr.  E.  F. 
Pabody,  Rev.  J.  M.  Dickey,  Hon.  Benj.  Parke,  Hon.  M.  C.  Eggleston, 


12  Stevens  Hist.  Washington  County,  p.  335. 


878  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

John  Matthews,  D.  D.,  and  A.  Wylie,  D.  D. ;  Board  of  Directors,  J. 
Sullivan,  Esq.,  J.  W.  Cunningham,  J.  H.  Harney,  M.  H.  Wilder,  Dr. 
TV.  B.  Goodhue,  Hon.  John  Sering,  Rev.  R.  Ransom,  A.  Andrews,  Esq., 
C.  P.  J.  Arion,  M.  A.  H.  Niles,  Hon.  Williamson  Dunn,  James  Goodhue, 
Esq.,  Hon.  John  Dumont,  Rev.  S.  Gregg,  Rev.  J.  T.  Wells,  and  Jesse 
Mavity ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  J.  U.  Parsons ;  Recording  Secre- 
tary, Rev.  J.  H.  Johnston;  Treasurer,  Dr.  John  Howes.  There  were 
speeches  by  N.  B.  Palmer  and  John  Dumont,  but  the  most  interesting 
feature  was  the  report  from  Parsons,  who  had  been  making  some  investi- 
gations. Among  other  things,  he  reported :  "In  nine  townships  from 
which  a  full  tabular  report  was  returned,  containing  about  3,000  children 
between  5  and  15  years  of  age,  only  919  attended  school  last  year,  and  the 
larger  part  of  those  for  three  months  only.  But  one  in  six  are  able 
to  read;  one  in  nine  to  write;  one  in  sixteen  have  studied  arithmetic; 
one  in  one  hundred  geography,  and  one  in  one  hundred  and  forty-five 
grammar.  By  an  interesting  document  received  from  Judge  Parks  of 
Salem,  the  persevering  friend  of  common  education,  we  are  informed 
that  in  the  three  counties  of  Washington,  Jackson  and  Lawrence,  con- 
taining a  population  of  27,000,  only  1,521  attend  school  in  summer,  and 
2,433  in  winter."  As  to  the  character  of  the  teachers,  many  of  whom 
were  reported  as  dissipated,  profane,  or  immoral,  he  waxed  eloquent, 
saying:  "Let  the  drunkard  stand  in  the  sacred  desk  and  sport  with 
God's  truth,  but  let  not  his  tainted  breath  sweep  over  my  children.  Let 
the  profane  blasphemer  mock  my  devotions,  but  set  a  wall  of  adamant 
between  him  and  my  child.  Bring  the  debauchee  to  my  table  and  fire- 
side, where  parental  restraint  will  curb  his  licentiousness,  but  let  him 
never  stand  accredited  before  my  unprotected  little  ones." 

Organization  in  behalf  of  special  schools  became  quite  common,  the 
legislature  incorporating  on  request  "school  societies"  of  people  who 
desired  to  establish  seminaries  and  other  educational  institutions.  Gov- 
ernor Noble  took  an  active  interest  in  the  subject.  In  1836  he  appointed 
John  Dumont  to  prepare  a  revision  of  the  school  law,  which  he  did,  and 
reported  on  December  20  of  that  year.  A  thousand  copies  were  ordered 
printed,  and  the  report  was  largely  the  basis  of  the  amendments  of  that 
year,  and  the  general  revision  of  the  school  law  in  1837.  Governor  Noble 
also  called  a  convention  of  the  friends  of  education,  which  was  held  on 
January  3,  1837,  with  "Gov.  Noble  as  President;  Rev.  Dr.  Wylie  and 
Hon.  Isaac  Blackford  Vice  Presidents,  and  Rev.  James  W.  McKennon 
and  Professor  Dunn,  Secretaries."  Several  resolutions  were  adopted, 
and  "on  mention  of  Mr.  Dumont,  Senator  from  Switzerland,  who  has 
done  more  for  free  schools  than  any  other  man  in  Indiana,  they  were 
referred  to  a  committee,  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature,  based 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


879 


upon  the  resolutions,  which  was  afterwards  brought  in,  discussed  and 
adopted."  The  plan  proposed  was  to  have  a  superintendent  of  schools 
in  each  judicial  circuit,  who  jointly  should  constitute  a  Board  of  Educa- 
tion for  the  State;  reports  from  the  trustees;  and  the  appropriation  of 
the  surplus  revenues,  one-half  to  the  common  schools  and  the  other  half 
to  the  seminaries.  The  first  general  taxation  for  the  schools  had  been 


PRESIDENT  ANDREW  WYLIE 


provided  by  the  law  of  1836;  which  imposed  a  poll  tax  of  12l/o  cents, 
and  appropriated  5  per  cent  of  the  State  revenues,  for  school  purposes. 
The  imposing  feature  of  the  1837  convention,  at  the  time,  was  an  address 
by  Rev.  Andrew  Wylie  on  Common  School  Education ;  and  it  is  not  bad 
doctrine  today,  though  many  would  take  exception  to  his  ideas  of  the 
education  of  girls,  at  least  in  universal  application,  even  if  approved 
for  the  masses.  As  to  this  he  said : 
"Our  females  must  be  taught  in  the  first  place  how  to  keep  house.  I 


878 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


John  Matthews,  D.  I).,  and  A.  Wylie,  D.  D. ;  Board  of  Directors,  J. 
Sullivan,  Esq.,  J.  \V.  Cunningham,  J.  H.  Harney,  M.  H.  Wilder,  Dr. 
W.  B.  Goodhue,  Hon.  John  Sering,  Rev.  R.  Ransom,  A.  Andrews,  Esq., 
C.  P.  J.  Arion,  M.  A.  H.  Niles,  Hon.  Williamson  Dunn,  James  Goodhue, 
Esq.,  Hon.  John  Dumont,  Rev.  S.  Gregg,  Rev.  J.  T.  Wells,  and  Jesse 
Mavity ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  J.  U.  Parsons ;  Recording  Secre- 
tary, Rev.  J.  H.  Johnston ;  Treasurer,  Dr.  John  Howes.  There  were 
speeches  by  N.  B.  Palmer  and  John  Dumont,  but  the  most  interesting 
feature  was  the  report  from  Parsons,  who  had  been  making  some  investi- 
gations. Among  other  things,  he  reported :  "In  nine  townships  from 
which  a  full  tabular  report  was  returned,  containing  about  3,000  children 
between  5  and  15  years  of  age,  only  919  attended  school  last  year,  and  the 
larger  part  of  those  for  three  months  only.  But  one  in  six  are  able 
to  read ;  one  in  nine  to  write ;  one  in  sixteen  have  studied  arithmetic ; 
one  in  one  hundred  geography,  and  one  in  one  hundred  and  forty-five 
grammar.  By  an  interesting  document  received  from  Judge  Parks  of 
Salem,  the  persevering  friend  of  common  education,  we  are  informed 
that  in  the  three  counties  of  Washington,  Jackson  and  Lawrence,  con- 
taining a  population  of  27,000,  only  1,521  attend  school  in  summer,  and 
2,433  in  winter."  As  to  the  character  of  the  teachers,  many  of  whom 
were  reported  as  dissipated,  profane,  or  immoral,  he  waxed  eloquent, 
saying:  "Let  the  drunkard  stand  in  the  sacred  desk  and  sport  with 
God's  truth,  but  let  not  his  tainted  breath  sweep  over  my  children.  Let 
the  profane  blasphemer  mock  my  devotions,  but  set  a  wall  of  adamant 
between  him  and  my  child.  Bring  the  debauchee  to  my  table  and  fire- 
side, where  parental  restraint  will  curb  his  licentiousness,  but  let  him 
never  stand  accredited  before  my  unprotected  little  ones." 

Organization  in  behalf  of  special  schools  became  quite  common,  the 
legislature  incorporating  on  request  "school  societies"  of  people  who 
desired  to  establish  seminaries  and  other  educational  institutions.  Gov- 
ernor Noble  took  an  active  interest  in  the  subject.  In  1836  he  appointed 
John  Dumont  to  prepare  a  revision  of  the  school  law,  which  he  did,  and 
reported  on  December  20  of  tkat  year.  A  thousand  copies  were  ordered 
printed,  and  the  report  was  largely  the  basis  of  the  amendments  of  that 
year,  and  the  general  revision  of  the  school  law  in  1837.  Governor  Noble 
also  called  a  convention  of  the  friends  of  education,  which  was  held  on 
January  3,  1837,  with  "Gov.  Noble  as  President;  Rev.  Dr.  Wylie  and 
Hon.  Isaac  Blaekford  Vice  Presidents,  and  Rev.  James  W.  McKennon 
and  Professor  Dunn,  Secretaries."  Several  resolutions  were  adopted, 
and  "on  mention  of  Mr.  Dumont,  Senator  from  Switzerland,  who  has 
done  more  for  free  schools  than  any  other  man  in  Indiana,  they  were 
referred  to  a  committee,  to  prepare  a  memorial  to  the  Legislature,  based 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


879 


upon  the  resolutions,  which  was  afterwards  brought  in,  discussed  and 
adopted."  The  plan  proposed  was  to  have  a  superintendent  of  schools 
in  each  judicial  circuit,  who  jointly  should  constitute  a  Board  of  Educa- 
tion for  the  State ;  reports  from  the  trustees ;  and  the  appropriation  of 
the  surplus  revenues,  one-half  to  the  common  schools  and  the  other  half 
to  the  seminaries.  The  first  general  taxation  for  the  schools  had  been 


PRESIDENT  ANDREW  WYLIE 


provided  by  the  law  of  1836,  which  imposed  a  poll  tax  of  12V2  cents, 
and  appropriated  5  per  cent  of  the  State  revenues,  for  school  purposes. 
The  imposing  feature  of  the  1837  convention,  at  the  time,  was  an  address 
by  Rev.  Andrew  Wylie  on  Common  School  Education ;  and  it  is  not  bad 
doctrine  today,  though  many  would  take  exception  to  his  ideas  of  the 
education  of  girls,  at  least  in  universal  application,  even  if  approved 
for  the  masses.  As  to  this  he  said: 

"Our  females  must  be  taxight  in  the  first  place  how  to  keep  house.     I 


1 


880  INDIANA  A^D  INDIANANS 

speak  designedly  in  homely  phrase,  because  it  suits  my  subject,  and  I 
want  to  express  myself  briefly  and  yet  intelligibly  to  all.  Let  those  who 
prefer  elegance  to  comfort,  and  who  can  afford  the  expense  of  such 
folly,  teach  their  daughters  Languages,  ancient  and  modern,  Painting 
and  Instrumental  Music,  Poetry  and  Rhetoric,  Oratory  and  Calisthenics 
— and  they  may  add  if  they  please  Mechanics,  Mensuration,  Trigonome- 
try, Astronomy,  Hydrostatics,  Hydraulics,  Optics — Natural  Philosophy 
in  all  its  branches — Chemistry,  Physiology,  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy, 
the  science  of  Government,  Political  Economy,  Grammar,  Logic,  Phi- 
lology, Sculpture,  Architecture  and  the  art  of  Landscape,  Phrenology, 
and  whatever  else  they  please — but  since  every  man  who  wants  a  wife, 
and  who  has  not  the  stomach  of  an  ostrich,  can  not  long  be  pleased  with 
a  woman  who,  when  he  comes  home  hungry  and  tired,  serves  him  up 
a  dish  of  biscuit,  in  color,  form  and  weight  resembling  long  bullets,  with 
other  articles  of  food,  good  it  may  be  in  the  material,  but  miserably 
spoiled  in  the  preparation ;  since,  I  say,  this  is  clear,  to  a  demonstratio'n, 
then  it  follows  that  every  young  female  should  know  how  to  bake  a  loaf 
of  bread.  0  what  virtue  there  is  in  a  well  raised,  well  baked,  three  days 
old  wheaten  loaf !  Blessings  on  the  heart  and  head  and  hands  of  those 
mothers  in  Israel,  who,  when  young,  learned  so  much  of  the  art  of  Chy- 
mestry — and  disdained  not  to  add  thereto  so  much-  of  the  still  more 
needful  art  of  kneading  and  baking,  as  is  necessary  to  the  production  of 
the  precious  article.  Ladies,  I  do  not  trifle.  To  be  poisoned  is  a  serious 
matter;  and  poisoned  that  man  is  sure  to  be,  and  his  children  too,  whose 
wife  is  a  slattern  and  unskilled  in  the  culinary  art.  I  need  not  insist 
on  what  every  one  must  have  observed,  that  indigestion,  with  those  numer- 
ous diseases  which  spring  from  it,  and  spread  misery  and  death  among 
so  many  families,  has  its  origin,  chiefly,  in  their  habit  of  feeding  on 
things  which  kind  nature  indeed  designed  for  the  use  of  man,  but  in 
regard  to  which  nature  has  been  baffled  and  her  designs  frustrated  by  the 
cook.  But  on  this  I  do  insist,  that  much  of  that  intemperance,  which 
has  broken  the  heart  of  so  many  females  throughout  the  land,  may  be 
traced  to  the  same  source.  The  hungry  man  eats,  but  he  eats  indigestibles. 
The  pain  of  appetite  is  indeed  stayed,  but  his  stomach  feels  another  pain, 
from  having  to  act  upon  that,  which  to  master  is  a  task  too  hard  for 
stomach  of  man  or  dog,  and  the  miserable  sufferer  goes  to  the  bottle  for 
relief,  and  is  undone. ' '  Of  course  we  can  all  see  a  thread  of  truth  in  this ; 
but  if  Andrew  could  come  back  and  see  the  institution  over  which  he 
presided  a  coeducational  university,  his  ghost  would  probably  turn  a 
shade  paler.  The  address  certainly  met  full  approval  when  delivered, 
for  the  Senate  ordered  two  thousand  copies  printed. 

Contemporary  with  this  convention  was  another  event  of  great  im- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


881 


portance — the  establishment  of  an  educational  journal  in  Indiana — and 
indeed  the  only  preserved  account  of  the  Convention  is  in  the  first 
number  of  that  journal.  This  was  the  Common  School  Advocate,  an 
eight  page  monthly  quarto,  published  at  Madison,  by  William  Twining. 
The  correspondent  who  reported  the  Convention  for  him  wrote:  "I 
ought  to  have  mentioned  that  your  enterprise  was  recommended  by 


PROP.  WILLIAM  TWINING 

vote  of  the  Convention,  and  what  was  better,  by  individual  pledges  for 
from  one  to  twenty  copies  of  the  paper."  Among  the  subscribers  was 
"Uncle  Jimmy"  Blake,  of  Indianapolis,  who  was  an  untiring  worker 
for  free  schools,  and  who  took  ten  copies  of  the  Advocate.  It  is  due  to 
that  fact  that  the  only  known  copy  of  the  paper  is  preserved  in  the  State 
Library,  as  well  as  some  of  the  other  educational  documents  that  have 
been  quoted  above.  James  Blake  is  amply  remembered  in  local  histories 
for  many  good  works  performed  in  a  modest,  unobtrusive  way,  but  his 


882  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

work  for  schools,  and  his  instrumentality  in  preserving  historical  matter, 
have  never  been  appreciated  as  they  deserve.  Strange  to  say  Twining 
has  been  entirely  overlooked  by  historians.  Prof.  Boone,  in  his  extensive 
and  valuable  "History  of  Education  in  Indiana,"  does  not  even  mention 
his  name,  nor  does  Prof.  Smart,  in  his  "Indiana  Schools  and  the  Men 
who  have  Worked  in  Them,"  As  I  know  of  no  account  of  him  in  any 
Indiana  publication,  I  give  in  full  the  following  biographical  information, 
furnished  by  his  granddaughter,  Miss  Katharine  T.  Moody,' of  the  St. 
Louis  Public  Library : 

"Rev.  William  Twining  was  the  son  of  Stephen  Twining,  Treasurer 
of  Yale  College,  and  Almira  Catlin.  He  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Dec.  9,  1805;  attended  Phillips  Academy  at  Andover,  Mass.,  and  Yale 
College,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution  in  1825.  His  theological 
training  was  received  at  thex  seminaries  at  Yale  and  Andover,  1826-1827. 
In  1828  he  began  his  ministerial  work  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  and  on  Jan.  6, 
1830,  was  ordained  as  evangelist  at  Great  Falls,  New  Hampshire.  At  this 
place  a  local  custom,  it  seemg,  conferred  upon  the  most  recently  married 
man  the  honorary  title  of  "Hog  Reeve," — accordingly  the  marriage  of 
William  Twining  to  Margaret  Eliza  Johnson,  in  New  York  City,  June 
1,  1830,  brought  this  somewhat  doubtful  distinction  to  him.  Mrs.  Twin- 
ing was  a  daughter  of  Horace  Johnson  and  Catharine  Thorn,  a  grand- 
daughter of  Jonathan  Thorn  and  Catharine  Livingston,  of  New  York. 
In  1831  William  Twining  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Appleton 
St.,  now  Eliot  Congregational  Church,  at  Lowell,  Mass.  In  1835  he 
was  obliged,  on  account  of  failure  of  his  voice,  to  resign  from  the  ministry, 
and,  in  1836,  he  moved  to  Indiana  to  undertake  educational  work.  His 
first  stopping  place,  was  at  Rising  Sun,  but  a  little  later  he  settled  at 
Madison,  where  he  conducted  a  school  for  girls  from  1836  to  1843.  He 
returned  in  1843  to  New  England  hi  the  effort  to  raise  money  for  Wabash 
College.  From  1843  to  1854  he  was  professor  of  Mathematics,  Natural 
Philosophy  and  Astronomy  in  Wabash  college.  From  1859  to  1863  he 
.acted  as  temporary  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Beardstown, 
111.,  removing,  in  1863,  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.  William  Twining  was  a  strong 
temperance  advocate  and  abolitionist,  and  was  actively  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  "underground  railroad" — frequently  giving  aid  to  the 
unfortunate  negroes  who  passed  through  the  state.  His  death  occurred 
at  Webster  Groves,  Mo.,  a  suburb  of  St.  Louis,  June  5,  1884;  Mrs.  Twin- 
ing died  there  Oct.  15,  1873.  He  published  in  1877-,  a  book  of  public 
worship  entitled  "Antiphonal  Psalter  and  Liturgies."  His  children 
were:  Almira  Catlin,  born  July  1,  1831,  married  Rev.  Charles  Marshall  of 
Crawfordsville  and  Indianapolis;  Edward  Henry,  born  at  Lowell,  Oct. 
3.  1833,  married  Harriet  Sperry,  Professor  at  University  of  Minnesota 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  883 

and  University  of  Missouri,  Secretary  of  the  Mississippi  River  Com- 
mission, he  served  as  Captain  in  the  Civil  War;  Catharine  Anna,  born 
at  Madison,  Ind.,  March  1,  1837,  married  Charles  Dummer  Moody;13 
William  Johnson,  born  at  Madison,  Ind.,  Aug.  2,  1839,  graduated  from 
West  Point,  was  Major  of  Engineers,  served  in  the  Civil  War,  Acting 
Astronomer  Northern  'Boundary  Survey,  one  of  the  Commissioners  of 
the  District  of  Columbia;  Helen  Elizabeth,  born  at  Madison,  Ind.,  July 
26,  1841,  married  Edwin  Joy;  Charles  Ormond,  born  at  Crawfordsville, 
Ind.,  Sept.  28,  1845;  Mary  Evelyn,  born  at  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  Dec. 
3,  1847. 

T wining 's  paper  was  not  only  an  early  common  school  journal  for 
Indiana  but  also  for  the  United  States.  There  were  earlier  educational 
journals — the  Academician,  1818-23;  the  American  Journal  of  Educa- 
tion, 1826-30 ;  and  the  American  Annals  of  Education,  1830-39 ;  but  the 
first  journal  devoted  to  common  schools  was  the  Common  School  Assist- 
ant, established  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  by  J.  Orville  Taylor,  in  1836.  The 
common  school  movement  was  arousing  the  whole  country,  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 1837,  three  papers  devoted  to  their  advocacy  appeared,  one  each  in 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  and  curiously  enough  all  three  took  the 
same  name,  of  the  Common  School  Advocate.  The  Illinois  paper  was 
published  at  Jacksonville,  and  stated  that  it  was  edited  "by  a  few 
literary  gentlemen  who,  from  their  deep  interest  in  the  subject,  gener- 
ously volunteered  their  services  for  one  year  without  remuneration." 
The  editorship,  however,  has  been  ascribed  to  Rev.  Theron  Baldwin.14 
In  his  first  number,  Twining  took  a  stand  against  corporal  punishment, 
citing  the  example  of  a  teacher  who  had  recently  died  in  Germany,  of 
whom  it  was  computed  that  in  fifty-one  years  of  teaching,  he  had  given 
"911,500  canings,  124,000  floggings,  209,000  custodes,  136,000  tips  with 
the  ruler,  10,200  boxes  on  the  ear,  and  22,700  tasks  to  get  by  heart."  It 
was  further  calculated  that  he  "had  made  700  boys  stand  on  peas,  600 
kneel  on  a  sharp  edge  of  wood,  5,000  wear  the  fool's  cap,  and  1,708  hold 
the  rod."  In  February  he  published  an  article  advocating  women 
teachers,  avowing  that,  "It  has  been  thought  by  some  judicious  persons, 
that  females  make  the  best  teachers,  and  that  a  large  supply  might  be 
secured  in  every  State  and  County."  This  was  very  advanced  doctrine 
for  the  time.  In  the  same  number  he  printed  the  address  to  the  people 
which  had  been  ordered  by  the  convention  in  January.  In  February 
and  March  he  printed  a  plan  for  a  public  school  system,  one  feature  of 
which  was  a  Secretary  of  Public  Instruction.  In  April  he  announced 


is  Catharine   Anna   Twining  had   local  celebrity   as   a   singer;    and   appeared   in 
concerts  at  Indianapolis  and  elsewhere,  see  Hist.  Indianapolis,  p.  530. 
i<  Pubs.  Hist.  Library,  111.  Vol.  10,  p.  333. 


884  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

that  he  had  undertaken  to  establish  a  teachers'  seminary  at  Madison,  and 
said :  ' '  The  name  of  the  seminary  is  the  Madison  Preceptoral  Institute ; 
a  name  chosen  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Indiana  Teachers'  Seminary, 
formerly  located  six  miles  from  this  town,  now  in  Rising  Sun. ' '  In  May 
he  printed  the  proceedings  of  an  Education  Convention  held  at  Madison, 
at  which  the  memorial  of  the  State  convention  to  the  legislature  was 
read  and  discussed.  That  memorial  asked  the  appointment  of  a  salaried 
Board  of  Education.  One  gentleman  presented  the  status  of  the  common 
school  question,  as  follows:  "This  memorial  did  not  receive  the  atten- 
tion which  it  deserved  from  the  Legislature,  because  the  subject  of 
internal  improvements  occupied  the  first  place,  and  because  certain 
politicians,  whose  political  existence  was  identified  with  the  prosecution 
of  the  public  works,  although  professedly  in  favor  of  education,  had 
suffered  it  to  be  passed  by  as  a  secondary  matter,  and  had  thereby  de- 
prived the  people,  for  at  least  one  year,  of  the  benefits  of  a  school  system. 
That  there  was  danger  of  the  same  thing  another  year ;  that  the  friends 
of  education  should  therefore  be  prepared  to  unite  their  efforts,  and  to 
urge  the  plan  proposed,  if  it  be  the  best  one,  upon  the  attention  of  the 
Legislature,  at  its  next  session.  That  the  only  point  upon  which  they 
were  likely  to  differ  in  the  plan  proposed  in  the  memorial,  was  that 
which  related  to  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  education,  in  preference 
•  to  a  Secretary  of  public  instruction,  or  to  the  continuance  of  the  pres- 
ent system,  modified  and  improved." 

There  is  no  room  for  question  that  the  one  great  obstacle  to  a  radical 
improvement  of  the  common  schools  was  the  internal  improvement  sys- 
tem. Twining,  and  other  advocates  of  education  argued  that  the  educa-. 
tion  of  the  rising  generation  was  of  more  importance  than  digging  canals ; 
but  their  arguments  fell  on  deaf  ears.  The  people  wanted  better  trans- 
portation, and  were  determined  to  have  it.  Besides,  when  the  canals 
and  railroads  were  in  operation  the  State  would  have  revenues  from  them 
that  would  take  care  of  the  schools  and  everything  else  that  was  desirable. 
When  the  bubble  burst,  the  situation  was  as  bad,  or  worse.  The  State 
was  hopelessly  in  debt,  and  the  burden  of  taxation  was  too  great  to  add 
anything  that  could  be  avoided;  and  so  the  securing  of  any  effective 
reform  was  put  off  year  after  year,  and  the  percentage  of  illiteracy  grew 
slowly  but  steadily.  The  only  consoling  feature  of  the  situation  was  that 
it  was  creating  a  condition  that  finally  forced  the  public  to  act. 

Notwithstanding  the  involved  financial  condition  of  the  State,  on 
account  of  the  internal  improvement  system,  the  friends  of  education 
kept  up  their  work  for  better  common  schools.  On  January  2,  1839, 
they  met  in  convention  at  Indianapolis,  with  Gov.  "Wallace  as  President, 
and  E.  0.  Hovey  and  J.  M.  Ray  as  secretaries.  On  the  evening  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


885 


2d  addresses  were  made  by  Rev.  A.  F.  Tilton,  of  Indiana  Franklin  In- 
stitute, and  Rev.  Samuel  K.  Hoshour,  of  Centreville  Academy ;  and  on 
the  3d  by  Rev.  Edmund  0.  Hovey  of  Wabash,  and  Prof.  Beaumont 
Parks,  of  Indiana  College.  This  convention  decided  to  adopt  a  con- 
stitution, and  establish  a  Central  Board  of  Correspondence,  which  should 
collect  statistics,  and  report  to  the  next  annual  convention,  to  enable 


SAMUEL  K.  HOSHOUR 


it  "to  take  some  definite  measures  to  improve  the  system  of  common 
school  education  in  Indiana."  It  also  appointed  a  committee  to  recom- 
mend a  series  of  text-books  for  use  in  the  schools;  and  a  committee  to 
petition  the  legislature  to  provide  for  a  Superintendent  of  Common 
Schools.  The  constitution  adopted  made  the  Governor  of  Indiana  the 
President  of  the  association,  the  Secretary  of  State  Secretary,  and  the 
Treasurer  of  State  Treasurer,  if  these  officials  would  consent  to  serve. 
Anyone  who  desired  might  enroll  as  a  member,  and  annual  meetings 


886  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

were  to  be  held  on  the  third  Wednesday  after  the  assembling  of  the  legis- 
lature. It  provided  for  a  committee  on  ways  and  means,  a  committee  on 
correspondence  to  collect  information,  and  a  committee  to  prepare  amend- 
ments to  the  school  law.15  Among  the  influential  citizens  of  the  State 
who  took  an  active  part  in  the  proceedings  were  Byland  T.  Brown, 
Douglass  Maguire,  Samuel  Merrill,  and  John  Vawter;  but  there  were 
evidently  many  others  who  were  not  named  in  the  meager  report  of  the 
convention. 

Notwithstanding  the  labors  of  the  friends  of  education,  nothing  ma- 
terial was  done  for  the  common  schools  until  the  Wabash  and  Erie  debt 
was  adjusted  by  the  legislature  of  1845-6.  It  should  not  be  understood, 
however,  that  education  was  entirely  neglected  in  Indiana.  There  were 
numerous  very  good  private  schools,  and  'the  seminaries  were  doing  ex- 
cellent work  for  those  who  were  able  and  willing  to  pay  tuition.  By 
1846  there  had  been  forty-five  County  Seminaries  established  that  were 
public  institutions  so  far  as  the  buildings  were  concerned;  and  there  had 
been  forty-two  private  schools  of  the  higher  order,  called  variously 
seminaries,  academies,  colleges,  etc.  About  one-fourth  of  the  latter  were 
for  girls.  Many  of  these  were  high  grade  schools,  depending,  of  course, 
largely  on  the  teachers  in  charge,  some  of  whom  were  all  that  could 
be  asked.  It  was  in  this  period  that  William  Haughton,  of  Beech  Grove 
Seminary,  in  Union  County,  Samuel  K.  Hoshour,  of  Cambridge  City 
Academy,  Rufus  Patch,  of  La  Grange  Collegiate  Institute,  John  I. 
Morrison,  of  the  Salem  Female  Seminary  and  also  in  charge  of  the 
Washington  County  Seminary,  Cornelius  Perring,  of  the  Monroe  County 
Female  Seminary,  made  lasting  impress  on  Indiana  by  their  efficient 
instruction.  It  was  in  this  period  that  Earlham  College  had  its  begin- 
ning, as  the  Friends  Boarding  School,  and  Franklin  College  as  the 
Indiana  Baptist  Manual  Labor  Institute.  The  public  elementary  schools 
were  the  ones  that  were  being  neglected.  There  was  one  forward  step, 
however,  by  the  school  law  of  1843,  which  provided  that  the  Treasurer 
of  State  should  act  as  Superintendent  of  Common  Schools,  and  as  such 
should  report  to  the  legislature  the  condition  of  the  school  funds,  and 
the  condition  of  the  State  University,  seminaries,  and  common  schools, 
together  with  estimates  of  expenditures  of  school  moneys,  and  recom- 
mendations for  the  management  of  the  school  fund  and  the  better  organi- 
zation of  the  common  schools.  This  gave  an  opening  for  action  later. 

George  H.  Dunn,  then  Treasurer  of  State,  prepared  and  sent  out 
blanks  for  information  •.  but  he  went  out  of  office  in  the  following  year, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Royall  Mayhew.  Mayhew  was  born  at  Bangor, 


Journal,  Jan.  12,  1839. 


i 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  887 

Maine,  in  1805.  He  came  to  Indiana  and  read  law  at  Shelbyville.  He 
was  elected  Treasurer  as  a  "  dark  horse. ' '  The  Whigs  voted  for  George 
H.  Dunn,  and  the  Democrats  could  not  get  together.  They  first  tried 
Frederick  E.  Goodsell,  and  then  Nathan  B.  Palmer,  but  neither  could 
muster  over  69  votes.  Finally,  on  the  22d  ballot,  Mayhew  received  83 
votes,  and  was  elected.  This  was  his  one  appearance  in  politics.  In 
later  years  he  had  a  general  store  in  Indianapolis.  He  died  March  11, 
1865.  His  report  as  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  1844  was  brief,  but 
in  1845,  he  made  a  number  of  minor  recommendations,  the  most  im- 
portant being  that,  "some  person  other  than  the  State  Treasurer,  should 
be  selected  as  the  superintendent  of  common  schools"  as  the  duties 
imposed  on  that  official  "might  very  reasonably  demand  and  occupy  a 
large  portion  of  the  time  of  one  individual, — much  more  time  than  the 
State  Treasurer  can  properly  devote  to  these  objects."  He  included  in 
his  report  the  following  very  unusual  and  historically  valuable  in- 
formation : 

' '  I  have  been  much  aided  in  arriving  at  general  conclusions  as  to  our 
common  schools,  by  conversing  with,  and  communication  from  Mr.  H.  F. 
West,  a  gentleman  who  has  been  travelling  through  our  State,  and  visit- 
ing its  schools  during  the  past  year.  At  my  request  he  has  communi- 
cated to  me  the  result  of  his  observations  and  experience;  he  has  been 
travelling  in  part  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  a  new  and  improved 
series  of  books  for  children  and  youth  in  the  primary  departments, 
'  Sanders 's  Series  of  School  Books, '  of  the  excellence  of  which  I  have  no 
doubt.  It  has  long  been  a  matter  of  serious  inconvenience  and  annoy- 
ance to  parents  and  teachers,  that  so  many  different  kinds  of  books  for 
primary  instruction  were  in  use.  Though  some  of  these  possessed  much 
merit,  the  fact  that  in  half  a  dozen  different  schools,  you  might  not  find 
any  two  of  the  teachers  agreeing  in  their  preference  for  books ;  and  that 
in  each  school  you  might  find  three  or  four  kinds  of  publications,  all 
designed  for  the  same  purpose,  exemplifies  the  difficulties  heretofore 
experienced.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  travels  of  Mr.  West,  and  his 
introduction  of  a  superior  progressive  series  of  books,  have  been  of 
great  importance,  and  will  work  a  beneficial  result. 

"In  a  communication  from  Mr.  West  of  the  23d  Nov.  (from  which 
I  shall  give  some  extracts),  he  states  that  within  the  last  six  months 
he  has  visited  near  three  hundred  schools  in  this  State,  gives  his  views 
of  their  general  character,  the  causes  of  the  great  indifference  and  neg- 
lect of  the  cause  of  education,  and  the  remedy,  or  what  would  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  a  reformation.  He  considers  one  great  cause  which 
operates  so  prejudicially  to  common  schools  to  be,  the  incompetency  of 

teachers.    That  they  are  employed  oh  account  of  the  cheap  rate  at  which 
vol.  n— 21 


888 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


they  will  serve — having  obtained  certificates  of  qualification  on  the 
ground  of  expediency,  and  not  of  merit.  That  with  such  instructors 
parents  become  negligent  and  indifferent,  the  comfort  and  convenience 
of  school-houses  neglected — teachers  only  pretending  to  instruct  in  read- 
ing, writing  and  arithmetic,  and  sadly  deficient  in  the  qualifications  for 
these.  He  describes  another  class  of  schools  which  I  give  in  his  own 
language:  'I  visited  another  school  the  same  week  in  a  contiguous  dis- 
trict, with  the  same  natural  advantages,  which  presented  a  difference 
almost  incredible ;  and  which  cannot  be  accounted  for  upon  any  other 
principle,  than  the  qualifications  of  the  two  teachers.  I  found  the 
parents  aroused  to  the  importance  of  education — their  children  grow- 
ing up — intelligent — a  small,  but  well  selected  library  in  the  district, 
and  on  visiting  the  school,  a  living  teacher;  one  who  was  qualified,  and 
whose  whole  soul  was  engaged  in  his  profession.  He  informed  me  that 
he  labored  with  all  his  mental  and  physical  energies  for  more  than  one 
year  before  he  got  parents  at  all  aroused  on  the  subject  of  educating 
their  children.  His  larger  scholars  were  instructed  in  History,  Geog- 
raphy, Grammar,  Algebra,  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy.  And 
this  was  not  all.  A  refinement  of  manners,  a  courteous  civility,  the 
very  essence  of  good  instruction,  and  a  high  tone  of  morals  had  been 
made  a  special  part  of  their  instruction.  These  two  schools  I  have 
described  are  probably  about  the  extremes,  but  there  are  but  few  that 
approximate  the  latter,  to  what  there  are  to  the  former;  I  should  judge 
the  proportion  to  be  about  one  in  five.' 

"Among  the  objections  and  evils  existing  in  our  system,  Mr.  West 
enumerates  the  want  of  a  regular  system  of  instruction,  of  government 
and  discipline  in  schools.  The  want  of  communication  between  schools. 
The  want  of  a  regular  progressive  series  of  school  books,  adapted  to  the 
capacities  of  the  scholar,  and  on  this  point  he  says — 'this  evil  is  being 
remedied  by  the  introduction  of  Sanders 's  series  of  school  books,  which 
are  admirably  adapted  to  every  stage  of  instruction  in  primary  schools. 
They  are  introduced  under  the  sanction  and  approval  of  a  great  number 
of  the  most  learned  and  talented  men  in  the  State,'  &c.  *  *  *  He 
further  says:  'Within  the  last  five  years  there  has  been  a  great  improve- 
ment in  the  manner  of  communicating  instruction,  as  well  as  in  the 
system  of  government  in  common  schools;  and  why  should  not  the 
schools  of  Indiana  be  benefitted  by  these  improvements?  There  is  no 
copyright  for  them — They  are  free.  If  they  have  revolutionized  New 
York,  and  done  so  much  good  in  Ohio;  why  may  not  Indiana  reap  the 
benefit  of  their  experience  1  Men  of  enlightened  minds  feel  deeply  upon 
this  subject;  for  they  know  that  the  very  condition  of  our  political 
existence  as  a  free  people  depends  upon  our  intelligence  and  virtue; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


889 


and  every  citizen  of  Indiana  should  feel  deeply  in  this  matter,  for  they 
know  that  very  soon  the  destinies  of  this  great  State,  either  for  weal 
or  woe,  will  be  entrusted  to  those  who  are  now  receiving  instructions  at 
the  primary  schools.'  These  remarks  of  Mr.  West  being  given  from 
his  personal  and  critical  observation,  and  from  his  experience  in  matters 


HENRY  F.  WEST 
(Fifth  Mayor  of  Indianapolis) 

(<f  instruction,   I  have  deemed  worthy  of  consideration,  in  connexion 
with  the  few  changes  of  the  law  herein  recommended." 

Henry  F.  West  was  indeed  a  valuable  addition  to  the  educational 
forces  of  Indiana.  He  was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  March  14,  1796. 
and  was  early  attracted  to  educational  work.  After  his  marriage,  in 
1820,  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  later  to  Ohio,  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  educational  progress  of  those  states.  In  Ohio  he  edited  a  news- 
paper for  a  time.  In  1845  he  came  to  Indiana,  and  on  October  1,  1846, 


. 


888 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


they  will  serve — having  obtained  certificates  of  qualification  on  the 
ground  of  expediency,  and  not  of  merit.  That  with  such  instructors 
parents  become  negligent  and  indifferent,  the  comfort  and  convenience 
of  school-houses  neglected — teachers  only  pretending  to  instruct  in  read- 
ing, writing  and  arithmetic,  and  sadly  deficient  in  the  qualifications  for 
these.  He  describes  another  class  of  schools  which  I  give  in  his  own 
language :  '  I  visited  another  school  the  same  week  in  a  contiguous  dis- 
trict, with  the  same  natural  advantages,  which  presented  a  difference 
almost  incredible;  and  which  cannot  be  accounted  for  upon  any  other 
principle,  than  the  qualifications  of  the  two  teachers.  I  found  the 
parents  aroused  to  the  importance  of  education — their  children  grow- 
ing up — intelligent — a  small,  but  well  selected  library  in  the  district, 
and  on  visiting  the  school,  a  living  teacher;  one  who  was  qualified,  and 
whose  whole  soul  was  engaged  in  his  profession.  He  informed  me  that 
he  labored  with  all  his  mental  and  physical  energies  for  more  than  one 
year  before  he  got  parents  at  all  aroused  on  the  subject  of  educating 
their  children.  His  larger  scholars  were  instructed  in  History,  Geog- 
raphy, Grammar,  Algebra,  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy.  And 
this  was  not  all.  A  refinement  of  manners,  a  courteous  civility,  the 
very  essence  of  good  instruction,  and  a  high  tone  of  morals  had  been 
made  a  special  part  of  their  instruction.  These  two  schools  I  have 
described  are  probably  about  the  extremes,  but  there  are  but  few  that 
approximate  the  latter,  to  what  there  are  to  the  former :- 1  should  judge 
the  proportion  to  be  about  one  in  five.' 

"Among  the  objections  and  evils  existing  in  our  system,  Mr.  West 
enumerates  the  want  of  a  regular  system  of  instruction,  of  government 
and  discipline  in  schools.  The  want  of  communication  between  schools. 
The  want  of  a  regular  progressive  series  of  school  books,  adapted  to  the 
capacities  of  the  scholar,  and  on  this  point  he  says — 'this  evil  is  being 
remedied  by  the  introduction  of  Sanders 's  series  of  school  books,  which 
are  admirably  adapted  to  every  stage  of  instruction  in  primary  schools. 
They  are  introduced  under  the  sanction  and  approval  of  a  great  number 
of  the  most  learned  and  talented  men  in  the  State,'  &c.  *  *  *  He 
further  says:  'Within  the  last  five  years  there  has  been  a  great  improve- 
ment in  the  manner  of  communicating  instruction,  as  well  as  in  the 
system  of  government  in  common  schools;  and  why  should  not  the 
schools  of  Indiana  be  benefitted  by  these  improvements?  There  is  no 
copyright  for  them — They  are  free.  If  they  have  revolutionized  New 
York,  and  done  so  much  good  in  Ohio;  why  may  not  Indiana  reap  the 
benefit  of  their  experience?  Men  of  enlightened  minds  feel  deeply  upon 
this  subject:  for  they  know  that  the  very  condition  of  our  political 
existence  as  a  free  people  depends  upon  our  intelligence  and  virtue: 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


889 


and  every  citizen  of  Indiana  should  feel  deeply  in  this  matter,  for  they 
know  that  very  soon  the  destinies  of  this  great  State,  either  for  weal 
or  woe,  will  be  entrusted  to  those  who  are  now  receiving  instructions  at 
the  primary  schools.'  These  remarks  of  Mr.  West  being  given  from 
his  personal  and  critical  observation,  and  from  his  experience  in  matters 


. 


• 


HENRY  F.  WEST 
(Fifth  Mayor  of  Indianapolis) 


<>f  instruction,  I  have  deemed  worthy^-#f— ronsirteration,  in  connexion 
with  the  few  changes  of  the  law  herem  recommended." 

Henry  F.  West  was  indeed  a  valuable  addition  to  the  educational 
forces  of  Indiana.     He  was  born  at  Pittsfield.  Mass.,  March  14,  1796. 

V 

and  was  early  attracted  to  educational  work.  After  his  marriage,  in 
1820,  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  later  to  Ohio,  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  educational  progress  of  those  states.  In  Ohio  he  edited  a  news- 
paper for  a  time.  In  1845  he  came  to  Indiana,  and  on  October  1,  1846, 


890  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

he  published  at  Indianapolis  the  first  number  of  the  Common  School 
Advocate.  He  had  in  the  meantime  been  writing  articles  for  the 
Indianapolis  newspapers  over  the  name  of  "Viator,"  which  have  by 
some  been  ascribed  to  Caleb  Mills,  on  account  of  the  attention  given  in 
them  to  schools.  Treasurer  Mayhew's  report  was  not  the  only  public 
document  of  1846  in  which  he  was  mentioned.  In  his  message  to  the 
Legislature,  of  Dec.  7,  Gov.  Whitcomb  says,  in  speaking  of  education: 

"But  under  this  comprehensive  topic,  there  is  another  subject  which 
challenges  our  attention  by  its  far  greater  importance.  I  allude  to  the 
condition  of  our  common  schools.  Under  our  simple  and  sublime  in- 
stitutions, all  citizens  are  regarded  as  politically  equal.  But  to  enable 
the  citizen  to  protect  himself  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  full  share  of 
political  rights,  he  must  be  armed  with  at  least  an  elementary  educa- 
tion. He  must  know  how  to  read  and  write  his  mother  tongue.  This 
is  too  frequently  regarded  merely  as  a  question  of  expediency.  But 
it  should  never  be  forgotten  that  it  is  a  sacred  debt  which  we  owe  to 
every  son  and  daughter  of  Indiana,  however  poor  they  may  be,  to  place 
them  upon  an  equality  with  their  more  favored  associates,  as  to  the 
means  of  acquiring  a  common  school  education.  Until  this  is  done,  they 
are  not  as  equal  as  they  ought  to  be,  nor  as  we  have  it  in  our  power 
to  make  them. 

"By  this  means,  they  will  be  better  enabled  to  'know  their  own 
rights  and  knowing,  to  maintain  them.'  They  will  be  better  prepared 
to  sift  and  analyze  public  questions — to  scrutinize  the  conduct  of  their 
public  officers,  and  to  hold  them  to  a  proper  accountability. 

"Very  general  dissatisfaction  is  expressed  with  our  present  school 
law.  It  is  objected,  that  it  is  incoherent,  and  that  its  provisions  are 
vague  and  conflicting.  A  careful  revision  of  the  entire  school  system, 
is  respectfully  recommended.  Great  advantage  would  arise  from  the 
adoption  into  our  system  of  such  provision,  as  the  experience  of  other 
states  has  shown  to  be  productive  of  happy  results. 

"An  obvious  mode  of  accomplishing  this  object  would  be,  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  suitable  person  to  examine  into  the  condition  of  the 
schools  of  some  of  the  older  states,  by  correspondence,  travel,  and  per- 
sonal inspection,  and  to  report  to  a  future  legislature.  I  am  informed, 
however,  that  Mr.  H.  P.  West,  a  gentleman  who  has  recently  become 
a  citizen  of  this  place,  has  for  several  years  devoted  his  attention  to 
this  philanthropic  object,  and  is  ready  to  communicate  the  results  of 
his  investigation.  It  is  very  probable  that  this  will  obviate  the  necessity 
of  resorting  to  the  measure  above  indicated,  and  will  facilitate  action 
on  this  subject. 

"Whatever  system  you  may  see  fit  to  adopt,  it  is  recommended,  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  891 

provision  be  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  State  Superintendent,  who 
shall  be  charged  with  the  supervision  of  the  entire  school  system,  and 
particularly,  with  procuring  full  and  prompt  reports  of  the  condition 
and  management  of  the  schools  and  school  funds  in  the  State." 

West's  Common  School  Advocate,  a  semi-monthly,  had  now  reached 
its  fifth  number,  and  was  commanding  public  respect  on  account  of  the 
ability  with  which  it  was  edited  and  the  information  it  furnished. 
There  was  also  another  recruit  to  the  school  movement  at  this  time,  in 
the  person  of  Caleb  Mills,  whose  first  "message  to  the  legislature" 
appeared  in  the  Indianapolis  Journal  on  Dec.  8,  the  day  after  the  deliv- 
ery of  Governor  Whitcomb's  message,  quoted  above.  It  called  attention 
to  the  illiteracy  of  the  State,  as  shown  by  the  census  of  1840,  there  be- 
ing about  one-seventh  of  the  adult  population  unable  to  read  or  write. 
He  advocated  taxation  for  the  support  of  the  common  schools  and  recom- 
mended the  New  York  plan  for  the  university,  i.  e.,  that  no  one  institu- 
tion be  made  the  university,  but  that  the  university  funds  be  divided 
among  the  colleges  that  came  up  to  a  certain  standard.  If  a  majority 
of  the  legislators  were  friendly  to  education,  they  were  prevented  from 
action  by  the  diversity  of  sentiment  as  to  details  among  the  outside 
advocates  of  better  schools,  and  so  nothing  was  done  at  this  session,  in 
the  way  of  general  legislation.  There  was,  however,  one  bill  passed 
which  served  as  a  test  of  public  sentiment  on  the  subject.  Indianapolis 
wanted  a  city  charter,  and  a  bill  for  that  purpose  was  drawn  by  Oliver 
H.  Smith.  To  his  draft,  S.  V.  B.  Noel  added  section  29,  which  gave  the 
council  power  to  make  school  districts,  erect  buildings,  and  appoint 
' '  suitable  teachers  and  superintendents, ' '  and  to  levy  a  school  tax  of  not 
over  one-eighth  of  one  per  cent  on  all  city  property.  Noel  was  then 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal,  and  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives.  He  got  the  bill  through  the  House  without 
amendment,  but  in  the  Senate  section  48  was  added,  which  provided 
that  no  school  tax  should  be  levied  unless  the  voters  of  the  city  voted  for 
"free  schools"  at  the  first  city  election  under  the  charter,  which  was 
to  be  held  on  the  last  Saturday  in  April.  This  was  in  accordance  with 
the  past  policy  of  the  legislature  of  allowing  local  option  in  regard  to 
school  taxes.  The  House  of  Representatives  also,  on  January  8,  adopted 
a  resolution  recommending  "to  the  friends  of  education  the  holding  of 
a  State  Common  School  Convention  at  Indianapolis  on  the  fourth  Wed- 
nesday of  May  next,  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  and  devising  the  best 
course  to  be  pursued  to  promote  common  school  education  in  our  state ' ' ; 
and  on  January  26  it  granted  the  use  of  the  hall  of  the  House  for  this 
purpose.  In  connection  with,  the  diverse  ideas  advocated  at  the  time, 
it  may  be  noted  that  there  were  presented  to  this  session  of  the  legis- 


Si 


s* 

e8     o 


CO    «O 


09 
O 

55 


m 

i 


if 

^  ^ 
o  ° 

r-"        g 

2  3 

S   a 

*-     ea 

ce    i- 
t^  r~^ 


— 
'C 

g,    — 

MO 

I  s 

o  % 


—    _ 

01       t- 


•* 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  893 

lature  several  petitions  from  Germans  asking  that  their  language  be 
taught  in  the  schools;  and  two  from  negroes,  asking  for  some  part  of 
the  public  fund  for  their  schools,  which  were  then  wholly  separate 
and  private.  Also,  a  resolution  was  introduced  to  inquire  into  the  ex- 
pediency of  permitting  women  to  be  employed  in  the  public  schools,  if 
they  passed  as  good  examinations  as  men.16 

A  public  meeting  was  promptly  held  at  Indianapolis  on  Jan.  25,  and 
a  committee  appointed  to  call  the  convention,  with  Henry  Ward  Beecher 
as  chairman,  Rev.  E.  R.  Ames,  J.  S.  Bayless,  J.  M.  Ray  and  Ovid 
Butler.  Ex-Governor  Slade,  of  Vermont,  was  present  at  this  meeting, 
and  delivered  an  address  on  common  school  education.  The  Committee 
reported  on  the  27th,  recommending  a  committee  of  seven  on  corre- 
spondence, with  the  special  duty  of  reporting  resolutions  to  the  con- 
vention ;  and  it  was  itself  continued  for  this  purpose,  with  N.  T.  Bolton 
and  T.  R.  Cressey  added.  On  account  of  the  absence  of  some  of  the 
members  from  the  city,  Royall  Mayhew,  D.  V.  Culley  and  Henry  F. 
Coburn  were  added  to  it,  and  it  finally  made  its  call  with  Ovid  Butler  as 
chairman  and  Nathaniel  T.  Bolton  as  secretary.17  The  call  quoted 
freely  from  the  recent  report  of  Mayhew,  quoted  above.  The  convention 
was  held  on  May  25-6-7,  1847,  and  was  attended  by  some  three  hundred 
enthusiastic  delegates.  Judge  Isaac  Blackford  presided,  and  educational 
questions  of  all  sorts  were  discussed,  the  basis  of  debate  being  the 
resolutions  presented  by'  the  correspondence  committee.  There  was  a 
notable  lack  of  agreement  as  to  system  and  details.  A  committee  of 
seven  was  appointed  to  prepare  an  address  to  the  people,  composed  of 
E.  R.  Ames,  chairman,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  T.  R.  Cressey,  R.  W.  Thomp- 
son, James  H.  Henry,  Solomon  Meredith,  and  James  Blake.  It  re- 
ported three  months  later  in  a  formidable  presentation  of  the  school 
question,  showing  the  defects  of  the  existing  system,  and  calling  for  a 
general  school  tax,  a  superintendent  of  Schools,  a  standard  of  qualifica- 
tion for  teachers,  and  absolutely  free  schools — "perfectly  free,  as  the 
dew  of  heaven,  to  rich  and  poor,  without  the  least  recognition  of  pau- 
perism or  charity."18  The  convention  also  appointed  a  committee  of 
three  to  draft  a  bill  to  present  to  the  next  legislature,  the  members  of 
which  were  Oliver  H.  Smith,  Calvin  Fletcher  and  Judge  Amory  Kinney. 

Meanwhile  the  election  in  Indianapolis  had  come  on.  West  did 
battle  for  the  cause  in  his  Common  School  Advocate,  and  all  the  papers 
of  the  town  advocated  free  schools.  The  result  was  that  out  of  500 
votes  cast  for  city  officers,  under  the  new  charter,  there  was  406  cast 

«  House  Journal,  p.  63. 
"Journal,  May  11,  1847. 
is  Journal,  August  24,  1847. 


gc 

s  *^ 

£8     O 

Bfc 

CO    «0 


s  if 


3  o~ 

3  £  •= 

—  a  2 

g  ^    5 


« 


.2 

'E 

MO 
V 

3    E 


I 

93      £ 


; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

lature  several  petitions  from  Germans  asking  that  their  language  be 
taught  in  the  schools;  and  two  from  negroes,  asking  for  some  part  of 
the  public  fund  for  their  schools,  which  were  then  wholly  separate 
and  private.  Also,  a  resolution  was  introduced  to  inquire  into  the  ex- 
pediency of  permitting  women  to  be  employed  in  the  public  schools,  if 
they  passed  as  good  examinations  as  men.16 

A  public  meeting  was  promptly  held  at  Indianapolis  on  Jan.  25,  and 
a  committee  appointed  to  call  the  convention,  with  Henry  Ward  Beecher 
as  chairman,  Rev.  E.  R.  Ames,  J.  S.  Bayless,  J.  M.  Ray  and  Ovid 
Butler.  Ex-Governor  Slade,  of  Vermont,  was  present  at  this  meeting, 
and  delivered  an  address  on  common  school  education.  The  Committee 
reported  on  the  27th,  recommending  a  committee  of  seven  on  corre- 
spondence, with  the  special  duty  of  reporting  resolutions  to  the  con- 
vention ;  and  it  was  itself  continued  for  this  purpose,  with  N.  T.  Bolton 
and  T.  R.  Cressey  added.  On  account  of  the  absence  of  some  of  the 
members  from  the  city,  Royall  Mayhew,  D.  V.  Culley  and  Henry  F. 
Coburn  were  added  to  it,  and  it  finally  made  its  call  with  Ovid  Butler  as 
chairman  and  Nathaniel  T.  Bolton  as  secretary.17  The  call  quoted 
freely  from  the  recent  report  of  Mayhew,  quoted  above.  The  convention 
was  held  on  May  25-6-7,  1847,  and  was  attended  by  some  three  hundred 
enthusiastic  delegates.  Judge  Isaac  Blackford  presided,  and  educational 
questions  of  all  sorts  were  discussed,  the  basis  of  debate  being  the 
resolutions  presented  by'  the  correspondence  committee.  There  was  a 
notable  lack  of  agreement  as  to  system  and  details.  A  committee  of 
seven  was  appointed  to  prepare  an  address  to  the  people,  composed  of 
E.  R.  Ames,  chairman,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  T.  R.  Cressey,  R.  W.  Thomp- 
son, James  H.  Henry,  Solomon  Meredith,  and  James  Blake.  It  re- 
ported three  months  later  in  a  formidable  presentation  of  the  school 
question,  showing  the  defects  of  the  existing  system,  and  calling  for  a 
general  school  tax,  a  superintendent  of  Schools,  a  standard  of  qualifica- 
tion for  teachers,  and  absolutely  free  schools — "perfectly  free,  as  the 
dew  of  heaven,  to  rich  and  poor,  without  the  least  recognition  of  pau- 
perism or  charity."18  The  convention  also  appointed  a  committee  of 
three  to  draft  a  bill  to  present  to  the  next  legislature,  the  members  of 
which  were  Oliver  H.  Smith,  Calvin  Fletcher  and  Judge  Amory  Kinney. 

Meanwhile  the  election  in  Indianapolis  had  come  on.  West  did 
battle  for  the  cause  in  his  Common  School  Advocate,  and  all  the  papers 
of  the  town  advocated  free  schools.  The  result  was  that  out  of  500 
votes  cast  for  city  officers,  under  the  new  charter,  there  was  406  cast 

IB  House  Journal,  p.  63. 
"Journal,  May  11,  1847. 
is  Journal,  August  24,  1847. 


. 


894  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

for  free  schools,  and  only  28  against.  The  Locomotive  averred  that  most 
of  the  latter  were  marked  "No  fre  sculs";  but  it  did  not  file  any  affi- 
davits in  support  of  the  charge.  The  Journal  had  an  editorial  claiming 
that  this  was  an  expression  of  sentiment  that  prevailed  throughout  the 
State,  and  said:  "Give  the  citizens  of  our  state  a  chance  at  the  ballot 
box  in  this  matter,  and  they  will  soon  say  whether  they  prefer  to  raise 
their  children  in  the  midst  of  ignorance  or  intelligence."  It  was  very 
certain  that  Indianapolis  people  had  not,  up  to  this  time,  showed  greater 
interest  in  schools  than  the  rest  of  the  State,  for  West  said,  in  the  Advo- 
cate: "There  are  eleven  schools  in  this  city.  Four  district  schools, 
four  subscription  do.,  one  county  and  two  Female  Seminaries.  The 
three  last  are  of  high  order,  and  may  be  numbered  among  the  best,  if 
not  the  best  in  our  state.  The  others  are  far  above  the  average  of 
our  district  and  subscription  schools.  Our  object  in  this  article  is  not 
to  advertise  the  merits  of  our  schools,  but  to  present  some  facts  for  the 
consideration  of  our  citizens.  There  are  in  this  city  1,928  children  be- 
tween the  ages  of  5  and  21  years.  In  all  the  schools  of  our  city  there  are 
less  than  550  names  upon  the  registers,  and  the  average  daily  attendance 
is  only  462.  So  we  see  that  here  at  the  Capital,  a  place  so  renowned  for 
its  intelligence,  that  out  of  1,928  children  we  have  1,466  receiving  no 
instruction  at  our  schools.  This  tells  a  tale  upon  our  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  education,  and  our  well  directed  charities !  Many  of  our  citizens  feel 
deeply  in  regard  to  the  deplorable  condition  of  the  schools  of  our  state ; 
while  50  per  cent  more  of  the  entire  number  of  children  of  the  state 
attend  school  than  there  do  from  the  city  of  Indianapolis."  19 

The  legislature  of  1847  was  not  fully  convinced  by  these  demonstra- 
tions, nor  by  the  second  message  of  Caleb  Mills,  which  was  one  of  the 
strongest  of  all  that  he  wrote,  in  its  advocacy  of  common  schools,  though 
he  clung  vigorously  to  his  New  York  university  plan,  and  bitterly  op- 
posed a  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  It  is  said  that  this  "mes- 
sage" was  submitted  to  Judge  Amory  Kinney  in  advance,  and  that  he 
paid  for  having  it  printed  in  pamphlet  form.  It  was  so  printed,  and 
laid  on  the  desks  of  the  members  at  the  beginning  of  the  session.  The 
House  passed  the  convention  bill,  with  amendments,  but  it  came  to  the 
Senate  so  late  that  its  members  declared  they  had  not  full  time  to  con- 
sider it;  so  they  adopted  a  bill  submitting  the  question  to  a  vote  of  the 
people  at  the  annual  election  in  August.  It  is  not  certain  that  the 
champions  of  tax-supported  free  schools  expected  more  than  that;  but 
at  any  rate,  they  accepted  the  test,  and  went  to  work.  Another  con- 
vention was  held  in  May,  and  another  address  to  the  voters  was  pre- 


Quoted  in  Sentinel,  January  12,  1847. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  895 

pa^ed.  The  State  Educational  Society,  which  had  been  made  a  perma- 
nent organization,  appointed  Judge  Kinney  a  special  agent  "to  travel 
throughout  the  State  and  deliver  addresses,  and  endeavor  to  awaken  an 
interest  in  behalf  of  free  common  schools."  The  subject  was  generally 
discussed  during  the  next  three  months,  and  extensive  objection  was 
developed.  In  the  election  the  free  school  people  won,  but  not  by  a  very 
decisive  vote.  Out  of  a  total  vote  at  the  election,  13,052  did  not  vote 
on  the  school  question,  and  those  who  did  stood  78,523  for,  and  61,887 
against  free  schools.  Of  the  existing  counties,  59  gave  majorities  for, 
and  31  majorities  against.  It  is  difficult  to  arrive  at  any  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  division.  In  a  general  way,  the  vote  in  the  north 
half  of  the  State  was  more  pronounced  in  favor  of  free  schools  but  there 
was  no  regularity  about  it.  Of  the  thirteen  counties  bordering  on  the 
Ohio,  only  Crawford  and  Harrison  voted  against  free  schools.  In  the 
Whitewater  Valley,  the  strongest  support  was  from  Dearborn,  with 
2,601  for  and  438  against ;  while  Wayne  came  next  with  2,492  for  and 
1,420  against ;  but  Franklin  cast  1,191  for  and  1,070  against,  and  Union 
voted  580  for  and  738  against.  The  most  remarkable  feature  was  the 
vote  in  counties  where  the  best  of  the  higher  institutions  of  learning 
were  located.  Monroe,  Putnam,  Montgomery  and  Johnson,  each  with 
a  chartered  college,  gave  an  aggregate  of  6,921  votes  against  free  schools 
out  of  a  total  of  9,113.  Washington,  Henry,  Morgan,  Delaware,  Harri- 
son, Lawrence,  Parke  and  Orange,  with  seminaries  that  ranked  among 
the  most  prosperous  in  the  State,  gave  11,934  against,  out  of  a  total 
of  17,872  votes.  On  its  face  it  would  seem  that  these  higher  institutions 
threw  their  influence  against  free  schools,  or  that  they  did  not  have 
any  influence. 

The  legislature  of  1848  passed  a  school  law,  approved  January  17, 
1849,  authorizing  a  tax  of  ten  cents  on  $100,  and  a  poll  tax  for  the 
support  of  public  schools,  with  a  number  of  changes  in  the  detail  of 
school  management ;  but  section  31  of  this  law  required  that  it  should  be 
submitted  to  the  voters  at  the  annual  election  in  August;  and  that  if  a 
majority  in  any  county  voted  against  it,  that  county  should  be  exempted 
from  the  operation  of  the  law.  At  the  election  there  was  a  material 
shifting  of  the  vote,  although  the  aggregate  of  majorities  was  almost  the 
same.  In  some  of  the  strongest  counties  of  the  free  school  column  the 
vote  fell  off,  due  it  was  claimed,  to  objection  to  the  local  option  feature 
of  the  law.  On  the  other  hand,  Union,  Decatur,  Warrick,  Henry,  Jack- 
son and  Sullivan  Counties,  which  had  voted  against  free  schools,  voted 
to  adopt  the  law.  It  was  a  valuable  advance,  with  all  its  defects,  as  it 
put  two-thirds  of  the  State  under  the  system  of  tax-supported  schools, 
with  a  minimum  limit  of  three  months  school  in  the  year.  This  brought 


896 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  public  school  system  to  the  condition  in  which  it  existed  when  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1850  assembled;  and  the  work  of  that 
Convention  on  the  school  question,  and  some  of  its  results,  have  already 
been  presented.20  The  effort  which  had  been  exerted  thus  far  was  not 
abated.  A  steady,  persistent,  organized  and  systematic  fight  for  free 
schools  was  kept  up  until  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  the  School 


BARNABAS  COFFIN  HOBBS 

Law  of  1852  was  passed.  It  is  proper  to  add  a  word  here  as  to  Henry 
P.  West,  who  did  such  efficient  work  in  this  cause.  Under  the  new 
school  law,  he  with  Calvin  Fletcher  and  Henry  P.  Coburn  were  elected 
trustees  of  the  Indianapolis  schools  in  1853,  and  generously  gave  their 
services  in  getting  the  new  system  into  operation.  In  May,  1856,  Mr. 
West  was  elected  Mayor  of  Indianapolis,  as  a  Democrat,  and  served 
acceptably  but  briefly.  He  died  on  November  8,  1856,  and  was  buried 


20  See  Chap.  9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  897 

with  distinguished  civic  and  Masonic  honors,  lamented  on  all  sides  as 
a  good  and  public-spirited  man.  In  a  business  way,  he  and  his  brother 
George  B.  West,  established  the  book  store  of  H.  F.  West  &  Co.,  one  of 
the  early  Indianapolis  firms  which  through  various  changes  finally 
merged  in  the  Bowen-Merrill  Co. — now  represented  by  the  two  estab- 
lishments of  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  and  the  Wm.  K.  Stewart  Co. 

The  establishment  of  colleges,  academies  and  seminaries  in  Indiana 
was  largely  affected  by  sectarian  religious  rivalry,  which  was  quite 
bitter.  This  continued  until  after  the  Civil  war,  and  an  illustration  of  it 
is  found  in  the  following  account  of  the  establishment  of  Asbury  (now 
DePauw)  University,  written  by  Rev.  F.  C.  Holliday,  of  the  Methodist 
church,  in  1872 : 

"The  State  funds  for  educational  purposes  in  Indiana,  as  in  most  of 
the  Western  States,  were  for  many  years  under  the  almost  exclusive 
control  of  Presbyterians,  who  assumed  to  be  the  especial  guardians  and 
patrons  of  education.  It  is  impossible,  at  this  day,  to  comprehend  the 
self-complacency  with  which  their  leading  men  in  the  West  assumed 
to  be  the  only  competent  educators  of  the  people,  and  the  quiet  unscrupu- 
lousness  with  which  they  seized  upon  the  trust-funds  of  the  States  for 
school  purposes,  and  made  those  schools  as  strictly  denominational  as 
though  the  funds  had  been  exclusively  contributed  by  members  of  their 
own  communion.  A  young  man  who,  in  either  the  Miami  University  at 
Oxfor.d,  Ohio,  or  Lexington,  Kentucky,  or  Bloomington,  Indiana,  would 
have  questioned  the  correctness  of  any  of  the  dogmas  of  Calvinism,  would 
have  been  an  object  of  unmitigated  ridicule  and  persecution.  Such  was 
the  spirit  of  exclusiveness  with  which  State  colleges  were  managed,  in 
the  early  settlement  of  the  Western  country,  that  for  many  years  but 
few  students,  except  those  from  Calvinistic  families,  were  found  in  the 
State  colleges.  This  tended  to  throw  other  denominations  upon  their 
own  resources,  and  induced  them  not  only  to  build  up  denominational 
schools  but  caused  them,  in  due  course  of  time  to  assert  their  rights  in 
the  management  of  the  State  institutions ;  and  the  result  has  been  that, 
in  those  states  as  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  where 
Presbyterian  greed  has  been  most  conspicuous,  they  now  occupy,  in  edu- 
cational matters,  a  subordinate  position.  When  in  1834  and  1835,  efforts 
were  made  in  Indiana  so  to  change  the  management  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity, by  amending  its  charter,  that  the  trustees  should  be  elected  by  the 
State  Legislature,  instead  of  being  a  self-perpetuating  corporation,  a 
storm  of  indignation  was  raised  among  those  who  controlled  the  State 
University;  and  it  was  made  the  occasion  of  heaping  all  sorts  of  oppro- 
brium on  the  head  of  the  Methodist  Church.  The  movement  was  said  to 
be  an  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Methodists  to  get  a  Methodist  professor  in 


896 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  public  school  system  to  the  condition  in  which  it  existed  when  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1850  assembled;  and  the  work  of  that 
Convention  on  the  school  question,  and  some  of  its  results,  have  already 
been  presented.20  The  effort  which  had  been  exerted  thus  far  was  not 
abated.  A  steady,  persistent,  organized  and  systematic  fight  for  free 
schools  was  kept  up  until  the  constitution  was  adopted,  and  the  School 


• 


BARNABAS  COFFIN  HOBBS 

Law  of  1852  was  passed.  It  is  proper  to  add  a  word  here  as  to  Henry 
F.  West,  who  did  such  efficient  work  in  this  cause.  Under  the  new 
school  law,  he  with  Calvin  Fletcher  and  Henry  P.  Coburn  were  elected 
trustees  of  the  Indianapolis  schools  in  1853,  and  generously  gave  their 
services  in  getting  the  new  system  into  operation.  In  May,  1856,  Mr. 
West  was  elected  Mayor  of  Indianapolis,  as  a  Democrat,  and  served 
acceptably  but  briefly.  He  died  on  November  8,  1856,  and  was  buried 


'  See  Chap.  9. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  897 

with  distinguished  civic  and  Masonic  honors,  lamented  on  all  sides  as 
a  good  and  public-spirited  man.  In  a  business  way,  he  and  his  brother 
George  B.  West,  established  the  book  store  of  H.  F.  West  &  Co.,  one  of 
the  early  Indianapolis  firms  which  through  various  changes  finally 
merged  in  the  Bowen-Merrill  Co. — now  represented  by  the  two  estab- 
lishments of  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  and  the  Wm.  K.  Stewart  Co. 

The  establishment  of  colleges,  academies  and  seminaries  in  Indiana 
was  largely  affected  by  sectarian  religious  rivalry,  which  was  quite 
bitter.  This  continued  until  after  the  Civil  war,  and  an  illustration  of  it 
is  found  in  the  following  account  of  the  establishment  of  Asbury  (now 
DePauw)  University,  written  by  Rev.  F.  C.  Holliday,  of  the  Methodist 
church,  in  1872: 

' '  The  State  funds  for  educational  purposes  in  Indiana,  as  in  most  of 
the  Western  States,  were  for  many  years  under  the  almost  exclusive 
control  of  Presbyterians,  who  assumed  to  be  the  especial  guardians  and 
patrons  of  education.  It  is  impossible,  at  this  day,  to  comprehend  the 
self-complacency  with  which  their  leading  men  in  the  West  assumed 
to  be  the  only  competent  educators  of  the  people,  and  the  quiet  unscrupu- 
lousness  with  which  they  seized  upon  the  trust-funds  of  the  States  for 
school  purposes,  and  made  those  schools  as  strictly  denominational  as 
though  the  funds  had  been  exclusively  contributed  by  members  of  their 
own  communion.  A  young  man  who,  in  either  the  Miami  University  at 
Oxfor.d,  Ohio,  or  Lexington,  Kentucky,  or  Bloomington,  Indiana,  would 
have  questioned  the  correctness  of  any  of  the  dogmas  of  Calvinism,  would 
have  been  an  object  of  unmitigated  ridicule  and  persecution.  Such  was 
the  spirit  of  exclusiveness  with  which  State  colleges  were  managed,  in 
the  early  settlement  of  the  Western  country,  that  for  many  years  but 
few  students,  except  those  from  Calvinistic  families,  were  found  in  the 
State  colleges.  This  tended  to  throw  other  denominations  upon  their 
own  resources,  and  induced  them  not  only  to  build  up  denominational 
schools  but  caused  them,  in  due  course  of  time  to  assert  their  rights  in 
the  management  of  the  State  institutions ;  and  the  result  has  been  that, 
in  those  states  as  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  where 
Presbyterian  greed  has  been  most  conspicuous,  they  now  occupy,  in  edu- 
cational matters,  a  subordinate  position.  When  in  1834  and  1835,  efforts 
were  made  in  Indiana  so  to  change  the  management  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity, by  amending  its  charter,  that  the  trustees  should  be  elected  by  the 
State  Legislature,  instead  of  being  a  self-perpetuating  corporation,  a 
storm  of  indignation  was  raised  among  those  who  controlled  the  State 
University ;  and  it  was  made  the  occasion  of  heaping  all  sorts  of  oppro- 
brium on  the  head  of  the  Methodist  Church.  The  movement  was  said  to 
be  an  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Methodists  to  get  a  Methodist  professor  in 


898  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  State  University;  and  it  was  tauntingly  said,  in  the  halls  of  the 
Legislature,  that  'there  was  not  a  Methodist  in  America  with  sufficient 
learning  to  fill  a  professor's  chair,  if  it  were  tendered  to  him.'  Such 
taunts  proved  a  wholesome  stimulus  to  Methodist  enterprise  and  inde- 
pendent Church  action  in  the  department  of  education,  and  the  result  is 
seen,  in  part,  in  the  investment  of  more  than  half  a  million  dollars  in 
property  for  school  purposes;  in  the  employment  of  more  than  fifty 
teachers  in  Methodist  schools  in  Indiana ;  in  the  endowment  of  denomina- 
tional colleges  second  to  none ;  and  in  the  chief  control  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity from  which  we  had  been  so  long  and  persistently  excluded.  And 
all  this  accomplished,  not  by  the  seizure  and  appropriation  of  public 
funds,  but  by  the  willing  contributions  of  our  people,  and  by  the  moral 
force  of  the  numbers  and  intelligence  of  our  communicants. 

' '  At  the  first  session  of  the  Indiana  Conference,  held  in  New  Albany, 
October,  1832,  a  committee,  consisting  of  Revs.  Allen  Wiley,  C.  W.  Ruter, 
and  James  Armstrong,  was  appointed  to  consider  and  report  on  the 
property  of  establishing  a  literary  institution,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Conference.  The  committee  reported,  but  no  action  was  had,  beyond 
providing  for  the  collection  of  information,  to  be  reported  to  the  next 
Conference. 

"While  the  Conference  felt  that,  on  many  accounts,  it  would  be 
desirable  to  have  an  institution  of  learning  under  its  own  control,  yet  it 
was  thought  if  we  could  get  anything  like  an  equitable  share  of  privileges 
in  the  State  University  at  Bloomington,  that  that  would  meet  the  wants 
of  our  people  for  several  years;  and  accordingly,  at  the  Conference  of 
1834,  it  was  resolved  to  memorialize  the  Legislature  on  that  subject.  A 
memorial  from  the  Conference,  and  similar  memorials  from  different 
parts  of  the  state,  numerously  signed,  were  sent  up  to  the  Legislature. 
The  memorialists  did  not  ask  that  the  University  be  put,  either  in  whole 
or  in  part,  under  the  control  of  the  Church ;  they  simply  asked  that  the 
trustees  of  the  University  shd'uld  be  elected  for  a  definite  term  of  years, 
and  the  vacancies,  as  they  occurred,  should  be  filled  by  the  Legislature, 
and  not  by  the  remaining  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

"The  memorials  were  referred  to  an  able  committee  of  the  Legislature, 
but  from  some  cause  the  committee  never  reported.  It  was  easier  to 
strangle  the  report  in  the  committee,  than  to  justify  a  refusal  of  the 
reforms  asked  by  the  memorialists.  Failing  in  their  efforts  to  secure 
a  reform  in  the  manner  of  controlling  the  State  University,  the  members 
of  the  Conference  turned  their  thoughts  earnestly  toward  the  founding 
of  a  literary  institution  of  high  grade,  under  the  control  of  the  Church. 
At  the  session  of  the  Conference  of  1835,  a  plan  was  agreed  upon  for 
founding  a  university. 


g 

O 

o 


o 

- 


898 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  State  University;  and  it  was  tauntingly  said,  in  the  halls  of  the 
Legislature,  that  'there  was  not  a  Methodist  in  America  with  sufficient 
learning  to  fill  a  professor's  chair,  if  it  were  tendered  to  him.'  Such 
taunts  proved  a  wholesome  stimulus  to  Methodist  enterprise  and  inde- 
pendent Church  action  in  the  department  of  education,  and  the  result  is 
seen,  in  part,  in  the  investment  of  more  than  half  a  million  dollars  in 
property  for  school  purposes;  in  the  employment  of  more  than  fifty 
teachers  in  Methodist  schools  in  Indiana ;  in  the  endowment  of  denomina- 
tional colleges  second  to  none ;  and  in  the  chief  control  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity from  which  we  had  been  so  long  and  persistently  excluded.  And 
all  this  accomplished,  not  by  the  seizure  and  appropriation  of  public 
funds,  but  by  the  willing  contributions  of  our  people,  and  by  the  moral 
force  of  the  numbers  and  intelligence  of  our  communicants. 

"At  the  first  session  of  the  Indiana  Conference,  held  in  New  Albany, 
October,  1832,  a  committee,  consisting  of  Revs.  Allen  Wiley,  C.  W.  Ruter, 
and  James  Armstrong,  was  appointed  to  consider  and  report  on  the 
property  of  establishing  a  literary  institution,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Conference.  The  committee  reported,  but  no  action  was  had,  beyond 
providing  for  the  collection  of  information,  to  be  reported  to  the  next 
Conference. 

"While  the  Conference  felt  that,  on  many  accounts,  it  would  be 
desirable  to  have  an  institution  of  learning  under  its  own  control,  yet  it 
was  thought  if  we  could  get  anything  like  an  equitable  share  of  privileges 
in  the  State  University  at  Bloomington,  that  that  would  meet  the  wants 
of  our  people  for  several  years;  and  accordingly,  at  the  Conference  of 
1834,  it  was  resolved  to  memorialize  the  Legislature  on  that  subject.  A 
memorial  from  the  Conference,  and  similar  memorials  from  different 
parts  of  the  state,  numerously  signed,  were  sent  up  to  the  Legislature. 
The  memorialists  did  not  ask  that  the  University  be  put,  either  in  whole 
or  in  part,  under  the  control  of  the  Church ;  they  simply  asked  that  the 
trustees  of  the  University  sh6*uld  be  elected  for  a  definite  term  of  years, 
and  the  vacancies,  as  they  occurred,  should  be  filled  by  the  Legislature, 
and  not  by  the  remaining  members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

"The  memorials  were  referred  to  an  able  committee  of  the  Legislature, 
but  from  some  cause  the  committee  never  reported.  It  was  easier  to 
strangle  the  report  in  the  committee,  than  to  justify  a  refusal  of  the 
reforms  asked  by  the  memorialists.  Failing  in  their  efforts  to  secure 
a  reform  in  the  manner  of  controlling  the  State  University,  the  members 
of  the  Conference  turned  their  thoughts  earnestly  toward  the  founding 
of  a  literary  institution  of  high  grade,  under  the  control  of  the  Church. 
At  the  session  of  the  Conference  of  1835,  a  plan  was  agreed  upon  for 
founding  a  university. 


• 


' 


p 

• 


. 


900  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

' '  Subscriptions  were  taken  up  and  proposals  made  from  different  parts 
of  the  state,  with  a  view  of  securing  the  location  of  the  university,  Bock- 
ville,  Putnamville,  Qreencastle,  Lafayette,  Madison,  and  Indianapolis 
were  the  principal  competitors.  Eockville  presented  a  subscription  of 
$20,000 ;  Putnamville,  about  the  same  amount ;  Indianapolis  and  Madison, 
$10,000,  each ;  and  Greencastle,  the  sum  of  $25,000 ;  and  at  the  session 
of  the  Conference  in  Indianapolis,  in  1836,  the  university  was  located  at 
Greencastle.  At  the  next  session  of  the  Legislature  the  institution  secured 
a  liberal  charter,  under  the  name  of  Indiana  Asbury  University. 

' '  The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  held  in  1837,  when  it 
was  resolved  to  open  the  Preparatory  Department,  which  in  due  time 
was  done  under  the  principalship  of  Rev.  Cyrus  Nutt,  a  graduate  of 
Alleghany  College.  Rev.  M.  Simpson  was  elected  President  of  the 
University  in  1839;  and  the  first  regular  Commencement  was  held  in 
1840,  when  President  Simpson  was  duly  inaugurated,  the  charge  being 
delivered  by  Governor  Wallace." 

A  more  charitable  view  was  presented  by  another  Methodist  writer 
a  quarter  of  a  century  later — Rev.  Thomas  A.  Goodwin — who  was  not 
so  sensitive  about  "Methodist  ignorance"  as  Holliday,  and  whose  special 
school  bias  lay  in  another  direction.  He  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  born 
at  Brookville,  November  2,  1818.  He  was  the  first  student  at  Asbury, 
in  1840,  and  was  in  the  first  graduating  class  in  1844.  In  that  year  he 
opened  the  Madison  Female  College,  and  later  became  president  of 
Brookville  College.  In  1853  he  quit  teaching  to  edit  the  Indiana  Ameri- 
can, a  Whig  paper  at  Brookville.  He  made  it  a  vigorous  anti-slavery 
and  temperance  journal ;  and  in  1857  removed  it  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  continued  it  until  impaired  health  forced  his  retirement  to  the  farm. 
But  he  could  not  stop  writing,  and  he  did  as  much  as  most  editors  in 
contributions  to  magazines  and  religious  periodicals,  with  frequent 
letters  to  the  daily  papers — especially  the  Journal — over  the  signature  of 
"U.  L.  See."  All  that  stopped  his  literary  output  was  his  death,  on 
June  19,  1906.  Writing  of  the  Territorial  period,  in  1900,  he  says:  "It 
is  no  disparagement  to  the  Methodists  and  Baptists  of  that  period  that 
there  were  few  educated  men  among  them,  but  it  is  to  their  credit  rather, 
that  with  such  appliance  as  they  had,  they  went  to  those  who  needed  the 
essential  truths  of  the  gospel  to  prepare  them  for  the  evangel  of  educa- 
tion. When  families  began  to  cluster  in  villages  and  when  the  pressing 
needs  of  pioneer  life  began  to  give  place  to  home  luxuries,  and  the  primi- 
tive cabin  to  the  more  comfortable  house,  the  log  schoolhouse  was  sup- 
planted by  the  academy  and  a  demand  came  for  better  teachers  than  the 
peripatetic  adventurer  who  took  to  teaching  only  to  replenish  an  ex- 
hausted poeketbook,  with  neither  moral  nor  educational  fitness  for  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  901 

work.  Just  then  there  seemed  to  be  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  young 
Presbyterian  preachers  at  command,  and  they  came  to  fill  a  much-felt  if 
not  a  long-felt  want.  Methodists  and  Baptists  had  had  organizations  ten 
years  or  more  in  and  near  the  cluster  of  settlers  that  was  to  become  Madi- 
son when,  in  1814,  the  demands  of  the  village  required  a  better  school 
than  they  could  possibly  have  with  the  teachers  available,  hence  they 
employed  William  Robinson,  a  young  Presbyterian  preacher  to  take  the 
village  school.  *  *  * 

"In  view  of  these  historic  facts,  it  is  hardly  extravagant  to  say,  that 
there  were  no  good  schools  in  Indiana  before  the  Presbyterian  preachers 
came.  All  of  the  county  seminaries  were  first  manned  by  them,  and  in 
nearly  every  case  the  first  Presbyterian  church  of  the  locality  was 
organized  by  the  seminary  teacher;  and  when  the  Indiana  Seminary, 
later  the  Indiana  College,  now  the  Indiana  University,  was  ready  for 
opening,  the  ubiquitous  Presbyterian  preacher-teacher  was  ready  for  the 
opening,  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  or  more  that  school  was  as  exclu- 
sively a  Presbyterian  school  as  was  Hanover  or  Wabash.  All  this  is  to 
the  credit  of  that  church  as  an  educational  force,  with  no  detraction 
from  it  as  a  religious  force.  It  came  from  an  educated  ancestry,  and 
right  well  does  it  maintain  its  rank  though  the  developments  of  the  last 
half  century  show  that  churches  of  plebeian  origin  may  successfully 
challenge  her  claim  to  the  primacy.  *  *  *  When  such  a  man  as 
John  Finley  Crowe,  in  his  humble  parish  at  Hanover,  as  early  as  1823, 
wrestles  for  three  years  with  the  problem  of  providing  educated  ministers 
for  the  young  commonwealth,  until  it  takes  form,  in  1827,  in  a  school 
for  native  coming  prophets  and  teachers,  in  a  log  house  on  his  own  lot, 
with  only  six  boys  to  begin  with,  I  can  not  refrain  from  naming  him  as 
one  of  the  heroes  of  pioneer  times.  That  school  became  the  nucleus  of 
Hanover  College,  and  remotely  of  the  new  Wabash  College,  and  it  was 
really  the  germ  of  the  great  McCormick  Theological  Seminary,  of 
Chicago.  Mr.  Crowe  was  not  a  charming  preacher;  he  was  not  even  a 
thorough  teacher ;  but  he  was  a  great  man  in  that  he  seized  upon  oppor- 
tunities and  devised  great  things. ' '  21  But,  while  Parson  Goodwin  could 
see  some  good  in  Presbyterian  education,  he  had  no  use  for  schools  that 
had  no  theological  curriculum.  He  was  convinced  that  the  words  ' '  reli- 
gion and  morality,"  connected  with  education  in  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
were  left  out  of  the  Indiana  Constitution  of  1816  through  infidel 
influences,  and  that  the  Indiana  University's  non-religious  course  of 
study  was  not  true  education.  He  was  an  earnest  and  persistent  cham- 
pion of  the  sectarian  colleges  against  the  State  University.  In  1902.  in 


='  The  Tndianan,  1900,  p.  100. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  903 

an  assault  on  that  institution,  after  reciting  the  experience  of  Kentucky 
and  Ohio  with  universities  he  stated  the  Indiana  case,  as  he  saw  it, 
as  follows : 

"Again  it  was  necessary  to  call  religious  men  to  its  chairs,  no  free- 
thinkers offering  to  do  the  teaching.  Its  early  teachers  were  all  Presby- 
terians of  acknowledged  scholastic  attainments  and  unquestioned  piety 
and  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Christianity,  but  they  at  once  found  them- 
selves hampered  by  conditions  just  as  their  brothers  in  Kentucky  and 
Ohio  were. 

"The  immediate  result  was  that  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
State  was  the  first  of  all  the  churches  to  abandon  it  and  to  build  Colleges 
wherein  the  doctrines  of  the  Bible  as  to  religion  and  morality  could 
be  taught  to  their  children  while  seeking  the  intellectual  culture  of  the 
College.  In  this  laudable  work  they  were  generously  aided  by  their 
brothers  in  the  East  as  a  legitimate  missionary  work.  The  Methodists, 
the  Baptists  and  other  churches  soon  followed.  The  prestige  of  priority 
in  time  and  superiority  in  material  equipments  soon  so  lost  its  charm  that 
some  of  these  outnumbered  their  older  rival,  and  at  no  time  have  their 
alumni  been  inferior  in  the  mental  training  which  makes  success  in  life. 

"Almost  from  the  beginning  this  well  endowed  College  was  an 
applicant  to  the  Legislature  for  material  aid  in  addition  to  what,  for 
the  times,  was  a  princely  endowment;  yet,  notwithstanding  the  peremp- 
tory order  of  the  Constitution  to  provide  for  a  State  University,  it  was 
more  than  fifty  years  before  it  got  a  cent.  The  people  did  not  take  kindly 
to  the  peculiarities  of  the  methods  which  had  driven  them  to  the  necessity 
of  building  and  maintaining  Colleges  in  which  the  whole  man  can  be 
developed. 

"So  persistent  had  it  become  in  its  importunities,  and  basing  them 
upon  the  provisions,  in  the  Constitution  above  referred  to,  that  in  the 
convention  to  revise  the  Constitution,  in  1851,  Hon.  T.  A.  Hendricks, 
of  Shelby  County,  later  Governor  of  the  State  and  still  later  Vice- 
President,  offered  a  resolution  instructing  the  Committee  on  Education 
to  provide  in  the  new  Constitution  that  no  money  should  be  paid  for 
educational  purposes  to  any  grade  above  the  township  school.  This  was 
adopted  without  a  dissenting  vote.  Lest  that  might  not  be  sufficiently 
specific,  the  next  day  Hon.  Joseph  Ristine,  then  and  for  many  years 
later  a  leading  Democratic  politician,  offered  a  resolution  to  'abolish  the 
County  Seminary  system  and  the  State  University  also.'  It  was  adopted, 
and  as  a  result  of  these  resolutions  all  that  related  to  Seminaries  and 
the  University  was  left  out  of  the  new  Constitution. 

' '  By  all  the  rules  of  construction  this  as  emphatically  prohibits  appro- 
priations to  a  State  University  as  if  the  exact  words  of  these  resolutions 

Vol.  II— 11  '  •-  .'«••-' 


. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  903 

an  assault  on  that  institution,  after  reciting  the  experience  of  Kentucky 
and  Ohio  with  universities  he  stated  the  Indiana  case,  as  he  saw  it, 
as  follows : 

"Again  it  was  necessary  to  call  religious  men  to  its  chairs,  no  free- 
thinkers offering  to  do  the  teaching.  Its  early  teachers  were  all  Presby- 
terians of  acknowledged  scholastic  attainments  and  unquestioned  piety 
and  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Christianity,  but  they  at  once  found  them- 
selves hampered  by  conditions  just  as  their  brothers  in  Kentucky  and 
Ohio  were. 

"The  immediate  result  was  that  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
State  was  the  first  of  all  the  churches  to  abandon  it  and  to  build  Colleges 
wherein  the  doctrines  of  the  Bible  as  to  religion  and  morality  could 
be  taught  to  their  children  while  seeking  the  intellectual  culture  of  the 
College.  In  this  laudable  work  they  were  generously  aided  by  their 
brothers  in  the  East  as  a  legitimate  missionary  work.  The  Methodists, 
the  Baptists  and  other  churches  soon  followed.  The  prestige  of  priority 
in  time  and  superiority  in  material  equipments  soon  so  lost  its  charm  that 
some  of  these  outnumbered  their  older  rival,  and  at  no  time  have  their 
alumni  been  inferior  in  the  mental  training  which  makes  success  in  life. 

"Almost  from  the  beginning  this  well  endowed  College  was  an 
applicant  to  the  Legislature  for  material  aid  in  addition  to  what,  for 
the  times,  was  a  princely  endowment;  yet,  notwithstanding  the  peremp- 
tory order  of  the  Constitution  to  provide  for  a  State  University,  it  was 
more  than  fifty  years  before  it  got  a  cent.  The  people  did  not  take  kindly 
to  the  peculiarities  of  the  methods  which  had  driven  them  to  the  necessity 
of  building  and  maintaining  Colleges  in  which  the  whole  man  can  be 
developed. 

"So  persistent  had  it  become  in  its  importunities,  and  basing  them 
upon  the  provisions,  in  the  Constitution  above  referred  to,  that  in  the 
convention  to  revise  the  Constitution,  in  1851,  Hon.  T.  A.  Hendricks. 
of  Shelby  County,  later  Governor  of  the  State  and  still  later  Vice- 
President,  offered  a  resolution  instructing  the  Committee  on  Education 
to  provide  in  the  new  Constitution  that  no  money  should  be  paid  for 
educational  purposes  to  any  grade  above  the  township  school.  This  was 
adopted  without  a  dissenting  vote.  Lest  that  might  not  be  sufficiently 
specific,  the  next  day  Hon.  Joseph  Ristine,  then  and  for  many  years 
later  a  leading  Democratic  politician,  offered  a  resolution  to  'abolish  the 
County  Seminary  system  and  the  State  University  also.'  It  was  adopted, 
and  as  a  result  of  these  resolutions  all  that  related  to  Seminaries  and 
the  University  was  left  out  of  the  new  Constitution. 

"By  all  the  rules  of  construction  this  as  emphatically  prohibits  appro- 
priations to  a  State  University  as  if  the  exact  words  of  these  resolutions 

Vol.  ll—M 


904  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

had  been  embodied  into  the  section  itself.  And  the  University  itself  and 
all  the  executive  officers  of  the  State  so  understood  it.  The  County  Sem- 
inaries were  sold  and  for  twelve  years  the  University  never  asked  for 
aid,  not  even  when  its  principal  buildings  were  destroyed  by  fire  in  1853. 
Needing  more  endowment,  it  attempted  to  sell  scholarships  as  the 
Christian  Colleges  were  doing,  but  the  men  who  want  Colleges  in  which 
religion  and  morality  are  tabooed  are  not  the  kind  of  men  to  endow 
Colleges,  and  none  worth  naming  were  sold,  and  the  scheme  was  aban- 
doned. 

"Left  thus,  the  financial  condition  of  the  University  soon  became 
so  embarrassing  that  in  1863  it  again  ventured  to  ask  aid  of  the  State 
purely  as  a  matter  of  charity,  but  then  the  State  Board  of  Education 
was  composed  of  the  State  officers,  one  of  whom  was  the  identical  Joseph 
Ristine  who  in  the  convention  had  moved  to  '  abolish  the  State  University 
also,'  and  one  of  whom  was  the  well-remembered  war  Governor,  an 
alumnus  of  the  Miami  University.  The  Board  unanimously  opposed  the 
appropriation  on  constitutional  grounds  and  none  was  made. 

"Not  to  be  thwarted,  the  University  people  set  about  reconstructing 
the  Board,  hence  at  the  next  Legislature  it  appeared  in  the  lobby  to  urge 
that  educators  alone  should  constitute  the  State  Board  of  Education,  with 
only  the  Governor  and  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  to 
represent  the  State.  Their  arguments  being  plausible,  and  no  State 
officer  willing  to  be  burdened  with  its  duties,  the  change  was  made  and 
the  President  of  the  University  and  of  two  other  State  Schools  and  three 
Superintendents  of  public  schools,  none  of  whom  were  chosen  by  any 
State  authority,  became  the  State  Board  of  Education. 

"After  that,  a"s  the  result  shows,  the  access  to  the  treasury  became 
easy.  These  cultured  gentlemen  spent  the  weeks  of  the  Legislature  of 
1867  with  the  Legislature  ostensibly  revising  the  law  on  public  schools, 
but  really  in  impressing  the  members  that  they  alone  had  the  cause  of 
education  at  heart,  and  that  what  the  Indiana  system  most  needed 
was  a  head,  with  only  vague  suggestions  to  a  chosen  few  that  the 
moribund  State  University  was  the  only  available  head  in  sight,  until 
a  few  days  before  the  adjournment,  when  a  bill  was  introduced  just 
in  time  to  be  railroaded  through  by  the  suspension  of  the  rules,  appro- 
priating $8,000  to  relieve  the  pressing  wants  of  the  head  of  the  common 
school  system  of  the  State.  The  Legislature  was  so  absorbed  in  questions 
growing  out  of  the  reconstruction  period  after  the  war  that  there  was 
no  time  for  discussion,  and  thus  access  was  gained  to  the  treasury  six- 
teen years  after  the  State  University  was  "abolished"  by  a  vote  of  the 
people  of  the  State,  four  to  one,  thus  saving  it  from  the  grave  that  had 
entombed  the  earlier  non-American  Colleges  of  Kentucky  and  Ohio. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  905 

"This  was  the  beginning  of  appropriations  that  have  in  a  third  of 
a  century  aggregated  more  than  two  million  dollars,  and  which  are 
increasing  annually,  so  that  now  it  amounts  to  $130,000  a  year,  about 
one-half  of  which  is  by  direct  levy  upon  the  taxables  of  the  State, 
including  some  classes  of  the  property  of  the  non-State  Colleges.  But 
this  financial  burden  is  the  least  objectionable  feature  of  the  case.  The 
tax-payers  of  the  State  are  amply  able  to  pay  twice  as  much  if  they 
approved  the  policy  of  excluding  religion  and  morality  from  College 
teaching." 

There  is  scant  room  to  question  that  Goodwin  was  right  as  to  what 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1850  intended,  or  that  if  they  had 
anticipated  that  the  University  would  claim  State  support  they  would 
have  prohibited  it  expressly.  But  fortunately  they  did  not ;  and  the 
State  has  proceeded  on  the  rational  theory  that  the  legislature  can  exer- 
cise any  legitimate  function  of  a  sovereign  state,  not  expressly  prohibited 
to  it  by  the  Constitution.  In  consequence  the  State  University  has 
developed  to  a  point  where  it  is  both  valuable  and  creditable  to  the 
State.  It  undoubtedly  came  up  through  great  tribulation,  and  was  no 
more  than  an  ordinary  college  for  the  first  sixty  years  of  its  existence. 
Its  real  upgrade  movement  began  when  Science  Hall,  with  the  labora- 
tory and  library  were  burned,  in  1883,  and  the  Trustees  decided  to  move 
it  from  its  old  quarters  to  the  present  site.  In  the  same  year  the 
legislature  gave  it  an  endowment  of  a  tax  of  five  mills  on  one  hundred 
dollars,  to  continue  for  thirteen  years.  On  January  1,  1885,  David 
Starr  Jordan  became  President  and  began  to  do  things.  The  standard 
he  set  has  been  kept  up  by  his  successors,  John  Merle  Coulter,  Joseph 
Swain,  and  William  Lowe  Bryan.  Women  had  been  admitted  in  1868, 
the  first  woman  student  and  graduate  being  Sarah  Parke  Morrison,  a 
daughter  of  John  I.  Morrison;  but  the  total  number  of  students  did 
not  reach  200  until  1886.  After  that  the  growth  was  more  rapid,  the 
1,000  mark  being  passed  in  1900,  and  the  2,000  in  1908.  In  1916  the 
attendance  was  2,669.  A  School  of  Law,  which  had  been  opened  in 
1842,  with  Judge  David  McDonald  as  Professor,  and  had  been  dis- 
continued in  1877,  was  revived  in  1889,  with  Judge  David  Demaree 
Banta  at  its  head,  and  has  since  been  successfully  continued.  In  1871 
the  Indiana  Medical  College,  at  Indianapolis  was  made  the  School  of 
Medicine  of  the  University,  but  this  relation  was  terminated  by  mutual 
consent  in  1876,  and  in  1891  a  medical  preparatory  course  was  estab- 
lished at  the  University,  which  continued  until,  in  1907,  after  a  contest 
in  the  legislature  between  the  University  and  Purdue,  a  compromise  was 
effected  by  which  the  medical  education  under  charge  of  the  State  was 
centered  in  the  State  University,  and  is  conducted  through  its  School 


906 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Medicine  at  Indianapolis,  a  well-equipped  and  well  conducted  institu- 
tion, under  the  management  of  Dr.  C.  P.  Emerson;  its  efficiency  is 
increased  by  the  new  "Long  Hospital." 

There  were  some  other  "divisions  of  labor"  that  were  advantageous 
to  the  public,  whether  they  were  to  the  university,  as  a  great  educational 
institution  or  not.  As  has  been  noted,  there  had  been  a  demand  in 


JOSEPH  SWAIX 


the  State  for  better  school  teachers  for  years  past,  and  one  of  the 
arguments  for  institutions  of  higher  learning  was  that  they  would 
furnish  competent  teachers.  But  they  did  not;  for  the  simple  reason 
that  a  man  who  had  energy  enough  to  get  a  college  education  usually 
had  sense  enough  not  to  waste  his  time  teaching  in  the  schools,  at  the 
rate  of  wages  then  paid,  when  he  could  do  better  at  something  else. 
Consequently,  if  they  taught,  it  was  only  until  they  could  get  a  start 
in  law  or  medicine,  or  some  remunerative  occupation.  But  the  chain- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS  907 

pions  of  common  schools  objected  seriously  to  this  failure,  and  it  was  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  the  revolt  against  higher  education  at  public 
expense,  which  wiped  the  seminaries  out  of  existence,  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1850,  and  which  came  so  near  sending  the  uni- 
versity after  them.  The  Board  of  Trustees  "sat  up  and  took  notice." 
In  1852,  they  announced  a  "Normal  Department  in  connection  with 
the  University,  with  a  male  and  female  Model  School  as  schools  of 
practice."  A  resolution  was  adopted  to  make  the  Monroe  County 
Female  Seminary,  then  ably  conducted  by  Mrs.  E.  J.  McFerson,  "the 
Female  Normal  Seminary  of  the  University,"  but  nothing  was  done 
for  the  females,  and  the  normal  training  for  males  in  the  University 
was  dropped  in  1856-7.  There  was  a  feeble  effort  to  revive  it  when 
the  State  Normal  project  came  up  in  1865,  but  too  late  to  save  it  for 
the  University.  There  was  an  effort  in  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1850  to  provide  for  a  normal  department  in  the  State  University, 
but  it  was  defeated  by  a  large  majority,  presumably  from  a  determina- 
tion not  to  recognize  the  University  as  a  State  institution.  The  idea 
of  a  separate  institution  for  the  training  of  teachers  did  not  appeal  to 
the  members  of  the  Convention,  which  is  not  remarkable,  as  it  was 
comparatively  new.  There  were  only  four  normal  schools  in  the  United 
States  at  the  time,  the  first  one  only  ten  years  old,  and  their  utility  was 
not  demonstrated,  even  to  the  satisfaction  of  educators.  In  his  first 
report  as  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Prof.  Larrabee  referred 
to  the  lack,  and  said:  "Perhaps  it  is  well,  for  I  doubt  whether  such 
schools  *  *  *  would  comport  with  our  circumstances,  or  suit  our 
government,  or  meet  our  wants."  Thereafter  neither  he  nor  Caleb 
Mills,  his  successor,  both  college  men,  had  anything  to  say  about  normal 
schools.  It  was  not  until  1859,  that  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  Samuel  L.  Rugg,  who  was  not  even  a  professional  educator, 
said :  "  I  fear  we  shall  never  realize  that  completeness  of  qualifications 
of  teachers  we  desire  *  *  *  until  the  State  adopts  and  carries  into 
effect  some  plan  for  Normal  School  instruction." 

But,  happily,  there  were  other  educational  agencies  at  work.  In 
1854  some  of  the  County  Teachers  Associations  adopted  resolutions  for 
a  State  association,  and  on  Christmas  day  of  that  year,  178  teachers, 
representing  33  counties,  met  at  Indianapolis,  and  organized  the  State 
Teachers'  Association.  Most  of  the  school  reforms,  except  in  text-books, 
since  then  have  originated  with  it.  And  as  a  matter  of  justice,  it  should 
be  said  that  Indiana  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  her  school  teachers  that 
has  never  been  appreciated.  In  the  preceding  pages  it  has  been  made 
manifest  that  the  effective  initiative  in  educational  reform  from  the 
beginning,  came  from  teachers,  and  that  they  were  among  the  most 


906 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Medicine  at  Indianapolis,  a  well-equipped  and  well  conducted  institu- 
tion, under  the  management  of  Dr.  C.  P.  Emerson ;  its  efficiency  is 
increased  by  the  new  "Long  Hospital." 

There  were  some  other  "divisions  of  labor"  that  were  advantageous 
to  the  public,  whether  they  were  to  the  university,  as  a  great  educational 
institution  or  not.  As  has  been  noted,  there  had  been  a  demand  in 


JOSEPH  SWAIN 

the  State  for  better  school  teachers  for  years  past,  and  one  of  the 
arguments  for  institutions  of  higher  learning  was  that  they  would 
furnish  competent  teachers.  Hut  they  did  not ;  for  the  simple  reason 
that  a  man  who  had  energy  enough  to  get  a  college  education  usually 
had  sense  enough  not  to  waste  his  time  teaching  in  the  schools,  at  the 
rate  of  wages  then  paid,  when  he  could  do  better  at  something  else. 
Consequently,  if  they  taught,  it  was  only  until  they  could  get  a  start 
in  law  or  medicine,  or  some  remunerative  occupation.  But  the  cham- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  907 

* 

pious  of  common  schools  objected  seriously  to  this  failure,  and  it  was  one 
of  the  chief  causes  of  the  revolt  against  higher  education  at  public 
expense,  which  wiped  the  seminaries  out  of  existence,  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1850,  and  which  came  so  near  sending  the  uni- 
versity after  them.  The  Board  of  Trustees  "sat  up  and  took  notice." 
In  1852,  they  announced  a  "Normal  Department  in  connection  with 
the  University,  with  a  male  and  female  Model  School  as  schools  of 
practice."  A  resolution  was  adopted  to  make  the  Monroe  County 
Female  Seminary,  then  ably  conducted  by  Mrs.  E.  J.  McFerson,  "the 
Female  Normal  Seminary  of  the  University,"  but  nothing  was  done 
for  the  females,  and  the  normal  training  for  males  in  the  University 
was  dropped  in  1856-7.  There  was  a  feeble  effort  to  revive  it  when 
the  State  Normal  project  came  up  in  1865,  but  too  late  to  save  it  for 
the  University.  There  was  an  effort  in  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  1850  to  provide  for  a  normal  department  in  the  State  University, 
but  it  was  defeated  by  a  large  majority,  presumably  from  a  determina- 
tion not  to  recognize  the  University  as  a  State  institution.  The  idea 
of  a  separate  institution  for  the  training  of  teachers  did  not  appeal  to 
the  members  of  the  Convention,  which  is  not  remarkable,  as  it  was 
comparatively  new.  There  were  only  four  normal  schools  in  the  United 
States  at  the  time,  the  first  one  only  ten  years  old,  and  their  utility  was 
not  demonstrated,  even  to  the  satisfaction  of  educators.  In  his  first 
report  as  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Prof.  Larrabee  referred 
to  the  lack,  and  said:  "Perhaps  it  is  well,  for  I  doubt  whether  such 
schools  *  *  *  would  comport  with  our  circumstances,  or  suit  our 
government,  or  meet  our  wants."  Thereafter  neither  he  nor  Caleb 
Mills,  his  successor,  both  college  men,  had  anything  to  say  about  normal 
schools.  It  was  not  until  1859,  that  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  Samuel  L.  Rugg,  who  was  not  even  a  professional  educator, 
said:  "I  fear  we  shall  never  realize  that  completeness  of  qualifications 
of  teachers  we  desire  *  *  *  until  the  State  adopts  and  carries  into 
effect  some  plan  for  Normal  School  instruction." 

But,  happily,  there  were  other  educational  agencies  at  work.  In 
1854  some  of  the  County  Teachers  Associations  adopted  resolutions  for 
a  State  association,  and  on  Christmas  day  of  that  year,  178  teac-ho-s, 
representing  33  counties,  met  at  Indianapolis,  and  organized  the  State 
Teachers'  Association.  Most  of  the  school  reforms,  except  in  text-books, 
since  then  have  originated  with  it.  And  as  a  matter  of  justice,  it  should 
be  said  that  Indiana  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  her  school  teachers  that 
has  never  been  appreciated.  In  the  preceding  pages  it  has  been  made 
manifest  that  tlie  effective  initiative  in  educational  reform  from  the 
beginning,  came  from  teachers,  and  that  they  were  among  the  most 


908  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

influential  factors  in  the  establishment  of  the  common  school  system. 
Their  State  Association  has  been  the  most  potent  agency  in  the  improve- 
ment of  that  system.  But  all  of  this  is  really  small  as  compared  with 
the  patient  daily  work  of  the  great  force  of  teachers  who  have  in  very 
fact  built  their  lives  into  the  fabric  of  the  commonwealth.  It  has  been 
a  tremendous  influence,  reaching  into  every  corner  of  the  State,  and 
moving  so  uniformly,  and  so  steadily,  for  the  general  uplift,  that  the 
few  exceptions  to  the  general  rule  are  negligible.  In  1855  the  State 
Teachers'  Association  appointed  a  committee  to  memorialize  the  legis- 
lature on  the  establishment  of  normal  schools.  .It  met  no  success,  but 
in  1857  a  strong  report  was  made,  and  another  committee  appointed. 
This  was  followed  by  repeated  discussions,  and  a  circular  appeal  to  the 
public;  but  the  Civil  War  put  an  end  to  school  reform  for  the  time 
being,  as  it  did  to  many  other  useful  things  that  are  appreciated  in 
times  of  peace.  However,  the  leaven  was  working,  and  in  1865  there 
was  a  triumph  of  school  uplift,  including  provision  for  a  normal  school. 
Perhaps  the  most  influential  factor  in  this  was  Prof.  John  M.  Olcott. 
He  was  born  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  in  18-'33;  and  received  his 
elementary  education  at  home,  his  father,  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
having  been  a  teacher,  and  his  mother,  a  New  York  woman,  being 
cultured.  In  1850,  when  seventeen  years  of  age,  he  began  teaching ; 
and  the  next  year  entered  Asbury,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1856. 
He  was  at  once  made  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Lawrenccburgli, 
where  he  continued  for  four  years;  then  three  years  at  Columbus;  and 
in  1863  took  charge  of  the  schools  of  Terre  Haute,  where  he  remained 
for  six  years.  He  realized  the  need  of  an  inducement  to  get  action 
from  the  legislature,  and  convinced  some  live  Terre  Haute  people  that 
a  Normal  School  would  be  a  good  investment  for  that  place.  With  the 
local  backing,  and  the  efficient  aid  of  Representative  B.  E.  Rhoads,  of 
Vermillion  County,  a  law  for  a  normal  school  was  passed  at  the  called 
session  of  1865,  conditioned  that  it  should  be  located  in  the  city  offering 
the  largest  donation,  but  not  less  than  $50,000.  Terre  Haute  promptly 
offered  $50,000  in  money,  and  a  building  site  valued  at  $25,000 ;  and  as 
there  were  no  other  offers,  the  school  was  located  there.  The  original 
contribution  of  the  State  was  a  provision  that  there  should  be  $5.000 
apportioned  to  the  institution  semi-annually,  from  the  school  revenues, 
which  has  since  been  doubled.  But  in  1867.  on  recommendation  of 
Superintendent  Hoss,  the  legislature  diverted  the  proceeds  of  the  town- 
ship library  tax  to  the  Normal  School  building  fund,  and  in  1869 
appropriated  $70,000  additional.  The  one  stupid,  and  probably  wholly 
unnecessary  thing  in  the  whole  proceeding,  was  the  diversion  of  the 
library  tax,  which  was  less  than  $50,000,  but  sufficed  to  ruin  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  909 

township  libraries.  The  school  was  opened  January  6,  1870,  with  21 
students,  under  Wm.  A.  Jones  as  President,  and  a  faculty  composed  of 
Nathan  Newby,  Amanda  P.  Funnell,  and  Mary  A.  Bruce,  besides  the 
teachers  in  the  Model  School.  Mr.  Jones  was  born  in  Connecticut  in 
1830,  and  came  to  Illinois  in  1856.  He  taught  for  seven  years  at 
Altona,  and  was  Superintendent  of  Schools  at  Aurora,  before  being 
called  to  Terre  Haute.  He  was  succeeded  in  1879  by  George  P.  Brown, 
a  well  known  Indiana  educator,  born  in  Ohio,  November  10,  1836,  who 
remained  until  1885.  On  July  1,  1885,  William  Wood  Parsons  became 
President,  and  still  holds  that  position.  He  was  born  at  Terre  Haute, 
May  18,  1850,  and  graduated  at  the  State  Normal  in  1872.  The  original 
school  building  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1888,  together  with  the  library. 
Terre  Haute  gave  $50,000  for  rebuilding,  and  the  State  $100,000  and 
a  new  building  was  erected.  The  school  now  has  a  library  of  60,000 
volumes ;  and  the  attendance  has  quadrupled  during  the  administra- 
tion of  Prof.  Parsons — now  numbering  over  3,000. 

A  somewhat  similar  divorce  occurred  as  to  agricultural  education. 
The  University  established  an  Agricultural  Department  in  1853,  which 
lasted  for  six  years.  In  1862,  Congress  offered  a  donation  of  30,000 
acres  of  land,  for  each  Senator  and  Representative  of  any  State  that 
would  establish  an  agricultural  school  under  the  provisions  of  the  law. 
Indiana  accepted  the  donation  in  1865,  and  established  The  Trustees  of 
the  Indiana  Agricultural  College  to  take  charge  of  the  donation.  Bloom- 
ington  made  a  desperate  effort  to  have  the  school  located  there,  in  con- 
nection with  the  University;  but  in  1869,  the  legislature  accepted  a 
donation  of  $150,000  from  John  Purdue,  of  Lafayette,  backed  by  $50,000 
from  Tippecanoe  County,  and  100  acres  of  land  from  the  village  of 
Chauucey,  all  on  condition  that  the  school  be  located  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  named  Purdue  University.  The  school  opened  September 
•17,  1874,  with  Abram  C.  Shortridge  as  President — Richard  Owen  had 
been  named  as  President,  but  resigned  before  the  school  opened.  Short- 
ridge  remained  for  a  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  E.  E.  White,  who 
continued  till  1883,  then  giving  place  to  James  H.  Smart ;  who  remained 
in  the  office  until  his  death,  on  February  21,  1900.  Prof.  Smart  was 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  Indiana  educators.  He  was  born  at 
Center  Harbor,  N.  H.,  June  30,  1841.  His  education  was  in  the  school 
of  his  father,  Dr.  W.  H.  Smart,  an  old  time  New  England  teacher;  and 
he  was  specially  trained  for  teaching.  He  taught  for  four  years  in  New 
Hampshire,  beginning  in  1858,  and  was  associate  editor  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Journal  of  Education.  In  1863  he  removed  to  Toledo,  where 
he  taught  for  two  and  one  half  years ;  and  was  then  Superintendent  of 
the  Fort  Wayne  schools  for  ten  years.  He  was  elected  State  Super- 


910 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


intendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  1874,  and  reelected  in  1876,  and  in 
1878.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  for  twenty- 
seven  years;  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  books  and  pamphlets  on 
educational  subjects;  was  President  of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation in  1889;  and  represented  the  United  States  at  the  World's 
Expositions  of  Vienna,  in  1872,  and  Paris,  in  1878.  He  was  succeeded 


JAMES  H.  SMART 

by  Winthrop  Ellsworth  Stone,  also  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  born 
at  Chesterfield,  June  12,  1862,  a  graduate  of  Boston  University,  and 
the  University  of  Goettingen,  who  still  presides  over  the  institution. 
Purdue  has  developed  into  one  of  the  leading  technical  schools  of  the 
nation.  In  addition  to  its  literary  course,  it  maintains  university  train- 
ing in  agriculture,  applied  science,  mechanical  engineering,  civil  en- 
gineering, electrical  engineering,  chemical  engineering  and  pharmacy. 
It  has  1,000  acres  of  land,  and  29  buildings,  including  laboratories. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  911 

shops,  museum,  library,  and  all  the  equipment  pertaining  to  its  diversi- 
fied work.  The  students  in  1916-7  were  2,415,  representing  forty  states 
and  ten  foreign  countries. 

The  apprehensions  entertained  by  some  that  State-supported  insti- 
tutions of  higher  education  would  injure  the  non-State  colleges  has  not 
been  realized.  The  development  of  the  latter  has  depended  chiefly  on 
location  and  endowment.  Many  of  them,  such  as  Hanover,  Earlham, 
Butler  and  Franklin,  serve  chiefly  local  demand  for  higher  education 
for  those  who  do  not  desire  to  leave  home,  though  they  all  have  non- 
resident students.  Asbury  (now  De  Pauw)  has  developed  into  a  uni- 
versity, with  departments  of  law,  medicine,  theology,  music  and  peda- 
gogy, and  a  total  attendance  of  4,000.  Its  plant  is  valued  at  over 
$500,000,  and  its  endowments  amount  to  over  $1,500,000.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  the  private  schools  in  development  is  Valparaiso 
University,  which  was  opened  in  1873  as  Northern  Indiana  Normal 
School  with  35  students,  by  Henry  Baker  Brown.  The  second  year  the 
attendance  reached  210,  and  it  was  soon  necessary  to  erect  new  buildings. 
In  1904  the  name  was  changed  to  Valparaiso  College,  and  in  1907  to 
Valparaiso  University.  It  now  has  courses  in  twenty-one  departments, 
220  instructors,  and  over  5,000  students.  To  secure  clinical  advantages, 
it  maintains  two  large  buildings  in  Chicago,  where  medical  students  take 
their  last  two  years  of  training,  and  the  entire  course  in  dentistry  is 
taught.  Until  1916  this  institution  was  owned  and  controlled  by  Mr. 
Brown  and  Oliver  P.  Kinsey,  as  partners,  but  early  in  that  year,  they 
transferred  it  to  a  self-perpetuating  Board  of  Trustees,  for  educational 
purposes,  making  perhaps  the  most  unique  and  extensive  contribution 
to  education  that  the  world  has  ever  known. 

As  to  denominational  colleges,  the  Methodists  have  outstripped  com- 
petitors, in  DePauw,  although  the  Presbyterians  had  the  start.  The 
latter  are  still  represented  in  Hanover  and  Wabash.  Neither  of  these 
has  aspired  to  university  standing,  and  Hanover  is  somewhat  handi- 
capped by  its  location.  Wabash  has  vindicated  New  England  conserva- 
tism both  by  adhering  to  college  work  and  by  its  adherence  to  its  edu- 
cators. Rev.  Charles  White,  the  second  President,  came  into  office  by 
the  death  of  Rev.  Elihu  W.  Baldwin,  the  first  President,  and  continued 
in  office  until  his  death,  twenty  years  later,  in  1861.  His  successor.  Rev. 
Joseph  Farrand  Tuttle  held  the  office  for  thirty  years.  Rev.  Otis  Hovey, 
one  of  the  founders,  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  for  42  years,  1834-76 ; 
Caleb  Mills  was  on  the  faculty  46  years,  1833-79 ;  and  Prof.  John  Lyle 
Campbell  taught  there  for  55  years,  1849-1904.  The  Catholics  have  a 
university  in  Notre  Dame,  which  was  founded  in  1842,  by  Father  Edward 
Sorin,  and  which  has  five  colleges — Arts  and  Letters,  Science,  Engineer- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


intendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  1874,  and  reclectcd  in  1876,  and  in 
1878.  He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education  for  twenty- 
seven  years;  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  books  and  pamphlets  on 
educational  subjects;  was  President  of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
ciation in  1889;  and  represented  the  United  States  at  the  World's 
Expositions  of  Vienna,  in  1872,  and  Paris,  in  1878.  He  was  succeeded 


JAMES  H.  SMART 

by  "Winthrop  Ellsworth  Stone,  also  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  born 
at  Chesterfield,  June  12,  1862,  a  graduate  of  Boston  University,  and 
the  University  of  Goettingen,  who  still  presides  over  the  institution. 
Purdue  has  developed  into  one  of  the  leading  technical  schools  of  the 
nation.  In  addition  to  its  literary  course,  it  maintains  university  train- 
ing in  agriculture,  applied  science,  mechanical  engineering,  civil  en- 
gineering, electrical  engineering,  chemical  engineering  and  pharmacy. 
It  has  1.000  acres  of  land,  and  29  buildings,  including  laboratories. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  911 

shops,  museum,  library,  and  all  the  equipment  pertaining  to  its  diversi- 
fied work.  The  students  in  1916-7  were  2,415,  representing  forty  states 
and  ten  foreign  countries. 

The  apprehensions  entertained  by  some  that  State-supported  insti- 
tutions of  higher  education  would  injure  the  non-State  colleges  has  not 
been  realized.  The  development  of  the  latter  has  depended  chiefly  on 
location  and  endowment.  Many  of  them,  such  as  Hanover,  Earlham, 
Butler  and  Franklin,  serve  chiefly  local  demand  for  higher  education 
for  those  who  do  not  desire  to  leave  home,  though  they  all  have  non- 
resident students.  Asbury  (now  De  Pauw)  has  developed  into  a  uni- 
versity, with  departments  of  law,  medicine,  theology,  music  and  peda- 
gogy, and  a  total  attendance  of  4,000.  Its  plant  is  valued  at  over 
$500,000,  and  its  endowments  amount  to  over  $1,500,000.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  the  private  schools  in  development  is  Valparaiso 
University,  which  was  opened  in  1873  as  Northern  Indiana  Normal 
School  with  35  students,  by  Henry  Baker  Brown.  The  second  year  the 
attendance  reached  210,  and  it  was  soon  necessary  to  erect  new  buildings. 
In  1904  the  name  was  changed  to  Valparaiso  College,  and  in  1907  to 
Valparaiso  University.  It  now  has  courses  in  twenty-one  departments, 
220  instructors,  and  over  5,000  students.  To  secure  clinical  advantages, 
it  maintains  two  large  buildings  in  Chicago,  where  medical  students  take 
their  last  two  years  of  training,  and  the  entire  course  in  dentistry  is 
taught.  Until  1916  this  institution  was  owned  and  controlled  by  Mr. 
Brown  and  Oliver  P.  Kinsey,  as  partners,  but  early  in  that  year,  they 
transferred  it  to  a  self-perpetuating  Board  of  Trustees,  for  educational 
purposes,  making  perhaps  the  most  unique  and  extensive  contribution 
to  education  that  the  world  has  ever  known. 

As  to  denominational  colleges,  the  Methodists  have  outstripped  com- 
petitors, in  DePauw,  although  the  Presbyterians  had  the  start.  The 
latter  are  still  represented  in  Hanover  and  Wabash.  Neither  of  these 
has  aspired  to  university  standing,  and  Hanover  is  somewhat  handi- 
capped by  its  location.  Wabash  has  vindicated  New  England  conserva- 
tism both  by  adhering  to  college  work  and  by  its  adherence  to  its  edu- 
cators. Rev.  Charles  White,  the  second  President,  came  into  office  by 
the  death  of  Rev.  Elihu  W.  Baldwin,  the  first  President,  and  continued 
in  office  until  his  death,  twenty  years  later,  in  1861.  His  successor.  Rev. 
Joseph  Farrand  Tuttle  held  the  office  for  thirty  years.  Rev.  Otis  Hovey, 
one  of  the  founders,  was  a  member  of  the  faculty  for  42  years,  1834-76 ; 
Caleb  Mills  was  on  the  faculty  46  years,  1833-79 ;  and  Prof.  John  Lyle 
Campbell  taught  there  for  55  years,  1849-1904.  The  Catholics  have  a 
university  in  Notre  Dame,  which  was  founded  in  1842,  by  Father  Edward 
Sorin,  and  which  has  five  colleges — Arts  and  Letters,  Science,  Engineer- 


• 


912 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ing.  Architecture,  and  Law.  It  has  about  700  students  in  college  and 
university  work,  and  about  450  in  preparatory  work,  with  80  instructors. 
This  is  one  of  the  finest  and  best  equipped  educational  plants  in  the 
State,  with  1,000  acres  of  land,  and  commodious  buildings  for  all  pur- 
poses. There  is  also  at  Notre  Dame  an  excellent  convent  school  for 
girls,  established  in  1843.  The  most  extensive  Catholic  educational  work 
for  women  is  done  by  the  Sisters  of  Providence,  who  conduct  Saint 


NOTRE  DAME  UNIVERSITY 

Mary-of-the- Woods,  near  Terre  Haute,  and  also  conduct  38  grammar 
schools  and  academies  at  various  cities  of  the  State.  Their  work  began 
in  1841,  in  a  very  modest  way,  and  has  developed  steadily.  During  the 
Civil  War,  a  number  of  these  sisters  digressed  from  educational  work 
to  act  as  nurses  in  the  military  hospital  at  Indianapolis.  The  Catholic 
sihools  maintain  normal  departments,  and  devote  much  attention  to 
domestic  science.  The  latest  of  the  denominational  schools  is  Indiana 
Central  University,  which  was  opened  September  26,  1905,  by  the  United 
Brethren,  just  south  of  Indianapolis,  and  which  has  the  appearance  of 
a  healthy  infant. 

But  the  glory  of  Indiana  is  in  her  public  schools,  which  are  not 
merely  "common  schools"  in  the  sense  the  makers  of  the  Constitution 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  91J 

of  1850  contemplated.  There  is  not  a  city  in  the  State — and  few  coun- 
ties without  cities — where  there  is  not  maintained  a  high  school  of  as 
high  rank  as  the  seminaries  that  were  abolished  at  that  time.  They 
expected  the  interest  of  the  School  Fund  to  maintain  the  schools. 
The  total  School  Fund,  Common  and  Congressional,  now  amounts  to  a 
little  over  $11,900,000;  but,  in  his  report  of  January  4,  1917,  the  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction  says:  "Indiana  has  invested  in  her 
public  school  property  today  more  than  twenty-five  millions  of  dol- 
lars, nineteen  thousand  teachers  are  in  these  public  schools  and  an  army 
of  more  than  five  hundred  fifty  thousand  children  are  enrolled  in  them. 
And  this  great  system  is  maintained  at  an  annual  cost  of  about  twenty- 
five  millions  of  dollars."  In  other  words  the  annual  expenditure  for 
schools  is  more  than  twice  the  total  amount  of  the  permanent  School 
Funds,  and  they  are  more  than  twice  what  they  were  in  1850.  The 
support,  of  course,  comes  chiefly  from  taxation ;  and  there  are  no  taxes 
that  are  paid  more  willingly  than  school  taxes;  and  there  is  no  depart- 
ment of  government  in  which  the  people  take  more  direct  and  intelli- 
gent interest  than  in  the  public  school  system.  The  high  schools  are 
divided  into  three  classes,  according  to  number  of  teachers,  subjects 
taught,  length  of  term,  etc.  Those  of  the  highest  grade  are  called 
"commissioned  schools,"  and  have  terms  of  eight  months  each  year. 
The  second  grade,  ''certified  schools,"  have  the  same  standards  except 
that  the  terms  are  seven  months.  The  "non-certified"  or  "non-commis- 
sioned schools"  include  all  those  below  the  standards  in  any  respect. 
In  1916  there  were  527  schools  of  the  first  class,  129  of  the  second,  and 
153  of  the  third,  and  in  addition  to  these  there  were  501  "consolidated 
schools,"  employing  four  or  more  teachers.  There  were  8,376  public 
school  houses,  40  concrete,  85  stone,  4,480  brick,  3,769  frame,  and  2  log. 
It  will  be  recalled  that  the  original  ideal  was  a  "three  months  school." 
In  1916  the  average  length  of  term  in  elementary  schools  was  142  days 
in  township  schools;  162  days  in  towns,  and  178  days  in  cities.  In  high 
schools,  the  average  length  of  term  was  158  days  in  townships,  167  days 
in  towns,  and  179  days  in  cities.  These  figures  present  the  results  not 
only  of  growth  in  population  and  wealth,  but  of  an  increasing  demand 
for  better  and  higher  education  among  the  people.  It  is  the  product 
of  public  sentiment. 

A  word  should  be  added  as  to  "vocational  education",  an  experi- 
ment which  is  now  under  trial,  in  pursuance  of  a  State  law  of  1913. 
The  early  educational  enterprises  of  Indiana  were  largely  connected 
with  manual  training  or  manual  labor  as  a  mode  of  meeting  the  ex- 
penses of  education,  not  only  at  New  Harmony,  but  at  various  other 
points :  but,  as  pointed  out  by  Prof.  Boone,  it  was  abandoned  everywhere 


I 


912 


INDIANA  AND  LND1ANANS 


ing.  Architecture,  and  Law.  It  has  about  700  students  in  college  and 
university  work,  and  about  450  in  preparatory  work,  with  80  instructors. 
This  is  one  of  the  finest  and  best  equipped  educational  plants  in  the 
State,  with  1,000  acres  of  land,  and  commodious  buildings  for  all  pur- 
poses. There  is  also  at  Notre  Dame  an  excellent  convent  school  for 
girls,  established  in  184:1  The  most  extensive  Catholic  educational  work 
for  women  is  done  by  the  Sisters  of  Providence,  who  conduct  Saint 


NOTRE  DAME  UNIVERSITY 


.Mary-of-the- Woods,  near  Terre  Haute,  and  also  conduct  38  grammar 
schools  and  academies  at  various  cities  of  the  State.  Their  work  began 
in  1841,  in  a  very  modest  way,  and  has  developed  steadily.  During  the 
Civil  War,  a  number  of  these  sisters  digressed  from  educational  work 
to  act  as  nurses  in  the  military  hospital  at  Indianapolis.  The  Catholic 
s  hools  maintain  normal  departments,  and  devote  much  attention  to 
domestic  science.  The  latest  of  the  denominational  schools  is  Indiana 
Central  University,  which  was  opened  September  26,  1905,  by  the  United 
Brethren,  just  south  of  Indianapolis,  and  which  has  the  appearance  of 
a  healthy  infant. 

But  the  glory  of  Indiana   is  in   her  public  schools,  which  are  not 
merely  "common  schools"  in  the  sense  the  makers  of  the  Constitution 


•• 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  91 J 

of  1850  contemplated.  There  is  not  a  city  in  the  State — and  few  coun- 
ties without  cities — where  there  is  not  maintained  a  high  school  of  as 
high  rank  as  the  seminaries  that  were  abolished  at  that  time.  They 
expected  the  interest  of  the  School  Fund  to  maintain  the  schools. 
The  total  School  Fund,  Common  and  Congressional,  now  amounts  to  a 
little  over  $11,900,000;  hut,  in  his  report  of  January  4,  1917,  the  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction  says:  "Indiana  has  invested  in  her 
public  school  property  today  more  than  twenty-five  millions  of  dol- 
lars, nineteen  thousand  teachers  are  in  these  public  schools  and  an  army 
of  more  than  five  hundred  fifty  thousand  children  are  enrolled  in  them. 
And  this  great  system  is  maintained  at  an  annual  cost  of  about  twenty- 
five  millions  of  dollars."  In  other  words  the  annual  expenditure  for 
schools  is  more  than  twice  the  total  amount  of  the  permanent  School 
Funds,  and  they  are  more  than  twice  what  they  were  in  1850.  The 
support,  of  course,  comes  chiefly  from  taxation ;  and  there  are  no  taxes 
that  are  paid  more  willingly  than  school  taxes;  and  there  is  no  depart- 
ment of  government  in  which  the  people  take  more  direct  and  intelli- 
gent interest  than  in  the  public  school  system.  The  high  schools  are 
divided  into  three  classes,  according  to  number  of  teachers,  subjects 
taught,  length  of  term,  etc.  Those  of  the  highest  grade  are  called 
"commissioned  schools,"  and  have  terms  of  eight  months  each  year. 
The  second  grade,  "certified  schools,"  have  the  same  standards  except 

that  the  terms  are  seven  months.     The  "non-certified"  or  "noii-commis- 

g 

•toned  schools"  include  all  those  below  the  standards  in  any  respect. 
In  1916  there  were  527  schools  of  the  first  class,  129  of  the  second,  and 
153  of  the  third,  and  in  addition  to  these  there  were  501  "consolidated 
schools."  employing  four  or  more  teachers.  There  were  8,376  public- 
school  houses,  40  concrete,  85  stone,  4,480  brick,  3,769  frame,  and  2  log. 
It  will  be  recalled  that  the  original  ideal  was  a  "three  months  school." 
In  1916  the  average  length  of  term  in  elementary  schools  was  142  days 
in  township  schools;  162  days  in  towns,  and  178  days  in  cities.  In  high 
schools,  the  average  length  of  term  was  158  days  in  townships,  167  days 
in  towns,  and  179  days  in  cities.  These  figures  present  the  results  not 
only  of  growth  in  population  and  wealth,  but  of  an  increasing  demand 
for  better  and  higher  education  among  the  people.  It  is  the  product 
of  public  sentiment. 

A  word  should  be  added  as  to  "vocational  education",  an  experi- 
ment which  is  now  under  trial,  in  pursuance  of  a  State  law  of  1913. 
The  early  educational  enterprises  of  Indiana  were  largely  connected 
with  manual  training  or  manual  labor  as  a  mode  of  meeting  the  ex- 
penses of  education,  not  only  at  New  Harmony,  but  at  various  other 
points:  but,  as  pointed  out  by  Prof.  Boone,  it  was  abandoned  everywhere 


914  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

except  in  the  Union  Literary  Institute,  an  institution  in  Randolph  County 
for  the  education  of  colored  people,  which  was  founded  by  anti-slavery 
Friends  in  1846.22  In  the  last  thirty  years  there  has  been  a  gradual 
revival  of  the  idea,  in  instruction  in  domestic  science  and  manual  train- 
ing. A  number  of  influences  have  contributed  to  this,  among  them  the 
influence  of  women's  clubs,  and  the  call  of  workingmen  for  technical 
instruction.  One  remarkable  influence,  in  connection  with  agriculture, 
was  the  organization,  in  1894,  of  a  "corn  club"  by  J.  F.  Haines,  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  at  Noblesville.  He  was  figuring  on  some  basis  for 
a  boys'  club  that  would  give  them  occupation  outside  of  their  regular 
school  work,  when  a  friend  who  had  a  seed  store  suggested  that  he  set 
them  to  raising  corn.  He  proposed  the  plan  to  the  boys,  telling  them 
he  would  undertake  it  if  ten  were  willing  to  join,  and  52  agreed  to  start. 
The  average  Indiana  farmer  was  slow  to  believe  that  anything  could  be 
learned  in  school  about  farming  that  he  did  not  know ;  and  it  was  only 
after  the  boys  began  raising  better  corn  than  their  fathers,  on  the  same 
land,  that  conviction  set  in.  The  movement  has  spread  rapidly,  and 
the  more  recent  movement  for  "war  gardens"  has  given  an  impetus  to 
agricultural  training  that  is  liable  to  produce  unlooked-for  results  here- 
after. At  present,  vocational  education  is  being  pushed  energetically 
by  the  school  authorities,  and  the  progress  is  considered  most  gratifying. 
There  is  an  analogous  educational  development  in  the  libraries  of 
the  State,  which  is  of  great  importance  not  merely  as  adjunct  to  the 
schools,  but  for  the  education  of  those  who  lack  full  school  education,  or 
have  finished  it.  From  the  practical  point  of  view,  if  the  graduate  of  a 
college,  or  even  a  university,  has  learned  how  to  study,  he  has  received 
one  of  the  chief  benefits  of  school  training — that  of  being  able  to  pursue 
his  education  through  books.  The  Constitution  of  1816,  and  laws  under 
it,  provided  for  county  libraries;  and  a  law  of  1837  provided  for  per- 
missory  school  district  libraries;  but  these  had  few  results  of  any  im- 
portance. The  first  real  relief  came  from  the  Sunday-School  libraries, 
which  were  an  essential  feature  of  the  Sunday  Schools  from  the  start. 
On  August  3,  1827,  the  Indiana  Sabbath-School  Union,  which  had  been 
organized  several  months  earlier,  held  its  first  annual  meeting  at 
Indianapolis.  At  that  time  it  was  estimated  that  of  the  50,000  children 
in  the  State,  only  2,000  attended  Sunday  Schools,  and  the  remainder 
were  "growing  up  in  great  ignorance  and  thus  preparing  for  great 
wickedness."  In  addition  to  their  religious  influence,  the  purpose  of 
the  schools  was  declared  to  be  "paving  the  way  for  common  schools, 
and  of  serving  as  a  substitute  till  they  are  generally  formed."  One  of 


22  Hist.  Ed.  in  Ind.  pp.  72,  77-80. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


915 


the  chief  lines  of  work  was  teaching  children  to  read  and  spell.  The 
Union  issued  an  Address  to  the  Public  stating  the  modes  in  which  it  was 
proposed  to  aid  one  of  which  was  by  establishing  depositories  from  which 
books  would  be  supplied  at  reduced  prices.  Three  of  these  had  been 
located  at  Madison,  New  Albany  and  Indianapolis.  The  books  were 
divided  into  seven  classes  according  to  value,  ranging  from  those  cost- 


JOSEPH  P.  TUTTLE 


ing  less  than  twelve  cents  to  those  costing  more  than  $1.50.  They  were 
given  out  as  rewards  for  work  done  in  the  Sunday  School,  chiefly  memo- 
rizing verses:  and  fines  were  imposed  for  "every  dirt  or  grease  spot, 
turned  down  or  torn  leaf,  or  week  overkept. "  It  is  hard  to  realize 
now  what  a  boon  this  supply  of  reading  was  to  the  children  of  that  day. 
Occasionally  some  reminiscent  one  speaks  of  it,  as  Sarah  Parke  Morri- 
son tells  of  the  use  in  their  family — which  was  much  better  supplied 
than  most  families — "a  book  being  carried  home  every  Sabbath  by  each 


, 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS 


except  in  the  rnion  Literary  Institute,  an  institution  in  Randolph  County 
for  the  education  of  colored  people,  which  was  founded  by  anti-slavery 
Friends  in  1846.--  In  the  last  thirty  years  there  has  been  a  gradual 
revival  of  the  idea,  in  instruction  in  domestic  science  and  manual  train- 
ing. A  number  of  influences  have  contributed  to  this,  among  them  the 
influence  of  women's  clubs,  and  the  call  of  workingmen  for  technical 
instruction.  One  remarkable  influence,  in  connection  with  agriculture, 
was  the  organization,  in  1894,  of  a  "corn  club"  by  J.  F.  Haines,  Super- 
intendent of  Schools  at  Noblesville.  He  was  figuring  on  some  basis  for 
a  boys'  club  that  would  give  them  occupation  outside  of  their  regular 
school  work,  when  a  friend  who  had  a  seed  store  suggested  that  he  set 
them  to  raising  corn.  lie  proposed  the  plan  to  the  boys,  telling  them 
he  would  undertake  it  if  ten  were  willing  to  join,  and  52  agreed  to  start. 
The  average  Indiana  farmer  was  slow  to  believe  that  anything  could  be 
learned  in  school  about  farming  that  he  did  not  know ;  and  it  was  only 
after  the  boys  began  raising  better  corn  than  their  fathers,  on  the  same 
land,  that  conviction  set  in.  The  movement  has  spread  rapidly,  and 
the  more  recent  movement  for  "war  gardens"  has  given  an  impetus  to 
agricultural  training  that  is  liable  to  produce  unlooked-for  results  here- 
after. At  present,  vocational  education  is  being  pushed  energetically 
by  the  school  authorities,  and  the  progress  is  considered  most  gratifying. 
There  is  an  analogous  educational  development  in  the  libraries  of 
the  State,  which  is  of  great  importance  not  merely  as  adjunct  to  the 
schools,  but  for  the  education  of  those  who  lack  full  school  education,  or 
have  finished  it.  From  the  practical  point  of  view,  if  the  graduate  of  a 
college,  or  even  a  university,  has  learned  how  to  study,  he  has  received 
one  of  the  chief  benefits  of  school  training — that  of  being  able  to  pursue 
his  education  through  books.  The  Constitution  of  1816,  and  laws  under 
it.  provided  for  county  libraries:  and  a  law  of  1837  provided  for  per- 
missory  school  district  libraries;  but  these  had  few  results  of  any  im- 
portance. The  first  real  relief  came  from  the  Sunday-School  libraries, 
which  were  an  essential  feature  of  the  Sunday  Schools  from  the  start. 
On  August  3,  1827,  the  Indiana  Sabbath-School  Union,  which  had  been 
organized  several  months  earlier,  held  its  first  annual  meeting  at 
Indianapolis.  At  that  time  it  was  estimated  that  of  the  50,000  children 
in  the  State,  only  2,000  attended  Sunday  Schools,  and  the  remainder 
were  ''growing  up  in  great  ignorance  and  thus  preparing  for  great 
wickedness."  In  addition  to  their  religious  influence,  the  purpose  of 
the  schools  was  declared  to  be  "paving  the  way  for  common  schools, 
and  of  serving  as  a  substitute  till  they  are  generally  formed."  One  of 


2-'  Hist.  E<1.  in  Ind.  pp.  72,  77-80. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


915 


the  chief  lines  of  work  was  teaching  children  to  read  and  spell.  The 
Union  issued  an  Address  to  the  Public  stating  the  modes  in  which  it  was 
proposed  to  aid  one  of  which  was  by  establishing  depositories  from  which 
Iwoks  would  be  supplied  at  reduced  prices.  Three  of  these  had  been 
located  at  Madison,  New  Albany  and  Indianapolis.  The  books  were 
divided  into  seven  classes  according  to  value,  ranging  from  those  cost- 


JOSEI'H  P.  TUTTLE 


ing  less  than  twelve  cents  to  those  costing  more  than  $1.50.  They  were 
given  out  as  rewards  for  work  done  in  the  Sunday  School,  chiefly  memo- 
rizing verses:  and  fines  were  imposed  for  "every  dirt  or  grease  spot. 
turned  down  or  torn  leaf,  or  week  overkept.''  It  is  hard  to  realize 
now  what  a  boon  this  supply  of  reading  was  to  the  children  of  that  day. 
Occasionally  some  reminiscent  one  speaks  of  it,  as  Sarah  Parke  Morri- 
son tells  of  the  use  in  their  family — which  was  much  better  supplied 
than  most  families — "a  book  being  carried  home  everv  Sabbath  bv  each 


• 
. 


916  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  us.  'Henry  Martin,'  'The  Dairyman's  Daughter,'  'Harriet  Newell,' 
and  'The  Judsons'  later,  and,  best  of  all,  'Little  Jack,  the  Circus 
Boy. '  "  -a  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  these  early  Sunday  Schools  enlisted 
the  aid  of  many  persons  who  were  not  professed  Christians,  but  who 
were  interested  in  education,  and  the  general  uplift. 

The  next  movement  of  any  extent  was  the  Maclure  "  workingmen  's 
libraries,"  of  which  an  account  is  given  elsewhere;  but  these  were  limited 
and  ephemeral.  The  first  approach  to  a  survey  of  the  library  condition 
of  the  State  was  by  the  census  of  1850.  It  credited  Indiana  with  151 
libraries,  other  than  private,  containing  68,403  volumes.  These  were 
classed  as  public  libraries — mostly  county  libraries — 58,  with  46,238 
volumes;  school  libraries,  3  with  1,800  volumes;  Sunday  School  libraries 
85,  with  11,265  volumes;  college  libraries  4,  with  8,700  volumes;  church 
libraries  1,  with  400  volumes.  The  report  as  to  Sunday  School  libraries 
is  far  below  the  facts.  Prof.  Jewett,  who  had  charge  of  the  library 
report  for  the  Census,  states  that  he  had  been  unable  to  get  full  statistics 
as  to  these  libraries;  and  as  the  Methodists  alone  had  612  Sunday 
Schools  in  Indiana  in  1850,  the  figures  might  be  safely  quadrupled  for 
their  church  alone.  The  library  feature  had  been  connected  with  the 
common  school  agitation  at  least  from  the  time  of  Twining 's  Common 
School  Advocate.  It  has  been  so  associated  in  other  states,  notably  in 
New  York,  which  was  the  particular  bright  example  held  up  to  Indiana, 
and  which  had  over  a  million  and  a  half  of  volumes  in  its  school  libraries 
in  1852.  Most  of  the  advocates  of  common  schools  were  Sunday  School 
workers,  and  were  familiar  with  the  benefit  of  libraries  in  that  connec- 
tion. Hence  it  was  natural  that  the  School  law  of  1852  provided  for  a 
special  tax  for  township  school  libraries,  to  be  purchased  under  the 
direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Education.  By  November  1,  1854, 
$171,319.07  had  been  collected,  and  $147,222  expended  for  books.  Then 
the  trouble  began.  The  law  provided  for  the  purchase  of  complete 
libraries,  and  the  State  Board  bought  complete  libraries;  but  instead  of 
providing  a  library  for  each  township,  the  law  provided  for  a  distribu- 
tion to  counties  according  to  population — 10  libraries  to  a  county  with 
over  15,000  inhabitants;  8  libraries  to  a  county  with  10,000  to  15,000 
inhabitants ;  and  6  libraries  to  a  county  with  less  than  10,000  inhabitants 
— an  equitable  distribution  to  be  made  to  the  townships  by  the  county 
commissioners.  The  result  was  that  there  were  690  libraries  to  be  divided 
among  938  townships ;  and  the  basis  was  so  unequal  that  there  were  150 
townships  that  received  less  than  full  libraries  which  had  more  popula- 
tion than  one  entire  county  that  received  six  libraries.  The  county  com- 


23  Among  Ourselves,  Vol.  3,  p.  165. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  917 

missioners  divided  them  so  impartially  that  in  some  cases  they  broke 
sets  of  books,  sending  part  to  one  township  and  part  to  another.  This 
was  partially  remedied  by  the  school  law  of  1855,  and  the  tax  continued 
for  another  year.  The  total  library  tax  collected  was  $273,000,  or  about 
$290  to  the  township,  and  the  number  of  volumes  furnished  was  about 
300  to  the  township,  varying  with  the  population. 

These  libraries  were  immensely  popular  and  useful.  In  the  report 
of  Caleb  Mills,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  in  1856,  he  states 
that  an  examination  of  the  statistics  in  the  report  will  "convince  the 
most  skeptical  that  a  one-quarter  of  a  mill  property  and  a  twenty-five 
cents  poll  tax  never  accomplished  so  much  for  education  in  any  other 
way."  In  1857,  he  said  that  the  system  had  already  "accomplished 
results  equal  to  the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  its  friends,  and  fully 
redeemed  their  pledges  in  its  behalf";  and  the  statistics  for  the  year 
justify  his  statement,  for,  as  he  says:  "The  reports  from  many  town- 
ships will  show  that  the  number  of  books  taken  out  in  twelve  consecu- 
tive months  is  equal  to  from  one  to  twenty  times  the  entire  number  in 
the  library,  a  case  perhaps  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  popular 
reading."  An  equally  convincing  testimony  is  found  in  the  report  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for  1860,  which  says,  "The 
most  common  complaint  made  to  me  in  relation  to  them  is  for  want  of 
means  to  replenish  the  libraries  with  new  and  additional  works  and  to 
keep  them  in  repair.  In  some  of  the  townships  I  am  informed  that 
individuals  have  read  nearly  or  quite  every  book  in  the  library  and  call 
loudly  for  more.  *  *  *  A  permanent  annual  revenue,  small  when 
compared  with  the  original  revenue  for  that  purpose,  is  much  needed 
for  the  support  of  this  feature  of  our  educational  system.  A  bill  for 
that  purpose  passed  the  Senate  at  its  last  session  by  a  vote  of  twenty- 
nine  to  nine,  but  failed  to  become  a  law."  This  lack  of  support  caused 
an  idea  on  the  part  of  those  who  examined  the  remains  of  these  libraries 
at  later  periods  that  the  books  "shot  over  the  heads"  of  the  people,  and 
were  therefore  unpopular.  The  real  explanation  was  that  the  popular 
books  had  been  "read  to  pieces"  and  discarded,  there  being  no  money 
to  repair  or  replace  them ;  and  only  the  heavier  and  less  popular  books 
remained  in  the  libraries. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  libraries  were  fairly  well  selected  for  the 
time,  but  there  was  no  such  profusion  of  popular  literature  then  as  is 
to  be  found  at  present.  Of  juveniles,  which  in  a  few  years  practically 
disappeared  from  the  libraries  from  constant  use,  there  were  originally 
Abbott's  "Rolla,"  "Jonas,"  and  "Lucy"  books,  which  really  deserve 
a  better  standing  than  they  have  with  libraries  today;  "Abbott's 
Biographies";  "Cousin  Alice's  Stories";  "Robinson  Crusoe";  "Swiss 


918  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Family  Robinson" — impossible  but  alluring  to  children;  Mayne  Reid's 
"Boy  Hunters,"  "Forest  Exiles,"  "Young  Voyagers,"  and  "Desert 
Home";  Chambers 's  "Library  for  Young  People";  Harper's  "Story 
Books";  "Aunt  Kitty's  Tales";  "Uncle  Philip's  Books";  "The  Young 
Crusoe";  "The  Young  Sailor";  "Braggadocio";  "Fairy  Tales  and 
Legends";  "The  Little  Drummer";  "Anecdotes  for  Boys";  "Anec- 
dotes for  Girls";  "Stories  About  Birds";  "Stories  About  Animals"; 
"Stories  About  Insects";  "Campfires  "of  the  Revolution";  "Wild 
Scenes  and  Wild  Hunters";  Dickens 's  "Child's  History  of  England"; 
Bonner's  "Child's  History  of  the  United  States,"  and  others.  When 
the  Civil  war  came  on,  practically  everything  else  was  forgotten,  and 
the  township  libraries  went  from  bad  to  worse.  After  the  war,  a  tax 
was  levied  for  their  revival;  but,  as  has  been  mentioned,  the  proceeds 
were  diverted  to  the  building  of  the  State  Normal  School.  Very  few 
persons  wanted  to  read  the  books  that  were  left,  as  books  had  become 
more  plentiful,  and  up-to-date  reading  could  usually  be  had  by  any 
who  really  desired  it.  In  many  townships  the  libraries  were  boxed  up 
and  kept  in  attics  or  stables;  and  the  impression  grew  up  that  they  had 
been  a  wasteful  and  useless  investment  of  money.  A  peculiar  addition 
to  this  delusion  was  made  by  a  law  passed  in  1879.  Over  in  Richmond, 
Robert  Morrison  had  offered  to  make  a  generous  donation  for  a  library 
if  the  township  would  support  it.  A  law  was  passed,  general  in  form, 
but  applying  only  to  this  case  at  the  time,  providing  that  in  any  town- 
ship in  which  a  library  of  the  value  of  $1,000  is  established  by  donation, 
the  Township  Trustee  might  levy  a  tax  of  1  cent  on  $100  for  its  support. 
In  1887,  when  I  began  a  crusade  for  the  revival  of  the  township  libraries, 
the  purpose  of  this  law  had  been  forgotten;  and  the  impression  had 
grown  up  that  it  was  to  prevent  the  public  from  rushing  heedlessly  into 
the  maelstrom  of  public  libraries.  It  required  years  of  effort  to  secure 
the  permission  of  the  legislature  to  the  people  of  a  township  to  tax 
themselves  to  support  a  library  for  their  own  use.  In  1891,  the  State 
Teachers'  Association  took  the  matter  up,  and  appointed  a  committee 
to  urge  a  law  on  the  legislature,  but  they  were  unable  to  accomplish 
anything.  In  the  meantime,  however,  an  entering  wedge  had  been 
driven  by  the  Indianapolis  school  law  of  1871,  which  authorized  the 
Board  of  School  Commissioners  to  levy  a  tax  "for  the  support  of  free 
libraries  in  connection  with  the  common  schools  of  such  city."  This 
proved  so  great  a  success  that  in  1881  it  was  extended  to  cities  of  10,000 
inhabitants;  and  in  1883  to  "all  the  cities  and  incorporated  towns  of  the 
State." 

The  library  provision  in  the  Indianapolis  school  law  was  introduced 
by  Prof.  Abram  Crum  Shortridge,  then  Superintendent  of  Schools.    Up 


50 
O 

is 


o 

3 

M 


•       o 

W 


vol.  n— 21 


918 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Family  Robinson" — impossible  but  alluring  to  children;  Mayne  Reid's 
"Boy  Hunters,"  "Forest  Exiles,"  "Young  Voyagers,"  and  "Desert 
Home";  Chambers 's  "Library  for  Young  People";  Harper's  "Story 
Books";  "Aunt  Kitty's  Tales";  "Uncle  Philip's  Books";  "The  Young 
Crusoe";  "The  Young  Sailor";  "Braggadocio";  "Fairy  Tales  and 
Legends";  "The  Little  Drummer";  "Anecdotes  for  Boys";  "Anec- 
dotes for  Girls";  "Stories  About  Birds";  "Stories  About  Animals"; 
"Stories  About  Insects";  "Campfires  of  the  Revolution";  "Wild 
Scenes  and  Wild  Hunters";  Dickens 's  "Child's  History  of  England"; 
Bonner's  "Child's  History  of  the  United  States,"  and  others.  When 
the  Civil  war  came  on,  practically  everything  else  was  forgotten,  and 
the  township  libraries  went  from  bad  to  worse.  After  the  war,  a  tax 
was  levied  for  their  revival;  but,  as  has  been  mentioned,  the  proceeds 
were  diverted  to  the  building  of  the  State  Normal  School.  Very  few 
persons  wanted  to  read  the  books  that  were  left,  as  books  had  become 
more  plentiful,  and  up-to-date  reading  could  usually  be  had  by  any 
who  really  desired  it.  In  many  townships  the  libraries  were  boxod  up 
and  kept  in  attics  or  stables;  and  the  impression  grew  up  that  they  had 
been  a  wasteful  and  useless  investment  of  money.  A  peculiar  addition 
to  this  delusion  was  made  by  a  law  passed  in  1879.  Over  in  Richmond, 
Robert  Morrison  had  offered  to  make  a  generous  donation  for  a  library 
if  the  township  would  support  it.  A  law  was  passed,  general  in  form, 
but  applying  only  to  this  case  at  the  time,  providing  that  in  any  town- 
ship in  which  a  library  of  the  value  of  $1,000  is  established  by  donation, 
the  Township  Trustee  might  levy  a  tax  of  1  cent  on  .$100  for  its  support. 
In  1887,  when  I  began  a  crusade  for  the  revival  of  the  township  libraries, 
the  purpose  of  this  law  had  been  forgotten;  and  the  impression  had 
grown  up  that  it  was  to  prevent  the  public  from  rushing  heedlessly  into 
the  maelstrom  of  public  libraries.  It  required  years  of  effort  to  secure 
the  permission  of  the  legislature  to  the  people  of  a  township  to  tax 
themselves  to  support  a  library  for  their  own  use.  In  1891,  the  State 
Teachers'  Association  took  the  matter  up,  and  appointed  a  committee 
to  urge  a  law  on  the  legislature,  but  they  were  unable  to  accomplish 
anything.  In  the  meantime,  however,  an  entering  wedge  had  been 
driven  by  the  Indianapolis  school  law  of  1871,  which  authorized  the 
Board  of  School  Commissioners  to  levy  a  tax  "for  the  support  of  free 
libraries  in  connection  with  the  common  schools  of  such  city."  This 
proved  so  great  a  success  that  in  1881  it  was  extended  to  cities  of  10,000 
inhabitants;  and  in  1883  to  "all  the  cities  and  incorporated  towns  of  the 
State." 

The  library  provision  in  the  Indianapolis  school  law  was  introduced 
by  Prof.  Ahram  Crum  Shortridge,  then  Superintendent  of  Schools.    Up 


- 
o 


£ 
5 

w 


o 


r 


vol.  n— as 


920  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  that  time,  Indianapolis  had  come  under  the  general  school  law  of  the 
State,  which  was  not  well  fitted  for  a  city.  Shortridge  devised  a  scheme 
for  independent  school  government;  secured  the  approval  of  a  meeting 
of  influential  citizens;  and  was  appointed  on  a  committee  with  Judge 
A.  C.  Roache  and  Austin  H.  Brown,  to  draft  the  law.  It  provided  for 
a  school  board  of  one  member  from  each  of  the  nine  wards,  into  which 
the  city  was  then  divided.  The  law  was  limited  to  Indianapolis  by  being 
made  to  apply  to  cities  of  thirty  thousand  inhabitants.  It  provided 
for  a  tax  of  two  cents  on  $100 — later  increased  to  four  cents.  Prof. 
Shortridge  was  for  many  years  a  "live  wire"  in  school  matters.  He  was 
born  on  a  farm  near  New  Lisbon,  Henry  County,  October  22,  1833,  and 
had  very  fair  schooling  at  Fairview,  in  Bush  County,  and  at  Green 
Mount,  near  Richmond.  He  taught  for  three  years  at  Milton  and 
Dublin,  and  was  then  for  six  years  at  Whitewater  College,  Which  he 
leased  in  1856  and  conducted  for  six  years.  In  1861  he  was  jcalled  to 
Indianapolis  to  take  charge  of  the  preparatory  department  of/Butler  Col- 
lege. In  1863  he  was  drafted  to  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Schools 
of  Indianapolis;  and  held  that  position  until  1874,  when  he  resigned  to 
become  President  of  Purdue.  He  retired  from  active  educational  work 
in  1876,  but  has  always  taken  a  warm  interest  in  educational  matters. 
He  helped  to  organize  the  Indiana  Teachers  Association  in  1854,  and 
the  National  Teachers  Association  in  1858;  and  there  was  scarcely  an 
educational  reform  from  1856  to  1876  in  which  he  did  not  have  a  part. 
In  this  period,  he  was  connected  as  publisher  or  associate  editor  with  the 
educational  papers,  The  Little  Chief,  The  Indiana  Teacher,  The  Educa- 
tionist, and  The  Indiana  School  Journal. 

In  1891  the  Indiana  Library  Association  was  organized,  with  a  mem- 
bership of  persons  interested  in  library  work,  which  continued  the 
agitation  for  more  liberal  library  laws.  On  December  3,  1896,  Ruther- 
ford P.  Hays,  Secretary  of  the  American  Library  Association  addressed 
the  Indiana  Association  on  Library  Commissions;  and  on  December  28, 
1897,  Governor  James  A.  Mount  made  a  plea  for  the  establishment  of 
rural  libraries.  By  this  time  the  Indiana  Union  of  Literary  Clubs  had 
taken  up  the  subject,  and  appointed  a  committee  to  secure  legislation 
for  traveling  libraries;  and  the  Indiana  Library  Association,  and  the 
Indianapolis  Commercial  Club  appointed  committees  to  co-operate  in 
the  work.  I  united  with  them,  on  condition  that  a  provision  for  town- 
ship libraries  be  included  in  the  law ;  and  in  1899  a  law  was  passed  pro- 
viding for  a  State  Library  Commission,  for  traveling  libraries,  and  per- 
mitting townships  to  establish  and  maintain  libraries  by  taxation.  The 
Commission  was  to  act  in  conjunction  with  the  State  Library,  with  the 
State  Librarian  as  Secretary,  ex  officio.  In  1901  the  two  were  separated, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  921 

and  on  November  1,  1901,  the  State  Library  Commission  began  its  sep- 
arate work.  The  development  of  public  libraries  in  Indiana  began  at 
that  time.  In  1899  there  were  57  public  libraries  in  Indiana,  of  which 
6  were  housed  in  buildings  adapted  to,  but  not  constructed  for,  library 
use ;  and  there  was  but  one  librarian  in  the  State  who  had  library  school 
training.  In  1916  there  were  197  public  libraries,  163  special  library 
buildings,  and  190  librarians  who  had  some  library  school  training.  In 
the  two  years,  1914-6,  traveling  libraries  were  furnished  to  367  associa- 
tions (of  five  or  more  persons)  and  to  56  public  libraries,  to  supplement 
their  collections,  reaching  84  of  the  92  counties  in  the  State.  At  the 
present  time,  there  are  only  three  counties  in  the  State,  Brown,  Dubois, 
and  Crawford,  that  do  not  have  a  free  public  library ;  and  the  traveling 
libraries  are  circulated  in  these.  It  should  be  added  that  this  develop- 
ment would  have  been  impossible  but  for  the  timely  generosity  of  Andrew 
Carnegie,  whose  total  gifts  to  Indiana  public  libraries  exceed  two  and 
one-half  millions  of  dollars.  Of  the  present  library  buildings  103  repre- 
sent donations  from  him,  and  7  are  gifts  from  other  persons. 

These  figures  do  not  include  the  school  libraries  that  have  been 
formed  for  the  use  of  the  various  public  schools.  Libraries  are  required 
for  commissioned  and  certified  high  schools,  and  they  have  been  formed 
in  many  others.  In  an  article  in  Harper's  Weekly,  in  January,  1909, 
Mrs.  Emma  Mont.  McRae  estimated  that  there  were  8,000  school  libraries 
in  the  State,  which  is  certainly  not  an  overestimate.  These  are  largely 
intended  for  supplementary  reading  and  reference,  but  also  circulate 
freely  among  the  pupils.  There  has  also  been  a  large  distribution  of 
books  through  the  two  reading  circles — the  Teachers  and  the  Young 
Peoples.  The  Indiana  Teachers'  Reading  Circle  was  organized  in  pur- 
suance of  resolutions  introduced  in  the  State  Teachers'  Association 
December  26,  1883,  by  Prof.  W.  A.  Bell,  its  object  being  to  unify  and 
develop  the  teachers  of  the  State  by  a  common  course  of  reading,  on 
topics  helpful  in  their  work.  It  has  distributed  about  500,000  books 
to  its  members,  at  largely  reduced  prices,  and  is  universally  conceded 
to  have  been  of  very  great  service.  The  Young  People's  Reading  Circle 
is  the  result  of  a  paper  read  before  the  State  Teachers'  Association  in 
1887,  by  Joseph  Carhart,  professor  of  English  Literature  at  DePauw, 
and  is  especially  interesting  for  its  novelty,  being  an  Indiana  'enterprise. 
As  to  this  feature,  Prof.  Carhart  said: 

"Have  the  teachers  of  other  states  undertaken  such  an  enterprise? 
Probably  not.  None  have  been  reported  to  the  Bureau  of  Education  at 
Washington,  nor  has  inquiry  in  other  directions  discovered  a  Children's 
Reading  Circle,  limited  by  state  lines,  directed  by  the  teachers  of  the 
state,  and  in  which  a  voluntary  membership  purchase  their  own  books. 


922 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


But  what  then?  Every  good  thing  had  a  beginning.  The  great  public 
school  system  itself  was  begun  by  heroic  souls  somewhere,  at  some  time 
when  there  was  neither  precedent  to  encourage  nor  example  to  guide. 
What  state  has  a  better  right  to  set  the  example  to  other  states  in  every- 
thing that  is  good  and  great  than  the  State  of  Indiana?  What  body  is 
more  entitled  to  the  honor  of  inaugurating  a  great  movement  in  behalf 


MRS.  EMMA  MONT.  McR.\E 

of  school  children  than  the  Teachers'  Association  of  Indiana?  Shall  the 
sons  and  daughters  of  pioneers  that  blazed  their  way  through  an  un- 
trodden wilderness,  wait  for  other  states  to  lead  in  a  path  of  duty  that 
lies  so  plain  before  them?  Shall  they  not  rather  emulate  the  example 
of  their  fathers  and  lead  in  a  way  in  which  other  states  will  follow? 
What  better  time  to  devise  liberally — to  inaugurate  a  great  educational 
movement,  possessing  the  possibility  of  incalculable  good,  and  one 
requiring  wisdom  in  planning,  tact  and  energy  in  executing — than  dur- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  923 

ing  the  present?  I  confidently  recommend  to  the  Indiana  Teachers' 
Association,  the  organization  of  a  Reading  Circle,  for  the  school  children 
of  the  state." 

The  proposition  was  at  once  adopted,  and  a  committee,  composed  of 
Prof.  Carhart,  Mrs.  McRae,  and  L.  H.  Jones  was  appointed  to  select 
books,  and  put  the  plan  in  operation.  It  was  a  great  success  from  the 
start,  and  grew  to  such  an  extent  that  in  1894,  a  central  office  and  dis- 
tributing point  was  established.  Prof.  Carhart  threw  all  his  energy 
into  the  organization  work,  and  was  ably  seconded  by  the  other  members. 
In  a  recent  history  of  the  movement,  issued  by  the  Circle,  it  is  said: 
"The  person  who  probably  gave  more  time,  thought  and  energy,  than 
any  one  else,  to  the  selection  of  the  Young  People 's  books,  is  Mrs.  Emma 
Mont.  McRae.  For  many  years  she  was  chairman  of  the  Young  People 's 
Committee  and  upon  her  fell  a  large  part  of  the  responsibility  of  select- 
ing these  books.  She  served  longer  on  the  Board  of  Directors  than  any 
other  member — having  served  from  the  organization  of  the  Teachers' 
Reading  Circle  in  1883,  until  January,  1910,  over  a  quarter  of  a  century 
in  a  splendid  service  she  was  so  eminently  qualified  to  give." 

This  is  not  only  true,  but  is  a  high  testimonial  to  the  judgment  of 
Mrs.  McRae,  for  the  books  have  been  remarkably  well  selected  for  their 
purpose.  The  common  tendency  of  adults,  and  particularly  of  educa- 
tors, in  selecting  books  for  young  people,  is  towards  the  "one  hundred 
best  books  that  nobody  reads."  The  important  thing  with  young  people 
is  to  form  the  reading  habit ;  and  that  can  be  done  only  by  giving  them 
something  attractive — something  that  they  will  read  because  they  enjoy 
it,  and  not  from  a  sense  of  duty,  or  obligation.  That  this  has  been 
accomplished  in  this  case  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  number  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Circle  has  now  grown  to  70,000.  The  number  of  volumes 
distributed  is  in  excess  of  a  million — the  exact  sales  for  14  years, 
1902-17,  being  681,387  volumes.  As  the  largest  demand  for  these  books 
has  been  from  the  localities  with  the  least  public  library  facilities,  it  is 
apparent  that  this  work  has  supplemented  the  regular  library  work 
of  the  State  in  a  most  fortunate  way.  And  incidentally  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  nothing  is  more  desirable  than  a  close  co-ordination  of  the 
library  and  school  interests — not  a  union,  for  that  means  the  subordina- 
tion of  one  or  the  other — but  the  fullest  possible  co-operation  of  the  two 
in  their  common  task  of  public  education. 


. 

• 


922 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


But  what  then  ?  Every  good  thing  had  a  beginning.  The  great  public 
school  system  itself  was  begun  by  heroic  souls  somewhere,  at  some  time 
when  there  was  neither  precedent  to  encourage  nor  example  to  guide. 
What  state  has  a  better  right  to  set  the  example  to  other  states  in  every- 
thing that  is  good  and  great  than  the  State  of  Indiana?  What  body  is 
more  entitled  to  the  honor  of  inaugurating  a  great  movement  in  behalf 


MRS.  EMMA  MONT.  McR.\E 


of  school  children  than  the  Teachers'  Association  of  Indiana?  Shall  the 
sons  and  daughters  of  pioneers  that  blazed  their  way  through  an  un- 
trodden wilderness,  wait  for  other  states  to  lead  in  a  path  of  duty  that 
lies  so  plain  before  them  ?  Shall  they  not  rather  emulate  the  example 
of  their  fathers  and  lead  in  a  way  in  which  other  states  will  follow? 
What  better  time  to  devise  liberally — to  inaugurate  a  great  educational 
movement,  possessing  the  possibility  of  incalculable  good,  and  one 
requiring  wisdom  in  planning,  tact  and  energy  in  executing — than  dur- 


. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  923 

ing  the  present?  I  confidently  recommend  to  the  Indiana  Teachers' 
Association,  the  organization  of  a  Reading  Circle,  for  the  school  children 
of  the  state." 

The  proposition  was  at  once  adopted,  and  a  committee,  composed  of 
Prof.  Carhart,  Mrs.  McRae,  and  L.  H.  Jones  was  appointed  to  select 
books,  and  put  the  plan  in  operation.  It  was  a  great  success  from  the 
start,  and  grew  to  such  an  extent  that  in  1894,  a  central  office  and  dis- 
tributing point  was  established.  Prof.  Carhart  threw  all  his  energy 
into  the  organization  work,  and  was  ably  seconded  by  the  other  members. 
In  a  recent  history  of  the  movement,  issued  by  the  Circle,  it  is  said: 
"The  person  who  probably  gave  more  time,  thought  and  energy,  than 
any  one  else,  to  the  selection  of  the  Young  People's  books,  is  Mrs.  Emma 
Mont.  McRae.  For  many  years  she  was  chairman  of  the  Young  People 's 
Committee  and  upon  her  fell  a  large  part  of  the  responsibility  of  select- 
ing these  books.  She  served  longer  on  the  Board  of  Directors  than  any 
other  member — having  served  from  the  organization  of  the  Teachers' 
Reading  Circle  in  1883,  until  January,  1910,  over  a  quarter  of  a  century 
in  a  splendid  service  she  was  so  eminently  qualified  to  give." 

This  is  not  only  true,  but  is  a  high  testimonial  to  the  judgment  of 
Mrs.  McRae,  for  the  books  have  been  remarkably  well  selected  for  their 
purpose.  The  common  tendency  of  adults,  and  particularly  of  educa- 
tors, in  selecting  books  for  young  people,  is  towards  the  "one  hundred 
best  books  that  nobody  reads."  The  important  thing  with  young  people 
is  to  form  the  reading  habit ;  and  that  can  be  done  only  by  giving  them 
something  attractive — something  that  they  will  read  because  they  enjoy 
it,  and  not  from  a  sense  of  duty,  or  obligation.  That  this  has  been 
accomplished  in  this  case  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  number  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Circle  has  now  grown  to  70,000.  The  number  of  volumes 
distributed  is  in  excess  of  a  million — the  exact  sales  for  14  years, 
1902-17,  being  681,387  volumes.  As  the  largest  demand  for  these  books 
has  been  from  the  localities  with  the  least  public  library  facilities,  it  is 
apparent  that  this  work  has  supplemented  the  regular  library  work 
of  the  State  in  a  most  fortunate  way.  And  incidentally  it  may  be  men- 
tioned that  nothing  is  more  desirable  than  a  close  co-ordination  of  the 
library  and  school  interests — not  a  union,  for  that  means  the  subordina- 
tion of  one  or  the  other — but  the  fullest  possible  co-operation  of  the  two 
in  their  common  task  of  public  education. 


CHAPTER  XVI 
TRANSPORTATION,  COMMERCE  AND  INDUSTRY 

One  of  the  first  problems  of  the  Indiana  pioneers  was  that  of  trans- 
portation. The  early  English  and  American  fur  traders,  who  came 
overland,  used  pack-horses,  and  these  were  commonly  used  in  military 
movements.  The  only  obstacle  to  this  mode  of  transportation  was  an 
occasional  stream  that  was  too  deep  to  be  forded.  These  were  commonly 
crossed  by  swimming  the  pack-horses,  the  goods  being  ferried  over  on 
rafts  made  of  dry  logs,  bound  together  with  vines.  This  custom  was  bor- 
rowed from  the  Indians,  and  was  also  common  among  the  early  French. 
The  Miamis  called  such  a  raft  "ti-pi-la-ho-ta-ka-m,"  and  the  French 
early  adopted  a  Malay  word,  "cajou,"  that  was  probably  imported  by 
some  missionary,  and  signifies  a  log.  Occasional  mention  is  made  by  the 
French  missionaries  of  their  crossing  streams  and  lake  on  "cajeux," 
using  the  word  properly  in  plural  form.  The  Canadians,  who  still  retain 
it,  have  shortened  it  to  "caj."  In  one  of  the  early  tragedies  of  Indiana, 
the  drowning  of  Ziba  Foote,  a  surveyor,  in  1806,  in  what  is  known  as 
Foote's  Grave  Pond,  in  Posey  County,  a  raft  of  this  kind  was  used  in  the 
«  effort  t»  rescue  him.1  The  French  settlers,  however,  located  on  streams, 

and  did  their  transportation  by  water.  For  this  they  used  birch-bark 
canoes  on  the  lakes;  but  on  the  streams  of  Indiana,  they  used  bateaux, 
or  fiat-bottomed  board  boats,  on  the  shallower  streams,  as  on  the  Wabash 
above  Post  Ouiatanon,  and  below  that  used  pirogues — sometimes  written 
"periaugers"  by  the  Americans — which  were  made  of  logs  hollowed  out, 
and  would  carry  considerable  cargoes.  For  overland  travel,  the  French 
also  used  very  largely  a  two-wheeled  cart,  called  a  caleche,  which  is  still 
in  use  in  Canada,  and  is  very  convenient  in  a  country  where  there  are 
no  roads,  as  it  can  be  taken  anywhere  that  a  horse  can  go,  except  through 
woods  where  the  trail  is  not  wide  enough  to  admit  of  its  passage.  Rev. 
James  B.  Finley  tells  of  meeting  Rev.  Benjamin  Lakin,  in  1802,  moving 
with  his  wife,  and  household  possessions,  in  a  cart  of  this  kind,  through 
the  wilds  of  Southwestern  Ohio  to  his  new  circuit:  "The  point  where 



i  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.  Vol.  2,  p.  383. 

924 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  925 

we  met  him  was  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Little  Miami,  the  track  of  the 
railroad  now  occupying  the  spot.  Then  there  was  nothing  that  deserved 
the  name  of  a  road — a  kind  of  a  trace.  We  were  surprised  to  see  a 
man  and  woman  in  a  cart  drawn  by  one  horse — surprised,  because  this 
was  a  superior  way  of  traveling,  not  known  to  the  settlers,  who  traveled 
and  carried  their  movables  on  pack-horses.  As  we  came  up  we  halted  to 
look  at  his  vehicle.  As  we  stopped  he  inquired  how  far  it  was  to  the 
next  house.  This  we  were  unable  to  tell,  for  the  road  was  uninhabited. 
We  then  had  the  curiosity  to  ask  him  who  he  was,  where  he  was  going, 
and  what  was  his  business?  He  quickly  and  kindly  replied,  'My  name 
is  Lakin ;  I  am  a  Methodist  preacher,  and  am  going  to  preach  the  gospel 
to  lost  sinners  in  the  Miami  and  Scioto  country.'  Filled  with  strange 
imaginings  we  parted  and  the  preacher  drove  on.  What  would  the  young 
preacher  of  the  present  day  think  of  taking  his  wife  in  a  cart  and 
starting  out  without  money,  home,  or  friends  and  traveling  through  the 
wilderness  seeking  for  the  lost  ? "  2 

After  the  American  settlers  had  become  established,  their  next  prob- 
lem was  getting  their  produce  to  some  market.  This  they  found  at  New 
Orleans,  but  the  vessels  used  by  the  French  were  too  small  for  their  pur- 
poses and  they  developed  the  flat-boat.  The  flat-boat  was  essentially  a 
forest  product,  and  it  would  be  very  difficult  to  find  the  enormous  trees 
now  that  were  required  for  the  sides,  which  were  the  foundations  of 
the  boat.  Its  construction  is  described  by  Col.  Cockrum  as  follows :  "To 
make  one  of  these  boats  was  quite  an  undertaking.  The  first  thing  to 
do  was  to  procure  two  gunwales.  They  were  usually  made  out  of  large 
poplar  trees  (the  liriodendron,  or  'yellow  poplar')  and  were  from  sixty 
to  eighty  feet  in  length.  Ai  fine  large,  straight  tree  was  selected,  and 
after  it  was  cut  down,  two  faces  of  it  were  hewn,  leaving  it  about  twenty- 
four  inches  thick.  Then  it  was  turned  down  on  large  logs  and  split  in 
halves,  hewn  down  to  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  in  thickness,  thus 
making  both  the  gunwales  out  of  one  tree.  The  two  ends  were  sloped 
from  six  to  eight  feet,  so  that  when  the  bottom  was  on,  it  had  a  boat 
shape,  that  would  run  much  faster  in  the  water.  The  gunwales  were 
then  hauled  to  the  boatyard  and  placed  on  rollers.  The  distance  apart 
which  was  wanted  for  the  width  of  the  boat  was  usually  from  fourteen 
to  sixteen  feet.  Strong  sills  or  girders  were  framed  into  the  gunwales 
every  eight  or  ten  feet  and  securely  fastened  there  by  strong  pins.  Small 
girders  or  sleepers,  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  were  pinned  into 
the  cross  sills  or  girders  every  eighteen  inches  and  even  with  the  bottom 
of  the  gunwales.  The  bottom  was  made  of  one  and  a  half  inch  lumber, 


2  Sketches  of  Western  Methodism,  p.  182. 


926  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  length  to  reach  from  outside  to  outside  of  the  gunwales,  where  it 
was  securely  nailed  and  then  calked.  The  old  Indiana  flat-boat  builders 
used  hemp  for  calking,  driving  it  into  the  cracks  between  the  edges  of  the 
planks  with  a  calking  chisel  made  for  the  purpose.  When  this  was  done, 
another  bottom  of  inch  lumber  was  made  over  this  that  held  the  calking 
in  place  and  made  the  bottom  stronger.  When  the  bottom  was  finished, 
it  was  ready  for  launching.  This  was  done  by  having  large  auger  holes 
in  the  round  logs  the  bottom  rested  on  and  turning  them  with  hand- 
spikes. The  ground  was  always  sloping  toward  the  river  and  it  did  not 
require  much  turning  until  the  logs  would  roll  down  the  slope  and  carry 
the  boat  into  the  water.  The  boat,  having  been  made  bottom-upward, 
had  to  be  turned.  A  large  amount  of  mud  and  dirt  was  piled  on  the 
edge  of  the  bottom,  which  was  intended  to  sink  it.  Then  a  check  line 
was  fastened  to  the  farthest  edge  and  near  the  middle  the  line  was 
carried  over  a  large  limb  or  the  fork  of  a  tree  and  two  or  three  yoke  of 
oxen  hitched  to  it.  When  everything  was  ready,  the  boat  was  turned 
right  side  up.  It  was  then  full  of  water,  which  had  to  be  baled  out. 
The  upper  framework  for  the  body  of  the  boai  was  made  very  securely 
and  well  braced  and  the  siding  was  nailed  on.  Strong  joists  were  put 
on  top  of  the  framework  from  side  to  side  to  hold  the  decking.  A  center 
girder  ran  lengthwise  of  the  boat  and  this  rested  on  a  post  every  six  or 
eight  feet.  This  girder  was  a  little  higher  than  the  outer  walls,  so 
that  the  water  would  run  off  the  deck.  A  strong  post  was  fastened  in  a 
framework  made  on  the  false  bottom  which  came  up  through  the  deck- 
ing about  three  feet  near  each  end  of  the  boat.  Holes  were  bored  in 
these  check  posts,  so  that  it  could  be  turned  around  with  long  wooden 
spikes.  The  check  rope  was  securely  fastened  to  these  posts  and  one  end 
of  it  was  carried  to  the  bank  and  fastened.  By  using  the  spikes  the  check 
post  would  take  up  the  slack  and  the  boat  could  be  securely  landed  as 
near  the  bank  as  wanted.  There  were  three  long  oars,  the  steering  oar 
had  a  wide  blade  on  the  end  and  was  fastened  to  a  post  near  the  back  of 
the  boat.  This  oar  was  used  as  a  rudder  in  guiding  the  direction  of 
the  boat.  The  other  two  oars  were  used  as  sweeps  to  propel  the  boat  and 
to  pull  her  out  of  eddies.  This  crudely  fashioned  boat  would  carry  a 
large  amount  of  produce.  The  pork  was  usually  packed  in  the  boat  in 
bulk;  flour,  wheat  and  corn  were  stored  on  raised  floors  so  as  to  keep 
them  dry.  On  small  rivers  when  the  water  was  at  floodtide,  two  hundred 
thousand  pounds  of  pork,  one  thousand  bushels  of  corn  and  many  other 
articles  of  produce  would  be  carried. 

"The  pioneers  made  their  location  where  there  was  plenty  of  good 
spring  water,  but  at  a  later  date  they  had  two  objects  in  selecting  their 
homes :  First,  to  be  near  a  mill  or  a  place  where  there  was  a  good  mill- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


927 


site ;  second,  to  be  not  far  from  a  river  where  a  flat-boat  could  be  loaded 
with  produce.  The  money  paid  for  the  produce  to  load  the  boats  brought 
great  prosperity  to  the  country.  On  the  lower  Mississippi,  where  the 
great  sugar  plantations  were,  there  was  a  great  demand  for  this  provision. 
A  boat  would  tie  to  the  bank  near  one  of  these  immense  plantations  and 


PRIMITIVE  GRAIN  MILL 
(Preserved  at  Indiana  University — Said  to  be  first  used  in  State) 


would  sell  the  owner  a  half  boat-load  of  meat,  corn  and  flour.  It  took 
one  of  these  boats  a  month  to  run  out  of  the  Wabash  down  to  New 
Orleans.  They  would  sell  their  load  of  produce  and  then  sell  the  boat. 
These  old  boatmen  were  a  jolly,  generous,  light-hearted  set  of  men,  and 
would  often  lash  their  boats  together  and  float  for  several  days  and 
nights  in  that  way  on  the  lower  Mississippi.  This  description  does  not 
apply  to  the  Pittsburg  flat-boat  men  or  those  from  the  upper  Ohio,  run- 


926 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  length  to  reach  from  outside  to  outside  of  the  gunwales,  where  it 
was  securely  nailed  and  then  calked.  The  old  Indiana  flat-boat  builders 
used  hemp  for  calking,  driving  it  into  the  cracks  between  the  edges  of  the 
planks  with  a  calking  chisel  made  for  the  purpose.  When  this  was  done, 
another  bottom  of  inch  lumber  was  made  over  this  that  held  the  calking 
in  place  and  made  the  bottom  stronger.  When  the  bottom  was  finished, 
it  was  ready  for  launching.  This  was  done  by  having  large  auger  holes 
in  the  round  logs  the  bottom  rested  on  and  turning  them  with  hand- 
spikes. The  ground  was  always  sloping  toward  the  river  and  it  did  not 
require  much  turning  until  the  logs  would  roll  down  the  slope  and  carry 
the  boat  into  the  water.  The  boat,  having  been  made  bottom-upward, 
had  to  be  turned.  A  large  amount  of  mud  and  dirt  was  piled  on  the 
edge  of  the  bottom,  which  was  intended  to  sink  it.  Then  a  check  line 
was  fastened  to  the  farthest  edge  and  near  the  middle  the  line  was 
carried  over  a  large  limb  or  the  fork  of  a  tree  and  two  or  three  yoke  of 
oxen  hjtched  to  it.  When  everything  was  ready,  the  boat  was  turned 
right  side  up.  It  was  then  full  of  water,  which  had  to  be  baled  out. 
The  upper  framework  for  the  body  of  the  boat  was  made  very  securely 
and  well  braced  and  the  siding  was  nailed  on.  Strong  joists  were  put 
on  top  of  the  framework  from  side  to  side  to  hold  the  decking.  A  center 
girder  ran  lengthwise  of  the  boat  and  this  rested  on  a  post  every  six  or 
eight  feet.  This  girder  was  a  little  higher  than  the  outer  walls,  so 
that  the  water  would  run  off  the  deck.  A  strong  post  was  fastened  in  a 
framework  made  on  the  false  bottom  which  came  np  through  the  deck- 
ing about  three  feet  near  each  end  of  the  boat.  Holes  were  bored  in 
these  check  posts,  so  that  it  could  be  turned  around  with  long  wooden 
spikes.  The  check  rope  was  securely  fastened  to  these  posts  and  one  end 
of  it  was  carried  to  the  bank  and  fastened.  By  using  the  spikes  the  check 
post  would  take  up  the  slack  and  the  boat  could  be  securely  landed  as 
near  the  bank  as  wanted.  There  were  three  long  oars,  the  steering  oar 
had  a  wide  blade  on  the  end  and  was  fastened  to  a  post  near  the  back  of 
the  boat.  This  oar  was  used  as  a  rudder  in  guiding  the  direction  of 
the  boat.  The  other  two  oars  were  used  as  sweeps  to  propel  the  boat  and 
to  pull  her  out  of  eddies.  This  crudely  fashioned  boat  would  carry  a 
large  amount  of  produce.  The  pork  was  usually  packed  in  the  boat  in 
bulk ;  flour,  wheat  and  corn  were  stored  on  raised  floors  so  as  to  keep 
them  dry.  On  small  rivers  when  the  water  was  at  floodtide,  two  hundred 
thousand  pounds  of  pork,  one  thousand  bushels  of  corn  and  many  other 
articles  of  produce  would  be  carried. 

"The  pioneers  made  their  location  where  there  was  plenty  of  good 
spring  water,  but  at  a  later  date  they  had  two  objects  in  selecting  their 
homes :  First,  to  be  near  a  mill  or  a  place  where  there  was  a  good  mill- 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


927 


site;  second,  to  be  not  far  from  a  river  where  a  flat-boat  could  be  loaded 
with  produce.  The  money  paid  for  the  produce  to  load  the  boats  brought 
great  prosperity  to  the  country.  On  the  lower  Mississippi,  where  the 
great  sugar  plantations  were,  there  was  a  great  demand  for  this  provision. 
A  boat  would  tie  to  the  bank  near  one  of  these  immense  plantations  and 


PRIMITIVE  GRAIX  MILL 
(Preserved  at  Indiana  University — Said  to  be  first  used  in  State) 


would  sell  the  owner  a  half  boat-load  of  meat,  corn  and  flour.  It  took 
one  of  these  boats  a  month  to  run  out  of  the  Wabash  down  to  New 
Orleans.  They  would  sell  their  load  of  produce  and  then  sell  the  boat. 
These  old  boatmen  were  a  jolly,  generous,  light-hearted  set  of  men.  and 
would  often  lash  their  boats  together  and  float  for  several  days  and 
nights  in  that  way  on  the  lower  Mississippi.  This  description  does  not 
apply  to  the  Pittsburg  flat-boat  men  or  those  from  the  upper  Ohio,  run- 


928    ;•',  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ning  coal  barges  down  the  river.     They  were,  in  many  instances,  a 
lot  of  desperadoes.  "3 

But  another  enterprise  was  early  under  way.  In  1799,  Louis  A. 
Tarascon,  a  French  merchant  of  Philadelphia,  sent  two  men  to  examine 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  feasibility  of 
building  ships  at  Pittsburg,  and  sending  them  to  the  ocean.  On  a  favor- 
able report,  a  shipyard,  with  all  necessary  appurtenances,  was  estab- 
lished at  Pittsburg;  and  in  1801  his  firm  built  there  the  schooner 
"Amity,"  of  120  tons  burden,  and  the  ship  "Pittsburgh,"  of  250  tons. 
Both  of  these  vessels  made  their  way  safely  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi ;  thence  to  Philadelphia,  and  on  to  France,  returning  with  cargoes 
of  French  goods.  As  they  passed  Marietta,  in  May,  1802,  the  brig  ' '  Mary 
Avery,"  of  130  tons,  which  had  been  built  there,  was  making  ready 
to  start,  and  followed  them  down  the  river  on  the  same  evening.  Several 
other  ships  were  built,  at  these  and  other  points ;  but  after  some  wrecks 
the  ship-building  industry  was  abandoned  about  1808.  In  December, 
1810,  the  Ohio  Steamboat  Navigation  Company  was  incorporated  by 
Robert  Fulton,  Robert  R.  Livingston,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  DeWitt 
Clinton,  and  Nicholas  J.  Roosevelt,  to  operate  steamboats  on  western 
rivers,  under  the  Fulton-Livingston  patents.  The  "New  Orleans,"  the 
first  steamboat  on  the  Ohio,  was  built  by  them  at  Pittsburg,  and  launched 
in  March,  1811.  It  was  138  feet  long,  and  of  300  tons  burden.  It  started 
down  the  river  in  October  of  that  year,  attaining  a  maximum  speed  of 
eight  miles  an  hour,  with  the  current,  and  exciting  the  wonder  and  en- 
thusiasm of  the  people  all  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  The  "Comet," 
of  25  tons,  was  built  in  1812,  and  the  "Vesuvius,"  of  390  tons,  in  1814; 
but  none  of  these  boats  succeeded  in  getting  back  up  the  river.  In  1814, 
the  "Enterprise"  was  built  by  D.  French,  at  Brownsville,  Penn.,  and 
went  down  to  New  Orleans,  where  she  was  impressed  by  Gen.  Jackson, 
and  used  for  military  purposes  for  a  short  time.  In  May,  1815,  she 
started  up  the  river,  and  reached  Louisville  in  25  days.  But  the  water 
was  very  high,  and  she  was  able  to  use  cut-offs  and  back-water  naviga- 
tion, being  of  only  75  tons  burden;  and  it  was  still  an  open  question 
whether  a  steamboat  could  make  its  way  upstream  on  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi and  Ohio.  This  was  settled  in  1817,  when  the  "Washington,"  built 
by  Henry  M.  Shreve,  at  Wheeling,  with  a  number  of  improvements  in 
machinery,  made  the  up-trip  from  New  Orleans  to  Louisville  in  25  days. 
This  boat  was  attached  at  New  Orleans,  on  suit  of  the  Fulton-Livingston 
people,  who  claimed  a  monopoly  of  navigating  the  western  waters  by 
steam;  but  their  claim  was  rejected  by  the  courts,  and  from  this  time 


3  Pioneer  History  of  Indiana,  pp.  508-10. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  929 

steamboat  building  grew  apace.  In  1818  there  were  63  steamboats  on 
the  Ohio.  In  1834,  when  the  total  tonnage  of  the  British  empire  was 
82,696  tons,  and  that  of  the  entire  eastern  seaboard  of  the  United  States 
was  76,064  tons,  that  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  was  126,278 
tons.  The  profits  were  so  great  that  competition  was  developed  on  all 
lines,  and  the  era  of  palatial  boats,  and  reckless  efforts  at  speed  that 
cost  numerous  explosions,  was  entered  on.  The  improvements  were  so 
great  that  in  1853  the  trip  from  New  Orleans  to  Louisville  was  accom- 
plished in  four  days  and  nine  hours. 

The  steamboats  solved  the  transportation  problem  for  the  people 
adjacent  to  the  Ohio  River  and  the  lower  Wabash,  but  for  years  the  set- 
tlers that  were  more  inland  relied  on  flat-boats,  which  could  be  run  out 
of  any  creek  of  moderate  size  during  a  freshet,  and  a  freshet  could  be 
relied  on  at  least  once  or  twice  a  year.  It  was  on  account  of  this  flat-boat 
navigation  that  the  numerous  laws  appeared  in  the  earlier  statute  books 
concerning  navigable  streams,  which  have  often  roused  the  curiosity, 
and  at  times  the  amusement  of  readers  of  later  days.  But  that  was  one 
respect  in  which  our  ancestors  had  a  great  deal  more  common  sense 
than  the  present  generation.  The  framers  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
saved  the  ownership  of  these  streams  to  the  public  by  the  provisions  of 
the  "articles  of  compact,"  which  were  to  remain  "forever  unalterable, 
unless  by.  common  consent,"  that:  "The  navigable  waters  leading  into 
the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  carrying  places  between  the 
same,  shall  be  common  highways,  and  forever  free,  as  well  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  said  territory,  as  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
and  those  of  any  other  states  that  may  be  admitted  into  the  confederacy, 
without  any  tax,  impost,  or  duty  therefor."  This  obviously  refers  to 
navigation  by  canoes  and  bateaux,  which  were  the  only  vessels  used  on 
the  portage  routes.  In  the  original  land  surveys,  the  surveyors  were 
instructed  to  note  these  navigable  streams,  and  survey  them  out,  by 
metes  and  bounds;  which  they  did,  and  they  were  never  included  in 
the  land  sales — the  adjacent  lands  being  sold  in  fractional  sections,  by 
the  metes  and  bounds  established.  The  Indiana  legislature,  by  act  of 
January  17,  1820,  made  explicit  declaration  of  the  streams  that  were 
navigable,  and  provided  penalties  for  obstructing  them  in  any  way,  and 
in  this  they  did  not  limit  themselves  to  the  surveys  and  sales,  for  the  act 
provides  that  its  provisions  shall  not  "be  so  construed  so  as  to  prevent 
any  person  or  persons  who  may  have  purchased  from  the  United  States, 
the  bed  of  any  stream  by  this  act  declared  navigable,  from  erecting  any 
dam,  which  when  erected  will  be  of  public  utility,  provided,  such  person 
or  persons  shall  provide  and  at  all  times  (when  said  rivers,  or  creeks, 
shall  contain  a  sufficient  depth  of  water,  to  render  such  streams  navi- 


930  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

gable)  keep  in  repair  good  and  sufficient  locks  or  slopes  of  dimensions 
sufficient  to  secure  the  safe  passage  of  all  such  boats  or  other  crafts,  as 
may  navigate  said  rivers." 

An  act  of  February  10,  1831,  extended  the  list  of  navigable  streams 
and  made  the  penalty  apply  to  "any  obstruction,  calculated  to  impede 
or  injure  the  navigation  of  any  stream,  reserved  by  the  Ordinance  of 
Congress  of  1787,  as  a  public  highway,  at  a  stage  of  water,  when  it  would 
otherwise  be  navigable."  This  act  covered  the  Missisinewa  throughout 
its  course  in  the  State ;  the  West  Fork  of  White  River  to  Yorktown,  and 
the  East  Fork  to  "the  junction  of  Sugar  creek,  and  Blue  river,  above 
the  mouth  of  Flatrock ' ' ;  the  North  Fork  of  the  Muskackituck  to  Vernon, 
South  Fork  to  the  mouth  of  Graham's  Fork,  and  Brushy  Fork  to  the 
mouth  of  Hog  creek ;  the  West  Fork  of  Whitewater  to  the  north  line  of 
Fayette  County,  and  the  East  Fork  to  the  north  line  of  Union  County ; 
and  a  number  of  other  streams,  some  of  which  are  not  known  except 
locally.  The  purpose  was  to  reach  every  stream  that  could  be  used  for 
running  out  flat-boats  in  high  water;  and  these  streams  were  actually 
so  used.  For  example,  Randolph  County  lands  reach  the  highest  alti- 
tudes of  any  in  Indiana,  and  one  would  hardly  think  of  it  in  connection 
with  navigation  at  present ;  but  in  an  early  day  it  sent  out  numerous 
flat-boats  both  by  the  Missisinewa  and  by  White  River,  chiefly  the  former. 
Indeed,  Ridgeville  was  so  great  a  shipping  point  that  Jacob  Ward  estab- 
lished a  boatyard  there  and  sold  boats,  forty  feet  long  and  ten  feet 
broad,  at  $25  each.  It  is  recorded  that  he  made  37  of  these  boats  in  one 
season.4  In  1825  the  legislature  appointed  Alexander  Ralston  a  com- 
missioner to  survey  the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  which  he  did  that 
summer,  and  reported  the  distance  from  Sample's  Mills,  in  Randolph 
County,  to  Indianapolis,  130  miles ;  from  Indianapolis  to  the  forks  285 
miles ;  and  from  there  to  the  Wabash  40  miles ;  and  that  for  this  distance 
of  455  miles  it  could  be  made  navigable  for  three  months  in  the  year,  by 
an  expenditure  of  $1,500.  He  found  two  falls,  or  rapids,  one  of  18 
inches  about  eight  miles  above  Martinsville ;  and  one  of  nine  feet  in 
about  100  yards,  10  miles  above  the  forks.  On  this  report,  the  legisla- 
ture adopted  a  law,  January  21,  1826,  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the 
stream  as  high  as  Sample's  Mills,  directing  the  county  commissioners  to 
call  out  men  to  work  the  stream  as  they  did  the  roads.  Not  only  did 
flat-boats  go  down  White  River,  but  a  number  of  boats  were  brought  up. 
In  the  spring  of  1821,  Matthias  R.  Nowland  and  Elisha  Herndon  brought 
up  a  keel-boat,  loaded  with  flour,  bacon  and  whisky.  In  1822,  the 
keel-boat  "Eagle"  arrived  at  Indianapolis  from  Kanawha,  loaded  with 


Hist.  Randolph  County,  pp.  95,  112. 


930 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


gable)  keep  in  repair  good  and  sufficient  locks  or  slopes  of  dimensions 
sufficient  to  secure  the  safe  passage  of  all  such  boats  or  other  crafts,  as 
may  navigate  said  rivers." 

An  act  of  February  10,  1831,  extended  the  list  of  navigable  streams 
and  made  the  penalty  apply  to  "any  obstruction,  calculated  to  impede 
or  injure  the  navigation  of  any  stream,  reserved  by  the  Ordinance  of 
Congress  of  1787,  as  a  public  highway,  at  a  stage  of  water,  when  it  would 
otherwise  be  navigable."  This  act  covered  the  Missisinewa  throughout 
its  course  in  the  State ;  the  West  Fork  of  White  River  to  Yorktown,  and 
the  East  Fork  to  "the  junction  of  Sugar  creek,  and  Blue  river,  above 
the  mouth  of  Flatrock";  the  North  Fork  of  the  Muskackituck  to  Vernon, 
South  Fork  to  the  mouth  of  Graham's  Fork,  and  Brushy  Fork  to  the 
mouth  of  Hog  creek ;  the  West  Fork  of  Whitewater  to  the  north  line  of 
Fayette  County,  and  the  East  Fork  to  the  north  line  of  Union  County; 
and  a  number  of  other  streams,  some  of  which  are  not  known  except 
locally.  The  purpose  was  to  reach  every  stream  that  could  be  used  for 
running  out  flat-boats  in  high  water;  and  these  streams  were  actually 
so  used.  For  example,  Randolph  County  lands  reach  the  highest  alti- 
tudes of  any  in  Indiana,  and  one  would  hardly  think  of  it  in  connection 
with  navigation  at  present ;  but  in  an  early  day  it  sent  out  numerous 
flat-boats  both  by  the  Missisinewa  and  by  White  River,  chiefly  the  former. 
Indeed,  Ridgeville  was  so  great  a  shipping  point  that  Jacob  Ward  estab- 
lished a  boatyard  there  and  sold  boats,  forty  feet  long  and  ten  feet 
broad,  at  $25  each.  It  is  recorded  that  he  made  37  of  these  boats  in  one 
season.4  In  1825  the  legislature  appointed  Alexander  Ralston  a  com- 
missioner to  survey  the  AVest  Fork  of  White  River,  which  he  did  that 
summer,  and  reported  the  distance  from  Sample's  Mills,  in  Randolph 
County,  to  Indianapolis,  130  miles;  from  Indianapolis  to  the  forks  285 
miles;  and  from  there  to  the  Wabash  40  miles;  and  that  for  this  distance 
of  455  miles  it  coiild  be  made  navigable  for  three  months  in  the  year,  by 
an  expenditure  of  $1.500.  He  found  two  falls,  or  rapids,  one  of  18 
inches  about  eight  miles  above  Martinsville ;  and  one  of  nine  feet  in 
about  100  yards,  10  miles  above  the  forks.  On  this  report,  the  legisla- 
ture adopted  a  law,  January  21,  1826,  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the 
stream  as  high  as  Sample's  Mills,  directing  the  county  commissioners  to 
call  out  men  to  work  the  stream  as  they  did  the  roads.  Not  only  did 
flat-boats  go  down  White  River,  but  a  number  of  boats  were  brought  up. 
In  the  spring  of  1821,  Matthias  R.  Nowland  and  Elisha  Herndon  brought 
up  a  keel-boat,  loaded  with  flour,  bacon  and  whisky.  In  1822,  the 
keel-boat  "Eagle"  arrived  at  Indianapolis  from  Kanawha,  loaded  with 


«  Hist.  Randolph  County,  pp.  95,  112. 


O 
c 


C 

X 


o 

a 


H 

O 
o 


ta 
1 

w 


932  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

salt  and  whisky.  She  was  of  15  tons  burden.  In  the  same  month  the 
"Boxer,"  of  33  tons  arrived  from  Zanesville,  loaded  with  merchandise; 
and  later  in  the  year,  Luke  Walpole  arrived  with  two  keel-boats,  bring- 
ing his  family  and  their  belongings,  together  with  a  stock  of  merchandise. 
It  is  said  that  many  other  boats  came  up,  of  which  no  special  record  was 
kept.3  One  steamboat,  the  "Gen.  Hanna,"  came  up  to  Indianapolis  in 
the  spring  of  1831,  towing  a  loaded  barge.  The  only  other  actual  steam 
navigation  at  this  point  was  by  the  "Governor  Morton,"  a  boat  of  150 
tons,  built  at  Indianapolis  in  1865,  and  operated  for  a  little  more  than 
a  year. 

In  fact,  White  River  could  very  easily  be  made  navigable  for  steam- 
boats to  Indianapolis,  as  the  fall  in  the  stream  from  that  point  to  the 
forks  of  the  stream  is  only  260  feet,  or  less  than  a  foot  to  the  mile. 
The  principal  obstructions  are  drifts  and  sandbars,  which  could  be  re- 
moved without  difficulty.*  In  fact  the  removal  of  the  bars  would  be  a 
source  of  profit  on  account  of  the  value  of  the  sand  and  gravel.  Large 
quantities  of  these  are  removed  from  the  stream  on  this  account  alone, 
by  means  of  pumps.  There  have  been  half-a-dozen  of  these  pumps 
working  at  Indianapolis  for  several  years  past,  taking  out  an  average 
of  30,000  cubic  yards  each,  in  the  course  of  a  year.  This  is  of  especial 
importance  in  connection  with  road-building  as  this  river  gravel  is 
excellent  road  material,  and  is  found  very  widely  through  the  State. 
The  only  obstacle  is  in  some  idiotic  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Indiana.  The  first  of  these  cases  came  before  the  court  in  1876,  and  the 
opinion,  by  Judge  Perkins,  says:  "The  Court  knows  judicially,  as  a 
matter  of  fact  that  White  River,  in  Marion  County,  Indiana,  is  neither 
a  navigated  nor  a  navigable  stream;"  and  as  to  the  bed  not  being  sur- 
veyed and  sold,  he  added:  "The  idea  that  the  power  was  given  to  a 
surveyor  or  his  deputy,  upon  casual  observation,  to  determine  the  ques- 
tion of  the  navigability  of  rivers,  and  thereby  conclude  vast  public  and 
private  rights,  is  an  absurdity."  Apparently,  the  provision  of  the 
Ordinance,  and  the  subsequent  legislation  of  the  State  and  the  United 
States,  with  the  uniform  action  of  officials  under  the  laws,  were  neither 
presented  nor  considered.  In  all  probability  the  learned  court  never 
heard  of  them.  If  there  is  anything  absurd  in  a  decision  on  navigability 
by  a  competent  surveyor,  from  actual  observation,  what  can  be  said  of 
a  judge,  clothed  in  the  judicial  ermine,  and  wrapped  in  the  mantle  of 
ignorance,  who  assumes  to  "conclude  vast  public  and  private  rights," 
without  so  much  as  looking  at  the  stream?  Worse  than  that,  what  is 
to  be  said  of  the  proposition  that  a  court  can  destroy  the  title  to  vast 


s  Brown  'a  Hist,  of  Indianapolis,  p.  20. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  933 

quantities  of  public  property,  whose  preservation  has  been  carefully 
provided  for  by  the  legislative  and  executive  departments  1  Fortunately, 
the  courts  of  other  states  of  the  Northwest  Territory  have  been  more  in- 
telligent, the  general  rule  being  that  any  stream  that  will  float  logs  is 
navigable."  More  fortunately,  the  United  States  has  never  recognized 
this  Indiana  decision,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should,  as  neither 
it  nor  the  State  of  Indiana  were  parties  to  the  action ;  and  if  the  public 
title  is  affected  by  the  decision,  it  is  because  the  court  permitted  it  to 
be  assailed  collaterally,  in  a  suit  between  individuals.  It  may  be  added 
that  the  Indiana  authorities  on  the  subject  of  riparian  rights  are  in 
almost  hopeless  confusion,  and  largely  so  because  the  basic  provision  of 
the  Ordinance  of  1787  has  been  ignored.  In  the  latest  decision  bearing 
on  the  question,  involving  the  title  to  the  swamp  lands  bordering  the 
Kankakee  River,  although  the  court  reaches  a  fairly  rational  conclusion, 
it  expressly  states  that,  "It  is  not  disputed  that  the  Kankakee  River  is  a 
non-navigable  river,"  and  that  "Meander  lines  are  not  by  necessary  im- 
plication boundary  lines."  These  may  be  "legal  facts,"  but  historically, 
the  Kankakee  River  was  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  "navigable 
waters"  referred  to  by  the  Ordinance,  and  in  the  surveys  in  Northwest 
Territory,  the  special  purpose  of  the  meander  lines  was  to  make  them 
boundaries,  and  exclude  from  sale  the  streams  included  between  them.7 
To  the  pioneers  of  Indiana  the  water-ways  were  of  special  importance 
on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  making  wagon-roads.  It  was  not  only 
a  matter  of  getting  rid  of  the  forest,  but  also  getting  a  new  surface  for 
the  soft  loamy  soil,  which  was  an  almost  hopeless  road  material  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  year.  At  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of 
Indiana  Territory,  on  July  4,  1900,  Calvin  Fletcher  read  a  paper  on 
Indiana  roads,  which  presents  their  transition  states  from  the  view  of 
an  actual  observer.  He  says:  "The  pioneers  of  our  State  found  In- 
dian trails,  which,  with  widening,  proved  easy  lines  of  travel.  Many 
of  these  afterward  became  fixtures  through  use,  improvement  and  leg- 
islation. *  *  *  Next  to  the  hearty  handshake  and  ready  lift  at  the 
handspike,  where  neighbors  swapped  work  at  log-rollings,  was  the  greet- 
ing when,  at  fixed  periods,  all  able-bodied  men  met  to  open  up  or  work 
upon  the  roads.  My  child-feet  pattered  along  many  of  the  well-con- 
structed thoroughfares  of  today  when  they  were  only  indistinct  trac- 
ings— long  lines  of  deadened  trees,  deep-worn  horse  paths,  and  serpentine 
tracks  of  wabbling  wa»on  wheels.  The  ever-recurring  road-working  days 
and  their  cheerful  observance,  with  time's  work  in  rotting  and  fire's 


«2  Mich.,  219;  19  Oregon,  375;   33  W.  Virginia,  13;   20  Barhour,  N.  W.,  9;   14 
Kentucky  Law,  521 ;  87  Wisconsin,  203. 

^  State  vs.  Tuesberg  Land  Co.,  109  N.  E.,  530;   111  N.  E.,  342. 


934  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

work  in  removing  dead  tree  and  stump,  at  last  let  in  long  lines  of  sun- 
shine to  dry  up  the  mud,  to  burn  up  the  miasma,  and  to  bless  the  way- 
farer to  other  parts,  as  well  as  to  disclose  what  these  pioneer  road- 
makers  had.  done  for  themselves  by  opening  up  fields  in  the  forests. 
*  *  *  To  perfect  easily  and  naturally  these  industries  requires  three 
generations.  The  forests  must  be  felled,  logs  rolled  and  burned,  families 
reared,  and  in  most  cases  the  land  to  be  paid  for.  When  this  is  ac- 
complished a  faithful  picture  would  reveal  not  only  the  changes  that 
had  been  wrought,  but  a  host  of  prematurely  broken  down  men  and 
women,  besides  an  undue  proportion  resting  peacefully  in  country  grave- 
yards. A  second  generation  straightens  out  the  fields  at  odd  corners, 
pulls  the  stumps,  drains  the  wet  spots,  and  casting  aside  the  sickle  of  their 
father,  swings  the  cradle  over  broader  fields;  and  even  trenches  upon 
the  plans  of  the  third  generation  by  pushing  the  claim  of  the  reaper, 
the  mower  and  the  thresher.  *  *  *  The  labor  of  the  three  genera- 
tions in  road-making  I  class  as  follows :  To  the  first  generation  belonged 
locating  the  roads  and  clearing  the  timber  from  them.  The  wet  places 
would  become  miry  and  were  repaired  by  the  use  of  logs.  *  *  *  The 
roots  and  stumps  caused  many  holes,  called  chuck  holes,  which  were  re- 
paired by  using  brush  and  dirt — with  the  uniform  result  that  at  each 
end  of  the  corduroy  or  brush  repairs,  a  new  mud  or  chuck  hole  would 
be  formed  in  time ;  and  thus  did  the  pioneer  pave  the  way  for  the  public 
and  himself  to  market,  to  court,  and  to  elections.  The  second  generation 
discovered  a  value  in  the  inexhaustible  beds  of  gravel  in  the  rivers  and 
creeks,  as  well  as  beneath  the  soil.  Roadbeds  were  thrown  up,  and  the 
side  ditches  thus  formed  contributed  to  sound  wheeling.  Legislation 
tempted  capital  to  invest  and  tollgates  sprang  up  until  the  third  genera- 
tion removed  them  and  assumed  the  burden  of  large  expenditures  from 
public  funds  for  public  benefit. 

"And  thus  have  passed  away  the  nightmare  of  the  farmer,  the  trav- 
eler, and  mover  and  the  mail-carrier — a  nightmare  that  prevailed  nine 
months  in  the  year.  *  *  *  An  experience  of  a  trip  from  Indian- 
apolis to  Chicago  in  March,  1848,  by  mail  stage  is  pertinent.  It  took 
the  first  twenty- four  hours  to  reach  Kirklin,  in  Boone  County  (Clinton 
County)  ;  the  next  twenty-four  to  Logansport,  the  next  thirty -six  to 
reach  South  Bend.  A  rest  then  of  twenty-four  hours  on  account  of  high 
water  ahead ;  then  thirty-six  hours  to  Chicago — five  days  of  hard  travel 
in  mud  or  on  corduroy,  or  sand.  *  *  *  In  the  summer  passenger 
coaches  went  through,  but  when  wet  weather  came  the  mud  wagon  was 
used  to  carry  passengers  and  mail,  and  when  the  mud  became  too  deep 
the  mail  was  piled  into  crates,  canvas-covered,  and  hauled  through.  This 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  935 

was  done  also  on  the  National  (Cumberland),  the  Madison,  the  Cincin- 
nati, the  Lafayette  and  the  Bloomington  roads." 

The  joyous  system  of  "working  the  roads,"  to  which  Mr.  Fletcher 
refers,  was  in  use  in  Indiana  from  the  start,  as  in  the  other  states,  the 
idea  being  to  get  the  labor  without  calling  on  the  poorer  citizens  for 
money,  which  would  have  been  a  hardship  for  many  of  them.  The  first 
road  law,  adopted  in  1807,  contained  these  provisions:  ''All  male  per- 
sons of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  and  not  exceeding  fifty,  who  have 
resided  thirty  days  in  any  township,  of  any  county  within  this  territory, 
and  who  are  not  a  county  charge,  shall  be  liable  yearly  and  every  year, 
to  do  and  perform  any  number  of  days'  work,  not  exceeding  twelve, 
whenever  the  supervisor  of  the  district  in  which  he  resides  shall  deem 
it  necessary;  and  if  any  such  resident,  having  had  three  days'  notice 
thereof  from  the  supervisor,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  attend  by  himself 
or  substitute  to  the  acceptance  of  the  supervisor,  on  the  day  and  at  the 
place  appointed  for  working  on  the  public  road,  with  such  necessary  and 
common  articles  of  husbandry  as  the  said  supervisor  shall  have  directed 
him  to  bring,  wherewith  to  labor,  or  having  attended,  shall  refuse  to 
obey  the  direction  of  the  supervisor,  or  shall  spend  or  waste  the  day 
in  idleness  or  inattention  to  the  duty  assigned  him ;  every  such  delinquent 
shall  forfeit  for  every  such  neglect  or  refusal,  the  sum  of  seventy-five 
cents,  to  be  recovered  at  the  suit  of  the  supervisor  respectively  before 
any  Justice  of  the  Peace  of  the  Township.  *  *  *  If  any  person  or 
persons  working  on  the  highways,  or  being  with  them,  shall  ask  any 
money  or  drink,  or  any  other  reward  whatsoever,  of  any  person  passing 
or  travelling  on  the  said  public  road  or  highway,  he  shall,  for  every  such 
offense,  pay  the  sum  of  one  dollar,  to  be  recovered  by  the  supervisor. ' ' 

The  War  of  1812  called  for  an  increase  in  the  laboring  forces  of  the 
commonwealth,  and  by  an  act  of  1814  it  was  provided :  "  That  each 
and  every  white  male  person,  sixteen  years  of  age  and  upwards,  and 
each  and  every  male  person  of  color,  bond  or  free,  sixteen  years  of  age 
and  upwards,  shall  be  subject  to  work  on  roads  and  public  highways,  as 
is  directed  by  law,  except  those  that  shall  from  time  to  time  be  exempted 
by  the  courts  of  common  pleas  for  their  respective  counties,  on  account 
of  their  entire  disability."  It  was  further  specified  that,  "in  case  of  de- 
fault, or  non-attendance  of  minors,  or  servants,  to  work  on  public  roads 
or  highways,  when  legally  called  on  as  the  law  directs,  the  parent, 
guardian  or  master,  shall  be  held  and  deemed  responsible  for  all  fines 
and  costs  which  are  recoverable  by  law.8  After  the  stress  of  war  was 
over,  the  age  limit  was  restored  to  twenty-one  years,  and  the  system,  in 


«  Acts  1813-4,  p.   132. 
vol.  n— tt 


936  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

other  respects  is  still  continued,  much  to  the  disadvantage  of  good  roads. 
Everybody  knows  the  system  is  largely  farcical,  but,  as  in  many  other 
things,  the  American  people  seem  to  enjoy  defrauding  themselves;  and 
the  blessing  of  free  government  is  that  they  can  do  what  they  like.  The 
present  law  provides  for  an  eight  hour  day,  with  exemption  at  $1.50 
per  day,  but  with  the.  privilege  of  furnishing  a  "substitute."  This  is 
usually  taken  advantage  of  by  railroads  and  other  corporations,  -which 
escape  a  large  part  of  their  road  taxes  by  employing  cheap  and  inef- 
ficient labor.  The  law  provides  a  penalty  for  any  who  "shall  remain 
idle  or  -not  work  faithfully,  or  shall  hinder  others  from  working,"  but 
this  is  not  enforced;  and  the  condition  is  very  well  presented  by  an 
anonymous  poet,  in  describing  the  hardships  of  pioneer  days — 

"Oh,  our  life  was  tough  and  tearful,  and  its  toil  was  often  fearful, 

And  often  we  grew  faint  beneath  the  load. 
But  there  came  a  glad  vacation  and  a  sweet  alleviation, 

When  we  used  to  work  our  tax  out  on  the  road. 

"When  we  used  to  work  our  tax  out,  then  we  felt  the  joys  of  leisure, 

And  we  felt  no  more  the  prick  of  labor's  goad; 
Then  we  shared  the  golden  treasure  of  sweet  rest  in  fullest  measure, 

When  we  used  to  work  our  tax  out  on  the  road." 

Even  worse  than  this  feature,  is  the  fact  that  the  work  is  usually 
mere  patching,  and  never  intelligent  road  construction.  Generally  the 
greater  part  of  it  is  scraping  the  soil  from  the  sides  of  the  road  into 
the  center,  and  filling  holes  with  material  that  soon  works  out.  It  made 
the  roads  worse  in  the  early  days,  before  gravel  and  crushed  stone  were 
used  in  road  construction,  and  various  records  of  the  period  preceding 
the  civil  war  are  laden  with  complaints  of  the  villainous  roads  of  the 
State.  The  whole  matter  was  well  summed  up  by  a  weary  traveler,  who 
inscribed  in  the  tavern  register  of  Franklin,  the  lines — 

"The  roads  are  impassable — hardly  jackassable ; 
I  think  those  that  travel  'em  should  turn  out  and  gravel  'em. ' ' 

In  the  early  days,  the  construction  of  durable  roads  except  by  the 
State  or  National  government  was  not  considered.  There  were  great  ex- 
pectations of  the  National  Road,  which  was  located  through  Indiana  in 
the  summer  of  1827,  and  contracts  for  which  were  let  in  the  year  fol- 
lowing. In  all.  from  1827  to  1838,  when  work  was  abandoned,  Congress 
appropriated  $1,136,600  for  this  road  in  Indiana,  of  which  $513,099  was 


o 

b 


I 
2: 


o 
Cd 

X 

I 


. 


938  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

expended  for  bridges  and  masonry.  The  road  was  well  graded  and 
bridged  through  Indiana,  but  there  was  not  enough  money  to  macad- 
amize all  of  it.  The  contract  for  the  bridge  over  White  River,  at  Indian- 
apolis, was  let  in  1831,  and  the  bridge  was  completed  in  1834.  With 
Indianapolis  as  a  center,  the  road  was  macadamized  for  several  miles  east 
and  west,  and  similar  improvement  was  made  for  a  few  miles  west  of 
Richmond,  before  the  work  stopped.  The  remainder  was  merely  grade 
and.  bridges,  until  parts  of  it  were  taken  over  by  local  authorities,  or  by 
toll  road  companies,  and  macadamized  or  graveled.  The  demand  for 
roads  was  the  chief  cause  of  the  State's  undertaking  its  internal  improve- 
ment system,  which  has  been  described  elsewhere  and  which  also  came 
to  an  end  at  this  time.  Just  before  this  work  stopped,  the  movement 
for  plank  roads  had  got  under  way  in  the  East,  and  in  a  few  years 
reached  the  West.  Plank  road  companies  were  incorporated :  and  on 
February  16,  1848,  a  general  incorporation  law  for  plank  road  com- 
panies was  adopted.  The  idea  took  well  in  a  country  where  timber  was 
a  drug  on  the  market  and  for  several  years  was  quite  popular.  Robert 
Dale  Owen  became  interested  in  a  plank  road  from  New  Harmony  to 
Mt.  Vernon,  and  after  some  investigation,  published  a  small  book  on 
the  subject  in  1850.  He  stated  that  the  plan  had  been  introduced  into 
Canada  from  Russia,  and  recommended,  from  Canadian  experience,  the 
laying  of  8-foot  plank  on  stringers  as  the  most  economical  and  satis- 
factory method.  A  new  pKank  road  is  indeed  a  luxury;  but  when  it 
begins  to  go  to  pieces  it  is  almost  worse  than  nothing;  and  it  took  only 
about  a  decade  to  satisfy  Indiana  that  plank  roads  were  not  what  she 
wanted.  The  law  of  1848,  permitted  companies  to  take  over  State  or 
county  roads,  with  the  consent  of  the  County  Commissioners,  and  after 
planking  three  miles,  to  charge  toll  on  them.  The  same  plan  was  fol- 
lowed as  to  gravel  roads  later  on,  and  in  the  course  of  thirty  years  most 
of  the  decent  roads  in  Indiana  became  toll  roads.  In  1885  a  law  was 
passed  for  constructing  free  gravel  roads,  by  assessment  of  lands  lying 
within  two  miles  of  the  improvement,  on  petition  of  a  majority  of  the 
land-owners  affected.  In  1893,  another  law  was  passed  for  constructing 
free  gravel  roads  at  public  expense,  if  a  majority  of  the  voters  favored 
it  at  an  election  held  for  that  purpose.  Under  these  laws  the  new  free 
gravel  roads  of  the  State  have  been  constructed;  but  the  reform  legis- 
lature of  1889  provided  by  Jaw  for  the  public  purchase  of  existing  toll 
roads,  and  making  them  free,  and  under  it  there  remain  only  a  few 
toll  roads  in  the  State,  in  the  river  counties. 

The  latest  movement  for  good  roads  is  chiefly  due  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  automobile,  and  the  desire  of  automobile  owners  to  make 
"runs";  but  its  practical  Value  to  the  farmer  is  none  the  less  on  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  939 

account,  and  indeed  the  farmer  is  very  commonly  an  automobile  owner. 
The  gravitation  of  the  automobile  industry  towards  Indiana  was  largely 
accelerated  by  the  local  ownership  of  "prestolite,"  and  by  the  construc- 
tion of  the  motor  speedway  at  Indianapolis  in  1909.  In  December,  1910, 
the  Indiana  Good  Roads  Association  was  organized,  with  Clarence  A. 
Kenyon  as  president,  and  began  the  agitation  for  both  better  roads  and 
better  management  of  road  funds  in  the  State.  Kenyon  is  a  native  of 
Michigan,  born  at  Kalamazoo,  May  9,  1858.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, but  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1891  as  vice-president  and  attorney 
for  the  Western  Paving  &  Supply  Co.  He  was  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  scientific  road-making,  and  an  enthusiast  on  the  subject.  He  did 
more  to  awaken  an  intelligent  interest  in  it  than  any  other  one  man  in 
the  State.  To  secure  any  effective  legislation  was  an  up-hill  fight,  for 
the  local  authorities  that  controlled  the  road  funds  did  not  want  to  lose 
their  control,  and  they  were  powerful  politically.  On  January  15,  1914, 
a  meeting  of  friends  of  good  roads,  including  engineers,  county  commis- 
sioners, and  Purdue  instructors,  with  others,  was  held  at  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  in  Indianapolis.  Kenyon  made  a  strong  presentation  of  the 
folly  of  the  existing  system,  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  1912 
the  State  had  expended  $13,831,392  for  roads,  without  any  system,  and 
without  expert  supervision ;  and  the  fight  for  a  State  Highway  Com- 
mission was  launched.  A  law  was  secured,  not  what  the  friends  of  good 
roads  wanted,  but  one  establishing  a  commission,  and  authorizing  a 
limited  system  of  "main  market  roads"  under  its  authority.  It  has  lo- 
cated its  roads,  and  is  co-operating  with  national  and  local  authorities 
systematizing  the  road  work  of  the  State.  With  the  backing  of  the 
automobile  interests,  it  will  probably  accomplish  something  worth  while. 
It  certainly  would  do  so  if  it  took  up  the  matter  of  reclaiming  for  the 
State  the  control  of  the  beds  of  navigable  streams,  and  the  utilization 
of  the  gravel  in  them  for  road  construction,  which  is  now  being  monopo- 
lized by  private  parties  who  have  no  valid  title  to  it. 

In  its  early  stages  Indiana  was  almost  wholly  agricultural,  the  manu- 
facturing and  other  industries  being  devoted  to  supplying  local  wants. 
There  was,  however,  a  considerable  product  of  manufactures  from  the 
looms  and  spinning  wheels  of  the  pioneer  women ;  and  some  product  for 
export  from  the  saw  mills  and  grist  mills.  With  the  exception  of  the 
production  of  wine  by  the  Swiss,  in  Switzerland  County ;  of  whisky  at 
various  points;  and  of  various  manufactures  at  New  Harmony,  manu- 
facturing on  any  extensive  scale  was  rarely  undertaken,  and  when  under- 
taken was  a  failure.  The  early  settlers  realized  that  the  prices  of  manu- 
factured goods  were  largely  increased  by  the  cost  of  importation,  and 
there  was  early  a  demand  for  steam  mills;  but  those  introduced  at 


A         N 


L 


WSB&A 


tTATB    HIGHWAY  COMMttXM 
IMtti  bCJMto 


•ttMMi 

•MBCKMI 


STATUTE  MILES 


J 


MAP  SHOWING  MAIN  MARKET  HIGHWAYS  TO  BE  BUILT  IN  INDIANA 
(Published  by  Portland  Cement  Assoc.,  Ill  No.  Wash.  St.,  Chicago) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  941 

Vincennes  and  Indianapolis  produced  so  much  more  than  was  required 
locally,  and  without  any  outside  market,  that  they  were  financial  failures. 
Although  there  was  a  steady  increase  of  manufacturing  and  other  em- 
ployment as  the  population  of  the>  State  increased,  there  was  a  pre- 
ponderance of  agricultural  labor  until  after  1890.  By  the  census  of  that 
year,  out  of  635,080  people  in  the  State  engaged  in  gainful  occupations, 
there  were  331,240  engaged  in  agriculture.  In  1900,  of  899,175  in  oc- 
cupations there  were  342,733  in  agriculture;  and  in  1910,  of  1,037,710 
in  occupations  there  were  344,454  in  agriculture.  Naturally,  the  first 
developments  of  manufacturing  were  those  connected  with  agriculture. 
The  pioneer  had  to  get  his  grain  into  meal  or  flour,  in  some  way,  and 
his  first  method  was  to  make  a  hollow  in  the  end  of  a  log,  and  pound 
the  corn  as  the  Indians  did.  The  next  step  was  to  make  the  bottom  of 
the  hollow  flat,  and  cover  the  grain  with  a  mill-stone,  which  was  turned 
by  hand,  or  by  a  horse  harnessed  to  a  lever  arm,  and  driven  around  the 
mill.  This  laborious  method  was  of  course  used  only  for  immediate  needs, 
and  not  for  commercial  purposes.  It  speedily  gave  way  to  mills  operated 
by  water  power,  wherever  water  power  was  available,  and  there  were 
few  localities  in  Indiana  where  it  was  not  available  to  some  extent.  In 
this,  as  in  everything  else,  the  pioneer  used  his  ingenuity  to  overcome 
the  obstacles  that  confronted  him.  One  of  the  most  notable  instances  of 
ingenious  enterprise  in  milling  is  that  of  John  Work,  who  built  a  mill 
on  Fourteen  Mile  Creek,  in  Clark  County,  at  a  very  early  day.  As  his 
business  grew,  with  the  settlement  of  the  country,  he  needed  more  water 
power.  The  creek  made  a  long  bend  above  the  mill,  coming  back  at  one 
point  within  300  feet  of  it,  but  separated  by  a  hill  of  stone.  He  decided 
to  tunnel  through  this,  and  began  work  in  1814.  With  rude  tools,  and 
the  use  of  650  pounds  of  powder,  three  men  completed  the  tunnel  in 
three  years,  the  cost  being  $3,300.  There  were  high  festivities  when  it 
was  completed.  The  race  was  five  feet  wide  and  six  feet  deep ;  and  a 
large  man  rode  through  it  on  horseback.  At  each  end  was  a  barrel  of 
whisky,  with  the  head  knocked  in,  and  gourds  for  the  thirsty;  not  to 
mention  ample  supplies  of  food.  This  tunnel  gave  a  good  supply  of 
water,  with  a  fall  of  26  feet,  and  the  picturesque  old  stone  mill  still 
stands,  and  does  service  for  the  neighborhood. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  early  industries  was  pork  pack- 
ing, for  pork  could  be  barreled  and  shipped  by  flatboat,  without  danger 
of  injury  from  rain.  This  grew  into  an  extensive  business  in  all  the  set- 
tled parts  of  the  State.  In  the  winter  of  1854-5  there  were  reported 
485,663  hogs  slaughtered,  and  in  1855-6,  447.870.  by  50  packing  estab- 
lishments, widely  scattered,  and  there  were  nineteen  others  that  did  not 
report.  The  largest  establishments  were  at  the  larger  towns — Madison, 


TUNNEL  MILL 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  943 

•-    .' 

Indianapolis,  Connersville,  Terre  Haute,  and  Lafayette;  and  it  was 
estimated  that  over  100,000  hogs  were  taken  from  Indiana  to  Cincinnati, 
Louisville  and  other  outside  points  to  be  slaughtered.9  The  drop  in  the 
number  in  the  second  winter  indicates  that  it  was  not  a  favorable  winter 
for  packing.  It  was  necessary  to  have  freezing  weather  to  pack  pork, 
in  those  days,  and  a  warm  winter  was  a  public  calamity.  It  is  not  gen- 
erally known  that  summer-packing  is  an  Indiana  invention,  nor  is  it 
generally  recognized  how  completely  it  has  revolutionized  and  improved 
the  industry.  In  1863,  "having  decided  that  Indianapolis  was  the  most 
favorable  point  for  their  business,  the  British  firm  of  Kingan  Bros, 
built  here  what  was  then  the  largest  pork-house  in  the  world — 187x115 
feet,  and  five  stories  high,  with  all  the  latest  improvements,  including  a 
steam  rendering  plant,  and  with  a  capacity  for  slaughtering  3,000  hogs 
per  day.  Among  their  superior  employes  was  George  W.  Stockman, 
a  native  Hoosier,  of  an  old  Lawrenceburg  family.  In  1868  he  com- 
menced experimenting  in  the  artificial  cooling  of  meats,  and  was  backed 
by  the  firm.  His  first  apparatus  was  based  on  two  simple  physical  facts ; 
that  cold  air  is  heavier  than  warm  air,  and  will  fall  when  in  contact  with 
it ;  and  that  any  object  will  cool  more  rapidly  in  a  current  of  air  than 
in  the  same  air  at  rest.  In  the  top  story  of  the  building,  in  a  close  room, 
Stockman  placed  a  vat,  perhaps  10  x  15  feet,  and  2  or  3  feet  deep, 
through  which  were  run  metal  pipes,  across  the  bottom,  and  coming  to 
the  surface  at  one  end.  The  vat  was  filled  with  a  mixture  of  ice  and 
salt.  As  the  air  cooled  in  the  pipes,  it  flowed  out  of  the  lower  opening 
in  a  very  perceptible  current,  and  fell  through  a  grating  in  the  floor  to  a 
similar  room,  with  a  similar  vat,  on  the  floor  below;  and  so  on  to  the 
basement,  where  it  was  blown  into  the  room  where  the  freshly  slaughtered 
pork  was  hung,  by  means  of  a  rotary  blower.  In  this  way  a  temperature 
of  31  degrees  was  easily  maintained,  and  the  problem  was  solved.  The 
Board  of  Trade  report  for  1872  says  that  Kingan  &  Co.  "have  made 
extensive  and  expensive  preparations  for  prosecuting  their  business 
through  the  summer  months,  so  that  to  the  fattened  porker  there  can 
be  no  postponement  of  the  death  penalty  'on  account  of  the  weather.' 
This  firm  packed  and  shipped  the  product  of  69,000  hogs  which  were 
killed  between  March  and  November  of  last  year.  These  meats  were 
ice-cured.  Their  ice-cured  meats  are  equal  to  the  product  of  their  winter 
slaughtering."  In  1873  their  "summer-pack"  reached  260,000.  This 
was  continued  until  the  process  was  supplanted  by  the  ammonia  cool- 
ing processes,  in  which  Stockman  was  also  a  pioneer,  and  took  out  sev- 
eral patents.  The  change  in  the  system  was  important  not  only  on  ac- 


Locomotive,  March  8,  1856. 


TUNNEL  MILL 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  943 

. 

Indianapolis,  Connersville,  Terre  Haute,  and  Lafayette ;  and  it  was 
estimated  that  over  100,000  hogs  were  taken  from  Indiana  to  Cincinnati, 
Louisville  and  other  outside  points  to  be  slaughtered."  The  drop  in  the 
number  in  the  second  winter  indicates  that  it  was  not  a  favorable  winter 
for  packing.  It  was  necessary  to  have  freezing  weather  to  pack  pork, 
in  those  days,  and  a  warm  winter  was  a  public  calamity.  It  is  not  gen- 
erally known  that  summer-packing  is  an  Indiana  invention,  nor  is  it 
generally  recognized  how  completely  it  has  revolutionized  and  improved 
the  industry.  In  1863,  'having  decided  that  Indianapolis  was  the  most 
favorable  point  for  their  business,  the  British  firm  of  Kingan  Bros, 
built  here  what  was  then  the  largest  pork-house  in  the  world— 187x115 
feet,  and  five  stories  high,  with  all  the  latest  improvements,  including  a 
steam  rendering  plant,  and  with  a  capacity  for  slaughtering  3,000  hogs 
per  day.  Among  their  superior  employes  was  George  \V.  Stockman, 
a  native  Hoosier,  of  an  old  Lawreneeburg  family.  In  1868  he  com- 
menced experimenting  in  the  artificial  cooling  of  meats,  and  was  backed 
by  the  firm.  His  first  apparatus  was  based  on  two  simple  physical  facts ; 
that  cold  air  is  heavier  than  warm  air,  and  will  fall  when  in  contact  with 
it ;  and  that  any  object  will  cool  more  rapidly  in  a  current  of  air  than 
in  the  same  air  at  rest.  In  the  top  story  of  the  building,  in  a  close  room, 
Stockman  placed  a  vat,  perhaps  10x15  feet,  and  2  or  3  feet  deep, 
through  which  were  run  metal  pipes,  across  the  bottom,  and  coming  to 
the  surface  at  one  end.  The  vat  was  filled  with  a  mixture  of  ice  and 
salt.  As  the  air  cooled  in  the  pipes,  it  flowed  out  of  the  lower  opening 
in  a  very  perceptible  current,  and  fell  through  >a  grating  in  the  floor  to  a 
similar  room,  with  a  similar  vat,  on  the  floor  below;  and  so  on  to  the 
basement,  where  it  was  blown  into  the  room  where  the  freshly  slaughtered 
pork  was  hung,  by  means  of  a  rotary  blower.  In  this  way  a  temperature 
of  31  degrees  was  easily  maintained,  and  the  problem  was  solved.  The 
Board  of  Trade  report  for  1872  says  that  Kingan  &  Co.  "have  made 
extensive  and  expensive  preparations  for  prosecuting  their  business 
through  the  summer  months,  so  that  to  the  fattened  porker  there  can 
be  no  postponement  of  the  death  penalty  'on  account  of  the  weather.' 
This  firm  packed  and  shipped  the  product  of  69,000  hogs  which  were 
killed  between  March  and  November  of  last  year.  These  meats  wer<- 
ice-cured.  Their  ice-cured  meats  are  equal  to  the  product  of  their  winter 
slaughtering."  In  1873  their  "summer-pack"  reached  260,000.  This 
was  continued  until  the  process  was  supplanted  by  the  ammonia  cool- 
ing processes,  in  which  Stockman  was  also  a  pioneer,  and  took  out  sev- 
eral patents.  The  change  in  the  system  was  important  not  only  on  ac- 


Locomotive,  March  8,  1856. 


944  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

count  of  avoiding  dependence  on  weather,  but  because  it  is  cheaper  to 
fatten  hogs  in  summer  than  in  winter.  There  have  been  few  inventions 
that  have  had  a  more  tremendous  effect  commercially  than  this. 

In  1910,  the  Census  Bureau  made  a  special  report  on  Indiana,  in 
which  it  said :  "  In  1849  Indiana  ranked  fourteenth  among  the  states  of 
the  Union  in  the  value  of  its  manufactures,  the  total  value  of  products 
being  $18,725,000.  Each  decade  since  then  has  shown  a  large  increase, 
the  value  of  the  manufactured  products  of  the  state  reaching  the  $100,- 
000,000  mark  in  1869,  while  in  1909  it  amounted  to  $579,075,000,  and 
the  state  ranked  ninth  in  this  respect.  The  growth  has  been  dependent 
largely  upon  the  natural  resources  of  the  state,  consisting  of  an  abundant 
supply  of  timber,  important  agricultural  products,  and  a  large  produc- 
tion of  petroleum  and  natural  gas.  During  the  past  decade  the  supply 
of  timber,  petroleum,  and  natural  gas  has*  fallen  off  greatly,  and  some 
of  the  industries  depending  upon  these  materials  show  a  decrease  in 
their  output  or  less  advance  than  in  previous  years.  The  manufacturing 
industries  of  the  state  as  a  whole,  however,  have  continued  to  flourish, 
lumber  having  been  secured  from  outside  the  state  to  supplement  the 
local  supply,  while  the  increasing  amount  of  coal  mined  in  the  state 
has  compensated  largely  for  the  smaller  supply  of  natural  gas  and  has 
stimulated  manufacturing  in  many  lines.  During  1849  an  average  of 
14,440  wage  earners,  representing  1.5  per  cent  of  the  total  population, 
were  employed  in  manufactures,  while  in  1909  an  average  of  186,984 
wage  earners,  or  6.9  per  cent  of  the  total  population,  were  so  engaged. 
During  this  period  the  gross  value  of  products  per  capita  of  the  total 
population  of  the  state  increased  from  $19  to  $214.  The  proportion 
which  the  manufactures  of  the  state  represented  of  the  total  value  of 
products  of  manufacturing  industries  for  the  United  States  increased 
from  1.8  per  cent  in  1849  to  2.8  in  1909.  *  *  *  In  1909  the  state  of 
Indiana  had  7,969  manufacturing  establishments,  which  gave  employ- 
ment to  an  average  of  218,263  persons  during  the  year  and  paid  out 
$121,816,000  in  salaries  and  wages.  Of  the  persons  employed,  186,984 
were  wage  earners.  These  establishments  turned  out  products  to  the 
value  of  $579,075,000,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  materials  costing 
$334,375,000  were  utilized.  The  value  added  by  manufacture  was  thus 
$244,700,000,  which  figure  best  represents  the  net  wealth  created  by 
manufacturing  operations  during  the  year." 

This  report  gives  tables  showing  the  details  of  employment  of  capital 
and  labor,  production,  etc.,  for  55  industries  or  groups  of  industries 
that  had  products  in  excess  of  $500,000  in  1909,  there  being  772  estab- 
lishments grouped  under  the  head  of  "all  other  industries,"  and  there 
being  93  industries  or  groups  of  industries  in  this  class.  In  this  large 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  945 

diversity  of  manufacturing  only  the  more  important  industries  are  com- 
mented on  specially,  giving  a  comprehensive  view  of  their  historical  im- 
portance, as  follows : 

"Slaughtering  and  meat  packing. — This  classification  includes  estab- 
lishments doing  wholesale  slaughtering  and  meat  packing,  and  those  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  sausage  only.  It  does  not  include  the  nu- 
merous retail  butcher  shops,  which  slaughter  a  large  number  of  animals. 
While  from  1899  to  1904  the  value  of  products  decreased  from  $43,890,000 
to  $29,435,000,  it  had  increased  to  $47,289,000  by  1909,  when  the  total 
value  of  products  was  $3,999,000  or  7.7  per  cent  greater  than  in  1899. 
The  decrease  during  the  earlier  period  was  due  largely  to  the  fact  that 
some  of  the  large  establishments  reported  in  1899  had  removed  from  the 
state  in  1904.  Although  the  increase  in  value  of  products  from  1904 
to  1909  was  influenced  greatly  by  the  general  rise  in  prices,  the  number 
of  establishments,  the  average  number  of  wage  earners,  and  the  amount 
paid  for  wages  all  show  large  increases. 

' '  Flour  mill  and  grist  mill  products. — This  industry,  the  outgrowth  of 
the  large  crops  of  cereals  grown  in  Indiana,  has  long  been  one  of  the 
leading  industries  of  the  state.  The  value  of  products  increased  from 
$29,038,000  in  1899  to  $40,541,000  in  1909,  an  increase  of  $11,503,000 
or  39.6  per  cent  in  the  decade.  The  state,  however,  dropped  from  sixth 
place  among  the  states  and  territories  in  this  industry  in  1899  to  eighth 
place  in  1909.  In  1909  the  value  of  the  products  of  this  industry  rep- 
resented 7  per  cent  of  the  total  for  all  manufacturing  industries  in  the 
state.  Those  mills  which  do  custom  grinding  only  are  not  included  in 
the  general  tables,  or  in  the  totals  for  manufacturing  industries."  Of 
the  mills  so  omitted,  there  were  204  custom  sawmills,  with  a  total  product 
of  $220,437,  and  175  gristmills,  with  a  product  of  $836,847. 

"Iron  and  steel,  steel  works  and  rolling  mills. — In  1889  the  value  of 
the  products  of  this  industry  was  but  $4,743,000,  while  by  1899  it  had 
increased  to  $19,338.000,  and  in  1909  to  $38,652,000,  or  over  eight  times 
the  amount  reported  in  1889.  On  account  of  a  general  depression  in  the 
industry  in  1904  the  value  of  products  reported  for  that  year  was  12.5 
per  cent  less  than  that  reported  in  1899,  but  during  the  five  years  from 
1904  to  1909  there  was  an  increase  of  128.4  per  cent.  This  recent  gain 
is  in  a  large  measure  due  to  the  establishment  of  large  steel  works  and 
rolling  mills  at  Gary,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  on  Lake  Michigan. 
The  importance  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry  as  a  whole  is  much  greater 
than  is  indicated  by  the  figures  for  the  steel  works  and  rolling  mills, 
since  the  statistics  for  blast  furnaces  and  for  the  manufacture  of  tin 
plate  and  terneplate  can  not  be  shown  without  disclosing  the  operations 
of  individual  establishments. 


946  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

''Liquors,  distilled. — In  1904  the  state  was  second  in  importance  in 
this  industry,  as  measured  by  value  of  products,  but  in  1909,  notwith- 
standing a  large  increase  in  value  of  products,  it  dropped  to  third  place. 
In  1909  internal  revenue  taxes  to  the  amount  of  $25,111,967,  represent- 
ing the  Federal  tax  on  all  taxable  liquors  manufactured  by  the  dis- 
tillers, including  liquors  placed  in  bond,  were  included  in  the  value  of 
products,  whereas  at  the  previous  census  this  tax  was  included  only 
when  it  was  actually  paid  and  reported  by  the  manufacturers.  For  this 
reason  the  importance  of  the  industry  in  1909,  from  a  manufacturing 
standpoint  is  greatly  exaggerated.  In  1909  employment  was  given  to  an 
average  of  only  428  wage  earners,  and  judged  on  this  basis  the  industry 
becomes  of  minor  importance."  The  tables  show  14  distilleries,  with 
$31,610,000  value  of  products,  but  only  $4,712,000  of  materials  used. 
With  the  tax  deducted,  the  increase  of  value  by  distillation  is  only  $1,786, 
033  so  that  if  prohibition  is  established  the  loss  to  the  State  will  not  be  so 
formidable  as  is  sometimes  pictured. 

"Automobiles,  including  bodies  and  parts. — This  industry,  for  which 
but  1  establishment  was  reported  in  1899,  had  increased  in  1904  to  11 
establishments,  with  products  valued  at  $1,639,000.  In  1909  there  were 
67  establishments,  the  value  of  whose  products  amounted  to  $23,764,000, 
or  more  than  fourteen  times  that  reported  for  1904.  The  manufacture 
of  automobile  bodies  and  parts  has  become  so  interwoven  with  other  in- 
dustries that  it  is  not  possible  to  state  how  fully  the  statistics  show  the 
magnitude  of  the  industry.  A  number  of  the  foundries  and  machine 
shops  and  establishments  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  electrical  ap- 
paratus and  supplies  incidentally  manufacture  automobile  accessories 
and  parts,  while  a  number  of  the  establishments  in  Indiana  classified 
under  the  heading  'Rubber  goods,  not  elsewhere  specified,'  manufacture 
automobile  tires. 

"Carriages  and  wagons  and  materials. — This  classification  includes 
those  establishments  which  made  five  or  more  vehicles  during  the  year, 
or  which  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  carriage  or  wagon  bodies, 
tops,  or  other  parts  and  accessories.  It  does  not  include  blacksmith  or 
wheelwright  shops  or  establishments  engaged  primarily  in  the  manu- 
facture of  children's  carriages  and  sleds.  This  industry  is  more  or  less 
interwoven  with  other  industries,  such  as  the  manufacture  of  foundry 
and  machine  shop  products  and  of  rubber  goods.  The  value  of  products 
increased  from  $15,811,000  in  1899  to  $21,665,000  in  1909,  a  gain  in 
ten  years  of  $5,844,000,  or  37  per  cent."  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that 
although  the  number  of  establishments  reported  in  this  industry  de- 
creased from  323  in  1899  to  252  in  1904,  and  to  221  in  1909 ;  the  value 
of  the  products  increased  from  $15,811,000  in  1899  to  $21,655,000  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  947 

1909.  The  number  of-  carriages  manufactured  in  1909  was  177,194,  an 
increase  of  35,460  over  1899,  although  the  explanation  of  the  decrease 
in  the  number  of  the  establishments  is  that  they  have  gone  into  the 
automobile  business.  The  number  of  wagons  made  in  1909  was  87,844, 
which  is  a  decrease  of  6,380  from  1899,  although  the  value  of  the  product 
increased  $1,084,853.  • 

"Furniture  and  refrigerators. — This  industry,  which  is  dependent 
largely  on  the  local  and  near-by  supply  of  hardwood,  is  well  developed 
in  the  state.  During  the  decade  1 899-1909  the  number  of  establishments 
increased  from  129  to  201,  the  average  number  of  wage  earners  from 
7,149  to  11,284,  or  57.8  per  cent,  and  the  value  of  products  from  $8,770,- 
000  to  $18,456,000,  or  110.4  per  cent.  The  industry  ranked  fourth  in 
the  state  in  1909  in  number  of,  wage  earners  employed."  In  this  in- 
dustry, in  1909,  $9,996,272,  or  more  than  one-half  the  value  of  the 
product,  was  added  by  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  wages  paid 
were  $5,137,301,  exclusive  of  clerks  and  officials. 

' '  Agricultural  implements. — This  industry  has  been  an  important  one 
in  Indiana  for  a  number  of  years,  the  value  of  products  increasing  from 
$6,415,000  in  1899  to  $13,670,000  in  1909,  or  113.1  per  cent.  The  manu- 
facture of  agricultural  implements  is  carried  on  also  in  many  factories 
devoted  primarily  to  the  manufacture  of  foundry  and  machine  shop 
products,  and  for  this  reason  the  figures  given  fail  to  show  the  full 
extent  of  the  industry."  It  is  noteworthy  that  in  this  industry,  also, 
although  there  has  been  a  large  increase  in  the  value  of  the  product, 
the  number  of  establishments  has  decreased  from  45  in  1899  to  39  in 
1909.  At  the  same  time,  the  number  of  wage  earners  employed  has  in- 
creased from  3,419  to  4,749. 

"Glass. — There  were  only  two  glass  plants  in  Indiana  when  natural 
gas  was  discovered  in  the  state  about  1886.  With  the  development  of  this 
cheap  form  of  fuel,  however,  the  number  of  such  plants  increased  rapidly 
until  in  1899  there  were  110  glass  factories,  reporting  products  valued 
at  $14,758,000.  As  measured  by  the  value  of  products  the  state  rose 
from  eighth  place  in  this  industry  in  1879  to  fourth  place  in  1889  and 
second  place  in  1899  and  1904.  With  a  reduction  in  the  supply  of  nat- 
ural gas  during  the  last  ten  years,  however,  the  growth  of  the  industry 
has  been  checked,  and  the  value  of  products  fell  off  three-tenths  of  1 
per  cent  from  1899  to  1904,  and  21.2  per  cent  from  1904  to  1909.  As 
a  result  the  state  had  in  1909  dropped  back  to  third  place  in  the  value 
of  glass  products.  The  utilization  of  bituminous  coal,  of  which  there  is 
a  large  supply  in  Indiana,  may  result  in  making  the  manufacture  of 
glass  a  more  permanent  and  a  better  established  industry  in  the  state 
than  would  have  been  the  case  if  it  had  remained  dependent  upon  an 


948 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


uncertain  supply  of  natural  gas  for  fuel."  The  product  of  the  glass 
factories  had  dropped  to  $11,593,000  in  1909,  the  number  of  establish- 
ments from  110  in  1899  to  44,  and  the  number  of  wage  earners  employed 
from  13,015  in  1899  to  9,544.  The  chief  product  in  1909  was  bottles 
and  jars,  amounting  in  value  to  $6,982,378. 

In  connection  with  the  automobile  industry,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the 
automobile  is  an  Indiana  product,  the  first  gasoline-propelled  vehicle 


FIRST  AUTOMOBILE 

in  America,  if  not  in  the  world,  having  been  made  at  Kokomo,  by  El- 
wood  Haynes,  a  native  Hoosier.  He  was  born  at  Portland,  Jay  County, 
in  1857.  His  father,  Judge  Jacob  M.  Haynes,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
came  to  Indiana  in  1844,  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  Common  Pleas  Judge,  and  held  that  office  until  1871, 
when  he  was  made  Circuit  Judge,  and  served  until  1877.  Elwood  grew 
up  at  Portland,  with  ordinary  school  advantages,  but  was  wise  enough 
to  desire  a  good  education.  He  accordingly  went  to  Worcester  Poly- 
technic Institute,  from  which  he  graduated  as  a  B.  S.  in  1881 ;  and  con- 
tinued his  scientific  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1884-5.  In 
1885-6  he  taught  sciences  at  the  Eastern  Indiana  Normal  School,  at  Port- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  949 

land.  He  then  went  into  business  in  the  characteristic  American  way 
of  tackling  anything  that  looks  promising.  In  1886  he  turned  his  at- 
tention to  natural  gas,  and  organized  the  Portland  Gas  &  Oil  Company ; 
then  went  to  Chicago  as  a  superintendent  of  natural  gas  lines  until  1890 ; 
then  to  Howard  County  as  an  independent  operator.  He  began  figuring 
on  horseless  carriages ;  considered  steam  and  electricity  as  motor  powers ; 
was  attracted  to  gasoline ;  and  in  the  fall  of  1892  purchased  a  small  en- 
gine in  Michigan,  and  commenced  the  practical  work  of  applying  the 
power  to  a  vehicle  in  a  little  machine  shop  owned  by  the  Apperson 
brothers,  in  Kokomo.  By  July  4,  1894,  he  had  his  machine  ready  for 
trial,  and  retired  to  an  unfrequented  road  four  miles  out  of  town,  where 
he  made  an  initial  run  of  a  mile  and  a  half  with  three  men  in  the  car; 
and  then  turned  and  ran  into  town  in  triumph.  His  engine  was  a  small 
one,  weighing  240  pounds,  and  he  attained  a  speed  of  eight  miles  an  hour 
with  "The  Pioneer."  Later,  with  a  more  powerful  engine,  and  rubber 
tires,  it  reached  twelve  miles.  In  1895  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Ap- 
person, and  began  manufacture,  turning  out  five  machines  the  first  year, 
and  also  starting  the  manufacture  of  the  double  cylinder,  or  double- 
opposed  engine,  which  made  their  machines  prize-winners  from  the  out- 
set. In  1896  their  output  increased  to  55  machines,  and  in  1897  to  110. 
In  1899,  their  "Phaeton"  made  the  first  thousand  mile  run  in  America, 
from  Kokomo  to  New  York ;  and  in  1901  this  same  run  was  made  in  73 
hours.  The  Haynes  Auto  Company  is  now  one  of  the  leading  industrial 
institutions  of  Kokomo,  with  an  average  output  of  a  machine  a  day. 

In  1887  Mr.  Haynes  began  a  series  of  experiments  in  alloys  that  bid 
fair  to  be  as  important  in  their  results  to  the  arts  as  the  gasoline  auto- 
mobile has  been  in  transportation.  His  original  object  was  to  find  an 
alloy  that  would  resist  the  oxidizing  influences  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
at  the  same  time  take  a  good  cutting  edge.  Following  scientific  tradi- 
tions, his  earliest  experiments  were  made  with  copper  alloys,  but  after 
some  years  of  trial,  he  discarded  copper,  finding  that  its  alloys  are  at- 
tacked by  sulphur  gases  in  the  presence  of  moisture.  He  had  some  minor 
successes  with  the  rarer  metals,  but  it  was  not  until  1899  that  he  produced 
a  satisfactory  alloy  of  nickel  and  chromium  which  had  good  luster  and 
was  not  affected  by  nitric  acid.  This  alloy,  known  as  chromyl,  is  a 
partial  substitute  for  platinum  in  some  electrical  uses,  and  in  heat  re- 
sisting uses.  Soon  after  this  he  produced  an  alloy  of  cobalt  and  chromium 
which  had  the  qualities  he  was  seeking  and  to  which  he  has  given  the 
name  of  "stellite,"  from  the  Latin  "stella,"  a  star,  because  they  al- 
ways retain  their  luster, — the  same  name  being  applied  to  several  alloys 
of  the  same  basic  composition. 

These  alloys  of  cobalt  and  chromium  possess  the  following  properties : 


948 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


uncertain  supply  of  natural  gas  for  fuel."  The  product  of  the  glass 
factories  had  dropped  to  $11,59:5,000  in  1909,  the  number  of  establish- 
ments from  110  in  1899  to  44,  and  the  number  of  wage  earners  employed 
from  13,015  in  1899  to  9,544.  The  chief  product  in  1909  was  bottles 
and  jars,  amounting  in  value  to  $6,982,378. 

In  connection  with  the  automobilfc  industry,  it  is  noteworthy  that  the 
automobile  is  an  Indiana  product,  the  first  gasoline-propelled  vehicle 


FIRST  AUTOMOBILE 

in  America,  if  not  in  the  world,  having  been  made  at  Kokomo,  by  El- 
wood  Haynes,  a  native  Hoosier.  He  was  born  at  Portland,  Jay  County, 
in  1857.  His  father,  Judge  Jacob  M.  Haynes,  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
came  to  Indiana  in  1844,  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  Common  Pleas  Judge,  and  held  that  office  until  1871, 
when  he  was  made  Circuit  Judge,  and  served  until  1877.  Elwood  grew 
up  at  Portland,  with  ordinary  school  advantages,  but  was  wise  enough 
to  desire  a  good  education.  lie  accordingly  went  to  "Worcester  Poly- 
technic Institute,  from  which  he  graduated  as  a  B.  S.  in  1881;  and  con- 
tinued his  scientific  studies  at  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1884-5.  In 
1885-6  he  taught  sciences  at  the  Eastern  Indiana  Normal  School,  at  Port- 


INDIANA  AND  INDJANANS 


94<J 


land.  He  tlieii  went  into  business  in  the  characteristic  American  way 
of  tackling  anything  that  looks  promising.  In  1886  he  turned  his  at- 
tention to  natural  gas,  and  organized  the  Portland  Gas  &  Oil  Company; 
then  went  to  Chicago  as  a  superintendent  of  natural  gas  lines  until  1890; 
then  to  Howard  County  as  an  independent  operator.  He  began  figuring 
on  horseless  carriages ;  considered  steam  and  electricity  as  motor  powers ; 
was  attracted  to  gasoline ;  and  in  the  fall  of  1892  purchased  a  small  en- 
gine in  Michigan,  and  commenced  the  practical  work  of  applying  the 
power  to  a  vehicle  in  a  little  machine  shop  owned  by  the  Apperson 
brothers,  in  Kokomo.  By  July  4,  1894,  he  had  his  machine  ready  for 
trial,  and  retired  to  an  unfrequented  road  four  miles  out  of  town,  where 
he  made  an  initial  run  of  a  mile  and  a  half  with  three  men  in  the  car; 
and  then  turned  and  ran  into  town  in  triumph.  His  engine  was  a  small 
one,  weighing  240  pounds,  and  he  attained  a  speed  of  eight  miles  an  hour 
with  "The  Pioneer."  Later,  with  a  more  powerful  engine,  and  rubber 
tires,  it  reached  twelve  miles.  In  1895  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Ap- 
person, and  began  manufacture,  turning  out  five  machines  the  first  year, 
and  also  starting  the  manufacture  of  the  double  cylinder,  or  double- 
opposed  engine,  which  made  their  machines  prize-winners  from  the  out- 
set. In  1896  their  output  increased  to  55  machines,  and  in  1897  to  110. 
In  1899,  their  "Phaeton"  made  the  first  thousand  mile  run  in  America, 
from  Kokomo  to  New  York ;  and  in  1901  this  same  run  was  made  in  73 
hours.  The  Haynes  Auto  Company  is  now  one  of  the  leading  industrial 
institutions  of  Kokomo,  with  an  average  output  of  a  machine  a  day. 

In  1887  Mr.  Haynes  began  a  series  of  experiments  in  alloys  that  bid 
fair  to  be  as  important  in  their  results  to  the  arts  as  the  gasoline  auto- 
mobile has  been  in  transportation.  His  original  object  was  to  find  an 
alloy  that  would  resist  the  oxidizing  influences  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
at  the  same  time  take  a  good  cutting  edge.  Following  scientific  tradi- 
tions, his  earliest  experiments  were  made  with  copper  alloys,  but  after 
some  years  of  trial,  he  discarded  copper,  finding  that  its  alloys  are  at- 
tacked by  sulphur  gases  in  the  presence  of  moisture.  He  had  some  minor 
successes  with  the  rarer  metals,  but  it  was  not  until  1899  that  he  produced 
a  satisfactory  alloy  of  nickel  and  chromium  which  had  good  luster  and 
was  not  affected  by  nitric  acid.  This  alloy,  known  as  chromyl,  is  a 
partial  substitute  for  platinum  in  some  electrical  uses,  and  in  heat  re- 
sisting uses.  Soon  after  this  he  produced  an  alloy  of  cobalt  and  chromium 
which  had  the  qualities  he  was  seeking  and  to  which  he  has  given  the 
name  of  "stellite,"  from  the  Latin  "stella,"  a  star,  because  they  al- 
ways retain  their  luster, — the  same  name  being  applied  to  several  alloys 
of  the  same  basic  composition. 

These  alloys  of  cobalt  and  chromium  possess  the  following  properties: 


930  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

They  melt  at  a  temperature  of  about  2800°  to  2900°  F.  They  can  be 
cast  into  bars  or  other  forms,  preferably  in  a  metal  or  graphite  mould. 
They  are  almost  file  hard.  They  are  slightly  malleable  when  cold.  They 
are  distinctly  malleable  at  a  bright  red  heat,  and  may  be  forged  into 
table  knife  blades  and  other  useful  forms.  They  retain  their  luster 
under  practically  all  atmospheric  conditions.  They  are  practically  im- 
mune to  all  organic  acids,  such  as  vinegar,  lemon  juice,  malic  acid,  etc. 
Instruments  made  of  them  take  a  good  cutting  edge,  and  table  knives 
made  of  them  perform  ideal  service,  retaining  their  luster  and  color  for 
years  without  repolishing.  The  color  and  luster  of  the  alloy  leave  little 
to  be  desired.  While  the  alloy  does  not  show  quite  as  white  a  color  as 
silver,  it  far  excels  it  in  permanent  luster  and  durability,  retaining  its 
bright ' '  flash ' '  for  years  without  repolishing.  The  alloy  can  not  be  hard- 
ened by  heating  to  redness  and  quenching  in  water  or  other  medium, 
though  its  elastic  limit  may  be  raised  considerably  by  hammering,  while 
its  modulus  of  elasticity  is  greater  than  that  of  steel.  This  latter  char- 
acteristic permits  of  the  making  of  comparatively  thin  table  knife  blades 
of  the  alloy  without  too  much  impairing  their  stiffness.  Table  knives 
made  of  this  alloy  six  years  ago,  and  subjected  to  daily  use,  still  show 
their  beautiful  luster  and  flash,  though  they  have  not  been  polished  since 
they  were  put  into  use.  The  elastic  limit  of  these  alloys  is  about  85,000 
pounds,  and  their  tensile  strength  about  110,000  pounds,  though  these 
properties  vary  somewhat  with  the  composition  and  treatment  of  the 
alloy. 

By  introducing  8  per  cent  to  20  per  cent  of  tungsten,  ternary  alloys 
were  made  that  were  so  hard  that  they  would  readily  scratch  glass,  or 
even  quartz.  These  were  introduced  into  the  machine  shop  as  lathe  tools, 
and  soon  showed  remarkable  superiority  over  the  so-called  "high  speed 
steels."  The  first  alloys  produced  for  commercial  purposes  were  quite 
brittle,  but  notwithstanding  this  fact,  they  were  very  effective  if  care- 
fully handled.  Afterward,  alloys  almost  equally  hard,  but  much  stronger, 
were  produced,  and  later  standard  compositions  were  established,  which 
soon  won  their  way  into  machine  shops  on  account  of  their  superior  ad- 
vantage in  the  turning  of  duplicate  parts.  When  the  Stellite  tools  were 
first  introduced  into  the  machine  shop,  they  were  employed  principally 
on  cast  iron,  and  showed  such  remarkable  results  in  the  cutting  of  this 
material  that  they  speedily  won  their  way,  particularly  into  the  larger 
establishments  which  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  large  num- 
bers of  duplicate  parts,  such  as  pistons,  cylinders,  fly  wheels,  reducing 
gears,  etc.  Later  experiments  have  demonstrated  that  stellite  tools, 
when  properly  prepared  and  ground,  are  superior  to  steel  tools  for  turn- 
ing practically  all  grades  of  steel.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  the  edge 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  951 

strength  of  the  stellite  tool  increases  as  the  temperature  rises,  reaching 
a  maximum  at  near  dull  red  heat,  when  it  is  hard  enough  to  cut  ordinary 
steel  without  serious  wear;  but  even  at  lower  temperatures,  if  the  steel 
to  be  turned  is  very  hard,  the  lasting  qualities  of  the  stellite  tool  are 
always  from  10  to  50  per  cent  greater  than  those  of  the  best  steel  tools. 

There  is  an  apparent  connection  between  the  increase  of  manufac- 
tures in  Indiana  from  1900  to  1910  and  the  rapid  growth  of  urban  popu- 
lation. The  total  population  of  the  State  in  the  latter  year  was  2,700,- 
876,  of  which  2,130,088,  or  practically  four-fifths,  were  white  natives 
of  native  parentage ;  350,551  white  natives  of  foreign  or  mixed  parentage ; 
159,322  foreign  born  whites;  and  60,320  colored.  The  greatest  growth 
of  the  State  in  the  decade  had  been  in  the  larger  cities,  involving  a  con- 
siderable removal  from  the  country  districts,  and  the  chief  manufactur- 
ing interests  were  also  gathered  in  the  cities.  Indianapolis,  with  233,650 
population,  contributed  21.8  per  cent  of  the  total  of  manufactured 
products  in  1909.  It  was  the  center  of  the  slaughtering  and  meat-packing 
industry  of  the  State,  reporting  over  four-fifths  of  the  value  of  the  entire 
output  of  this  industry  in  Indiana.  Other  important  industries  in  In- 
dianapolis were  foundries  and  machine  shop,  flour  and  grist  mills,  the 
manufacture  of  automobiles,  including  bodies  and  parts,  printing  and 
publishing,  canning  and  preserving,  and  the  lumber  industry.  In  ad- 
dition to  these  there  were  six  other  industries  in  the  city  that  had 
products  in  excess  of  $1,000,000  in  value.  These  were  the  manufacture 
of  bags  other  than  paper,  the  roasting  and  grinding  of  coffee  and  spice, 
the  manufacture  of  copper,  tin  and  sheet-iron  products,  glucose  and 
starch,  rubber  goods,  and  saws.  The  manufacture  of  saws  in  the  State 
was  practically  confined  to  Indianapolis. 

South  Bend  was  second  in  manufactured  products,  although  its  popu- 
lation of  53,684  was  less  than  that  of  Evansville,  Fort  Wayne  or  Terre 
Haute,  and  also  showed  the  largest  increase  in  percentage  of  manu- 
factured products  which  was  due  principally  to  the  large  increases  of  the 
manufacture  of  carriages  and  wagons,  agricultural  implements,  sewing 
machine  cases,  men's  shirts  and  automobiles,  in  each  of  which  there  was 
a  product  in  excess  of  $1,000,000.  This  city  ranked  first  in  the  State  in 
the  production  of  carriages  and  wagons,  contributing  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  total  value  of  the  State's  output,  which  was  due  chiefly  to  the 
great  Studebaker  plant.  The  manufacture  of  sewing  machine  cases  in 
the  State  is  practically  confined  to  South  Bend,  where  the  Singer  Com- 
pany has  its  large  factory.  Fort  "Wayne  ranked  third  as  a  manufacturing 
city,  its  chief  industries  being  foundries  and  machine  shops,  and  the 
manufacture  of  electrical  machinery,  apparatus  and  supplies.  Evans- 
ville was  the  fourth  in  importance  of  manufactures,  its  chief  industries 
roi.  n— ;s 


. 


952 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


being  flour  and  grist  mills,  furniture  factories,  breweries,  and  the  slaugh- 
tering and  meat  packing  industry.  The  fifth  was  Terre  Haute,  whose 
most  extensive  industry  was  a  distillery,  but  with  three  other  industries 
with  products  exceeding  $1,000,000  in  value — flour  and  grist  mills,  rail- 
road repair  shops,  and  breweries.  These  five  cities  were  the  only  ones 
with  population  exceeding  50,000.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  census 
of  1910  gives  no  details  as  to  Gary,  on 'the  ground  that  it  would  "dis- 
close individual  operations,"  it  being  largely  a  plant  of  the  Steel  Cor- 


PRESENT  STUDEBAKER  PLANT,  SOUTH  BEND 

poration.  This  place,  which  was  incorporated  in  1906,  has  had  a  phenom- 
enal growth,  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  big  trust  that  owns  most 
of  it ;  and  at  the  same  time  there  has  been  a  great  development  of  most 
of  the  lake  shore  region  between  it  and  Chicago,  including  Indiana  Har- 
bor, East  Chicago  and  Hammond.  There  were  large  meat-packing  in- 
dustries established  at  Hammond,  which  were  removed  later,  but  it  still 
had  in  1909  important  industries  in  distilleries,  foundries  and  machine 
shops,  railroad  repair  shops,  and  canning  and  preserving  establishments. 
It  seems  certain  that  the  entire  southern  end  of  Lake  Michigan  will  be- 
come an  enormous  industrial  center,  as  the  transportation  facilities,  by 
both  land  and  water,  are  already  developed  to  an  extent  that  makes  ad- 
ditional development  almost  a  matter  of  course. 

In  cities  ranging  between  10,000  and  50,000  in  population,  Anderson, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  953 

East  Chicago  and  Elwood  are  important  because  of  their  large  steel  works 
and  rolling  mills.  In  1909  Mishawaka  had  the  only  establishment  in  In- 
diana for  the  manufacture  of  rubber  boots  and  shoes,  which  was  its  prin- 
cipal industry.  The  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  was  the 
chief  industry  in  Richmond  and  Laporte ;  and  the  manufacture  of  glass 
and  automobiles  were  the  chief  industries  in  Muncie.  Repair  shops 
of  steam  railroads  were  the  principal  manufacturing  industries  in  Elk- 
hart,  Logansport  and  Huntington.  Kokonio  had  numerous  industries, 
but  chiefly  automobiles.  In  Marion  foundries,  machine  shops  and  glass 
factories  led  in  importance ;  in  Vincennes  flour  and  grist  mills ;  in  New 
Albany  the  tanning  and  currying  of  leather,  steel  works,  and  rolling 
mills;  in  Lafayette  slaughtering  and  meat-packing;  and  in  Peru  the 
furniture  and  refrigerator  industry.  At  Jeffersonville  and  Michigan  City 
the  manufacture  of  cars  for  steam  railroads  was  the  chief  industry.  Jef- 
fersonville had  an  exceptional  industry  in  the  War  Department 's  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  clothing,  which  employed  590  wage  earners  and 
reported  a  product  of  $401,801.  Another  notable  interest  at  Jefferson- 
ville is  ship-building.  The  falls  of  the  Ohio  was  a  natural  boat-building 
point  from  the  first,  and  the  construction  of  flat-boats  and  keel  boats  began 
on  the  Indiana  side  as  early  as  1813.  In  1829  the  French  Brothers  began 
building  steamboats  at  Jeffersonville.  Various  others  have  engaged  in 
the  business  at  various  times,  but  the  great  establishment  is  the  Howard 
Ship  Yard.  Its  founder,  James  Howard,  was  born  in  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, September  1,  1814.  His  parents  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
in  1820,  finally  locating  at  Cincinnati,  where  James  learned  the  ship 
carpenter's  trade.  In  1834  he  established  a  ship  yard  at  Jeffersonville, 
and  built  the  "Hyperion,"  a  steamboat  107  feet  in  length.  He  con- 
tinued in  the  business  there  until  1836,  when  he  removed  his  yard  to 
Madison,  continuing  there  until  1844,  after  which  he  was  engaged  at 
various  other  points  until  1848,  when  he  settled  permanently  at  Jeffer- 
sonville ;  and  his  establishment  is  still  conducted  by  his  descendants. 
Many  notable  boats  have  been  built  here.  One  of  the  earliest,  the 
"Glendy  Burk,"  launched  in  1851,  was  celebrated  in  the  old  negro  song — 

"De  Glendy  Burk  am  a  mighty  fine  boat, 
Mighty  fine  captain  too, 
He  sits  up  dar  on  de  hurricane  deck, 
And  he  keeps  his  eye  on  de  crew. 

"Den  ho,  for  Louisiana, 
Ise  gwine  to  leave  dis  town, 
I'll  take  my  duds,  and  tote  'em  on  my  back 
When  de  Glendy  Burk  comes  down."  y,V-: 


954  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  "James  Howard,"  a  boat  318 
feet  in  length,  and  54  foot  beam,  of  3,400  tons  burden,  which  at  the 
time  of  its  construction,  in  1870,  was  the  finest  steamboat  afloat;  and 
which  is  a  type  of  the  best  steamboat  construction  of  the  present.  An- 
other celebrated  Howard  steamboat  was  the  "Robert  E.  Lee,"  which 
\vas  launched  in  1876.  From  1848  to  the  present  this  establishment  has 
constructed  an  average  of  about  a  dozen  vessels  of  various  kinds  a  year, 
making  a  record  that  is  not  equaled  by  any  shipyard  on  the  western 
waters.  It  also  has  branch  establishments  at  Cincinnati,  Madison, 
Mound  City  and  Paducah. 

Some  of  the  industries  of  Indiana  are  of  added  interest  on  account 
of  their  effect  on  social  conditions,  and  on  other  occupations.  One  of 
these  is  canning  and  preserving,  which  has  given  a  notable  impulse  to 
the  cultivation  of  vegetables  and  fruits  in  many  parts  of  the  State. 
The  number  of  establishments  in  this  industry  grew  from  69  in  1899 
to  134  in  1909;  the  number  of  wage  earners  employed  from  2,152  to 
3,406;  and  the  value  of  the  output  from  $3,145,000  to  $8,758,000.  In 
1909  the  largest  pack  was  of  beans,  which  made  nearly  one-fourth  of 
the  total  product,  and  put  that  vegetable  ahead  of  the  tomato,  which  led 
in  1904.  The  other  vegetables  listed,  in  order  of  importance,  were, 
peas,  corn  and  pumpkin.  "All  other  products,  including  pickles,  pre- 
serves and  sauces,"  amounted  to  $2,559,149  in  1909.  A  large  amount 
of  canning  material  goes  outside  of  the  State,  contributing  to  changed 
conditions  of  agriculture.  For  example  the  cultivation  of  cucumbers  has 
grown  to  an  extensive  industry  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  where 
the  soil  is  sandy,  under  the  fostering  care  of  the  Heinz  establishment  at 
Pittsburg.  Another  industry  that  has  had  a  marked  effect  on  rural  life 
is  butter  and  cheese  making  by  creameries.  The  census  report  of  1910 
shows  for  "Butter,  cheese  and  condensed  milk"  an  increase  from  112 
establishments  in  1899  to  132  in  1909,  with  an  increase  of  wage  earners 
from  118  to  488,  and  an  increase  of  value  of  product  from  $930,000  to 
$3,959.000.  There  has  been  a  very  large  increase  in  this  since  1909, 
which  may  be  illustrated  by  the  development  of  the  firm  of  Schlosser  Bros. 
The  three  brothers  of  that  name  began  with  a  small  plant  at  Bremen, 
Ind.,  in  1884.  and  gradually  extended  the  business  until  at  present  they 
operate  plants  at  Bremen,  Plymouth,  South  Chicago,  Indianapolis,  and 
Frankfort.  The  last  named  is  the  largest,  and  last  built,  commencing 
operation  in  1912.  and  producing  about  2,000,000  pounds  of  butter  a  year. 
The  material  used  at  Frankfort  is  not  produced  in  Clinton  County  alone, 
but  is  collected  through  fifteen  counties  in  Indiana,  and  a  few  in  Illinois. 
Ten  butter  experts  are  employed  in  that  district,  who  solicit  trade,  and 
give  instruction  in  dairy  economics.  They  have  wagons  that  travel  reg- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  955 

ular  routes  and  gather  cream  from  their  customers  at  their  farms,  with 
apparatus  for  testing  the  butter-fat.  At  the  creamery  the  butter  is  made 
on  the  same  principle  as  elsewhere,  but  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  with 
all  modern  sanitary  precautions,  such  as  "Pasteurizing"  the  cream,  and 
salting,  washing,  and  cooling  with  scientific  accuracy. 

This  industry,  as  well  as  the  supply  of  milk  to  cities,  is  vastly 
aided  by  the  development  of  the  interurban  railroads,  which  carry 
immense  amounts  of  milk  and  cream,  gathered  from  platforms 
along  the  lines  where  it  is  left  by  the  farmers;  the  empty  cans 
being  returned  to  the  same  points.  The  change  of  social  conditions 
brought  about  by  these  electric  lines  reaches  in  many  directions,  one  of 
the  chief  influences  being  that  exerted  on  travel  by  the  running  of  cars 
at  comparatively  short  intervals,  which  enables  a  person  to  cover  a  large 
amount  of  territory  without  those  annoying  waits  between  trains  that 
were  experienced  when  the  steam  railroads  were  the  only  reliance.  Elec- 
tricity was  first  used  for  city  car  lines  in  Indiana  in  1890 ;  and  the  first 
interurban  car  ran  from  Anderson  to  Alexandria  in  1898.  The  first  in- 
terurban car  entered  Indianapolis  on  January  4,  1901,  over  the  Muncie 
line,  and  at  present  there  are  twelve  lines  radiating  from  the  capital  to 
all  parts  of  the  State,  and  connecting  with  cross  lines,  and  lines  of  other 
states,  the  interurban  mileage  in  the  State  in  1916  being  2,085  miles. 
The  development  of  the  business  can  be  inferred  from  the  growth  of  the 
passenger  traffic  at  Indianapolis,  from  377,761  in  1901  to  7,012,763  in 
1914.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  noted  that  steam  railroad  travel  is 
very  much  more  comfortable  than  it  was  in  its  earlier  stages,  at  least  for 
those  who  are  able  to  pay  for  the  conveniences  of  sleeping  and  dining  cars. 
Now,  a  traveler  can  make  long  distances  at  night  as  comfortably  as  in  his 
bed  at  home ;  and  he  can  get  a  convincing  idea  of  what  night  travel  neces- 
sarily was  before  the  days  of  sleepers  by  going  into  a  day  coach  and  sit- 
ting up  through  the  night.  One  can  imagine  the  anticipation  with  which 
the  public  read  the  following  from  the  American  Railway  Times,  in  the 
summer  of  1856 : 

' '  On  some  of  the  French  lines  of  railway,  berths  have  been  fitted  up, 
and  a  traveler  can  undress  and  go  to  bed  as  comfortably  as  he  can  in  the 
stateroom  of  a  steamer.  The  price  charged  for  this  extra  accommodation 
is  only  double  the  price  of  an  ordinary  ticket.  In  the  United  States  the 
railroad  companies  have  expended  a  great  deal  of  money  to  make  their 
passenger  cars  beautiful  to  look  at,  without  and  within,  and  to  make  them 
comfortable  for  day  travelers.  But  when  night  comes  and  the  traveler 
is  weary,  he  cares  but  little  for  the  mahogany,  rosewood,  velvet  plush,  gilt 
mouldings,  and  other  nice  things  which  adorn  the  car  in  which  he  is  to 
pass  the  night.  The  most  indifferent  hammock  in  which  the  sailor  was 


a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  957 

ever  rocked  to  sleep  would  be  of  far  more  real  value  at  such  a  time.  Who 
that  has  ever  traveled  all  night  by  cars  would  not  have  paid  something 
handsome  for  a  bed,  a  mattress,  or  even  a  board  to  stretch  his  weary  limbs 
upon  ?  In  some  sections  of  the  country  we  are  happy  to  know  that  rail- 
road companies  have  turned  their  attention  to  make  passengers  in  the 
night  trains  comfortable.  A  Cleveland  paper  states  that  some  of  the  cars 
manufactured  by  the  Buffalo  Car  Company  for  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
way, have  had  new  features  introduced  into  them.  One  of  them  contains 
six  staterooms,  each  room  having  two  seats  with  movable  backs  long 
enough  for  a  person  to  lie  upon.  The  backs  of  the  seats  are  hung  with 
hinges  at  the  upper  edge,  so  that  they  may  be  turned  up  at  pleasure,  thus 
forming  two  single  berths,  one  over  the  other,  where  persons  may  sleep 
t  with  all  the  comfort  imaginable.  In  one  end  of  the  car  is  a  small  wash 
room,  with  marble  wash-bowl,  looking-glass,  etc.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  car  from  the  staterooms  is  a  row  of  seats  with  revolving  backs,  similar 
to  barber's  chairs,  so  arranged  that  the  occupant  may  sit  straight  or  re- 
cline in  an  easy  attitude  at  pleasure.  Other  cars  have  each  two  or  three 
similar  staterooms,  the  remainder  of  the  car  being  furnished  with  seats 
of  the  usual  kind.  With  cars  of  this  kind,  railway  traveling  will  soon 
become  as  easy  and  comfortable  as  riding  upon  the  luxurious 
steamers."  10 

An  industry  that  was  of  great  importance  in  early  times  in  Indiana 
was  that  of  hides  and  furs,  and  indeed  there  were  many  of  the  early  set- 
tlers to  whom  this  furnished  support  while  they  were  getting  their  farms 
started.  Deer  were  plentiful,  and  bears  not  uncommon,  while  the  smaller 
fur-bearing  animals  were  abundant,  and  easily  trapped.  There  are  no 
statistics  of  the  industry,  but  its  extent  can  be  inferred  from  the  known 
abundance  of  the  animals,  and  the  common  advertisements  of,  "Cash 
paid  for  furs  and  hides,"  in  the  early  newspapers,  not  to  mention  the  his- 
torical fact  that  furs  and  pelts  served  to  a  large  extent  for  money,  in 
the  absence  of  other  circulating  medium.  The  larger  fur-bearing  animals 
disappeared  soon  after  the  full  settlement  of  the  country,  but  the  smaller 
animals  furnished  the  materials  for  considerable  trade  and  are  still  more 
plentiful  than  is  commonly  supposed,  especially  the  muskrat,  which  ap- 
pears to  thrive  with  civilization.  As  late  as  February  18,  1860,  the  In- 
dianapolis Journal  stated  that,  "one  house  here,  that  of  Samuel  Wilmot, 
has  already  paid  out  this  season  over  $15,000  and  is  now  buying  furs  at 
the  rate  of  $2,000  to  $3,000  per  week."  The  same  issue  of  the  paper  has 
the  item:  "A  bear  weighing  400  pounds  when  dressed  was  killed  in 
Greene  County,  not  long  ago,  by  a  Mr.  Walker."  In  the  utilization  of 


10  Quoted  in  Locomotive,  July  26,  1856. 


• 


Z 


a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  957 


ever  rocked  to  sleep  would  be  of  far  more  real  value  at  such  a  time.  Who 
that  has  ever  traveled  all  night  by  cars  would  not  have  paid  something 
handsome  for  a  bed,  a  mattress,  or  even  a  board  to  stretch  his  weary  limbs 
upon  ?  In  some  sections  of  the  country  we  are  happy  to  know  that  rail- 
road companies  have  turned  their  attention  to  make  passengers  in  the 
night  trains  comfortable.  A  Cleveland  paper  states  that  some  of  the  cars 
manufactured  by  the  Buffalo  Car  Company  for  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
way, have  had  new  features  introduced  into  them.  One  of  them  contains 
six  staterooms,  each  room  having  two  seats  with  movable  backs  long 
enough  for  a  person  to  lie  upon.  The  backs  of  the  seats  are  hung  with 
hinges  at  the  upper  edge,  so  that  they  may  be  turned  up  at  pleasure,  thus 
forming  two  single  berths,  one  over  the  other,  where  persons  may  sleep 
twith  all  the  comfort  imaginable.  In  one  end  of  the  car  is  a  small  wash 
room,  with  marble  wash-bowl,  looking-glass,  etc.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  car  from  the  staterooms  is  a  row  of  seats  with  revolving  backs,  similar 
to  barber's  chairs,  so  arranged  that  the  occupant  may  sit  straight  or  re- 
cline in  an  easy  attitude  at  pleasure.  Other  cars  have  each  two  or  three 
similar  staterooms,  the  remainder  of  the  car  being  furnished  with  seats 
of  the  usual  kind.  With  cars  of  this  kind,  railway  traveling  will  soon 
become  as  easy  and  comfortable  as  riding  upon  the  luxurious 
steamers."  10 

An  industry  that  was  of  great  importance  in  early  times  in  Indiana 
was  that  of  hides  and  furs,  and  indeed  there  were  many  of  the  early  set- 
tlers to  whom  this  furnished  support  while  they  were  getting  their  farms 
started.  Deer  were  plentiful,  and  bears  not  uncommon,  while  the  smaller 
fur-bearing  animals  were  abundant,  and  easily  trapped.  There  are  no 
statistics  of  the  industry,  but  its  extent  can  be  inferred  from  the  known 
abundance  of  the  animals,  and  the  common  advertisements  of,  "Cash 
paid  for  furs  and  hides,"  in  the  early  newspapers,  not  to  mention  the  his- 
torical fact  that  furs  and  pelts  served  to  a  large  extent  for  money,  in 
the  absence  of  other  circulating  medium.  The  larger  fur-bearing  animals 
disappeared  soon  after  the  full  settlement  of  the  country,  but  the  smaller 
animals  furnished  the  materials  for  considerable  trade  and  are  still  more 
plentiful  than  is  commonly  supposed,  especially  the  muskrat,  which  ap- 
pears to  thrive  with  civilization.  As  late  as  February  18,  1860,  the  In- 
dianapolis Journal  stated  that,  "one  house  here,  that  of  Samuel  Wilmot, 
has  already  paid  out  this  season  over  $15,000  and  is  now  buying  furs  at 
the  rate  of  $2,000  to  $3,000  per  week."  The  same  issue  of  the  paper  has 
the  item:  "A  bear  weighing  400  pounds  when  dressed  was  killed  in 
Greene  County,  not  long  ago,  by  a  Mr.  Walker."  In  the  utilization  of 


10  Quoted  in  Locomotive,  July  26,  1856. 


958  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

native  animal  products,  it  would  be  very  interesting  to  have  reliable  in- 
formation as  to  the  "diamond-backed  terrapin"  industry  of  Indiana. 
There  are  none  of  these  valued  reptiles  in  the  State,  but  the  turtle-trap- 
pers of  Indiana  send  out  quantities  of  painted  terrapins  and  map  turtles 
that  are  sold  in  city  restaurants  for  diamond-backs,  and  they  are  quite  as 
good.  A  very  interesting  water  industry  that  has  grown  up  in  compara- 
tively recent  years  is  "musseling,"  or  collecting  mussel-shells  for  the 
pearl  button  industry.  Pearl  buttons  are  not  made  in  the  State,  but 
there  are  more  than  a  dozen  little  factories  that  cut  "blanks"  or  "discs" 
from  mussel  shells,  and  ship  them  to  Muscatine,  Iowa,  or  to  the  New  Eng- 
land states,  where  they  are  made  into  buttons.  There  are  estimated  to  be 
three  thousand  people  engaged  in  this  industry,  chiefly  on  the  Ohio  and 
Wabash  rivers,  and  they  do  fairly  well  at  it,  as  the  shells,  which  ten  years 
ago  brought  only  $18  to  $20  per  ton,  are  now  sold  at  $40  to  $42  per  ton. ' 
The  most  common  mode  of  taking  the  mussels  is  by  fishing  for  them  in 
deep  water.  The  fisherman  locates  a  bed  of  mussels  and  throws  from  his 
boat  a  "brail,"  or  iron  pipe  about  twenty  feet  long,  to  which,  at  intervals 
of  a  foot  or  so,  are  attached  short  lines,  furnished  with  rude  three-pronged 
grab-hooks.  When  a  hook  strikes  an  open  mussel,  it  clamps  its  shell  on 
the  hook,  and  hangs  on  like  a  bull-dog ;  so  that  when  a  brail  is  pulled  over 
a  mussel  bed  it  is  usually  drawn  up  pretty  well  loaded.  When  he  gets  a 
boat-load,  the  fisherman  goes  ashore,  and  boils  them  for  a  few  minutes  in 
a  rude  tank,  which  kills  the  mussel,  and  opens  the  shell.  The  mussels  are 
then  taken  out,  and  carefully  felt  with  the  fingers  for  pearls,  which  are 
often  found,  usually  as  "slugs,"  or  small  imperfect  pearts,  not  uncom- 
monly good  pearls,  worth  $5  to  $25.  One  instance  is  recorded  of  finding  a 
pearl  worth  $2,000,  and  this  ideal  is  ever  before  the  hopeful  mussel  fisher- 
men. One  of  the  curious  features  of  this  industry  is  the  naming  of  the 
shells.  Your  mussel  fisherman  cares  nothing  for  scientific  names,  but  he 
knows  more  about  mussels  than  most  scientists,  and  he  designates  the  va- 
rious species  as  "nigger  heads,"  "washboards,"  "pig  toes,"  "monkey 
faces,"  "maple  leafs,"  "warty  backs,"  "butterflies,"  "pocket- 
books,"  "heel  splitters,"  "elephant,  ears,"  "pistol  grips,"  "bana- 
nas," and  other  equally  euphonious  terms,  which  are  in  fact  generally  as 
descriptive  as  the  scientific  names,  if  not  more  so.  The  last  named,  the 
"banana,"  was  formerly  especially  valuable,  as  it  was  shipped  to  Ger- 
many and  Austria,  especially  the  former,  while  it  was  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  knife  handles,  pistol  grips,  unbrella  handles,  and  other  articles 
for  which  "pearl"  is  in  demand.  Before  the  present  war  these  shells 
used  to  bring  $80  a  ton,  but  the  price  has  now  dropped  to  $30  to  $40. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Indiana,  is  also  a  thing  of  comparatively  recent 
development,  although  some  coal  was  mined  in  territorial  days.     When 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS  959 

David  Dale  Owen  made  his  first  geological  survey  of  the  State,  iu  1837, 
cannel  coal  was  being  mined  at  Troy,  and  used  in  the  potteries  there ; 
and  bituminous  coal  was  being  mined  at  several  banks  on  White  River, 
on  the  AVabash  below  Merom,  and  seven  miles  east  of  Terre  Haute. 
Michael  Combs,  a  Campbellite  preacher,  who  served  a  term  in  the  State 
Senate,  first  discovered  coal  in  Clay  County,  and  shipped  the  first  car-load 
out  of  there  in  1852 ;  but  this  was  bituminous  coal.  The  first  block  coal, 
or  ' '  Brazil  Block ' '  was  not  found  until  1858,  and  was  supposed  to  exist  in 
a  very  limited  area.  "When  Prof.  Cox  visited  Brazil  in  1868,  the  local 
coal  experts  took  him  to  the  door  of  the  hotel  and  pointed  out  the  bounds 
of  the  block  coal  district.  He  did  the  service  of  pointing  out  that  it 
would  be  found  elsewhere  in  Clay,  and  also  in  Parke  and  Owen  counties. 
The  special  value  of  this  coal  is  in  the  fact  that  it  does  not  "cake,"  or 
fuse  in  burning,  and  therefore  can  be  used  in  blast  furnaces  and  its  loca- 
tion in  quantity  gave  a  strong  impetus  to  business  in  the  State.  It  was  of 
commercial  importance  from  1870  on.  Bituminous  coal  is  found  through 
a  region  of  7,000  square  miles  in  southwestern  Indiana,  and  the  greatest 
value  of  the  geological  surveys  of  David  Dale  Owen,  in  1837  and  1859, 
was  in  pointing  out  that  no  coal  would  be  found  outside  of  this  region  of 
carboniferous  rock.  The  State's  production  of  coal  from  1912  to  1915,  in- 
clusive, averaged  16,000,000  tons,  and  the  persons  employed,  over  21,000. 
The  wages  paid  in  1915  were  $13,420,000.  The  total  mined  from  1886  to 
1895,  inclusive,  was  reported  at  33,355,988  tons,  valued  at  $36,673,059. 

The  first  petroleum  "excitement"  in  Indiana  was  in  1862-4,  when  a 
number  of  wells  were  driven  in  western  counties,  but  no  material  supply 
of  oil  was  found.  In  March,  1886,  the  first  gas  well  was  struck,  at  Port- 
land, Jay  County,  following  the  gas  discoveries  in  the  vicinity  of  Findlay, 
Ohio.  The  discovery  of  petroleum  came  a  little  later,  the  two  being  asso- 
ciated in  the  Trenton  rock,  which  underlies  the  carboniferous  rock  of  the 
western  part  of  the  State.  The  theory  of  their  occurrence,  as  stated  by 
State  Geologist  Blatchley,  in  1897,  is  as  follows:  "In  the  Indiana  oil 
field  the  Trenton  rock  is  covered  by  an  average  thickness  of  250  feet  of 
that  dark  brown,  close-grained  deposit  known  as  Utica  shale,  which  pos- 
sesses every  quality  of  a  typical  impervious  cover.  The  driller  recognizes 
this  stratum  as  soon  as  he  strikes  it,  by  its  color,  its  comparative  freedom 
from  fossils,  and  the  ease  with  which  it  is  drilled  and  mixed  with  water. 
No  free  oil  is  found  in  the  Utica  shale,  though  by  distilling  portions  of  it 
an  amount  equal  to  three  per  cent  of  the  shale  has  been  obtained.  *  *  * 
The  records  of  the  numerous  bores  put  down  in  recent  years  for  oil  and 
gas  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  show  that  the  surface  of  the  Trenton  rock  is  not, 
as  many  people  think,  a  level  plane,  but  that  numerous .  rather  broad 
arches  and  troughs,  or  anticlines  and  synclines.  exist  in  it.  Experience 


SHOOTING  OIL  WELL 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  961 

has  proven  that  the  anticlines  in  the  Trenton  are  important  factors  in 
the  geological  distribution  and  accumulation  of  oil  and  gas.  Where  the 
anticlines  occur  the  wells  drilled  along  their  crests  yield  at  first  gas  and 
after  a  time  oil.  Those  drilled  into  the  troughs  yield  only  salt  water, 
while  in  those  put  down  in  the  intermediate  territory,  or  slope  of  the  anti- 
cline, there  is  most  probability  of  finding  oil.  *  *  *  In  the  Indiana 
oil  field  the  production  of  a  new  well  can  usually  be  foretold  by  the  depth 
at  which  the  top  of  the  Trenton  rock  is  found.  If  it  is  from  five  to  ten 
feet  higher  than  the  average  in  the  nearby  productive  wells,  the  chances 
are  that  it  will  yield  much  gas  and  little  oil.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the 
Trenton  is  struck  ten  to  fifteen  feet  lower  than  the  average,  the  bore  has 
pierced  a  trough  or  syncline,  and  a  salt  water  well  usually  results.  Some- 
times, however,  there  are  apparent  exceptions.  Of  two  wells  in  which 
the  Trenton  is  found  at  the  same  depth,  one  will  be  a  'gusher,'  and  the 
other,  but  a  short  distance  away,  a  'dry  hole.'  The  only  explanation 
which  can  be  given  in  such  a  case  is  that  the  latter  has  pierced  a  close- 
grained  or  non-porous  area  of  the  Trenton,  through  which  no  fluid  can 
find  its  way."  n  The  production  of  petroleum  in  Indiana  in  1890  was 
reported  at  63,496  barrels.  In  1900  it  was  4,874,392  barrels.  In  1911  it 
had  dropped  to  1,695,289  barrels  and  in  1913  to  956,095.  In  1914  it 
reached  1,355,456  barrels,  but  it  is  conceded  that  the  supply  is  steadily 
diminishing.  Of  natural  gas,  the  amount  consumed  in  1886  was  valued 
at  $300.000,  and  from  that  it  increased  to  its  high-water  mark  of  $5,718,- 
000  in  1893,  showing  slight  reduction  for  several  years  after,  and  then 
practically  going  out  as  a  matter  of  importance,  though  it  is  still  used  by 
a  few  fortunates  who  are  favorably  situated  with  regard  to  the  small  re- 
maining supply. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  Indiana  industries  is  that  of  building 
stone.  There  are  a  number  of  valuable  lime  and  sand  stones  found  in  the 
State,  but  the  attractive  one  is  the  oolitic  limestone — in  Lawrence  County 
you  are  expected  to  call  it  Bedford  Limestone,  and  in  Monroe  County 
Indiana  Limestone,  if  you  desire  to  be  known  as  using  the  English  lan- 
guage properly.  This  was  the  last  of  our  building  stones  to  come  into 
commercial  use,  owing  to  its  massive  structure,  the  strata  being  so  thick 
that  it  could  only  be  used  for  ordinary  purposes  in  irregular  broken 
pieces,  unless  dressed  by  a  stone-cutter.  The  first  man  who  is  recorded  as 
appreciating  its  value  was  Dr.  Winthrop  Foote,  who  came  from  Connecti- 
cut hi  1818,  and  located  at  Palestine,  when  that  anticipated  metropolis 
was  the  county  seat  of  Lawrence,  and  later  removed  to  Bedford  with  the 
government.  He  is  said  to  have  told  a  friend  that  "some  day  they  would 


11  Geol.  Report,  1896,  pp.  42-3. 


SHOOTING  OIL  WELL 


. 
INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS  961 

has  proven  that  the  anticlines  in  the  Trenton  are  important  factors  in 
the  geological  distribution  and  accumulation  of  oil  and  gas.  Where  the 
anticlines  occur  the  wells  drilled  along  their  crests  yield  at  first  gas  and 
after  a  time  oil.  Those  drilled  into  the  troughs  yield  only  salt  water, 
while  in  those  put  down  in  the  intermediate  territory,  or  slope  of  the  anti- 
cline, there  is  most  probability  of  finding  oil.  *  *  *  In  the  Indiana 
oil  field  the  production  of  a  new  well  can  usually  be  foretold  by  the  depth 
at  which  the  top  of  the  Trenton  rock  is  found.  If  it  is  from  five  to  ten 
feet  higher  than  the  average  in  the  nearby  productive  wells,  the  chances 
are  that  it  will  yield  much  gas  and  little  oil.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the 
Trenton  is  struck  ten  to  fifteen  feet  lower  than  the  average,  the  bore  has 
pierced  a  trough  or  syncline,  and  a  salt  water  well  usually  results.  Some- 
times, however,  there  are  apparent  exceptions.  Of  two  wells  in  which 
the  Trenton  is  found  at  the  same  depth,  one  will  be  a  'gusher,'  and  the 
other,  but  a  short  distance  away,  a  'dry  hole.'  The  only  explanation 
which  can  be  given  in  such  a  case  is  that  the  latter  has  pierced  a  close- 
grained  or  non-porous  area  of  the  Trenton,  through  which  no  fluid  can 
find  its  way."  n  The  production  of  petroleum  in  Indiana  in  1890  was 
reported  at  63,496  barrels.  In  1900  it  was  4,874,392  barrels.  In  1911  it 
had  dropped  to  1,695,289  barrels  and  in  1913  to  956,095.  In  1914  it 
reached  1,355,456  barrels,  but  it  is  conceded  that  the  supply  is  steadily 
diminishing.  Of  natural  gas,  the  amount  consumed  in  1886  was  valued 
at  $300  000,  and  from  that  it  increased  to  its  high-water  mark  of  $5,718,- 
000  in  1893,  showing  slight  reduction  for  several  years  after,  and  then 
practically  going  out  as  a  matter  of  importance,  though  it  is  still  used  by 
a  few  fortunates  who  are  favorably  situated  with  regard  to  the  small  re- 
maining supply. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  Indiana  industries  is  that  of  building 
stone.  There  are  a  number  of  valuable  lime  and  sand  stones  found  in  the 
State,  but  the  attractive  one  is  the  oolitic  limestone — in  .Lawrence  County 
you  are  expected  to  call  it  Bedford  Limestone,  and  in  Monroe  County 
Indiana  Limestone,  if  you  desire  to  be  known  as  using  the  English  lan- 
guage properly.  This  was  the  last  of  our  building  stones  to  come  into 
commercial  use,  owing  to  its  massive  structure,  the  strata  being  so  thick 
that  it  could  only  be  used  for  ordinary  purposes  in  irregular  broken 
pieces,  unless  dressed  by  a  stone-cutter.  The  first  man  who  is  recorded  as 
appreciating  its  value  was  Dr.  Winthrop  Foote,  who  came  from  Connecti- 
cut in  1818,  and  located  at  Palestine,  when  that  anticipated  metropolis 
was  the  county  seat  of  Lawrence,  and  later  removed  to  Bedford  with  the 
government.  He  is  said  to  have  told  a  friend  that  "some  day  they  \vould 


Geol.  Report,  1896,  pp.  42-3. 


962 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


be  sending  that  stone  to  New  York  City";  and  to  an  objection  as  to  the 
impracticability  of  transportation,  he  answered  that  "there  would  be 
found  a  way  by  the  time  the  stone  was  demanded  there."  He  demon- 
strated his  faith  by  entering  government  land  where  the  best  outcroppings 
were  found.  In  1832  he  went  to  Louisville,  and  interested  a  stone  cutter 
named  Toburn,  who  located  at  Bedford,  and  began  the  first  practical  use 
of  the  stone  for  buildings  and  monuments.  One  of  his  most  interesting 
works  is  a  vault  that  he  excavated  for  Dr.  Foote  in  a  huge  block  of  stone 
lying  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  about  a  mile  from  Bedford,  overlooking  what 


FOOTE  VAULT 
(First  monumental  use  of  Oolitic  limestone) 

is  now  called  the  "Blue  Hole"  quarry.  In  this  were  placed  the  exhumed 
remains  of  Ziba  Foote,  the  Doctor's  brother,  an  early  U.  S.  surveyor, 
whose  death  by  drowning  in  1806,  in  " Foote 's  Grave  Pond"  is  recounted 
elsewhere ;  and  the  Doctor  wa§  also  buried  there  in  1856.  Early  in  1854, 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  employed  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  ' '  to  make 
a  cursory  geological  examination  of  the  State,"  and  he  made  the  first 
known  report  in  print  on  the  excellence  of  this  stone,  which  he  called 
"Mountain  Limestone."  His  report,  which  is  published  in  the  State 
Agricultural  Report  for  1853,  says:  "Portions  of  this  stone  seem  to  be 
composed  almost  entirely  of  minute  fossils,  so  firmly  imbedded  in  the  rock 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  separate  them.-"  and  also:  "To  saw  this 
stone  by  steam  power,  into  blocks  proper  for  building  purposes,  and  intro- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS  963 

duce  it  into  cities  of  the  lower  Mississippi,  would  be  a  business  that  I 
think,  would  most  certainly  pay  well." 

What  is  more  remarkable  is  his  statement  of  the  commercial  use  of  the 
stone  at  that  time,  which  he  says  was  ' '  being  worked  by  Mr.  Erving  who 
has  engaged  to  furnish  the  stone  for  the  construction  of  the  United 
States  Custom  House  at  Louisville."  The  stone  was  being  shipped  out 
over  the  New  Albany  &  Salem  railroad,  which  had  recently  been  con- 
structed into  that  region,  and  this  seems  to  have  been  its  first  outside  use 
for  a  building  of  any  importance.  Brown  continues:  "Blocks,  squared 
and  ready  for  delivery  were  lying  at  the  quarry,  some  of  which  were  3 
feet  on  the  surface  and  14  feet  long.  The  present  face  of  the  quarry,  be- 
sides several  thinner  strata  exposes  one  stratum  of  8  feet  in  thickness 
without  a  seam,  or  the  slightest  fault.  By  means  of  wedges  blocks  may 
be  split  the  whole  thickness  and  of  any  desirable  length.  The  accuracy 
and  ease  with  which  it  may  be  split,  its  softness  when  fresh  from  the 
quarry,  its  beautiful  whiteness  when  dry,  its  durability  and  great 
strength  renders  it  all  that  could  be  desired  as  a  stone  for  building  pur- 
poses. The  same  rock,  with  slight  local  variations,  extends  to  Gosport; 
occupying  a  band  of  country  about  ten  miles  in  width  traversed  in  its 
whole  length  by  the  N.  A.  &  S.  Railroad.  At  Mount  Tabor  near  Gosport 
a  variety  of  this  stone  is  now  being  worked  which  receives  a  high  polish, 
and  presents  a  finely  variegated  appearance,  being  indeed  an  excellent 
and  beautiful  marble.  Large  amounts  of  stone  from  this  region,  under 
the  name  of  '  White  River  Stone '  is  now  transported  over  the  railroad  and 
used  at  New  Albany,  Louisville  and  Jeffersonville :  and  the  demand  is 
rapidly  increasing  as  the  excellent  qualities  of  the  material  become  more 
extensively  known.  As  soon  as  the  N.  A.  &  S.  Railroad  shall  be  connected 
through  to  the  lake  and  its  Indianapolis  branch  completed,  or  the  Evans- 
ville,  Indianapolis  and  Cleveland  road  constructed  and  the  Cin.  and  St. 
Louis  road  completed,  the  demand  for  this  rock  must  be  immense.  For 
range  work  in  foundations  for  columns  in  public  buildings,  for  pillars 
and  lintels  in  open  front  business  houses,  and  for  window  and  door  caps 
and  sills,  no  better  material  can  be  desired.  A  test  of  its  durability  is 
furnished  in  the  foundation  of  the  court  house  in  Bloomington  where  the 
stone  after  an  exposure  of  more  than  30  years  preserves  its  corners  as 
sharp  and  well  defined  as  if  they  had  come  from  under  the  hammer  but 
yesterday.  From  Gosport  to  Greencastle  the  same  mountain  limestone 
underlies  the  whole  country  and  crops  out  on  every  hill-side  and  in  the 
valley  of  every  stream.  The  stone,  however,  is  finer  grained  and  harder 
in  general  than  the  varieties  occurring  between  the  White  rivers.  Though 
it  may  require  a  little  more  labor  to  dress  it.  yet  the  stone  at  Cloverdale. 


962 


. 

• 

INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


be  sending  that  stone  to  New  York  City'';  and  to  an  objection  as  to  the 
impracticability  of  transportation,  he  answered  that  "there  would  be 
found  a  way  by  the  time  the  stone  was  demanded  there."  He  demon- 
strated his  faith  by  entering  government  land  where  the  best  outcroppings 
were  found.  In  1832  he  went  to  Louisville,  and  interested  a  stone  cutter 
named  Tobnrn,  who  located  at  Bedford,  and  began  the  first  practical  use 
of  the  stone  for  buildings  and  monuments.  One  of  his  most  interesting 
works  is  a  vault  that  he  excavated  for  Dr.  Foote  in  a  huge  block  of  stone 
lying  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  about  a  mile  from  Bedford,  overlooking  what 


. 


FOOTE  VAULT 
(First  monumental  use  of  Oolitic  Ii7iiestone) 

is  now  called  the  "Blue  Hole"  quarry.  In  this  were  placed  the  exhumed 
remains  of  Ziba  Foote,  the  Doctor's  brother,  an  early  U.  S.  surveyor, 
whose  death  by  drowning  in  1806,  in  " Foote 's  Grave  Pond"  is  recounted 
elsewhere ;  and  the  Doctor  was.  also  buried  there  in  1856.  Early  in  1854, 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  employed  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  "to  make 
a  cursory  geological  examination  of  the  State."  and  he  made  the  first 
known  report  in  print  on  the  excellence  of  this  stone,  which  he  called 
"Mountain  Limestone."  His  report,  which  is  published  in  the  State 
Agricultural  Report  for  1853,  says:  "Portions  of  this  stone  seem  to  be 
composed  almost  entirely  of  minute  fossils,  so  firmly  imbedded  in  the  rook 
that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  separate  them:"  and  also:  "To  saw  this 
stone  by  steam  power,  into  blocks  proper  for  building  purposes,  and  intro- 


• 

' 
• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


963 


duce  it  into  cities  of  the  lower  Mississippi,  would  be  a  business  that  I 
think,  would  most  certainly  pay  well." 

What  is  more  remarkable  is  his  statement  of  the  commercial  use  of  the 
stone  at  that  time,  which  he  says  was  "being  worked  by  Mr.  Erving  who 
has  engaged  to  furnish  the  stone  for  the  construction  of  the  United 
States  Custom  House  at  Louisville."  The  stone  was  being  shipped  out 
over  the  New  Albany  &  Salem  railroad,  which  had  recently  been  con- 
structed into  that  region,  and  this  seems  to  have  been  its  first  outside  use 
for  a  building  of  any  importance.  Brown  continues:  "Blocks,  squared 
and  ready  for  delivery  were  lying  at  the  quarry,  some  of  which  were  3 
feet  on  the  surface  and  14  feet  long.  The  present  face  of  the  quarry,  be- 
sides several  thinner  strata  exposes  one  stratum  of  8  feet  in  thickness 
without  a  seam,  or  the  slightest  fault.  By  means  of  wedges  blocks  may 
be  split  the  whole  thickness  and  of  any  desirable  length.  The  accuracy 
and  ease  with  which  it  may  be  split,  its  softness  when  fresh  from  the 
quarry  its  beautiful  whiteness  when  dry,  its  durability  and  great 
strength  renders  it  all  that  could  be  desired  as  a  stone  for  building  pur- 
poses. The  same  rock,  with  slight  local  variations,  extends  to  Gosport ; 
occupying  a  band  of  country  about  ten  miles  in  width  traversed  in  its 
whole  length  by  the  N.  A.  &  S.  Railroad.  At  Mount  Tabor  near  Gosport 
a  variety  of  this  stone  is  now  being  worked  which  receives  a  high  polish, 
and  presents  a  finely  variegated  appearance,  being  indeed  an  excellent 
and  beautiful  marble.  Large  amounts  of  stone  from  this  region,  under 
the  name  of  'White  River  Stone'  is  now  transported  over  the  railroad  and 
used  at  New  Albany,  Louisville  and  Jeffersonville :  and  the  demand  is 
rapidly  increasing  as  the  excellent  qualities  of  the  material  become  more 
extensively  known.  As  soon  as  the  N.  A.  &  S.  Railroad  shall  be  connected 
through  to  the  lake  and  its  Indianapolis  branch  completed,  or  the  Evans- 
ville,  Indianapolis  and  Cleveland  road  constructed  and  the  Cm.  and  St. 
Louis  road  completed,  the  demand  for  this  rock  must  be  immense.  For 
range  work  in  foundations  for  columns  in  public  buildings,  for  pillars 
and  lintels  in  open  front  business  houses,  and  for  window  and  door  caps 
and  sills,  no  better  material  can  be  desired.  A  test  of  its  durability  is 
furnished  in  the  foundation  of  the  court  house  in  Bloomington  where  the 
stone  after  an  exposure  of  more  than  30  years  preserves  its  corners  as 
sharp  and  well  defined  as  if  they  had  come  from  under  the  hammer  but 
yesterday.  From  Gosport  to  Greencastle  the  same  mountain  limestone 
underlies  the  whole  country  and  crops  out  on  every  hill-side  and  in  the 
valley  of  every  stream.  The  stone,  however,  is  finer  grained  and  harder 
in  general  than  the  varieties  occurring  between  the  White  rivers.  Though 
it  may  require  a  little  more  labor  to  dress  it.  yet  the  stone  at  Cloverdale. 


O" 

o 

H 

1 

I 

fc 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  965 

Putnamville  and  Greencastle  is  not  inferior  to  any  stone  in  the  State  for 
beauty  and  durability." 

The  great  development  of  the  oolitic  limestone  industry  did  not  come, 
however,  until  after  the  invention  of  channeling  machines.  The  pioneer 
in  the  industry  at  Bedford  was  Davis  Harrison,  a  civil  engineer  who  had 
been  with  the  N.  A.  &  S.  road,  and  who  worked  for  years  to  interest  cap- 
ital in  the  industry,  until  in  1877  he  succeeded  in  organizing  the  Dark 
Hollow  Quarry  Company.  He  also  interested  Nathan  Hall,  who  invented 
the  wagon  now  commonly  used  for  hauling  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  when 
the  railroad  does  not  reach  the  quarry,  and  who  shipped  the  first  car  load 
of  stone  out  of  Bedford.  Of  the  men  who  were  instrumental  in  making 
the  stone  known  to  the  world,  one  of  the  most  important  was  John  Rawle, 
an  English  quarryman,  who  first  introduced  it  in  Chicago,  and  spread  its 
fame  by  distributing  paper-weights  made  of  it  to  architects  and  builders 
throughout  the  country.  John  R.  Walsh  of  Chicago,  became  interested 
when  he  had  to  take  some  quarries  at  Bedford  on  foreclosure ;  and  did  an 
enormous  service  to  both  the  stone  and  the  coal  industries  of  Indiana  by 
building  the  Southern  Indiana  Railroad  from  Terre  Haute  to  Bedford, 
and  another  from  Terre  Haute  to  Chicago,  but  he  broke  himself  up  by 
doing  it.  By  one  means  and  another  the  stone  became  widely  known  and 
it  needed  only  to  be  known  to  be  used.  If  Dr.  Foote  were  alive  today  he 
would  not  only  find  it  being  shipped  to  New  York,  but  would  find  the 
great  New  York  Terminal  building  constructed  of  it.  Moreover  he  would 
find  that  in  1917  there  were  only  seven  of  the  forty-eight  states  and  terri- 
tories in  which  it  was  not  used,  the  total  consumption  being  stated  at 
8,165,645  cubic  feet,  valued  at  over  $5,000,000.  This  remarkable  use  calls 
for  some  explanation  of  the  qualities  that  have  caused  it,  for  it  is  obvious 
that  the  use  is  due  to  merit ;  and  it  is  an  historical  fact  that  this  building 
stone  has  won  its  own  way  to  the  front. 

The  first  great  advantage  of  the  oolitic  limestone  is  that  it  is  soft 
when  quarried,  and  hardens  with  exposure  to  the  air.  For  this  reason  it 
is  easily  cut  into  any  desired  shape  for  architectural  or  sculptural  pur- 
poses ;  and  on  account  of  the  enormous  size  of  the  blocks  in  which  it  can  be 
quarried,  it  is  especially  adapted  to  monumental  sculptural  work.  For 
example  the  sphinxes  that  stand  in  front  of  the  Scottish  Rite  Cathedral 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  were  each  cut  from  a  single  block  of  stone  16VoX 
71/4x8iA.  and  weighing  100  tons.  Notwithstanding  its  easy-working  qual- 
ities, this  stone  is  exceptionally  strong,  and  also  remarkably  elastic.  The 
only  building  stone  in  commercial  use  which  is  stronger  is  granite,  and 
granite  is  many  times  harder  and  more  difficult  to  cut.  The  reliable 
weight-bearing  strength  per  square  foot  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  over 
135,000  pounds,  whereas  that  of  the  celebrated  Portland  limestone  of 


. 


o 

E 

5 
O 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  965 

Putnamville  and  Greencastle  is  not  inferior  to  any  stone  in  the  State  for 
beauty  and  durability." 

The  great  development  of  the  oolitic  limestone  industry  did  not  eome, 
however,  until  after  the  invention  of  channeling  machines.  The  pioneer 
in  the  industry  at  Bedford  was  Davis  Harrison,  a  civil  engineer  who  had 
been  with  the  N.  A.  &  S.  road,  and  who  worked  for  years  to  interest  cap- 
ital in  the  industry,  until  in  1877  he  succeeded  in  organizing  the  Dark 
Hollow  Quarry  Company.  He  also  interested  Nathan  Hall,  who  invented 
the  wagon  now  commonly  used  for  hauling  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  when 
the  railroad  does  not  reach  the  quarry,  and  who  shipped  the  first  car  load 
of  stone  out  of  Bedford.  Of  the  men  who  were  instrumental  in  making 
the  stone  known  to  the  world,  one  of  the  most  important  was  John  Rawle, 
an  English  quarryman,  who  first  introduced  it  in  Chicago,  and  spread  its 
fame  by  distributing  paper-weights  made  of  it  to  architects  and  builders 
throughout  the  country.  John  R.  Walsh  of  Chicago,  became  interested 
when  he  had  to  take  some  quarries  at  Bedford  on  foreclosure ;  and  did  an 
enormous  service  to  both  the  stone  and  the  coal  industries  of  Indiana  by 
building  the  Southern  Indiana  Railroad  from  Terre  Haute  to  Bedford, 
and  another  from  Terre  Haute  to  Chicago,  but  he  broke  himself  up  by 
doing  it.  By  one  means  and  another  the  stone  became  widely  known  and 
it  needed  only  to  be  known  to  be  used.  If  Dr.  Foote  were  alive  today  he 
would  not  only  find  it  being  shipped  to  New  York,  but  would  find  the 
great  New  York  Terminal  building  constructed  of  it.  Moreover  he  would 
find  that  in  1917  there  were  only  seven  of  the  forty-eight  states  and  terri- 
tories in  which  it  was  not  used,  the  total  consumption  being  stated  at 
8,165.645  cubic  feet,  valued  at  over  $5,000,000.  This  remarkable  use  calls 
for  some  explanation  of  the  qualities  that  have  caused  it,  for  it  is  obvious 
that  the  use  is  due  to  merit ;  and  it  is  an  historical  fact  that  this  building 
stone  has  won  its  own  way  to  the  front. 

The  first  great  advantage  of  the  oolitic  limestone  is  that  it  is  soft 
when  quarried,  and  hardens  with  exposure  to  the  air.  For  this  reason  it 
is  easily  cut  into  any  desired  shape  for  architectural  or  sculptural  pur- 
poses ;  and  on  account  of  the  enormous  size  of  the  blocks  in  which  it  can  be 
quarried,  it  is  especially  adapted  to  monumental  sculptural  work.  For 
example  the  sphinxes  that  stand  in  front  of  the  Scottish  Rite  Cathedral 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  were  each  cut  from  a  single  block  of  stone  IGV^x 
714x81/2.  and  weighing  100  tons.  Notwithstanding  its  easy-working  qual- 
ities, this  stone  is  exceptionally  strong,  and  also  remarkably  elastic.  The 
only  building  stone  in  commercial  use  which  is  stronger  is  granite,  and 
granite  is  many  times  harder  and  more  difficult  to  cut.  The  reliable 
weight-bearing  strength  per  square  foot  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  over 
135,000  pounds,  whereas  that  of  the  celebrated  Portland  limestone  of 


966  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

England  is  figured  at  but  82,000  pounds.  Inasmuch  as  the  weight  borne 
by  the  piers  which  support  the  enormous  dome  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
in  London  (which  is  built  of  the  Portland  limestone)  is  only  39,000 
pounds  per  square  foot,  it  is  easily  seen  that  Indiana  Limestone  can  much 
more  than  support  any  weight  likely  to  be  put  upon  it.  Even  the  solid 
masonry  shaft  of  the  Washington  Monument,  555  feet  high  puts  a  pres- 
sure on  its  foundation  of  only  45,000  pounds  per  square  foot. 

The  actual  crushing  strength  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  very  much 
greater  than  the  135,000  pounds  mentioned  above,  and  tiny  cubes  one  inch 
on  an  edge  show  upon  test  a  resistance  of  10,000,  11,000  and  even  12,000 
pounds.  A  bar  of  Indiana  Limestone  three  or  four  feet  long  can  be 
noticeably  bent  or  deflected  by  the  application  of  sufficient  pressure,  and, 
when  released,  will  instantly  spring  back  to  its  original  straightness. 
When  struck  with  a  hammer  it  gives  out  a  clear,  metallic  bell  note  almost 
like  that  of  a  bar  of  steel.  This  means  that  Indiana  Limestone  is  the  most 
elastic  of  all  kindred  substances.  At  first  glance  one  is  inclined  to  class 
this  quality  as  "interesting  but  not  important."  Yet  as  a  matter  of  fact 
the  power  to  submit  to  distortion  without  permanent  deformation  is 
among  the  most  valuable  qualities  a  building  material  may  have.  Con- 
sider the  strain  put  upon  a  block  of  stone  whose  inside  surface  within  a 
building  may  be  50  to  60  degrees  hotter  or  colder  than  its  outside  surface 
exposed  to  the  weather.  One  side  of  the  block  is  contracted,  and  the  other 
expanded,  an  enormous  pressure  being  put  upon  it  by  the  expansion  of  its 
fellows.  Consider  a  change  of  temperature  between  midnight  and  noon 
of  50  to  70  or  more  degrees  which  often  occurs  in  perpendicular  walls 
exposed  to  direct  sunlight.  Only  an  elastic  material  can  easily  tolerate 
this  sort  of  thing  year  after  year.  This  is  one  of  the  great  points  (to  say 
nothing  of  architectural  beauty  and  dignity)  at  which  Indiana  Limestone 
shows  its  wonderful  adaptability  to  building  purposes  and  also  one  of  the 
great  points  at  which  manufactured  substitutes  for  it  fail. 

Another  valuable  quality  is  its  resistance  to  the  effects  of  fire.  It 
does  not  begin  to  calcine  until  heated  to  over  1,000  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
and  below  that  temperature  is  not  injured  by  throwing  water  on  it,  or  by 
smoke.  It  can  of  course  be  blackened,  but  is  easily  restored  to  its  orig- 
inal color  by  scouring.  Its  durability  under  ordinary  atmospheric  condi- 
tions appears  to  be  practically  unlimited,  as  its  hardness  increases  with 
exposure.  An  interesting  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  a  seal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana,  which  was  carved  as  an  ornament  for  one  of  the 
buildings  in  1855,  and  whose  lettering  and  delicate  carving  are  as  sharp 
and  clear  as  on  the  day  when  cut.  In  contrast  with  this,  a  tablet  of  Ver- 
mont marble,  which  was  supposed  to  have  peculiar  durability,  and  which 
was  therefore  set  in  Foote's  vault,  mentioned  above,  has  crumbled  away 


M 


ToLH-M 


966 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


England  is  figured  at  but  82,000  pounds.  Inasmuch  as  the  weight  borne 
by  the  piers  which  support  the  enormous  dome  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral 
in  London  (which  is  built  of  the  Portland  limestone)  is  only  39,000 
pounds  per  square  foot,  it  is  easily  seen  that  Indiana  Limestone  can  much 
more  than  support  any  weight  likely  to  be  put  upon  it.  Even  the  solid 
masonry  shaft  of  the  Washington  Monument,  555  feet  high  puts  a  pres- 
sure on  its  foundation  of  only  45,000  pounds  per  square  foot. 

The  actual  crushing  strength  of  Indiana  Limestone  is  very  much 
greater  than  the  135,000  pounds  mentioned  above,  and  tiny  cubes  one  inch 
on  an  edge  show  upon  test  a  resistance  of  10,000,  11,000  and  even  12,000 
pounds.  A  bar  of  Indiana  Limestone  three  or  four  feet  long  can  be 
noticeably  bent  or  deflected  by  the  application  of  sufficient  pressure,  and, 
when  released,  will  instantly  spring  back  to  its  original  straightness. 
When  struck  with  a  hammer  it  gives  out  a  clear,  metallic  bell  note  almost 
like  that  of  a  bar  of  steel.  This  means  that  Indiana  Limestone  is  the  most 
elastic  of  all  kindred  substances.  At  first  glance  one  is  inclined  to  class 
this  quality  as  "interesting  but  not  important."  Yet  as  a  matter  of  fact 
the  power  to  submit  to  distortion  without  permanent  deformation  is 
among  the  most  valuable  qualities  a  building  material  may  have.  Con- 
sider the  strain  put  upon  a  block  of  stone  whose  inside  surface  within  a 
building  may  be  50  to  60  degrees  hotter  or  colder  than  its  outside  surface 
exposed  to  the  weather.  One  side  of  the  block  is  contracted,  and  the  other 
expanded,  an  enormous  pressure  being  put  upon  it  by  the  expansion  of  its 
fellows.  Consider  a  change  of  temperature  between  midnight  and  noon 
of  50  to  70  or  more  degrees  which  often  occurs  in  perpendicular  walls 
exposed  to  direct  sunlight.  Only  an  elastic  material  can  easily  tolerate 
this  sort  of  thing  year  after  year.  This  is  one  of  the  great  points  (to  say 
nothing  of  architectural  beauty  and  dignity)  at  which  Indiana  Limestone 
shows  its  wonderful  adaptability  to  building  purposes  and  also  one  of  the 
great  points  at  which  manufactured  substitutes  for  it  fail. 

Another  valuable  quality  is  its  resistance  to  the  effects  of  fire.  It 
does  not  begin  to  calcine  until  heated  to  over  1,000  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
and  below  that  temperature  is  not  injured  by  throwing  water  on  it,  or  by 
smoke.  It  can  of  course  be  blackened,  but  is  easily  restored  to  its  orig- 
inal color  by  scouring.  Its  durability  under  ordinary  atmospheric  condi- 
tions appears  to  be  practically  unlimited,  as  its  hardness  increases  with 
exposure.  An  interesting  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  a  seal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana,  which  was  carved  as  an  ornament  for  one  of  the 
buildings  in  1855,  and  whose  lettering  and  delicate  carving  are  as  sharp 
and  clear  as  on  the  day  when  cut.  In  contrast'  with  this,  a  tablet  of  Ver- 
mont marble,  which  was  supposed  to  have  peculiar  durability,  and  which 
was  therefore  set  in  Foote's  vault,  mentioned  above,  has  crumbled  away 


o 
X 

c 

O 
o 


X 

— 


Vol.  11—28 


968 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


materially.  In  conclusion  may  be  mentioned,  not  another  quality  of  the 
stone,  but  the  important  fact  that  the  center  of  population  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  last  census,  was  in  the  center  of  the  limestone  region,  at 
Bloomington. 

The  use  of  limestone  for  building  is  only  a  part  of-  the  use  to  which 
this  material,  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Indiana,  is  put.  Not  only 
waste  stone  from  the  quarries,  but  immense  amounts  of  other  stone  not 
suited  for  building,  are  crushed  and  used  for  various  purposes.  In  1913, 
296,377  tons  of  crushed  limestone  were  used  for  road  making  in  In- 
diana, valued  at  $7,353,665.  For  railroad  ballast  11,774,121  tons,  valued 
at  $5,551,415,  were  used;  and  for  concrete  work  10,000,030  tons,  valued 
at  $6,167,144.  The  aggregate  of  35,169,528  tons,  or  approximately  470,- 
000,000  cubic  feet,  valued  at  $19,072,224,  makes  the  crushed  stone  indus- 
try the  most  important  in  the  state  in  stone  products.  Another  extensive 
use,  which  is  growing  in  importance,  is  the  manufacture  of  cement,  which 
consists  of  "certain  anhydrous  double  silicates  of  calcium  and  alumi- 
num"; and  which  in  Indiana  is  manufactured  by  mixing  ground  lime- 
stone and  shale,  or,  in  northern  Indiana,  marl  and  clay,  and  burning  them, 
grinding  the  "clinker,"  or  product  of  calcining.  The  cement  plant  at 
Buffington  uses  limestone  and  blast  furnace  slag.  In  1912  Indiana  pro- 
duced 9,924,124  barrels'  of  cement,  valued  at  $7,453,017,  or  an  average  of 
75  cents  a  barrel.  At  that  time  Indiana  ranked  second  only  to  Pennsyl- 
vania as  a  producer  of  Portland  cement ;  and  the  extension  of  the  indus- 
try is  mainly  a  question  of  transportation  and  cheap  fuel.  A  considerable 
amount  of  waste  limestone  is  used  in  making  lime,  and  this  has  been  the 
case  since  very  early  times,  but  the  use  has  been  chiefly  local,  as  the  State 
is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  lime  producing  regions,  and  there  has  been 
a  prejudice  against  the  local  product  on  the  ground  that  it  was  too 
"rich,"  or  "hot";  but  the  latter  objection  has  been  obviated  by  hydrat- 
ing  the  lime  at  the  manufacturing  plants.  Nevertheless,  in  1913,  Indi- 
ana's output  of  lime  was  only  96,359  tons,  valued  at  $323,905,  while 
Ohio's  was  497,693  tons,  valued  at  $1,976,316.  "With  the  increase  of 
scientific  farming,  there  is  developing  a  large  use  of  crushed,  or  rather 
powdered,  limestone  as  a  fertilizer,  its  chief  functions  being  loosening  or 
mellowing  of  clay  soils,  the  solidifying  of  sand  soils,  and  the  correction  of 
acidity  in  any  soils.  The  last  named  is  perhaps  the  most  important,  as  it 
is  estimated  that  the  soil  of  three-fourths  of  the  area  of  the  State  is  too 
acid  for  the  most  advantageous  agriculture.  The  beneficial  effects  of  the 
use  of  limestone,  or  of  marl,  which  is  a  chemical  equivalent,  are  so  obvious, 
on  trial,  that  this  use  is  rapidly  growing,  but  there  are  no  satisfactory 
statistics  of  its  extent.  . 

Indiana  abounds  in  mineral  waters  of  almost  every  description,  many 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


969 


of  which  have  medicinal  qualities  for  bathing  or  for  internal  use.  In 
numerous  localities  these  occur  in  natural  springs,  and  there  is  hardly 
any  place  in  the  State  where  mineral  water  of  some  kind  cannot  be 
obtained  by  deep  wells,  which  often  give  a  flow  of  water  at  the  surface, 
or  so  near  it  as  to  be  classed  as  artesian.  The  elements  that  make  these 
waters  "mineral"  are  chiefly  calcium,  magnesium,  sodium,  potassium, 
iron  and  sulphur,  and  in  smaller  proportions,  chlorine,  silicon,  aluminum, 
carbon,  lithium,  with  occasional  traces  of  phosphorus,  iodine  and  bromine. 


FRENCH  LICK 

These  occur  most  commonly  as  "salts"  and  gases,  and  in  multiform  com- 
binations. Some  of  these  waters  are  widely  famous,  and  large  and  well 
known  resorts  have  grown  up  in  connection  with  them,  as  at  French  Lick, 
West  Baden  and  Martinsville ;  but  there  are  not  less  than  a  hundred  sana- 
toriums  and  smaller  resorts  scattered  over  the  State  some  of  which  have 
quite  extended  reputations,  and  others  only  local.  The  mineral  springs 
along  Lick  Creek  have  been  known  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the 
State,  attracting  attention  at  first  from  the  number  of  deer,  buffalo,  and 
other  animals  that  gathered  there  to  "lick"  the  saline  deposits.  The  first 
hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  persons  who  desired  to  use  the  waters  was 
erected  at  French  Lick  about  1836,  and  one  at  West  Baden  some  ten  years 
later.  The  Martinsville  water  comes  from  deep  wells,  the  first  of  which 
was  sunk  in  search  for  gas,  in  1887.  Indian  Springs  and  Trinity  Springs 


968 


INDIANA  AND   1ND1ANANS 


materially.  In  conclusion  may  be  mentioned,  not  another  quality  of  the 
stone,  but  the  important  fact  that  the  center  of  population  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  last  census,  was  in  the  center  of  the  limestone  region,  at 
Bloomington. 

The  use  of  limestone  for  building  is  only  a  part  of  the  use  to  which 
this  material,  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Indiana,  is  put.  Not  only 
waste  stone  from  the  quarries,  but  immense  amounts  of  other  stone  not 
suited  for  building,  are  crushed  and  used  for  various  purposes.  In  1913, 
296,377  tons  of  crushed  limestone  were  used  for  road  making  in  In- 
diana, valued  at  $7,353,665.  For  railroad  ballast  11,774,121  tons,  valued 
at  $5,551,415,  were  used ;  and  for  concrete  work  10,000,030  tons,  valued 
at  $6,167,144.  The  aggregate  of  35,169,528  tons,  or  approximately  470,- 
000,000  cubic  feet,  valued  at  $19,072,224,  makes  the  crushed  stone  indus- 
try the  most  important  in  the  state  in  stone  products.  Another  extensive 
use,  which  is  growing  in  importance,  is  the  manufacture  of  cement,  which 
consists  of  "certain  anhydrous  double  silicates  of  calcium  and  alumi- 
num''; and  which  in  Indiana  is  manufactured  by  mixing  ground  lime- 
stone and  shale,  or,  in  northern  Indiana,  marl  and  clay,  and  burning  them, 
grinding  the  "clinker,"  or  product  of  calcining.  The  cement  plant  at 
Buffington  uses  limestone  and  blast  furnace  slag.  In  1912  Indiana  pro- 
duced 9,924,124  barrels  of  cement,  valued  at  $7,453,017,  or  an  average  of 
75  cents  a  barrel.  At  that  time  Indiana  ranked  second  only  to  Pennsyl- 
vania as  a  producer  of  Portland  cement ;  and  the  extension  of  the  indus- 
try is  mainly  a  question  of  transportation  and  cheap  fuel.  A  considerable 
amount  of  waste  limestone  is  used  in  making  lime,  and  this  has  been  the 
case  since  very  early  times,  hut  the  use  has  been  chiefly  local,  as  the  State 
is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  lime  producing  regions,  and  there  has  been 
a  prejudice  against  the  local  product  on  the  ground  that  it  was  too 
"rich,"  or  "hot";  but  the  latter  objection  has  been  obviated  by  hydrat- 
ing  the  lime  at  the  manufacturing  plants.  Nevertheless,  in  1913,  Indi- 
ana's output  of  lime  was  only  96,359  tons,  valued  at  $323,905,  while 
Ohio's  was  497,693  tons,  valued  at  $1,976,316.  With  the  increase  of 
scientific  farming,  there  is  developing  a  large  use  of  crushed,  or  rather 
powdered,  limestone  as  a  fertilizer,  its  chief  functions  being  loosening  or 
mellowing  of  clay  soils,  the  solidifying  of  sand  soils,  and  the  correction  of 
acidity  in  any  soils.  The  last  named  is  perhaps  the  most  important,  as  it 
is  estimated  that  the  soil  of  three-fourths  of  the  area  of  the  State  is  too 
acid  for  the  most  advantageous  agriculture.  The  beneficial  effects  of  the 
use  of  limestone,  or  of  marl,  which  is  a  chemical  equivalent,  are  so  obvious, 
on  trial,  that  this  use  is  rapidly  growing,  but  there  are  no  satisfactory 
statistics  of  its  extent. 

Indiana  abounds  in  mineral  waters  of  almost  every  description,  many 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


969 


of  which  have  medicinal  qualities  for  bathing  or  for  internal  use.  Ill 
numerous  localities  these  occur  in  natural  springs,  and  there  is  hardly 
any  place  in  the  State  where  mineral  water  of  some  kind  cannot  be 
obtained  by  deep  wells,  which  often  give  a  flow  of  water  at  the  surface, 
or  so  near  it  as  to  be  classed  as  artesian.  The  elements  that  make  these 
waters  "mineral"  are  chiefly  calcium,  magnesium,  sodium,  potassium, 
iron  and  sulphur,  and  in  smaller  proportions,  chlorine,  silicon,  aluminum, 
carbon,  lithium,  with  occasional  traces  of  phosphorus,  iodine  and  bromine. 


FRENCH  LICK 

These  occur  most  commonly  as  "salts"  and  gases,  and  in  multiform  com- 
binations. Some  of  these  waters  are  widely  famous,  and  large  and  well 
known  resorts  have  grown  up  in  connection  with  them,  as  at  French  Lick, 
West  Baden  and  Martinsville ;  but  there  are  not  less  than  a  hundred  sana- 
toriums  and  smaller  resorts  scattered  over  the  State  some  of  which  have 
quite  extended  reputations,  and  others  only  local.  The  mineral  springs 
along  Lick  Creek  have  been  known  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the 
State,  attracting  attention  at  first  from  the  number  of  deer,  buffalo,  and 
other  animals  that  gathered  there  to  "lick"  the  saline  deposits.  The  first 
hotel  for  the  accommodation  of  persons  who  desired  to  use  the  waters  was 
erected  at  French  Lick  about  1836,  and  one  at  West  Baden  some  ten  years 
later.  The  Martinsville  water  comes  from  deep  wells,  the  first  of  which 
was  sunk  in  search  for  gas,  in  1887.  Indian  Springs  and  Trinity  Springs 


970  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

seven  or  eight  miles  from  Shoals,  in  Martin  County,  are  said  to  have  been 
in  high  repute  among  the  Indians,  and  to  have  been  used  by  the  white 
settlers  as  early  as  1814.  They  were  resorts  for  many  years,  but  were 
brought  into  public  notice  more  prominently  about  1900,  when  John  R. 
Walsh  came  into  possession  of  them,  and  extended  his  railroad  to  them. 
Many  springs  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  have  purgative  qualities, 
notably  those  in  Clark,  Floyd  and  Brown  counties,  and  chalybeate  springs 
are  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  State,  but  the  natural  springs  are  far 
surpassed  in  number  by  the  deep  wells.  Writing  in  1901,  State  Geologist 
Blatchley  said : 

"But  a  few  deep  bores  were  sunk  in  Indiana  previous  to  1886, 
when  natural  gas  in  commercial  quantities  was  first  discovered  in  the 
State.  Several  of  the  bores  put  down  before  that  date,  notably  those  at 
Reelsville,  Putnam  County;  Terre  Haute,  Vigo  County;  Lodi,  Fountain 
County,  and  at  two  or  three  localities  in  Crawford  County,  had  devel- 
oped artesian  flows  of  mineral  water,  but  at  only  one  of  these  wells  was 
this  water  used  to  any  extent  for  medicinal  purposes,  notwithstanding 
that  the  analysis  of  the  water  from  most  of  the  wells  were  made  and  pub- 
lished in  the  older  reports  of  this  department,  and  were  copied  quite  ex- 
tensively in  the  medical  journals  and  works  on  mineral  waters. 

"Since  1886  more  than  14,000  deep  bores  have  been  sunk  for  oil  and 
gas  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  Of  these  a  number  developed  flowing 
water ;  while  in  a  still  larger  number  the  water  rose  within  easy  pumping 
distance  of  the  surface.  In  the  different  strata  encountered  above  the 
Trenton  limestone,  especially  outside  of  the  main  oil  and  gas  fields  as  at 
present  defined,  large  supplies  of  excellent  potable  water  were  often 
found.  In  most  instances  this  occurred  in  the  Niagara  limestone;  was 
cased  off,  and  the  bore  sunk  to  the  Trenton  limestone,  where  salt  water 
was  found.  By  plugging  the  well  between  the  potable  and  the  salt  water 
the  former  has  been  made  available  as  a  source  of  water  supply  for  many 
cities  and  towns  or  for  manufacturing  and  other  industries. 

' '  The  output  of  a  number  of  the  flowing  wells  in  central  and  western 
Indiana  proved  to  be  a  saline  sulphuretted  mineral  water  of  high  value 
as  a  medicinal  agent.  Such  water  is  now  being  utilized  in  sanitariums  at 
Gteenwood,  Martinsville  Columbus,  Gosport,  Spencer,  Terre  Haute, 
Montezuma  and  other  localities ;  while  in  a  number  of  places  wells  are 
producing  a  water  as  valuable,  but  which  is  being  used  only  locally.  In 
many  of  the  deep  bores,  two  or  three  different  veins  of  mineral  water 
were  struck.  The  Niagara  limestone  furnishes  most  of  the  saline-sulphur- 
etted water  now  in  use.  The  water  of  the  Trenton  limestone  and  the 
underlying  St.  Peter's  sandstone  is,  in  most  instances,  too  brackish,  i.  e., 
contains  too  large  a  percentage  of  common  salt  for  medicinal  use ;  though 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


971 


in  a  few  cases  a  fair  quality  of  blue  lick  water,  containing  magnesium 
sulphate  in  quantity  and  also  much  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  is  found  in 
the  St.  Peter's  sandstone. 

"In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  waters  of  the  deep  wells  contain  a 
much  larger  percentage  of  mineral  matter  than  those  of  the  springs  and 
shallow  wells.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  deeper  subterranean  waters 
are  in  direct  contact  with  the  rocks  which  yield  them  the  salts  a  much 
longer  time,  since  the  water  is  not  so  soon  renewed  as  that  in  springs 


n 


eaa 

^r  -x^ 


•   WEST  BADEN  HOTEL 

which  have  a  constant  flow.  It  is  probable,  also,  that  more  or  less  sea  water 
was  left  in  the  Niagara  and  Trenton  limestones  and  in  the  St.  Peter's 
and  Potsdam  sandstones,  at  the  time  of  the  recession  of  the  ocean,  from 
the  area  now  occupied  by  these  formations.  The  mineral  contents  of  this 
sea  water  have  there  remained  for  ages,  and  only  when  furnished  a  vent 
by  artifical  boring  does  the  hydrostatic  pressure  behind  force  it  upward  as 
an  artesian  flow  of  so-called  mineral  water.  As  impervious  strata  of 
rock,  shale,  etc.,  usually  exist  between  the  surface  and  the  source  of  the 
mineral  water  in  the  deep  bores,  it  follows  that  the  supply  of  water  can- 
not be  renewed  by  percolation  as  in  ordinary  springs.  Dr.  Edward  Ortou, 
of  Ohio,  proved  that  the  hydrostatic  pressure  behind  the  salt  water,  gas 
and  oil  of  the  Trenton  limestone  of  Indiana  is  caused  by  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior.  The  level  of  this  lake  is  600  feet  above  tide  level,  and  by 


970 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


seven  or  eight  miles  from  Shoals,  in  Martin  County,  are  said  to  have  been 
in  high  repute  among  the  Indians,  and  to  have  been  used  by  the  white 
settlers  as  early  as  1814.  They  were  resorts  for  many  years,  but  were 
brought  into  public  notice  more  prominently  about  1900,  when  John  R. 
Walsh  came  into  possession  of  them,  and  extended  his  railroad  to  them. 
Many  springs  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  have  purgative  qualities, 
notably  those  in  Clark,  Floyd  and  Brown  counties,  and  chalybeate  springs 
are  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  State,  but  the  natural  springs  are  far 
surpassed  in  number  by  the  deep  wells.  Writing  in  1901,  State  Geologist 
Blatchley  said : 

"But  a  few  deep  bores  were  sunk  in  Indiana  previous  to  1886, 
when  natural  gas  in  commercial  quantities  was  first  discovered  in  the 
State.  Several  of  the  bores  put  down  before  that  date,  notably  those  at 
Reelsville,  Putnam  County;  Terre  Haute,  Vigo  County;  Lodi,  Fountain 
County,  and  at  two  or  three  localities  in  Crawford  County,  had  devel- 
oped artesian  flows  of  mineral  water,  but  at  only  one  of  these  wells  was 
this  water  used  to  any  extent  for  medicinal  purposes,  notwithstanding 
that  the  analysis  of  the  water  from  most  of  the  wells  were  made  and  pub- 
lished in  the  older  reports  of  this  department,  and  were  copied  quite  ex- 
tensively in  the  medical  journals  and  works  on  mineral  waters. 

"Since  1886  more  than  14,000  deep  bores  have  been  sunk  for  oil  and 
gas  in  different  parts  of  the  State  Of  these  a  number  developed  flowing 
water ;  while  in  a  still  larger  number  the  water  rose  within  easy  pumping 
distance  of  the  surface.  In  the  different  strata  encountered  above  the 
Trenton  limestone,  especially  outside  of  the  main  oil  and  gas  fields  as  at 
present  defined,  large  supplies  of  excellent  potable  water  were  often 
found.  In  most  instances  this  occurred  in  the  Niagara  limestone;  was 
cased  off,  and  the  bore  sunk  to  the  Trenton  limestone,  where  salt  water 
was  found.  By  plugging  the  well  between  the  potable  and  the  salt  water 
the  former  has  been  made  available  as  a  source  of  water  supply  for  many 
cities  and  towns  or  for  manufacturing  and  other  industries. 

"The  output  of  a  number  of  the  flowing  wells  in  central  and  western 
Indiana  proved  to  be  a  saline  sulphuretted  mineral  water  of  high  value 
as  a  medicinal  agent.  Such  water  is  now  being  utilized  in  sanitariums  at 
Gfeenwood,  Martinsville  Columbus.  Gosport,  Spencer,  Terre  Haute. 
Montezuma  and  other  localities;  while  in  a  number  of  places  wells  are 
producing  a  water  as  valuable,  but  which  is  being  used  only  locally.  In 
many  of  the  deep  bores,  two  or  three  different  veins  of  mineral  water 
were  struck.  The  Niagara  limestone  furnishes  most  of  the  saline-sulphur- 
etted water  now  in  use.  The  water  of  the  Trenton  limestone  and  the 
underlying  St.  Peter's  sandstone  is,  in  most  instances,  too  brackish,  i.  e., 
contains  too  large  a  percentage  of  common  salt  for  medicinal  use ;  though 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


971 


- 


in  a  few  cases  a  fair  quality  of  blue  lick  water,  containing  magnesium 
sulphate  in  quantity  and  also  much  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  is  found  in 
the  St.  Peter's  sandstone. 

"In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  waters  of  the  deep  wells  contain  a 
much  larger  percentage  of  mineral  matter  than  those  of  the  springs  and 
shallow  wells.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  deeper  subterranean  waters 
are  in  direct  contact  with  the  rocks  which  yield  them  the  salts  a  much 
longer  time,  since  the  water  is  not  so  soon  renewed  as  that  in  springs 


WEST  BADEN  HOTEL 

which  have  a  constant  flow.  It  is  probable,  also,  that  more  or  less  sea  water 
was  left  in  the  Niagara  and  Trenton  limestones  and  in  the  St.  Peter's 
and  Potsdam  sandstones,  at  the  time  of  the  recession  of  the  ocean,  from 
the  area  now  occupied  by  these  formations.  The  mineral  contents  of  this 
sea  water  have  there  remained  for  ages,  and  only  when  furnished  a  vent 
by  artifical  boring  does  the  hydrostatic  pressure  behind  force  it  upward  as 
an  artesian  flow  of  so-called  mineral  water.  As  impervious  strata  of 
rock,  shale,  etc.,  usually  exist  between  the  surface  and  the  source  of  the 
mineral  water  in  the  deep  bores,  it  follows  that  the  supply  of  water  can- 
not be  renewed  by  percolation  as  in  ordinary  springs.  Dr.  Edward  Orton, 
of  Ohio,  proved  that  the  hydrostatic  pressure  behind  the  salt  water,  gas 
and  oil  of  the  Trenton  limestone  of  Indiana  is  caused  by  the  waters  of 
Lake  Supf-rior.  The  level  of  this  lake  is  600  feet  above  tide  level,  and  by 


972  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

adding  this  height  to  the  number  of  feet  at  which  the  Trenton  lies  below 
the  tide  level  and  calculating  the  pressure  on  this  basis  he  found  that  it 
corresponded  closely  with  the  original  rock  pressure  of  gas,  oil  or  salt 
water.  The  ultimate  source  of  the  mineral  water  which  rises  from  great 
depths  in  the  different  artesian  bores  of  the  State  is  probably  accounted 
for  in  the  same  manner,  i.  e.,  it  comes  from  lakes  which  lie  far  distant 
from  the  point  at  which  it  wells  forth.  During  its  long  journey  it  has 
plenty  of  time  to  gain,  both  by  solution  and  chemical  action,  the  large 
percentage  of  mineral  salts  which  it  holds. ' ' 

Organized  effort  for  the  development  of  commerce  and  industry  in 
Indiana  were  local  in  character  until  1851,  when  the  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture was  chartered  by  the  legislature,  on  February  14,  and  organized 
on  May  27,  with  Governor  Wright  as  president,  John  B.  Dillon  as  secre- 
tary, and  Royal  Mayhew  as  treasurer.  The  first  fair  was  held  at  Indian- 
apolis, October  19-25,  1852 ;  and  was  so  much  a  success  that  other  towns 
wanted  it.  Accordingly  it  was  held  at  Lafayette  in  1853,  and  at  Madison 
in  1854.  Both  of  these  were  financial  failures,  and  therefore  the  fair  was 
returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  held  there  from  1855  to  1858  inclusive. 
In  1859  New  Albany  was  given  a  trial,  but  the  receipts  dropped  off  one 
third.  In  1860  it  was  brought  back  to  Indianapolis,  and  instead  of  being 
held  in  Military  Park,  as  previously,  the  managers  secured  the  tract  of 
36  acres  (later  increased  to  56)  north  of  the  city,  then  known  as  "the 
Otis  Grove,"  now  called  "Morton  Place,"  and  the  fair  was  held  there. 
In  1861  there  was  no  fair,  on  account  of  the  war ;  and  in  1862-3-4  it  was 
held  at  Military  Park,  in  connection  with  the  Sanitary  Fair,  the  new  fair 
grounds  having  been  appropriated  for  Camp  Morton.  In  1865  it  was 
held  at  Fort  Wayne,  again  at  a  financial  loss;  in  1866  at  Indianapolis; 
and  in  1867  at  Terre  Haute.  This  was  the  last  venture  outside  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  the  only  outside  venture  that  was  not  a  financial  failure.  Those 
at  Indianapolis  were  all  successful  financially  except  that  of  1860,  when 
the  expenses  of  fitting  up  the  new  grounds  were  unusually  heavy.  In 
1872  the  first  effort  was  made  to  give  the  fair  something  more  than  its 
usual  agricultural  character.  Indianapolis  business  men  offered  to  guar- 
antee the  success  of  a  joint  fair  and  exposition  to  the  extent  of  $100,000, 
and  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  accepted  the  proposition.  A  two- 
story  brick  building,  308  by  150  feet,  was  erected  on  the  south  side  of  the 
fair  ground,  facing  Nineteenth  Street — then  called  Exposition  Avenue — 
and  the  joint  fair  and  exposition  was  opened  with  elaborate  ceremonies 
on  September  10,  and  continued  until  October  10,  with  so  much  success 
that  the  management  was  left  with  a  debt  of  only  $90,000.  The  exposi- 
tion project  was  continued,  however,  with  some  vigor  in  1874-5-6 ;  when 
the  panic  put  an  end  to  it,  leaving  a  legacy  of  debt  and  hard  feeling  that 


MAP  OF  INDIANAPOLIS  AND  HER  RAILROAD  CONNECTIONS. 


ROWS  COMPLETED' 

flQADS,*  PROGRESS 

PLANK  ROADS 


BOARD  OP  TRADE  MAP,  1853 


974  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

survived  for  years  after.12  In  1891  the  State  Board  decided  to  find  more 
commodious  quarters,  and  in  1892  the  first  fair  was  held  on  the  grounds 
now  occupied,  northeast  of  the  city.  The  most  notable  improvement  since 
that  time  was  the  building  of  the  colosseum,  which  was  completed  in. 
1908,  in  time  for  the  saengerfest,  July  17-9.  This  is  a  handsome  and  capa- 
cious auditorium  with  a  capacity  for  12,000  people. 

In  early  times  there  were  occasional  "merchants  associations"  and 
similar  organizations  formed  to  promote  local  interests.  After  the  arrival 
of  the  railroad  and  the  telegraph  at  Indianapolis,  in  1848  a  "merchants 
exchange ' '  was  organized  at  that  point  to  receive  dispatches  and  transact 
business.  This  went  to  pieces  in  a  short  time,  and  in  1853,  a  board  of 
trade  was  organized,  which  made  an  approach  to  work  on  a  State  basis  by 
issuing  a  railroad  map,  primarily  showing  the  railroad  connections  of 
Indianapolis,  and  incidentally  those  of  the  entire  State.  This  organiza- 
tion maintained  an  intermittent  existence  thereafter,  and  in  February, 
1871,  a  State  convention  of  boards  of  trade  was  held  at  the  "chamber  of 
commerce,"  which  was  in  the, old  Sentinel  building,  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  Meridian  and  Circle  streets.  This  movement  was  not  of  much 
duration,  nor  has  been  any  other  based  on  mere  trade  interests,  as  these 
interests  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  are  rather  competitive  than  allied. 
In  1894,  however,  the  Indianapolis  Commercial  Club,  of  which  William 
Fortune  was  then  President,  called  a  meeting  of  the  commercial  organiza- 
tions of  the  State,  for  an  interchange  of  views,  with  the  ultimate  object 
of  an  effort  to  secure  better  local  government.  A  State  organization  was 
formed,  and  annual  sessions  were  held  until  after  the  primary  purpose 
had  been  accomplished  by  securing  the  passage  of  the  county  and  town- 
ship reform  bills  of  1899.  It  then  became  inactive.  A  State  Chamber  of 
Commerce  has  since  been  organized,  but  has  not  given  its  attention  to 
public  interests,  which  is  apparently  the  only  basis  on  which  a  State  or- 
ganization can  attain  any  material  success. 


Agricultural  Report,  1883,  p.  38. 


CHAPTER  XVII 
CHARITIES  AND  CORRECTION 

If  there  is  any  respect  in  which  the  founders  of  the  government  of 
Indiana  are  entitled  to  be  credited  with  "vision,"  it  is  in  the  provision 
of  the  Constitution  of  1816  for  penal  and  charitable  legislation.  This 
was  not  specifically  referred  to  any  committee,  but  the  Committee  on 
Education,  was  directed  to  report  on  education,  "and  other  subjects 
which  it  may  be  proper  to  enjoin  or  recommend  to  the  Legislature  to  pro- 
vide for."  In  the  exercise  of  this  authority  they  reported  Section  4,  of 
Article  9,  which  is  the  only  part  of  that  Article  that  does  not  relate  to 
education,  as  follows :  "It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as 
soon  as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  form  a  penal  code  founded  on  the 
principles  of  reformation,  and  not  of  vindictive  justice ;  and  also  to  pro- 
vide one  or  more  farms,  to  be  an  asylum  for  those  persons  who,  by  reason 
of  age  or  infirmity  or  other  misfortunes,  may  have  a  claim  upon  the  aid 
and  beneficence  of  society,  on  such  principles  that  such  persons  may 
therein  find  employment  and  every  reasonable  comfort,  and  lose  by  their 
influence  the  degrading  sense  of  dependence."  It  has  been  stated  that, 
with  the  exception  of  the  provision  as  to  amendment,  the  constitution  of 
1816  "was  taken  in  its  entirety,  both  as  regards  substance  and  phrase- 
ology, from  the  Ohio  Constitution  of  1802  and  the  Kentucky  Constitution 
of  1799. ' ' l  But  no  such  provisions  as  are  in  this  section,  nor,  indeed  in 
this  entire  article,  were  in  either  of  those  constitutions,  or  in  any  other 
existing  constitution.  As  constitutional  provisions,  they  are  original  with 
Indiana,  and  in  their  basic  principles  they  cover  the  accepted  ideas  of 
the  latest  theories  of  charity  and  punishment.  As  has  been  stated,  this 
Article  was  written  by  Judge  James  Scott,  but  there  is  no  record  as  to 
who  made  the  suggestions.  That  as  to  State  asylums  for  the  poor  might 
have  been  suggested  by  John  Badollet,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Commit- 
tee, as  that  cultured  Swiss  had  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  systems  of 
older  and  more  densely  settled  countries  that  none  of  the  other  members 
had ;  and  of  necessity,  it  is  not  possible  to  maintain  in  a  sparsely  settled 


Constitution  Making  in  Indiana,  Vol.  1,  p.  xx. 

975 


976  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

country  the  charitable  and  correctional  institutions  which  are  the  most 
convenient  and  practicable  agencies  for  providing  for  the  dependent  and 
criminal  classes  in  populous  countries. 

As  an  extreme  illustration,  when  Cain  killed  Abel,  it  might  have  been 
possible  to  hang  him,  but  it  would  not  have  been  possible  to  confine  him  in 
a  penitentiary ;  and  the  only  feasible  punishment,  that  left  him  any 
opportunity  for  reform,  was  to  expel  him  from  the  Garden  of  Eden.  So, 
on  the  frontier,  it  is  not  practicable  to  adopt  the  most  approved  methods 
of  dealing  with  many  social  problems;  and  some  of  the  customs  that  we 
look  back  to  now  with  a  feeling  that  the  people  who  maintained  them 
must  have  been  somewhat  barbarous,  were  really  due  to  the  different  con- 
ditions of  population  and  wealth  at  that  time.  It  is  true  that,  in  1795. 
the  legislature  of  Northwest  Territory  established  a  system  of  poor  relief, 
under  which  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  appointed  two  overseers  of  the 
poor  for  each  township,  who  were  authorized,  with  the  approval  of  two 
justices  of  the  peace,  to  levy  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  poor,  part  of 
which  was  to  be  used  in  "providing  proper  houses  and  places  and  a  con- 
venient stock  of  hemp,  flax,  thread  and  other  wares  and  stuff  for  setting 
to  work  such  poor  persons  as  apply  for  relief  and  are  capable  of  work- 
ing," and  the  rest  to  relieving  those  who  were  unable  to  work.  But  this 
was  presumably  for  the  benefit  of  the  larger  settlements  of  what  is  now 
Ohio.  There  is  no  indication  that  it  was  acted  on  in  what  is  now  Indiana, 
presumably  because  there  was  no  township  in  this  region  that  was  able 
to  maintain  an  almshouse;  and,  presumably,  the  duty  was  given  to  the 
State,  by  the  Constitution,  for  the  same  reason.  And  it  was  probably 
because  the  law  of  1795  was  not  generally  practicable  that  the  law  of  1799 
provided  for  "farming  out"  poor  persons  who  were  a  public  charge,  or 
"selling  them  to  the  lowest  bidder,"  i.  e.  contracting  for  their  care  with 
the  persons  who  offered  to  maintain  them  at  the  lowest  cost.  The  custo- 
dian had  the  right  to  require  reasonable  labor ;  and  the  overseers  were  to 
investigate  any  complaint  of  the  pauper,  and  withhold  compensation  in 
case  of  ill  treatment  or  insufficient  provision.  Theoretically  this  seemed 
the  only  way  of  caring  for  the  dependent  poor,  under  the  circumstances ; 
but  it  was  evidently  subject  to  abuse,  and  the  Constitutional  Convention 
wanted  something  better. 

But  'he  relief  was  slow  in  coming.  The  State  was  in  no  condition 
financially  to  care  for  all  the  poor.  It  had  no  buildings  of  its  own,  of  any 
kind.  The  State  officers  occupied  rented  quarters  at  Corydon.-and  the 
legislature  met  in  the  court  house.  At  Indianapolis  the  situation  was  the 
same,  until  the  State  finally  got  the  first  real  state  capitol  completed  in 
1835.  The  first  move  for  a  different  system  of  care  for  the  poor  came 
from  Knox  County,  apparently  as  an  industrial  enterprise,  to  some  extent 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  977 

at  least.  The  legislature  of  1821  authorized  the  voters  of  that  county  to 
elect  three  "directors  of  the  poor,"  who  were  incorporated,  and  author- 
ized to  hold  lands,  erect  buildings,  employ  officials,  bind  out  pauper  chil- 
dren, etc.2  When  the  building  for  an  asylum  was  completed,  the  over- 
seers were  required  to  bring  the  poor  of  all  the  townships  in  the  county 
to  it.  The  Trustees  of  the  Borough  of  Vincennes  then  adopted  an  ordi- 
nance, reciting  that  the  location  of  the  asylum  near  Vincennes  would  be 
"not  only  a  great  convenience  to  the  paupers  in  obtaining  the  conven- 
iences of  life  and  a  ready  sale  for  their  surplus  produce  and  manufac- 
tures, but  add  much  to  the  improvement  of  the  town  and  convenience  of 
its  inhabitants  in  procuring  home  manufactures,"  and  therefore  offered 
a  donation  of  ten  acres  of  the  Commons,  to  secure  the  location  at  that 
point.  This  was  accepted,  and  the  asylum  was  duly  built.  3  The  project 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  a  success  industrially,  as  the  law  was  re- 
pealed in  1828;  but  the  county  commissioners  were  authorized  to  estab- 
lish similar  asylums  in  Clark  County  in  1824;  Washington,  Dearborn 
and  Floyd  in  1829 ;  and  Harrison,  Wayne  and  Jefferson  in  1830.  Mean- 
while there  was  a  growing  sentiment  against  the  farming  out  system. 
Governor  Ray  took  a  decided  stand  against  it  in  his  message  of  1825. 
After  calling  attention  to  the  failure  to  act  under  the  provision  of  the 
Constitution,  he  said : 

"Few  things  are  better  calculated  to  ensure  us  that  honourable  eleva- 
tion to  which  bur  young  state  aspires,  than  for  the  world  to  witness  the 
representatives  of  our  free  population,  in  the  exercise  of  their  high  func- 
tions, engaged  in  laying  a  foundation  that  will  guarantee  comfort  and 
happiness  to  the  unfortunate  poor.  It  is  the  poor  and  needy  that  can 
justly  claim  more  of  our  deliberations  than  the  affluent,  whose  wealth  sets 
legislative  interposition  at  defiance.  Viewing  the  construction  of  an 
Asylum  or  Asylums,  as  institutions,  in  which  the  citizens  of  all  the  states 
by  some  unhappy  accident  may  be  doomed  to  participate ;  and  as  there  is 
yet,  within  our  limits  immense  tracts  of  waste  lands  belonging  to  Con- 
gress, we  ought  not  to  suppose  that  an  application  to  that  body  for  a  small 
tract  of  land  to  aid  this  philanthropic  design,  would  be  unsuccessful.  The 
existing  law  for  the  support  of  the  poor,  though  perhaps  as  good  as  any 
that  could  be  devised  under  the  existing  system  is  radically  defective  in 
the  principles  of  humanity  to  the  unfortunate,  as  well  as  in  economy  of 
expenditure.  These  unhappy  objects  of  public  charity  are  sold  like  mer- 
chandise or  cattle  in  a  public  market  to  persons  who  are  generally  in- 
duced to  become  their  purchasers  from  motives  of  gain  or  avarice,  rather 
than  humanity  and  benevolence,  and  the  public  charity  thus  offered,  is 

2  Acts,  1820-1,  p.  102. 

-  Vineennes  Sun,  Aug.  4,  11,  25,  1821  f  Jan.  12,  1822. 


978  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

often  made  a  curse  instead  of  a  blessing.  To  me  this  practice  seems  de- 
grading to  our  character  as  a  Christian  people.  Instead  of  lessening  the 
sense  of  dependence  as  is  contemplated  in  the  humane  provision  in  our 
constitution,  such  a  mode  of  relief  is  calculated  to  lacerate  anew  the 
already  wounded  sensibility,  to  increase  the  sense  of  degradation,  and 
changes  the  unfortunate  dependent  from  an  object  of  public  charity  into 
a  means  of  private  speculation.  That  this  system  is  defective  in  point  of 
economy,  will  at  once  appear  obvious,  by  referring  to  the  items  of  expen- 
diture in  the  several  counties  in  this  state  which  I  will  endeavor  to  pro- 
cure and  lay  before  you.  It  is  submitted  to  your  consideration,  whether 
the  spirit  of  the  above  provision  of  the  constitution  cannot  be  carried  into 
effect  efficiently,  by  dividing  the  state  into  districts  of  counties  or  larger, 
and  making  provisions  for  the  establishment  of  an  Asylum  in  each,  where 
under  the  care  of  a  single  superintendent,  made  responsible  for  his  con- 
duct, the  poor,  deaf,  dumb  and  unfortunate  of  the  district  may  be  col- 
lected ;  and  those  of  them  of  capability  occupied  in  some  useful  employ- 
ment contributory  to  their  subsistence.  It  is  believed  that  upon  this 
system  the  poor  can  be  maintained  at  an  expense  little  exceeding  one-half 
of  that  which  is  paid  under  the  present  system,  besides  affording  abun- 
dantly the  milk  of  human  kindness."  4 

Of  course  the  general  view  was  not  so  serious  as  this,  partly  because 
the  people  were  accustomed  to  the  system,  and  partly  because  they  saw 
the  humorous  side  of  it — for  there  is  a  humorous  side  to  most  of  the  trag- 
edies of  human  life.  For  example,  any  right-minded  person  is  moved  to 
sympathy  with  a  crippled  soldier;  and  yet  the  world  has  laughed  over 

Hood 's, 

. 

"Ben  Battle  was  a  soldier  bold, 

And  used  to  war's  alarms, 
But  a  cannon-ball  took  off  his  legs, 

So  he  laid  down  his  arms. ' ' 

But  Hood,  himself,  moved  the  world  to  pity  with  his  "Bridge  of 
Sighs, ' '  and  his  ' '  Song  of  the  Shirt. ' '  And  indeed  it  seems  a  dispensation 
of  Providence  that  mankind  can  see  the  humorous  side  of  our  everyday 
tragedies,  or  life  would  be  unbearable  to  thousands,  who,  as  it  is,  manage 
to  get  along  fairly  well  on  a  sort  of  Mark  Tapley  basis.  Within  four 
months  of  this  appeal,  the  Lawrenceburgh  Palladium,  on  April  29,  1826, 
published  the  following  advertisement  of  a  sale  of  paupers,  which  it 
alleged  to  have  been  found  on  the  door  of  its  office : 


*  House  Journal,  1825,  pp.  41-2. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS  979 

' '  The  poor  overseers — it  plainly  appears — 

For  Lawrenceburgh  town,  County  of  Dearborn, 

Have  three  paupers  to  let,  for  the  best  bid  they  can  get, 

On  the  first  day  of  May,  at  the  house  of  John  Gray. 

Arominta  Keach,  not  quite  out  of  reach; 

With  sore  shin,  we  are  told,  'most  an  hundred  years  old. 

Rebecca  Coosingberry,  so  healthy  and  merry ; 

Yet  it  is  said  has  a  lunatic  head. 

Francis  Davis  in  turn  is  the  worse  by  a  burn ; 

One  leg  is  not  good,  the  other  of  wood ; 

A  Tinker  they  tell,  he'll  work  when  he's  well." 

The  legislature  was  impressed  by  the  Governor's  words,  and  a  com- 
mittee recommended  dividing  the  State  into  three  districts,  with  an 
asylum  for  eaeh,  3  but  this  was  laid  aside,  and  a  law  was  adopted  calling 
on  the  county  clerks  for  information  for  statistics  as  to  paupers.  Four- 
teen of  the  counties  reported  under  this  law  at  the  next  session, 6  and 
their  reports  showed  that  the  existing  system  was  expensive ;  but  no  action 
was  taken  at  the  time,  and  the  problem  drifted  along  until  December, 
1830,  when  the  legislature  tried  the  Governor's  other  proposal  of  asking 
national  aid ;  and  adopted  the  following  memorial  to  Congress : 

"The  general  assembly  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  .as  your  memorialist, 
desires  to  lay  before  your  honorable  body,  her  views  in  regard  to  a  subject 
not  less  addressed  to  the  interest  and  humanity  of  all  the  states  in  the 
confederacy,  as  a  common  benefaction,  than  emphatically  regarded  by 
the  constitution  of  this  state,  as  specially  demanding  the  interposition  of 
her  legislature.  Though  Indiana  is  bound  by  her  charter  to  provide 
farms  for  asylums  for  the  poor,  infirm,  and  unfortunate,  within  the  pales 
of  her  jurisdiction,  she  would,  without  such  injunction,  rejoice  at  every 
successful  effort  at  home  or  abroad,  tending  to  alleviate  the  distresses  of 
this  class  of  mankind.  Under  these  convictions,  she  would  respectfully 
submit  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  her  requests,  that  an  act  may 
be  passed,  granting  one  section  of  land  for  each  county  in  the  state,  to 
be  selected  by  her ;  which,  or  its  proceeds,  shall  be  applied  to  erect 
asylums  and  provide  farpis  to  receive  all  persons  found  to  be  objects  of 
charity ;  and  also  granting  two  sections,  to  be  located  in  like  manner,  to 
be  applied  to  benefit  the  deaf  and  dumb  within  her  entire  boundaries: 
and  also  granting  one  section,  in  like  manner,  to  erect  and  sustain  a  state 
lunatic  asylum.  In  making  this  appeal,  the  state  of  Indiana  repudiates 
the  idea  of  selfishness,  and  wishes  to  be  understood  as  desiring  only  to 


a  Sen.  Jour.,  p.  86. 

«  House  Jour.,  1826-7,  p.  60. 


980  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

take  upon  herself  the  responsibility  of  an  agent  empowered  to  minister 
consolation  to  all  whom  casualty  or  misadventure,  may  render  dependent 
on  benevolent  protection. 

"This  general  assembly  wishes  not  to  stop  at  the  limits  of  this  request 
now  made,  but  to  express  a  hope  that  all  the  western  states,  having  unsold 
lands  within  their  jurisdiction,  may  apply  for  and  succeed  in  obtaining 
similar  grants  to  those  applied  for  in  this  memorial.  When  this  shall 
take  place,  the  humane  institutions  they  will  foster,  may  be  considered  as 
much  the  common  property  of  the  whole  union,  and  must  be  so  in  effect, 
as  when  they  formed  a  part  of  the  yet  claimed  general  domain.  The 
annual  discharges  of  population  from  the  old  states,  to  those  recently 
formed,  must  in  the  nature  of  things,  furnish  many  objects  calling  for 
the  exertion  of  the  trust  estate  confided  to  our  care,  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  display  a  union  of  philanthropy.  Indeed  when  it  is  considered,  that 
the  unacclimated  are  necessarily  more  exposed  to  casualties  of  every  des- 
cription, and  more  liable  to  fall  victims  to  the  assaults  of  the  season,  than 
the  native,  or  old  settler,  the  request  herein  made,  may  justly  be  viewed 
as  tending  only  to  induce  a  provision  for  ameliorating  the  condition  of 
the  distressed  of  the  whole  American  family,  whose  necessities  require 
aid.  It  is  conclusive  that  the  amount  of  lands  asked  for  by  this  memorial, 
cannot  be  more  appropriately  applied,  than  to  the  objects  referred  to ; 
and  all  the  sympathies  of  onr  nature  advocate  the  gift."  7 

This  memorial  does  not  appear  to  have  been  presented  to  Congress, 
however,  and  the  legislature  adopted  a  law  authorizing  county  boards  to 
erect  and  maintain  poor-houses,  and  in  those  without  poor-houses  the 
system  of  farming  out  was  continued.  8  The  hope  of  getting  aid  in  the 
form  of  government  land  was  not  altogether  abandoned,  for  on  February 
7,  1840,  the  legislature  adopted  a  joint  resolution  asking  Congress  for 
two  townships  for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  an  asylum  for  deaf 
mutes  and  blind  persons.9  This  secured  no  action.  It  was  apparently 
in  pursuance  .of  a  movement  started  in  1827,  under  the  influence  of 
Ray's  message.  On  January  26,  1827,  the  legislature  reserved  from 
sale  block  22  in  Indianapolis — bounded  by  Alabama,  New  Jersey,  Ver- 
mont and  New  York  streets — for  a  State  hospital  and  insane  asylum. 
Up  to  the  present,  this  is  one  of  the  mysteries  of  local  history.  The  block 
was  retained  by  the  State  until  1847,  when  it  was  subdivided  and  sold, 
the  proceeds  going  to  the  new  Insane  Hospital,  then  under  construction. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  on  this  block  there  were  some  old  log  buildings 
that  were  used  for  housing  insane  persons,  and  the  establishment  was 


•  Special  Acts,  1831,  pp.  188-9. 
s  Rev.  Stat.  1831,  p.  286. 
»Doc.  212,  1st  Sess.  26th  Cong. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  981 

known  as  "the  Crazy  Asylum,"  the  inmates  being  transferred  to  the 
new  Hospital  when  it  was  completed.  Mr.  Christian  Schrader  made  a 
drawing  of  the  buildings  from  memory.  His  recollection  was  confirmed 
by  other  old  residents,  as  to  the  existence  of  the  buildings,  but  not 
as  to  insane  persons  being  domiciled  there.  But  no  record  has  been  found 
of  any  State  law  referring  to  such  an  asylum ;  no  mention  of  it  in  any 
of  the  newspapers;  none  in  the  records  of  the  County  Commissioners. 
The  County  purchased  a  farm  on  May  7,  I832,1"  and  erected  a  poor- 
house  on  it.  At  that  time  all  insane,  including  idiots,  "who  have  no 
property  for  their  support."  were  entitled  to  relief  as  paupers.  This 


"THE  CRAZY  ASYLUM" 
(From  memory  picture,  by  Christian  Schrader) 

provision  was  in  effect  from  1818  until  the  new  Hospital  was  constructed, 
and  under  it  the  County  insane  would  have  gone  to  the  j>oor-farm.  There 
is  a  tradition  that  the  log  buildings  on  the  block  had  been  built  by  set- 
tlers, prior  to  their  use  for  the  insane,  but  this  seems  improbable;  and 
it  does  not  account  for  the  insane  being  there,  as  it  must  have  been  under 
some  kind  of  governmental  authority.  It  is  probable  that  the  applica- 
tion of  the  name  "crazy  asylum"  was  facetious,  growing  out  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  buildings  and  the  purpose  for  which  the  block  was  re- 
served. Possibly  some  future  investigator  may  fall  upon  some  other 
explanation,  which  is  now  lacking.  In  fact,  there  is  no  subject  con- 
nected with  Indiana  history  that  presents  a  wider  and  more  unoccupied 
field  to  the  investigator  who  has  the  time  and  patience  to  seek  for  the 
explanation  of  human  problems  than  this  of  insanity. 


10  Bought  of  Elijah  Fox,  for  $1,000;  the  s.  e.  %  of  Sec.  29,  tp.  16,  r.  3.  ' 


982  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

In  the  Journal  of  Col.  William  Fleming,  for  April  3,  1780,  he  says: 
"The  Frenchmen  from  the  Illinois  informed  me  that  they  were  never 
troubled  at  St.  Vincent  or  Opost  either  with  Fleas  or  Ratts  neither  of 
which  could  live  there,  the  latter  may  be  accounted  by  the  water  being 
impregnated  by  Arsenic."11  If  this  be  true,  it  may  serve  as  evidence 
of  the  fact  that  some  of  our  evils  are  the  products  of  civilization.  In 
Indiana,  insanity  seems  to  be  one  of  these.  In  1819,  David  Baillie  War- 
den wrote  of  Indiana :  ' '  Insanity  is  scarcely  known  either  in  this  or 
the  other  western  states."  On  July  23,  1817,  Morris  Birkbeck  entered 
in  his  journal,  at  Vincennes:  "Mental  derangement  is  nearly  unknown 
in  these  new  countries.  There  is  no  instance  of  insanity  at  present  in 
this  State,  which  probably  now  contains  100,000  inhabitants.  A  middle- 
aged  man,  of  liberal  attainments  and  observation,  who  has  lived  much 
of  his  life  in  Kentucky,  and  has  traveled  a  good  deal  over  the  western 
country,  remarked,  as  an  incident  of  extraordinary  occurrence,  that  he 
once  knew  a  lady  afflicted  with  this  malady."12  This  seems  incredible, 
and  yet  statistics  are  not  inconsistent  with  it.  The  national  census  for 
1850  reported  15,610  insane  for  the  entire  country,  or  67.3  for  each  100,- 
000  of  population;  while  the  census  of  1880  reported  91,959,  or  183.3 
for  each  100,000  of  population.  In  the  discussion  of  the  subject  in  the 
census  of  1910,  the  census  of  1880  is  considered  the  first  reliable  re- 
turn, but  even  on  that  basis,  the  showing  is  startling,  for  in  1910  the 
report  was  187,791,  or  204.2  to  each  100,000  of  population.  If  there 
was  any  regularity  in  the  increase,  there  could  not  have  been  many  in- 
sane in  Indiana  in  1817,  on  the  general  average;  and  presumably  there 
were  fewer  on  the  frontier,  in  proportion,  than  in  the  older  settlements. 
In  1840,  the  insane  and  idiotic  together,  in  Indiana,  were  72  to  each 
100,000,  and  it  was  estimated  that  they  were  somewhere  near  evenly 
divided,  so  that  the  insane  could  not  have  been  over  40  or  50.' 3  It  is  to 
be  noted  also,  that  it  was  only  the  pauper  insane  who  were  admitted  to 
poor-houses.  The  law  made  provision  for  guardians  for  those  who  had 
property,  but  there  are  indications  that  many  of  this  class  really 
fared  worse  than  the  pauper  class.  In  the  Indiana  report  for  1847, 
mention  is  made  of  an  elderly  woman  who  was  "confined  in  an  open 
log  pen  in  a  door  yard  in  one  of  the  counties  lying  west  of  Indian- 
apolis"; and  of  another  who  was  "confined  in  an  old  smoke  house  and 
had  been  there  for  three  successive  years,  a  constant  annoyance  to  the 


'i  Mereness,  Travels  in  American  Colonies,  p.  673. 

12  Early  Travels  in  Indiana,  pp.  188,  232. 

is  Report  Commissioners  Ind.  Insane  Hospital,  1847,  p.  70.  In  the  report  of 
Dr.  Ritchie,  in  1842,  it  is  stated  that  there  were  241  insane  in  Indiana  in  1840,  which 
would  be  35  to  100,000  of  population. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  983 

neighborhood  by  her  piteous  groans  and  frantic  shrieks  and  howls." 
These  were  evidently  violent  maniacs,  the  "harmless"  ones  being  usually 
allowed  to  roam  at  large. 

The  difficulties  as  to  penal  institutions  were  much  the  same  as  those 
noted  in  the  case  of  charitable  institutions.  It  was  for  this  reason  that 
punishment  by  whipping  was  so  common,  and  so  with  confinement  in 
stocks.  It  was  too  expensive  to  hire  someone  to  guard  criminals.  The 
practical  system  was  to  administer  his  punishment  and  turn  him  loose, 
or,  if  confined,  to  so  confine  him  that  he  would  need  no  attention.  The 
earliest  jails  were  constructed  with  this  in  view.  They  were  usually 
substantial  log  buildings,  two  stories  high,  with  no  openings  in  the  lower 
story  but  small  windows,  and  a  trap  door  leading  to  the  upper  story. 
The  prisoner  was  conducted  to  the  upper  floor  by  an  outside  stair,  and 
put  down  through  the  trap  door  into  the  lower  room,  or  dungeon, 
locked  in,  and  left  to  his  reflections.  In  later  years  the  refinement  was 
added  of  a  door  in  the  lower  room,  through  which  the  prisoners  were 
put  in.  This  is  the  case  with  the  one  surviving  jail  of  this  type,  in 
Brown  County.  The  first  penal  institution  of  the  State,  like  the  Knox 
County  poor-house,  was  designed  for  utilizing  the  labor  of  the  inmates. 
The  promoters  of  the  Indiana  canal  around  the  falls  of  the  Ohio  wanted 
cheap  labor.  There  were  a  number  of  prisoners  in  jails  who  were  doing 
nothing,  and  for  whose  board  the  public  was  paying;  and  there  were 
others  who  were  being  whipped  and  released,  who  might  well  be  con- 
fined and  pat  to  work.  The  sentiment  back  of  the  change  was  not  wholly 
due  to  financial  considerations,  however,  for  there  was  a  growing 
repugnance  to  the  whipping-post,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following 
from  the  Indiana  Centinel  of  May  6,  1820 : 

"On  Thursday  last  the  minds  of  our  citizens  were  shocked  by  the 
shameful  spectacle  of  a  fellow-citizen  tied  to  a  sign-post,  and  flogged  like 
a  dog.  under  sentence  of  the  Circuit  Court,  now  sitting  in  this  town.  He 
was  found  guilty  of  a  petty  species  of  the  same  crime  for  which  so  many 
heroes  and  statesmen  have  been  celebrated,  and  for  which  their  names 
have  been  given  to  the  applause  of  posterity. — The  sight  was  truly 
disgusting;  and  it  was  evident  that  the  manly  mind  of  the  officer  who 
executed  the  sentence  revolted  at  the  performance  of  that  odious  duty. 

"The  criminal  code  of  Indiana  is  a  disgrace  to  civilization,  and  it 
ill  becomes  our  lawgivers  to  boast  of  their  refinement,  while  they  sanc- 
tion this  species  of  degrading  brutality ;  or  to  laud  their  purgation  from 
British  severity,  while  they  harbor  this  relic  of  its  foulest  barbarism. 
Corporal  punishments  are  worse  than  useless:  for  nine  times  out  of  ten 
they  are  fatal  to  the  mind  of  the  victim — he  is  lost  to  society. — he  sinks 
xmder  his  sense  of  shame :  or,  if  sensitive  and  revengeful,  the  petty  felon 

Vol.  II— 27 


984  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

becomes  the  hardened  ruffian.  If  guilty,  he  is  then  desperate — if  in- 
nocent, the  scars  on  his  shoulders  keep  knocking  at  his  heart,  and  calling 
for  satisfaction  in  a  voice  that  is  never  mistaken  or  unheeded. 

"The  arguments  against  such  punishments  are  inexhaustible  and  in- 
surmountable. We  have  often  heard  that  we  live  in  a  government  of 
MIND,  and  foreigners  have  been  simple  enough  to  believe  it  till  they 
read  our  statute  book,  and  find  that  we  consider  ourselves  as  dogs  and 
horses — that  we  are  governed  by  a  mere  animal  system;  that  the  skin 
of  one  brute  lashes  the  hide  of  another,  and  that  we  all,  quadrupeds  and 
bipeds,  have  the  same  common  impulses,  sentiments  and  feelings. 

"An  Indian  who  was  standing  near  while  this  culprit  was  beaten, 
asked  a  French  citizen  if  he  was  a  prisoner  of  war  ?  On  being  informed 
of  his  crime,  and  that  he  was  thus  punished  for  it,  this  untutored  son  of 
nature  gave  the  savage  interjection  'Woh!'  and  very  significantly  laid 
his  hand  upon  his  tomahawk.  This  single  fact  contains  a  volume  for 
legislators." 

This  sentiment  fell  in  very  nicely  with  the  prison  proposition,  and 
so  there  was  general  satisfaction  when  the  law  for  the  establishment  of  a 
State  prison  was  adopted,  on  January  9,  1821.  This  law  created  a 
board  of  five  managers,  who  were  to  build  the  prison,  and  appoint  an 
Agent,  who  was  to  have  charge  of  the  prison  and  ' '  purchase  provisions, 
clothing  and  tools  necessary  for  the  convicts,  and  raw  materials  to  be 
by  them  manufactured,  and  dispose  of  the  same  for  the  support  of  the 
convicts  and  such  other  objects  as  the  managers  shall  deem  expedient." 
But,  the  Agent  was  further  authorized  with  the  consent  of  the  man- 
agers, "to  contract  with  the  president  and  directors  of  the  Jefferson- 
ville  Ohio  Canal  Company  for  the  employment  of  the  able-bodied  con- 
victs in  labor  on  the  said  Canal  in  such  manner  as  may  be  thought 
expedient."  To  supply  the  convicts,  provision  was  made  that  in  all 
cases  where  a  maximum  punishment  of  100  stripes  was  provided,  a  maxi- 
mum imprisonment  of  seven  years  should  be  substituted;  for  a  maxi- 
mum of  50  stripes  imprisonment'  for  five  years  or  less ;  and  for  39  stripes 
not  over  three  years.  The  State  did  not  have  the  money  for  the  build- 
ing, and  its  chief  expectation  at  the  time  was  from  the  sale  of  lots  at 
Indianapolis.  From  the  proceeds  of  these  sales  $3,000  was  appropriated 
"towards  the  building  of  the  said  prison,"  and  the  remainder  was  to 
be  contributed  by  individuals,  who  became  joint  stock-holders  with  the 
State  in  the  profits  of  the  institution,  the  provision  being:  "That  after 
all  expences  for  the  support  of  the  convicts,  Clothing,  &c.,  and  suitable 
allowances  to  the  officers  of  the  prison  are  paid,  the  proportion  of  the 
residue  of  their  earnings  which  would  belong  to  the  State,  according  to 
the  different  sums  paid,  shall  be  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  canal  stock 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  985 

for  the  benefit  of  the  state,  and  the  proportions  belonging  to  individuals 
according .  to  the  amount  by  them  subscribed  and  paid,  shall  be  ap- 
portioned in  such  manner  as  the  said  managers  may  direct  their  said 
agent  to  contract  with  such  individuals  on  their  subscribing."  This 
contract  was  authorized  to  be  made  for  a  term  of  eight  years,  and  was 
so  made. 

The  project  did  not  prove  a  wealth-producer,  partly  because  the 
canal  scheme  went  to  pieces,  as  heretofore  recounted,  and  partly  for 
lack  of  prisoners.  For  the  first  year  of  the  prison,  ending  November  30, 
1822,  there  was  but  one  convict  on  hand,  and  only  three  in  the  second 
year.  The  citizen  who  secured  the  position  of  first  inmate  was  N.  Strong, 
who  was  sent  in  for  perjury,  and  he  made  a  sturdy  effort  to  keep  out, 
by  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  ground  that  the  law  was 
ex  post  facto  as  to  him.  His  offense  was  committed  in  July,  1821,  and 
the  prison  law  did  not  take  effect  until  the  Governor  proclaimed  that 
the  prison  building  was  completed,  which  he  did  on  October  2,  1821, 
prior  to  Strong's  conviction.  The  Supreme  Court  was  not  inclined  to 
stand  on  technicalities,  and  decided  that  the  law  changing  the  punish- 
ment from  stripes  to  imprisonment  did  not  create  a  new  offense,  nor  in- 
crease the  malignity  of  the  existing  offense,  nor  change  the  rules  of 
evidence  so  as  to  make  conviction  easier,  nor  increase  the  punishment; 
and  therefore  there  was  nothing  ex  post  facto  about  it.14  This  decision 
was  made  in  May,  1822,  and  for  the  remainder  of  the  prison  year,  Mr. 
Strong  had  the  prison  all  to  himself.  On  January  31,  1824|  a  law  was 
adopted  abolishing  the  board  of  managers,  and  putting  the  prison  under 
the  charge  of  a  Superintendent,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  who  was  re- 
quired to  "see  that  each  prisoner  is  constantly  employed  in  the  best 
possible  way  so  as  to  produce  gain  for  the  state."  However,  the  Gov- 
ernor was  directed  to  "make  the  best  possible  contract  he  can,  respect- 
ing the  expenses  of  the  same,  and  to  enable  him  so  to  do,  he  is  hereby 
authorized  either  to  farm  the  same  out,"  or  to  conduct  it  under  a  Super- 
intendent, as  before  specified.  The  lease  system  was  adopted,  at  least 
as  to  the  labor  of  the  convicts,  the  first  lessee  being  Colonel  Westover,  who 
was  later  killed  with  Crockett  at  the  Alamo.  He  was  succeeded  for 
five  years  by  James  Keigwin,  in  whose  term  occurred  the  first  serious 
insubordination.  A  convict  named  Williams  endeavored  to  kill  Keigwin, 
and  succeeded  in  shooting  him  twice,  but  not  fatally.  He  was  succeeded 
in  1836  by  Patterson  &  Hensley,  and  they  in  1841  by  Joseph  R.  Pratt. 
Up  to  this  time  the  prisoners  had  been  employed  in  all  sorts  of  out- 
side work,  especially  cutting  wood  and  making  brick.  The  original 


Strong  vs.  the  State,  1  Blaekf.,  p.  193. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  987 

prison  was  a  small  primitive  affair,  at  the  corner  of  Ohio  and  Market 
streets,  the  cell-houses  being  constructed  of  logs.  Under  Pratt,  ten 
acres  were  bought  in  the  western  part  of  the  city — six  acres  were  added 
later  for  a  garden — and  prisoners  were  used  in  constructing  a  new 
prison.  The  old  leasing  system  was  then  continued  until  1857,  when  the 
inside,  manufacturing  system  was  adopted,  and  thereafter  continued. 

There  was  not  much  attention  paid  to  reformatory  influences  in  the 
early  period.  By  an  act  of  February  10,  1831,  the  Superintendent  was 
required  to  furnish  each  prisoner  with  a  Bible,  which  was  to  be  his  in- 
dividual property;  also  to  allow  clergymen  to  preach  to  the  convicts 
on  Sundays,  and  to  allow  proper  persons  who  so  desired  to  teach  them 
on  Sundays,  and  to  distribute  religious  books  and  tracts.  The  same  law 
provided  for  the  separate  confinement  of  the  convicts,  and  that  a  pris- 
oner "shall  not  be  permitted  to  speak  to  other  prisoners  during  the 
night,  and  it  shall  be  an  established  part  of  the  prison  discipline,  that 
all  conversation  between  the  prisoners  shall  be  prohibited,  so  far  as  is 
practicable,  during  the  day,  and  while  they  are  engaged  at  their  labours 
or  meals."  In  1839  Governor  Wallace  recommended  the  appointment 
of  a  chaplain,  and  the  recommendation  was  adopted,  with  good  effects. 
In  1857,  James  Runcie,  who  was  then  Chaplain,  protested  against  put- 
ting boys  in  the  prison  with  men.  As  there  were  then  six  women  in 
the  prison — there  had  never  been  more  than  two  in  any  previous  year 
— he  recommended  the  appointment  of  a  matron,  and  this  change  was 
adopted.  The  discipline,  prior  to  1831,  appears  to  have  been  lax;  and 
indeed  the  confinement  of  the  convicts  was  somewhat  on  the  jail  prin- 
ciple already  mentioned,  of  securing  and  leaving  them.  On  August  30, 
1823,  the  Vincennes  Sun  recounts  the  escape  of  nine  prisoners  at  Jeffer- 
sonville.  who  had  all  been  locked  in  their  cells  but  one,  who  was  supposed 
to  be  confined  to  his  bed  by  sickness,  but  who  got  up  and  let  the  others 
out.  The  account  says:  "The  Agent  had  been  absent  for  a  number  of 
days  and  the  keepers  were  taken  sick."  The  convicts  were  recaptured 
shortly  after. 

But  a  change  was  coming,  and  not  to  Indiana  alone.  The  whole 
civilized  world  was  beginning  to  awake  to  the  fact  that  there  were  bet- 
ter ways  of  dealing  with  the  defective  and  criminal  classes  than  those 
that  had  been  in  use  for  centuries.  The  earliest  official  recognition  of 
this  change  is  in  the  message  of  Governor  Wallace,  of  December  4,  1838, 
as  follows:  "My  attention  has  been  directed  to  the  very  interesting 
subject  of  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  blind,  by  a  communication  from 
a  Mr.  James  Hodge,  the  Secretary  for  the  Institution  of  Deaf  Mutes, 
and  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  established  at 
Columbus,  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  In  order  that  the  whole  subject  may 


• 


•s 


-     it 
w    c 

s  'i 


<    5 


>  '•  /  ' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


987 


prison  was  a  small  primitive  affair,  at  the  corner  of  Ohio  and  Market 
streets,  the  cell-houses  being  constructed  of  logs.  Under  Pratt,  ten 
acres  were  bought  in  the  western  part  of  the  city — six  acres  were  added 
later  for  a  garden — and  prisoners  were  used  in  constructing  a  new 
prison.  The  old  leasing  system  was  then  continued  until  1857,  when  the 
inside,  manufacturing  system  was  adopted,  and  thereafter  continued. 

There  was  not  much  attention  paid  to  reformatory  influences  in  the 
early  period.  By  an  act  of  February  10,  1831,  the  Superintendent  was 
required  to  furnish  each  prisoner  with  a  Bible,  which  was  to  be  his  in- 
dividual property;  also  to  allow  clergymen  to  preach  to  the  convicts 
on  Sundays,  and  to  allow  proper  persons  who  so  desired  to  teach  them 
on  Sundays,  and  to  distribute  religious  books  and  tracts.  The  same  law 
provided  for  the  separate  confinement  of  the  convicts,  and  that  a  pris- 
oner "shall  not  be  permitted  to  speak  to  other  prisoners  during  the 
night,  and  it  shall  be  an  established  part  of  the  prison  discipline,  that 
all  conversation  between  the  prisoners  shall  be  prohibited,  so  far  as  is 
practicable,  during  the  day,  and  while  they  are  engaged  at  their  labours 
or  meals."  In  1839  Governor  Wallace  recommended  the  appointment 
of  a  chaplain,  and  the  recommendation  was  adopted,  with  good  effects. 
In  1857,  James  Runcie,  who  was  then  Chaplain,  protested  against  put- 
ting boys  in  the  prison  with  men.  As  there  were  then  six  women  in 
the  prison — there  had  never  been  more  than  two  in  any  previous  year 
— he  recommended  the  appointment  of  a  matron,  and  this  change  was 
adopted.  The  discipline,  prior  to  1831,  appears  to  have  been  lax;  and 
indeed  the  confinement  of  the  convicts  was  somewhat  on  the  jail  prin- 
ciple already  mentioned,  of  securing  and  leaving  them.  On  August  30, 
1823,  the  Vincennes  Sun  recounts  the  escape  of  nine  prisoners  at  Jeffer- 
sonville.  who  had  all  been  locked  in  their  cells  but  one,  who  was  supposed 
to  be  confined  to  his  bed  by  sickness,  but  who  got  up  and  let  the  others 
out.  The  account  says:  "The  Agent  had  been  absent  for  a  number  of 
days  and  the  keepers  were  taken  sick."  The  convicts  were  recaptured 
shortly  after. 

But  a  change  was  coming,  and  not  to  Indiana  alone.  The  whole 
civilized  world  was  beginning  to  awake  to  the  fact  that  there  were  bet- 
ter ways  of  dealing  with  the  defective  and  criminal  classes  than  those 
that  had  been  in  use  for  centuries.  The  earliest  official  recognition  of 
this  change  is  in  the  message  of  Governor  Wallace,  of  December  4,  1838, 
as  follows:  "My  attention  has  been  directed  to  the  very  interesting 
subject  of  the  education  of  the  deaf  and  blind,  by  a  communication  from 
a  Mr.  James  Hodge,  the  Secretary  for  the  Institution  of  Deaf  Mutes, 
and  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Institution  for  the  Blind,  established  at 
Columbus,  in  the  State  of  Ohio.  In  order  that  the  whole  subject  may 


988  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

be  as  fully  submitted  as  possible,  I  lay  the  communication  itself  before 
you.  From  this  document,  it  appears  that  there  are  now  in  that  school 
of  deaf  mutes  a  number  of  pupils  from  Indiana,  and  that  application 
has  been  made  for  the  admission  of  several  more,  who,  on  account  of 
their  extreme  indigence  and  inability  to  pay  the  necessary  expenses, 
could  not  be  received.  But  supposing,  as  I  hope  she  well  may,  that 
Indiana  will  not  consent  to  be  behind  any  of  her  sister  states,  either  in 
offices  of  benevolence  or  deeds  of  humanity — this  gentleman  suggests 
the  propriety  of  her  doing  for  her  indigent  Deaf  and  Blind,  what  Ohio 
has  done  and  is  now  doing  for  hers — appropriate  something  from  the 
public  purse  to  enlighten  and  educate  them.  A  nobler,  a  purer,  a  brighter 
act  of  genuine  benevolence,  cannot  be  made  to  grace  your  statute  book. 
Permit  me  also  to  lay  before  you  a  letter  upon  the  same  subject  from 
Mr.  Samuel  Reese,  a  very  respectable  and  intelligent  citizen  of  our  own 
State,  and  to  earnestly  recommend  the  suggestions  contained  in  it  to 
your  serious  consideration. "  Who  was  Samuel  Reese?  This  is  the  only 
known  clue  to  the  citizen  of  Indiana  who  first  took  up  this  cause.  Gray 
wrote,  "Some  mute,  inglorious  Milton  here  may  rest";  but  there  have 
been  hundreds  of  Miltons  who  were  not  mute,  who  have  come  to  the 
same  inglorious  condition ;  and  Indiana  is  not  lacking  in  them.  May- 
hap these  lines  may  reach  some  person  who  knows  who  he  was,  and 
tardy  recognition  may  come  to  his  memory.  Of  what  interest  it  would 
now  be  to  know  what  led  him  to  investigate  the  subject,  and  write  to  the 
Governor  concerning  it.  Possibly  it  was  he  who  induced  "a  Mr.  James 
Hodge"  to  send  the  documents  and  suggest  action  by  Indiana.  What 
a  pity  that  in  all  the  waste  of  printer's  ink  on  mere  transitory  matters, 
Governor  Wallace  did  not  add  three  words  telling  Reese's  residence. 

On  January  31,  1839,  Mr.  William  T.  Noel,  of  Parke  County,  of 
the  committee  to  which  this  part  of  the  Governor's  message  was  re- 
ferred, made  a  most  able  report  to  the  House,  demonstrating  that  there 
had  been  a  full  and  strong  presentation  of  the  subject  in  the  letters  and 
documents  submitted ;  but  he  did  not  evem  mention  Hodge  or  Reese. 
Five  hundred  copies  of  the  report  were  printed,  and  the  careful  printer 
dated  it  January  31,  1838,  instead  of  1839.  We  have  at  least  the  com- 
fort of  reflection  that  perhaps  a  part  of  our  public  carelessness  is  in- 
herited. But  the  report  throws  some  light  on  the  current  ideas  on  the 
subject,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  passages.  After  mentioning 
that  there  were  probably  from  three  to  five  hundred  deaf  mutes  in  In- 
diana, "one-third  of  whom,  at  least,  are  proper  subjects  for  education," 
the  report  proceeds :  ' '  As  to  the  practicability  of  communicating  an 
education  to  every  one  of  this  class,  possessed  of  a  sound  mind,  there  no 
longer  remains  a  doubt.  It  is  fully  demonstrated  that  they  are  susoep- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  989 

tible  of  receiving,  not  only  a  partial,  but  a  very  refined  education.  This 
is  not,  however,  attainable  in  our  common  schools.  It  requires  a  sep- 
arate institution,  and  entirely  a  different  system  of  instruction.  *  *  * 
We  have  carefully  examined  into  their  own  accounts  of  the  extent  of 
their  knowledge  before  they  were  educated,  and  have  not  been  able  to 
find  a  single  instance  of  one  who,  without  the  aid  of  education,  was 
ever  able  to  comprehend  the  existence  of  a  Supreme  Being.  Even  those 
who  have  been  taught  to  perform  all  the  rites  of  the  Christian  religion, 
and  were,  to  all  appearances,  devout  worshipers,  have  universally  de- 
clared, on  becoming  educated,  that  they  had  no  conception  of  anything 
beyond  the  mere  external  forms  which  they  practiced.  *  *  *  Con- 
science, with  them,  derives  all  its  light  from  the  impulses  of  nature,  and 
the  mere  external  appearances  of  the  conduct  of  others,  without  knowing 
anything  of  the  motives  that  induce  it.  It  can  recognize  no  invariable 
law ;  and  consequently,  often  leaves  these  unfortunate  persons  to  com- 
mit the  grossest  crimes  without  the  slightest  sense  of  guilt."  After 
further  presenting  the  recognized  demands  of  charity;  that  the  "want 
of  proper  clothing  and  protection  from  severe  and  inclement  weather; 
of  sound  and  wholesome  food,  and  proper  care  and  nursing  in  time  of 
sickness  and  childhood,  are  assigned  by  medical  writers  as  the  most  com- 
mon causes  that  produce  either  or  both  deafness  and  dumbness";  and 
their  conviction  that  the  establishment  of  an  institution  was  an  impera- 
tive duty ;  the  Committee  concluded :  ' '  For  this  purpose,  the  committee 
proposes  to  take  from  the  common  schools  one-fourth  part  of  the  an- 
nual products  of  that  part  of  the  surplus  revenue  set  apart  to  that  object. 
It  has  been  appropriated  for  the  support  of  common  schools;  and  inas- 
much as  these  individuals  cannot  be  educated  in  these  institutions,  they 
would  seem  to  have  some  claim  on  us,  to  so  appropriate  a  part  of  this 
fund  as  to  be  of  some  benefit  to  them.15 

The  committee  reported  a  bill  in  conformity  with  their  recommenda- 
tion, but  nothing  was  done  with  it.  The  matter  went  over  to  the  next 
legislature,  and  on  February  7,  1840,  it  tried  the  experiment  of  a  joint 
resolution  asking  Congress  for  two  townships  of  land  for  the  construc- 
tion and  support  of  asylums  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the  blind.  But 
Congress  did  not  respond,  and  on  February  13,  1843,  a  tax  of  one-fifth 
of  a  cent  on  $100  was  levied  to  provide  for  an  institution,  the  tax  being 
continued  until  the  fund  was  sufficient,  but  was  increased  to  one-half  cent 
in  1845,  and  to  a  cent  and  one-half  in  1847.  Fortunately,  James  S. 
Brown,  the  second  superintendent  of  the  institution,  had  the  wisdom  to 
present  not  only  a  history  of  the  evolution  of  instruction  of  the  deaf 


is  House  Jour.,  p.  441. 


990  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  dumb,  but  also  a  history  of  the  inception  of  the  Indiana  undertaking, 
as  follows :  "In  the  fall  of  1841,  Mr.  William  C.  Bales,  since  deceased, 
then  the  sheriff  of  Vermillion  County,  placed  his  mute  son  in  the  Ohio 
Institution.  The  visit  which  he  then  paid  that  Asylum  interested  him 
more  deeply  than  before  in  the  enterprise  of  educating  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  The  next  year  he  was  elected  to  represent  his  county  in  the 
legislature.  Some  time  during  the  year  1842,  James  McLean,  a  mute, 
commenced  a  school  in  Parke  County.  This  school  was  continued  for 
more  than  a  year,  but  at  no  time  contained  more  than  six  pupils,  and 
three  or  four  of  these  were  taught  gratis.10  Mr.  Wm.  Crump  ton,  of 
Attica,  was  one  of  his  patrons ;  and  from  his  representations  Mr.  Coffin, 
then  the  representative  from  Parke,  became  interested  in  the  subject. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature  in  1842-3,  the  two  members  above 
referred  to  consulted  together,  and,  as  the  result  of  their  deliberations, 
Mr.  Bales,  on  the  4th  of  February,  presented  a  bill  which,  after  some 
amendments,  passed  both  branches.  *  *  *  This  was  passed  by  the 
unanimous  consent  of  all  parties..  Indeed,  to  enumerate  its  friends 
would  be  to  mention  the  names  of  the  whole  Legislature;  and  one  as 
much  as  another,  probably,  deserves  the  credit  of  its  enactment.  It  was 
a  noble  act,  and  the  first  instance  on  record  where  a  people  were  taxed 
for  such  a  purpose ! 

"In  the  summer  of  1843,  Mr.  William  Willard  visited  Indianapolis 
with  a  view  of  establishing  a  school.  He  was  most  cordially  welcomed 
by  many  benevolent  persons,  citizens  of  the  city,  and  of  the  State  who 
happened  to  be  here  at  the  time.  He  soon  commenced  the  tour  of  the 
State,  and  visited  most  families  in  which  he  could  ascertain  there  were 
mutes.  Encouraged  by  the  kind  reception  which  he  everywhere  met, 
he  returned  and  opened  a  private  school  in  this  city  on  the  1st  of  Oc- 
tober. At  first  there  were  but  six  pupils  in  attendance.  They  in- 
creased during  the  year  to  sixteen.  At  the  session  of  1843  the  school 
in  the  west  (McLean's)  having  proved  a  failure,  a  Board  of  Trustees 
were  appointed  to  superintend  the  opening  of  a  State  Institution.  The 
original  members  were  His  Excellency  James  Whitcomb,  Royall  May- 
hew,  Esq.,  William  Sheets,  Esq.,  Rev.  Henry  W.  Beecher,  Rev.  Phineas 
D.  Gurley,  Rev.  Love  H.  Jameson,  Livingston  Dunlap,  M.  D.,  Hon. 
James  Morrison  and  Rev.  Pres.  Matthew  Simpson.  The  question  of  a 
permanent  location  was  left  open,  and  the  Governor  was  authorized  to 
receive  propositions  on  the  subject.  Mr.  Willard  was  allowed  a  com- 

i«  McLean  was  allowed  $200  for  his  labors  by  joint  resolution  of  February  11, 
1843,  which  very  truly  said  that  "efforts  of  that  kind  on  the  part  of  a  deaf  and 
dumb  citizen  of  Indiana  should  not  be  received  as  a  gratuity  by  the  State."  Local 
Laws,  p.  189. 


2| 


s  > 

1  * 


S 

£  2 
^  B 
5-  5 


O 

K 


990 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  dumb,  but  also  a  history  of  the  inception  of  the  Indiana  undertaking, 
as  follows:  "In  the  fall  of  1841,  Mr.  William  C.  Bales,  since  deceased, 
then  the  sheriff  of  Vermillion  County,  placed  his  mute  son  in  the  Ohio 
Institution.  The  visit  which  he  then  paid  that  Asylum  interested  him 
more  deeply  than  before  in  the  enterprise  of  educating  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  The  next  year  he  was  elected  to  represent  his  county  in  the 
legislature.  Some  time  during  the  year  1842,  James  McLean,  a  mute, 
commenced  a  school  in  Parke  County.  This  school  was  continued  for 
more  than  a  year,  but  at  no  time  contained  more  than  six  pupils,  and 
three  or  four  of  these  were  taught  gratis.10  Mr.  Wm.  Crumpton,  of 
Attica,  was  one  of  his  patrons ;  and  from  his  representations  Mr.  Coffin, 
then  the  representative  from  Parke,  became  interested  in  the  subject. 
At  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature  in  1842-3,  the  two  members  above 
referred  to  consulted  together,  and,  as  the  result  of  their  deliberations, 
Mr.  Bales,  on  the  4th  of  February,  presented  a  bill  which,  after  some 
amendments,  passed  both  branches.  *  *  *  This  was  passed  by  the 
unanimous  consent  of  all  parties.  Indeed,  to  enumerate  its  friends 
would  be  to  mention  the  names  of  the  whole  Legislature;  and  one  as 
much  as  another,  probably,  deserves  the  credit  of  its  enactment.  It  was 
a  noble  act,  and  the  first  instance  on  record  where  a  people  were  taxed 
for  such  a  purpose! 

"In  the  summer  of  1843,  Mr.  William  Willard  visited  Indianapolis 
with  a  view  of  establishing  a  school.  He  was  most  cordially  welcomed 
by  many  benevolent  persons,  citizens  of  the  city,  and  of  the  State  who 
happened  to  be  here  at  the  time.  He  soon  commenced  the  tour  of  the 
State,  and  visited  most  families  in  which  he  could  ascertain  there  were 
mutes.  Encouraged  by  the  kind  reception  which  he  everywhere  met, 
he  returned  and  opened  a  private  school  in  this  city  on  the  1st  of  Oc- 
tober. At  first  there  were  but  six  pupils  in  attendance.  They  in- 
creased during  the  year  to  sixteen.  At  the  session  of  1843  the  school 
in  the  west  (McLean's)  having  proved  a  failure,  a  Board  of  Trustees 
were  appointed  to  superintend  the  opening  of  a  State  Institution.  The 
original  members  were  His  Excellency  James  Whitcomb,  Royall  May- 
hew,  Esq.,  William  Sheets,  Esq.,  Rev.  Henry  W.  Beecher,  Rev.  Phineas 
D.  Gurley,  Rev.  Love  H.  Jameson,  Livingston  Dunlap,  M.  D.,  Hon. 
James  Morrison  and  Rev.  Pres.  Matthew  Simpson.  The  question  of  a 
permanent  location  was  left  open,  and  the  Governor  was  authorized  to 
receive  propositions  on  the  subject.  Mr.  Willard  was  allowed  a  com- 


18  McLean  was  allowed  $200  for  his  labors  by  joint  resolution  of  February  11, 
1843,  which  very  truly  said  that  "efforts  of  that  kind  on  the  part  of  a  deaf  and 
dumb  citizen  of  Indiana  should  not  be  received  as  a  gratuity  by  the  State."  Local 
Laws,  ji.  189. 


992  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

peusation  from  the  commencement  df  his  school.17  These  Trustees,  on 
the  1st  of  October  following,  adopted  the  private  school  in  this  city,  and 
continued  Mr.  Willard  as  Principal.  The  number  of  pupils  enrolled 
during  the  next  year  was  twenty-three;  the  greatest  actual  attendance 
was  nineteen.  *  *  *  It.. had  been  contemplated  from  the  first,  to 
ultimately  appoint  a  Principal  who  could  hear  and  speak.  This  intention 
was  carried  out,  in  June,  1845,  by  the  appointment  of  the  undersigned, 
his  duties  to  commence  on  the  1st  of ,  August  following.  The  highly 
valued  services  of  Mr.  Willard  wet!e  continued  in  the  capacity  of  an 
Assistant.  The  Legislature  of  1845-6  permanently  located  the  Asylum 
at  Indianapolis  and  three  thousand  dollars  were  appropriated  for  the 
purchase  of  a  site.  *  *  *  At  the  darkest  hour  of  her  trial,  her 
finances  in  almost  hopeless  depression,  while  the  cold,  unpitying  finger 
of  scorn  was  beginning  to  point  at  her  hitherto  fair  escutcheon,  and 
the  startling  though  scarce-breathed  whisper  was  heard,  'Indiana  will 
repudiate ! '  it  was  at  this  time  our  noble  State  remembered  her  un- 
fortunate children  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  the  Lunatic,  and  the  Blind.  She 
took  them  by  the  hand,  and  scorning  to  take  the  funds  which  others 
might  claim,  though  locked  in  her  own  treasury,  she  taxed  her  citizens, 
to  raise  a  special,  a  sacred  revenue  for  their  benefit.  How  stands  the 
case  now?  Her  credit  is  redeemed.  A  spacious  building,  even  now 
erected,  tells  how  she  will  house  and  care  for  the  poor  Lunatic;  already 
has  she  gathered  her  blind  from  all  quarters  of  her  extensive  domain, 
and  presents,  only  four  years  after  its  organization,  an  Institution 
actually  educating  a  greater  number  of  Mutes,  in  proportion  to  her 
population,  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union."  18 

The  Willard  school,  when  taken  over  by  the  State  was  housed  in 
a  frame  building  that  stood  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Illinois  and  Mary- 
land streets,  where  the  Grand  Hotel  now  stands,  and  later  in  the  Kinder 
building,  on  Washington  Street  near  Delaware,  until  the  building  was 
completed  in  1850  on  the  permanent  site  on  East  Washington  Street  at 
State  Avenue — then  outside  of  the  city.  Thirty  acres  were  purchased 
at  first,  and  one  hundred  were  added  later.  The  original  building  cost 
$30,000.  The  institution  remained  at  this  site  for  half  a  century.  In 
1903  the  legislature  provided  for  its  relocation,  and  two  years  later  a 
site  was  selected  north  of  the  City,  and  about  77  acres  were  purchased. 
In  1907  the  name  of  the  institution  was  fixed  by  law  as  The  Indiana 
State  School  for  the  Deaf.  It  is  strictly  an  educational  institution,  with 
school  year  from  September  to  June.  Attendance  is  compulsory  for 


"  Willard  and  his  wife,   both   deaf  mutes,   had  been  teaching  gratuitously  to 
demonstrate  what  could  be  done  in  education. 
is  Report,  Dec.  6,  1847. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  993 

deaf  mute  children  from  seven  to  eighteen  years,  if  approved  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  and  residents  of  Indiana  are  admitted  to  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  All  expenses  are  borne  by  the  State  except  clothing  and 
traveling  charges,  which  are  paid  by  parents,  or,  in  case  of  indigence, 
by  the  county  from  which  received.  The  School  was  opened  at  its 
present  site  October  11,  1911,  and  is  a  model  in  buildings,  furnishings 
and  operation. 

Provision  for  the  insane  was  practically  contemporaneous  with  that 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  there  has  been  a  lack  of  credit  for  the 
origin  of  its  inception  similar  to  that  in  other  reforms.  In  an  article 
in  "The  Survey,"  April  22,  29,  1916,  Alexander  Johnson  says:  "Twenty- 
eight  years  after  the  admission  to  the  Union,  Dorothea  Dix,  of  blessed 
memory,  came  to  Indiana  with  her  gospel  of  humane  and  scientific  care 
for  the  insane.  One  speech  by  her  to  the  General  Assembly  of  1844,  pre- 
pared for  as  it  was  by  visits  of  inspection  of  the  insane  in  almshouses  and 
jails,  within  a  few  miles  of  the  capitol,  was  enough  to  rouse  the  law 
makers,  and  they  created  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  name  of  which 
was  changed  in  1846  to  the  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane."  Mr. 
Johnson  was  probably  mislead  by  this  claim  being  made  for  Miss  Dix 
in  her  biography,19  but  she  did  not  visit  the  State  for  some  time  after 
1844.  Her  memorial  to  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  in  which  she 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  nation  by  her  statement:  "I  proceed, 
gentlemen,  briefly  to  call  your  attention  to  the  present  state  of  insane 
persons  confined  within  this  Commonwealth,  in  cages,  closets,  cellars, 
stalls,  pens;  chained,  naked,  beaten  with  rods,  and  lashed  into  obedience," 
was  dated  January,  1843 ;  and  this  was  the  beginning  of  her  career 
as  a  legislative  reformer,  though  she  had  been  investigating  for  some 
time  previously.  After  securing  reform  in  Massachusetts  she  took  up 
the  same  work  in  other  states,  and  in  the  winter  of  1844-5  visited  Ken- 
tucky, and  on  March  31,  1845,  she  wrote:  "I  designed  using  the  spring 
and  summer  chiefly  in  examining  the  jails  and  poorhouses  of  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  Having  successfully  completed  my  mission  in  Kentucky,  I 
learned  that  traveling  in  the  States  referred  to  would  be  difficult,  if  not 
impossible,  for  some  weeks  to  come,  on  account  of  mud  and  rains.  This 
decided  me  to  go  down  the  Mississippi  to  examine  the  prisons  and  hos- 
pitals of  New  Orleans,"  etc.  This  she  did,  and  the  letter  quoted  was 
written  on  board  ship,  off  South  Carolina.20  The  origin  of  the  Indiana 
reform  belongs  to  the  medical  profession,  whose  members  were  taking 
interest  in  the  demonstration  that  insanity  was  a  disease,  often  curable, 
if  taken  in  time.  The  reform  work  of  Pinel  in  France,  and  "William 

is  Life  of  Dorothea  Ljnde  Dix,  p.  134. 
20  Ib.  p.  123. 


994  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Tuke  in  England,  begun  almost  contemporaneously,  and  independently, 
in  the  closing  years  of  the  eighteenth  century,  had  convinced  the  skeptical 
that  a  madhouse  might  be  made  an  insane  hospital;  and  the  success  of 
the  hospitals  opened  at  Philadelphia  in  1817,21  at  Hartford  in  1824,  and 
at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1830,  had  opened  the  eyes  of  intelligent 
physicians  everywhere.  In  reality  the  medical  aspect  was  not  fully  de- 
veloped until  Dr.  John  Conolly  came  on  the  stage  in  England  about 
1840. 

In  his  message  of  December  7,  1841,  Governor  Bigger  said:  "When 
Indianapolis  was  established  as  the  seat  of  our  State  Government,  upon 
lands  granted  by  Congress  for  that  purpose,  a  lot  of  ample  size  was 
reserved  by  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  a  Lunatic  Asylum.  Nothing 
has  been  done  heretofore  by  the  Legislature  to  carry  out  the  object  of 
this  reservation,  although  the  example  of  several  neighboring  States 
has  been  constantly  before  us  for  several  years.  In  all  the  legislation  re- 
specting the  insane,  they  have  only  been  regarded  as  incapable  of  self- 
government.  No  provision  has  been  made  for  the  establishment  of  an 
institution  where  they  may  be  placed,  and  submitted  to  proper  medical 
treatment.  The  question  is  left  for  your  decision,  whether,  and  by 
what  means,  the  object  of  the  above  reservation  shall  be  effected."  On 
its  face,  this  has  the  appearance  of  a  suggestion  made  by  request,  which 
is  not  an  uncommon  thing  when  influential  persons  have  something 
that  they  desire  to  bring  before  the  legislature,  and  to  which  the  Gov- 
ernor does  not  wish  to  commit  himself,  while  he  desires  to  please  them. 
It  is  certain  that  Governor  Bigger  did  not  manifest  much  interest  in  the 
project  afterwards,  and  it  is  certain  that  a  movement  was  on  foot,  for 
on  January  5,  1842,  one  year  before  Miss  Dix  made  her -appeal  to  the 
Massachusetts  legislature,  Representative  Hannegan  presented  to  the 
Indiana  House  the  memorial  of  Dr.  John  Evans,  and  Dr.  Isaac  Fisher, 
of  Attica,  with  a  number  of  other  petitioners,  in  relation  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  asylum  for  the  insane.  Later  developments  showed  that 
the  moving  spirit  was  .Dr.  Evans,  who  was  one  of  the  most  notable  men 
that  ever  lived  in  the  State.  It  is  recounted  that  one  day  he  declared 
to  a  group  of  fellow  Atticans,  that  ' '  before  he  died,  he  intended  to  build 
a  city,  found  a  college,  be  governor  of  a  state,  go  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  make  himself  famous  and  amass  a  fortune."  He  not  only  did 
all  of  that,  and  more,  but  he  left  a  trail  of  beneficences  half  way  across 
the  continent.  He  was  born  near  Waynesville,  Ohio,  March  9,  1814, 
and  was  descended  from  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  Quaker  families  of 
Pennsylvania.  His  great  grandfather  was  a  manufacturer  of  tools,  at 


21  There  was  some  medical  treatment  of  the  insane  at  the  old  hospital  at  Phila- 
delphia at  an  earlier  date. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


995 


Philadelphia,  and  this  handicraft  came  down  in  the  family,  his  great 
uncle,  Owen  Evans,  being  the  inventor  of  the  screw  auger.  His  grand- 
father removed  to  South  Carolina,  but  soon  left  there  on  account  of  his 
objections  to  slavery,  and  settled  in  the  wilds  of  Ohio,  where  he  farmed, 
and  manufactured  augers  until  he  retired  with  a  fortune.  His  son, 
David,  John 's  father,  was  a  farmer,  and  John  grew  up  on  the  farm,  with 


DR.  JOHN  EVANS 

usual  country  school  advantages.  But  when  grown,  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  took  a  course  at  Clermont  Academy.  He  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  took  his  degree  in  1838.  In  1839  he  married 
Hannah  Canby,  a  cousin  of  Gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby,  and  they  located  at 
Attica,  where  he  soon  acquired  a  reputation  as  a  physician  and  a 
financier. 

The  memorial  of  1842  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Education, 
of  which  Dr.  James  Ritchey,  of  Franklin,  himself  a  prominent  physician. 


• 
994 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


21  There  was  some  medical  treatment  of  the  insane  at  the  old  hospital  at  Phila- 
delphia at  an  earlier  date. 


Tnke  in  England,  begun  almost  contemporaneously,  and  independently, 
in  the  closing  years  of  the  eighteenth  century,  had  convinced  the  skeptical 
that  a  madhouse  might  be  made  an  insane  hospital ;  and  the  success  of 
the  hospitals  opened  at  Philadelphia  in  1817,21  at  Hartford  in  1824,  and 
at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1830,  had  opened  the  eyes  of  intelligent 
physicians  everywhere.  In  reality  the  medical  aspect  was  not  fully  de- 
veloped until  Dr.  John  Conolly  came  on  the  stage  in  England  about 
1840. 

In  his  message  of  December  7,  1841,  Governor  Bigger  said:  "When 
Indianapolis  was  established  as  the  seat  of  our  State  Government,  upon 
lands  granted  by  Congress  for  that  purpose,  a  lot  of  ample  size  was 
reserved  by  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  a  Lunatic  Asylum.  Nothing 
has  been  done  heretofore  by  the  Legislature  to  carry  out  the  object  of 
this  reservation,  although  the  example  of  several  neighboring  States 
has  been  constantly  before  us  for  several  years.  In  all  the  legislation  re- 
specting the  insane,  they  have  only  been  regarded  as  incapable  of  self- 
government.  No  provision  has  been  made  for  the  establishment  of  an 
institution  where  they  may  be  placed,  and  submitted  to  proper  medical 
treatment.  The  question  is  left  for  your  decision,  whether,  and  by 
what  means,  the  object  of  the  above  reservation  shall  be  effected."  On 
its  face,  this  has  the  appearance  of  a  suggestion  made  by  request,  which 
is  not  an  uncommon  thing  when  influential  persons  have  something 
that  they  desire  to  bring  before  the  legislature,  and  to  which  the  Gov- 
ernor does  not  wish  to  commit  himself,  while  he  desires  to  please  them. 
It  is  certain  that  Governor  Bigger  did  not  manifest  much  interest  in  the 
project  afterwards,  and  it  is  certain  that  a  movement  was  on  foot,  for 
on  January  5,  1842,  one  year  before  Miss  Dix  made  her  appeal  to  the 
Massachusetts  legislature.  Representative  Hannegan  presented  to  the 
Indiana  House  the  memorial  of  Dr.  John  Evans,  and  Dr.  Isaac  Fisher, 
of  Attica,  with  a  number  of  other  petitioners,  in  relation  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  asylum  for  the  insane.  Later  developments  showed  that 
the  moving  spirit  was  Dr.  Evans,  who  was  one  of  the  most  notable  men 
that  ever  lived  in  the  State.  It  is  recounted  that  one  day  lie  declared 
to  a  group  of  fellow  Atticans,  that  "before  he  died,  he  intended  to  build 
a  city,  found  a  college,  be  governor  of  a  state,  go  to  the  United  States 
Senate,  make  himself  famous  and  amass  a  fortune."  He  not  only  did 
all  of  that,  and  more,  but  he  left  a  trail  of  beneficences  half  way  across 
the  continent.  HP  was  born  near  Waynesville,  Ohio,  March  9.  1814, 
and  was  descended  from  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  Quaker  families  of 
Pennsylvania.  His  great  grandfather  was  a  manufacturer  of  tools,  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


995 


Philadelphia,  and  this  handicraft  came  down  in  the  family,  his  great 
uncle,  Owen  Evans,  being  the  inventor  of  the  screw  auger.  His  grand- 
father removed  to  South  Carolina,  but  soon  left  there  on  account  of  his 
objections  to  slavery,  and  settled  in  the  wilds  of  Ohio,  where  he  farmed, 
and  manufactured  augers  until  he  retired  with  a  fortune.  His  son. 
David,  John 's  father,  was  a  farmer,  and  John  grew  up  on  the  farm,  with 


DR.  JOHN  EVANS 


usual  country  school  advantages.  But  when  grown,  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  took  a  course  at  Clermont  Academy.  He  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  took  his  degree  in  1838.  In  1839  he  married 
Hannah  Canhy,  a  cousin  of  Gen.  E.  R.  S.  Canby,  and  they  located  at 
Attica,  where  he  soon  acquired  a  reputation  as  a  physician  and  a 
financier. 

The  memorial  of  1842  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Education. 
.  of  which  Dr.  James  Ritchey,  of  Franklin,  himself  a  prominent  physician. 


996  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

was  chairman,  and  on  January  23,  1842,  he  made  an  extended  report, 
setting  forth  the  importance  of  the  matter,  and  quoting  a  report  of 
the  Ohio  asylum,  from  which,  he  said:  "We  find  that  there  have  been 
applications  made  for  the  admission  of  13  insane  persons  from  this  State 
into  the  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum.  These  applications  have  been  refused  for 
want  of  room.  What  burning  shame  should  crimson  the  cheek  of  every 
Indianian  on  being  informed  of  the  foregoing  fact."  In  view  of  the 
facts,  and  "the  great  necessity  of  speedy  action  upon  this  important 
subject,"  the  Committee  recommended  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  in- 
structing the  Governor  to  correspond  with  the  superintendents  of  asylums 
in  other  states,  and  secure  plans  for  buildings,  and  other  information, 
which  plans  and  information  he  shall  communicate  to  the  next  General 
Assembly,  with  stich  recommendations  on  the  subject  of  the  immediate 
undertaking  of  the  erection  and  establishment  of  an  Indiana  lunatic 
asylum  as  he  may  think  proper."  This  resolution  promptly  passed  both 
houses,  and  was  approved  by  the  Governor  on  January  31,  1842.  The 
Governor  apparently  did  nothing,  at  least  nothing  of  importance,  and 
did  not  mention  the  subject  in  his  next  message;  but  on  December  27, 
1842,  a  second  memorial  from  Ddctors  Evans  and  Fisher  was  presented, 
"suggesting  the  propriety  of  appropriating  Indiana's  share  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  public  lands  to  the  erection  of  a  Lunatic  Asylum."  This 
was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Finance,  which,  on  January  2,  1843, 
reported  its  intense  sympathy  with  the  project,  but,  ' '  with  this  most  un- 
happy condition  of  so  many  of  our  fellow-citizens  before  us,  it  is  with 
much  regret  that  your  committee,  owing  to  the  extremely  embarrassed 
condition  of  the  finances  of  the  State,  recommend  a  postponement  of 
the  further  consideration  of  the  subject."  This  was  concurred  in,  and 
the  Committee  discharged;  but  the  legislature  showed  its  sentiment  by 
a  rather  sharp  resolution  of  February  13,  1843,  declaring  that  delay  in 
the  matter  was  "criminal,"  and  making  it  the  duty  of  the  Governor 
to  correspond  and  report  as  before  directed,  "whereupon  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  legislature  to  adopt  proper  measures  for  the  immediate 
erection  of  a  Lunatic  Asylum  in  the  State  of  Indiana."22 

In  his  message  of  December  5,  1843,  Governor  Bigger  referred  to  this 
resolution,  and  said:  "This  duty  has  been  attended  to,  and  the  docu- 
ments and  information  which  have  been  collected  are  in  the  possession  of 
I.  P.  Smith,  Esq.,  who  is  preparing  plans  and  specifications  in  relation 
to  an  asylum,  which  will  be  ready  to  be  laid  before  the  legislature  in 
the  course  of  a  few  days."  Smith  was  an  architect  at  New  Albany. 
The  medical  profession  had  resolved  on  a  change  of  base,  and,  without 


22  Local  Laws,  p.  189. 


• 
• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  997 

waiting  for  Smith's  report,  on  December  13,  a  communication  from  Dr. 
James  Matthews  was  presented  in  the  Senate,  and  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Education.  On  December  19,  Senator  Carr,  of  Lawrence, 
reported  from  this  Committee  deep  sympathy  and  appreciation  of  the 
importance  of  the  measure,  but  owing  to  the  great  debt  of  the  State, 
and  the  heavy  taxes,  "under  the  circumstances  it  would  be  inexpedient 
to  legislate  upon  that  subject  at  present."  But  the  Senate  would  not 
have  this  disposal  of  the  subject,  and  on  motion  of  Senator  Buell,  the 
communication  of  Dr.  Matthews  was  recommitted  to  the  Committee  on 
Education,  with  instructions,  "To  report  the  probable  expense  of  an 
asylum,  the  time  it  will  take  to  complete  it,  and  all  other  matters  thereto 
appertaining."  This  was1  followed  by  an  invitation  to  Dr.  Evans  to 
address  the  legislature  on  the  subject;  also  by  a  second  communication 
from  Dr.  Matthews,  which  with  the  plans  of  Mr.  Smith,  was  also  referred 
to  the  same  Committee.  Dr.  Evans  made  an  able  presentation  of  the  en- 
tire subject  before  the  legislature  and  A  large  audience  of  citizens.23 
The  majority  of  the  Committee  on  Education  had  an  access  of  light ; 
and  on  January  12,  1844,  Dr.  Ritchey  reported  for  the  Committee,  urg- 
ing immediate  action,  and  recommending  a  tax  of  one  cent  on  $100. 
The  report  was  adopted,  and  the  tax  levied.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
next  session,  Dr.  Evans  was  promptly  on  hand  with  another  memorial ; 
and  there  was  an  improvement  in  the  situation.  Governor  Whitcomb 
had  come  into  office,  and  he  warmly  espoused  the  charitable  work,  not- 
withstanding his  anxiety  to  get  out  of  the  financial  tangle.  In  his  open- 
ing message  he  said :  ' '  While  on  this  subject,  I  desire  earnestly  to  call 
your  attention  to  the,  importance  of  providing  an  institution  for  the 
education  of  the  Blind,  and  for  the  construction  of  a  Lunatic  Asylum. 
Modern  philanthropy  has  happily  devised  the  means  of  educating  those 
who  are  deprived  of  sight,  and  we  should  regard  it  as  a  sacred  debt 
which  we  owe  to  these  unfortunates  to  afford  them  the  benefit  of  this 
benevolent  discovery.  It  is  now  ascertaine'd  that  insanity,  the  most  ter- 
rible disease  which  afflicts  our  race,  will  in  a  majority  of  cases,  readily 
yield  to  medicine,  and  kind  treatment,  if  these  means  are  resorted  to 
in  time.  Its  wretched  subjects  would  thus  be  restored  to  the  kindly 
charities  of  the  domestic  circle,  to  the  benefits  of  society,  and  to  their 
various  relations,  obligations,  and  advantages  as  members  of  the  State. 
Surely  these  unfortunate  classes  are  entitled  to  our  warmest  sympathy, 
and  their  relief  to  the  extent  of  our  ability,  is  called  for  by  sound  econ- 
omy, by  enlightened  policy,  by  the  gratitude  we  owe  to  a  merciful  Provi- 


23  It  was  printed  in  full  in  the  Sentinel  of  Dec.  29  and  30. 

- 


, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  999 

dence,  for  our  own  exemption  from  these  evils,  and  by  the  obligations 
of  religion. ' ' 

This  emphasis  on  religion,  giving  Governor  Whitcomb  credit  for 
the  utmost  sincerity,  suggests  the  possibility  of  an  influence,  perhaps 
unconscious,  of  church  politics.  As  has  been  mentioned,  Governor  Big- 
ger was  defeated  for  re-election  largely  through  the  influence  of  the 
Methodists.  Dr.  Evans  had  become  an  intimate  of  Bishop  Simpson,  and 
under  his  eloquent  preaching  had  become  converted,  and  joined  the 
Methodist  church,  of  which  he  was  thereafter  one  of  the  most  zealous 
and  useful  lay  members.  He  was  an  able  politician,  of  the  better  class, 
and  it  is  hardly  imaginable  that  he  did  not  make  himself  felt  in  that 
campaign.  At  any  rate,  he  was  on  the  best  of  terms  with  Governor 
Whitcomb.  His  memorial  and  the  part  of  the  Governor's  message 
quoted  were  referred  to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Education,  and  on  De- 
cember 28,  1844,  Dr.  Ritchey  reported  for  the  Committee  in  favor  of 
creating  a  commission  to  purchase  a  site,  and  take  charge  of  the  erection 
of  a  building.  An  act  for  that  purpose  was  approved  January  13,  1845, 
making  Dr.  John  Evans,  Dr.  Livingston  Dunlap,  and  James  Blake  com- 
missioners. They  selected  and  purchased  the  Bolton  farm,  west  of  the 
river,  which  had  been  made  historic  by  its  "Mount  Jackson  Tavern," 
presided  over  by  Sarah  T.  Bolton.  They  wanted  more  light  before 
adopting  plans,  but  had  no  "junketing"  appropriation.  Evans  vol- 
unteered to  visit  existing  institutions  at  his  own  expense,  and  trust  to 
the  legislature  to  reimburse  him.  He  went  to  all  of  the  principal  in- 
stitutions of  the  country,  consulted  experts  and  reformers,  including 
Miss  Dix,  and  on  June  22,  1845,  reported  the  results  to  the  Commission, 
with  admirable  detail  not  only  as  to  the  general  plan  of  a  building,  but 
also  as  to  the  practical  features  of  water  supply,  heating,  drainage, 
ventilation,  and  the  like.  This  was  submitted  to  the  legislature  with  the 
Commission's  report.  They  had  discarded  the  Smith  plans,  and  had 
new  ones  made  by  John  R.  Elder,  of  Indianapolis,  utilizing  the  informa- 
tion collected  by  Evans.  By  act  of  February  19,  1846,  they  were  di- 
rected to  proceed  with  the  work;  additional  appropriations  were  made; 
and  they  were  authorized  to  sell  Hospital  Square,  No.  22,  and  use  the 
proceeds.  The  building,  was  begun  promptly,  and  pushed  as  fast  as 
the  proceeds  of  the  tax  would  allow.  Two  wards  were  opened  for 
patients  in  December,  1848,  accommodating  forty  applicants,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  South  wing  was  completed  in  the  summer  of  1849. 
The  entire  building,  when  finished  in  1850,  had  cost  $75,000. 

Dr.  Evans  continued  with  the  institution  until  the  summer  of  1848. 
After  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1846,  the  Commission  felt  the  need  of 

a  Superintendent  of  construction,  and  decided  that  Evans  was  the  one 
vol.  n— is 


. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  999 


deuce,  for  our  own  exemption  from  these  evils,  and  by  the  obligations 
of  religion. ' ' 

This  emphasis  on  religion,  giving  Governor  Whitcomb  credit  for 
the  utmost  sincerity,  suggests  the  possibility  of  an  influence,  perhaps 
unconscious,  of  church  politics.  As  has  been  mentioned.  Governor  Big- 
ger was  defeated  for  re-election  largely  through  the  influence  of  the 
Methodists.  Dr.  Evans  had  become  an  intimate  of  Bishop  Simpson,  and 
under  his  eloquent  preaching  had  become  converted,  and  joined  the 
Methodist  church,  of  which  he  was  thereafter  one  of  the  most  zealous 
and  useful  lay  members.  He  was  an  able  politician,  of  the  better  class, 
and  it  is  hardly  imaginable  that  he  did  not  make  himself  felt  in  that 
campaign.  At  any  rate,  he  was  on  the  best  of  terms  with  Governor 
Whitcomb.  His  memorial  and  the  part  of  the  Governor's  message 
quoted  were  referred  to  the  Senate  Committee  on  Education,  and  on  De- 
cember 28,  1844,  Dr.  Ritchey  reported  for  the  Committee  in  favor  of 
creating  a  commission  to  purchase  a  site,  and  take  charge  of  the  erection 
of  a  building.  An  act  for  that  purpose  was  approved  January  13,  1845, 
making  Dr.  John  Evans,  Dr.  Livingston  Dunlap,  and  James  Blake  com- 
missioners. They  selected  and  purchased  the  Bolton  farm,  west  of  the 
river,  which  had  been  made  historic  by  its  "Mount  Jackson  Tavern." 
presided  over  by  Sarah  T.  Bolton.  They  wanted  more  light  before 
adopting  plans,  but  had  no  "junketing"  appropriation.  Evans  vol- 
unteered to  visit  existing  institutions  at  his  own  expense,  and  trust  to 
the  legislature  to  reimburse  him.  He  went  to  all  of  the  principal  in- 
stitutions of  the  country,  consulted  experts  and  reformers,  including 
Miss  Dix,  and  on  June  22,  1845,  reported  the  results  to  the  Commission, 
with  admirable  detail  not  only  as  to  the  general  plan  of  a  building,  but 
also  as  to  the  practical  features  of  water  supply,  heating,  drainage, 
ventilation,  and  the  like.  This  was  submitted  to  the  legislature  with  the 
Commission's  report.  They  had  discarded  the  Smith  plans,  and  had 
new  ones  made  by  John  R.  Elder,  of  Indianapolis,  utilizing  the  informa- 
tion collected  by  Evans.  By  act  of  February  19,  1846,  they  were  di- 
rected to  proceed  with  the  work;  additional  appropriations  were  made; 
and  they  were  authorized  to  sell  Hospital  Square,  No.  22,  and  use  the 
proceeds.  The  building  was  begun  promptly,  and  pushed  as  fast  as 
the  proceeds  of  the  tax  would  allow.  Two  wards  were  opened  for 
patients  in  December,  1848,  accommodating  forty  applicants,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  South  wing  was  completed  in  the  summer  of  1849. 
The  entire  building,  when  finished  in  1850,  had  cost  $75,000. 

Dr.  Evans  continued  with  the  institution  until  the  summer  of  1848. 
After  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1846.  the  Commission  felt  the  need  of 
a  Superintendent  of  construction,  and  decided  that  Evans  was  the  one 


Vol.  H— 28 


- 


1000  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

man  for  the  place.  He  resigned  from  the  Commission  to  accept  it,  and 
Dr.  J.  S.  Bobbs  was  appointed  in  his  place.  Evans  had  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis, where  he  had  an  extensive  practice  in  addition  to  his  work 
on  the  building;  but  in  1845  he  had  been  appointed  a  lecturer  at  Rush 
Medical  College,  at  Chicago,  and  he  foresaw  the  possibilities  of  that  city, 
which  he  had  first  visited  with  some  farmer  friends  who  tried  hauling 
produce  overland  to  that  point  from  Attica,  instead  of  flat-boating  to 
New  Orleans.  He  removed  to  Chicago  in  1848,  and  at  once  became  a 
leading  spirit  there,  his  first  move  being  the  issue  of  a  pamphlet  com- 
batting accepted  ideas  on  cholera,  and  advocating  strict  quarantine  as  a 
preventive.  He  edited  for  a  number  of  years  the  Northwestern  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  and  founded  the  Illinois  General  Hospital  of  the 
Lakes,  later  Mercy  Hospital.  He  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
Methodist  Book  Concern,  and  the  Northwestern  Christian  Advocate. 
He  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  Railroad, 
secured  its  valuable  right  of  way  into  Chicago,  and  was  for  years  its 
resident  managing  director.  By  wise  real  estate  investments  he  ac- 
quired a  fortune.  In  1853  he  became  the  chief  promoter  of  Northwestern 
University,  and  selected  its  site,  which  was  named  Evanston  in  his 
honor.-  By  reserving  a  quarter  of  each  block  for  endowment,  and  making 
investments  for  it  in  the  heart  of  Chicago,  he  established  its  splendid 
financial  foundation — he  also  endowed  chairs  to  the  extent  of  $100,000, 
and  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  forty-two  years.  He  also 
got  into  politics  as  a  city  councilman,  in  1852-3,  and  did  good  work  for 
the  Chicago  schools  by  securing  the  appointment  of  a  superintendent  of 
schools,  and  the  establishment  of  the  first  high  school.  He  was  an 
original  Republican,  and  ran  for  Congress  in  1855,  but  was  defeated  be- 
cause he  would  not  indorse  the  Knownothing  doctrine.  He  had  become 
a  personal  friend  of  Abraham  Lincoln  while  at  Attica,  and  as  a  delegate 
to  the  convention  of  1860,  helped  nominate  him  for  President.  In  1861 
Lincoln  offered  to  appoint  him  Governor  of  Washington  Territory,  which 
he  declined;  but  in  1862  he  accepted  an  appointment  as  Governor  of 
Colorado  territory,  and  became  its  active  war  Governor.  In  1865  Colo- 
rado elected  him  United  States  Senator,  and  asked  admission  to  the 
Union ;  but  the  move  was  prevented  by  the  hostility  of  President  John- 
son. He  inaugurated  the  movement  for  Colorado  Seminary,  later  the 
University  of  Denver,  in  1863,  and  made  donations  to  it  to  the  amount 
of  $150,000.  In  1869,  when  the  Union  Pacific  built  its  line  north  of 
Denver,  and  refused  to  connect  with  that  city,  he  secured  the  Denver 
Pacific  land  grant  from  Congress,  and  built  the  road  from  Denver  to 
Cheyenne,  106  miles.  Next  he  built  the  South  Park  Railroad ;  and  then 
started  the  Denver,  Texas  and  Gulf,  to  give  the  shortest  possible  line 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1001 

to  the  seaboard.  In  1870,  on  the  completion  of  the  line  to  Cheyenne,  a 
state  celebration  was  held  at  Greeley,  and  Mount  Evans  was  named  in 
his  honor — the  name  being  formally  confirmed  by  the  legislature  of 
Colorado  in  1895,  on  his  eighty-first  birthday.  Such  was  the  monument 
prepared  for  him  when  he  died  at  Denver,  July  3,  1897. 

I  have  dwelt  on  this  phase  of  Indiana  history  because  it  is  a  remark- 
able illustration  of  the  influence  of  a  persistent  and  resourceful  man. 
It  is  really  extraordinary  that  Indiana  launched  as  she  did  in  be- 
nevolent enterprises  at  a  period  when  her  financial  condition  seemed  al- 
most hopeless;  and  evidently  it  was  largely  the  result  of  the  relentless 
energy  of  Dr.  Evans.  His  contemporaries  showed  some  recognition  of 
this.  In  1846,  the  Insane  Hospital  Commissioners,  James  Blake,  and 
Doctors  Dunlap  and  Bobbs,  testified  that  he  was  "the  first  to  press  the 
duty  of  making  provision  for  the  insane  of  this  State  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Legislature."24  In  1847,  Miss  Dix  wrote:  "To  the  present 
superintendent  of  this  excellent  work,  Dr.  Evans,  the  citizens  of  In- 
diana owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  which  few  can  estimate,  because  it  is 
but  few  who  have  the  opportunity  of  understanding  the  measure  of  his 
labors  or  the  ability  requisite  for  devising  and  carrying  out  such  plans 
as  are  comprised  in  the  Indiana  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane."25  It 
may  be  noted  here  that  it  was  in  1847  that  Dorothea  Dix  visited  Indiana 
and  inspected  jails  and  poor-houses,  not  merely  "within  a  few  miles  of 
the  capitol,"  but  in  half  of  the  counties  in  the  State.  She  had  by  that 
time  carried  her  crusade  into  a  number  of  states,  and  had  found  condi- 
tions much  the  same  everywhere.  In  Indiana  she  found  conditions  rather 
better  than  the  average — so  much  so  that  the  Journal,  in  which  her  letters 
were  published,  from  August  to  October,  congratulated  the  State  on 
the  showing,  and  said:  "In  nearly  every  case  where  it  ('suffering  hu- 
manity') goes  unprovided  for,  it  is  attributed  to  a  misdirection  of  the 
charitable  funds  for  which  the  people  have  cheerfully  suffered  them- 
selves to  be  taxed. ' ' 20  She  found  several  counties  that  had  no  poor- 
houses,  and  others  where  there  were  bad  results  from  farming  the 
houses  out.  A  large  amount  of  her  criticism  was  of  the  jails,  not  only 
the  old  log  jails,  of  whicli  there  were  still  a  number,  but  also  of  more 
pretentious  new  structures,  which  appeared  to  have  been  built  more  for 
show  than  for  use.  She  might  have  made  that  criticism  of  almost  any 
public  building  in  Indiana,  up  to  the  present  time.  This  is  not  due  to 
lack  of  precaution,  for  the  usual  course  is  to  have  a  commission,  and 
competitive  plans,  with  expert  advisers;  but  having  taken  the  precau- 

24  Second  Annual  Report,  p.  55. 

25  Journal,  Aug.  27,  1847. 
as  Journal,  Oct.  15,  1847. 


1002 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tions,  the  commissions  usually  follow  the  same  old  stupid  course  of 
going  in  for  looks,  with  little  regard  for  the  practical  use  of  the  build- 
ing. In  consequence,  we  have  already  entered  on  the  period  of  altering 
and  reconstructing  buildings  that  were  designed  to  last  for  a  century,  and 
not  infrequently  to  the  damage  of  that  architectural  beauty  which  was 
their  chief  commendation  at  the  outset.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  as 


DOROTHEA  L.  Dix 

a  result  of  this  "publicity"  from  Miss  Dix,  improvements  were  speedily 
made  at  several  of  the  points  criticised. 

With  the  ice  broken  by  provision  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the  in- 
sane, that  for  the  blind  came  more  easily.  The  prime  mover  in  this  was 
James  M.  Ray.  He  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  born  in  1800,  who  came 
to  Lawrenceburgh  in  1818,  and  served  there  as  deputy  in  the  County 
Clerk's  office,  and  later  in  the  same  capacity  at  Connersville.  He  came 
to  Indianapolis  in  1821.  and  was  clerk  at  the  first  sale  of  lots.  The  next 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1003 

year  he  was  elected  County  Clerk,  and  was  continued  in  that  office, 
and  as  County  Recorder,  until  the  organization  of  the  State  Bank,  in 
1834,  when  he  was  made  Cashier  of  that  institution.  He  held  that  posi- 
tion during  its  existence,  and  was  then  made  Cashier  of  its  successor, 
the  Bank  of  th«  State  of  Indiana,  continuing  until  made  its  President. 
He  was  a  rock-ribbed  Presbyterian,  and  active  in  every  good  work.  He 
was  prominent  in  organizing  the  local  Bible  Society  and  the  first  Sun- 
day School  at  Indianapolis;  was  secretary  of  the  first  Temperance  So- 
ciety, the  Colonization  Society,  and  the  first  Fire  Company,  and  was 
treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Benevolent  Society  from  its  organization 
in  1836.  During  the  Civil  war  he  was  an  enthusiastic  Union  man,  and 
was  treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Branch  of  the  Christian  Commission,  of 
the  Indiana  Freedman's  Aid  Commission,,  and  of  the  Indiana  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Home.  When  his  career  was  ended  by  death,  on  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1881,  he  was  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Crown 
Hill  Cemetery.  During  the  legislative  session  of  1844-5,  Ray  brought 
W.  H.  Churchman  to  Indianapolis,  with  several  pupils  from  the  Ken- 
tucky School  for  the  Blind,  and  had  exhibitions  of  their  work,  with 
lectures,  in  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  church,  which  were  attended  by 
the  legislators,  and  which  induced  them  to  pass  a  law  for  a  tax  of  two 
mills  on  $100  for  the  education  of  the  blind.  At  the  next  session,  Ray, 
Dr.  George  W.  Mears,  and  the  Auditor,  Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State 
were  made  a  Commission  to  control  the  fund,  and  were  directed,  until  a 
school  was  established  in  Indiana,  to  furnish  blind  children  of  Indiana 
with  instruction  in  the  Schools  at  Louisville  and  Columbus.  This  sys- 
tem did  not  prove  satisfactory;  and  the  Commission  next  sent  Church- 
man over  the  State  to  lecture,  report  on  the  number  of  blind  children, 
and  persuade  their  parents  to  have  them  educated.  Churchman  was  an 
interesting  character.  After  becoming  blind,  himself,  he  was  educated 
at  the  Blind  Institute  at  Philadelphia,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  educa- 
tion of  others.  He  had  taught  for  four  years  at  the  Ohio  Institute,  and 
had  been  Principal  of  the  one  in  Tennessee.  On  October  1,  1847,  the 
Commission  opened  a  school  at  Illinois  and  Maryland  in  the  building 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  school,  with  Churchman  in 
charge.  It  opened  with  nine  pupils  and  increased  to  thirty  during  the 
year.  The  Commission  purchased  two  blocks,  now  occupied  by  the  Blind 
School  and  St.  Clair  Park,  and  erected  a  three  story  building,  later  used 
for  a  work-shop,  to  which  the  school  was  removed  in  September,  1848. 
The  Asylum,  or  main  building,  was  completed  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  $50,- 
000,  and  has  ever  since  been  occupied,  wings  being  added  as  the  in- 
stitution developed.  It  may  be  added  in  passing  that  Churchman  was  a 
student  of  practical  sciences,  and  read  a  paper  on  "The  Air  We 


1002 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


• 


tions,  the  commissions  usually  follow  the  same  old  stupid  course  of 
going  in  for  looks,  with  little  regard  for  the  practical  use  of  the  build- 
ing. In  consequence,  we  have  already  entered  on  the  period  of  altering 
and  reconstructing  buildings  that  were  designed  to  last  for  a  century,  and 
not  infrequently  to  the  damage  of  that  architectural  beauty  which  was 
their  chief  commendation  at  the  outset.  It  may  also  be  noted  that  as 


DOROTHEA  L.  Dix 


a  result  of  this  "publicity"  from  Miss  Dix,  improvements  were  speedily 
made  at  several  of  the  points  criticised. 

With  the  ice  broken  by  provision  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  the  in- 
sane, that  for  the  blind  came  more  easily.  The  prime  mover  in  this  was 
James  M.  Ray.  He  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  born  in  1800,  who  came 
to  Lawrenceburgh  in  1818,  and  served  there  as  deputy  in  the  County 
Clerk's  office,  and  later  in  the  same  capacity  at  Connersville.  He  came 
to  Indianapolis  in  1821,  and  was  clerk  at  the  first  sale  of  lots.  The  next 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1003 

year  he  was  elected  County  Clerk,  and  was  continued  in  that  office, 
and  as  County  Recorder,  until  the  organization  of  the  State  Bank,  in 
1834,  when  he  was  made  Cashier  of  that  institution.  He  held  that  posi- 
tion during  its  existence,  and  was  then  made  Cashier  of  its  successor, 
the  Bank  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  continuing  until  made  its  President. 
He  was  a  rock-ribbed  Presbyterian,  and  active  in  every  good  work.  He 
was  prominent  in  organizing  the  local  Bible  Society  and  the  first  Sun- 
day School  at  Indianapolis;  was  secretary  of  the  first  Temperance  So- 
ciety, the  Colonization  Society,  and  the  first  Fire  Company,  and  was 
treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Benevolent  Society  from  its  organization 
in  1836.  During  the  Civil  war  he  was  an  enthusiastic  Union  man,  and 
was  treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Branch  of  the  Christian  Commission,  of 
the  Indiana  Freedman's  Aid  Commission,  and  of  the  Indiana  Soldiers' 
and  Sailors'  Home.  When  his  career  was  ended  by  death,  on  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1881,  he  was  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Crown 
Hill  Cemetery.  During  the  legislative  session  of  1844-5,  Ray  brought 
W.  H.  Churchman  to  Indianapolis,  with  several  pupils  from  the  Ken- 
tucky School  for  the  Blind,  and  had  exhibitions  of  their  work,  with 
lectures,  in  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  church,  which  were  attended  by 
the  legislators,  and  which  induced  them  to  pass  a  law  for  a  tax  of  two 
mills  on  $100  for  the  education  of  the  blind.  At  the  next  session,  Ray, 
Dr.  George  W.  Mears,  and  the  Auditor.  Treasurer  and  Secretary  of  State 
were  made  a  Commission  to  control  the  fund,  and  were  directed,  until  a 
school  was  established  in  Indiana,  to  furnish  blind  children  of  Indiana 
with  instruction  in  the  Schools  at  Louisville  and  Columbus.  This  sys- 
tem did  not  prove  satisfactory ;  and  the  Commission  next  sent  Church- 
man over  the  State  to  lecture,  report  on  the  number  of  blind  children, 
and  persuade  their  parents  to  have  them  educated.  Churchman  was  an 
interesting  character.  After  becoming  blind,  himself,  he  was  educated 
at  the  Blind  Institute  at  Philadelphia,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  educa- 
tion of  others.  He  had  taught  for  four  years  at  the  Ohio  Institute,  and 
had  been  Principal  of  the  one  in  Tennessee.  On  October  1,  1847,  the 
Commission  opened  a  school  at  Illinois  and  Maryland  in  the  building 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  school,  with  Churchman  in 
charge.  It  opened  with  nine  pupils  and  increased  to  thirty  during  the 
year.  The  Commission  purchased  two  blocks,  now  occupied  by  the  Blind 
School  and  St.  Clair  Park,  and  erected  a  three  story  building,  later  used 
for  a  work-shop,  to  which  the  school  was  removed  in  September,  1848. 
The  Asylum,  or  main  building,  was  completed  in  1851,  at  a  cost  of  $50,- 
000,  and  has  ever  since  been  occupied,  wings  being  added  as  the  in- 
stitution developed.  It  may  be  added  in  passing  that  Churchman  was  a 
student  of  practical  sciences,  and  read  a  paper  on  "The  Air  We 


1004  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Breathe" — a  treatise  on  ventilation — before  the  Western  Social  Science 
Association,  at  Chicago,  in  1870,  which  was  later  published  in  book  form. 
Nothing  further  was  done  by  the  State  in  the  line  of  establishing  penal 
or  charitable  institutions  until  1859,  when,  on  account  of  the  growth  of 
the  Southern  prison,  or  rather  the  increase  of  criminals  convicted,  and 
the  complaints  of  the  people  oif  the  North  end  of  the  State  of  the  ex- 
pense of  conveying  them  to  Jeffersonville,  a  law  was  passed  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  prison  "north  of  the  National  Road."  The  Directors  lo- 
cated it  originally  at  Fort  Wayne,  but  Gov.  Willard  would  not  ap- 
prove this  location.  Its  location  at  Michigan  City  was  made  on  March 
1,  1860,  and,  in  pursuance  of  the  original  law,  a  detachment  of  convicts 
was  sent  from  Jeffersonville  to  aid  in  its  construction.  These  arrived  at 
Michigan  City  on  April  5,  and  the  work  was  begun.  The  institution 
was  made  a  receiving  prison  by  act  of  June  1,  1861,  for  all  males  sen- 
tenced to  state  prison  from  counties  north  of  the  National  Road.  It 
was  continued  on  that  basis  until  1897,  when  a  law  was  adopted  for  a  new 
basis  of  division,  using  the  Jeffersonville  institution  as  a  Reformatory 
for  younger  men,  while  men  sentenced  to  death,  or  to  life  imprison- 
ment, together  with  men  over  thirty  years  of  age  convicted  of  felony, 
were  required  to  be  imprisoned  at  Michigan  City.27  In  1909  a  law  was 
passed  for  the  establishment  of  the  Indiana  Hospital  for  Insane  Crim- 
inals, which  was  completed  in  1911,  in  an  inclosure  adjoining  the  State 
Prison,  and  is  under  the  same  management.  A  defendant  in  a  criminal 
case  may  be  sent  to  this  institution  by  the  court,  if  adjudged  to  be  in- 
sane; and  insane  criminals  may  be  transferred  to  it  from  the  Reform- 
atory, or  from  the  Hospitals  for  the  Insane.  If  a  criminal  under  sen- 
tence is  cured  of  insanity  at  this  hospital,  he  is  returned  to  complete  his 
sentence. 

:  No  other  State  institutions  were  established  until  after  the  Civil  war, 
and  there  was  a  very  comfortable  feeling  in  the  State  that  it  was  in  the 
van  of  progress  in  charitable  management,  and  so  it  was,  though  medical 
science  had  not  arrived  at  its  present  development.  The  Insane  Hos- 
pital was  opened  under  R.  J.  Patterson,  as  Medical  Superintendent.  He 
had  been  Senior  Assistant  Physician  at  the  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum,  and 
was  a  very  good  physician,  as  was  also  his  successor,  Dr.  James  S.  Athon  ; 
but  it  will  probably  cause  the  alienist  of  today  to  smile,  to  note  among  the 
"causes  of  insanity"  of  the  patients,  "Blowing  a  fife  all  night,"  in  1848 : 
and  "Husband  in  California,"  and  "Use  of  Thompsonian  medicines," 
in  1852.  The  afflicted  from  "Husbands  in  California"  increased  to 
three  in  1853,  which  ought  to  be  a  solemn  warning  to  husbands  contem- 


Laws  1897,  p.  69. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1005 

plating  trips  to  that  state.  There  may  be  a  suggestion  of  the  influence 
of  "schools  of  medicine"  in  the  fact  that  the  man  deranged  by  use  of 
Thompsonian  medicines  never  recovered — his  case  was  hopeless.  But 
there  was  not  the  same  complacency  as  to  the  penal  system  that  there 
was  as  to  the  State  charities.  Governor  Whitcomb  established  a  record 
as  a  reformer  by  his  discussion  of  penal  affairs  in  his  message  of  Decem- 
ber 2,  1845,  as  follows :  ' '  The  policy  of  confinement  in  county  jails,  as 
a  punishment  for  icrime,  may,  in  most  cases,  well  be  questioned.  It  is 
not  only  a  serious  burden  to  the  counties,  but  it  is  believed  to  be  in- 
compatible with  reformation,  which  is  the  leading  purpose  of  criminal 
punishment.  The  attainment  Of  this  object  may  be  hoped  for  by  the 
penitentiary  system,  when  made  to  combine  imprisonment  with  hard 
labor,  and  a  suitable  moral  discipline.  But  this  system,  under  our  pres- 
ent laws  only  operates  upon  the  higher  classes  of  offenders,  and  has  no 
bearing  upon  prisoners  in  the  county  jails.  Yet  there  is  far  more  hope 
of  reclaiming  the  latter  by  this  syste'm  than  the  former,  who,  generally 
speaking,  are  more  practiced  in  crime.  As  a  remedy  for  this  evil,  the 
application  of  penitentiary  discipline  upon  those  guilty  of  minor  offences, 
as  well  as  upon  juvenile  and  female  offenders,  by  ifijeans  of  Houses  of 
Correction,  is  respectfully  recommended,  They  shtxiild  be  established 
with  an  eye  to  the  comfort  and  separate  employment  ;Q£  the -inmates,  and 
to  the  exercise  of  a  kindly,  but  firm  and  steady  discipline.  By  this 
means  vicious  associations- would  be  prevented,  and  habits  of  industry 
formed.  For  all  who  are  the  children  of  misfortune,  rather  than  of 
crime  (and  of  such  are  most  of  those  who  have  committed  only  their 
first  offence)  such  a  retreat  would  be,  not  only  in 'name,  but  in  fact, 
houses  of  refuge.  ;.  ' 

' '  A  principal  obstacle  to  the  permanent  reformation  of  the  peni- 
tentiary convict  is,  that  having  lost  his  self-respect,  and  despairing  of  ever 
regaining  the  good  opinion  of  the  community,  he  feels  at  his  release  that 
his  character  is  gone  and  that  he  has  nothing  worth  living  for  but  the 
mere  support  of  his  animal  existence.  To  obviate  this  difficulty  as  far 
as  possible,  I  established  a  rule  that,  on  a  written  report  from  the  clerk 
of  the  prison  that  a  convict  had  faithfully  complied  with  the  rules  of  th'e 
prison,  and  by  his  exemplary  conduct  had  given  evidence  of  reforma- 
tion, he  should  be  restored:  to  the  rights  of  citizenship — to  the  same  plat- 
form whence  he  had  descended,  by  a  pardon,  bearing  on  its  face  the 
cause  of  its  being  granted.  Four  convicts  have  already  availed  them- 
selves of  this  privilege  since  last  February  when  the  rule  was  first  estab- 
lished, and  I  am  informed  by  the  clerk  that  more  had  entitled  themselves 
to,  and  would  gladly  have  availed  themselves  of  this  favor,  but  for  the 
fact  that  they  would  thereby  lose  the  small  sum  of  money  which,  under 


a 

a 


to 

§ 


Q 


u 

X 

i- 


I 

1 


Q 
X. 

*H 

U 

~« 

H 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1007 

an  existing  law,  is  paid  to  every  convict  at  the  end  of  the  time  for  which 
he  is  sentenced,  as  a  necessary  means  of  support,  until  he  can  get  into 
reputable  employment.  I  recommend  that  the  same  law  be  made  to  apply 
to  all  cases  where  the  prisoner  is  released  by  pardon,  within  a  given 
time  before  the  expiration  of  his  sentence,  and  expressly  on  the  ground 
of  good  conduct. ' ' 

The  legislature  did  nothing  on  these  lines — not  even  extending  to 
pardoned  prisoners  the  release  payment  of  $3  provided  by  the  act  of 
February  17,  1838.  In  his  message  of  December  7,  1846,  Governor 
Whitcomb  again  urged  "the  policy  of  establishing  houses  of  Eefuge  for 
the  moral  discipline  of  juvenile  and  female  offenders,  instead  of  the 
present  barbarous,  unhealthy  and  expensive  mode  of  punishment  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jails."  In  1847,  he  again  urged  "the  policy 
of  establishing  houses  of  Refuge,  in  districts  embracing  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  counties  for  the  purpose,  for  the  punishment  and  moral  discipline 
.of  female  and  juvenile  delinquents;  where  they  will  be  beyond  the 
contagion  of  confirmed  vice  and  hoary  crime."  In  1850,  Governor 
Wright  went  still  farther,  saying :  ' '  Each  county  should  be  prepared 
with  buildings  for  the  reception  of  juvenile  offenders,  so  constructed  and 
furnished  as  to  provide  for  the  regular  occupation  of  all  the  inmates. 
It  is  idle  to  talk  of  reforming  the  young  man,  who,  for  his  first  offence, 
has  been  convicted  for  stealing  property  of  the  value  of  five  dollars,  and 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  in  the  State  Prison,  thus  placing 
him  by  the  side  of  the  murderer.  We  must  place  the  young  and  juvenile 
offender  where  his  associations  and  intercourse  are  with  those  who  will 
exercise  an  influence  for  good  and  not  with  the  old  and  hardened  in 
crime.  Our  county  prisons  should  be  converted  into  workshops — into 
houses  of  industry — wearing  the  appearance  of  decency  and  order. 
Active  employment  should  be  required  of  all  its  occupants;  for  idleness 
itself  often  proves  to  be  the  school  of  vice.  In  this  way  we  may  not  only 
reform  the  prisoners,  but  we  should  compel  them  to  contribute  to  their 
own  support,  and  to  pay,  by  the  sweat  of  the  brow,  the  penalty  of  the 
violated  law,  and  cost  of  conviction,  thus  directly  relieving  the  counties 
from  a  heavy  burden  which  they  now  pay  to  sustain  those  imprisoned." 
In  this  message,  Governor  Wright  also  informed  the  legislature  that  he 
had  purchased  "two  hundred  volumes  of  Religious,  Historical,  Agri- 
cultural and  Biographical  works, ' '  for  the'  use  of  the  convicts  at  Jeffer- 
sonville,  the  selection  having  been  made  by  Dorothea  Dix,  at  his  request. 
He  expressed  his  pleasure  that  "a  large  portion  of  the  convicts  read 
with  interest  this  excellent  selection";  which  constituted  the  first  in- 
stitutional library  in  Indiana. 

It  was  very  natural  that  with  this  kind  of  admonition,  the  Constitu- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1007 

• 
'••:••     '••';'' 

an  existing  law,  is  paid  to  every  convict  at  the  end  of  the  time  for  which 
he  is  sentenced,  as  a  necessary  means  of  support,  until  he  can  get  into 
reputable  employment.  I  recommend  that  the  same  law  be  made  to  apply 
to  all  cases  where  the  prisoner  is  released  by  pardon,  within  a  given 
time  before  the  expiration  of  his  sentence,  and  expressly  on  the  ground 
of  good  conduct." 

The  legislature  did  nothing  on  these  lines — not  even  extending  to 
pardoned  prisoners  the  release  payment  of  $3  provided  by  the  act  of 
February  17,  1838.  In  his  message  of  December  7,  1846,  Governor 
Whitcomb  again  urged  "the  policy  of  establishing  houses  of  Refuge  for 
the  moral  discipline  of  juvenile  and  female  offenders,  instead  of  the 
present  barbarous,  unhealthy  and  expensive  mode  of  punishment  by 
imprisonment  in  the  county  jails."  In  1847,  he  again  urged  "the  policy 
of  establishing  houses  of  Refuge,  in  districts  embracing  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  counties  for  the  purpose,  for  the  punishment  and  moral  discipline 
of  female  and  juvenile  delinquents;  where  they  will  be  beyond  the 
contagion  of  confirmed  vice  and  hoary  crime."  In  1850,  Governor 
Wright  went  still  farther,  saying:  "Each  county  should  be  prepared 
with  buildings  for  the  reception  of  juvenile  offenders,  so  constructed  and 
furnished  as  to  provide  for  the  regular  occupation  of  all  the  inmates. 
It  is  idle  to  talk  of  reforming  the  young  man,  who,  for  his  first  offence, 
has  been  convicted  for  stealing  property  of  the  value  of  five  dollars,  and 
sentenced  to  two  years'  imprisonment  in  the  State  Prison,  thus  placing 
him  by  the  side  of  the  murderer.  We  must  place  the  young  and  juvenile 
offender  where  his  associations  and  intercourse  are  with  those  who  will 
exercise  an  influence  for  good  and  not  with  the  old  and  hardened  in 
crime.  Our  county  prisons  should  be  converted  into  workshops — into 
houses  of  industry — wearing  the  appearance  of  decency  and  order. 
Active  employment  should  be  required  of  all  its  occupants ;  for  idleness 
itself  often  proves  to  be  the  school  of  vice.  In  this  way  we  may  not  only 
reform  the  prisoners,  but  we  should  compel  them  to  contribute  to  their 
own  support,  and  to  pay,  by  the  sweat  of  the  brow,  the  penalty  of  the 
violated  law,  and  cost  of  conviction,  thus  directly  relieving  the  counties 
from  a  heavy  burden  which  they  now  pay  to  sustain  those  imprisoned." 
In  this  message,  Governor  Wright  also  informed  the  legislature  that  h^ 
had  purchased  "two  hundred  volumes  of  Religious,  Historical.  Agri- 
cultural and  Biographical  works,"  for  the"  use  of  the  convicts  at  Jeffer- 
sonville.  the  selection  having  been  made  by  Dorothea  Dix,  at  his  request. 
He  expressed  his  pleasure  that  "a  large  portion  of  the  convicts  read 
with  interest  this  excellent  selection";  which  constituted  the  first  in- 
stitutional library  in  Indiana. 

It  was  very  natural  that  with  this  kind  of  admonition,  the  Constitu- 


1008  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tional  Convention  of  1851  provided:  "The  General  Assembly  shall  pro- 
vide Houses  of  Refuge  for  the  correction  and  reformation  of  juvenile 
offenders."  In  his  message  of  December  2,  1851,  Governor  Wright  again 
called  attention  to  "the  policy  of  establishing  Houses  of  Refuge  and 
Work  Shops  in  counties  or  districts,  for  the  punishment  and  reforma- 
tion of  juvenile  offenders.  This  duty  is  now  positively  enjoined  upon 
you  by  the  Constitution."  But  nothing  was  done;  nor  was  there  any 
action  on  his  repeated  recommendation  to  the  same  effect  in  1853.  In 
his  message  of  January  4,  1855,  he  said:  "The  Constitution  that  you 
have  sworn  to  support,  declares  that  the  General  Assembly  'shall  pro- 
vide Houses  of  Refuge,  for  the  correction  and  reformation  of  juvenile 
offenders  '  Of  two  hundred  and  sixty-seven  men  in  the  State  Prison, 
thirty-six  are  under  twenty  years  of  age ;  and  more  than  one-half  of 
the  whole  number  are  under  twenty-five  years  of  age.  The  youth  of 
sixteen  is  found  by  the  side  of  the  old  offender,  and  deprived  of  all 
associates  other  than  those  who  are  hardened  in  crime.  All  prisoners 
convicted  of  the  first  offence,  and  all  youthful  convicts,  should  be  placed 
in  situations  where  they  would  receive  the  kind  advice  of  parents, 
guardians  or  friends.  By  adopting  this  policy,  our  prisons  will  soon 
become  houses  of  reformation,  as  well  as  places  of  punishment."  This 
appeal  finally  brought  action ;  and  by  act  of  March  3,  1855,  the  Gov- 
ernor, Treasurer  of  State  and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  were 
authorized  to  purchase  not  less  than  50,  nor  more  than  100,  acres  of 
land  for  a  State  House  of  Refuge ;  and  to  prepare  plans  for  a  building 
to  cost  not  more  than  $35,000 ;  and  further  to  prepare  a  system  of  man- 
agement, in  form  of  a  law  which  would  make  the  institution  "not  simply 
a  place  of  correction,  but  a  reform  school,  where  the  young  convict, 
separated  from  vicious  associates,  may  by  careful  physical,  intellectual, 
and  moral  training,  be  reformed  and  restored  to  the  community,  with 
purposes  and  character  fitting  him  for  a  good  citizen,  an  honorable  and 
honest  man."28  But  in  1857,  Governor  Wright  reported  that  the  com- 
mission could  not  obey  their  instructions  under  the  "restrictions  and 
limitations  of  the  act,"  and  so  had  done  nothing;  he  also  suggested  three 
houses  of  refuge,  and  this  suggestion  met  no  response. 

The  situation  came  to  Governor  Willard  with  the  law  of  1855  in 
force,  and  no  action  taken.  In  April,  1860,  he,  with  the  State  officers 
named,  purchased  of  Gen.  James  P.  Drake  100  acres  of  land  about  four 
miles  west  of  Indianapolis,  for  the  proposed  institution.  Governor  Wil- 
lard died  in  October,  1860,  and  at  the  opening  of  the  session  of  1861, 
Governor  Hammond  reported  the  purchase,  and  said:  "The  importance 


28  Acts  1855,  p.  191. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1009 

of  such  an  institution  cannot  be  overestimated,  and  it  has  had  the  fre- 
quent recommendations  of  my  predecessors.  In  view  of  the  fact  that 
the  penitentiary  to  a  young  mind  is  a  perfect  school  for  vice ;  that  mere 
boys  are  sentenced  there  in  order  to  avoid  an  expense  to  the  county  for 
their  maintenance  in  the  county  jail;  and  that  by  contact  with  old  of- 
fenders, they  come  out  at  the  end  of  their  term  as  vicious  as  their  in- 
structors, I  can  hardly  conceive  a  want  more  seriously  felt  than  this. 
*  *  *  The  establishment  of  a  House  of  Refuge  upon  the  ground  se- 
lected and  purchased  for  that  purpose,  is  imperatively  demanded — 
demanded  alike  by  good  morals  and  sound  policy — and  I  recommend  that 
prompt  and  adequate  action  be  taken  by  you  in  the  matter."  But  no 
action  was  taken;  and  in  1865,  in  his  message  of  November  14,  to  the 
Special  Session,  Governor  Morton  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  since 
the  purchase,  "nothing  further  has  been  done  to  carry  into  execution 
the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  on  this  subject. ' '  He  said :  ' '  Institu- 
tions of  this  description  have  ceased  to  be  an  experiment,  numbers  of 
them  having  been  established  in  other  States  of  the  Union,  with  the  most 
beneficial  results.  I  most  earnestly  recommend  that  immediate  steps 
be  taken  for  carrying  into  execution,  with  the  least  possible  delay,  this 
requirement  of  the  Constitution."  Again  no  action  was  taken;  and  in 
his  message  of  January  11,  1867,  Governor  Morton  brought  up  the 
subject  once  more,  but  with  a  new  feature.  He  said:  "We  have  no 
punishment  now  for  the  juvenile  offender  but  the  common  jail  and 
the  penitentiary,  neither  of  which  exert  a  reformatory  influence  upon 
the  youthful  mind;  and  during  my  six  years'  experience  as  the  Execu- 
tive of  the  State,  I  have  often  been  constrained  to  pardon  the  youthful 
criminal  because  I  felt  that  to  incarcerate  him  in  the  penitentiary  would 
be  to  consign  him  to  a  life  of  degradation  and  crime.  Humanity,  justice, 
and  the  plainest  principles  of  public  policy,  demand  that  the  juvenile 
offender  shall  not  be  treated  like  the  mature  and  hardened  criminal,  and 
placed  in  the  society  of  felons;  but  that  an  effort  shall  be  made  while 
he  is  yet  in  tender  years,  to  reclaim  him  from  vice  and  train  him  to  a 
life  of  usefulness  and  respectability.  The  'House  of  Refuge,'  as  it  has 
long  existed  in  many  of  the  older  States,  is  a  vast  improvement  upon 
the  jail  and  the  penitentiary ;  but  within  the  last  few  years  great  progress 
has  been  made  in  elevating  the  system,  and  results  have  been  obtained 
in  the  reform  and  education  of  juvenile  offenders  that  are  truly  won- 
derful. The  introduction  of  the  'Reform  School'  is,  in  many  respects, 
a  great  improvement  upon  the  old  House  of  Refuge,  and  has  been  at- 
tended with  a  success  which  it  would  be  hard  to  believe,  were  it  not  at- 
tested by  indubitable  evidence.  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs  and  Charles  F. 
Coffin,  distinguished  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  have  bestowed 


1010  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

much  attention  and  labor  upon  the  subject,  and  have  addressed  to  me 
valuable  communications,  which  I  herewith  lay  before  you,  together  with 
reports  and  documents  setting  forth  the  character  and  operations  of  the 
Reform  Schools  of  New  York,  Ohio  and  Illinois." 

This  reinforcement  of  the  forces  of  reform  is  of  special  historic  in- 
terest. Prof.  Harlow  Lindley  says:  "While  Friends  have  been  very 
active  in  prison  reform  since  the  days  of  George  Fox,  who  had  occasion 
to  recognize  the  need  of  prison  reform,  no  organization  of  Friends  has 
officially  undertaken  the  work  except  in  Indiana.  The  first  committee 
was  appointed  in  1867,  and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  affirm  that  their 
action  was  largely  responsible  for  the  establishment  of  the  Boys'  Re- 
form School  in  1869,  of  the  Woman's  Prison  in  1873  (three  of  whose 
four  superintendents  have  been  Friends),  and  of  the  Indiana  Board  of 
State  Charities."29  No  doubt  Friends  Hobbs  aad  Coffin  had  influence 
in  getting  action,  but  not  enough  to  control  the  name  of  the  institution, 
which  was  established  as  a  "  House  of  Refuge. ' ' 30  The  Governor  was 
directed  to  appoint  three  commissioners,  who  were  to  select  and  purchase 
a  site,  and  erect  a  building,  for  which  purposes  $50,000  and  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  the  100  acres  purchased  in  1860  were  appropriated.  The 
Commissioners  appointed  were  Charles  F.  Coffin,  A.  C.  Downey,  and 
Joseph  Orr ;  and  they  acted  so  promptly  that  on  January  1,  1868,  Gover- 
nor Baker  proclaimed  the  institution  open  for  inmates.  It  started  off 
with  Francis  B.  Ainsworth  and  wife  as  superintendent  and  matron,  and 
the  need  for  it  was  shown  by  112  boys  being  received  the  first  year.  It 
has  had  a  notable  career,  making  perhaps  its  greatest  advances  under 
Thomas  Jefferson  Charlton,  who  was  Superintendent  from  1880  to  1901. 
He  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  in  Switzerland  County,  March  17,  1847. 
He  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  at  17,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  entered 
Hanover,  graduating  in  1870.  He  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice, but  disliked  it,  and  began  teaching  at  Patriot.  He  was  later  super- 
intendent of  schools  at  North  Vernon  and  at  Vincennes ;  and  then  went 
to  Plainfield,  where  his  service  was  terminated  by  resignation,  on 
account  of  health.  He  died  at  Beechhurst  sanitarium,  at  Louisville, 
February  23,  1904.  The  institution  has  long  been  noted  for  progressive 
ideas,  perhaps  its  most  known  features  being  its  fine  band  and  its  pub- 
lication, started  in  1901  as  the  Reform  School  Advocate,  and  now  known 
as  the  Indiana  Boys'  Advocate.  The  name  of  the  institution  was 
changed  to  the  Indiana  Boys'  School  in  1903. 

Contemporaneous  with  the  establishment  of  the  House  of  Refuge 
was  that  of  the  Soldier's  and  Seamen's  Home.  On  May  15,  1865,  Gover- 


-'»  The  Quakers  in  the  Old  Northwest,  p.  14. 
™  Acts  1867,  p.  137. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1011 


nor  Morton  issued  an  address  advocating  the  establishment  of  a  home 
for  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors.  Two  public  meetings  were  held  at 
Indianapolis,  and  at  the  second,  on  May  24,  an  organization  was  effected. 
Indianapolis  offered  the  use  of  its  City  Hospital,  and  the  Home  was 
opened  there  on  August  27,  1865.  In  the  spring  of  1866,  the  board  of 


THOMAS  J.  CHARLTON 


directors  purchased  the  "Knightstown  Springs,"  and  the  Home  was 
removed  to  that  institution  in  April.  Governor  Morton  called  the  sub- 
ject to  the  attention  of  the  legislature  in  his  message  of  November  14, 
1865,  but  nothing  was  done.  Another  appeal,  in  his  message  of  January 
11,  1867,  was  more  successful,  and  by  act  of  March  11,  1867,  provision 
was  made  for  a  home  for  the  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  also  for  their 
widows  and  orphans.  The  Knightstown  institution  was  taken  over  by 
the  State,  and  occupied  for  these  purposes  until  December  25,  1871, 
when  the  men's  building  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  they  were  removed 


1010 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


much  attention  and  labor  upon  the  subject,  and  have  addressed  to  me 
valuable  communications,  which  I  herewith  lay  before  you,  together  with 
reports  and  documents  setting  forth  the  character  and  operations  of  the 
Reform  Schools  of  New  York,  Ohio  and  Illinois." 

This  reinforcement  of  the  forces  of  reform  is  of  special  historic  in- 
terest. Prof.  Harlow  Lindley  says:  "While  Friends  have  been  very 
active  in  prison  reform  since  the  days  of  George  Fox,  who  had  occasion 
to  recognize  the  need  of  prison  reform,  no  organization  of  Friends  has 
officially  undertaken  the  work  except  in  Indiana.  The  first  committee 
was  appointed  in  1867,  and  it  is  no  exaggeration  to  affirm  that  their 
action  was  largely  responsible  for  the  establishment  of  the  Boys'  Re- 
form School  in  1869,  of  the  Woman's  Prison  in  1873  (three  of  whose 
four  superintendents  have  been  Friends),  and  of  the  Indiana  Board  of 
State  Charities."29  No  doubt  Friends  Hobbs  and  Coffin  had  influence 
in  getting  action,  but  not  enough  to  control  the  name  of  the  institution, 
which  was  established  as  a  "House  of  Refuge. ":!"  The  Governor  was 
directed  to  appoint  three  commissioners,  who  were  to  select  and  purchase 
a  site,  and  erect  a  building,  for  which  purposes  $50,000  and  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  of  the  100  acres  purchased  in  1860  were  appropriated.  The 
Commissioners  appointed  were  Charles  F.  Coffin,  A.  C.  Downey,  and 
Joseph  Orr;  and  they  acted  so  promptly  that  on  January  1,  1868,  Gover- 
nor Baker  proclaimed  the  institution  open  for  inmates.  It  started  off 
with  Francis  B.  Ainsworth  and  wife  as  superintendent  and  matron,  and 
the  need  for  it  was  shown  by  112  boys  being  received  the  first  year.  It 
lias  had  a  notable  career,  making  perhaps  its  greatest  advances  under 
Thomas  Jefferson  Charlton,  who  was  Superintendent  from  1880  to  1901. 
He  was  a  native  of  Indiana,  horn  in  Switzerland  County,  March  17,  1847. 
He  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  at  17,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  entered 
Hanover,  graduating  in  1870.  He  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice, but  disliked  it,  and  began  teaching  at  Patriot.  He  was  later  super- 
intendent of  schools  at  North  Vernon  and  at  Vincennes;  and  then  went 
to  Plainfield,  where  his  service  was  terminated  by  resignation,  on 
account  of  health.  He  died  at  Beechhurst  sanitarium,  at  Louisville. 
February  23,  1904.  The  institution  has  long  been  noted  for  progressive 
ideas,  perhaps  its  most  known  features  being  its  fine  band  and  its  pub- 
lication, started  in  1901  as  the  Reform  School  Advocate,  and  now  known 
as  the  Indiana  Boys'  Advocate.  The  name  of  the  institution  was 
changed  to  the  Indiana  Boys'  School  in  1903. 

Contemporaneous  with  the  establishment  of  the  House  of  Refuge 
was  that  of  the  Soldier's  and  Seamen's  Home.    On  .May  15,  1865,  Gover- 


-'••  The  Quakers  in  the  Olil  Northwest,  p.  14. 
•<"  Acts  1867,  p.  137. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1011 


nor  Morton  issued  an  address  advocating  the  establishment  of  a  home 
for  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors.  Two  public  meetings  were  held  at 
Indianapolis,  and  at  the  second,  on  May  24,  an  organization  was  effected. 
Indianapolis  offered  th<?  use  of  its  City  Hospital,  and  the  Home  \va* 
opened  there  on  August  27,  1865.  In  the  spring  of  1866,  the  board  of 


THOMAS  J.  CHARLTON 


directors  purchased  the  "Knightstown  Springs,"  and  the  Home  was 
removed  to  that  institution  in  April.  Governor  Morton  called  the  sub- 
ject to  the  attention  of  the  legislature  in  his  message  of  November  14, 
1865,  but  nothing  was  done.  Another  appeal,  in  his  message  of  January 
11,  1867,  was  more  successful,  and  by  act  of  March  11,  1867,  provision 
was  made  for  a  home  for  the  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  also  for  their 
widows  and  orphans.  The  Knightstown  institution  was  taken  over  by 
the  State,  and  occupied  for  these  purposes  until  December  25,  1871. 
when  th»  men's  building  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  they  were  removed 


1012  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  the  National  Military  Home  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  The  orphans  remained 
sole  occupants  until  1879,  when  a  law  was  passed  for  the  care  of  feeble- 
minded children  at  the  same  place.  This  continued  until  1887,  when  the 
School  for  Feeble  Minded  Youth  was  established  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
they  were  removed.  The  Home  was  twice  after  destroyed  by  fire,  on 
September  8,  1877,  and  July  21,  1886,  but  was  promptly  rebuilt.  No 
further  provision  was  made  by  the  State  for  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
until  1895,  when  the  legislature  established  the  Indiana  State  Soldiers' 
Home  at  Lafayette.  The  feeble-minded  children  at  Knightstown  were 
removed  in  1887  to  temporary  quarters  at  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Richmond,  and  remained  there  until  the  institution  at  Fort 
Wayne  was  opened  July  8,  1890. 

At  the  session  of  1869  a  bomb  was  exploded  that  shook  Indiana 
throughout  its  whole  extent.  In  his  message  of  January  8,  1869,  Gover- 
nor Baker  said :  ' '  The  subject  of  prisons  and  prison  discipline  is  one 
of  great  importance,  and  is  attracting  increased  attention  throughout 
the  country.  It  will  not  be  many  years  before  the  State  will  require 
additional  prison  accommodations,  and  in  anticipation  of  that  event  I 
desire  to  call  attention  to  the  propriety  and  necessity  of  providing  a 
system  of  graded  prisons.  The  man  who  is  convicted  of  the  first  offense 
of  which  he  has  been  guilty,  especially  if  he  be  a  young  man,  ought  not 
to  be  confined  with  and  put  under  the  influence  and  tuition  of  pro- 
fessional criminals  whose  entire  lives  have  been  hardened  by  crime. 
There  should,  when  increased  prison  accommodations  are  required,  be 
established  an  intermediate  prison,  between  the  House  of  Refuge  and 
the  present  State  Prisons,  to  which  the  more  youthful  and  less  hardened 
offenders  should  be  sent,  and  where  reformatory  influences  would  be 
exerted  over  the  prisoners  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  is  possible  in 
our  existing  penitentiaries.  Under  such  a  system,  and  with  power 
lodged  somewhere  to  transfer  incorrigible  prisoners  from  the  interme- 
diate prison  to  the  penitentiaries,  and  with  authority  also  to  transfer 
prisoners  who,  by  their  good  conduct  for  a  series  of  years  give  evidence 
of  reformation,  from  the  penitentiary  to  the  intermediate  prison,  we 
might  hope  more  effectually  to  comply  with  that  provision  of  the  bill  of 
rights  which  declares  that  the  penal  code  shall  be  founded  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  reformation  and  not  of  vindictive  justice.  There  is  however,  a 
present  and  pressing  necessity  for  a  separate  prison  for  female  con- 
victs. There  are  now  some  nineteen  or  twenty  women  incarcerated  in 
the  Southern  Prison,  to  the  great  detriment  of  sound  morality  as  well  as 
the  good  government  of  the  institution.  Moral,  sanitary  and  disciplin- 
ary considerations  concur  in  demanding  that  these  women,  as  speedily  as 
possible,  should  be  removed  to  a  prison  to  be  provided  exclusively  for 


- 


. 


• 


1012 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  thi1  National  .Military  Homo  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  The  orphans  remained 
sole  occupants  until  1879.  when  a  law  was  passed  for  the  care  of  feeble- 
minded children  at  the  same  place.  This  continued  until  1887,  when  the 
School  for  Feeble  Minded  Youth  was  established  at  Fort  Wayne,  and 
they  were  removed.  The  Home  was  twice  after  destroyed  by  lire,  on 
September  8,  1877,  and  July  21,  1886,  but  was  promptly  rebuilt.  No 
further  provision  was  made  by  the  State  for  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
until  1895.  when  the  legislature  established  the  Indiana  State  Soldiers' 
Home  at  Lafayette.  The  feeble-minded  children  at  Knightstown  were 
removed  in  1887  to  temporary  quarters  at  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Richmond,  and  remained  there  until  the  institution  at  Fort 
Wayne  was  opened  July  8,  1890. 

•  At  the  session  of  1869  a  bomb  was  exploded  that  shook  Indiana 
throughout  its  whole  extent.  In  his  message  of  January  S,  1869,  Gover- 
nor Baker  said :  ' '  The  subject  of  prisons  and  prison  discipline  is  one 
of  great  importance,  and  is  attracting  increased  attention  throughout 
the  country.  It  will  not  be  many  years  before  the  State  will  require 
additional  prison  accommodations,  and  in  anticipation  of  that  event  I 
desire  to  call  attention  to  the  propriety  and  necessity  of  providing  a 
system  of  graded  prisons.  The  man  who  is  convicted  of  the  tirst  offense 
of  which  he  has  been  guilty,  especially  if  he  be  a  young  man,  ought  not 
to  be  confined  with  and  put  under  the  influence  and  tuition  of  pro- 
fessional criminals  whose  entire  lives  have  been  hardened  by  crime. 
There  should,  when  increased  prison  accommodations  are  required,  be 
established  an  intermediate  prison,  between  the  House  of  Refuge  and 
the  present  State  Prisons,  to  which  the  more  youthful  and  less  hardened 
offenders  should  be  sent,  and  where  reformatory  influences  would  be 
exerted  over  the  prisoners  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  is  possible  in 
our  existing  penitentiaries.  Under  such  a  system,  and  with  power 
lodged  somewhere  to  transfer  incorrigible  prisoners  from  the  interme- 
diate prison  to  the  penitentiaries,  and  with  authority  also  to  transfer 
prisoners  who,  by  their  good  conduct  for  a  series  of  years  give  evidence 
of  reformation,  from  the  penitentiary  to  the  intermediate  prison,  we 
might  hope  more  effectually  to  comply  with  that  provision  of  the  bill  of 
rights  which  declares  that  the  penal  code  shall  be  founded  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  reformation  and  not  of  vindictive  justice.  There  is  however,  a 
present  and  pressing  necessity  for  a  separate  prison  for  female  con- 
victs. There  are  now  some  nineteen  or  twenty  women  incarcerated  in 
the  Southern  Prison,  to  the  great  detriment  of  sound  morality  as  well  as 
the  good  government  of  the  institution.  Moral,  sanitary  and  disciplin- 
ary considerations  concur  in  demanding  that  these  women,  as  speedily  as 
possible,  should  be  removed  to  a  prison  to  be  provided  exclusively  for 


- 

' 
• 


02 

£  § 

a  ^ 

s  s 

-S  M 

as  ~ 

—  Z 


- 


-  3 

o     » 


-    < 
'TJ    co 

§  g 

M 


1014  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

\ 

their  sex,  and  to  be  under  the  government  of  women.  Their  labor  is, 
tinder  existing  circumstances,  of  no  value  to  the  State,  and  the  cells 
now  occupied  by  them  will  soon  be  required  for  male  convicts.  Another 
want  equally  pressing  is  that  of  a  reformatory  institution  for  girls.  It 
is  impossible  to  receive  girls  in  the  House  of  Refuge  at  Plainfield  with- 
out destroying  its  reformatory  character,  and  converting  it  into  a  juven- 
ile prison,  I  therefore  urgently  recommend  that  a  separate  prison  for 
female  convicts  be  established  with  the  least  practicable  delay,  and  that 
there  be  connected  with  it  on  the  same  grounds  and  under  the  same 
direction  and  management,  but  in  different  buildings,  a  reformatory  for 
girls.  The  number  of  female  convicts,  as  compared  with  the  other  sex, 
is  not  large,  so  that  an  Institution  of  very  moderate  capacity  would 
meet  the  necessities  of  the  case,  and  the  expense  which  would  be  occa- 
sioned by  providing  such  an  institution  would  be  abundantly  compen- 
sated by  the  good  which  would  be  accomplished  as  well  as  by  the  evil 
that  would  be  avoided.  I  have  no  sympathy  with  those  who  think  that 
crime  when  committed  by  a  woman  ought  not  to  be  punished;  but  only 
insist  that  the  punishment  should  be  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  of- 
fender, and  that  the  laws  of  common  morality  and  decency  ought  not  to 
be  ignored  in  its  infliction.  The  fact  that  it  is  so  difficult  to  convict 
women  of  penitentiary  offences,  shows  that  the  public  sense  of  justice 
and  propriety  revolts  at  the  idea  of  sending  them  to  the  State  Prisons, 
and  I  know  of  only  one  other  worse  place  to.  which  a  woman  could  be 
sent  and  that  is  to  the  County  jail  in  any  of  the  larger  towns  or  cities 
of  the  State.  I  commend  the  subject  to  your  careful  consideration,  with 
the  expression  of  the  hope  that  the  result  of  your  deliberations  will 
show  that  the  cause  of  these  unfortunate  women  has  not  been  presented 
in  vain." 

Earnest  as  this  language  is,  it  hardly  suggests  what  the  Governor 
was  holding  in  reserve.  In  the  preceding  winter  he  had  summoned 
Charles  F.  Coffin  and  Rhoda  M.  Coffin,  his  wife,  two  of  the  Friends 
interested  in  prison  work,  and  connected  with  the  Committee  which  the 
Friends  had  appointed  the  year  before;  and  asked  them  to  make  per- 
sonal investigation  of  the  two  prisons  and  report  to  him.  After  recount- 
ing their  arrival  at  Jeflfersonville,  with  the  Governor's  official  appoint- 
ment and  letters  of  introduction,  and  their  gracious  reception,  Mrs. 
Coffin  says:  "We  then  separated,  taking  different  portions  of  the 
prison,  to  talk  with  the  prisoners.  One  of  the  prisoners  said  to  me,  'I 
thank  you,  you  are  so  welcome,  we  are  all  glad  to  hear  you  and  your 
husband,  you  do  us  good,  but  do,  for  God's  sake,  do  something  for  those 
poor  women,  their  condition  is  terrible,  it  is  perfectly  awful,'  and  then, 
after  being  careful  that  he  was  not  overheard,  he  told  me  that  a  number 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1015 


of  the  guards  had  keys  to  the  women's  prison  and  entered  when  they 
wished  to  gratify  their  lusts.  If  the  women  could  be  bought  up  they 
gave  them  trinkets  or  goods  out  of  the  government  stores,  if  they  did  not 
yield  they  were  reported  as  incorrigible  and  stripped  and  whipped  in 
the  presence  of  as  many  as  wished  to  look  on.  In  the  court  of  the  prison 
there  was  a  large  reservoir  where  the  men  prisoners  were  obliged  to 


RHODA  M.  COFFIN 

bathe  once  a  week.  On  Sabbath  afternoons  the  women  prisoners  were 
brought  out  and  compelled  to  strip,  and  thus  exposed,  required  to  run 
from  the  opposite  side  the  court  and  jump  into  the  water  the  guards 
using,  if  necessary,  their  lashes  to  drive  them  out  to  the  howling  amuse- 
ment of  the  guards  and  their  friends  who  were  permitted  to  be  present ; 
keeping  it  up  as  long  as  they  pleased.  There  were  children  who  had 
been  born  in  the  prison,  their  mothers  having  been  there  for  several 
years.  One  baby  we  saw.  but  a  few  months  old,  the  mother  had  been 

Vol.  n— 29 


_ 

1014 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


their  sex,  and  to  be  under  the  government  of  women.  Their  labor  is, 
under  existing  circumstances,  of  no  value  to  the  State,  and  the  cells 
now  occupied  by  them  will  soon  be  required  for  male  convicts.  Another 
want  equally  pressing  is  that  of  a  reformatory  institution  for  girls.  It 
is  impossible  to  receive  girls  in  the  House  of  Refuge  at  Plainfield  with- 
out destroying  its  reformatory  character,  and  converting  it  into  a  juven- 
ile prison,  I  therefore  urgently  recommend  that  a  separate  prison  for 
female  convicts  be  established  with  the  least  practicable  delay,  and  that 
there  be  connected  with  it  on  the  same  grounds  and  under  the  same 
direction  and  management,  but  in  different  buildings,  a  reformatory  for 
girls.  The  number  of  female  convicts,  as  compared  with  the  other  sex, 
is  not  large,  so  that  an  Institution  of  very  moderate  capacity  would 
meet  the  necessities  of  the  case,  and  the  expense  which  would  be  occa- 
sioned by  providing  such  an  institution  would  be  abundantly  compen- 
sated by  the  good  which  would  be  accomplished  as  well  as  by  the  evil 
that  would  be  avoided.  I  have  no  sympathy  with  those  who  think  that 
crime  when  committed  by  a  woman  ought  not  to  be  punished;  but  only 
insist  that  the  punishment  should  be  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  of- 
fender, and  that  the  laws  of  common  morality  and  decency  ought  not  to 
be  ignored  in  its  infliction.  The  fact  that  it  is  so  difficult  to  convict 
women  of  penitentiary  offences,  shows  that  the  public  sense  of  justice 
and  propriety  revolts  at  the  idea  of  sending  them  to  the  State  Prisons, 
and  I  know  of  only  one  other  worse  place  to  which  a  woman  could  be 
sent  and  that  is  to  the  County  jail  in  any  of  the  larger  towns  or  cities 
of  the  State.  I  commend  the  subject  to  your  careful  consideration,  with 
the  expression  of  the  hope  that  the  result  of  your  deliberations  will 
show  that  the  cause  of  these  unfortunate  women  has  not  been  presented 
in  vain." 

Earnest  as  this  language  is,  it  hardly  suggests  what  the  Governor 
was  holding  in  reserve.  In  the  preceding  winter  he  had  summoned 
Charles  F.  Coffin  and  Rhoda  M.  Coffin,  his  wife,  two  of  the  Friends 
interested  in  prison  work,  and  connected  with  the  Committee  which  the 
Friends  had  appointed  the  year  before ;  and  asked  them  to  make  per- 
sonal investigation  of  the  two  prisons  and  report  to  him.  After  recount- 
ing their  arrival  at  Jeffersonville,  with  the  Governor's  official  appoint- 
ment and  letters  of  introduction,  and  their  gracious  reception,  Mrs. 
Coffin  says:  "We  then  separated,  taking  different  portions  of  the 
prison,  to  talk  with  the  prisoners.  One  of  the  prisoners  said  to  me,  'I 
thank  you,  you  are  so  welcome,  we  are  all  glad  to  hear  you  and  your 
husband,  you  do  us  good,  but  do,  for  God's  sake,  do  something  for  those 
poor  women,  their  condition  is  terrible,  it  is  perfectly  awful,'  and  then, 
after  being  careful  that  he  was  not  overheard,  he  told  me  that  a  number 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1013 


of  the  guards  had  keys  to  the  women's  prison  and  entered  when  they 
wished  to  gratify  their  lusts.  If  the  women  could  l>e  bought  up  they 
gave  them  trinkets  or  goods  out  of  the  government  stores,  if  they  did  not 
yield  they  were  reported  as  incorrigible  and  stripped  and  whipped  in 
the  presence  of  as  many  as  wished  to  look  on.  In  the  court  of  the  prison 
there  was  a  large  reservoir  where  the  men  prisoners  were  obliged  to 


r-    H 


It  HUD  A  M.  COFFIN 


bathe  once  a  week.  On  Sabbath  afternoons  the  women  prisoners  were 
brought  out  and  compelled  to  strip,  and  thus  exposed,  required  to  ruu 
from  the  opposite  side  the  court  and  jump  into  the  water  the  guards 
using,  if  necessary,  their  lashes  to  drive  them  out  to  the  howling  amuse- 
ment of  the  guards  and  their  friends  who  were  permitted  to  be  present ; 
keeping  it  up  as  long  as  they  pleased.  There  were  children  who  had 
been  born  in  the  prison,  their  mothers  having  been  there  for  several 

years.     One  baby  we  saw.  but  a  few  months  old,  the  mother  had  been 
vol.  n— 29 


1016  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

.     ,'•'•.„ 

there  for  two  years.  This  story  was  repeated  by  four  men  prisoners  in 
different  cells,  who  urged  me  to  do  something.  When  my  husband  and 
I  met  we  compared  views  and  each  had  the  same  story.  We  said  nothing 
to  anyone,  except,  in  a  private  interview  with  the  chaplain ;  he  was  loath 
to  say  anything  for  fear  he  would  lose  his  position,  but  finally  admitted 
that  it  was  all  true  and  much  more."31 

They  made  their  report  to  the  Governor,  and  after  a  long  interview 
it  was  decided  to  keep  the  matter  secret  until  an  investigation  could  be 
made  by  the  legislature.  This  was  quietly  arranged  for  by  the  Governor, 
with  reputable  members,  and  so  got  to  work  without  flushing  the  offend- 
ers. The  testimony  more  than  confirmed  Mrs.  Coffin's  statement,  and 
the  State  stood  aghast  at  the  printed  testimony.  Zebulon  R.  Brockway 
was  brought  here  from  Detroit,  and  he  and  Charles  F.  Coffin  were  in- 
vited to  address  the  legislature  on  the  need  of  a  separate  prison  for 
females.  There  was  no  difficulty  in  passing  the  bill  for  the  Women's 
Prison  and  Girls'  Reformatory,  which  had  been  drawn  by  Governor 
Baker  himself,  but  it  was  not  wholly  under  the  management  of  women 
at  the  beginning.  Men  were  too  skeptical  of  the  business  ability  of 
women  for  that.  A  commission  of  three  men  was  provided  to  purchase 
grounds,  erect  buildings,  and  control  the  finances;  but  a  Board  of  Visi- 
tors was  created  to  manage  the  prison,  composed  of  two  women  and  one 
man  ;  the  first  board  being  composed  of  Rhoda  M.  Coffin,  Adaline  Roache 
(wife  of  Judge  A.  C.  Roache)  and  Lewis  Jordan.  The  building  was  com- 
pleted, and  inmates  received,  on  October  8,  1873.  The  Superintendent 
was  Sarah  J.  Smith,  a  Friend,  who  had  been  Matron  of  the  Home  for 
the  Friendless  at  Indianapolis,  and  who  aided  in  securing  the  passage 
of  the  law.  The  law  apparently  contemplated  this,  for  it  provided  that : 
"The  Superintendent  and  all  the  subordinate  officers  of  said  institution 
shall  be  females;  provided,  however,  that  if  a  married  woman  shall  be 
appointed  Superintendent,  or  to  any  subordinate  position,  the  husband 
of  such  appointee  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  Board,  reside  in  the  insti- 
tution, and  may  be  assigned  such  duties  or  employment  as  the  Board  of 
.Managers  may  prescribe."  Under  this,  James  Smith,  the  Superintend- 
ent's husband  was  made  Steward  of  the  Prison. 

This  system  continued  until  1877,  when  the  fight  was  made  for  ex- 
clusive control  by  women.  In  this  the  women  were  backed  by  ex-Gover- 
nor Baker,  Governor  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  Senator  Robert  Bell,  and 
numbers  of  men  and  women  interested  in  reform  work,  and  the  bill  was 
passed,  with  some  misgivings  even  among  those  who  voted  for  it  as  to 
the  ability  of  women  to  manage  such  a  business  institution;  which  was 


Rhoda  M.  Coffin.     Reminiscences,  etc.,  pp.  149-161. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1017 

not  surprising,  as  it  was  the  first  institution  in  the  world  to  be  put  in 
charge  of  women.  The  first  women's  board  was  composed  of  Rhoda  il. 
Coffin,  Adaline  Roache,  and  Eliza  C.  Hendricks;  and  the  knowledge  of 
male  skepticism  put  them  to  their  best  efforts.  They  had  their  reward 
when  Governor  James  D.  Williams  announced  to  them,  on  a  visit  to  the 
institution,  "This  is  the  best  managed  institution  in  the  State,  the  most 
economical,  the  best  work  done,  and  the  reports  are  the  best  of  any  of 
the  State  institutions.  I,  this  morning,  signed  an  order  that  the  reports 
of  all  the  other  State  institutions  should  be  made  as  yours  are,  and  the 
books  kept  as  yours  are  kept."  The  women  have  maintained  a  high 
reputation  for  management  ever  since.  The  institution  has  had  one  or  two 
catastrophes,  but  so  have  the  others,  and  it  has  always  recovered  quickly 
and  in  good  shape.  In  1903  the  legislature  provided  for  a  separate  in- 
stitution for  girls  under  18  years  of  age,  and  in  July,  1907,  the  girls  were 
removed  to  the  present  Girls'  School  at  Clermont.  The  quarters  vacated 
by  them  were  appropriated  for  females  over  18,  convicted  of  misde- 
meanors, as  distinguished  from  felonies;  their  side  of  the  prison  being 
known  as  the  Correctional  side,  and  the  other  as  the  Penal  side.  The 
fame  of  this  institution  has  gone  abroad,  and  it  has  been  the  example 
for  similar  establishments  elsewhere.  Charles  Dudley  Warner  says  that 
when  Matthew  Arnold  came  to  New  York,  the  place  in  the  West  as  to 
which  he  expressed  greatest  curiosity  was  Indianapolis,  for  which  he  had 
no  reason  but  that  "the  name  had  always  fascinated  him;  "but  when 
Warner  came  to  Indianapolis' in  1886,  he  wrote:  "The  novel  institution, 
however,  that  I  saw  at  Indianapolis  is  a  reformatory  for  women  and 
girls,  controlled  entirely  by  women.  The  board  of  trustees  are  women, 
the  superintendent,  physician  and  keepers  are  women."32  He  might 
have  added  that  the  only  man  allowed  about  the  place  is  the  engineer, 
and  he  comes  near  being  "under  surveillance." 

It  is  a  long  step  from  the  penal  conditions  of  women  in  Indiana  from 
the  beginnings  of  the  State  to  the  present.  The  original  law  for  the 
State  Prison  made  no  distinction  as  to  sex  of  convicts,  but  no  women 
were  sent  there.  With  no  apparent  authority,  they  were  sent  to  the 
jails.  On  May  27,  1826,  a  thrifty  tax-payer  called  attention  in  the  Vin- 
cennes  Sun  that  the  jailor  charged  $2.1814  per  week  for  board  of  women 
in  the  jail,  and  credited  the  county  only  75  cents ;  and  asked,  ' '  Why  not 
have  separate  apartments  for  women  in  the  penitentiary,  and  set  them  at 
hard  labor  there?"  By  act  of  February  10,  1831,  it  was  provided  that 
in  case  of  conviction  of  a  female  for  a  prison  offense,  ' '  it  shall  and  may 
be  lawful  for  such  female,  in  lieu  of  such  imprisonment  in  the  State 


32  Studies  in  the  South  and  West,  pp.  245-6. 


1018  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Prison,  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  jail  of  the  proper  county,  at  hard  labour, 
under  the  direction  of  the  jailer."  The  first  woman  recorded  at  the 
prison  was  Martha  Zugg,  who  was  imprisoned  in  1840  for  manslaughter. 
In  1846,  she  was  followed  by  a  widow  named  Rebecca  M.  Phillips,  who 
was  convicted  of  forgery,  and  always  claimed  that  she  was  innocent. 
There  were  never  more  than  two  women  in  the  prison  until  1857,  when 
the  number  increased  to  six,  and  Chaplain  Runcie  called  for  a  matron. 
The  first  step  of  improvement  was  in  1867,  when  it  was  provided  by 
law  that  women  convicts  might  to  sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  a  Home 
for  Friendless  Women,  that  had  been  established  by  "any  city  or  private 
corporators."  This  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indianapolis  and  Rich- 
mond institutions  of  that  name,  and  lasted  only  for  the  two  years  until 
the  Women's  Prison  was  established. 

After  1869,  there  was  a  lull  in  penal  and  charitable  legislation  until 
1883,  when  the  increasing  numbers  of  the  insane  called  for  action.  The 
leader  in  the  work  of  securing  legislation  was  Dr.  Joseph  Goodwin 
Rogers.  He  was  born  at  Madison,  November  23,  1841.  His  father. 
Joseph  H.  D.  Rogers,  was  a  relative  of  George  Rogers  Clark,  and  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  the  State — a  man  of  giant  stature,  and 
of  high  professional  standing.  The  son  was  never  strong,  and  from  the 
age  of  12  to  18  was  confined  to  his  bed  by  a  disease  of  the  spine,  during 
which  time  he  became  a  great  reader,  and  this,  coupled  with  an  active 
mind,  made  him  notable  for  his  extensive  and  varied  information  and 
resourcefulness.  He  graduated  in  medicine  at  Bellevue  in  1864,  and 
served  as  an  army  surgeon  to  the  close  of  the  war;  after  which  he  spent 
two  years  in  Europe,  attending  clinics  and  visiting  hospitals.  He  then 
took  up  the  practice  of  medicine,  with  some  side  lines.  He  made  the 
first  quantitative  analysis  of  Orange  County  mineral  waters,  and  gave 
the  name  to  Pluto's  Well.  In  1874  he  read  a  paper  before  a  meeting  of 
railroad  men  on  Steam  Boiler  Incrustation,  proposing  its  removal  and 
prevention  by  the  use  of  tannate  of  soda.  He  later  invented  a  water 
purifier  at  Longcliff  that  obviated  the  use  of  tannate.  In  1876  he  was 
induced  to  take  an  appointment  as  assistant  superintendent  of  the  Cen- 
tral Hospital,  and  in  1879  was  made  superintendent.  The  institution 
was  terribly  overcrowded,  and  could  not  meet  the  demands  of  the  State, 
although  it  had  been  much  enlarged  since  its  original  construction.  By 
a  well-organized  campaign  he  secured  the  law  of  1883  for  three  addi- 
tional Insane  Hospitals.  He  was  appointed  Medical  Engineer  by  the 
commission  appointed  to  locate  and  construct  them,  and  practically 
planned  them  and  superintended  their  construction.  They  represented 
the  three  most  advanced  theories  of  building  for  such  institutions,  that 
at  Logansport,  known  as  "Longcliff,"  on  the  block  or  pavilion  plan; 


cc 


&•     05 

5'   ° 


3 

5 


o 

B 


O 

a 


hg 
O 


If 


o 


•O  » 

s  g. 

&§•• 

2s 
OQ 


o 

2 

N- 
i»- 


' 


1018 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Prison,  to  he  imprisoned  in  the  jail  of  the  proper  county,  at  hard  labour, 
under  the  direction  of  the  jailer."  The  first  woman  recorded  at  the 
prison  was  Martha  Zugg,  who  was  imprisoned  in  1840  for  manslaughter. 
In  1846,  she  was  followed  by  a  widow  named  Rebecca  M.  Phillips,  who 
was  convicted  of  forgery,  and  always  claimed  that  she  was  innocent. 
There  were  never  more  than  two  women  in  the  prison  until  1857,  when 
the  number  increased  to  six,  and  Chaplain  Runcie  called  for  a  matron. 
The  first  step  of  improvement  was  in  1867,  when  it  was  provided  by 
law  that  women  convicts  might  to  sentenced  to  imprisonment  in  a  Home 
for  Friendless  Women,  that  had  been  established  by  "any  city  or  private 
corporators."  This  was  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indianapolis  and  Rich- 
mond institutions  of  that  name,  and  lasted  only  for  the  two  years  until 
the  Women's  Prison  was  established. 

After  1869,  there  was  a  lull  in  penal  and  charitable  legislation  until 
1883,  when  the  increasing  numbers  of  the  insane  called  for  action.  Tin- 
leader  in  the  work  of  securing  legislation  was  Dr.  Joseph  Goodwin 
Rogers.  He  was  born  at  Madison,  November  23,  1841.  His  father. 
Joseph  H.  I).  Rogers,  was  a  relative  of  George  Rogers  Clark,  and  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  the  State — a  man  of  giant  stature,  and 
of  high  professional  standing.  The  son  was  never  strong,  and  from  the 
age  of  12  to  18  was  confined  to  his  bed  by  a  disease  of  the  spine,  during 
which  time  he  became  a  great  reader,  and  this,  coupled  with  an  active 
mind,  made  him  notable  for  his  extensive  and  varied  information  and 
resourcefulness.  He  graduated  in  medicine,  at  Bellevue  in  1864.  and 
served  as  an  army  surgeon  to  the  close  of  the  war;  after  which  he  spent 
two  years  in  Europe,  attending  clinics  and  visiting  hospitals.  He  then 
took  up  the  practice  of  medicine,  with  some  side  lines.  He  made  tin- 
first  quantitative  analysis  of  Orange  County  mineral  waters,  and  gave 
the  name  to  Pluto's  Well.  In  1874  he  read  a  paper  before  a  meeting  of 
railroad  men  on  Steam  Boiler  Incrustation,  proposing  its  removal  and 
prevention  by  the  use  of  tannate  of  soda.  He  later  invented  a  water 
purifier  at  Longcliff  that  obviated  the  use  of  tannate.  In  1876  he  was 
induced  to  take  an  appointment  as  assistant  superintendent  of  the  Cen- 
tral Hospital,  and  in  1879  was  made  superintendent.  The  institution 
was  terribly  overcrowded,  and  could  not  meet  the  demands  of  the  State, 
although  it  had  been  much  enlarged  since  its  original  construction.  By 
a  well -organized  campaign  he  secured  the  law  of  1883  for  three  addi- 
tional Insane  Hospitals.  He  was  appointed  Medical  Engineer  by  the 
commission  appointed  to  locate  and  construct  them,  and  practically 
planned  them  and  superintended  their  construction.  They  represented 
the  three  most  advanced  theories  of  building  for  such  institutions,  that 
at  Logansport,  known  as  "Longcliff."  on  the  block  or  pavilion  plan: 


• 


. 


-'     o 
75     r 

3 
3 


a 


o 


£   — 
?  ? 


1020  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

that  at  Richmond,  known  as  "Easthaven,"  on  the  cottage  plan;  and 
that  at  Evansville,  known  as  "Woodmere, "  on. the  radiate  plan.  The 
first  opened  for  patients  on  July  1,  1888;  the  second  on  August  4, 
1890,  (after  housing  the  feeble-minded  from  Knightstown  from 
1887)  ;  and  the  third  on  October  30,  1890.  By  1905  the  capacity  of  all 
these  was  outgrown  and  the  Southeastern  Hospital,  at  Madison,  was 
added.  It  is  on  the  cottage  plan,  and  was  opened  on  August  23,  1910. 
On  September  30,  1915,  there  were  in  all  5,305  patients  in  these  five 
hospitals,  which  is  slightly  in  excess  of  their  estimated  capacity.  At  the 
same  time  there  was  470  in  county  poor-houses,  including  230  in  the 
Marion  County  Asylum  for  the  Incurable  Insane,  at  Julietta,  which 
was  opened  in  June,  1900.  There  were  also  46  in  county  jails,  95  at 
home  or  with  friends,  and  377  out  on  furloughs  from  the  State  Hospi- 
tals, making  a  total  of  6,293  known  insane  in  the  State. 

In  1889  there  came  Indiana's  greatest  step  of  progress  in  charitable 
and  correctional  legislation,  and  here  again  one  man  was  easily  the  cen- 
tral figure  in  the  reform.  This  was  Oscar  C.  McCulloch,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  born  at  Fremont,  July  2,  1843.  His  father  was  a  druggist,  and  he 
learned  that  profession  from  him.  When  grown  he  became  a  salesman 
for  a  Chicago  wholesale  drug  house,  but  in  1867  entered  Chicago  Theo- 
logical Seminary  to  fit  himself  for  the  ministry.  His  first  pastorate  was 
at  Cheboygan,  Michigan,  and  after  seven  years  at  that  place,  he  was 
called  to  Plymouth  Church,  Indianapolis,  in  July,  1877.  He  believed  in 
the  religion  of  good  works,  and  while  he  conducted  his  church  on  an  up- 
to-date  plan  that  shocked  some  of  the  old  time  religionists,  -he  built  it  up, 
gained  the  respect  and  good  will  of  everybody.  On  Thanksgiving  even- 
ing, 1878,  he  attended  the  meeting  of  the  Indianapolis  Benevolent  So- 
ciety, an  organization  that  had  existed  for  forty-three  years,  and  had 
been  a  source  of  pride  and  general  interest  in  former  years.  He  found 
six  discouraged  persons  in  attendance,  who  proposed  to  disband.  He 
talked  them  into  life,  and  they  elected  him  President,  in  which  position 
he  was  continued  until  his  death,  on  December  10,  1891.  Things  began  to 
move.  On  January  20,  1879,  a  record  of  visits  and  investigations  was 
opened ;  in  April  an  employment  agency  was  started ;  in  December  the 
work  was  reorganized  as  The  Charity  Organization  Society;  in  1880  the 
Friendly  Inn  and  woodyard  was  opened;  in  1881  reform  of  abuses  in 
the  county  poor-house  was  secured,  and  the  Children's  Aid  Society, 
from  which  developed  the  free  kindergartens,  was  organized;  1882  wit- 
nessed the  first  steps  for  the  Flower  Mission  Training  School  for  Nurses ; 
in  1883  came  the  establishment  of  the  County  Workhouse;  and  in  1885 
the  establishment  of  the  Dime  Savings  and  Loan  Association. 

In  1888  Mr.  McCulloch  prepared  two  bills  of  vital  importance,  and 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1021 

prepared  to  get  them  enacted,  which  was  a  more  serious  consideration. 
He  had  luckily  fallen  upon  the  psychological  moment.  As  has  been 
mentioned,  the  legislature  of  1889  made  a  brilliant  record  for  reform, 
and  every  step  in  that  direction  was  a  stimulant  and  an  argument  for 
other  reforms.  The  organization  of  Friends,  which  has  been  mentioned, 
was  with  him,  and  was  especially  well  represented  by  Timothy  Nichol- 
son, who  had  worked  actively  with  their  Committee  since  its  formation 
in  1867.  There  were  other  active  supporters,  both  in  and  out  of  the  leg- 
islature, but  practically  his  most  valuable  ally  was  Samuel  E.  Morss, 
editor  of  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  for  the  legislature  was  Democratic, 
and  some  of  the  features  of  the  measures  trenched  upon  the  ancient 
doctrines  of  personal  liberty  and  local  self-government.  The  first  bill, 
for  a  board  of  Children's  Guardians,  involved  taking  a  child  away  from 
its  parents,  if  the  court  found  that  their  custody  was  not  for  its  welfare ; 
and  it  is  probable  that  it  could  not  have  been  passed  but  for  its  local 
nature,  being  restricted  to  Center  Township,  Marion  County,  or  prac- 
tically to  Indianapolis — the  country  members  could  readily  see  the  vice 
possibilities  of  a  large  city.  Its  beneficial  effects  were  so  obvious  that  it 
was  extended  to  all  of  Marion  County  in  1891 ;  to  Allen,  Vigo  and  Van- 
derburgh  (Fort  Wayne,  Terre  Haute  and  Evansville)  in  1893;  and  in 
1901  to  every  county  in  the  State.  The  essential  feature  of  the  second, 
and  more  important  bill,  was  that  it  created  a  Board  of  State  Charities 
that  was  practically  a  perpetual  investigating  committee — a  body  that 
could  sweep  down  on  any  charitable  or  correctional  institution  in  the 
State,  without  notice  and  opportunity  to  cover  up,  could  examine  wit- 
nesses under  oath,  and  compel  the  production  of  papers  and  persons. 
Every  official  of  such  institutions,  whose  conscience  was  not  clear,  saw 
the  danger  of  such  a  system  to  him ;  and  it  was  not  difficult  to  put  oppo- 
sition to  the  bill  on  other  grounds,  and  most  of  them  had  personal  and 
political  friends  in  the  legislature.  It  was.  a  fight,  but  a  victorious  one. 
The  proposition  was  not  novel  in  Indiana.  It  had  been  made  in  1881, 
when  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  was  under  legislative  investigation, 
and  there  was  complaint  by  all  of  the  newspapers  that  something  was 
wrong.  It  was  a  reform  year,  with  prohibition  and  women's  rights  in 
the  foreground,  the  News  advocating  the  revival  of  the  whipping-post, 
the  Journal  indorsing  Representative  Kenner's  bill  for  State  examiners 
of  public  accounts — a  prophecy  of  our  present  system — and  various 
other  reform  measures,  not  included  in  the  constitutional  amendments 
of  that  year.  On  February  24,  the  Sentinel  discussing  the  system  of 
penal  and  charitable  institutions  in  force  in  Indiana,  said:  "In  States 
where  such  institutions  are  very  numerous  it  may  perhaps  be  desirable 
that  a  body  be  established  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  carefully  and  justly 


1022  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


investigate  arid  correlate  these  results  of  immediate  management,  and 
lay  before  the  people  the  condensed  report  of  the  same  in  such  form  as 
may  be  comprehensible  to  all  interested,  to  the  end  that  hidden  harm 
may  not  befall  the  Commonwealth  in  their  benevolent  and  penal  rela- 
tions. In  short,  a  permanent  Investigating  Committee.  Such  bodies,  in 
order  to  be  efficient,  should  have  no  directory  powers  whatever.  Sug- 
gestions from  them  would  be  eminently  proper,  but  should  be  made  with 
care  and  limited  in  effect,  and  they  should  be  confined  to  generalities  and 
abstract  principles.  In  the  nature  of  things  they  can  not  know  the  needs 
and  conditions  of  each  individual  institution  as  well  as  the  direct  Board 
of  Trustees,  and  therefore  should  be  very  careful  to  avoid  disturbing 
operations  and  captious  interference  in  details.  *  *  *  And  now  the 
question  of  establishing  a  State  Board  of  Charities  for  Indiana  is  being 
agitated.  Two  able  statesmen,  both  Governors,  have  within  a  week  rec- 
ommended it  to  be  done.  Many  good  and  true  men  and  women  devoted 
to  the  cause  of  benevolence  think  it  should  be  done.  If  it  must  be  done, 
let  it  be  done  well,  but  not  too  much  done."  The  general  tone  of  this 
article  was  against  the  proposal.  It  objected  to  ' '  the  plan  of  supervising 
the  Supervisors,  watching  the  watchers,  of  not  trusting  the  Trustees," 
and  said  that  so  far  as  tried  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Ohio,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Illinois,  it  had  been  "expensive"  and  "not  satisfactory."  It 
proposed  that  the  Governor  be  authorized  to  have  investigations  made 
whenever  he  thought  proper,  as  a  substitute.  None  of  the  papers  advo- 
cated the  measure.  The  Journal  said  that  the  labor  of  the  blind  and 
the  deaf  and  dumb  was  being  "farmed  out,"  and  that  it  should  be 
stopped.  The  News  advocated  the  abolition  of  the  central  board  of  con- 
trol which  then  existed,  and  complete  control  of  each  institution  by  a 
separate  board.  38  And  so  the  movement  at  that  time  vanished  in  thin 
air. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  Board  of  State  Charities,  Indiana  en- 
tered on  a  new  epoch.  In  addition  to  the  Governor  ex  officio,  the  first 
board  consisted  of  John  B.  Elder,  Timothy  Nicholson,  Oscar  C.  McCul- 
loch,  Mrs.  C.  W.  Fairbanks,  Mrs.  Margaret  F.  Peelle,  and  S.  A.  Fletcher. 
It  was  a  strong  board,  with  McCulloch  unquestionably  the  strongest, 
and  a  good  second  in  Timothy  Nicholson,  who  was  continued  a  member 
by  various  governors  until  his  voluntary  retirement  in  1908.  Timothy 
Nicholson  was  born  in  Perquimans  County,  North  Carolina,  November 
2,  1828,  his  parents  and  grandparents  being  prominent  Friends  of  that 
State.  He  was  educated  at  Belvidere  Academy  and  the  Friends  School 
at  Providence,  R.  I. ;  served  for  six  years  as  Principal  of  Belvidere ;  four 


33  News,  Feb.  16;  Journal,  Feb.  17,  1881. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1023 


years  at  the  head  of  the  preparatory  department,  and  two  years  as  Gen- 
eral Superintendent  of  Hartford  College;  and  then,  in  1861,  came  to 
Richmond,  Indiana,  at  which  point  he  engaged  with  his  brother  John 
in  the  book  and  stationery  business,  and  a  book-bindery,  later  buying  his 
brother's  interest.  This  is  the  oldest  bookstore  in  Indiana  under  one 
ownership  and  management.  He  was  active  in  church  work  and  all  sorts 


ALEXANDER  JOHNSON 


of  social  and  public  beneficial  movements.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  man 
in  Indiana  ever  served  on  so  many  committees  and  boards  for  religious, 
charitable,  Sunday  school,  library,  school,  and  allied  affairs  as  he  has. 
And  it  is  equally  safe  to  say  that  no  man  ever  did  more  conscientious 
work  in  these  quasi-public  positions  than  he. 

Of  necessity,  the  success  of  a  board  of  this  character  depends  largely 
on  its  executive  officer,  who,  on  this  board,  is  the  secretary.  It  was  for- 
tunate at  the  start  to  secure  the  services  of  Alexander  Johnson,  an 


1022 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


investigate  and  con-elate  these  results  of  immediate  management,  am 
lay  before  the  people  the  condensed  report  of  the  same  in  such  form  as 
may  be  comprehensible  to  all  interested,  to  the  end  that  hidden  harm 
may  not  befall  the  Commonwealth  in  their  benevolent  and  penal  rela- 
tions. In  short,  a  permanent  Investigating  Committee.  Such  bodies,  in 
order  to  be  efficient,  should  have  no  directory  powers  whatever.  Sug- 
gestions from  them  would  be  eminently  proper,  but  should  be  made  with 
care  and  limited  in  effect,  and  they  should  be  confined  to  generalities  and 
abstract  principles.  In  the  nature  of  things  they  can  not  know  the  needs 
and  conditions  of  each  individual  institution  as  well  as  the  direct  Board 
of  Trustees,  and  therefore  should  be  very  careful  to  avoid  disturbing 
operations  and  captious  interference  in  details.  *  *  *  And  now  the 
question  of  establishing  a  State  Board  of  Charities  for  Indiana  is  being 
agitated.  Two  able  statesmen,  both  Governors,  have  within  a  week  rec- 
ommended it  to  be  done.  Many  good  and  true  men  and  women  devoted 
to  the  cause  of  benevolence  think  it  should  be  done.  If  it  must  be  done, 
let  it  be  done  well,  but  not  too  much  done."  The  general  tone  of  this 
article  was  against  the  proposal.  It  objected  to  "the  plan  of  supervising 
the  Supervisors,  watching  the  watchers,  of  not  trusting  the  Trustees," 
and  said  that  so  far  as  tried  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Ohio,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Illinois,  it  had  been  "expensive"  and  "not  satisfactory."  It 
proposed  that  the  Governor  be  authorized  to  have  investigations  made 
whenever  he  thought  proper,  as  a  substitute.  None  of  the  papers  advo- 
cated the  measure.  The  Journal  said  that  the  labor  of  the  blind  and 
the  deaf  and  dumb  was  being  "farmed  out,"  and  that  it  should  be 
stopped.  The  News  advocated  the  abolition  of  the  central  board  of  con- 
trol which  then  existed,  and  complete  control  of  each  institution  by  a 
separate  board. :ta  And  so  the  movement  at  that  time  vanished  in  thin 
air. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  Board  of  State  Charities,  Indiana  en- 
tered on  a  new  epoch.  In  addition  to  the  Governor  ex  officio,  the  first 
board  consisted  of  John  R.  Elder,  Timothy  Nicholson,  Oscar  C.  McCul- 
loch,  Mrs.  C.  W.  Fairbanks,  Mrs.  Margaret  F.  Peelle,  and  S.  A.  Fletcher. 
It  was  a  strong  board,  with  McCulloch  unquestionably  the  strongest, 
and  a  good  second  in  Timothy  Nicholson,  who  was  continued  a  member 
by  various  governors  until  his  voluntary  retirement  in  1908.  Timothy 
Nicholson  was  born  in  Perquimans  County,  North  Carolina,  November 
2,  1828,  his  parents  and  grandparents  being  prominent  Friends  of  that 
State.  He  was  educated  at  Belvidere  Academy  and  the  Friends  School 
at  Providence,  R.  I.;  served  for  six  years  as  Principal  of  Belvidere;  four 


3:1  News,  Fel>.  16;   Journal,  F?h.  17,  1881. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1023 


years  at  the  head  of  the  preparatory  department,  and  two  years' as  Gen- 
eral Superintendent  of  Hartford  College;  and  then,  in  1861,  came  to 
Richmond,  Indiana,  at  which  point  he  engaged  with  his  hrothcr  John 
in  the  book  and  stationery  business,  and  a  book-bindery,  later  buying  his 
brother's  interest.  This  is  the  oldest  bookstore  in  Indiana  under  one 
ownership  and  management.  He  was  active  in  church  work  and  all  sorts 


ALEXANDER  JOHNSON 

. 

of  social  and  public  beneficial  movements.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  man 
in  Indiana  ever  served  on  so  many  committees  and  boards  for  religious, 
charitable,  Sunday  school,  library,  school,  and  allied  affairs  as  he  has. 
And  it  is  equally  safe  to  say  that  no  man  ever  did  more  conscientious 
work  in  these  quasi-public  positions  than  he. 

Of  necessity,  the  success  of  a  board  of  this  character  depends  largely 
on  its  executive  officer,  who,  on  this  board,  is  the  secretary.  It  was  for- 
tunate at  the  start  to  secure  the  services  of  Alexander  Johnson,  an 


1024  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Englishman,  born  at  Ashton-undtr-Lyne,  Lancashire,  January  2,  1847. 
He  was  educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Owens  College-^-now  Victoria 
University — at  Manchester.  He  came  to  America  in  1869,  and  engaged 
in  the  clothing  business  until  1884,  when  he  went  into  charitable  work. 
He  was  General  Secretary  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Cincinnati  in 
1884-6,  and  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  Chicago  in  1886-9. 
He  was  Secretary  of  the  Indiana  Board  until  1893,  when  he  was  made 
Superintendent  of  the  Indiana  School  for  Feeble  Minded  Youth,  and 
continued  there  for  ten  years.  From  1904  to  1913  he  was  General  Sec- 
retary of  the  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction;  1913-5 
Director  of  the  Extension  Department  of  the  Training  School  at  Vine- 
land,  N.  J.,  then  Field  Secretary  of  the  National  Commission  on  Pro- 
vision for  the  Feeble  Minded.  The  Indiana  Board  has  had  but  three 
secretaries,  and  was  as  fortunate  in  the  other  two,  both  of  whom  are 
natives  of  Indiana,  as  in  the  first.  Ernest  Percy  Bicknell,  who  succeeded 
Johnson,  remained  until  1898.  He  was  born  near  Vincennes,  February 
23,  1862,  and  graduated  at  Indiana  University  in  1887,  after  which  he 
engaged  in  newspaper  work  until  1893.  He  went  from  Indianapolis  to 
Chicago  as  General  Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Charities,  serv- 
ing there  until  October  1,  1908,  when  he  became  National  Director  of 
the  American  Red  Cross — now  Col.  Bicknell,  Commissioner  for  Belgium 
for  American  Red  Cross.  Amos  W.  Butler,  the  third  secretary,  was 
born  at  Brookville,  October  1,  1860,  and  is  also  a  graduate  of  Indiana 
University.  A  sketch  of  his  life  will  be  found  elsewhere.  He  was  well- 
known  as  a  scientist  before  taking  up  this  work,  but  in  it  he  has  shown  a 
rare  combination  of  wisdom,  prudence  and  tact  which  demonstrates  that, 
like  Mr.  Riley's  sphinx,  "He  was  just  cut  out  for  that."  Under  him 
has  occurred  the  broad  development  of  the  work  of  the  Board  itself. 

From  the  first,  the  attitude  of  the  Board  to  officials  was  sympathetic 
and  helpful,  until  all  right-minded  officials  realized  that  it  was  their 
friend,  and  not  an  enemy.  Its  work  has  been  largely  educational,  dem- 
onstrating the  advantage  of  better  methods,  and  securing  legislative 
relief  for  errors  in  system.  It  has  so  completely  gained  the  confidence 
of  the  public  that  there  is  not  a  session  of  the  legislature  that  does  not 
adopt  a  dozen  reform  bills  in  which  it  is  more  or  less  interested;  and 
rare  indeed  that  one  adopts  anything  bearing  on  charities  and  correction 
against  its  advice.  Under  its  guidance  Indiana  has  steadily  advanced 
in  scientific  and  rational  admmistration  of  these  functions  of  govern- 
ment— still  far  from  perfection,  but  "striving  to  beat  her  music  out." 
Among  lines  of  advance  especially  noteworthy,  are  outdoor  poor  relief, 
care  of  dependent  children,  study  of  mental  defectives,  and  the  inde- 
terminate sentence  and  parole  systems.  Among  the  later  State  advances 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1025 

are  the  Village  for  Epileptics,  near  Newcastle,  established  by  act  of 
March  6,  1905,  and  occupied  two  years  later;  the  Hospital  for  Treat- 
ment of  Tuberculosis,  near  Rockville,  established  by  act  of  March  8, 
1907,  and  opened  April  1,  1911 ;  and  the  Indiana  State  Farm,  estab- 
lished in  1913,  and  opened  April  12,  1915.  This  last  is  a  peculiarly  in- 
teresting institution  in  its  theory  of  keeping  prisoners  without  confine- 
ment or  guards,  and  engaging  them  in  open  air  employment.  The  pris- 
oners are  men  subject  to  workhouse  or  jail  imprisonment.  On  arriving 
at  the  institution — "a  prison  without  walls  or  bars" — the  prisoner  is 


INDIANA  TUBERCULOSIS  HOSPITAL,  ROCKVILLE 

instructed  in  detail  as  to  what  is  expected  in  his  own  conduct,  and  re- 
ceives a  full  explanation  of  the  theories  that  are  being  worked  out.  Most 
of  them  are  then  put  on  honor  to  perform  the  work  assigned  to  them, 
without  attempting  to  escape.  These  have  no  conditions  of  restraint, 
except  the  knowledge  that  there  are  at  various  points  watchers — usually 
prisoners — whose  duty  it  is  to  warn  the  officers  if  a  prisoner  attempts 
to  leave  the  farm.  In  a  recent  interview,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Talkington, 
the  Superintendent  of  the  Farm,  said: 

' '  We'  do  not  say  our  plan  is  perfect,  nor  do  we  make  any  great  claims 
about  our  ability  to  reform  a  man  during  the  short  time  he  is  here. 
But  we  do  say  this  is  the  best  manner  yet  devised  for  handling  them. 
We  take  a  man  from  the  gutter,  and  at  least  make  it  possible  for  him  to 
improve.  We  give  him  health,  and  direction  enough  to  get  him  into 
some  employment  at  which  he  can  earn  his  living.  Although  we  refuse 
to  put  forth  any  claims  about  how  much  good  we  do  for  the  man,  we  at 


1024 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Englishman,  born  at  Ashton-undc  r-Lyne,  Lancashire,  January  2,  1847. 
He  was  educated  in  private  schools  and  at  Owens  College — now  Victoria 
University — at  Manchester.  He  came  to  America  in  1869,  and  engaged 
in  the  clothing  business  until  1884,  when  he  went  into  charitable  work. 
He  was  General  Secretary  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Cincinnati  in 
1884-6.  and  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society  of  Chicago  in  1886-9. 
He  was  Secretary  of  the  Indiana  Board  until  1893,  when  he  was  made 
Superintendent  of  the  Indiana  School  for  Feeble  Minded  Youth,  and 
continued  there  for  ten  years.  From  1904  to  1913  he  was  General  Sec- 
retary of  the  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction;  1913-5 
Director  of  the  Extension  Department  of  the  Training  School  at  Vine- 
land,  N  J.,  then  Field  Secretary  of  the  National  Commission  on  Pro- 
vision for  the  Feeble  Minded.  The  Indiana  Board  has  had  but  three 
secretaries,  and  was  as  fortunate  in  the  other  two,  both  of  whom  are 
natives  of  Indiana,  as  in  the  first.  Ernest  Percy  Bicknell,  who  succeeded 
Johnson,  remained  until  1898.  He  was  born  near  Vincennes,  February 
23,  1862,  and  graduated  at  Indiana  University  in  1887,  after  which  he 
engaged  in  newspaper  work  until  1893.  He  went  from  Indianapolis  to 
Chicago  as  General  Secretary  of  the  Chicago  Bureau  of  Charities,  serv- 
ing there  until  October  1,  1908,  when  he  became  National  Director  of 
the  American  Red  Cross — now  Col.  Bicknell,  Commissioner  for  Belgium 
for  American  Red  Cross.  Amos  W.  Butler,  the  third  secretary,  was 
born  at  Brookville,  October  1,  1860,  and  is  also  a  graduate  of  Indiana 
University.  A  sketch  of  his  life  will  be  found  elsewhere.  He  was  well- 
known  as  a  scientist  before  taking  up  this  work,  but  in  it  he  has  shown  a 
rare  combination  of  wisdom,  prudence  and  tact  which  demonstrates  that, 
like  Mr.  Riley's  sphinx,  "He  was  just  cut  out  for  that."  Under  him 
has  occurred  the  broad  development  of  the  work  of  the  Board  itself. 

From  the  first,  the  attitude  of  the  Board  to  officials  was  sympathetic 
and  helpful,  until  all  right-minded  officials  realized  that  it  was  their 
friend,  and  not  an  enemy.  Its  work  has  been  largely  educational,  dem- 
onstrating the  advantage  of  better  methods,  and  securing  legislative 
relief  for  errors  in  system.  It  has  so  completely  gained  the  confidence 
of  the  public  that  there  is  not  a  session  of  the  legislature  that  does  not 
adopt  a  dozen  reform  bills  in  which  it  is  more  or  less  interested ;  ami 
rare  indeed  that  one  adopts  an}'thing  bearing  on  charities  and  correction 
against  its  advice.  Under  its  guidance  Indiana  has  steadily  advanced 
in  scientific  and  rational  administration  of  these  functions  of  govern- 
ment— still  far  from  perfection,  but  "striving  to  beat  her  music  out." 
Among  lines  of  advance  especially  noteworthy,  are  outdoor  poor  relief, 
care  of  dependent  children,  study  of  mental  defectives,  and  the  inde- 
terminate sentence  and  parole  systems.  Among  the  later  State  advances 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1025 


are  the  Village  for  Epileptics,  near  Newcastle,  established  by  act  of 
March  6,  1905,  and  occupied  two  years  later;  the  Hospital  for  Treat- 
ment of  Tuberculosis,  near  Rockville,  established  by  act  of  March  8, 
1907.  and  opened  April  1,  1911 ;  and  the  Indiana  State  Farm,  estab- 
lished in  1913,  and  opened  April  12,  1915.  This  last  is  a  peculiarly  in- 
teresting institution  in  its  theory  of  keeping  prisoners  without  confine- 
ment or  guards,  and  engaging  them  in  open  air  employment.  The  pris- 
oners are  men  subject  to  workhouse  or  jail  imprisonment.  On  arriving 
at  the  institution — "a  prison  without  walls  or  bars" — the  prisoner  is 


INDIANA  TUBERCULOSIS  HOSPITAL,  ROCKVILLE 

instructed  in  detail  as  to  what  is  expected  in  his  own  conduct,  and  re- 
ceives a  full  explanation  of  the  theories  that  are  being  worked  out.  Most 
of  them  are  then  put  on  honor  to  perform  the  work  assigned  to  them, 
without  attempting  to  escape.  These  have  no  conditions  of  restraint, 
except  the  knowledge  that  there  are  at  various  points  watchers — usually 
prisoners — whose  duty  it  is  to  warn  the  officers  if  a  prisoner  attempts 
to  leave  the  farm.  In  a  recent  interview,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Talkington, 
the  Superintendent  of  the  Farm,  said : 

"We  do  not  say  our  plan  is  perfect,  nor  do  we  make  any  great  claims 
about  our  ability  to  reform  a  man  during  the  short  time  he  is  here. 
But  we  do  say  this  is  the  best  manner  yet  devised  for  handling  them. 
We  take  a  man  from  the  gutter,  and  at  least  make  it  possible  for  him  to 
improve.  We  give  him  health,  and  direction  enough  to  get  him  into 
some  employment  at  which  he  can  earn  his  living.  Although  we  refuse 
to  put  forth  any  claims  about  how  much  good  we  do  for  the  man,  we  at 


1026  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

least  know  that  we  do  not  injure  him.  And  that  is  more  than  can  be 
said  for  any  jail  or  prison.  We  aren't  running  any  school  for  crime 
here.  We  do  know  that.  We  also  know  that  we  can  make  this  institu- 
tion self-supporting  and  a  means  of  revenue  for  the  State.  What  more 
can  you  ask  ?  The  wide-open  policy  of  freedom,  I  believe,  has  been  car- 
ried to  the  extreme  here.  Although  the  great  majority  of  men  can  be 
handled  and  trusted  in  absolute  freedom,  there  are,  in  a  population  of 
700  men,  some  who  can  never  be  given  liberty.  There  is  need  for  not 
more  than  50  cells.  Any  farm  colony  ought  to  have  them  even  if  the 
cells  are  never  used.  Even  so,  we  are  getting  along  very  nicely  without 
them,  and  it  shows  to  what  great  extent  this  policy  can  be  carried  suc- 
cessfully. We  never  had  even  punishment  cells  until  a  few  days  ago 
when  four  were  completed.  We  aren  't  going  to  have  to  use  them  much, 
either.  Confinement  on  bread  and  water  is  the  only  form  of  punish- 
ment permitted  in  this  colony — no  flogging,  no  dungeons,  no  ball  and 
chain,  no  stripes.  We  have  prisoners  living  down  on  the  lower  end  of 
the  farm  working  under  a  prisoner-foreman.  We  see  them  only  when 
we  are  making  the  weekly  round  of  inspection." 

Perhaps  the  greatest  reproach  to  Indiana  is  that  there  are  still  a 
few  of  her  incurable  insane  confined  in  jails,  although  the  worst  pos 
sible  treatment  for  them  is  confinement  without  occupation.  It  is  a 
wonder  that  some  admirer  of  Shakespeare  has  not  claimed  that  he  under- 
stood the  needs  of  the  deranged,  and  foresaw  the  remedy,  when  he  made 
Macbeth  say: 

"Canst  thou  not  minister  to  a  mind  diseased, 
Pluck  from  the  memory  a  rooted  sorrow, 
Raze  out  the  written  troubles  of  the  brain 
And  with  some  sweet  oblivious  antidote 
Cleanse  the  stuff 'd  bosom  of  that  perilous  stuff 
Which  weighs  upon  the  heart?" 

Derangement  is  usually,  essentially,  monomania  of  some  kind,  and  if 
the  mind  of  the  patient  can  be  diverted  from  this  subject  and  fixed  on 
something  else,  he  is  at  least  cheerful  and  contented  if  not  advanced 
toward  sanity.  The  results  attained  in  this  line  at  Michigan  City,  in 
the  Hospital  for  Insane  Criminals,  are  most  extraordinary.  In  fact  the 
interest  of  some  of  the  patients  in  their  work  seems  to  indicate  that  their 
mania  has  simply  shifted  to  new  channels.  Such  a  result  may  suggest 
a  means  of  improvement  of  the  race,  for  if,  by  some  form  of  inocula- 
tion, we  could  all  be  made  monomaniacs  in  the  line  of  beneficial  labor, 
the  world  would  be  materially  bettered. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 
TEMPERANCE 

The  temperance  sentiment  of  Indiana  is  the  result  of  long  and  bitter 
experience.  There  is  nothing  theoretical  or  fanatical  about  it.  Our 
forefathers  had  no  prejudice  against  drink  or  drinking.  The  still  usually 
appeared  in  the  frontier  settlements  before  the  meeting-house,  or  even 
the  school-house.  Not  only  did  they  use  their  own  crude  alcohol  product, 
but  they  consumed  large  quantities  of  "tafia,"  a  powerful  rum  made 
of  the  rinsings  of  sugar  cane,  which  was  imported  from  New  Orleans 
and  the  West  Indies.  As  has  been  noted,  it  was  first  observed  that  the 
use  of  intoxicants  had  a  very  dangerous  effect  on  the  Indians,  and 
stringent  regulations  were  made  to  prevent  their  sale  to  the  red  man. 
It  was  found  in  the  case  of  Gen.  Clark,  and  others,  that  intoxicants 
were  ruinous  when  used  by  a  military  commander;  and  several  military 
expeditions  were  broken  up  on  this  account.  It  was  found  in  Wayne's 
training  of  his  army  of  the  Northwest  that  it  was  the  worst  evil  to  be 
met  in  the  case  of  private  soldiers;  and  the  discipline  of  his  army  was 
seriously  delayed  on  this  account.  But  still  the  great  mass  of  the  people 
did  not  seem  to  suspect  that  intoxicants  were  bad  for  them — bad  for 
just  plain,  common,  every-day  people.  It  is  not  easy  to  realize  now  how 
prevalent  drinking  was  at  that  time;  but  Rev.  T.  A.  Goodwin  gives  a 
fair  picture  of  it  in  the  following:  "Whisky  was  the  prevailing  drink. 
Whisky  raw  and  whisky  sweetened,  whisky  hot  and  whisky  cold,  and 
sometimes  whisky  watered,  and  often  whisky  medicated.  Roots  and 
herbs,  and  barks,  when  steeped  in  whisky,  had  wonderful  curative  prop- 
erties. Snake  bites  and  milk  sickness,  rheumatisms  and  agues,  alike, 
yielded  to  the  thousand  and  one  preparations  which  the  hardy  men  of 
fhose  days  knew  how  to  make  with  whisky;  and  a  birth  or  a  death,  a 
wedding  or  funeral,  a  log-rolling  or  shucking,  or  a  raising  or  a  quilting, 
was  incomplete  and  unsatisfactory  without  it.  Egg-nog  or  toddy,  or  both, 
was  much  more  certain  at  an  afternoon  visiting  party  of  women  than 
'store  tea'  was  for  supper;  and  well-to-do  Methodists,  and  Baptists,  and 
New  Lights,  and  other  good  people,  were  as  thoughtful  to  supply  it  for 
their  guests,  even  their  preachers,  as  were  other  people.  *  *  *  All 

1027 


1028  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

churches  tolerated  its  use,  and  many  a  good  pioneer  had  a  license  from 
the  state  to  keep  a  tavern,  meaning  a  license  to  sell  whisky,  and  at  the 
same  time  a  license  from  his  church  to  preach ;  and  they  were  preachers 
of  no  mean  repute,  either,  as  well  as  good  tavern  keepers. 

"The  Methodist  church  made  special  provision  in  her  discipline  for 
her  members,  requiring  them  to  keep  orderly  houses,  and  in  theory,  not 
permitting  her  local  preachers  to  retail  at  all.  But  like  her  inhibition 
of  slave-holding,  this  was  in  practice  a  dead  letter,  for  many  of  her  best, 
local  preachers  kept  tavern,  to  put  it  mildly,  and  many  of  them  liberally 
patronized  their  own  bars.  Many  of  the  early  preaching  places  for  all 
denominations  were  in  the  bar  rooms  of  these  taverns.  Good  men  bought 
und  sold  and  drank,  but  bad  men  also  engaged  in  the  business,  and  kept 
dens  of  dissipation;  hence  those  provisions  of  the  early  laws  which 
required  all  applicants  for  license  to  prove  that  they  were  of  good  be- 
havior, and,  later,  of  good  moral  character.  Every  store  that  kept  tea 
or  coffee  kept  whisky  by  the  quart,  and  as  there  was  then  no  law  against 
giving  it  away,  the  barrel,  or  bottle,  was  free  to  all  customers.  "Whisky 
was  cheap  then,  and  merchants  were  liberal.  It  is  no  wonder,  therefore, 
that  with  such  business  and  social  habits,  men  died  of  delirium  tremens 
in  large  numbers,  called  then,  brain  fever.  *  *  *  It  was  not  until 
about  1830  that  men  began  to  associate  together  for  the  purpose  of  check 
ing  the  tide  of  dissipation  which  was  sweeping  over  the  country." ' 

This  does  .not  mean  that  everybody  was  intemperate,  or  even  that 
everybody  drank.  There  was  a  "saving  remnant"  that  voiced  a  protest 
at  a  very  early  day.  Holliday  mentions  that  Rev.  William  Cravens,  one 
of  the  early  Indiana  preachers,  who  organized  the  first  Indianapolis 
Circuit,  hated  "the  sins  of  drunkenness  and  negro  slavery,"  and  preached 
against  them  in  Virginia  long  before  he  came  west;  and  that,  "he  sel- 
dom preached  a  sermon  without  making  all  who  made,  sold,  or  drank 
ardent  spirits  feel  uneasy."  -  Finley  tells  of  Rev.  James  Axley,  a  cele- 
brated Methodist  preacher  who  came  west  in  1804,  along  with  Peter 
Cartwright:  "He  was  proverbial  for  his  opposition  to  slavery  and 
whisky.  After  he  located  he  supported  his  family,  by  the  labor  of  his 
own  hands  as  a  farmer,  and  was  wont  to  testify,  on  all  proper  occasions, 
that  his  logs  were  rolled,  his  house  raised,  and  his  grain  cut  without 
whisky."  Axley  was  a  man  who  preached  straight  at  the  sins  of  his 
audience,  and  among  many  anecdotes  preserved  of  him  is  one  of  a  ser- 
mon he  preached,  in  a  district  of  East  Tennessee  that  was  famous  for 
its  peach-brandy,  from  the  text:  "Alexander  the  coppersmith  did  me 


i  Seventy-Six  Years '  Tussle  With  the  Traffic,  pp.  4-6. 
=  Life  of  Rev.  Allen  Wiley,  pp.  43,  46. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1029 

much  evil :  the  Lord  reward  him.  according  to  his  works. ' '  He  told  how 
Paul,  a  traveling  preacher,  had  gone  down  to  Ephesus,  and  organized  a 
church ;  and  had  left  Alexander  as  class-leader.  They  got  along  till  there 
was  a  big  peach  crop,  and  the  question  arose  how  to  dispose  of  them. 
Someone  suggested  that  they  make  them  into  brandy,  as  they  used  to 
do  before  Paul  had  them  destroy  their  stills ;  and  it  was  also  suggested 
that  Alexander,  and  his  partner,  Hymeneus,  would  make  new  ones,  to 
which  they  agreed.  Axley  went  on :  "  The  next  thing  heard  on  the  sub- 
ject was  a  hammering  in  the  class-leader's  shop;  and  soon  the  stills  in 
every  brother's  orchard  were  smoking,  and  the  liquid  poison  streaming. 
When  one  called  on  another  the  bottle  was  brought  out,  with  the  re- 
mark, 'I  want  you  to  taste  my  new  brandy;  I  think  it  is  pretty  good.' 
The  guest,  after  tasting  once,  was  urged  to  repeat,  when,  smacking  his 
lips,  he  would  reply,  'Well,  it's  tolerable;  but  I  wish  you  would  come 
over  and  taste  mine;  I  think  mine  is  a  little  better.'  So  they  tasted 
and  tasted  till  many  of  them  got  about  half  drunk,  and  I  don't  know 
but  three  quarters.  Then  the  very  devil  was  raised  among  them;  the 
society  was  all  in  an  uproar,  and  Paul  was  sent  for  to  come  and  settle 
the  difficulty.  At  first  it  was  difficult  to  find  sober,  disinterested  ones 
enough  to  try  the  guilty ;  but  finally  he  got  his  committee  formed ;  and 
the  first  one  he  brought  to  account  was  Alexander,  who  pleaded  not 
guilty.  He  declared  that  he  had  not  tasted,  bought,  sold,  or  distilled  a 
drop  of  brandy.  'But,'  said  Paul,  'you  made  the  stills,  otherwise  there 
could  have  been  no  liquor  made  and  if  no  liquor,  no  one  could  have 
been  intoxicated.'  So  they  expelled  him  first,  then  Hymeneus  next, 
and  went  on  for  complement,  till  the  society  was  relieved  of  all  still- 
makers,  distillers,  dram-sellers,  and  dram-drinkers,  and  peace  was  once 
more  restored.  Paul  says,  '  Holding  faith  and  a  good  conscience ;  which 
some  having  put  away,  concerning  faith  have  made  shipwreck ;  of  whom 
is  Hymeneus  and  Alexander;  whom  I  have  delivered  unto  Satan,  that 
they  may  learn  not  to  blaspheme, '  "  3  Holliday  also  mentions  James 
Garner,  a  local  preacher  who  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  Clark 
County,  saying:  "He  was  a  total  abstinence  man,  notwithstanding  the 
prevalent  custom  of  using  whisky  in  nearly  every  family. "  *  It  is  like- 
wise recorded  that  John  Strange  took  an  active  stand  for  temperance; 
and  he  is  even  said  to  have  organized  local  temperance  societies  at  a 
very  early  day.5 

The  first  certainly  known  approach  to  a  temperance  organization  in 
Indiana  was  in  1819,  when  James  P.  Burgess,  a  local  Methodist  preacher, 

s  Sketches  of  Western  Methodism,  pp.  237-40. 

<  Indiana  Methodism,  p.  89. 

*  Hist.  Ohio  Falls  Counties,  Vol.  2,  p.  342. 


• 
1030  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

living  south  of  Richmond,  in  Wayne  County,  wrote  a  temperance  pledge, 
and  after  signing  it  himself,  circulated  it  among  his  neighbors.  A  few 
signed,  but  others  objected  that  there  was  no  exception  made  for  harvest 
time,  and  many  saw  in  it  a  dangerous  surrender  of  their  personal  lib- 
erties. Yet  it  was  a  very  mild  pledge.  It  did  not  mention  beer,  because 
it  was  not  considered  intoxicating;  and  it  omitted  wine,  rum,  gin  and 
brandy,  with  all  foreign  liquors,  because  they  were  too  expensive  to  be 
dangerous;  and  the  only  abstinence  pledged  was  from  whisky,  of  which 
the  signer  agreed  to  limit  himself  to  one  dram,  in  the  morning.6 

This  was  in  line  with  the  temperance  work  that  had  been  going  on 
elsewhere  in  the  country,  for  it  was  all  as  yet  limited  to  advocating  tem- 
perance in  the  use  of  liquors.  The  Methodists  and  Quakers  had  "en- 
joined" this  as  early  as  1784;  and  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia, 
took  a  public  stand  against  intemperance  in  the  year  following;  and 
got  up  a  petition  of  physicians  to  Congress,  in  1790,  to  make  the  tax  on 
liquors  so  high  as  to  discourage  their  use.  He  did  some  very  earnest 
work  for  temperance  later. 

There  was  a  temperance  society  organized  at  Fort  Wayne,  in  1822, 
by  Isaac  McCoy,  that  was  probably  the  only  one  of  its  kind  that  ever 
existed.  McCoy  says:  "Laws  of  Congress  had  been  enacted  to  prevent 
the  introduction  of  ardent  spirits  into  the  Indian  country,  but  it  could 
not  be  perceived  that  the  Indians  drank  less  liquor  on  account  of  the 
enactment  of  these  laws;  they  were  seldom  executed.  By  law,  traders 
were  required,  as  they  still  are,  to  take  licenses  from  an  Indian  agent 
or  superintendent.  In  these  they  pledged  security,  in  a  given  amount, 
to  observe  the  laws  of  the  United  States  regulating  trade  and  intercourse 
with  the  Indian  tribes;  and  one  of  these  laws  positively  forbids  the  in- 
troduction of  ardent  spirit*  into  the  Indian  country ;  nevertheless,  trad- 
ers as  regularly  laid  in  ardent  spirits  as  a  part  of  their  annual  stock  to 
carry  to  their  store-houses,  as  they  did  blankets,  calicoes,  or  any  other 
article.  In  ten  years  we  spent  in  that  country,  we  knew  not  a  solitary 
exception  to  this  statement. 

"We  could  perceive  no  way  by  which  this  evil  could  be  checked,  but  by 
kindly  remonstrating  with  those  who  were  in  the  practice  of  furnishing 
the  Indians  liquor.  All  such  persons  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Wayne, 
excepting  one,  at  length  consented  to  discontinue  the  practice,  each  upon 
the  proviso  that  others  also  would  discontinue  it.  On  the  12th  of  June 
we  had  a  general  meeting  of  the  white  inhabitants  of  the  neighbourhood, 
and  formed  a  society,  the  object  of  which  was  the  suppression  of  this 
practice.  The  following  is  the  preamble  to  the  constitution : 


8  Holliday,  Indiana  Methodism,  p.  184. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1031 

"Whereas  the  sale  of  ardent  spirits  to  the  aborigines  of  our  country 
is  productive  of  the  most  baleful  effects ;  it  has  been  proven  to  be  the 
fruitful  source  of  poverty  and  wretchedness  among  them ;  it  destroys 
conjugal,  parental,  and  filial  affection ;  it  paralyzes  a  sense  of  honour, 
decency,  fidelity,  and  virtue ;  it  leads  to  ignorance,  superstition,  indolence 
and  crime;  occasions  the  most  horrid  and  barbarous  murders,  fosters 
the  wretchedness  of  savage  habits,  and  checks  the  progress  of  civilization 
among  them :  And  whereas  the  continuation  of  the  practice  of  furnishing 
them  with  liquor,  with  such  infallible  proofs  of  its  pernicious  conse- 
quences before  us,  would  not  only  be  a  violation  of  the  good  laws  of 
the  United  States,  but  also  of  humanity  and  of  every  feeling  of  the 
benevolent  heart,  without  even  increasing  the  profits  of  trade  among 
them:  Therefore,  we,  whose  names  are  subscribed  below,  do  agree  to 
unite  in  a  society,  &c. 

"The  society  resolved  to  solicit  the  cooperation  of  all  traders  in  the 
Indian  country,  and  of  others  on  the  frontiers  of  white  settlements ;  but 
the  success  of  the  society  was  not  equal  to  the  kindness  of  its  resolu- 
tions. The  individual  who  refused  to  come  into  those  measures  was  soon 
after  detected  in  selling  liquor  to  the  Indians,  with  proof  positive,  which 
made  him  liable  to  fines  for  three  offences.  The  cases  were  such  that  it 
was  necessary  for  them  to  be  decided  by  the  court,  meeting  in  the  village 
of  Winchester,  about  eighty  miles  from  Fort  Wayne.  The  matter  was, 
by  the  society,  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  proper  civil  officers,  and  there 
it  ended.  Finding  it  impracticable  to  induce  the  execution  of  laws  for- 
bidding the  sale  of  ardent  spirits  to  the  Indians,  the  society  was  not  a 
little  discouraged;  and  some  of  us  soon  after  removing  to  the  Carey 
mission,  a  hundred  miles  off,  matters  returned  to  run  in  their  former 
channels."  T 

But  the  first  trumpet  call  for  total  abstinence  came  in  1827,  from 
Jonathan  Kittredge,  one  of  the  ablest  jurists  of  the  country  who  first 
emphasized  the  fact  that  all  drunkards  are  developed  from  moderate 
drinkers — "have  become  drunkards  by  the  temperate,  moderate,  and 
habitual  use  of  ardent  spirits,  just  as  you  use  them  now.  Were  it  not 
for  this  use  of  ardent  spirits,  we  should  not  now  hear  of  drunken  sen- 
ators and  drunken  magistrates,  of  drunken  lawyers  and  drunken  doctors ; 
churches  would  not  now  be  mourning  over  drunken  ministers  and 
drunken  members;  parents  would  not  now  be  weeping  over  drunken 
children,  wives  over  drunken  husbands,  husbands  over  drunken  wives, 
and  angels  over  a  drunken  world."  In  November,  1827,  the  Massachu- 
setts Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Intemperance,  which  had  been  advo- 

Hist,  of  Baptist  Missions,  pp.  143-4. 

Vol.  11—80 


1032  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

eating  moderation  since  1813,  took  its  stand  for  total  abstinence;  and 
the  American  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Temperance,  which  had  been 
organized  at  Boston  on  February  13, 1826,  soon  did  the  same.  Kittredge's 
address  was  widely  circulated  by  the  American  Tract  Society;  and  the 
Temperance  societies  quickly  followed  it  with  other  temperance  litera- 
ture. 

Indiana  soon  took  up  the  movement.  On  October  3,  1828,  a  meeting 
was  held  at  the  old  Methodist  Meeting  House,  on  Maryland  Street,  be- 
tween Meridian  and  Illinois  streets,  with  Rev.  John  Strange  as  chair- 
man, and  James  M.  Ray  as  secretary;  and  the  Temperance  Society  of 
Marion  County  was  organized.  Its  stated  object  was  "to  discontinue 
the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  except  as  a  medicine,  both  by  precept  and 
example. ' '  Ebenezer  Sharpe  was  made  president ;  James  Givan  and 
Henry  Bradley,  vice  presidents ;  James  M.  Ray,  secretary ;  and  a  com 
mittee  of  correspondence  composed  of  Daniel  Yandes,  Caleb  Scudder, 
Isaac  N.  Phipps,  John  G.  Brown,  Charles  I.  Hand,  George  Bush,  John 
Wilkins,  George  Holloway,  William  Rector,  Isaac  Coe  and  John  Walton. 
It  was  arranged  that  a  public  meeting  should  be  held  on  the  first  Satur- 
day in  January,  at  which  addresses  should  be  made  by  "the  President, 
Ebenezer  Sharpe,  Esq.,  on  the  objects  of  the  Society,  the  encouragement, 
and  the  objections  against  it ;  Rev.  George  Bush,  on  the  moral  obligations 
requiring  exertion  in  the  cause;  Rev.  Edwin  Ray,  on  the  demoralizing 
effects  of  intemperance;  James  M.  Ray,  on  the  expense  of  the  manu- 
facture and  consumption  of  ardent  spirits. ' ' 8  Another  meeting  was 
held  on  December  20,  and  thereafter  the  Society  met  quarterly.  At 
its  meeting  on  November  23,  1829,  it  adopted  resolutions,  "that  entire 
abstinence  is  the  only  course  which  promises  success  in  suppressing  in- 
temperance;" "that  the  practice  of  selling  liquor  to  the  intemperate 
does  not  only  in  its  injurious  consequences  immediately  affect  the  pur- 
chaser, but  in  an  imminent  degree  the  morals  and  means  of  the  com- 
munity ; ' '  and  ' '  that  it  is  expedient  to  form  a  State  Temperance  Society, 
auxiliary  to  the  American  Temperance  Society. ' '  Among  the  new  names 
appearing  at  this  meeting  were  Rev.  Thos.  S.  Hitt,  Alfred  Harrison, 
Robert  A.  Taylor,  Douglass  Maguire,  Rev.  Joseph  Merrill,  Robert  Bren- 
ton  and  Joseph  Catterlin. 

The  proposed  State  society  was  organized  on  December  9,  1829,  and 
at  its  first  annual  meeting,  on  December  13,  1830,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  of 
Jefferson  County,  presided,  and  J.  F.  D.  Lanier,  later  of  Winslow,  Lanier 
&  Co.,  was  secretary.  Dr.  Sylvan  Morris  presented  a  resolution  "that 
the  habitual  use  of  ardent  spirits  is  injurious  to  health,  destructive  to 


»  Journal,  October  16,  1828. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1033 

the  mental  faculties,  and  tends  to  shorten  human  life,"  which,  after  a 
speech  by  him,  was  unanimously  adopted.  Bethuel  F.  Morris  presented 
and  advocated  the  following  resolution,  which  was  unanimously  adopted : 
"Eesolved,  That  the  customary  and  fashionable  use  of  ardent  spirits  is 
dangerous  to  the  civil  institutions  of  our  country."  Rev.  Sickles  pre- 
sented a  resolution,  supported  by  himself  and  Rev.  Lewis,  and  unani- 
mously adopted,  "that  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  either  occasionally  or 
habitually,  exerts  a  demoralizing  influence  and  is  injurious  to  public 
and  domestic  happiness."  William  Sheets  presented  a  resolution,  sup- 
ported by  himself  and  Stephen  S.  Harding — later  Governor  of  Utah, — 
"that  the  formation  of  temperance  societies,  on  the  principle  of  entire 
abstinence,  is  the  only  effectual  preventative  of  intemperance  and  its 
evils,"  which  was  unanimously  adopted.  The  Society  then  elected  of- 
ficers: President,  Judge  Jeremiah  Sullivan;  Vice  Presidents,  Milton 
Stapp,  of  Jefferson,  David  H.  Maxwell,  of  Monroe,  Edwin  Ray,  of  Vigo. 
James  Morrison,  of  Marion,  and  Stephen  C.  Stephens,  of  Switzerland; 
Secretary,  James  M.  Ray ;  Executive  Committee,  Bethuel  F.  Morris,  Isaac 
Coe,  Rev.  John  R.  Moreland,  John  T.  McKinney,  Rev.  Thos.  S.  Hitt, 
James  Blake.  Isaac  N.  Phipps,  Daniel  Yandes,  Horace  Bassett,  John 
Hendricks,  Sylvan  B.  Morris,  and  David  Wallace.  Thus  the  first  organ- 
ized State-wide  movement  for  temperance  was  launched,  by  the  best  and 
most  prominent  men  in  the  State,  many  of  them  in  active  political  life. 
Certainly  very  few  of  them  had  any  conscientious  scruples  about  the 
occasional  use  of  liquor;  and  Indianapolis  was  far  from  dry,  especially 
on  gala  occasions.  The  hilarious  celebration  of  Christmas,  1821,  is  his- 
toric ;  and  Calvin  Fletcher  records  of  the  use  of  whisky  at  the  first  elec- 
tion, on  April  1,  1822,  "the  quantities  drunk  must  be  reckoned  in  bar- 
rels." The  Journal  of  October  2,  1827,  stated  that  there  had  been  213 
barrels  of  whisky  purchased  by  Indianapolis  merchants  from  outside, 
and  71  barrels  of  home  product,  within  the  past  year.  A  census  of 
the  town  on  November  25,  1827,  showed  a  total  of  1,066  inhabitants,  of 
whom  503  were  females,  and  454  were  under  15  years  of  age;  but,  of 
course,  the  town  had  the  assistance  of  the  adjacent  country  in  the  con- 
sumption of  the  liquor  credited  to  it. 

This  does  not  mean  that  the  people  of  Indianapolis  were  all  drunk- 
ards— far  from  it — but  they  could  drink  in  case  of  emergency.  The 
temperance  status  is  very  fairly  stated  in  Mrs.  Betsey  Martin's  account 
of  the  celebration  of  the  ratification  of  the  Potawatomi  treaty,  securing 
the  right  of  way  for  the  Michigan  road,  on  February  17, 1827.  She  says: 
"In  1827  the  treaty  was  ratified  between  the  United  States  and  the  In- 
dians, and  the  Michigan  road  was  granted  to  Lawrenceburg.  Well,  we 
had  a  grand  turn-out  of  all  the  citizens,  with  lanterns  of  every  design, 


1034  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  mottos  appropriate  for  the  occasion,  and  music,  and  everything  to 
make  it  grand  and  enjoyable.  Mr.  Goldsberry  (her  then  husband)  car- 
ried a  burning  tar  barrel  on  a  high  pole  till  it  was  burnt  through.  It 
spoilt  a  new  suit  of  clothes  that  Aunt  Cox  had  just  made  of  blue  casinet. 
After  marching  through  the  streets,  or  the  main  ones,  which  were  Wash- 
ington and  Meridian,  they  marched  down  to  old  Dunning 's  tavern  on 
the  river,  and  all  got  tight  and  had  a  dance.  Uncle  Nat  Cox  and  Gov- 
ernor Ray  danced  a  nigger  jig.  There  was  not  one  but  drank  too  much. 
Mr.  Goldsberry  came  home  as  tight  as  a  brick,  carrying  a  big  trans- 
parency which  he  took  after  the  tar  barrel  burned  out.  He  was  very 
jolly,  and  when  I  opened  the  door  he  pulled  me  out  in  the  mud  to  see 
his  transparency.  That  was  the  only  time  he  drank  too  much,  and  he 
was  excusable  when  the  Governor  was  tight,  and  all  concerned.  There 
were  a  lot  of  sick  folks  the  next  day,  for  many  of  them  had  never  drunk 
too  much  before."  The  unanimity  of  the  intoxication  may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact  that  Mr.  Goldsberry  was  one  of  the  pillars  of  the  Methodist 
church,  and  a  very  exemplary  citizen.  But  Betsey  Martin  had  no 
love  for  liquor,  and  she  was  a  keen  observer  of  what  was  going  on  in  the 
community ;  from  which  qualities  she  has  left  to  us  a  clear  presentation 
of  the  cause  of  the  change  of  sentiment  in  regard  to  drinking  ardent 
spirits,  in  the  following  statement: 

"In  the  spring  of  1822,  Jerry  Collins  opened  a  small  shanty  built 
out  of  poles  and  clapboards,  and  had  the  first  whisky  shop  in  town. 
He  had  a  barrel  of  whisky  and  some  tobacco  and  segars.  There  was  no 
license,  and  he  made  money,  and  he  also,  as  now,  made  drunkards.  I 
well  remember  two  men  burnt  to  death  while  under  the  influence  of  that 
cursed  liquor.  One  wa"s  an  old  hatter  named  Shunk.  He  fell  with  his 
head  against  the  kettle  and  his  shoulders  in  the  mouth  of  the  furnace; 
and  he  was  roasting  all  night.  In  the  morning  someone  called  and  found 
him.  As  I  have  told  you,  he  was  not  quite  dead.  They  took  him  to  his 
boarding  place — he  boarded  at  old  John  Van  Blaricum's — and  the  doc- 
tors did  all  they  could  for  the  poor  old  man,  but  he  died  that  same 
night.  He  was  roasted  half  way  down.  The  work  of  the  whisky  seller! 
The  other  was  Big  Smith — he  was  called  'Big'  to  distinguish  him  from 
the  rest.  He  was  over  six  feet,  and  large  and  well  formed,  and  would 
have  been  a  useful  man  unless  for  that  awful  habit.  Smith  and  some 
other  men  of  the  same  stripe  went  into  a  field  back  of  where  Mr.  Blake 
now  lives  (northwest  corner  of  Capitol  and  North  Street)  and  were 
drinking  and  playing  cards.  They  had  set  fire  to  an  old  standing  dry 
tree,  and  Smith  was  too  drunk  to  go  when  the  others  left.  He  went  to 
sleep,  and  the  tree  burnt  and  fell  close  to  his  back  and  shoulders,  and 
he  was  too  drunk  to  move ;  so  he  had  to  roast ;  and  he  did,  for  his  shoulders 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1035 

and  back  were  a  perfect  crisp.  He  only  lived  a  few  hours  after  he  was 
taken  home.  Well,  from  that  time  till  now,  1  can  trace  nearly  all  the 
murder  and  every  other  crime  to  that — the  worst  thing  in  the  world — 
whisky !  It  brings  poverty,  disease  and  death ! ' ' 

There  were  other  victims  that  attracted  even  more  notice.  One  was 
Hugh  O'Neal,  a  bright  young  fellow  who  came  to  Indianapolis  with  his 
father  in  1821,  studied  hard,  and  read  law.  Nowland  says  of  him :  "No 
young  man  in  the  State  bid  fairer  to  rise  to  eminence  and  distinction  than 
he  did.  When  the  California  mania  was  raging,  in  1849,  his  ambition 
prompted  him  to  risk  his  chances  for  fortune  in  that  golden  region,  and 
it  was  there  he  fell  a  victim  to  that  destroying  demon  (intemperance) 
that  annihilates  all  that  is  good  and  virtuous  in  our  natures,  and  sends 
us  to  an  early  grave,  unhonored  and  unsung."9  Doctors  were  often 
slaves  to  drink,  probably  because  they  kept  whisky  as  a  medicine,  with 
other  medicines,  and  were  subject  to  unusual  fatigue  and  exposure  in 
their  practice.  Mention  has  been  made  of  the  wreck  of  doctors  Lilly 
and  Jones  from  this  cause.  Another  notable  victim  was  Doctor  Jonathan 
Cool,  a  talented  and  unusually  well  educated  young  fellow,  r^ho  located 
at  Indianapolis  in  1821.  He  was  a  classmate  of  Judge  Bltckford  at 
Princeton,  and  after  taking  a  degree  in  medicine  had  served  for  a  time 
as  surgeon  in  the  regular  army.  He  was  the  first  of  the  Indiwia  doctors 
to  protest  against  wholesale  doses  of  calomel,  and  this  brought  him  into 
a  controversy  with  Dr.  Isaac  Coe,  to  whom  he  addressed  a  poetic  argu- 
ment, one  stanza  of  which  attained  immortality — 

'•'     . '- 

"Oh,  Dr.  Coe!    Oh,  Dr.  Coe! 
Why  do  you  dose  your  patients  so? 
Slow  to  cure,  and  quick  to  kill ; 
There  is  no  man  alive  can  tell 
The  awful  power  of  calomel, 
And  dead  men  tell  no  tales." 

But  Dr.  Cool  took  to  drink,  and  in  a  few  years  became  a  hopeless  sot. 
He  remained  very  polite,  but  shunned  the  society  of  ladies,  of  which  he 
had  been  fond:  and  gradually  went  from  bad  to  worse.  In  the  course 
of  his  downfall  he  made  a  contract  with  Jerry  Collins  for  three  drinks 
a  day — morning,  noon  and  night — in  exchange  for  medical  services.  One 
morning  he  came  in  for  his  noon  drink  about  1 1  o  'clock,  and  Jerry  called 
his  attention  to  his  premature  demand.  Cool  seemed  depressed  for  a 
moment,  and  then,  brightening  with  a  ray  of  hope,  exclaimed :  "For  the 


9  Early  Reminiscences,  p.  111. 


1036 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


love  of  God,  Jerry,  loan  me  an  hour."  Jerry  made  the  loan;  and  he 
usually  capitulated  when  the  doctor  came  in  with  a  plea  for  an  extra 
drink ;  though  not  until  after  profound  argument.  Cool 's  most  effective 
appeal  was  on  this  line:  "Jerry  Collins,  you  know  that  whisky  costs 


JERRY  COLLINS  AND  DOCTOR  COOL 

you  only  20  cents  a  gallon,  and  there  are  56  drinks  in  a  gallon.  Will 
you  refuse  to  relieve  the  sufferings  of  a  fellow  human  being  when  you 
can  do  it  for  less  than  two-fifths  of  a  cent?"  James  B.  Dunlap,  a  son 
of  Dr.  Livingston  Dunlap,  and  the  first  artist  of  Indianapolis — a  very 
clever  one.  though  self  taught, — has  preserved  the  scene  of  one  of  these 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1037 

arguments,  with  Jerry  on  the  defensive  behind  the  bar,  and  the  dilapi- 
dated doctor  making  for  his  first  line  of  trenches. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  in  this  early  period  medical  remedies 
for  the  liquor  habit — primitive  "Keely  cures" — were  offered  to  the  pub- 
lic, as  may  be  seen  from  the  advertisement  of  Dr.  Chambers  of  his 
"Remedy  for  Intemperance,"  which  was  described  to  >be  "as  innocent 
as  it  is  effectual;  so  much  so  that  it  is  often  given  to  children  in  febrile 
complaints,  and  frequently  used  as  a  family  medicine  for  Dyspepsia/' 
It  was  offered  at  $5  a  package,  but,  "In  order  that  the  efficacy  of  Dr. 
Chambers'  Remedy  for  Intemperance  may  be  thoroughly  tested,  Editors 
of  Newspapers  throughout  the  country,  who  will  insert  our  advertisement 
and  this  article  to  it,  and  send  us  a  copy  of  the  paper  containing  it,  shall 
receive  from  us  by  return  mail  a  quantity  sufficient  to  cure  one  drunk- 
ard, which  they  will  be  requested  to  administer  to  some  patient  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  publish  the  result.  Public  Institutions  and  Phil- 
anthropic Societies,  by  making  application  (duly  authenticated)  to  the 
subscribers,  shall  receive  the  medicine  at  a  very  reduced  price." 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  the  earliest  temperance  societies 
"ardent  spirits"  was  not  understood  to  include  wine,  beer,  hard  cider, 
and  the  like;  and  occasionally  a  "total  abstainer"  would  get  intoxicated 
from  indulgence  in  them.  It  was  not  until  the  second  National  Temper- 
ance Convention,  at  Saratoga,  on  August  4,  1836,  that  a  stand  was  made 
against  these ;  and  even  then  it  was  not  universally  accepted.  Goodwin 
says :  "As  late  as  1841,  the  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,  the  oldest 
and  most  influential  organ  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  opposed  '  teetotalism ' 
editorially,  as  contradicting  the  acts  of  the  Savior  and  the  advice  of 
Paul."  The  "teetotal"  plan  had  been  adopted  by  some  individual 
members  of  temperance  societies  prior  to  1836 ;  and  the  word  ' '  tee- 
total" is  said  to  have  originated  from  distinguishing  such  members  on 
the  society  rolls  by  the  letter  "T,"  standing  for  "total,"  while  "O.  P." 
— standing  for  "old  pledge" — designated  the  other  members;  and  from 
the  use  of  "T-total"  grew  "teetotal."  This  system  spread  rapidly,  and 
the  new  teetotal  societies  took  the  place  of  the  old  societies  in  many 
places,  though  there  is  not  much  evidence  of  change  in  Indiana.  There 
was,  however,  a  growth  of  temperance  work ;  and  a  Young  Men 's  Temper- 
ance Society  was  organized  on  April  2,  1836.1U  The  distinction  as  to  the 
character  of  the  drink  was  made  by  the  law,  the  same  as  by  custom.  Our 
early  laws  applied  only  to  "spirituous  or  strong  liquors,"  and  in  1839 
the  Supreme  Court  decided  that  port  wine  was  not  within  the  law,  say- 
ing :  ' '  Spirit  is  the  name  of  an  inflammable  liquor  produced  by  distilla- 

10  Journal,  March  19  and  April  30,  1836. 


1038  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANAXS 

tion.  Wine  is  the  I'ermi'nted  juice  of  the  grape,  or  a  preparation  of  other 
vegetables  by  fermentation."11  It  was  not  until  1852  that  the  phrase 
''intoxicating  liquor"  appeared  in  the  general  law,  although  it  had  been 
used  in  some  laws  essentially  local ;  and  it  was  not  until  1859  that  the 
law  was  broadened  to  "spirituous,  vinous  or  malt  liquor,  or  any  intoxicat- 
ing liquor."  Even  under  that,  it  was  required  to  be  proven  that  the 
liquor  used  was  "intoxicating,"  the  Supreme  Court  holding,  in  1876, 
that  "beer"  was  not  even  presumptively  intoxicating,  and  in  1877,  the 
same  as  to  "malt  liquors."12 

It  appears  probable  that  this  division  of  opinion  as  to  the  character 
of  drinks  caused  a  halt  in  the  progress  of  temperance  growth ;  but  a 
fresh  start  was  taken  when  the  Washingtonian  movement  originated  in 
Baltimore,  in  1840,  from  a  sudden  resolve  of  a  party  of  convivial  drink- 
ers to  reform.  Their  organization  grew  locally  with  great  rapidity,  and 
was  so  beneficial  that  in  1841  members  were  sent  to  New  York  and  Boston 
to  hold  meetings.  These  were  phenomenally  successful;  and  a  wave  of 
reform  swept  over  the  country.  It  reached  Indianapolis  in  February, 
1842,  when  "a  reformed  inebriate,  a  Washingtonian  from  Illinois,  on 
his  way  to  Ohio,"  gave  it  a  start.  This  missionary,  who  is  named  only 
as  "Mr.  Matthews,"  held  his  first  meeting  on  February  28,  when  a 
Washingtonian  Society  was  formed  and  106  signed  the  pledge  of  total 
abstinence  from  the  use  of  "intoxicating  liquors."  He  was  induced  to 
stay  a  day  longer,  and  on  the  evening  of  March  1,  116  more  names  were 
added ;  then  he  consented  to  one  more  day,  and  the  membership  went  up 
to  318.  As  there  was  no  room  in  the  town  that  would  hold  the  crowds, 
the  meetings  adjourned  to  the  East  Market  house.  The  secretary  an- 
nounced that  "about  15  of  those  who  have  signed  the  pledge  have  been 
until  very  recently,  and  some  up  to  the  present  time,  considered  de- 
graded, confirmed  drunkards;  a  very  large  number  of  them  only  mod- 
erate or  gentlemanly  drunkards."  Matthews  was  followed  on  March  26 
by  "Mr.  Patterson,  a  reformed  inebriate  from  Pittsburgh,"  who  had 
been  ' '  a  drunkard  for  more  than  20  years ; ' '  and  on  April  19  the  society 
announced  that  it  had  458  members.  The  Washingtonians  did  not  con- 
fine themselves  to  personal  reformation.  On  April  5  the  Journal  said : 
"At  a  sale  held  yesterday,  the  Washingtonians  disposed  of,  at  a  great 
sacrifice,  the  remains  of  a  distillery  which  they  had  recently  purchased 
in  the  vicinity  of  this  place.  This  was  done  with  the  express  understand- 
ing that  the  articles  sold  were  not  again  to  be  used  for  the  manufacture 
of  intoxicating  drinks  of  any  kind  whatever."  In  September  a  Wash- 


11  State  vs.  Moore,  5  Blackford,  p.  118. 

12  Srhlosser  vs.  State,  55  Ind.,  p.  82;  Shaw  vs.  State,  56  ImL,  p.  188. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1039 

ingtonian  camp-meeting  was  held  at  Greencastle,  and  in  addition  to  local 
speakers,  "Messrs.  Cook  of  Indianapolis,  T.  Dowling  and  S.  Gookins  of 
Terre  Haute,  and  J.  A.  Wright  of  Rockville,"  were  on  the  program. 
The  local  lodge  increased  to  600  members,  and  the  Greencastle  Vistor 
said :  ' '  Putnam  County  can  boast  of  having  fewer  drunkards  within  her 
borders,  considering  her  population,  than  any  other  county  in  the  West. ' ' 
In  Indianapolis,  "the  winter  campaign  against  King  Alcohol"  of  the 
Washingtonians  was  opened  on  November  11,  at  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church,  with  "an  address  by  H.  W.  Beecher,  a  member  of  the  society." 

The  somewhat  rapid  disappearance  of  the  WTashingtonians  as  active 
societies  was  due  to  the  organization  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  a  secret 
society,  which  was  started  in  New  York  September  29,  1842.  The  first 
lodge  in  Indiana  was  organized  at  Brookville,  on  November  15,  1845, 
as  Indiana  Division  No.  1 ;  and  on  January  15, 1846,  it  was  authorized  to 
grant  charters  in  Indiana,  Other  lodges  followed  in  order  at  Richmond, 
Centreville,  New  Albany,  Logan's  Cross  Roads  (Dearborn  County), 
Dublin,  Connersville,  Madison,  Jeffersonville  and  Indianapolis,  the  last 
on  April  24.  Ten  lodges  having  'been  formed,  a  Grand  Lodge  was  organ- 
ized in  May,  and  the  order  was  fully  launched  in  the  temperance  work 
in  which  it  was  the  chief  agency  in  Indiana  for  the  next  decade.  In 
less  than  five- years  over  400  lodges  had  been  organized  in  the  State. 
There  were  also  other  orders,  as  the  Templars  of  Honor  and  Temperance, 
organized  in  1845,  and  the  Order  of  Good  Templars,  organized  in  1851. 
Indeed  the  period  was  notable  for  the  growth  of  temperance  sentiment, 
and  temperance  meetings  were  a  popular  form  of  entertainment.  The 
Hutchinson  family  of  temperance  singers  came  into  prominence  in  1843: 
and  such  speakers  as  Dr.  Charles  Jewett,  Rev.  Thos.  P.  Hunt,  and  Theo- 
dore L.  Cuyler  became  popular  favorites.  John  B.  Gough  joined  the 
Washingtonians  in  1842,  but  fell  from  grace.  In  1844,  having  reformed 
again,  he  leaped  into  fame  at  the  eighth  anniversary  of  the  American 
Temperance  Union  in  New  York  City,  to  remain  in  active  temperance 
work  until  his  death  in  1886.  Father  Theobald  Mathew.  after  beginning 
his  great  work  in  Ireland  and  England,  came  to  this  country  in  184!', 
and  was  received  everywhere  with  distinguished  honor.  He  was  invited 
to  Indianapolis,  but  could  not  come. 

An  interesting  evidence  of  the  prevalence  of  the  reform  sentiment 
is  seen  in  the  change  of  customs  of  the  Masons,  in  whose  lodges  it  ha«l 
been  customary  to  serve  liquors,  in  the  earlier  period.  As  McDonald 
says :  "In  those  days  when  lodges  were  called  to  ' refreshments '  it  meant 
something  more  than  cessation  from  labor.  The  refreshments  were  in 
addition  to  the  regular  bill  of  fare  three  times  a  day  at  the  'tavern,' 
and  it  is  quite  likely  that  they  consisted  mostly  of  beverages,  such  as 


1040  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

whisky,  brandy  and  sugar,  applejack,  egg  nog,  Tom  and  Jerry,  and  the 
like.  *  *  *  At  the  meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1843  the  Commit- 
tee on  Foreign  Correspondence  gave  it  as  their  opinion  that  the  use  of 
distilled  spirits  in  the  lodge  rooms  at  the  meetings  of  the  lodges  was 
undeniably  of  evil  example,  and  might  be  productive  of  evil  effects; 
and  it  was  urgently  recommended  'by  the  committee  that  in  this  State  the 
use  of  such  liquors  should  be  expressly  forbidden  under  any  pretense 
whatever.  The  recommendation  was  concurred  in  and  adopted,  and  from 
that  time  to  the  present,  now  more  than  half  a  century,  no  liquors  have 
been  provided  as  a  part  of  lodge  refreshments.  This  recommendation 
was  followed  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1844  by  the 
adoption  of  the  following  preamble  and  resolution: 

"  'Whereas,  The  excessive  use  of  spirituous  liquors  as  a  beverage 
among  many  of  our  brethren  has  heretofore  been  the  means  of  bringing 
reproach  upon  Masonry ;  and 

"  'Whereas,  The  intemperate  use  of  spirits  is  forbidden  by  the  divine 
law  and  the  rules  of  morality,  and  therefore  grossly  unmasonic,  and 
draws  in  its  train  a  thousand  vices  which  have  a  tendency  to  subvert  the 
principles  of  our  Order  and  bring  disgrace  upon  the  Fraternity ;  there- 
fore, it  is 

"  'Resolved,  By  this  Grand  Lodge  that  we  recommend  to  the  sub 
ordinate  lodges  throughout  the  State  the  propriety  of  discountenancing, 
both  by  precept  and  example,  the  use  of  spirituous  liquors  as  a  beverage 
among  Masons. '  ' 

In  1853  the  Grand  Lodge  took  two  decided  steps  of  advance,  one  a 
declaration  that  it  was  "highly  unmasonic  for  any  member  of  the  Fra- 
ternity to  be  engaged  in  the  manufacture  or  traffic  of  intoxicating  liquors 
as  a  beverage ; ' '  and  the  other  the  following  resolution :  "  It  is  the  especial 
duty  of  each  and  every  subordinate  lodge  to  correct  the  evils  of  intemper- 
ance in  any  of  its  members  as  speedily  as  possible,  and  if,  upon  the  first 
and  second  offense  and  admonition,  the  brother  does  not  reform,  to  sus- 
pend or  expel  him  promptly. ' '  But  its  next  step,  in  1859,  was  still  more 
significant,  for  in  those  six  years  temperance  had  come  very  forcibly  into 
Indiana  politics,  and  the  resolutions  then  adopted  come  very  near  com- 
mitting the  Order  to  a  political  position.  John  B.  Fravel,  of  a  select 
committee  to  which  the  subject  had  been  referred,  made  a  lengthy  report, 
in  which  was  recounted  the  action  of  the  Grand  Lodge  up  to  that  time, 
and  concluded  as  follows : 

"These,  in  connection  with  others  that  might  be  referred  to,  do  most 
clearly  indicate  the  feeling  of  the  Grand  Lodge  for  the  last  thirty-five 
years  in  reference  to  this  fearful  enemy  of  men  and  Masons.  All  these 
resolutions  passed  by  this  Grand  Lodge,  though  good  in  themselves,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1041 

breathing  a  high  tone  of  moral  excellence,  have  not  as  yet  checked  the 
march  of  this  desolating  scourge;  his  triumphs  are  still  seen  in  the 
desolated  home,  the  tears  of  the  widow,  and  the  poverty  of  the  helpless 
and  friendless  orphan ;  and  we  do  most  confidently  believe  that  the  time 
has  come  when  our  time-honored  and  beloved  Institution  should  take  a 
bold  and  decided  stand  and  say,  'Thus  far  hast  thou  come,  but  further 
thou  canst  not  go ! '  In  view  of  all  the  foregoing  facts,  and  further,  that 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Indiana  has  legalized  'the  sale  and  traffic 
of  ardent  spirits  as  a  beverage  by  license,  which,  perhaps,  some  thought- 
less member  of  the  Fraternity  may  plead  as  a  justification  of  his  acts, 
we  offer  the  following  resolutions,  and  do  most  ardently  desire  this 
Grand  Lodge  to  concur  therein : 

"Resolved,  That  the  subordinate  lodges  within  this  jurisdiction  are 
hereby  unconditionally  prohibited  from  conferring  the  several  symbolic 
degrees  upon  any  applicant  who  is  habitually  intoxicated,  or  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  manufacture  or  sell  the  same  to  be  used  as  a  beverage. 

' '  Resolved,  That  every  Master  Mason,  member  of  a  subordinate  lodge, 
who  is  in  the  practice  of  habitual  intoxication,  or  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture or  sale  of  spirituous  liquors  to  be  used  as  a  beverage,  as  a  busi- 
ness, shall,  upon  charges  being  preferred  and  sustained,  for  the  first  of- 
fense be  reprimanded  in  open  lodge  by  the  Worshipful  Master,  and  for 
the  second  offense  suspended  or  expelled,  as  a  majority  of  the  members 
present  in  their  judgment  .may  determine. 

"Resolved,  That  the  moral  law  of  Masonry,  founded  upon  the  first 
great  light  in  Masonry  (the  Holy  Bible),  is  the  highest  moral  law  known 
to  man,  and  that  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  any  legislative  body  to  so  legal- 
ize that  which  is  morally  wrong  as  to  make  it  proper  or  morally  right  for 
any  Mason  to  practice  the  legalized  wrong. "  J 3 

The  Sons  of  Temperance  did  not  take  any  political  stand  for  several 
years,  but  acted  on  a  bipartisan  basis  in  securing  temperance  legislation. 
The  laws  of  the  State  had  for  years  past  been  on  a  purely  local  basis ; 
and  if  any  two  counties  or  towns,  or  townships  had  the  same  liquor 
laws,  it  was  because  their  representatives  had  happened  to  incorporate 
similar  provisions  in  the  local  laws  that  they  got  through  the  legislature. 
The  first  direct  effect  of  the  temperance  work  on  legislation  was  the  gen- 
eral law  of  1847,  that  a  majority  vote  of  "no  license"  in  any  township 
should  insure  no  license  for  one  year.  This  law  applied  to  all  of  the 
counties  but  Harrison  and  Rush ;  and  a  vote  on  the  question  was  required 
to  be  taken  at  the  April  election.  The  temperance  work  was  then  con- 
centrated on  securing  a  majority  for  no  license  in  each  township.  An 


"History  of  Freemasonry  in  Indiana,  pp.  191-4. 


1042  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

illustration  of  the  campaign  carried  on  is  seen  in  the  following,  which 
appeared  in  the  Lafayette  papers  in  March:  "Let  there  be  a  fair  and 
full  expression  of  public  will  on  the  liquor  license  question.  Let  every 
voter  who  wants  to  see  Drunkards,  Paupers,  and  Convict  Manufacturers 
succeed  according  to  law,  at  the  expense  of  wife's  tears  and  her  children 
cry  for  bread,  vote  to  license  the  liquor  traffic. ' '  There  was  a  consider- 
able increase  of  dry  territory  under  this  law,  and  the  local  legislation 
thereafter  was  chfefly  prohibitory  in  character,  until  local  legislation 
was  done  away  with  by  the  new  constitution.  And  all  the  time  the 
temperance  sentiment  was  growing  stronger,  even  in  the  Sons  of  Tem- 
perance. They  were  so  desirous  of  avoiding  political  complication  that  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Grand  Division  at  South  Bend,  in  July,  1848,  a  pro- 
posal to  ask  the  legislature  to  amend  the  liquor  law  so  that  no  vote 
could  be  counted  for  license  unless  expressly  so  cast,  was  voted  down  by 
a  large  majority.  But  only  nine  months  later,  at  Evansville,  the  Grand 
Division  unanimously  decided  to  take  steps  for  prohibition;  and  they 
did  not  rest  until  that  goal  was  reached. 

The  first  law  passed  under  the  new  constitution  was  not  a  prohibition 
law,  but  was  a  very  stringent  local  option  law.  A  vote  was  to  be  taken 
at  the  April  election,  in  each  township,  on  the  question  of  license,  and 
no  license  could  be  granted  unless  a  majority  of  those  voting  on  that 
question  favored  it.  If  the  vote  favored  license,  the  applicant  must  give 
bond  of  from  $500  to  $2,000,  proportioned  to  the  number  of  inhabitants 
of  the  township,  to  keep  an  orderly  house,  and  to  pay  all  fines,  penalties 
and  damages  recovered  against  him.  The  license  was  for  one  year  only. 
But  there  were  two  provisions  that  made  saloon-keeping  precarious.  One 
was  that  if  a  man  got  drunk,  the  dealer  who  sold  the  liquor  should  keep, 
board,  and  care  for  him  until  he  was  able  to  return  to  his  home;  and 
in  default  of  this,  anyone  else  might  do  so,  and  recover  from  the  dealer 
his  expense,  with  50  per  cent  damages.  The  other  was  that  any  wife, 
child,  parent,  guardian  or  employer  who  should  suffer  any  injury  to 
person,  property  or  means  of  support  by  any  intoxicated  person,  or  in 
consequence  of  such  intoxication,  could  recover  from  the  dealer  who 
sold  the  liquor  for  all  damages  sustained,  and  also  exemplary  damages. 
For  these  purposes  a  married  woman  could  sue  as  if  single,  and  a  minor 
by  next  friend.  A  recovery  against  the  dealer  was  conclusive  evidem-e 
against  his  sureties.  There  are  numerous  provisions  which  show  that 
it  was  a  law  intended  to  be  enforced,  and  that  could  be  enforced.  But 
the  temperance  men  did  not  rely  on  officials  to  enforce  it.  They  ap- 
pointed "vigilance  committees"  to  see  that  it  was  enforced.  It  was  not 
given  opportunity  for  a  full  test,  because  on  November  29  the  Supreme 
Court  decided  that  the  local  option  feature  of  the  law  was  unconstitu- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1043 

tional,  and  left  the  rest  of  it  standing  as  a  license  law.14  It  is  unneces- 
sary to  present  the  weakness  of  the  decision,  as  its  principles  have  all 
been  abandoned  by  the  Supreme  Court.15  It  is  chiefly  interesting  as 
another  evidence  of  the  fallibility  of  that  august  body ;  and,  historically 
from  the  fact  that  it  determined  the  temperance  men  for  prohibition. 
"  By  this  time  feeling  on  the  temperance  question  had  grown  very 
emphatic.  In  June,  1854,  at  Shelbyville,  a  mob  of  two  hundred  people, 
in  disguises,  broke  into  the  grocery  of  one  Harding,  who  was  retailing 
illegally,  and  not  only  emptied  his  liquor,  but  also  his  molasses,  and 
incidentally  destroyed  considerable  of  other  groceries.16  In  the  same 
month,  the  women  of  Winchester  set  an  example  for  Carrie  Nation.  A 
saloon  keeper  there  had  persisted  in  selling;  and  one  of  his  customers, 
formerly  sheriff  of  the  county,  and  a  respected  citizen,  died  of  delirium 
tremens.  The  women  of  the  town  gathered  at  his  home,  and  with  his 
widow  at  their  head,  marched  to  the  saloon,  wrecked  the  place,  and 
destroyed  all  the  liquor.  The  saloon  keeper  brought  suit  against  them, 
but  as  the  wives  of  all  the  lawyers  of  the  place  were  defendants,  he  had 
to  go  outside  for  legal  talent  to  conduct  his  case.  It  is  also  noteworthy 
that  a  temperance  literature  had  sprung  up.  The  first  known  temper- 
ance paper  published  in  the  West  was  The  Temperance  Advocate,  pub- 
lished by  John  W.  Osborn  at  Greencastle,  as  early  as  1837,  and  sent  out 
by  him  gratis  with  The  Ploughboy,  which  he  published  there.  In  1848, 
the  Family  Visitor,  another  Indiana  temperance  paper  appeared.  In 
1852  the  Grand  Division  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  started  The  Tem- 
perance Chart,  at  Indianapolis,  with  Jonathan  W.  Gordon  as  editor.  In 
the  spring  of  1849,  the  Daughters  of  Temperance  organized  in  Indiana, 
and  in  1854,  Mrs.  Lavinia  Brownlee  and  M.  Louisa  Chitwood  began  at 
Connersville  the  publication  of  The  Temperance  Wreath,  which  was  re- 
moved in  the  following  year  to  Indianapolis.  Th,are  was  also  an 
abundance  of  temperance  literature  from  outside  the  State.  It  was  ah 
era  of  temperance  songs,  temperance  recitations,  temperance  poetry  of 
all  descriptions.  One  verse  said  to  have  been  used  effectively  by  a  tem- 
perance speaker,  was — 

"I'd  rather  black  my  visage  o'er, 

And  put  the  gloss  on  boots  and  shoes, 
Than  stand  within  a  liquor  store 

And  wash  the  glasses  drunkards  use."  I7 

14  Maize  vs.  the  State,  4  Ind.,  p.  342. 
is  State  vs.  Gerharat,  145  Ind.,  p.  439. 
1 «  Locomotive,  June  24,  1854. 
«  Journal,  Dec.  30,  1846. 


1044  INDIANA  ANJ)  1NDIANANS 

A  popular  juvenile*  periodical  of  the  day,  The  Youth's  Cabinet,  pub 
lishctl  the  following  pledge,  which  was  widely  adopted : 

' 

"A  pledge  we  make  no  wine  to  take, 
Nor  brandy  red  that  turns  the  head, 
Nor  fiery  rum  that  ruins  home, 
Nor  brewer's  beer,  for  that  we  fear, 
And  cider,  too,  will  never  do. 
To  quench  our  thirst,  we'll  always  bring 
Cold  water  from  the  well  or  spring; 
So  here  we  pledge  perpetual  hate 
To  all  that  can  intoxicate." 

It  was  in  this  atmosphere  that  the  Grand  Division  of  the  Sons  of 
Temperance  met,  in  1853,  declared  for  prohibition,  elected  Dr.  Ryland  T. 
Brown  Grand  Worthy  Patriarch,  and  requested  him  to  canvass  the  State 
for  prohibition  on  the  Maine  law  basis.  In  January,  1854,  a  State  tem- 
perance convention  was  held  at  Indianapolis;  a  State  Central  Commit- 
tee was  appointed ;  and  $12,000  was  raised  to  organize  the  counties  for 
"Search,  seizure,  confiscation  and  destruction."  Ryland  T.  Brown  was 
a  notable  character.  He  was  born  in  Lewis  County,  Kentucky,  October 
5,  1807,  of  Welsh  parents,  who  removed  to  Ohio  in  1809,  and  to  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  in  1821.  Weak  physically,  he  turned  to  books,  and  as 
there  was  fortunately  a  good  county  library  in  Rush,  he  became  a  great 
reader  and  student.  His  parents  were  Baptists,  and  he,  being  of  a  seri- 
ous turn  of  mind,  was  converted  and  joined  their  church  at  15 ;  but  in  1836 
he  became  a  follower  of  Alexander  Campbell,  and  in  the  same  year  began 
the  study  of  medicine.  He  graduated  at  Ohio  Medical  College  in  1829, 
and  in  1832  located  at  Connersville,  where  he  practised  medicine  and 
served  as  a  preacher  for  the  Disciples.  In  1844  he  removed  to  Craw- 
fordsville,  continuing  in  these  occupations,  and  also  entering  enthusi- 
astically on  a  study  of  the  natural  sciences.  In  his  studies  he  had  the 
use  of  the  library  and  apparatus  of  Wabash  College,  which  conferred  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  on  him  in  1850.  He  was  appointed  Geological  Agent 
by  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1854,  and  his  services  in  that  ca- 
pacity are  recounted  elsewhere.  In  1858  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
natural  sciences  in  Northwestern  Christian  University.  State  Geologist 
Barrett  considers  him  "one  of  the  ablest  all-round  scientists  that  Indiana 
ever  had,"  and  ranks  him  with  David  Dale  Owen  and  E.  T.  Cox  in 
establishing  the  foundations  of  geological  science  in  Indiana.  He  wrote 
extensively  for  current  publications;  and  in  the  Agricultural  Reports 
of  the  State  will  be  found  articles  by  him  on  Drainage,  Fertilizing  Soils, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1045 


Dairying,  and  other  subjects  that  will  bear  the  test  of  scientific  scrutiny 
today.  He  was  not  only  an  attractive  speaker,  but  one  who  put  a  large 
amount  of  information  into  his  addresses. 

The  Democratic  State  Convention  met  on  May  24,  1854,  and  resolved 
squarely,  "That  we  are  opposed  to  any  law  that  will  authorize  the  search- 
ing for.  or  seizure,  confiscation  and  destruction  of  private  property."  To 
this  the  temperance  Democrats  responded  by  public  meetings  all  over 


RYLAND  T.  BROWX 

the  State,  in  which  they  repudiated  the  party 's  stand.  The  Temperance 
men  and  the  Knownothings  were  naturally  drawn  together  because  almost 
all  of  the  saloon  keepers  were  foreigners.  Most  of  the  members  of  both 
organizations  were  anti-slavery  men,  so  that  their  fusion  with  the  Free 
Soilers  in  1854  was  easy,  especially  as  all  three  were  openly  opposed  by 
the  Democratic  party.  Dr.  Brown  was  an  anti-slavery  man  of  deep  con- 
victions, as  may  be  seen  from  the  following  verses  from  a  poem  written 
by  him  in  1851 : 


1046  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"What  boots  a  nation's  wealth — a  nation's  fame — 
If  foul  oppression's  deeds  shall  stain  her  name? 

What  though  her  pyramids  may  pierce  the  sky, 
Her  serried  hosts  may  count  their  millions  strong — 

There  is  an  ear  that  hears  the  plaintive  cry 
Of  the  oppressed,  and  will  avenge  the  wrong. 

"Go  read  the  tyrant's  doom,  from  days  of  old — 
Go  bid  the  ruined  marts  their  tale  unfold — 

Go  learn,  where  broken  columns  strew  the  plain 
That  Justice  does  not  always  sleep,  nor  long 

The  crushed  and  trodden  millions  cry  in  vain 
To  Him  who  guards  the  weak,  against  the  strong. 

' '  But  0 !  what  sickening  scenes  shall  blot  the  page 
Of  faithful  history,  ere  that  glorious  age 

Of  Justice,  Truth  and  Righteousness  shall  rise. 
What  lessons,  hard  to  learn,  must  yet  be  learned  by  men — 

How  earth  shall  struggle,  groan  and  agonize — 
Are  things  a  prophet's  eyes  alone  can  scan." 

The  campaign  of  1854  was  a  battle  royal  on  moral  questions.  The 
church  was  almost  a  unit  for  the  fusionists,  and  the  Democrats  were 
foolish  enough  to  attack  the  preachers  for  "meddling  in  politics,"  as  if 
clergymen  were  to  be  blind  to  the  public  welfare;  and  the  Democrats 
were  well  beaten,  as  "they  jolly  well  deserved."  The  prohibition  law 
of  1855  was  passed  without  difficulty,  and  c^me  to  Governor  Wright, 
Democrat,  for  signature.  He  signed  it,  saying :  "  I  have  no  doubt  of  its 
entire  constitutionality,  hence  I  can  not  object  on  that  ground,  and  I 
certainly  can  not  on  the  ground  of  hasty  legislation,  for  no  question  was 
ever  more  thoroughly  discussed  before  the  people. ' '  The  law  prohibited 
the  manufacture,  keeping  for  sale,  or  selling  any  liquor  that  would 
intoxicate,  except  that  anyone  might  make  cider  or  wine  from  domestic 
fruits,  and  sell  the  same  in  quantities  of  not  less  than  three  gallons.  It 
also  permitted  the  sale  by  importers  of  goods  in  orginal  packages,  and 
original  quantities.  But  all  retailing  was  to  be  done  by  agents  appointed 
by  the  commissioners  of  the  several  counties,  who  might  also  authorize 
persons  engaged  in  manufacture  when  the  law  went  into  effect  to  con- 
tinue, but  only  for  sale  to  authorized  agents,  and  under  bond  to  conform 
to  the  law.  The  agents  could  sell  only  for  medicinal,  chemical,  mechanical 
and  sacramental  purposes,  and  were  required  to  keep  records  of  each 
sale,  with  the  name  of  the  purchaser,  date,  quantity,  price,  and  object 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1047 

as  stated  by  the  purchaser.  No  certificate  was  required,  but  the  pur- 
chaser must  be  of  age,  and  of  good  character  for  sobriety,  and  the  agent 
must  have  good  cause  to  believe  that  the  liquor  was  to  be  used  as  stated. 
The  agents  might  be  furnished  the  money  to  purchase  their  stocks  by 
the  commissioners,  or  might  advance  it  themselves  at  lawful  interest; 
but  they  could  sell  only  at  25  per  cent  advance  on  cost  price,  and  were 
to  account  every  three  months  to  the  commissioners,  who  were  to  allow 
them  a  reasonable  compensation,  the  excess  profits  going  to  the  county; 
but  the  county  was  not  liable  for  the  agent's  debts.  Search  could  be 
made  on  the  complaint  of  three  reputable  persons,  but  not  for  a  dwelling- 
house,  unless  the  occupant  had  previously  been  convicted  of  selling  at 
his  dwelling.  Liquors  seized  in  unauthorized  places  were  to  be  kept  for 
thirty  days ;  and  if  no  valid  claimant  established  lawful  possession,  they 
were  then  to  be  destroyed. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  record  of  this  experiment  was  made  in 
its  economic  aspects,  but  the  books  of  the  County  Commissioners  usually 
contain  meager  accounts,  and  the  newspapers  seldom  supplement  them 
with  anything  satisfactory.  In  Marion  County,  one  might  imagine  from 
the  newspapers  that  no  agencies  were"  in  existence,  so  completely  was 
the  conduct  of  the  agencies  ignored.  The  law  was  to  take  effect  on 
June  12,  and  on  June  1,  the  Marion  County  Commissioners  prepared 
for  it  by  appointing  Reuben  Hunter  agent  for  Lawrence  Township, 
and  George  Espy  and  Oscar  F.  Mayhew  agents  for  Center  Township — 
under  the  law  townships  of  10,000  or  more  population  were  to  have  an 
agent  for  each  5,000.  Appropriations  were  made  of  $50  for  Lawrence, 
and  $1,000  each  for  Espy  and  Mayhew  in  Center,  for  the  purchase  of 
liquors.  Espy  was  to  keep  his  agency  in  the  Dunlop  building,  on  South 
Meridian  Street,  and  Mayhew  had  his  on  Illinois  Street,  on  the  ground 
floor  of  the  Bates  House.  They  each  gave  $3,000  bond  to  obey  the  law, 
and  were  allowed  salaries  of  $800  per  year.  On  September  5,  Samuel 
C.  Vance  was  appointed  agent  for  Washington  Township,  with  agency 
at  Allisonville ;  and  Wilford  M.  Wiley  agent  for  Lawrence,  in  place 
of  Hunter,  who  refused  to  serve.  No  other  appointments  for  the  Count}' 
are  recorded.  On  December  5,  Mayhew  and  Espy  reported  their  sales, 
but  the  amounts  are  not  recorded ;  and  on  December  6  Mayhew 's  agency 
was  ordered  discontinued.  On  December  24  Espy's  agency  was  ordered 
discontinued,  and  he  was  directed  to  continue  the  sale  of  stock  on  hand 
at  cost  until  January  15,  and  then  dispose  of  what  was  left  at  auction 
or  private  sale,  as  the  County  Auditor  might  decide.  On  March  5,  1856, 
Espy  reported  $1,119.68  in  cash  and  notes  on  hand,  which  was  accepted 
in  final  settlement.  It  is  probable  that  there  was  a  small  margin  above 

the  County's  investment. 
vol.  n— si 


1048  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  Clinton  County,  the  record  is  a  little  more  satisfactory.  The 
County  Commissioners  of  Clinton  began  preparation  on  June  6,  1855, 
by  appointing  Benjamin  B.  Jeffries  agent  for  Frankfort,  for  one  year, 
for  "the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  per  year,  includ- 
ing all  his  services  connected  with  such  agency."  They  made  no  ap- 
propriation for  purchase;  but  Jeffries  opened  the  agency  on  June  20, 
and  on  June  23,  the  Frankfort  Crescent  presented  the  local  situation 
thus:  "We  regard  the  appointment  as  one  of  the  best  that  could  havo 
been  made.  Mr.  Jeffries  is  a  sterling  man  and  will  do  as  much  towards 
carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  law,  according  to  the  spirit,  as  any 
person  in  the  county.  Mr.  Jeffries  is  the  only  agent  appointed  in  the 
county,  as  no  other  township  made  application  to  the  commissioners  for 
an  agent.  We  understand  that  the  agent  has  been  to  Cincinnati  and 
laid  in  a  supply  of  pure  liquors,  which  have  been  received  at  this  point 
and  are  now  ready  for  distribution  in  cases  of  necessity.  We  have  not 
seen  a  man  in  town  the  least  'fuddled'  since  the  new  law  took  effect; 
and  firmly  believe  it  will  accomplish  the  great  end  for  which  it  was  de- 
signed— the  suppression  of  drunkenness.  If  this  great  end  is  attained, 
each  of  us  may  well  relinquish  a  portion  of  our  absolute  rights,  in  view 
of  accomplishing  so  great  a  general  good. ' '  The  out  townships  awakened 
to  their  needs,  and  on  August  11  a  called  session  of  the  Commissioners 
was  held,  and  agents  appointed  for  Johnson,  Warren,  Honey  Creek,  and 
Michigan  townships.  At  the  same  time  Abraham  Eichhold  was  appointed 
agent  "to  purchase  pure  and  unadulterated  liquors  in  Cincinnati,  Phila- 
delphia or  New  York  for  the  agents  of  the  county."  An  agent  for 
Washington  Township  was  appointed  on  September  3. 

On  August  18,  the  Crescent  explained  that  the  called  meeting  of  the 
Commissioners  was  to  relieve  the  inconvenience  of  ' '  compelling  the  citi- 
zens of  the  more  remote  townships  to  come  to  the  county  seat  for  every 
particle  of  spirits  required  by  them  during  the  sickly  season ; ' '  and  that 
the  liquors  ordered  by  Eichhold  would  "probably  reach  this  place  by 
the  last  of  next  week ; ' '  adding :  ' '  The  sales  of  spirituous  liquors  at  this 
place  up  to  the  present  time,  which  has  not  been  quite  two  months,  we 
are  informed  by  the  agent  amounts  to  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  dol- 
lars. This  is  quite  a  moderate  use  of  the  ardent  when  we  take  into  con- 
sideration that  there  has  been  but  one  agency  in  the  county. ' '  This  was 
less  than  five  dollars  a  day  for  a  county  whose  population  was  about 
twelve  thousand ;  but  an  enlightened  constituency  evidently  managed  to 
scare  up  a  large  amount  of  "sickness,"  for,  notwithstanding  the  addi- 
tion of  the  six  outside  agencies,  the  Crescent  of  September  8  said :  "The 
number  of  sales  at  this  point  up  to  the  present  time  is  fourteen  hundred. 
We  are  informed  by  the  agent  that  the  original  cost  of  the  liquor  thus 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1049 


disposed  of  is  five  hundred  dollars,  which  if  sold  according  to  the 
provisions  of  the  statute,  at  twenty-five  per  cent  advance,  would  be  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  profit — nearly  enough,  in  a  little  over 
two  months,  to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  year's  sales."  Even  this  showing 
called  forth  a  communication  on  the  15th  from  a  correspondent  who 
asked:  "What  would  have  been  the  probable  amount  had  our  agent 
done  his  duty  and  kept  a  supply  on  hand  all  the  time,  instead  of  being 
out  at  least  one-fourth  of  the  time,  and  that  in  the  season  when  there 
was  the  greatest  demand?"  The  Crescent  came  to  the  defense  of  the 
agent,  saying:  "Immediately  after  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Jeffries  he 
brought  on  what  he  supposed  would  be  enough  to  supply  the  community 
for  some  time.  Being  unacquainted  with  a  business  of  this  kind,  he 
had  but  little  idea  of  what  the  demand  would  be."  But  the  Bebee  case 
had  come  up,  and  made  the  future  uncertain,  and,  now  that  its  decision 
was  postponed,  "our  agent  made  arrangements  for  a  good  assortment 
of  liquors — has  them  now  on  hand,  and  will  continue  no  doubt  to  keep 
them  hereafter  in  abundance.  "We  think  our  correspondent  mistaken  if 
he  supposes  that  the  agency  was  without  liquor  one-fourth  of  the  time. 
There  may  not  have  been  an  assortment,  but  there  was  but  very  little  time 
when  some  kind  of  liquors  could  not  be  had ;  and  while  our  agency  was 
supplying  pretty  generally,  other  counties  were  entirely  destitute,  for 
the  same  causes.  Give  our  agents  time  to  'get  the  hang  of  the  barn,' 
friends,  and  then  things  will  go  on  smoothly."  But  the  system  was 
ended  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and  on  March  3,  1856,  the  Commissioners 
took  an  account  of  stock,  and  found  that  they  had  on  hand  liquors  amount- 
ing to  $558.88,  which  were  put  into  the  hands  of  an  agent  to  dispose  of 
for  the  county.  On  June  2,  1857,  he  reported  on  hand,  35  gallons  of 
Port  wine,  @  $2 ;  3y2  gallons  of  brandy,  @  $4 ;  3%  gallons  of  Holland 
gin,  @  $1.75 ;  and  ll/2  dozen  bottles  of  Catawba  wine,  @  $5 ;  which  were 
sold  in  a  lump  for  $95.97 ;  and  the  county  went  out  of  the  liquor  busi- 
ness, apparently  at  no  loss  financially. 

What  the  public  was  interested  in  was  the  prohibitory  effect  of  the 
law,  and  as  to  that  the  record  is  quite  full.  Goodwin's  statement  of  it, 
which  is  historically  accurate,  is  as  follows :  "  It  was  to  take  effect  on  the 
12th  of  June,  and  it  took  EFFECT !  On  the  morning  of  the  13th  every 
saloon  in  Indiana  was  closed,  and  crape  was  hung  upon  many  of  the 
doors  in  token  of  bereavement ;  and  not  a  single  saloon  was  opened  for 
public  business  from  that  day  till  the  8th  day  of  the  following  Novem- 
ber. Speaking  of  the  workings  of  the  law  in  Indianapolis,  the  Indian- 
apolis Sentinel,  of  the  15th  of  June,  said:  'The  temperance  law,  so  far, 
has  been  universally  and  faithfully  observed.  We  hear  of  no  disposition 
to  violate  its  provisions.'  And  fhe  local  editor,  the  same  day  said:  'The 


1050 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


new  liquor  law  has  knocked  police  items  into  a  cocked  hat.  Not  a  single 
item  is  to  be  obtained  now  on  account  of  John  Barleycorn.'  Recurring  to 
the  subject  again  on  the  20th,  it  said :  '  That  the  people  of  Indiana  desire 
and  will  have  a  reasonable  and  constitutional  law  for  the  suppression  of 
the  evils  of  intemperance,  none  are  blind  enough  to  deny.'  Recurring 
again  to  the  same  subject,  on  the  28th  of  June,  it  said :  'During  the  past 
fifteen  days  there  has  not  been  a  single  commitment  to  the  county  jail 
for  the  violation  of  the  city  ordinances,  and  in  the  way  of  arrests  by  the 
city  police,  there  is  little  or  nothing  doing. ' 

' '  The  Indianapolis  Locomotive,  of  the  23d  of  June,  said :  '  There  has 
not  been  a  single  arrest  or  commitment  to  prison  since  June  12th.    The 


WOMEN  CRUSADERS  IN  SALOON 

Mayor  sits  quietly  in  his  official  chair,  and  the  night  watch  doze  on 
the  store  boxes.'  Such  was  the  peace  and  order  which  followed,  that 
on  the  12th  of  July,  just  one  month  after  taking  effect  of  the  law,  the 
Indianapolis  Council  reduced  the  night  watch  one-half.  Referring  to 
this  fact  the  Locomotive  of  the  21st  of  July  said:  'The  temperance  law 
has  nearly  abolished  rioting,  drunkenness  and  rowdying,  and  the  tax- 
payers are  reducing  their  expenses.'  The  Journal,  referring  to  this  re- 
duction, in  its  issue  of  July  24th,  said :  '  The  reduction  of  the  night 
watch  was  on  account  of  the  diminution  of  disturbance  and  drunkenness 
from  the  enforcement  of  the  prohibitory  law.'  The  Indianapolis  Even- 
ing Republican,  of  the  29th  of  June,  said :  'Rummeys  no  longer  perambu- 
late the  streets,  making  night  hideous;  and  the  watchmen  have  little 
to  do.'  The  Journal  of  August  20th  said:  'The  law  diminished  crime, 


•]"'•,  -'  •'•'•'" '"'•'• 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1031 

reduced  drunkenness,  saved  money  and  emptied  jails  until  the  Supreme 
Court  took  hold  of  it.'  It  was  the  same  everywhere.  The  Sentinel's 
New  Albany  correspondent,  of  June  24th,  said :  '  The  liquor  law  is  gen- 
erally and  faithfully  observed  in  this  section  of  the  State ; '  and  the  New 
Albany  Tribune  of  the  27th  said :  '  The  sixty  or  seventy  saloons  of  this 
city  have  been  closed  for  two  weeks.'  The  Lafayette  Journal  of  July 
2d  said:  'Since  June  12th  the  Mayor's  court  of  this  city  has  been  almost 
deserted.  Our  jail  is  now  clear  of  all  corporation  prisoners,  and  the 
good  effects  of  the  law  have  been  felt  at  many  firesides.'  The  Madison 
correspondent  of  the  Indianapolis  Republican,  July  3d,  said:  'The  liquor 
law  works  like  a  charm.  Sorrow  and  sighing  have  fled  away.  Liquor 
can  not  be  purchased  illegally  in  this  city.'  The  Lafayette  Courier,  of 
July  2d,  said:  'What  words  can  express  the  heart-felt  gratitude  of  those 
whose  happiness  has  been  promoted  by  the  enforcement  of  the  prohib- 
itory law;'  and  the  Bloomington  Times  of  July  3d  said:  'We  have  not 
seen  a  drunken  man  in  town,  or  heard  of  a  single  fight  or  quarrel  since 
June  12th.'  Such  was  the  testimony  everywhere." 

There  are  only  two  additions  that  need  to  be  made  to  this  statement. 
One  is  that  there  were  some  violations  of  the  law,  but  they  were  by 
stealth,  and  they  were  not  numerous  enough,  or  serious  enough,  to  inter- 
fere with  the  general  record  for  sobriety.  The  other  is  that  the  law  did 
not  enforce  itself.  The  temperance  men  everywhere  appointed  what 
they  called  "Carson  leagues"  to  see  that  the  law  was  enforced.  If  any 
violator  escaped,  it  was  because  he  was  very  quiet  about  it.  In  Clinton 
County,  a  man  was  arrested  and  fined  for  selling  a  bottle  of  ' '  Schiedam 
Schnapps,"  which  had  been  masquerading  as  a  medicine  for  months; 
and  at  Indianapolis,  J.  S.  Pope  carded  the  papers  to  explain  that  the 
sole  cause  for  the  punishment  inflicted  on  him  was  that  he  had  sold  a 
bottle  of  the  "Ague  and  Tonic  Compound"  with  which  he  had  been 
relieving  malarial  sufferers  for  several  years.  The  temperance  people 
were  jubilant.  Stewart  &  Bowen  got  out  a  prohibition  pin,  bearing 
the  words,  ' '  No  Repeal ; ' '  and  surrounded  by  the  memorable  date,  ' '  June 
12,  1855. ' '  The  Locomotive  bubbled  over  in  verse,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  sample: 

*j. 

"  Demonstrater  of  the  power  of  suckshen! 
This  is  an  episode  in  your  kerear, 
A  full  stop  in  your  ambishus  asperachunz 
After  spirits; 

You  kant  get  your  morning  rashens — 
The  barr  is  closed — naree  Bottel  is  wisibul 
To  the  naked  i. 


. 


1050 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


new  liquor  law  has  knocked  police  items  into  a  cocked  hat.  Not  a  single 
item  is  to  be  obtained  now  on  account  of  John  Barleycorn.'  Recurring  to 
the  subject  again  on  the  20th,  it  said :  '  That  the  people  of  Indiana  desire 
and  will  have  a  reasonable  and  constitutional  law  for  the  suppression  of 
the  evils  of  intemperance,  none  are  blind  enough  to  deny.'  Recurring 
again  to  the  same  subject,  on  the  28th  of  June,  it  said:  'During  the  past 
fifteen  days  there  has  not  been  a  single  commitment  to  the  county  jail 
for  the  violation  of  the  city  ordinances,  and  in  the  way  of  arrests  by  the 
city  police,  there  is  little  or  nothing  doing.' 

"The  Indianapolis  Locomotive,  of  the  23d  of  June,  said:  'There  has 
not  been  a  single  arrest  or  commitment  to  prison  since  June  12th.    The 


WOMEN  CRUSADERS  IN  SALOON 


Mayor  sits  quietly  in  his  official  chair,  and  the  night  watch  doze  on 
the  store  boxes.'  Such  was  the  peace  and  order  which  followed,  that 
on  the  12th  of  July,  just  one  month  after  taking  effect  of  the  law,  the 
Indianapolis  Council  reduced  the  night  watch  one-half.  Referring  to 
this  fact  the  Locomotive  of  the  21st  of  July  said :  '  The  temperance  law 
has  nearly  abolished  rioting,  drunkenness  and  rowdying,  and  the  tax- 
payers are  reducing  their  expenses.'  The  Journal,  referring  to  this  re- 
duction, in  its  issue  of  July  24th,  said:  'The  reduction  of  the  night 
watch  was  on  account  of  the  diminution  of  disturbance  and  drunkenness 
from  the  enforcement  of  the  prohibitory  law.'  The  Indianapolis  Even- 
ing Republican,  of  the  29th  of  June,  said :  'Rummeys  no  longer  perambu- 
late the  streets,  making  night  hideous;  and  the  watchmen  have  little 
to  do.'  The  Journal  of  August  20th  said:  'The  law  diminished  crime, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1031 

reduced  drunkenness,  saved  money  and  emptied  jails  until  the  Supreme 
Court  took  hold  of  it.'  It  was  the  same  everywhere.  The  Sentinel's 
New  Albany  correspondent,  of  June  24th,  said :  '  The  liquor  law  is  gen- 
erally and  faithfully  observed  in  this  section  of  the  State ; '  and  the  New 
Albany  Tribune  of  the  27th  said :  '  The  sixty  or  seventy  saloons  of  this 
city  have  been  closed  for  two  weeks.'  The  Lafayette  Journal  of  July 
2d  said :  'Since  June  12th  the  Mayor's  court  of  this  city  has  been  almost 
deserted.  Our  jail  is  now  clear  of  all  corporation  prisoners,  and  the 
good  effects  of  the  law  have  been  felt  at  many  firesides.'  The  Madison 
correspondent  of  the  Indianapolis  Republican,  July  3d,  said:  'The  liquor 
law  works  like  a  charm.  Sorrow  and  sighing  have  fled  away.  Liquor 
can  not  be  purchased  illegally  in  this  city.'  The  Lafayette  Courier,  of 
July  2d,  said:  'What  words  can  express  the  heart-felt  gratitude  of  those 
whose  happiness  has  been  promoted  by  the  enforcement  of  the  prohib- 
itory law ; '  and  the  Bloomington  Times  of  July  3d  said :  '  We  have  not 
seen  a  drunken  man  in  town,  or  heard  of  a  single  fight  or  quarrel  since 
June  12th.'  Such  was  the  testimony  everywhere." 

There  are  only  two  additions  that  need  to  be  made  to  this  statement. 
One  is  that  there  were  some  violations  of  the  law,  but  they  were  by 
stealth,  and  they  were  not  numerous  enough,  or  serious  enough,  to  inter- 
fere with  the  general  record  for  sobriety.  The  other  is  that  the  law  did 
not  enforce  itself.  The  temperance  men  everywhere  appointed  what 
they  called  "Carson  leagues"  to  see  that  the  law  was  enforced.  If  any 
violator  escaped,  it  was  because  he  was  very  quiet  about  it.  In  Clinton 
County,  a  man  was  arrested  and  fined  for  selling  a  bottle  of  "Schiedam 
Schnapps,"  which  had  been  masquerading  as  a  medicine  for  months; 
and  at  Indianapolis,  J.  S.  Pope  carded  the  papers  to  explain  that  the 
sole  cause  for  the  punishment  inflicted  on  him  was  that  he  had  sold  a 
bottle  of  the  "Ague  and  Tonic  Compound"  with  which  he  had  been 
relieving  malarial  sufferers  for  several  years.  The  temperance  people 
were  jubilant.  Stewart  &  Bowen  got  out  a  prohibition  pin,  bearing 
the  words,  ' '  No  Repeal ; ' '  and  surrounded  by  the  memorable  date,  ' '  June 
12,  1855. ' '  The  Locomotive  bubbled  over  in  verse,  of  which  the  following 
is  a  sample: 


"  Demonstrater  of  the  power  of  suckshen! 
This  is  an  episode  in  your  kerear, 
A  full  stop  in  your  ambishus  asperachunz 
After  spirits; 

You  kant  get  your  morning  rashens — 
The  barr  is  closed — naree  Bottel  is  wisibul 
To  the  naked  i. 


* 


1052  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

As  you  stand  fernenst  the  kounter, 
You  anxishly  inquire  for  a  drink 
&  it  don't  cum, 

Demonstrater  of  suckshen." 

But  relief  for  the  thirsty  was  on  the  way.  On  July  2,  Roderick 
Bebee,  who  kept  the  high-toned  saloon  of  Indianapolis,  under  the  Wright 
House,  invited  a  police  officer  in  to  see  him  manufacture  and  sell  an 
intoxicating  drink.  He  was  taken  before  the  Mayor,  and  fined  $50, 
which  he  refused  to  pay;  and  thereupon  was  committed  to  jail.  A  writ 
of  habeas  corpus  took  the  case  to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  which 
sustained  the  law,  and  an  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court.  The 
court  was  in  recess,  but  the  judges  were  summoned,  and  on  July  9  heard 
argument.  The  attorneys  for  the  State  asked  time  to  file  briefs,  and 
the  court  adjourned  to  its  November  term.  Of  the  movements  from  that 
time,  Goodwin  gives  a  statement  that  is  to  some  extent  original  testimony, 
and  is  apparently  reliable,  though  he  ignores  political  influences  which 
the  Journal  charged  to  be  operating,  in  the  enmity  of  Jesse  D.  Bright 
and  his  followers,  of  whom  Judge  Perkins  was  one,  towards  Governor 
Wright.18  Goodwin  says: 

"But  the  traffic  grew  impatient.  The  law  was  everywhere  manu- 
facturing sentiment  in  its  behalf  by  its  happy  results,  and  the  liquor 
sellers  demanded  immediate  action.  Meanwhile  Judge  Perkins  had 
repeatedly  foreshadowed  his  opinion.  As  early  as  the  12th  of  March  he 
had  written  to  the  Richmond  Jeffersonian  and  published  over  his  well- 
known  initial,  'P,'  a  tirade,  first  against  Governor  Wright  for  signing 
the  bill,  then  against  the  law  itself.  The.  tone  of  the  letter  may  be 
inferred  from  this  one  sentence :  '  It  may  be  enforced  here,  but  it  could 
not  be  in  any  despotism  in  Europe  without  producing  revolution. '  And 
his  conversations  on  the  streets  and  everywhere  abounded  with  such 
choice  illustrations  as  this:  'Why,  the  State  might  as  well  appoint  a 
commission  to  do  all  the  begetting  of  children  and  make  eunuchs  of  the 
rest  of  us,  as  to  appoint  a  commission  to  do  all  the  liquor  selling.'  In 
order  to  bring  an  influence  to  bear  upon  the  subject,  a  meeting  of  the 
leading  Democrats  of  the  State  was  called  for  the  27th  of  August.  On 
the  preceding  Friday,  Judge  Perkins  called  his  colleagues  to  meet  in 
chambers  on  the  23d,  and  to  decide  the  case.  Judges  Gookins  and  Stuart 
refused  to  come,  as  Judge  Perkins  had  no  right  to  make  such  a  call. 
The  Democratic  meeting  was  held  on  the  27th,  and  a  series  of  resolu- 


is  Journal,  Aug.  20,  1855. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1053 

tions  was  adopted  denunciatory  of  the  law,  and  one  urging  the  court 
to  hurry  up  the  decision  in  view  of  the  demoralization  of  business  as  the 
law  stood.  About  the  1st  of  November  Judges  Gookins  and  Stuart  signi- 
fied a  desire  to  have  certain  points  re-argued  when  the  court  should 
convene  in  November.  This  alarmed  the  traffic.  It  might  mean  a  divided 
court,  and  it  might  mean  manyj  additional  months  of  deliberation. 
Something  must  be  done,  and  that  at  once.  In  this  emergency  a  parley 
was  held  at  the  Bates  House  saloon  on  the  night  of  the  7th  of  November. 
Whether  Judge  Perkins  was  present  or  not,  was  never  known  outside  of 
that  little  coterie;  but  the  conclusions  of  that  consultation  were  soon 
made  public.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  8th,  a  boy  of  the  saloon,  by 
the  name  of  Herman,  openly  violated  the  law.  By  those  in  waiting  he 
was  at  once  hustled  before  the  Mayor,  where  he  was  fined,  and  on  refus- 
ing to  pay  the  fine  he  was  sent  to  jail.  He  was  hardly  in  before  he  was 
out  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  issued  by  Judge  Perkins,  who  sat  in  his 
judicial  chair  before  2  o'clock  ready  to  try  the  case. 

"The  attorneys  for  the  liquor  sellers  proposed  to  submit  the  case 
on  the  argument  in  the  Bebee  case,  and  the  attorneys  for  the  State, 
comprehending  the  situation  at  a  glance,  consented.  The  judge  repeated 
a  few  of  his  arguments  against  the  law  that  had  appeared  months  before 
in  the  Richmond  Jeffersonian,  and  had  been  often  expressed  on  the 
street,  and  concluded  by  saying,  'The  law  is  void,  let  the  prisoner  be 
discharged.'  That  was  the  decision,  not  the  decision  in  the  Bebee  case, 
that  unlocked  the  doors  of  the  saloons  now  five  months  closed.  On  dis- 
charging the  prisoner  he  said  that  he  would  write  out  his  opinion  in  a 
few  days  and  have  it  published.  Four  days  later  it  appeared  in  full 
in  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  very  much  as  originally  delivered  off-hand, 
and  was  copied  the  next  day  into  the  Journal,  'revised  and  corrected 
by  the  author,'  and  at  his  own  request.  Two  years  later  it  appeared  as 
an  appendix  to  the  Eighth  Indiana,  surreptitiously  inserted  by  Gordon 
Tanner,  and  not  even  indexed;  Albert  G.  Porter,  the  Democratic  Re- 
porter at  the  time,  refusing  to  print  it  in  the  Sixth,  as  it  was  in  no 
proper  sense  a  Supreme  Court  opinion.  But,  as  great  as  was  the  outrage 
upon  the  State  at  the  time,  thousands  will  be  thankful  that  it  is  thus 
preserved,  in  every  county,  and  in  every  law  library,  that  those  who  are 
to  come  after  in  this  unending  conflict,  may  know  what  kind  of  stuff 
passed  for  grave  argument  when  the  first  prohibitory  law  of  Indiana 
was  on  trial.  As  published,  it  is  substantially  the  same  as  appears  in 
the  Bebee  case,  though  many  a  sentence  that  gave  spice  to  the  off-hand 
speech,  on  the  occasion,  to  the  rabble  that  gathered  to  see  the  law  over- 


1054  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

t 

thrown,  is  omitted.  Its  existence  at  all  will  be  news  to  hundreds  of 
eminent  lawyers  of  to-day,  so  quietly  has  it  slept  all  these  years."19 

The  decision  is  indeed  well  worth  reading,  not  merely  as  a  liquor 
decision,  but  as  a  specimen  of  what  passes  for  judicial  mentality.  There 
is  no  pretense  that  the  Constitution  says  anything  on  the  subject  of 
prohibition.  The  opinion  proceeds  on  the  assumption  that  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor  is  a  prohibition  of  its  use, 
although  the  law  expressly  authorizes  its  use  when  imported,  and  under 
certain  forms  of  domestic  manufacture.  On  this  unfounded  assumption 
he  says:  "The  right  of  liberty  and  pursuit  of  happiness  secured  by 
the  constitution,  embraces  the  right,  in  each  compos  mentis  individual, 
of  selecting  what  he  will  eat  and  drink.  *  *  *  If  the  people  are  sub- 
ject to  be  controlled  by  the  legislature  in  the  matter  of  their  beverages,  so 
they  are  as  to  their  articles  of  dress,  and  in  their  hours  of  sleeping  and 
waking.  *  *  *  If  the  government  can  prohibit  any  practice  it 
pleases,  it  can  prohibit  the  drinking  of  cold  water."  And  yet  the  gov- 
ernment has  an  unquestionable  right  to  control  the  "pursuit  of  happi- 
ness" in  any  of  these  matters,  if  it  becomes  detrimental  to  public  wel- 
fare. For  example,  if  Mr.  Bebee,  in  the  exercise  of  his  right  to  dress 
as  he  liked,  had  chosen  to  appear  in  public  clothed  in  a  fig-leaf,  even 
Judge  Perkins  might  have  been  able  to  see  that  there  was  a  reasonable 
limit  to  freedom  in  that  line.  In  the  Herman  case  Judge  Perkins  under- 
takes to  show  that  drunkenness  is  enjoined  by  the  Divine  law.  After 
quoting  from  David  and  Solomon,  he  proceeds:  "It  thus  appears,  if 
the  inspired  psalmist  is  entitled  to  credit,  that  man  was  made  to  laugh 
as  well  as  weep,  and  that  these  stimulating  beverages  were  created  by 
the  Almighty  expressly  to  promote  his  social  hilarity  and  enjoyment. 
And  for  this  purpose  have  •  the  world  ever  used  them ;  they  have  ever 
given,  in  the  language  of  another  passage  of  scripture,  strong  drink 
to  him  that  was  weary  and  wine  to  those  of  heavy  heart.  The  first 
miracle  wrought  by  our  Saviour,  that  at  Cana  of  Galilee,  the  place  where 
he  dwelt  in  his  youth,  and  where  he  met  his  followers  after  his  resurrec- 
tion, was  to  supply  this  article  to  increase  the  festivities  of  a  joyous 
occasion;  that  he  used  it  himself  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  he  was 
called  by  his  enemies  a  wine-bibber;  and  he  paid  it  the  distinguished 
honor  of  being  the  eternal  memorial  of  his  death  and  man's  redemp- 
tion."20 

Curiously  enough,  Judge  Perkins  has  been  traditionally  credited  with 


'9  Seventy-six  Years  Tussle  with  the  Traffic,  pp.  17-9.  Even  Goodwin  overlooked 
the  remarkable  fact  that  although  the  decision  in  the  Herman  case  was  made  on 
Nov.  8  it  is  dated  October  30. 

20  Herman  vs.  The  State,  8  Ind.  Appendix. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1055 

"an  acute  legal  mind;"  and  if  he  really  had  one,  there  was  some  justifica- 
tion for  the  man  who  advocated  "an  appeal  from  the  Supreme  Court  to 
two  Justices  of  the  Peace. ' '  It  may  be  noted,  casually,  that  the  Mormons 
make  a  much  stronger  argument  from  the  Scriptures  for  polygamy  than 
he  does  for  drunkenness,  and  that  they  base  it  largely  on  David  and 
Solomon.  It  is  quite  generally  conceded,  however,  that  those  dis- 
tinguished rulers  were  more  admirable  in  precept  than  in  example.  As 
a  witty  Indianan  is  credited  with  putting  it — 

"Solomon  and  David  led  merry,  merry  lives; 
They  had  many,  many  concubines,  and  many,  many  wives ; 
When  they  grew  old,  and  had  virtuous  qualms, 
Solomon  wrote  proverbs,  and  David  wrote  psalms. ' ' 

If  the  proposition  be  accepted  that  a  man  has  such  a  natural  right 
to  gratify  his  thirst  for  intoxicating  liquor — an  artificial  thing,  not  of 
his  own  manufacture — that  a  law  to  p'rohibit  its  manufacture  and  sale 
by  others  is  a  denial  of  his  natural  right ;  it  must  be  true  that  his  desire 
to  gratify  his  sexual  appetite  gives  equally  a  natural  right,  and  that 
interference  with  its  exercise,  under  mutual  consent,  by  laws  prohibit- 
ing prostitution  and  penalizing  seduction,  is  no  less  a  violation  of  the 
constitution. 

But  back  of  all  the  alleged  argument,  and  sham  judicial  solemnity 
of  the  proceeding,  is  the  obvious  fact  that  both  decisions,  in  the  Her- 
man and  Bebee  cases,  were  putridly  political.  Their  whole  historical 
surrounding  makes  them  disgraces  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  and 
blots  on  judicial  dignity  and  decorum.  That  they  have  stood  as  the  law 
of  the  State  for  more  than  half  a  century,  would  be  a  reproach  to  the 
people,  but  for  the  fact  that  overwhelming  public  problems  pushed 
the  temperance  question  to  one  side.  It  was  the  Civil  War  that  stayed 
its  progress  for  years,  and  not  the  reasoning  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  temperance  men  were  discouraged,  but  not  in  despair.  When  they 
met  in  convention  on  February  22,  1856,  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  as  chair- 
man said:  "Gentlemen,  our  hands  are  tied.  Whether  we  approve  or 
disapprove,  the  decision  of  the  court  is,  for  the  present,  the  law  of  the 
land,  and  we  must  submit.  But,  gentlemen,  the  people  are  sovereign 
in  this  country.  They  not  only  make  laws,  but  they  make  constitutions, 
and  they  make  courts,  and  I  now  and  here  notify  the  rum-power  of 
Indiana  that  the  people  of  Indiana  will  make  a  constitution  that  will 
not  only  tolerate  prohibition,  but  will  command  it,  and  they  will  make 
a  court  that  will  construe  it  in  the  interests  of  society  and  humanity,  and 
not  in  the  interest  of  a  handful  of  liquor  sellers  and  drunken  politicians." 


1036  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

But  the  dealers  of  the  new  Republican  party  were  afraid  of  the  temper- 
ance question,  and  they  wanted  the  German  vote.  They  knew  that  the 
Germans  were  generally  with  them  on  the  slavery  question;  and  they 
probably  thought  that  the  temperance  men  would  stay  with  them  any- 
way. On  November  2,  1855,  the  Journal  published  an  editorial  telling 
how  much  it  was  devoted  to  temperance,  but  it  was  convinced  that  the 
prohibition  law  was  injuring  the  Republican  party.  In  the  campaign  of 
1856  the  Republican  party  made  temperance  a  side  issue.  Goodwin 
says:  "Thousands  of  Democrats  who  had  left  their  party  because  tem- 
perance was  in  issue,  returned  to  their  first  love,  and  all  of  that  class 
of  temperance  soldiers  who  are  good  at  a  dash,  but  scorn  patient  endur- 
ance in  well-doing,  went  also.  *  *  *  The  result  of  the  election  was 
what  might  have  been  expected.  The  majority  of  12,623  of  two  years 
before  when  temperance  was  a  large  factor,  was  turned  into  a  Demo- 
cratic majority  of  8,191,  notwithstanding  the  increasing  arrogance  of 
the  slave  power  and  the  multiplied  outrages  in  Kansas,  which  were  relied 
upon  as  compensation  for  an  abandonment  of  temperance." 

There  was  some  indignation  over  the  overthrow  of  the  prohibition 
law,  and  one  notable  expression  of  it  occurred  at  Princeton,  where  the 
women  determined  that  they  would  have  prohibition,  law  or  no  law, 
and  turned  out  in  force  and  wrecked  three  stocks  of  liquor  that  were 
brought  to  the  town.21  In  general,  however,  the  liquor  business  drifted 
back  to  its  old  conditions.  In  January,  1859,  the  Supreme  Court  pro- 
nounced what  was  left  of  the  law  of  1855  void ;  and  the  legislature 
adopted  a  license  law,  with  a  right  of  remonstrance  only  for  immorality 
or  other  unfitness  of  the  applicant.  Under  this  intemperance  grew  apace 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  the  situation  caused  a  revival  of  temperance 
effort.  In  June,  1868,  a  call  was  issued  for  a  State  temperance  conven- 
tion, and  a  State  Temperance  Alliance  was  organized.  The  temperance 
sentiment  grew,  until  in  1872  a  legislature  was  elected,  without  any 
campaign  on  the  subject,  that,  without  regard  to  party  lines,  enacted 
the  "Baxter  law."  This  law  was  on  the  general  lines  of  the  law  of 
1853,  except  that  instead  of  holding  an  election  to  decide  on  local  option, 
the  applicant  for  a  "permit"  had  to  get  a  signed  petition  from  a  ma- 
jority of  the  voters  of  the  ward,  town  or  township  in  which  he  desired 
to  sell.  If  the  County  Commissioners  issued  the  permit,  he  gave  bond 
in  $3,000  to  cover  fines  and  damages  to  anyone  injured  through  the 
intoxication  of  any  person,  and  for  compensation  to  anyone  taking  care 
of  a  drunken  person.  Judgments  were  also  a  lien  on  the  property  in 
which  the  liquor  was  sold.  No  State  license  fee  was  charged,  but  cities 


21  Journal,  March  29,  April  16,  May  7,  1856. 


•  -  •">.  -    -  '  - •  '• 

•  f .      ;" 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1057 

and  towns  were  authorized  to  charge  license  fees.  All  saloons  were  re- 
quired to  be  closed  from  9  p.  m.  to  6  a.  m.  This  law  was  a  surprise  to 
the  liquor  interests,  and  they  at  once  organized  for  its  repeal,  while  the 
temperance  people  became  active  in  the  effort  to  prevent  the  obtaining 
of  signatures,  and  in  creating  sentiment  for  the  maintenance  of  the  law. 
The  German  press  of  the  State  took  an  united  stand  against  the  law, 
and  came  to  both  the  Democratic  and  Republican  conventions  with  open 
statements  that  the  Germans  would  oppose  any  party  and  any  candidate 
that  was  favorable  to  the  law.  The  Republican  party  virtually  indorsed 
the  law,  but,  says  Goodwin,  "they  nominated  a  ticket,  all  of  whom,  with 
one  exception,  were  hostile  to  the  law;  at  least  they  said  not  a  word  in 
its  favor  during  the  canvass,  but  evaded  and  dodged  the  issue  every- 
where in  their  attempt  to  secure  the  German  vote,  and  they  spoke  of 
the  law  as  uncalled  for  and  fanatical."  On  the  other  hand  the  Demo- 
cratic party  took  a  position  squarely  against  the  law,  promising  its  repeal, 
and  the  substitution  of  a  law  that  would  bring  revenue  into  the  school 
fund.  The  natural  result  was  the  election  of  the  Democratic  State  ticket 
by  17,000  majority,  and  a  legislature  Democratic  in  both  branches,  which 
enacted  a  license  law.  What  was  worse,  it  created  the  belief  among 
politicians  of  both  parties  that  the  liquor  vote  was  the  all-important 
thing  in  Indiana,  and  for  several  years  they  acted  on  that  theory. 

The  work  of  education  had  to  be  done  over;  but  an  extraordinary 
agency  was  already  at  work.  Over  in  Hillsborough,  Ohio,  on  December 
23,  1873,  Dr.  Dio  Lewis  made  a  temperance  speech,  in  which  he  told 
how  his  mother,  driven  to  desperation  by  a  drunken  husband,  had  led 
a  movement  of  women  to  appeal  to  the  better  nature  of  liquor  sellers  to 
discontinue  the  business,  and  had  met  with  much  success.  The  women 
of  Hillsborough  determined  to  try  it,  and  on  December  26  commenced 
by  visiting  a  saloon,  where  the  flrst  prayer  of  the  "Women's  Crusade" 
was  offered  by  Mrs.  J.  H.  Thompson,  a  daughter  of  former  Governor 
Trimble  of  Ohio ;  and  one  of  the  most  remarkable  agitations  ever  known 
in  America  was  begun.  Goodwin  says  that  the  women  of  Shelbyville, 
Indiana,  began  the  same  work  at  the  same  time  ' '  without  either  knowing 
of  the  other."  In  reality  the  Shelbyville  women  did  not  begin  the 
visitation  of  saloons  until  January  21,  but  there  is  no  intimation  in 
the  current  accounts  that  they  were  informed  of  the  Hillsborough  action. 
The  Shelbyville  movement  grew  out  of  the  arrest  of  two  young  boys  of 
the  place  in  a  house  of  ill  fame.  A  "mother's  meeting"  was  held,  and 
those  present  decided  that  whisky  was  the  real  cause  of  the  demoraliza- 
tion. They  determined  to  try  moral  suasion  to  get  rid  of  it.  In  the 
current  accounts  of  the  movement  in  Indiana,  it  is  spoken  of  as  originat- 
ing at  Shelbyville.  The  movement  spread  rapidly  throughout  the  coun- 


1058 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


try.  The  movement  was  started  at  Indianapolis  by  meetings  in  four  of 
the  churches  on  February  22,  1874,  followed  by  other  meetings  for 
consultation.  On  March  3  the  local  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  was  organized,  and  on  March  6  the  movement  was  indorsed  by  a 


MBS.  ZERELDA  G.  WALLACE 


meeting  of  men  at  Masonic  Hall.  The  first  task  undertaken  was  can- 
vassing the  wards  to  prevent  signatures  to  petitions,  under  the  Baxter 
law.  This  was  followed  by  visits  to  saloons,  and  by  putting  watchers 
at  the  doors  of  saloons.  At  the  same  time  temperance  meetings  were  held 
almost  daily,  and  numbers  of  persons  were  induced  to  sign  the  pledge. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1059 

But  the  strain  was  too  great  to  last  long.  The  work  was  genuine  martyr- 
dom to  many  of  the  women  who  engaged  in  it  from  a  sense  of  duty,  and 
it  took  so  much  of  their  time  that  it  involved  the  neglect  of  domestic 
duties.  Nevertheless  they  stuck  to  it  until  the  Baxter  law  was  repealed. 
Their  last  action  was  waiting  on  the  legislature,  one  hundred  strong, 
headed  by  Mrs.  Zerelda  Wallace,  and  appealing  to  that  body  to  let  the 
Baxter  law  stand. 

One  of  the  memorable  effects  of  the  Crusade  was  bringing  numerous 
women  into  public  prominence  as  speakers,  and  of  these  none  was  more 
notable  than  Mrs.  Wallace.  She  was  the  eldest  of  the  five  daughters  of 
Dr.  John  H.  Sanders,  a  Virginian.  Her  mother,  Polly  Gray,  was  from 
South  Carolina,  but  was  also  a  descendant  of  a  Virginia  family,  the 
Singletons.  The  young  couple  came  west  and  located  at  Millersburg. 
Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  where  Zerelda  was  born,  August  6,  1817. 
In  1829,  Dr.  Sanders  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  became  a  lead- 
ing physician.  He  built  the  brick  residence  that  stood  on  the  ground 
now  occupied  by  the  Traction  and  Terminal  Station,  which  was  later 
purchased  by  the  State  as  a  residence  for  the  Governors.  From  child- 
hood Zerelda  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  and  from  reading  medical 
works,  and  association  with  her  father  attained  a  fair  acquaintance  with 
medical  science.  On  December  26,  1836,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  she  be- 
came the  second  wife  of  Lieutenant-Governor  David  Wallace.  Her  sisters 
became  Mrs.  John  H.  McBae,  Mrs.  Robert  B.  Duncan,  Mrs.  David  S. 
Beatty,  and  the  youngest  the  wife  of  Dr.  Richard  J.  Gatling,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  Gatling  gun.  Mrs.  Wallace  was  a  thoroughly  domestic 
woman,  and  exemplary  in  her  devotion  to  her  family,  as  testified  to  by  her 
step-son,  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,22  who  is  said  to  have  drawn  his  character  of 
the  mother  of  Ben  Hur  from  her.23  She  joined  in  the  labors  of  her  hus- 
band as  counselor  and  critic,  and  devoted  herself  to  the  education  of  his 
children.24  She  took  no  public  action  until  the  Women's  Crusade,  and  then 
at  the  solicitation  of  a  friend,  undertook  to  speak  in  public,  with  feat 
and  trembling.  But  she  was  soon  at  ease,  and  her  first  effort  was  a 
success.  She  was  made  the  first  president  of  the  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  of  Indiana,  and  was  recognized  everywhere  as  the 
foremost  woman  speaker  of  the  State.  She  was  logical  and  convincing. 
One  of  her  addresses  was  long  remembered.  It  was  on  The  Moral  Re- 
sponsibility of  the  Liquor  Seller,  and  she  based  it  on  Exodus  XXI,  28-9, 
"If  an  ox  gore  a  man  or  a  woman,  that  they  die;  then  the  ox  shall  be 

22  Autobiography,  Vol.  1,  p.  46. 

23  Journal,  March  20,  1901. 
2«  Journal,  May  17,  1884. 


. 


1058 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


try.  The  movement  was  started  at  Indianapolis  by  meetings  in  four  of 
the  churches  on  February  22,  1874,  followed  by  other  meetings  for 
consultation.  On  March  3  the  local  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  was  organized,  and  on  March  6  the  movement  was  indorsed  by  a 


1 


MRS.  ZERELDA  G.  WALLACE 


meeting  of  men  at  Masonic  Hall.  The  first  task  undertaken  was  can- 
vassing the  wards  to  prevent  signatures  to  petitions,  under  the  Baxter 
law.  This  was  followed  by  visits  to  saloons,  and  by  putting  watchers 
at  the  doors  of  saloons.  At  the  same  time  temperance  meetings  were  held 
almost  daily,  and  numbers  of  persons  were  induced  to  sign  the  pledge. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1059 

But  the  strain  was  too  great  to  last  long.  The  work  was  genuine  martyr- 
dom to  many  of  the  women  who  engaged  in  it  from  a  sense  of  duty,  and 
it  took  so  much  of  their  time  that  it  involved  the  neglect  of  domestic 
duties.  Nevertheless  they  stuck  to  it  until  the  Baxter  law  was  repealed. 
Their  last  action  was  waiting  on  the  legislature,  one  hundred  strong, 
headed  by  Mrs.  Zerelda  Wallace,  and  appealing  to  that  body  to  let  the 
Baxter  law  stand. 

One  of  the  memorable  effects  of  the  Crusade  was  bringing  numerous 
women  into  public  prominence  as  speakers,  and  of  these  none  was  more 
notable  than  Mrs.  Wallace.  She  was  the  eldest  of  the  five  daughters  of 
Dr.  John  H.  Sanders,  a  Virginian.  Her  mother,  Polly  Gray,  was  from 
South  Carolina,  but  was  also  a  descendant  of  a  Virginia  family,  the 
Singletons.  The  young  couple  came  west  and  located  at  Millersburg. 
Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  where  Zerelda  was  born,  August  6,  1817. 
In  1829,  Dr.  Sanders  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  became  a  lead- 
ing physician.  He  built  the  brick  residence  that  stood  on  the  ground 
now  occupied  by  the  Traction  and  Terminal  Station,  which  was  later 
purchased  by  the  State  as  a  residence  for  the  Governors.  From  child- 
hood Zerelda  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  and  from  reading  medical 
works,  and  association  with  her  father  attained  a  fair  acquaintance  with 
medical  science.  On  December  26,  1836,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  she  be- 
came the  second  wife  of  Lieutenant-Governor  David  Wallace.  Her  sisters 
became  Mrs.  John  II.  McRae,  Mrs.  Robert  B.  Duncan,  Mrs.  David  S. 
Beatty,  and  the  youngest  the  wife  of  Dr.  Richard  J.  Gatling,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  Gatling  gun.  Mrs.  Wallace  was  a  thoroughly  domestic 
woman,  and  exemplary  in  her  devotion  to  her  family,  as  testified  to  by  her 
step-son,  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,22  who  is  said  to  have  drawn  his  character  of 
the  mother  of  Ben  Hur  from  her.23  She  joined  in  the  labors  of  her  hus- 
band as  counselor  and  critic,  and  devoted  herself  to  the  education  of  his 
children.24  She  took  no  public  action  until  the  Women's  Crusade,  and  then 
at  the  solicitation  of  a  friend,  undertook  to  speak  in  public,  with  feat 
and  trembling.  But  she  was  soon  at  ease,  and  her  first  effort  was  3 
success.  She  was  made  the  first  president  of  the  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union  of  Indiana,  and  was  recognized  everywhere  as  the 
foremost,  woman  speaker  of  the  State.  She  was  logical  and  convincing. 
One  of  her  addresses  was  long  remembered.  It  was  on  The  Moral  Re- 
sponsibility of  the  Liquor  Seller,  and  she  based  it  on  Exodus  XXI,  28-9. 
"If  an  ox  gore  a  man  or  a  woman,  that  they  die;  then  the  ox  shall  be 

=-'  Autobiography,  Vol.  1,  p.  46. 
-'3  Journal,  March  20,  1901. 
2*  Journal,  May  17,  1884. 


1060  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

surely  stoned,  and  his  flesh  shall  not  be  eaten ;  but  the  owner  of  the  ox 
shall  be  quit.  But  if  the  ox  were  wont  to  push  with  his  horn  in  time 
past,  and  it  hath  been  testified  to  his  owner,  and  he  hath  not  kept  him 
in,  but  that  he  hath  killed  a  man  or  a  woman ;  the  ox  shall  be  stoned,  and 
the  owner  also  shall  be  put  to  death."  In  1875  she  headed  a  body  of 
100  women  who  went  to  the  legislature  to  urge  against  the  repeal  of  the 
Baxter  law,  and  she  addressed  the  legislators,  many  of  whom  showed  an 
open  contempt  for  her  speech  while  it  was  being  delivered.  At  its  close, 
a  senator  from  Marion  County  arose,  and  said  that  legislative  voting 
was  not  a  matter  of  individual  conviction,  but  of  representing  con- 
stituents, and  his  constituents  wanted  the  law  repealed.  The  thought 
flashed  into  Mrs.  Wallace 's  mind,  why  was  not  she  one  of  his  constituents 
whose  desires  were  considered ;  and  as  she  left  she  thanked  him,  and  told 
him  he  had  made  her  a  woman 's  suffragist.  Thereafter  she  was  an  active 
advocate  of  woman's  suffrage  as  well  as  temperance. 

There  was  no  disorder  in  connection  with  the  Women's  Crusade,  in 
the  way  of  preventing  their  work.  In  New  York  City  the  police  arrested 
some  of  the  women,  but  nothing  of  that  kind  occurred  in  Indiana.  There 
was  one  approach  to  a  riot  at  Frankfort,  but  it  resulted  without  serious 
disturbance.  The  Commissioners  of  Clinton  County  had  issued  three 
"permits"  over  remonstrances,  and  the  remonstrants  had  appealed  to 
the  courts,  when  the  saloon  men  undertook  to  ship  in  their  stocks  and 
begin  business.  A  large  crowd  gathered  at  the  point  where  the  liquor 
was  to  be  delivered,  and  refused  to  allow  it  to  be  unloaded.  It  was 
finally  returned  to  the  freight  depot,  excepting  one  barrel,  which  was 
broken  open  and  the  contents  spilled.  The  chief  practical  result  of  the 
Crusade  was  starting  temperance  sentiment  on  the  up  grade  once  more. 
It  was  hardly  out  of  the  way  until  the  country  was  swept  by  the  Murphy, 
or  "Blue  Ribbon"  movement.  Murphy  was  an  Irishman,  born  in  Wex- 
ford,  April  24,  1836.  He  served  in  the  Union  army  in  the  Civil  War, 
and  began  the  organization  of  temperance  clubs  at  Portland,  Maine, 
in  1870 ;  but  the  movement  is  usually  treated  as  having  started  at  Pitts- 
burg,  where  in  1876  he  induced  thousands  to  take  the  pledge,  and  don 
the  blue  ribbon.  From  there  it  spread  over  the  entire  country,  and 
it  is  said  that  10,000,000  people  signed  the  pledge  in  consequence  of  his 
labors.  In  October,  1879,  a  Grand  Council  was  organized,  composed  of 
temperance  men  and  women  of  all  organizations  in  Indiana ;  and  it 
was  instrumental  in  bringing  a  prohibition  amendment  before  the  leg- 
islature of  1881.  The  temperance  question  had  not  been  up  in  the  cam- 
paign, and  when  46,000  voters  asked  for  the  submission  of  a  prohibition 
amendment,  the  legislature,  by  a  small  non-partisan  majority,  passed 
a  resolution  for  that  purpose.  There  was  a  repetition  of  history.  The 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1061 

Democrats  took  a  square  stand  against  the  amendment,  and  the  Repub- 
licans ran  away  from  it,  with  the  natural  result  that  the  Democrats  won, 
and  the  amendment  died  where  it  was.  This  temporary  victory  was 
the  beginning  of  the  end.  In  1882  the  Liquor  League  was  organized  to 
fight  the  amendment,  and  its  victory  made  it  arrogant.  The  average 
politician  got  the  idea  that  the  liquor  interest  was  the  most  important 
thing  in  Indiana,  and  the  crawling  in  the  dirt  to  the  liquor  power 
naturally  made  it  dictatorial.  This  was  resented  by  hundreds  of  men 
who  had  no  strong  scruples  about  the  liquor  business,  but  who  objected 
to  being  controlled  by  it. 

The  situation  remained  unchanged  until  1895,  when  the  Liquor 
League  had  a  hard  shock  to  its  dream  of  security.  If  anyone  had  pre- 
dicted in  advance  that  the  legislature  of  1895  would  pass  such  a  measure 
as  the  Nicholson  law,  he  would  have  been  laughed  at,  even  by  members 
of  the  legislature,  for  no  such  issue  had  been  presented  in  the  campaign, 
and  the  party  leaders  on  both  sides  were  opposed  to  the  legislation.  But 
a  movement  was  started  by  Col.  Eli  F.  Bitter,  that  did  the  work.  He 
wanted  a  local  option  law  that  would  "hold  water,"  and  he  had  devoted 
months  to  the  preparation  of  one.  It  was  framed  on  the  basis  of  taking 
provisions  from  the  laws  of  other  states  that  had  been  upheld  and  con- 
strued by  the  courts,  with  the  view  that  our  courts  would  hold  the  ' '  legis- 
lative intent"  to  be  that  the  provisions  were  adopted  with  the  construc- 
tion that  had  been  put  on  them.  After  it  was  prepared,  Mr.  S.  E.  Nichol- 
son, representing  Howard  County,  came  to  Indianapolis  desirous  to  do 
something  for  the  temperance  cause;  and  after  consultation  it  was  ar- 
ranged that  he  should  introduce  the  bill,  which  has  since  been  known  by 
his  name.25  Meanwhile  Col.  Bitter  had  associated  with  two  other  gentle- 
men, and,  on  the  principle  of  "the  three  tailors  of  Tooley  street,"  had 
formed  "The  Citizens'  League,"  which  had  arranged  for  backing  by 
the  clergy  of  the  State,  the  Epworth  League,  the  Christian  Endeavor 
societies,  and  some  other  agencies.  As  soon  as  the  bill  was  introduced. 
10,000  copies  were  printed  and  sent  out,  together  with  five  petitions 
with  each  copy  of  the  bill,  asking  for  its  passage,  by  name  and  number. 
Within  a  few  days  they  began  to  come  in  to  every  member  of  the  legis- 
lature from  his  own  constituents,  in  such  number  that  a  majority  of  the 
legislators  did  not  dare  to  ignore  them,  and  the  bill  became  a  law.  But 
for  the  hostile  attitude  of  some  courts  and  prosecutors  it  would  have 
ended  the  retail  liquor  business  in  Indiana  long  ago. 

The  liquor  people  realized  that  they  had  been  caught  napping,  and 
made  every  effort  to  overthrow  the  law  in  the  courts.  A  test  case  was 


25  Journal,  April  21,  1903. 


1062  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

prepared,  and  there  were  more  than  two  dozen  of  the  best  lawyers  of 
the  State  acting  for  them  at  the  hearing  in  the  Supreme  Court.  Their 
case  was  presented  by  three  ex-Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court — Elliott, 
Hammond  and  Zollars.  The  State  was  represented  by  W.  A.  Ketcham, 
Attorney  General,  Charles  W.  Smith,  and  Eli  F.  Hitter.  The  defense  of 
Section  9,  providing  for  remonstrance,  which  was  the  most  questionable 
feature  of  the  law,  was  specially  assigned  to  Ritter.  On  June  19,  1896, 
the  Court  filed  its  decision .  sustaining  the  law  in  every  particular,  with 
two  Judges  dissenting  in  part  as  to  Section  2  only.  It  was  this  law  that 
broke  the  strength  of  the  Liquor  League  in  Indiana,  and  the  State  is  in- 
debted to  Col.  Ritter  for  it. 

Eli  F.  Ritter  was  of  Quaker  stock,  the  son  of  James  and  Rachel 
(Jessup)  Ritter,  who  came  from  North  Carolina  in  1822,  and  located  in 
Hendricks  County.  They  were  a  part  of  that  army  of  immigrants  from 
the  South  who  came  North  to  get  away  from  slavery.  Eli  was  boru 
June  18,  1838.  He  attended  the  common  schools  of  the  vicinity,  and 
had  begun  a  course  at  DePauw  when  the  Civil  War  came  on.  Waiving 
his  family  peace  principles,  he  volunteered  in  the  Sixteenth  Indiana,  on 
April  14,  1861,  and  remained  in  the  service  to  the  close  of  the  war,  most 
of  the  time  in  the  Seventy-Ninth  Indiana.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  Major 
at  that  time,  and  in  1883,  when  the  Indiana,  National  Guard  was  organ- 
ized, Governor  Porter  appointed  him  Colonel  of  the  First  Regiment,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  for  three  years.  He  was  graduated  from  De- 
Pauw in  1866,  as  of  the  class  of  1863 ;  and  in  the  same  year  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  In  his  professional  studies,  his  Quaker  training  and  his  keen 
logical  mind  brought  to  him  in  a  forcible  and  practical  way  the  truth 
that  the  basis  of  the  Common  Law  is  morality.  This  is  presented  in 
his  volume,  "Moral  Law  and  Civil  Law,  Parts  of  the  Same  Thing," 
which  is  entitled  to  rank  as  the  foremost  ethical  work  produced  by  an 
Indiana  author.  And  it  may  be  added  that  if  it  were  generally  read 
and  absorbed  by  American  jurists,  we  should  have  less  of  vicious  de- 
cisions on  numerous  questions  of  social  morality,  such  as  trusts,  stock- 
gambling,  and  other  institutions  that  are  plainly  in  violation  of  the 
fundamental  provisions  and  principles  of  the  Common  Law.  Our  tax 
system  could  not  stand  for  a  minute  in  a  real  court  of  justice ;  and  many 
other  forms  of  legalized  wrong  would  be  swept  away,  by  a  consistent 
adherence  to  the  rules  of  common  morality.  Eli  Ritter  received  little 
credit  for  his  work.  Even  the  law  he  wrote  is  not  known  by  his  name. 
His  nearest  approach  to  public  recognition  was  when  he  went  to  the  great 
jubilee  convention  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in 
November,  1913,  as  the  guest  of  the  League.  But  when  he  died,  on  De- 


COL.  ELI  F.  RITTEK 


Vol.  11—32 


1062 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


prepared,  and  there  were  more  than  two  dozen  of  the  best  lawyers  of 
the  State  acting  for  them  at  the  hearing  in  the  Supreme  Court.  Their 
case  was  presented  by  three  ex-Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court — Elliott, 
Hammond  and  Zollars.  The  State  was  represented  by  W.  A.  Keteham, 
Attorney  General,  Charles  W.  Smith,  and  Eli  F.  Ritter.  The  defense  of 
Section  9,  providing  for  remonstrance,  which  was  the  most  questionable 
feature  of  the  law,  was  specially  assigned  to  Ritter.  On  June  19,  1896. 
the  Court  filed  its  decision  sustaining  the  law  in  every  particular,  with 
two  Judges  dissenting  in  part  as  to  Section  2  only.  It  was  this  law  that 
broke  the  strength  of  the  Liquor  League  in  Indiana,  and  the  State  is  in- 
debted to  Col.  Ritter  for  it. 

Eli  F.  Ritter  was  of  Quaker  stock,  the  son.  of  James  and  Rachel 
(Jessup)  Ritter,  who  came  from  North  Carolina  in  1822,  and  located  in 
Hendricks  County.  They  were  a  part  of  that  army  of  immigrants  from 
the  South  who  came  North  to  get  away  from  slavery.  Eli  was  born 
June  18,  1838.  He  attended  the  common  schools  of  the  vicinity,  and 
had  begun  a  course  at  DePauw  when  the  Civil  War  came  on.  Waiving 
his  family  peace  principles,  he  volunteered  in  the  Sixteenth  Indiana,  on 
April  14,  1861,  and  remained  in  the  service  to  the  close  of  the  war,  most 
of  the  time  in  the  Seventy-Ninth  Indiana.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  Major 
at  that  time,  and  in  1883,  when  the  Indiana  National  Guard  was  organ- 
ized, Governor  Porter  appointed  him  Colonel  of  the  First  Regiment,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  for  three  years.  He  was  graduated  from  De- 
Pauw in  1866,  as  of  the  class  of  1863 ;  and  in  the  same  year  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  In  his  professional  studies,  his  Quaker  training  and  his  keen 
logical  mind  brought  to  him  in  a  forcible  and  practical  way  the  truth 
that  the  basis  of  the  Common  Law  is  morality.  This  is  presented  in 
his  volume,  "Moral  Law  and  Civil  Law,  Parts  of  the  Same  Thing," 
which  is  entitled  to  rank  as  the  foremost  ethical  work  produced  by  an 
Indiana  author.  And  it  may  be  added  that  if  it  were  generally  read 
and  absorbed  by  American  jurists,  we  should  have  less  of  vicious  de- 
cisions on  numerous  questions  of  social  morality,  such  as  trusts,  stock- 
gambling,  and  other  institutions  that  are  plainly  in  violation  of  the 
fundamental  provisions  and  principles  of  the  Common  Law.  Our  tax 
system  could  not  stand  for  a  minute  in  a  real  court  of  justice ;  and  many 
other  forms  of  legalized  wrong  would  be  swept  away,  by  a  consistent 
adherence  to  the  rules  of  common  morality.  Eli  Ritter  received  little 
credit  for  his  work.  Even  the  law  he  wrote  is  not  known  by  his  name. 
His  nearest  approach  to  public  recognition  was  when  he  went  to  the  great 
jubilee  convention  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in 
November,  1913,  as  the  guest  of  the  League.  But  when  he  died,  on  De- 


COL.  ELI  F.  RITTER 


Vol.  II— 32 


1064  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

cember  11,  1913,  he  had  to  his  credit  one  of  the  greatest  benefits  ever 
accomplished  for  Indiana. 

Under  the  Nicholson  law,  the  supplementary  Moore  law  of  1905, 
and  the  county  option  law  of  1908,  whose  passage  has  been  recounted 
heretofore,  the  process  of  voting  out  license  proceeded  until  on  Novem- 
ber 1,  1909,  there  were  70  dry  counties  out  of  92 ;  and  of  the  remaining 
22  there  was  only  one — Vanderburgh — in  which  there  were  not  one  or 
more  dry  townships.  Out  of  a  total  of  1,016  townships  922  were  dry. 
Out  of  89  cities  63  were  dry.  Out  of  360  towns  330  were  dry.  Much  of 
the  work  of  elimination  under  the  law  was  due  to  the  Anti-Saloon 
League,  which  was  conducted  independently  of  party  lines,  on  an  "  omni- 
partisan"  basis.  It  originated  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  in  September,  1893; 
and  a  national  organization  was  effected  at  Washington  City,  December 
18,  1895.  The  State  organization  in  Indiana  was  made  in  October, 
1898,  by  Rev.  W.  C.  Helt,  who  was  sent  here  by  the  national  organiza- 
tion for  that  purpose,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  all  of  the  organiza- 
tions that  were  working  for  temperance,  except  the  Prohibition  party, 
were  either  merged  in  it  or  in  alliance  with  it.  The  repeal  of  the  county 
option  law  in  1911  was  followed  by  wet  victories  in  cities,  towns  and 
townships  that  reduced  the  number  of  dry  counties  to  26 ;  but  this  was 
not  so  serious  as  it  might  seem,  for  a  single  wet  town  or  township  was 
sufficient  to  take  a  county  out  of  the  dry  column.  At  the  close  of  1912, 
there  were  825  dry  townships,  27  dry  cities,  and  300  dry  towns. 

While  hundreds  of  earnest  workers  contributed  to  this  result,  it  was 
largely  due  to  the  management  of  E.  S.  Shumaker,  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Anti-saloon  League.  Rev.  Edward  Seitz  Shumaker  was 
born  at  Greenville,  Ohio,  July  30,  1867.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  1892,  before  completing  his  education, 
and  graduated  at  DePauw  in  1895.  He  entered  the  Anti-saloon  work 
in  1903,  and  in  1907  was  made  State  Superintendent  of  Indiana,  which 
position  he  still  retains.  The  notable  characteristic  of  his  work  has  been 
his  rigid  adherence  to  the  ' '  omni-partisan ' '  principle,  and  his  refusal  to 
be  lured  into  any  alliance  with  any  political  organization.  The  wisdom 
of  this  course  was  demonstrated  in  the  campaign  of  1916,  when  the 
League  made  a  fight  for  control  of  the  legislature.  In  counties  that  were 
either  strongly  Democratic  or  'strongly  Republican,  the  efforts  of  the 
League  were  centred  on  controlling  the  primaries  of  the  dominant  party, 
as  to  legislative  nominations.  In  some  counties  success  in  this  was  en- 
dangered by  there  being  several  candidates  who  were  reliable  temper- 
ance men ;  and  in  such  cases,  by  diplomatic  management,  the  superfluous 
candidates  were  induced  to  withdraw  in  favor  of  the  one  who,  after 
consultation,  was  decided  to  be  the  strongest  in  popular  favor.  In  close 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1065 

counties,  the  managers  of  both  parties  were  quietly  made  to  understand, 
by  temperance  men  of  their  own  parties,  that  the  temperance  vote  would 
depend  on  the  temperance  principles  of  the  legislative  nominees.  This 
was  systematically  and  effectively  carried  out  through  the  local  tem- 
perance organizations,  which  were  strong  in  most  of  the  counties.  By 
these  methods  a  reliable  temperance  majority  was  obtained  in  the  leg- 
islature of  1917,  and  the  prohibition  law  of  that  year  was  passed.  It 
came  at  the  psychological  moment,  when  the  whole  country  was  deeply 
impressed  by  the  vast  restriction  of  the  liquor  traffic  by  European  coun- 
tries for  the  purpose  of  increased  military  efficiency ;  and  the  efforts  to 
suppress  saloon  and  vice  activities  in  the  vicinity  of  the  camps  in  this 
country.  It  was  the  most  remarkable  world-wide  admission  of  the 
deleterious  effects  of  intoxicating  liquors  that  had  ever  been  known  in 
history,  and  was  the  convincing  argument  to  thousands  of  men  who  had 
not  previously  held  radical  views  on  the  liquor  question.  There  was 
also  a  profound  effect  from  the  general  realization  that  the  liquor  busi- 
ness was  largely  controlled  by  the  Germans,  and  that  in  Indiana,  at 
least,  both  parties  had  catered  to  the  German  vote  by  favoring  the  liquor 
interests.  The  race  prejudice  aroused  by  the  war  had  a  practical  effect 
that  could  not  have  been  attained  by  any  amount  of  argument  or  per- 
suasion ;  and  prohibition  was  accepted  by  the  great  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple with  a  satisfaction  that  would  have  been  astonishing  under  other 
conditions. 

In  this  atmosphere  of  regeneration  there  developed  an  unique  organ- 
ization— The  Flying  Squadron  Foundation — that  is  notably  connected 
with  Indiana,  as  it  is  especially  the  child  of  Gov.  J.  Frank  Hanly,  and 
is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Indiana.  It  began  in  January,  1914, 
as  The  Flying  Squadron  of  America,  in  Indianapolis,  and  after  pre- 
liminary organization,  struck  its  first  public  blow  at  Peoria,  111.,  on 
September  30,  of  that  year,  in  the  interest  of  national  prohibition.  Its 
aim  was  to  promote  that  end  by  means  of  public  addresses  and  the  cir- 
culation of  literature  in  any  part  of  the  Union  where  the  temperance 
question  was  up,  and  help  was  needed.  Its  first  season's  work  demon- 
strated that  there  was  a  field  for  permanent  occupancy,  and  on  June 
7, 1915,  The  Flying  Squadron  Foundation  was  organized,  chiefly  through 
the  efforts  of  Gov.  Hanly,  and  with  him  as  President  of  the  organization. 
In  aid  of  this  cause  he  established  The  National  Enquirer  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  has  made  a  rousing  temperance  organ  of  it.  Its  cohorts  of 
talented  speakers  and  singers  have  carried  the  war  into  nearly  every 
state  in  the  Union ;  and  its  slogan  of  "A  saloonless  nation  by  1920"  seems 
to  be  in  fair  progress  of  realization.  It  is  entirely  independent  of  all 


1066  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

other  organizations,  but  cooperates  with  any  temperance  organization 
that  has  a  fight  on  its  hands,  and  desires  assistance. 

Of  course  the  prohibition  law  of  1917  was  vigorously  contested. 
The  F.  W.  Cook  Brewing  Company  brought  suit  to  restrain  the  Chief 
of  Police  of  Evansville  from  enforcing  the  law;  and  Judge  Hostetter, 
of  the  Vanderburg  Superior  Court  held  that  the  law  was  unconstitutional 
under  the  decision  in  the  Beebe  case.  Nobody  ever  questioned  that — 
the  question  presented  was  whether  the  courts  proposed  to  stand  by  the 
Beebe  case.  The  question  was  elaborately  argued  before  the  Supreme 
Court ;  and  on  June  28,  1918,  that  court — four  of  the  judges  concurring, 
and  Judge  John  W.  Spencer  dissenting — finally  decided  that  the  con- 
stitution was  superior  to  the  decision  in  the  Beebe  case,  and  that  the 
prohibition  law  should  stand.  The  final  conclusion  of  the  Supreme  Court 
is  interesting  as  indicating  the  maze  into  which,  the  courts  have  wan- 
dered. The  majority  opinion  lays  down  the  fundamental  doctrine  of 
American  government,  that  the  Legislature  is  the  supreme  legislative 
power — vested  with  "the  legislative  authority  of  the  State" — and  that, 
' '  This  court  is  bound  by  the  same  constitution,  and  has  no  right  to  curtail 
legislative  authority  this  side  of  the  expressed  limitations  in  it."  On 
this  basis,  all  that  remains  is  for  someone  to  point  out  what  provision 
of  the  constitution  is  violated  by  the  law ;  and  this  nobody  has  ever  offered 
to  do.  There  is  no  such  limitation,  and  none  was  contemplated  by  the 
makers  of  the  constitution.  But,  with  scant  attention  to  this  one 
essential  principle,  the  court  argues  at  great  length  that  because  the 
court  has  upheld  local  option  laws,  it  must  uphold  a  general  prohibition 
law.  The  dissenting  opinion  scornfully  refers  to  the  majority  opinion  as 
merely  "a  case  decision,"  but  it  does  not  point  out  any  provision  of 
the  constitution  that  is  violated.  It  bases  its  sublime  argument  of  human 
rights  on  a  quotation  from  Tiedeman's  Limitations  of  Police  Power, 
which  declares  that  the  police  power  is  based  on  the  maxim,  "So  use 
thy  own  that  thou  injure  not  others,"  and  that,  "Any  law  which  goes 
beyond  that  principle,  which  undertakes  to  abolish  rights,  the  exercise  of 
which  does  not  involve  an  infringement  of  the  rights  of  others,  or  to 
limit  the  exercise  of  rights  beyond  what  is  necessary  to  provide  for  the 
general  welfare  and  the  public  security,  cannot  be  included  in  the  police 
power  of  the  government.  It  is  a  governmental  usurpation,  and  violates 
the  principles  of  abstract  justice,  as  they  have  developed  under  our  re- 
publican institutions."  On  this  basis  Judge  Spencer  argues  that  the 
manufacture  of  intoxicating  'liquor  does  not  injure  anybody,  and  there- 
fore cannot  be  prohibited,  although  the  sale  may  be  prohibited.  But  on 
the  same  basis,  the  sale  does  not  injure  anybody.  It  is  the  drinking  that 
does  the  injury,  and  the  man  who  drinks  it  is  neither  manufacturing 


•.,;;  ;•;:>  -.,; 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1067 

nor  selling.  He  is  merely  using  his  own  property.  If  one  should  force 
some  other  person  to  drink,  he  might  come  within  Tiedeman 's  rule,  but 
not  otherwise. 

Christopher  Gustavus  Tiedeman  was  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  but, 
as  his  name  indicates,  of  German  extraction,  and  thoroughly  tinctured 
with  the  German  idea  of  liberty,  that  a  man  has  a  natural  right  to  do 
what  he  pleases,  if  the  Kaiser  does  not  object  to  it.  As  the  Kaiser  is 
not  present  in  America,  the  only  limitation  remaining  is  that  of  direct 
injury  to  others.  Tiedeman  taught  law  in  the  University  of  Missouri 
for  ten  years,  and  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  for  six 
years,  whicji  are  reasonable  guaranties  that  he  was  ' '  sound  on  the  liquor 
question."  His  book  presents  the  common  German  arguments  against 
the  heinousness  of  prohibitory  liquor  laws.  The  fallacy  of  his  argument 
lies  in  his  phrase,  "the  exercise  of  which  does  not  involve  an  infringe- 
ment of  the  rights  of  others,  or  to  limit  the  exercise  of  rights  beyond  what 
is  necessary  to  provide  for  the  general  welfare  and  the  public  security ; ' ' 
for  he  implies  "a  necessary  and  direct  infringement  of  the  rights  of 
others, ' '  and  that  the  courts  have  the  right  to  say  what  is  ' '  necessary  to 
provide  for  the  general  welfare  and  the  public  security."  Under  the 
American  theory  of  government,  it  is  the  province  of  the  Legislature  to 
say  what  is  ' '  necessary  to  provide  for  the  general  welfare  and  the  public 
security,"  except  as  limited  by  restrictions  of  the  constitution,  and  not 
of  the  courts.  In  this  case  the  State  is  confronted  by  a  gigantic  evil, 
which  is  universally  conceded  to  be  a  public  as  well  as  a  private  evil,  and 
the  Legislature  has  the  plain  right  to  do  whatever  is  necessary  to  stop 
that  evil,  except  as  expressly  restricted  by  the  constitution.  It  has  been 
demonstrated  by  experience  that  nothing  short  of  absolute  prohibition 
can  stop  it,  and  the  enemies  of  prohibition  contend  that  even  that  does 
not  stop  it  altogether,  which  is  no  doubt  true.  But  neither  do  laws 
against  perjury  stop  perjury,  nor  laws  against  murder  stop  murder. 
Their  only  effect  is  to  lessen  the  evils.  That  the  legislative  power  cannot 
lessen  an  evil  as  much  as  possible,  within  the  limits  of  the  constitution, 
is  a  proposition  that  the  legislative  power  cannot  provide  for  good  gov- 
ernment, which  is  the  sole  purpose  of  the  legislative  department. 

Judge  Spencer's  one  other  argument  is  the  rule  of  stare  decisis,  which 
is  a  rule  that  grew  up  in  the  English  courts,  on  the  theory  that  when 
a  decision  had  become  "a  rule  of  property,"  and  business  men  were  fol- 
lowing it,  so  that  more  injury  would  be  done  by  changing  it  than  by 
letting  it  stand,  the  decision,  even  if  erroneous  in  principle,  would  be 
adhered  to.  But  no  English  court  ever  pretended  that  Parliament  could 
not  change  a  rule  of  property  that  had  become  injurious  in  its  effects ; 
and  indeed  the  English  courts  themselves  have  exercised  the  same  power, 


1068  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

in  plain  cases.  But  in  this  case,  the  principle  is  applied  to  an  erroneous 
construction  of  the  constitution,  and  means  that  an  erroneous  decision 
of  the  court  is  superior  to  the  constitution.  Are  judges  sworn  to  sup- 
port the  constitution,  or  to  support  erroneous  decisions  of  the  courts? 
Because  one  court  violates  the  constitution,  are  all  succeeding  courts  bound 
to  violate  it  in  the  same  way?  Fortunately  the  Supreme  Court  of  In- 
diana has  not  been  deluded  by  any  such  doctrine ;  but  it  has  a  lodgement 
in  various  legal  minds,  and  the  attorneys  for  the  liquor  interests  are 
proposing  an  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  on  the 
ground  that  the  law  "impairs  the  obligation  of  contracts" — in  other 
words,  that,  relying  on  the  erroneous  decision,  persons  ha,ve  invested 
money  in  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  liquors.  If  a  constitution  can 
be  done  away  with  by  such  a  process,  why  waste  time  talking  of  its 
"sanctity?"  Unless  a  constitution  is  "the  supreme  law,"  it  is  a  farce. 
But,  unless  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  changes  its  at- 
titude, there  is  little  reason  to  expect  any  interference  with  the  Indiana 
decision;  and  it  is  fairly  safe  to  say  that  in  this  matter,  the  people  of 
Indiana  have  finally  come  to  their  own.  But  they  may  well  give  pause 
to  consider  at  what  cost.  For  more  than  sixty  years  they  have  been 
bound  hand  and  foot  by  an  erroneous  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court — 
tied  to  an  evil  from  which  they  have  vainly  struggled  through  all  these 
years  to  free  themselves.  Sixty  years'  endurance  of  all  the  blights  of 
intemperance !  Sixty  years  of  ruined  manhood  and  womanhood !  Sixty 
years  of  wronged  childhood !  Sixty  years  of  demoralized  and  corrupted 
politics !  Sixty  years  of  the  culture  of  vice  and  immorality !  And  why  ? 
Because  they  have  voluntarily  enslaved  themselves  to  a  Frankenstein  of 
their  own  creation.  No  sane  man  questions  the  need  of  courts  or  the 
need  of  very  high  powers  in  courts.  No  sane  man  questions  the  vital 
importance  of  respect  for  the  decisions  of  courts.  But,  in  the  light  of 
this  and  other  cases  that  have  been  cited  in  these  pages — notably  the 
case  of  the  local  common  school  tax — can  any  sane  man  question  that 
even  Supreme  Courts  may,  either  intentionally  or  ignorantly,  make 
erroneous  decisions?  And  if  they  do  so  as  to  constitutional  questions, 
what  is  your  remedy?  Impeachment?  Election  of  other  judges? 
Amendment  of  the  constitution?  We  have  had  all  of  these  provided 
for  sixty  years,  and  of  what  avail  ?  The  present  relief  did  not  come  from 
any  of  them.  It  is  the  result  of  public  demand — of  the  assertion  of  the 
people  that  they  will  no  longer  submit  to  this  wrong.  No  court  would 
eveV  have  taken  the  present  action  except  with  the  backing  of  a  clear, 
overwhelming  popular  sentiment  in  favor  of  it.  Not  that  courts  are 
corrupt,  or  lacking  in  judicial  independence ;  but  because  they  too  have 
bound  themselves  by  their  rule  of  precedent — of  perverted  ideas  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1069 

stare  decisis — until  it  requires  something  approaching  an  earthquake  to 
get  them  out  of  a  rut. 

If  this  be  true — and  I  think  that  no  intelligent  man  who  considers 
it  fully  will  dispute  that  it  is  historical  truth — why  not  allow  public 
sentiment  to  control  in  the  outset?  Suppose  that  in  1855  our  constitu- 
tion had  provided  that  whenever  the  Supreme  Court  holds  a  duly  en- 
acted law  to  be  unconstitutional,  it  shall  state  explicitly  what  provision 
of  the  constitution  it  violates.  In  this  case  the  decision  was  based  on 
an  alleged  violation  of  Article  1,  Section  1.  Suppose  it  had  been  pro- 
vided that  in  such  case  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  or  any  two  of  them,  as  representatives 
of  the  Executive  and  Legislative  departments,  might  appeal  to  the  peo- 
ple on  the  concrete  question :  ' '  Did  you  mean,  by  the  provision  of  Sec- 
tion 1,  Article  1,  of  the  Constitution,  declaring  that  all  men  have  a  nat- 
ural right  to  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness,  to  prevent  the 
enactment  of  a  law  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors?"  I  take  it  that  nobody  will  question  that  every  voter  in  the 
State  could  answer  this  question  far  more  intelligently  than  he  answered 
the  question,  ' '  Do  you  favor  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  ? ' '  When 
he  answered  that  question  he  answered  "yes"  to  every  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  construing  the  Constitution;  and  it  is  an  absolute  cer- 
tainty that  the  ablest  lawyer  in  the  State  who  voted  for  the  Constitu- 
tion, did  not  foresee  all  the  constructions  that  the  Supreme  Court  would 
put  on  the  Constitution.  But  the  concrete  question  could  be  answered 
intelligently  by  anyone ;  and  there  is  little  room  for  doubt  that  the  peo- 
ple, at  that  time,  would  have  promptly  answered  "no."  It  may  be 
.said  that  this  is  a  revolutionary  proposal.  Certainly  it  is,,  as  to  our 
traditional  system ;  but  you  can  not  get  rid  of  a  bad  traditional  system 
without  a  revolution  to  the  extent  of  removing  it.  Every  amendment 
to  a  constitution  is  more  or  less  revolutionary  in  this  sense.  It  is  a  turn- 
ing from  public  wrong  to  public  right,  in  the  opinion  of  those  who  make 
the  amendment;  and  that  power  of  peaceful  revolution  is  exactly  what 
is  declared  to  be  the  right  of  the  people — that  they  have  "at  all  times 
an  indefeasible  right  to  alter  and  reform  their  government. ' ' 

But,  practically,  the  people  of  Indiana  have  made  it  a  rule  that  the 
Supreme  Court  has  at  all  times  an  indefeasible  right  to  alter  and  reform 
their  government,  by  an  erroneous  decision.  Suppose  that  a  man  went 
into  a  foreign  country,  with  whose  language  he  was  not  familiar,  and 
was  obliged  to  transact  business  there.  It  will  be  agreed  that,  if  intelli- 
gent, he  would  employ  an  interpreter.  But  suppose  it  were  proposed 
that  he  should  be  bound  irrevocably  by  everything  the  interpreter  said 
as  to  what  he  said  and  what  he  meant.  Unquestionably  the  interpreter 


1070  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

is  more  competent  to  translate  than  the  traveler;  but  possibly  the  in- 
terpreter may  make  mistakes,  and  possibly  he  may  not  be  honest  in  his 
translations.  He  might  subject  his  employer  to  arrest  for  treason  or 
sedition,  through  mistake  or  intent,  and  there  would  be  no  remedy. 
Surely  no  rational  man  would  agree  to  such  a  proposal ;  and  yet  that  is 
exactly  what  the  people  of  America  have  done  as  to  their  courts,  for 
courts  are  intended  to  be  merely  interpreters  of  the  public  will,  as 
expressed  in  the  constitution  and  laws.  Our  custom  of  giving  the  courts 
the  ultimate  decision  of  such  questions  is  universal,  and  hoary  with  an- 
tiquity; but  it  is  not  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  and  for 
the  people,  except  in  that  the  people  voluntarily  adopt  and  maintain  it. 
It  is  an  obvious  departure  from  our  theory  of  three  equal  and  coordinate 
branches  of  government;  for  it  gives  the  Judicial  Department  absolute 
control  over  the  Executive  and  Legislative  Departments,  in  the  exercise 
of  their  constitutional  functions,  if  it  chooses  to  assume  that  control. 
Unless  they  have  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people,  whom  we  assert  to 
be  the  source  of  all  governmental  power,  and  of  whom  all  three  of  these 
departments  are  theoretically  the  servants,  we  have  a  condition  where 
the  courts  are  not  only  able  to  control  the  other  departments  of  govern- 
ment, but  are  also  masters  of  the  people  themselves. 


CHAPTER  XIX 
NEW  HARMONY 

New  Harmony  has  always  had  something  of  a  foreign  flavor  to  the 
remainder  of  Indiana.  The  attitude  of  the  people  of  the  State  towards 
the  communities  there  has  been  one  of  curiosity,  more  than  anything 
else,  and  yet  not  a  curiosity  that  caused  much  investigation.  Even 
today,  when  a  sort  of  halo  has  developed  around  the  place,  most  of  those 
who  take  the  trouble  to  visit  it  do  so  much  as  they  would  visit  a  museum, 
and  with  similar  lasting  impressions  of  unusual  things  seen,  which 
furnish  topics  of  conversation  of  interest  to  others  who  have  not  had  the 
experience.  While  the  communities  existed,  they  received  more  notable 
or  at  least  more  sympathetic  attention  in  Europe  than  in  the  United 
States.  When  "Hoop  Pole  Township,  Posey  County"  became  a  term 
to  represent  the  "jumping-off  place"  of  civilization,  it  used  to  be 
retorted  that  Posey  County,  in  which  New  Harmony  is  situated,  was 
better  known  in  Europe  than  any  other  county  west  of  the  Alleghenies ; 
and  the  claim  was  also  truthfully  made  for  many  years,  that  Posey 
County  was  the  home  of  more  learned  men  than  any  other  county  west 
of  the  Alleghenies.  After  the  failure  of  the  Owen  communistic  experi- 
ment, New  Harmony,  in  1837,  through  the  appointment  of  David  Dale 
Owen  as  United  States  Geologist,  became  the  headquarters  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  and  so  continued  until  1856,  making  it  a 
gathering  place  for  scientific  men,  and  a  center  of  interest  to  the  scien- 
tific world.  Since  then,  the  interest  in  the  place  has  been  chiefly  his- 
torical ;  and  with  all  the  foreign  interest  that  had  been  shown,  it  is  some- 
what gratifying  to  Indiana  that  by  far  the  most  thorough  study,  and  the 
best  account  of  a  new  Harmony  and  its  people  is  by  an  Indiana  man, 
George  B.  Lockwood.  Lockwood  was  born  at  Forest,  111.,  November  7, 
1872,  but  his  father,  who  was  a  newspaper  man,  removed  to  Peru,  Indi- 
ana, where  George  graduated  at  the  High  school,  and  then  went  to  De 
Pauw.  Here  he  took  ' ' The  New  Harmony  Communities"  as  a  subject  for 
research  work,  in  political  science,  studying  at  New  Harmony  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1893.  He  became  engrossed  in  the  subject,  and  continued  his  study 
at  all  available  points,  and  in  1902  published  The  New  Harmony  Com- 

1071 


1072 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


inanities  from  his  own  press  at  Marion.  Meanwhile  he  had  quite  an  event- 
ful career.  In  1894  he  established  the  Terre  Haute  Evening  Tribune, 
which  he  edited  until  1896 ;  then  became  private  secretary  to  Col.  George 
W.  Steele,  congressman,  and  Secretary  of  the  National  Soldiers'  Home. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the  press  bureau  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Central  Committee,  and  continued  in  this  position  until  the 
election  of  Governor  Durbin,  in  1902,  when  he  became  private  secretary 
to  the  Governor.  In  February,  1905,  he  resigned  to  take  the  position 


GEORGE  B.  LOCKWOOD 

of  assistant  general  manager  of  the  Winona  Assembly  and  Schools; 
and  after  several  years  resumed  newspaper  publishing.  He  is  now 
proprietor  and  publisher  of  The  National  Republican,  a  purely  political 
paper,  published  at  Washington,  D.  C.  He  is  an  enthusiastic  fraternity 
man,  and  is  editor  of  The  Shield,  the  organ  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi.  His 
New  Harmony  book  attracted  wide  attention  from  the  judicious,  and  in 
1905,  with  the  collaboration  of  Charles  A.  Prosser,  of  New  Albany,  he 
issued  another  volume,  "The  New  Harmony  Movement,"  largely  a 
reproduction  of  the  first.  It  was  designed  for  school  use,  had  additional 
chapters  on  education,  and  was  published  by  Appletons. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1073 

The  only  flaw  in  Mr.  Lockwood's  work  is  that  he  is  so  infatuated 
with  his  subject  that  he  writes  from  the  Owens  standpoint.  In  that 
cyclopedia  of  social  wisdom,  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table,  Dr. 
Holmes  points  out  that  in  a  conversation  between  John  and  Thomas 
there  are  six  persons,  that  is  to  say,  "1,  The  real  John,  known  only  to 
his  Maker.  2,  John 's  ideal  J  ohn ;  never  the  real  one,  and  often  very 
unlike  him.  3,  Thomas's  ideal  John;  never  the  real  John,  nor  John's 
John,  but  often  very  unlike  either.  4,  The  real  Thomas.  5,  Thomas's  ideal 
Thomas.  6,  John's  ideal  Thomas."  There  is  a  similar  situation  in  his- 
torical writing,  and  Mr.  Lockwood  gives  us  the  glorified  New  Harmony. 
For  example,  he  says :/' There  the  doctrine  of  universal  elementary 
education  at  public  expense,  without  regard  to  sex  or  sect,  as  a  duty 
of  the  state,  was  first  proclaimed  in  the  Middle  West,  and  through  the 
labors  of  Robert  Dale  Owen,  more  than  any  other  one  man,  this  con- 
ception of  the  state's  duty  has  found  expression  in  a  common  school 
system  that  is  the  glory  of  the  republic."  !  This  strains  the  facts.  The 
Ordinance  of  1787  merely  said:  ''Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge, 
being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind, 
schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall  forever  be  encouraged;  "but 
the  Constitution  of  1816,  adopted  ten  years  before  the  Owen  community 
was  fairly  launched,  went  far  beyond  Owen.  It  says:  "Knowledge  and 
learning  generally  diffused,  through  a  community,  being  essential  to 
the  preservation  of  a  free  government,  and  spreading  the  opportuni- 
ties and  advantages  of  education  through  the  various  parts  of  the  Coun- 
try, being  highly  conducive  to  this  end,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
General  Assembly  to  provide,  by  law,  for  the  improvement  of  such  lands 
as  are,  or  hereafter  may  be  granted,  by  the  United  States  to  this  State, 
for  the  use  of  schools,  and  to  apply  any  funds  which  may  be  raised  from 
such  lands,  or  from  any  other  quarters  to  the  accomplishment  of  the 
grand  object  for  which  they  are  or  may  be  intended.  *  *  *  The 
General  Assembly  shall  from  time  to  time  pass  such  laws  as  shall  be 
calculated  to  encourage  intellectual,  scientifical,  and  agricultural  im- 
provement, by  allowing  rewards  and  immunities  for  the  promotion  and 
improvement  of  arts,  sciences,  commerce,  manufactures,  and  natural 
history;  and  to. countenance  and  encourage  the  principles  of  humanity, 
honesty,  industry,  and  morality.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General 
Assembly,  as  soon  as  circumstances  will  permit,  to  provide,  by  law,  for 
a  general  system  of  education,  ascending  in  a  regular  gradation,  from 
township  schools  to  state  university,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis, 
and  equally  open  to  all."  This  covers  not  only  elementary  schools  but 

New  Harmony  Communities,  p.  13. 


. 


1074  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

higher  education.  It  not  only  proclaims  a  duty,  but  requires  by  law  the 
performance  of  the  duty.  And  it  not  only  proclaims  general  education 
a  public  duty,  but  declares  that  it  is  "essential  to  the  preservation  of 
a  free  government."  Robert  Owen  brought  some  valuable  educational 
ideas  to  Indiana,  but  he  was  not  a  pioneer  of  public  education.  Indeed, 
years  after,  Robert  Dale  Owen  said  of  this  provision  of  the  Constitution 
of  1816  to  the  students  of  the  State  University:  "You  may  look  through 
the  constitutions  of  every  state  in  the  Union  and  you  will  not  find  in 
one  of  them  a  prospective  provision  for  public  education  so  liberal  and 
comprehensive  as  this  of  our  own  young  State.  Read  aright,  that  single 
paragraph  should  attract  as  settlers  to  the  forests  of  Indiana  every  emi- 
grant who  feels,  as  parents  ought  to  feel,  the  engrossing  importance  of 
the  subject." 

The  first  community  at  New  Harmony  was  begun  in  the  spring  of 
1815,  by  a  colony  of  800  German  peasants,  led  by  George  Rapp.  Rapp 
was  a  product  of  "Pietism,"  which,  in  Germany,  like  "Methodism"  in 
England,  was  a  term  of  ridicule  for  those  who  maintained  that  Christians 
ought  to  live  Christian  lives.  He  was  born  in  1757,  and  at  thirty  years 
of  age  began  preaching  in  his  own  house,  attracting  numbers  of  follow- 
ers. He  refused  to  affiliate  with  the  established  church  of  Germany — 
Lutheran — which  he  regarded  as  corrupt.  He  advised  the  payment  of 
tithes,  and  obedience  to  all  laws;  but  he  and  his  followers  refused  to 
attend  the  state  church  services.  This  drew  persecution;  and  in  1803 
they  began  moving  the  United  States,  making  their  first  settlements 
in  Pennsylvania,  which  were  communistic,  in  imitation  of  the  apostolic 
church.  In  1807  Rapp  took  on  a  new  doctrine,  through  an  effort  to 
explain  the  infinities.  The  Bible  nowhere  speaks  of  sex  in  heaven ;  and 
Christ  expressly  declared  that  "in  the  resurrection  they  neither  marry 
nor  are  given  in  marriage,  but  are  as  the  angels  of  heaven."  But  as 
Christ  was  understood  to  be  God's  son  in  heaven,  before  coming  on 
earth,  the  only  solution  he  could  see  was  that  God  was  bi-sexual ;  and  as 
Adam  was  created  in  his  image,  he  must  have  been  the  same.  This 
was  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  when  God  desired  to  make  woman,  he 
took  Adam's  rib  to  make  her  from.  This,  then,  was  Adam's  fall,  and  if 
one  desired  to  attain  the  primal  purity,  the  obvious  method  was  to  live 
in  celibacy,  as  Christ  had  done,  and  as  Paul  enjoined.  The  renunciation 
of  marriage  was  made  in  1807.  In  1813,  finding  their  location  unsuit- 
able for  want  of  access  to  a  navigable  stream,  and  their  lands  not  suited 
to  the  culture  of  fruit — Rapp,  and  many  of  his  followers  were  vine- 
dressers— young  Frederick  Rapp  was  sent  west  to  look  for  a  new  loca- 
tion. He  selected  the  one  on  the  Wabash,  bought  twenty  thousand 
acres  of  Government  lands,  and  about  ten  thousand  acres  of  farms; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1075 

and  in  1814  a  party  was  sent  out  to  clear  land  and  build  cabins,  the 
remainder  following  the  next  year  by  boats,  down  the  Ohio. 

The  Harmonists  proceeded  to  make  their  new  home  comfortable  and 
profitable  by  steady  labor.  Everyone  arose  between  five  and  six  o'clock, 
and  breakfasted  between  six  and  seven.  Then  work.  A  lunch  was 
served  at  nine,  dinner  at  twelve,  another  lunch  at  three,  supper  between 
six  and  seven.  At  nine  the  curfew  bell  rang,  and  all  went  to  bed.  Such 
was  the  daily  routine,  except  that  Sundays  and  Thursdays  were  given  to 
religious  services;  also  four  holidays — Christmas,  Easter,  Pentecost  and 
Good  Friday,  and  three  feast  days — February  15,  the  anniversary  of  the 
founding  of  the  society,  Harvest  Home,  and  an  annual  "Lord's  Supper" 
in  the  fall.  The  one  recreation  was  music.  They  had  an  excellent  band, 
which  usually  led  parties  to  work  in  the  fields,  and  gave  concerts  in  the 
evenings,  besides  playing  on  all  other  available  occasions.  They  sang 
much.  The  women  sang  at  their  work,  and  for  the  entertainment  of 
guests.  The  women  worked  in  the  fields,  and  in  the  shops,  as  well  as 
attending  to  housework.  Wm.  Hebert,  who  visited  the  place  in  1823, 
says:  "They  appear  to  do  everything  with  a  mechanical  regularity. 
Their  town  is  consequently  very  still,  the  sounds  of  mirth  or  conviviality 
being  rarely  heard  within  it,  excepting  when  their  American  or  English 
neighbors  resort  there  for  purposes  of  trade  or  to  negotiate  their  money 
transactions."  Wm.  Faux,  who  visited  New  Harmony  in  1819,  says: 
' '  This  people  are  never  seen  in  idle  groups ;  all  is  moving  industry ;  no 
kind  of  idling;  no  time  for  it.  Religious  service  takes  place  three  times 
every  day.  They  must  be  in  the  chains  of  superstition,  though  Rapp 
professes  to  govern  them  only  by  the  Bible,  and  they  certainly  seem  the 
perfection  of  obedience  and  morality.  *  *  *  The  people  appear 
saturnine,  and  neither  very  cleanly  nor  very  dirty.  They  are  dressed 
much  alike,  and  look  rather  shabby,  just  as  working  folk  in  general 
look.  None  are  genteel.  The  women  are  intentionally  disfigured  and 
made  as  ugly  as  it  is  possible  for  art  to  make  them,  having  their  hair 
combed  straight  up  behind  and  before,  so  that  the  temples  are  bared, 
and  a  little  skull-cap,  or  black  crape  bandage,  across  the  crown,  and 
tied  under  the  chin.  This  forms  their  only  headdress."  This  idea  of 
the  woman's  dress  was  probably  due  to  his  not  being  acquainted  with 
the  fashion.  William  Hebert,  who  was  there  in  1823,  says:  "These  good 
people  retain  their  German  style  of  dress.  There  is  nothing  remarkable 
in  that  of  the  men.  The  women  wear  close  and  long-bodied  jackets,  or 
spencers,  and  gipsy  bonnets." 

A  local  view  of  the  community  was  given  by  a  correspondent  of  the 
Corydon  Gazette,  on  October  3,  1822,  detailing  "the  progress  of  this 
singular  society,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Rapp,  who  appears  to  possess 

• 


1076  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

extraordinary  power,  as  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  ruler  of  this  famous 
community."  He  says:  "For  about  six  years  the  married  women  have 
not  had  any  children,  and  that  among  many  handsome  girls  and  fine 
young  men  an  astonishing  degree  of  obedience  to  (supposed)  orders  has 
been  observed.  *  *  *  It  appears  that  they  honored  the  last  anni- 
versary of  American  independence,  and  furnished  a  free  dinner  and 
plenty  of  beer  to  all  who  pleased  to  visit  them,  treating  them  also  to 
fine  music  from  their  band.  *  *  *  Besides  the  great  quantities  of 
grain  and  other  vegetables,  beef,  pork,  &c.  that  they  raise,  the  amount  of 
their  manufacturing  industry  may  be  estimated  as  follows: 

Hatters  and  shoemakers,  value  per  day $30 

Distillers  and  brewers 30 

Spinning  and  carding 15 

Blacksmiths  and  coopers 15 

Various  cloths  (cotton) 25 

Various  cloths  (woolen) 70 

Flannels  and  lindsey 20 

The  tannery   15 

Wagon  makers  and  turners 12 

Steam  and  other  mills 15 

Saddlers,  &c 15 

$262 

*  *  *  From  what  we  know  of  the  society,  it  is  probably  within 
the  earnings  of  this  laborious  people.  We  must  confess,  however,  that 
zealous  to  see  as  much  as  we  can,  the  power  of  the  republic  in  population 
and  force,  we  cannot  approve  of  the  neglect  of  the  first  command  in  a 
'legitimate'  way." 

Indeed  the  sexual  separation  was  what  attracted  attention  to  the  Rap- 
pites  more  than  any  of  the  other  features  of  their  religion,  but  usually 
in  the  rather  light  vein  shown  here.  Byron,  who  thought  it  "a  compliment 
to  be  read  in  America, ' '  kept  an  eye  on  America ;  and  he  wrote : 

"When  Rapp  the  Harmonist  embargo 'd  marriage 

In  his  harmonious  settlement  .(which  flourishes 
Strangely  enough  as  yet  without  miscarriage, 

Because  it  breeds  no  more  mouths  than  it  nourishes, 
Without  those  sad  expenses  which  disparage 

What  Nature  naturally  most  encourages) — 
Why  called  he  '  Harmony '  a  state  sans  wedlock  ? 

Now  here  I've  got  the  preacher  at  a  dead  lock. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1077 

"Because  he  either  meant  to  sneer  at  harmony 
Or  marriage,  by  divorcing  them  thus  oddly. 

But  whether  reverend  Rapp  learn 'd  this  in  Germany 
Or  no,  'tis  said  his  sect  is  rich  and  godly, 

Pious  and  pure,  beyond  what  I  can  term  any 
Of  ours,  although  they  propagate  more  broadly. 

My  objection's  to  his  title,  not  his  ritual, 

Although  I  wonder  how  it  grew  habitual." 

\ 

The  neighboring  people  of  Indiana  simply  could  not  understand  these 
communists.  The  general  sentiment  was  that  they  were  a  lot  of  ignorant 
foreigners,  deceived  by  crafty  and  designing  leaders — anyone  who  can- 
not speak  English  being  presumptively  ignorant  to  begin  with.  The 
American  view  was  reported  by  Captain  William  Newnham  Blaney,  who 
visited  New  Harmony  in  1822 :  ' '  The  Harmonites  all  dress  very  plainly 
and  wear  nearly  the  same  clothes;  but  Rapp  and  the  head  men  live  in 
better  houses,  and  have  plenty  of  wine,  beer,  groceries,  &c. ;  while  the 
rest  of  their  brethren  are  limited  to  coarse,  though  wholesome  food,  are 
debarred  the  use  of  groceries,  &c.,  have  a  less  quantity  of  meat,  and 
are  even  obliged  to  make  use  of  an  inferior  kind  of  flour.  *  *  *  If 
they  spoke  English,  and  were  allowed  a  free  intercourse  with  the 
Americans,  they  would  soon  learn,  that  with  the  same  habits  of  temper- 
ance, industry  and  economy,  they  could  in  that  rich  and  fertile  dis- 
trict have  every  comfort  they  at  present  enjoy,  with  the  additional  satis- 
faction of  amassing  money  for  themselves,  and  of  having  children  who 
would  doubtless  rise  to  opulence  and  consideration.  At  present  how- 
ever Rapp  points  out  to  them  the  difference  between  their  situation  and 
that  of  the  Backwoodsmen  in  the  neighborhood,  leaving  them  to  suppose 
that  this  superiority  is  owing  to  their  peculiar  tenets  and  mode  of  life. 
Moreover,  as  I  am  informed,  Rapp,  like  all  other  priests,  holds  out 
eternal  punishment  in  the  next  world  to  those  who  secede.  *  *  * 
Hence  this  society  presents  the  extraordinary  spectacle  of  a  most  com- 
plete despotism  in  the  midst  of  a  great  republic ;  for  with  the  exception 
perhaps  of  being  a  little  better  clothed  and  fed,  the  lower  orders  of  the 
Harmonites  are  as  much  vassals,  or  more  so,  than  they  were  in  Ger- 
many. The  settlement  was  once  a  benefit  to  the  neighborhood:  but 
at  present  most  of  the  Americans  consider  it  as  injurious.  At  first  the 
people,  for  a  great  distance  around  the  Settlement,  being  supplied  with 
goods  that  they  could  not  easily  procure  elsewhere,  considered  it  ad- 
vantageous to  them ;  but  they  now  think  precisely  the  contrary ;  for  the 
Harmonites,  not  having  to  pay  their  workmen,  are  enabled  to  under- 
sell every  one  who  would  wish  to  set  up  a  store,  and  thus  prevent  com- 


1078  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

petition.  Moreover,  as  in  exchange  for  their  cloths,  linens,  hats,  whiskey, 
&c.,  they  receive  vast  suras  of  money  which  they  never  spend,  and  thus 
diminish  the  circulating  medium  of  the  country.  'If,'  say  the  Ameri- 
cans, 'an  ordinary  merchant  could  come  among  us,  and  set  up  a  store, 
as  he  grew  rich  he  would  increase  his  expenditure,  and  the  money  would 
circulate  and  enrich  those  who  supplied  him  with  meat,  bread,  &c. ;  but 
these  people  spend  nothing,  and  therefore  we  should  be  very  glad  to  see 
their  society  destroyed.'  Old  Rapp  has  transferred  most  of  the  active 
superintendence  of'  the  temporal  concerns  of  the  society  to  his  adopted 
son  Frederic  Eapp,  thus  accustoming  the  people  to  a  sort  of  hereditary 
despotism.  We  may  however  very  much  doubt  whether  the  society  will 
hold  together  after  the  old  man's  death,  an  event  which  in  the  course 
of  nature  must  soon  take  place."2 

"What  these  outsiders  could  not  grasp  was  the  fact  that  these  people 
were  millenarians — confidently  expecting  the  Day  of  Judgment  and  the 
end  of  the  world  in  a  short  time.  If-  that  belief  could  be  firmly  fixed 
in  the  minds  of  everyone  in  the  world,  there  would  be  no  occasion  for 
missionaries,  no  need  for  persuasion  to  repent.  A  man  who  was  sure 
that  the  end  of  the  world  would  come  in  a  year,  or  five  years,  or  twenty 
years,  could  not  be  kept  away  from  a  religious  life.  This  was  Rapp's 
teaching,  but  it  was  his  understanding  of  the  Bible;  and  he  evidently 
believed  it  himself  as  much  as  any  of  them.  On  his  death  bed,  he  called 
some  of  his  followers  around  him,  and  his  last  words  were :  "  If  I  did 
not  know  that  the  dear  Lord  meant  that  I  should  present  you  all  to  him. 
I  should  think  my  last  moments  come."  It  is  absurd  to  question  the 
sincerity  of  a  faith  like  that.  You  might  as  well  doubt  the  confidence 
of  the  gentleman  who  stood  on  the  mountain  peak,  with  the  flood  lap- 
ping his  chin,  and  told  Noah  to  go  ahead  with  his  ark,  "  'cause  it  a 'n't 
a  goin '  to  rain  much  anyway. ' '  There  are  only  two  alleged  instances  of 
his  imposing  on  the  credulity  of  his  followers.  One  is  a  tradition,  that 
he  used  to  pass  from  his  house  to  the  church  by  an  underground  tunnel, 
and  make  them  believe  that  he  had  been  transported  by  supernatural 
means.  This  is  false  on  its  face;  for  they  must  have  dug  the  tunnel. 
The  other  is  the  story  of  "Gabriel's  Rock,"  a  limestone  slab,  ten  feet 
by  five,  and  five  inches  thick,  bearing  what  appear  to  be  the  imprints  of 
two  human  feet.  ' '  The  tradition  is  that  Father  Rapp  informed  his  fol- 
lowers that  these  were  the  imprints  of  the  feet  of  the  Angel  Gabriel,  who 
had  alighted  upon  earth  to  convey  to  the  society  a  message  from 
heaven."3  The  latest  version  of  the  "tradition"  is  this:  "Public 
attention  was  first  called  to  these  prints  by  the  Rev.  Frederick  Rapp,  the 


2  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  pp.  289-290. 

3  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  p.  20. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1079 


head  of  the  religious  sect  of  '  Harmonites, '  who  had  them  removed  to  his 
village  of  Harmony,  and  who,  it  is  said,  taught  that  they  were  the  im- 
pressions of  the  feet  of  the  Saviour."4  Poor  George  Rapp!  There  is 
every  indication  that  the  "tradition"  is  pure  fiction.  The  nearest 
approach  to  direct  evidence  that  we  have  is  the  statement  of  William 


J 


SUPPOSED  HUMAN  FOOTPRINTS  IN  LIMESTONE 
"Gabriel's  Rock"  (After  David  D.  Owen) 

Owen,  who  went  to  New  Harmony  in  1824  with  his  father.  In  his  diary 
for  December  18,  he  gives  an  account  of  their  being  shown  over  the  vil- 
lage by  George  Rapp,  saying:  "We  then  visited  some  cellars  under 
the  new  church  and  under  Mr.  Rapp's  house,  which  were  all  well  filled 
with  wine,  cider,  etc.,  also  a  small  garden  behind  Mr.  Rapp's  house. 

*  Report  of  the  National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1904,  p.  263. 

Vol.  II— 33 


1078 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  pp.  289-290. 
s  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  p.  20. 


petition,  iloreover,  as  in  exchange  for  their  cloths,  linens,  hats,  whiskey, 
&c.,  they  receive  vast  suras  of  money  which  they  never  spend,  and  thus 
diminish  the  circulating  medium  of  the  country.  'If,'  say  the  Ameri- 
cans, 'an  ordinary  merchant  could  come  among  us,  and  set  up  a  store, 
as  he  grew  rich  he  would  increase  his  expenditure,  and  the  money  would 
circulate  and  enrich  those  who  supplied  him  with  meat,  bread,  &c. ;  but 
these  people  spend  nothing,  and  therefore  we  should  be  very  glad  to  see 
their  society  destroyed.'  Old  Rapp  has  transferred  most  of  the  active 
superintendence  of  the  temporal  concerns  of  the  society  to  his  adopted 
son  Frederic  Rapp,  thus  accustoming  the  people  to  a  sort  of  hereditary 
despotism.  We  may  however  very  much  doubt  whether  the  society  will 
hold  together  after  the  old  man's  death,  an  event  which  in  the  course 
of  nature  must  soon  take  place."  2 

What  these  outsiders  could  not  grasp  was  the  fact  that  these  people 
were  millenarians — confidently  expecting  the  Day  of  Judgment  and  the 
end  of  the  world  in  a  short  time.  If  that  belief  could  be  firmly  fixed 
in  the  minds  of  everyone  in  the  world,  there  would  be  no  occasion  for 
missionaries,  no  need  for  persuasion  to  repent.  A  man  who  was  sure 
that  the  end  of  the  world  would  come  in  a  year,  or  five  years,  or  twenty 
years,  could  not  be  kept  away  from  a  religious  life.  This  was  Rapp's 
teaching,  but  it  was  his  understanding  of  the  Bible;  and  he  evidently 
believed  it  himself  as  much  as  any  of  them.  On  his  death  bed,  he  called 
some  of  his  followers  around  him,  and  his  last  words  were:  "If  I  did 
not  know  that  the  dear  Lord  meant  that  I  should  present  you  all  to  him. 
I  should  think  my  last  moments  come."  It  is  absurd  to  question  the 
sincerity  of  a  faith  like  that.  You  might  as  well  doubt  the  confidence 
of  the  gentleman  who  stood  on  the  mountain  peak,  with  the  flood  lap- 
ping his  chin,  and  told  Noah  to  go  ahead  with  his  ark,  "  'cause  it  a 'n't 
a  goin'  to  rain  much  anyway."  There  are  only  two  alleged  instances  of 
his  imposing  on  the  credulity  of  his  followers.  One  is  a  tradition,  that 
he  used  to  pass  from  his  house  to  the  church  by  an  underground  tunnel, 
and  make  them  believe  that  he  had  been  transported  by  supernatural 
means.  This  is  false  on  its  face;  for  they  must  have  dug  the  tunnel. 
The  other  is  the  story  of  "Gabriel's  Rock,"  a  limestone  slab,  ten  feet 
by  five,  and  five  inches  thick,  bearing  what  appear  to  be  the  imprints  of 
two  human  feet.  "The  tradition  is  that  Father  Rapp  informed  his  fol- 
lowers that  these  were  the  imprints  of  the  feet  of  the  Angel  Gabriel,  who 
had  alighted  upon  earth  to  convey  to  the  society  a  message  from 
heaven."3  The  latest  version  of  the  "tradition"  is  this:  "Public 
attention  was  first  called  to  these  prints  by  the  Rev.  Frederick  Rapp,  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1079 


head  of  the  religious  sect  of  '  Harmonites, '  who  had  them  removed  to  his 
village  of  Harmony,  and  who,  it  is  said,  taught  that  they  were  the  im- 
pressions of  the  feet  of  the  Saviour. ' '  4  Poor  George  Rapp  !  There  is 
every  indication  that  the  "tradition"  is  pure  fiction.  The  nearest 
approach  to  direct  evidence  that  we  have  is  the  statement  of  William 


SUPPOSED  HUMAN  FOOTPRINTS  IN  LIMESTONE 
"Gabriel's  Rock"  (After  David  D.  Owen) 


Owen,  who  went  to  Xew  Harmony  in  1824  with  his  father.  In  his  diary 
for  December  18,  he  gives  an  account  of  their  being  shown  over  the  vil- 
lage by  George  Rapp,  saying:  "We  then  visited  some  cellars  under 
the  new  church  and  under  Mr.  Rapp's  house,  which  were  all  well  filled 
with  wine,  cider,  etc.,  also  a  small  garden  behind  Mr.  Rapp's  house. 

*  Report  of  the  National  Museum,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1904,  p.  263. 
vd.  n— ss 


1080  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

which  Gertrude  Rapp  is  fond  of  cultivating.  In  the  center  stands  a 
mound  covered  with  petrifactions  formed  by  a  spring  on  the  property. 
In  a  back  yard  we  saw  a  stone  with  the  mark  of  two  feet  upon  it,  with 
a  ring  in  front,  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  an  Indian  before  the 
stone  was  hardened.  Mr.  Rapp  found  it  upon  the  Mississippi  and  sent 
some  men  to  hew  it  from  the  rock.  Mr.  Rapp  returned  with  us  to  the 
inn  and  dined  with  us."5  If  Rapp  had  been  saying  that  these  were 
the  footprints  of  the  Angel  Gabriel,  he  certainly  would  not  have  told 
these  visitors  that  they  were  made  by  an  Indian.  If  he  had  desired  to 
impress  a  miraculous  origin  on  his  followers  he  certainly  would  not 
have  put  this  wonder  in  his  back  yard ;  but  would  have  given  it,  a  place 
of  honor  in  the  church,  as  other  people  do  with  miraculous  relics.  It  is 
hardly  credible  that  he  would  have  claimed  that  the  angel  was  bringing 
a  message  from  heaven  to  the  society,  when  the  footprints  were  evi- 
dently formed  long  before  the  society  existed,  or  when  the  Angel  had 
alighted  miles  away  from  the  society,  and  never  came  to  their  knowledge 
for  years  after,  and  then  only  by  his  footprints.  That  would  be  too 
serious  a  reflection  on  Gabriel's  intelligence  to  be  charged  to  the  pious 
Mr.  Rapp.  The  probabilities  are  that  the  long  array  of  scientists  who 
have  chuckled  over  the  credulity  of  Rapp's  followers  have  shown  their 
own  credulity  by  swallowing  a  humbug  tradition. 

In  fact,  the  scientists  have  had  a  rather  severe  struggle  with  these 
footprints,  without  reaching  any  very  satisfactory  conclusion.  The 
first  man  of  a  scientific  turn  who  described  them  was  Schoolcraft,  who 
says:  "By  an  accurate  examination,  it  will  however  be  ascertained, 
that  they  are  not  the  impressions  of  feet  accustomed  to  the  use  of 
European  shoes,  for  the  toes  are  pressed  out,  and  the  foot  is  flat,  as  is 
observed  in  persons  who  walk  barefoot.  The  probability  is  that  they 
were  caused  by  the  pressure  of  an  individual  that  belonged  to  an  un- 
known race  of  men,  ignorant  of  the  art  of  tanning  hides,  and  that  this 
took  place  in  a  much  earlier  age  than  the  traditions  of  the  present 
Indians  extend  to,  this  probability  I  say,  is  strengthened  by  the  extra- 
ordinary size  of  the  feet  (10V£  inches  in  length)  here  given.  In  another 
respect,  the  impressions  are  strikingly  natural,  since  the  muscles  of  the 
feet  are  represented  with  the  greatest  exactness  and  truth.  This  cir- 
cumstance weakens  very  much  the  hypothesis  that  they  are  possibly  evi- 
dences of  the  ancient  sculpture  of  a  race  of  men  living  in  the  remote 
ages  of  this  continent.  Neither  history  nor  tradition  gives  us  the 
slightest  information  of  such  a  people.  For  it  must  be  kept  in  mind, 
that  we  have  no  proof  that  the  people  who  erected  our  surprising  west- 


» Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.  Vol.  4,  p.  77. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1081 

ern  tumuli,  ever  had  a  knowledge  of  masonry,  even  much  less  of  sculp- 
ture, or  that  they  had  invented  the  chisel,  the  knife,  or  the  axe,  those 
excepted  made  from  porphyry,  hornstone,  or  obsidian.  *  *  *  The 
rock  which  contains  these  interesting  traces,  is  a  compact  limestone  of 
a  bluish-gray  color."  The  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  quotes  Schoolcraft 
with  approval,  and  adds:  "This  rock  with  the  unknown  impressions 
are  remembered  as  long  as  the  country  about  St.  Louis  has  been  known, 
this  table  is  hewn  out  of  a  rock,  and  indeed  out  of  a  perpendicular  wall 
of  rock. ' '  As  nobody  gives  the  exact  location  from  which  this  slab  was 
obtained,  this  statement  is  very  suggestive  of  the  Piasa  Bock,  of  which 
mention  has  heretofore  been  made;  and  in  that  connection,  it  is  to  be 
remembered  that  Marquette's  monsters,  and  other  inscriptions  on  that 
rock  are  described  as  being  at  points  apparently  inaccessible  to  man. 
In  1842,  David  Dale  Owen  described  these  prints  in  an  article  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  and  quoted  the  opinions  of  Maclure, 
Troost,  Say,  and  Lesueur  to  the  effect  that  they  were  of  artificial  origin ; 
but  the  English  paleontologist  Mantell  inclined  to  Schoolcraft 's  opinion. 
Owen  considered  them  artificial,  and  carved  by  aborigines  with  stone 
instruments.  Inasmuch  as  the  stone  in  which  they  appear  belongs  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  period,  no  scientist  would  now  accept  the  idea 
that  they  were  the  impressions  of  human  feet.  The  Gabriel  theory 
were  preferable  to  that,  from  the  scientific  standpoint.  But  science 
cannot  point  to  any  other  such  artistic  sculpture  as  Schoolcraft  describes 
in  this  case,  and  science  has  not  suggested  any  probable  cause  for  such 
labor  by  Indians  or  moundbuilders.  It  is  a  pretty  puzzle ;  and  it  is  to 
be  regretted  that  the  original  information  concerning  the  "footprints" 
is  not  more  explicit  and  full."6 

The  assumption  of  the  ignorance  of  Rapp's  followers  is  based  wholly 
on  their  religious  belief,  and  consequent  absorption  in  their  salvation. 
William  Owen  and  his  father,  who  were  skilled  in  mechanical  devices, 
and  material  progress  in  general,  did  not  notice  any  ignorance.  When 
Rapp  's  colony  first  located,  and  for  several  years  after,  they  were  much 
afflicted  with  malaria,  like  other  Indiana  settlers,  but  in  a  few  years  this 
disappeared.  On  his  first  day  in  New  Harmony,  William  Owen  noted 
the  information  that  the  first  thing  the  Rappites  did  when  they  arrived 
"was  to  drain  all  the  pools,  etc.,  so  that  now  as  soon  as  the  river  falls 
the  water  runs  off  again."  On  the  same  day  he  visited  "a  cotton  spin- 
ning establishment,  driven  by  a  horse  and  a  cow,  walking  on  an  inclined 
plane,  a  green  for  dyeing  and  bleaching,  a  dyeing  house,  a  cotton  and 
woolen  mill,  the  former  with  power  looms  and  the  latter  with  a  patent 
machine  for  cutting  the  nap.  These  are  driven  by  a  steam  engine, 

«  For  recent  discussion,  see  Beport  of  the  National  Museum  for  1904,  pp.  262-4. 


1082  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

which  also  sets  an  adjoining  flour  mill  in  operation."  The  next  day 
they  visited  the  green  house,  with  "fine  orange  and  lemon  trees,"  the 
house  "so  constructed  that  it  can  be  rolled  away  in  the  summer  time, 
leaving  the  trees  in  the  open  air."  Then  they  went  to  a  distillery 
where  "the  water  required  is  pumped  by  two  dogs,  who  moved  alter- 
nately a  tread  wheel.  Each  dog  pumps  for  an  hour.  They  make  2nd 
and  3rd  spirits  without  any  trouble.  As  the  machine  performs  the 
whole  process,  the  whiskey  runs  out  quite  ready  for  use. ' '  A  little  later 
at  a  dye  house,  "they  showed  us  some  very  good  madder  grown  here, 
much  superior  to  what  they  had  imported.  From  this  we  passed  to 
another  building  in  which  is  a  steam  engine  of  — horse  power,  made  by 
themselves.  It  appears  to  work  well.  In  an  adjoining  building  is  a 
cotton  spinning  and  weaving  establishment."  They  wound  up  at  a 
new  cotton  mill,  "driven  by  oxen  walking  on  an  incline  plane."  They 
passed  several  weeks  before  they  had  investigated  all  the  industries. 
On  January  18  they  went  to  the  oil  mill,  where  two  men  were  at  work. 
"They  were  engaged  making  linseed  oil,  by  grinding  linseed  under 
large  stones  and  then  pressing  it.  They  made  oil  from  hemp,  walnuts, 
peachstones,  etc."  On  the  21st  they  visited  the  chandler's,  who  was 
making  candles.  "He  had  nearly  finished  1,000  during  the  day.  We 
then  proceeded  to  the  ropemakers,  where  three  men  are  employed,  who 
heckle  hemp  and  flax  and  make  during  the  summer  about  6,000  Ibs.  of 
rope.  They  have  an  extensive  rope- walk  through  an  orchard. ' '  On  the 
22d  they  went  to  "the  smithy,  with  six  forges  and  the  brick  kilns,  where 
we  found  a  number  of  excellent  brick."  On  the  24th  they  visited  the 
brewery,  "where  about  500  gallons  of  beer  is  brewed  every  other  day, 
and  then  to  the  distillery  in  which  36  gallons  of  whiskey  is  produced 
daily. ' '  On  the  28th  they  went  to  the  pottery,  the  carpenter  shop  and 
the  cooperage.  At  the  last  there  were  nine  men.  "Each  makes  about 
two  barrels  per  day,  sometimes  three.  The  wood  they  use  is  usually 
two  years  old  but  sometimes  they  lay  it -in  water  for  a  month,  which 
seasons  it  nearly  as  well.  "We  then  saw  the  tinman,  who  is  in  a  shop 
alone.  He  is  nearly  self-taught.  He  never  saw  a  tinman  at  work." 
On  the  31st  they  went  to  the  stocking  weavers.  "We  found  there  four 
looms.  One  weaver  weaves  four  pairs  of  coarse  stockings  in  one  day, 
which  one  woman  would  require  four  days  to.  Fine  stockings  he  weaves 
one  and  one-half  pair  per  day. ' '  And  our  Indiana  people,  who  thought 
these  people  ignorant,  worried  over  their  own  lack  of  manufacture  for 
years;  and  then  voted  for  tariff  taxes  to  build  up  the  manufactures  of 
New  England! 

But  Rapp  decided  to  leave  Indiana.    Just  why  is  not  certain,  but 
it  is  said  that  he  thought  his  people  were  getting  too  luxurious,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1083 

needed  the  hard  work  of  a  new  establishment  to  restore  their  spiritual- 
ity. This  seems  plausible,  though  it  is  also  said  that  they  were  afraid 
of  their  neighbors,  and  the  fact  that  their  stone  granary  was  built  like 
a  fort,  with  loop-holes,  is  pointed  to  as  evidence  of  this.  On  the  other 
hand  there  is  no  record  of  any  trouble,  and  the  election  of  Frederick 
Kapp  to  the  legislature,  and  to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1816, 
would  indicate  friendly  relations.  The  chances  are  that  Rapp  was  put 
on  a  "slate"  in  the  Convention  election,  because  he  controlled  the  New 
Harmony  vote,  and  that  of  a  number  of  neighbors  who  got  their  beer 
and  whisky  at  New  Harmony.  He  did  not  show  any  especial  ability  in 
the  Convention,  and  voted  with  the  rest  of  the  Gibson  County  delegation 
for  slavery,  on  every  test  question  that  was  raised.  Subsequent  favors 
shown  to  him  by  Jennings,  such  as  his  appointment  on  the  Commission 
to  locate  the  State  capital,  may  indicate  that  he  was  amenable  to  reason 
in  politics,  when  he  saw  that  the  other  side  had  the  control.  He  was 
apparently  a  good  business  man,  and  had  charge  of  nearly  all  the  deal- 
ings of  the  community  with  the  outside  world.  He  was  also  artistic, 
and  the  "labyrinth"  and  other  attractive  features  of  New  Harmony 
are  attributed  to  his  influence.  Whatever  the  consideration  that  influ- 
enced him,  George  Rapp  trusted  Edward  Flower,  a  member  of  the 
Birkbeck  colony  of  English  immigrants  in  Illinois,  to  find  a  purchaser 
for  the  New  Harmony  property.  It  would  be  an  historical  misdemeanor 
to  mention  this  agent  without  mentioning  that  his  daughter,  Sarah 
Flower  Adams,  was  the  author  of  that  wonderful  hymn,  "Nearer  My 
God  to  Thee."  The  property  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  Robert 
Owen,  of  New  Lanark,  who  was  looking  for  an  opportunity  to  establish 
a  community  on  his  own  ideals.  He  came  over  with  his  son,  William, 
to  inspect  it,  and  bought  the  entire  30,000  acres,  with  all  improvements, 
for  less  than  five  dollars  an  acre.  On  the  under  side  of  a  stairway  in 
one  of  the  community  houses,  there  still  remains  the  inscription  made 
by  one  of  the  Rappites,  ' '  On  the  twenty-fourth  of  May,  1824,'  we  have 
departed.  Lord,  with  thy  great  help  and  goodness,  in  body  and  soul 
protect  us." 

There  was  nothing  secret  about  the  new  community.  In  fact  its 
most  prominent  feature  was  the  publicity  department.  Robert  Owen 
had  made  some  practical  and  valuable  reforms  at  New  Lanark,  in  the 
way  of  improving  the  conditions  of  the  working  classes,  and  the  treat- 
ment of  children.  His  success  led  him  to  an  aspiration  to  reform  the 
world.  His  basic  proposition,  as  he  expressed  it,  was:  "The  religious, 
political  and  commercial  arrangements  of  society  have  been  on  a  wrong 
basis  since  the  commencement  of  history."  In  other  words,  "Whatever 
is,  is  wrong."  Hence  he  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  "New  Moral 


1084  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

World,"  in  which  the  remainder  of  mankind  should  give  up  their  cus- 
toms and  ideas,  and  adopt  his.     He  believed  that  people  were  the 
products  of  environment,  and  consequently  the  most  important  thing 
was  to  give  them  proper  environment  in  youth.     The  social  organiza- 
tion must  be  put  on  a  communal  basis,  and  private  property  be  aban- 
doned as  soon  as  the  first  generation  had  learned  the  principles  of  the 
new  system.    "The  family  must  give  way  to  the  scientific  association  of 
from  five  hundred  to  two  thousand  people;"  not  in  a  marital  way,  as 
was  charged  by  some  of  his  critics,  but  for  social  purposes.    All  that  was 
needed  was  a  "cordial  union  of  mankind,"  to  be  directed  "by  those 
who  understand  the  laws  of  God  and  principles  of  society."     It  was 
perfectly  simple.     "Armies,  churches,  lawyers,  doctors  and  exclusive 
universities  are  the  greatest  obstacles  to  progress."     The  middle-man 
was  to  be  abolished,  and  work  was  to  "be  made  so  attractive  that  labor 
will  be  a  pleasure  which  all  will  desire."    There  was  a  great  deal  more 
of  it,  especially  of  detail,  for  his  book,  in  which  ' '  the  principles ' '  are  set 
forth,  comprises  nearly  three  hundred  closely  printed  pages.    The  sub- 
stance of  it  was  that  there  were  evils  in  all  forms  of  social  organization, 
and  that  his  system  was  the  panacea  for  all  of  them.    There  was  enough 
of  truth  in  his  presentation  of  existing  evils  to  awaken  interest  in  his 
proposed  solution.    He  made  two  addresses  on  his  plans,  in  the  Hall  of 
Representatives  at  Washington  in  February  and  March,  1825,  which 
were  attended  by  the  elite  of  the  capital,  and  which  were  published  and 
circulated  broadcast,  as  well  as  addresses  in  other  cities;  and  the  new 
project  became  the  talk  of  the  country.    He  issued  a  manifesto  announc- 
ing that  while  his  plans  could  not  be  fully  carried  out  at  New  Harmony, 
a  "preliminary  society"  would  be  formed  there  in  April,  to  demon- 
strate the  advantages  of  the  plan,  and  serve  as  a  model  for  other  com- 
munities, inviting  those  who  were  in  sympathy  with  the  movement  to 
become  members. 

His  principal  accession,  and  one  who  contributed  most  to  the  edu- 
cational showing  made  by  New  Harmony,  was  William  Maclure,  born 
in  Ayr,  Scotland,  in  1763,  who  came  to  the  United  States  in  1799  with 
the  purpose  of  making  a  geological  survey  of  the  country.  He  worked 
at  this  with  extraordinary  persistence,  crossing  the  Alleghenies  more 
than  fifty  times  and  tramping  over  most  of  the  states  in  his  field  work. 
In  1809  he  published  the  results  of  his  labors,  with  a  colored  geological 
map,  the  publication  receiving  the  plaudits  of  the  scientific  world,  and 
very  justly  giving  him  the  title  of  "The  Father  of  American  Geology." 
He  was  a  man  of  wealth  and  leisure,  especially  interested  in  the  natural 
sciences.  He  was  the  principal  founder  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  and  for  twenty-three  years,  from  1817,  was  its 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1085 

president.  He  was  not  a  convert  to  the  social  theories  of  Owen,  but 
agreed  largely  with  his  ideas  of  education.  He  had  visited  New  Lanark, 
and  viewed  the  work  there  with  approval.  He  had  visited  Pestalozzi's 
school  in  Switzerland,  and  had  brought  Joseph  Neef  to  this  country  to 
introduce  the  system  here.  Neef  tried  two  schools  in  Pennsylvania,  but 
abandoned  the  effort  in  1814,  on  account  of  public  prejudice  against 
his  avowed  atheism,  and  went  to  farming  near  Louisville,  until  brought 
to  New  Harmony,  in  1826.  Maclure,  himself,  was  a  pronounced  atheist, 
and  Owen,  while  admitting  that  there  was  some  sort  of  Supreme  Being, 
who  would  be  gratified  by  the  establishment  of  the  "new  social  sys- 
tem," rejected  absolutely  all  known  forms  of  religion.  A  very  con- 
genial partnership,  therefore,  was  formed  by  Owen  and  Maclure  in  the 
investment,  and  in  their  spheres  of  control,  Maclure  took  charge  of  the 
educational  interests.  This  was  fortunate,  for  while  Maclure  was  not 
himself  a  very  impressive  scientist,  he  had  gathered  about  him  some  men 
who  were  really  of  high  grade.  Aside  from  his  first  geological  work, 
he  was  too  diffusive  for  scientific  research.  He  dabbled  in  many  things, 
and  was  especially  hopeless  in  his  economic  theories.  His  first  venture 
was  the  purchase  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  land  near  the  city  of  Alicante 
in  Spain,  on  which  he  founded  an  agricultural  school.  But  the  unap- 
preciative  Spaniards  got  up  a  political  revolution,  and  confiscated  his 
property.  He  theorized  on  many  subjects,  sometimes  very  rationally, 
and  sometimes  not — he  avowed,  for  example,  that  at  the  time  when  he 
left  Philadelphia,  real  estate  there  had  reached  a  price  beyond  which 
it  could  not  materially  advance.  While  at  New  Harmony  he  published 
there  three  volumes  of  his  "Opinions,"  which  are  now  of  passing  inter- 
est as  curios,  chiefly  because  they  were  printed  in  New  Harmony,  though 
his  ideas  on  education  are  quite  judicious  from  the  present  point  of 
view. 

In  the  winter  of  1825-6,  Maclure  and  his  party  came  down  the  Ohio 
from  Pittsburg  in  a  keel  boat,  reaching  New  Harmony  in  the  middle  of 
January.  He  was  accompanied  by  Robert  Dale  Owen,  who  had  reached 
New  York  in  November,  1825,  to  make  America  his  home,  bringing  with 
him  Captain  McDonald,  a  young  English  officer  who  was  an  enthusiastic 
Owenite.  Perhaps  Maclure 's  most  important  recruit  was  Thomas  Say. 
He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  July  27,  1787,  of  Quaker  parents,  his 
father  being  a  physician.  He  first  undertook  business  life,  but  was 
so  complete  a  failure  that  his  father  was  reconciled  to  his  taking  up  nat- 
ural science,  for  which  he  had  a  natural  taste,  and  which  he  followed 
thereafter,  stopping  to  serve  as  a  volunteer  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  was 
with  Maclure  a  charter  member  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  and  began  scientific  work  under  its  auspices.  In  1817, 


1086  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

he  was  with  Maclure  in  an  investigation  of  the  natural  history  of  the 
Floridan  peninsula;  in  1818  explored  the  islands  off  the  coast  of 
Georgia ;  in  1819  was  the  chief  zoologist  of  Long's  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  in  1823  accompanied  Long's  expedition  to  the  St.  Peter's 
river.  At  New  Harmony,  he  was  a  tireless  worker,  not  only  writing 
about  one  hundred  articles  for  the  scientific  publication  of  the  day,  but 
completing  there  his  American  Entomology,  in  three  volumes,  and  his 
American  Conchology,  in  six  volumes.  These  are  veritable  works  of  art, 
illustrated  by  plates,  made  chiefly  at  New  Harmony,  by  C.  H.  Lesueur, 
L.  Lyon,  and  James  Walker,  and  painted  by  Mrs.  Say.  The  Conchology 
was  printed  at  New  Harmony,  and  when  it  was  issued  no  state  of  the 
Union  could  boast  of  its  equal  as  a  scientific  publication.  It  is  conceded 
by  scientists  that  no  other  man  ever  described  so  many  new  species 
rationally — that  is,  so  that  the  work  did  not  have  to  be  changed  by 
later  workers;  and  this  is  the  more  remarkable  because  he  was  working 
in  the  backwoods,  almost  without  books,  and  without  scientific  counsel. 
He  remained  at  New  Harmony  until  his  death,  on  October  10,  1834, 
and  was  buried  there.  The  soil  of  Indiana  covers  the  remains  of  no 
more  notable  man.  Another  notable  scientist  in  this  first  company  of 
Maclure 's,  was  Gerard  Troost.  He  was  born  at  Bois-le-Duc,  Holland, 
March  15,  1776,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Leyden.  In 
1809  he  was  sent  on  a  tour  of  scientific  investigation  to  Java,  by  King 
Louis  Bonaparte  of  Holland.  The  vessel  in  which  he  sailed  was  captured 
by  a  privateer,  and  he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1810,  and  located 
at  Philadelphia,  where  he  became  the  first  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  holding  that  office  until  1817.  He  remained  at  New 
Harmony  for  two  years,  during  which  he  gave  lectures  on  chemistry  to 
the  "adult  school" — pupils  over  twelve  years  of  age — and  then  went 
to  Nashville,  where  he  was  made  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy  and 
geology  in  the  university  there,  and  in  1831,  Geologist  of  Tennessee, 
holding  both  offices  until  his  death,  on  August  14,  1850.  Troost  estab- 
lished the  first  alum  works  in  the  United  States,  in  1814. 

The  women  in  this  party  were  almost  as  notable  as  the  men.  Mac- 
lure's  avowed  purpose  was  to  make  New  Harmony  the  center  of  educa- 
tion in  the  United  'States,  through  the  Pestalozzian  system,  and,  to 
assist  Neef,  who  was  to  be  called  from  his  agricultural  retirement,  he 
brought  Madame  Marie  D.  Fretageot,  and  Mr.  Phiquepal  d'Arusmont, 
Pestalozzian  teachers  who  had  been  conducting  private  schools  at  Phila- 
delphia. He  also  brought  Miss  Lucy  Sistare  and  her  sisters,  accom- 
plished and  talented  young  ladies,  Miss  Lucy  later  marrying  Thomas 
Say.  Still  more  notable  was  Frances  "Wright,  who  already  had  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  reformer,  on  account  of  her  attempt  to  solve  the  negro  problem 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1087 


through  a  co-operative  community,  which  she  established  in  1825,  on 
Wolf  river,  thirteen  miles  above  Memphis.  She  was  born  at  Dundee, 
Scotland,  September  6,  1795;  and  she  and  her  younger  sister,  Camilla, 
were  left  orphans  at  an  early  age,  with  large  fortune.  Their  guardian 
was  the  renowned  Jeremy  Bentham,  who  was  some  years  in  advance 
of  his  time,  and  closed  an  eventful  and  useful  career  by  bequeathing  his 
body  to  be  dissected,  in  the  interest  of  science.  The  girls  were  educated 
on  a  basis  very  unusual  for  female  education  at  that  time,  and  as  Fanny 
was  of  a  somewhat  masculine  type  of  mind,  she  expressed  her  views 
with  a  freedom  that  was  generally  frowned  on  at  the  time,  though  at 
present  her  position  would  not  be  considered  extreme.  For  her  negro 


NASHOBA — FRANCES  WRIGHT'S  COLONY 

• 

experiment,  she  purchased  two  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  fifteen 
negroes,  the  central  idea  being  that  these  slaves  should  earn  their  free- 
dom by  receiving  credit  for  one-half  of  their  community  earnings,  for 
this  purpose.  This  community  settlement,  half  slave  and  half  free,  was 
a  dismal  failure — a  feature  which  is  artistically  portrayed,  though 
probably  with  unconscious  art,  by  the  crayon  sketch  of  it  that  is  used  to 
illustrate  Mrs.  Trollope's  book.  After  some  weeks  at  Nashoba,  it  seems 
to  have  occurred  to  her  that  it  would  be  well  to  learn  something  about 
successful  socialism,  and  she  went  to  Economy  to  study  the  system  of 
the  Eappites.  From  these  she  turned  to  the  Owenites,  who  at  least 
were  more  congenial  associates. 

She  was  a  strikingly  handsome  woman.     Robert  Dale  Owen  says: 
"She  had  various  personal  advantages — a    tall,    commanding    figure, 


" 

• 


1086 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


he  was  with  Maclure  in  an  investigation  of  the  natural  history  of  the 
Floridan  peninsula;  in  1818  explored  the  islands  off  the  coast  of 
Georgia ;  in  1819  was  the  chief  zoologist  of  Long's  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  in  1823  accompanied  Long's  expedition  to  the  St.  Peter's 
river.  At  New  Harmony,  he  was  a  tireless  worker,  not  only  writing 
about  one  hundred  articles  for  the  scientific  publication  of  the  day,  but 
completing  there  his  American  Entomology,  in  three  volumes,  and  his 
American  Conchology,  in  six  volumes.  These  are  veritable  works  of  art, 
illustrated  by  plates,  made  chiefly  at  New  Harmony,  by  C.  H.  Lesueur, 
L.  Lyon,  and  James  Walker,  and  painted  by  Mrs.  Say.  The  Conchology 
was  printed  at  New  Harmony,  and  when  it  was  issued  no  state  of  the 
Union  could  boast  of  its  equal  as  a  scientific  publication.  It  is  conceded 
by  scientists  that  no  other  man  ever  described  so  many  new  species 
rationally — that  is,  so  that  the  work  did  not  have  to  be  changed  by 
later  workers ;  and  this  is  the  more  remarkable  because  he  was  working 
in  the  backwoods,  almost  without  books,  and  without  scientific  counsel. 
He  remained  at  New  Harmony  until  his  death,  on  October  10,  1834, 
and  was  buried  there.  The  soil  of  Indiana  covers  the  remains  of  no 
more  notable  man.  Another  notable  scientist  in  this  first  company  of 
Maclure 's,  was  Gerard  Troost.  He  was  born  at  Bois-le-Duc,  Holland, 
March  15,  1776,  and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Leydeu.  In 
1809  he  was  sent  on  a  tour  of  scientific  investigation  to  Java,  by  King 
Louis  Bonaparte  of  Holland.  The  vessel  in  which  he  sailed  was  captured 
by  a  privateer,  and  he  came  to  the  United  States  in  1810,  and  located 
at  Philadelphia,  where  he  became  the  first  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  holding  that  office  until  1817.  He  remained  at  New 
Harmony  for  two  years,  during  which  he  gave  lectures  on  chemistry  to 
the  "adult  school" — pupils  over  twelve  years  of  age — and  then  went 
to  Nashville,  where  he  was  made  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy  and 
geology  in  the  university  there,  and  in  1831,  Geologist  of  Tennessee, 
holding  both  offices  until  his  death,  on  August  14,  1850.  Troost  estab- 
lished the  first  alum  works  in  the  United  States,  in  1814. 

The  women  in  this  party  were  almost  as  notable  as  the  men.  Mac- 
lure's  avowed  purpose  was  to  make  New  Harmony  the  center  of  educa- 
tion in  the  United  'States,  through  the  Pestalozzian  system,  and,  to 
assist  Neef,  who  was  to  be  called  from  his  agricultural  retirement,  he 
brought  Madame  Marie  D.  Fretageot,  and  Mr.  Phiquepal  d'Arusmont, 
Pestalozzian  teachers  who  had  been  conducting  private  schools  at  Phila- 
delphia. He  also  brought  Miss  Lucy  Sistare  and  her  sisters,  accom- 
plished and  talented  young  ladies,  Miss  Lucy  later  marrying  Thomas 
Say.  Still  more  notable  was  Frances  Wright,  who  already  had  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  reformer,  on  account  of  her  attempt  to  solve  the  negro  problem 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1087 


through  a  co-operative  community,  which  she  established  in  1825,  on 
Wolf  river,  thirteen  miles  above  Memphis.  She  was  born  at  Dundee, 
Scotland,  September  6,  1795;  and  she  and  her  younger  sister,  Camilla, 
were  left  orphans  at  an  early  age,  with  large  fortune.  Their  guardian 
was  the  renowned  Jeremy  Bentham,  who  was  some  years  in  advance 
of  his  time,  and  closed  an  eventful  and  useful  career  by  bequeathing  his 
body  to  be  dissected,  in  the  interest  of  science.  The  girls  were  educated 
on  a  basis  very  unusual  for  female  education  at  that  time,  and  as  Fanny 
was  of  a  somewhat  masculine  type  of  mind,  she  expressed  her  views 
with  a  freedom  that  was  generally  frowned  on  at  the  time,  though  at 
present  her  position  would  not  be  considered  extreme.  For  her  negro 


NASHOBA — FRANCES  WRIGHT'S  COLONY 

• 

experiment,  she  purchased  two  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  fifteen 
negroes,  the  central  idea  being  that  these  slaves  should  earn  their  free- 
dom by  receiving  credit  for  one-half  of  their  community  earnings,  for 
this  purpose.  This  community  settlement,  half  slave  and  half  free,  was 
a  dismal  failure — a  feature  which  is  artistically  portrayed,  though 
probably  with  unconscious  art,  by  the  crayon  sketch  of  it  that  is  used  to 
illustrate  Mrs.  Trollope's  book.  After  some  weeks  at  Nashoba.  it  seems 
to  have  occurred  to  her  that  it  would  be  well  to  learn  something  about 
successful  socialism,  and  she  went  to  Economy  to  study  the  system  of 
the  Rappites.  From  these  she  turned  to  the  Owenites,  who  at  least 
were  more  congenial  associates. 

She  was  a  strikingly  handsome  woman.     Robert   Dale  Owen  says : 
"She  had  various  personal   advantages — a    tall,    commanding    figure, 


1088  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

somewhat  slender  and  graceful,  though  the  shoulders  were  a  little  bit 
too  high ;  a  face  the  outline  of  which  in  profile,  though  delicately  chiseled, 
was  masculine  rather  than  feminine,  like  that  of  an  Antinous,  or  perhaps 
more  nearly  typifying  a  Mercury;  the  forehead  broad,  but  not  high; 
the  short  chestnut  hair  curling  naturally  all  over  a  classic  head;  the 
large  blue  eyes  not  soft,  but  clear  and  earnest."  Mrs.  Trollope  was 
not  quite  so  critical  in  her  description  of  Miss  Wright.  She  says:  "It 
is  impossible  to  imagine  anything  more  striking  than  her  appearance. 
Her  tall  and  majestic  figure,  the  deep  and  almost  solemn  expression  of 
her  eyes,  the  simple  contour  of  her  finely  formed  head,  unadorned,  ex- 
cepting by  its  own  natural  ringlets,  her  garments  of  plain  white  muslin, 
which  hung  around  her  in  folds  that  recalled  the  drapery  of  a  Grecian 
statue,  all  contributed  to  produce  an  effect  unlike  anything  I  have  ever 
seen  before  or  ever  expect  to  see  again."  With  the  Owen  talent  for 
seeing  the  weaknesses  of  others,  Robert  Dale  Owen  also  noted  her 
mental  defects,  which,  by  the  way,  were  not  greatly  different  from  his 
own.  He  says:  ''She  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the  literature  of  the 
day,  was  well  informed  on  general  topics,  and  spoke  French  and  Italian 
fluently.  She  had  traveled  and  resided  for  years  in  Europe,  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  General  Lafayette,  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  many 
leading  reformers,  Hungarian,  Polish,  and  others,  and  was  a  thorough 
republican ;  indeed  an  advocate  of  universal  suffrage  without  regard  to 
color  or  sex.  *  *  *  Refined  in  her  manner  and  language,  she  was 
a  radical  alike  in  politics,  morals,  and  religion.  She  had  a  strong, 
logical  mind,  a  courageous  independence  of  thought,  and  a  zealous  wish 
to  benefit  her  fellow  creatures ;  but  the  mind  had  not  been  submitted  to 
early  discipline,  the  courage  was  not  tempered  with  prudence,  the 
philanthropy  had  too  little  of  common  sense  to  give  it  practical  form 
and  efficiency.'  Her  enthusiasm,  eager  but  fitful,  lacked  the  guiding 
check  of  sound  judgment.  Her  abilities  as  an  author  and  lecturer  were 
of  a  high  order,  but  an  inordinate  estimate  of  her  own  mental  powers, 
and  obstinate  adherence  to  opinions  once  adopted,  detracted  seriously 
from  the  influence  which  her  talents  and  eloquence  might  have  exerted. 
A  redeeming  point  was,  that  to  carry  out  her  convictions  she  was  ready 
to  make  great  sacrifices,  personal  and  pecuniary." 

There  were  other  notables  at  New  Harmony  who  did  not  come  on 
Maclure's  keel-boat.  John  Chappelsmith,  who  came  from  England  with 
Owen,  was  a  wealthy  artist  and  engraver,  and  his  wife  was  an  enthu- 
siastic entomologist,  who  lectured  at  times.7  Josiah  Warren,  a  native  of 


7  Bichard  Owen,  a  son  of  Robert,  was  a  talented  chemist.  He  commanded  a  regi- 
ment in  the  Civil  War,  and  for  fifteen  years,  beginning  in  1864,  was  professor  of 
natural  sciences  at  the  Indiana  State  University. 


Pioneer  Advocate  of  Women's  Rights  in  America 


1088 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


somewhat  slender  and  graceful,  though  the  shoulders  were  a  little  bit 
too  high ;  a  face  the  outline  of  which  in  profile,  though  delicately  chiseled, 
was  masculine  rather  than  feminine,  like  that  of  an  Antinous,  or  perhaps 
more  nearly  typifying  a  Mercury;  the  forehead  broad,  but  not  high; 
the  short  chestnut  hair  curling  naturally  all  over  a  classic  head;  the 
large  blue  eyes  not  soft,  but  clear  and  earnest."  Mrs.  Trollope  was 
not  quite  so  critical  in  her  description  of  Miss  Wright.  She  says:  "It 
is  impossible  to  imagine  anything  more  striking  than  her  appearance. 
Her  tall  and  majestic  figure,  the  deep  and  almost  solemn  expression  of 
her  eyes,  the  simple  contour  of  her  finely  formed  head,  unadorned,  ex- 
cepting by  its  own  natural  ringlets,  her  garments  of  plain  white  muslin, 
which  hung  around  her  in  folds  that  recalled  the  drapery  of  a  Grecian 
statue,  all  contributed  to  produce  an  effect  unlike  anything  I  have  ever 
seen  before  or  ever  expect  to  see  again."  With  the  Owen  talent  for 
seeing  the  weaknesses  of  others,  Robert  Dale  Owen  also  noted  her 
mental  defects,  which,  by  the  way,  were  not  greatly  different  from  his 
own.  He  says :  ' '  She  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the  literature  of  the 
day,  was  well  informed  on  general  topics,  and  spoke  French  and  Italian 
fluently.  She  had  traveled  and  resided  for  years  in  Europe,  was  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  General  Lafayette,  had  made  the  acquaintance  of  many 
leading  reformers,  Hungarian,  Polish,  and  others,  and  was  a  thorough 
republican ;  indeed  an  advocate  of  universal  suffrage  without  regard  to 
color  or  sex.  *  *  *  Refined  in  her  manner  and  language,  she  was 
a  radical  alike  in  politics,  morals,  and  religion.  She  had  a  strong, 
logical  mind,  a  courageous  independence  of  thought,  and  a  zealous  wish 
to  benefit  her  fellow  creatures ;  but  the  mind  had  not  been  submitted  to 
early  discipline,  the  courage  was  not  tempered  with  prudence,  the 
philanthropy  had  too  little  of  common  sense  to  give  it  practical  form 
and  efficiency.'  Her  enthusiasm,  eager  but  fitful,  lacked  the  guiding 
check  of  sound  judgment.  Her  abilities  as  an  author  and  lecturer  were 
of  a  high  order,  but  an  inordinate  estimate  of  her  own  mental  powers, 
and  obstinate  adherence  to  opinions  once  adopted,  detracted  seriously 
from  the  influence  which  her  talents  and  eloquence  might  have  exerted. 
A  redeeming  point  was,  that  to  carry  out  her  convictions  she  was  ready 
to  make  great  sacrifices,  personal  and  pecuniary." 

There  were  other  notables  at  New  Harmony  who  did  not  come  on 
Maclure's  keel-boat.  John  Chappelsmith,  who  came  from  England  with 
Owen,  was  a  wealthy  artist  and  engraver,  and  his  wife  was  an  enthu- 
siastic entomologist,  who  lectured  at  times.7  Josiah  Warren,  a  native  of 


• 


7  Richard  Owen,  a  son  of  Robert,  was  a  talented  chemist.  He  commanded  a  regi- 
ment in  the  Civil  War,  and  for  fifteen  years,  beginning  in  1864,  was  professor  of 
natural  sciences  at  the  Indiana  State  University. 


• 


I 


L 


Pioneer  Advocate  of  Women's  Rights  in  America 


1090  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Boston,  musician,  inventor,  and  all  round  genius,  was  perhaps  the  bright- 
est mind  of  the  community.  He  originated  the  "time-note,"  for  the 
direct  exchange  of  labor  for  commodities,  and  invented  numerous  arti- 
cles, from  lard  lamps  to  stereotypes  that  were  the  basis  of  present 
stereotyping.  In  1840  he  constructed  the  first  press  used  to  print  news- 
papers from  a  continuous  roll.  He  made  some  money  from  his  in- 
ventions, but  lost  most  of  it  in  communistic  experiments.  Rafinesque, 
the  naturalist,  came  as  near  living  at  New  Harmony  for  several  years 
as  could  be  said  to  live  anywhere.  He  did  an  immense  amount  of 
original  research,  but  classified  so  recklessly  that  his  work  was  dis- 
credited, and  not  justly  appreciated  until  long  after  his  death.  He  did 
one  good  thing  for  Indiana  in  the  preservation  of  the  "Walum  Olum." 
the  national  record  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  which  was  obtained  from 
our  Indians  on  White  River,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  speci- 
mens of  American  pictographic  writing  in  existence.  There  was  a  dis- 
tinguished group  of  scientists  who  gathered  at  New  Harmony  later,  in 
the  days  of  the  geological  survey,  but  who  had  no  connection  with  the 
community  experiment;  among  them  Col.  Charles  Whittlesey,  the 
geologist;  F.  B.  Meek,  the  paleontologist;  Leo  Lesquerenx,  the  fossil 
botanist;  Dr.  Elderhorst,  the  blowpipe  analyst;  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  the 
botanist ;  Robert  Henry  Fauntleroy,  physicist  of  the  United  States  Coast 
Survey,  who  married  Robert  Owen's  daughter,  Jane  Dale  Owen.  There 
were  notable  opportunities  for  education  at  New  Harmony,  and  some 
creditable  scientists  came  from  it,  such  as  Major  Sidney  Lyon  of  the 
Coast  Survey,  Prof  A.  T.  Worthen,  State  Geologist  of  Illinois,  and  Prof. 
E.  T.  Cox,  State  Geologist  of  Indiana. 

But  all  of  the  learning  of  the  Owen  community  produced  very  little 
effect  on  Indiana  at  the  time.  In  reality,  the  scientific  learning  of  that 
day  was  not  very  accurate,  from  the  standpoint  of  the  present,  and  the 
natural  sciences  had  not  attained  the  point  of  practical  utility.  To  the 
average  citizen,  the  collection  of  bugs  and  shells,  and  labeling  them  with 
Latin  names,  was  little  more  than  a  harmless  form  of  insanity.  For 
practical  purposes,  the  backwoodsmen  knew  the  animals  and  plants  that 
were  useful  to  him  as  well  as  any  scientist,  and  he  had  names  for  them 
that  were  ample  to  distinguish  them.  In  agriculture  and  manufacture 
the  learned  Owenites  were  not  as  successful  as  the  supposedly  ignorant 
Rappites,  chiefly  because  they  were  not  so  industrious ;  but  partially  be- 
cause they  did  not  manufacture  intoxicating  liquors,  and  discouraged 
their  use  or  sale  in  the  community,  in  every  way  possible.  From  the 
material  standpoint,  there  was  nothing  inspiring  about  the  Owen  experi- 
ment for  its  contemporaries.  In  other  respects,  the  influence  they 
might  have  exerted  was  killed  by  their  religious  attitude.  Most  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1091 

United  States  was  fairly  religious  at  the  time,  and  Indiana  was  a  little 
more  so  than  the  average,  because  there  was  nothing  here  to  attract  the 
dishonest  or  the  frivolous.  The  state  afforded  an  opportunity  to  people 
who  wanted  to  make  homes,  and  were  willing  to  work  and  undergo 
hardships  to  that  end.  That  was  the  class  of  people  that  came  and 
stayed,  and  that  class  is  usually  serious  minded.  Robert  Owen  put  him- 
self in  hostility  to  the  religious  sentiment  of  the  country  from  the  start. 
The  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar,  who  was  very  conservative  in  his  religious 
views,  and  a  close  observer,  said:  "Mr.  Owen  is  an  enemy  to  all  sects, 
the  spirit  of  which  has  generated  so  much  evil  under  the  imposing  name 
of  religion.  He  allows  each  person  liberty  to  believe  in  what  he  may 
consider  to  be  good ;  so  that  a  pure  deism  is  the  peculiar  religion  of  his 
adherents.  On  this  account  he  was  very  obnoxious  to  the  prevailing 
sects  in  Great  Britain,  and  accordingly  his  system  could  not  extend  itself 
there.  He  was  therefore  induced  to  turn  his  attention  to  the  United 
States,  and  particularly  to  the  western  part  of  the  Union,  where,  as 
he  says,  there  is  less  hypocrisy  of  religion  prevailing  than  to  the  east. 
*  *  *  In  the  eastern  states  there  is  a  general  dislike  to  him.  It  was 
thought  unadvised  that  he  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  Americans  on 
his  last  arrival  in  New  York,  in  which  he  told  them,  that  among  many 
virtues  they  possessed  great  faults,  among  which  he  alluded  to  an  ill- 
directed  propensity  to  religious  feelings,  and  proposed  himself  as  their 
reformer  in  this  respect.  I  heard  at  that  time  unfavorable  expressions 
from  persons  in  the  highest  public  offices  against  him ;  and  one  of  them 
gave  Mr.  Owen  to  understand  very  plainly  that  he  considered  his  in- 
tellects rather  deranged.  In  one  family  alone,  where  theory  took  place 
of  experimental  knowledge,  did  I  hear  conversation  turn  to  his  ad- 
vantage."8 

His  New  York  proclamation  was  quite  characteristic.  If  he  had 
delivered  the  address  on  Mars  Hill,  instead  of  Paul,  he  would  have  said : 
"Ye  men  of  Athens,  I  perceive  that  you  are  engulfed  in  ignorance. 
What  you  need  is  someone  to  tell  you  what  is  good  for  you.  If  you 
knew  as  much  as  I  do,  you  would  abandon  all  your  present  customs, 
and  become  happy  and  prosperous  by  so  doing,  etc."  The  result  was 
that  his  ideas  were  received  with  ridicule,  where  they  did  not  arouse 
indignation,  public  attention  being  centered  on  his  social  and  religious 
theories  almost  exclusively,  and  his  practical  and  rational  ideas  being 
almost  wholly  overlooked.  An  apt  illustration  of  his  reception  is  seen 
in  the  following  verses,  published  in  the  Philadelphia  Gazette,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1826: 


s  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,  p.  421. 


1092  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  devil  at  length  scrambled  out  of  the  hole 
Discovered   by   Symmes  at   the  freezing  North  Pole; 
He  mounted  an  iceberg,  spread  his  wings  for  a  sail, 
And  started  for  earth,  with  his  long,  barbed  tail. 

• 

He  heard  that  a  number  of  people  were  going 
To  live  on  the  Wabash  with  great  Mr.  Owen; 
He  said  to  himself,  "I  must  now  have  a  care, 
Circumstances  require  that  myself  should  be  there. 

"I  know  that  these  persons  think  they  are  impelled, 
And  by  power  of  circumstance  all  men  are  held, 
And  owe  no  allegiance  to  heaven  or  me; 
What  a  place  this  for  work  for  the  devil  will  be. 

' '  Since  Adam  first  fell  by  my  powerful  hand, 

I  have  wandered  for  victims  through  every  known  land, 

But  in  all  my  migrations  ne'er  hit  on  a  plan 

That  would  give  me  the  rule  so  completely  o'er  man. 

"I  have  set  sects  to  fighting  and  shedding  of  blood, 
And  have  whispered  to  bigots  they're  all  doing  good, 
Inquisitions  I've  founded,  made  kings  my  lies  swallow, 
But  this  plan  of  free  living  beats  all  my  schemes  hollow. 

' '  I  have  tempted  poor  Job,  and  have  smote  him  with  sores ; 
I  have  tried  all  good  men,  and  caught  preachers  by  scores, 
But  never  on  earth,  through  my  whole  course  of  evil, 
Until  now  could  I  say,  'Here's  a  plan  beats  the  devil.' 

"I  am  satisfied  now  this  will  make  the  coast  clear, 
For  men  to  all  preaching  will  turn  a  deaf  ear; 
Since  it's  plain  that  religion  is  changed  to  opinions, 
I  must  hasten  back  home,  and  enlarge  my  dominions." 

The  devil  then  mounted  again  on  the  ice, 
And  dashed  through  the  waves,  and  got  home  in  a  trice, 
And  told  his  fell  imps  whom  he  kept  at  the  pole 
Circumstances  required  they  should  widen  the  hole. 

To  appreciate  this,  it  must  be  known  that  at  this  time  Symmes 's 
Hole  was  a  standing  newspaper  joke.    Captain  John  Cleves  Symmes  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1093 

a  veteran  of  the  War  of  1812,  who  had  located  at  Louisville,  and  there 
developed  an  astronomical  theory  that  the  earth  and  the  planets  were 
hollow  spheres ;  and  for  several  years  his  product  of  Western  Literature 
attracted  more  attention  than  anything  else  in  the  country.  In  1822  he 
sent  a  petition  to  Congress  for  two  ships  with  which  to  "discover"  the 
opening,  which  he  located  somewhere  near  parallel  82;  and  this  was 
presented  by  Senator  R.  M.  Johnson,  who  did  or  did  not  kill  Tecumthe, 
according  to  the  political  affiliation  of  the  reader;  but  the  sordid 
politicians  of  Congress  refused  to  aid  him.  He  tried  it  again  in  1823, 
with  no  better  luck.  Symmes  had  the  details  all  figured  out.  The  in- 
terior of  the  earth  was  lighted  by  two  suns,  Pluto  and  Proserpine,  and 
the  whole  theory  was  supported  by  an  array  of  facts  that  was  confusing 
if  not  plausible.  As  late  as  April,  1873,  the  Atlantic  Monthly  published 
an  article  seriously  arguing  the  probability  of  the  theory.  According 
to  Symmes,  the  hole  at  the  North  Pole  was  some  two  thousand  miles 
in  diameter,  and  that  at  the  South  still  larger ;  so  that  the  allegation  of 
need  to  enlarge  it  on  account  of  the  New  Harmony  community  will 
serve  as  an  early  example  of  that  grotesque  exaggeration  which  is  a 
feature  of  American  humor.  The  intimation  of  "free  love,"  so  broadly 
thrown  out  in  the  poem,  was  widely  accepted  by  Americans,  to  whom 
the  idea  of  a  community  of  men  and  women,  who  rejected  the  ordinary 
view  of  marriage,  and  whose  children  were  schooled  and  cared  for  at 
public  expense,  could  not  reasonably  have  any  other  interpretation. 
There  was,  however,  no  justification  for  this  view  in  fact. 

It  was  only  natural  that  occasionally  some  preacher  would  be  im- 
pelled to  visit  New  Harmony,  and  rebuke  the  residents  for  their  sins. 
The  Owenites  rather  welcomed  them,  for  they  longed  for  someone  to 
argue  with.  Commonly  they  were  answered  by  Mr.  Jennings,  the 
"preacher"  of  the  community.  Jennings  was  an  Englishman,  educated 
for  the  army,  but  gave  up  military  for  clerical  life.  He  located  at  Cin- 
cinnati as  an  Universalist  preacher,  and  was  attracting  some  notice  in 
that  line,  when  he  adopted  "the  new  social  system,"  and  announced 
himself  an  atheist.  Probably  there  is  nothing  that  would  give  a  better 
idea  of  intellectual  life  at  New  Harmony  in  community  times,  than  a 
few  extracts  from  the  letters  of  William  Pelham.  Pelham  was  a  Vir- 
ginian of  artistic  and  literary  tastes,  to  whom  the  place  was  a  haven 
of  rest.  His  letters  were  written  to  his  son,  and  are  evidently  frank 
expressions  of  his  feelings : 

"Sept.  7,  1825  *  *  *  On  Sunday  the  Rev.  Mr.  Jennings  com- 
monly delivers  a  lecture  in  the  forenoon  (without  any  formal  text)  in 
which  he  explains  the  manner  of  receiving  religious  impressions.  I 
have  not  yet  heard  one  of  these  Sunday  lectures,  but  from  several  con- 


1094  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

versa! ions  I  have  had  with  him,  I  can  plainly  see  that  he  will  never  try 
to  stupefy  the  understanding  of  his  hearers  with  unintelligible  dogmas, 
and  incomprehensible  jargon.  What  he  says  is  plain,  and  easy  to  be  un- 
derstood. On  the  Thursday,  that  is,  the  next  day  following  my  arrival, 
a  Baptist  preacher  came  into  the  town,  and  announced  his  intention 
of  delivering  a  discourse  in  the  evening  in  th«  church.  Accordingly,  a 
large  congregation  assembled  and  listened  to  him  with  great  attention. 
He  is  certainly  one  of  their  first  rate  preachers,  and  he  managed  his 
matters  with  much  address.  The  next  evening — (Friday)  Mr.  Jennings 
delivered  a  lecture  in  the  same  place,  and  ably  demonstrated  the  sandy 
foundation  of  the  ingenious  gentleman 's  arguments,  without  any  pointed 
allusion  to  him  or  his  arguments.  *  *  *  I  have  now  been  here  two 
Sundays.  On  the  first  (Mr.  Jennings  being  absent  on  business)  Mr. 
Wm.  Owen  read  to  the  congregation  some  extracts  from  his  father's 
publications — and  last  Sunday,  Mr.  Jennings  being  indisposed,  another 
member  read  several  extracts  from  other  portions  of  Mr.  Owen's  works. 
In  both  instances  these  extracts  were  accompanied  with  appropriate  re- 
marks of  the  reader  explaining  and  connecting  the  passages.  Last  Sun- 
day afternoon  we  were  regaled  with  a  truly  Christian  harangue  from  a 
rambling  shaking  Quaker  who  happened  to  be  here.  You  would  be  sur- 
prised to  see  how  punctually  I  attend  these  Sunday  meetings  in  the 
church,  and  how  frequently  I  am  perambulating  the  streets,  and  falling 
in  and  conversing  familiarly  with  successive  groups  before  the  door  of 
the  Tavern,  particularly  in  the  evening  when  these  groups  commonly 
assemble — not  to  drink  and  carouse,  but  for  the  purpose  of  rational  con- 
versation. •  *  *  Those  who  are  incapable  of  this  appear  still  to  take 
an  interest  in  discussions  of  this  kind,  or  separate  into  groups  to  talk 
over  the  occurrences  of  the  day,  occasionally  introducing  some  jocular 
remark,  tending  to  excite  mirth  without  wounding  the  sensibility  of  any. 

"Sept.  8,  1825.  *  *  *  I  can  speak  my  sentiments  without  fear 
of  any  bad  consequences,  and  others  do  the  same — here  are  no  political 
or  religious  quarrels,  though  there  is  a  great  diversity  of  opinion  in 
matters  of  religion.  Each  one  says  what  he  thinks,  and  mutual  respect 
for  the  sentiments  of  each  other  seems  to  pervade  all  our  intercourse. 
Mr.  Jennings  is  our  preacher,  and  I  hear  him  with  approbation  and  sat- 
isfaction. The  Methodists  have  likewise  a  preacher  among  them,  who 
sometimes  holds  forth  to  the  great  delight  of  those  who  take  pleasure 
in  confounding  their  understanding. 

"September  11,  •  *  •  I  have  just  returned  from  meeting ; — and 
strange  as  it  my  appear  to  you,  I  am  a  constant  attendant.  The  orator 
was  Mr.  Jennings;  and  the  substance,  and  indeed  the  whole  of  his  dis- 
course was  a  moral  lecture,  in  the  plainest  and  most  intelligible  Ian- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  1C95 

guage.  He  began  by  reading  an  extract  from  Robert  Dale  Owen's 
'Outline  of  the  System  of  Education  at  New  Lanark,'  beginning  at  the 
1st  page,  in  which  the  author  disclaims  all  necessity  for  reward  or  pun- 
ishment in  the  education  of  children.  The  orator  then  proceeded  to 
illustrate  by  familiar  examples,  the  beneficial  results  of  a  course  in 
which  rewards  and  punishments  are  exploded,  and  the  pernicious  ef- 
fects of  an  opposite  course. 

"Sept.  19.  Yesterday  at  10  o'clock  A.  M.  Mr.  Jennings  ascended  the 
pulpit  in  the  old  church  (which  is  now  called  the  church)  and  con- 
tinued the  reading  of  Robert  Dale  Owen's  outline  of  Education.  His 
auditors  were  about  as  numerous  as  usual.  He  again  expatiated  on  the 
indispensable  necessity  of  establishing  the  principle  of  equality  as  the 
basis  of  liberty.  *  *  *  At  2  o'clock  P.  M.  it  was  announced  by 
the  ringing  of  the  bell  that  something  was  to  be  said  or  done  at  church. 
I  immediately  repaired  hither,  and  found  the  pulpit  occupied  by  a 
stranger  who  thought  he  could  say  something  that  would  be  useful.  Very 
few  persons  were  present.  The  gentleman  began  by  giving  out  a  hymn 
to  be  sung  by  the  congregation — only  one  person  joined  him.  After 
hobbling  through  one  verse,  the  remainder  was  laid  aside  and  'Let  us 
pray'  pronounced  in  an  audible  voice.  Some  knelt  down,  some  stood, 
and  others  remained  sitting.  The  preacher  delivered  a  devout  prayer, 
and  seemed  much  relieved  by  this  effusion  of  the  spirit.  He  then  com- 
menced an  attempt  to  reconcile  some  contradictions  in  the  holy  book — 
and  talked  about  three-fourths  of  an  hour  in  the  usual  incoherent,  un- 
intelligible manner.  *  *  *  At  8  p.  m.  the  bell  again  rang  and  I  again 
attended,  where  I  found  a  considerable  number  of  persons  assembled  to 
hear  a  preacher  of  the  Methodist  doctrine,  whose  name  I  could  not  learn 
though  I  inquired  of  several  persons.  I  found,  however,  that  he  was 
one  of  the  Circuit  preachers.  This  man  appeared  to  have  learned  his 
lessons  very  accurately,  for  his  cant  phrases  flowed  from  him  with  re- 
markable ease  and  rapidity,  and  were  answered  by  many  spiritual 
groans,  and  other  evidences  of  entire  sympathy.  When  he  gave  out  a 
hymn,  a  considerable  number  of  male  and  female  voices  were  joined 
with  his,  and  really  the  music  was  delightful,  for  singing  is  taught  here 
scientifically.  He  then  named  a  text,  and  talked  as  usual  about  sin,  and 
the  devil,  and  heaven,  and  the  straight  and  narrow  way  leading  to  sal- 
vation, the  utter  impossibility  of  being  saved  but  through  the  merits 
of  our  blessed  Lord  and  Savior,  Jesus  Christ,  &c,  &c.  I  mustered 
patience  to  sit  and  hear  him  to  the  end,  and  when  the  judge  pronounces 
against  me  'Depart  ye  wicked,  &c,'  I  intend  to  plead  this  command  of 
myself  in  mitigation  of  the  sentence.  After  he  had  finished,  a  member 

of  the  community  with  whom  I  am  acquainted,  and  who  is  a  sort  of  a 
vol.  n— S4 


1096  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Methodist  preacher,  took  his  place  in  the  pulpit,  and  in  a  moderate  tone 
and  manner  related  his  individual  experience  as  an  example  to  others, 
he  was  also  attended  to  though  he  said  nothing  but  what  had  been  said 
a  thousand  times.  It  seems  he  is  unwilling  to  exchange  his  belief  in 
divine  revelation  for  all  the  joys  and  pleasures  of  the  world.  So  be  it, 
for  notwithstanding  this  whimsical  notion,  he  is  really  a  good  member 
of  the  Society,  and  devoted  to  the  system  as  far  as  he  comprehends  it. 
You  would  be  amused  to  come  into  the  church  while  we  are  at  our  devo- 
tions. The  walls  bare — the  ceiling  lofty — the  beams  and  joists  uncov- 
ered, the  pulpit  itself  nothing  but  a  raised  platform  furnished  with  a 
bench,  and  sort  of  desk,  the  preacher  in  his  ordinary  clothing,  a  striped 
roundabout  and  linen  pantaloons — (this  is  the  common  appearance  of 
Mr.  Jennings,  Mr.  Owen  and  some  others)  benches  ranged  for  the  con- 
gregation, on  one  side  for  the  men,  on  the  other  for  the  females,  many 
of  the  former  in  their  shirt  sleeyes,  among  the  latter  a  variety  of  orna- 
mental drapery,  and  among  the  whole  the  greatest  order  and  decorum. 
No  one  troubles  himself  about  his  neighbor's  appearance  unless  there 
be  an  affectation  of  finical  attention  to  dress.  *  *  *  I  have  just  re- 
turned from  the  hall  (the  old  Rappite  church),  where  there  is  music 
and  dancing  every  Tuesday  evening.  Every  Friday  evening  there  is  a 
concert  in  the  same  place.  Some  biggots  are  dreadfully  scandalized  that 
these  parties  are  held  in  a  building  originally  intended  for  divine  wor- 
ship, nevertheless,  the  fire  and  brimstone  have  not  yet  descended  from 
heaven  to  destroy  us  for  this  wicked  perversion.  Yesterday  evening 
there  was  a  drunken  frolic  among  some  young  men  who  contrived  to 
procure  some  whiskey  from  the  country  people  who  came  in  to  make 
their  purchases  in  the  store.  The  Committee  took  cognizance  of  the 
matter  today,  and  have  expelled  three  of  the  offenders,  who  are  deemed 
incorrigible,  being  not  only  addicted  to  drink,  but  likewise  gamblers 
and  idlers.  What  sort  of  character  will  these  men  give  us  when  they 
return  to  their  homes? 

"Sept.  26.  *  *  *  Yesterday  at  the  usual  hour,  Mr.  Win.  Owen 
ascended  the  pulpit  in  the  church,  and  read  that  portion  of  Robert 
Dale  Owen's  'Outline  of  Education'  which  treats  of  religion,  with  ex- 
planatory remarks  and  comments  of  his  own.  He  is  a  good  reader  and 
speaker,  except  that  his  voice  is  not  sufficiently  strong  and  firm.  His 
audience  was  numerous  and  attentive.  *  *  *  As  you  have  had  the 
opportunity  of  seeing  a  great  number  of  newspapers,  I  wish  you  would 
send  me  a  list  of  such  as  you  recommend  in  exchange,  omitting  all  that 
you  know  to  be  violent  party  papers.  *  *  *  What  do  you  think  of 
the  Athens  Mirror  in  this  point  of  view?  I  think  it  is  a  literary  paper 
and  it  is  such  we  want.  But  we  want  not  any  of  the  canting,  hypo- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1097 

critical,  lying  religious  papers  so-called,  which  tell  us  everything  but 
the  truth."9 

' '  Oct.  3.  Yesterday  morning  I  was  prevented  by  circumstances  from 
shaving  and  dressing  myself  till  the  second  bell  rung  for  meeting.  I 
was  unwilling  to  be  absent  and  finally  at  the  instigation  of  Wm.  Owen 
I  determined  to  go  as  I  was,  viz.  with  a  long  beard,  dirty  shirt  and 
cravat,  and  my  little  short  coat  which  is  the  coat  I  most  commonly  wear 
when  the  weather  is  warm.  Mr.  Jennings  began  with  reading  some- 
thing from  a  late  publication  on  Political  Economy,  after  which  he 
delivered  an  excellent  discourse  on  Equality: — showing  that  it  was 
essential  to  the  happiness  of  society,  as  all  arbitrary  distinctions  and 
partialities  not  founded  on  real  merit,  and  all  distinctions  arising  from 
extravagance  in  dress  and  external  appearance  have  no  solid  foundation 
— that  every  person's  worth  should  be  measured  by  his  capacity  to  be 
useful  to  his  fellow  beings.  Many  ladies  were  present,  some  of  whom 
were  fashionably  dressed  and  decorated  with  ribbons  and  artificial 
flowers.  I  suspect  that  some  of  them  did  not  quite  approve  of  his 
remarks. 

"Oct.  5.  Yesterday  evening  being  the  regular  dancing  evening  a 
number  of  ladies  appeared  at  the  ball  in  a  new  uniform  dress  of  cheap 
American  manufacture.  I  was  prevented  from  seeing  this  exhibition  by 
having  to  read  a  proof-sheet  which  I  did  not  get  till  after  dark.  As  soon 
as  I  had  performed  this  duty  I  sallied  out  with  the  intention  of  going 
to  the  Hall.  As  soon  as  I  got  out  of  doors  I  perceived  that  the  church 
also  was  lighted  up,  and  as  it  lay  in  my  way  I  called  there  first  and 
found  about  twenty  devotees  listening  to  the  ranting  of  a  stranger  who 
occupied  the  pulpit,  and  who  was  holding  forth  with  great  strength 
of  voice  about  the  'scribes  and  Pharisees.'  I  did  not  sit  down,  and  only 
remained  a  few  minutes.  Having  heard  as  much  about  these  gentlemen 
of  the  ancient  world  as  I  desired,  I  proceeded  to  the  ball-room,  but  too 
late  to  gratify  my  curiosity  with  the  sight  of  the  new  dresses. 

"Oct.  10.  Yesterday  according  to  my  new  custom,  I  went  punctu- 
ally to  church,  and  heard  Mr.  Jennings  continue  the  reading  of  select 
portions  of  Thompson 's  Essay  on  the  Distribution  of  Wealth.  The  author 
shows  distinctly,  that  a  very  considerable  part  of  the  evils  suffered  in 
Society  may  be  traced  to  the  unequal,  and  unjust  division  of  property, 
and  that  this  again  may  be  attributed  to  the  principle  of  individual 
competition.  *  *  *  Mr.  J.  then  expatiated  on  his  favorite  topics, 
equality,  economy,  and  good  feelings  toward  one  another.  At  the  close 
of  the  discourse,  he  was  requested  by  one  of  the  members  to  give  notice 


»  Pelham  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  New  Harmony  Gazette,  the  Community 
organ. 


a 

o 


B 


B 

- 

~ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1099 

that  at  3  P.  M.  there  'would  be  preaching  in  the  church.  *  *  *  As 
I  understand,  for  I  did  not  attend,  the  Kevd.  Mr.  Slocum,  a  Methodist 
preacher,  delivered  a  very  edifying  sermon,  that  is  to  say,  a  sermon  full 
of  words  and  phrases  quite  unintelligible  both  to  the  speaker  and  his 
hearers — all  of  whom  have  probably  persuaded  themselves  that  they 
fully  understand  as  well  as  profess  to  believe  such  things.  In  the 
evening  the  weather  being  warm  and  clear,  many  were  assembled  as 
usual  before  the  door  of  the  Tavern,  (which  is  a  sort  of  Literary  Ex- 
change)— where,  seated  on  chairs  and  benches,  we  discussed  with  mutual 
respect,  and  perfect  freedom,  the  various  ideas  of  religion  entertained 
by  each — and  here  we  sat  and  talked  of  God,  the  soul,  eternity,  matter, 
spirit,  &c.  &c.  (without  thinking  of  anything  to  drink)  till  after  the 
Tavern  doors  were  closed,  which  is  always  done  at  10  o  'clock. 

"Nov.  27.  *  *  *  Our  Light  Infantry  Co.  &  some  other  com- 
panies in  full  uniform  are  now  (Sunday  afternoon)  parading  the  street 
under  the  command  of  their  Major  the  Revd.  Mr.  Jennings,  who  is  an 
active  and  intelligent  military  officer — He  preached  in  the  forenoon  in 
the  church,  and  this  afternoon  appeared  on  horseback  in  his  military 
dress  to  exercise  the  troops. 

' '  December  27.  For  the  last  three  weeks  we  have  heard  a  great  deal 
about  a  numerous  assemblage  of  Methodists  expected  in  this  place  on 
the  24th  &  25th  inst.  These  days  are  passed,  but  only  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  came,  including  one  preacher.  On  enquiring  of  one  of  the 
brethren  how  this  happened,  he  informed  me  that  a  report  was  circu- 
lated in  the  country  that  the  Committee  had  refused  the  use  of  the 
church,  though  it  is  a  notorious  fact  that  the  Committee  very  readily 
granted  them  the  church  for  the  exercise  of  their  religious  worship. 
This  is  a  specimen  of  the  means  resorted  to,  in  order  to  injure  the  repu- 
tation of  the  Harmonians.  Facts  are  distorted  &  misrepresented,  and 
when  facts  are  wanting  for  this  purpose,  malevolent  ingenuity  can 
easily  fabricate  them.  *  *  *  On  Sunday  last,  our  military  men  as 
usual  were  paraded  before  the  door  of  the  Tavern,  from  whence  they 
marched  a  little  way  out  of  town  for  the  purpose  of  drilling,  as  usual, 
under  the  command  of  Mr.  Jennings,  who  is  certainly  an  excellent  dis- 
ciplinarian, &  well  acquainted  with  military  tactics.  This  drill  on  Sun- 
day will  no  doubt  be  called  a  profanation  of  the  Sabbath,  as  all  other 
Sunday  Schools  are,  whether  they  be  literary,  or  military.  It  is  at  least 
evident  that  if  a  Sunday  School  for  military  instruction  is  a  profana- 
tion, the  other  for  clerical  purposes  are  not  less  so." 

The  Community  was  beginning  to  approach  the  shoals.  On  March 
16,  1826,  Pelham  wrote:  "I  do  not  doubt  you  very  frequently  hear  the 
most  unfavorable  accounts  of  this  place ;  but  you  need  not  fear  a  dissolu- 


05 

« 

H 

£ 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1099 


that  at  3  P.  M.  there  'would  be  preaching  in  the  church.  *  *  *  As 
1  understand,  for  I  did  not  attend,  the  Revd.  Mr.  Slocuni,  a  Methodist 
preacher,  delivered  a  very  edifying  sermon,  that  is  to  say,  a  sermon  full 
of  words  and  phrases  quite  unintelligible  both  to  the  speaker  and  his 
hearers — all  of  whom  have  probably  persuaded  themselves  that  they 
fully  understand  as  well  as  profess  to  believe  such  things.  In  the 
evening  the  weather  being  warm  and  clear,  many  were  assembled  as 
usual  before  the  door  of  the  Tavern,  (which  is  a  sort  of  Literary  Ex- 
change)— where,  seated  on  chairs  and  benches,  we  discussed  with  mutual 
respect,  and  perfect  freedom,  the  various  ideas  of  religion  entertained 
by  each — and  here  we  sat  and  talked  of  God,  the  soul,  eternity,  matter, 
spirit,  &c.  &c.  (without  thinking  of  anything  to  drink)  till  after  the 
Tavern  doors  were  closed,  wrhich  is  always  done  at  10  o'clock. 

"Nov.  27.  *  *  *  Our  Light  Infantry  Co.  &  some  other  com- 
panies in  full  uniform  are  now  (Sunday  afternoon)  parading  the  street 
under  the  command  of  their  Major  the  Revd.  Mr.  Jennings,  who  is  an 
active  and  intelligent  military  officer — -He  preached  in  the  forenoon  in 
the  church,  and  this  afternoon  appeared  on  horseback  in  his  military 
dress  to  exercise  the  troops. 

"December  27.  For  the  last  three  weeks  we  have  heard  a  great  deal 
about  a  numerous  assemblage  of  Methodists  expected  in  this  place  on 
the  24th  &  23th  inst.  These  days  are  passed,  but  only  about  fifteen  or 
twenty  came,  including  one  preacher.  On  enquiring  of  one  of  the 
brethren  how  this  happened,  he  informed  me  that  a  report  was  circu- 
lated in  the  country  that  the  Committee  had  refused  the  use  of  the 
church,  though  it  is  a  notorious  fact  that  the  Committee  very  readily 
granted  them  the  church  for  the  exercise  of  their  religious  worship. 
This  is  a  specimen  of  the  means  resorted  to,  in  order  to  injure  the  repu- 
tation of  the  Harmonians.  Facts  are  distorted  &  misrepresented,  and 
when  facts  are  wanting  for  this  purpose,  malevolent  ingenuity  can 
easily  fabricate  them.  *  *  *  On  Sunday  last,  our  military  men  as 
usual  were  paraded  before  the  door  of  the  Tavern,  from  whence  they 
marched  a  little  way  out  of  town  for  the  purpose  of  drilling,  as  usual, 
under  the  command  of  Mr.  Jennings,  who  is  certainly  an  excellent  dis- 
ciplinarian, &  well  acquainted  with  military  tactics.  This  drill  on  Sun- 
day will  no  doubt  be  called  a  profanation  of  the  Sabbath,  as  all  other 
Sunday  Schools  are,  whether  they  be  literary,  or  military.  It  is  at  least 
evident  that  if  a  Sunday  School  for  military  instruction  is  a  profana- 
tion, the  other  for  clerical  purposes  are  not  less  so." 

The  Community  was  beginning  to  approach  the  shoals.  On  March 
16,  1826,  Pelham  wrote:  "I  do  not  doubt  you  very  frequently  hear  the 
most  unfavorable  accounts  of  this  place :  but  you  need  not  fear  a  dissolu- 


1100  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tion  of  this  Society,  for  it  cannot  happen.  Various  modifications  have 
been,  and  probably  will  be  made,  without  touching  the  foundation, 
which  stands  on  a  rock  not  to  be  shaken  by  priestcraft  or  any  other 
worldly  craft.  You  will  perceive  that  I  have  given  a  new  complexion  to 
the  Gazette  in  discouraging  those  long-winded  metaphysical  disquisitions 
with  which  Mr.  J(ennings)  was  wont  to  fill  its  columns.  There  are 
some  able  pens  employed  in  the  service  of  the  Gazette,  and  when  we  get 
in  order  I  am  in  hopes  the  paper  will  become  more  useful  than  it  has 
hitherto  been.  You  will  understand  that  my  criticisms  on  the  paper  are 
entirely  confidential."  When  Mr.  Pelham  had  become  weary  of  the 
"disquisitions"  of  Mr.  Jennings,  whose  discourses  on  equality  he  had 
found  so  satisfactory  six  months  earlier,  it  is  evident  that  the  novelty 
of  the  experiment  was  wearing  off;  and  that  is  probably  a  feature  of 
the  failure  of  all  socialistic  schemes  when  reduced  to  practice,  for  they 
are  commonly  entered  into  with  great  enthusiasm ;  and  after  the  failure 
nobody  admits  that  there  was  anything  weak  in  the  theory.  Robert 
Owen  practically  "threw  up  the  sponge"  on  May  27,  1827;  though  in 
his  parting  address,  on  starting  for  Europe  at  that  time,  he  assured  the 
Harmonians  that  if  they  clung  to  "the  principles,"  and  were  virtuous, 
industrious,  and  intelligent,  they  certainly  would  be  happy.  The  rea- 
sons given  for  the  failure  are  multifarious.  Robert  Dale  Owen  probably 
struck  one  of  them,  when,  in  later  years  he  gave  as  the  cause,  that  there 
is  no  human  passion  or  principle  that  can  replace  the  desire  for  indi- 
vidual ownership — to  have  things  that  are  your  own.  A  quarter  of  a 
century  ago,  I  talked  with  Mrs.  Richard  Owen  on  the  subject — she  was 
a  daughter  of  Joseph  Neef.  She  attributed  the  failure  to  ignorance  of 
the  majority  of  the  members ;  and  illustrated  it  by  her  own  experience. 
She  was  quick  in  her  work,  and  when  she  had  finished  her  tasks,  would 
"dress  up"  and  play  the  piano,  or  amuse  herself  otherwise.  This  made 
the  slower  females  envious,  because  they  could  not  understand  how  she 
did  it  unless  she  was  favored  in  the  work.  In  my  opinion  this  suggests 
the  real  cause  of  the  failure  of  all  socialistic  ventures  that  are  not  based 
on  some  strong  common  interest.  There  is  a  point  in  any  just  socialistic 
scheme,  in  which  equal  participation  in  benefits  must  be  based  on  equal 
service  or  effort,  where  there  must  be  absolute  submission  to  a  task- 
master— someone  who  must  decide  when  each  one  has  performed  his 
task.  This  cannot  be  left  to  the  worker,  and  it  cannot  be  decided  by 
joint  action  of  the  Society.  There  must  be  a  judge. 

In  the  Rappite  community  this  made  no  trouble,  for  the  members 
were  interested  only  in  working  out  their  salvation;  and,  as  they  con- 
sidered Rapp  an  inspired  leader,  they  obeyed  him  without  question, 
in  the  Owen  community,  "equality"  was  constantly  preached  as 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  HOI 

the  one  great  desideratum,  and  submission  to  the  authority  of  another 
was  necessarily  obnoxious.  The  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar  mentions  an 
illustration  of  it,  in  the  case  of  Virginia  Sistare,  a  pretty  and  cultivated 
girl.  He  was  calling  on  some  of  the  ladies,  and  presumably  it  was  an 
occasion  that  agitated  even  their  philosophic  souls  to  have  a  live  duke 
in  the  house.  Virginia  was  called  on  for  some  music,  and  he  says: 
"While  she  was  singing  and  playing  very  well  on  the  piano  forte,  she 
was  told  that  the  milking  of  the  cows  was  her  duty,  and  that  they  were 
waiting  unmilked.  Almost  in  tears,  she  betook  herself  to  this  servile 
employment,  deprecating  the  new  social  system,  and  its  so  much  prized 
equality. ' '  People  who  are  not  members  of  trades  unions  often  wonder 
at  the  obedience  paid  to  the  "walking  delegate";  but  in  a  trades  union 
there  is  a  common  interest,  and  the  control  is  limited  to  the  work,  the 
member  being  his  own  master  in  other  respects.  At  New  Harmony, 
under  Owen,  there  was  no  bond  of  union,  unless  it  was  atheism,  and 
that  is  purely  negative.  In  addition  to  the  intelligent  members,  the 
project  attracted  a  number  of  headstrong  cranks,  and  some  crooks.  The 
expulsion  of  three  of  these  latter  is  mentioned  above  by  Pelham ;  but  the 
community  did  not  always  escape  them  so  easily.  Col.  Richard  Owen 
wrote  to  John  H.  Holliday  that,  "There  were  a  good  many  who  came 
thinking  to  make  money  by  getting  lands  and  houses  into  their  hands 
on  pretense  of  being  strong  advocates  of  socialism.  Some  of  them  were 
very  unscrupulous  in  the  means  employed,  notably  William  Taylor,  who 
afterward  was  in  the  Ohio  penitentiary,  I  think,  for  forgery."  Owen 
formed  a  sort  of  partnership  with  Taylor,  and  when  he  discovered  his 
character,  and  wanted  to  dissolve  the  relation,  Taylor  would  consent 
only  on  condition  that  Owen  would  deed  him  1,500  acres  of  land,  on 
which  to  establish  a  new  community  of  his  own.  This  was  finally  agreed 
to,  the  deed  running  for  the  land  "with  all  thereon,"  and  to  take  effect 
on  a  day  fixed.  On  the  night  before  it  went  into  effect,  Taylor  moved 
all  the  live  stock,  agricultural  implements,  and  other  movables  he  could 
lay  hands  on,  to  his  tract ;  and  not  satisfied  with  this  coup  de  main,  he 
established  a  distillery  on  his  place,  and  sold  whiskey  to  thirsty  Owen- 
ites.1  °  Robert  Owen  took  comfort  in  the  belief  that  the  trouble  was  due 
to  the  members  not  being  educated  up  to  "the  principles"  and  in  this 
he  showed  some  reason.  If  you  could  form  a  community  of  perfect 
people,  or  at  least  of  intelligent  people,  who  were  honest  and  unselfish, 
it  might  succeed ;  but  unhappily  the  community  maker  must  deal  with 
humanity  as  it  comes.  And  it  may  be  added  that  perfect  people  could 
live  very  happily  under  almost  any  kind  of  government. 

After  Robert  Owen  returned  to  England  he  entered  into  negotiations 

*•  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  pp.  156,  182. 


1102  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

'.•.•- 

with  the  Mexican  government  to  establish  a  community  there,  and 
returned  to  this  country  to  carry  out  this  project;  but  the  Mexican 
government  withdrew  its  consent  on  account  of  his  attitude  to  religion. 
While  at  New  Orleans  he  delivered  some  lectures  that  called  out  criti- 
cism from  the  clergy;  and  on  January  28,  1828,  he  issued  a  proposal 
to  meet  them  publicly  or  privately  and  discuss  the  subject.  In  this  he 
said:  "I  propose  to  prove,  as  I  have  already  attempted  to  do  in  my 
lectures,  that  all  the  religions  of  the  world  have  been  founded  on  the 
ignorance  of  mankind;  that  they  are  directly  opposed  to  the  never- 
changing  laws  of  our  nature ;  that  they  have  been  and  are,  the  real  source 
of  vice,  disunion,  and  misery  of  every  description ;  that  they  are  now  the 
only  real  bar  to  the  formation  of  a  society  of  virtue,  of  intelligence,  of 
charity  in  its  most  extended  sense,  and  of  sincerity  and  kindness  among 
the  whole  human  family ;  and  that  they  can  be  no  longer  maintained  ex- 
cept through  ignorance  of  the  mass  of  the  people,  and  the  tyranny  of  the 
few  over  that  mass."  As  no  one  else  accepted  this  challenge,  Alexander 
Campbell  took  up  the  gauntlet.  They  met  at  Cincinnati,  on  the  second 
Monday  in  May,  1829,  about  a  year  after  the  acceptance  of  the  challenge, 
during  which  both  of  the  champions  "loaded  for  bear."  The  Presbyteri- 
an church  was  the  largest  in  the  place,  but  Mr.  Wilson,  the  pastor,  refused 
to  allow  it  to  be  used,  and  they  had  to  content  themselves  with  the  Meth- 
odist church,  which  accommodated  about  a  thousand  people.  The  pulpit 
was  occupied  by  Campbell's  aged  father,  and  the  disputants  and  the 
stenographers  were  on  a  temporary  platform  in  front  of  it ;  while  on  an- 
other platform  sat  seven  citizens  who  had  consented  to  act  as  moderators. 
Half  of  the  church  was  reserved  for  ladies,  and  the  building  was  crowded 
through  the  fifteen  sittings  for  which  the  debate  continued.  The  whole 
argument  was  printed  in  book  form  by  the  two  jointly;  and  it  was  the 
most  read  book  in  the  world  for  the  next  few  years — certainly  the  most 
universally  read  in  the  West.  Perhaps  the  nearest  approach  to  an  unpre- 
judiced hearer  in  the  audience  was  Mrs.  Trollope,  not  that  she  did  not 
have  settled  convictions,  but  because  she  did  not  agree  fully  with  either 
speaker.  Her  account,  in  part,  is  as  follows: 

"It  was  in  the  profoundest  silence,  and  apparently  with  the  deepest 
attention,  that  Mr.  Owen's  opening  address  was  received;  and  surely  it 
was  the  most  singular  one  that  ever  Christian  men  and  women  sat  to 
listen  to.  When  I  recollect  its  object,  and  the  uncompromising  manner 
in  which  the  orator  stated  his  mature  conviction  that  the  whole  history 
of  the  Christian  mission  was  a  fraud,  and  its  sacred  origin  a  fable,  I 
cannot  but  wonder  that  it  was  so  listened  to;  yet  at  the  time  I  felt  no 
such  wonder.  Never  did  anyone  practice  the  suaviter  in  modo  with 
more  powerful  effect  than  Mr.  Owen.  The  gentle  tone  of  his  voice ;  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1103 

mild,  sometimes  playful,  but  never  ironical  manner;  the  absence  of 
every  vehement  or  harsh  expression;  the  affectionate  interest  expressed 
for  'the  whole  human  family';  the  air  of  candor  with  which  he  expressed 
his  wish  to  be  convinced  he  was  wrong,  if  indeed  he  were  so — his  kind 
smile — the  mild  expression  of  his  eyes — in  short,  his  whole  manner, 
disarmed  zeal,  and  produced  a  degree  of  tolerance  that  those  who  did  not 
hear  him  would  hardly  believe  possible.  •  *  •  Mr.  Campbell  then 
arose;  his  person,  voice,  and  manner  all  greatly  in  his  favor.  In  his 
first  attack  he  used  the  arms  which  in  general  have  been  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  other  side  of  the  question.  He  quizzed  Mr.  Owen  most 
unmercifully;  pinched  him  here  for  his  parallelograms;  hit  him  there 


THE  'OWEN-CAMPBELL  DEBATE 

(After  Mrs.  Trollope) 

for  his  human  perfectibility,  and  kept  the  whole  audience  in  a  roar  of 
laughter.  Mr.  Owen  joined  in  it  most  heartily  himself,  and  listened 
to  him  throughout  with  the  air  of  a  man  who  is  delighted  at  the  good 
things  he  is  hearing,  and  exactly  in  the  cue  to  enjoy  all  the  other  good 
things  that  he  is  sure  will  follow.  *  *  *  He  sat  down  with,  I  should 
think,  the  universal  admiration  of  his  auditory.  Mr.  Owen  again 
addressed  us :  and  his  first  five  minutes  were  occupied  in  complimenting 
Mr.  Campbell  with  all  the  strength  his  exceedingly  hearty  laughter  had 
left  him.  But  then  he  changed  his  tone,  and  said  the  business  was  too 
serious  to  permit  the  next  half  hour  to  pass  so  lightly  and  so  pleasantly 
as  the  last ;  and  then  he  read  us  what  he  called  his  twelve  fundamental 


• 


1102 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


with  the  Mexican  government  to  establish  a  community  there,  and 
returned  to  this  country  to  carry  out  this  project;  but  the  Mexican 
government  withdrew  its  consent  on  account  of  his  attitude  to  religion. 
While  at  New  Orleans  he  delivered  some  lectures  that  called  out  criti- 
cism from  the  clergy ;  and  on  January  28,  1828,  he  issued  a  proposal 
to  meet  them  publicly  or  privately  and  discuss  the  subject.  In  this  he 
said :  "I  propose  to  prove,  as  I  have  already  attempted  to  do  in  my 
lectures,  that  all  the  religions  of  the  world  have  been  founded  on  the 
ignorance  of  mankind;  that  they  are  directly  opposed  to  the  never- 
changing  laws  of  our  nature ;  that  they  have  been  and  are,  the  real  source 
of  vice,  disunion,  and  misery  of  every  description ;  that  they  are  now  the 
only  real  bar  to  the  formation  of  a  society  of  virtue,  of  intelligence,  of 
charity  in  its  most  extended  sense,  and  of  sincerity  and  kindness  among 
the  whole  human  family ;  and  that  they  can  be  no  longer  maintained  ex- 
cept through  ignorance  of  the  mass  of  the  people,  and  the  tyranny  of  the 
few  over  that  mass."  As  no  one  else  accepted  this  challenge,  Alexander 
Campbell  took  up  the  gauntlet.  They  met  at  Cincinnati,  on  the  second 
Monday  in  May,  1829,  about  a  year  after  the  acceptance  of  the  challenge, 
during  which  both  of  the  champions  "loaded  for  bear."  The  Presbyteri- 
an church  was  the  largest  in  the  place,  but  Mr.  Wilson,  the  pastor,  refused 
to  allow  it  to  be  used,  and  they  had  to  content  themselves  with  the  Meth- 
odist church,  which  accommodated  about  a  thousand  people.  The  pulpit 
was  occupied  by  Campbell's  aged  father,  and  the  disputants  and  the 
stenographers  were  on  a  temporary  platform  in  front  of  it ;  while  on  an- 
other platform  sat  seven  citizens  who  had  consented  to  act  as  moderators. 
Half  of  the  church  was  reserved  for  ladies,  and  the  building  was  crowded 
through  the  fifteen  sittings  for  which  the  debate  continued.  The  whole 
argument  was  printed  in  book  form  by  the  two  jointly ;  and  it  was  the 
most  read  book  in  the  world  for  the  next  few  years — certainly  the  most 
universally  read  in  the  West.  Perhaps  the  nearest  approach  to  an  unpre- 
judiced hearer  in  the  audience  was  Mrs.  Trollope,  not  that  she  did  not 
have  settled  convictions,  but  because  she  did  not  agree  fully  with  either 
speaker.  Her  account,  in  part,  is  as  follows; 

"It  was  in  the  profoundest  silence,  and  apparently  with  the  deepest 
attention,  that  Mr.  Owen's  opening  address  was  received;  and  surely  it 
was  the  most  singular  one  that  ever  Christian  men  and  women  sat  to 
listen  to.  When  I  recollect  its  object,  and  the  uncompromising  manner 
in  which  the  orator  stated  his  mature  conviction  that  the  whole  history 
of  the  Christian  mission  was  a  fraud,  and  its  sacred  origin  a  fable,  I 
cannot  but  wonder  that  it  was  so  listened  to;  yet  at  the  time  I  felt  no 
such  wonder.  Never  did  anyone  practice  the  suaviter  in  modo  with 
more  powerful  effect  than  Mr.  Owen.  The  gentle  tone  of  his  voice;  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


1103 


mild,  sometimes  playful,  but  never  ironical  manner;  the  absence  of 
every  vehement  or  harsh  expression ;  the  affectionate  interest  expressed 
for  'the  whole  human  family';  the  air  of  candor  with  which  he  expressed 
his  wish  to  be  convinced  he  was  wrong,  if  indeed  he  were  so — his  kind 
smile — the  mild  expression  of  his  eyes — in  short,  his  whole  manner, 
disarmed  zeal,  and  produced  a  degree  of  tolerance  that  those  who  did  not 
hear  him  would  hardly  believe  possible.  *  *  *  Mr.  Campbell  then 
arose :  his  person,  voice,  and  manner  all  greatly  in  his  favor.  In  his 
first  attack  he  used  the  arms  which  in  general  have  been  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  other  side  of  the  question.  He  quizzed  Mr.  Owen  most 
unmercifully ;  pinched  him  here  for  his  parallelograms ;  hit  him  there 


THE  OWEN-CAMPBELL  DEBATE 

(After  Mrs.  Trollope) 
W'£. 

for  his  human  perfectibility,  and  kept  the  whole  audience  in  a  roar  of 
laughter.  Mr.  Owen  joined  in  it  most  heartily  himself,  and  listened 
to  him  throughout  with  the  air  of  a  man  who  is  delighted  at  the  good 
things  he  is  hearing,  and  exactly  in  the  cue  to  enjoy  all  the  other  good 
things  that  he  is  sure  will  follow.  *  *  *  He  sat  down  with,  I  should 
think,  the  universal  admiration  of  his  auditory.  Mr.  Owen  again 
addressed  us ;  and  his  first  five  minutes  were  occupied  in  complimenting 
Mr.  Campbell  with  all  the  strength  his  exceedingly  hearty  laughter  had 
left  him.  But  then  he  changed  his  tone,  and  said  the  business  was  too 
serious  to  permit  the  next  half  hour  to  pass  so  lightly  and  so  pleasantly 
as  the  last ;  and  then  he  read  us  what  he  called  his  twelve  fundamental 


1104  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

laws  of  human  nature.  *  *  *  To  me  they  appear  twelve  truisms, 
that  no  man  in  his  senses  would  ever  think  of  contradicting;  but  how 
any  one  can  have  conceived  that  the  explanation  and  defense  of  these 
laws  could  furnish  forth  occupation  for  his  pen  and  his  voice,  through 
whole  years  of  unwearying  declamation,  or  how  he  can  have  dreamed 
that  they  could  be  twisted  into  a  refutation  of  the  Christian  religion,  is  a 
mystery  which  I  never  expect  to  understand.  From  this  time  Mr.  Owen 
entrenched  himself  behind  his  twelve  laws,  and  Mr.  Campbell,  with 
equal  gravity,  confined  himself  to  bringing  forward  the  most  elaborate 
theological  authorities  in  evidence  of  the  truth  of  revealed  religion. 
Neither  appeared  to  me  to  answer  the  other;  but  to  confine  themselves 
to  the  utterance  of  what  they  had  uppermost  in  their  own  minds  when 
the  discussion  began.  I  lamented  this  on  the  side  of  Mr.  Campbell,  as 
I  am  persuaded  he  would  have  been  much  more  powerful  had  he  trusted 
more  to  himself  and  less  to  his  books.  Mr.  Owen  is  an  extraordinary 
man,  and  certainly  possessed  of  talent,  but  he  appears  to  me  so  utterly 
benighted  in  the  mists  of  his  own  theories,  that  he  has  quite  lost  the 
power  of  looking  through  them,  so  as  to  get  a  peep  at  the  world  as  it 
really  exists  around  him.  *  *  *  It  was  said  that  at  the  end  of  the 
fifteen  meetings  the  numerical  amount  of  the  Christians  and  the  Infidels 
of  Cincinnati  remained  exactly  what  it  was  when  they  began.  This  was 
a  result  that  might  have  been  perhaps  anticipated ;  but  what  was  much 
less  to  have  been  expected,  neither  of  the  disputants  appeared  to  lose 
their  temper.  I  was  told  they  were  much  in  each  other's  company,  con- 
stantly dining  together,  and  on  all  occasions  expressed  most  cordially 
their  mutual  esteem.  All  this,  I  think,  could  only  have  happened  in 
America.  I  am  not  quite  sure  that  it  was  very  desirable  it  should  have 
happened  anywhere. "  ' l 

It  is  evident  that  Mrs.  Trollope  had  discussed  the  debate  extensively 
with  her  American  associates  at  Cincinnati  before  she  wrote  this;  and 
her  view  is  quite  similar  to  that  which  prevailed  in  the  West.  An  Indi- 
anapolis paper  of  the  time  said:  "We  learn  that  Mr.  Campbell  has 
quite  foiled  his  opponent.  Christianity,  we.  believe,  can  gain  but  little 
in  our  day  by  such  contests ;  although  we  are  not  displeased  to  find  the 
doctrine  of  such  moralists  as  Mr.  Owen  and  Miss  Wright  exploded.  It 
might  perhaps  be  as  well  for  these  reformers  instead  of  endeavoring  to 
make  proselytes  of  Brother  Jonathan 's  folks  to  their  '  new  social  system, ' 
to  go  back  to  England,  and  convert  old  John  Bull  from  the  error  of  his 
ways,  as  it  is  generally  believed  he  is  still  much  inclined  to  favor  the 
ancient  institutions  of  religion  and  matrimony."12  And  this  attitude 


"  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans,  pp.  207-12. 
12  Indianapolis  Gazette,  May  14,  1829. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1105 

of  the  general  public  towards  the  New  Harmony  philosophers  continued 
for  years  after  Robert  Owen  and  Frances  Wright  had  left ;  for  Maelure, 
and  most  of  the  people  who  remained  were  professed  atheists  or  deists. 
In  1839,  Robert  Dale  Owen  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  Congress, 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  in  the  "Pocket"  district,  on  religious  grounds. 
The  Whig  organ  of  the  State  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  1831, 
in  a  controversy  with  Origen  Bacheler,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  he  had 
denied  the  "authenticity  of  the  Christian  religion,"  and  "the  existence 
of  a  God."  This  was  the  first  recorded  campaign  in  Indiana  in  which 
women  took  a  hand,  and  it  was  against  Mr.  Owen.  After  the  campaign, 
the  grateful  Whig  managers  presented  Mrs.  George  Miller  a  dress  pat- 
tern, in  recognition  of  her  services  in  behalf  of  ' '  religion  and  morals. "  ' 3 
There  is  one  other  item  in  Mrs.  Trollope's  account  of  the  Owen- 
Campbell  debate  that  is  significant  in  this  connection.  She  says :  "At 
the  conclusion  of  the  debate,  Mr.  Campbell  desired  the  whole  assembly 
to  sit  down.  They  obeyed.  He  then  requested  all  who  wished  well  to 
Christianity  to  rise,  and  a  very  large  majority  were  in  an  instant  on 
their  legs.  He  again  requested  them  to  be  seated,  and  then  desired 
those  who  believed  not  in  its  doctrines  to  rise,  and  a  few  gentlemen  and 
one  lady  obeyed.  Mr.  Owen  protested  against  this  maneuver,  as  he 
called  it,  and  refused  to  believe  that  it  afforded  any  proof  of  the  state 
of  men's  minds,  or  of  women's  either;  declaring,  that  not  only  was  such 
a  result  to  be  expected,  in  the  present  state  of  things,  but  that  it  was 
the  duty  of  every  man  who  had  children  to  feed,  not  to  hazard  the  sale 
of  his  hogs,  or  his  iron,  by  a  declaration  of  opinions  which  might  offend 
the  majority  of  his  customers."  This  was  characteristic  not  only  of 
Mr.  Owen,  but  also  of  earnest  "liberals"  generally.  Real  tolerance  in 
religious  matters  is  usually  an  indication  of  indifference.  It  is  difficult 
for  anyone  who  has  intense  convictions  on  religious  matters,  for  or 
against,  and  of  any  shade,  to  understand  that  any  intelligent  person 
can  honestly  believe  otherwise,  as  likewise  it  is  in  politics,  and  in  other 
things  that  human  beings  get  excited  about.  This  was  shown  at  New 
Harmony.  The  Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  visited  the  first  two  seceding 
communities,  known  as  No.  2,  or  Macluria,  and  No.  3.  Macluria  had 
about  eighty  people,  and  he  says:  "They  are  mostly  backwoodsmen 
with  their  families,  who  have  separated  themselves  from  the  community 
No.  1,  in  New  Harmony,  because  no  religion  is  acknowledged  there,  and 
these  people  wish  to  hold  their  prayer  meetings  undisturbed.  *  *  * 
The  community  No.  3,  consisted  of  English  country  people,  who  formed 
a  new  association,  as  the  mixture,  or  perhaps  the  cosmopolitism  of  New 

is  Journal,  July  13,  Aug.  24,  1839. 


1106 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Harmony  did  not  suit  them ;  they  left  the  colony  planted  by  Mr.  Birk- 
beck,  at  English  Prairie,  about  twenty  miles  hence,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Wabash,  after  the  unfortunate  death  of  that  gentleman,  and  came 
here.  This  is  a  proof  that  there  are  two  evils  that  strike  at  the  root 
of  the  young  societies ;  one  is  a  sectarian  or  intolerant  spirit ;  the  other, 
national  prejudice." 

After  the  Campbell-Owen  debate  the  religious  hostility  towards  New 


MONUMENT  TO  ROBERT  DALE  OWEN 
(Erected  by  Indiana  Women)    , 


Harmony  gradually  wore  away.  It  had  been  demonstrated  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  average  citizen  that  the  atheistic  intellect  could  not  stand 
before  the  Christian  intellect  in  debate;  and  the  failure  of  the  com- 
munity experiment  was  sufficient  evidence  that  the  New  Harmony  intel- 
lect was  not  so  superior  as  it  claimed  to  be.  In  the  peaceful  paths  of 
science,  David  Dale  Owen  did  service  that  won  public  approval  in  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1107 

geological  surveys;  Robert  Dale  Owen  had  been  useful  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention,  and  in  establishing  the  Smithsonian  Institution.14 
Richard  Owen  had  been  a  popular  professor  at  the  State  University. 
When  the  Civil  War  came  on,  Richard  entered  the  army,  and  Robert 
Dale  made  himself  conspicuously  valuable  as  agent  of  the  State  in  the 
purchase  of  arms  and  war  supplies,  and  in  the  war  spirit  the  past  was 
largely  forgotten.  But  in  the  meantime  another  event  of  much  weight 
had  occurred.  In  1858  it  began  to  be  noised  through  Indiana  that  a 
granddaughter  of  Robert  Owen  was  engaged  in  aggressive  religious 
work  at  New  Harmony.  Jane  Dale  Owen  had  married  Major  Robert 
Henry  Fauntleroy,  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  a  Virginian  of  an  old 
Huguenot  family,  and  their  daughter,  Constance  Fauntleroy,  was  con- 
ducting a  live  Sunday  School  where  the  early  missionaries  had  made  no 
impression.  This  remarkable  woman  was  born  at  Indianapolis,  January 
15,  1836.  Like  other  members  of  the  Owen  family,  she  was  kept  away 
from  any  religious  instruction  until  adult  life.  The  story  of  her  con- 
version is  so  extraordinary  that  it  is  best  presented  in  her  own  words. 
She  says: 

"I  was  the  second  grandchild  born  to  Robert  Owen,  of  New  Lanark, 
Scotland,  and  my  earliest  recollections  are  centered  in  New  Harmony, 
Indiana,  the  village  my  grandfather  bought  of  Rapp,  and  the  place  in 
which  he  hoped  to  realize  his  experiment  of  raising  the  standard  of 
education  and  morality  among  men,  by  adopting  his  peculiar  views  of 
holding  property  in  common,  and  abolishing  the  line  between  the  rich 
and  poor.  *  *  *  A  tradition  there  was  that  all  the  Bibles  of  the 
town  had  been  burned  in  the  public  square.  This  I  never  believed. 
Years  after  I  had  entered  upon  a  Christian  life,  my  father's  sister 
(then  quite  old)  related  to  me  the  early  experience  of  the  few  who 
assembled  together  on  the  Lord's  day  for  divine  service.  Large  stones 
were  hurled  against  the  door,  and  overhead  still  larger  ones  were  rolled 
up  and  down,  making  a  noise  like  thunder ;  or  a  half  dozen  men  in  heavy 
boots  would  wait  until  service  had  begun,  then  one  after  another,  with 
great  noise,  would  shuffle  in,  waiting  only  a  few  moments  to  shuffle  out 
again,  intent  upon  tormenting  and  disturbing  the  little  congregation. 
And  later  on,  when  hoping  to  build  for  themselves  a  little  church,  the 
subscription  paper  was' torn  to  atoms,  and  they  were  unable  to  collect 
even  a  small  amount.  'And  worse  than  all,'  said  my  aunt,  smiling 
sadly,  'was  to  know  and  feel  yourself  misunderstood  and  despised;  to 
be  accounted  deficient  in  common  sense,  and  considered  mentally  inferior 
because  you  confessed  Christ  crucified.'  *  *  *  Among  all  this  cul- 

14  On  March  2,   1911,  the  women  of  Indiana  unveiled  a  memorial  monument  to 
him,  sculptured  by  Frances  Goodwin,  and  presented  to  the  State  of  Indiana. 


. 


1106 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


. 


Harmony  did  not  suit  them;  they  left  the  colony  planted  by  Mr.  Birk- 
beck,  at  English  Prairie,  about  twenty  miles  hence,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Wabash,  after  the  unfortunate  death  of  that  gentleman,  and  came 
here.  This  is  a  proof  that  there  are  two  evils  that  strike  at  the  root 
nf  the  young  societies;  one  is  a  sectarian  or  intolerant  spirit;  the  other, 
national  prejudice." 

After  the  Campbell-Owen  debate  the  religious  hostility  towards  New 


MOXCMENT  TO  ROBERT  DALE  OWEN 
(  Krected  by  Indiana  Women)    , 


Harmony  gradually  wore  away.  It  had  been  demonstrated  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  average  citizen  that  the  atheistic  intellect  could  not  stand 
before  the  Christian  intellect  in  debate ;  and  the  failure  of  the  com- 
munity experiment  was  sufficient  evidence  that  the  New  Harmony  intel- 
lect was  not  so  superior  as  it  claimed  to  be.  In  the  peaceful  paths  of 
science,  David  Dale  Owen  did  service  that  won  public  approval  in  his 

. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1107 


geological  surveys;  Robert  Dale  Owen  had  been  useful  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention,  and  in  establishing  the  Smithsonian  Institution.1 1 
Richard  Owen  had  been  a  popular  professor  at  the  State  University. 
When  the  Civil  War  came  on,  Richard  entered  the  army,  and  Robert 
Dale  made  himself  conspicuously  valuable  as  agent  of  the  State  in  the 
purchase  of  arms  and  war  supplies,  and  in  the  war  spirit  the  past  was 
largely  forgotten.  But  in  the  meantime  another  event  of  much  weight 
had  occurred.  In  1858  it  began  to  be  noised  through  Indiana  that  a 
granddaughter  of  Robert  Owen  was  engaged  in  aggressive  religious 
work  at  New  Harmony.  Jane  Dale  Owen  had  married  Major  Robert 
Henry  Fauntleroy,  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey,  a  Virginian  of  an  old 
Huguenot  family,  and  their  daughter,  Constance  Fauntleroy,  was  con- 
ducting a  live  Sunday  School  where  the  early  missionaries  had  made  no 
impression.  This  remarkable  woman  was  born  at  Indianapolis,  January 
15,  1836.  Like  other  members  of  the  Owen  family,  she  was  kept  away 
from  any  religious  instruction  until  adult  life.  The  story  of  her  con- 
version is  so  extraordinary  that  it  is  best  presented  in  her  own  words. 
She  says: 

"I  was  the  second  grandchild  born  to  Robert  Owen,  of  New  Lanark, 
Scotland,  and  my  earliest  recollections  are  centered  in  New  Harmony, 
Indiana,  the  village  my  grandfather  bought  of  Rapp,  and  the  place  in 
which  he  hoped  to  realize  his  experiment  of  raising  the  standard  of 
education  and  morality  among  men,  by  adopting  his  peculiar  views  of 
holding  property  in  common,  and  abolishing  the  line  between  the  rich 
and  poor.  *  *  *  A  tradition  there  was  that  all  the  Bibles  of  the 
town  had  been  burned  in  the  public  square.  This  I  never  believed. 
Years  after  I  had  entered  upon  a  Christian  life,  my  father's  sister 
(then  quite  old)  related  to  me  the  early  experience  of  the  few  who 
assembled  together  on  the  Lord's  day  for  divine  service.  Large  stones 
were  hurled  against  the  door,  and  overhead  still  larger  ones  were  rolled 
np  and  down,  making  a  noise  like  thunder ;  or  a  half  dozen  men  in  heavy 
boots  would  wait  until  service  had  begun,  then  one  after  another,  with 
great  noise,  would  shuffle  in,  waiting  only  a  few  moments  to  shuffle  out 
again,  intent  upon  tormenting  and  disturbing  the  little  congregation. 
And  later  on,  when  hoping  to  build  for  themselves  a  little  church,  the 
subscription  paper  was  torn  to  atoms,  and  they  were  unable  to  collect 
even  a  small  amount.  'And  worse  than  all,'  said  my  aunt,  smiling 
sadly,  'was  to  know  and  feel  yourself  misunderstood  and  despised:  to 
be  accounted  deficient  in  common  sense,  and  considered  mentally  inferior 
because  you  confessed  Christ  crucified.'  *  *  *  Among  all  this  cul- 


14  On   March   2,   1911,  the  women  of  Indiana   unveiled  a   memorial  monument  to 
him,  sculptured  by  Frances  Goodwin,  and  presented  to  the  State  of  Indiana. 


. 

' 

- 


. 


1108  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

ture  and  mental  vigor  there  was  a  little  band  of  ignorant  and  poor 
people,  who  were  called  religious,  and  had  a"  small  meeting  house  some- 
where, a  place  we  never  frequented,  as  we  despised  this  class  of  people, 
setting:  them  down  as  weak  and  ignorant,  taking  no  notice  of  their  pro- 
ceedings, and  pitying  them  as  persons  only  worthy  of  our  compassion 
and  contempt.  *  *  * 

"It  was  when  I  was  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  in  the  summer  of  1852, 
that  my  uncle  Robert  Dale  Owen  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court 
at  Naples.  My  father  had  died  nearly  two  years  before,  and  my  mother 
determined  to  take  her  children  to  Europe  to  complete  their  education. 
In  company,  then,  with  Uncle  Robert  and  his  family,  we  left  our  village 
home  *  *  *  finally  settling  down  in  Stuttgart,  Germany.  Now 
began  a  truly  delicious  life  of  study  and  travel.  *  *  *  I  never 
heard  in  my  whole  life,  until  I  was  twenty-one  years  old,  that  anything 
was  wrong  to  do  outside  of  being  untruthful,  dishonest,  hypocritical  and 
loving  scandal.  *  *  *  We  told  the  truth,  but  we  attended  the  opera 
every  Sunday  night.  It  is  true  our  German  friends  were  scandalized  at 
our  not  attending  Church,  and  asked  if  \ve  had  not  been  baptized. 
'Baptized!'  What  was  that?  No,  indeed,  we  knew  nothing  at  all  of 
what  they  meant.  *  *  *  But  it  happened  one  Sunday,  in  the  provi- 
dence of  God,  that  the  little  Countess  Julia,  hearing  I  was  not  well,  came 
to  pay  me  a  visit.  She  would  kneel  down  by  my  side  and  kiss  my 
hands,  telling  me  how  much  she  loved  me.  This  day  she  carried  her 
prayer-book,  and  on  going  away  accidentally  (could  it  be  called  acci- 
dent?) left  it  behind  her.  For  the  first  time  that  I  can  recollect,  my 
attention  was  intelligently  fastened  upon  a  prayer;  and  I  must  have 
been  fully  twenty-one  years  of  age,  I  think.  The  language  fascinated 
me.  I  loved  German,  and  the  lofty  style  of  thought  and  composition 
took  possession  of  me.  I  read  it  for  the  beauty  of  the  language  alone. 
The  sonorous  phrases  pleased  my  ear,  the  noble  construction  of  the 
prayers  appealed  to  my  love  of  exalted  thought  and  feeling,  and,  finally, 
it  made  me  wish  to  see  the  Bible,  that  I  might  understand  what  all  this 
meant.  My  grandmother  Owen,  a  Scotchwoman,  had  been  a  strictly 
pious  person,  calling  the  young  Owens  up  before  daylight  for  prayers, 
and  her  long-forgotten  Bible  was  now  taken  down  and  opened.  I 
approached  this  new  study  with  ardor,  which  was  soon  mingled  with 
awe.  To  accomplish  this  I  retired  to  my  bedroom,  and  as  it  was  shared 
with  my  sister,  I  was  obliged  to  maneuver  to  lock  myself  in  alone  in  order 
to  examine  the  Bible,  which  claimed  to  be  the  word  of  God.  I  was  very 
much  ashamed  of  my  weakness,  and  afraid  of  being  found  out  and 
laughed  at.  At  this  time  an  American  lady  put  into  my  hand  a  tract, 
which  I  secreted  and  read  also  when  locked  up  with  the  Bible.  I 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1109 


remember  my  first  trembling  attempt  to  sink  on  my  knees;  I  did  not 
know  how  to  pray.  When  Sunday  evening  came  I  framed  some  excuse, 
and  remained  at  home  from  the  opera.  This  at  first  was  not  noticed, 
but  after  a  few  Sundays  my  companions  eyed  me  suspiciously.  'What 
is  the  matter  with  you?'  they  asked;  'trying  to  be  religious?'  I  blushed 
deeply,  but  I  was  not  yet  able  to  make  a  confession ;  so  I  read  and  prayed 
in  secret  every  night,  waiting  until  my  sister  slept,  when,  creeping 


CONSTANCE  FAUNTLEROY  RUNCIE 

softly  out  of  bed.  I  said  my  prayers.  Before  daybreak  I  rose  again  to 
pray,  and  for  six  months  I  daily  read  the  word  of  God,  many  times 
entering  my  room  through  the  day  in  order  to  throw  myself  on  my 
knees  in  prayer.  'Repent,'  said  the  Bible,  'and  be  baptized.'  *  •  * 
Then  I  must  be  baptized.  So  I  went  to  my  mother.  I  told  her  all,  and 
her  answer  I  have  never  forgotten.  'My  dear  Constance.'  she  said,  'you 
have  been  purposely  kept  free  from  all  prejudice  and  superstition. 
Your  soul  has  been  a  blank,  a  white  page,  kept  free  by  me,  that  when 


1108 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ture  and  mental  vigor  there  was  a  little  band  of  ignorant  and  poor 
people,  who  were  called  religious,  and  had  a  small  meeting  house  some- 
where, a  place  we  never  frequented,  as  we  despised  this  class  of  people, 
setting  them  down  as  weak  and  ignorant,  taking  no  notice  of  their  pro- 
ceedings, and  pitying  them  as  persons  only  worthy  of  our  compassion 
and  contempt.  *  *  * 

"It  was  when  I  was  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  in  the  summer  of  1852, 
that  my  uncle  Robert  Dale  Owen  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  court 
at  Naples,  ily  father  had  died  nearly  two  years  before,  and  my  mother 
determined  to  take  her  children  to  Europe  to  complete  their  education. 
In  company,  then,  with  Uncle  Robert  and  his  family,  we  left  our  village 
home  *  *  *  finally  settling  down  in  Stuttgart,  Germany.  Now 
began  a  truly  delicious  life  of  study  and  travel.  *  *  *  I  never 
heard  in  my  whole  life,  until  I  was  twenty-one  years  old,  that  anything 
was  wrong  to  do  outside  of  being  untruthful,  dishonest,  hypocritical  and 
loving  scandal.  *  *  *  We  told  the  truth,  but  we  attended  the  opera 
every  Sunday  night.  It  is  true  our  German  friends  were  scandalized  at 
our  not  attending  Church,  and  asked  if  we  had  not  been  baptized. 
'Baptized!'  What  was  that?  No,  indeed,  we  knew  nothing  at  all  of 
what  they  meant.  *  *  *  But  it  happened  one  Sunday,  in  the  provi- 
dence of  God,  that  the  little  Countess  Julia,  hearing  I  was  not  well,  came 
to  pay  me  a  visit.  She  would  kneel  down  by  my  side  and  kiss  my 
hands,  telling  me  how  much  she  loved  me.  This  day  she  carried  her 
prayer-book,  and  on  going  away  accidentally  (could  it  be  called  acci- 
dent?) left  it  behind  her.  For  the  first  time  that  I  can  recollect,  my 
attention  was  intelligently  fastened  upon  a  prayer;  and  I  must  have 
been  fully  twenty-one  years  of  age,  I  think.  The  language  fascinated 
me.  I  loved  German,  and  the  lofty  style  of  thought  and  composition 
took  possession  of  me.  I  read  it  for  the  beauty  of  the  language  alone. 
The  sonorous  phrases  pleased  my  ear,  the  noble  construction  of  the 
prayers  appealed  to  my  love  of  exalted  thought  and  feeling,  and.  finally, 
it  made  me  wish  to  see  the  Bible,  that  I  might  understand  what  all  this 
meant.  My  grandmother  Owen,  a  Scotchwoman,  had  been  a  strictly 
pious  person,  calling  the  young  Owens  up  before  daylight  for  prayers, 
and  her  long-forgotten  Bible  was  now  taken  down  and  opened.  I 
approached  this  new  study  with  ardor,  which  was  soon  mingled  with 
awe.  To  accomplish  this  I  retired  to  my  bedroom,  and  as  it  was  shared 
with  my  sister,  I  was  obliged  to  maneuver  to  lock  myself  in  alone  in  order 
to  examine  the  Bible,  which  claimed  to  be  the  word  of  God.  I  was  very 
much  ashamed  of  my  weakness,  and  afraid  of  being  found  out  and 
laughed  at.  At  this  time  an  American  lady  put  into  my  hand  a  tract, 
which  I  secreted  and  read  also  when  locked  up  with  the  Bible.  I 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1109 


remember  my  first  trembling  attempt  to  sink  on  my  knees;  I  did  not 
know  how  to  pray.  When  Sunday  evening  came  I  framed  some  excuse, 
and  remained  at  home  from  the  opera.  This  at  first  was  not  noticed, 
but  after  a  few  Sundays  my  companions  eyed  me  suspiciously.  'What 
is  the  matter  with  you?'  they  asked;  'trying  to  be  religious?'  I  blushed 
deeply,  but  I  was  not  yet  able  to  make  a  confession;  so  I  read  and  prayed 
in  secret  every  night,  waiting  until  my  sister  slept,  when,  creeping 


CONSTANCE  FAUNTLEROY  RUNCIE 


softly  out  of  bed,  I  said  my  prayers.  Before  daybreak  I  rose  again  to 
pray,  and  for  six  months  I  daily  read  the  word  of  God,  many  times 
entering  my  room  through  the  day  in  order  to  throw  myself  on  my 
knees  in  prayer.  'Repent,'  said  the  Bible,  'and  be  baptized.'  *  *  * 
Then  I  must  be  baptized.  So  I  went  to  my  mother.  I  told  her  all,  and 
her  answer  I  have  never  forgotten.  '.My  dear  Constance.'  she  said,  'you 
have  been  purposely  kept  free  from  all  prejudice  and  superstition. 
Your  soul  has  been  a  blank,  a  white  page,  kept  free  by  me,  that  when 


1110  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

the  time  came  for  you  to  think  and  choose  for  yourself,  you  might  your- 
self write  your  religion  there.  Go  and  be  baptized,  but  take  heed  to 
walk  worthy  of  your  belief.  Show  by  your  actions  the  inner  belief  of 
your  soul. '  ' 

They  were  about  to  return  to  America,  and  no  opportunity  for  bap- 
tism was  presented  until  they  reached  Cincinnati,  where  Constance  made 
a  brief  visit  to  a  friend,  of  whom  she  says:  "She  could  sympathize 
with  me  for  she  too  had  lived  in  New  Harmony,  wholly  devoid  of  re- 
ligious teaching,  and  only  after  her  marriage  and  removal  to  Cincin- 
nati had  she  come  into  the  church."  This  friend  called  in  Dr.  Butler, 
an  Episcopalian  clergyman,  who  found  it  a  case  that  did  not  come 
within  any  of  the  Episcopalian  forms.  To  his  first  question,  whether 
she  desired  to  enter  the  Episcopalian  church,  she  answered  that  she  did 
not  know  what  the  Episcopalian  church  was.  This  was  a  stumper,  and 
in  the  further  questioning  she  summed  up  the  situation  in  the  state- 
ment :  "I  only  know  that  Christ  died  for  me,  and  I  wish  to  enter 
His  Church  by  baptism."  Dr.  Butler  urged  that  she  should  defer 
baptism  for  "instruction";  but  she  told  him  she  was  going  to  New  Har- 
mony, where  religious  instruction  was  not  to  be  had.  Dr.  Butler 
finally  baptized  her ;  and  she  went  on  to  New  Harmony,  where  the  news 
that  she  had  "joined  church"  preceded  her,  and  made  her  a  seven 
days'  wonder.  While  she  had  been  away,  Bishop  Upfold,  of  the  Episco- 
palian church,  had  sent  James  Runcie,  a  young  missionary  worker,  to 
New  Harmony,  and  he  had  effected  a  lodgment,  and  built  a  small 
church,  which  was  now  in  charge  of  a  Rev.  Mr.  Armstrong.  He  took 
her  education  in  hand,  which  was  not  difficult,  as  she  had  the  proverbial 
zeal  of  a  new  convert.  She  even  ventured  on  a  letter  to  the  -village 
paper  protesting  against  the  profanation  of  the  Sabbath,  which  was 
promptly  answered  in  true  New  Harmony  spirit.  Having  completed  her 
instruction,  she  was  confirmed  by  Bishop  Upfold;  and  soon  after  Mr. 
Armstrong  resigned,  and  the  church  was  without  a  pastor.  She  writes: 
' '  For  two  years  I  worshipped  with  the  Methodists,  except  when  our  own 
church  was  open  for  occasional  services.  During  all  this  time  I  car- 
ried on  a  Sunday  school,  with  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  mem- 
bers. I  have  no  remembrance  of  a  vestry  in  those  days,  but  virtually 
took  the  key  of  the  church  in  my  own  possession.  Not  knowing  it  to  be 
contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  Church,  I  would  write  and  deliver  short 
sermons  to  the  children  from  the  pulpit.  I  also  visited  from  house  to 
house  where  the  parents  were  quite  indifferent  toward  religion,  and  the 
children  often  had  to  rise  and  dress  themselves  on  Sunday  morning, 
eating  a  cold  crust  of  bread  for  breakfast,  as  the  parents  took  no  inter- 
est in  their  religious  training,  and  would  not  rise  in  time  to  get  them 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1111 

ready  for  Sunday  school.  On  one  occasion  nearly  the  whole  school  de- 
manded baptism,  to  which  I  did  not  dare  to  accede  in  the  face  of  the 
opposition  of  the  parents;  and  a  more  eager,  interested  set  of  children 
I  have  never  since  seen.  Now  and  then  a  missionary  sent  by  Bishop 
Upfold  would  officiate,  and  before  my  leaving  New  Harmony  eighteen 
(I  think)  were  baptized,  and  thirteen  presented  to  the  bishop  for  the 
apostolic  rite  of  confirmation." 

The  occasion  for  her  leaving  New  Harmony  was  her  marriage  to 
Mr.  Runcie,  the  young  missionary.     She  realized  that  the  status  of  a 
clergyman's  wife  was  "not  to  be  entered  into  lightly  or  unadvisedly," 
and    she    went    through    a    course    of    reading,    including    "Butler's 
Analogy,"  "Pearson  on  the  Creed,"  "Wordsworth  on  the  Apocalypse," 
"Coxe  on  the  Services,"  and  several  church  histories,  arriving  at  the 
satisfying  conclusion  that  the  Episcopalian  is  "the  one  true  and  Holy 
Apostolic  Church."    But  the  most  striking  part  of  her  story  is  of  the 
results  in  her  immediate  family,  as  to  which  she  says:    "Just  before  my 
marriage  our  uncle,  Robert  Dale  Owen,  returned  from  Europe,  having 
embraced  spiritualism  about  the  same  time  that  I  entered  the  church. 
'Tell  me,  Constance,'  I  well  remember  him  saying  to  me  one  day,  'now 
that  you  also  have  begun  to  think  of  these  matters  pertaining  to  a  belief 
in  a  life  in  another  world,  what  do  you  think  becomes  of  the  soul  im- 
mediately after  death?'     How  I  longed  inexpressibly  to  be  able  to  ex- 
plain the  Scriptural  doctrine  regarding  the  soul!     But,  alas!     I  was 
too  ignorant.     I  had  for  two  years  preached  and  taught  only  what  I 
knew — 'repent  and  be  baptized,'  and  'Believe  and  love  the  Savior  Christ.' 
As  yet  I  knew  nothing  else.     There  rises  up  before  me  the  mild  and 
penetrating  coantenance  of  our  uncle,  David  Dale  Owen,  when  he  also 
touched  on  this  question,  but  assured  me  the  whole  creature  man,  when 
he  perished,  passed  off  into  gases,  and  became  absorbed  into  the  economy 
of  nature.     Not  long  before  my  mother's  death,  which  occurred  before 
I  was  married,  the  reader  can  feel  with  me  when  I  heard  her  say:  'Now 
I  believe  in  your  religion ;  you  have  made  it  a  reality.    It  has  done  for 
you  that  which  your  mother,  with  all  her  love,  was  unable  to  accom- 
plish.    It  has  made  you  conquer  yourself.     Once  I  trembled  at  your 
future — I  grieved  over  your  proud  nature ;  but  I  have  watched  you, 
I  have  proved  your  religion.    It  has  changed,  it  has  subdued  you ;  I  no 
longer  fear  for  you.     With  such  a  check  upon  your  disposition  your  • 
character  should  be  both  a  noble  and  a  capable  one.     Only  continue  to 
let  your  religion  be  your  guide.'    How  my  heart  swelled  with  joy!    My 
mother  not  only  loved  me,  but  approved.     *     *     *     In  taking  farewell 
of  New  Harmony  I  left  Florence  Dale  Owen,  their  (Mr.  and  Mrs.  David 
Dale  Owen's)  eldest  daughter,  a  communicant,  who  took  my  place  in  th.s 


Vol.  n— 35 


J 

" 
1112  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Sunday  school,  and  who  for  six  months  read  aloud  in  the  church  a  letter 
written  by  me  every  week.  *  *  *  There  is  only  this  to  add,  that 
since  coming  into  the  church,  fifteen  of  my  immediate  family  have  been 
baptized  and  confirmed,  besides  bringing  to  baptism  some  eighteen  or 
twenty  of  their  children.  Among  them  were  Robert  Dale  Owen's  two 
daughters,  the  wife  and  two  grown  sons  of  Richard  Owen  and  their 
wives  (himself,  being  absent  from  New  Harmony,  was  received  into  the 
Presbyterian  denomination  about  the  same  time),  my  own  sister,  and 
the  two  daughters  of  my  father's  sister." 

No  less  remarkable  than  this  was  Robert  Dale  Owen's  embracing 
spiritualism,  as  she  mentions.  She  says:  "The  speculative  minds  of 
the  Owens  grasped  every  new  phase  of  thought.  I  remember  their 
eager  interest  and  experiments  in  mesmerism,  psychology,  and  in  table- 
turning.  It  was  years  after  this  that  the  news  reached  us  of  Robert 
Owen's  becoming  deeply  interested  in  spiritualism,  and  not  one  of  his 
children  deplored  what  they  deemed  his  'infatuation'  more  than  his 
son  Robert  Dale  Owen.  They  attributed  his  easy  credulity  to  his  ex- 
treme old  age.  No  suspicion  crossed  my  uncle's  mind  at  that  time  that 
he  should  ever  give  in  his  allegiance  and  become  so  eloquent  an  advo- 
cate of  this  doctrine  of  spiritualism.  He,  with  his  brothers  and  their 
sister,  my  mother,  spoke  with  deep  gravity  concerning  their  father's 
sad  hallucination."  And  yet  Robert  Dale  Owen  went  into  spiritualism 
with  even  more  abandon  than  he  had  shown  in  his  more  youthful 
hobbies,  culminating  in  his  becoming  the  sponsor  and  champion  of 
"Katie  King,"  whose  "mysteries"  were  the  sensation  of  New  York, 
and  of  the  country,  some  years  ago.  But  some  skeptics  exposed  the  fraud 
of  Katie's  manifestations,  and  Robert  Dale  Owen  was  left  in  the  pitiable 
condition  of  a  self-recognized  dupe.  There  is  surely  cause  for  wonder 
in  the  contemplation  of  a  mind  that  can  lightly  cast  aside  the  philosophy 
of,  ' '  The  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God ;  the  firmament  showeth  his 
handiwork;"  and  yet  be  convinced  by  the  shallow  trickery  of  an  al- 
leged spiritual  medium. 

In  1873,  Mrs.  Runcie  published  the  story  from  which  the  above  ex- 
cerpts are  made,  under  the  title,  "Divinely  Led,  or  Robert  Owen's 
Granddaughter."  It  was  republished  in  New  York,  in  1881;  and  was 
reproduced  in  The  Church  Chronicle,  of  Indianapolis,  in  1901.  It  is 
not,  however,  her  chief  cause  of  celebrity.  On  September  20,  1859,  she 
organized,  at  her  home  in  New  Harmony,  "The  Minerva,"  the  first 
women's  club  in  the  United  States.15  In  1861  she  went  with  Mr.  Runcie 
for  a  stay  of  ten  years  at  Madison,  Indiana;  and  there,  in  1867,  she  or- 


is  Since  this  was  written,  I  am  advised  that  an  earlier  date  is  claimed  for  some 
club  in  New  England,  but  I  have  no  details. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1113 

ganized  "The  Bronte,"  the  second  women's  club  in  the  United  States. 
From  Madison  they  went  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  where,  in  1894,  she  or- 
ganized "The  Runcie  Club,"  of  which  she  was  made  life  president. 
In  recognition  of  these  achievements  she  was  made  an  Honorary  Vice 


PREFACE.     • 


|T  has  been  suggested  that  it  would  be 
well  to  put  into  some  permanent  shape 
the  story  of  the  conversion  of  one  who 
knew  nothing  of  the  plan  of  salvation  until  about 
the  age  of  twenty-two.  This  is  my  apology  for 
writing  the  following  account  of  my  first  religious 
impressions.  May  He,  who  so  wonderfully  led  me 
into  the  strong  light  of  Truth,  crown  with  His  good- 
ness the  giving  of  this  short  and  simple  story  to 
the  world. 


CONSTANCE  OWEN  R- 


CHRIST  .CHURCH  RECTORY, 
ST.  JOSEPH  Mo.,  1880. 


PKKFACE  TO  "DIVINELY  LED" 

President  of  the  National  Women's  Federation  of  Clubs.  She  was  the 
author  of  numerous  musical  compositions,  including  a  Te  Deum,  a 
cantata,  and  an  air  for  the  popular  hymn,  "There  is  a  Land  of  Pure 
Delight."  She  also  published  a  volume  of  poems,  and  a  novel — "The 
Burning  Question."  She  died  at  a  sanatorium  at  Winnetka,  Illinois, 


1112 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lr>  Since  this  was  written,  I  am  advised  that  an  earlier  date  is  claimed  for  some 
chili  in  New  England,  but  I  have  no  details. 


Sunday  school,  and  who  for  six  months  read  aloud  in  the  church  a  letter 
written  by  me  every  week.  *  *  *  There  is  only  this  to  add,  thai 
since  coming  into  the  church,  fifteen  of  my  immediate  family  have  been 
baptized  and  confirmed,  besides  bringing  to  baptism  some  eighteen  or 
twenty  of  their  children.  Among  them  were  Robert  Dale  Owen's  two 
daughters,  the  wife  and  two  grown  sons  of  Richard  Owen  and  their 
wives  (himself,  being  absent  from  New  Harmony,  was  received  into  the 
Presbyterian  denomination  about  the  same  time),  my  own  sister,  and 
the  two  daughters  of  my  father's  sister.'' 

No  less  remarkable  than  this  was  Robert  Dale  Owen's  embracing 
spiritualism,  as  she  mentions.  She  says:  "The  speculative  minds  of 
the  Owens  grasped  every  new  phase  of  thought.  I  remember  their 
eager  interest  and  experiments  in  mesmerism,  psychology,  and  in  table- 
turning.  It  was  years  after  this  that  the  news  reached  us  of  Robert 
Owen's  becoming  deeply  interested  in  spiritualism,  and  not  one  of  his 
children  deplored  what  they  deemed  his  'infatuation'  more  than  his 
son  Robert  Dale  Owen.  They  attributed  his  easy  credulity  to  his  ex- 
treme old  age.  No  suspicion  crossed  my  uncle's  mind  at  that  time  that 
he  should  ever  give  in  his  allegiance  and  become  so  eloquent  an  advo- 
cate of  this  doctrine  of  spiritualism.  He,  with  his  brothers  and  their 
sister,  my  mother,  spoke  with  deep  gravity  concerning  their  father's 
sad  hallucination."  And  yet  Robert  Dale  Owen  went  into  spiritualism 
with  even  more  abandon  than  he  had  shown  in  his  more  youthful 
hobbies,  culminating  in  his  becoming  the  sponsor  and  champion  of 
"Katie  King,"  whose  "mysteries"  were  the  sensation  of  New  York, 
and  of  the  country,  some  years  ago.  But  some  skeptics  exposed  the  fraud 
of  Katie's  manifestations,  and  Robert  Dale  Owen  was  left  in  the  pitiable 
condition  of  a  self-recognized  dupe.  There  is  surely  cause  for  wonder 
in  the  contemplation  of  a  mind  that  can  lightly  cast  aside  the  philosophy 
of,  "The  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God;  the  firmament  showeth  his 
handiwork;"  and  yet  be  convinced  by  the  shallow  trickery  of  an  al- 
leged spiritual  medium. 

In  1873,  Mrs.  Runcie  published  the  story  from  which  the  above  ex- 
cerpts are  made,  under  the  title,  "Divinely  Led,  or  Robert  Owen's 
Granddaughter."  It  was  republished  in  New  York,  in  1881;  and  was 
reproduced  in  The  Church  Chronicle,  of  Indianapolis,  in  1901.  It  is 
not,  however,  her  chief  cause  of  celebrity.  On  September  20,  1859,  she 
organized,  at  her  home  in  New  Harmony,  "The  Minerva,"  the  first 
women's  club  in  the  United  States.15  In  1861  she  went  with  Mr.  Runcie 
for  a  stay  of  ten  years  at  Madison,  Indiana;  and  there,  in  1867,  she  or- 


' 

. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1113 


ganized  "The  Bronte,"  the  second  women's  club  in  the  United  States. 
Prom  Madison  they  went  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  where,  in  1894,  she  or- 
ganized "The  Rnncie  Club,"  of  which  she  was  made  life  president. 
In  recognition  of  these  achievements  she  was  made  an  Honorary  Vice 


PREFACE.     • 

|T  has  been  suggested  that  it  would  be 
well  to  put  into  sonic  permanent  shape 
the  story  of  the  conversion  of  one  who 
knew  nothing  of  the  plan  of  salvation  until  about 
the  age  of  twenty-two.  This  is  my  apology  for 
writing  the  following  account  of  my  first  religious 
impressions.  May  He,  who  so  wonderfully  led  me 
into  the  strong  light  of  Truth,  crown  w^th  His  good- 
ness the  giving  of  this  short  and  simple  story  to 
the  world. 


CONSTANCE  OWEN  R- 


CHRIST  .CHURCH  RECTORY, 
ST.  JOSEPH  Mo.,  1880. 


PREFACE  TO  "DIVINELY  LED" 

President  of  the  National  Women's  Federation  of  Clubs.  She  was  the 
author  of  numerous  musical  compositions,  including  a  Te  Denin,  a 
cantata,  and  an  air  for  the  popular  hymn,  "There  is  a  Land  of  Pure 
Delight."  She  also  published  a  volume  of  poems,  and  a  novel — "The 
Burning  Question."  She  died  at  a  sanatorium  at  Winnetka,  Illinois, 


1114  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

May  17,  1911.  The  fame  of  her  conversion,  and  her  work  at  New  Har- 
mony spread  widely  over  Indiana  long  before  her  story  was  published ; 
and  had  a  very  quieting  effect.  Those  who  had  been  worrying  about  the 
godlessness  of  that  place,  said :  ' '  That  settles  it.  There  is  nothing  dan- 
gerous about  New  Harmony  atheism.  The  Lord  will  take  care  of  it  in 
his  own  way,  when  he  gets  ready." 

After  Robert  Owen  left  New  Harmony,  Maclure  made  further  efforts 
to  do  something  with  his  educational  scheme,  but  he  was  too  flighty  to 
carry  any  plan  to  conclusion  that  required  protracted  effort ;  and  he 
was  met  by  religious  opposition.  In  1826  he  had  presented  to  the  State 
Legislature  a  bill  for  the  incorporation  of  the  New  Harmony  Educa- 
tional Society.  It  recited  that  he  "had  bought,  in  and  adjoining  New 
Harmony,  one  thousand  acres  of  land  with  suitable  buildings  erected 
thereupon,  devoted  to  the  establishment  of  schools,  and  had  furnished  a 
liberal  endowment,  embracing  many  thousands  of  volumes  of  books, 
with  such  mathematical,  chemical  and  physical  apparatus  as  are  neces- 
sary to  facilitate  education,  and  is  desirous  to  obtain  an  act  of  incorpora- 
tion to  enable  him  more  fully  to  carry  out  his  benevolent  designs." 
Usually  acts  of  incorporation  for  educational  purposes  were  mere  mat- 
ters of  course,  but  this  bill  was  defeated  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  fif- 
teen to  four,  on  account  of  the  prevailing  impression  that  the  object  was 
to  teach  atheism.  The  New  Harmony  Gazette,  commenting  on  the  action, 
said:  "We  presume,  from  their  conduct,  that  they  have  no  confidence 
in  our  society  or  its  intentions;"  and  they  certainly  did  not.  At  the 
time,  atheism  was  the  vital  atmosphere  of  New  Harmony — the  town 
fairly  exhaled  it.  Joseph  Neef  was  at  the  head  of  the  school,  and  the 
Duke  of  Saxe-Weimar  describes  him  as  "still  full  of  the  maxims  and 
principles  of  the  French  revolution ;  captivated  with  the  system  of 
equality ;  talks  of  the  emancipation  of  the  negroes,  and  openly  pro- 
claims himself  an  atheist."  His  principal  assistant,  at  first,  was  Rev. 
Mr.  Jennings  before  mentioned,  whose  special  function  was  resisting  the 
assaults  of  Christianity.  It  is  true  that  Neef  did  not  always  teach  up  to 
his  ideas.  Robert  Dale  Owen  tells  of  his  rebuking  one  of  the  boys 
for  profanity — 

"But,  Mr.  Neef,"  siid  the  boy,  hesitating  and  looking  half  frightened, 
"if — if  it's  vulgar  and  wrong  to  swear,  why — " 

"Well,  out  with  it.     Never  stop  when  you  want  to  say  anything 
that's  another  bad  habit.    You  wished  to  know  why — " 
"Why  you  swear  yourself,  Mr.  Neef?" 
"Because  I'm  a  damned  fool!    Don't  you  be  one  too!" 
Notwithstanding   the   reports   of   "troops   of  happy   children"   by 
enthusiastic  visitors  to  the  schools,  there  is  no  indication  that  the  pupils 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1115 

felt  materially  different  from  any  other  lot  of  youngsters  that  would  be 
subjected  to  a  semi-military  life,  with  manual  training  in  the  form  of 
regular  domestic  tasks,  and  plain,  substantial  food — largely  mush  and 
milk.  Mrs.  Sarah  Cox  Thrall,  one  of  the  pupils,  said  of  the  school: 
"We  had  bread  but  once  a  week — on  Saturdays.  I  thought  if  I  ever 
got  out,  I  would  kill  myself  eating  sugar  and  cake.  We  marched  in 
military  order,  after  breakfast,  to  community  house  No.  2.  I  remem- 
ber that  there  were  blackboards  covering  one  side  of  the  school  room, 
and  that  we  had  wires,  with  balls  on  them,  by  which  we  learned  to 
count.  We  also  had  singing  exercises  by  which  we  familiarized  our- 
selves with  lessons  in  various  branches.  At  dinner  we  generally  had 
soup,  at  supper  mush  and  milk  again.  We  went  to  bed  at  sundown  in 
little  bunks  suspended  in  rows  by  cords  from  the  ceiling.  Sometimes  one 
of  the  children  at  the  end  of  the  row  would  swing  back  her  cradle,  and 
when  it  collided  on  the  return  bound  with  the  next  bunk,  it  set  the 
whole  row  bumping  together.  This  was  a  favorite  diversion,  and  caused 
the  teachers  much  distress.  At  regular  intervals  we  used  to  be  marched 
to  the  community  apothecary  shop,  where  a  dose  that  tasted  like  sul- 
phur was  impartially  dealt  out  to  each  pupil,  just  as  in  Squeer's  Dothe- 
boy's  School.  Children  regularly  in  the  boarding  school  were  not  al- 
lowed to  see  their  parents,  except  at  rare  intervals.  I  saw  my  father 
and  motEer  twice  in  two  years.  We  had  a  little  song  we  used  to  sing: 

' '  Number  2  pigs  locked  up  in  a  pen, 
When  they  get  out,  it's  now  and  then, 
When  they  get  out,  they  sneak  about, 
For  fear  old  Neef  will  find  them  out."  16 

Maclure  was  strong  on  great  projects,  but  few  of  them  materialized. 
One  of  his  earliest  announcements  was  of  an  agricultural  college,  but 
nothing  came  of  it  except  some  temporary  instruction  to  the  New  Har- 
mony boys  in  farming.  In  1827  he  announced  the  establishment  of 
Maclure 's  Seminary,  stating:  "Young  men  and  women  are  received 
without  any  expense  to  them,  either  for  teaching,  or  food,  lodging  and 
clothing.  Hours,  from  five  in  the  morning  until  eight  in  the  evening, 
divided  as  follows :  The  scholars  rise  at  five ;  at  half  past  five  each  goes 
to  his  occupation;  at  seven  the  bell  rings  for  breakfast;  at  eight  they 
return  to  work ;  at  eleven  their  lessons  begin,  continuing  until  half  past 
two,  including  half  an  hour  for  luncheon ;  then  they  return  to  their  oc- 
cupation until  five,  when  a  bell  calls  them  to  dinner.  Afterward  until 
half  past  six  they  exercise  themselves  in  various  ways  then  the  evening 

16  The  New  Harmony  Communities,  pp.  194-5. 


• 


*-• 


<N 

I 

W 

O! 

o 
W 


s 
s 

o 
O 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1117 

lessons  begin,  and  last  until  eight.  The  basis  of  the  institution  is  that 
the  scholars  repay  their  expenses  from  the  proceeds  of  their  seven  hours ' 
labor,  but  to  effect  this  will  require  several  years  more."  There  did 
not  appear  any  general  desire  for  these  advantages;  and  on  May  27, 
1827,  he  announced  The  Orphan's  Manual  Training  School.  There  was 
a  scarcity  of  orphans,  and  he  next  announced  the  School  of  Industry, 
and  on  January  16,  1828,  began  publishing  The  New  Harmony  Dis- 
seminator, ' '  containing  hints  to  the  youth  of  the  United  States ;  edited, 
printed  and  published  by  the  pupils  of  the  School  of  Industry."  The 
paper  succeeded,  though  the  school  did  not.  New  Harmony  had  a  large 
supply  of  people  who  had  views  to  express,  and  information  to  com- 
municate, and  the  paper  never  lacked  for  original  copy,  especially  on 
"political  economy,  philosophy  and  science,  and  the  abolition  of  slav- 
ery." Maclure's  health  failed,  and  in  1828  he  went  to  Mexico  to  re- 
cuperate, but  did  not  improve  materially,  and  therefore  remained  until 
his  death,  in  1840.  He  contributed  lengthy  articles  on  political 
economy,  however,  to  the  Disseminator,  and  kept  in  touch  with  New 
Harmony  generally.  His  most  lasting  enterprise  was  the  establishment, 
in  1838,  of  the  New  Harmony  Workingmen's  Institute  and  Library,  to 
which  he  gave  a  considerable  endowment  in  the  shape  of  an  order  on  a 
London  bookseller  for  books  to  the  value  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and 
a  wing  of  the  old  Rappite  church  for  a  library  building. 

This  institution  later  absorbed  one  of  the  Maclure  libraries  estab- 
lished under  his  will,  and  the  township  library  established  by  the  State. 
William  Michaux  donated  to  it  his  library  and  $1,000,  the  interest  on 
which  is  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  "books  treating  on  science  and 
facts."  Alexander  Burns  left  it  $1,000.  In  1874,  the  Rappite  com- 
munity at  Economy  sent  Jonathan  Lentz  to  New  Harmony,  and  he  pur- 
chased for  them  the  old  church  building.  This  he  had  torn  down,  ex- 
cepting the  wing  occupied  by  the  library,  and  with  the  brick  constructed 
the  wall  which  now  surrounds  the  old  Rappite  cemetery.  He  also,  at  an 
expense  of  $2,000,  repaired  the  wing  occupied  by  the  library,  and  pre- 
sented the  lot  to  the  town.  But  the  best  was  to  come  from  a  New  Har- 
mony product.  This  was  Dr.  Murphy,  an  Irish  waif,  born  in  Cork, 
in  1813.  When  a  child,  he  was  brought  to  Louisville  by  a  brute  of  a 
man  who  claimed  to  be  his  uncle,  but  who  mistreated  the  boy  so  badly 
that  he  took  refuge  in  flight.  Ragged,  barefoot,  half  starved,  he  drifted 
into  New  Harmony  soon  after  the  inauguration  of  the  Owen's  com- 
munity, and  found  a  home.  He  was  made  for  New  Harmony,  and  New 
Harmony  was  made  for  him ;  for  it  is  evident  that  the  real  lack  of  the 
community  was  suitable  material  on  which  to  practice  philanthropy. 
He  was  taken  in,  educated,  and  taught  the  trade  of  a  tailor — the  essen- 


• 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1117 


• 


lessons  begin,  and  last  until  eight.  The  basis  of  the  institution  is  that 
the  scholars  repay  their  expenses  from  the  proceeds  of  their  seven  hours' 
labor,  but  to  effect  this  will  require  several  years  more."  There  did 
not  appear  any  general  desire  for  these  advantages;  and  on  May  27, 
1827,  he  announced  The  Orphan's  Manual  Training  School.  There  was 
a  scarcity  of  orphans,  and  he  next  announced  the  School  of  Industry, 
and  on  January  16,  1828,  began  publishing  The  New  Harmony  Dis- 
seminator, "containing  hints  to  the  youth  of  the  United  States;  edited, 
printed  and  published  by  the  pupils  of  the  School  of  Industry."  The 
paper  succeeded,  though  the  school  did  not.  New  Harmony  had  a  large 
supply  of  people  who  had  views  to  express,  and  information  to  com- 
municate, and  the  paper  never  lacked  for  original  copy,  especially  on 
"political  economy,  philosophy  and  science,  and  the  abolition  of  slav- 
ery." Mac-hire's  health  failed,  and  in  1828  he  went  to  Mexico  to  re- 
cuperate, but  did  not  improve  materially,  and  therefore  remained  until 
his  death,  in  1840.  He  contributed  lengthy  articles  on  political 
economy,  however,  to  the  Disseminator,  and  kept  in  touch  with  New 
Harmony  generally.  His  most  lasting  enterprise  was  the  establishment, 
in  1838,  of  the  New  Harmony  Workingmen's  Institute  and  Library,  to 
which  he  gave  a  considerable  endowment  in  the  shape  of  an  order  on  a 
London  bookseller  for  books  to  the  value  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and 
a  wing  of  the  old  Rappite  church  for  a  library  building. 

This  institution  later  absorbed  one  of  the  Maclure  libraries  estab- 
lished under  his  will,  and  the  township  library  established  by  the  State. 
William  Michaux  donated  to  it  his  library  and  $1,000,  the  interest  on 
which  is  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  "books  treating  on  science  and 
facts."  Alexander  Burns  left  it  $1,000.  In  1874,  the  Rappite  com- 
munity at  Economy  sent  Jonathan  Lentz  to  New  Harmony,  and  he  pur- 
chased for  them  the  old  church  building.  This  he  had  torn  down,  ex- 
cepting the  wing  occupied  by  the  library,  and  with  the  brick  constructed 
the  wall  which  now  surrounds  the  old  Rappite  cemetery.  He  also,  at  an 
expense  of  $2,000,  repaired  the  wing  occupied  by  the  library,  and  pre- 
sented the  lot  to  the  town.  But  the  best  was  to  come  from  a  New  Har- 
inony  product.  This  was  Dr.  Murphy,  an  Irish  waif,  born  in  Cork, 
in  1813.  When  a  child,  he  was  brought  to  Louisville  by  a  brute  of  a 
man  who  claimed  to  be  his  uncle,  but  who  mistreated  the  boy  so  badly 
that  he  took  refuge  in  flight.  Ragged,  barefoot,  half  starved,  he  drifted 
into  New  Harmony  soon  after  the  inauguration  of  the  Owen's  com- 
munity, and  found  a  home.  He  was  made  for  New  Harmony,  and  New 
Harmony  was  made  for  him ;  for  it  is  evident  that  the  real  lack  of  the 
community  was  suitable  material  on  which  to  practice  philanthropy. 
He  was  taken  in,  educated,  and  taught  the  trade  of  a  tailor — the  essen- 


• 


1118  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

tial  feature  of  New  Harmony  was  to  make  a  "  workinguian "  of  every- 
one— but  just  why  they  laid  so  much  stress  on  tailoring  is  not  apparent. 
The  only  opportunity  for  business  success  for  a  tailor  was  to  get  away 
from  New  Harmony,  where,  by  precept  and  example  of  the  leaders,  the 
desirable  thing  was  to  wear  clothes  cut  out  by  a  circular  saw.  Murphy 
failed  successively  at  tailoring,  farming  and  keeping  a  clothing  store. 
Then,  having  exhausted  all  of  his  New  Harmony  manual  training, 
he  went  to  Louisville,  and  studied  medicine.  In  this  his  New  Harmony 
general  culture  counted,  and  he  achieved  success.  In  1893  he  induced 
the  Library  Society — a  corporation  of  twenty-six  members,  of  which 
he  was  one — to  sell  their  old  building,  and  accept  his  aid  in  erecting  a 
new  one.  A  handsome  building  was  put  up,  with  ample  quarters  for  the 
library,  a  museum,  an  art  gallery,  and  a  large  auditorium.  Dr.  Murphy 
then  made  extensive  contributions  of  books,  articles  for  the  museum,  and 
paintings  for  the  art  gallery.  In  1899  he  added  a  donation  of  $45,000; 
in  1900  $31,000  more;  and  at  his  death,  in  December  of  that  year,  the 
Library  Society  was  remembered  with  $79,000  additional.  From  its 
funds  the  Society  now  has  an  income  of  $6,000,  one-third  of  which  is 
spent  for  books  and  periodicals,  and  $1,200  is  used  for  a  lecture  course. 
I  know  of  no  place  of  its  size  in  the  United  States  that  has  such  an  equip- 
ment in  art  and  literature.  Certainly  there  is  none  in  Indiana — nor  in- 
deed any  place  of  twice  its  size.  It  is  claimed,  also,  that  New  Harmony 
has  the  lowest  percentage  of  illiteracy  of  any  point  in  the  United 
States. 

Maclure's  later  years  were  largely  employed  in  making  wills,  and 
adding  codicils  to  them.  In  these  he  always  disposed  of  not  only  all 
that  he  owned,  but  of  all  that  he  ever  had  owned,  including  his  con- 
fiscated Spanish  properties — his  house  No.  7  Calle  del  Lobo,  in  Alicante, 
his  convent  of  St.  Gines  and  accompanying  estate  of  10,000  acres  in 
Valencia,  his  convent  and  estate  of  Grosmana,  near  Alicante,  his  estate 
of  Carman  de  Croix  in  the  Valley  of  Murada,  and  over  half  a  million 
reals  in  Spanish  securities.  He  also  had,  in  addition  to  his  New  Har- 
mony property,  an  extraordinary  collection  of  notes  and  mortgages  on 
property  in  England,  France,  Spain  and  Virginia;  the  remainders  of 
the  editions  of  Michaux's  Sylva,  Condillac's  Logic,  and  Garner's  Dic- 
tionary; more  than  100  boxes  of  minerals,  prints,  etc.;  and  some  2,000 
copper  plates  of  engravings  and  illustrations.  In  the  last  codicil,  exe- 
cuted at  the  City  of  Mexico,  in  1840,  he  directed,  among  other  things, 
that  his  executors  should  donate  ' '  the  sum  of  five  hundred  dollars  out  of 
my  other  property  in  the  United  States  of  America  to  any  club  or  so- 
ciety of  laborers  who  may  establish,  in  any  part  of  the  United  States,  a 
reading  and  lecture  room  with  a  library  of  at  least  one  hundred  vol- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1119 

urnes."  For  certainty,  '"laborers"  were  defined  as  "the  working  classes 
who  labor  with  their  hands  and  earn  their  living  by  the  sweat  of  their 
brows."  Furthermore,  on  account  of  "the  melancholy  state  of  morality 
which  prevents  dead  men's  wills  from  being  fulfilled  or  executed  when 
they  give  any  property  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  poor  and  work- 
ing classes,  but  on  the  contrary  the  money  aristocracy  find  means  to 
purloin  the  said  property  for  the  use,  support  and  maintenance  of  their 
privileged  classes;"  he  changed  executors,  and  made  his  brother  Alex- 
ander and  sister  Anna  the  executors  of  this  last  will.  They  received 
the  advice  of  attorneys  that  the  library  feature  was  void,  as  the  bene- 
ficiaries were  not  persons  in  existence ;  and,  being  the  natural  heirs,  they 
proceeded  to  enjoy  the  estate.  But  Alvin  P.  Hovey,  a  young  lawyer  of 
Posey  County,  took  a  different  view  of  the  law,  and  instituted  proceed- 
ings to  displace  them.  He  succeeded,  and  was  himself  appointed  admin- 
istrator. The  estate  was  reduced  to  cash,  and  in  1855  the  distribution 
began. 

It  was  not  very  difficult  to  get  up  a  club  of  laborers  in  an  Indiana 
town,  nor  to  collect  a  library  of  100  volumes,  if  you  were  not  particular 
about  the  volumes.  In  all,  144  of  these  associations  were  formed  hi 
Indiana,  in  89  of  the  92  counties,  and  each  received  $500  for  a  library. 
It  has  been  said:  "The  books  purchased  through  Maclure's  generosity 
were  almost  exclusively  standard  works  of  a  scientific  and  technical 
character,  designed  for  a  limited  coterie  of  readers,  and  possessing  little 
or  no  interest  for  the  majority  of  the  very  class  which  their  donor  sought 
to  reach. " ]  7  This  is  another  delusion  resulting  from  an  examination 
of  the  remains  of  some  of  the  libraries.  The  distribution  was  not  of 
books,  but  of  money,  and  the  various  societies  bought  what  books  they 
wished.  But  the  popular  books  were  "read  to  pieces"  in  the  libraries 
that  held  together.  Most  of  them,  however,  were  divided  among  the 
members  of  the  societies  after  a  short  time,  because  it  was  too  expensive 
to  maintain  a  library  room,  and  there  was  no  obligation  to  do  so.  The 
real  benefit  of  the  donation  was  the  distribution  of  $72,000  worth  of 
books  throughout  Indiana  at  a  time  when  books  were  needed.  The 
division  of  the  libraries  did  not  interfere  materially  with  the  use  of  the 
books,  and  it  is  the  use  of  a  book  that  gives  it  practical  value.  The 
books  that  were  read  to  pieces  were  far  more  valuable  to  the  public  than 
those  that  remained  on  the  shelves.  Of  their  quality  I  can  testify  only 
in  a  very  limited  way.  My  maternal  grandfather,  William  Tate,  who 
was  a  carpenter,  was  a  member  of  the  society  at  Lawrenceburg,  and  in 
the  division  of  the  library  there  fell  to  his  share  a  set  of  Chambers' 


17  The  New  Harmony  Movement,  p.  333. 


1120  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Miscellany  of  Useful  Knowledge.  Although  somewhat  cyclopaedic  in 
character,  this  work  contains  a  number  of  excellent  stories,  historical 
extracts,  poems,  and  biographies  that  made  it  a  treasure-house  to  me, 
twenty  years  later.  My  belief  is  that  the  most  useful  thing  that  came  to 
Indiana  from  New  Harmony  was  this  donation. 

If  I  made  any  exception,  it  would  be  New  Harmony  itself,  for  the 
town  is  a  notable  addition  to  the  State,  not  only  in  its  unusual  history 
and  its  quaint  buildings,  but  also  in  its  people,  who  are  about  twenty 
years  ahead  of  the  average  of  the  State.  They  remind  one  of  Boston 
in  their  extreme  social  independence,  especially  on  the  part  of  the 
women.  It  is  really  fortunate  that  this  little  community  remained  so 
long  shut  off  from  railroad  communication,  to  develop  in  its  own  way 
along  natural  lines,  and  furnish  the  student  the  material  for  specula- 
tion on  the  psychological  growth  of  such  a  settlement.  Whatever  view 
he  may  take  of  it,  he  is  certain  to  realize  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  allur- 
ing fields  for  research  and  reflection  that  the  State  presents. 


CHAPTER  XX 
THE  WORD  HOOSIER 

There  is  not  necessarily  anything  annoying  in  having  a  nickname, 
but  to  have  one  whose  meaning  you  do  not  know,  and  when  you 
cannot  tell  how,  or  when,  or  why  you  acquired  it,  is  somewhat  disturb- 
ing. This  was  for  many  years  the  situation  of  Indiana  as  to  the  word 
"Hoosier" — and  possibly  the  mystery  is  not  yet  fully  solved.  Naturally 
the  problem  has  attracted  the  attention  of  numerous  investigators — 
perhaps  on  the  principle  of  the  man  who  lost  a  cent,  and  on  being 
remonstrated  with  for  wasting  several  days  in  search  for  it,  replied :  "I 
don 't  care  anything  about  the  cent,  but  I  want  to  know  where  the 
d — d  thing  is."  My  interest  was  first  drawn  to  the  puzzle  by  the  publi- 
cation of  Meredith  Nicholson's  volume  of  essays,  "The  Hoosiers,"  in 
1900,  and  I  devoted  spare  time  for  some  two  years  to  an  effort  to  make 
a  methodical  study  of  the  question,  the  results  of  which  were  published 
in  the  summer  of  1902.  Five  years  later,  as  rewritten,  they  were  pub 
lished  by  the  Indiana  Historical  Society ;  and  as  the  story  of  the  seareh 
covers  practically  all  the  literature  on  the  subject,  it  is  deemed  worth 
while  to  reproduce  it  here,  with  the  results  of  later  search,  bringing  the 
subject  down  to  date,  and  presenting,  for  the  use  of  anyone  who  may 
desire  to  pursue  it  farther,  the  sum  of  what  has  been  brought  to  light 
thus  far.  The  original  publication  was  as  follows: 

During  the  period  of  about  three-quarters  of  a  century  in  which  the 
State  of  Indiana  and  its  people  have  been  designated  by  the  word 
"Hoosier,"  there  has  been  a  large  amount  of  discussion  of  the  origin 
and  meaning  of  the  term,  but  with  a  notable  lack  of  any  satisfactory 
result.  Some  of  these  discussions  have  been  almost  wholly  conjectural 
in  character,  but  others  have  been  more  methodical,  and  of  the  latter 
the  latest  and  most  exhaustive — that  of  Mr.  Meredith  Nicholson1 — sums 
up  the  results  in  the  statement  "The  origin  of  the  term  'Hoosier'  is  not 
known  with  certainty."  Indeed  the  statement  might  properly  have 
been  made  much  broader,  for  a  consideration  of  the  various  theories 
offered  leaves  the  unprejudiced  investigator  with  the  feeling  that  the 
real  solution  of  the  problem  has  not  even  been  suggested.  This  lack  of 


' '  The  Hoosiers, ' '  pp.  20-30. 

112] 


. 


1122  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

satisfactory  conclusions,  however,  may  be  of  some  value,  for  it  strongly 
suggests  the  probability  that  the  various  theorists  have  made  some  false 
assumption  of  fact,  and  have  thus  been  thrown  on  a  false  scent,  at  the 
very  beginning  of  their  investigations. 

As  is  natural  in  such  a  case,  there  has  been  much  of  assertion  of  what 
was  merely  conjectural,  often  accompanied  by  the  pioneer's  effort  to 
make  evidence  of  his  theory  by  the  statement  that  he  was  "in  Indiana 
at  the  time  and  knows  the  facts."  The  acceptance  of  all  such  testi- 
mony would  necessarily  lead  to  the  adoption  of  several  conflicting  con- 
clusions. In  addition  to  this  cause  of  error,  there  have  crept  into  the 
discussion  several  misstatements  of  fa«t  that  have  been  commonly 
adopted,  and  it  is  evident  that  in  order  to  reach  any  reliable  conclusion 
now,  it  will  be  necessary  to  examine  the  facts  critically  and  ascertain 
what  are  tenable. 

The  traditional  belief  in  Indiana  is  that  the  word  was  first  put  in 
print  by  John  Finley,  in  his  poem  "The  Hoosier's  Nest,"  and  this  is 
noted  by  Berry  Sulgrove,  who  was  certainly  as  well  acquainted  with 
Indiana  tradition  as  any  man  of  his  time.2  This  belief  is  at  least  prob- 
ably well  founded,  for  up  to  the  present  time  no  prior  use  of  the  word 
in  print  has  been  discovered.  This  poem  attracted  much  attention  at 
the  time,  and  was  unquestionably  the  chief  cause  of  the  widespread 
adoption  of  the  word  in  its  application  to  Indiana,  for  which  reasons  it 
becomes  a  natural  starting-point  in  the  inquiry. 

It  is  stated  by  Oliver  H.  Smith  that  this  poem  originally  appeared 
as  a  New  Year's  "carriers'  address"  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal  in 
1830,3  and  this  statement  has  commonly  been  followed  by  other  writers, 
but  this  is  clearly  erroneous,  as  any  one  may  see  by  inspection  of  the 
files  of  the  Journal,  for  it  printed  its  address  in  the  body  of  the  paper 
in  1830,  and  it  is  a  totally  different  production.  After  that  year  it 
discontinued  this  practice  and  issued  its  addresses  on  separate  sheets, 
as  is  commonly  done  at  present.  No  printed  copy  of  the  original  pub- 
lication is  in  existence,  so  far  as  known,  but  Mr.  Pinley's  daughter — 
Mrs.  Sarah  Wrigley,  former  librarian  of  the  Morrison  Library,  at 
Richmond,  Indiana — has  a  manuscript  copy,  .in  the  author's  handwrit- 
ing, which  fixes  the  date  of  publication  as  Jan.  1,  1833.  There  is  no 
reason  to  question  this  date,  although  Mr.  Finley  states  in  his  little 
volume  of  poems  printed  in  1860,  that  this  poem  was  written  in  1830. 
The  poem  as  it  originally  appeared  was  never  reprinted  in  full,  so  far 
as  is  known,  and  in  that  form  it  is  entirely  unknown  to  the  present 
generation,  although  it  has  been  reproduced  in  several  forms,  and  in 


2  History  of  Indianapolis  and  Marion  County,  p.  72. 
s  ' '  Early  Indiana  Trials  and  Sketches, ' '  p.  211. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1123 

two  of  them  by  direct  authority  of  the  author.4  The  author  used  his 
privilege  of  revising  his  work,  and  while  he  may  have  improved  his 
poetry,  he  seriously  marred  its  historical  value. 

As  the  manuscript  copy  is  presumably  a  literal  transcript  of  the 
original  publication,  with  possibly  the  exception  that  the  title  may  have 
been  added  at  a  later  date,  I  reproduce  it  here  in  full : 

ADDRESS  OP  THE  CARRIER  OP  THE  INDIANAPOLIS  JOURNAL,  JANUARY  1, 

1833. 

THE  HOOSIER'S  NEST 

Compelled  to  seek  the  Muse's  aid, 

Your  carrier  feels  almost  dismay 'd 

When  he  attempts  in  nothing  less 

Than  verse  his  patrons  to  address, 

Aware  how  very  few  excel 

In  the  fair  art  he  loves  so  well,     * 

And  that  the  wight  who  would  pursue  it 

Must  give  his  whole  attention  to  it ; 

But,  ever  as  his  mind  delights 

To  follow  fancy's  airy  flights 

Some  object  of  terrestrial  mien 

Uncourteously  obtrudes  between 

And  rudely  scatters  to  the  winds 

The  tangled  threads  of  thought  he  spins ; 

His  wayward,  wild  imagination 

Seeks  objects  of  its  own  creation 

Where  Joy  and  Pleasure,  hand  in  hand, 

Escort  him  over  "Fairyland," 

Till  some  imperious  earth-born  care 

Will  give  the  order,  ' '  As  you  were ! ' ' 

From  this  the  captious  may  infer 

That  I  am  but  a  groveling  cur 

Who  would  essay  to  pass  for  more 

Than  other  people  take  me  for, 

So,  lest  my  friends  be  led  to  doubt  it, 

I  think  I'll  say  no  more  about  it, 

But  hope  that  on  this  noted  day 

My  annual  tribute  of  a  lay 

In  dogg'rel  numbers  will  suffice 

For  such  as  are  not  over  nice. 


*  Coggeshall 's  "The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West,"  and  Finley's  "The  Hoosier's 
Nest  and  Other  Poems"  published  in  1860. 


1124 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  great  events  which  have  occur  'd 
(And  all  have  seen,  or  read  or  heard) 
Within  a  year,  are  quite  too  many 
For  me  to  tarry  long  on  any — 
Then  let  not  retrospection  roam 
But  be  confined  to  things  at  home. 
A  four  years '  wordy  war  just  o  'er 
Has  left  us  where  we  were  before 


OPENING  LINES  OP  THE  HOOSIEE'S  NEST 
Pac  Simile  of  Finley's  Mss. 

Old  Hick'ry  triumphs, — we  submit 

(Although  we  thought  another  fit) 

For  all  of  Jeffersonian  school 

Wish  the  majority  to  rule — 

Elected  for  another  term 

We  hope  his  measures  will  be  firm 

But  peaceful,  as  the  case  requires 

To  nullify  the  nullifiers — 

And  if  executive  constructions 

By  inf 'rence  prove  the  sage  deductions. 

That  Uncle  Sam's  "old  Mother  Bank" 

Is  managed  by  a  foreign  crank 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1125 

And  constituted  by  adoption 

The  "heir  apparent"  of  corruption — 

No  matter  if  the  facts  will  show 

That  such  assertions  are  not  so, 

His  Veto  vengeance  must  pursue  her 

And  all  that  are  appended  to  her — 

But  tho'  hard  times  may  sorely  press  us, 

And  want,  and  debts,  and  duns  distress  us, 

We  '11  share  a  part  of  Mammon 's  manna 

By  chart 'ring  Banks  in  Indiana. 

Blest  Indiana !    In  whose  soil 
Men  seek  the  sure  rewards  of  toil, 
And  honest  poverty  and  worth 
Find  here  the  best  retreat  on  earth. 
While  hosts  of  Preachers,  Doctors,  Lawyers, 
All  independent  as  wood-sawyers, 
With  men  of  every  hue  and  fashion, 
Flock  to  this  rising  "Hoosher"  nation. 
Men  who  can  legislate  or  plow, 
Wage  politics  or  milk  a  cow — 
So  plastic  are  their  various  parts, 
Within  the  circle  of  their  arts, 
With  equal  tact  the  ' '  Hoosher ' '  loons, 
Hunt  offices  or  hunt  raccoons. 
A  captain,  colonel,  or  a  'squire, 
Who  would  ascend  a  little  higher, 
Must  court  the  people,  honest  souls, 
He  bows,  caresses  and  cajoles, 
Till  they  conceive  he  has  more  merit 
Than  nature  willed  he  should  inherit, 
And,  running  counter  to  his  nature, 
He  runs  into  the  Legislature; 
Where  if  he  pass  for  wise  and  mute, 
Or  chance  to  steer  the  proper  chute, 
In  half  a  dozen  years  or  more 
He's  qualified  for  Congress  floor. 

I  would  not  have  the  world  suppose 
Our  public  men  are  all  like  those, 
For  even  in  this  infant  State 
Some  may  be  wise,  and  good,  and  great. 


1124 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN  AN  S 

The  great  events  which  have  occur 'd 
(And  all  have  seen,  or  read  or  heard) 
Within  a  year,  are  quite  too  many 
For  me  to  tarry  long  on  any — 
Then  let  not  retrospection  roam 
But  be  confined  to  things  at  home. 
A  four  years'  wordy  war  just  o'er 
Has  left  us  where  we  were  before 


OPENING  LINES  OP  THE  HOOSIER'S  NEST 
Fac  Simile  of  Finley's  Mss. 

Old  Hick'ry  triumphs, — we  submit 

(Although  we  thought  another  fit) 

For  all  of  Jeffersonian  school 

Wish  the  majority  to  rule — 

Elected  for  another  term 

We  hope  his  measures  will  be  firm 

But  peaceful,  as  the  case  requires 

To  nullify  the  nullifiers — 

And  if  executive  constructions 

By  inf'rence  prove  the  sage  deductions - 

That  Uncle  Sam's  "old  Mother  Bank" 

Is  managed  by  a  foreign  crank 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1125 

And  constituted  by  adoption 

The  "heir  apparent"  of  corruption — 

No  matter  if  the  facts  will  show 

That  such  assertions  are  not  so, 

His  Veto  vengeance  must  pursue  her 

And  all  that  are  appended  to  her — 

But  tho'  hard  times  may  sorely  press  us, 

And  want,  and  debts,  and  duns  distress  us, 

We  '11  share  a  part  of  Mammon 's  manna 

By  chart 'ring  Banks  in  Indiana. 

Blest  Indiana !     In  whose  soil 
Men  seek  the  sure  rewards  of  toil, 
And  honest  poverty  and  worth 
Find  here  the  best  retreat  on  earth. 
While  hosts  of  Preachers,  Doctors,  Lawyers, 
All  independent  as  wood-sawyers, 
With  men  of  every  hue  and  fashion, 
Flock  to  this  rising  "Hoosher"  nation. 
Men  who  can  legislate  or  plow, 
Wage  politics  or  milk  a  cow — 
So  plastic  are  their  various  parts, 
Within  the  circle  of  their  arts, 
With  equal  tact  the  "Hoosher"  loons, 
Hunt  offices  or  hunt  raccoons. 
A  captain,  colonel,  or  a  'squire, 
Who  would  ascend  a  little  higher, 
Must  court  the  people,  honest  souls. 
He  bows,  caresses  and  cajoles, 
Till  they  conceive  he  has  more  merit 
Than  nature  willed  he  should  inherit, 
And,  running  counter  to  his  nature, 
He  runs  into  the  Legislature; 
Where  if  he  pass  for  wise  and  mute, 
Or  chance  to  steer  the  proper  chute, 
In  half  a  dozen  years  or  more 
He's  qualified  for  Congress  floor. 

'  ''/"'-.*-  *  '  - 

I  would  not  have  the  world  suppose 
Our  public  men  are  all  like  those, 
For  even  in  this  infant  State 
Some  may  be  wise,  and  good,  and  great. 


1126  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

But,  having  gone  so  far,  'twould  seem 
(Since  "Hoosher"  manners  is  the  theme) 
That  I,  lest  strangers  take  exception, 
Should  give  a  more  minute  description, 
And  if  my  strains  be  not  seraphic 
I  trust  you  '11  find  them  somewhat  graphic. 

Suppose  in  riding  somewhere  West 
A  stranger  found  a  "  Hoosher  V  nest, 
In  other  words,  a  buckeye  cabin 
Just  big  enough  to  hold  Queen  Mab  in, 
Its  situation  low  but  airy 
Was  on  the  borders  of  a  prairie, 
And  fearing  he  might  be  benighted 
He  hailed  the  house  and  then  alighted 
The  "Hoosher"  met  him  at  the  door, 
Their  salutations  soon  were  o'er; 
He  took  the  stranger's  horse  aside 
And  to  a  sturdy  sapling  tied ; 
Then,  having  stripped  the  saddle  off, 
He  fed  him  in  a  sugar  trough. 
The  stranger  stooped  to  enter  in, 
The  entrance  closing  with  a  pin, 
And  manifested  strong  desire 
To  seat  him  by  the  log  heap  fire, 
Where  half  a  dozen  Hoosheroons, 
With  mush  and  milk,  tincups  and  spoons, 
White  heads,  bare  feet  and  dirty  faces, 
Seemed  much  inclined  to  keep  their  places, 
But  Madam,  anxious  to  display 
Her  rough  and  undisputed  sway, 
Her  offspring  to  the  ladder  led 
And  cuffed  the  youngsters  up  to  bed. 
Invited  shortly  to  partake 
Of  venison,  milk  and  johnny-cake 
The  stranger  made  a  hearty  meal 
And  glances  round  the  room  would  steal ;. 
One  side  was  lined  with  skins  of  "varments' 
The  other  spread  with  divers  garments, 
Dried  pumpkins  overhead  were  strung 
Where  venison  hams  in  plenty  hung, 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS  1127 

Two  rifles  placed  above  the  door, 
Three  dogs  lay  stretched  upon  the  floor, 
In  short,  the  domicile  was  rife, 
With  specimens  of  "Hoosher"  life. 

The  host  who  centered  his  affections, 
On  game,  and  range,  and  quarter  sections, 
Discoursed  his  weary  guest  for  hours, 
Till  Somnus  'ever  potent  powers 
Of  sublunary  cares  bereft  them 
And  then  I  came  away  and  left  them. 

No  matter  how  the  story  ended 
The  application  I  intended 
Is  from  the  famous  Scottish  poet 
Who  seemed  to  feel  as  well  as  know  it 
"That  buirdly  chiels  and  clever  hizzies 
Are  bred  in  sic  a  way  as  this  is." 
One  more  subject  I'll  barely  mention 
To  which  I  ask  your  kind  attention 
My  pockets  are  so  shrunk  of  late 
I  can  not  nibble  "Hoosher  bait." 

It  will  be  noted  that  throughout  the  manuscript  the  word  is  spelled 
"Hoosher"  and  is  always  put  in  quotation  marks.  Mrs.  Wrigley  in- 
forms me  that  her  father  had  no  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  the  word, 
but  found  it  in  verbal  use  when  he  wrote.  She  is  confident,  however, 
that  he  coined  the  word  "  Hoosheroon, "  and  the  probability  of  this  is 
increased  by  the  fact  that  he  did  not  quote  it  in  his  manuscript.  In 
later  editions  of  the  poem  he  used  the  form  "Hoosier."  His  original 
spelling  shows  that  the  word  was  not  common  in  print,  and  several 
years  passed  before  the  spelling  became  fixed  in  its  present  form. 

Although  the  word  "Hoosier"  has  not  been  found  in  print  earlier 
than  January  1,  1833,  it  became  common  enough  immediately  after- 
wards. In  fact  the  term  seems  to  have  met  general  approval,  and  to  have 
been  accepted  by  everybody.  On  January  8,  1833,  at  the  Jackson  din- 
ner at  Indianapolis,  John  W.  Davis  gave  the  toast,  "The  Hooshier  State 
of  Indiana."5  On  August  3,  1833,  the  Indiana  Democrat  published  the 
following  prospectus  of  a  new  paper  to  be  established  by  ex-Gov.  Ray 
and  partner: 


Indiana  Democrat,  Jan.  12,  1833. 

Vol.  H— 38 


1128  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"Prospectus  For  Publishing  The  Hoosier  At  Greencastle,  Indiana — 
By  J.  B.  Ray  &  W.  M.  Tannehill.  >:  : 

"We  intend  publishing  a  real  newspaper.  To  this  promise  (though 
comprehensive  enough)  we  would  add,  that  it  is  intended  to  make  the 
moral  and  political  world  contribute  their  full  share,  in  enriching  its 
columns. 

"The  arts  and  sciences,  and  agriculture  and  commerce,  and  literature 
shall  all  receive  a  due  portion  of  our  care. 

"Left  to  our  choice  we  might  refrain  from  remark  on  presidential 
matters ;  but  supposing,  that  you  may  require  an  intimation,  suffice  it  to 
say,  that  our  past  preference  has  been  for  General  Jackson  and  his  ad- 
ministration ;  and  we  deem  it  premature  to  decide  as  to  the  future  with- 
out knowing  who  are  to  be  the  candidates.  Those  men  who  shall  sus- 
tain Western  measures,  shall  be  our  men.  Believing  that  there  is  but 
one  interest  in  the  West,  and  but  little  occasion  for  partyism  beyond  the 
investigation  of  principles  and  the  conduct  of  functionaries,  we  would 
rather  encourage  union  than  excite  division.  We  shall  constantly  keep 
in  view  the  happiness,  interest  and  prosperity  of  all.  To  the  good,  this 
paper  will  be  as  a  shield;  to  the  bad,  a  terror. 

"The  Hoosier  will  be  published  weekly,  at  $2  in  advance  and  25 
cents  for  every  three  months  delay  of  payment,  per  annum,  on  a  good 
sheet  of  paper  of  superroyal  size,  to  be  enlarged  to  an  imperial  as  the 
subscription  will  justify  it. 

"This  paper  shall  do  honor  to  the  people  of  Putnam  county;  and 
we  expect  to  see  them  patronize  us.  The  press  is  now  at  Greencastle. 
Let  subscription  papers  be  returned  by  the  1st  of  September  when  the 
first  number  will  appear." 

On  Oct.  26,  1833  the  Indiana  Democrat  republished  from  the  Cin- 
cinnati Republican  a  discussion  of  the  origin  and  making  of  the  word 
"Hoosier,"  which  will  be  quoted  in  full  hereafter,  which  shows  that  the 
term  had  then  obtained  general  adoption.  C.  F.  Hoffman,  a  traveler  who 
passed  through  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  says,  under  date  of  Dec. 
29,  1833: 

"I  am  now  in  the  land  of  the  Hooshiers,  and  find  that  long-haired 
race  much  more  civilized  than  some  of  their  Western  neighbors  are  will- 
ing to  represent  them.  The  term  'Hooshier,'  like  that  of  Yankee,  or 
Buckeye,  first  applied  contemptuously,  has  now  become  a  soubriquet 
that  bears  nothing  invidious  with  it  to  the  ear  of  an  Indianian."6 

On  Jan.  4,  1834,  the  Indiana  Democrat  quoted  from  the  Maysville, 
Ky.,  Monitor,  "The  Hoosier  State  like  true  democrats  have  taken  the 


«"A  Winter  in  the  West,"  p.  226. 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS  112'J 

lead  in  appointing  delegates  to  a  National  Convention,  etc."  On  May 
10,  1834,  the  Indianapolis  Journal  printed  the  following  editorial  para- 
graph : 

"The  Hooshier,  started  some  time  ago  by  Messrs.  Ray  and  Tanneuill, 
at  Greeucastle,  has  sunk  into  repose;  and  a  new  paper  entitled  the 
'Greencastle  Advertiser,'  published  by  James  M.  Grooms,  has  taken 
its  place." 

It  is  quite  possible  that  this  statement  was  made  with  the  mischievous 
intent  of  stirring  up  Gov.  Ray,  for  he  was  rather  sensitive,  and  the 
Whigs  seemed  to  delight  in  starting  stories  that  called  forth  indig- 
nant denials  from  him.  If  this  \v..s  the  purpose  it  was  successful, 
for  on  May  31  the  Journal  said : 

"We  understand  that  another  No.  of  the  Hooshier  has  been  re- 
cently received  in  town,  and  that  it  contains  quite  a  bitter  complaint 
about  our  rem..rk  a  week  or  two  ago,  that  it  had  'sunk  into  repose.' 
We  assure  the  editor  that  we  made  the  remark  as  a  mere  matter  of 
news,  without  any  intention  to  rejoice  at  the  suspension  of  the  paper. 
Several  weeks  had  passed  over  without  any  paper  being  received,  and 
it  was  currently  reported  that  it  had  'blowed  out'  and  therefore,  as 
a  mere  passing  remark,  we  stated  that  it  had  'sunk  into  repose.'  We 
have  no  objection  that  it  should  live  a  thousand  years." 

The  new  paper,  however,  did  not  last  as  long  as  that.  It  was  sold 
in  the  fall  of  1834  to  J.  W.  Osborn,  who  continued  the  publication,  but 
changed  the  name,  in  the  following  spring  to  the  "Western  Plough 
Boy."  On  Sept.  19,  1834,  the  Indiana  Democrat  had  the  following 
reference  to  Mr.  Finley : 

"The  poet  laureat  of  Iloosierland  and  editor  ot  the  Richmond 
Palladium  has  threatened  to  'cut  acquaintance  with  B.  of  the  Demo- 
crat ! '  The  gentleman  alluded  to  is  the  same  individual  that  was  un- 
ceremoniously robbed,  by  the  Cincinnati  Chronicle,  of  the  credit  of  im- 
mortalizing our  State  in  verse,  by  that  justly  celebrated  epic  of  the 
'Hoosier's  Nest.'  " 

On  Nov.  29,  1834,  the  Yineennes  Sun  used  the  caption,  "Hoosier  and 
Mammoth  Pumpkins,"  over  an  article  reprinted  from  the  Cincinnati 
Mirror  concerning  a  load  of  big  pumpkins  from  Indiana. 

These  extracts  sufficiently  demonstrate  the  general  acceptation  of 
the  name  in  the  two  years  following  the  publication  of  Finley 's  poem. 
The  diversified  spelling  of  the  word  at  this  period  shows  that  it  was  new 
in  print,  and  indeed  soni"  years  elapsed  before  the  now  accepted  spell- 
ing became  universal.  On  Jan.  6,  1838,  the  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel,  re- 
published  the  portion  of  the  poem  beginning  with  the  words,  "Blest 
Indiana,  in  her  soil."  It  was  very  probable  that  this  publication  was 


1130  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

made  directly  from  an  original  copy  of  the  carrier's  address,  for  Thomas 
Tigar,  one  of -the  founders  and  editors  of  the  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel,  had 
been  connected  with  the  Indianapolis  press  in  January,  1833,  and  the 
old-fashioned  newspaperman  was  accustomed  to  preserve  articles  that 
struck  his  fancy,  and  reproduce  them.  In  this  publication  the  poem  is 
given  as  in  the  Finley  manuscript,  except  that  the  first  two  times  the 
word  occurs  it  is  spelled  "hoosier"  and  once  afterward  "hoosheer,"  the 
latter  evidently  a  typographical  error.  At  the  other  points  it  is  spelled 
"hoosher."  This  original  form  of  the  word  also  indicates  that  there  has 
been  some  change  in  the  pronunciation,  and  this  is  confirmed  from  an- 
other source.  For  many  years  there  have  been  periodical  discussions  of 
the  origin  of  the  word  in  the  newspapers  of  the  State,  and  in  one  of 
these,  which  occurred  in  the  Indianapolis  Journal,  in  1860,  when  nu- 
merous contemporaries  of  Finley  were  still  living,  Hon.  Jere  Smith,  a 
prominent  citizen  of  Winchester,  made  this  statement: 

"My  recollection  is  that  the  word  began  to  be  used  in  this  country 
in  the  fall  of  1824,  but  it  might  have  been  as  late  as  1826  or  1827,  when 
the  Louisville  &  Portland  canal  was  being  made.  I  first  heard  it  at  a 
corn-husking.  It  was  used  in  the  sense  of  '  rip-roaring, '  '  half  horse '  and 
'half  alligator,'  and  such  like  backwoods  coinages.  It  was  then,  and  for 
some  years  afterwards,  spoken  as  if  spelled  'husher,'  the  'u'  having  the 
sound  it  has  in  'bush,'  'push,'  etc.  In  1829,  1830  and  1831  its  sound 
glided  into  'hoosher,'  till  finally  Mr.  Finley 's  ' Hoosier 's  Nest'  made  the 
present  orthography  and  pronunciation  classical,  and  it  has  remained  so 
since."7 

Of  course,  this  is  not  conclusive  evidence  that  there  was  a  change 
in  pronunciation,  for  Mr.  Smith's  observation  may  have  extended  to 
one  neighborhood  only,  and  it  may  have  taken  on  a  variant  pronuncia- 
tion at  the  start,  but  his  testimony,  in  connection  with  the  changed 
spelling,  is  certainly  very  plausible. 

There  have  been  offered  a  number  of  explanations  of  the  origin  of 
the  word,  and  naturally  those  most  commonly  heard  are  those  that  have 
been  most  extensively  presented  in  print.  Of  the  "authorities"  on  the 
subject  perhaps  the  best  known  is  Bartlett's  "Dictionary  of  American- 
isms" which  was  originally  published  in  1838  and  was  widely  circu- 
lated in  that  and  the  subsequent  edition,  besides  being  frequently  quoted. 
Its  statement  is  as  follows : 

"Hoosier.     A  nickname  given  at  the  West,  to  natives  of  Indiana. 

"A  correspondent  of  the  Providence  Journal,  writing  from  Indiana, 
gives  the  following  account  of  the  origin  of  this  term :  '  Throughout  all 


1ndianapolis  Journal,  January  20,  1860. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1131 

the  early  Western  settlements  were  men  who  rejoiced  in  their  physical 
strength,  and  on  numerous  occasions,  at  log-rollings,  and  house-raisings, 
demonstrated  this  to  their  entire  satisfaction.  They  were  styled  by  their 
fellow-citizens,  hushers,  from  their  primary  capacity  to  still  their  op- 
ponents. It  was  a  common  term  for  a  bully  throughout  the  West.  The 
boatmen  of  Indiana  were  formerly  as  rude  and  primitive  a  set  as  could 
well  belong  to  a  civilized  country,  and  they  were  often  in  the  habit  of 
displaying  their  pugilistic  accomplishments  upon  the  levee  at  New 
Orleans.  Upon  a  certain  occasion  there  one  of  these  rustic  professors 
of  the  ' '  noble  art ' '  very  adroitly  and  successfully  practiced  the  ' '  fancy ' ' 
upon  several  individuals  at  one  time.  Being  himself  not  a  native  of 
the  Western  world,  in  the  exuberance  of  his  exultation  he  sprang  up, 
exclaiming,  in  a  foreign  accent/ ' '  I  'm  a  hoosier,  I  'm  a  hoosier. ' '  Some  of 
the  New  Orleans  papers  reported  the  case  and  afterwards  transferred 
the  corruption  of  the  word  "husher"  (hoosier)  to  all  the  boatmen  from 
Indiana,  and  from  thence  to  all  her  citizens.  The  Kentuckians,  on  the 
contrary,  maintained  that  the  nickname  expresses  the  gruff  exclamation 
of  their  neighbors,  when  one  knocks  at  a  door,  etc.,  "Who's  yere?"  '  " 

Both  of  these  theories  have  had  adherents,  and  especially  the  latter, 
though  nobody  has  ever  found  any  basis  for  their  historical  features  be- 
yond the  assertion  of  this  newspaper  correspondent.  Nobody  has  ever 
produced  any  evidence  of  the  use  of  the  word  "husher"  as  here  indi- 
cated. It  is  not  found  in  any  dictionary  of  any  kind — not  even  in 
Bartlett's.  I  have  never  found  any  indication  of  its  former  use  or  its 
present  survival.  And  there  is  no  greater  evidence  of  the  use  of  the 
expression,  "Who's  yere?"  when  approaching  a  house.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  the  common  custom  when-  coming  to  a  house  and  desiring  communi- 
cation with  the  residents  was  to  call,  ' '  Hallo  the  house ! ' '  And  this  cus- 
tom is  referred  to  in  Finley  's  line : 
"He  hailed  the  house,  and  then  alighted." 

Furthermore,  if  a  person  who  came  to  a  house  called  "Who's  yere?" 
what  cause  would  there  be  for  calling  the  people  who  lived  in  the  house 
"who's  yeres?"  There  is  neither  evidence  nor  reason  to  support  it. 
But  there  is  still  a  stronger  reason  for  discarding  these  theories,  and 
most  others.  To  produce  the  change  of  a  word  or  term  by  corruption, 
there  must  be  practical  identity  of  sound  and  accent.  It  was  natural 
enough  for  the  Indiana  pioneers  to  convert  "au  poste"  into  "Opost." 
It  was  natural  enough  for  the  New  Mexican  settlers  to  change  "Jic- 
arilla"  to  "Hickory."  It  was  natural  enough  for  the  Colorado  cow- 
boys to  transform  "Purgatoire  river  to  "Picketwire  river."  But  there 
is  scant  possibility  of  changing  "husher,"  or  "who's  yere" — as  it  would 
probably  be  spoken — into  "hoosh-er."  This  consideration  has  led  to 


1132 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  suggestion  that  the  expression  from  which  the  word  came,  was  "who 
is  yer?"  hut  there  is  nothing  to  support  this.  The  early  settlers  did  not 
use  "is"  for  "are"  but  usually  pronounced  the  latter  "air."  And  they 
did  not  say  "yer"  for  "you,"  though  they  often  used  it  for  "your." 

Another  theory,  almost  as  popular  as  these,  derives  the  word  from 
"hussar,"  and  this  theory,  in  its  various  forms,  harks  back  to  a  Col. 
John  Jacob  Lehmanowsky,  who  served  under  Napoleon,  and  afterwards 
settled  in  Indiana,  where  he  became  widely  known  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  tradition  preserved  in  his  family  is  that  once 
while  in  Kentucky  he  became  engaged  in  a  dispute  with  some  natives, 


"THE  HOOSIER'S  NEST" 

(From  painting  by  Marcus  Mote,  "the  Quaker  Artist," 
to  illustrate  Finley's  Poem) 

and  sought  to  settle  the  matter  by  announcing  that  he  was  a  hussar. 
They  understood  him  to  say  that  he  was  a  "hoosier,"  and  thereafter 
applied  that  name  to  everybody  from  Indiana.  This  theory  has  several 
shapes,  one  being  presented  by  the  Rev.  Aaron  Wood,  the  pioneer 
preacher,  thus: 

"The  name  'hoosier'  originated  as  follows:  When  the  young  men 
of  the  Indiana  side  of  the  Ohio  river  went  to  Louisville,  the  Kentucky 
men  boasted  over  them,  calling  them  'New  Purchase  Greenies,'  claim- 
ing to  be  a  superior  race,  composed  of  half  horse,  half  alligator,  and 
tipped  off  with  snapping  turtle.  These  taunts  produced  fights  in  the 
market  house  and  streets  of  Louisville.  On  one  occasion  a  stout  bully 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1133 

from  Indiana  was  victor  in  a  fist  fight,  and  having  heard  Colonel  Leh- 
manowsky  lecture  on  the  'Wars  of  Europe,'  who  always  gave  martial 
prowess  to  the  German  Hussars  in  a  fight,  pronouncing  hussars  'hoos- 
iers,'  the  Indianian,  when  the  Kentuckian  cried  'enough,'  jumped  up 
and  said:  'I  am  a  Hoosier,'  and  hence  the  Indianians  were  called  by 
that  name.  This  was  its  true  origin.  I  was  in  the  State  when  it 
occurred. ' ' 8 

Unfortunately,  others  are  equally  positive  as  to  their  "true  origins." 
The  chief  objection  that  has  been  urged  to  this  theory  is  that  Lehman- 
owsky  was  not  in  the  State  when  the  term  began  to  be  used,  and  the 
evidence  on  this  point  is  not  very  satisfactory.  His  son,  M.  L.  Lehman- 
owsky,  of  DePauw,  Ind.,  informs  me  that  his  father  came  to  this  country 
in  1815,  but  he  is  unable  to  fix  the  date  of  his  removal  to  Indiana. 
Published  sketches  of  his  life u  state  that  he  was  with  Napoleon  at 
Waterloo ;  that  he  was  afterwards  imprisoned  at  Paris ;  that  he  escaped 
and  made  his  way  to  New  York;  that  he  remained  for  several  years  at 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  where  he  taught  school ;  that  he  came  to 
Rush  County.  Indiana,  and  there  married  and  bought  a  farm ;  that 
after  bearing  him  seven  children  his  wife  died ;  that  he  then  removed  to 
Harrison  County,  arriving  there  in  1837.  These  data  would  indicate 
that  he  came  to  Indiana  sometime  before  1830.  The  date  of  the  deed  to 
his  farm,  as  shown  by  the  Rush  county  records,  is  April  30,  1825. 
Aside  from  the  question  of  date,  it  is  not  credible  that  a  Polish  officer 
pronounced  ' '  hussar "  "  hoosier, ' '  or  that  from  the  use  of  that  word  by 
a  known  foreigner  a  new  term  could  spring  into  existence,  and  so 
quickly  be  applied  to  the  natives  of  the  State  where  he  chanced  to  live. 

To  these  theories  of  the  origin  of  the  word  may  be  added  one  com- 
municated to  me  by  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  whose  acquaintance  with 
dialect  makes  him  an  authority  on  the  subject.  It  is  evidently  of  later 
origin  than  the  others,  and  not  so  well  known  to  the  public.  A  casual 
conversation  happening  to  turn  to  this  subject,  he  said:  "These 
stories  commonly  told  about  the  origin  of  the  word  'Hoosier'  are  all 
nonsense.  The  real  origin  is  found  in  the  pugnacious  habits  of  the 
early  settlers.  They  were  very  vicious  fighters,  and  not  only  gouged 
and  scratched,  but  frequently  bit  off  noses  and  ears.  This  was  so 
ordinary  an  affair  that  a  settler  coming  into  a  bar  room  on  a  morning 
after  a  fight,  and  seeing  an  ear  on  the  floor,  would  merely  push  it  aside 
with  his  foot  and  carelessly  ask,  'Who's  year'?"  I  feel  safe  in  ventur- 
ing the  opinion  that  this  theory  is  quite  as  plausible,  and  almost  as 
well  sustained  by  historical  evidence,  as  any  of  the  others. 

»  Sketches,  p.  45. 

»  Salem  Democrat,  October  25,  1899;  March  28,  1900. 


1132 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


the  suggestion  that  the  expression  from  which  the  word  came,  was  "who 
is  yer?"  hut  there  is  nothing  to  support  this.  The  early  settlers  did  not 
use  "is"  for  "are"  hut  usually  pronounced  the  l.ittjr  "air."  And  they 
did  not  say  "yer"  for  "you,"  though  they  often  used  it  for  "your." 

Another  theory,  almost  as  popular  as  these,  derives  the  word  from 
"hussar,"  and  this  theory,  in  its  various  forms,  harks  back  to  a  Col. 
John  Jacol)  Lehmanowsky,  who  served  under  Napoleon,  and  afterwards 
settled  in  Indiana,  where  he  became  widely  known  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
Napoleonic  wars.  The  tradition  preserved  in  his  family  is  that  once 
while  in  Kentucky  he  became  engaged  in  a  dispute  with  some  natives, 


"TiiK  HOOSIER 's  NEST" 

(From  painting  by  Marcus  Mote,  "the  Quaker  Artist," 
to  illustrate  Finley's  Poem) 


and  sought  to  settle  the  matter  by  announcing  that  he  was  a  hussar. 
They  understood  him  to  say  that  he  was  a  "hoosier,"  and  thereafter 
applied  that  name  to  everybody  from  Indiana.  This  theory  has  several 
shapes,  one  being  presented  by  the  Rev.  Aaron  Wood,  the  pioneer 
preacher,  thus: 

"The  name  'hoosier'  originated  as  follows:  When  the  young  men 
of  the  Indiana  side  of  the  Ohio  river  went  to  Louisville,  the  Kentucky 
men  boasted  over  them,  calling  them  'New  Purchase  Greenies,'  claim- 
ing to  be  a  superior  race,  composed  of  half  horse,  half  alligator,  and 
tipped  off  with  snapping  turtle.  These  taunts  produced  fights  in  the 
market  house  and  streets  of  Louisville.  On  one  occasion  a  stout  bully 


-      . 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1133 

from  Indiana  was  victor  in  a  fist  fight,  and  having  heard  Colonel  Leh- 
manowsky  lecture  on  the  'Wars  of  Europe,'  who  always  gave  martial 
prowess  to  the  German  Hussars  in  a  fight,  pronouncing  hussars  'hoos- 
iers, '  the  Indianian,  when  the  Kentuckian  cried  'enough,'  jumped  up 
and  said:  'I  am  a  Hoosier,'  and  hence  the  Indianians  were  called  by 
that  name.  This  was  its  true  origin.  I  was  in  the  State  when  it 
occurred. ' ' 8 

Unfortunately,  others  are  equally  positive  as  to  their  "true  origins.'' 
The  chief  objection  that  has  been  urged  to  this  theory  is  that  Lehman- 
owsky  was  not  in  the  State  when  the  term  began  to  be  used,  and  the 
evidence  on  this  point  is  not  very  satisfactory.  His  son,  M.  L.  Lehman- 
owsky,  of  DePauw.  Ind.,  informs  me  that  his  father  came  to  this  country 
in  1815,  but  he  is  unable  to  fix  the  date  of  his  removal  to  Indiana. 
Published  sketches  of  his  life y  state  that  he  was  with  Napoleon  at 
Waterloo ;  that  he  was  afterwards  imprisoned  at  Paris ;  that  he  escaped 
and  made  his  way  to  New  York;  that  he  remained  for  several  years  at 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  where  he  taught  school ;  that  he  came  to 
Rush  County.  Indiana,  and  there  married  and  bought  a  farm ;  that 
after  hearing  him  seven  children  his  wife  died;  that  he  then  removed  to 
Harrison  County,  arriving  there  in  1837.  These  data  would  indicate 
that  he  came  to  Indiana  sometime  before  1830.  The  date  of  the  deed  to 
his  farm,  as  shown  by  the  Rush  county  records,  is  April  30,  18:!."). 
Aside  from  the  question  of  date,  it  is  not  credible  that  a  Polish  officer 
pronounced  "hussar"  "hoosier,"  or  that  from  the  use  of  that  word  by 
a  known  foreigner  a  new  term  could  spring  into  existence,  and  so 
quickly  be  applied  to  the  natives  of  the  State  where  he  chanced  to  live. 

To  tlie.se  theories  of  the  origin  of  the  word  may  be  added  one  com- 
municated to  me  by  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  whose  acquaintance  with 
dialect  makes  him  an  authority  on  the  subject.  It  is  evidently  of  later 
origin  than  the  others,  and  not  so  well  known  to  the  public.  A  casual 
conversation  happening  to  turn  to  this  subject,  he  said:  "These 
stories  commonly  told  about  the  origin  of  the  word  'Hoosier'  are  all 
nonsense.  The  real  origin  is  found  in  the  pugnacious  habits  of  the 
early  settlers.  They  were  very  vicious  fighters,  and  not  only  gouged 
and  scratched,  but  frequently  bit  off  noses  and  ears.  This  was  so 
ordinary  an  affair  that  a  settler  coming  into  a  bar  room  on  a  morning 
after  a  fight,  and  seeing  an  ear  on  the  floor,  would  merely  push  it  aside 

«       r 

with  his  foot  and  carelessly  ask,  'Who's  year'?"  I  feel  safe  in  ventur- 
ing the  opinion  that  this  theory  is  quite  as  plausible,  and  almost  as 

well  sustained  by  historical  evidence,  as  any  of  the  others. 



s  Sketches,  p.  45. 

n  Salem  Democrat,  October  25,  1899;  March  28,  1900. 

- 


1134  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

In  this  connection  it  is  of  interest  to  note  the  earliest  known  discus- 
sion of  the  meaning  of  the  word,  which  has  been  referred  to  as  repub- 
lished  in  the  Indiana  Democrat  of  Oct.  26,  1833.  It  is  as  follows : 

HOOSHIER 

' '  The  appellation  of  Hooshier  has  been  used  in  many  of  the  Western 
States,  for  several  years,  to  designate,  in  a  good  natural  way,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  our  sister  state  of  Indiana.  Ex-Governor  Ray  has  lately  started 
a  newspaper  in  Indiana,  which  he  names  'The  Hoshier'  (sic).  Many 
of  our  ingenious  native  philologists  have  attempted,  though  very  un- 
satisfactorily, to  explain  this  somewhat  singular  term.  Mordecai  M. 
Noah,  in  the  late  number  of  his  Evening  Star,  undertakes  to  account  for 
it  upon  the  faith  of  a  rather  apocryphal  story  of  a  recruiting  officer, 
who  was  engaged  during  the  last  war,  in  enlisting  a  company  of  Hussars, 
whom  by  mistake  he  unfortunately  denominated  Hooshiers.  Another 
etymologist  tells  us  that  when  the  state  of  Indiana  was  being  surveyed, 
the  surveyors,  on  finding  the  residence  of  a  squatter,  would  exclaim 
'Who's  here,' — that  this  exclamation,  abbreviated  to  Hooshier  was, 
in  process  of  time,  applied  as  a  distinctive  appellation  to  the  original 
settlers  of  that  state,  and,  finally  to  its  inhabitants  generally.  Neither 
of  these  hypotheses  are  deserving  any  attention.  The  word  Hooshier 
is  indebted  for  its  existence  to  that  once  numerous  and  unique,  but  now 
extinct  class  of  mortals  called  the  Ohio  Boatmen. — In  its  original  ac- 
ceptation it  was  equivalent  to  'Ripstaver,'  'Scrouger,'  'Screamer,'  'Bul- 
ger, "  Ring-tailroarer, '  and  a  hundred  others,  equally  expressive,  but  which 
have  never  attained  to  such  a  respectable  standing  as  itself.  By  some 
caprice  which  can  never  be  explained,  the  appellation  Hooshier  became 
confined  solely  to  such  boatmen  as  had  their  homes  upon  the  Indiana 
shore*  and  from  them  it  was  gradually  applied  to  all  the  Indianians, 
who  acknowledge  it  as  good  naturedly  as  the  appellation  of  Yankee — 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  original  acceptation  of  Hooshier  this  we 
know,  that  the  people  to  whom  it  is  now  applied,  are  amongst  the  bravest, 
most  intelligent,  most  enterprising,  most  magnanimous,  and  most  demo- 
cratic of  the  Great  West,  and  should  we  ever  feel  disposed  to  quit  the 
state  in  which  we  are  now  sojourning,  our  own  noble  Ohio,  it  will  be  to 
enroll  ourselves  as  adopted  citizens  in  the  land  of  the  'Hooshier.' — 
Cincinnati  Republican." 

Here  is  a  presentation  of  the  question,  ten  months  after  Finley's 
publication,  covering  most  of  the  ground  that  has  since  been  occupied. 
The  "hussar"  theory  is  carried  back  to  the  war  of  1812,  long  before 
Col.  Lehmanowsky  was  in  this  country.  The  "who's  here"  theory  is 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1135 

carried  back  to  the  government  surveys,  although  it  is  certain  that  there 
were  few,  if  any,  "squatters"  on  government  lands  in  Indiana  before 
the  surveys  were  made.  The  "husher"  theory,  in  embryo,  is  presented 
in  the  writers  theory,  which-  is  apparently  conjectural,  except  perhaps 
as  evidence  that  the  word  was  applied  to  the  rather  rough-looking  class 
of  flat-boatmen  who  made  their  trips  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

There  has  been  notable  tendency  to  locate  these  stories  at  Louis- 
ville, and  to  connect  them  with  the  building  of  the  Louisville  and  Port- 
land canal  which  was  under  construction  from  1826  to  1831,  inclusive. 
The  "husher"  story  is  located  there  by  several  of  its  advocates.  An- 
other story,  of  recent  origin,  coming  from  one  Vanblaricum,  was  re- 
counted by  Mr.  George  Cottman  in  the  Indianapolis  Press  of  February 
6,  1901.  Vanblaricum  claimed  that  while  passing  through  southern  Ten- 
nessee he  met  a  man  named  Hoosier,  and  this  man  said  that  a  member 
of  his  family  had  a  contract  on  the  construction  of  the  Louisville  and 
Portland  canal;  that  he  employed  his  laborers  from  the  Indiana  side, 
and  the  neighbors  got  to  calling  them  ' '  Hoosier 's  men, ' '  from  which  the 
name  "Hoosier"  came  to  be  applied  to  Indiana  men  generally.  Van- 
blaricum could  not  give  the  address  of  his  informant,  or  any  informa- 
tion tending  to  confirm  the  story.  At  my  request  Mr.  Louis  Ludlow, 
Washington  correspondent  of  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  made  inquiry 
of  the  representatives  from  the  southern  districts  of  Tennessee,  and 
learned  that  none  of  them  had  ever  heard  of  such  a  story,  or  knew  of 
the  name  "Hoosier"  in  his  district.  An  examination  of  the  directories 
of  Atlanta,  Augusta,  Baltimore,  Chattanooga,  Cincinnati,  Kansas  City, 
Little  Rock,  Louisville,  Memphis,  Nashville,  New  Orleans,  Philadelphia, 
Richmond,  St.  Louis,  St.  Joseph,  Savannah,  Wheeling,  Wilmington,  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  the  state  of  Tennessee,  failed  to  reveal  any 
such  name  as  Hoosier.  As  it  is  hardly  possible  for  a  family  name  to  dis- 
appear completely,  we  may  reasonably  drop  the  Vanblaricum  story  from 
consideration.  The  same  conclusion  will  also  apply  to  the  story  of  a 
Louisville  baker,  named  Hoosier,  from  whom  the  term  is  sometimes  said 
to  have  come.  It  is  now  known  that  the  occurrence  of  "Hoosier"  as  a 
Christian  name  in  the  minutes  of  an  early  Methodist  conference  in 
Indiana,  was  the  result  of  misspelling.  The  members  name  was 
"Ho-si-er  (accent  on  the  second  syllable)  J.  Durbin,"  and  the  secretary 
in  writing  it  put  in  an  extra  "o."  It  may  be  mentioned  in  this  con- 
nection that  "Hooser"  is  a  rather  common  family  name  in  the  South, 
and  that  "Hoos"  is  occasionally  found. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  wild-goose  chases  I  ever  indulged  in 
was  occasioned  by  a  passage  in  the  narrative  of  Francis  and  Theresa 
Pulszky,  entitled  "White,  Red  and  Black."  The  Pulszkys  accompanied 


1136  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Kossuth  on  his  trip  through  the  States  and  visited  Indianapolis  in  1852. 
In  the  account  of  this  visit  Mrs.  Pulszky  says : 

"Governor  Wright  is  a  type  of  the  Hoosiers,  and  justly  proud  to  be 
one  of  them.  I  asked  him  wherefrom  his  people  had  got  this  name.  He 
told  me  that  'Hoosa'  is  the  Indian  name  for  maize,  the  principal  pro- 
duce of  the  State. ' ' 

This  opened  a  new  vista.  The  names  "Coosa"  and  ' '  Tallapoosa " 
came  to  memory.  How  simple !  The  Indiana  flat-boatmen  taking  their 
loads  of  corn  down  the  river  were  called  "Hoosa  men"  by  the  Southern 
Indians,  and  so  the  name  originated.  But  a  search  of  Indian  vocabu- 
laries showed  no  such  name  for  maize  or  for  anything  else.  The  nearest 
approaches  to  it  are  ' '  Hoosac ' '  and  ' '  Housatonic, ' '  which  are  both  prob- 
ably corruptions  from  the  same  stem,  "awass,"  meaning  beyond  or 
further.  The  latter  word  is  supposed  to  be  the  Indian  "  wassatinak, " 
which  is  the  New  England  form  of  the  Algonquin  "  awassadinang, " 
meaning  beyond  the  mountains. 

In  1854  Amelia  M.  Murray  visited  Indianapolis,  and  was  for  a  time 
the  guest  of  Governor  Wright.  In  her  book  entitled  "Letters  from  the 
United  States,  Cuba  and  Canada"  (page  324),  she  says: 

"Madame  Pfeiffer  (she  evidently  meant  Mrs.  Pulszky,  for  Madame 
Pfeiffer  did  not  come  here  and  does  not  mention  the  subject)  mistook 
Governor  Wright,  when  she  gave  from  his  authority  another  derivation 
for  the  word  'Hoosier. '  It  originated  in  a  settler's  exclaiming  'Huzza,' 
upon  gaining  the  victory  over  a  marauding  party  from  a  neighboring 
State." 

With  these  conflicting  statements,  I  called  on  Mr.  John  C.  Wright, 
son  of  Governor  Wright.  He  remembered  the  visits  of  the  Pulszkys 
and  Miss  Murray,  but  knew  nothing  of  Madame  Pfeiffer.  He  said:  "I 
often  heard  my  father  discuss  this  subject.  His  theory  was  that  the 
Indiana  flatboatmen  were  athletic  and  pugnacious,  and  were  accus- 
tomed, when  on  the  levees  of  the  Southern  cities,  to  'jump  up  and  crack 
their  heels  together'  and  shout  'Huzza,'  whence  the  name  of  'huzza 
fellows.'  We  have  the  same  idea  now  in  'hoorah  people,'  or  'a  hoorah 
time.'  " 

ff  will  be  noted  that  all  these  theories  practically  carry  three  features 
in  common : 

1.  They  are  alike  in  the  idea  that  the  word  was  first  applied  to  a 
rough,  boisterous,  uncouth,  illiterate  class  of  people,  and  that  the  word 
originally  implied  this  character. 

2.  They  are  alike  in  the  idea  that  the  word  came  from  the  South,  or 
was  first  applied  by  Southern  people. 

3.  They  are  alike  in  the  idea  that  the  word  was  coined  for  the  pur- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1137 

pose  of  designating  Indiana  people,  and  was  not  iii  existence  before  it 
was  applied  to  them. 

If  our  primary  suspicion  be  correct,  that  all  the  investigators  and 
theorists  have  followed  some  false  lead  from  the  beginning,  it  will  pre- 
sumably be  found  in  one  of  these  three  common  features.  Of  the  three,' 
the  one  that  would  more  probably  have  been  derived  from  assumption 
than  from  observation  is  the  third.  If  we  adopt  the  hypothesis  that 
it  is  erroneous,  we  have  left  the  proposition  that  the  word  "hoosier." 
was  iii  use  at  the  South,  signifying  a  rough  or  uncouth  person,  before 
it  was  applied  to  Indiana:  and  if  this  were  true  it  would  presumably 
contiuue  to  be  used  there  in  that  sense.  Now  this  condition  actually 
exists,  as  appears  from  the  following  evidence. 

In  her  recent  novel,  ' '  In  Connection  with  the  De  Willoughby  Claim, 
Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett  refers  several  times  to  one  of  her  char- 
acters— a  boy  from  North  Carolina — as  a  "hoosier."     In  reply  to  an 
inquiry  she  writes  to  me : 

"The  word  'hoosier'  in  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina  seems  to 
imply,  as  you  suggest,  an  uncouth  sort  of  rustic.  In  the  days  when  I 
first  heard  it  my  idea  was  also  that — in  agreement  with  you  again — it 
was  a  slang  term.  I  think  a  Tennesseean  or  Carolinian  of  the  class 
given  to  colloquialisms  would  have  applied  the  term  'hoosier'  to  any 
rustic  person  without  reference  to  his  belonging  to  any  locality  in  par- 
ticular. But  when  I  lived  in  Tennessee  I  was  very  young  and  did  not 
inquire  closely  into  the  matter." 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Bean,  of  Washington,  Ind.,  furnishes  me  this  statement : 

"In  the  year  1888,  as  a  child,  I  visited  Nashville,  Tenn.  One  day 
I  was  walking  down  the  street  with  two  of  my  aunts,  and  our  attention 
was  attracted  by  a  large  number  of  mountaineers  on  the  streets,  mostly 
from  northern  Georgia,  who  had  come  in  to  some  sort  of  society  meeting. 
One  of  my  aunts  said,  'What  a  lot  of  hoosiers  there  are  in  town.  In 
surprise  I  said,  'Why  I  am  a  Hoosier.'  A  horrified  look  came  over  my 
aunt 's  face  and  she  exclaimed,  '  For  the  Lord 's  sake,  child,  don 't  let  any 
one  here  know  you're  a  hoosier.'  I  did  not  make  the  claim  again  for  on 
inspection  the  visitors  proved  a  wild-looking  lot  who  might.be  suspected 
of  never  having  seen  civilization  before." 

Miss  Mary  E.  Johnson,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  gives  the  following  state- 
ment : 

"I  have  been  familiar  with  the  use  of  the  word  'hoosier'  all  my  life, 
and  always  as  meaning  a  rough  class  of  country  people.  The  idea  at- 
tached to  it,  as  I  understand  it,  is  not  so  much  that  they  are  from  the 
country,  as  that  they  are  green  and  gawky.  I  think  the  sense  is  much 
the  same  as  in  'hayseed,'  'jay,'  or  'yahoo.'  " 


1138 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Hon.  Thetus  W.  Sims,  Eeprescntative  in  Congress  from  the  Tenth 
Tennessee  district,  says : 

"I  have  heard  all  my  life  of  the  word  'hoosier'  as  applied  to  an 
ignorant,  rough,  unpolished  fellow." 

Mrs.  Samuel  M.  Deal  (formerly  Miss  Mary  L.  Davis  of  Indianapolis) 
gives  me  this  statement : 

"While  visiting  Columbia,  S.  C.,  I  was  walking  one  day  with  a  young 
gentleman,  and  we  passed  a  rough-looking  countryman,  'My!  what  a 


A  REAL  HOOSIER 's  NEST 

hoosier,'  exclaimed  my  escort.  'That  is  a  very  noble  term  to  apply  to 
such  an  object,'  I  said.  'Why  so,'  he  inquired.  'Why  I  am  a  Hoosier — 
all  Indiana  people  are, '  I  answered.  '  Oh !  we  do  not  use  it  in  that  sense 
here,'  he  rejoined.  'With  us  a  hoosier  means  a  jay.'  " 

The  following  three  statements  were  furnished  to  me  by  Mr.  Meredith 
Nicholson,  who  collected  them  some  months  since : 

John  Bell  Henneman,  of  the  department  of  English,  University  of 
Tennessee,  Knoxville,  writes: 

"The  word  'hoosier'  is  generally  used  in  Virginia,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee  as  an  equivalent  for  'a  country  hoodlum,'  'a  rough,  uncouth 
countryman,'  etc.  The  idea  of  'country'  is  always  attached  to  it  in  my 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  H39 

mind,  with  a  degree  of  '  uncouthness '  added.  I  simply  speak  from  my 
general  understanding  of  the  term  as  heard  used  in  the  States  men- 
tioned above. ' ' 

Mr.  Raymond  Weeks,  of  Columbia,  Mo.,  writes: 

"Pardon  my  delay  in  answering  your  question  concerning  the  word 
'hoosier'  in  this  section.  The  word  means  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  has  a 
rare  popular  sense  of  a  backwoodsman,  a  rustic.  One  hears:  'He  is  a 
regular  hoosier.'  " 

Mrs.  John  M.  Judah,  of  Memphis,  writes: 

"About  the  word  'Hoosier' — one  hears  it  in  Tennessee  often.  It 
always  means  rough,  uncouth,  countrified.  'I  am  a  Hoosier,'  I  have 
said,  and  my  friends  answer  bewilderingly,  'But  all  Indiana-born  are 
Hoosiers,'  I  declare,  'What  nonsense!'  is  the  answer  generally,  but  one 
old  politician  responded  with  a  little  more  intelligence  on  the  subject: 
'  You  Indianians  should  forget  that.  It  has  been  untrue  for  many  years. ' 
In  one  of  Mrs.  Evans's  novels — 'St.  Elmo,'  I  think — a  noble  philan- 
thropic young  Southern  woman  is  reproached  by  her  haughty  father  for 
teaching  the  poor  children  in  the  neighborhood — 'a  lot  of  hoosiers,'  he 
calls  them.  I  have  seen  it  in  other  books,  too,  but  I  can  not  recall  them. 
In  newspapers  the  word  is  common  enough,  in  the  sense  I  referred  to." 

It  is  scarcely  possible  that  this  widespread  use  of  the  word  in  this 
general  sense  could  have  resulted  if  the  word  had  been  coined  to  signify 
a  native  of  Indiana,  but  it  would  have  been  natural  enough,  if  the  word 
were  in  common  use  as  slang  in  the  South,  to  apply  it  to  the  people  of 
Indiana.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  were  of  a  rough  and  ready  char- 
acter, and  doubtless  most  of  them  looked  it  in  their  long  and  toilsome 
emigration,  but,  more  than  that,  it  is  an  historical  fact  that  about  the 
time  of  the  publication  of  Finley's  poem  there  was  a  great  fad  of  nick- 
naming in  the  West,  and  especially  as  to  the  several  States.  It  was  a 
feature  of  the  humor  of  the  day,  and  all  genial  spirits  ' '  pushed  it  along. ' ' 
A  good  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  the  following  passage  from  Hoff- 
man's "Winter  in  the  West"  10  referred  to  above: 

"There  was  a  long-haired  'hooshier'  from  Indiana,  a  couple  of  smart- 
looking  'suckers'  from  the  southern  part  of  Illinois,  a  keen-eyed,  leather- 
belted  'badger'  from  the  mines  of  Ouisconsin,  and  a  sturdy,  yeomanlikc 
fellow,  whose  white  capot,  Indian  moccasins  and  red  sash  proclaimed, 
while  he  boasted  a  three  years'  residence,  the  genuine  'wolverine,'  or 
naturalized  Michiganian.  Could  one  refuse  to  drink  with  such  a  com- 
pany? The  spokesman  was  evidently  a  'red  horse'  from  Kentucky,  and 
nothing  was  wanting  but  a  'buckeye'  from  Ohio  to  render  the  assemblage 
as  complete  as  it  was  select. ' ' 

10  Published  in  1835,  Vol.  1,  Page  210. 


1KJ8 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


Hon.  Thctus  W.  Sims,  Representative  in  Congress  from  the  Tenth 
Tennessee  district,  says: 

"I  have  heard  all  my  life  of  the  word  'hoosier'  as  applied  to  an 
ignorant,  rough,  unpolished  fellow." 

Mrs.  Samuel  M.  Deal  (formerly  Miss  Mary  L.  Davis  of  Indianapolis) 
•rives  me  this  statement : 

"While  visiting  Columbia,  S.  C.,  I  was  walking  one  day  with  a  young 
gentleman,  and  we  passed  a  rough-looking  countryman,  'My!  what  a 


A  REAL  HOOSIER 's  NEST 

hoosier,'  exclaimed  my  escort.  'That  is  a  very  noble  term  to  apply  to 
such  an  object,'  I  said.  'Why  so,'  he  inquired.  'WThy  I  am  a  Hoosier — 
all  Indiana  people  are,'  I  answered.  'Oh !  we  do  not  use  it  in  that  sense 
here,'  he  rejoined.  'With  us  a  hoosier  means  a  jay.'  " 

The  following  three  statements  were  furnished  to  me  by  Mr.  Meredith 
Nicholson,  who  collected  them  some  months  since: 

John  Bell  Henneman,  of  the  department  of  English,  University  of 
Tennessee,  Knoxville,  writes: 

"The  word  'hoosier'  is  generally  used  in  Virginia,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee  as  an  equivalent  for  'a  country  hoodlum,'  'a  rough,  uncouth 
countryman,'  etc.  The  idea  of  'country'  is  always  attached  to  it  in  my 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  H39 

mind,  with  a  degree  of  'uncoutlmess'  added.  I  simply  speak  from  my 
general  understanding  of  the  term  as  heard  used  in  the  States  men- 
tioned above." 

Mr.  Raymond  Weeks,  of  Columbia,  Mo.,  writes : 

"Pardon  my  delay  in  answering  your  question  concerning  the  word 
'hoosier'  in  this  section.  The  word  means  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  has  a 
rare  popular  sense  of  a  backwoodsman,  a  rustic.  One  hears:  'He  is  a 
regular  hoosier. '  ! 

Mrs.  John  M.  Judah,  of  Memphis,  writes: 

"About  the  word  .'Hoosier' — one  hears  it  in  Tennessee  often.  It 
always  means  rough,  uncouth,  countrified.  'I  am  a  Hoosier,'  I  have 
said,  and  my  friends  answer  bewilderingly,  'But  all  Indiana-born  are 
Hoosiers,'  I  declare,  'What  nonsense!'  is  the  answer  generally,  but  one 
old  politician  responded  with  a  little  more  intelligence  on  the  subject: 
'You  Indianians  should  forget  that.  It  has  been  untrue  for  many  years.' 
In  one  of  Mrs.  Evans's  novels — 'St.  Elmo,'  I  think — a  noble  philan- 
thropic young  Southern  woman  is  reproached  by  her  haughty  father  for 
teaching  the  poor  children  in  the  neighborhood — 'a  lot  of  hoosiers, '  he 
calls  them.  I  have  seen  it  in  other  books,  too,  but  I  can  not  recall  them. 
In  newspapers  the  word  is  common  enough,  in  the  sense  I  referred  to." 

It  is  scarcely  possible  that  this  widespread  use  of  the  word  in  this 
general  sense  could  have  resulted  if  the  word  had  been  coined  to  signify 
a  native  of  Indiana,  but  it  would  have  been  natural  enough,  if  the  word 
were  in  common  use  as  slang  in  the  South,  to  apply  it  to  the  people  of 
Indiana.  Man}-  of  the  early  settlers  were  of  a  rough  and  ready  char- 
acter, and  doubtless  most  of  them  looked  it  in  their  long  and  toilsome 
emigration,  but,  more  than  that,  it  is  an  historical  fact  that  about  the 
time  of  the  publication  of  Finley's  poem  there  was  a  great  fad  of  nick- 
naming in  the  West,  and  especially  as  to  the  several  States.  It  was  a 
feature  of  the  humor  of  the  day,  and  all  genial  spirits  ' '  pushed  it  along. ' ' 
A  good  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  the  following  passage  from  Hoff- 
man's "Winter  in  the  West"10  referred  to  above: 

"There  was  a  long-haired  'hooshier'  from  Indiana,  a  couple  of  smart- 
looking  'suckers'  from  the  southern  part  of  Illinois,  a  keen-eyed,  leather- 
belted  'badger'  from  the  mines  of  Ouisconsin,  and  a  sturdy,  yeomanlikc 
fellow,  whose  white  eapot,  Indian  moccasins  and  red  sash  proclaimed, 
while  he  boasted  a  three  years'  residence,  the  genuine  'wolverine,'  or 
naturalized  Michiganian.  Could  one  refuse  to  drink  with  such  a  com- 
pany? The  spokesman  was  evidently  a  'red  horse'  from  Kentucky,  and 
nothing1  was  wanting  but  a  'buckeye'  from  Ohio  to  render  the  assemblage 
as  complete  as  it  was  select." 


10  Published  in  1835,  Vol.  1,  Page  210. 


1140  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

This  same  frontier  jocularity  furnishes  an  explanation  for  the  origin 
of  several  of  the  theories  of  the  derivation  of  the  name.  If  an  assuming 
sort  of  person,  in  a  crowd  accustomed  to  the  use  of  "hoosier"  in  its  gen- 
eral slang  sense,  should  pretentiously  announce  that  he  was  a  ' '  husher, ' ' 
or  a  "hussar,"  nothing  would  be  more  characteristically  American  than 
for  somebody  to  observe,  "He  is  a  hoosier,  sure  enough."  And  the 
victim  of  the  little  pleasantry  would  naturally  suppose  that  the  joker 
had  made  a  mistake  in  the  term.  But  the  significance  of  the  word  must 
have  been  quite  generally  understood,  for  the  testimony  is  uniform  that 
it  carried  its  slurring  significance  from  the  start.  Still  it  was  not  ma- 
terially more  objectionable  than  the  names  applied  to  the  people  of  other 
States,  and  it  was  commonly  accepted  in  the  spirit  of  humor.  As  Mr. 
Finley  put  it,  in  later  forms  of  his  poem: 

' '  With  feelings  proud  we  contemplate 
The  rising  glory  of  our  State ; 
Nor  take  offense  by  application 
Of  its  good-natured  appellation." 

It  appears  that  the  word  was  not  generally  known  throughout  the 
State  until  after  the  publication  of  "The  Hoosiers'  Nest,"  though  it 
was  known  earlier  in  some  localities,  and  these  localities  were  points  of 
contact  with  the  Southern  people.  And  this  was  true  as  to  Mr.  Finley 's 
locality,  for  the  uppei  art  of  the  Whitewater  valley  was  largely  settled 
by  Southerners,  and  from  the  Tennessee-Carolina  mountain  region, 
where  the  word  was  especially  in  use.  Such  settlements  had  a  certain 
individuality.  In  his  "Sketches"  (page  38)  the  Rev.  Aaron  Wood  says: 

' '  Previous  to  1830  society  was  not  homogeneous,  but  in  scraps,  made 
so  by  the  electic  affinity  of  race,  tastes,  sects  and  interest.  There  was  a 
wide  difference  in  the  domestic  habits  of  the  families  peculiar  to  the 
provincial  gossip,  dialect  and  tastes  of  the  older  States  from  which  they 
had  emigrated." 

The  tradition  in  my  own  family,  which  was  located  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  Whitewater  valley,  is  that  the  word  was  not  heard  there  until 
"along  in  the  thirties."  In  that  region  it  .always  carried  the  idea  of 
roughness  or  uncouthness,  and  it  developed  a  derivative — "hoosiery" — 
which  was  used  as  an  adjective  or  adverb  to  indicate  something  that 
was  rough,  awkward  or  shiftless.  Testimony  as  to  a  similar  condition 
in  the  middle  part  of  the  Whitewater  valley  is  furnished  in  the  following 
statement,  given  me  by  the  Rev.  T.  A.  Goodwin : 

"In  the  summer  of  1830  I  went  with  my  father,  Samuel  Goodwin, 
from  our  home  at  Brookville  to  Cincinnati.  We  traveled  in  an  old- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1141 

fashioned  one-horse  Dearborn  wagon.  I  was  a  boy  of  twelve  years  and 
it  was  a  great  occasion  for  me.  At  Cincinnati  I  had  a  fip  for  a  treat, 
and  at  that  time  there  was  nothing  I  relished  so  much  as  one  of  those 
big  pieces  of  gingerbread  that  were  served  as  refreshment  on  muster 
days,  Fourth  of  July  and  other  gala  occasions,  in  connection  with  cider. 
I  went  into  a  baker's  shop  and  asked  for  'a  ftp's  worth  of  gingerbread.' 
The  man  said,  'I  guess  you  want  hoosier-bait, '  and  when  he  produced 
it  I  found  that  he  had  the  right  idea.  That  was  the  first  time  I  ever 
heard  the  word  'hoosier,'  but  in  a  few  years  it  became  quite  commonly 
applied  to  Indiana  people.  The  gingerbread  referred  to  was  cooked  in 
square  pans — about  fifteen  inches  across,  I  should  think — and  with 
furrows  marked  across  the  top,  dividing  it  into  quarter-sections.  A 
quarter-section  sold  for  a  fip,  which  was  6*4  cents.  It  is  an  odd  fact 
that  when  Hosier  J.  Durbin  joined  the  Indiana  Methodist  Conference, 
in  1835,  his  name  was  misspelled  'Hoosier'  in  the  minutes,  and  was  so 
printed.  The  word  'Hoosier'  always,  had  the  sense  of  roughness  or 
uncouthness  in  its  early  use." 

At  the  time  this  statement  was  made,  neither  Mr.  Goodwin  nor  I 
knew  of  the  existence  of  the  last  four  lines  of  Finley's  poem,  in  which 
this  same  term  "hoosier-bait"  occurs,  they  being  omitted  in  all  the 
ordinary  forms  of  the  poem.  The  derivation  of  this  term  is  obvious, 
whether  "bait"  be  taken  in  its  sense  of  a  lure  or  its  sense  of  food.  It 
was  simply  something  that  "hoosiers"  were  fond  of,  and  its  application 
was  natural  at  a  time  when  the  ideal  of  happiness  was  "a  country-boy 
with  a  hunk  of  gingerbread." 

After  the  word  had  been  applied  to  Indiana,  and  had  entered  on  its 
double-sense  stage,  writers  who  were  familiar  with  both  uses  distin- 
guished between  them  by  making  it  a  proper  noun  when  Indiana  was 
referred  to.  An  illustration  of  this  is  seen  in  the  writings  of  J.  S.  Robb, 
author  of  "The  Swamp  Doctor  in  the  Southwest"  and  other  humorous 
sketches,  published  in  1843.  He  refers  to  Indiana  as  "the  Hoosier 
state, ' '  but  in  a  sketch  of  an  eccentric  St.  Louis  character  he  writes  thus : 

"One  day,  opposite  the  Planter's  House,  during  a  military  parade, 
George  was  engaged  in  selling  his  edition  of  the  Advocate  of  Truth, 
when  a  tall  hoosier,  who  had  been  gazing  at  him  with  astonishment  for 
some  time,  roared  out  in  an  immoderate  fit  of  laughter. 

"  'What  do  you  see  so  funny  in  me  to  laugh  at?'  inquired  George. 

"  'Why,  boy,'  said  the  hoosier,  'I  wur  jest  a  thinkin'  ef  I'd  seed  you 
out  in  the  woods,  with  all  that  har  on,  they  would  a  been  the  d — dest 
runnin'  done  by  this  'coon  ever  seen  in  them  diggins — you're  ekill  to 
the  elephant!  and  a  leetle  the  haryest  small  man  I've  seen  seart  up 
lately.'  " 


1142  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Unfortunately,  however,  not  many  writers  were  familiar  with  the 
double  use  of  the  word,  and  the  distinction  has  gradually  died  out, 
while  persistent  assertions  that  the  word  was  coined  to  designate  Indiana 
people  have  loaded  on  them  all  the  odium  for  the  significance  that  the 
word  has  anywhere. 

The  real  problem  of  the  derivation  of  the  word  "hoosier,"  is  not  a 
question  of  the  origin  of  a  word  formed  to  designate  the  State  of  Indiana 
and  its  people,  but  of  the  origin  of  a  slang  term  widely  in  use  in  the 
South,  signifying  an  uncouth  rustic.  There  seems  never  to  have  been 
any  attempt  at  a  rational  philological  derivation,  unless  we  may  so 
account  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland's  remarks  in  Barriere  and  Leland's 
"Dictionary  of  Slang,  Jargon  and  Cant,"  which  are  as  follows: 

"Hoosier  (American).  A  nickname  given  to  natives  of  Indiana. 
Bartlett  cites  from  the  Providence  Journal  a  story  which  has  the  appear- 
ance of  being  an  after-manufacture  to  suit  the  name,  deriving  hoosier 
from  'husher — from  their  primary  capacity  to  still  their  opponents.' 
He  also  asserts  that  the  Kentuckians  maintained  that  the  nickname 
expresses  the  exclamation  of  an  Indian  when  he  knocks  at  a  door  and 
exclaims  'Who's  yere?'  However,  the  word  originally  was  not  hoosier 
at  all,  but  hoosieroon,  or  hoosheroon,  hoosier  being  an  abbreviation  of  this. 
I  can  remember  that  in  1834,  having  read  of  hoosiers,  and  spoken  of 
them  a  boy  from  the  West  corrected  me,  and  said  that  the  word  was 
properly  hoosieroon.  This  would  indicate  a  Spanish  origin." 

The  source  of  Mr.  Leland's  error  is  plain.  "Hoosieroon"  was 
undoubtedly  coined  by  Mr.  Finley  to  designate  a  Hoosier  child,  and 
what  the  boy  probably  told  Mr.  Leland  was  that  the  name  to  apply 
properly  to  him  would  be  Hoosieroon.  But  that  alone  would  not  dis- 
pose wholly  of  the  Spanish  suggestion,  for  "oon"  or  "on"  is  not  only 
a  Spanish  ending,  but  is  a  Spanish  diminutive  indicating  blood  relation. 
In  reality,  however,  Mr.  Finley  did  not  understand  Spanish,  and  the 
ending  was  probably  suggested  to  him  by  quadroon  and  octoroon,  which, 
of  course,  were  in  general  use.  There  is  no  Spanish  word  that  would 
give  any  suggestion  of  "hoosier."  The  only  other  language  of  con- 
tinental Europe  that  could  be  looked  to  for  its  origin  would  be  French, 
but  there  is  no  French  word  approaching,  it  except,  perhaps,  "huche," 
which  means  a  kneading  trough,  and  there  is  no  probability  of  deriva- 
tion from  that. 

In  fact,  "hoosier"  carries  Anglo-Saxon  credentials.  It  is  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  form  and  Anglo-Saxon  in  ring.  If  it  came  from  any  foreign 
language,  it  has  been  thoroughly  anglicized.  And  in  considering  its 
derivation  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  Southerners  have  always  had 
a  remarkable  faculty  for  creating  new  words  and  modifying  old  ones. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1143 

Anyone  who  has  noted  the  advent  of  "snollygoster"  in  the  present  gen- 
eration, or  has  read  Longstreet's  elucidation  of  "fescue,"  "abisselfa," 
and  "anpersant"  ll  will  readily  concede  that.  And  in  this  connection 
it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  word  "yahoo"  has  long  been  in  use  in 
Southern  slang,  in  almost  exactly  the  same  sense  as  "hoosier,"  and  the 
latter  word  may  possibly  have  developed  from  its  last  syllable.  We 
have  a  very  common  slang  word  in  the  North — "yap" — with  the  same 
signification,  which  may  have  come  from  the  same  source,  though  more 
probably  from  the  provincial  English  "yap,"  to  yelp  or  bark.  "Yahoo" 


GREAT  CONFLAGRATION  AT  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 

is  commonly  said  to  have  been  coined  by  Swift,  but  there  is  a  possibility 
that  it  was  in  slang  use  in  his  day. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  chief  cause  of  the  absence  of  conjectures 
of  the  derivation  of  "Hoosier"  from  an  English  stem  was  the  lack  in 
our  dictionaries  of  any  word  from  which  it  could  be  supposed  to  come, 
and  it  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  our  latest  dictionaries — the  Standard 
and  the  Century — there  appears  the  word  "hoose,"  which  has  been  in  use 
for  centuries  in  England.  It  is  used  now  to  denote  a  disease  common 
to  calves,  similar  to  the  gapes  in  chickens,  caused  by  the  lodgement  of 
worms  in  the  throat.  The  symptoms  of  this  disease  include  staring  eyes, 
rough  coat  with  hair  turned  backward,  and  hoarse  wheezing.  So  forlorn 
an  aspect  might  readily  suggest  giving  the  name  "hooser"  or  "hoosier" 
to  an  uncouth,  rough-looking  person.  In  this  country,  for  some  reason, 


Georgia  Scenes,  page  73. 

Vol.  n— 37 


1142  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Unfortunately,  however,  not  many  writers  were  familiar  with  the 
double  use  of  the  word,  and  the  distinction  has  gradually  died  out, 
while  persistent  assertions  that  the  word  was  coined  to  designate  Indiana 
people  have  loaded  on  them  all  the  odium  for  the  significance  that  the 
word  has  anywhere. 

The  real  problem  of  the  derivation  of  the  word  "hoosier,"  is  not  a 
question  of  the  origin  of  a  word  formed  to  designate  the  State  of  Indiana 
and  its  people,  but  of  the  origin  of  a  slang  term  widely  in  use  in  the 
South,  signifying  an  uncouth  rustic.  There  seems  never  to  have  been 
any  attempt  at  a  rational  philological  derivation,  unless  we  may  so 
account  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland's  remarks  in  Barriere  and  Leland's 
"Dictionary  of  Slang,  Jargon  and  Cant,"  which  are  as  follows: 

"Hoosier  (American).  A  nickname  given  to  natives  of  Indiana. 
Bartlett  cites  from  the  Providence  Journal  a  story  which  has  the  appear- 
ance of  being  an  after-manufacture  to  suit  the  name,  deriving  hoosier 
from  'husher — from  their  primary  capacity  to  still  their  opponents.' 
He  also  asserts  that  the  Kentuckians  maintained  that  the  nickname 
expresses  the  exclamation  of  an  Indian  when  he  knocks  at  a  door  and 
exclaims  'Who's  yere?'  However,  the  word  originally  was  not  hoosier 
at  all,  but  hoosieroon,  or  hoosheroon,  hoosier  being  an  abbreviation  of  this. 
I  can  remember  that  in  1834,  having  read  of  hoosiers,  and  spoken  of 
them  a  boy  from  the  West  corrected  me,  and  said  that  the  word  was 
properly  hoosieroon.  This  would  indicate  a  Spanish  origin." 

The  source  of  Mr.  Leland's  error  is  plain.  "Hoosieroon"  was 
undoubtedly  coined  by  Mr.  Finley  to  designate  a  Hoosier  child,  and 
what  the  boy  probably  told  Mr.  Leland  was  that  the  name  to  apply 
properly  to  him  would  be  Hoosieroon.  But  that  alone  would  not  dis- 
pose wholly  of  the  Spanish  suggestion,  for  "oon"  or  "on"  is  not  only 
a  Spanish  ending,  but  is  a  Spanish  diminutive  indicating  blood  relation. 
In  reality,  however,  Mr.  Finley  did  not  understand  Spanish,  and  the 
ending  was  probably  suggested  to  him  by  quadroon  and  octoroon,  which, 
of  course,  were  in  general  use.  There  is  no  Spanish  word  that  would 
give  any  suggestion  of  "hoosier."  The  only  other  language  of  con- 
tinental Europe  that  could  be  looked  to  for  its  origin  would  be  French, 
but  there  is  no  French  word  approaching  it  except,  perhaps,  "huche," 
which  means  a  kneading  trough,  and  there  is  no  probability  of  deriva- 
tion from  that. 

In  fact,  "hoosier"  carries  Anglo-Saxon  credentials.  It  is  Anglo- 
Saxon  in  form  and  Anglo-Saxon  in  ring.  If  it  came  from  any  foreign 
language,  it  has  been  thoroughly  anglicized.  And  in  considering  its 
derivation  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  Southerners  have  always  had 
a  remarkable  faculty  for  creating  new  words  and  modifying  old  ones. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1143 


Anyone  who  has  noted  the  advent  of  "snollygoster"  in  the  present  gen- 
eration, or  has  read  Longstreet's  elucidation  of  "fescue,"  "abisselfa," 
and  "anpersant"  1J  will  readily  concede  that.  And  in  this  connection 
it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  word  "yahoo"  has  long  been  in  use  in 
Southern  slang,  in  almost  exactly  the  same  sense  as  "hoosier,"  and  the 
latter  word  may  possibly  have  developed  from  its  last  syllable.  We 
have  a  very  common  slang  word  in  the  North — "yap" — with  the  same 
signification,  which  may  have  come  from  the  same  source,  though  more 
probably  from  the  provincial  English  "yap,"  to  yelp  or  bark.  "Yahoo" 


GREAT  CONFLAGRATION  AT  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 

is  commonly  said  to  have  been  coined  by  Swift,  but  there  is  a  possibility 
that  it  was  in  slang  use  in  his  day. 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  chief  cause  of  the  absence  of  conjectures 
of  the  derivation  of  "Hoosier"  from  an  English  stem  was  the  lack  in 
our  dictionaries  of  any  word  from  which  it  could  be  supposed  to  come, 
and  it  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  our  latest  dictionaries — the  Standard 
and  the  Century — there  appears  the  word  "hoose,"  which  has  been  in  use 
for  centuries  in  England.  It  is  used  now  to  denote  a  disease  common 
to  calves,  similar  to  the  gapes  in  chickens,  caused  by  the  lodgement  of 
worms  in  the  throat.  The  symptoms  of  this  disease  include  staring  eyes, 
rough  coat  with  hair  turned  backward,  and  hoarse  wheezing.  So  forlorn 
an  aspect  might  readily  suggest  giving  the  name  "hooser"  or  "hoosier" 
to  an  uncouth,  rough-looking  person.  In  this  country,  for  some  reason, 


11  Georgia  Scenes,  page  73. 


Vol.  n— 37 


1144  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

this  disease  has  been  known  only  by  the  name  of  the  worm  that  causes  it — 
"strongylus  micrurus" — it  sounds  very  much  like  "strangle  us  marcus" 
as  the  veterinarians  pronounce  it — but  in  England  "hoose"  is  the  com- 
mon name.  This  word  is  from  a  very  strong  old  stem.  Halliwell,  in 
his  "Dictionary  of  Archaic  and  Provincial  Words,"  gives  "hooze"  and 
"boors,"  and  states  that  "hoos"  occurs  in  the  "Promptorium  Parvu- 
lorum,"  and  "hoozy"  in  the  "Cornwall  Glossary,"  the  latter  being  used 
also  in  Devonshire.  Palmer,  in  his  "Folk-Etymology,"  says  that  "hoarst 
— a  Lincolnshire  word  for  a  cold  on  the  chest,  as  if  that  which  makes 
one  hoarse,"  is  a  corruption  of  the  Old  English  "host,"  a  cough,  Danish 
"hoste,"  Dutch  "hoeste,"  Anglo-Saxon  "hweost,"  a  wheeziness;  and 
refers  to  Old  English  "hoose,"  to  cough,  and  Cleveland  " hooze"  to 
wheeze.  Descriptions  of  the  effect  of  hoose  on  the  appearance  of  animals 
will  be  found  in  Armatage's  'Cattle  Doctor,"  and  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  Highland  Society  of  Scotland, ' '  fourth  series,  Vol.  10,  at  page  206. 

There  is  also  a  possibility  of  a  geographical  origin  for  the  word,  for 
there  is  a  coast  parish  of  Cheshire,  England,  about  seven  miles  west  of 
Liverpool,  named  Hoose.  The  name  probably  refers  to  the  cliffs  in  the 
vicinity,  for  "hoo,"  which  occurs  both  in  composition  and  independently 
in  old  English  names  of  places,  is  a  Saxon  word  signifying  high.  How- 
ever, this  is  an  obscure  parish,  and  no  especial  peculiarity  of  the  people 
is  known  that  would  probably  give  rise  to  a  distinctive  name  for  them. 

There  is  one  other  possibility  that  is  worthy  of  mention — that  the 
word  may  come  to  us  through  England  from  the  Hindoo.  In  India 
there  is  in  general  use  a  word  commonly  written  "huzur,"  which  is  a 
respectful  form  of  address  to  persons  of  rank  or  superiority.  In  "The 
Potter 's  Thumb ' '  Mrs.  Steel  writes  it ' '  hoozur. ' '  Akin  to  it  is  "  housha, ' ' 
the  title  of  a  village  authority  in  Bengal.  It  may  seem  impossible  that 
"hoosier"  could  come  from  so  far  off  a  source,  and  yet  it  is  almost 
certain  that  our  slang  word  "fakir,"  and  its  derivative  verb  "fake," 
came  from  the  Hindoo  through  England,  whither  for  many  years  people 
of  all  classes  have  been  returning  from  Indian  service.  It  is  even 
more  certain  that  the  word  "khaki"  was  introduced  from  India,  and 
passed  into  general  use  in  English  and  American  nurseries  long  before 
khaki-cloth  was  known  to  us.  Indeed,  the  word  "Indiana,"  itself,  goes 
back  to  India  for  its  origin. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  words  pass  from  one  language  to  another  in 
slang  very  readily.  For  example,  throughout  England  and  America  a 
kidnaper  is  said  in  thieves'  slang  to  be  "on  the  kinchin  lay,"  and  it 
can  scarcely  be  questioned  that  the  word  is  direct  from  the  German 
"kindchen."  The  change  in  meaning  from  "huzur"  to  "hoosier"  would 
be  explicable  by  the  outlandish  dress  and  looks  of  the  Indian  grandees 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1145 

from  a  native  English  standpoint,  and  one  might  naturally  say  of  an 
uncouth  person,  ' '  He  looks  like  a  huzur. ' ' 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  urge  that  any  one  of  these  suggested  possi- 
bilities of  derivation  is  preferable  to  the  other,  or  to  assert  that  there 
may  not  be  other  and  more  rational  ones.  It  is  sufficient  to  have  pointed 
out  that  there  are  abundant  sources  from  which  the  word  may  have  been 
derived.  The  essential  point  is  that  Indiana  and  her  people  had  noth- 
ing whatever  to  do  with  its  origin  or  its  signification.  It  was  applied 
to  us  in  raillery,  and  our  only  connection  with  it  is  that  we  have  meekly 
borne  it  for  some  three  score  years  and  ten,  and  have  made  it  widely 
recognized  as  a  badge  of  honor,  rather  than  a  term  of  reproach. 

Addendum,  February,  1907.  The  greater  part  of  the  preceding 
was  published  in  the  Indianapolis  News  of  Aug.  23  and  30,  1902.  After- 
wards I  rewrote  and  enlarged  it.  Since  then  there  have  appeared  two 
publications  which  threw  some  additional  light  on  the  subject.  One 
of  these  is  an  account  of  Col.  Lehmanowsky,  purporting  to  be  autobio- 
graphical, published  under  the  title,  "Under  Two  Captains,"  by  Rev. 
W.  A.  Sadtler,  Ph.  D.,  of  Philadelphia.  This  demonstrates  that  Leh- 
manowsky believed  he  originated  the  word,  for  he  gives  the  following 
account  of  it : 

' '  In  this  connection  I  may  mention  an  amusing  incident  that  occurred 
somewhat  later  in  a  town  in  Kentucky,  where  I  happened  for  a  day  or 
two.  There  was  a  drunken  brawl  in  progress  on  the  street,  and  as  quite 
a  number  were  involved  in  it,  the  people  with  whom  I  was  speaking 
began  to  be  alarmed.  I  remarked  just  then  that  a  few  hussars  would 
soon  quiet  them.  My  remark  was  caught  up  by  some  bystander,  and 
the  word  hussar  construed  to  mean  the  men  of  the  State  of  Indiana 
(from  which  I  had  just  come),  and  thus  the  word  'Hoosier'  came  into 
existence.  Such  is  the  irony  of  fate!  Learned  men  have  labored  long 
to  introduce  some  favored  word  of  the  most  approved  classic  derivation, 
and  as  a  rule  have  failed.  Here  a  chance  word  of  mine,  miscalled  by  an 
ignorant  loafer,  catches  the  popular  fancy  and  passes  into  Literature. "  ' 2 

At  the  same  time  he  furnishes  conclusive  evidence  that  he  did  not 
originate  it,  for  he  says  that  he  did  not  leave  Washington  for  the  West 
until  the  spring  of  1833 ;  that  he  went  as  far  as  Ohio  with  his  family  and 
passed  the  winter  of  1833-4  in  the  state,13  reaching  Indiana  the  next 
spring,  or  more  than  a  year  after  "The  Hoosier 's  Nest"  had  appeared 
in  print.  His  story,  as  given  above,  locates  the  incident  at  a  still  later 
date. 


12  Pages  188-9. 
is  Pages  182-5. 


U46  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

The  other  publication  is  the  third  volume  of  The  English  Dialect 
Dictionary,  in  which  appears  the  following: 

"Hoozer,  Cum.  4  (hu-zer)  said  of  anything  unusually  large." 

The  "Cum  4"  is  a  reference  to  "A  Glossary  of  the  Words  and 
Phrases  pertaining  to  the  Dialect  of  Cumberland;"  edition  of  1899. 

Although  I  had  long  been  convinced  that  "hoosier, "  or  some  word 
closely  remembling  it,  must  be  an  old  English  dialect  or  slang  word, 
I  had  never  found  any  trace  of  a  similar  substantive  with  this  ending 
until  in  this  publication,  and,  in  my  opinion,  this  word  "hoozer"  is  the 
original  form  of  our  "hoosier."  It  evidently  harks  back  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  "hoo"  for  its  derivation.  It  might  naturally  signify  a  hill- 
dweller  or  highlander  as  well  as  something  large,  but  either  would 
easily  give  rise  to  the  derivative  idea  of  uncouthness  and  rusticity. 

There  is  a  suggestiveness  in  the  fact  that  it  is  Cumberland  dialect. 
The  very  center  of  hoosierdom  in  the  South  is  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
with  its  associated  Cumberland  Mountains,  Cumberland  Biver,  Cumber- 
land Gap,  and  Cumberland  Presbyterianism.  The  name  Cumberland 
in  these,  however,  is  honorary  in  origin,  the  river  and  mountains  having 
been  named  for  that  Duke  of  Cumberland  who  is  known  to  the  Scotch 
as  "The  Butcher  of  Culloden."  But  many  of  the  settlers  of  this  region, 
or  their  immediate  forebears,  were  from  Cumberland  county,  England, 
and  so  "hoozer"  was  a  natural  importation  to  the  region.  Thence  it 
was  probably  brought  to  us  by  their  migratory  descendants,  many  of 
whom  settled  in  the  upper  Whitewater  Valley — the  home  of  John  Finley. 

JOHN  FINLEY 

The  fact  that  John  Finley  made  the  name  "Hoosier"  popular  makes 
him  a  person  of  interest  in  this  connection ;  and  with  the  preceding 
publication  there  appeared  a  sketch  of  his  life,  by  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Sarah  A.  Wrigley,  from  which  the  following  is  taken : 

Mr.  Finley 's  ancestors  were  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians;  the  family 
was  driven  from  Scotland  to  Ireland  by  religious  persecution,  and  fail- 
ing to  find  the  religious  and  political  freedom  they  sought  the  seven 
brothers  emigrated  to  America,  in  1724..  Samuel  Finley  became  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  College ;  John  explored  the  western  wilds  with  Daniel 
Boone,  and  the  youngest  brother,  William,  settled  on  a  farm  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  His  son,  Andrew,  married  and  removed  to  Brownsburg, 
Rockridge  county,  Virginia,  where  John  Finley  was  born,  January 
11,  1797. 

Andrew  Finley  was  a  merchant  in  the  village,  but  the  family  occupied 
a  farm  in  a  beautiful  valley  near  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  This 


•  , 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1147 

mouutain  range  could  not  fail  to  impress  a  child  of  poetic  temperament 
—the  blue  haze  veiling  its  summit,  the  drifting  clouds  that  clung  to  its 
side,  the  rising  sun  dispersing  the  mists  in  the  valley,  or,  the  shadows 
creeping  over  valley  and  mountain  as  the  setting  sun  disappeared  be- 


JOHN   FlNLET 

yond  the  western  horizon,  all  left  lasting  pictures  in  his  memory  and 
influenced  his  after  life. 

His  school  days  were  cut  short  by  his  father's  financial  reverses, 
following  the  capture  of  a  cargo  of  flour  by  the  British  during  the  war 
of  1812.  This  misfortune  threw  the  boy  of  sixteen  on  his  own  resources, 
and,  as  nothing  better  offered  he  accepted  a  position  with  a  relative  who 
was  conducting  a  tanning  and  currying  business  in  Greenbrier  county. 
This  was  a  most  humiliating  alternative  for  a  young  Virginian  whose 
surroundings  led  him  to  look  upon  manual  labor  as  only  fit  for  slaves, 


• 


1146 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  other  publication  is  the  third  volume  of  The  English  Dialect 
Dictionary,  in  which  appears  the  following: 

"Hoozer,  Cum.  4  (hu-zer)  said  of  anything  unusually  large." 

The  "Cum  4"  is  a  reference  to  ''A  Glossary  of  the  Words  and 
Phrases  pertaining  to  the  Dialect  of  Cumberland;"  edition  of  1899. 

Although  I  had  long  been  convinced  that  "hoosier, "  or  some  word 
closely  remeinbling  it,  must  be  an  old  English  dialect  or  slang  word, 
I  had  never  found  any  trace  of  a  similar  substantive  with  this  ending 
until  in  this  publication,  and,  in  my  opinion,  this  word  "hoozer"  is  the 
original  form  of  our  "hoosier."  It  evidently  harks  back  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  "hoo"  for  its  derivation.  It  might  naturally  signify  a  hill- 
dweller  or  highlander  as  well  as  something  large,  but  either  would 
easily  give  rise  to  the  derivative  idea  of  uncouthncss  and  rusticity. 

There  is  a  suggestiveness  in  the  fact  that  it  is  Cumberland  dialect. 
The  very  center  of  hoosierdom  in  the  South  is  the  Cumberland  Plateau 
with  its  associated  Cumberland  Mountains,  Cumberland  River,  Cumber- 
land Gap,  an4  Cumberland  Presbyterianism.  The  name  Cumberland 
in  these,  however,  is  honorary  in  origin,  the  river  and  mountains  having 
been  named  for  that  Duke  of  Cumberland  who  is  known  to  the  Scotc-h 
as  "The  Butcher  of  Culloden."  But  many  of  the  settlers  of  this  region, 
or  their  immediate  forebears,  were  from  Cumberland  county,  England, 
and  so  "hoozer"  was  a  natural  importation  to  the  region.  Thence  it 
was  probably  brought  to  us  by  their  migratory  descendants,  many  of 
whom  settled  in  the  upper  Whitewater  Valley — the  home  of  John  Finlcy. 


JOHN  FINLEY 


The  fact  that  John  Finley  made  the  name  "Hoosier"  popular  makes 
him  a  person  of  interest  in  this  connection ;  and  with  the  preceding 
publication  there  appeared  a  sketch  of  his  life,  by  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Sarah  A.  Wrigley,  from  which  the  following  is  taken : 

Mr.  Finley 's  ancestors  were  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians;  the  family 
was  driven  from  Scotland  to  Ireland  by  religious  persecution,  and  fail- 
ing to  find  the  religious  and  political  freedom  they  sought  the  seven 
brothers  emigrated  to  America,  in  1724.  Samuel  Finley  became  presi- 
dent of  Princeton  College ;  John  explored  the  western  wilds  with  Daniel 
Boone,  and  the  youngest  brother,  William,  settled  on  a  farm  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  His  son,  Andrew,  married  and  removed  to  Brownsburg, 
Rockridge  county,  Virginia,  where  John  Finley  was  born,  January 
11,  1797. 

Andrew  Finley  was  a  merchant  in  the  village,  but  the  family  occupied 
a  farm  in  a  beautiful  valley  near  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  This 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1147 


mountain  range  could  not  fail  to  impress  a  child  of  poetic  temperament 
— the  hlue  haze  veiling  its  summit,  the  drifting  clouds  that  clung  to  its 
side,  the  rising  sun  dispersing  the  mists  in  the  valley,  or,  the  shadows 
creeping  over  valley  and  mountain  as  the  setting  sun  disappeared  be- 


. 


JOHN  FINLEY 

yond  the  western  horizon,  all  left  lasting  pictures  in  his  memory  and 
influenced  his  after  life. 

His  school  days  were  cut  short  by  his  father's  financial  reverses, 
following  the  capture  of  a  cargo  of  flour  by  the  British  during  the  war 
of  1812.  This  misfortune  threw  the  boy  of  sixteen  on  his  own  resources, 
and,  as  nothing  better  offered  he  accepted  a  position  with  a  relative  who 
was  conducting  a  tanning  and  currying  business  in  Greenbrier  county. 
This  was  a  most  humiliating  alternative  for  a  young  Virginian  whose 
surroundings  led  him  to  look  upon  manual  labor  as  only  fit  for  slaves, 


1148  INDIANA  AND INDIANANS 

but  it  was  part  of  the  discipline  of  life  which  resulted  in  marked  regard 
for  all  practical  workmen,  and  an  abhorrence  of  the  institution  of  slavery. 
In  1816  he  joined  an  emigrant  company  and  with  fifty  dollars  in  his 
pocket,  a  saddle-horse  and  rifle  and  a  pair  of  saddlebags,  turned  his 
face  towards  the  "Eldorado  of  the  West."  His  first  stopping  place  was 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  but  in  1820,  we  find  him  in  Richmond,  Ind.,  where  he 
lived  to  see  a  small  village  develop  into  a  thriving  city. 

Taking  an  active  part  in  its  growth,  he  was  rewarded  by  the  con- 
fidence and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens  who  elected  him  to  various 
offices  of  trust  and  responsibility.  His  official  career  began  in  1822,  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace.  He  represented  Wayne  county  in  the  Legislature, 
1828-31,  and  then  was  Enrolling  Clerk  of  the  Senate  for  three  years. 
During  this  time  he  met  the  leading  men  of  the  State  and  formed  many 
lasting  friendships.  1833-37,  he  edited  and  held  a  controlling  interest 
in  the  principal  newspaper  of  the  county,  the  Richmond  Palladium,  and 
in  1837,  was  elected  clerk  of  the  Wayne  County  Courts,  with  a  term  of 
seven  years;  this  necessitated  a  removal  to  the  county  seat,  Centerville, 
but  on  the  expiration  of  the  term  (1845)  he  returned  to  Richmond,  having 
always  considered  it  his  home.  Elected  mayor  of  the  city  in  the  spring 
of  1852,  he  retained  the  office,  by  re-election,  until  his  death,  December 
23,  1866,  having  almost  continuous  public  service  for  more  than  forty 
years. 

He  was  a  man  of  sterling  integrity ;  none  who  knew  him  ever  doubted 
his  word ;  an  oath  could  not  make  it  more  binding.  As  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity  he  was  active  in  the  relief  of  the  poor  and  needy; 
his  sympathy  and  assistance  were  freely  given  to  the  ignorant  negroes 
seeking  refuge  in  Indiana;  he  looked  upon  them  as  children  that  had 
been  deprived  of  their  birthright. 

A  self-educated  man,  his  reading  covered  a  wide  field ;  he  was  famil- 
iar with  standard  English  authors  arid  was  a  constant  reader  of  the  best 
current  periodicals  and  newspapers,  especially  those  containing  the 
opinions  of  leading  statesmen  on  political  questions  and  internal  im- 
provements. 

He  was  twice  married,  and  had  six  children,  one  son,  Maj.  John  H. 
Finley,  gave  his  life  for  his  country  in  the  war  for  the  Union — from  this 
blow  the  father  never  recovered.  A  widow  .and  three  daughters  survived 
him.  Robert  Burns  was  his  favorite  poet,  the  humor  convulsed  him  with 
silent  laughter,  and  "Highland  Mary,"  or  "The  Cotter's  Saturday 
Night"  brought  the  quick  tears  to  his  eyes. 

Mr.  Finley 's  reputation  as  a  poet  was  established  when  the  Indiana 
Journal  published  "The  Hoosier's  Nest,"  January  1,  1833.  It  was  the 
first  "Carrier's  Address"  written  by  the  author,  and  was  followed  by 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1149 

an  ' '  address ' '  to  the  Journal  for  eight  or  nine  years  in  succession.  The 
Palladium  also  had  an  annual  "address."  These  were  rhyming  reviews 
of  State  and  National  questions  or  humorous  references  to  peculiarities 
of  candidates  for  public  office.  They  were  of  local  interest  but  did  not 
arrest  general  attention  as  the  graphic  description  of  Hoosier  life  had 
done.  After  a  lapse  of  seventy-five  years  "The  Hoosier 's  Nest"  is  still 
in  demand  at  Old  Settlers'  Picnics,  and  at  the  reunions  of  the  many 
"Hoosier  Clubs"  springing  up  wherever  Indiana's  sons  have  become 
prominent  in  the  Great  West.  *  *  * 

The  word  Hoosieroon  was  coined  for  the  poem,  and  "Hoosier*'  no 
longer  designated  a  rough,  uncouth  backwoodsman  but  a  self-reliant 
man  who  was  able  to  subdue  the  wilderness,  defend  his  home,  and  com- 
mand the  respect  of  his  neighbors : 

"He  is,  (and  not  the  little-great) 

The  bone  and  sinew  of  the  State." 

"Bachelor's  Hall"  was  published  anonymously,  and  was  immediately 
credited  to  the  Irish  poet,  Thomas  Moore ;  it  was  reproduced  in  England 
and  Ireland  many  times  before  the  authorship  was  established.  It  was 
set  to  music  for  "Miss  Leslie's  Magazine,"  and  was  sung  at  a  banquet 
given  for  the  members  of  the  Indiana  Legislature.  *  *  * 

When  urged  by  friends  to  make  a  collection  of  poems  for  publica- 
tion he  found,  (in  1866),  that  many  had  been  lost  beyond  recover}-,  his 
hope  of  writing  something  more  worthy  of  preservation  made  him  care- 
less of  that  which  had  been  published;  there  is,  however,  considerable 
variety  in  the  collection,  ranging  from  "grave  to  gay."  These  are  some 
of  the  titles:  "Lines,"  written  on  opening  a  mound  on  the  bank  of 
Whitewater  near  Richmond,  Ind.  containing  a  human  skeleton.  "What 
is  Life,"  "What  is  Faith,"  "A  Prayer,"  "My  Loves  and  Hates." 
This  was  the  first  poem  written  for  publication.  "Valedictory,  on 
closing  my  term  as  Clerk  of  the  Wayne  County  Courts."  In  lighter 
vein  are,  " Advertisment  for  a  Wife,"  "The  Last  of  the  Family,"  "To 
My  Old  Coat,"  and  "The  Miller." 

Mr.  Finley  was  not  a  church  member  but  his  creed  is  embraced  in 
the  following  sentence — "The  Fatherhood  of  God  and  the  Brotherhood 
of  Man." 

An  unpublished  fragment,  found  after  death  in  the  pocketbook  he 
carried,  shows  his  truly  devotional  spirit: — 

"My  Heav'nly  Father!  deign  to  hear  ".'-, 

The  supplications  of  a  child, 
Who  would  before  thy  throne  appear, 

With  spirit  meek,  and  undefiled. 


1150  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"Let  not  the  vanities  of  earth 

Forbid  that  I  should  come  to  Thee, 
Of  such  as  I,  (by  Heav'nly  birth) 

Thy  Kingdom,  Thou  hast  said,  shall  be." 

ilr.  Finlcy  has  always  been  recognized  as  having  real  poetic  talent. 
For  many  years  he  was  known  as  "The  Hoosier  Poet,"  an  appellation 
since  transferred  to  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  who  wrote  of  him : 

"The  voice  that  sang  the  Hoosier 's  Nest — 
Of  Western  singers  first  and  best — " 

• 

Strickland  Gillilan — of  "Off  agin,  on  agin,  gone  agin,  Finnigan" 
fame,  wrote  of  him : 

' '  He  nursed  the  Infant  Hoosier  muse 

When  she  could  scarcely  lisp  her  name; 

Forerunner  of  the  world's  great  lights 
That  since  have  added  to  her  fame, 
He  blazed  the  way  to  greater  things, 

With  Hoosier's  Nest,  and  Bachelor's  Hall; 
And,  while  the  grand  world-chorus  rings 

With  songs  our  Hoosier  choir  sings, 
Let  not  the  stream  forget  the  springs, — 

Set  Finley's  name  before  them  all." 

- 
THE  BURNT  DISTRICT 

There  was  another  political  venture  of  John  Finley,  not  mentioned 
by  Mrs.  Wrigley,  which  probably  connects  him  with  another  Indiana 
term  whose  origin  has  been  a  mystery.  For  more  than  half  a  century 
the  Congressional  district  including  Wayne  County  has  been  known  as 
"The  Burnt  District;"  and  for  several  years  past  the  efforts  of  several 
investigators  to  learn  the  origin  and  significance  of  the  term  have  been 
fruitless.  Local  authorities  could  not  explain  it,  and  the  "oldest  in- 
habitant" knew  only  that  it  had  been  used  as  far  back  as  he  could 
remember.  A  theory  was  advanced  that  there  had  been  a  forest  fire 
in  the  region  at  an  early  date ;  but  there  was  no  evidence  of  this  in 
tradition;  record,  or  the  condition  of  the  forest.  The  use  of  the  word 
indicated  a  political  origin  of  some  sort ;  but  no  clue  to  it  was  found 
until  recently,  when  Mrs.  Grace  Julian  Clarke  found  in  an  autobiogra- 
phical manuscript  of  her  father,  George  W.  Julian,  the  following  note: 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1151 

"Burnt  District.  So  named  by  the  Democrats  after  a  fearful  fire 
in  the  City  of  Pittsburg  in  the  year  1841.  The  Whig  majority  was 
then  so  overwhelming  that  some  of  the  leaders  of  the  helpless  minority 
applied  to  it  the  name  of  that  portion  of  the  unfortunate  city  which  had 
been  totally  destroyed  by  fire." 

As  Mr.  Julian  represented  the  district  for  many  years,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  he  had  the  correct  solution;  but  unfortunately  there 
was  no  great  fire  in  Pittsburg  in  1841,  and  in  that  year  the  Democrats 
carried  the  district,  electing  Andrew  Kennedy,  "the  Boy  Blacksmith." 
The  notable  big  fire  at  Pittsburg  was  on  April  10,  1845,  when  twenty 
blocks  of  the  business  section  of  the  place  were  swept  out  of  existence, 
and  the  Indiana  papers  had  vivid  accounts  of  the  desolation  of  "the 
burnt  district."  In  that  year  also,  the  Democrats  fared  well  in  Indiana 
except  in  the  Wayne  County  district,  where  the  Congressional  vote  was, 
Caleb  B.  Smith,  Whig,  4,863 ;  John  Finley,  Democrat,  3,201 ;  Matthew 
R.  Hull;  Free  Soiler,  553.  These,  candidates  were  all  notables.  Smith 
was  a  member  of  Lincoln's  Cabinet,  and  Hull  was  the  leader  of  the 
Methodist  Abolitionists  in  Indiana,  who  went  off  in  "  the  Wesleyan  Con- 
nection," which  forced  the  split  in  the  Methodist  church  on  the  slavery 
question.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  account  of  Hull  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Methodist  histories  of  Indiana,  as  he  was  a  very  interesting  char- 
acter, and  did  some  excellent  work  in  behalf  of  the  Indiana  negroes  long 
after  the  early  Abolition  movement.14  Here  were  the  conditions  that  fit 
Mr.  Julian's  explanation  of  the  term;  but  there  was  another  fire  in  that 
year  that  seems  a  more  probable  immediate  source  for  the  name.  The 
election  was  in  August,  and  on  July  19,  there  was  a  great  fire  in  the 
business  section  of  New  York,  that  was  worse  than  the  Pittsburg  fire. 
Moreover,  the  Sentinel  did  a  very  unusual  thing  by  printing  on  July 
31,  a  cut  of  the  burnt  district  in  New  York,  which,  of  itself,  would 
attract  widespread  attention  and  comment.  The  probability  is  that 
Finley 's  defeat  coming  so  soon  after — 

"One  woe  doth  tread  upon  another's  heel" 

— gave  the  name  by  which  the  district  has  since  been  known. 

Addendum,  June.  1911. 13 — I  presume  that  most  of  the  readers  of  the 
Quarterly  have  some  interest  in  the  question  of  the  origin  of  the  word 
"Hoosier";  and  I  have  been  having  some  experiences,  in  connection  with 
it,  that  illustrate,  in  a  small  way,  the  difficulty  of  exhausting  the  sources 
of  history.  After  a  prolonged  study  of  the  question,  in  1907,  I  published 
the  results  of  my  investigations  in  one  of  the  pamphlets  of  the  Indiana 


i«  Journal,  Nov.  29,  1865. 

>5lnd.  Quarterly  Magazine  of  Hist.,  Vol.  7,  p.  60. 


1152 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Historical  Society.  One  of  the  theories  of  the  origin  of  the  word  was 
that  it  was  a  family  name,  and  I  took  the  ground  that  I  had  eliminated 
this  theory  by  examination  of  the  directories  of  a  number  of  Southern 
cities,  and  by  inquiries  of  Southern  congressmen,  and  others,  without 
finding  any  trace  of  such  a  name.  Imagine  my  surprise  on  stumbling 


THE  BURNT  DISTRICT  OP  NEW  YORK 
(From  The  Sentinel,  of  July  31,  1845) 


on  the  entry,  "Hoosier,  Wm.  lab.,  r.  603  W.  llth."  in  the  Indianapolis 
directory  of  1911. 

I  called  at  the  address  and  found  that  William  had  moved;  but 
learned  that  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  city  street-cleaning  depart- 
ment, and  was  stationed  on  the  next  block  to  my  place  of  business.  He 
was  entered  on  the  city  rolls,  however,  as  "Wm.  Hoozier,  and  the  officials 
pronounced  the  name  Ho-zher — long  "o".  I  then  hunted  up  William, 
and  found  him  a  very  intelligent  colored  man.  He  said  his  name  was 
Hoozer ;  and  that  it  came  from  the  owner  of  his  father,  in  slavery  times, 
who  was  Adam  Hoozer  of  Yadkin  county,  North  Carolina.  This  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1153 

interesting,  because  I  had  in  1907  reached  the  conclusion  that  "Hoosier" 
was  a  corruption  of  "hoozer,"  which  is  a  dialect  word  of  Cumberland, 
England ;  and  here  was  an  actual  instance  of  exactly  that  corruption. 
William  informed  me  that  the  family  name  "Hoozer"  was  understood 
to  be  a  corruption  of  ' '  Houser. ' ' 

In  the  publication  of  1907  I  stated  that  the  earliest  use  of  the  word 
in  print  that  had  been  found  up  to  that  time,  was  its  appearance  in 
Finley's  poem,  "The  Hoosier 's  Nest,"  which  was  issued  as  the  "Car- 
rier's New  Years  Address"  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal  on  January  1, 
1833.  Soon  after  my  article  appeared,  I  received  a  letter  from  Judge 
Timothy  Howard,  of  South  Bend,  who  was  then  preparing  a  history  of 
St.  Joseph  county,  in  which  he  informed  me  that  he  had  found  an  earlier 
use  of  the  word  in  "The  Northwestern  Pioneer  and  St.  Joseph's  Intelli- 
gencer" of  April  4,  1832.  This  newspaper  was  published  at  South 
Bend,  and  the  article  was  as  follows: 

"A  Real  Hoosier. — A  sturgeon,  who,  no  doubt,  left  Lake  Michigan 
on  a  trip  of  pleasure,  with  a  view1  of  spending  a  few  days  in  the  pure 
waters  of  the  St.  Joseph,  had  his  joyous  anticipations  unexpectedly 
marred  by  running  foul  of  a  fisherman's  spear  near  this  place — being 
brought  on  terra  firma,  and  cast  into  a  balance,  he  was  found  to  weigh 
83  pounds." 

This  publication  accords  with  my  conclusion,  in  1907,  that  the  word 
had  been  applied  to  residents  of  Indiana  for  some  time  before  it  appear- 
ed in  print,  and  that  it  was  originally  a  Southern  slang  or  dialect  word, 
signifying  a  rude  or  uncouth  rustic.  The  publishers,  of  The  North- 
western Pioneer  and  St.  Joseph's  Intelligencer,  at  that  time,  were  John 
D.  and  Jos.  H.  Defrees,  who  were  Tennesseeans,  and  no  doubt  familiar 
with  the  use  of  the  word  in  the  South.  The  sturgeon,  with  its  covering 
of  plates,  is  a  rough-looking  customer  as  compared  with  common  fresh- 
water fishes;  and  the  obvious  inference  of  the  use  of  the  word  "Hoosier" 
in  this  connection  is  that,  while  it  was  being  applied  to  Indiana  people, 
the  "real  Hoosier"  was  a  rough-looking  individual,  like  the  sturgeon. 

A  little  later,  while  working  on  my  history  of  Indianapolis,  I  ran 
across  a  still  earlier  use  in  print,  in  the  "Carrier's  Address"  of  the 
Indiana  Democrat  for  1832,  which  appeared  in  the  issue  of  that  paper 
for  January  3,  1832.  It  was  customary  at  that  time  to  include  in  these 
addresses  references  to  current  and  local  politics;  and  in  connection 
with  the  conflicting  demands  from  the  north  and  south  ends  of  the  State, 
on  the  State  legislature,  for  the  disposition  of  the  public  lands,  this  one 
says: 


1154  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

"Your  'Ways  and  Moans,'  however  great, 
May  find  employment  in  our  State, 
While  roads  and  ditches,  rivers,  lakes, 
Invite  improvement; — and  it  takes 
The  wisest  heads  and  soundest  hearts 
To  harmonize  discordant  parts. 
Those  purchasers  of  Canal  lands — 
Whose  cash  we've  got — ask  from  your  hands 
A  full  compliance  with  all  contracts   . 
Instead  of  'nullifying'  compacts; 
While  Southern  folks,  remote  and  sordid, 
Stand  forth  to  keep  the  Treas'ry  guarded, 
Protesting  in  most  touching  tones, 
'Gainst  taxes,  troubles,  debts  and  loans, 
In  favor  much  of  large  donations, 
Ask  for  our  'hoosiers'  good  plantations, 
Urging  each  scheme  of  graduation 
As  justice  to  the   common   nation." 

This  publication,  connecting  "hoosier"  with  "good  plantations," 
shows  that  the  "country"  idea  in  the  Southern  use  of  the  word  was 
understood;  while  the  inclusion  of  the  word  in  quotation  marks  indi- 
cates that,  while  it  was  then  in  use  here  in  a  jocular  way,  it  was  liable 
to  give  offense  if  used  seriously.  That  stage  quickly  passed  away  after 
the  publication  of  "The  Hoosier 's  Nest,"  when  the  name  was  adopted 
all  through  the  State  as  the  popular  title  for  its  residents. 

Addendum,  January,  1918. — The  next  discovery  of  an  earlier  use 
was  by  Mr.  George  Cottman,  who  found  the  word  in  the  Lawrenceburg 
Palladium  of  July  30,  1831. 18  It  is  there  used  in  a  humorous  article 
copied  from  the  Wabash  Herald,  treating  the  pending  contest  of  four 
candidates  for  Governor  as  a  horse  race,  and  referring  to  Gov.  Noble 
thus:  "The  third  is  a  'Noble'  horse  called  the  'Tanner,'  we  are  not 
aware  where  he  was  foaled,  nor  yet  his  pedigree,  he  is  stabled  however 
in  Indianapolis,  the  center  of  the  race  track,  he  has  been  corned,  lit- 
tered and  kept  in  Indiana  and  may  be  called  a  'Hoosher.'  "  There  is 
a  still  earlier  use  of  the  word  in  this  same  paper,  on  June  25,  1831, 
where  an  article  in  similar  humorous  vein,  treating  the  contest  of  four 
candidates  for  Congress  as  a  steamboat  race,  is  signed  "Hoosher."  This 
paper  was  published  at  the  time  by  D.  V.  Culley,  and  the  quotations 
from  it  show  that  the  word  was  already  being  applied  to  Indiana  people. 


Hyman's  Indiana  Past  and  Present,  p.  194. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1155 

These  are  the  earliest  uses  of  the  word  in  print  that  have  as  yet  been 
brought  to  light. 

An  earlier  use  of  the  word,  however,  has  been  unearthed  by  Miss 
Esther  I,'.  McNitt,  of  the  Department  of  Indiana  History  and  Archives, 
in  the  State  Library,  in  a  letter  written  from  Cincinnati,  on  February 
11,  1831,  by  G.  S.  Murdock,  to  Gen.  John  Tipton,  at  Logansport.  In 
response  to  an  advertisement,  Murdock  offers  to  deliver  at  Logansport, 
600  bushels  of  salt  at  $1  per  bushel:  3,000  pounds  of  iron,  at  11  cents 
per  pound ;  1,500  pounds  of  steel  at  30  cents  per  pound :  and  2.000 
pounds  of  tobacco  at  15  cents  per  pound.  He  concludes  his  letter: 
"John  McClure  is  here  from  Vincennes  repairing  a  steamboat  and 
proposes  to  take  the  whole  to  Logansport  the  first  rise  of  water.  He  is 
anxious  that  I  should  get  the  contract.  We  are  both  anxious  that  our 
boat  should  be  the  first  at  your  place.  *  *  *  Our  boat  will  be  named 
The  Indiana  Hoosier." 

Here  the  search  rests  for  the  present,  all  that  has  been  found  since 
1907  tending  to  confirm  the  deductions  as  to  the  origin  of  the  word,  and 
its  application  to  Indiana,  that  were  made  at  that  time. 


CHAPTER  XXI 

•    ;•*  '•-'!"'••-  -.  ''"  '• " 

HOOSIEB  CHARACTER 

An  interesting  feature  of  modern  theories  of  the  effect  of  environ- 
ment on  life  is  the  recognition  by  sociologists  of  the  influence  of  the 
frontier  in  the  development  of  American  character.  That  there  is  an 
influence  is  hardly  questionable,  and  some  of  the  causes  of  it  appear 
quite  manifest,  while  others  that  have  been  suggested  are  rather  fanciful. 
A  recognized  pioneer  in  this  line  of  thought  is  Prof.  F.  J.  Turner,  who 
first  developed  it  at  length.1  Among  the  obvious  causes  suggested  by 
him  are  the  mixture  of  blood  from  intermarriage  of  pioneers  of  differing 
nationalities;  the  industrial  independence  necessarily  arising  from  the 
isolation  of  the  early  settlers;  and  the  self  reliance  developed  in  their 
conflict  with  the  forces  of  nature,  and  at  times  with  savages  or  lawless 
whites.  Turner  adopts  the  idea  of  successive  "waves"  of  migration,  of 
people  of  different  characters  and  occupations.  In  reality  it  would  be 
difficult  to  point  to  any  part  of  the  'American  frontier,  at  any  period, 
where  the  population,  so  far  as  character  and  occupation  are  concerned, 
was  not  quite  mixed.  Finley  portrays  the  ordinary  complexion  of  the 
frontier  settlements  with  striking  accuracy,  in  his  lines — 

"Blest  Indiana!     In  whose  soil 
Men  seek  the  sure  rewards  of  toil, 
And  honest  poverty  and  worth 
Find  here  the  best  retreat  on  earth, 
While  hosts  of  Preachers,  Doctors,  Lawyers, 
All  independent  as  wood-sawyers, 
With  men  of  every  hue  and  fashion, 
Flock  to  this  rising  'Hoosher'  nation. 
Men  who  can  legislate  or  plow, 
Wage  politics  or  milk  a  cow — 
So  plastic  are  their  various  parts, 
Within  the  circle  of  their  arts, 
With  equal  tact  the  'Hoosher'  loons 
Hunt  offices  or  hunt  raccoons." 


Report  Am.  Hist.  Soc.,  1893. 

1156 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1157 

Of  course  cheap  land  was  the  great  attraction  to  the  majority,  but 
it  was  not  the  only  attraction.  Indeed  the  trader  preceded  the  farmer, 
and  the  speculator  was  always  well  to  the  front  of  the  column.  There 
was  never  a  frontier  where  there  were  not  men  of  education — sometimes 
in  surprising  numbers.  With  all  this  diversity,  there  was  one  thing 
common  to  the  vast  majority  of  them,  and  that  was  the  spirit  of  ad- 
venture. It  was  not  merely  the  desire  to  know,  which  made  the  Gentle- 
man of  Verona  advise  rather — 

"To  see  the  wonders  of  the  world  abroad 
Than,  living  dully  sluggardized  at  home 
Wear  out  thy  youth  with  shapeless  idleness." 

These  men  were  fortune  seekers.  They  broke  with  old  associations, 
and  the  safe  frugality  of  their  old  surroundings,  to  meet  the  unknown, 
and  to  make  new  homes  amid  whatever  surroundings  they  might  find. 
Such  men  are  independent  and  self-reliant,  and  with  them  there  is 
always  more  or  less  of  the  lawless  element.  These  characteristics  of 
the  pioneers  are  reflected  in  the  tendency  to  insubordination  and  mutiny 
that  marked  the  frontier  militia,  whenever  they  were  not  satisfied  with 
their  commanders,  or  with  anything  else.  The  journal  of  Wayne's  pro- 
tracted effort  to  bring  his  Western  army  to  a  state  of  discipline  is  a 
monument  to  the  individual  independence  of  the  frontier.  These  were 
the  forebears  of  the  West — the  material  with  which  the  process  of  de- 
velopment began.  They  were  not  unworthy  of  Joaquin  Miller's  tribute — 

"What  strong,  uncommon  men  were  these, 
These  settlers  hewing  to  the  seas! 
Great  horny-handed  men  and  tan; 
Men  blown  from  many  a  barren  land 
Beyond  the  sea;  men  red  of  hand, 
And  men  in  love,  and  men  in  debt, 
Like  David's  men  in  battle  set; 
And  men  whose  very  hearts  had  died, 
Who  only  sought  these  woods  to  hide 
Their  wretchedness,  held  in  the  van ; 
Yet  every  man  among  them  stood 
Alone,  along  that  sounding  wood. 
And  every  man  somehow  a  man. 
They  pushed  the  mailed  wood  aside, 
They  toss'd  the  forest  like  a  toy, 
That  grand  forgotten  race  of  men — 
The  boldest  band  that  yet  has  been 
Together  since  the  siege  of  Troy." 


1158  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Of  necessity,  such  a  process  of  selection  presages  a  new  race — a 
people  with  marked  characteristics — and  to  it  must  in  large  part  be 
ascribed  the  result  which  is  thus  portrayed  by  Prof.  Turner: 

' '  From  the  conditions  of  frontier  life  came  intellectual  traits  of  pro- 
found importance.  The  works  of  travelers  along  each  frontier  from 
colonial  days  onward  describe  certain  common  traits,  and  these  traits 
have,  while  softening  down,  still  persisted  as  survivals  in  the  place  of 
their  origin,  even  when  a  higher  social  organization  succeeded.  The 
result  is  that  to  the  frontier  the  American  intellect  owes  its  striking 
characteristics.  That  coarseness  and  strength  combined  with  acuteness 
and  inquisitiveness ;  that  practical,  inventive  turn  of  mind,  quick  to 
find  expedients;  that  masterful  grasp  of  material  things,  lacking  in  the 
artistic,  but  powerful  to  effect  great  ends ;  that  restless  nervous  energy ; 
that  dominant  individualism,  working  for  good  and  for  evil,  and,  withal, 
that  buoyancy  and  exuberance  which  come  with  freedom, — these  are 
traits  of  the  frontier,  or  traits  called  out  elsewhere  because  of  the 
existence  of  the  frontier.  We  are  not  easily  aware  of  the  deep  influence 
of  this  individualistic  way  of  thinking  upon  our  present  conditions.  It 
persists  in  the  midst  of  a  society  that  has  passed  away  from  the  condi- 
tions that  occasioned  it.  It  makes  it  difficult  to  secure  social  regula- 
tion of  business  enterprises  that  are  essentially  public ;  it  is  a  stumbling- 
block  in  the  way  of  civil-service  reform;  it  permeates  our  doctrines  of 
education;  but  with  the  passing  of  the  free  lands  a  vast  extension  of 
the  social  tendency  may  be  expected  in  America.  Ratzel,  the  well-known 
geographer,  has  pointed  out  the  fact  that  for  centuries  the  great  un- 
occupied area  of  America  furnished  to  the  American  spirit  something 
of  its  own  largeness.  It  has  given  a  largeness  of  design  and  an  optimism 
to  American  thought.  Since  the  days  when  the  fleet  of  Columbus  sailed 
into  the  waters  of  the  New  World,  America  has  been  another  name  for 
opportunity,  and  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  taken  their  tone 
from  the  incessant  expansion  which  has  not  only  been  open,  but  has  even 
been  forced  upon  them." 

In  addition  to  its  being  a  part  of  the  American  frontier,  Indiana 
has  long  attracted  comment  for  peculiarities  of  its  own.  Mention  has 
been  made  heretofore  of  some  of  the  comments  of  Mme.  Pulszky  and 
Miss  Murray.  One  of  much  earlier  date  is  found  in  "A  Statistical, 
Political  and  Historical  Account  of  the  United  States  of  North  America 
from  the  period  of  their  first  colonization  to  the  present  day, ' '  published 
at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1819,  by  D.  B.  Warden.  He  says  of  Indiana : 
"This  State  is  but  recently  settled;  but  many  of  the  settlers  are  of  a 
respectable  class  and  their  manners  are  more  refined  than  could  be 
expected  in  a  place  where  society  is  but  in  its  infancy.  They  are  sober 


JOAQUIN  MILLER 


Vol.  11-38 


; 

1158 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Of  necessity,  such  a  process  of  selection  presages  a  new  race — a 
people  with  marked  characteristics — and  to  it  must  in  large  part  be 
ascribed  the  result  which  is  thus  portrayed  by  Prof.  Turner: 

"From  the  conditions  of  frontier  life  came  intellectual  traits  of  pro- 
found importance.  The  works  of  travelers  along  each  frontier  from 
colonial  days  onward  describe  certain  common  traits,  and  these  traits 
have,  while  softening  down,  still  persisted  as  survivals  in  the  place  of 
their  origin,  even  when  a  higher  social  organization  succeeded.  The 
result  is  that  to  the  frontier  the  American  intellect  owes  its  striking 
characteristics.  That  coarseness  and  strength  combined  with  acuteness 
and  inquisitiveness ;  that  practical,  inventive  turn  of  mind,  quick  to 
find  expedients;  that  masterful  grasp  of  material  things,  lacking  in  the 
artistic,  but  powerful  to  effect  great  ends ;  that  restless  nervous  energy ; 
that  dominant  individualism,  working  for  good  and  for  evil,  and,  withal, 
that  buoyancy  and  exuberance  which  come  with  freedom, — these  are 
traits  of  the  frontier,  or  traits  called  out  elsewhere  because  of  the 
existence  of  the  frontier.  We  are  not  easily  aware  of  the  deep  influence 
of  this  individualistic  way  of  thinking  upon  our  present  conditions.  It 
persists  in  the  midst  of  a  society  that  has  passed  away  from  the  condi- 
tions that  occasioned  it.  It  makes  it  difficult  to  secure  social  regula- 
tion of  business  enterprises  that  are  essentially  public ;  it  is  a  stumbling- 
block  in  the  way  of  civil-service  reform:  it  permeates  our  doctrines  of 
education ;  but  with  the  passing  of  the  free  lands  a  vast  extension  of 
the  social  tendency  may  be  expected  in  America.  Ratzel,  the  well-known 
geographer,  has  pointed  out  the  fact  that  for  centuries  the  great  un- 
occupied area  of  America  furnished  to  the  American  spirit  something 
of  its  own  largeness.  It  has  given  a  largeness  of  design  and  an  optimism 
to  American  thought.  Since  the  days  when  the  fleet  of  Columbus  sailed 
into  the  waters  of  the  New  World,  America  has  been  another  name  for 
opportunity,  and  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  taken  their  tone 
from  the  incessant  expansion  which  has  not  only  been  open,  but  has  even 
been  forced  upon  them." 

In  addition  to  its  being  a  part  of  the  American  frontier,  Indiana 
has  long  attracted  comment  for  peculiarities  of  its  own.  Mention  has 
been  made  heretofore  of  some  of  the  comments  of  Mme.  Pulszky  and 
Miss  Murray.  One  of  much  earlier  date  is  found  in  "A  Statistical, 
Political  and  Historical  Account  of  the  United  States  of  North  America 
from  the  period  of  their  first  colonization  to  the  present  day,"  published 
at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1819,  by  D.  B.  Warden.  He  says  of  Indiana : 
"This  State  is  but  recently  settled;  but  many  of  the  settlers  are  of  a 
respectable  class  and  their  manners  are  more  refined  than  could  be 
expected  in  a  place  where  society  is  but  in  its  infancy.  They  are  sober 


• 


JOAQUIN  MILLER 


Vol.  11—38 


1160  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

and  industrious ;  drunkenness  is  rare  and  quarreling  rare  in  proportion. 
They  set  a  high  value  on  .the  right  of  personal  resistance  to  aggression. 
They  possess  great  energy  of  character  and,  though  they  respect  the 
laws  generally,  do  not  hesitate  sometimes  to  redress  what  they  consider 
a  public  injury  by  a  more  summary  mode  of  proceeding."  Not  only  did 
the  Hoosier  at  home  attract  the  attention  of  the  traveler,  but  the  Hoosier 
away  from  home  had  notice  from  those  among  whom  he  went,  as  witness 
this  comment  in  1839,  by  the  New  Orleans  Picayune,  on  the  men  of 
our  flatboat  merchant  marine:  "There  is  a  primitive  and  pristine 
simplicity  of  character  and  independence  of  mind  about  a  Hoosier  that 
pleases  us  much.  His  step  is  as  untrarameled  by  the  artifices  of  fashion 
and  as  free  from  the  constraint  of  foppery  as  the  mighty  rivers  of  the 
West  are  from  destruction  in  their  impetuous  course  to  the  ocean,  or  as 
the  path  of  the  buffalo  herd  over  the  wild  prairie.  Born  on  the  fruc- 
tuous  soil  of  freedom,  and  unchecked  in  his  growth  by  avarice  or  dis- 
simulation, he  rises  to  manhood  with  a  mind  unwarped  and  a  spiril 
unbent  like  the  trees  of  the  forest  around  him.  He  loves  liberty — loves 
it  to  his  heart's  core;  he  would  fight,  he  would  die  for  it.  He  cries  from 
,his  soul,  'Long  live  liberty,'  because  the  instinct  of  his  free  and  un- 
sophisticated nature  tells  him  that  it  is  the  inestimable  birthright  and 
:  heritage  of  man,  and  he  thinks  that  to  live  without  it  is  as  impossible  as 
to  exist  without  the  free  air  that  wantons  around  his  Western  home.  He 
'may  be  ignorant  of  the  use  of  the  eyeglass,  but  is  his  aim  with  the  rifle 
less  deadly  ?  He  may  not  be  able  to  discuss  the  merits  of  the  last  novel, 
but  thinkest  thou  that  he  is  ignorant  of  the  cardinal  principles  of 
liberty  ?  In  a  word,  he  may  not  be  a  thing  with  his  face  hid  in  a  stock, 
long  hair  and  a  shirt  collar,  but  might  not  more  confidence  be  placed  in 
his  brawny  arm  in  time  of  war  than  in  a  whole  regiment  of  such  men 
of  doubtful  gender? 

"We  do  love  to  see  a  Hoosier  roll  along  the  levee  with  the  proceeds 
of  the  cargo  of  his  flatboat  in  his  pocket.  It  is  the  wages  of  industry, 
and  no  lordly  ecclesiastic  or  titled  layman  dares  claim  a  cent  of  it.  See 
with  what  pity  he  Regards  those  who  are  confined  to  the  unchanging 
monotony  of  a  city  life,  and  observe  how  he  despises  the  uniformity  of 
dress.  He  has  just  donned  a  new  blue  dress  coat  with  silk  linings  and 
flowered  gilt  buttons.  His  new  trousers  look  rather  short  for  the  present 
fashion,  but  this  is  easily  accounted  for — they  were  of  stocking  fit  or 
French  cut  at  the  instep,  and  thinking  they  pressed  rather  close,  he 
has  curtailed  them  of  some  six  inches  of  their  fair  proportions.  He 
glories  in  still  sporting  the  same  unpolished  big  boots,  and  the  woolen 
round-topped,  wide-leafed  hat  in  which  he  set  out  from  home.  The 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1161 

Hoosier  says,  or  seems  to  say — 'A  life  in  the  woods  for  me,'  and  his 
happy  and  independent  life  attests  the  wisdom  of  his  choice." 

In  later  editions  of  his  " Hoosier 's  Nest,"  Finley  added,  in  reference 
to  critics  of  Indiana — 

' '  Our  hardy  yeomanry  can  smile 
At  tourists  of  'the  sea-girt  Isle,' 
Or  wits  that  travel  at  the  gallop, 
Like  Basil  Hall,  or  Mrs.  Trollope." 

In  fact,  Mrs.  Trollope  did  not  specialize  on  Hoosiers,  but,  like 
Dickens,  remarked  on  Americans  in  general.  Captain  Hall,  however, 
was  affected  by  the  independence  of  the  Hoosier  much  more  seriously 
than  the  Picayune  man.  This  naval  officer  came  across  the  Illinois 
prairies  from  St.  Louis,  in  May,  1828,  and  crossed  the  Southern  part 
of  the  State,  through  the  Knobs.  Apparently  it  was  not  a  "joy  ride." 
He  says :  ' '  The  country  is  hilly  nearly  all  the  way,  the  roads  execrable, 
and  the  carriages  made  as  rigid  as  if  they  had  been  cast  in  one  piece  of 
metal.  This  is  quite  necessary,  L  admit,  considering  the  duty  they  have 
to  go  through.  One  other  refinement  in  these  vehicles  I  must  mention. 
In  every  other  part  of  the  Union  we  found  at  least  one  door,  though 
very  rarely  two,  in  any  stage-coach.  But  upon  this  occasion,  where  so 
large  an  opening  was  a  weakness  that  could  not  be  afforded,  the  pas- 
sengers had  nothing  left  for  it — females  as  well  as  males — but  literally 
to  mount  the  coachman's  seat  by  aid  of  the  wheel,  and  then  scramble 
in  at  the  front  as  well  as  they  might.  *  *  *  During  this  rugged 
journey,  we  were  never  exposed  to  those  privations  as  to  food  that  we 
had  met  with  sometimes  in  the  South,  for  provisions  of  all  kinds  were 
in  abundance.  I  cannot  say,  however,  that  my  observations  go  to  con- 
firm the  accounts  I  have  read  of  the  intelligence,  and  high-mindedness. 
as  it  is  affectedly  called,  of  the  thinly  scattered  inhabitants  of  those  new 
countries.  I  did  not  expect,  indeed,  to  find  any  great  polish  of  man- 
ners in  the  backwoods,  but  I  must  say,  that  although  we  met  with  no 
inhospitality,  we  encountered  so  many  instances  of  coldness  and  gruff- 
ness,  that  I  have  no  wish  again  to  exchange  the  obligations  and  entangle- 
ments of  civilization  for  the  selfish  freedom  of  the  forest.  It  is  not  that 
the  inhabitants  of  those  countries  are  ill-natured — quite  the  reverse — 
they  seem  always  most  willing  to  oblige  when  prompted  so  to  do.  But 
what  I  complain  of  is  the  want  of  habitual  politeness — the  spontaneous 
desire  to  be  civil  and  useful.  And  I  strongly  suspect,  that  such  is  the 
inevitable  consequence  of  people  living  far  apart,  and  trusting  ex- 
clusively to  their  own  exertions  for  their  support.  The  same  class  of 


1162  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

things  which  limit  the  range  of  their  good  offices,  limit  also  their  means 
of  acquiring  knowledge,  tend  to  rivet  prejudices,  and  to  augment  ideas 
of  self-importance.  To  talk,  therefore,  of  people  so  circumstanced,  being 
possessed  of  any  remarkable  degree  of  intelligence,  is  to  declare  the 
existence  of  a  moral  or  rather  a  political  miracle,  of  which  civil  society 
presents  no  example."  2 

Here  are  some  ideas  worthy  of  consideration.  If  there  was  either 
any  notable  amount  of  intelligence,  or  lack  of  it,  in  Indiana  in  1828, 
it  was  due  to  the  class  of  people  that  came  here,  and  not  to  their  con- 
ditions after  coming,  for  they  had  not  been  here  long  enough  to  affect 
intelligence.  But  what  he  is  talking  about  is  manners,  and  manners  may 
be  affected  in  comparatively  brief  time.  Almost  anyone  can  acquire 
a  grouch  on  short  order,  and  a  persistence  of  grouch  conditions  would 
produce  results  having  at  least  an  appearance  of  permanence.  Yet  he  is 
probably  right  in  his  deduction,  for  certainly  the  tendency  of  isolated 
life,  and  "trusting  to  their  own  exertions"  is  to  develop  self-reliance. 
The  average  self-reliant  man  regards  a  proffer  of  assistance  as  a  reflec- 
tion on  his  ability.  If  you  doubt  it,  offer  to  help  some  man  who  is  work- 
ing on  an  automobile  that  has  stalled  by  the  roadside,  and  note  your 
welcome.  It  would  have  been  strange  if  Hall  had  noted  a  "spontaneous 
desire  to  be  civil  and  useful"  among  a  self-reliant  people.  His  mention 
of  "high-m imlfdness,  as  it  is  affectedly  called,"  shows  that  he  had  been 
reading  the  letters  of  Richard  Flower,  who  was  in  the  same  part  of 
the  State  in  1819.  But  Flower  came  in  a  very  different  frame  of  mind. 
He  did  not  like  city  life,  and  he  was  not  wedded  to  class  distinctions; 
hence  it  was  only  natural  that  he  wrote:  "instead  of  being  in  continual 
broils  and  exposed  to  the  affronts  and  insults  of  rude  Americans  I  have 
received  nothing  but  civility  and  hospitality."  His  statement  to  which 
Hall  refers  is  this:  "The  American  notion  of  liberty  and  equality  is 
highly  gratifying  to  me.  The  master  or  employer  is  kept  within  the 
bounds  of  reason  and  decency  towards  his  labourer.  No  curses  or  oaths 
towards  their  servants,  or  helps  as  they  choose  to  call  themselves 
(for  everyone  who  takes  money  or  wages,  is,  after  all,  a  servant),  he 
obeys  all  reasonable  orders  for  his  remuneration ;  and  when  this  obedi- 
ence ceases,  the  contract  of  service  is  at  an  end.  I  have  often  been 
surprised  at  the  high-mindedness  of  American  labourers,  who  are  of- 
fended at  the  name  of  servant." 

This  objection  to  the  word  "servant"  was  not  peculiar  to  Indiana, 
and  it  was  a  constant  source  of  wonder  to  English  tourists,  who  never 
grasped  the  idea  that  the  word  did  not  have  the  same  meaning  in 
America  that  it  had  in  England.  The  first  English  realization  of  this 

*  Travels  in  North  America,  Vol.  3,  p.  386. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1163 

that  has  come  to  my  notice  is  in  Murray's  New  English  Dictionary,  in 
the  entry:  "In  the  North  American  Colonies  in  the  17th  and  18th  (cen- 
tury), and  subsequently  in  the  United  States,  servant  was  the  usual 
designation  for  a  slave."  Among  the  illustrations  cited  are  one  from  a 
Virginia  law  of  1643,  "any  such  runaway  servants  or  hired  freemen"; 
one  from  a  Connecticut  law  of  1784,  "Apprentices  under  Age  and 
Servants  bought  for  Time";  and  one  from  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  "Why 
don't  we  teach  our  servants  to  read?"  The  same  use  prevailed  in  early 
Indiana.  The  indenture  law  of  1803,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing 
slavery  for  life,  or  a  period  of  years,  of  ' '  any  servant  or  slave  of  color, ' ' 
is  entitled  "An  Act  concerning  Servants."  Presumably  this  usage  was 
based  on  the  Bible,  in  which,  in  the  King  James  version,  servant  and 
slave  are  not  distinguished.  In  Indiana,  the  relation  created  by  the 
indenture  laws  was  called  "voluntary  servitude."3  With  race  preju- 
dice added  to  prevailing  conceptions  of  "freedom  and  equality,"  it 
naturally  resulted  that  any  intimation  of  a  condition  of  servitude  was 
resented.  Charles  Fenno  Hoffman  encountered  it  in  1833,  when  he 
stopped  at  a  tavern  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  west  of  Michigan 
City.  He  says:  "My  fingers  were  numb  with  cold;  and  seeing  a  rough- 
looking  fellow  moving  from  the  door  towards  the  horses  of  my  com- 
panions, I  requested  him  to  take  mine  also ;  but  upon  his  polite  rejoinder 
that  'he  was  nobody's  servant  but  his  own,'.  I  could  only  wish  him  '& 
more  civil  master,'  and  proceeded  to  take  care  of  the  animal  myself." 
This  sentiment  made  even  stronger  impression  on  lady  tourists,  in 
onnection  with  domestic  service.  Mrs.  Trollope  devotes  so  many  pages 
to  the  subject  that  she  apologizes  for  her  attention  to  it.  Mme.  Pulszky 
speaking  of  the  ladies  of  the  legislative  delegation  from  Indiana  that 
came  to  meet  the  Kossuth  party  at  Cincinnati,  says:  "With  the  other 
ladies  I  spoke  much  of  their  household  concerns.  They  almost  all  lived 
on  'farms  or  in  small  country  towns,  where  their  husbands,  the  Senators 
and  Representatives,  were  lawyers,  physicians  or  merchants,  and  come 
only  to  Indianapolis  for  the  session.  All  complained  of  the  great  diffi- 
culty to  get  servants;  colored  people  are  scarce,  whites  work  on  their 
own  account,  and  even  the  blacks  say  often,  when  asked  to  come,  as  a 
help,  '  Do  your  business  yourself. '  The  feeling  of  equality  pervades  this 
State  so  much  that  people  do  not  like  to  work  for  wages."  Soon  after, 
Miss  Murray,  criticising  the  professed  democracy  of  Indianapolis,  said : 
"Ladies  don't  like  their  helps  to  say  they  'choose  to  sit  in  the  parlour, 
or  they  wont  help  them  at  all,  for  equality  is  the  rule  here'."  It  was 
the  comnron  demand  of  the  girls  who  hired  for  domestic  service,  at  this 
period,  that  they  should  be  treated  as  members  of  the  family,  and 


s  Indiana  as  Seen  by  early  Travelers,  p.  85. 


1164  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

especially  in  the  matter  of  eating  with  the  family.  Mrs.  Trollope  says 
of  her  "helps":  "One  of  these  was  a  pretty  girl,  whose  natural  dis- 
position must  have  been  gentle  and  kind;  but  her  good  feelings  were 
soured,  and  her  gentleness  turned  to  morbid  sensitiveness,  by  having 
heard  a  thousand  and  a  thousand  times  that  she  was  as  good  as  any 
other  lady,  that  all  men  were  equal,  and  women  too,  and  that  it  was  a 
sin  and  a  shame  for  a  free-born  American  to  be  treated  like  a  servant. 
When  she  found  she  was  to  dine  in  the  kitchen,  she  turned  up  her 
pretty  lip,  and  said,  'I  guess  that's  cause  you  don't  think  I'm  good 
enough  to  eat  with  you.  You'll  find  that  wont  do  here.'  I  found  after- 
wards that  she  rarely  ate  any  dinner  at  all,  and  generally  passed  the 
time  in  tears.  I  did  every  thing  in  my  power  to  conciliate  and  make 
her  happy,  but  I  am  sure  she  hated  me."  It  may  be  added  that  while 
this  custom  has  almost  disappeared,  in  cities  and  towns  at  least,  the 
average  maid  will  not  endure  a  mistress  who  is  ' '  uppity ' ' ;  and  it  re- 
quires as  much  tact  to  get  along  with  domestics  as  it  does  to  manage  a 
husband. 

But  in  these  conditions  there  is  little  that  could  be  considered  peculiar 
to  Indiana;  and  we  come  back  to  the  primary  question  whether  the 
Hoosier  does  in  fact  differ  in  any  material  respect  from  other  Ameri- 
cans ;  and  if  so,  what  is  the  cause  of  it  ?    Indiana  was  subject  to  frontier 
influences  longer  than  the  average  for  American  states — over  half  a 
century  in  all — on  account  of  her  inland  condition  and  the  slow  extinc- 
tion of  Indian  titles.    The  first  railroad  did  not  reach  Indianapolis  until 
1847.     So,  also,  the  mixture  of  blood  was  greater  than  the  average. 
In  the  battle  of  New  England  and  Virginia  authors,  nearly  everything 
in  the  United  States  has  been  claimed  for  either  the  Puritans  or  the 
Cavaliers — or  both.     They  have  a  story  in  Colorado,  that  an  English 
tourist,  on  visiting  the  Grand  Canyon,  looked  on  the  stupendous  walls, 
that  seemed  to  rise  to  the  skies,  said :  ' '  Ah !  this  is  really  remarkable. 
Ah. — Was  it  made  by  the  Puritans,  ah,  or  the  Cavaliers?"    The  Cen- 
tral West  has  also  been  appropriated.    In  his  interesting  and  valuable 
"The  Ohio  River,"  Mr.  Archer  Butler  Hulbert,  of  the  New  England 
forces,  says:    "The  four  'Yankee'  towns,  Marietta,  Columbus,  and  Cin- 
cinnati in  Ohio,  and  North  Bend  in  Indiana,  ( !)  grew  slowly  but  steadily. 
*    *    *     The  impetus  given  to  emigration-  from  New  England  and  the 
entire  seaboard  by  these  settlements  was  considerable;  converging  on 
Pittsburg  came  thousands  of  easterners,  some  of  whom  came  to  the 
New  England  settlements  but  most  of  whom  scattered  up  and  down 
the  Ohio  River  and  into  Virginia  and  Kentucky.     *     *     *     As  we  have 
seen,  the  fighting  Virginians,  Irish,  Scotch-Irish,  and  Germans,  had 
opened  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  for  nearly  a  generation  before  the  New 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1165 

Englanders  arrived  these  rough  but  hardy  pioneers  had  been  filling  the 
Old  Southwest.  That  their  hungry  hatchets  had  not  invaded  the  Old 
Northwest  was  no  fault  of  theirs.  *  *  *  The  best  blood  in  New 
England  went  toward  founding  Marietta,  Cincinnati,  and  Cleveland. 
And  the  Virginians  who  stepped  rapidly  into  the  Scioto  Valley  and 
founded  Chillicothe  were  men  in  every  way  worthy  of  their  Virginian 
fathers,  the  Washingtons,  Johnsons,  and  Lees,  without  whom,  even  the 
noble  John  Adams  of  Massachusetts  said,  'there  would  never  have  been 
any  Revolutionary  War.'  *  *  *  The  result  was  a  marvellous  cross- 
breeding of  half  a  dozen  different  stocks  between  the  Ohio  Eiver  and 
Lake  Erie,  but  producing  a  composite  race  of  unparalleled  energy  and 
power. ' ' 

There  is  much  of  truth  in  this  as  to  the  earliest  settlers  of  Ohio,  on 
account  of  the  land  grants,  except  that  the  New  Englanders  and  Virgin- 
ians were  in  separate  regions,  and  did  not  intermarry  as  much  as  might 
be  supposed.  But  in  reality  the  Puritan  and  Cavalier  settlements  on  the 
Eastern  seaboard  were  comparatively  small,  and  did  not  migrate  exten- 
sively. The  oncoming  waves  of  European  immigrants  that  swept  past 
them,  and  settled  most  of  the  Country  east  of  the  Alleghenies,  were  of 
the  poorer  classes  of  the  old  country.  Washington  may  have  been  justly 
called  "the  Father  of  his  Country,"  but  it  is  too  much  to  say  that  "the 
Washingtons,  Johnsons  and  Lees"  were  the  fathers  of  the  Virginians 
that  came  into  the  Northwest.  However,  the  fact  to  which  I  desire  to 
call  attention  is  the  concentration  of  this  western  moving  stream  in 
southern  Indiana.  The  pioneer  movement  in  the  United  States  has  been 
chiefly  on  East  and  West  lines,  where  not  obstructed  or  diverted  by 
abnormal  causes.  Until  the  thirties,  the  northern  stream  had  to  turn 
south  when  it  reached  the  eastern  line  of  Indiana,  because  the  Indian 
titles  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  had  not  been  extinguished.  The 
southern  stream  was  turned  to  the  North  if  it  followed  the  Cumberland 
Road,  or  came  down  the  Cumberland  or  Tennessee  Rivers.  The  central 
stream,  which  followed  the  Ohio  river,  was  brought  direct  to  Indiana's 
boundary.  Aside  from  the  special  settlements  of  French,  Swiss,  and 
Germans  in  Indiana,  there  was  a  considerable  element  everywhere  that 
was  foreign  born,  or  of  foreign  parentage.  There  was  a  liberal  sprin- 
kling of  the  blue  blood  of  Virginia,  and  of  New  England  stock,  but  in 
Indiana  all  these  stocks  were  mixed  in  the  same  settlements.  In  conse- 
quence, there  are  few  natives  of  Indiana  who  do  not  count  from  three 
to  five  nationalities  in  a  not  remote  ancestry.  These  natural  causes  of 
concentration  lost  most  of  their  effect  in  the  latter  half  of  the  last 
century,  in  which  the  Northern  half  of  the  State  was  chiefly  populated. 
When  Hugh  McCulloch  was  looking  for  a  location  in  Indiana,  in  1833, 


1166  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

he  consulted  with  Gen.  Tilghman  A.  Howard,  then  U.  S.  District 
Attorney,  telling  him  that  he  contemplated  trying  some  point  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State.  He  reports  the  conversation  thus:  "  'Don't 
do  it '  said  he.  '  There  are  some  nice  fellows  in  the  southern  counties,  but 
the  people  generally  have  come  from  Kentucky,  Tennessee  or  the  Caro- 
linas ;  they  are  good  enough  people  in  their  way,  but  having  been  raised 
in  the  States  in  which  slavery  exists,  they  are  not  enterprising;  their 
ways  are  not  your  ways;  you  would  not  like  them.  Go  north.'  'But' 
replied  I,  'northern  Indiana  is  mostly  a  wilderness;  what  in  the  world 
could  a  young  lawyer  find  to  do  there?'  'No  matter  if  it  is  a  wilderness' 
said  he;  'it  will  not  long  be  a  wilderness.  It  is'  he  continued,  'the  most 
inviting  country  I  have  ever  seen,  and  it  will  soon  be  filled  by  people 
from  New  York  and  New  England — the  right  kind  of  people  to  develop 
it.'"* 

The  movement  on  East  and  West  lines  followed  as  Gen.  Howard 
predicted,  the  southern  stream  now  being  turned  more  largely  to 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Even  in  California,  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  was  notably  more  Southern  in  population  than 
the  upper  half.  A  part  of  the  California  'Southerners  moved  north  into 
Idaho,  on  account  of  the  gold  discoveries  there,  and  there  have  been 
something  of  similar  refluxes  in  Nevada,  Dakota  and  Colorado.  In 
Indiana  the  result  has  been  to  give  a  perceptible  difference  between  the 
people  of  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  State;  and  this  is 
emphasized  by  the  difference  of  topography  and  soil,  the  flat  and  sandy 
lands  of  the  North  giving  a  different  appearance  to  the  towns  as  well  as 
the  country.  But  in  this  later  period  there  has  been  a  larger  influx, 
first  of  Irish  and  Germans,  and  later  of  Scandinavians  and  people  of 
Southern  Europe,  so  that  the  "melting-pot"  has  been  in  use  continuously. 
And  there  was  a  still  greater  difference.  The  northern  part  of  Indiana 
was  largely  prairie,  while  the  central  and  southern  portions  were  covered 
by  a  heavy  forest — a  forest  so  dense  that  it  was  not  permanently 
inhabited  by  Indians.  To  the  early  and  scattered  settlers  the  task  of 
removing  this  forest,  and  bringing  the  land  under  cultivation  seemed  an 
almost  hopeless  one.  In  1805  the  people  of  the  Whitewater  Valley  asked 
to  be  separated  from  Indiana  Territory,  and  .ioined  to  Ohio,  because 
they  were  separated  from  Vincennes,  the  capital,  by  nearly  two  hundred 
miles  of  "a  Wilderness  occupy 'd  only  by  Indians  and  likely  for  many 
years  to  Remain  Unoccupied  by  any  Other  persons. ' '  It  was  one  of  the 
stated  reasons  for  desiring  the  introduction  of  slavery.  People  of  means 
could  buy  large  tracts  of  land,  but  they  could  not  get  them  cleared  when 


*  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,  p.  78. 


GEN.  TILQHMAN  A.  HOWABD 


1166  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

he  consulted  with  Gen.  Tilghman  A.  Howard,  then  U.  S.  District 
Attorney,  telling  him  that  he  contemplated  trying  some  point  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State.  He  reports  the  conversation  thus:  "  'Don't 
do  it '  said  he.  '  There  are  some  nice  fellows  in  the  southern  counties,  but 
the  people  generally  have  come  from  Kentucky,  Tennessee  or  the  Caro- 
linas ;  they  are  good  enough  people  in  their  way,  but  having  been  raised 
in  the  States  in  which  slavery  exists,  they  are  not  enterprising;  their 
ways  are  not  your  ways;  you  would  not  like  them.  Go  north.'  'But' 
replied  I,  'northern  Indiana  is  mostly  a  wilderness;  what  in  the  world 
could  a  young  lawyer  find  to  do  there ? '  'No  matter  if  it  is  a  wilderness ' 
said  he;  'it  will  not  long  be  a  wilderness.  It  is'  he  continued,  'the  most 
inviting  country  I  have  ever  seen,  and  it  will  soon  be  filled  by  people 
from  New  York  and  New  England — the  right  kind  of  people  to  develop 
it.'"* 

The  movement  on  East  and  West  lines  followed  as  Gen.  Howard 
predicted,  the  southern  stream  now  being  turned  more  largely  to 
Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Even  in  California,  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  was  notably  more  Southern  in  population  than 
the  upper  half.  A  part  of  the  California  'Southerners  moved  north  into 
Idaho,  on  account  of  the  gold  discoveries  there,  and  there  have  been 
something  of  similar  refluxes  in  Nevada,  Dakota  and  Colorado.  In 
Indiana  the  result  has  been  to  give  a  perceptible  difference  between  the 
people  of  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  State;  and  this  is 
emphasized  by  the  difference  of  topography  and  soil,  the  flat  and  sandy 
lands  of  the  North  giving  a  different  appearance  to  the  towns  as  well  as 
the  country.  But  in  this  later  period  there  has  been  a  larger  influx, 
first  of  Irish  and  Germans,  and  later  of  Scandinavians  and  people  of 
Southern  Europe,  so  that  the  "melting-pot"  has  been  in  use  continuously. 
And  there  was  a  still  greater  difference.  The  northern  part  of  Indiana 
was  largely  prairie,  while  the  central  and  southern  portions  were  covered 
by  a  heavy  forest — a  forest  so  dense  that  it  was  not  permanently 
inhabited  by  Indians.  To  the  early  and  scattered  settlers  the  task  of 
removing  *his  forest,  and  bringing  the  land  under  cultivation  seemed  an 
almost  hopeless  one.  In  1805  the  people  of  the  Whitewater  Valley  asked 
to  be  separated  from  Indiana  Territory,  and  joined  to  Ohio,  because 
they  were  separated  from  Vincennes,  the  capital,  by  nearly  two  hundred 
miles  of  "a  Wilderness  occupy 'd  only  by  Indians  and  likely  for  many 
years  to  Remain  Unoccupied  by  any  Other  persons."  It  was  one  of  the 
stated  reasons  for  desiring  the  introduction  of  slavery.  People  of  means 
could  buy  large  tracts  of  land,  but  they  could  not  get  them  cleared  when 


*  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,  p.  78. 


GEN.  TILGHMAN  A.  HOWARD 


. 

• 


••-•-••• 
; 

1168  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

every  able-bodied  man  was  engaged  in  clearing  his  own  land.  It  was 
urged  in  behalf  of  the  indenture  law  of  1805  that  its  effect  would  be  to 
open  and  clear  700,000  acres  of  rich  land.5  It  is  difficult  now  to  realize 
the  labor  of  the  pioneers  who  accomplished  this  transformation.  It  has 
been  compared  to  the  achievements  of  the  coral  insect,  gradually  build- 
ing the  reef  until  it  reaches  the  surface  of  the  water.  Chip  by  chip 
each  tree  must  be  cut  down,  and  then  it  must  be  cut  up  and  removed  in 
some  way  before  the  land  is  available.  And  this  task  was  not  to  remove 
one  tree,  nor  acres  of  trees  but  hundreds  of  miles  of  trees.  Each  settler 
did  his  part,  making  his  little  clearing  in  the  forest,  and  gradually 
enlarging  it  as  the  years  passed.  And  in  this  clearing,  he  and  his  family 
were  shut  in  almost  as  on  a  desert  island.  Basil  Hall  was  impressed  by 
the  probable  effects  of  what  he  saw  of  "people  living  far  apart,  and 
trusting  exclusively  to  their  own  exertions  for  their  support."  But  he 
was  traveling  on  a  stage  line,  where  something  of  outside  life  was  visible. 
What  would  he  have  thought  of  the  hundreds  who  did  not  live  on 
traveled  roads,  but  back  in  the  depths  of  the  forest,  with  only  an  occa- 
sional interview  with  some  neighbor  who  was  living  under  similar  con- 
ditions ? 

Necessarily  there  is  greater  isolation  in  a  timbered  country  than  in 
an  open  country,  and  it  cannot  be  questioned  that  isolation  has  an 
effect  on  the  human  mind.  That  is  one  of  the  reasons  why  solitary  con- 
finement has  been  generally  abandoned  by  intelligent  penologists,  except 
for  comparatively  short  periods,  and  for  the  purpose  of  making  prisoners 
reflect  on  their  misdeeds.  Solitude  had  often  been  lauded  by  writers 
who  had  experienced  it  in  slight  amount,  but  when  the  account  of 
Alexander  Selkirk's  life  on  his  desert  island  reached  the  civilized  world, 
there  was  general  agreement  with  Cowper's  lines — 

"0  Solitude  where  are  the  charms 
That  sages  have  seen  in  thy  face? 

Better  dwell  in  the  midst  of  alarms 
Than  reign  in  this  horrible  place." 

One  of  the  charms  of  "Robinson  Crusoe"  is  DeFoe's  conception  of 
the  mental  effects  of  his  life,  and  his  notable  turning  towards  serious 
thoughts.  This  conception  is  borne  out  historically  by  the  experience 
of  the  mutineers  of  the  ship  Bounty,  from  whom  there  developed  on 
Pitcairn  Island  one  of  the  most  religious  communities  on  earth.  Mani- 
festly there  is  a  great  difference  between  enforced  isolation,  and  that 
which  one  can  leave  at  will.  There  is  not  the  same  depressing  effect, 

» Liberty   Hall,  March   31,  1806. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1169 

but  there  is  the  same  opportunity  to  think  out  one 's  thoughts,  and  the 
same  concentration  of  thought  on  nature,  for  lack  of  things  to  divert  it. 
With  the  pioneer  the  chief  diversion  was  to  the  details  of  his  daily  toil. 
He  could  not  run  to  the  grocer,  the  druggist,  and  the  merchant  to  supply 
his  wants.  He  must,  in  general  meet  them  himself,  and  here  his  ingenu- 
ity was  often  put  to  test.  No  man  was  ever  a  closer  observer  of  this 
frontier  life  in  Indiana  than  Judge  D.  D.  Banta,  or  wrote  more  intelli- 
gently concerning  it.  He  says  of  this  experience  of  self-reliance:  "If 
the  farmer  had  a  knack  at  working  in  wood,  give  him  an  axe  and  an 
auger,  or  in  lieu  of  the  last  a  burning-iron,  and  he  could  make  almost 
any  machine  he  was  wont  to  work  with.  It  is  hard  to  set  a  limit  to  the 
skill  of  a  'handy'  man.  With  his  sharp  axe  the  pioneer  could  not  only 
cut  the  logs  for  his  cabin  and  notch  them  down,  but  he  could  make  a 
close-fitting  door  and  supply  it  with  wooden  hinges  and  a  neat  latch. 
With  his  axe  and  auger  or  'burning-iron,'  from  the  roots  of  an  oak  or 
ash  he  could  fashion  his  hames  and  sled-runners.  He  could  make  all  his 
whiffle-trees,  stock  his  plows,  make  or  half-sole  his  sled,  make  an  axle- 
tree  for  his  .wagon  if  he  had  one,  make  a  rake,  a  flax-break,  a  barrow, 
a  scythe  sneath,  a  grain  cradle,  a  pitchfork,  a  loom,  a  reel,  a  winding 
blades,  a  washboard,  a  stool,  a  chair,  and,  at  a  pinch,  a  table,  a  bed- 
stead, a  dresser,  and  a  cradle  in  which  to  rock  the  baby.  If  he  was 
more  than  ordinarily  clever  he  repaired  his  own  cooperage,  and  adding 
a  drawing-knife  to  his  kit  of  tools,  he  even  went  so  far  as  to  make  his 
own  casks,  tub,  and  buckets.  But  he  usually  patronized  the  cooper,  and 
always  the  blacksmith,  the  tanner,  and  the  wheelwright.  He  had  little 
use  for  the  shoemaker,  because  he  made  and  mended  all  his  own  shoes ; 
and  less  for  the  fuller  and  tailor,  because  his  wife  spun  and  wove  all 
the  cloth  and  cut  and  made  all  the  clothes;  and  scarcely  none  at  all  for 
the  house  carpenter,  because  with  his  axe  he  could  do  about  all  the 
carpenter's  work  the  fashion  of  the  times  required."0 

If  we  may  believe  half  of  the  teachings  of  modern  science  in  regard 
to  protein,  carbohydrates,  and  other  food  elements,  the  labor  of  the 
frontier  women  called  for  as  much  ingenuity  as  that  of  the  men.  Char- 
lotte Perkins  Oilman  says :  ' '  The  art  and  science  of  cooking  involve  a 
large  and  thorough  knowledge  of  nutritive  value  and  of  the  laws  of 
physiology  and  hygiene.  As  a  science  it  verges  on  preventive  medicine. 
As  an  art,  it  is  capable  of  noble  expression  within  its  natural  bounds. 
As  it  stands  among  us  today,  it  is  so  far  from  being  a  science  and  akin 
to  preventive  medicine,  that  it  is  the  lowest  of  amateur  handicrafts  and 
a  prolific  source  of  disease;  and,  as  an  art,  it  has  developed  under  the 


6  Indianapolis  News,  June  14,  1888. 


1170  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

peculiar  stimulus  of  its  position  as  a  sex-function  into  a  voluptuous  pro- 
fusion as  false  as  it  is  evil.  Our  innocent  proverb,  'The  way  to  a  man's 
heart  is  through  his  stomach,'  is  a  painfully  plain  comment  on  the  way 
in  which  we  have  come  to  deprave  our  bodies  and  degrade  our  souls 
at  the  table.  *  *  *  What  progress  we  have  made  in  the  science  of 
cooking  has  been  made  through  the  study  and  experience  of  professional 
men  cooks  and  chemists,  not  through  the  Sisyphean  labors  of  our  end- 
less generations  of  isolated  women,  each  beginning  again  where  her 
mother  began  before  her."  Such  is  not  the  record  of  history.  Most  of 
the  pioneer  women  had  large  families,  and  little  of  the  infant  mortality 
was  due  to  stomach  trouble.  If  they  had  known  the  chemical  com- 
position of  foods,  it  would  have  made  little  difference,  for  there  was 
scant  room  for  selection.  A  woman  situated  like  Mrs.  McCoy,  in  her 
Indian  boarding  school,  with  no  food  but  lye  hominy  in  the  house  for 
weeks  at  a  time,  "degraded  her  soul"  by  cooking  lye  hominy.  That 
was  an  extreme  case.  Usually  there  was  some  kind  of  meat  at  hand, 
and  corn  meal,  if  not  flour.  The  shortage  was  in  acids  and  sweets.  If 
I  were  asked  by  a  bright  young  woman  for  a  subject  for  an  economic 
sociological  thesis,  I  would  recommend  The  Evolution  of  the  American 
Pie ;  for  unquestionably  woman  put  the  pie  in  pioneer.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe  made  a  start  in  that  direction  when  she  wrote:  "The  pie  is  an 
English  institution,  which,  planted  on  American  soil,  forthwith  ran 
rampant  and  burst  forth  into  an  untold  variety  of  genera  and  species. 
Not  merely  the  old  traditional  mince  pie,  but  a  thousand  strictly  Ameri- 
can seedlings  from  that  main  stock,  evinced  the  power  of  American 
housewives  to  adapt  old  institutions  to  new  uses.  Pumpkin  pies,  cran- 
berry pies,  huckleberry  pies,  custard  pies,  apple  pies,  Marlborough- 
pudding  pies.7  Pies  with  top  crusts,  and  pies  without, — pies  adorned 
with  all  sorts  of  fanciful  flutings  and  architectural  strips  laid  across 
and  around,  and  otherwise  varied,  attested  the  boundless  fertility  of  the 
feminine  mind  when  once  let  loose  in  a  given  direction."8 

It  was  not  a  matter  of  choice,  but  of  finding  material  from  which  a 
pie  could  be  made,  and  when  all  the  fruits  and  berries  had  been  exhaust- 
ed, as  well  as  pumpkin,  squash,  sweet-potato  and  Irish  potato,  she  moved 
on  to  vinegar  pie.  So,  in  the  lack  of  spices,  she  utilized  lemon  and 
orange  peel.  So  she  made  preserves  of  tomatoes  and  watermelon  rinds, 
and  pickled  various  vegetables.  So  she  has  gone  on  with  all  sorts  of 
salads  and  puddings,  until  American  cook  books  make  a  considerable 
library,  with  more  to  come.  And  in  the  general  opinion  of  mere  man, 
male  cooks  have  spoiled  more  than  they  have  improved.  Who  that  has 

i  A  sort  of  apple  pie — see  Fannie  Merritt  Farmer 's  New  Book  of  Cookery,  p.  307. 
»  Oldtown  Folks,  p.  340. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1171 

eaten  hotel  strawberry  shortcake,  has  not  yearned  for  the  kind  "that 
Mother  used  to  make?"  And  her  "preventive  medicines"  were  not 
confined  to  foods.  She  made  decoctions  of  medicinal  plants,  salves, 
washes,  plasters  and  poultices.  She  not  only  made  soap,  but  made  the 
lye  to  make  the  soap;  and  this  was  continued  long  after  "store  soap" 
was  available.  Says  George  W.  Sloan :  ' '  There  was  not  a  large  sale  for 
bar  soap  because  all  the  old  women  made  soft  soap.  No  coal  was  burned 
then  and  there  were  plenty  of  wood  ashes.  The  woman  saved  the  ashes, 
leached  them,  boiled  the  lye  down  until  it  would  float  an  egg,  added 
her  savings  of  grease  to  it  and  made  soap.  She  had  learned  to  add  salt, 
and  that  made  hard  soap. "  9  If  there  is  anything  in  heredity,  the  aver- 
age American  can  look  for  ingenuity  on  the  maternal  as  well  as  the 
paternal  side.  And  there  were  dozens  of  forms  of  industry  in  which 
both  sexes  participated,  such  as  preserving  meats,  making  candles  and 
grease  lamps,  making  and  using  dyes,  tanning  skins,  cleaning  feathers, 
and  other  efforts  to  add  to  the  comforts  of  life,  or  earn  an  honest  dollar. 
It  must  be  that  the  isolation  of  the  frontier  had  a  material  effect  on 
the  religious  sentiment  of  the  pioneers.  Few  men  who  think  do  not 
realize  that  they  are  not  living  as  good  lives  as  they  might.  They  may 
not  indulge  in  crimes  or  even  vices,  but  they  are  seldom  exercising  their 
virtues  to  their  full  capacity.  In  the  early  period  everybody  believed 
in  the  Bible.  Even  professed  atheists  had  a  deep-down  belief,  such  as 
Stevenson  pictures  in  his  pirates  in  Treasure  Island.  They  have  a 
story  in  Owen  County  of  an  old  farmer  who  was  "a  little  near,"  who 
had  a  son,  Absolom,  who  never  got  along  financially.  Absolom  finally 
went  to  Texas,  with  his  wife  and  children,  to  enter  some  land;  and  in 
due  time  wrote  to  his  father  for  assistance,  stating  that  he  was  out  of 
money,  could  get  no  work,  and  his  family  were  suffering  from  hunger. 
The  old  gentleman  had  a  couple  of  notes  that  Absolom  had  given  him 
for  borrowed  money,  and  he  cancelled  these,  put  them  in  an  envelope, 
and  sent  them  to  Absolom.  Some  time  after,  his  brother-in-law  was 
telling  this  to  James  Phillips,  a  professed  infidel  of  the  neighborhood, 
who  indignantly  asked,  "Did  the  old  man  do  that?"  "Yes,  he  did,  and 
I  sent  Absolom  some  money  myself. "  "  Well,  the  old  scoundrel ;  he 
ought  to  be  in  hell. "  "But  I  thought  you  didn't  believe  in  hell."  "I 
didn't;  but  by  G — d  I  never  saw  the  necessity  for  it  before."  In  the 
isolated  life,  people  had  to  think.  There  was  dearth  of  amusements, 
and  most  of  what  there  were  had  an  athletic  character  that  required 
competition  to  make  the  sport.  The  first  settlers  of  Indiana  were  reli- 
gious to  begin  with,  and  their  laws  were  almost  puritanical.  There  were, 


»  Fifty  years  in  Pharmacy,  Ind.  Hist.  Soc.  Pubs.,  Vol.  3,  p.  334. 


1172  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

of  course,  no  theaters,  and  the  early  laws  of  the  State  provided  that, 
"Every  person  who  shall  exhibit  any  puppet-show,  wire  dancing  or 
tumbling,  for  money  or  reward,  shall  be  fined  three  dollars  for  each 
offense."  10  It  was  not  until  1831  that  provision  was  made  for  licensing 
such  shows.1 1  Decent  people  did  not  play  cards ;  and  until  the  middle 
of  the  century,  the  law  provided,  "That  if  any  person  shall  vend,  or 
cause  to  be  vended,  any  playing  cards,  or  any  obscene  book,  pamphlet, 
or  print,  he  shall  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
one  nor  more  than  three  dollars  for  every  such  pack  of  cards,  book, 
pamphlet,  or  print  vended. "  12  If  anything  in  the  forcible  preaching 
of  the  time  made  an  impression  on  the  mind  of  an  irreligious  man,  his 
thought  was  sure  to  come  back  to  it  when  at  his  lonesome  tasks,  and  a 
"conviction  of  sin"  would  naturally  follow.  These  conditions  explain 
such  extraordinary  religious  movements  as  "the  Great  Awakening"  of 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  the  great  revivals  that  swept 
the  Western  country  in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  beginning 
with  the  Newlight  revival  at  Cane  Ridge  in  1804.  There  was  a  mental 
effect  in  the  abandon  of  emotional  excitement  in  these  religious  experi- 
ences aside  from  the  religious  effect.  A  man  cannot  "let  himself  go" 
emotionally  without  developing  the  emotional  side  of  his  nature ;  and  when 
he  throws  himself  into  the  same  condition  habitually,  as  was  done  in  all 
the  evangelistic  churches,  there  must  be  a  development  of  the  emotional 
nature  that  is  simply  impossible  of  religions  where  emotional  manifesta- 
tions are  studiously  repressed.  To  give  expression  to  these  emotions 
there  is  a  striving  for  superlatives  that  gives  a  new  color  to  language, 
just  as  there  is  when  the  emotions  are  stirred  by  anything  else.  The 
effect,  from  whatever  cause,  is  well  expressed  by  H.  H.  Riley:  "Pioneers 
— men  who  grow  up  in  the  woods — are  famous  for  luxiiriant  imagina- 
tions. Everything  with  them  is  on  a  sweeping  scale  with  the  natural 
objects  amid  which  they  dwell.  The  rivers,  and  lakes,  and  plains  are 
great,  and  seem  to  run  riot — so  men  sometimes  run  riot  too,  in  thought 
and  word,  and  deed.  They  deal  largely  in  the  extravagant,  and  do 
extravagant  things  in  an  extravagant  way.  I  have  seen  a  rusty  pioneer, 
when  giving  his  opinion  upon  some  trite  matter,  garnish  his  language 
with  imagery  and  figures,  and  clothe  himself  with  an  action  that  Demos- 
thenes would  have  copied,  if  he  had  met  with  such  in  his  day.  Gestures 
all  graceful,  eye  all  fire,  language  rough,  but  strong,  and  an  enthusiasm 
that  was  magnetic — a  kind  of  unpremeditated  natural  eloquence,  that 
many  a  one  has  sought  for,  but  never  found."  13 

10  Rev.  Stats.  1824,  p.  148. 
"  Laws  of  1831,  p.  191. 
"Rev.  Stats.  1843,  p.  985. 
isPuddleford  Papers,  p.  206. 


d 

- 


1172 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


i«  Rev.  Stats.  1824,  p.  148. 

11  Laws  of  18:U,  p.  191. 

12  Rev.  Stats.  1843,  p.  985. 
isPuddlefonl  Papers,  p.  206. 


of  course,  no  theaters,  and  the  early  laws  of  the  State  provided  that, 
"Every  person  who  shall  exhibit  any  puppet-show,  wire  dancing  or 
tumbling,  for  money  or  reward,  shall  be  fined  three  dollars  for  each 
offense."  1(l  It  was  not  until  1831  that  provision  was  made  for  licensing 
such  shows.1 1  Decent  people  did  not  play  cards ;  and  until  the  middle  • 
of  the  century,  the  law  provided,  "That  if  any  person  shall  vend,  or 
cause  to  be  vended,  any  playing  cards,  or  any  obscene  book,  pamphlet, 
or  print,  he  shall  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
one  nor  more  than  three  dollars  for  every  such  pack  of  cards,  book, 
pamphlet,  or  print  vended."12  If  anything  in  the  forcible  preaching 
of  the  time  made  an  impression  on  the  mind  of  an  irreligious  man,  his 
thought  was  sure  to  come  back  to  it  when  at  his  lonesome  tasks,  and  a 
"conviction  of  sin"  would  naturally  follow.  These  conditions  explain 
such  extraordinary  religious  movements  as  "the  Great  Awakening"  of 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  the  great  revivals  that  swept 
the  Western  country  in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  beginning 
with  the  Newlight  revival  at  Cane  Ridge  in  1804.  There  was  a  mental 
effect  in  the  abandon  of  emotional  excitement  in  these  religious  experi- 
ences aside  from  the  religious  effect.  A  man  cannot  "let  himself  go" 
emotionally  without  developing  the  emotional  side  of  his  nature  ;  and  when 
he  throws  himself  into  the  same  condition  habitually,  as  was  done  in  all 
the  evangelistic  churches,  there  must  be  a  development  of  the  emotional 
nature  that  is  simply  impossible  of  religions  where  emotional  manifesta- 
tions are  studiously  repressed.  To  give  expression  to  these  emotions 
there  is  a  striving  for  superlatives  that  gives  a  new  color  to  language, 
just  as  there  is  when  the  emotions  are  stirred  by  anything  else.  The 
effect,  from  whatever  cause,  is  well  expressed  by  H.  II.  Riley:  "Pioneers 
— men  who  grow  up  in  the  woods — are  famoiis  for  luxuriant  imagina- 
tions. Everything  with  them  is  on  a  sweeping  scale  with  the  natural 
objects  amid  which  they  dwell.  The  rivers,  and  lakes,  and  plains  are 
great,  and  seem  to  run  riot — so  men  sometimes  run  riot  too,  in  thought 
and  word,  and  deed.  They  deal  largely  in  the  extravagant,  and  do 
extravagant  things  in  an  extravagant  way.  I  have  seen  a  rusty  pioneer, 
when  giving  his  opinion  upon  some  trite  matter,  garnish  his  language 
with  imagery  and  figures,  and  clothe  himself  with  an  action  that  Demos- 
thenes would  have  copied,  if  he  had  met  with  such  in  his  day.  Gestures 
all  graceful,  eye  all  fire,  language  rough,  but  strong,  and  an  enthusiasm 
that  was  magnetic — a  kind  of  unpremeditated  natural  eloquence,  that 
many  a  one  has  sought  for,  but  never  found."  13 


c; 

•x 
M 
ft 


1174  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Of  course  this  characteristic  was  most  noticeable  in  frontier  oratory, 
which,  with  appreciation  of  the  purpose  of  oratory,  was  designed  to  move 
the  hearers  to  whom  it  was  addressed.  In  a  broad  way  this  may  be 
classed  as  legal,  political  and  religious.  It  was  common  for  the  people 
to  gather  at  court  sessions  to  "hear  the  lawyers  plead,"  or,  in  other 
words  to  argue  their  cases  to  the  juries,  and  at  especially  interesting 
trials  the  court  rooms  were  never  large  enough  to  accommodate  the 
audiences.  A  description  of  frontier  political  oratory,  and  its  effects 
on  those  who  were  not  accustomed  to  it,  has  already  been  given  in  the 
account  of  the  speech  of  Henry  S.  Lane  at  the  Republican  National 
Convention.  But  the  most  striking  was  the  religious  oratory,  because 
the  preacher  had  the  most  tremendous  subjects  to  deal  with,  and  his 
appeals  went  to  the  very  foundations  of  human  character,  and  to  the 
highest  conceptions  of  which  man  is  capable.  Here,  oratory  went  to  its 
utmost  limits.  One  of  the  most  noted  of  its  many  masters  in  Indiana 
was  John  Strange,  a  Virginian  by  birth,  who  began  preaching  in  1810, 
when  twenty  years  of  age.  A  fellow  Methodist  preacher  describes  him 
thus:  "In  the  pulpit,  he  was  peerless  in  voice  and  gesture.  No  one 
ever  imitated  him — for  none  could.  He  was  a  natural  orator  of  the 
highest  class.  It  was  no  studied  art  with  him — it  was  Heaven's  rich 
gift.  His  power  over  an  audience,  at  times,  seemed  to  be  almost  super- 
natural, causing  their  feelings  to  rise  and  swell,  at  the  command  of 
his  voice,  or  the  waving  of  his  hand,  as  the  ocean  would  surge  under  the 
call  of  Aeolus.  Often  the  people  were  so  carried  away  by  his  eloquence 
that,  rising  from  their  seats,  they  would  press  toward  the  place  where  he 
stood  telling  the  story  of  the  cross — portraying  the  dying  agonies  of  the 
Savior — themselves  seemingly  lost  to  every  subject  but  the  one  presented 
by  the  speaker.  He  was  sometimes  eccentric  in  the  pulpit,  but  his 
eetentricities  were  always  graceful.  *  *  *  By  his  sudden  exclama- 
tion he  would  thrill  a  whole  congregation  as  by  a  shock  of  electricity. 
Sometime*,  when  speaking  of  God's  love  to  man  in  the  redemption  of  the 
world,  the  joys  of  Christ's  great  salvation,  the  glory  of  heaven,  his  soul 
would  be  filled  with  such  heavenly  rapture  that  he  would  exclaim  in  his 
ar  voice,  'Alleluia!  Alleluia!  Alleluia!'  when  the  people  would 
the  spirit,  and  from  every  part  of  the  congregation  shouts  of 
would  ascend  to  heaven.  Sometimes,  when  portraying  the  tor- 
•••••.-•  of  those  shut  up  in  the  prison-house  of  hell,  and  describing  the 
wifked  as  in  crowds  they  urged  their  way  down  to  blackness  and  dark- 
•  --V-  the  sinners  in  the  congregation  would  scream  out,  crying  for 
merry.  Seizing  upon  the  occasion,  Mr.  Strange  would  exclaim,  in  his 
inimitable  way.  '  A  center  shot,  my  Lord ;  load  and  fire  again ! '  The 
b*/-kwoods  hunters  knew  well  how  to  apply  such  expressions.  *  *  * 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1175 

His  powers  of  description  were  of  the  finest  order.  He  could  so  describe 
a  scene,  that  you  would  seem  to  behold,  in  undimmed  light,  that  which 
he  was  portraying.  When  he  was  preaching  the  funeral  sermon  of  Rev. 
Edwin  Ray,  in  Indianapolis,  toward  the  close  of  the  discourse,  while 
describing  the  second  coming  of  Christ,  his  bringing  with  him  '  them  that 
sleep  in  Jesus,'  descending  'in  the  clouds  of  heaven,'  he  stood  erect  for 
a  moment,  then,  looking  upward,  cried  out,  'Where  is  Edwin  Ray!' 
Still  looking  upward,  he  said,  'I  see  him;  I  see  him!'  and  then,  with 
both  hands  raised  as  if  welcoming  him,  he  exclaimed,  in  a  voice  that 
seemed  to  go  up  to  the  clouds, '  Hail,  Edwin !  Hail,  Edwin !  Hail  Edwin ! ' 
The  effect  upon  the  congregation  will  never  be  forgotten  by  those  who 
heard  that  sermon  and  felt  the  power. ' '  u 

Another  says  of  him:  "His  leading  mental  traits  were  feeling  and 
imagination,  and,  as  a  consequence,  his  sermons  were  highly  descriptive. 
Sometimes  his  imagination  would  tower  and  soar  aloft,  till  his  hearers 
would  be  carried  in  feeling  and  fancy  to  the  third  heaven.  He  could 
paint  a  panoramic  scene  with  the  hand  of  a  master,  and  he  frequently 
employed  metaphoric  representations  with  wonderful  effect.  Once, 
when  preaching  on  the  love  of  God,  he  compared  it  to  an  ocean,  and 
then  he  endeavored  to  sound  it  with  a  line.  While  letting  down  his  line, 
he  became  most  impassioned,  and  cried  out,  at  the  top  of  his  shrill  voice, 
'More  line — more  line!'  and  the  effect  was  to  enrapture  and  convulse 
the  entire  congregation  on  a  large  encampment,  while  they  seemed  lost 
in  wonder  and  adoration  at  the  unfathomable  depths  of  God's  love  to  a 
lost  world.  Once  while  on  the  Madison  district,  he  was  compelled, 
through  feebleness  and  extreme  indisposition,  to  desist  from  preaching, 
while  in  the  midst  of  a  sermon,  at  a  quarterly  meeting.  But  while 
abruptly  closing,  he  exclaimed,  with  a  pathos  all  his  own,  and  perfectly 
inimitable,  'God  forbid  that  any  of  my  hearers  should  wake  up  with 
the  rich  man  in  hell,  where  they  must  cry  in  vain  for  one  drop  of  water 
to  cool  their  parched  tongues!'  and  suiting  the  action  to  the  word,  he 
dipped  his  finger  in  a  tumbler  of  water  that  was  sitting  on  the  pulpit, 
and  letting  a  drop  fall  on  his  own  tongue,  fell  immediately  back  upon 
his  scat,  while  the  congregation  was  suffused  in  tears,  and  sobs  and 
groans  were  heard  from  every  part  of  the  audience."  15  The  responses 
of  the  audience  were  not  always  religious  in  character,  although  they 
showed  the  interest  awakened  by  the  discourse.  Holliday  tells  of  a 
frontier  preacher  who  was  holding  a  meeting  in  a  bar-room — a  quite 
common  occurrence — and  preaching  from  the  text,  "Seek  first  the  king- 
dom of  God  and  his  righteousness,  and  all  these  things  shall  be  added 

14  Smith 's  Indiana  Miscellany,  pp.  154-6. 

is  Holliday 's  Life  and  Times  of  Bev.  Allen  Wiley,  p.  63. 

Vol.  II- 3  9 


1174  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Of  course  this  characteristic  was  most  noticeable  in  frontier  oratory, 
which,  with  appreciation  of  the  purpose  of  oratory,  was  designed  to  move 
the  hearers  to  whom  it  was  addressed.  In  a  broad  way  this  may  be 
classed  as  legal,  political  and  religious.  It  was  common  for  the  people 
to  gather  at  court  sessions  to  "hear  the  lawyers  plead,"  or,  in  other 
words  to  argue  their  cases  to  the  juries,  and  at  especially  interesting 
trials  the  court  rooms  were  never  large  enough  to  accommodate  the 
audiences.  A  description  of  frontier  political  oratory,  and  its  effects 
on  those  who  were  not  accustomed  to  it,  has  already  been  given  in  the 
account  of  the  speech  of  Henry  S.  Lane  at  the  Republican  National 
Convention.  But  the  most  striking  was  the  religious  oratory,  because 
the  preacher  had  the  most  tremendous  subjects  to  deal  with,  and  his 
appeals  went  to  the  very  foundations  of  human  character,  and  to  the 
highest  conceptions  of  which  man  is  capable.  Here,  oratory  went  to  its 
utmost  limits.  One  of  the  most  noted  of  its  many  masters  in  Indiana 
was  John  Strange,  a  Virginian  by  birth,  who  began  preaching  in  1810, 
when  twenty  years  of  age.  A  fellow  Methodist  preacher  describes  him 
thus :  "In  the  pulpit,  he  was  peerless  in  voice  and  gesture.  No  one 
ever  imitated  him — for  none  could.  He  was  a  natural  orator  of  the 
highest  class.  It  was  no  studied  art  with  him — it  was  Heaven's  rich 
gift.  His  power  over  an  audience,  at  times,  seemed  to  be  almost  super- 
natural, causing  their  feelings  to  rise  and  swell,  at  the  command  of 
his  voice,  or  the  waving  of  his  hand,  as  the  ocean  would  surge  under  the 
call  of  Aeolus.  Often  the  people  were  so  carried  away  by  his  eloquence 
that,  rising  from  their  seats,  they  would  press  toward  the  place  where  he 
stood  telling  the  story  of  the  cross — portraying  the  dying  agonies  of  the 
Savior — themselves  seemingly  lost  to  every  subject  but  the  one  presented 
by  the  speaker.  He  was  sometimes  eccentric  in  the  pulpit,  but  his 
eccentricities  were  always  graceful.  *  *  *  By  his  sudden  exclama- 
tion he  would  thrill  a  whole  congregation  as  by  a  shock  of  electricity. 
'Sometimes,  when  speaking  of  God's  love  to  man  in  the  redemption  of  the 
world,  the  joys  of  Christ's  great  salvation,  the  glory  of  heaven,  his  soul 
would  be  filled  with  such  heavenly  rapture  that  he  would  exclaim  in  his 
peculiar  voice,  'Alleluia!  Alleluia!  Alleluia!'  when  the  people  would 
catch  the  spirit,  and  from  every  part  of  the  congregation  shouts  of 
praise  would  ascend  to  heaven.  Sometimes,  when  portraying  the  tor- 
ments of  those  shut  up  in  the  prison-house  of  hell,  and  describing  the 
wicked  as  in  crowds  they  urged  their  way  down  to  blackness  and  dark- 
ness, the  sinners  in  the  congregation  would  scream  out,  crying  for 
mercy.  Seizing  upon  the  occasion,  Mr.  Strange  would  exclaim,  in  his 
inimitable  way,  'A  center  shot,  my  Lord;  load  and  fire  again!'  The 
backwoods  hunters  knew  well  how  to  apply  such  expressions.  *  *  * 


.":"'     ' 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1175 

His  powers  of  description  were  of  the  finest  order.  He  could  so  describe 
a  scene,  that  you  would  seem  to  behold,  in  undimmed  light,  that  which 
he  was  portraying.  When  he  was  preaching  the  funeral  sermon  of  Rev. 
Edwin  Bay,  in  Indianapolis,  toward  the  close  of  the  discourse,  while 
describing  the  second  coming  of  Christ,  his  bringing  with  him  '  them  that 
sleep  in  Jesus,'  descending  'in  the  clouds  of  heaven,'  he  stood  erect  for 
a  moment,  then,  looking  upward,  cried  out,  'Where  is  Edwin  Ray?' 
Still  looking  upward,  he  said,  'I  see  him;  1  see  him!'  and  then,  with 
both  hands  raised  as  if  welcoming  him,  he  exclaimed,  in  a  voice  that 
seemed  to  go  up  to  the  clouds, '  Hail,  Edwin !  Hail,  Edwin !  Hail  Edwin ! ' 
The  effect  upon  the  congregation  will  never  be  forgotten  by  those  who 
heard  that  sermon  and  felt  the  power. ' ' 14 

Another  says  of  him:  "His  leading  mental  traits  were  feeling  and 
imagination,  and,  as  a  consequence,  his  sermons  were  highly  descriptive. 
Sometimes  his  imagination  would  tower  and  soar  aloft,  till  his  hearers 
would  be  carried  in  feeling  and  fancy  to  the  third  heaven.  He  could 
paint  a  panoramic  scene  with  the  hand  of  a  master,  and  he  frequently 
employed  metaphoric  representations  with  wonderful  effect.  Once, 
when  preaching  on  the  love  of  God,  he  compared  it  to  an  ocean,  and 
then  he  endeavored  to  sound  it  with  a  line.  While  letting  down  his  line, 
he  became  most  impassioned,  and  cried  out,  at  the  top  of  his  shrill  voice, 
'More  line — more  line!'  and  the  effect  was  to  enrapture  and  convulse 
the  entire  congregation  on  a  large  encampment,  while  they  seemed  lost 
in  wonder  and  adoration  at  the  unfathomable  depths  of  God's  love  to  a 
lost  world.  Once  while  on  the  Madison  district,  he  was  compelled, 
through  feebleness  and  extreme  indisposition,  to  desist  from  preaching, 
while  in  the  midst  of  a  sermon,  at  a  quarterly  meeting.  But  while 
abruptly  closing,  he  exclaimed,  with  a  pathos  all  his  own,  and  perfectly 
inimitable,  'God  forbid  that  any  of  my  hearers  should  wake  up  with 
the  rich  man  in  hell,  where  they  must  cry  in  vain  for  one  drop  of  water 
to  cool  their  parched  tongues!'  and  suiting  the  action  to  the  word,  he 
dipped  his  finger  in  a  tumbler  of  water  that  was  sitting  on  the  pulpit, 
and  letting  a  drop  fall  on  his  own  tongue,  fell  immediately  back  upon 
his  seat,  while  the  congregation  was  suffused  in  tears,  and  sobs  and 
groans  were  heard  from  every  part  of  the  audience."  15  The  responses 
of  the  audience  were  not  always  religious  in  character,  although  they 
showed  the  interest  awakened  by  the  discourse.  Holliday  tells  of  a 
frontier  preacher  who  was  holding  a  meeting  in  a  bar-room — a  quite 
common  occurrence — and  preaching  from  the  text,  "Seek  first  the  king- 
dom of  God  and  his  righteousness,  and  all  these  things  shall  be  added 

"Smith's  Indiana  Miscellany,  pp.  154-6. 

is  Holliday 's  Life  and  Times  of  Rev.  Allen  Wiley,  p.  63. 

Vol.  11—39 


1176  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

unto  you."  He  says:  "He  endeavored,  in  plain  words,  to  show  them 
the  absurdity  and  folly  of  serving  the  devil.  'Now',  said  he,  'if  you 
want  to  be  happy,  the  devil  can't  make  you  happy.  He  is  the  most 
wretched  being  in  all  the  universe;  and  as  misery  loves  company,  he 
will  drag  you  down  to  his  own  fiery  abode.  If  you  are  seeking  for  honor, 
the  devil  has  none  to  bestow;  he  is  the  most  dishonorable  being  that 
lives.  And  if  you  are  seeking  for  wealth,  the  devil  has  none  of  it ;  if  you 
were  to  sweep  hell  from  one  end  to  the  other,  you  would  not  get  a  six- 
pence.' A  large,  honest  but  coarse-looking  fellow,  sitting  right  before 
the  preacher,  with  eyes  and  mouth  wide  open,  exclaimed,  unconsciously : 
'  God !  money  is  as  scarce  there  as  it  is  here ! '  " 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  these  frontier  preachers  were  ignorant, 
although  many  of  them  had  little  schooling.  Hojliday  says  of  Strange : 
' '  His  education  was  not  very  thorough ;  yet  he  was  a  close  student,  and 
but  few  men  ever  had  a  better  command  of  language  than  he.  For  years 
he  was  in  the  habit  of  carrying  Walker's  octavo  dictionary  in  his  saddle- 
bags, and  of  studying  it  closely ;  and  thus  he  acquired  a  very  ready  and 
happy  use  of  language,  and  his  storehouse  of  words  seemed  inexhaust- 
ible." In  fact  few  of  the  preachers  neglected  opportunities  to  learn. 
Barton  W.  Stone,  the  Newlight  leader,  was  well  educated  for  the  time, 
yet  he  picked  up  French  from  a  French  refugee  in  Georgia,  and  Hebrew 
in  Kentucky.  He  says  of  the  latter :  "  A  Prussian  doctor,  a  Jew  of  great 
learning,  came  to  Lexington,  and  proposed  to  teach  the  Hebrew  language 
in  a  short  time.  A  class  was  soon  made  up  of  a  motley  mixture  of 
preachers,  lawyers,  and  others.  He  taught  by  lectures;  and  in  a  very 
short  time  we  understood  the  language  so  as  with  ease  to  read,  and 
translate  by  the  assistance  of  a  Lexicon."  Smith  makes  the  broad 
claim :  ' '  Indiana  is  more  indebted  to  itinerant  Methodist  preachers  for 
the  high  position  she  now  occupies  in  science,  literature,  and  Christian- 
ity, than  to  any  other  class  of  men.  Though  these  ministers  of  the  Lord 
Jesus  were  not  cultured  men,  as  that  term  is  ordinarily  understood,  they 
were,  nevertheless,  educated  in  an  exalted  sense.  Their  education  was 
such  as  to  qualify  them  for  their  peculiar  and  important  work.  *  *  * 
They  all  had  a  fair,  some  of  them  a  good,  English  training.  Some  of 
them,  while  traveling  their  large  circuits,  pursued  their  studies  till  they 
became  good  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  scholars.  They  were  well  read 
in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  when  they  preached  they  used  them.  It 
would  have  been  an  anomaly  to  have  heard  one  of  these  men  preach  a 
sermon  and  never  make  a  quotation  from  the  Scriptures,  except  when 
he  read  his  text."16 

There  is  a  large  basis  of  fact  for  this  statement,  but  it  should  not  be 


i«  Indiana  Miscellany,  p.  45. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  11Y7 

limited  to  Methodists.     Itinerancy  and  revivals  were  characteristic  of 
the  "shouting  Methodist,"  but  they  were  shared  by  nearly  all  the  Protes- 
tant sects  on  the  frontier.    The  five  preachers  who  started  the  Newlight 
movement  were  Presbyterians,  of  whom  two  went  over  to  the  Shakers, 
and  two  returned  to  the  Presbyterian  fold,  leaving  Barton  W.  Stone, 
who  later  joined  forces  with  Alexander  Campbell,  though  their  sects 
have  never  fully  coalesced.     Clergymen  of  all  sects  traveled  widely  in 
the  early  period  and  stationed  preachers  often  held  revival  meetings. 
John  R.   Moreland,  a  converted  flatboatman,   who  came  to  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church   of   Indianapolis   in   1828,   is   described   by   Mrs. 
Ketcham  as  ' '  a  real  revival  preacher,  who  meant  good  and  was  good.  He 
wept  with  his  congregation. ' '    Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  quite  noted  as 
a  revival  preacher  when  in  Indiana,  not  only  in  his  own  church,  but 
going  out  to  hold  meetings.     The  great  work  of  the  churches  in  book 
education  was  through  the  Sunday  schools,  for  there  were  no  real  free 
schools  in  Indiana  until  affer  1850,  and  more  children  learned  to  read 
in  the  Sunday  schools  than  in  the  day  schools.    But  book  education  is  a 
small  part  of  the  education  of  life,  and  in  early  Indiana  the  religious 
teaching  formed  a  large  part  of  it.    Foreigners  could  seldom  grasp  its 
import.     Mrs.  Trollope,  who  was  a  most  decorous  Episcopalian,   was 
shocked  by  it.     She  says:  "I  learned  that  the  un-national  church  of 
America  required  to  be  roused,  at  regular  intervals,  to  greater  energy 
and  exertion.     At  these  seasons  the  most   enthusiastic   of  the   clergy 
travel  the  country,  and  enter  the  cities  and  towns  by  scores,  or  by  hun- 
dreds, as  the  accommodation  of  the  place  may  admit,  and  for  a  week  or 
fortnight,  or,  if  the  population  be  large,  for  a  month ;  they  preach  and 
pray  all  day,  and  often  for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  night,  in  the 
various  churches  and  chapels  of  the  place.     This  is  called  a  Revival. 
*     *     *     These  itinerant  clergymen  are  of  all  persuasions,  I  believe, 
except  the   Episcopalian,   Catholic,  Unitarian,   and   Quaker.     I   heard 
of  Presbyterians  of  all  varieties;  of  Baptists  of  I  know  not  how  many 
divisions ;  and  of  Methodists  of  more  denominations  than  I  can  remem- 
ber; whose  innumerable  shades  of  varying  belief  it  would  require  much 
time   to   explain   and   more   to   comprehend.     *     *     *     It  was  at   the 
principal  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  (of  Cincinnati)  that  I  was  twice 
witness  to  scenes  that  made  me  shudder."  17 

The  things  that  shocked  her  there  were  very  ordinary  emotional 
manifestations  of  revival  meetings;  but  she  got  her  real  shock  when 
she  attended  an  Indiana  camp-meeting,  in  1829.  It  was  in  a  forest 
clearing,  with  tents  around  the  outskirts,  and  no  roof  over  the  meeting 
place.  "Four  high  frames,  constructed  in  the  form  of  altars,  were  placed 

IT  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans,  pp.  104-7. 


1178  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

at  the  four  corners  of  the  enclosure ;  on  these  were  supported  layers  of 
earth  and  sod  on  which  burned  immense  fires  of  blazing  pine-wood.  On 
one  side  a  rude  platform  was  erected  to  accommodate  the  preachers, 
fifteen  of  whom  attended  the  meeting,  and  with  very  short  intervals  for 
necessary  refreshment  and  private  devotion,  preached  in  rotation,  day 
and  night,  from  Tuesday  to  Saturday."  In  front  of  the  preacher's  plat- 
form was  an  inclosure  reserved  for  penitents,  called  "the  pen."  There 
were  some  two  thousand  persons  in  attendance.  She  attended  a  mid- 
night meeting,  and  describes  it  thus :  ' '  One  of  the  preachers  began  in  a 
low  nasal  tone,  and,  like  all  other  Methodist  preachers,  assured  us  of 
the  enormous  depravity  of  man  as  he  comes  from  the  hands  of  his  Maker, 
and  of  his  perfect  sanctification  after  he  had  wrestled  sufficiently  with 
the  Lord  to  get  hold  of  him,  et  caetera.  The  admiration  of  the  crowd 
was  evinced  by  almost  constant  cries  of  '  Amen !  Amen ! '  '  Jesus !  Jesus ! ' 
'  Glory !  Glory ! '  and  the  like.  But  this  comparative  tranquility  did  not 
last  long;  the  preacher  told  them  that  'this  night  was  the  time  fixed 
for  anxious  sinners  to  wrestle  with  the  Lord ' ;  that  he  and  his  brethren 
'were  at  hand  to  help  them,'  and  that  such  as  needed  their  help  were 
to  come  forward  into  the  pen.  *  *  *  The  crowd  fell  back  at  the 
mention  of  the  pen,  and  for  some  minutes  there  was  a  vacant  space 
before  us.  The  preachers  came  down  from  their  stand  and  placed  them- 
selves in  the  midst  of  it,  beginning  to  sing  a  hymn,  calling  upon  the 
penitents  to  come  forth.  As  they  sang  they  kept  turning  themselves 
round  to  every  part  of  the  crowd,  and,  by  degrees,  the  voices  of  the 
whole  multitude  joined  in  the  chorus.  This  was  the  only  moment  at 
which  I  perceived  anything  like  the  solemn  and  beautiful  effect  which 
I  had  heard  ascribed  to  this  woodland  worship.  It  is  certain  that  the 
combined  voices  of  such  a  multitude,  heard  at  dead  of  night,  from  the 
depths  of  their  eternal  forests,  the  many  fair  young  faces  turned  up- 
ward, and  looking  paler  and  lovelier  as  they  met  the  moon-beams,  the 
dark  figures  of  the  officials  in  the  middle  of  the  circle,  the  lurid  glare 
thrown  by  the  altar  fires  on  the  woods  beyond,  did  altogether  produce 
a  fine  and  solemn  effect,  that  I  shall  not  easily  forget ;  but  ere  I  had 
well  enjoyed  it,  the  scene  changed,  and  sublimity  gave  place  to  horror 
and  disgust.  The  exhortation  nearly  resembled  that  which  I  had  heard 
at  'the  Revival,'  but  the  result  was  very  different;  for,  instead  of  the 
few  hysterical  women  who  had  distinguished  themselves  on  that  occasion, 
above  a  hundred  persons,  nearly  all  females,  came  forward,  uttering 
bowlings  and  groans,  so  terrible  that  I  shall  never  cease  to  shudder  when 
I  recall  them.  They  appeared  to  drag  each  other  forward,  and  on  the 
word  being  given,  'let  us  pray,'  they  all  fell  on  their  knees;  but  this 
posture  was  soon  changed  for  others  that  permitted  greater  scope  for  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS  1179 

convulsive  movements  of  their  limbs ;  and  they  were  soon  all  lying  on 
the  ground  in  an  indescribable  confusion  of  heads  and  legs.  They  threw 
about  their  limbs  with  such  incessant  and  violent  motion  that  I  was  every 
instant  expecting  some  serious  accident  to  occur.  But  how  am  I  to 
describe  the  sounds  that  proceeded  from  this  strange  mass  of  human 
beings?  I  know  no  words  which  can  convey  an  idea  of  it.  Hysterical 
sobbings,  convulsive  groans,  shrieks  and  screams  the  most  appalling, 
burst  forth  on  all  sides.  I  felt  sick  with  horror.  After  the  first  wild 
burst  that  followed  their  prostration,  the  moanings,  in  many  instances, 
became  loudly  articulate;  and  I  then  experienced  a  strange  vibration 
between  tragic  and  comic  feeling.  *  *  *  The  stunning  noise  was 
sometimes  varied  by  the  preachers  beginning  to  sing;  but  the  con- 
vulsive movements  of  the  poor  maniacs  only  became  more  violent.  At 
length  the  atrocious  wickedness  of  this  horrible  scene  increased  to  a 
degree  of  grossness  that  drove  us  from  our  station ;  we  returned  to  the 
carriage  at  about  three  o  'clock  in  the  morning,  and  passed  the  remainder 
of  the  night  in  listening  to  the  ever  increasing  tumult  at  the  pen.  To 
sleep  was  impossible. ' ' 18 

The  effects  of  these  religious  meetings  were  indeed  almost  incredible 
to  one  who  had  not  seen  them,  and  yet  very  similar  meetings  were  to 
be  seen  a  few  years  earlier  in  England  under  the  preaching  of  John 
Wesley  and  his  associates.  There  are  various  views  of  their  merits, 
which  are  of  no  importance  here,  except  to  say  that  they  had  an  im- 
mense effect  on  the  morals  of  the  people,  and  not  only  women,  but 
hundreds  of  profane,  drunken,  and  profligate  men  became  sober  and 
worthy  citizens.  But  whatever  one  may  think  of  the  religion  or  the 
psychology  of  such  movements,  it  can  hardly  be  questioned  that  such 
religion,  almost  universally  and  constantly  practised,  must  have  had  the 
effect  of  developing  the  emotional  side  of  the  people  who  were  subject 
to  its  influences.  It)  is  also  historically  impossible  to  question  the  sin- 
cerity of  these  preachers.  In  the  earliest  period,  they  encountered 
danger  as  well  as  hardship;  and  John  Strange,  and  others,  carried 
rifles  to  protect  themselves  from  hostile  Indians,  as  they  went  from 
one  block-house  to  another  to  minister  to  the  scattered  inhabitants.  In 
Strange 's  old  age  and  poverty  his  friends  made  up  a  purse,  and  desired 
to  present  him  a  small  home;  but  he  refused  to  accept  it,  saying  that  if 
he  did  he  could  no  longer  sing  a  favorite  hymn — 

"No  foot  of  land  do  I  possess. 
No  cabin  in  the  wilderness, 
A  poor  wayfaring  man." 


Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans,  pp.  238-44. 


1180  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

After  the  "War  of  1812,  the  danger  from  Indians  was  removed,  but 
the  hardships  and  the  impossibility  of  hoping  for  wealth  or  ease  re- 
mained. In  1819,  appealing  for  aid  in  the  East,  Isaac  Reed,  a  pioneer 
Presbyterian  preacher,  wrote :  "I  have  traveled  considerable  in  new 
settlements  in  other  parts,  besides  Indiana;  but  I  have  never  found  so 
great  numbers,  who  seem  to  be  religiously  inclined,  and  who  are  pro- 
fessors of  some  sort,  as  in  Indiana ;  there  are  all  the  kinds,  regular  and 
irregular,  orthodox  and  heresy  of  the  older  states.  *  *  *  These 
people  are  without  money ;  and  but  little  stock.  They  are  opening,  with 
their  own  labour,  farms,  where  the  land  is  heavily  timbered;  they  are 
living  in  mud-walled  log  cabins.  What  can  these  people  do  towards 
settling  ministers,  who  must  be  supported  by  their  salaries? — what  can 
they  do  1 — in  money  they  cannot  do  hardly  anything ;  the  older  churches; 
therefore,  must  send  them  missionaries,  and  help  them  to  creep,  till 
they  can  stand  and  go  alone ;  or,  ah  me !  their  brethren  perish  without  the 
gospel;  and  the  neglect  of  their  poor  brethren  will  be  upon  them.  I 
wish  to  raise  for  the  poor  inhabitants  of  Indiana,  the  Macedonian  cry; 
'Come  over  and  help  us.'  Brethren,  I  tell  you  what  I  know;  I  speak 
of  what  I  have  seen ;  and  the  eagerness  of  those  poor  people,  to  hear 
the  gospel  and  to  attend  upon  the  appointments  of  your  missionary 
and  the  thankful  prayers  (which  he  heard  some  of  them  offer),  are  still 
fresh  in  his  recollection;  and  they  plead  with  him  to  plead  with  his 
older  brethren,  the  trustees  of  the  Connecticut  Society,  to  send  them 
help,  as  they  may  have  ability.  Brethren,  you  have  here  the  map  of 
the  country  before  you;  it  has  only  seven  Presbyterian  ministers;  and 
it  has  140,000  inhabitants ;  these  are  scattered  over  an  area  of  country 
three  times  as  large  as  Connecticut;  and  what  makes  it  still  more  im- 
portant is  this, — a  vast  tract  of  first-rate  land  has  been  lately 
brought  into  the  market,  and  is  now  fast  filling  up  with  people,  from 
nearly  all  the  other  states.  In  my  late  tour,  I  was  within  the  bounds 
of  this  new  purchase,  and  preached  two  sermons  in  it;  and  if  it  shall 
please  the  trustees  to  continue  my  appointment,  I  contemplate  removing 
there  in  less  than  a  year."  No  sane  man  can  question  the  sincerity  of 
men  who  give  their  lives  to  labor  in  such  a  field;  and  of  course  they 
had  the  confidence  and  affection  of  the  people  among  whom  they  labored. 

It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  the  diversity  of  sects,  which  has  been  men- 
tioned, was  the  result  of  intense  religious  sincerity.  If  you  start,  as 
these  men  did,  with  a  belief  that  the  King  James  version  is  the  verbally 
inspired  word  of  God,  and  you  desire  to  be  saved,  the  meaning  of  the 
Bible  becomes  a  thing  of  immense  importance.  Whenever  finite  minds 
have  attempted  to  comprehend  the  infinite  there  has  resulted  vast  diver- 
gence of  opinion,  simply  because  the  finite  mind  cannot  possibly  com- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1181 

prehend  the  infinite.  The  chief  theological  difficulty  of  the  frontier  was 
to  steer  between  the  Scylla  of  Calvinism,  with  its  doctrines  of  fore- 
ordination  and  election,  and  the  Charybdis  of  Universalism.  The  pre- 
served accounts  of  the  mental  struggles  of  some  of  these  men  with 
such  problems,  as  also  with  the  atonement,  the  Trinity,  the  form  of  bap- 
tism, and  other  questions  that  do  not  admit  of  human  solution,  is  the 
most  conclusive  evidence  of  their  faith.  A  change  of  belief  by  a  clergy- 


r 


REV.  GEORGE  P.  BUSH 

man  was  not  uncommon ;  and  in  such  case  he  ordinarily  made  frank  con- 
fession of  it  to  his  people,  and  moved  over  into  some  other  flock.  A 
notable  exception  to  this  was  Rev.  George  P.  Bush,  the  second  minister 
at  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianapolis.  When  he  came  there, 
in  1825,  he  was  easily  the  most  learned  clergyman  in  Indiana,  but  in  a 
few  months  he  began  to  doubt  that  the  Presbyterian  form  of  church 
government  was  scriptural ;  and  instead  of  leaving  the  church,  he  under- 
took to  preach  Congregationalism  to  his  church.  The  members  rebelled. 
The  elders  offered  to  meet  him  in  debate  on  the  question,  but  refused 


. 


1180 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


After  the  \Var  of  1812,  the  danger  from  Indians  was  removed,  but 
the  hardships  and  the  impossibility  of  hoping  for  wealth  or  ease  re- 
mained. In  1819,  appealing  for  aid  in  the  East,  Isaac  Reed,  a  pioneer 
Presbyterian  preacher,  wrote:  "I  have  traveled  considerable  in  new 
settlements  in  other  parts,  besides  Indiana ;  but  I  have  never  found  so 
great  numbers,  who  seem  to  be  religiously  inclined,  and  who  are  pro- 
fessors of  some  sort,  as  in  Indiana;  there  are  all  the  kinds,  regular  and 
irregular,  orthodox  and  heresy  of  the  older  states.  *  *  *  These 
people  are  without  money ;  and  but  little  stock.  They  are  opening,  with 
their  own  labour,  farms,  where  the  land  is  heavily  timbered;  they  are 
living  in  mud-walled  log  cabins.  What  can  these  people  do  towards 
settling  ministers,  who  must  be  supported  by  their  salaries? — what  can 
they  do? — in  money  they  cannot  do  hardly  anything;  the  older  churches, 
therefore,  must  send  them  missionaries,  and  help  them  to  creep,  till 
they  can  stand  and  go  alone :  or,  ah  me !  their  brethren  perish  without  the 
gospel ;  and  the  neglect  of  their  poor  brethren  will  be  upon  them.  I 
wish  to  raise  for  the  poor  inhabitants  of  Indiana,  the  Macedonian  cry: 
'Come  over  and  help  us.'  Brethren,  I  tell  you  what  I  know:  I  speak 
of  what  I  have  seen ;  and  the  eagerness  of  those  poor  people,  to  hear 
the  gospel  and  to  attend  upon  the  appointments  of  your  missionary 
and  the  thankful  prayers  (which  he  heard  some  of  them  offer),  are  still 
fresh  in  his  recollection:  and  they  plead  with  him  to  plead  with  his 
older  brethren,  the  trustees  of  the  Connecticut  Society,  to  send  them 
help,  as  they  may  have  ability.  Brethren,  you  have  here  the  map  of 
the  country  before  you:  it  has  only  seven  Presbyterian  ministers;  and 
it  has  140.000  inhabitants:  these  are  scattered  over  an  area  of  country 
three  times  as  large  as  Connecticut;  and  what  makes  it  still  more  im- 
portant is  tin's, — a  vast  tract  of  first -rate  land  has  been  lately 
brought  into  the  market,  and  is  now  fast  filling  up  with  people,  from 
nearly  all  the  other  states.  In  my  late  tour,  I  was  within  the  bounds 
of  this  new  purchase,  and  preached  two  sermons  in  it:  and  if  it  shall 
please  the  trustees  to  continue  my  appointment,  I  contemplate  removing 
there  in  less  than  a  year."  No  sane  man  can  question  the  sincerity  of 
men  who  give  their  lives  to  labor  in  such  a  field:  and  of  course  they 
had  the  confidence  and  affection  of  the  people  among  whom  they  labored. 

It  is  also  to  l>e  noted  that  the  diversity  of  sects,  which  has  been  men- 
tioned, was  the  result  of  intense  religious  sincerity.  If  you  start,  as 
these  men  did,  with  a  belief  that  the  King  James  version  is  the  verbally 
inspired  word  of  God,  and  you  desire  to  be  saved,  the  meaning  of  the 
Bible  becomes  a  thing  of  immense  importance.  Whenever  finite  minds 
have  attempted  to  comprehend  the  infinite  there  has  resulted  vast  diver- 
gence of  opinion,  simply  because  the  finite  mind  cannot  possibly  com- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1181 


prebend  the  infinite.  The  chief  theological  difficulty  of  the  frontier  was 
to  steer  between  the  Scylla  of  Calvinism,  with  its  doctrines  of  fore- 
ordination  and  election,  and  the  Charybdis  of  Universalism.  The  pre- 
served accounts  of  the  mental  struggles  of  some  of  these  men  with 
such  problems,  as  also  with  the  atonement,  the  Trinity,  the  form  of  bap- 
tism, and  other  questions  that  do  not  admit  of  human  solution,  is  the 
most  conclusive  evidence  of  their  faith.  A  change  of  belief  by  a  clergy- 


RF.V.  GEORGE  P.  BUSH 


man  was  not  uncommon ;  and  in  such  case  he  ordinarily  made  frank  con- 
fession of  it  to  his  people,  and  moved  over  into  some  other  flock.  A 
notable  exception  to  this  was  Rev.  George  P.  Hush,  the  second  minister 
at  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianapolis.  When  he  came  there, 
in  1825,  he  was  easily  the  most  learned  clergyman  in  Indiana,  but  in  a 
few  months  he  began  to  doubt  that  the  Presbyterian  form  of  church 
government  was  scriptural ;  and  instead  of  leaving  the  church,  he  under- 
took to  preach  Congregationalism  to  his  church.  The  members  rebelled. 
The  elders  offered  to  meet  him  in  debate  on  the  question,  but  refused 


1182  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

to  listen  to  his  heresy  with  no  chance  to  answer  it.  As  they  were  paying 
for  the  preaching,  they  were  entitled  to  the  kind  that  Bush  had,  by 
implication  at  least,  agreed  to  furnish ;  and  so  they  dismissed  him,  after 
a  protracted  church  row,  and  he  went  down  to  futurity  as  Indiana 's  first 
heretic,  as  well  as  becoming  famous  as  a  Bible  scholar.  His  "Notes  on 
the  Pentateuch"  were  widely  accepted  as  authoritative  for  a  number 
of  years.  But  having  started  on  change,  he  kept  on  until  he  ended  a 
follower  of  Swedenborg;  and  his  memory  is  cherished  chiefly  by  that 
sect.  Another  notable  pastor  of  this  same  church  was  Dr1.  John  A. 
Me  Clung,  who  entered  the  ministry  when  young,  and  served  with 
promise  until  1831,  when,  because  he  was  unable  to  answer  some  of  the 
arguments  of  Gibbon  against  Christianity,  he  withdrew  from  the 
ministry,  and  took  up  the  law,  in  which,  and  in  politics  he  attained 
distinction.  What  was  more  important,  in  this  period  he  collected 
and  published  his  "Sketches  of  Western  Adventure,"  which  are  the 
foundation  of  all  that  has  been  since  written  of  the  pioneer  adventures 
of  Kentucky.  In  1848,  he  read  Sir  David  Dalrymple's  answer  to  Gibbon, 
and  found  the  objections  that  troubled  him  satisfactorily  disposed  of. 
He  made  a  thorough  re-examination  of  the  evidences  of  Christianity, 
convinced  himself,  and  returned  to  the  ministry.  He  was  stationed 
at  Indianapolis  1851-5;  and  was  drowned  at  Niagara  Falls,  on  August 
6,  1859. 

It  is  to/be  noted  also  that  this  exuberant  religion  of  the  frontier  had  a 
hopeful,  optimistic  influence,  that  contrasted  strongly  with  the  unsym- 
pathetic repression  of  Calvinistic  Puritanism.  This  was  the  natural 
result  of  the  tenets  of  the  two.  If  you  arrive  at  the  conviction  that 
a  certain  portion  of  mankind  are  foreordained  to  be  saved,  and  another 
portion  to  be  damned;  and  that  their  numbers  were  immutably  fixed 
from  the  beginning  of  time;  it  is  a  manifest  attempt  to  interfere  with 
the  designs  of  Providence  to  try  to  save  those  who  are  foreordained  to 
be  lost.  It  was  for  this  reason  that  there  was  decided  opposition  in  the 
early  churches  to  missions,  and  Sunday  schools,  and  tracts,  as  is  noted 
by  historical  students.19  It  was  this  quite  logical  deduction  that  Isaac 
McCoy  had  to  fight  in  the  Baptist  church,  and  which  caused  the  division 
in  that  church,  the  Calvinistic  or  Primitive  Baptists,  going  to  them- 
selves. Such  a  faith  is  a  very  solemn  thing  to  have  in  your  system,  and 
develops  a  decorum  that  frowns  on  emotionalism  of  any  kind.  It  will 
hardly  be  questioned  that  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland  was  a  reliable  observer 
of  New  England  life,  and  he  pictures  this  repression  of  feeling  in  his 
poem,  "Daniel  Gray,"  thus: 


i»Levering's  Historic  Indiana,  pp.  169,  173,  180. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1183 

''I  see  him  now — his  form,  his  face,  his  motions, 
His  homespun  habit,  and  his  silver  hair, — 
And  hear  the  language  of  his  trite  devotions, 
Rising  behind  the  straight-backed  kitchen  chair. 

"I  can  remember  how  the  sentence  sounded — 

'Help  us,  0  Lord,  to  pray  and  not  to  faint!' 
And  how  the  'conquering  and  to  conquer'  rounded 
The  loftier  aspirations  of  the  saint. 

' '  He  had  some  notions  that  did  not  improve  him, 

He  never  kissed  his  children — so  they  say; 
And  finest  scenes  and  fairest  flowers  would  move  him 
Less  than  a  horse-shoe  picked  up  in  the  way. 

"He  had  a  hearty  hatred  of  oppression, 

And  righteous  words  for  sin  of  every  kind ; 
Alas,  that  the  transgressor  and  transgression 
Were  linked  so  closely  in  his  honest  mind ! 

"He  could  see  naught  but  vanity  in  beauty, 

And  naught  but  weakness  in  a  fond  caress, 
And  pitied  men  whose  views  of  Christian  duty 
Allowed  indulgence  in  such  foolishness. 

"Yet  there  were  love  and  tenderness  within  him; 

And  I  am  told  that  when  his  Charlie  died, 
For  nature's  need  nor  gentle  words  could  win  him 
From  his  fond  vigils  at  the  sleeper's  side. 

"And  when  they  came  to  bury  little  Charlie, 

They  found  fresh  dew-drops  sprinkled  in  his  hair, 
And  on  his  breast  a  rose-bud  gathered  early, 
And  guessed,  but  did  not  know  who  placed  it  there." 

Can  you  imagine  one  of  Daniel  Gray's  children  ever  writing  of  him 
these  words  that  Joaquin  Miller,  the  Indiana-born  poet,  wrote  of  his 
Quaker  father:  "We  had  been  moving  West  and  West  from  my  birth 
at  Liberty,  Union  County,  Ind.,  November  10,  1841  or  1842  (the  Bible 
was  burned  and  we  don't  know  which  year),  and  now  were  in  the  woods 
of  the  Miami  Indian  Reserve.  My  first  recollection  is  of  starting  up  from 
the  trundle  bed  with  my  two  little  brothers  and  looking  out  one  night 


1184  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

at  father  and  mother  at  work  burning  brush  heaps,  which  threw  a  lurid 
flare  against  the  greased  paper  window.  Late  that  autumn  I  was 
measured  for  my  first  shoes  and  Papa  led  me  to  his  school.  Then  a 
strange  old  woman  came,  and  there  was  mystery  and  a  smell  of  mint, 
and  one  night,  as  we  three  little  ones  were  hurried  away  through  the 
woods  to  a  neighbor's,  she  was  very  cross.  We  three  came  back  alone 
in  the  cold,  early  morning.  There  was  a  little  snow,  rabbit  tracks  in 
the  trail,  and  some  quail  ran  hastily  from  cover  to  cover.  "We  three 
little  ones  were  all  alone  and  silent,  so  silent.  We  knew  nothing,  noth- 
ing at.  all ;  but  truly  the  divine  mystery  of  mother  nature,  God 's  relega- 
tion of  His  last  great  work  to  woman,  her  partnership  with  Him  in 
creation — not  one  of  us  had  ever  dreamed  of.  Yet  we  three  little  lads 
huddled  up  in  a  knot  near  the  ice-hung  eaves  of  the  log  cabin  outside 
the  corner  where  mother's  bed  stood  and — did  the  new  baby  hear  her 
silent  and  awed  little  brothers?  Did  she  feel  them,  outside  there, 
huddled  close  together  in  the  cold  and  snow,  listening,  listening?  For 
lo !  a  little  baby  cry  came  through  the  cabin  wall,  and  then  we  all  rushed 
around  the  corner  of  the  cabin,  jerked  the  latch,  and  all  three  in  a  heap 
tumbled  up  into  the  bed  and  peered  down  into  the  little  pink  face 
against  mother's  breast  Gentle,  gentle,  how  more  than  ever  gentle  were 
we  all  six  now  in  that  little  log  cabin.  Papa  doing  everything  so  gently, 
saying  nothing,  only  doing,  doing.  And  ever  so  and  always  toward  the 
West,  till  '1852,  when  he  had  touched  the  sea  of  seas,  and  could  go  no 
farther.  And  so  gentle  always!  Can  you  conceive  how  gentle? 
Seventy-two  years  he  led  and  lived  in  the  wilderness  and  yet  never 
fired  or  even  laid  hand  to  a  gun. ' '  20 

If  this  father  had  repressed  every  gentle  feeling,  is  it  probable  that 
fifty  years  later  this  son  would  have  written  these  words:  "Jerusalem 
was  ever  but  a  small  place.  You  can  cover  her  on  the  map  of  the  world 
with  a  pin's  head,  yet  is  she  more  than  all  the  Babylons  that  have  been. 
She  loved,  and  devoutly  loved,  the  sublime  and  the  beautiful.  From 
this  love  her  poets  were  born.  The  cedars  of  Lebanon,  the  lilies  of  the 
valley,  these  were  the  first  letters  of  their  alphabet.  And  as  there  can- 
not be  a  great  land  on  the  page  of  history  without  first  a  great  litera- 
ture, so  there  cannot  be  a  great  literature  without  first  a  deep,  broad, 
devout,  and  loving  religion.  *  *  *  Is  there  such  a  thing  as  genius, 
inspiration?  I  think  there  is  no  such  thing.  Rather  let  us  call  it  a 
devout  and  all-pervading  love  of  the  sublime,  the  beautiful,  and  the 
good ;  the  never-questioning  conviction  that  there  is  nothing  in  this 
world  that  is  not  beautiful  or  trying  to  be  beautiful.  'And  God  saw 
everything  that  he  had  made,  and,  behold,  it  was  very  good.'  Genius 

20  Miller 's  Complete  Poetical  Works,  p.  62. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1185 

is  love  that  is  born  of  this  truth,  leading  ever  by  plain  and  simple  ways, 
and  true  toil  and  care,  as  all  nature  toils  and  cares,  as  God  toils  and 
cares;  that  is  all.  I  write  this  down  for  those  who  may  come  after. 
We  shall  have  higher  results  from  the  plain,  sweet  truth. "  21  It  would 
be  absurd  to  say  that  all  Indiana  fathers,  or  even  a  majority  of  them, 
were  like  this  father ;  but  they  were  generally  like  him  in  the  respect  of 
not  suppressing  their  better  and  higher  feelings.  They  gave  vent  to  their 
religious  exaltation,  and,  laying  aside  any  question  as  to  the  merits  of 
their  faith,  this  habit  must  have  affected  the  characters  of  their  descend- 
ants. Optimism  is  a  common  characteristic  of  Indiana  writers.  There 
is  a  striking  illustration  of  this  in  a  book  of  quotations  from  Indiana 
authors,  entitled  "The  Hoosier  Year."  It  was  compiled  in  1916,  by 
two  Indianapolis  school  teachers,  Catherine  T.  Dunn  and  Angeline  P. 
Carey,  and  gives  quotations  from  366  Indiana  writers  and  speakers — one 
for  each  day  in  the  year.  In  the  literary  line  it  is  absolutely  unique, 
and  indeed,  it  is  probably  something  that  could  not  be  done  in  many 
other  States,  if  in  any.  But  the  impressive  feature  is  the  character  of 
the  quotations;  for  there  is  none  that  is  not  fairly  worth  while,  and 
almost  all  are  so  distinctly  optimistic  as  to  be  obvious  contributions 
to  "the  uplift."  The  one  notable  exception  to  this  rule  is  Theodore 
Dreiser;  and  it  is  worth  traversing  that  pessimistic  waste  of  his,  "A 
Hoosier  Holiday,"  to  read,  when  he  came  to  the  home  of  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley:  "We  didn't  go  in.  I  wanted  to,  but  I  felt  a  little  bash- 
ful. As  I  say,  I  had  heard  that  he  didn't  approve  of  me."  Why 
should  he?  Riley  was  a  born  optimist.  It  was  the  fact  that  he  could 
see  the  beautiful  in  what  was  about  him,  and  make  others  see  it,  that 
made  him  the  best  beloved.  The  beauty  was  there  all  the  time,  but  it  was 
not  realized.  That  was  why  all  Indiana,  and  multitudes  beyond  its 
borders,  gave  approval  to  the  following : 

PROCLAMATION  FROM  THE  GOVERNOR  OP  INDIANA 

"James  Whitcomb  Riley  is  dead  and  yet  he  liveth.  While  we  shall 
never  again  see  him  with  our  eyes  open,  with  them  closed  we  will  behold 
him  and  feel  him  and  be  moved  to  nobler  deeds  by  the  pathos  and  beauty 
of  his  songs.  He  was  nature's  interpreter,  universal  and  universally 
will  his  memory  ever  be  cherished.  The  people  delighted  in  showing 
him  honor  when  he  was  living  and  their  love  and  admiration  were  not 
limited  by  geographical  lines.  In  October  a  year  ago,  the  anniversary 
of  his  birth  was  celebrated  throughout  our  country.  The  cultured  and 
the  unlettered,  the  powerful  and  the  humble,  vied  with  one  another  to 

"  Complete  Poetical  "Works,  p.  vi. 


1186 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANAXS 


do  him  honor.  He  was  Indiana's  morning  star,  flooding  her  remotest 
and  humblest  sections  with  light  and  cheer  when  the  day  of  our  State's 
Centennial  was  ushered  in ;  but  in  the  middle  of  the  year  the  mysterious 
curtain  dropped  between  him  and  his  generation  and  he  passed  on. 

"The  thousands  of  people  of  high  and  low  degree,  who  passed  his 
bier  as  it  rested  in  state  in  our  Capitol,  gave  conclusive  evidence  that  the 
populace  had  looked  upon  him  as  humanity's  friend.  The  popularity 


JAMES  WHITCOMB  RILEY 

of  his  poems  with  the  children  is  proof  that  he  recreated  a  world  of  love 
and  hope  and  innocence.  Through  him  more  than  through  any  other 
writer  will  future  generations  be  made  familiar  with  Hoosier  customs 
and  the  mannerisms  prevalent  in  our  early  Indiana  life.  His  homely 
speech  and  his  beautiful  sympathy  are  among  the  priceless  gifts  he  has 
left  to  society.  By  a  matchless  power  of  portrayal  he  showed  that  the 
common  people  were  undoubtedly  the  best  representatives  of  truth  and 
honesty.  His  power  of  observation  and  intuition  did  not  limit  him  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  H87 

the  beauties  aud  passions  of  humanity.  He  was  tender  and  considerate 
and  wide  of  view  in  his  contemplation  of  animal  and  bird  life,  and  he 
did  not  fail  to  catch  and  translate  the  music  of  the  murmuring  brook, 
or  to  see  the  beauty  everywhere  visible  on  the  face  of  nature,  put  there 
by  the  brush  of  nature's  Master  Artist. 

"This  beautiful  spirit  should  live  with  us  forever,  and  as  a  means  of 
honoring  him  and  helping  ourselves,  it  would  be  in  keeping  with  a  fine 
sense  of  duty  to  recognize  in  a  public  way  the  anniversary  of  his  birth. 

"Now,  therefore,  I,  Samuel  M.  Ralston,  as  Governor  of  Indiana, 
hereby  designate  Saturday,  the  7th  of  October,  1916,  as  Riley  Day. 

"I  urge  the  people  of  the  State  generally  to  observe  the  day  by 
decorations  and  otherwise.  It  is  directed  that  the  public  schools  cele- 
brate the  occasion  on  Friday,  Oct.  6,  by  appropriate  exercises;  and  it  is 
suggested  that  the  churches  of  the  State  make  proper  recognition  of  it 
on  Sunday,  Oct.  8;  all  in  the  belief  that,  in  honoring  Riley  "s  memory, 
we  are  honoring  ourselves,  and  to  the  end  that  the  value  and  virtue  of 
his  optimism  and  genius  shall  abide  with  and  inspire  our  people  in  all 
the  years  of  the  future. 

"In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand,  and  caused  to  be 
affixed  the  great  seal  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  at  the  Capitol,  in  the  city 
of  Indianapolis,  this  14th  day  of  September,  1916. 

[Seal.]  SAMUEL  M.  RALSTONT,  Governor." 

In  passing,  note  that  this  proclamation,  of  itself,  is  an  illustration 
of  the  originality  and  initiative  that  might  be  expected  from  descend- 
ants of  Indiana  pioneers.  It  is  without  precedent  in  America.  We 
observe  the  birthdays  of  some  of  our  notable  statesmen,  patriots  and 
heroes;  but  here  for  the  first  time  is  this  recognition  accorded  to  a 
writer.  England  has  ennobled  some  of  her  writers,  and  France  has 
made  Senators  of  some.  It  needed  only  the  man  to  inaugurate  such  a 
movement  in  America.  And  Governor  Ralston  himself  had  a  life  to 
develop  originality.  His  parents  were  Pennsylvania  emigrants  to  Ohio, 
who  came  to  Owen  County,  Indiana,  in  1865,  when  Samuel  was  in  his 
eighth  year.  They  were  both  Presbyterians,  but  personal  friends  of 
Alexander  Campbell,  who  often  visited  their  home.  Mr.  Ralston  was  a 
stock  raiser,  and  did  fairly  well  until  the  panic  of  1873  reduced  the 
family  to  dire  poverty.  Then  he  took  a  lease  on  160  acres  of  undevel- 
oped coal  land,  near  Fontanet,  and  Samuel  undertook  to  open  it.  It. 
was  a  big  undertaking  for  a  green  country  boy  of  eighteen ;  but  he  went 
to  work  sinking  a  shaft ;  blasted  through  fourteen  feet  of  rock,  with  no 
mishap  but  striking  a  vein  of  water  that  added  largely  to  the  task ;  and 
reached  his  coal.  But  to  get  it  to  a  delivery  point,  he  had  to  get  it 


1188  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

across  a  creek,  and  that  required  a  trestle  100  yards  long  and  25  feet 
high.  There  was  no  way  to  get  it  but  to  build  it  himself.  He  went  to 
the  woods,  cut  the  timbers,  and  after  a  long  and  hard  struggle,  he  got 
his  trestle  in  shape,  rigged  up  two  tram  cars  and  a  rude  hoist,  and  went 
to  bed  happy.  "That  night  there  came  up  a  heavy  storm,  and  in  the 
morning  he  found  the  creek  a  raging  torrent,  and  a  large  part  of  his 
trestle  washed  away.  He  did  not  repress  his  feelings.  He  sat  down 
and  cried ;  and  it  was  good  for  him.  It  got  the  grief  out  of  his  system, 
and  uncovered  his  submerged  resolution.  When  the  flood  subsided,  he 
found  part  of  his  timbers,  cut  some  more,  patched  up  his  trestle,  and 
went  to  mining  coal.  It  was  emblematic  of  later  struggles  to  secure  an 
education  and  to  make  his  way  in  the  world.  He  saw  other  trestles 
washed  away,  and  found  other  obstacles  to  surmount,  but  he  found  ways 
to  overcome  them.  It  was  the  self-reliance  and  originality  of  the  fron- 
tier. Men  who  travel  rough  roads  learn  how  to  get  out  of  ruts. 

But,  to  return  to  Dreiser,  in  all  Indiana  he  could  find  nothing  ad- 
mirable. To  read  his  book,  one  would  suppose  that  all  the  decent  and 
intelligent  people  in  Indiana  had  removed  to  New  York,  and  gone  to 
writing  for  the  ' '  Smart  Set, ' '  and  other  esthetic  publications.  To  make 
it  worse,  he  was  afflicted  with  the  Marie  Bashkirtseff  idea  that  it  is  fine 
to  bare  your  soul  to  the  world,  unconscious  of  the  fact  that  the  average 
soul  is  more  presentable  in  a  fig-leaf — much  more  so  in  pajamas.  To 

paraphrase  Wordsworth : 
/ 

A  primrose  by  the  river's  brim 
Was  but  a  yellow  weed  to  him, 

And  made  him  sore. 

- 

Even  his  own  family  did  not  escape.  He  says  of  them :  ' '  Several  of 
the  girls  ran  away  and  (in  seeming,  only  in  so  far  as  the  beliefs  of  my 
father  were  concerned)  went  to  the  bad.  The  did  not  go  to  the  bad 
actually  as  time  subsequently  proved,  though  I  might  disagree  with 
many  as  to  what  is  bad  and  what  is  good:  One  of  the  boys,  Paul,  got 
into  jail,  quite  innocently  it  seems,  and  was  turned  out  by  my  father, 
only  to  be  received  back  again  and  subsequently  to  become  his  almost 
sole  source  of  support  in  his  later  years."  At  Terre  Haute  he  is 
reminded  of  another  brother,  a  railroad  man,  who  "finally  died  of 
drunkenness  (alcoholism  is  a  nicer  word)  in  a  South  Clark  Street  dive 
in  Chicago,  about  1905,"  and  Sullivan  calls  to  memory  that,  "My 
brother  Rome  came  here  once — 'to  get  drunk  and  disgrace  us,'  as  my 
sister  said."  At  Warsaw  he  recalls  an  uncle  and  aunt  who  lived  near 
there,  and  casually  remarks :  ' '  They  had  four  children,  one  of  whom, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1189 

the  eldest,  became  a  thief  (but  a  very  clever  one,  I  have  heard) ;  the 
second  a  railroad  brakeman ;  the  third  the  wife  of  an  idle  country  loafer 
as  worthless  as  her  father;  the  fourth,  a  hunchbacked  boy,  was  to  me,  at 
least,  a  veritable  sprite  of  iniquity,  thinking  up  small  deviltries  the  whole 
day  long.  He  was  fond  of  fighting  with  his  sister  and  parents,  shouting 
vile  names  when  angry,  and  so  conducting  himself  generally  that  he 
was  an  object  almost  of  loathing  to  such  of  our  family  as  knew  him. 
Their  home  was  a  delightful  place  for  me  to  come  to,  so  fresh,  so  new, 
so  natural — not  at  all  like  our  ordered  home.  I  felt  like  I  were  housed 
with  a  kind  of  genial  wild  animal — a  fox,  or  prairie  dog  or  squirrel  or 
coyote.  Old  Arnold  had  no  more  morals  than  a  fox  or  squirrel.  He 
never  bathed."  What  a  genial  addition  to  a  family  fireside  Theodore 
must  have  been!  Possibly  the  explanation  may  be  in  what  he  says  of 
his  father :  ' '  He  took  life  to  be  not  what  it  is,  but  what  it  is  said  to  be, 
or  written  to  be,  by  others.  The  Catholic  volumes  containing  that  inane 
balderdash,  'The  Lives  of  the  Saints,'  were  truer  than  any  true  history 
— if  there  is  such  a  thing — to  him.  He  believed  them  absolutely.  The 
Pope  was  infallible.  If  you  didn't  go  to  confession  and  communion  at 
least  once  a  year,  you  were  eternally  damned.  I  recall  his  once  telling 
me  that,  if  a  small  bird  were  to  come  only  once  every  million  or  trillion 
years  and  rub  its  bill  on  a  rock  as  big  as  the  earth,  the  rock  would  be 
worn  out  before  a  man  would  see  the  end  of  hell — eternal,  fiery  torture — 
once  he  was  in  it.  And  then  he  would  not  see  the  end  of  it,  but  merely 
the  beginning,  as  it  were."  Some  descriptive  ability  in  that — and  an 
optimistic  Hoosier  would  have  realized  at  least,  that  the  old  gentleman 
was  handing  out  a  rattling  quality  of  Hades.  One  might  wish  that  he 
had  come  to  Indiana  earlier,  and  gone  into  the  melting  pot  before  the 
forests  were  cleared  away.  I  am  sure  that  no  other  Indiana  writer 
would  have  written  this:  "Going  south  from  North  Manchester,  we 
came  to  Wabash,  a  place  about  as  handsome  as  Warsaw,  if  not  more  so, 
with  various  charming  new  buildings.  It  was  on  the  Wabash  River — 
the  river  about  which  my  brother  Paul  once  composed  the  song  entitled, 
'On  the  Banks  of  the  Wabash  Far  Away'  (I  wrote  the  first  verse  and 
chorus ! ) ,  and  here  we  found  a  picture  postcard  on  sale  which  celebrated 
this  fact.  'On  the  Banks  of  the  Wabash  Par  Away,'  it  said  under  a 
highly  colored  scene  of  some  sycamore  trees  hanging  over  the  stream. 
As  my  brother  Paul  was  very  proud  of  his  authorship  of  this  song,  I 
was  glad." 

It  is  hard  to  imagine  Theodore  writing  anything  so  cheerful  as  this 
song;  but  even  if  he  did  write  part  of  it,  why  mention  it?  Why  not 
let  Paul  have  his  "one  little  ewe  lamb"!  And  especially  why,  as  he 
writes  of  the  family's  experience  at  Sullivan:  "And  here  finally  when 


1190 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


my  mother  was  distrait  as  to  means  of  weathering  the  persistent  storm 
and  we  were  actually  cold  and  hungry,  my  brother  Paul,  now  a  success- 
ful minstrel  man,  and  the  author  of  'The  Paul  Dresser  Comic  Songster' 
(containing  all  the  songs  sung  in  the  show)  and  now  traveling  in  this 
region,  came  to  her  aid  and  removed  us  all  to  Evansville — the  spring 
following  this  worst  of  winters. ' '  Paul  did  the  decent  thing.  Why  not 
mention  that  he  wrote  a  number  of  songs  that  had  a  certain  vogue? 
One  of  them — "I  Believe  It  for  My  Mother  Told  Me  So" — which  was 
quite  popular,  really  had  more  merit  than  ' '  The  Banks  of  the  Wabash, ' ' 
for  there  is  nothing  in  the  words  of  the  latter  except  the  word  "Wa- 
bash ' ' ;  which  caused  it  to  be  formally  adopted  as  the  State  Song  of  Indi- 
ana, by  an  act  of  the  Legislature.  What  gave  it  its  popularity  was  the 
air.  The  same  may  be  said  of  "Joe  Bowers,"  "Old  Kentucky  Home," 
' '  Carry  Me  Back  to  Old  Virginny, ' '  and  other  popular  minstrel  products. 
The  negro  minstrel  did  not  contribute  largely  to  the  thought  of  the 
nation,  but  he  did  much  to  relieve  the  monotony  of  life,  and  he  gave  us 
our  nearest  approach  to  folk-song.  The  oddity  of  Paul  Dresser  and 
Theodore  Dreiser  being  brothers  is  due  to  minstrelsy.  Paul  was  born  at 
Terre  Haute  in  1859.  When  a  young  fellow  at  Sullivan,  he  found  that 
he  had  a  talent  for  writing  songs  that  took  pretty  well,  and  he  was  a  fair 
singer.  He  was  taken  on  by  Billy  Rice's  troupe,  with  which  he  traveled 
for  some  time,  but  "Dreiser"  would  not  do  for  a  negro  minstrel  name; 
and  so,  like  Al  Jolson,  who  had  the  misfortune  to  be  born  at  Srednick, 
Russia,  and'be  christened  Albert  Joelson,  he  proceeded  to  naturalize.  He 
was  more  quoted  as  a  song-writer  than  as  a  minstrel,  his  songs  being 
widely  used  by  the  craft  until  his  death  at  New  York,  January  30,  1906. 
But,  enough  of  pessimism.  Let  us  turn  to  this  picture  by  Riley : 

"And  once  I  saw  a  man  who  drew 

A  gloom  about  him,  like  a  cloak, 
And  wandered  aimlessly.     The  few 

Who  spoke  of  him  at  all,  but  spoke 
Disparagingly  of  a  mind 
The  Fates  had  faultily  designed.22 
Too  indolent  for  modern  times — 

Too  fanciful,  and  full  of  whims — 
For  talking  to  himself  in  rhymes, 

And  scrawling  never-heard-of  hymns 
The  idle  life  to  which  he  clung 
Was  worthless  as  the  songs  he  sung ! 


22  As  originally  written  and  published,  this  line  read,  "That  God  had  clumsily 
designed."  I  never  could  understand  why  Riley  weakened  the  thought  by  chang- 
ing it. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1191 

•  * 

I  saw  him,  in  my  vision,  filled 
With  rapture  o  'er  a  spray  of  bloom 
The  wind  threw  in  his  lonely  room ; 
And  of  the  sweet  perfume  it  spilled 
He  drank  to  drunkenness,  and  flung 
His  long  hair  back,  and  laughed  and  sung 
And  clapped  his  hands  as  children  do 
At  fairly  tales  they  listen  to, 
While  from  his  Hying  quill  there  dripped 
Such  music  on  his  manuscript 
That  he  who  listens  to  the  words 
May  close  his  eyes  and  dream  the  birds 
Are  twittering  on  every  hand 
A  language  he  can  understand. 

Note  the  peculiar  quality  of  this,  its  striking  originality.  There  has 
been  much  written  about  poetry,  but  where  else  in  English  literature  will 
you  find  a  poetical  description  of  poetry?  Note  the  abandon,  which  we 
have  already  marked  in  frontier  oratory.  Note  how  his  poet  "lets  him- 
self go."  You  could  imagine  Riley  acting  so,  but  not  a  New  England 
poet,  unless,  perhaps,  it  would  be  Longfellow,  when  in  the  mood  to  write 
"Mr.  Finney's  Turnip,"  or 

"There  was  a  little  girl, 
And  she  had  a  little  curl." 

If  there  is  an  Indiana  poet  who  can  be  given  place  by  Riley,  it  is 
William  Vaughn  Moody.  One  would  hardly  think  of  similarity  in  their 
work,  but  consider  this  description  of  Col.  Robert  Gould  Shaw,  and  his 
negro  regiment,  at  Fort  Wagner: 

' '  Crouched  in  the  sea  fog  on  the  moaning  sand 
All  night  he  lay,  speaking  some  simple  word 
From  hour  to  hour  to  the  slow  minds  that  heard, 
Holding  each  poor  life  gently  in  his  hand 
And  breathing  on  the  base  rejected  clay 
Till  each  dark  face  shone  mystical  and  grand 
Against  the  breaking  day; 
And  lo,  the  shard  the  potter  cast  away 
Was  grown  a  fiery  chalice  crystal-fine 
Fulfilled  of  the  divine 

Great  wine  of  battle  wrath  by  God 's  ring  finger  stirred. 
Then  upward,  where  the  shadowy  bastion  loomed 
Huge  on  the  mountain  in  the  wet  sea  light, 

Whence  now,  and  now,  infernal  flowerage  bloomed, 
vol.  n— 40 

•  .^X/' 

""'    '•: r  •     ' 


1192  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Bloomed,  burst,  and  scattered  down  its  deadly  seed — 

They  swept,  and  died  like  freemen  on  the  height, 

Like  freemen,  and  like  men  of  noble  breed ; 

And  when  the  battle  fell  away  at  night 

By  hasty  and  contemptuous  hands  were  thrust 

Obscurely  in  a  common  grave  with  him 

The  fair-haired  keeper  of  their  love  and  trust. 

Now  limb  doth  mingle  with  dissolved  limb 

In  nature's  busy  old  democracy 

To  flush  the  mountain  laurel  where  she  blows 

Sweet  by  the  southern  sea, 

And  heart  with  crumbled  heart  climbs  in  the  rose : — 

Poets  have  been  writing  of  war  since  men  began  to  write.  They  sang 
of  it  before  letters  were  invented.  But  where  in  the  range  of  poetry  will 
you  find  another  poetical  description  of  a  battle  in  which  there  is  nothing 
about  "the  clash  of  arms,"  or  "hurrying  squadrons,"  or  "the  roll  of 
musketry, ' '  and  the  like  ?  Like  Riley  's  verse  above,  this  is  the  poetry  of 
exuberant  imagery.  And  it  is  complete.  There  is  no  needed  detail 
omitted.  They  are  crystals  of  poetic  expression,  perfect  in  themselves, 
whose  beauty  and  power  cannot  be  enhanced  by  addition  or  explanation. 
You  have  this  same  quality  in  Joaquin  Miller's  picture  of  the  Monitor 
and  the  Mejrimac : 

"And  where  are  the  monsters  that  tore  this  main? 
And  where  are  the  monsters  that  shook  this  shore  ? 
The  sea  grew  mad!     And  the  shore  shot  flame! 
The  mad  sea  monsters  they  are  no  more. 
The  palm,  and  the  pine,  and  the  sea  sands  brown ; 
The  far  sea  songs  of  the  pleasure  crews 
The  air  like  balm  in  this  building  town — 
And  that  is  the  picture  of  Newport  News." 

And  where,  for  concrete  expression  of  a  faith  on  which  volumes  have 
been  written,  will  you  find  a  more  complete  argument  than  in  these  lines 
from  his  "Byron"? 

' '  In  men  whom  men  condemn  as  ill 
I  find  so  much  of  goodness  still, 
In  men  whom  men  pronounce  divine 
I  find  so  much  of  sin  and  blot, 
I  do  not  dare  to  draw  a  line 
Between  the  two,  where  God  has  not." 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1193 


It  is  noteworthy  that  Riley,  Miller  and  Moody  were  all  "born  poets" 
— poeta  nascitur  non  fit — although  Moody 's  published  poetry  is  so  clas- 
sical that  one  might  think  it  a  product  of  education.  But  Moody  wrote 
poetry  long  before  he  published  any.  He  was  born  at  Spencer,  Indiana, 
July  8,  1868;  but  his  parents  moved  to  New  Albany  when  he  was  five 
years  old,  and  he  grew  up  in  the  sound  of  the  great  rapids  of  the  Ohio. 
That  meant  something  to  him,,  for  he  was  a  dreamer ;  and  when  he 


WILLIAM  VAUGHN  MOODY 

forgot  his  "chores,"  his  sisters  used  to  excuse  him  with:  "Oh,  never 
mind  Will.  He  can 't  help  forgetting.  It 's  genius  working. "  He  wrote 
back  from  Harvard:  "I  often  look  back  with  regret  to  the  days  which 
I  dreamed  away  in  sleepy  old  New  Albany  (that  prefix  'New'  always 
strikes  me  as  a  joke),  and  I  hope  some  of  these  days  to  come  back  to  it — 
if  only  to  assure  myself  that  it  really  is  there  yet — a  fact  as  to  which  I 
am  sometimes  skeptical."  Here  is  an  extract  from  a  poem  that  he  wrote 
when  a  schoolboy  on  "Clouds" — a  poem  written  at  sunset,  while  he  was 


1192  INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 

Bloomed,  burst,  and  scattered  down  its  deadly  seed — 

They  swept,  and  died  like  freemen  on  the  height, 

Like  freemen,  and  like  men  of  noble  breed; 

And  when  the  battle  fell  away  at  night 

By  hasty  and  contemptuous  hands  were  thrust 

Obscurely  in  a  common  grave  with  him 

The  fair-haired  keeper  of  their  love  and  trust. 

1 

Now  limb  doth  mingle  with  dissolved  limb 

In  nature's  busy  old  democracy 

To  flush  'he  mountain  laurel  where  she  blows 

, 

Sweet  by  the  southern  sea. 

And  heart  with  crumbled  lu-art  climbs  in  the  rose: — 

Poets  have  been  writing  of  war  since  men  began  to  write.  They  sang 
of  it  before  letters  were  invented.  But  where  in  the  range  of  poetry  will 
you  find  another  poetieal  description  of  a  battle  in  which  there  is  nothing 
about  "tlie  clash  of  arms."  or  ''hurrying  squadrons."  or  "the  roll  of 
musketry."  and  the  like."  Like  Kiley's  verse  above.  Ibis  is  the  poetry  of 
exuberant  imagery.  And  it  is  complete.  There  is  no  needed  detail 
omitted.  They  are  crystals  of  poetic  expression,  perfect  in  themselves, 
whose  beauty  and  power  cannot  lie  enhanced  by  addition  or  explanation. 
You  have  this  same  'iiiality  in  Joaquin  Miller's  picture  of  the  Monitor 
and  the  Mcrrimac: 

''And  where  are  the  monsters  that  tore  this  main? 
And  where  are  the  monsters  that  shook  this  shore .' 
The  sea  grew  mad!     And  the  shore  shot  flame! 
The  mad  sea  monsters  they  are  no  more. 
The  palm,  and  the  pine,  and  the  sea  sands  brown ; 
The  far  sea  songs  of  the  pleasure  crews 
The  air  like  balm  in  this  building  town — 
And  that  is  the  picture  of  Newport  News." 

And  where,  for  concrete  expression  of  a  faith  on  which  volumes 
been  written,  will  you  find  a  more  complete  argument  than  in  these 
from  his  ''Byron"  ? 

''In  men  whom  men  condemn  as  ill 
I  find  so  much  of  goodness  still, 
In  men  whom  men  pronounce  divine 
I  find  so  much  of  sin  and  blot, 
I  do  not  dare  to  draw  a  line 
Between  the  two,  where  God  has  not." 


have 
lines 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1193 


It  is  noteworthy  that  Rilcy,  Miller  and  Moody  were  all  "born  poets" 
— poeta  nascitnr  nun  fit — although  Moody 's  published  poetry  is  so  clas- 
sical that  one  might  think  it  a  product  of  education.  Hut  Moody  wrote 
poetry  long  before  he  published  any.  lie  was  born  at  Spencer.  Indiana. 
July  8,  1868;  but  his  parents  moved  to  New  Albany  when  lie  was  five 
years  old,  and  he  grew  up  in  the  sound  of  the  great  rapids  of  the  Ohio. 
That  meant  something  to  him,  for  he  was  a  dreamer;  and  when  he 


\YII.I.IAM  VATGHN*  Moonv 


forgot  his  "chores,"  his  sisters  used  to  excuse  him  with:  "Oh.  never 
mind  Will.  He  can't  help  forgetting.  It's  genius  working."  He  wrote 
back  from  Harvard:  "J  often  look  back  with  regret  to  the  days  which 
I  dreamed  away  in  sleepy  old  New  Albany  (that  prefix  'New'  always 
strikes  me  as  a  joke),  and  I  hope  some  of  these  days  to  come  back  to  it — 
if  only  to  assure  myself  that  it  really  is  there  yet — a  fact  as  to  which  I 
am  sometimes  skeptical."  Here  is  an  extract  from  a  poem  that  he  wrote 
when  a  schoolboy  on  "Clouds" — a  poem  written  at  sunset,  while  he  was 


1194  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

sitting  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  looking  westward  toward  the  high  hills, 
or  "knobs."  He  always  reveled  in  clouds  and  sunsets — in  fact  was 
accused  of  "living  in  the  clouds,"  so  far  away  were  his  thoughts  and 
imagination : 

' '  Outlined  against  a  silver  sky 
Where  rose-gray  flushes  swell  and  lie, 
Behold,  what  wonder  passeth  by! 
Icebergs  of  color,  frozen  light, 
Peaks  multiform  and  infinite — 
Olympian  uplands,  pale  gold  plains 
Drenched  through  and  through  with  ruby  rains — 
Cathedrals,  gateways,  obelisks, 
Roofs  rounding  into  moony  discs — 
Dawn-dreaming  walls,  gold-gleaming  halls, 
Where  all  his  lordly  journey  through 
The  Sun  may  hold  his  festivals. 
0,  Soul,  that  dare  look  up  and  say, 
'Who  will  not  walk  that  Western  way!' 
Be  that  the  sunset,  what  the  day?" 

His  first  rude  shock  came  in  1883,  when  his  mother — Henrietta  Stoy 
before  marriage — to  whom  he  erected  that  noble  monument  in  his  lines, 
"The  Daguerreotype,"  passed  from  this  life.  In  1886  his  father,  Frank 
Burdette  Moody,  died,  and  the  home  was  broken  up.  For  two  years  he 
taught  at  the  little  frame  school  house  two  miles  west  of  New  Albany, 
prosaically  but  accurately  designated  as  "No.  10";  making  his  daily 
trips  from  the  home  of  his  uncle,  Lewis  W.  Stoy,  on  a  small  white  pony, 
and  carrying  his  cold  lunch  in  his  pocket.  Then  he  went  to  Pough- 
keepsie,  N.  Y.,  where  he  made  his  home  with  a  cousin,  and  worked  his 
way  through  the  military  institute,  graduating  with  high  honors,  and 
winning  the  Harvard  scholarship.  He  made  the  Harvard  course  In  three 
years,  paying  his  expenses  by  teaching  and  literary  work ;  and  while  he 
was  there  a  good  angel  came  in  the  person  of  a  wealthy  gentleman  who 
wanted  to  send  his  son  abroad  under  competent  care,  so  he  saw  Europe 
on  a  salary.  His  fame  was  national ;  and  his  death  on  October  17,  1910. 
was  widely  lamented  as  of  one  of  the  most  promising  of  American  poets. 

Is  it  not  striking  that  when  the  nation  was  settling  down  to  a  realism 
in  fiction  that  was  barely  distinguishable  from  the  commonplace,  there 
shot  up  a  flame  from  the  smoldering  remains  of  romance,  in  Indiana,  in 
Lew  Wallace's  "Fair  God,"  followed  by  his  "Ben  Hur,"  by  Majors' 
"When  Knighthood  Was  in  Flower,"  by  Tarkington's  "Monsieur  Beau- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1195 

caire,"  by  Elizabeth  Miller's  "The  Yoke"?  These  stories  are  as  foreign 
to  Indiana  life  as  the  lasting  coal  famine  of  the  Esquimaux;  and  there 
is  no  adequate  explanation  of  their  origin  but  in  the  imagination  devel- 
oped by  frontier  isolation,  frontier  religion,  and  frontier  oratory. 
Tarkington  wandered  far  afield,  but  he  came  home,  largely,  I  imagine, 
under  the  influence  of  Riley's  movies  of  Indiana  life,  and  has  given  us 
genuine  Indiana  novels  in  "Seventeen"  and  "The  Turmoil,"  and  genu- 
ine Indiana  sketches  in  "Penrod."  He  had  a  "shouting  Methodist" 
ancestry,  that  ought  to  account  for  the  emotional  and  impulsive  sides  in 
a  descendant;  and,  by  the  way,  the  Methodists  are  committed  to  the 
theory  of  hereditary  influences  by  their  Indiana  historian,  Rev.  F.  C. 
Holliday,  who  says:  "Our  population  is  truly  composite.  Like  some 
grand  piece  of  mosaic,  in  which  all  the  colors  are  united,  to  the  obscuring 
of  none  and  the  enhancing  of  the  luster  of  each,  the  typical  Indiana 
man  is  dependent  on  every  element  for  completeness,  yet  as  a  whole  is 
dissimilar  to  any  part.  He  is  neither  German,  nor  Scotch,  nor  Irish, 
nor  English,  but  a  compound  of  the  whole.  The  conqueror  of  our  for- 
ests and  the  plowman  of  our  prairies  is  possessed  of  a  spirit  of  personal 
independence  that^  may  be  sharpened  into  insolence  or  educated  into 
manly  self-respect.  Quite  a  number  of  the  early  public  men  of  Indiana 
were  men  of  high  moral  character,  and  not  a  few  of  them  were  men  of 
decided  piety ;  and  they  left  their  impress  upon  general  society.  *  *  * 
A  high  responsibility  is  devolved  upon,  and  rare  opportunities  are 
enjoyed  by,  the  men  who  lay  the  foundations  of  society,  whether  civilly, 
socially,  or  ecclesiastically.  Society,  like  the  individual,  has  its  educa- 
tional period  during  which  it  takes  on  those  characteristics  by  which  it 
is  afterward  distinguished  and  known.  History  teaches  us  that  social 
and  intellectual  peculiarities  are  almost  as  transmissible  as  physical 
traits.  John  Knox  yet  lives  in  the  Psalm-singing  and  rugged  Calvinistic 
theology  of  Scotland.  Every  country  furnishes  illustrations  of  this 
truth;  and  that  community  is  highly  favored  whose  early  leaders  pos- 
sessed the  requisite  intellectual,  social,  and  moral  qualities.  A  decidedly 
religious  impression  was  made  upon  the  minds  of  a  large  proportion  of 
the  early  settlers  in  Indiana  by  the  preaching  of  the  Methodist  itinerants, 
and  the  value  of  their  services  is  recognized  by  men  of  all  parties.  Our 
itinerant  system  carried  the  means  of  grace  to  the  remotest  settlements, 
gathered  people  into  societies  in  the  country,  as  well  as  in  the  towns  and 
villages,  and  went  far  toward  molding  the  minds  and  morals  of  the 
people."23 

There  is  something  striking  in  the  originality  of  lines  of  literature 
of  a  number  of  Indiana  authors.     That  one  writer  should  do  something 

23  Indiana  Methodism,  pp.  20-2. 


1196  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

out  of  the  ordinary  would  not  be  especially  noteworthy ;  but  when  George 
Ade  accomplishes  the  very  difficult  task  of  striking  a  novel  vein  of 
humor;  when  Mrs.  Gene  Stratton-Porter  opens  a  new  field  in  her  Lim- 
berlost  stories;  when  Sarah  Hutchins  Killikelly  makes  an  unique  place 
in  literature  with  her  "Curious  Questions,"  one  begins  to  wonder 
whether  there  is  not  something  more  than  mere  individual  talent  in  it. 
More  remarkable  than  any  of  these  is  the  separate  sphere  which  Juliet 
Virginia  Strauss — "the  Country  Contributor" — made  for  herself. 
It  has  been  said  that  she  is  ' '  the  most  read  woman  in  the  world, ' '.  but  she 
is  more  than  that.  She  is  more  widely  read  than  any  American  essayist 
has  ever  been,  not  even  excepting  Emerson.  And  what  is  more,  her 
essays  do  not  have  their  vogue  on  account  of  any  special  learning  in 
unusual  lines,  which  is  the  usual  attractive  feature  of  popular  essayists. 
She  wrote  from  her  inner  consciousness,  and  yet  her  essays  are  free 
from  that  egotism  that  makes  writers  like  Madame  Guyon  or  Marie 
Bashkirtseff  tiresome  to  the  average  mind.  In  the  history  of  the  world, 
nobody  ever  wrote  so  much  about  the  common  things  of  everyday  life, 
and  held  their  readers.  She  was  born  at  Rockville,  Indiana,  January  7, 
1863,  and  received  her  education  in  the  schools  of  that  town,  and  from 
her  mother,  who  was  a  woman  of  unusual  culture  and  intelligence. 
When  a  miss  of  sixteen,  she  attracted  the  attention  of  John  H.  Beadle, 
then  editor  of  the  Rockville  Tribune,  by  a  school  essay,  and  he  encour- 
aged her  to  write.  She  essayed  local  and  feature  work  in  the  Tribune, 
but  years  passed  before  she  found  herself.  In  1892  she  began  her  column 
of  "Squibs  and  Sayings"  in  the  Tribune,  which  may  be  called  her  start 
in  literary  life.  She  next  became  a  correspondent  of  the  Indianapolis 
Journal;  and  in  1902  began  her  department  in  the  Indianapolis  News 
entitled  ' '  The  Country  Contributor, ' '  which  had  a  record  of  a  long  letter 
every  week,  for  sixteen  years,  discussing  all  phases  of  common  life,  with 
perpetual  freshness  and  vigor,  until  her  death,  May  22,  1918.  In  1906 
the  headline,  "How  Mother  Gets  Her  Halo,"  over  the  report  of  an  ad- 
dress given  by  her  in  Indianapolis,  caught  the  eye  of  Mr.  Edward  Bok, 
editor  of  the  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  and  reading  the  report  satisfied 
him  that  he  had  found  something  worth  while.  Correspondence  resulted 
in  Mrs.  Strauss  becoming  the  editor  of  the  department  in  the  Ladies' 
Home  Journal  entitled  "Ideas  of  a  Plain  Country  Woman,"  and  no 
department  of  the  publication  has  contributed  more  than  this  to  make 
it  the  most  widely  circulated  woman's  paper  in  the  world.  In  1908  a 
number  of  her  essays  were  gathered  and  published  in  book  form  under 
this  same  title,  "Ideas  of  a  Plain  Country  Woman,"  and  this  has  been 
republished  in  England.  She  is  also  the  author  of  several  stories  and 
sketches— "A  Girl  in  Old  Virginia,"  "What  Being  a  Woman  Has 


MRS.  JULIET  V.  STRAUSS 
'The  Country  Contributor" 


1196 


INDIANA  AND  1N1HANANS 


out  of  the  ordinary  would  not  be  especially  noteworthy:  but  when  George 
Ade  accomplishes  the  very  difficult  task  of  striking  a  novel  vein  of 
humor:  when  -Mrs.  (iene  Strattoii-Porter  opens  a  new  Held  in  her  Lim- 
herlost  stories;  when  Sarah  Ilutchins  Killikelly  makes  an  unique  place 
in  literature  with  her  "Curious  (Questions,"  one  begins  to  wonder 
whether  there  is  not  something  more  than  mere  individual  talent  in  it. 
.More  remarkable  than  any  of  these  is  the  separate  sphere  which  Juliet 
Virginia  Strauss-- "the  Country  Contributor' — made  for  herself. 
It  has  been  said  that  she  is  "the  most  read  woman  in  the  world.'  but  she 
is  more  than  that.  She  is  more  widely  read  than  any  American  essayist 
has  ever  been,  not  even  excepting  Kmcrson.  And  what  is  mure,  her 
essays  do  not  have  their  vogue  on  account  of  any  special  learning  in 
unusual  lines,  which  is  the  usual  attractive  feature  of  popular  essayists. 
She  wrote  from  her  inner  consciousness,  and  yet  her  essays  are  free 
from  that  egotism  that  makes  writers  like  Madame  (iiiyon  or  Marie 
Bashkirlseff  tiresome  to  the  average  mind.  In  the  history  of  the  world, 
nobody  ever  wrote  so  much  about  the  common  things  of  everydav  life, 
and  held  their  readers.  She  was  horn  at  Kockville.  Indiana.  January  7. 

1sti:j.  .mil  received  her  education   in  the  schools  of  that  town,  and  from 

• 

her  mother,  who  was  a  woman  of  unusual  culture  and  intelligence. 
When  a  miss  of  sixteen,  she  attracted  the  attention  of  .lohn  II.  Ueadle. 
then  editor  of  the  lioekville  Tribune,  by  a  school  essay,  and  he  encour- 
aged her  to  write.  She  essayed  local  and  feature  work  in  the  Tribune, 
hut  years  passed  before  she  found  herself.  In  IS!  12  she  began  her  column 
of  ••Squibs  and  Sayings"  in  the  Tribune,  which  may  be  called  her  start 
in  literary  life.  She  next  became  a  correspondent  of  the  Indianapolis 
.Journal  :  ami  in  1!M)2  began  her  department  in  the  I  ndianapolis  News 
entitled  "The  Country  Contributor."  which  had  a  record  of  a  long  letter 
every  week,  for  sixteen  years,  discussing  all  phases  of  common  life,  with 
perpetual  freshness  and  vigor,  until  her  death.  May  ~2'2,  1!MS.  In  IJHMi 
the  headline.  "Mow  Mother  (Jets  Her  Halo."  over  the  report  of  an  ad- 
dress given  by  her  in  I  ndianapolis,  caught  the  eye  of  Mr.  Kdward  l>ok. 
editor  of  the  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  and  reading  the  report  satisfied 
him  that  he  had  found  something  worth  while.  Correspondence  resulted 
in  Mrs.  Strauss  becoming  the  editor  of  the  department  in  the  Ladies' 
Home  Journal  entitled  "Ideas  of  a  ('lain  Country  Woman."  and  no 
department  of  the  publication  has  contributed  more  than  this  to  make 
it  the  most  widely  circulated  woman's  paper  in  the  world.  In  1!)OS  a 
number  of  her  essays  were  gathered  and  published  in  book  form  under 
this  same  title,  "Ideas  of  a  Plain  Country  Woman."  and  this  has  been 
repuhlished  in  Kngland.  She  is  also  the  author  of  several  stories  and 
sketches — ''A  Girl  in  Old  Virginia."  "What  Heing  a  Woman  Has 


MRS.  JruKT  V.  STKATSS 

"The  Country   Contributor 


1198  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Meant  to  Me,"  and  "Chronicles  of  a  Queer  Girl";  and  she  was  in  exten- 
sive demand  on  the  speaker's  platform.  Sh.e  called  herself  a  Socialist 
in  politics  and  a  Presbyterian  in  religion ;  but  would  probably  be  con- 
sidered a  Presbyterian  by  most  Socialists,  and  a  Socialist  by  orthodox 
Presbyterians — if  indeed  there  are  any  of  that  class  surviving.  Per- 
haps she  might  appropriately  be  classed  as  a  Rational  Mystic;  but 
whether  classified  or  ranked  sui  generis,  there  is  no  question  that  her 
writing  has  the  Hoosier  characteristics  of  optimism  and  wholesomeness. 
There  is  an  interesting  field  for  speculation  as  to  the  effects  of 
physical  causes  on  human  development,  in  America,  which  has  not  been 
left  unoccupied.  Prof.  Frederick  Starr  laid  down  the  broad  proposition 
that  Asia  made  yellow  men,  Africa  black  men,  Europe  white  men,  and 
America  red  men.  He  enforced  his  doctrine  as  to  America  by  a  striking 
illustration,  recalling  that  during  the  Civil  War,  there  were  three  figures 
that  were  very  common  in  caricature — the  Yankee,  of  the  "Uncle  Sam" 
type,  the  "Johnny  Reb,"  and  "Johnny  Bull."  The  first  and  second 
were  similar  in  most  of  their  physical  characteristics — tall,  lean,  lank, 
with  high  cheek  bones,  dark  complexions,  and  long,  straight  hair. 
Johnny  Bull  was  short,  stout,  with  round  face,  light  complexion,  and 
short  curly  hair.  But  it  is  only  about  three  centuries  since  Johnny  Bull 
made  the  two  typical  settlements  in  this  country — New  England  and 
Virginia — of  which  the  other  two  were  the  present  ideals;  and  every 
step  of  difference  is  in  the  direction  of  the  American  Indian — tall,  lean, 
lank,  with  high  cheek  'bones,  dark  complexions,  and  long,  straight  hair. 
Prof.  Starr  pertinently  asks,  if  this  change  has  come  in  three  centuries 
of  civilized  life,  what  might  be  expected  if  instead  of  living  in  close 
houses,  wearing  hats  and  clothing,  eating  cooked  food,  and  washing  their 
faces  with  soap  at  intervals,  as  well  as  bathing  occasionally,  they  had 
like  the  Indians,  lived  in  rude  shelters,  worn  no  head-covering  and  little 
clothing,  used  open  fires  with  exposure  to  the  smoke,  eaten  food  largely 
uncooked,  and  covered  their  skins  extensively  with  grease  and  paint, 
discarding  soap  entirely?  "Wendell  Phillips  added  a  theory  of  mental 
effects,  in  these  words:  "From  Massachusetts  Bay  back  to  their  own 
hunting-grounds,  every  few  miles  is  written  down  in  imperishable  record 
as  a  spot  where  the  scanty,  scattered  tribes  made  a  stand  for  justice  and 
their  own  rights.  Neither  Greece,  nor  Germany,  nor  the  French,  nor  the 
Scotch,  can  show  a  prouder  record.  And  instead  of  searing  it  over  with 
infamy  and  illustrated  epithets,  the  future  will  recognize  it  as  a  glorious 
record  of  a  race  that  never  melted  out  and  never  died  away,  but  stood 
up  manfully,  man  by  man,  foot  by  foot,  and  fought  it  out  for  the  land 
God  gave  him  against  the  world,  which  seemed  to  be  poured  out  over  him. 
I  love  the  Indian  because  there  is  something  in  the  soil  and  climate  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1199 

made  him  that  is  fated,  in  the  thousand  years  that  are  coming,  to  mould 
us."  To  "soil  and  climate,"  ethnologists  add  food,  topographical  envi- 
ronment, and  some  minor  considerations.  Whatever  may  be  the  cause, 
it  is  regarded  as  certain  that  when  the  inhabitants  of  any  region,  on  the 
average,  show  any  characteristics  differing  from  those  of  their  neighbors, 
there  is  some  natural  cause  for  it.  Such  things  do  not  come  by  chance. 
There  are  two  noteworthy  comments  on  the  residents  of  Indiana,  in 
this  connection.  The  first  was  by  Count  Volney,  who  was  perhaps  the 
first  ethnologist  of  his  day,  and  whose  theories  were  based  on  personal 
observation.  He  went  up  the  Wabash  when  he  visited  this  country,  in 
1796-7,  and  said  of  the  Indians  there:  "They  have  a  good  soil,  with 
finer  maize,  and  greater  plenty  of  game  than  are  found  east  of  the 
mountains.  Hence  it  is  that  the  natives  are  a  stout  well-formed  race. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Shawnese,  the  stature  of  whose  women 
astonished  me  more  than  their  beauty."24  The  second  comment  came 
in  connection  with  the  celebrated  measurements  of  soldiers  of  the  Civil 
War  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  B.  A.  Gould.  During  the  course  of  this 
he  wrote  to  Adjutant  General  Terrell  of  Indiana :  ' '  One  thing  will  cer- 
tainly interest  you — that  it  is  evident  from  our  statistics,  that  the  Indiana 
men  are  the  tallest  of  all  the  natives  of  the  United  States,  and  these  latter 
the  tallest  of  all  civilized  countries."25  Dr.  Gould  also  had  some  cor- 
respondence with  Col.  Colgrove,  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  Indiana  con- 
cerning Company  F  of  his  regiment,  in  which,  out  of  101  men,  there 
were  67  who  were  six  feet  tall,  or  more.  This  Company  was  recruited 
chiefly  from  the  vicinity  of  Bloomington,  with  others  from  along  the 
line  of  the  Monon  Railroad.26  It  was  commanded  by  Captain  Peter  Kop, 
a  Frenchman,  who  had  served  in  the  French  army  in  Algiers  and  else- 
where, and  after  coming  to  this  country  had  been  in  the  employ  of  the 
New  Albany  &  Salem  Railroad  Company.  There  were  two  series  of  the 
Gould  measurements,  and  after  the  second  he  had  to  make  a  slight  change 
in  his  conclusions,  having  found  that  the  Union  soldiers  from  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee  averaged  taller  than  those  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  they  being 
grouped  in  these  two  classes.  Of  the  first  class  the  average  of  267  men 
measured  was  68.53  inches,  and  of  the  second  the  average  of  1,662  men 
was  67.74  inches.  As  is  commonly  known,  the  Union  soldiers  of  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  were  chiefly  mountaineers,  and  Gould  refers  to  this 
as  follows:  "Among  the  tallest  men  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  West 


24  View  of  the  Climate  and  Soil  of  the  U.  S.,  p.  360. 

25  Terrell's  Report,  Vol.  1,  p.  110,  Appendix. 

26  There  were  a  dozen  pioneers  in  Washington  County  of  such  size  and  strength 
that    they   were   known   as   "the   Washington    County    Giants."     Hist.    Wash.   Co., 
Stevens,  p.  646. 


1200  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

Virginia,  are  the  dwellers  upon  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghenies ;  the  Green 
Mountains  of  Vermont  furnish  a  race  of  men  among  the  tallest  in  the 
New  England  States ;  yet  on  the  other  hand  the  prairies  and  level  fields 
of  Indiana  and  Illinois  afford  a  population  of  pre-eminent  stature. ' '  In 
the  later  examinations  the  soldiers  from  Ohio  and  Indiana  were  reported 
separately,  and  the  Indiana  men  were  the  taller.  In  his  conclusions, 
Gould  says:  "That  residence  in  the  Western  States,  during  the  years 
of  growth,  tends  to  produce  increase  of  stature,  seems  established;  and 
the  indications  are  strong  that  the  same  is  the  case  with  many  of  the 
Southern  States.  It  would  moreover  appear  that  those  States  which 
show  for  their  natives  the  highest  statures,  are  those  which  tend  most 
strongly  to  increase  the  stature  of  those  who  remove  thither  during  the 
period  of  development.  *  *  *  The  suggestion  that  calcareous  dis- 
tricts, by  furnishing  a  more  abundant  and  continuous  supply  of  lime  for 
the  bones  while  growing,  promote  their  development,  and  thus  tend  to 
increase  the  stature,  seems  to  afford  a  partial  explanation  for  this  phe- 
nomenon ;  but  it  gives  by  no  means  a  complete  solution  of  the  problem, 
for  the  variations  of  stature  are  not  by  any  means  proportionate  to  the 
amount  of  calcareous  formations  near  the  surface  of  the  soil. ' ' 2T 

It  is,  of  course,  probable  that  ancestry  had  an  influence  in  producing 
this  result,  for  the  stature  of  their  forefathers  attracted  notice.  Unfor- 
tunately, however,  most  of  the  comments  of  travelers  are  so  indefinite 
as  to  be  of  little  value.  Thus,  Morris  Birkbeck  writes,  at  Madison,  Indi- 
ana, on  July  7,  1818:  "I  have  good  authority  for  contradicting  a 
supposition  that  I  have  met  with  in  England,  respecting  the  inhabitants 
of  Indiana, — that  they  are  lawless,  semi-barbarous  vagabonds,  dangerous 
to  live  among.  On  the  contrary,  the  laws  are  respected,  and  are  effectual ; 
and  the  manners  of  the  people  are  kind  and  gentle  to  each  other,  and  to 
strangers.  An  unsettled  country,  lying  contiguous  to  one  that  is  set- 
tled, is  always  a  place  of  retreat  for  rude  and  even  abandoned  charac- 
ters ;  and  such,  no  doubt,  have  taken  up  their  unfixed  abode  in  Indiana. 
These  people  retire,  with  the  wolves,  from  the  regular  colonists,  keeping 
always  to  the  outside  of  the  civilized  settlements.  *  *  *  Of  the 
present  settlers,  as  I  have  passed  along  from  house  to  house,  I  could  not 
avoid  receiving  a  most  favorable  impression.  *  *  *  As  to  the  inhab- 
itants of  towns,  the  Americans  are  much  alike,  as  far  as  we  have  had  an 
opportunity  of  judging.  We  look  in  vain  for  any  striking  difference  in 
the  general  deportment  and  appearance  of  the  great  bulk  of  Americans, 
from  Norfolk  on  the  eastern  coast,  to  the  town  of  Madison  in  Indiana. 
The  same  good-looking,  well-dressed  (not  what  we  call  gentlemanly)  men 

2*  Sanitary  Memoirs — published  by  the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission,  pp.  126-32 ; 
and  see  tables  at  pp.  252  and  276. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1201 

appear  everywhere.  Nine  out  of  ten,  native  Americans,  are  tall  and 
long-limbed,  approaching  or  even  exceeding  six  feet;  in  pantaloons  and 
Wellington  boots,  either  marching  up  and  down  with  their  hands  in 
their  pockets,  or  seated  on  chairs  poised  on  the  hind-feet,  and  the  backs 
rested  against  the  walls.  If  a  hundred  Americans  of  any  class  were  to 
seat  themselves,  ninety-nine  would  shuffle  their  chairs  to  the  true  dis- 
tance, and  then  throw  themselves  back  against  the  nearest  prop.  The 
women  exhibit  a  great  similarity  of  tall,  relaxed  form,  with  consistent 
dress  and  demeanour;  and  are  not  remarkable  for  sprightliness  of  man- 
ners."28 This,  apparently,  merely  classes  the  people  of  Indiana  with 
other  tall  Americans.  So  Mrs.  Trollope,  in  her  account  of  her  trip  by 
boat  up  the  Mississippi,  evidently  writes  under  the  impression  that  all 
flat-boatmen  were  Kentuckians,  though  probably  more  of  those  she  saw 
were  from  Indiana.  She  says:  "The  deck,  as  is  usual,  was  occupied 
by  the  Kentucky  flat-boat  men,  returning  from  New  Orleans,  after  having 
disposed  of  the  boat  and  cargo  which  they  had  conveyed  thither,  with 
no  other  labour  than  that  of  steering  her,  the  current  bringing  her  down 
at  the  rate  of  four  miles  an  hour.  We  had  about  two  hundred  of  these 
men  on  board.  *  *  *  Whatever  their  moral  characteristics  may  be, 
these  Kentuckians  are  a  very  noble-looking  race  of  men;  their  average 
height  considerably  exceeds  that  of  Europeans,  and  their  countenances, 
excepting  when  disfigured  by  red  hair,  which  is  not  unfrequent,  ex- 
tremely handsome. ' ' 29 

It  would  perhaps  be  considered  an  oversight  to  omit  the  presentation 
of  education,  in  connection  with  the  formation  of  character,  although  it 
may  be  doubted  that  mere  book-learning,  independent  of  moral  education, 
has  any  material  effect  on  character.  Schools  were  neither  numerous 
nor  of  good  quality  during  the  earliest  period.  They  will  be  considered 
more  fully  elsewhere,  and  for  present  purposes,  two  quotations  from 
observers  will  suffice.  In  1817,  William  Darby  wrote  of  Indiana :  "Col- 
leges and  schools  can  scarce  be  considered  to  exist  as  public  institutions ; 
private  schools  are  numerous,  and  increasing  with  the  population."  In 
1827,  Isaac  Reed  wrote:  "The  State  is  not  districted;  and  the  common 
schools  are  generally  of  a  low  character,  when  compared  with  the  schools 
of  the  Northern  States.  Here  and  there  is  found  a  district,  where  the 
school  is  well  supported,  and  well  taught.  The  schools  are  nearly  all 
taught  by  men.  It  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  a  woman  teaching  school. 
There  are  a  good  many  men  of  public  education  in  the  State,  graduates 
from  different  colleges.  There  are  many  people  of  common  school  edu- 
cation ;  but  there  are  also  many  men  and  many  women,  who  cannot  read 

28  Indiana  as  Seen  by  Early  Travelers,'  p.177. 

29  Domestic  Manners,  p.  22-4. 


1202  INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 

at  all.  In  Indianapolis  there  is  a  common  school,  on  a  fine  plan,  and 
well  supported.  There  are  a  few  academies  in  different  parts,  but  they 
are  not  distinguished.  There  is  one  college  in  its  incipient  state,  located 
at  Bloomington.  It  is  the  State  Seminary.  It  is  taught  by  a  Presby- 
terian minister,  of  superior  attainments,  and  distinguished  character. 
*  *  *  I  believe  there  are  more  men  of  public  education  in  the  profes- 
sions of  law  and  medicine,  than  would  be  expected  abroad,  in  the  State  so 
young.  The  ministers  also  of  the  Presbyterian  church  are  such  men, 
and  but  few  of  the  other  denominations  are  such.  Among  the  common 
people,  many  are  found  possessing  much  intelligence,  and  who,  in  older 
States,  have  been  men  of  active  business.  The  state  of  learning  is  also  on 
the  advance.  But  there  are  many  of  the  people  without  even  a  common 
school  education. ' ' 

I  am  not  certain  what  this  learned  Presbyterian  minister  means  by 
"men  of  public  education,"  though  he  seems  to  use  the  phrase  as  equiv- 
alent to  "men  of  higher  education,"  or  "college  graduates."  There  is, 
however,  possibility  of  a  large  amount  of  education  outside  of  schools, 
and  the  important  feature  of  his  statement  is  that  there  was  a  sprinkling 
of  well  educated  men  throughout  the  State,  and  this  is  unquestionably 
true.  And  the  educational  influence  of  such  men,  on  the  American  fron- 
tier was  much  greater  than  is  readily  understood  now.  This  is  forcibly 
presented  in  an  article  published  only  twelve  years  after  Reed  wrote,  in 
the  New  York  Quarterly  Review,  for  October,  1839.  It  may  seem  strange 
that  at  that  time,  anybody  should  be  worrying  about  what  effect  Western 
literature  would  have  on  future  generations,  but  that  is  what  is  consid- 
ered in  this  article,  by  James  H.  Perkins,  author  of  that  interesting 
work,  the  "Annals  of  the  West."  Speaking  of  the  educational  influence 
of  political  newspapers,  he  says :  "But  though  the  newspapers  do  much, 
they  do  less  than  the  spoken  arguments  of  political  candidates.  The 
Western  people  have  much  of  the  old  Greek  fondness  for  viva-voce 
instruction,  and  were  Herodotus  among  them,  the  best  publication  of  his 
history  would  be  a  public  recitation.  In  this  manner  we  have  known 
poems  brought  forward  in  Cincinnati,  and  there,  as  everywhere,  and 
more  than  elsewhere,  the  disposition  is  to  instruct  by  lectures  which 
afterwards  go  to  the  press.  Why  this  is  so  in  the  region  in  question,  and 
through  all  our  country  and  all  Europe,  is  an  inquiry  well  worth  making, 
and  would  lead,  we  suspect,  to  some  valuable  views  of  the  disposition  of 
our  age.  In  connection  with  it  might  be  also  considered  the  fact  that 
we  are  again  returning  to  the  pictorial,  the  eye-addressing;  so  that  in 
two  great  points  we  may  be  approaching,  perhaps  new  developments  of 
art ;  and  leaving  the  abstract  and  invisible,  may  be  again  on  the  confines 
of  ages  which  shall  be  marked  by  the  love  and  production  of  the  concrete, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1203 

audible  and  visible.  However,  into  this  inquiry  we  cannot  enter;  but 
may  remark,  in  passing,  that  the  signs  of  a  revolution  in  art  and  litera- 
ture, which  shall  aim  at  something  like  the  Grecian  character,  are  to 
be  seen  everywhere  in  the  great  valley  of  our  land.  Perhaps  on  her 
sunny  plains  and  fertile  slopes,  art  will  once  more  be  seen  creative ;  the 
very  activity,  stir,  and  interest  in  outward  things,  which  now  marks  us 
all,  may  be  but  that  darkest  moment,  which  is  so  dark  because  it  imme- 
diately precedes  daybreak.  The  political  literature  of  the  West,  marking 
as  does  the  religious,  a  people  of  action,  a  people  every  man  of  which, 
has  grown  up  to  think  himself  called  upon  to  take  an  interest  and  part 
in  all  governmental  matters  and  every  scheme  of  benevolence.  There  is 
none  of  that  deadening  influence  working  there,  which  weighs  men  down 
by  the  consciousness  that  so  much  wealth,  or  certain  family  connections, 
or  a  definite  amount  of  education,  must  precede  distinction,  power,  and 
wide  spreading  influence.  On  the  contrary,  the  western  man  preemi- 
nently feels  that  he  is  independent,  and  may  not  only  go  whither  he 
wills,  but  may  be  whatever  he  wishes,  and  has  in  himself  the  capacity  to 
be.  From  this  feeling  of  complete  independence,  come  the  excellences 
and  defects  of  western  character ;  as  that  turns,  our  hopes  or  fears  will  be 
realized.  On  the  one  hand,  the  true  political  freedom  of  our  new 
states  produces  self-respect,  self-dependence,  hope,  courage,  faith,  energy, 
activity,  skill,  industry,  developed  minds,  wide  views,  general  interests, 
manliness,  and  frank  honesty ;  on  the  other  side,  stand  pride,  irreverence, 
want  of  sympathy,  selfishness,  absence  of  spirituality.  Which  of  the 
two  classes  of  results  will  predominate,  God  only  knows.  *  *  *  The 
political  literature  wants  to  be  Christianized;  what  is  manly,  bold,  the 
result  of  impulse,  is  very  sure  to  have  the  better  of  what  is  kind,  humble, 
and  the  result  of  Christian  principle." 

The  remarkable  fulfillment  of  this  prediction  of  art  development 
in  the  present  age  of  illustrated  prints,  moving  pictures,  phonographs, 
victrolas,  etc.,  when  the  salesman  uses  photographs  in  selling  his  goods, 
and  the  reader  expects  illustration  in  his  daily  paper,  is  convincing  that 
Mr.  Perkins  was  an  unusually  close  and  discerning  observer;  and  that 
his  views  are  worthy  of  special  attention. 

It  should  also  be  noted  in  this  connection  that  there  has  been  a  notable 
development  of  painting  and  sculpture  in  the  Ohio  Valley  region,  and 
that  Indiana  has  had  a  creditable  part  in  it.  The  earlier  Indiana  artists 
were  immigrants,  and  most  of  them,  like  Thomas  Worthington  Whit- 
tredge,  Barton  S.  Hays,  J.  M.  Dennis,  and  J.  0.  Eaton,  were  birds  of 
passage.  Others,  like  Jacob  Cox  and  George  Winters  remained  and 
worked  in  Indiana.  The  first  native  of  Indiana  to  attain  celebrity  was 
William  Merritt  Chase,  who  was  born  at  Nineveh,  Indiana,  November  1, 


1204  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

1849.  The  State  did  not  start  seriously  into  art  until  1877,  when 
John  W.  Love  and  James  F.  Gookins  opened  their  art  school  In  Indian- 
apolis, and  it  has  been  increasing  in  zeal  ever  since.  The  "Indiana 
Group,"  including  Steele,  Forsyth,  Stark,  Adams,  Gruelle,  Bundy,  and 
others  has  attracted  wide  attention  by  painting  local  subjects.  The  most 
striking  individual  development  in  art,  however,  was  Amalia  Kuessner 
(Mrs.  Charles  duPont  Coudert),  who  is  the  only  Indiana  artist  who  has 
won  a  world-wide  reputation.  She  was  born  at  Greencastle,  March  26, 
1873,  but  her  parents  removed  to  Terre  Haute,  and  she  is  usually  credited 
to  that  place.  She  was  educated  chiefly  by  a  governess,  at  home,  but 
attended  St.  Mary  of  the  Woods  for  a  time.  She  had  been  painting 
on  china,  and  doing  other  decorative  work,  when,  in  1890,  her  family 
met  financial  reverses,  and  she  decided  to  undertake  miniature  painting. 
Her  first  work  was  in  Chicago,  where  Charles  Kern,  formerly  of  Terre 
Haute,  and  a  friend  of  her  family,  secured  her  an  introduction  to  art 
patrons.  Her  success  was  such  that  in  1892  she  went  to  New  York, 
where  she  made  miniatures  the  fashionable  fad.  In  1896  she  went  to 
London,  where  she  painted  the  King  and  the  leading  nobility  of  Great 
Britain.  In  1899  she  was  called  to  Russia  to  paint  the  Empress  and 
Grand  Duchesses;  and  in  the  same  year  to  South  Africa  to  paint  Cecil 
Rhodes.  She  married  July  3,  1900,  and  gave  up  active  art  work  for 
domestic  life. 

One  comprehensive  statement  of  Mr.  Perkins  is  as  to  the  foreign  lit- 
erature that  was  then  being  read  in  the  West,  as  follows:  "Not  a  novel 
of  any  note  comes  from  the  London  press,  but  may  be  met  with  every- 
where, from  Pittsburgh  to  the  Yellow-Stone;  from  New  Orleans  to  the 
falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Byron  thought  it  something  like  fame  to  be  read 
in  America ;  but  in  our  day  it  proves  no  merit  in  a  writer,  that  his  works 
circulate  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  scandal  of  Lady  Charlotte  Bury, 
and  the  poor  personalities  of  Lady  Bulwer,  may  be  found  wherever  read- 
ers are  found  in  Western  America.  Most  of  this  foreign  literature  comes 
from  eastern  publishers,  and  is,  of  course,  the  same  with  that  circulated 
by  them  in  the  Atlantic  states.  But  the  works  most  widely  circulated, 
whether  foreign  or  American,  belong  to  one  of  two  classes — narrative  or 
religious — stories  of  all  kinds,  biographies,  or  religious  treatises.  Large 
and  cheap  editions  of  the  most  popular  histories  are  often  published 
in  the  West.  Josephus,  Fox's  History  of  the  Martyrs,  Gibbon's  Rome, 
as  edited  by  Guizot,  and  other  works  of  cost  and  size,  such  as  Rollin's 
History,  are  printed  in  Cincinnati,  and  elsewhere,  in  great  numbers.  A 
'library,'  containing  Dick's  Theology,  Guizot 's  Gibbon,  Napier's  Penin- 
sular War,  and  other  standard  histories  and  theological  writings,  has 
been  published  in  Ohio,  and  its  publishers  have  already  circulated  from 


MRS.  AMALIA  KUSSNER  COUDERT 

The  World's  Most  Distinguished  Living  Medallion  Painter 
(From  a  drawing  by  the  Marchioness  of  Granby) 


1204 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1849.  The  State  did  not  start  seriously  into  art  until  1877,  when 
John  W.  Love  and  James  F.  Gookins  opened  their  art  school  In  Indian- 
apolis, and  it  has  been  increasing  in  zeal  ever  since.  The  "Indiana 
Group,"  including  Steele,  Forsyth,  Stark,  Adams,  Gruelle,  Bundy,  and 
others  has  attracted  wide  attention  by  painting  local  subjects.  The  most 
striking  individual  development  in  art,  however,  was  Amalia  Kuessner 
(Mrs.  Charles  duPont  Coudert),  who  is  the  only  Indiana  artist  who  has 
won  a  world-wide  reputation.  She  was  born  at  Grecncastle,  March  26, 
187:3,  but  her  parents  removed  to  Terre  Haute,  and  she  is  usually  credited 
to  that  place.  She  was  educated  chiefly  by  a  governess,  at  home,  but 
attended  St.  Mary  of  the  Woods  for  a  time.  She  had  been  painting 
on  china,  and  doing  other  decorative  work,  when,  in  1890,  her  family 
met  financial  reverses,  and  she  decided  to  undertake  miniature  painting. 
Her  first  work  was  in  Chicago,  where  Charles  Kern,  formerly  of  Terre 
Haute,  and  a  friend  of  her  family,  secured  her  an  introduction  to  art 
patrons.  Her  success  was  such  that  in  1892  she  went  to  Xew  York, 
where  she  made  miniatures  the  fashionable  fad.  In  1896  she  went  to 
London,  where  she  painted  the  King  and  the  leading  nobility  of  Great 
Britain.  In  1899  she  was  called  to  Russia  to  paint  the  Empress  and 
Grand  Duchesses;  and  in  the  same  year  to  South  Africa  to  paint  Cecil 
Rhodes.  She  married  July  3,  1900,  and  gave  up  active  art  work  for 
domestic  life. 

One  comprehensive  statement  of  Mr.  Perkins  is  as  to  the  foreign  lit- 
erature that  was  then  being  read  in  the  West,  as  follows:  "Not  a  novel 
of  any  note  comes  from  the  London  press,  but  may  be  met  with  every- 
where, from  Pittsburgh  to  the  Yellow-Stone ;  from  Xew  Orleans  to  the 
falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Byron  thought  it  something  like  fame  to  be  read 
in  America ;  but  in  our  day  it  proves  no  merit  in  a  writer,  that  his  works 
circulate  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  scandal  of  Lady  Charlotte  Bury, 
and  the  poor  personalities  of  Lady  Bulwer,  may  be  found  wherever  read- 
ers are  found  in  Western  America.  Most  of  this  foreign  literature  comes 
from  eastern  publishers,  and  is,  of  course,  the  same  with  that  circulated 
by  them  in  the  Atlantic  states.  But  the  works  most  widely  circulated, 
whether  foreign  or  American,  belong  to  one  of  two  classes — narrative  or 
religious — stories  of  all  kinds,  biographies,  or  religious  treatises.  Large 
and  cheap  editions  of  the  most  popular  histories  are  often  published 
in  the  West.  Josephus,  Fox's  History  of  the  Martyrs,  Gibbon's  Rome, 
as  edited  by  Guizot,  and  other  works  of  cost  and  size,  such  as  Rollin's 
History,  are  printed  in  Cincinnati,  and  elsewhere,  in  great  numbers.  A 
'library,'  containing  Dick's  Theology,  Guizot 's  Gibbon,  Napier's  Penin- 
sular War,  and  other  standard  histories  and  theological  writings,  has 
been  published  in  Ohio,  and  its  publishers  have  already  circulated  from 


MRS.  AMALI.V  KTSSNER  COUDERT 

The  World's  Most  Distinguished  Living  Medallion  Painter 
(From  a  drawing  by  the  Marchioness  of  Granby) 


1206  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

two  to  four  thousand  copies  of  each  of  its  various  volumes.  A  few  years 
since,  twelve  thousand  of  Fox's  Martyrs  were  printed.  Most  of  these 
works  are  stereotyped,  and  of  course,  every  few  years  new  editions  are 
required  to  meet  the  increasing  demand.  The  characteristic,  as  we  have 
said,  of  the  literature  popular  in  the  West,  is  either  religious  teaching, 
or  exciting  narrative.  Works  of  mental  or  physical  science,  and  even 
of  natural  history,  do  not  sell  largely.  The  chief  reading  of  the  stirring 
men  of  the  West  is  that  which  relates  to  stirring  men.  Politics,  the 
newspapers  provide  for  all  classes;  science  is  slighted;  western  taste 
demands  something  which  tells  of  men,  of  life,  of  battle,  of  suffering,  of 
heroism,  skill,  and  wisdom;  or  else  something  which  addresses  man's 
highest  nature,  his  holiest  and  deepest  feelings.  The  character  of  the 
foreign  literature  which  is  most  popular  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  shows, 
in  short,  that  men  read  there  not  as  speculators  and  students,  but  as 
actors,  as  working  men ;  it  proves,  also,  that  religion,  in  some  aspect, 
occupies  much  of  their  thoughts.  For  the  future,  that  literature  fore- 
tells a  free-thinking,  strong-acting  population ;  a  people  liable  to  excite- 
ment on  deep  questions,  and  to  an  excitement  that  will  come  out  in 
deeds." 

His  summary  is  as  follows:  "Thus  we  see,  the  literature  of  the 
Great  Valley  presents  us  distinctly  with  many  characteristics  of  the 
people  that  dwell  there,  and  a  vista  into  the  fortunes  of  their  descend- 
ants. In  the  first  place,  the  people  of  the  West  are  individual;  every 
writer  has  something  of  his  own,  good  and  bad — every  speaker  is  still 
more  peculiarly  himself — and  most  of  all,  every  actor  is  so.  There  is  no 
stereotype  cast  of  character  and  thought;  but  rough,  independent  per- 
sonality. In  the  next  place,  the  people  of  that  region  are  very  inde- 
pendent, in  this  deep  and  fundamental  sense:  They  feel  that  it  rests 
with  them  to  have  law  or  anarchy;  good  morals,  or  none  at  all;  to  be 
religious  or  irreligious.  Every  man  feels  that  he  is  free  to  be  what  he 
pleases,  provided  he  break  no  law,  and  outrage  no  public  feeling.  Hence, 
if  men  obey  God,  it  is  that  free  obedience,  that  voluntary  yielding  of 
every  power  to  His  will,  which  is  of  all  things  to  be  desired.  If  men 
grow  more  and  more  civilized  and  law-supporting,  it  is  not  the  action  of 
a  few  controlling  the  mass,  but  action  of  the  mass,  guided  by  the  few,  in 
whom  it  trusts.  If  then  we  find  order  and  right  increasing,  we  may  be 
sure  it  is  on  the  broadest  basis  that  they  rest.  In  the  third  place,  the 
people  of  the  West  are  earnest.  They  are  not  drudges,  they  are  not 
indifferent  actors;  but  they  are  stirring,  hopeful,  faithful,  enthusiastic. 
In  the  fourth  place,  they  are  impulsive.  Principles  of  action,  based  on 
conscience  enlightened  by  reason,  are  not  common  among  them.  They 
are  impelled  by  conscience  as  it  suggests  honorable  feeling,  by  self- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1207 

* 

respect,  by  affection,  by  every  form  of  passion.  Lastly,  they  are  stren- 
uous in  defence  of  their  own  and  others'  rights,  but  lukewarm  in  the 
inquiry  after,  and  submission  to,  duty.  Such  are  some  of  the  leading 
features  of  these  western  people,  as  seen  in  the  character  of  their  in- 
tellectual cultivation." 

This  article  was  republished  in  The  Hesperian,  for  November,  1839, 
which  was  a  literary  magazine  published  at  Cincinnati,  by  Wm.  D.  Gal- 
lagher, with  complaint  that  the  writer  had  overlooked  many  Western 
publications,  and  especially  that  he  had  passed  by  "our  imaginative 
and  miscellaneous  literature  with  a  mere  allusion,  assigning  as  cause, 
that  upon  coming  to  this  the  writer  found  opening  upon  him  a  wider 
field  of  discussion  than  he  could  then  enter."  This  was  exasperating 
to  Gallagher,  who  had  been  laboring  for  more  than  ten  years  in  behalf 
of  Western  literature,  and  who  was  the  original  complainant  of  Eastern 
neglect  of  Western  talent.  In  reality  there  was  a  large  amount  of  home 
product,  for  nine-tenths,  or  more,  of  the  original  matter  in  the  early 
newspapers  was  contributed,  in  the  form  of  letters  of  one  sort  or  another, 
with  occasional  poems,  and  fictitious  stories.  Poetry  came  at  the  start. 
At  the  Fourth  of  July  celebration  at  Marietta,  in  1789,  the  oration,  by 
Return  Jonathan  Meigs,  was  in  verse.  But  Marietta  did  not  hold 
literary  ascendancy.  In  1858,  in  an  address  at  Ohio  University,  Gal- 
lagher said:  "The  first  literary  center  in  the  West  was  Cincinnati. 
There  the  first  newspaper  ever  published  in  our  great  inland  valley  made 
its  appearance  on  the  9th  day  of  November,  1793.  Cincinnati  was  then 
five  years  old,  and  contained  about  500  inhabitants.  The  first  book 
written  and  printed  in  the  North-West  was  published  at  Cincinnati  in 
1809.  Between  the  years  1811  and  1815,  there  were  twelve  books,  averag- 
ing about  200  pages  each,  printed  in  the  Queen  City.  In  1819  the 
North-West  had  its  first  literary  journal.  It  was  called  the  Literary 
Cadet,  and  appeared  on  the  22d  day  of  November,  in  the  year  men- 
tioned. Only  twenty-three  numbers  of  the  Cadet  were  issued.  In  1824 
Cincinnati  had  a  second  literary  paper,  and  it  has  had  thirteen  since, 
all  of  which  are  dead.  *  *  *  Within  a  period  of  ten  years,  count- 
ing backward  and  forward  from  1830,  there  existed  a  literary  circle 
of  which  Cincinnati  was  the  center,  which,  as  a  whole,  has  never  had  a 
superior  in  America."  This  was  the  literary  center  for  Indiana  in  the 
early  period,  chiefly  in  the  way  of  reading  Cincinnati  publications, 
though  of  the  twenty-seven  writers  named  by  Gallagher  in  his  "literary 
circle,"  three  were  residents  of  Indiana.  The  first  book  of  original 
verse  published  in  the  West  was  published  at  Cincinnati  in  1819.  It 

was  by  Gorham  A.  Worth,  entitled  "American  Bards"  and  averred- 
voi.  n— 41 


' 


1208  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

• 

"From  the  shores  of  St.  John,  in  the  Province  of  Maine, 

To  the  halls  of  St.  Boone,  in  the  West, 
Her  minstrels  are  heard ;  and  strain  after  strain, 
From  the  cities  the  mountains  re-echo  again, 
Till  at  length  mid  the  prairies  they  rest." 

In  1821,  there  was  a  competition  for  a  prize  poem  at  Cincinnati,  in 
which  the  second  prize  went  to  a  poem,  ' '  The  Banks  of  the  Ohio,  by  a 
lady  of  Madison,  Indiana."  Unfortunately  her  name  is  not  preserved. 
In  1841  Gallagher  published  a  volume  of  264  pages  of  The  Poetical 
Literature  of  the  West,  in  which  he  gives  selections  from  38  writers, 
three  from  Indiana.  He  was  a  vigorous  protester  against  Eastern  neg- 
lect of  the  West,  and,  in  1859,  delivered  an  address  at  Ohio  University 
in  which  numerous  illustrations  of  it  were  given.  But,  in  reality,  the 
West  had  as  yet  produced  very  little  that  was  worth  while,  nor  had  the 
East.  Almost  all  of  the  books  read  in  America  were  by  English 
authors ;  for  the  simple  reason  that  American  publishers  could  ' '  pirate ' ' 
them  at  will,  and  did  so.  On  March  23,  1808,  the  Vincennes  Sun  pub- 
lished a  list  of  the  210  volumes  in  the  Vincennes  Library,  and  only  two 
of  them  were  by  American  authors.  The  two  were  Jefferson's  "Notes 
on  Virginia,"  and  St.  George  Tucker's  "Dissertation  on  Slavery,"  a 
very  rare  volume  proposing  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  Virginia,  which 
was  reprinted  in  New  York  in  1861.  The  connection  of  these  two 
volumes 'with  the  slavery  question,  which  was  then  a  live  political  issue 
in  Indiana,  is  obvious,  and  their  good  effect  unquestionable.  Most  of 
the  books  were  of  history,  biography  and  travel,  with  considerable  poetry, 
including  a  Shakespeare  in  19  volumes — suggestive  of  the  notable  Thes- 
pian Society  which  flourished  there  a  few  years  later.  It  was  in  this 
same  year  that  Fisher  Ames,  the  accomplished  Federalist,  declared  that 
we  should  never  have  an  American  Literature  until  we  got  rid  of  de- 
mocracy, saying:  "Liberty  has  never  lasted  long  in  a  democracy,  nor 
has  it  ever  ended  in  anything  better  than  despotism.  As  soon  as  our 
emperor  has  destroyed  his  rivals  and  established  order  in  his  army, 
he  will  desire  to  see  splendor  in  his  court,  and  to  occupy  his  subjects 
with  the  cultivation  of  the  sciences."  Four  years  later  Edward  Everett 
attributed  the  lack  of  an  American  Literature — at  least  a  poetical  litera- 
ture— to  the  difficulty  of  handling  native  names,  such  as  Massachu- 
setts, Memphramagog,  Ameriscoggin,  and  Connecticut;  and  American 
devotion  to  the  practical,  saying: 

"Would  he  one  verse  of  easy  movement  frame, 
The  map  will  meet  him  with  a  hopeless  name ; 
Nor  can  his  pencil  sketch  one  perfect  act 
But  vulgar  history  mocks  him  with  a  fact." 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1209 

But  Everett  did  not  regard  the  prospect  as  entirely  hopeless  in  a 
democracy,  and  came  very  near  making  a  perfectly  good  prophecy,  in — 

' '  Oh  yes ;  in  future  days  our  western  lyres, 
Tuned  to  new  themes,  shall  glow  with  purer  fires, 
Clothed  with  the  charms,  to  grace  their  later  rhyme, 
Of  every  former  age  and  foreign  clime. 
Then  Homer's  arms  shall  ring  in  Bunker's  shock, 
And  Virgil's  wanderer  land  on  Plymouth  rock; 
Then  Dante's  knights  before  Quebec  shall  fall, 
And  Charles's  trump  on  trainband  chieftains  call. 
Our  mobs  shall  wear  the  wreaths  of  Tasso's  Moors, 
And  Barbary's  coast  shall  yield  to  Baltimore's. 
Here  our  own  bays  some  native  Pope  shall  grace, 
And  lovelier  beauties  fill  Belinda's  place." 

The  truth  is  that  American  Literature  was  not  yet  born;  and  that 
interesting  event  cannot  fairly  be  placed  before  the  advent  of  Bryant's 
Thanatopsis,  in  1817,  followed  closely  by  Irving 's  Sketch  Book,  in 
1818,  and  Cooper's  Spy,  in  1822.  At  that  time,  Emerson,  Whittier. 
Hawthorne  and  Longfellow  were  unknowns.  It  took  the  East  three 
centuries  to  begin  a  literature.  Indiana  has  lived  little  over  a  century. 

The  first  book  known  to  have  been  printed  in  Indiana  was  announced 
by  the  Vincennes  Sun,  on  August  8,  1807,  as  follows:  "For  sale  at  this 
office,  The  Keal  Principles  of  Roman  Catholics  in  reference  to  God  & 
the  Country,  elucided  with  notes  by  the  Rev.  Steven  Theodore  Badin." 
Presumably,  some  of  the  Protestants  who  had  been  locating  at  Vin- 
cennes, among  whom  were  a  number  of  Masons,  had  been  putting 
heretical  arguments  at  the  French  settlers,  and  the  village  priest  thought 
it  advisable  to  furnish  his  flock  with  some  ammunition.  On  the  other 
hand,  it  may  have  been  merely  the  religious  influence  of  the  Wabash; 
for  Shea  records  that,  although  our  settlements  were  much  later  than 
others  in  the  West,  the  first  priest  ordained  from  the  West  was  Anthony 
Foucher,  who  was  christened  at  Post  Ouiatanon,  July  22,  1741,  and 
ordained  October  30,  1774.30  But  the  French  were  the  only  old  settlers 
of  Indiana :  and  it  took  a  few  years  for  children  to  be  born  in  the  State, 
and  grow  to  years  of  literary  indiscretion.  Most  of  the  books  of  Indiana, 
except  those  brought  in  by  the  settlers  when  they  came,  were  bought 
in  Cincinnati.  Then  the  enterprising  book  dealers  began  bringing  in 
books  in  lots,  and  selling  them  at  auction,  the  first  of  these  at  Indianapolis 
being  held  on  January  13,  1825.  The  State's  capital  did  not  have  a 

so  The  Catholic  Church  in  Colonial  Days,  p.  578. 


1210 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bookstore  of  its  own  until  1833.  The  first  native  Hoosier  to  produce  a 
hook  of  any  literary  merit  was  Rev.  James  Cooley  Fletcher,  who  was 
born  at  Indianapolis  in  1823.  His  parents  were  cultured  people  from 
New  England,  not  overly  puritanical,  and  their  home  was  well  supplied 
with  literature  of  all  classes.  His  father,  Calvin  Fletcher,  was  a  promi- 
nent lawyer,  and  a  ready  writer.  He  kept  a  diary  all  his  life,  which 
is  said  by  those  who  have  examined  it  to  have  much  of  the  quality  of 
that  of  Pepys,  but  without  its  weaknesses;  and  the  few  extracts  from  it 
that  have  been  published  confirm  this  opinion.  But  unfortunately  his 
descendants  have  not  sufficiently  appreciated  its  literary  merit  to  put 
it  in  print.  Rev.  James  Cooley  Fletcher  went  as  a  missionary  to  Brazil, 
in  1851 ;  and  in  1857,  in  conjunction  with  Rev.  D.  P.  Kidder,  published 
"Brazil  and  the  Brazilians,"  which  still  ranks  as  an  authority  on  that 
subject.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Caesar  Malan,  a  noted  Swiss 
divine;  and  his  daughter,  Julia  Constance  Fletcher,  attained  popularity 
under  the  pen-name  "George  Fleming,"  though  her  first  successes, 
"Kismet"  and  "Mirage,"  were  published  anonymously,  in  the  No  Name 
Series. 

But  enough  of  literature — the  Hoosier  is  prone  to  enlarge  on  thai 
topic  when  he  talks  of  Indiana.  In  that  line,  it  seems  clear  that  the 
natives  of  Indiana  are  marked  by  optimism,  ingenuity  and  initiative; 
and  if  so  the  same  qualities  should  show  elsewhere.  Is  it  not  true  that 
they  show  in  the  legislation  of  the  State?  Indiana  ranks  among  the 
"progressive"  states  of  the  Union  on  that  account,  and  the  reason  for 
her  standing  is  illustrated  by  her  charitable  and  correctional  system, 
which  is  considered  elsewhere;  and  also  by  her  educational  system. 
Indiana  produced  the  greatest  civil  engineer  of  the  last  century;  and 
what  made  him  great  but  these  qualities?  There  were  many  engineers 
who  were  more  learned  than  Captain  Eads.  There  were  many  who 
had  better  opportunities  for  securing  the  guidance  of  the  beginnings 
of  vast  enterprises.  He  made  his  way  to  the  front  by  the  sheer  force 
of  his  native  originality  and  ingenuity.  It  was  displayed  not  only  in 
his  notable  achievements  of  devising  caissons  for  work  under  the  water, 
in  the  construction  of  the  St.  Louis  bridge,  and  making  the  Mississippi 
clear  its  own  channel  through  the  jetties,  but  also  in  hundreds  of  other 
expedients  for  overcoming  obstacles  that  arose  in  the  way  of  his  plans. 
His  specialty  was  "doing  things  that  can't  be  done" — that  others 
regard  as  impossible.  It  is  true  that  no  other  native  of  Indiana  ranks 
with  him  in  this  preeminence  as  an  engineer;  but  so  in  all  nations,  and 
all  ages,  some  one  individual  has  specially  exemplified  the  qualities  of 
the  nation  in  a  special  degree.  Similar  qualities  if  less  marked,  may  be 
found  in  thousands  of  industrial  and  business  enterprises  in  the  State. 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANAXS  1211 

Indeed,  the  more  serious  question  is  whether  we  do  not  devote  too  much 
of  our  attention  to  overcoming  material  obstacles  for  our  higher  welfare 
Senator  David  Turpie  saw  much  of  Indiana's  change  from  the  wil- 
derness stage  to  one  of  high  civilization.  He  writes:  "The  emigrants 
to  the  country  now  called  Indiana,  in  that  early  period  spoken  of,  having 
passed  the  last  military  outpost  on  their  way  and  gone  thence  into  the 
depths  of  the  wilderness,  were  as  wholly  severed  from  the  world  as 
Columbus  when  he  sailed  upon  his  first  voyage  into  the  unknown  waters 
of  the  western  ocean.  They  were  in  a  condition  of  extreme,  almost 
total,  isolation.  They  made  their  home  in  the  midst  of  a  vast  forest, 
for  the  most  part  unexplored  and  uninhabited  save  by  roving  bands  of 
Indians.  *  *  *  Solitude  seldom  broken,  danger  always  imminent, 
shadowed  their  daily  life  and  labor.  *  *  *  The  founders  of  Indiana 
were,  for  the  most  part,  emigrant  from  the  thirteen  original  states,  and 
they  came  hither  in  nearly  equal  proportion  from  the  North  and  South. 
They  were  the  best  element  of  that  hardy  population  which  inhabited 
the  long  line  of  the  old  Colonial  frontier  extending  from  Maine  to 
Georgia.  Some  of  them  were  men  of  intellectual  attainments  and  of 
classic  education,  everywhere  welcomed  and  recognized  as  leaders  in 
the  new  community.  The  much  greater  number  were  actuated  by  one 
dominant  purpose,  one  salient  ambition ;  this  was  to  make  for  themselves 
and  for  their  household  larger  and  better  homes.  These  pioneers  in 
emigration,  leaving  their  former  domiciles,  did  not  leave  behind  them 
their  respect  for  law  and  order,  their  reverence  for  religion,  or  their 
love  of  civil  and  political  liberty.  All  these  they  carried  with  them  upon 
their  journey.  The  early  legislation  and  the  first  constitution  of  our 
state  show  in  every  line  and  sentence  of  the  venerable  text,  how  thor 
oughly  they  were  imbued  with  those  principles.  These  predecessors  in 
our  goodly  heritage  had  the  courage  to  leave  a  land  of  comparative  com- 
fort and  security,  fortitude  to  endure  the  hardships  and  dangers  inci- 
dent to  such  departure,  self-reliance  constant  and  unwavering,  a  fixity 
of  purpose  and  integrity  of  life,  which  upheld  their  hands  and  hopes  in 
what  they  had  undertaken.  They  were  a  thoughtful  people,  slow  to 
anger,  quick  neither  to  take  nor  to  give  offense,  but  prompt  to  resent 
insult  or  injury  when  offered.  They  were  diligent  in  their  work — but 
took  their  time  in  doing  it;  they  depended  more  than  we  do  upon  the 
morrow  for  its  completion,  but  they  did  complete  it.  They  were  very 
frank  in  conversation,  kindly  in  social  intercourse.  Their  manner  of 
speech  was  plain,  direct — to  use  their  own  phrase,  home-spoken,  but 
without  coarseness  or  duplicity.  *  *  * 

"They   cherished   a   faith   sincere   and   simple,   unobscured   by   the 
mirage  of  the  higher  criticism.     Nearly  all  of  them  belonged  to  somo 


1212  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

church  communion ;  there  was  much  difference  of  opinion  on  these  sub- 
jects, but  this  caused  no  breach  of  brotherly  kindness  or  of  neighborly 
good  will  and  courtesy.  The  creed  and  form  of  worship  were  as  free 
as  thought  itself.  Not  a  few  of  these  men  in  the  vanguard  of  civilization 
were  very  illiterate,  being  able  neither  to  read  nor  write,  yet  they  were 
not  uneducated.  They  had  learned  some  of  the  lessons  of  life  and  knew 
them  better  than  the  savants  of  Oxford  or  Cambridge,  or  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  with  all  their  erudition.  They  had  in  a  very  free  way  wrought 
out  their  destiny  in  the  wilderness.  Mental,  moral,  political  inde- 
pendence was  their  birthright.  Our  forefathers  dwelling  under  this  sky 
of  the  West  were  a  chosen  people  who,  without  the  visible  guidance  of 
the  cloud  or  pillar,  made  a  Christian  solution  of  the  problem  that  for 
ages  had  embroiled  their  ancestors  in  bloodiest  warfare.  Even  in  the 
infancy  of  this  commonwealth  or  in  the  days  of  its  youth  and  inex- 
perience, there  was  no  religious  test  either  for  office  or  the  franchise. 
No  Baptist  was  banished,  no  Quaker  was  scourged  or  held  in  durance, 
but  every  one  worshiped  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own 
conscience.  If  any  man  forebore  either  to  believe  or  worship,  he  in- 
curred thereby  no  statutory  pains  or  penalties.  The  founders  of  our 
state  passed  beyond  the  line  of  religious  toleration,  they  eliminated 
from  their  form  of  polity  both  persecution  and  its  victim,  and  pro- 
vided that  martyrdom  should  be  a  thing  impossible.  *  *  *  Political 
differences  were  freely  dealt  with  and  questions  of  public  moment  were 
thoroughly  debated.  The  ballot  was  as  free  as  the  mode  of  worship. 
For  many  years  there  were  no  statutes  against  bribery  or  intimidation 
at  elections.  None  was  needed.  The  multiform  enactments  of  later 
years  indicate  the  sensitiveness  of  public  opinion  on  this  subject,  as  they 
may  also  mark  somewhat  of  decadence  in  the  purity  of  the  franchise. 
*  *  *  In  that  primitive  age  there  was  an  innate  honest  simplicity 
of  manners,  as  of  thought  and  action.  Fraud,  wrong-doing  and  injustice 
were  denounced  as  they  are  at  present;  they  were  also  discredited,  dis- 
honored, and  branded  with  an  ostracism  more  severe  than  that  of 
Athens.  Wealth  acquired  by  such  means  could  not  evade,  and  was  un- 
able to  conceal,  the  stigma  that  attached  to  the  hidden  'things  of  dis- 
honesty. The  moral  atmosphere  of  the  time  was  clear  and  bracing;  it 
repelled  specious  pretensions,  resisted  iniquity  and  steadily  rejected  the 
evil  which  calls  itself  good.  Moreover,  there  never  has  been  a  people 
who  wrought  into  the  spirit  of  their  public  enactments  the  virtues  of 
their  private  character  more  completely  than  the  early  settlers  of 
Indiana.  We  have  grown  up  in  the  shadow  of  their  achievements; 
these  need  not  be  forgotten  in  the  splendor  of  our  own."  31 


Sketches  of  My  Own  Times,  pp.  50-6. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  1213 

Better,  indeed,  if  they  were  not  only  remembered,  but  often  contem- 
plated as  lessons  of  private  and  public  rectitude.  We  can  never  have 
cause  to  blush  for  our  ancestors.  They  have  made  their  records,  and 
there  is  no  condemnation  for  them.  Well  for  us  if  we  shall  measure 
up  to  the  standard  of  their  virtues.  Well  for  the  State,  if  we  can  say, 
with  William  Vaughn  Moody — 

"We  are  our  fathers !  sons:  let  those  who  lead  us  know! 
*     *     *     0  ye  who  lead, 
Take  heed ! 
Blindness  we  may  forgive,  but  baseness  we  will  smite." 


r 


'    '  -,^:;^, 


: 


I'l  B  RAR.Y 

OF  THL 

UNIVERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


'•*  *-?  '  t'.'  '*'     -V**' 

•*     *"     '         <*»      -    u  '(.•*-'•'     —     '  -  - 

«  «----' 

$&$$3%'$* 
LV<-;  iR*- 


tf.*.ijS**v. 

*»K?***^ 

•.-.•«  *». ;»    '    ( 


..•A-,-,',.2 


..-%•. 

m 


'.-  •  >  >,- 
** 


,'r'-'      i     V'*'-* 

•;*  ..;-''-•  "^*- 


^•^^•^Si 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 

University  of  Illinois  Library 


JUl  2     1995 
APR  1  I  1S95 


•  A      - ;tC,  *ar  ^ 

i-,  *»*SK 


L161— H41 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  P1ATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME   III 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


Copyright,  1919 

*7 
THE  AMEUJCAN  SlSTQSICAL  SOCIETY 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOr 


< 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ELWOOD  HAYNES.  There  is  a  certain 
class  of  pessimists  who  are  forever  dispar- 
aging individual  credit  for  great  achieve- 
ments. Such  carping  critics  would  say  for 
instance  that  if  America  had  not  been  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  it  would  have  been 
discovered  anyway  sooner  or  later.  The 
plays  of  William  Shakespeare  were  not 
written  by  Shakespeare  but  perhaps  by  an- 
other man  of  the  same  name.  Such  per- 
sons would  not  even  "give  the  devil  his 
due."  Fortunately  these  ingrates  are  few 
in  number.  Most  people  are  willing  to 
concede  praise  when  it  is  fairly  earned. 

Therefore,  only  here  and  there  will  be 
heard  a  word  of  dissent  when  an  Indiana 
writer  places  the  name  of  Elwood  Haynes 
of  Kokomo  along  with  Alexander  Graham 
Bell  and  Thomas  A.  Edison  as  one  of  three 
great  living  Americans  who  have  worked 
the  most  astounding  miracles  of  the  mod- 
ern age.  Of  the  electric  light  invented  by 
Edison,  the  telephone  invented  by  Bell  and 
the  motor  car  perfected  by  Elwood  Haynes, 
it  would  be  difficult  to  say  which  has  con- 
ferred the  greatest  benefit  upon  mankind. 
Of  the  three  men  Elwood  Haynes  is  an  In- 
dianan,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  his  fame 
as  an  inventive  genius  will  soon  be  ob- 
scured. 

Elwood  Haynes  is  of  as  nearly  undiluted 
American  stock  as  can  be  found.  His  first 
American  ancestor  was  an  Englishman, 
Walter  Haynes,  who  came  to  New  England 
in  1636.  The  great-grandfather,  David 
Haynes,  fought  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  The  grandfather,  Henry 
Haynes,  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1J86, 
and  was  a  maker  of  firearms  during  the 
War  of  1812.  Henry  Haynes  followed 
mechanical  trades  most  of  his  life,  and  he 
may  have  been  responsible  for  some  of  the 
mechanical  genius  of  his  grandson.  He 
died  about  1864.  He  married  Achsah 
March,  who  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in 


1792  and  died  in  1870.  She  was  a  relative 
of  Bishop  Chase,  the  first  Episcopal  bishop 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  an 
uncle  of  Chief  Justice  Chase.  One  of  the 
twelve  children  of  these  industrious  and 
worthy  parents  was  Jacob  M.  Haynes,  who 
achieved  all  the  success  of  a  good  lawyer 
and  a  thoroughgoing  jurist  in  Indiana. 
Judge  Haynes  was  born  in  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  April  12, 1817,  and 
died  in  1903.  During  his  youth  he  assisted 
his  father  in  the  shop,  lived  several  years 
with  an  uncle  on  a  farm,  and  his  common 
school  education  was  supplemented  by  a 
classical  course  at  Monson  Academy  and 
also  by  study  in  Phillips  Academy  at  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts.  He  started  the  study 
of  law  in  Massachusetts,  but  in  1843  came 
west  and  continued  the  study  of  law  with 
Hon.  Walter  March  at  Muncie,  Indiana. 
As  a  means  of  self  support  he  also  taught 
school  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Mun- 
cie in  March,  1844.  In  the  latter  part  of 
the  same  year  he  removed  to  Portland  and 
soon  afterward  began  practice.  He  was  a 
resident  of  Portland  nearly  sixty  years, 
and  from  that  city  his  reputation  as  a 
lawyer  and  citizen  spread  throughout  the 
state.  He  had  many  official  honors,  begin- 
ning with  school  offices,  and  in  1856  was 
elected  a  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court.  He  was  again  elected  in  1860  and 
re-elected  in  1864  and  again  in  1868. 
After  the  Common  Pleas  Court  was  abol- 
ished he  was  made  judge  in  1870  of  the 
Circuit  Court,  embracing  the  counties  of 
Wayne,  Randolph,  Jay  and  Blackford. 
After  twenty-one  years  of  consecutive  serv- 
ice he  retired  from  the  bench  in  1877,  but 
some  years  later,  when  a  separate  district 
was  created  of  Jay  and  Wayne  counties, 
he  was  again  called  to  the  bench.  He  be- 
gan voting  as  a  whig,  but  was  affiliated 
with  the  republican  party  from  the  time 
of  its  formation  in  1856,  and  made  many 


1215 


I  1 0  i  660 


• 


- 
. 


. 


' 


• 


• 

i 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ELWOOD  HAYNES.  There  is  a  certain 
class  of  pessimists  who  are  forever  dispar- 
aging individual  credit  for  great  achieve- 
ments. Such  carping  critics  would  say  for 
instance  that  if  America  had  not  been  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  it  would  have  been 
discovered  anyway  sooner  or  later.  The 
plays  of  William  Shakespeare  were  not 
written  by  Shakespeare  but  perhaps  by  an- 
other man  of  the  same  name.  Such  per- 
sons would  not  even  "give  the  devil  his 
due."  Fortunately  these  ingrates  are  few 
in  number.  Most  people  are  willing  to 
concede  praise  when  it  is  fairly  earned. 

Therefore,  only  here  and  there  will  be 
heard  a  word  of  dissent  when  an  Indiana 
writer  places  the  name  of  Elwood  Haynes 
of  Kokomo  along  with  Alexander  Graham 
Hell  and  Thomas  A.  Edison  as  one  of  three 
great  living  Americans  who  have  worked 
the  most  astounding  miracles  of  the  mod- 
ern age.  Of  the  electric  light  invented  by 
Edison,  the  telephone  invented  hy  Bell  and 
the  motor  car  perfected  by  Elwood  Haynes, 
it  would  be  difficult  to  say  which  has  con- 
ferred the  greatest  benefit  upon  mankind. 
Of  the  three  men  Elwood  Haynes  is  an  In- 
dianan,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  his  fame 
as  an  inventive  genius  will  soon  be  ob- 
scured. 

Elwood  Haynes  is  of  as  nearly  undiluted 
American  stock  as  can  be  found.  His  first 
American  ancestor  was  an  Englishman, 
Walter  Haynes,  who  came  to  New  England 
in  1636.  The  groat-grandfather,  David 
Haynes,  fought  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  The  grandfather,  Henry 
Haynes,  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1786, 
nnd  was  a  maker  of  firearms  during  the 
War  of  1812.  Henry  Haynes  followed 
mechanical  trades  most  of  his  life,  and  he 
may  have  been  responsible  for  some  of  the 
mechanical  genius  of  his  grandson.  He 
'lied  about  1864.  He  married  Achsah 
Marefe,  who  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in 


1792  and  died  in  1870.  She  was  a  relative 
of  Bishop  Chase,  the  first  Episcopal  bishop 
west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  an 
uncle  of  Chief  Justice  Chase.  One  of  the 
twelve  children  of  these  industrious  and 
worthy  parents  was  Jacob  M.  Haynes,  who 
achieved  all  the  success  of  a  good  lawyer 
and  a  thoroughgoing  jurist  in  Indiana. 
Judge  Haynes  was  born  in  Hampden 
County,  Massachusetts,  April  12,  1817,  and 
died  in  1903.  During  his  youth  he  assisted 
his  father  in  the  shop,  lived  several  years 
with  an  uncle  on  a  farm,  and  his  common 
school  education  was  supplemented  by  a 
classical  course  at  Monson  Academy  and 
also  by  study  in  Phillips  Academy  at  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts.  He  started  the  study 
of  law  in  Massachusetts,  but  in  1843  came 
west  and  continued  the  study  of  law  with 
Hon.  Walter  March  at  Muncie,  Indiana. 
As  a  means  of  self  support  he  also  taught 
school  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Mun- 
cie in  March,  1844.  In  the  latter  part  of 
the  same  year  he  removed  to  Portland  and 
soon  afterward  began  practice.  He  was  a 
resident  of  Portland  nearly  sixty  years, 
and  from  that  city  his  reputation  as  a 
lawyer  and  citizen  spread  throughout  the 
state.  He  had  many  official  honors,  begin- 
ning with  school  offices,  and  in  1856  was 
elected  a  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court.  He  was  again  elected  in  1860  and 
re-elected  in  1864  and  again  in  1868. 
After  the  Common  Pleas  Court  was  abol- 
ished he  was  made  judge  in  1870  of  the 
Circuit  Court,  embracing  the  counties  of 
Wayne,  Randolph.  Jay  and  Blackford. 
After  twenty -one  years  of  consecutive  serv- 
ice he  retired  from  the  bench  in  1877.  but 
some  years  later,  when  a  separate  district 
was  created  of  Jay  and  Wayne  counties, 
he  was  again  called  to  the  bench.  He  be- 
gan voting  as  a  whig,  but  was  affiliated 
with  the  republican  party  from  the  time 
of  its  formation  in  1856,  and  made  many 


1215 


-     .    . 


. 


1216 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


speeches  during  the  war  in  support  of  a 
vigorous  policy  of  the  administration.  In 
1875  he  entered  banking,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  People's  Bank  of  Portland  for 
several  years.  He  was  very  much  inter- 
ested in  farming,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  owned  400  acres  in  Jay  County. 
Judge  Haynes  went  abroad  in  1886,  and 
then  had  the  opportunity  of  visiting  many 
of  the  immortal  shrines  of  his  favorite  au- 
thors, including  the  homes  of  Scott,  Dick- 
ens, Shakespeare,  and  other  great  English 
writers.  He  was  a  man  of  classical  educa- 
tion and  one  of  the  most  broadly  informed 
men  of  his  generation.  On  August  27, 
1846,  at  Portland,  Judge  Haynes  married 
Miss  Hilinda  S.  Haines.  She  was  born  in 
Clinton  County,  Ohio,  in  1828,  and  died 
May  11,  1885,  the  mother  of  eight  children. 

The  fifth  of  these  children  was  Elwood 
Haynes,  who  was  born  in  Portland  in  Jay 
County  October  14,  1857.  In  a  biograph- 
ical work  of  the  citizens  of  'Jay  County 
published  about  thirty  years  ago,  when  El- 
wood  Haynes  was  himself  thirty  years  old, 
a  very  brief  paragraph  is  sufficient  to 
enumerate  his  experiences  and  achieve- 
ments. Mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that 
while  he  was  in  the  Portland  public  schools 
he  evinced  a  great  desire  for  learning,  and 
in  later  years  especially  for  chemistry,  and 
was  often  found  by  members  of  the  family 
outside  of  school  hours  making  practical 
experiments  and  tests.  He  continued  in 
high  school  to  the  end  of  the  second  year 
and  in  1878  entered  the  Worcester  Tech- 
nical Institute  at  Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, where  he  graduated  in  1881.  On  re- 
turning home  he  taught  a  year  in  the  dis- 
trict schools  "and  two  years  as  principal  of 
the  Portland  High  School.  In  1884  he 
entered  Johns  Hopkins  University  at  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  taking  post-graduate  work 
in  chemistry  and  biology,  and  on  returning 
home  was  put  in  charge  of  the  chemistry 
department  of  the  Eastern  Indiana  Nor- 
mal School  and  Commercial  College.  From 
that  in  1886  he  went  to  the  position  of 
manager  of  the  Portland  Natural  Gas  and 
Oil  Company  at  Portland,  and  it  was  in 
those  duties  that  the  biographical  sketch 
above  mentioned  left  him  without  ventur- 
ing even  a  prophecy  as  to  the  great  place 
he  would  subsequently  fill  in  the  world  of 
industrial  arts  and  invention. 

It  should  also  be  mentioned  that  as  a 
boy  Mr.  Haynes  spent  much  of  his  time  in 


the  woods,  and  through  this  experience  he 
became  somewhat  of  a  naturalist,  learning 
the  ways  of  wild  birds  and  animals  and 
acquiring  considerable  first  hand  knowl- 
edge of  plant  and  insect  life.  As  he  grew 
older  he  took  a  keen  interest  in  books  and 
read  when  about  twelve  years  of  age 
Wells'  "Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy" 
and  "Chemistry."  It  was  in  the  latter 
that  he  became  most  intensely  interested, 
as  it  gave  him  a  preliminary  insight  into 
the  hidden  mysteries  of  natural  phenom- 
ena and  stimulated  his  curiosity  to  know 
more  about  the  fundamental  properties  of 
matter. 

He  devised  some  crude  apparatus  by 
means  of  which  he  was  able  to  prepare 
hydrogen  gas,  as  well  as  chlorine  and  oxy- 
gen. He  also  took  special  interest  in  the 
rarer  metals,  such  as  nickel,  chromium,  co- 
balt, aluminum,  and  tungsten. 

When  about  fifteen  years  of  age  he  made 
a  furnace  in  the  backyard  and  supplied 
it. with  a  blast  of  air  from  a  home-made 
blower  which  was  constructed  from  a 
cheese  rim,  two  boards  and  some  pieces  of 
shingle  for  fans.  With  this  furnace  he 
succeeded  in  melting  brass  and  cast  iron, 
but  was  unable  to  melt  steel  successfully  on 
account  of  the  high  temperature  required. 
He  tried  several  times  to  alloy  tungsten 
with  iron  and  steel,  but  was  unable  to  do 
so,  owing  to  the  limits  of  the  furnace. 

The  district  school  which  he  taught  after 
returning  from  Worcester  was  five  miles 
from  his  home.  For  a  part  of  the  time 
he  walked  the  entire  distance  twice  a  day, 
making  a  round  trip  of  ten  miles,  besides 
teaching  from  9  o'clock  in  the  morning 
until  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Mr. 
Haynes  continued  as  manager  of  the  Port- 
land Natural  Gas  and  Oil  Company  until 
1890.  During  that  time  he  devised  a 
method  for  determining  the  amount  of  gas 
flowing  through  apertures  of  various  sizes 
under  various  pressures.  He  also  invented 
in  1888  a  small  thermostat  for  regulating 
the  temperature  of  a  room  heated  by  nat- 
ural gas.  This  apparatus  worked  perfectly 
and  he  afterwards  used  it  for  about  four- 
teen years  in  his  own  home.  It  was  so  ar- 
ranged that  it  maintained  practically  a 
constant  temperature  in  the  room  to  be 
warmed,  no  matter  what  the  condition 
out-of-doors. 

In  1889  gas  was  piped  from  Pennville, 
Indiana,  to  Portland,  a  distance  of  about 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1217 


ten  miles.  Mr.  Haynes  had  charge  of  the 
construction  of  this  line,  as  well  as  of  the 
plant  which  had  been  previously  installed 
in  the  town  of  Portland.  It  was  while 
.driving  back  and  forth  between  Pennville 
and  Portland  with  a  horse  and  buggy  that 
he  conceived  the  idea  of  making  a  machine 
that  would  travel  on  the  road  under  its  • 
own  power.  In  1890  he  became  field  super- 
intendent of  the  Indiana  Natural  Gas  and 
Oil  Company  of  Chicago,  with  headquar- 
ters at  Greentown,  Indiana.  One  of  his 
experiences  in  this  position  deserves  some 
special  mention.  The  gas  line  from 
Greentown  to  Chicago  was  completed  in 
1892,  and  the  first  thing  that  happened 
was  the  clogging  of  the  line  by  ice,  which 
formed  on  the  interior  of  the  pipes.  The 
condition  had  not  been  unforeseen,  since 
the  gas,  containing  a  certain  amount  of 
moisture,  was  passing  northward  and 
hence  into  a  colder  region.  As  soon  as  the 
trouble  occurred  the  president  of  the  com- 
pany sought  Mr.  Haynes  out  and  asked 
him  to  solve  the  problem.  Mr.  Haynes 
suggested  as  a  method  of  preventing  this 
that  the  gas  should  be  frozen  or  passed 
over  some  hygroscopic  material  which 
would  extract  the  moisture  from  it  before 
being  started  through  the  pipe  line.  The 
company  placed  the  matter  in  his  hands. 
After  a  number  of  experiments  he  decided 
on  the  method  of  extracting  the  moisture 
by  freezing  the  gas.  Accordingly  a  re- 
frigerating plant  was  set  up  at  the  Green- 
town  pumping  station,  and  by  this  means 
about  eighteen  barrels  of  water  per  day 
were  extracted  from  the  gas,  with  the  re- 
sult that  the  trouble  occasioned  by  the 
freezing  of  the  gas  in  the  line  was  entirely 
eliminated.  Since  that  time  the  method 
devised  by  Mr.  Haynes  has  been  used  not 
only  for  refrigerating  gas,  but  also  for  dry- 
ing air.  The  work  of  operating  the  pump- 
ing station  and  gas  line  took  up  most  of 
his  time  for  a  year  after  he  moved  to  Ko- 
komo,  which  was  in  1892. 

During  the  delay  in  the  work  of  con- 
structing the  pipe  line  just  referred  to, 
Mr.  Haynes  was  again  called  upon  to  do  a 
great  deal  of  driving,  and  during  those 
drives  thought  again  and  again  of  the 
problem  of  a  better  means  of  locomotion 
than  by  horse  and  buggy.  The  story  of 
how  he  built  the  first  automobile  has  been 
so  well  told  by  Mr.  Haynes  himself  that 


his  words  may  be  given  preference  at  this 
point. 

''I  accordingly  laid  plans  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  mechanically  propelled  ve- 
hicle for  use  on  the  highways.  I  first  con- 
sidered the  use  of  a  steam  engine,  but  made 
no  attempt  to  build  a  car  of  this  descrip- 
tion for  the  reason  that  a  fire  must  be  kept 
constantly  burning  on  board  the  machine, 
and  with  liquid  fuel  this  would  always  be 
a  menace  in  case  of  collision  or  accident. 
Moreover,  the  necessity  of  getting  water 
would  render  a  long  journey  in  a  car  of 
this  description  not  only  troublesome,  but 
very  irksome  as  well.  I  next  considered 
electricity,  but  found  that  the  lightest  bat- 
tery obtainable  would  weigh  over  twelve 
hundred  pounds  for  a  capacity  of  twelve 
horse  hours.  As  this  showed  little  prom- 
ise of  success,  I  gave  it  no  further  consid- 
eration, and  proceeded  to  consider  the  gas- 
oline engine.  Even  the  lightest  made  at 
that  time  were  very  heavy  per  unit  of 
power,  and  rather  crude  in  construction. 

"My  work  was  confined  to  Greentown 
in  1890  and  1891.  In  the  fall  of  1892  I 
moved  to  Kokomo  and  the  following  sum- 
mer (1893)  had  my  plans  sufficiently  ma- 
tured to  begin  the  actual  construction  of 
a  machine.  I  ordered  a  one-horse  power 
marine  upright,  two  cycle,  gasoline  engine 
from  the  Sintz  Gas  Engine  Company  of 
Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.  This  motor 
barely  gave  one  brake  horsepower,  and 
weighed  a  hundred  and  eighty  pounds. 
Upon  its  arrival  from  Grand  Rapids  in 
the  fall  of  1893,  lacking  a  suitable  place, 
the  motor  was  brought  direct  to  my  home 
and  set  up  in  the  kitchen. 

"When  the  gasoline  and  battery  connec- 
tions were  installed  the  motor,  after  con- 
siderable cranking,  was  started  and  ran 
with  such  speed  and  vibration  that  it  pulled 
itself  from  its  attachments.  Luckily,  how- 
ever, one  of  the  battery  wires  was  wound 
about  the  motor  shaft  and  thus  discon- 
nected the  current. 

"In  order  to  provide  against  vibration, 
I  was  obliged  to  make  the  frame  of  the 
machine  much  heavier  than  I  first  intended. 

"The  horseless  carriage  was  built  up  in 
the  form  of  a  small  truck.  The  frame- 
work in  which  the  motor  was  placed  con- 
sisted of  a  double  hollow  square  of  steel 
tubing,  joined  at  the  rear  corners  by  steel 
castings,  and  by  malleable  castings  in 
front.  The  hind  axle  constituted  the  rear 


1218 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


member  of  the  frame  and  the  front  axle 
was  swiveled  at  its  center  to  the  front  end 
of  the  hollow  square.  This  arrangement 
permitted  the  ends  of  the  front  axle  to 
move  upward  and  downward  over  the  ine- 
qualities of  the  road  without  wrenching 
the  hollow  square  in  which  the  motor  and 
countershaft  were  placed. 

"At  that  time  there  were  no  figures  ac- 
cessible for  determining  the  tractive  resist- 
ance to  rubber  tires  on  ordinary  roads. 
In  order  to  determine  this  as  nearly  as 
possible  in  advance,  a  bicycle  bearing  a 
rider  was  hitched  to  the  rear  end  of  a  light 
buckboard  by  means  of  a  cord  and  spring 
scale.  An  observer  seated  on  the  rear  end 
of  the  buckboard  recorded  as  rapidly  as 
possible  'draw-bar'  pull  registered  by  the 
scale,  while  the  buckboard  was  moving  at 
the  rate  of  about  ten  or  twelve  miles  per 
hour  on  a  nearly  level  macadam  street. 
The  horse  was  then  driven  in  the  opposite 
direction  at  about  the  same  speed,  in  order 
to  compensate  for  the  slight  incline.  This 
experiment  indicated  that  about  1% 
pounds  'draw-bar'  pull  was  sufficient  to 
draw  a  load  of  one  hundred  pounds  on  a 
vehicle  equipped  with  ball  bearings  and 
pneumatic  tires.  With  this  data  at  hand 
it  was  an  easy  matter  to  arrange  the  gear- 
ing of  the  automobile  so  that  it  would  be 
drawn  by  the  motor.  Crude  though  this 
method  may  appear  it  shows  a  striking 
agreement  with  the  results  obtained  to- 
day, by  much  more  accurate  and  refined 
apparatus. 

"The  total  weight  of  the  machine  when 
completed  was  about  800  pounds.  July 
4,  1894,  when  ready  for  test,  it  was  hauled 
about  three  miles  into  the  country  behind 
a  horse  carriage  and  started  on  a  nearly 
level  turnpike.  It  moved  off  at  once  at  a 
speed  of  about  seven  miles  per  hour,  and 
was  driven  about  one  and  one  half  miles 
into  the  country.  It  was  then  turned 
about  and  ran  all  the  way  into  the  city 
without  making  a  single  stop. 

"I  was  convinced  upon  this  return  trip 
that  there  was  a  future  for  the  horseless 
carriage,  although  I  did  not  at  that  time 
expect  it  to  be  so  brilliant  and  imposing. 
The  best  speed  attained  with  the  little  ma- 
chine in  this  condition  was  about  eight 
miles  per  hour." 

A  rare  interest  attaches  to  this  pioneer 
automobile,  and  it  is  most  fitting  and  ap- 
propriate that  the  old  car,  built  twenty- 


five  years  ago,  is  now  owned  by  the  Gov- 
ernment and  has  a  permanent  place  in 
the  great  halls  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion at  Washington.  At  another  part  of 
his  narrative  Mr.  Haynes  describes  some 
other  interesting  features  of  his  inventive 
work  as  applied  both  to  automobile  (and 
to  other  metal  industries: 

"While  perfecting  the  horseless  carriage 
I  had  never  lost  my  interest  in  metallurgy 
and  introduced  aluminum  into  the  first 
automobile  crankcase  in  1895.  The  alloy 
for  this  crankcase  was  made  up  for  the  pur- 
pose and  consisted  of  ninety-three  per  cent 
aluminum  and  seven  per  cent  copper. 
This  was,  I  believe,  the  first  aluminum 
ever  placed  in  the  gasoline  motor,  and  as 
far  as  I  am  aware  in  an  automobile.  More- 
over, this  particular  composition  has  be- 
come a  standard  for  all  automobile  motors 
at  the  present  time. 

"At  about  the  same  time  (1896)  I  also 
introduced  nickel-steel  into  the  automo- 
bile, and  at  a  later  date  I  made  a  number 
of  experiments  in  the  alloying  of  metal, 
and  succeeded  in  making  an  alloy  of  nickel 
and  chromium  containing  a  certain  amount 
of  carbon  and  silicon,  which,  when  formed 
into  a  blade,  would  make  a  fairly  good 
cutting  edge.  The  metal  would  tarnish 
after  long  exposure  to  the  atmosphere  of 
a  chemical  laboratory. 

"Later,  in  1899,  I  succeeded  in  forming 
an  alloy  of  pure  chromium  and  pure 
nickel,  which  not  only  resisted  all  atmos- 
pheric influences,  but  was  also  insoluble 
in  nitric  acid  of  all  strengths.  A  few 
months  later  I  also  formed  an  alloy  of  co- 
balt and  chromium,  and  an  alloy  of  the 
same  metals  containing  a  small  quantity 
of  boron.  These  latter  alloys  were  ex- 
tremely hard,  especially  that  containing 
boron. 

"In  1904  and  1905  I  made  some  further 
experiments  upon  the  alloys  of  nickel  and 
cobalt  with  chromium,  with  a  view  to  us- 
ing the  alloys  for  electric  contacts  in  the 
make-and-break  spark  mechanism,  and  in 
1907  I  secured  basic  patents  on  both  of 
these  alloys. 

"And  so  it  has  gone.  Naturally  and 
necessarily,  once  the  automobile  began  to 
gain  favor  it  was  necessary  to  enlarge  our 
organization.  Today  the  Haynes  -car  is 
made  in  a  big  factory — a  striking  contrast 
to  the  time  when  my  first  car  was  made 
in  a  little  machine  shop  and  when  I  paid 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1219 


the  mechanics  who  were  hired  to  assist  in 
the  building  of  it,  according  to  my  plans, 
at  the  rate  of  forty  cents  an  hour. 

"Frankly,  I  did  not  realize  on  that 
Fourth  of  July,  when  I  took  the  first  ride 
in  America's  first  car,  that  a  score  of  years 
later  every  street  and  highway  in  America 
would  echo  the  sound  of  the  horn  and  the 
report  of  the  exhaust.  I  am  gratified  too 
that  it  has  been  my  good  fortune  to  wit- 
ness the  automobile's  entrenchment  in  the 
world's  business  life.  Just  as  my  first 
horseless  carriage  was  designed  with  a  view 
to  facilitating  my  duties,  so  is  the  automo- 
bile today  contributing  beyond  all  power 
to  realize  to  our  every-day  business  life." 

Mr.  Haynes  continued  as  field  superin- 
tendent of  the  Indiana  Natural  Gas  and 
Oil  Company  until  1901.  But  since  1898 
has  also  been  president  of  the  Haynes 
Automobile  Company.  There  is  a  long  list 
that  might  be  appended  of  his  experiences 
and  inventions.  He  discovered  tungsten 
chrome  steel  in  1881,  and  the  theme  of  his 
graduating  address  from  the  Worcester 
Polytechnic  Institute  was  "The  Effect  of 
Tungsten  on  Iron  and  Steel."  In  1894 
he  invented  a  successful  carburetor  and 
the  first  automobile  muffler.  In  1895  the 
Chicago  Times  Herald  prize  was  awarded 
his  horseless  carriage  for  the  best  balanced 
engine.  An  event  widely  celebrated  at  the 
time  was  making  the  first  thousand  mile 
trip  in  a  motor  car  in  America,  when  Mr. 
Haynes  drove  one  of  his  cars  from  Kokomo 
to  New  York  City.  He  was  accompanied 
by  Edgar  Apperson,  who  was  one  of  his 
associates  at  that  time.  In  1903  he  in- 
vented and  built  a  rotary  valve  gas  engine. 

In  1898  the  Haynes-Apperson  Company 
was  formed  for  the  manufacture  of  auto- 
mobiles. In  1902  Elmer  and  Edgar  Ap- 
person withdrew  and  started  a  corporation 
of  their  own,  while  the  name  of  the  Haynes- 
Apperson  Company  was  shortly  afterward 
changed  to  the  Haynes  Automobile  Com- 
pany and  has  so  continued  to  the  present 
time. 

In  1899  Mr.  Haynes  discovered  an  alloy 
of  nickel  and  chromium,  and  shortly  after- 
ward an  alloy  of  cobalt  and  chromium. 
These  alloys  were  produced  only  in  very 
minute  quantities  at  first,  and  as  his  time 
was  fully  employed  in  the  Haynes  Auto- 
mobile Company  he  gave  them  little  atten- 
tion until  1907,  when  patents  were  taken 


out  covering  their  manufacture  and  use. 
A  paper  was  read  in  1910  before  the  Amer- 
ican Chemical  Society  at  San  Francisco 
describing  these  alloys  and  their  proper- 
ties. Shortly  afterward  Mr.  Haynes  dis- 
covered that  by  adding  tungsten  or  molyb- 
denum to  the  cobalt-chromium  alloy  a  still 
harder  composition  could  be  produced.  In 
1913  patents  were  issued  for  those  com- 
positions. A  little  while  before  the  patents 
were  issued  he  erected  a  small  building 
in  South  Union  Street,  Kokomo,  for  their 
commercial  manufacture.  Between  the 
time  of  the  allowance  of  the  patents  and 
their  issue  he  completed  the  building  and 
sold  about  $1,000  worth  of  metal. 

The  alloys  quickly  proved  to  be  a  prac- 
tical success  for  lathe  tools,  and  the  busi- 
ness of  their  manufacture  as  commercial 
products  grew  rapidly.  Near  the  end  of 
the  third  year  the  business  was  organized 
into  a  corporation  consisting  of  three  mem- 
bers. Richard  Ruddell,  a  banker,  and  James 
C.  Patten,  a  manufacturer,  both  of  Ko- 
komo. becoming  associated  with  Mr. 
Haynes  in  the  concern.  The  European 
war  made  a  great  market  for  its  product. 
It  has  been  stated  on  good  authority  that 
fully  half  of  the  shrapnel  for  the  allies 
was  made  with  Stellite  tools.  He  also  gave 
to  the  world  "Stainless  Steel,"  a  rustless 
steel  which  is  now  used  jn  the  manufacture 
of  valves  for  the  Liberty  Motor  and  wires 
of  aeroplanes,  and  in  normal  peace  times 
this  rustless  steel  will  certainly  be  extended 
in  use  to  thousands  of  manufactured  tools 
and  products  where  the  elimination  of  rust 
is  a  Ions  felt  want.  Since  1912  Mr.  Haynes 
has  been  president  of  the  Haynes  Stellite 
Company. 

Mr.  Haynes  is  a  member  of  a  number  of 
organizations  more  or  less  directly  con- 
nected with  the  automobile  business,  in- 
cludine  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  of 
Great  Britain,  American  Chemical  Society, 
International  Congress  of  Applied  Chem- 
istry, Society  of  Automotive  Engineers, 
American  Institute  of  Metals,  Chicago 
Automobile  Club,  and  the  Hoosier  Auto- 
mobile Club.  Mr.  Haynes  is  a  Presby- 
terian and  is  a  prohibitionist.  On  Octo- 
ber 21.  1887,  he  married  Bertha  Beatrice 
Lanterman,  of  Portland,  Indiana.  They 
have  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter, 
both  of  whom  assist  their  father  in  his  ex- 
tensive laboratorv  work. 


1220 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


RICHARD  RUDDELL.  Continuously  since 
it  was  organized  in  1889  Richard  Ruddell. 
has  been  president  of  the  Citizens  National 
Bank  of  Kokomo.  His  i  business  record  in 
that  city  goes  even  further  back,  and 
through  it  all  Mr.  Ruddell  has  been  one  of 
the  strong  men  financially  in  promoting 
the  industrial  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
city,  and  in  upholding  all  those  activities 
by  which  a  city's  consequence  is  measured. 

Mr.  Ruddell  was  born  August  31,  1850, 
in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  a  son  of  George 
and  Elizabeth  (Bever)  Ruddell.  George 
Ruddell  was  a  livestock  dealer.  "When  the 
son  Richard  was  a  year  old  the  parents  re- 
moved to  Wabash  County  and  the  father 
continued  business  there  for  many  years. 
Richard  Ruddell  attended  public  school  in 
"Wabash  County,  and  as  soon  as  his  school 
days  were  finished  he  took  up  some  em- 
ployment that  would  furnish  him  a  living. 
He  finally  became  clerk  in  a  store  at  Wa- 
bash. After  six  years  there  he  engaged  in 
the  boot  and  shoe  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, and  here  his  enterprise  and  his 
ability  to  get  large  results  were  demon- 
strated. He  kept  broadening  his  esta'b- 
lishment  until  he  had  what  might  be  called 
a  complete  department  store,  handling  dry 
goods,  boots  and  shoes  and  other  wares. 

In  1882,  having  sold  his  Wabash  store, 
Mr.  Ruddell  came  to  Kokomo  and  bought 
the  old  established  dry  goods  house  of 
Haskett  &  Company.  He  was  proprietor 
of  this  business  for  six  years.  Then,  asso- 
ciating himself  with  other  local  business 
men,  he  organized  the  Citizens  National 
Bank,  the  organization  being  perfected  on 
October  8,  1889.  He  has  been  its  presi- 
dent ever  since.  The  Citizens  National 
Bank  has  an  enviable  record  of  strength 
and  resources.  It  has  capital  stock  of 
$250,000,  its  surplus  is  still  larger,  and  its 
deposits  aggregate  over  $3,000,000.  Mr. 
Ruddell  is  president,  C.  W.  Landon  is  vice 
president,  and  Frank  McCarty  is  cashier. 

Mr.  Ruddell  has  been  interested  in  a 
number  of  other  business  enterprises.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  in  promot- 
ing the  Kokomo  Steel  Wire  Company,  and 
his  name  is  connected  with  a  number  of 
other  industries  of  lesser  importance.  He 
is  president  of  the  Globe  Stove  and  Range 
Company  and  a  stockholder  and  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  Haynes  Stellite  Company. 
He  is  a  large  stockholder  in  several  local 
business  houses.  Mr.  Ruddell  has  served 
nine  years  on  the  Kokomo  City  School 


Board,  and  three  terms  as  secretary-treas- 
urer and  three  times  as  president. 

In  Wabash,  Indiana,  Mr.  Ruddell  mar- 
ried Miss  Rose  McClain,  daughter  of  Judge 
McClain  of  Wabash.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren, Ruth,  Raymond,  and  Fred.  Ruth 
married  J.  C.  Patten,  of  Kokomo,  and  they 
have  one  son  sixteen  years  old.  J.  C.  Pat- 
ten was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Tank  service 
during  the  war.  Fred,  the  younger  son,  is 
general  manager  of  Globe  Stove  and  Range 
Company. 

HORACE  P.  BIDDLE,  noted  among  the 
early  Indiana  lawyers,  was  born  in  Fair- 
field  County,  Ohio,  about  1818.  After 
studying  law  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Cincinnati  in  1839  and  located  at  Lo- 
gansport,  Indiana.  During  1846-1852  he 
was  presiding  judge  of  the  Eighth  Judicial 
Circuit,  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Con- 
stitutional Convention  in  1850,  and  seven 
years  later,  in  1857,  was  elected  supreme 
judge,  but  not  commissioned.  Outside  of 
the  strict  line  of  his  profession  Judge 
Biddle  translated  from  French  and  Ger- 
man posts,  and  was  a  contributor  to  nu- 
merous periodicals. 

CHALMER  LENNON  BRAGDON  for  a  man  of 
thirty-five  has  had  a  volume  of  experience 
and  activity  such  as  come  to  few  men 
many  years  his  senior,  and  while  he  has 
seen  the  ups  and  downs  and  vicissitudes  of 
existence  he  became  successfully  estab- 
lished in  the  automobile  and  tractor  agency 
at  Anderson,  becoming  sole  proprietor  of 
the  C.  L.  Bragdon  Sales  Company,  agents 
for  the  Chevrolet  and  Monroe  cars  and  the 
Moline  Universal  Tractor. 

Mr.  Bragdon  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Lawrence  in  Marion  County,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 18,  1882,  son  of  James  H.  and 
Jennie  (Murphy)  Bragdon.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  stock,  and  the  family  have 
been  in  America  for  many  generations. 
His  father  followed  farming  during  most 
of  his  life,  but  in  1888  moved  to  Ander- 
son and  established  a  grocery  store  in  the 
Hickey  Block  on  South  Meridian  Street. 
In  1893  he  sold  out  and  moved  to  Pendle- 
ton,  where  he  was  a  grocer  from  1894  imtil 
1901.  In  the  latter  year  he  retired  to 
his  farm  and  is  now  living  at  Oklahoma 
City. 

C.  L.  Bragdon  gained  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Anderson  and 
Pendleton,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  went 


1220 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


RICHARD  Rrowa.L.  Continuously  since 
it  was  organixed  in  18S!)  Richard  Ruddell 
has  been  president  of  the  Citi/ens  National 
Hank  of  Kokoiuo.  His  business  record  in 
that  city  goes  even  further  back,  and 
through  it  all  .Mr.  Kuddell  has  been  one  of 
the  strong  men  financially  in  promoting 
the  industrial  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
city,  and  in  upholding  all  those  activities 
by  which  a  city's  consequence  is  measured. 
'  -Mr.  Ruddell  was  horn  August  31,  1850, 
in  Rush  County.  Indiana,  a  son  of  George 
and  Kli/.alieth  i  Bever)  Ruddell.  George 
Rnddell  was  a  livestock  dealer.  When  the 
son  Richard  was  a  year  old  the  parents  re- 
moved tn  Wabash  County  and  the  father 
continued  business  there  for  many  years. 
Kichavd  Rnddell  attended  public  school  in 
Wabash  County,  and  as  soon  as  his  school 
days  were  finished  he  took  up  some  em- 
ployment that  would  furnish  him  a  living. 
lie  finally  became  clerk  in  a  store  at  Wa- 
bash. After  six  years  there  lie  engaged  in 
the  I I  and  shoe  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, and  here  his  enterprise  and  his 
ability  to  get  large  results  were  demon- 
strated, lie  kept  broadening  his  estab- 
lishment until  he  had  what  might  be  called 
a  complete  department  store,  handling  dry 
goods,  boots  and  shoes  and  other  wares. 

In  1SS2.  having  sold  his  Wabash  store, 
Mr.  Ruddell  came  to  Kokomo  and  bought 
the  old  established  dry  goods  house  of 
Ilaskett  &  Company.  lie  was  proprietor 
of  this  business  for  six  years.  Then,  asso- 
ciating himself  with  other  local  business 
men.  he  organi/ed  the  Citi/ens  National 
I  Sank,  the  organization  being  perfected  on 
October  S.  1SS<).  He  has  been  its  presi- 
dent ever  since.  The  Citi/ens  National 
Bank  has  an  enviable  record  of  strength 
and  resources.  It  lias  capital  stock  of 
•t2-")0.( too.  its  surplus  is  still  larger,  and  its 
d. -posits  aggregate  over  .*:{.000.00().  Mr. 
iJuddell  is  president.  ( '.  W.  Landon  is  viee 
president,  ami  Frank  MeCarty  is  cashier. 

Mr.  Kmldcll  has  been  interested  in  a 
number  of  other  business  enterprises.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  in  promot- 
ing the  Kokiimo  Stec]  Wire  Company,  and 
his  name  is  connected  with  a  number  of 
other  industries  of  lesser  importance.  lie 
is  president  of  the  (Jlobe  Stove  and  Range 
Company  and  a  stockholder  and  vice  pres- 
ident of  tlie  Ilayiies  Stellite  Company, 
lie  is  a  large  stockholder  in  several  local 
business  houses.  Mr.  Kuddell  has  served 
nine  vears  on  the  Kokomo  Citv  School 


Hoard,  and  three  terms  as  secretary-treas- 
urer and  three  times  as  president. 

In  Wabash,  Indiana.  Mr.  Rnddell  mar- 
ried Miss  Rose  McClain,  daughter  of  Judge 
McClain  of  Wabash.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren, Ruth.  Raymond,  and  Fred.  Ruth 
married  J.  C.  Patten,  of  Kokomo,  and  they 
have  one  son  sixteen  years  old.  J.  C.  Pat- 
ten was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Tank  service 
during  the  war.  Fred,  the  younger  son,  is 
general  manager  of  Globe  Stove  and  Range 
Company. 

IIoRAci-:  P.  HIPDIJ:,  noted  among  the 
early  Indiana  lawyers,  was  born  in  Fair- 
field  County,  Ohio,  about  1818.  After 
stmlving  law  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Cincinnati  in  1839  and  located  at  Lo- 
gansport.  Indiana.  During  1846-1852  he 
was  presiding  .judge  of  the  Eighth  Judicial 
Circuit,  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Con- 
stitutional Convention  in  1850,  and  seven 
years  later,  in  1S57.  was  elected  supreme 
judge,  but  not  commissioned.  Outside  of 
the  strict  line  of  his  profession  Judge 
Hiddle  translated  from  French  and  Ger- 
man posts,  and  was  a  cont ributor  to  nu- 
merous periodicals. 

CIIAI..MKR  LENNOX  Bnu;nnv  for  a  man  of 
thirty-live  has  had  a  volume  of  experience 
and  activity  such  as  conic  to  few  men 
many  years  his  senior,  ami  while  he  has 
seen  the  tips  and  downs  and  vicissitudes  of 
existence  he  became  successfully  estab- 
lished in  the  automobile  and  tractor  agency 
at  Anderson,  hecomintr  sole  proprietor  of 
the  ( '.  L.  liragdnn  Sales  Company,  agents 
for  the  Chevrolet  and  Monroe  cars  and  the 
Moline  I'nivcrsal  Tractor. 

Mr.  Hragdon  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Lawrence  in  Marion  County.  Indiana.  No- 
vember IS.  1SS2.  son  of  -lames  II.  and 
Jennie  i  Murphy  t  Hragdon.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  stock,  and  the  family  have 
been  in  America  for  many  general  ions. 
His  father  followed  farming  during  most 
of  his  life,  but  in  1>SS  moved  to  Ander- 
son and  established  a  grocery  store  in  the 
Ilickev  Hlock  on  South  Meridian  Street. 
In  ls!):{  he  sold  out  anil  moved  to  Pendle- 
ton.  where  lie  was  a  grocer  from  1S!)4  until 
1!(01.  In  the  latter  year  ho  retired  to 
his  farm  and  is  now  living  at  Oklahoma 
City. 

( '.  L.  Hragdon  gained  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Anderson  and 
IVndlcton.  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  went 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1221 


to  work  assisting  his  father  and  doing  every 
kind  of  service  required  in  a  grocery  store. 

In  1901  Mr.  Bragdon  married  Muriel 
B.  Ellington,  daughter  of  Chalmus  G.  and 
Emma  (Fisher)  Ellington,  of  Pendleton, 
Indiana.  They  have  one  child,  Glenna 
Frances,  born  in  1903. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Bragdon  worked 
at  different  occupations  at  Anderson  and 
Pendleton  and  finally  became  a  clerk  in  the 
office  of  the  superintendent  of  motive 
power  for  the  Union  Traction  Company 
at  Anderson.  He  was  there  until  1906, 
when  on  account  of  failing  health  he  spent 
seven  months  recuperating  at  Houston, 
Texas.  On  returning  to  Indiana  he  located 
at  Pendleton  and  for  several  years  was  a 
motorman  with  the  Union  Traction  Com- 
pany. He  became  actively  interested  in 
organized  labor  and  being  very  popular 
with  his  fellow  workmen  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Anderson  branch  of  the  Amal- 
gamated Association  of  Street  and  Elec- 
trical Railway  Employes.  Upon  Mr. 
Bragdon  devolved  the  responsibility  of 
calling  the  strike  which  almost  completely 
paralyzed  interurban  transportation  over 
the  Union  Traction  Lines  for  three  months 
in  1910.  The  events  of  the  strike  are  still 
familiar  history  in  the  minds  of  all  the 
residents  of  Anderson,  Muncie  and  other 
cities.  The  militia  was  finally  put  in  charge 
of  the  situation,  and  after  three  months 
the  strikers  lost  their  cause  and  Mr. 
Bragdon  as  one  of  the  strike  leaders  was 
of  course  summarily  dismissed  from  the 
service  of  the  company.  Following  that 
he  returned  to  Lawrence,  Indiana,  his 
birthplace,  and  afterward  did  contract 
work  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  and  also 
at  Lawton,  Oklahoma.  For  a  time  he  sold 
cigars  in  Southern  Oklahoma,  and  then 
became  manager  of  a  cigar  store  in  Okla- 
homa City.  After  a  year  he  returned  to 
Pendleton,  Indiana,  and  for  two  years  was 
associated  with  the  Dishler  Company  Cigar 
Store.  He  resigned  and  bought  a  cigar 
store  in  Pendleton,  operated  it  three  years, 
and  in  1915  established  himself  in. the 
automobile  agency  business,  representing 
the  Chevrolet  car  in  Marion  County.  Later 
he  secured  the  agency  for  the  southern 
half  of  Madison  County  and  in  April,  1917, 
returned  to  Anderson  and  opened  his  place 
of  business  at  1921  Central  Avenue  and 
I '»9  East  Ninth  Street.  He  became  one  of 
the  principal  automobile  distributors  in 
Eastern  Indiana  and  conducted  a  prosper- 


ous business  with  the  several  cars  and  tract- 
ors he  represented.  Mr.  Bragdon  is  a 
republican  in  politics  and  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Church. 

On  April  9,  1918,  after  settling  his  busi- 
ness affairs,  Mr.  Bragdon  answered  the  call 
of  his  country  and  was  sent  to  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Missouri.  From  there  he  was 
sent  to  Camp  Hancock,  Georgia,  and  from 
there  to  Camp  Merritt,  New  Jersey,  where 
he  sailed  for  France  after  being  in  the 
service  one  month.  In  October  he  was 
gassed  while  lost  in  the  Argonne  forest 
and  was  sent  into  the  Alps  mountains  to 
recuperate.  After  regaining  his  health  he 
was  promoted  to  ordnance  sergeant  the 
highest  rank  given  in  the  Ordnance  de- 
partment. Ordnance  Sergeant  Bragdon 
has  been  in  France  over  a  year. 

CHARLES  WARREN  FAIRBANKS,  former 
vice  president  of  the  United  States,  was 
born  near  Unionville  Center,  Union 
County,  Ohio,  May  11,  1852,  son  of  Loris- 
ton  Monroe  and  Mary  Adelaide  (Smith) 
Fairbanks.  His  first  American  ancestor 
was  Jonathan  Fayerbanck,  who  landed  in 
Boston  in  1633  with  his  wife  Grace  Lee. 
He  was  a  native  of  Sowerby,  in  the  West 
Riding  of  Yorkshire  and  a  Puritan  of  the 
extremest  stamp.  Not  liking  certain  ways 
of  the  church  in  Boston,  he  pushed  on  to 
Dedham,  Massachusetts,  where  he  erected 
a  large  house  of  massive  oaken  timbers, 
which  is  still  standing.  Charles  Warren 
Fairbanks  is  the  ninth  descendant  from 
Jonathan.  His  grandfather,  Luther,  was 
born  at  Swansey,  New  Hampshire,  and  his 
father,  Loriston  Monroe,  was  born  at 
Barnard,  Vermont  (1824),  but  made  his 
way  to  Central  Ohio  in  1837  where  he  en- 
gaged in  farming  and  wagon-making.  The 
boy  was  a  strong  and  vigorous  youth  with 
a  predominating  love  for  books.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  was  ready  to  enter  the 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University  at  Delaware, 
and  was  graduated  there  in  1872.  With 
the  help  of  his  uncle,  William  Henry  Smith, 
who  was  general  manager  of  the  Western 
Associated  Press,  he  secured  a  position  as 
agent  of  the  press  association  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania,  and  later  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  Here  he  found  ample  time 
while  agent  to  pursue  the  study  of  law,  and 
after  spending  one  term  in  the  Cleveland 
Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  in  1874.  He  began 


1222 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Indian- 
apolis, which  has  ever  since  been  his  home. 
He  is  said  to  have  had  but  one  criminal 
case  during  his  whole  law  experience,  his 
conspicuous  bent  being  in  the  direction  of 
industrial,  transportation  and  commercial 
affairs.  Large  institutions  in  Indiana  and 
the  surrounding  states  became  his  clients 
and  he  conducted  their  suits  and  guided 
their  operations  with  wise  and  farseeing 
judgment.  For  some  time  he  kept  aloof 
from  politics,  except  to  take  part  in  the 
caucuses  and  movements  of  his  party  in  his 
immediate  neighborhood,  but  in  1888  he 
took  charge  of  the  presidential  campaign 
of  his  friend,  Walter  Q.  Gresham.  At  this 
time  Indiana  had  two  candidates  for  the 
presidency — Judge  Gresham  and  Gen.  Ben- 
jamin Harrison,  and  one  of  the  most 
strenuously  contested  state  campaigns  fol- 
lowed, the  result  being  that  the  Indiana 
delegates  voted  for  General  Harrison. 
Judge  Gresham  in  the  meantime  had  se- 
cured enough  delegates  in  other  states  to 
give  him  second  place  when  the  balloting 
opened  in  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion at  Chicago,  John  Sherman  of  Ohio 
leading.  James  G.  Elaine  had  the  next 
largest  following,  which  was  thrown  to 
Harrison  to  prevent  the  nomination  of 
Sherman  and  controlled  the  nomination. 
Mr.  Fairbanks  was  an  influential  partici- 
pant in  every  campaign  of  his  party  since 
that  time.  He  was  a  delegate  to  all  of  the 
national  conventions  since  1896,  except 
those  of  1908  and  1916,  when  he  was  a 
candidate  for  the  presidency.  He  secured 
the  Indiana  delegates  for  McKinley  in  1896 
and  at  the  latter 's  personal  request  was 
made  temporary  chairman  of  the  St.  Louis 
convention,  at  which  McKinley  was  nomi- 
nated, and  delivered  what  is  known  as  the 
"keynote"  speech  of  the  campaign.  In 
1892,  in  a  speech  before  the  Indiana  state 
convention,  Mr.  Fairbanks  warned  his 
party  and  the  country  against  the  tendency 
of  both  parties  toward  free  silver,  and  in 
1896  he  prepared  and  pushed  through  the 
convention  of  his  state  one  of  the  first  anti- 
free  silver  platforms  adopted  in  this  coun- 
try. The  party  leaders  attempted  to  in- 
duce him  to  omit  any  reference  to  silver, 
fearing  that  an  anti-silver  plank  would  de- 
feat the  ticket,  but  he  carried  it  to  a  deci- 
sive victory,  recovering  the  Legislature  of 
his  state  from  the  democrats  and  receiving 
the  election  to  the  United  States  Senate  on 


January  20,  1897,  by  the  unanimous  vote 
of  the  republican  members.  He  took  his  , 
seat  while  Major  McKinley  was  being 
sworn  in  as  President,  and  always  re- 
mained a  firm  supporter  of  the  national 
administration.  In  the  convention  which 
met  in  Philadelphia  in  1900  he  was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  resolutions 
which  reported  the  platform  on  which  Mc- 
Kinley was  renominated  and  re-elected  by 
a  triumphant  majority.  In  1902  he  was  a 
candidate  to  succeed  himself  and  carried 
the  Legislature  by  the  largest  majority  but 
one  in  its  history  and  was  unanimously 
re-elected  on  January  20,  1903.  In  the  Sen- 
ate he  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  immigration  and  on  the  committees  on 
census,  claims,  geological  survey  and  pub- 
lic buildings  and  grounds  until  1901,  when 
he  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  public  buildings  and  grounds  and  a 
member  of  the  committees  on  the  judiciary. 
Pacific  Island  and  Porto  Rico,  relations 
with  Canada,  immigration  and  geological 
survey.  In  1903,  while  continuing  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  public  buildings 
and  grounds,  his  other  assignments  were 
changed  to  the  judiciary,  foreign  relations, 
Canadian  relations,  coast  and  insular  sur- 
vey, geological  survey  and  immigration. 
His  first  speech  in  the  Senate  was  in  oppo- 
sition to  Senator  Morgan's  resolution  di- 
recting the  President  to  recognize  the  bel- 
ligerency of  the  Cuban  insurgents.  In  1902 
when  the  French  West  India  Island  of 
Martinque  was  devastated  by  the  terrible 
eruption  of  Mount  Pelee  he  presented  a 
resolution  of  appropriation  for  the  relief 
of  the  sufferers,  which  was  promptly 
passed  by  both  houses  and  for  which  serv- 
ice he  received  the  thanks  of  the  French 
republic.  When  the  bill  that  provided  for 
constructing  the  Panama  Canal  was  under 
consideration  he  gave  it  his  earnest  sup- 
port, and  offered  an  amendment  which  pro- 
vided for  the  issuance  of  bonds  to  partially 
defrav  the  expense  of  the  enterprise,  there- 
by, eliminating  the  danger  of  having  to 
suspend  the  work  of  construction  for  the 
want  of  ready  funds  and  spreading  the  cost 
over  the  future  instead  of  loading  the  en- 
tire burden  upon  the  people  of  today. 
Under  the  protocol  of  May,  1898,  a  joint 
high  commission  was  to  be  appointed  by  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  for  set- 
tling the  Alaska  boundary  dispute  and 
eleven  other  matters  that  had  been  irritat- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1223 


ing  the  two  countries,  such  as  the  fur  seal, 
Northeastern   fisheries,    reciprocal   mining 
rights,  bonding  goods  for  transit  through 
each    other's    territory,    the    Rush-Bagot 
agreement  of  1817  restricting  armed  ves- 
sels on  the  Great  Lakes,  reciprocity,  etc. 
President    McKinley    appointed     Senator 
Fairbanks  a  member  and  chairman  of  this 
commission.     The   other   members  of   the 
commission  were,  Nelson  Dingley,  John  W. 
Foster,  John  A.  Kasson,  Charles  J.  Faulk- 
ner and  T.  Jefferson  Coolidge.    Numerous 
sessions   were   held   both   in   Quebec   and 
Washington  in  1898,  1899,  1901  and  1902. 
The  commission   tentatively   agreed   upon 
many  of  the  questions  in  dispute  but  the 
British  commissioners  refused  to  settle  any 
without   an   adjustment   of   the   boundary 
question.    They  proposed  that  that  subject 
be  submitted  to  arbitration.    Upon  such  an 
agreement    they    would    proceed    to    close 
definitely  the  questions  which  were  practi- 
cally agreed  upon.    In  opposing  this  propo- 
sition  Senator  Fairbanks  observed:  "We 
cannot  submit  to  a  foreign  arbitrator  the 
determination    of    the    Alaska    coast    line 
under  the  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Russia  of  1867.     That  coast  line  was 
established  by  the  convention  of  1825  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  Russia.    This  line 
has  been  carefully  safeguarded  by  Russia, 
and  the  United  States  has  invariably  in- 
sisted that  it  should  not  be  broken.     Its 
integrity  was  never  questioned  by  Great 
Britain  until  after  the  protocol  of  May, 
1898.     Much  as  we  desire  to  conclude  the 
questions  which  we  have  practically  deter- 
mined, we  cannot  consent  to  settle  them 
upon  the  condition  that  we  must  abandon 
to  the  chance  of  a  European  arbitrator  a 
part  of  the  domain  of  the  United  States 
upon  which  American  citizens  have  actually 
built  their  homes  and  created   industries 
long  prior  to  any  suggestion  from  Great 
Britain  that  she  had  any  claim  of  right 
thereto."      In    1899    President    McKinley 
sent  Mr.  Fairbanks  to  Alaska  to  ascertain 
any  possible  facts  which  might  have  a  bear- 
ing upon  the  interpretation  of  the  boun- 
dary dispute.    Mr.  Fairbanks  proposed  on 
behalf  of  the  American  commission  that  a 
joint  tribunal  composed  of  three  jurists  of 
repute   from   each   country   be   vested   to 
determine  the  boundary,  a  decision  of  a 
majority  of  the  commissioners  to  be  final, 
(ireat  Britain  declined  this  proposition  and 
the  commission  adjourned  subject  to  recall. 


Subsequently  the  method  of  settlement  pro- 
posed by  Mr.  Fairbanks  was  agreed  upon 
by  the  two  countries  through  direct  nego- 
tiation and  after  an  elaborate  hearing  the 
contention  of  the  United  States  was  sus- 
tained, one  of  the  British  commissioners, 
the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England,  having 
concurred  in  the  contention  of  the  Ameri- 
can commissioners.  In  the  republican 
party  convention  of  1904  Mr.  Fairbanks 
was  unanimously  nominated  vice  president 
as  the  running  mate  of  Theodore  Roose- 
velt. He  was  elected  by  a  large  plurality 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office 
with  dignity  and  a  true  sense  of  fairness. 
In  1908  his  name  was  prominently  men- 
tioned for  the  presidential  nomination. 
After  his  retirement  from  oifice.  accom- 
panied by  Mrs.  Fairbanks,  he  made  a  tour 
of  the  world.  In  1916  he  was  again  nomi- 
nated for  vice  president  on  the  ticket  with 
Judge  Charles  E.  Hughes.  The  election 
was  unusually  close,  but  President  Wilson 
was  returned  to  office. 

Mr.  Fairbanks  was  a  trustee  of  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University,  De  Pauw  University 
and  the  American  University.  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan conferred  upon  him  the  degree  LL. 
D.  in  1901.  He  received  the  sime  degree 
from  Baker  University  (1903),  Iowa  State 
University  (1903)  and  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity (1907).  Until  a  short  time  before 
his  death  he  was  president  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Hospital  of  Indiana,  the  Indiana 
Forestry  Association  and  a  regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

Mr.  Fairbanks  married  in  1874  Cornelia, 
daughter  of  Judge  P.  B.  Cole  of  Marys- 
ville,  Ohio.  She  was  a  graduate  of  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University,  an  active  worker  in 
the  affairs  of  the  National  Society  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  and 
its  president  for  two  terms,  1901-1905;  a 
promoter  of  the  Junior  Republic  movement 
and  prominent  in  benevolent  activities. 
She  died  in  1913. 

During  the  early  summer  of  1918  the 
American  people  followed  for  several  weeks 
with  much  anxiety  the  continued  reports 
of  Mr.  Fairbanks'  illness  and  decline.  He 
died  at  his  Indianapolis  home  June  4,  1918. 
Sober  thinking  Americans  regard  his  death 
the  more  keenly  because  he  had  apparently 
not  yet  exhausted  his  powers  and  his  op- 
portunities for  great  national  usefulness. 
And  such  men  as  Charles  W.  Fairbanks 
are  needed  now  and  will  be  needed  in  the 


1224 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


next  few  year^until  the  ship  of  state  has 
regained  the  quiet  harbor  of  peace.  It  was 
his  great  misfortune  and  that  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  generally  that  he  could  not  live 
to  see  the  end  of  the  tragic  period  in  the 
midst  of  which  his  death  came. 

The  above  paragraphs  were  written  while 
Mr.  Fairbanks  was  still  living.  Those  who 
regard  his  life  as  one  big  with  achievement 
and  yet  incomplete  because  he  died  so 
soon,  will  often  ask  themselves  the  question 
as  to  what  his  attitude  and  action  would 
be  in  the  subsequent  stages  of  American 
national  affairs.  Those  questions  can  never 
be  answered  and  yet  it  is  peculiarly  ap- 
propriate to  inquire  as  to  his  attitude  and 
opinions  regarding  national  and  interna- 
tional problems  in  the  months  preceding  his 
death. 

The  best  information  obtainable  on  this 
matter  is  found  in  the  review  of  his  life 
written  by  his  former  private  secretary, 
George  B.  Lockwood.  Mr.  Lockwood 
wrote : 

"During  the  last  two  or  three  troubled 
years  those  associated  with  Mr.  Fairbanks 
know  that  the  greater  part  of  his  waking 
hours  were  devoted  to  anxious  thought  as 
to  national  affairs.  He  regarded  with  great 
apprehension  the  drift  of  the  country 
toward  the  brink  of  war  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  European  struggle.  There  was 
no  more  whole-hearted  supporter  of  the 
national  cause  when  the  participation  of 
the  United  States  in  the  war  became  inevi- 
table. He  was  exceedingly  proud  of  his 
son  Richard  who  entered  the  army  and 
was  advanced  to  the  post  of  cap- 
tain and  acting  major,  through  merit 
and  who  served  in  France.  Mr.  Fair- 
banks believed  that  the  most  important 
period  in  our  national  history,  next  to 
the  present  vital  emergency,  would  be 
that  immediately  following  the  war  when 
the  problem  of  reconstruction  would  occupy 
the  attention  of  the  whole  world.  He  was  a 
strong  advocate  of  the  reduction  of  arma- 
ment and  the  establishment  of  the  policy 
of  internationally  enforced  arbitration  of 
disputes  among  nations.  His  ardor  in  this 
cause  was  made  greater  by  his  visits  to  the 
capitals  of  Europe  ten  years  ago.  He  came 
home  believing  that  the  arming  of  nations 
against  one  another,  which  he  sdw  on  every 
hand,  pointed  inevitably  toward  a  general 
European  war.  / 

"Mr.  Fairbanks  always  believed  that  the 


Spanish-American  war  could  have  been 
avoided  if  the  people  and  congress  had 
not  been  too  insistent  upon  war,  and  that 
Spain  would  have  peacefully  withdrawn 
from  the  western  hemisphere  if  given  an 
opportunity  to  retire  without  too  much 
loss  of  face. 

"His  Americanism  was  undivided;  his 
prejudice  against  foreign  factionalism  of 
any  kind  in  the  United  States  intense.  He 
did  not  confine  his  opposition  to  hyphe- 
nated citizenship  to  German  Americanism, 
but  believed  that  prominent  propaganda 
in  behalf  of  any  European  nation  or 
against  any  nation  with  which  we  are  at 
peace  was  unpatriotic.  He  resented  the 
crusade  against  Americans  of  German 
stock  merely  because  of  their  descent,  in 
case  their  loyalty  was  as  unquestioned  as 
that  of  their  neighbors  of  any  other  Euro- 
pean strain.  *  *  *  No  American 
could  be  more  bitterly  opposed  than  was 
Mr.  Fairbanks  to  the  type  of  Government 
Prussia  has  proved  itself  to  be  in  the  pres- 
ent war.  His  hope  of  good  from  the  pres- 
ent war  was  a  treaty  of  peace  which  will 
make  -unnecessary  vast  expenditures  for 
military  and  naval  purposes,  first  of  all  be- 
cause he  believed  that  a  failure  to  end  this 
system  in  Europe  would  make  necessary 
its  adoption  in  the  United  States  as  a 
means  of  self  preservation. ' ' 

From  the  wealth  of  tributes  that  poured 
forth  from  the  press  and  distinguished  men 
of  the  country  at  the  time  of  his  death,  one 
of  the  most  impartial  and  dignified  was 
that  written  by  former  President  Taft, 
with  whose  words  this  sketch  may  properly 
conclude. 

"Charles  Warren  Fairbanks  was  an 
able,  industrious,  effective,  patriotic  and 
high-minded  public  servant.  Few  men 
knew  more  of  the  practical  workings  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States.  For 
years  he  served  on  the  judiciary  and  the 
foreign  relations  committees  of  the  senate. 
He  was  one  of  the  working  men  on  both. 
Some  men  in  congress  neglect  committee 
work  and  seek  reputation  by  the  more 
spectacular  method  of  set  speeches  on  the 
floor.  The  real  discussion  and  the  careful 
statesmanlike  framing  of  messages  takes 
place  in  committee.  Here  Mr.  Fairbanks 
applied  himself  most  actively  and  rendered 
distinguished  service. 

"A  successful  practitioner  at  the  bar,  Mr. 
Fairbanks  had  entered  politics  independent 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1225 


in  means.  No  breath  of  suspicion  was  as- 
sociated with  his  fair  name.  One  of  his 
warm  friendships  was  for  Major  McKin- 
ley.  When  the  latter  ran  for  the  presi- 
dency and  after  he  became  President  he 
counted  on  the  aid  and  advice  of  Mr.  Fair- 
banks and  he  had  them  in  rich  measure. 

"Mr.  Fairbanks  was  a  dignified,  impar- 
tial and  courteous  presiding  officer  of  the 
senate  as  vice  president  and  his  friends 
were  on  both  sides  of  the  chamber.  He 
aspired  to  the  presidency  and  he  was  right 
in  doing  so,  for  his  experience,  his  ability 
and  his  public  spirit  would  have  enabled 
him  to  discharge  its  duties  most  acceptably 
and  well.  Few  men  could  have  been  better 
prepared.  He  was  a  party  man  and  a  loyal 
republican.  He  was  a  wise  counselor  in 
party  matters  and  a  real  leader.  No  one 
called  on  him  for  disinterested  party  serv- 
ice in  vain. 

"He  was  better  loved  and  respected  in 
his  own  state  and  city  than  anywhere  else 
because  he  was  personally  better  known 
there.  He  was  said  to  be  cold.  This  was 
most  unjust.  He  was  genial,  kindly,  hospi- 
table and  human  as  his  friends  and  neigh- 
bors knew.  Since  Mr.  Fairbanks'  retire- 
ment and  my  own  I  came  to  know  him  well 
and  to  value  highly  his  very  exceptional 
qualities  as  a  public  spirited  citizen  and  as 
a  man.  I  greatly  mourn  his  death." 

JOHN  H.  HpiAiDAY.  While  many  im- 
portant activities  serve  to  link  the  name 
John  H.  Holliday  with  the  broader  life  of 
Indiana,  including  his  present  position  as 
head  of  one  of  its  largest  financial  organi- 
zations, his  biggest  service  was  no  doubt 
the  founding  of  the  Indianapolis  News, 
over  whose  editorial  management  he  pre- 
sided for  twenty-three  years.  While  his 
active  connection  with  the  News  was  sev- 
ered a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  much  of 
the  vitality  which  he  imparted  to  its  busi- 
ness conduct  and  the  tone  and  character 
he  gave  to  its  editorial  columns  still  re- 
main. Among  the  many  newspaper  men 
who  worked  for  the  News  when  it  was  un- 
der the  direction  of  Mr.  Holliday  all  have 
a  deep  appreciation  of  the  ideals  he  stood 
for  and  maintained  and  his  influence  as  a 
great  newspaper  man.  John  H.  Holli- 
day made  the  News  a  paper  of  intellectual 
dignity,  as  well  as  a  power  in  the  political 
life  of  the  state  and  a  molder  of  public 


opinion    and    an    advocate    of    righteous 
causes. 

His  constant  loyalty  to  Indianapolis  and 
Indiana  has  been  that  of  a  native  son. 
John  Hampden  Holliday  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis, May  31,  1846,  a  son  of  Rev. 
William  A.  and  Lucia  (Shaw)  Holliday. 
His  paternal  grandfather,  Samuel  Holli- 
day, came  to  Indiana  Territory  in  1816, 
and  by  his  labors  assisted  in  making  In- 
diana the  habitation  and  home  of  civil- 
ized men.  Rev.  William  A.  Holliday  was 
born  in  Harrison  County,  Kentucky,  in 
1803,  and  was  for  many  years  an  able  min- 
ister of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  Miami  University  at  Oxford, 
Ohio,  and  of  the  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary.  In  1833  he  became  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indian- 
apolis and  later  served  other  churches. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  engaged  in 
educational  work,  being  a  professor  in 
Hanover  College  when  compelled  by  sick- 
ness to  give  up  his  activity.  He  died  in 
Indianapolis  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
three.  His  wife,  Lucia  Shaw,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1805,  and 
died  there  in  1881,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
five.  One  of  their  sons,  William  A.,  Jr., 
followed  the  example  of  his  father  and  be- 
came a  prominent  minister.  A  daughter, 
Miss  Grettie  Y.,  has  been  for  many  years 
a  laborer  in  the  missionary  fields  of  Persia. 

John  H.  Holliday  attended  the  common 
schools  of  Indianapolis  during  the  decade 
of  the  '50s,  spent  four  years  in  North- 
western Christian  University,  now  Butler 
University,  and  in  1864  graduated  A.  B. 
from  Hanover  College  at  Hanover,  In- 
diana. Hanover  College  conferred  upon 
him  the  Master  of  Arts  degree  in  1867. 
and  for  a  number  of  years  he  has  been  one 
of  the  college  trustees. 

Just  before  his  graduation  he  was  in 
the  ranks  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
Seventh  Indiana  Infantry  and  spent  four 
months  with  that  organization  in  Middle 
Tennessee.  It  was  a  hundred  days  regi- 
ment, and  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  he 
re-enlisted  for  three  years  in  the  Seven- 
tieth Infantry,  but  was  rejected  by  the 
examining  surgeon. 

Newspaper  work  was  Mr.  Holliday 's  first 
love.  In  1866  he  was  a  member  of  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  Indianapolis  Gazette 
and  later  worked  for  the  Indianapolis 


1226 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Herald,  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  and  was 
local  correspondent  for  the  New  York 
Herald,  the  Journal  and  the  Republican 
of  Chicago,  and  the  Cincinnati  Gazette. 

Mr.  Holliday  founded  the  Indianapolis 
News  in  1869.  It  was  the  first  permanent 
afternoon  paper  and  has  a  specially  envi- 
able distinction  in  being  the  first  two-cent 
paper  established  west  of  the  City  of  Pitts- 
burg.  As  Mr.  Dunn  in  the  History  of 
Greater  Indianapolis  said:  "It's  plain 
makeup,  condensed  form,  and  refusal  to 
print  advertisments  as  editorial  matter 
soon  made  it  popular.  It  was  well  edited. 
Mr.  Holliday 's  editorials  were  plain,  pithy 
and  to  the  point  as  a  rule.  His  one  fail- 
ing was  in  not  realizing  how  important 
and  valuable  a  paper  he  had  established. 
One  element  of  the  success  of  the  News 
was  employing  the  best  writers  available 
in  every  department.  The  News  could  al- 
ways boast  of  being  well  written  and  well 
edited,  and  that  has  been  a  large  factor  in 
its  success." 

Mr.  Holliday  continued  as  editor  and 
principal  owner  of  the  News  until  1892, 
when  impaired  health  compelled  his  re- 
tirement. Many  newspaper  men  graduate 
from  their  profession  into  business  and 
politics,  but  with  few  exceptions  newspa- 
per life  exercises  a  strong  hold  upon  its 
devotees  even  when  they  become  engaged 
in  other  fields.  It  was  perhaps  for  this 
reason  that  Mr.  Holliday,  in  1899,  resigned 
his  position  with  the  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany and  became  associated  with  William 
J.  Richards  in  establishing  the  Indianapo- 
lis Press.  He  was  editor  of  the  Press 
throughout  its  brief  existence,  until  1901, 
when  the  Press  was  consolidated  with  the 
Indianapolis  News. 

In  May,  1893,  Mr.  Holliday  effected  the 
organization  of  the  Union  Trust  Company 
of  Indianapolis.  It  was  incorporated  with 
a  capital  of  $600,000,  and  with  its  present 
imposing  financial  strength  it  stands  also 
as  a  monument  to  the  lifework  of  Mr.  Hol- 
liday. He  was  the  first  president  of  the 
company,  continued  as  a  director  while 
he  was  associated  with  the  Press,  and  in 
June,  1901,  resumed  his  responsibilities  as 
administrative  head.  In  1916  he  became 
chairman  of  the  board. 

Mr.  Holliday  is  a  director  in  a  number 
of  financial  and  industrial  organizations 
in  Indiana.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Mc- 
Cormick  Theological  Seminary  of  Chicago, 


trustee  of  the  Presbyterian  Synod  of  In- 
diana, member  of  the  Board  of  State  Chari- 
ties, president  of  the  Indianapolis  Charity 
Organization  Society,  a  former  president 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  members  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  and  has  served  as  ruling  elder 
many  years.  He  is  a  member  of  Thomas 
Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  Com- 
mercial Club,  University  Club,  Indianapo- 
lis Literary  Club,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and 
Phi  Kamma  Delta  fraternity,  and  has  at- 
tained the  Supreme  Honorary  thirty-third 
degree  in  the  Supreme  Council  of  Scottish 
Rite  Masonry.  In  1916  Wabash  College 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.  D. 

November  4,  1875,  Mr.  Holliday  mar- 
ried Evaline  M.  Rieman,  of  Baltimore, 
Maryland.  She  was  born  at  Baltimore, 
daughter  of  Alexander  and  Evaline  (Mac- 
farlane)  Rieman.  Her  father  was  a  Balti- 
more merchant.  The  seven  children  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Holliday  are:  Alexander 
Rieman,  a  civil  engineer  and  contractor, 
widely  known  for  his  work  in  railroad  and 
bridge  construction  and  in  electric  power 
production;  Mrs.  Lucia  Macbeth;  Mrs. 
Evelyn  M.  Patterson ;  Lieutenant  John  H., 
Jr.,  a  mechanical  engineer  who  died  in  the 
United  States  service;  Mary  E.,  who  has 
been  engaged  in  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  service  abroad  since  1917; 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  C.  Hitz;  and  Mrs.  Katha- 
rine H.  Daniels. 

THOMAS  RILEY  MARSHALL.  Of  few  of 
the  men  upon  whom  the  State  of  Indiana 
as  a  whole  has  conferred  distinguished  pub- 
lic honors  could  the  record  be  stated  so 
briefly  as  in  the  case  of  Thomas  Riley  Mar- 
shall. He  was  governor  of  Indiana  from 
1909  to  1913,  and  left  that  office  to  become 
vice  president  of  the  United  States.  These 
are  the  only  elective  offices  he  has  held 
throughout  the  forty  odd  years  since  his 
admission  to  the  Indiana  bar.  The  most 
vaulting  ambition  has  seldom  been  gratified 
with  such  distinctive  honors  as  have  fallen 
to  the  lot  of  this  quiet,  gentle  mannered, 
dignified  and  able  Indiana  lawyer. 

He  is  in  every  sense  an  Indianan,  "to 
the  manner  born."  His  own  career  is  an 
honorable  reflection  upon  the  good  blood 
of  his  ancestors.  His  mother  was  a  direct 
descendant  of  the  famous  Charles  Carroll 
of  Carrollton,  Maryland,  the  last  surviving 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1227 


signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
The  founder  of  the  family  in  Indiana  was 
his  grandfather,  Riley  Marshall,  who  about 
the  close  of  the  second  war  with  Great  Bri- 
tain came  from  Greenbrier  County,  Vir- 
ginia, and  located  first  in  Randolph  County 
and  later  in  Grant  County,  where  he  ac- 
quired 640  acres  of  land,  including  the  site 
of  the  present  City  of  Marion.  Riley  Mar- 
shall was  one  of  the  first  Board  of  County 
Commissioners  of  Grant  County  and  first 
clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court.  The  family 
were  long  prominent  at  Marion. 

One  of  his  sons  was  Dr.  Daniel  M,  Mar- 
shall, father  of  the  vice  president.  He  was 
born  in  Randolph  County  March  5,  1823, 
was  well  educated  for  the  profession  of 
medicine,  and  gave  almost  a  half  century 
of  devoted  service  in  that  capacity  to  the 
people  of  Northern  Indiana.  Though  a 
democrat,  he  was  an  opponent  of  slavery 
and  a  stanch  Union  man.  For  a  year  or 
so  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  en- 
deavored to  practice  medicine  at  LaGrange, 
Missouri,  but  his  uncompromising  attitude 
toward  slavery  made  his  residence  there 
so  unpleasant  that  he  returned  to  Indiana. 
At  different  times  he  maintained  his  profes- 
sional headquarters  at  Wabash,  North 
Manchester  and  Pierceton.  He  died  in  Co- 
lumbia City,  Indiana,  October  10,  1892. 
Doctor  Marshall  married  Martha  E.  Patter- 
son, who  passed  away  December  5,  1894. 
Both  were  active  members  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  Of  their  children,  a  son 
and  daughter,  Vice  President  Marshall  is 
the  only  survivor. 

Thomas  Rileyt  Marshall  was  born  at 
North  Manchester,  Wabash  County,  In- 
diana, March  14,  1854.  His  early  education 
was  unusually  thorough.  He  attended 
public  schools,  and  from  there  entered  old 
Wabash  College  at  Crawfordsville,  where 
he  was  graduated  A.  B.  in  1873  and  A.  M. 
in  1876.  His  alma  mater  honored  him 
with  the  degree  LL.  D.  in  1909,  and  he  has 
had  similar  honors  from  Notre  Dame  Uni- 
versity in  1910,  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1911,  University  of  North  Carolina  in 
1913  and  University  of  Maine  in  1914. 
While  in  college  Mr.  Marshall  was  made  a 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  a  fraternity  of  which  his 
kinsman,  Chief  Justice  John  Marshall,  was 
the  founder. 

Prom  Wabash  College  Mr.  Marshall  re- 
moved to  Fort  Wayne  and  began  the  study 
of  law  under  Judge  Walter  Olds,  who  later 


became  a  justice  of  the  Indiana  Supreme 
Court.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Indiana 
bar  on  his  twenty-first  birthday,  in  1875. 
The  previous  year  he  had  taken  up  his  home 
at  Columbia  City,  where  he  still  has  his 
legal  place  of  residence.  There  for  the  next 
thirty  years  he  gave  an  undeviating  atten- 
tion to  a  growing  practice  as  a  lawyer.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  firm  Marshall  &  Mc- 
Nagny  from  1876  to  1892,  and  from  the  lat- 
ter year  until  he  was  inaugurated  gov- 
ernor was  head  of  the  firm  Marshall,  Mc- 
Nagny  &  Clugston. 

An  apt  characterization  of  his  work  as 
a  lawyer  and  as  a  citizen  was  written  about 
the  time  he  made  his  campaign  for  gover- 
nor in  the  following  words :  ' '  His  practice 
now  extends  throughout  northern  Indiana. 
He  is  a  lawyer  of  note,  who  serves  corpora- 
tions and  all  other  clients  alike,  but  is  not 
of  the  sort  that  forgets  principle  and  duty 
to  his  fellow  men  in  the  furtherance  of  the 
interests  of  a  corporate  client  who  seeks  to 
array  greed  against  public  interests.  He 
has  been  an  important  factor  in  many  of 
the  most  famous  criminal  trials  in  this  part 
of  the  state,  and  his  pleading  before  juries 
always  attracts  throngs  to  the  court  room. 
He  is  well  known  as  a  political  and  court 
orator.  Mr.  Marshall  is  associated  in  the 
practice  of  law  with  W.  E.  McNagny  and 
P.  H.  Clugston.  Mr.  Marshall  has  been  a 
candidate  only  once  before  in  his  political 
career.  In  1880  he  was  induced  to  take 
the  nomination  for  prosecuting  attorney  in 
what  was  then  a  strong  republican  district 
and  was  defeated.  As  a  party  leader  Mr. 
Marshall  has  always  been  known  for  his 
diligence.  In  1896  and  1898  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  Twelfth  District  Democratic 
Committee  and  did  much  hard  work  for  the 
party,  making  speeches  all  over  the  north- 
ern end  of  the  state.  He  has  always  been 
known  for  his  liberality  toward  the  other 
fellow's  campaign  fund,  but  when  it  comes 
down  to  his  own  campaign  he  stands 
squarely  on  the  platform  of  anti-currency. 
He  is  called  old-fashioned  because  of  his 
ideas  about  a  campaign  fund  for  himself, 
but  he  declares  it  is  a  principle  that  is  im- 
bedded in  his  soul." 

Mr.  Marshall  achieved  the  distinction  of 
leading  the  democratic  party  to  victory  in 
the  State  of  Indiana  in  the  campaign  of 
1908,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  as  gov- 
ernor the  following  January.  It  is  suffi- 
cient to  say  that  Indiana  had  a  thoroughly 


1228 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


progressive  administration  during  the  next 
four  years,  and  his  record  as  governor  not 
only  strengthened  the  party  in  the  confi- 
dence of  the  people  so  as  to  insure  the  vic- 
tory of  the  state  ticket  in  1912,  but  it  made 
Thomas  R.  Marshall  one  of  the  dominant 
figures  in  the  middle  west,  and  as  such  his 
selection  as  running  mate  of  Woodrow  Wil- 
son was  justified  not  only  on  the  score  of 
political  expediency  but  by  real  fitness  for 
the  responsibilities  and  possibilities  of  that 
office.  Merely  as  a  matter  of  record  for 
the  future  it  should  be  noted  that  he  was 
renominated  for  the  office  of  vice  president 
at  the  St.  Louis  Convention  of  1916  and 
his  second  term  as  vice  president  extends 
from  1917  to  1921. 

Mr.  Marshall  has  for  many  years  been 
a  trustee  of  Wabash  College.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  College  fra- 
ternity, of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
has  attained  the  supreme  honorary  thirty- 
third  degree  in  Scottish  Rite  Masonry. 
October  2,  1895,  Mr.  Marshall  married  Miss 
Lois  Kimsey,  of  Angola,  Indiana.  Her 
father,  William  E.  Kimsey,  was  for  many 
years  %  an  influential  citizen  of  Steuben 
County  and  held  various  positions  of  pub- 
lic trust. 

HON.  SAMUEL  M.  RALSTON,  the  centen- 
nial governor  of  Indiana,  is  a  figure  of 
enduring  interest  to  the  people  of  Indiana 
not  only  because  of  his  services  as  chief 
executive  from  1913  to  1917,  but  also  for 
his  rare  and  forceful  personality  and  in- 
dividual character. 

His  Americanism  is  a  matter  of  interest- 
ing record.  His  great-grandfather,  An- 
drew Ralston,  was  born  in  Scotland,  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1753,  and  when  a  very  young 
boy  came  with  his  parents  to  this  country. 
The  family  settled  in  Eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. With  the  exception  of  Andrew  and 
his  sister  his  father's  entire  family  was 
massacred  by  the  Indians.  Later  he  en- 
tered the  Revolutionary  war  and  served 
seven  years  and  four  months  in  the  Conti- 
nental army.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Rifle  Regiment.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  on  Long  Island  August  27, 
1776,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Brandywine. 

After  the  war  Andrew  Ralston  married 
Sophia  Waltemeyer.  Among  the  children 
born  to  them  was  David  Ralston,  who  mar- 
ried Sarah  Wickard.  While  they  were  liv- 


ing in  Pennsylvania  their  son  John,  father 
of  former  Governor  Ralston,  was  born  June 
8,  1811. 

In  the  maternal  line  Governor  Ralston  is 
a  grandson  of  Alexander  Scott,  who  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1775  and  came  at  an 
early  day  to  Pennsylvania.  He  married 
Gertrude  Kerr,  who  belonged  to  a  promi- 
nent and  talented  family  in  Adams  County, 
Pennsylvania.  Among  the  children  born 
to  them  was  Sarah  on  March  31,  1821, 
mother  of  Samuel  M.  Ralston.  The  latter 
therefore  is  of  Scotch-Irish  blood,  the  blood 
that  has  given  to  this  country  so  many  of 
its  great  leaders. 

David  Ralston,  with  his  wife  and  only 
child,  John,  went  to  Ohio  to  live,  and 
shortly  after  making  his  new  home  in  the 
woods  he  died,  leaving  John  three  years 
old.  The  Scotts  also  became  residents  of 
Ohio.  It  was  in  Ohio  that  John  Ralston 
and  Sarah  Scott  married,  and  while  they 
were  living  on  a  farm  near  New  Cumber- 
land, Tuscarawas  County,  Samuel  Moffett 
Ralston  was  born  December  1,  1857. 

In  1865,  when  he  was  in  his  eighth  year, 
his  parents  moved  to  Owen  County.  In- 
diana, where  his  father  purchased  and  op- 
erated a  large  stock  farm  and  where  he 
lived  until  1873.  Financial  reverses,  re- 
sulting from  the  panic  of  that  year,  over- 
took his  father,  who  had  been  a  successful 
farmer  and  livestock  dealer,  and  served  to. 
deprive  the  growing  boy,  then  sixteen  years 
old,  of  many  advantages  he  otherwise 
would  have  enjoyed. 

His  parents  were  Presbyterians,  and  a 
religious  atmosphere  pervaded  their  home, 
in  which  they  had  and  reared  eight  chil- 
dren, four  boys  and  four  girls.  The  father 
was  for  more  than  forty  years  an  elder 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  His  mother 
was  a  most  kind  hearted  woman,  strongly 
attached  to  her  home,  and  always  inter- 
ested in  the  appearance  and  welfare  of  her 
children. 

Samuel  knew  trials  and  difficulties  with- 
out number,  on  the  farm,  in  the  butcher 
business  and  in  the  coal  mine  but  he  bore 
them  cheerfully  and  never  ceased  in  his 
efforts  to  fit  himself  for  a  higher  calling. 
For  seven  years  he  taught  school  during 
the  winter  mouths  and  attended  school  dur- 
ing the  summer.  He  was  graduated  August 
1,  1884,  in  the  scientific  course  of  the  Cen- 
tral Indiana  Normal  College  at  Danville, 
Indiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1229 


While  attending  school  at  Danville  Mr. 
Ralston  made  the  acquaintance  of  Miss  Jen- 
nie Craven,  of  Hendricks  County,  a  woman 
of  great  strength  of  character  whom  he 
married  December  30,  1889.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Ralston  have  three  children:  Emmet  Grat- 
tan,  a  graduate  of  Purdue  University  and 
an  electrical  engineer;  Julian  Craven,  a 
graduate  of  Indiana  University  and  an  as- 
sistant in  the  passport  division  in  the  office 
of  secretary  of  state  at  Washington;  and 
Ruth,  now  a  student  at  De  Pauw  Univer- 
sity. 

Their  home  has  always  been  known  for 
its  hospitality,  amiability  and  cheer.  As  is 
usual  in  such  fortunate  marriages,  the  su- 
perior mental  and  moral  endowments  of  the 
wife  are  a  constant  source  of  encourage- 
ment and  inspiration  to  the  husband.  Mr. 
Ralston  experiences  real  pleasure  in  saying 
he  owes  much  to  the  good  sense  and  gen- 
uineness of  her  nature,  and,  above  all,  to 
her  high  standard  of  life.  Mrs.  Ralston 
is  a  much  loved  woman  in  Indiana.  These 
years  of  happy  domestic  life  have  fixed  in 
each  the  fundamental  principles  of  sane 
and  sound  living. 

Mr.  Ralston  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Robinson  &  Fowler  at  Spencer,  Owen 
County,  Indiana.  He  took  up  his  legal 
studies  in  September,  1884,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  the  Owen  Circuit 
Court  January  1,  1886.  In  the  following 
June  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Lebanon,  Boone  County,  In- 
diana. Here  he  enjoyed  a  paying  practice 
until  he  went  to  the  governor 's  office. 

Politically  Mr.  Ralston  has  always  been 
identified  with  the  democratic  party.  He 
was  his  party's  candidate  for  joint  senator 
for  Boone,  Clinton  and  Montgomery  coun- 
ties in  1888,  but  went  to  defeat  with  his 
party  in  a  republican  district.  Twice  he 
was  a  candidate  for  secretary  of  state,  re- 
spectively in  1896  and  1898,  and  was  de- 
feated for  the  nomination  for  governor  in 
1908  by  Vice  President  Thomas  R.  Mar- 
shall. 

In  1912  there  were  expressions  all  over 
the  state  that  now  had  come  the  time  to 
nominate  "Sam  Ralston"  for  governor.  So 
conclusive  were  the  reasons  that,  though  it 
was  well  known  that  several  able  men  were 
ambitious  to  be  honored  with  the  nomina- 
tion, when  the  convention  assembled  in 
Tomlmson  Hall  March  17,  1912,  no  other 

name  than  that  of  Samuel  M.  Ralston  was 
Vol.  ni— z 


presented  for  governor,  and  his  nomina- 
tion followed  by  acclamation. 

Something  of  an  explanation  of  this  evi- 
dence of  genuine  popularity  was  furnished 
by  two  unique  demonstrations  in  Mr. 
Ralston 's  home  town,  Lebanon,  partici- 
pated in  by  all  of  Boone  County.  At  one 
of  these  gatherings  former  Judge  B.  S. 
Higgins,  before  whom  Mr.  Ralston  had 
practiced  for  six  years  and  with  whom  he 
had  tried  cases  for  many  more  years  spoke 
thus:  "Mr.  Ralston  is  the  most  courage- 
ous man  I  ever  knew.  He  is  the  fairest 
man  in  debate  I  ever  saw  in  court.  His 
magnanimity  is  as  large  as  humanity. 
Were  I  Mr.  Ralston  I  should  regard  these 
tributes  from  my  friends  and  neighbors 
spoken  voluntarily  and  sincerely  this  after- 
noon as  a  greater  honor  than  any  other 
that  could  come ;  greater  than  to  be  gover- 
nor ;  greater  than  to  be  United  States  sena- 
tor ;  greater  than  to  be  the  occupant  of  the 
White  House  and  wield  the  scepter  over  the 
greatest  of  earth's  republics;  greater  than 
all  these  is  it  to  have  lived  in  the  midst 
of  his  neighbors  in  this  little  city  and  to 
have  won  and  to  have  deserved  these  words 
of  love  and  appreciation  from  those  who 
have  known  him  longest  and  best. ' ' 

More  noteworthy,  perhaps,  was  the  meet- 
ing held  by  the  women  of  the  same  locality, 
regardless  of  all  political  affiliations.  They 
said  of  him:  "We,  the  women  of  Boone 
county,  appreciate  to  the  highest  extent  the 
honor  that  would  be  ours  could  we  give  to 
our  state  her  governor.  Mr.  Ralston  came 
to  Lebanon  a  good  many  years  ago,  when  he 
was  a  young  man.  Here  he  brought  Mrs. 
Ralston  a  bride,  and  here  their  children 
were  born.  So  when  we,  the  women  of  the 
county,  and  more  strictly  the  women  of  Le- 
banon, say  that  this  meeting  is  an  expres- 
sion of  our  regard,  we  speak  with  under- 
standing. We  are  here  in  great  numbers  as 
a  tribute  to  a  friend  of  our  homes,  a  friend 
to  our  children,  a  friend  to  our  schools,  a 
friend  to  our  churches,  a  friend  to  the 
friendless,  a  friend  of  the  whole  communi- 
ty, and,  if  called  to  the  governorship,  as  we 
hope  he  will  be,  the  great  state  of  Indiana 
will  never  have  a  more  loyal  or  true  friend 
than  Samuel  M.  Ralston." 

It  now  remains  to  review  some  of  the 
outstanding  facts  of  the  service  into  which 
he  was  initiated  after  the  remarkable  cam- 
paign of  1912,  when  Mr.  Ralston  was 
elected  governor  by  an  unprecedented  plu- 


1230 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


rality.  The  destiny  of  events  made  him 
governor  at  the  centennial  of  Indiana 's  ad- 
mission to  the  Union,  and  it  has  been  well 
said  that  no  other  governor  during  the  one 
hundred  years  of  statehood,  with  the  single 
exception  of  War  Governor  Morton,  had 
been  so  continuously  confronted  with  situa- 
tions requiring  the  greatest  of  courage  and 
strength  than  had  the  centennial  governor. 

Governor  Ralston 's  remarkable  strength 
of  body  and  mind,  his  quick  and  sure  in- 
sight into  the  intricacies  of  civic  machinery, 
his  readiness  for  instant  action,  gave  him 
a  wonderful  mastery  over  the  details  of  his 
office  and  made  him  a  most  excellent  judge 
of  state  and  economic  problems.  Courage 
and  determination  marked  his  conduct 
while  in  office.  No  selfish  consideration 
could  persuade  him  from  a  judgment  that 
he  pronounced  sound  and  that  called  for 
prompt  and  efficient  action.  The  keynote 
of  his  administration  is  doubtless  found 
in  the  inaugural  address  of  January  13, 
1913,  in  the  course  of  which  he  said:  "As 
governor  I  shall  have  no  favorites  in  the 
execution  of  the  law,  and  let  it  now  be 
understood  that  I  shall  hold  that  the  mind 
which  devises  a  scheme  that  is  in  violation 
of  law  is  guiltier  than  the  dependent  hands 
that  execute  the  offense  in  obedience  to 
orders." 

That  Governor  Ralston  is  a  man  pos- 
sessed of  real  courage  was  strikingly  illus- 
trated during  the  great  street  car  strike  in 
Indianapolis  in  October  and  November, 
1913.  The  strike  had,  with  premeditation, 
been  called  on  the  eve  of  the  city  election 
in  the  hope  of  embarrassing  the  executive 
by  the  necessity  of  calling  out  the  troops 
to  avert  a  riot  and  insurrection.  The  gov- 
ernor had  up  to  this  time  been  unsuccess- 
ful in  effecting  an  adjustment  between  the 
striking  employes  and  the  traction  com- 
pany. The  mayor  insisted  that  the  gov- 
ernor call  a  special  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature and  procure  the  passage  of  a  com- 
pulsory arbitration  law.  The  Merchants 
Association  and  business  interests  de- 
manded that  the  governor  call  out  the  Na- 
tional Guard  to  establish  order.  The  union 
men  protested  that  such  an  act  would  pre- 
cipitate riot  and  bloodshed  such  as  had 
never  been  seen  before. 

On  the  night  of  November  5th  the  gover- 
nor called  out  the  entire  National  Guard. 
At  noon  on  the  following  day  many  thou- 
sands of  the  strikers  and  their  sympathizers 


gathered  on  the  lawn  about  the  south  door 
of  the  State  House,  protesting  against  the 
calling  out  of  the  troops.  The  cry  was 
started  for  the  governor  to  address  them. 
Contrary  to  the  solicitous  advice  of 
friends  the  governor  appeared  on  the  State 
House  steps.  Then  followed  a  speech  that 
not  only  allayed  fear  and  apprehension, 
but  broke  the  backbone  of  the  strike.  The 
governor  spoke  without  preparation,  but 
with  profound  thoughtfulness,  and  the  men 
went  away  assured  in  their  hearts  that  they 
had  a  friend  in  the  governor's  chair;  that 
he  knew  their  burdens  and  was  willing  to 
share  these  with  them.  Capital  knew  that 
he  was  a  man  who  could  not  be  stampeded 
by  shouts  and  demands.  With  the  exercise 
of  keen  personal  judgment  and  rare 
courage,  Governor  Ralston  was  able  to 
control  the  situation.  He  refused  to  put 
the  troops  into  the  streets  to  force  the  im- 
mediate action  of  the  cars,  but  demanded 
that  the  street  car  company  through  him 
treat  with  the  strikers.  His  firmness  won 
the  day.  His  services  as  arbitrator  were 
effective  and  the  City  of  Indianapolis  re- 
turned to  normal  life. 

Under  the  leadership  of  Governor  Ral- 
ston the  Legislatures  of  1913  and  1915 
passed  many  acts  for  the  protection  of  the 
working  man  and  the  betterment  of  his 
working  and  living  conditions  and  the  pro- 
tection of  society.  Laws  were  passed  pro- 
viding for  the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of 
habit-forming  drugs,  for  the  conservation 
of  our  natural  resources,  development  of 
livestock  industry,  prevention  of  tubercu- 
losis, for  industrial  aid  to  the  blind,  for  the 
regulation  of  hospital  and  tenement  houses, 
and  for  securing  a  supply  of  pure  water 
and  the  establishment  of  children's  play- 
grounds. In  1915  there  was  passed,  with 
the  support  of  the  governor,  a  law  that 
effectually  stamped  out  the  social  evil  and 
abolished  the  redlight  district.  Two  of  the 
outstanding  pieces  of  constructive  legisla- 
tion of  his  administration  were  the  Public 
Utilities  Law  and  the  Vocational  Educa- 
tional Act. 

The  state  educational  institutions  had  for 
years  been  embarrassed  for  the  want  of 
funds.  Governor  Ralston  favored  putting 
them  on  a  safe  financial  basis,  and  this  his 
administration  did.  As  governor  he  was 
and  as  a  private  citizen  he  has  always  been 
a  strong  advocate  of  popular  education. 

Governor  Ralston  favored  the  creation  of 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1231 


a  non-political  and  non-salaried  Centennial 
Commission  of  nine  members.  The  purpose 
was  to  provide  for  the  celebration  of  the 
One  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  admis- 
sion of  the  state  to  the  Union.  He  also 
advised  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
appropriation  made  for  that  celebration 
should  be  used  in  historical  research  and 
in  collecting  and  compiling  historical  docu- 
ments which  shall  be  a  permanent  contribu- 
tion to  the  state's  history. 

For  many  years  Indiana  carried  a  heavy 
debt.  It  had  been  an  issue  in  every  cam- 
paign of  more  or  less  consequence  for  forty 
years,  but  no  party  and  no  leader  had  been 
willing  to  take  a  stand  for  its  early  liquida- 
tion. Governor  Ralston  was,  and  before  his 
administration  closed  the  state  paid  the 
last  cent  it  owed,  and  for  the  first  time  in 
eighty  years  was  out  of  debt,  with  $3,755,- 
997.98  in  its  treasury,  when  he  went  out  of 
office. 

Realizing  the  important  part  good  roads 
play  in  our  civilization,  Governor  Ralston 
in  1914  appointed  a  non-partisan  highway 
commission,  composed  of  five  distinguished 
citizens  of  the  state.  In  the  spring  of  1915 
he  called  a  meeting  of  the  governors  of 
seven  states  for  the  purpose  of  considering 
the  construction  of  a  National  Highway 
from  Chicago  to  Jacksonville,  Florida,  to 
he  known  as  the  Dixie  Highway.  The  meet- 
ing was  held  in  Chattanooga  in  April,  1915, 
and  is  regarded  as  the  greatest  highway 
meeting  ever  held  both  in  point  of  attend- 
ance and  importance  of  the  scheme  under 
consideration. 

Under  his  administration  a  State  Park 
system  was  inaugurated  and  Turkey  Run, 
picturescme  and  beautiful,  was  saved  to  the 
state  and  generations  to  come. 

Early  Monday  morning,  June  18,  1916, 
the  national  government  called  the  Indiana 
National  Guard  into  Federal  Service  on 
account  of  the  Mexican  border  trouble.  In 
response  to  this  call  the  Guard  was 
mobilized,  recruited  to  war  strength,  and 
the  regimental  and  brigade  organizations 
completed  with  dispatch  and  efficiency 
through  the  assistance  of  the  governor's 
able  adjutant  general,  Franklin  L.  Bridges, 
and  without  any  man's  merits  being  disre- 
garded through  partisan  prejudices. 

This  was  the  only  time  in  Indiana's  his- 
tory that  she  furnished  the  federal  govern- 
ment a  completed  brigade  organization. 
The  governor  put  it  under  the  command 


of  Edward  M.  Lewis,  a  colonel  in 
the  United  States  army,  whom  he  named 
for  brigadier-general.  Brigadier-General 
Lewis  was  a  graduate  of  West  Point  Mili- 
tary Academy,  and  was  the  first  brigadier- 
general  the  state  ever  had  in  charge  of  an 
Indiana  brigade. 

The  One  Hundredth  Anniversary  of 
Perry's  Victory  and  the  Fiftieth  Anniver- 
sary of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  were  cele- 
brated, and  the  Panama-Pacific  Interna- 
tional Exposition  at  San  Francisco  was 
held  during  Governor  Ralston 's  adminis- 
tration. He  represented  his  state  and  made 
an  appropriate  speech  on  each  of  these 
events.  He  was  the  friend  of  the  old  sol- 
dier throughout  his  administration,  and  in 
its  report  to  him  the  commission  that  had 
charge  of  the  Gettysburg  celebration  says : 
"To  your  Excellency,  who  from  first  to 
last  has  been  the  friend  of  this  movement, 
going  with  us  to  Gettysburg,  staying  with 
us  while  there,  coming  home  with  us  on  our 
return,  and  thus  making  yourself  thor- 
oughly one  of  us,  the  Commission  cannot 
adequately  express  its  thanks." 

Great  as  were  the  services  he  rendered 
the  state  there  was  no  bluster  or  pretense 
about  the  centennial  governor.  He  pursued 
the  even  tenor  of  his  way  and  his  acts  met 
with  the  approval,  with  but  few  exceptions, 
of  the  entire  press  of  Indiana.  The  oppo- 
sition with  which  he  was  met  from  the 
press  was  due  to  political  reasons  and  to 
the  fact  that  he  would  not  receive  his 
orders  from  the  editorial  room  of  any  news- 
paper. 

Governor  Ralston  in  his  final  message  to 
the  Legislature  January  5,  1917,  just  be- 
fore retiring  from  office  as  governor,  rec- 
ommended for  passage  a  great  number  of 
important  bills.  They  were  progressive 
measures  and  showed  him  to  be  strong  in 
his  sympathy  with  the  people.  One  inter- 
ested in  state  affairs  will  profit  by  reading 
these  messages. 

Governor  Ralston  has  an  abiding  faith  in 
the  destiny  of  our  nation  and  in  its  ability 
to  overcome  all  difficulties  to  which  it  may 
be  subjected.  He  proved  himself  strong, 
efficient  and  faithful  in  guiding  with  a  mas- 
ter hand  the  affairs  of  the  state  that  has 
always  been  ready  to  do  its  share  of  the 
nation's  work. 

As  chief  of  the  commonwealth  he  rose 
to  social  eminence  without  forgetting  the 
humble  homes.  He  was  always  careful  to 


1232 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


meet  every  father  or  mother  who  visited 
the  governor's  office  in  the  interest  of  an 
inmate  of  any  of  our  institutions.  Neither 
power  nor  position  has  marred  his  innate 
good  will  towards  all  mankind.  And  more 
of  the  thoughtful  good  will  of  the  people 
was  directed  affectionately  toward  him 
when  he  left  office  than  when  he  entered. 

BOOTH  TARKINGTON.  Of  Indiana  natives 
who  have  attained  national  distinction  in 
literature  none  is  more  thoroughly  an  In- 
diana product  than  Booth  Tarkington,  the 
novelist  and  dramatist.  His  grandfather, 
Rev.  Joseph  Tarkington,  a  native  of  Ten- 
nessee, came  to  Indiana  with  his  parents  in 
1815,  and  located  first  at  Harrison's  Block- 
house (now  Edwardsport,  Knox  County) 
and  later  in  the  wilds  west  of  Bloomington. 
Joseph  Tarkington  was  converted  at  a 
camp-meeting  in  1820,  and  entered  the  min- 
istry of  the  Methodist  Church  in  1824,  be- 
coming in  his  long  service  one  of  the  best 
known  of  the  Methodist  preachers  in  In- 
diana and  Illinois.  He  married  Maria 
Stevenson,  of  Switzerland  County,  and 
their  eldest  son,  John  Stevenson  Tarkjn&j 
ton,  born  at  Centerville,  "Wayne  County, 
June  24,  1832,  was  Booth  Tarkington 's 
father. 

Judge  John  Stevenson  Tarkington  at- 
tended the  excellent  schools  of  Centerville, 
and  then  went  to  Asbury  (now  DePauw) 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1852,  receiving  a  Master's  degree  in  1855. 
He  read  law,  and  engaged  successfully  in 
practice.  He  was  elected  to  the  State 
Legislature  in  1863,  served  as  captain  of 
Company  A  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Thir- 
ty-second Indiana  Infantry  in  the  Civil 
war ;  and  was  elected  judge  of  the  Seventh 
Judicial  Circuit  in  1870.  Judge  Tarking- 
ton is  known  locally  for  his  geniality  and 
as  a  student  and  a  wit.  His  literary  ven- 
tures include  a  novel,  "The  Hermit  of 
Capri,"  and  "The  Auto-Orphan." 

On  November  19,  1857,  Judge  Tarking- 
ton married  Elizabeth  Booth,  also  of  an  old 
Indiana  family.  She  was  born  at  Salem, 
Indiana,  in  1834,  and  was  a  sister  of  Sena- 
tor Newton  Booth  of  California,  for  whom 
Booth  Tarkington  was  named,  though  he 
has  dropped  the  "Newton"  for  literary 
purposes.  The  Booths  were  an  old  Connecti- 
cut family,  Elizabeth  being  a  granddaugh- 
ter of  Mary  Newton,  an  early  belle  of 


Woodbridge,  and  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Rev.  Thomas  Hooker,  who  married  Walter 
Booth.  It  may  be  noted  in  passing  that 
Salem  and  Centerville  were  two  of  the 
notable  seats  of  culture  in  early  Indiana, 
and  also  that  both  Judge  Tarkington  and 
his  wife  were  prominent  in  the  "talent" 
of  the  amateur  dramatic  society  organized 
in  Indianapolis  during  the  Civil  war  to 
raise  funds  for  the  Sanitary  Commission. 

Booth  Tarkington  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis July  29,  1869.  He  went  from  the 
public  schools  of  the  city  to  Phillips  Acad- 
emy, Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  and  then  to 
Purdue  and  to  Princeton.  In  the  class  of 
1893  at  Princeton  he  was  especially  promi- 
nent in  literary,  musical  and  dramatic  cir- 
cles. He  decided  on  literary  work,  but  had 
many  of  the  common  disappointments  of 
young  authors  before  he  finally  won  his 
spurs  by  "The  Gentleman  From  Indiana," 
first  published  in  McClure's  Magazine  in 
1897.  This  was  followed  by  his  romance 
"Monsieur  Beaucaire,"  which  was  even 
more  popular  in  1890,  and  from  that  time 
on  his  work  has  been  in  demand  from  the 
..magazines  and  publishers.  Both  of  these 
''stories "were  dramatized ;  and  "Monsieur 
Beaucaire,"  in  whose  dramatization  Tark- 
ington collaborated  with  E.  G.  Sutherland, 
held  the  stage  for  months  with  Lewis  "Wal- 
ler in  the  title  role  in  England,  and 
Richard  Mansfield  in  the  United  States. 

Among  the  more  important  of  his  numer- 
ous published  works,  in  addition  to  those 
mentioned,  are  "The  Two  VanRevels," 
1902;  "Cherry,"  1903;  "The  Beautiful 
Lady"  and  "The  Conquest  of  Canaan," 
1905;  "His  Own  People"  and  "Cameo 
Kirby"  1907;  "Guest  of  Quesnay,"  "Your 
Humble  Servant,"  "Spring  Time,"  and 
"The  Man  From  Home"  (with  Harry 
Leon  Wilson),  1908;  "Beasley's  Christmas 
Party"  and  "Getting  a  Polish"  1909; 
"Beauty  and  the  Jacobin,"  1911;  "A  Man 
on  Horseback,"  1912;  "The  Flirt,"  1913; 
"Penrod,"  and  "The  Turmoil"  1914; 
"Penrod  and  Sam,"  and  "Seventeen," 
1916:  "Mister  Antonio"  and  "The  Coun- 
try Cousin,"  1917.  His  plays  have  been 
very  popular,  and  have  been  presented  by 
the  most  notable  actors  of  the  period — 
William  Hodge  in  "The  Man  From 
Home."  Nat  Goodwin  and  Dustin  Famum 
in  "Cameo  Kirby,"  May  Irwin  in  "Get- 
ting a  Polish,"  Mabel  Taliaferro  in 


• 
* 

• 


• 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 

imiVERsrrY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1233 


"Spring  Time,"  Otis  Skinner  in  "Your 
Humble  Servant,"  and  James  K.  Hackett 
in  "A  Man  on  Horseback." 

Mr.  Tarkington  was  married  June  18, 
1902,  to  Laurel  Louisa  Fletcher,  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  to  them  was  born  one 
daughter.  He  was  elected  to  the  Indiana 
Legislature  of  1903,  and  among  other  leg- 
islative services  nominated  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks  for  senator.  Much  of  his  time 
between  1905  and  1912  was  passed  abroad, 
mostly  at  London,  Paris  and  Home.  In 
1912  he  married  Susanna  Robinson,  of 
Dayton,  Ohio,  and  since  then  has  resided 
at  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member  of  vari- 
ous clubs  in  New  York,  Princeton,  Chicago 
and  Indianapolis,  was  made  a  member  of 
the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters 
in  1908;  and  honorary  vice  president  of 
the  Authors'  League  of  America  in  1917. 
He  is  robust  in  Americanism,  and  has  given 
forcible  expression  to  his  views  during  the 
recent  war  on  patriotic  lines  and  in  favor 
of  the  League  of  Nations. 

Mention  of  the  literary  quality  of  Mr. 
Tarkington's  work  will  be  found  in  the 
chapter  of  "Hoosier  Character."  It  may 
be  worth  while  to  add  here  a  few  words  of 
early  appreciation  and  insight  from  the 
issue  of  "Current  Literature"  for  March, 
1901;  "Perhaps  it  is  the  strength  of  his 
dramatic  quality  which  calls  for  most  ad- 
miration in  the  reading  of  Mr.  Tarking- 
ton's stories.  The  characters  live  and  act 
and  move  much  as  if  they  were  on  the 
stage ;  very  likely  the  author  creates  them 
and  sets  them  playing  in  his  fancy  in  just 
this  fashion.  At  any  rate  he  makes  one 
feel  the  reality  of  his  creations,  and  that 
is  the  real  art  of  the  author  as  well  as 
of  the  dramatist.  Mr.  Tarkington  is  for- 
tunate in  possessing  the  qualities  of  both." 

In  his  lines  of  work  he  has  apparently 
been  influenced  by  reading  as  well  as  ob- 
servation, and  in  the  main  he  has  worked 
out  his  own  salvation  by  steady  and  per- 
sistent effort.  Of  personal  influence  on  his 
writing  probably  the  most  important, 
though  no  doubt  unconscious  to  both,  was 
his  early  association  with  James  Whitcomb 
Riley,  who  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the 
Tarkington  home,  and  whose  appreciation 
of  Indiana  material  could  scarcely  fail  to 
affect  an  impressionable  youth  of  literary 
tastes. 


SOLOMON  CLAYPOOL..  At  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Indianapolis 
March  19,  1898,  a  speaker  before  the  In- 
dianapolis Bar  Association  referred  to 
Judge  Claypool  as  "a  man  against  whom 
no  scandal  or  suspicion  was  ever  known,  a 
great  lawyer,  a  good  citizen,  a  pure  and 
spotless  man."  The  facts  of  his  life  serve 
to  justify  every  word  of  this  fair  fame. 

Solomon  Claypool  came  of  a  long  line  of 
ancestors  who  were  men  of  affairs,  and  his 
parents  were  pioneers  in  Indiana.  His 
father,  Wilson  Claypool,  was  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  of  an  English  colonial  fam- 
ily of  that  state.  When  he  was  a  boy  his 
parents  removed  to  Ohio,  and  near  Chilli- 
cothe  in  that  state  Wilson  Claypool  mar- 
ried Sarah  Evans. 

The  Evans  family  came  originally  from 
Wales  and  settled  in  Maryland  as  early  as 
1720. 

In  1823  Wilson  Claypool  and  his  wife 
removed  to  Fountain  County,  Indiana,  and 
secured  a  large  tract  of  undeveloped  land 
near  Attica.  There  he  spent  the  rest  of 
his  life  as  a  practical  agriculturist.  In 
1824  Wilson  Claypool  erected  the  first 
frame  house  in  Fountain  County,  and  it 
stood  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  for 
nearly  a  century. 

It  was  in  that  somewhat  pretentious  home 
for  pioneer  days  that  Solomon  Claypool 
was  born  August  17,  1829.  Though  his 
early  life  was  spent  practically  in  a  fron- 
tier community,  he  received  excellent  train- 
ing both  under  home  influence  and  in  school 
and  college.  With  his  brothers  he  attended 
Wabash  College  at  Crawfordsville,  gradu- 
ating with  the  class  of  1851.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  frater- 
nity. He  began  the  study  of  law  with  the 
office  firm  of  Lane  &  Wilson  at  Crawfords- 
ville, but  completed  his  preparatory  work 
under  Judge  Samuel  B.  Gookins  of  Terre 
Haute;  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
After  a  brief  practice  at  Covington  in 
Fountain  County  he  returned  to  Terre 
Haute  in  1855,  and  in  that  city  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  great  work  as  a  lawyer. 

The  honors  of  his  profession  and  of  poli- 
tics came  to  him  in  rapid  succession.  He 
was  always  an  ardent  democrat.  In  1856 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Legislature  from 
Vigo  County,  and  attracted  much  attention 
in  spite  of  his  youth.  It  was  his  work  as  a 
legislator  that  caused  Governor  Williard  to 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


•'Spring  Time.''  Otis  Skinner  in  "Your 
Humble  Servant,''  and  James  K.  Hackett 
in  "A  .Man  on  Horsebaek." 

Mr.  Tarkington  was  married  June  18, 
1H02,  to  Laurel  Louisa  Fletcher,  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  to  them  was  born  one 
daughter.  lie  was  elected  to  the  Indiana 
Legislature  of  1903,  and  among  other  leg- 
islative services  nominated  Charles  "\V. 
Fairbanks  for  senator.  Much  of  his  time 
between  190")  and  lOlli  was  passed  abroad, 
mostly  at  London,  Paris  and  Rome.  In 
l!)ll!  lie  married  Susanna  Robinson,  of 
Dayton.  Ohio,  and  since  then  has  resided 
at  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member  of  vari- 
ous clubs  in  New  York.  Princeton,  Chicago 
and  Indianapolis,  was  made  a  member  of 
the  National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters 
in  lilOS;  and  honorary  vice  president  of 
the  Authors'  League  of  America  in  1917. 
lie  is  robust  in  Americanism,  and  has  given 
forcible  expression  to  his  views  during  the 
recent  war  on  patriotic  lines  and  in  favor 
of  the  League- of  Nations. 

Mention  of  the  literary  quality  of  Mr. 
Tarkington's  work  will  be  found  in  the 
chapter  of  "Hoosicr  Character."  It  may 
be  worth  while  to  add  here  a  few  words  of 
early  appreciation  and  insight  from  the 
issue  of  ••Current  Literature''  for  March, 
1!K)1:  "Perhaps  it  is  the  strength  of  his 
dramatic  quality  which  calls  for  most  ad- 
miral i»n  in  tin-  reading  of  Mr.  Tarking- 
ton's stories.  The  characters  live  and  act 
and  move  much  as  if  they  were  on  the 
staire:  very  likely  the  author  creates  them 
ami  sits  them  playing  in  his  fancy  in  just 
this  fashion.  At  any  rate  he  makes  one 
feel  the  reality  of  his  creations,  and  that 
is  the  real  art  of  the  author  as  well  as 
of  the  dramatist.  Mr.  Tarkington  is  for- 
tnnale  in  possessing  the  qualities  of  both." 

In  his  lines  of  work  he  has  apparently 
been  influenced  by  reading  as  well  as  ob- 
servation, and  in  the  main  he  has  worked 
out  his  own  salvation  by  steady  and  per- 
sistent effort.  Of  personal  influence  on  his 
writing  probably  the  most  important, 
though  no  doubt  unconscious  to  both,  was 
his  early  association  with  James  Whiteomb 
Riley,  who  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the 
Tarkington  home,  and  whose  appreciation 
of  Indiana  material  could  scarcely  fail  to 
affect  an  impressionable  youth  of  literary 
tastes. 


SOLOMON  Ci.AVrooi..  At  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Indianapolis 
March  1!),  1W>8,  a  speaker  before  the  In- 
dianapolis Bar  Association  referred  to 
•Judge  Claypool  as  "a  man  against  whom 
no  scandal  or  suspicion  was  ever  known,  a 
gr--at  lawyer,  a  good  citi/en.  a  pure  and 
spotless  man."  The  facts  of  his  life  serve 
to  .justify  every  word  of  this  fair  fame. 

Solomon  Claypool  camo  of  a  long  line  of 
ancestors  who  were  men  of  affairs,  and  his 
parents  were  pioneers  in  Indiana.  His 
father.  Wilson  Claypool.  was  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  of  an  English  colonial  fam- 
ily of  that  state.  When  lie  was  a  l>oy  his 
parents  removed  to  Ohio,  and  near  Chilli- 
eotbe  in  that  state  Wilson  Claypool  mar- 
ried Sarah  Kvans. 

The  Kvans  family  came  originally  from 
Wales  and  settled  in  Marvland  as  earlv  as 
ITlid. 

In  lM':{  Wilson  ( 'laypool  and  his  wife 
removed  to  Fountain  County.  Indiana,  and 
secured  a  lartre  tract  of  undeveloped  land 
near  Attica.  There  he  spent  the  rest  of 
his  life  as  a  practical  agriculturist.  In 
1S24  Wilson  Claypool  erected  the  first 
frame  house  in  Fountain  County,  and  it 
stood  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  for 
nearly  a  century. 

It  was  in  that  somewhat  pretentious  home 
for  pioneer  days  that  Solomon  Claypool 
was  born  August  17.  1Si!!(.  Though  his 
early  life  was  spent  practically  in  a  fron- 
tier community,  he  received  excellent  train- 
ing both  under  home  influence  and  in  school 
and  college.  With  his  brothers  he  attended 
Wabash  College  at  Crawfordxville.  gradu- 
ating with  the  class  of  1S.">1.  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  Phi  (iamma  Delta  frater- 
nity. He  began  the  study  of  law  with  the 
office  firm  of  Lane  &  Wilson  at  Crawfords- 
ville.  but  completed  his  preparatory  work 
under  Judge  Samuel  B.  Gookins  of  Terre 
Haute,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
After  a  brief  practice  at  Covington  in 
Fountain  County  he  returned  to  Terre 
Haute  in  185"),  and  in  that  city  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  great  work  as  a  lawyer. 

The  honors  of  his  profession  and  of  poli- 
tics came  to  him  in  rapid  succession.  He 
was  always  an  ardent  democrat.  In  1S."i6 
he  was  elected  to  the  State  Legislature  from 
Vigo  County,  and  attracted  much  attention 
in  spite  of  his  youth.  It  was  his  work  as  a 
legislator  that  caused  Governor  Williard  to 


1234 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


appoint  him,  without  any  solicitation,  to  a 
vacancy  on  the  bench  of  the  Sixth  Judicial 
Circuit,  composed  of  Vigo  and  seven  other 
counties.  The  next  year  Judge  Claypool 
was  elected  for  the  regular  term  of  six 
years.  Thus  at  the  age  of  thirty-five  he 
had  enjoyed  seven  years  of  capable  service 
on  the  bench  aud  his  name  had  become 
familiar  to  the  members  of  the  bar  through- 
out the  state.  His  work  on  the  bench  has 
been  characterized  as  that  of  a  "clean, 
strong  man,  and  an  able  and  impartial 
judge."  His  career  as  a  public  official  may 
be  said  to  have  closed  when  he  left  the 
bench.  However,  in  1866  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  acclamation  as  democratic  candi- 
date for  Congress,  and  in  1868  was  again 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  with  his  party 
fur  the  office  of  attorney  general. 

For  several  years  Judge  Claypool  prac- 
ticed law  at  Greencastle  in  his  former  cir- 
cuit, but  in  1873  became  the  head  of  the 
law  firm  of  Claypool,  Mitchell  &  Ketcham 
at  Indianapolis.  In  1876  he  removed  the 
family  to  Indianapolis,  and  that  city  was 
his  home  for  the  last  twenty-two  years  of 
nis  life.  During  those  years  he  was  em- 
ployed on  either  one  side  or  the  other  in 
nearly  all  the  great  legal  battles  of  the 
state.  Someone  said  of  him,  "When  there 
was  a  struggle  of  right  or  wrong,  when  a 
man's  character  or  fortune  was  at  stake, 
then  it  was  that  Judge  Claypool  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  bar  of  Marion  County." 

His  position  as  a  lawyer  and  his  char- 
acter as  a  man  justify  the  following  esti- 
mate made  of  him  some  years  ago:  "He 
was  a  terror  to  his  opponents,  who  took 
good  care  not  to  arouse  the  reserve  strength 
of  which  he  was  possessed.  His  brilliant 
mind  and  his  powerful  method  of  present- 
ing his  side  of  a  case 'before  court  or  jury 
called  his  services  into  requisition  in  many 
parts  of  the  state  when  trials  of  importance 
were  in  progress." 

During  his  active  career  at  the  bar  he 
had  and  well  deserved  the  reputation  of 
being  one  of  the  very  strongest  advocates 
in  the  state.  He  was  known  for  his  rugged 
honesty  and  his  inviolable  devotion  to  prin- 
ciple. "He  was  a  strong  member  of  a 
great  profession  and  honored  and  dignified 
the  same  by  his  services."  He  was  always 
ready  to  combat  with  evil  wherever  he  saw 
it.  Right  was  right,  and  wrong  was  wrong 
with  him ;  here  was  no  compromise  with 
expediency,  he  knew  no  middle  ground. 


To  those  who  were  in  any  way  weaker  than 
himself  he  always  extended  a  willing,  help- 
ing hand.  Few  who  heard  him  making  a 
strong  plea  for  a  cause  in  court,  where  the 
vital  points  of  the  case  absorbed  his  atten- 
tion, could  realize  that  he  was  a  man  of 
intrinsic  reserve,  even  diffidence,  and  that 
he  had  no  desire  to  be  in  the  limelight. 
Consequently  his  charities  and  benevolences 
were  never  known  to  the  public.  He  "re- 
membered those  who  were  forgotten."  His 
gifts  to  others  were  made  in  his  own  mod- 
est way,  a  loving  word,  a  kind  look,  his 
time  or  a  substantial  sum  when  it  was 
needed. 

"Strong,  powerful  and  aggressive  in  his 
defense  of  right  and  justice,  in  personal 
character  he  was  gentle  and  sweet-spirited 
as  a  child.  Whatever  may  have  been  his 
attitude  to  the  work  in  the  sacred  pre- 
cincts of  his  home,  his  true  and  noble  quali- 
ties illumined  and  pervaded  the  entire  at- 
mosphere, and  to  his  wife  and  children  he 
was  all  in  all,  as  were  they  to  him.  Judge 
Claypool  was  a  man  of  attractive  and  im- 
pressive appearance.  He  was  nearly  six 
feet  in  height,  well  proportioned  and 
weighed  250  pounds.  He  had  thick,  black 
hair,  which  covered  a  broad,  fair  brow,  and 
his  keen  blue  eyes  often  twinkled  with 
amusement  or  looked  with  tenderest  sym- 
pathy or  flashed  with  indignation  at  a 
wrong.  While  in  Wabash  College  he  be- 
came the  subject  of  earnest  religious  con- 
victions, and  was  ever  a  steadfast  .upholder 
of  church  and  morality,  being  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  denomination. 

In  Terre  Haute  in  September,  1855, 
Judge  Claypool  married  Miss  Hannah  M. 
Osborn.  She  was  the  daughter  of  John  W. 
Osborn,  whose  conspicuous  services  as  an 
editor  and  abolition  leader  are  told  on  other 
pages  of  this  history. 

Solomon  Claypool  and  wife  were  the  par- 
ents of  seven  children :  Anna  C.,  who  mar- 
ried George  W.  Faris  and  died  August  31, 
1909 ;  John  Wilson ;  Hannah  M.,  who  mar- 
ried Thomas  H.  Watson ;  Ruby  S.,  wife  of 
Chester  Bradford,  now  deceased ;  Mary 
Alice,  who  married  Ridgely  B.  Hilleary; 
Lucy  Gorkins,  who  died  in  1890,  and  Eliza- 
beth Caroline. 

JOHN  W.  CLAYPOOL  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  bar  more  than  thirty- 
five  years.  His  individual  services  have 
been  in  effect  a  continuation  of  the  eminent 


' 

appoint  him.  without  any  solicitation,  to  a 
\aciiicy  on  the  bench  of  the  Sixth  .Judicial 
Circuit,  composed  of  Vigo  and  seven  other 
counties.  The  next  year  .fudge  Claypool 
was  elected  for  the  regular  term  of  six 
years.  Thus  at  the  aiie  of  thirty-live  In- 
had  enjoyed  seven  \cai-s  of  capable  service 
on  the  bench  and  his  name  had  become 
familiar  to  the  members  of  the  bar  through- 
out the  stiite.  His  \\ork  on  the  bench  lias 
been  charaeteri/ed  as  that  of  a  "clean, 
strong  man.  and  an  able  and  impartial 
judge."  His  career  as  a  public  official  may 
be  said  to  have  closed  when  he  left  the 
bench.  However,  in  lS(i(i  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  acclamation  as  democratic  candi- 
date for  Congress,  and  in  ISfiS  was  again 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  with  his  party 
for  tin  office  of  attorney  general. 

For  several  years  .Judge  Claypool  prac- 
ticed law  at  (Ireencast lc  in  his  former  cir- 
cuit, but  in  1S7'{  became  the  head  of  the 
law  firm  of  ('laypool,  Mitchell  &  Keteham 
at  Indianapolis.  In  1S7(J  he  removed  the 
family  To  1  ndianapolis.  and  that  city  was 
his  home  for  the  last  twenty-two  years  of 
nis  life.  During  those  years  he  was  em- 
ployed on  either  one  side  or  the  other  in 
nearly  all  the  great  legal  battles  of  (In- 
state. Someone  said  of  him.  "When  then- 
was  a  struggle  of  right  or  wrong,  when  a 
man's  character  or  fortune  was  a!  stake, 
then  it  was  that  •Judge  Claypool  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  bar  of  Marion  County." 

His  position  as  a  lawyer  and  his  char- 
acter as  a  man  justify  the  following  esti- 
mate made  of  him  some  years  ago;  "lie 
was  a  terror  to  his  opponents,  who  took 
good  care  not  to  arouse  the  reserve  strength 
of  which  he  Wiis  possessed.  His  brilli:tnt 
mind  and  his  powerful  method  of  present- 
ing his  side  of  a  case  before  court  or  jury 
called  his  services  into  requisition  in  many 
parts  of  the  stiite  when  trials  of  importance 
were  in  progress." 

During  his  active  career  at  the  bar  he 
had  and  well  deserved  the  reputation  of 
beinir  one  of  the  very  strongest  advocates 
in  the  state.  He  wiis  known  for  his  rugged 
honesty  and  his  inviolable  devotion  To  prin- 
ciple. "He  was  a  strong  member  of  a 
great  profession  and  honored  and  dignified 
the  same  by  his  services."  He  was  always 
ready  to  combat  with  evil  wherever  he  saw 
it.  Hight  wiis  right,  and  wrong  was  wrong 

with  him:  here  was  i ompromise  with 

expediency,  he  km-w  no  middle  ground. 


INDIANA   AND    I.NDIANANS 


To  those  who  were  in  any  way  weaker  than 
himself  he  always  extended  a  willing,  help- 
ing hand.  Few  who  heard  him  making  a 
strong  plea  for  a  cause  in  court,  where  the 
vital  points  of  the  case  absorbed  his  atten- 
tion, could  realixe  that  he  was  a  man  of 
intrinsic  reserve,  even  diffidence,  and  that 
he  had  no  desire  to  be  in  the  limelight. 
( 'onsei|iiently  his  charities  and  benevolences 
were  never  known  to  the  public.  lie  "'re- 
membered those  who  were  forgotten."  His 
gifts  to  others  were  made  in  his  own  mod- 
est way.  ;i  loving  word,  a  kind  look,  his 
time  or  a  substantial  sum  when  it  was 
needed. 

"Strong,  powerful  and  aggressive  in  his 
defense  of  right  and  justice,  in  personal 
character  he  was  gentle  and  sweet-spirited 
as  ;i  child.  Whatever  may  have  been  his 
attitude  to  the  work  in  the  sacred  pre- 
cincts of  his  home,  his  true  and  noble  <|iiali- 
ties  illumined  and  pervaded  the  entire  at- 
mosphere, and  to  his  wife  and  children  he 
was  all  in  all,  as  were  they  to  him.  .ludge 
('laypool  Wits  a  man  of  attractive  and  im- 
pressive appearance.  He  was  nearly  six 
feet  in  height,  well  proportioned  and 
weighed  !'">()  pounds.  Me  had  thick,  black 
hair,  which  covered  a  broad,  fair  brow,  and 
his  keen  blue  eyes  often  Twinkled  with 
amusemeiiT  or  looked  with  tcnderest  sym- 
pathy or  Hashed  with  indignation  at  a 
wrong.  While  in  Wabash  College  he  In-- 
eaine  the  subject  uf  earnest  religious  con- 
victions, and  was  ever  a  steadfast  upholder 
of  church  and  morality,  being  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  denomination. 

In  Terre  Haute  in  September,  IS.")."), 
•Judge  ('laypool  married  .Miss  Hannah  M. 
(•shorn.  She  was  the  daughter  of  -John  W. 
Unborn,  whose  conspicuous  services  as  an 
editor  and  abolition  leader  are  told  on  other 
pa  ires  of  this  history. 

Solomon  ('laypool  and  wife  were  the  par- 
ents of  seven  children  :  Anna  < '..  who  mar- 
ried (Jeorge  W.  Fiiris  and  died  August  :ll. 
!!(()!(;  .John  Wilson;  Hannah  .M..  who  mar- 
ried Thomas  II.  Watson:  Ruby  S..  wife  of 
Chester  Bradford,  now  deceased:  Mary 
Alice,  who  married  Ridgely  \>.  Hilleary: 
Lucy  Oorkins,  who  died  in  1K90.  and  Elixa- 
beth  Caroline. 

JOHN  W.  Ci.AVi'ooi.  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  bar  more  than  thirty- 
five  years.  His  individual  services  have 
been  in  effect  a  continuation  of  the  eminent 


• 


1IBKARY 

OF  TSE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1235 


career  of  his  honored  father,  Solomon  Clay- 
pool,  who  in  his  time  enjoyed  an  unequivo- 
cal position  among  the  leaders  of  the  In- 
diana bar. 

Nothing  less  than  worthy  achievement 
and  services  could  have  been  expected  of 
John  Wilson  Claypool,  and  in  his  individ- 
ual career  he  has  justified  his  honored  par- 
entage and  ancestry. 

He  is  the  only  son  of  Solomon  and  Han- 
nah (Osborn)  Claypool  and  was  born  in 
Terre  Haute  October  19,  1858,  and  lived 
there  until  he  was  eight  years  of  age.  In 
the  meantime  he  attended  a  private  school. 
The  family  removed  to,  Greencastle  in  1866, 
where  after  finishing  the  public  school 
course,  he  entered  Asbury,  now  De  Pauw, 
University,  continuing  his  studies  for  sev- 
eral years. 

He  came  with  the  family  to  Indianapolis 
in  January,  1876,  and  entered  his  father's 
law  office.  By  reason  of  the  thoroughly 
practical  training  he  received  under  his 
father  he  was  unusually  well  qualified  for 
practice  when  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  September,  1881. 

After  a  few  years  he  became  the  junior 
member  in  the  law  firm  of  Claypool  & 
Claypool,  and  until  its  dissolution  at  the 
death  of  Solomon  Claypool  this  was  one 
of  the  leading  firms  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Claypool  possesses  many  of  the  char- 
acteristics which  made  his  father  great. 
His  personal  integrity,  tenacity  of  purpose, 
and  his  absolute  fearlessness,  together 
with  his  well  known  fidelity  to  the  inter- 
ests of  his  client,  have  won  for  him  an 
enviable  position  at  the  bar. 

Probably  the  case  which  has  brought 
him  most  prominently  before  the  public 
was  the  Rhodius  case.  This  case,  involv- 
ing the  administration  by  Mr.  Claypool 
of  an  estate  of  about  $1,000,000,  in  which 
the  weak-minded  heir  fell  victim  to  a 
shrewd  and  designing  woman,  presented 
many  unusual  features  of  intrigue,  and 
was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  notable 
chancery  cases  ever  tried  in  Indiana.  Mr. 
Claypool's  course  in  this  case  was  highly 
commended. 

Rhodius  left  large  sums  to  the  city  and 
its  charities.  At  the  time  of  the  settlement 
of  the  estate  one  of  the  Indianapolis  news- 
papers suggested  editorially  that  the 
beneficiaries  "pause  and  give  expression  to 
their  gratitude  not  only  to  George  Rhodius 
but  to  J.  W.  Claypool,  who  had  counseled 


him  so  wisely  and  who  had  so  steadfastly 
fought  at  the  risk  of  great  personal  loss 
that  right  might  prevail." 

Mr.  Claypool  has  given  his  time  to  his 
profession  to  the  exclusion  of  politics, 
though  not  without  active  and  influential 
participation  in  matters  associated  with 
his  home  city  and  state.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club  and  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church,  and  a  num- 
ber of  social  and  civic  organizations.  He 
is  unmarried. 

HENRY  STUDEBAKER,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  great  vehicle  industry  of  the  Stude- 
baker  Brothers  Manufacturing  Company, 
was  born  near  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania, 
October  5,  1826,  a  son  of  John  Studebaker. 
When  the  son  Henry  was  but  a  lad  the 
family  migrated  to  Ashland  County,  Ohio, 
making  the  journey  in  a  wagon  which  the 
father  had  built.  In  1850,  with  his  brother 
Clement,  he  came  to  South  Bend  and  estab- 
lished the  small  blacksmith  shop  which  has 
developed  with  the  passing  years  into  the 
>aro*M  eenowned.pteht.  But  in  1858  Henry 
Studebaker,  on  account  of  ill  health,  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  the  business,  and 
buying  a  large  tract  of  land  adjoining 
South  Bend  he  continued  its  cultivation 
and  improvement  until  his  death  March 
12.  1895. 

Mr.  Studebaker  was  twice  married,  and 

was  the  father  of  nine  children. 

f 
i 

CLEMENT  STI'DEBAKER  was  born  near 
Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  March  2,  1831, 
and  at  the  age  of  four  years  moved  with  his 
parents  to  Ashland  County,  Ohio.  In  his 
father's  wagon  shop  there  he  laid  the  foun- 
dation for  his  future  success  in  the  Stude- 
baker Brothers  Manufacturing  Company. 
In  1850  he  came  to  South  Bend,  spending 
the  first  two  years  here  as  a  teacher,  and 
then  with  his  oldest  brother  opened  a  small 
blacksmith  shop.  This  little  shop  has  de- 
veloped into  one  of  the  largest  plants  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  and  its  products  are  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  civilized  globe. 

Mr.  Studebaker  also  became  one  of  the 
leading  republicans  of  his  state,  and  was 
twice  a  representative  in  national  conven- 
tions. He  also  served  in  other  high  official 
positions  in  this  country  and  abroad.  He 
married  Mrs.  Ann  (Milburn)  Harper,  a 
daughter  of  George  Milburn,  a  prominent 
wagon  manufacturer  of  Mishawaka. 


1236 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


STOUGHTON  A.  FLETCHER.  The  history 
of  Indiana  and  Indianapolis  in  particular 
contains  no  more  distinguished  name  than 
that  of  Fletcher.  The  name  Stoughton 
appears  representing  three  successive  gen- 
erations. This  branch  of  the  family  has 
been  especially  active  and  prominent  in 
the  banking  life  of  the  state,  and  the  pres- 
ent Stoughton  A.  Fletcher,  who  for  sake 
of  distinction  is  often  referred  to  as 
Stoughton  A.  Fletcher  II,  is  president  of 
the  Fletcher  American  National  Bank  of 
Indianapolis,  and  though  a  man  still  un- 
der forty  occupies  the  front  rank  among 
Indiana's  financiers. 

The  American  ancestry  of  the  Fletcher 
family  goes  back  to  Robert  Fletcher,  who 
was  born  in  northern  England  and  settled 
at  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1630.  He 
died  there  April  3,  1677,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-five.  Through  his  four  sons,  Fran- 
cis, Luke,  William  and  Samuel,  are  de- 
scended most  of  the  Fletchers  who  claim 
New  England  ancestry. 

In  a  later  generation  was  Timothy 
Fletcher,  who  lived  in  Westford,  Massa- 
chusetts. His  son,  Jesse  Fletcher,  was 
born  in  that  town  November  9,  1763.  Tim- 
othy Fletcher  was  the  father  of  several 
children  who  became  noted.  One  was  Rev. 
Elijah  Fletcher  who  was  pastor  of  a  church 
in  New  Hampshire  from  1773  until  his 
death  in  1786,  and  whose  second  daughter, 
Grace,  was  the  first  wife  of  Daniel  Web- 
ster. 

Jesse  Fletcher  had  his  early  studies  di- 
rected by  his  brother  Elijah,  but  left  his 
books  to  join  the  Revolutionary  army  and 
served  in  two  campaigns  toward  the  close 
of  the  war.  In  1781,  when  about  eighteen, 
he  married  Lucy  Keyes,  who  was  born 
November  13,  1765.  About  1783  they 
moved  to  Ludlow,  Vermont,  where  they 
were  among  the  first  settlers.  From  that 
time  until  the  day  of  his  death  in  Febru- 
ary, 1831,  Jesse  Fletcher  lived  on  the  same 
farm.  He  was  the  first  town  clerk  of  Lud- 
low, was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  the 
second  representative  to  the  General 
Courts  from  Ludlow.  In  that  town  all  his 
fifteen  children,  except  the  oldest,  were 
born.  His  widow  died  in  1846.  Among 
the  children  of  Jesse  and  Lucy  Fletcher 
were  at  least  two  who  became  conspicuous 
in  Indiana  affairs.  One  of  these  was  the 
noted  Calvin  Fletcher,  who  came  to  In- 
dianapolis at  the  time  it  was  made  the 


capital  of  the  state  and  for  forty  years 
was  one  of  the  most  eminent  lawyers  and 
financiers  of  Indiana,  until  his  death  May 
26,  1866.  A  son  of  Calvin  Fletcher  was 
the  late  Stoughton  A.  Fletcher,  who  was 
known  as  "Junior"  to  distinguish  him 
from  his  uncle  Stoughton  A.  Fletcher,  Sr. 
Another  child  of  Jesse  Fletcher,  and  the 
youngest  of  the  family,  was  Stoughton  A. 
Fletcher,  Sr.  He  became  one  of  the  first 
bankers  of  Indianapolis,  taking  up  his 
home  in  the  capital  city  in  1831,  and  in 
1839  established  the  private  bank  from 
which  has  since  grown  the  Fletcher  Amer- 
ican National  Bank. 

Stoughton  A.  Fletcher,  Sr.  was  born  at 
Ludlow,  Vermont,  August  22,  1808.  From 
his  parents  he  received  not  only  much 
early  instruction  but  also  those  lessons  in 
self  reliance  and  integrity  of  purpose 
which  enabled  him  to  solve  the  successive 
problems  of  life  as  they  came. 

He  was  twenty-three  years  of  age  when 
in  1831  he  came  to  Indianapolis,  where  his 
older  brother,  Calvin,  had  already  gained 
distinction  in  the  law.  His  first  position 
in  the  capital  city  was  as  clerk  in  a  general 
store.  Later  he  opened  a  stock  of  goods  of 
his  own,  and  was  one  of  the  pioneer  mer- 
chants of  Indianapolis.  After  eight  years 
he  opened  a  private  bank  in  a  small  room 
on  Washington  Street,  and  by  insistence 
upon  banking  methods  which  were  not 
then  generally  practiced  he  steered  a 
straight  course  through  the  devious  ways 
of  early  finances  and  laid  sound  and  se- 
cure the  foundations  of  a  bank  which  to- 
day is  the  largest  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 
He  gained  a  fortune  as  a  banker  and 
business  man,  and  that  fortune  was  gen- 
erously used  to  promote  the  welfare  of  his 
home  city  and  there  has  never  been  a  name 
that  has  meant  more  to  Indianapolis  in  a 
business  and  civic  way  than  that  of  Stough- 
ton A.  Fletcher,  Sr.  He  was  never  in 
politics,  never  held  office,  and  the  chief 
monument  to  his  character  and  activities 
today  is  the  Fletcher  American  National 
Bank.  He  died  in  his  seventy-fourth  year 
March  17,  1882. 

He  was  three  times  married.  His  first 
wife  was  Maria  Kipp,  who  left  him  with 
two  daughters,  Mrs.  Laura  K.  Hyde  and 
Mrs.  Maria  F.  Ritzinger.  For  his  second 
wife  he  married  Julia  Ballard,  a  native  of 
Massachusetts.  Of  the  five  children  born  to 
this  union  one,  Allen  M.  Fletcher,  is  living. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1237 


For  his  third  wife  Stoughton  A.  Fletcher, 
Sr.,  married  Mrs.  Julia  A.  Johnson. 

Stoughton  A.  Fletcher,  president  of  the 
bank  which  was  founded  by  his  honored 
grandfather,  was  born  in  Indianapolis  No- 
vember 24,  1879,  a  son  of  Stoughton  J.  and 
Laura  (Locke)  Fletcher.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools,  is  a  graduate 
of  Princeton  University  with  the  degree 
A.  B.,  and  returned  from  college  to  begin 
his  business  career  with  the  Fletcher  Na- 
tional Bank.  He  was  made  assistant  cash- 
ier, later  vice  president,  and  since  Janu- 
ary, 1908,  has  been  president.  Mr. 
Fletcher  has  numerous  connections  with 
other  important  business  concerns  at  In- 
dianapolis, including  the  management  of 
a  large  family  estate,  but  he  is  most  widely 
known  as  a  banker  and  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  youngest  men  ever  chosen  to  direct 
the  destinies  of  an  institution  with  re- 
sources of  over  $35,000,000. 

Mr.  Fletcher  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Commercial  and  Columbia  clubs, 
and  with  all  his  heavy  responsibilities  has 
found. time  and  made  opportunity  to  iden- 
tify himself  closely  with  the  important 
civic  movements  of  his  home  city.  In  1900 
he  married  Miss  May  Henley. 

ARCHIBALD  C.  GRAHAM.  When  Archi- 
bald C.  Graham  located  in  St.  Joseph 
County  in  1896  he  was  a  young,  practically 
unknown  and  untried  lawyer.  In  subse- 
quent years  he  has  achieved  all  the  dignity 
associated  with  the  abler  members  of  his 
profession,  and  is  one  of  the  ranking  law- 
yers of  the  South  Bend  bar.  He  is  one  of 
four  Graham  brothers  who  have  been  iden- 
tified with  St.  Joseph  County,  one  as  a 
physician  at  Mishawaka,  another  as  a  drug- 
gist of  South  Bend  and  the  other  as  a 
South  Bend  banker. 

Mr.  Graham  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Eckfried  Township,  Middlesex  County,  On- 
tario, Canada,  September  1,  1871,  son  of 
John  and  Rebecca  (McClellan)  Graham. 
His  father  was  born  in  the  north  of  Scot- 
land in  1823.  Grandfather  William  Gra- 
ham brought  his  family  to  America  in  1837, 
and  after  a  long  voyage  of  nine  weeks  on 
the  ocean  landed  at  Quebec  and  by  river 
and  lake  traveled  to  Hamilton,  Ontario, 
and  thence  went  into  the  woods  of  Elgin 
County.  He  acquired  a  tract  of  heavily 
timbered  land.  Years  of  hard  and  continu- 
ous labor  brought  many  acres  under  culti- 


vation, and  he  developed  it  as  a  farmer  and 
stock  raiser  and  lived  there  until  his  death 
at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-eight.  He 
married  Catherine  McDougal  and  their 
four  children  were  John,  Archibald,  Wil- 
liam and  Catherine. 

John  Graham  was  fourteen  years  old 
when  he  came  to  America,  grew  up  on  the 
farm  and  in  the  woods  of  Ontario,  and 
finally  bought  a  farm  of  his  own  in  Eck- 
fried Township  of  Middlesex  County.  He 
inherits  much  of  his  father's  vitality  and 
vigor  and  is  still  living  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
six.  His  career  has  been  entirely  identified 
with  his  farm  and  his  interests  as  a  live- 
stock man.  His  wife,  Rebecca  McClellan, 
was  born  in  Ontario,  daughter  of  Angus 
and  Flora  (McLaughlin)  McClellan,  both 
natives  of  Scotland  and  also  pioneers  of 
Middlesex  County,  Ontario.  Mrs.  Rebecca 
Graham  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-five,  th« 
mother  of  ten  children. 

Archibald  C.  Graham  attended  the  com- 
mon schools,  the  high  schools  at  Dutton 
and  Glencoe,  and  for  three  years  was  a 
Canadian  teacher.  He  took  up  the  study 
of  law  privately  and  afterwards  entered 
the  Detroit  College  of  Law,  where  he  was 
graduated  LL.  B.  in  1896.  He  at  once 
came  to  Mishawaka,  Indiana,  and  practiced 
there  until  August  1905,  when  he  formed 
a  partnership  in  South  Bend,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Brick  and  Graham,  with  the 
late  Hon.  A.  L.  Brick,  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  Thirteenth  Indiana  District 
from  1896  until  his  death  in  1908.  Since 
the  death  of  his  partner  Mr.  Graham  has 
handled  a  large  general  and  corporate  prac- 
tice alone. 

January  4,  1904,  he  married  Miss  Har- 
riet Crane.  She  was  born  at  Syracuse, 
New  York,  daughter  of  Charles  Crane,  a 
native  of  Massachusetts  who  lives  in  Elk- 
hart  County,  Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gra- 
ham have  three  children:  Helen,  Jean  and 
Archibald  J. 

Incidental  to  his  law  practice  Mr.  Gra- 
ham has  taken  an  active  part  in  republican 
politics.  He  has  served  as  chairman  of  the 
Republican  Executive  Committee  of  St. 
Joseph  County  and  as  a  member  of  the 
Republican  State  and  District  Committees 
and  as  a  delegate  to  many  conventions. 
During  the  greater  part  of  his  residence 
at  Mishawaka  he  served  as  city  attorney. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Lodge,  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  and  Council  of  Masonry  at  Misha- 


1288 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


waka,  with  South  Bend  Commandery  No. 
82,  Knights  Templars,  with  Mishawaka 
Lodge,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks 
at  South  Bend.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Knife  and  Fork  Club,  of  the  St.  Joseph 
Valley  Country  Club,  a  member  of  the  In- 
diana Club,  and  during  the  war  was  a  di- 
rector of  the  War  Chest. 

OLIVER  PERRY  JONES.  With  his  home  at 
Crawfordsville,  Oliver  Perry  Jones  is 
spending  his  active  life  as  a  scientific 
farmer  in  Whitley  County.  The  Jones 
family  established  themselves  in  a  pioneer 
district  of  Whitley  County  seventy  years 
ago.  They  belonged  to  the  territorial  fam- 
ilies of  Indiana,  their  first  home  having 
been  established  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana, 
in  1810.  The  following  family  record  is 
given  at  length  because  of  the  prominence 
of  many  individuals  and  the  historical  cir- 
cumstances connected  with  the  various  re- 
movals and  incidents  in  the  Jones  history. 

In  colonial  times  the  first  American 
Jones  came  from  Wales  and  settled  in 
Culpeper,  Virginia.  In  that  county  John 
Jones  was  born,  and  was  a  gallant  soldier 
with  the  colonists  in  the  struggle  for  inde- 
pendence. He  participated  in  one  of  the 
most  decisive  battles  of  the  western  fron- 
tier, the  Battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Alleghenies  at  the 
junction  of  the  great  Kanawha  and  Ohio 
rivers.  He  established  his  permanent  home 
in  Kanawha  County,  Virginia,  in  1797,  and 
owned  large  tracts  of  land  there,  includ- 
ing the  site  of  Grafton.  John  Jones  mar- 
ried Prances  Morris,  daughter  of  Levi 
Morris  of  Virginia.  She  was  an  aunt  of 
Thomas  A.  Morris,  who  later  became  a 
bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Of  the  children  of  John  Jones  and  wife 
William,  Edmund,  Thomas,  John  and  Lcvi 
M.  all  located  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana. 

Levi  Morris  Jones,  grandfather  of  Oliver 
Perry  Jones,  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Cul- 
peper County,  Virginia,  October  10,  1785, 
and  was  twelve  years  old  when  his  parents 
moved  to  what  is  now  West  Virginia.  In 
Kanawha  County  he  married  Mary 
Thomas.  She  was  born  in  Buckingham 
County,  Virginia,  February  7,  1784.  They 
were  married  in  1806.  The  father  of  Mary 
Thomas,  Joseph  Thomas,  was  born  in 
Buckingham  County,  Virginia,  August  3, 
1759,  and  also  took  his  family  to  Kanawha 


County  in  October,  1797.  Joseph  Thomas, 
who  died  in  1839,  was  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier directly  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral Washington.  His  father,  Henry 
Thomas,  was  born  in  Wales  in  1728  and 
came  to  Virginia  soon  after  his  marriage. 
Joseph  Thomas  married  in  1781  Rebecca 
Tindal,  who  was  born  in  Fauquier  County, 
Virginia,  November  5,  1763.  The  Thomas 
children  were  Lewis,  Mary,  Washington, 
Henry,  Thomas  M.,  Rebecca  Tindal,  Sarah, 
Dolly  H.,  Janie  Pleasant,  Norburn  and 
Helena.  Several  of  the  sons  were  magnifi- 
cent specimens  of  physical  manhood  and 
the  pioneer  instinct  in  them  was  strong. 
Lewis  Thomas  at  the  age  of  sixty-six 
started  for  the  gold  fields  of  California 
and  died  of  typhoid  fever  en  route. 

Levi  M.  Jones  after  his  marriage  con- 
tinued farming  in  West  Virginia  until 
March,  1815,  when  he  started  for  Wayne 
County,  Indiana.  He  journeyed  down  the 
Ohio  river  on  a  flatboat  to  Cincinnati,  and 
then  drove  across  country  to  Wayne 
County.  He  first  located  at  Old  Salisbury 
and  a  year  later  bought  160  acres  in  Cen- 
ter Township  of  Wayne  County.  Two 
years  later  he  sold  that  property  and 
bought  lots  in  Centerville,  where  he  built 
a  hotel,  and  in  1819  constructed  the  first 
brick  house  in  the  town.  This  brick  house 
became  associated  with  many  important 
events  in  the  history  of  Wayne  County. 
Levi  M.  Jones  also  took  the  first  contract 
to  carry  mail  from  Centerville  to  Indianap- 
olis, and  his  son  Lewis  was  the  carrier, 
making  the  trip  of  sixty-five  miles  with- 
out any  stop.  Levi  M.  Jones  was  not  only 
a  man  of  much  business  enterprise  but  of 
generosity  and  confidence  in  his  fellow- 
men  that  was  frequently  betrayed,  and 
security  debts  swept  away  most  of  his  es- 
tate. He  died  October  5,  1823,  honored 
and  respected,  but  left  his  family  in 
straightened  circumstances.  It  was  his 
wife,  a  noble  woman  of  the  pioneer  type, 
who  came  to  the  rescue  of  the  family  for- 
tune. One  of  her  sons  speaking  of  her 
later  said:  "Thinking  over  the  past  and 
of  the  early  history  of  my  mother's  family, 
my  mind  runs  back  nearly  sixty-one  years 
to  the  scene  of  the  Town  of  Centerville, 
Wayne  County.  I  fancy  I  see  a  little 
group  of  ten  children  and  a  mother  and 
other  relatives  mourning  over  the  loss  of 
a  dear  father  and  a  loving  companion. 
The  prospects  for  keeping  the  family  to- 


INDIANA  AXD  INDIANAXS 


1239 


gether  and  rearing  those  children  would 
be  a  very  gloomy  one  under  the  circum- 
stances to  my  mother's  friends.  After  a 
consultation  about  the  matter  the  friends 
advised  my  mother  to  put  the  children 
'out,'  as  they  did  not  think  it  possible  for  . 
her  to  keep  them  together  and  raise 
them.  She  listened  to  and  thanked  her 
friends  for  their  advice  but  to  them  she 
said,  'nay,  as  long  as  I  have  a  finger  to 
scratch,  these  children  shall  never  be  sep- 
arated.' And  they  never  were  separated 
except  as  they  reached  maturity  and  were 
married.  The  last  thing  we  children  would 
hear  at  night  when  we  went  to  bed  was 
the  wheel  or  loom,  and  it  was  the  first 
thing  in  the  morning.  It  seemed  as  though 
she  never  slept.  Oh,  for  such  courage,  for 
such  a  will  to  do,  and  for  such  economy 
as  she  used  in  raising  her  children.  Would 
that  there  were  more  mothers  in  this  pres- 
ent day  who  possessed  the  will  and  courage 
that  she  did.  I  will  venture  the  assertion 
that  in  the  first  ten  years  after  my  father's 
death  there  was  not  a  bill  of  $10  run  by 
the  family  at  any  store.  If  ever  a  mother 
did  her  whole  duty  in  raising  a  family  of 
fatherless  children  my  mother  was  such  a 
one.  After  living  to  see  them  all  grown 
and  married  except  one  she  departed  this 
life  for  a  better  home."  She  died  Decem- 
ber 20,  1848. 

The  children  of  this  noble  woman  were : 
Lewis,  born  in  Kanawha  County  March 
26,  1807,  died  at  his  home  near  Center- 
ville  April  3,  1877.  He  first  married  Caro- 
line Level,  and  his  second  wife  was  Ruth 
Commons.  Sallie  Jones,  born  November  6, 
1809,  was  first  married  in  1831  to  John 
Boggs,  and  in  1854  became  the  wife  of  Rob- 
ert Franklin.  Oliver  Tindal  Jones,  born 
September  19,  1810,  died  at  his  home  near 
Centerville  December  16,  1874,  his  wife 
having  been  Mary  King.  He  was  a  large 
land  owner  and  farmer  and  also  a  banker  at 
Centerville.  Norris  Jones,  born  August  19, 
1811,  and  died  at  Connersville,  Indiana, 
March  22,  1881,  married  Sabra  Jenkins. 
Harrison  Jones,  born  May  10,  1813,  died 
at  Centerville  August  13,  1844.  His  wife 
was  Eliza  Bundy.  Rebecca  Jones,  born 
March  15,  1815,  and  died  in  Wayne 
County  August  7,  1866,  was  married  to 
Daniel  S.  Shank.  The  next  in  age  in  the 
family  was  Washington  Jones,  whose 
career  is  taken  up  in  following  paragraphs. 
Eli  Reynolds  Jones,  born  in  Wayne 


County,  Indiana,  March  17,  1818,  also  lived 
in  Whitley  County,  Indiana,  and  married 
Ann  Crowe.  Ann  Jones  born  in  Wayne 
County  June  14,  1821,  died  at  Indianapolis 
November  21,  1883,  wife  of  Stephen  Crowe. 
Levi  Morris,  youngest  of  the  children,  was 
born  April  4,  1823,  and  died  on  his  farm 
in  Wayne  County  May  13,  1876.  He  mar- 
ried Matilda  Jane  Brown. 

Washington    Jones,     father    of    Oliver 
Perry,  was  the  first  of  the  family  born  in 
Wayne  County.     His  birth  occurred  De- 
cember 8,  1816,  at  the  old  homestead  a  mile 
north  of  Centerville.    He  lived  at  home  to 
the  age  of  eighteen   and   worked   for  his 
three  older  brothers,  who  were  managing 
the  farm  for  their  mother.     He  then  con- 
tracted for  the  purchase  of  160  acres  in 
Madison  County  for  the  sum  of  $280,  and 
paid  for  it  at  the  rate  of  $9  a  month.     It 
is  said  that  he  lost  but  two  days'  work 
until   the  .land  was   paid  for.     Later   he 
bought  eighty  acres  in  Tipton  County,  In- 
diana,  for  $200,   paying   for  this   at   the 
rate  of  $11  a  month.     He  also  improved 
a  lot  in  Centerville,  but  sold  that  at  a 
sacrifice  in  order  to  invest  $150  in  160  acres 
of  wild  land  on  section  28  of  Etna  Town- 
ship, Whitley  County.     To  this  land,  im- 
proved  with   a  log   cabin   14x18   feet,   he 
moved  his  family  September  8,  1848.     On 
that  farm  he  did  his  real  work  in  life,  and 
kept  his  possessions  growing  until  he  had 
nearly  700  acres,  most  of  which  was  di- 
vided among  his  children.    The  home  farm 
proper  contained   200   acres.      He   was   a 
man  of  much  skill  and  of  good  education. 
At   the   age  of   ten  years   he   had   begun 
working  in  brick  yards,  and  put  in  twenty  . 
summers  in  Wayne  County  at  that  employ- 
ment.    That  gave  him  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  brick  making  and  he  used  this  to 
make  all  the  brick  which  entered  into  the 
construction  of  his  fine  country  home  in 
Whitley  County.     He  began  the  construc- 
tion of  this  building  the  same  week  that 
Fort  Sumter  was  fired  upon  and  it  was 
completed  January  17,  1863.    At  that  time 
it  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  homes 
in  the  county.    Though  he  had  meager  op- 
portunities to  secure  an  education,  he  made 
diligent  use  of  every  opportunity,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one  attended  both  day 
and  night  school  under  the  instruction  of 
his  brother  0.  T.  Jones.     At  the  age  of 
twenty-two  he  taught  a  school,  and  later 
spent  six  winters  in  teaching  in  Wayne 


1240 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


County.  One  of  his  pupils  was  Lucinda 
Burbank,  who  afterwards  became  the  wife 
of  Indiana's  great  war  governor,  Oliver 
P.  Morton. 

Washington  Jones  evidently  used  a  great 
deal  of  judgment  and  enterprse  in  select- 
ing his  land  in  Whitley  County.  A  large 
part  of  it  was  covered  with  heavy  black 
walnut  timber,  and  in  1870  he  sold  a  lot 
of  that  wood,  valued  at  about  $8,000. 
There  was  also  a  grove  of  hard  maple  trees, 
and  maple  sugar  and  syrup  manufacture 
was  a  part  of  every  year's  program.  He 
also  developed  a  large  orchard.  Washing- 
ton Jones  began  voting  as  a  whig  and  after- 
wards was  an  active  republican.  He  held 
many  of  the  minor  posts  of  responsibility 
wherein  local  affairs  are  administered,  such 
as  justice  of  J:he  peace,  township  assessor 
and  trustee.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church. 

After  a  long  life,  deserving,  of  every 
encomium  that  could  be  paid  it,  Washing- 
ton Jones  passed  away  at  his  country  es- 
tate in  Whitley  County  June  23,  1903. 

January  20,  1845,  he  married  Catherine 
Hunt.  She  died  November  6,  1852,  the 
mother  of  two  children :  Mary  Jane,  who 
was  born  February  20, 1846,  and  died  Octo- 
ber 18, 1855,  and  Hannah  Eliza,  born  Octo- 
ber 8,  1848,  died  April  27,  1874,  the  wife 
of  Jesse  Miller.  On  October  2, 1853,  Wash- 
ington Jones  married  a  sister  of  his  first 
wife,  Mrs.  Frances  Mary  Hart,  widow  of 
William  Hart.  She  died  September  6, 
1873,  mother  of  the  following  children: 
Levi  Monroe,  born  July  22,  1854;  Wash- 
ington Thomas,  born  March  26,  1858 ;  Oli- 
ver Perry,  born  March  23,  1865.  October 
8,  1874,  Washington  Jones  married  Mrs. 
Samantha  Caroline  (Palmer)  Trumbull, 
widow  of  Lewis  M.  Trumbull  and  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  and  Sallie  (Palmer)  Skinner. 

Membership  in  such  a  family  constitutes 
a  badge  of  honor  and  a  constant  stimulus 
to  the  best  attainments  in  life.  Oliver 
Perry  Jones  was  born  in  the  old  home  in 
Whitley  County  March  23,  1865.  His 
father  saw  to  it  that  he  had  ample  oppor- 
tunities as  a  youth,  and  in  addition  to  the 
public  schools  near  the  old  home  he  at- 
tended Earlham  College  at  Richmond.  His 
training  as  an  engineer  he  utilizes  largely 
in  following  his  chosen  vocation  as  an  agri- 
culturist, and  for  twenty-five  years  he 
managed  with  a  high  degree  of  skill  and 


art  a  fine  farm  in  Whitley  County.  When 
he  left  the  farm  he  sought  the  cultured  at- 
mosphere of  the  old  college  center  of  Craw- 
fordsville. 

December  21,  1886,  he  married  Miss 
Elsie  E.  Barber.  She  was  born  in  Whitley 
County  November  15,  1868,  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Lucy  J.  (Barnes)  Barber, 
who  were  also  natives  of  Indiana.  Mrs. 
Jones  finished  her  education  at  Larwill 
Academy.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jones  have  two 
sons  and  one  daughter.  Mark  Barber,  born 
January  20,  1888,  in  Whitley  County,  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Columbia  City  High  School 
and  finished  his  college  work  in  Wabash 
College  with  the  class  of  1911  and  the  de- 
gree of  Mining  Engineer.  After  leaving 
college  he  had  a  most  interesting  and 
fruitful  experience,  being  selected  as  mem- 
ber of  a  staif  of  mining  engineers  by  the 
Oriental  Consolidated  Mining  Company, 
and  in  that  capacity  he  spent  two  years 
in  Japan  and  Korea.  Since  returning  from 
the  Orient  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber manufacturing  business  at  Cuyahoga 
Falls,  Ohio.  He  married  Miss  Nellie  R. 
James  June  14,  1915.  She  is  a  native  of 
Ohio  and  received  a  college  training,  being 
a  graduate  of  Buchtel  College. 

Walter  Paul  Jones,  born  August  22, 
1891,  in  Whitley  County,  graduated  from 
Wabash  College  with  the  class  of  1913, 
having  specialized  in  English.  He  has 
been  an  instructor  in  different  colleges  and 
universities  and  in  1918  was  chosen  to 
the  chair  of  English  in  the  University  of 
California.  He  married  Miss  Mildred 
Demaree  August  30,  1916.  They  have  one 
child,  Elsie  Barbara.  Both  sons  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

The  daughter  is  Frances  D'Maris,  born 
October  17,  1897,  in  Whitley  County.  She 
is  a  graduate  of  Crawfordville  High 
School  with  the  class  of  1915,  and  also  of 
the  Indianapolis  Conservatory  of  Music. 
April  26,  1916,  she  became  the  wife  of 
Buren  A.  Beck.  They  have  two  sons, 
Buren,  Jr.,  and  Charles  Oliver.  Mr.  Beck 
is  now  in  the  dairy  business  at  Hammond, 
Louisiana. 

Mr.  Oliver  P.  Jones  is  a  Master  Mason 
and  Odd  Fellow,  a  republican  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Baptist  Church. 

JUDGE  SAMUEL  E.  PERKINS.  Perkins  is 
one  of  the  names  most  suggestive  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1241 


honorable  traditions  and  achievements  of 
the  Indiana  bar,  to  which  the  services  of 
three  generations  have  been  given. 

First  in  time,  and  because  of  his  posi- 
tion as  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  per- 
haps most  widely  known,  was  Judge  Sam- 
uel E.  Perkins,  whose  life  bulked  large  in 
the  affairs  of  Indiana  during  the  middle 
decades  of  the  last  century.  He  was  born 
at  Brattleboro,  Vermont,  December  6, 
1811,  the  second  son  of  John  Trumbull 
and  Catherine  (Willard)  Perkins,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut. His  father  was  also  a  lawyer,  but  had 
little  opportunity  to  influence  the  mind  of 
his  son,  who  was  only  five  years  old  when 
the  father  died. 

Thereafter  until  he  was  twenty-one 
Judge  Perkins  lived  on  the  farm  of  Wil- 
liam Baker  near  Con  way,  Massachusetts. 
The  liberal  education  of  his  mature  life 
was  the  result  of  studies  largely  self-di- 
rected and  from  schooling  the  expenses  of 
which  he  had  paid  by  teaching  and  other 
employment.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Thomas  J.  Nevius  at  Penn  Yan,  New  York, 
and  in  1836,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five, 
started  west  from  Buffalo  on  foot  to  seek 
a  location.  Eighty  years  ago  there  were 
few  spots  in  the  Middle  West  which  had 
outgrown  the  spirit  and  habits  of  pioneer 
days.  It  was  in  one  of  the  thriftier  towns 
of  Indiana,  Richmond,  that  Judge  Perkins 
made  his  first  location.  The  winter  follow- 
ing he  did  office  work  for  his  board,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1837,  after  examination, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar. 

While  his  entrance  into  the  profession 
as  into  this  state  was  attended  by  modest 
circumstances,  his  sterling  abilities  soon 
manifested  themselves  and  his  practice  was 
as  large  and  important  as  almost  any  of  his 
contemporaries  enjoyed.  Incidentally  he 
became  interested  in  journalism,  and  at 
one  time  was  editor  and  publisher  of  the 
Jeffersonian.  By  appointment  of  Governor 
Whitcomb  he  became  prosecuting  attorney 
of  the  Sixth  Judicial  District  in  1843.  In 
1844  he  was  one  of  the  electors  who  cast 
the  vote  of  Indiana  for  James  K.  Polk. 

In  1844  and  again  in  1845  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Whitcomb  to  a  seat 
on  the  Supreme  bench  of  Indiana.  Neither 
appointment  was  confirmed,  but  during 
adjournment  of  the  Legislature  he  was  once 
more  appointed,  and  served  without  con- 
firmation one  year.  He  was  extremely 


young  for  such  honors  and  responsibilities, 
being  only  thirty-four  when  he  went  on 
the  bench.  After  a  year  he  was  renomi- 
nated  for  the  bench,  and  the  senate  con- 
firmed him  by  a  two-thirds  vote.  Under 
the  new  constitution  the  office  of  supreme 
judge  became  elective,  and  he  was  chosen 
by  popular  ballot  in  1852  and  in  1858. 
Altogether  his  services  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Indiana  covered  nineteen  vital 
and  progressive  years  in  the  state's  life. 
He  retired  from  the  bench  in  1864. 

In  the  meantime,  in  1857,  he  had  become 
professor  of  law  in  Northwestern  Christian 
University,  now  Butler  College,  and  from 
1870  to  1872  held  a  similar  office  in  the 
Indiana  State  University  at  Bloomington. 
As  a  contributor  to  legal  literature  he  pre- 
pared "Indiana  Digest"  in  1858,  and  "In- 
diana Practice"  in  1859.  In  1868  he 
turned  from  private  practice 'to  assume  the 
heavy  and  taxing  responsibilities  of  edit- 
ing the  Indianapolis  Herald,  formerly  and 
afterwards  the  Sentinel.  In  1872  Governor 
Baker  appointed  him  to  fill  a  vacancy  on 
the  Superior  bench  in  Marion  County,  and 
in  1874  he  was  elected  to  this  office  without 
opposition.  Then  in  1876,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-five,  he  was  again  elected  a  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  he  was  a  member 
of  that  court  when  he  was  called  to  the 
Great  Assize  on  December  17,  1879.  His 
fellow  justices  prepared  an  appreciation 
and  estimate  of  his  work  and  character 
which  is  found  in  the  Sixty-eighth  Indiana 
Reports.  All  that  was  said  of  him  was 
well  deserved.  He  was  a  great  lawyer,  a 
great  jurist  and  a  great  man. 

Judge  Perkins  married  in  1838  Amanda 
J.  Pyle,  daughter  of  Joseph  Pyle.  of  Rich- 
mond, Indiana.  Ten  children  were  born  to 
them. 

The  oldest  son,  Samuel  E.  Perkins  II, 
was  born  at  Richmond  September  2,  1846. 
The  year  following  his  birth  his  parents 
moved  to  Indianapolis  in  order  that  his 
father  might  attend  to  his  duties  as  Su- 
preme judge.  In  the  capital  city  he  spent 
his  boyhood  and  youth,  finishing  his  school- 
ing in  Northwestern  Christian  University, 
now  Butler  College.  Under  his  father  he 
guided  his  mind  in  its  first  acquisition  of 
legal  knowledge,  and  subsequently  was  a 
student  in  the  law  school  founded  by  Judge 
Perkins  and  Hon.  Joseph  E.  McDonald. 
He  and  his  father,  during  the  few  years 
when  the  latter  was  not  on  the  bench,  were 


1242 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


actively  associated  in  practice,  but  upon 
the  death  of  Judge  Perkins  his  son  sought 
no  further  opportunities  to  build  up  his 
clientage  and  found  his  time  well  taken  up 
by  managing  the  various  property  interests 
he  had  acquired.  He  was  more  widely 
known  as  a  counsellor  than  as  a  court  prac- 
titioner. He  had  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  law  and  was  wise  in  its  application. 
Perhaps  his  chief  characteristics  were  his 
industry  and  his  love  of  home.  He  was 
universally  respected  for  his  upright  life 
and  for  the  general  good  he  did  in  the  com- 
munity. He  had  a  well  rounded  and  use- 
ful life,  though  he  did  not  attain  the  age 
of  three  score  and  ten.  He  died  April  8. 
1915. 

On  July  11,  1877,  he  married  Susan 
Elizabeth  Hatch.  She  is  still  living  in  In- 
dianapolis, and  her  marked  literary  talents 
have  brought  her  much  esteem  in  literary 
circles.  She  is  the  mother  of  two  sons, 
Samuel  E.  and  Volney.  The  latter  died  in 
1900,  while  a  student  at  Purdue  Univer- 
sity. 

Samuel  E.  Perkins  III,  whose  secure  po- 
sition in  the  Indianapolis  bar  serves  to  con- 
nect the  present  with  the  older  generation 
distinguished  by  his  grandfather,  was  born 
at  Indianapolis  May  8,  1878.  After  at- 
tending private  and  grade  schools  in  In- 
dianapolis he  entered  Wabash  College, 
from  which  he  graduated  Bachelor  of  Arts 
in  1900.  The  Indiana  Law  School  gave 
him  his  LL.B.  degree  in  1902,  and  since 
that  year  he  has  been  steadily  winning  the 
honors  of  his  chosen  profession. 

On  September  11,  1901,  he  married  Mary 
F.  Milford  at  Crawfordsville.  They  have 
two  children,  a  daughter  Susan  L.,  fifteen 
years  of  age,  and  the  son  aged  ten  bears 
the  name  Samuel  E.  IV  and  represents 
the  fourth  generation  of  this  honored  name 
and  family  in  Indiana. 

GEORGE  LEMAUX.  This  is  a  name  well 
known  in  several  parts  of  Indiana  and  at 
Indianapolis  it  is  associated  with  one  of 
the  important  and  thriving  industries  of 
the  city  the  Indianapolis  Brush  and  Broom 
Manufacturing  Company,  a  business  which 
Mr.  George  Lemaux  has  developed  to 
highly  successful  proportions. 

He  is  a  son  of  George  Lemaux,  Sr.,  who 
died  at  Ridgeville,  Indiana  in  April  1913. 
He  was  bnrn  at  Terre  Bonne,  Canada,  in 
1838,  of  French  ancestry.  It  is  said  that 


one  of  his  ancestors  lived  at  the  French 
City  of  Limoges  the  great  center  of  porce- 
lain and  textile  manufacturing,  and  the 
name  of  the  city  was  the  original  way  of 
the  spelling  of  the  family  name.  The 
father  of  George  Lemaux,  Sr.,  brought  the 
family  to  America  and  settled  in  Canada. 

George  Lemaux,  Sr.,  was  a  cooper  by 
trade.  In  1864  he  moved  from  Canada  to 
Noblesville,  Indiana,  and  there  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  staves.  In  1868  he 
moved  to  Lebanon,  Indiana,  and  from  there 
to  Ridgeville  in  1872.  Later  he  was  a  re- 
tail grocery  merchant  and  was  honored 
both  in  the  business  life  and  citizenship  of 
the  Ridgeville  community.  He  was  noted 
particularly  for  his  unostentatious  charity 
and  for  his  quiet,  unassuming  career  as  an 
upright  man.  He  was  a  Presbyterian  in 
religion  and  after  acquiring  American 
citizenship  was  a  republican  voter.  He 
married  Marilla  Irving.  They  had  three 
sons,  two  now  living,  William.  Frank  and 
George.  Frank  who  died  at  Ridgeville  at 
the  age  of  twenty-seven  married  Carrie 
Eubanks  and  left  one  son,  Claude.  The 
son  William  is  now  in  the  grocery  business 
at  Ridgeville. 

George  Lemaux,  Jr.,  who  was  born  at 
Tyrone,  Canada,  June  19,  1862,  was 
brought  to  Indiana  in  early  infancy  and 
lived  with  his  parents  until  he  at- 
tained manhood.  He  gained  most  of 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Ridgeville  and  while  there  learned  the 
trade  of  handle  turner.  This  was  an 
occupation  for  only  a  brief  time,  until 
he  entered  the  grocery  and  produce  busi- 
ness, and  in  that  he  laid  the  foundation 
of  his  competence.  He  was  a  merchant  for 
twenty-two  years.  In  April,  1902,  Mr.  Le- 
maux moved  to  Indianapolis  in  order  to 
take  charge  of  the  Indianapolis  Brush 
Works  a  plant  which  he  had  acquired  two 
years  previously.  Under  him  the  business 
was  reorganized  as  the  Indianapolis  Brush 
and  Broom  Manufacturing  Company,  and 
he  has  been  its  president  and  directing 
head  ever  since.  It  has  grown  rapidly,  is 
an  industry  that  furnishes  employment  to 
from  90  to  100  workmen,  and  its  product 
is  distributed  over  many  states. 

As  a  side  line,  though  an  interest  by  no 
means  to  be  despised  either  from  the  point 
of  view  of  personal  profit  and  recreation 
and  value  to  the  world  at  large,  Mr.  Le- 
maux is  a  practical  agriculturist,  owning 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1243 


two  fine  farms,  one  of  202  acres  in  Jay 
County  and  one  of  210  acres  in  Hendricks 
County. 

In  politics  Mr.  Lemaux  is  a  republican. 
He  has  been  keenly  interested  in  the  politi- 
cal life  of  the  state  and  nation  since  he 
attained  manhood.  For  years  he  was  a 
party  committeeman  in  Randolph  County. 
In  January,  1918,  he  was  appointed  by 
Mayor  Jewett  as  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Public  Works  of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Lemaux  is  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bia and  Marion  clubs  of  Indianapolis,  the 
Board  of  Trade  and  for  three  years  was  a 
director  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He 
is  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of 
Red  Men,  the  Masons  and  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America  at  Ridgeville. 

On  May  28,  1885,  he  married  Miss  Nora 
Ward.  They  have  one  son,  Irving  Ward, 
now  associated  with  his  father  in  business. 
Irving  Ward  Lemaux  is  also  a  member  and 
president  of  the  Marion  County  Council. 
Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lemaux  are  members 
of  the  Broadway  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

WILLIAM  F.  PIEL.  Beginning  about  1848 
Indianapolis  became  the  home  of  thousands 
of  high  minded  and  industrious  German 
citizens,  constituting  an  element  which 
has  always  been  considered  one  of  the  most 
valuable  in  the  makeup  and  development 
of  the  city.  While  as  a  distinct  element 
the  Germans  were  not  a  notable  group  of 
the  population  prior  to  1848,  a  few  had 
already  transplanted  their  homes  and  affec- 
tions from  the  fatherland  to  this  city,  and 
one  of  these  was  the  late  William  F.  Piel, 
who  remained  for  sixty  years  one  of  the 
most  honored  and  substantial  figures  in 
the  commercial  and  civic  life  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

He  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1823  and  was 
eighty  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  death 
in  February,  1903.  In  his  early  life  he 
had  the  environment  of  the  German  farm, 
and  had  only  a  common  school  education. 
In  order  to  get  the  larger  outlook  and  op- 
portunities of  the  world  he  came  to  this 
country  in  1843,  crossing  the  ocean  on  a 
sailing  vessel  and  coming  direct  from  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  to  Indianapolis.  Twenty 
years  of  age  at  the  time,  he  possessed 
neither  the  capital  nor  the  influence  that 
made  his  advent  an  event  of  special  impor- 


tance in  the  city.  He  began  industriously 
working  at  the  trade  of  cooper,  and  sub- 
sequently opened  a  shop  of  his  own  at  Lib- 
erty and  North  streets.  This  be  conducted 
for  a  number  of  years,  and  from  that  en- 
gaged in  the  retail  grocery  business. 

In  a  business  way  the  principal  associa- 
tions that  gather  around  the  name  Piel 
are  with  the  starch  industry.  William  F. 
Piel  established  the  first  starch  factory  in 
Indianapolis  in  1867.  His  plant  was  lo- 
cated at  Pogues  Run  and  New  York  Street. 
The  first  starch  was  manufactured  in  1868. 
Despite  a  fire  in  the  fall  of  that  year  which 
destroyed  the  plant,  the  building  was  im- 
mediately restored,  and  was  continued  in 
operation  until  1872.  In  1873  a  new  plant 
was  built  at  White  River  and  Dakota 
streets.  From  that  time  forward,  under 
the  management  of  William  F.  Piel,  the 
industry  continued  to  grow  and  prosper. 
In  1890  the  Indianapolis  plant  was  consoli- 
dated with  others  under  the  corporation 
National  Starch  Manufacturing  Company. 
Mr.  Piel  continued  as  superintendent  in 
charge  of  the  Indianapolis  industry  until 
1902,  when,  already  venerable  in  years,  he 
retired  from  the  most  active  cares  of  life. 

He  possessed  and  expressed  in  his  daily 
life  the  best  ideals  of  the  business  man,  a 
sound  judgment,  industry  and  indomitable 
will  and  enterprise.  The  injunctions  and 
advice  he  gave  his  sons  were  all  along  the 
line  of  emphasizing  business  integrity,  to 
the  point  of  keeping  business  engagements 
thoroughly  sacred  and  ordering  every  ac- 
tion and  affair  with  strict  regard  to  what 
was  honorable  and  just.  But  his  most 
marked  characteristic  was  his  domestic  na- 
ture and  his  love  of  home.  With  all  his 
industry  he  always  kept  in  mind  the  wel- 
fare of  those  near  and  dear  to  him.  His 
last  years  were  made  happy  with  the  knowl- 
edge that  his  example  and  teaching  bore 
fruit  in  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  his 
children  grown  up  into  ideal  American  cit- 
izens. He  was  especially  fortunate  in  his 
wife.  She  was  a  loyal  helper  in  his  early 
struggles  to  build  a  home  worthy  the  name, 
and  above  all  was  a  loving,  tender  mother, 
ready  to  sympathize  with  the  little  prob- 
lems and  troubles  that  seemed  then  so  big 
to  her  children,  and  remained  their  true 
adviser  through  their  later  years.  She 
reared  her  children  with  the  gentleness 
and  love  of  a  real  mother,  and  her  kindly 
spirit,  expressed  in  so  many  deeds  of  love 


1244 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  affection,  is  one  of  the  cherished  mem- 
ories of  her  own  descendants  and  also  of 
her  many  close  and  intimate  friends. 

William  F.  Piel  was  a  member  of  the 
German  Lutheran  Church  and  in  politics  a 
democrat.  He  once  served  as  an  alder- 
man, but  he  accepted  the  office  because  he 
deemed  it  his  duty  to  devote  some  time  to 
municipal  matters  and  not  because  he  was 
enamored  of  political  life.  He  helped 
found  the  Orphans  Home,  of  which  he  was 
for  years  treasurer  and  a  liberal  patron. 

William  F.  Piel  married  Eleanor  Wisch- 
meyer.  She  came  to  America  from  Ger- 
many when  she  was  a  young  girl,  and  her 
father  was  a  pioneer  of  Indianapolis.  With 
all  her  devotion  to  her  children  and  home 
she  did  much  for  charity,  but  it  was  a 
charity  exemplified  in  the  true  Christian 
spirit,  so  that  her  deeds  went  unheralded 
and  with  no  other  thought  in  her  mind 
than  that  the  memory  of  them  would  cease 
when  the  benefaction  reached  its  intended 
object.  Of  the  seven  children  born  to  Wil- 
liam F.  Piel  and  wife  six  grew  to  maturity, 
William  P.,  Henry  W.,  Charles  P.,  Amelia, 
now  Mrs.  Henry  Melcher,  Lena,  Mrs. 
Charles  W.  Voth,  now  deceased,  and  Mary, 
Mrs.  Frank  Sudbrock. 

William  F.  Piel,  Jr.,  oldest  of  the  three 
sons,  was  born  at  Indianapolis  December 
25,  1851.  He  was  educated  both  in  public 
and  parochial  schools  and  later  attended 
the  old  Northwestern  Christian  Univer- 
sity, now  Butler  College.  In  early  youth 
he  became  associated  with  his  father  in 
business,  and  now  for  many  years  has  not 
only  directed  the  interests  established  by 
the  elder  Piel  but  has  developed  many  of 
his  own  initiative.  He  was  president  of  the 
National  Starch  Manufacturing  Company 
and  later  of  the  National  Starch  Company 
until  1902.  He  is  now  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  Piel  Brothers  Starch  Com- 
pany, and  is  a  director  of  the  Fletcher 
American  National  Bank  and  the  Kipp 
Brothers  wholesale  house  of  Indianapolis. 

In  politics  he  is  a  republican,  is  a  Ger- 
man Lutheran  and  a  member  of  the  Col- 
umbian Club.  In  1874  he  married  Eliza- 
beth Meyer.  Of  their  eight  children  four 
are  living,  Alfred  L. ;  Elmer  W. ;  William 
W. ;  and  Edna,  wife  of  Alexander  Metzger. 

The  late  Henry  W.  Piel,  second  of  the 
sons  of  William  P.  Piel,  Sr.,  was  born  at 
Indianapolis  in  December,  1854.  Though 
he  died  in  1904,  at  the  age  of  fifty,  he  had 


accomplished  those  things  which  constitute 
an  honorable  and  successful  career.  As  a 
boy  he  attended  Lutheran  parochial  schools 
and  a  business  college  in  Indianapolis,  and 
from  early  youth  throughout  his  adult  life 
was  associated  in  the  business  founded  by 
his  father.  In  fact  he  inherited  to  a  re- 
markable degree  the  industry  and  methodi- 
cal character  of  the  Elder  Piel,  and  was 
able  to  supply  these  elements  in  generous 
measure  where  they  were  most  needed  to 
insure  the  success  of  the  business.  Al- 
together he  lived  a  clean,  honorable,  up- 
right life  and  his  death  at  an  early  age 
was  counted  a  great  loss  not  only  to  his 
business  and  family  but  to  the  entire  city. 
While  he  was  essentially  a  business  man 
he  possessed  natural  aptitude  as  an  artist, 
and  many  of  his  offhand  drawings  are 
still  preserved  in  the  family.  Henry  W. 
Piel  married  Miss  Mary  Ostermeyer.  He 
left  three  children :  Laura,  Mrs.  Charles 
Koelling;  Gertrude,  Mrs.  Alva  Wysong, 
and  she  died  April,  1918;  and  Lillie,  Mrs. 
George  Schwier. 

Charles  F.  Piel,  youngest  son  of  the  late 
William  F.  Piel,  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
March  8,  1856.  His  education  came 
through  the  German  Lutheran  schools,  pub- 
lic and  private  schools  and  the  business  col- 
lege. Growing  up  in  the  industry  founded 
by  his  father,  he  learned  its  technical  proc- 
esses from  every  angle  and  for  a  number 
of  years  he  has  handled  business  interests 
of  large  scope  and  importance.  He  is 
president  of  Piel  Brothers  Manufacturing 
Company,  vice  president,  secretary  and  su- 
perintendent of  Piel  Brothers  Starch  Com- 
pany, treasurer  of  the  Pioneer  Brass  Works 
and  vice  president  and  director  of  the 
wholesale  establishment  of  Kipp  Brothers. 
Politically  he  is  an  independent  republican. 
In  local  affairs  he  has  studiously  voted  for 
men  and  measures  rather  than  party  can- 
didates. In  religion  he  is  a  Lutheran. 
Charles  F.  Plel  married  in  1880  Helena 
Straub.  They  are  the  parents  of  four  chil- 
dren: Carl  W.,  Alma,  Selma  and  Her- 
bert. The  daughters  are  twins,  Alma  be- 
ing now  the  wife  of  Walter  Sudbrock, 
and  Selma  is  Mrs.  Harry  Brinkmeyer. 

FRANCIS  L.  ATWOOD  is  a  veteran  of  the 
profession  of  mechanical  engineering  and 
has  been  an  engineer  and  business  execu- 
tive with  a  number  of  large  manufactur- 
ing corporations  both  east  and  west.  For 


1244 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  affection,  is  out-  of  (In-  flu-pished  mem- 
ories of  IUT  own  descendants  and  also  of 
her  many  dose  and  intimate  friends. 

William  F.  1'iel  \\as  a  member  of  the 
(iermaii  Lutheran  i'hnivli  and  in  polities  a 
democrat,  lie  (nice  served  as  an  alder- 
man, Imt  he  accepted  the  olh'ce  heeaiise  he 
deemed  it  his  duty  to  devote  some  time  to 
municipal  matters  and  not  because  he  was 
enamored  of  political  life.  lie  helped 
found  the  Orphans  Home,  of  which  he  was 
for  years  treasurer  and  a  liberal  patron. 

William  K.  I'iel  married  Eleanor  Wisch- 
meycr.  She  came  to  America  from  (Jer- 
iiiiiiiy  when  slie  was  a  younp  pirl.  and  her 
father  was  a  pioneer  of  Indianapolis.  With 
all  her  devotion  to  her  children  and  home 
she  did  milch  for  charity,  but  it  was  a 
charity  exemplified  in  the  true  Christian 
spirit,  so  that  her  deeds  went  unheralded 
and  with  no  other  thought  in  her  mind 
than  that  the  memory  of  them  would  cease 
when  the  benefaction  readied  its  intended 
object.  Of  the  seven  children  born  to  Wil- 
liam F.  I'iel  and  wife  six  prew  to  maturity, 
William  F..  Henry  "W.,  Charles  F.,  Amelia, 
now  .Mrs.  Henry  Meldier,  Lena,  Mrs. 
Charles  W.  Voth.  now  deceased,  and  Mary, 
Mrs.  Frank  Sudbrock. 

William  F.  Pie!.  Jr..  oldest  of  the  three 
sons,  was  born  at  Indianapolis  December 
2">,  iNfil.  ITe  was  educated  both  in  public 
and  parochial  schools  and  later  attended 
the  old  Northwestern  Christian  Univer- 
sity, now  Hutler  Collepe.  In  early  youth 
he  became  associated  with  his  father  in 
business,  and  now  for  many  years  has  not 
only  directed  the  interests  established  by 
the  elder  Piel  but  has  developed  many  of 
his  own  initiative.  lie  was  president  of  the 
National  Starch  Manufacturing  Company 
and  later  of  the  National  Starch  Company 
until  l!M)2.  lie  is  now  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  Piel  Hrothers  Starch  Com- 
pany, and  is  a  director  of  the  Fletcher 
American  National  Hank  and  the  Kipp 
Brothers  wholesale  house  of  Indianapolis. 

In  politics  he  is  a  republican,  is  a  (ler- 
man  Lutheran  and  a  member  of  the  Col- 
umbian Club.  Tn  1874  he  married  Eli/a- 
beth  Meyer.  Of  their  cipht  children  four 
are  livinp.  Alfred  L. :  Elmer  W. ;  William 
W. :  and  Kdna.  wife  of  Alexander  Metzper. 

The  late  Henry  W.  Piel.  second  of  the 
sons  of  William  K.  Piel,  Sr.,  was  born  at 
Indianapolis  in  December,  1S.r>4.  Though 
he  died  in  1!><t4,  at  the  ape  of  fifty,  he  had 


accomplished  those  things  which  constitute 
an  honorable  and  successful  career.  As  a 
boy  he  attended  Lutheran  parochial  schools 
and  a  business  collepe  in  Indianapolis,  and 
from  early  youth  throuphout  his  adult  life 
was  associated  in  the  business  founded  by 
his  father.  In  fact  lie  inherited  to  a  re- 
markable depree  the  industry  and  methodi- 
cal character  of  the  Klder  Piel,  and  was 
able  to  supply  these  elements  in  penerous 
measure  where  they  were  most  needed  to 
insure  the  success  of  the  business.  Al- 
topether  he  lived  a  clean,  honorable,  up- 
ripht  life  and  his  death  at  an  early  ape 
was  counted  a  preat  loss  not  only  to  his 
business  and  family  but  to  the  entire  city. 
While  he  was  essentially  a  business  man 
he  possessed  natural  aptitude  as  an  artist, 
and  many  of  his  offhand  drawinps  are 
still  preserved  in  the  family.  Henry  "W. 
I'iel  married  Miss  Mary  Ostermeyer.  He 
left  three  children:  Laura.  Mrs.  Charles 
Koellinp;  (Sertrude.  Mrs.  Alva  Wysonp, 
and  she  died  April,  1!)1S;  and  Lillie,  Mrs. 
(Jeorpe  Schwier. 

Charles  F.  Piel.  younpest  son  of  the  late 
William  F.  Piel.  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
March  S,  18.r>6.  His  education  came 
throuph  the  (Jerman  Lutheran  schools,  pub- 
lic and  private  schools  and  the  business  col- 
lepe. (irowinp  up  in  the  industry  founded 
by  his  father,  he  learned  its  technical  proc- 
esses from  every  anple  and  for  a  number 
of  years  he  has  handled  business  interests 
of  larpe  scope  and  importance.  lie  is 
president  of  Piel  Hrothers  Manufaeturinp 
Company,  vice  president,  secretary  and  su- 
perintendent of  Piel  Brothers  Starch  Com- 
pany, treasurer  of  the  Pioneer  Hrass  Works 
and  vice  president  and  director  of  the 
wholesale  establishment  of  Kipp  P.rothers. 
Politically  he  is  an  independent  republican. 
In  local  affairs  he  has  studiously  voted  for 
men  and  measures  rather  than  party  can- 
didates. In  relipion  he  is  a  Lutheran. 
Charles  F.  Piel  married  in  1SSO  Helena 
Strauh.  They  are  the  parents  of  four  chil- 
dren: Carl  W..  Alma,  Selma  and  Her- 
bert. The  dauphters  are  twins.  Alma  be- 
iiiLr  now  the  wife  of  Walter  Sudbrock, 
and  Selma  is  Mrs.  Harry  Brinkmeyer. 

Fi;  \\cis  L.  ATWOOD  is  a  veteran  of  the 
profession  of  mechanical  enpineerinp  and 
lias  been  an  enpineer  and  business  execu- 
tive with  a  number  of  larpe  nianufactur- 
inp  corporations  both  east  and  west.  For 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1245 


the  past  five  years  he  has  been  factory  man- 
ager and  a  stockholder  in  the  Remy  Elec- 
tric Company  of  Anderson.  The  high 
standing  of  this  corporation  in  the  indus- 
trial world  is  sufficient  of  itself  to  speak  of 
Mr.  Atwood's  efficiency  as  an  industrial 
manager  and  engineer.  In  August,  1918, 
Mr.  Atwood  became  vice  president  and 
director  of  manufacturing  of  the  Midwest 
Engine  Company  of  Indianapolis,  the  new 
company  having  been  formed  by  a  merger 
of  the  Lyons  Atlas  Company  of  Indianapo- 
lis and  the  Hill  Pump  Company  of  Ander- 
son, Indiana. 

He  comes  of  an  old  New  England  family 
of  French  and  English  stock.  He  was 
born  at  Belchertown,  Hampshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  May  8,  1867,  a  son  of  Al- 
bert Augustus  and  Sarah  Jane  (Shum- 
way)  Atwood.  His  mother's  people  have 
lived  in  Massachusetts  since  about  1700. 
His  grandfather,  Albert  Atwood,  and  his 
father  were  both  carriage  makers  at  Belch- 
ertown and  spent  their  lives  in  that  in- 
dustry and  in  that  locality.  The  grand- 
father died  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety- 
nine.  Albert  Augustus  Atwood  died  in  • 
1897,  aged  seventy-two,  while  his  wife  sur- 
vived him  until  March,  1917,  and  was  then 
ninety-two  years  of  age. 

Francis  L.  Atwood  attended  public 
school  at  Belchertown  and  for  a  year  and 
a  half  pursued  a  special  course  in  me- 
chanical engineering  at  Lowell  Institute, 
in  Boston.  His  first  engineering  experi- 
ence was  with  the  Blake-Knowles  Steam 
Pump  Company  at  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  with  that  industry  twelve 
years,  part  of  the  time  as  general  foreman 
and  superintendent.  He  also  did  some 
government  work  and  for  three  years  was 
general  superintendent  of  The  "Wonder 
Working  Machinery  Company  of  Lynn, 
Massachusetts. 

Mr.  Atwood  came  to  Anderson  from  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  where  for  tw.o  and  a  half  years 
he  was  factory  manager  of  the  Dayton 
Recording  and  Computing  Machine  Com- 
pany. On  July  1,  1913,  he  accepted  the 
responsibilities  as  factory  manager  for  the 
Remy  Electric  Company.  Since  coming  to 
Anderson  he  has  invested  in  local  real  es- 
tate and  has  some  other  business  interests. 

In  1887  he  married  Miss  Atteresta 
Thatcher  of  Great  Barrington,  Massachu- 
setts. Two  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage:  Fena  Jane  and  Mildred.  The 

TcLIO-t 


former  finished  her  education  in  Wellesley 
College  and  is  now  office  manager  at  Day- 
ton for  Schinck  &  Williams,  architects. 
The  daughter  Mildred  married  Dallas 
Sells,  of  Anderson,  and  is  the  mother  of 
two  children,  Frances,  born  in  1915,  and 
Virginia,  born  in  1917. 

Mr.  Atwood  is  affiliated  with  the  various 
branches  of  York  and  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
sonry, including  the  Shrine  at  Dayton, 
Ohio.  He  is  a  member  of  Anderson  Lodge 
of  Elks,  and  is  a  charter  member  of  Lodge 
No.  42  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows  at  Springfield,  Vermont.  He  is 
a  republican,  a  member  of  the  Columbian 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  of  the  Anderson 
Country  Club,  the  Dayton  Bicycle  Club, 
the  Mystic  Club  of  Dayton  and  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  at  Anderson.  The  family 
are  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

REV.  GILBERT  DE  LA  MATYR,  congress- 
man, was  born  in  Pharsalia.  New  York, 
June  8,  1825,  and  was  of  Huguenot  de- 
scent. He  "was  self-educated.  He  worked 
with  irhis  father-  as  a  carpenter  until  he 
was;'.  ty«nty-three  years  of  age,  but  had 
been  licensed  to  preach,  by  the  Methodist 
Church,  at  the  age  of  twenty. 

His  ministerial  work  was  interrupted  by 
the  Civil  war.  In  1862  he  helped  organize 
the  Eighth  New  York  Heavy  Artillery,  and 
went  out  as  its  chaplain  for  the  remainder 
of  the  war.  After  the  war  he  resumed 
preaching,  having  charges  at  Brooklyn, 
Omaha  and  Kansas  City.  In  1874  he  came 
to  Roberts  Park  Church,  Indianapolis: 
and,  after  the  full  three  years  there,  was 
transferred  to  Grace  Church,  Indianap- 
olis. 

On  July  24,  1878,  he  was  nominated  for 
Congress  by  the  national  party  of  the  In- 
dianapolis district:  and  on  August  30  was 
nominated  by  the  democratic  party  for 
the  same  office.  The  district  had  been 
strongly  republican,  but  he  was  elected, 
and  served  in  1879-81.  He  was  not  elo- 
quent in  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the 
word,  but  was  convincing  by  his  intense 
earnestness. 

Mr.  De  La  Matyr  married  Marietta  Os- 
born,  of  Mount  Morris,  New  York,  in  1877. 
After  his  term  in  Congress  he  was  called 
to  Denver,  Colorado.  He  was  transferred 
from  Colorado  Conference,  after  serving 
at  Denver  for  three  years,  to  Northeast 
Ohio  Conference;  and  died  at  Akron, 


1246 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Ohio,  May  17,  1892,  and  was  buried  at 
Albion,  New  York.  A. sketch  of  his  early 
life  will  be  found  in  "Representative  Men 
of  Indiana,"  Seventh  District,  page  29. 

WILLIAM  M.  JILLSON  during  his  active 
career  contributed  materially  to  the  indus- 
trial affairs  and  prosperity  of  Indianapolis, 
and  his  is  one  of  the  outstanding  names 
in  that  city  during  the  last  half  century. 

The  Jillson  family  is  undeniably  Scotch 
but  the  date  of  the  coining  of  the  ancestors 
to  this  country  is  unknown.  Mr.  Jillson 's 
father  was  Samuel  Tower  Jillson.  He  was 
a  New  Englander,  at  one  time  was  super- 
intendent of  a  mill  at  Stafford  Springs, 
Connecticut,  and  finally  owned  and  oper- 
ated a  woolen  mill  at  South  Wilbraham, 
Massachusetts.  He  exemplified  much  of 
that  intellectual  power  and  versatility  and 
mechanical  genius  for  which  both  the  New 
England  Yankee  and  the  Scotch  are  fa- 
mous. He  had  very  superior  ability  in 
mechanical  lines.  During  the  war  his  fac- 
tory was  employed  in  manufacturing  for 
the  Government  what  was  known  at  Cadet 
cloth.  He  invented  many  appliances  that 
later  became  familiar  features  in  woolen 
manufacture.  He  married  Maria  Douglas, 
and  they  both  died  in  Massachusetts.  They 
were  the  parents  of  four  children. 

William  M.  Jillson  was  born  at  Vernon, 
Connecticut,  November  9,  1843.  He  grew 
up  in  Massachusetts,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  historical,  red  schoolhouse 
of  the  New  England  hills.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  his  studies  were  ended  and  he  was 
put  to  work  in  a  woolen  factory.  The  recol- 
lection of  this  phase  of  his  youth  was  not 
altogether  pleasant.  He  began  work  before 
breakfast  and  averaged  about  fourteen 
hours  every  day  of  hard  and  unremitting 
toil.  His  youthful  spirit  and  ambition 
could  not  long  confine  themselves  to  such 
a  dull  and  monotonous  routine.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  left  the  factory  and 
went  to  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  and 
for  a  time  was  employed  in  operating  a 
drill  press  in  a  machine  factory.  Later, 
at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  he  was  with 
a  factory  making  arms  for  the  government. 
From  there  he  went  to  New  York  City 
and  later  to  Ilion,  New  York,  where  he 
worked  with  the  Remington  Arms  Com- 
pany. By  putting  in  extra  time  he  earned 
as  high  as  $5  a  day,  a  very  high  wage  for 
the  munition  worker  of  that  day.  He  con- 


tinued his  employment  with  munition 
works  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  war. 

After  the  war  his  home  was  at  Seneca 
Falls,  New  York,  where  he  soon  went  on 
the  road  as  a  traveling  salesman.  In  this 
work  he  found  very  congenial  occupation. 
He  was  fond  of  travel  and  had  the  quali- 
fications that  make  the  successful  sales- 
man and  traveling  man.  He  was  on  the 
road  up  to  1872,  and  in  that  time  visited 
every  considerable  town  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

From  1872  Mr.  Jillson 's  home  was  at 
Indianapolis.  For  a  time  he  operated  a 
coal  mine  and  later  founded  a  steam  water 
and  gas  supply  house,  which  was  eventu- 
ally incorporated  as  the  Knight  &  Jillson 
Company.  This  grew  and  prospered  and 
became  one  of  the  important  industries  of 
Indianapolis.  At  one  time,  during  the 
natural  gas  era,  its  annual  business  aggre- 
gated nearly  $1,500,000.  Mr.  Jillson  re- 
tired in  1909,  and  was  afterward  busied 
only  with  his  private  affairs  and  interests. 
He  was  a  democrat  in  politics  but  never 
sought  any  public  office  and  as  a  member 
of  the  Woodstock  Country  Club  he  was 
frequently  found  during  the  summer  en- 
joying a  game  of  golf. 

In  1876  he  married  Mary  Cook  Clip- 
pinger.  Her  father  was  a  well  known 
physician  of  Indianapolis.  They  had  two 
children,  Douglas  Clippinger  and  Anna 
Louise.  The  death  of  William  M.  Jillson 
occurred  on  the  15th  of  December,  1918. 

THOMAS  A.  WYNNE.  A  detailed  story  of 
the  experience  of  Thomas  A.  Wynne  at 
Indianapolis  during  the  last  thirty  years 
would  reflect  all  the  important  history 
in  electrical  development  and  application 
to  modern  uses.  Mr.  Wynne  engaged  in 
the  electrical  business  when  he  was  a  boy 
about  the  time  Thomas  Edison  brought  out 
his  first  crude  incandescent  light. 

He  was  born  August  31,  1866,  in  Otta- 
wa, Canada,  son  of  Thomas  N.  and  Cath- 
erine (Copeland)  Wynne.  Thomas  N. 
Wynne  was  born  in  County  Kilkenny,  Ire- 
land, and  came  to  America  about  1835  with 
his  father,  James  Wynne.  James  Wynne 
located  on  a  farm  near  Ottawa,  Canada, 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  that  part 
of  the  country.  He  was  a  successful 
farmer,  and  was  interested  in  local  affairs, 
especially  in  educational  matters.  At  one 
time  he  held  the  office  of  superintendent  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1247 


public  schools  in  Canada.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Episcopal  Church  and  possessed 
marked  literary  tastes.  He  died  in  his 
ninety-ninth  year.  The  Wynne  family  in 
fact  are  particularly  long-lived.  Mr.  Thom- 
as A.  Wynne's  grandmother  lived  to  be  a 
hundred  and  seven  years  old,  and  both  his 
father  and  mother  are  still  living  at  the  age 
of  eighty-five. 

• .'.  Thomas  N.  Wynne,  one  of  a  family  of 
seven  children,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Canada,  and  in  early  life  took 
up  the  manufacture  of  furniture.  He  was 
in  that  business  in  Ottawa,  also  in  Vermont, 
and  at  Port  Henry,  New  York.  In  1875  he 
went  to  Minneapolis,  and  was  in  the  furni- 
ture and  lumber  business  there  for  fifteen 
years.  Since  then  he  has  lived  in  Essex 
County,  New  York.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  has  been  deeply  inter- 
ested in  community  affairs  and  politics  but 
has  never  sought  office, 

Thomas  A.  Wynne  was  third  in  a  family 
of  seven  children.  His  early  education  was 
acquired  in  the  common  schools  of  New 
York  and  Minnesota.  When  he  was  twelve 
years  old  he  went  to  work  for  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway  Company, 
and  was  with  that  corporation  about  four 
years.  In  the  meantime  he  had  become 
keenly  interested  in  the  rapid  progress  of 
adapting  electricity  to  economic  and  indus- 
trial purposes,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first 
men  in  the  Middle  West  who  had  some  ex- 
pert knowledge  of  the  electrical  appliances 
of  thirty  or  thirty-five  years  ago.  He  in- 
stalled apparatus  for  the  first  electric  light- 
ing plant  in  Minneapolis,  and  also  worked 
for  a  time  in  St.  Paul  Then  in  1887  he 
came  to  Indianapolis  to  take  a  position  with 
the  Jenny  Electric  Company,  builders  of 
electrical  machinery.  Mr.  Wynne's  part 
was  to  install  the  machinery,  and  during 
1888  he  was  engaged  in  installing  machin- 
ery at  the  Union  Station  during  the  presi- 
dential campaign  of  General  Harrison. 

Later  in  1888  he  became  identified  with 
the  Marmon  &  Perry  Company  when  they 
started  a  central  station  in  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  Wynne  was  superintendent  of  the  com- 
pany and  has  been  with  that  firm  and  its 
successors  continually  now  for  thirty-one 
years.  He  was  in  the  central  station  busi- 
ness with  Marmon  &  Perry,  then  with  their 
successors,  the  Indianapolis  Light  and  Pow- 
er Company,  and  still  later  with  the  Indi- 
anapolis Light  &  Heat  Company,  the  prin- 


cipals in  all  these  firms  being  practically 
the  same  people  who  were  in  the  business 
at  the  outset  in  1888.  Mr.  Wynne  became 
vice  president  and  treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Light  &  Heat  Company  about  ten 
years  ago,  and  still  occupies  that  position. 

The  first  central  station  was  established 
in  the  rear  of  the  old  Sentinel  Building, 
opposite  the  present  Traction  &  Terminal 
Building,  with  a  small  generator  for  the 
production  of  about  25  hocsepower.  Today 
the  Indianapolis  Light  &  Heat  Company 
develop  a  capacity  of  70,000  horsepower, 
and  this  increase  in  a  sense  measures  the 
remarkable  increase  of  applied  electricity 
during  the  last  thirty  years.  The  first 
building  to  be  lighted  from  the  central  sta- 
tion of  Indianapolis  was  the  old  Park 
Theater,  then  owned  and  operated  by  Dick- 
son  &  Talbott.  Since  then  the  service  has 
been  extended  to  almost  the  entire  city 
and  county.  The  equipment  in  the  same 
time  has  changed  so  radically  that  an  early 
piece  of  apparatus  would  not  be  recognized 
to  day  by  the  modern  operators.  The 
prime  mover  has  evolved  from  an  old  slide 
valve  engine  to  the  very  latest  type  of  what 
is  called  turbine  generator.  The  last  piece 
of  apparatus  installed  in  Indianapolis — 
the  largest  in  Indiana — takes  up  about  the 
same  room  as  that  taken  by  the  first  piece 
installed  in  1888.  The  distinction  is  not 
in  size  but  in  the  difference  of  work  be- 
tween the  two  pieces,  this  difference  being 
measured  by  30,000  horsepower. 

The  officers  of  the  Indianapolis  Light  & 
Heat  Company  at  the  present  time  are 
Charles  C.  Perry,  president,  Thomas  A. 
Wynne,  vice  president  and  treasurer,  and 
Walter  C.  Marmon,  secretary. 

While  this  business  has  been  well  cal- 
culated to  absorb  the  chief  energies  and  en- 
thusiasm of  Mr.  Wynne  during  all  these 
years,  it  is  not  his  only  concern  and  posi- 
tion in  Indianapolis  life  and  affairs.  He  is 
vice  president  of  the  Farmers  Trust  Com- 
pany, vice  president  of  the  West  Side 
Trust  Company,  a  director  of  the  State 
Savings  and  Trust  Company,  and  his  name 
appears  in  connection  with  a  number  of 
other  business  enterprises.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  all  the  Masonic  bodies,  the  Improved 
Order  of  Rfcd  Men,  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  and  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  His  name  is  on  the  rolls  of  mem- 
bership, of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Board  of  Trade,  Columbia  Club,  American 


1248 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Club,  Athenaeum,  Maennerchor,  Independ- 
ent Athletic  Club,  Indianapolis  Athletic 
and  Canoe  Club,  Herron  Art  Institute,  Ro- 
tary Club,  Advertisers'  Club,  and  other  or- 
ganizations. He  is  a  republican  in  politics 
and  served  one  term  with  the  City  Council. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 

In  1886,  at  Minneapolis,  Mr.  Wynne 
married  Miss  Mary  Neil,  daughter  of  Thom- 
as and  Mary  Neil.  Their  happy  married 
life  was  terminated  by  her  death  in  1891. 
Two  sons  were  Leslie  B.  and  Thomas  Neil. 
Leslie,  born  June  6,  1888,  was  educated  at 
Cornell  University,  graduating  in  1913.  He 
is  a  mechanical  engineer  by  profession  and 
for  several  years  has  been  connected  with 
the  General  Electric  Company  and  the  In- 
dianapolis Light  &  Heat  Company,  and 
during  1918  was  in  the  aviation  department 
of  the  Government.  Thomas  Neil,  born 
June  24,  1890,  was  educated  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  graduating  in  1913, 
and  is  also  a  mechanical  engineer  in  the 
service  of  the  Indianapolis  Light  &  Heat 
Company. 


T.  YOUNG.  While  his  perma- 
nent home  has  only  been  in  Indianapolis 
since  1910,  William  T.  Young  has  a  fine 
practice  as  a  lawyer  and  is  one  of  the  prom- 
inent and  public  spirited  figures  in  the  life 
of  the  capital  city.  He  is  a  man  of  broad 
experience  in  the  legal  profession,  which 
he  has  practiced  for  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Mr.  Young  was  born  at  Jackson,  Ten- 
nessee, a  son  of  M.  C.  and  P.  H.  (Stephens) 
Young.  He  grew  up  in  his  native  city,  and 
in  1889  was  graduated  from  Union  Uni- 
versity of  Jackson.  He  then  pursued  the 
study  of  law  and  in  1893  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  Jonesboro,  Arkansas.  Mr. 
Young  before  coming  to  Indianapolis  was 
in  practice  at  Pine  Bluff,  Arkansas,  and  en- 
joyed a  successful  business  as  a  lawyer 
there  until  1910.  During  that  time  he 
served  as  city  attorney  of  Pine  Bluff. 

Mr.  Young  was  one  of  the  organizers 
and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Southern 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  which  was  organized 
in  March,  1916.  It  contains  in  its  mem- 
bership about  100  native  sons  of  the  South 
who  have  found  a  home  in  this  city.  He 
continued  as  president  of  the  club  until  the 
spring  of  1918. 

Mr.  Young  married  Miss  Eddine  Hud- 
son, of  Tennessee.  They  have  two  sons, 
Lieutenant  William  T.,  Jr.,  and  Collier  H. 


Young.  William  T.  Young,  Jr.,  saw  active 
military  service  on  the  Mexican  border  as  a 
member  of  the  First  Indiana  Eegiment, 
Field  Artillery.  He  is  now  a  lieutenant  of 
Company  C,  One  Hundred  and  Forty-Sev- 
enth Field  Artillery,  and  went  with  that 
regiment  to  France  in  the  famous  Rainbow 
Division.  For  some  weeks  he  has  been  on 
the  battle  front. 

RUSSEL  M.  SEEDS,  president  of  the  Rus- 
sel  M.  Seeds  Company,  general  advertising 
agency  at  Indianapolis,  was  in  early  life  a 
newspaper  man.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
men  in  Indiana  to  make  a  commercial  suc- 
cess of  a  general  advertising  .agency,  and 
achieved  that  in  face  of  considerable  diffi- 
culties and  obstacles. 

Mr.  Seeds  was  born  at  Shadeville,  Frank- 
lin County,  Ohio,  not  far  from  Columbus, 
October  12,  1865,  son  of  Robert  and  Har- 
riet (White)  Seeds.  He  was  left  an  or- 
phan when  a  child  and  grew  up  in  his  na- 
tive county  and  lived  there  until  about  the 
age  of  sixteen.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Columbus  and  took  his 
college  course  at  Ann  Arbor,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  graduating  in  1886. 
After  a  few  months '  trip  abroad  he  went  to 
work  as  newspaper  reporter  on  the  old  Col- 
umbus Times.  He  later  bought  an  interest 
in  the  Champion  City  Times  at  Springfield, 
Ohio.  Here  he  lost  all  his  savings  and  for 
a  few  months  was  again  a  journeyman 
newspaper  reporter  on  the  Kansas  City 
Times. 

Mr.  Seeds  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1889 
and  for  a  time  was  state  editor  on  the 
Journal  and  five  years  city  editor.  He 
served  as  secretary  of  the  Republican  State 
Central  Committee  in  1894.  He  then  es- 
tablished a  news  correspondence  bureau, 
which  he  continued  about  three  years.  Part 
of  that  time  he  also  served  as  chief  clerk 
in  the  offiee  of  secretary  of  state.  These 
relations  he  finally  gave  up  to  become  sec- 
retary of  the  Monetary  Executive  Com- 
mittee, an  organization  for  the  purpose  of 
educating  the  public  on  the  gold  standard 
basis  of  finance.  At  the  end  of  this  serv- 
ice he  became  advertising  manager  of  the 
Atlas  Engine  Works. 

With  a  varied  experience  in  general  pub- 
licity covering  nearly  twenty  years,  in  1904 
he  established  his  present  business,  a  gen- 
eral advertising  agency.  As  already  noted, 
he  was  one  of  the  first  to  make  this  par- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1249 


ticular  line  of  endeavor  a  financial  suc- 
cess. Mr.  Seeds  all  this  time  has  been  iden- 
tified with  different  public  affairs.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club,  and  a  re- 
publican in  politics. 

In  1887,  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  Mr.  Seeds 
married  Caroline  Douglas.  By  that  union 
he  has  one  daughter,  Marjorie,  now  Mrs. 
Mathews  Fletcher.  In  1907  Mr.  Seeds  mar- 
ried Miss  Nettie  Brinkman,  of  Indianapo- 
lis. Their  two  daughters  are  Marian  and 
Virginia. 

WALTER  BERNARD  HAYDEN,  manager  of 
the  Menter  Company,  Men's  and  Women's 
Clothing,  of  Indianapolis,  is  a  merchant 
and  mercantile  manager  of  long  and  va- 
ried experience,  and  is  a  veteran  business 
man  though  by  no  means  as  old  in  years 
as  his  record  might  otherwise  indicate. 

He  was  born  May  9,  1876,  at  Chicago, 
Illinois,  a  son  of  William  Pearce  and  Mary 
(Gaul)  Hayden,  both  of  whom  are  now  de- 
ceased. For  many  years  their  home  was  in 
Illinois.  The  father  came  from  Ireland, 
was  a  farmer  before  he  went  to  Illinois, 
was  at  one  time  connected  with  the  old  Tre- 
mont  Hotel  in  Chicago,  and  afterwards  was 
a  sergeant  with  the  South  Park  police  of 
Chicago.  Walter  B.  Hayden  is  the  young- 
est of  nine  children,  three  of  whom  are 
still  living. 

He  attended  public  school  at  Enfield, 
Illinois,  also  the  Southern  Illinois  College 
and  the  State  Normal  at  Carbondale,  Illi- 
nois. He  obtained  his  first  experience  in 
business  as  clerk  in  a  country  store  at  En- 
field.  Seeking  broader  and  larger  oppor- 
tunities, he  found  an  opening  with  the  John 
Gately  Company,  one  of  the  largest  con- 
cerns of  its  kind  in  Chicago.  He  was  with 
that  house  for  fifteen  years  and  eventually 
was  made  credit  manager  of  the  Chicago 
general  office,  serving  in  that  position  one 
year. 

On  April  23,  1910,  Mr.  Hayden  came  to 
Indianapolis  to  manage  the  Indianapolis 
store  of  the  Gately  Company  at  42  South 
Penn  Street.  Later  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Gately  Company's  branch  at  Terre 
Haute,  where  he  remained  a  year  and  a 
half.  Returning  to  Indianapolis,  he  was 
with  the  People's  Credit  Clothing  Com- 
pany for  a  year  and  a  half,  and  then  on 
January  29,  1913,  assumed  the  position 
of  general  manager  of  the  The  Menter 
Company. 


This  business  was  started  by  Mr.  Men- 
ter and  Mr.  Rosenbloom  about  1889,  as  a 
partnership,  under  the  name  of  Menter  & 
Rosenbloom.  The  cash  capital  with  which 
the  business  started  was  $250,  and  a  store 
was  operated  in  the  City  of  Rochester, 
New  York,  selling  men's  clothing  on  credit 
payments.  They  made  little  money  and 
opened  another  store  and  continued  ex- 
panding, opening  about  one  store  a  year 
until  the  Spanish  war  broke  out  in  1898,  at 
which  time  they  were  obliged  to  stop  their 
expansion.  After  the  close  of  the  war,  they 
took  in  Mr.  Michaels  as  a  new  partner  in 
1899,  and  with  the  boom  in  business  sub- 
sequent to  the  Spanish  war  they  expanded 
very  rapidly  until  in  1904  they  operated 
forty -two  stores.  In  that  year  the  company 
was  incorporated  with  a  capital  paid  in  of 
$300,000.  Their  expansion  continued  after 
that  until  in  1906  the  company  was  oper- 
ating fifty-seven  stores.  At  that  time  Mr. 
Michaels  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Brickner, 
and  the  business  continued  to  run  along 
under  the  same  management  until  January, 
1914.  In  July,  1913,  Mr.  Rosenbloom  died 
and  in  July,  1914,  Mr.  Menter  died.  On 
account  of  the  death  of  these  two  men, 
and  neither  of  tliem  leaving  any  successor 
who  could  conduct  the  business,  it  was  re- 
organized in  1914  and  the  present  owners 
and  officers  took  charge  of  it.  Their  names 
and  the  office  which  they  hold  are  as  fol- 
lows: David  M.  Brickner,  president;  Sol 
Solomon,  vice  president.  T.  J.  Swanton, 
vice  president ;  M.  0.  Brickner,  secretary ; 
H.  P.  Swanton,  treasurer;  and  E.  M.  Wei- 
dert,  assistant  treasurer,  and  they  also  con- 
stitute the  Board  of  Directors. 

Having  spent  nearly  all  his  life  in  his 
particular  line  of  business,  Mr.  Hayden 
has  a  knowledge  of  it  which  only  one  of 
such  experience  can  have.  There 'is  prob- 
ably no  man  in  Indiana  who  has  made  a 
better  success  of  selliner  clothing  on  the  in- 
stallment plan  than  Mr.  Hayden.  It  is 
his  knowledge  of  credits  and  the  liberal  pol- 
icy which  he  has  instituted  which  have 
been  the  foundation  of  the  remarkable 
success  of  the  Menter  Company.  When  he 
became  connected  with  this  company's 
store  at  Indianapolis  he  found  a  very  small 
enterprise.  In  four  years  the  business  has 
grown  in  volume  of  sales  over  300  per  cent. 
The  company  now  occupies  the  entire  sec- 
ond floor  of  the  Vajen  Block  at  120  North 
Penn  Street.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  build- 


1250 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ings  in  the  business  district  of  Indianapolis. 
It  is  modernly  equipped  for  merchandis- 
ing, giving  the  customers  the  best  possible 
service.  The  liberal  terms  extended  by  The 
Menter  Company  enable  its  patrons  to  buy 
clothing  for  the  whole  family  where  it 
would  be  impossible  for  many  working  peo- 
ple to  buy  otherwise. 

Mr.  Hayden  is  a  democrat  in  politics  and 
has  been  quite  active  in  the  affairs  of  his 
party  and  his  community.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Catholic  Church.  June  12, 1907, 
at  Washington,  Indiana,  he  married  Miss 
Florence  May  Mills,  daughter  of  Alonzo 
Mills  of  Washington.  They  are  the  parents 
of  two  children:  Bernard,  born  November 
21,  1908,  and  Aletha  Mary,  born  September 
11,  1910. 

JOSEPH  DICKINSON.  The  records  of  en- 
lightened and  useful  Indiana  citizenship 
could  hardly  present  a  fairer  page  than 
that  on  which  is  told  the  career  of  Joseph 
Dickinson,  a '  prominent  business  man, 
stanch  Quaker,  friend  of  education  and  of 
freedom.  His  American  life  was  spent 
chiefly  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  :i 

He  was  born  June.6,  1820,  at  BrXJ^htpn,, 
England,  son  of  Jonathan  and  Alice  H 
Dickinson  and  of  a  long  line  of  Quaker 
ancestry.  The  family  moved  to  Sheffield 
when  Joseph  was  a  boy  and  he  there  grew 
to  man's  estate  and  served  an  apprentice- 
ship of  seven  years  at  the  plumbing  trade. 
He  had  but  limited  opportunities  to  get 
an  education  and  these  opportunities  were 
derived  chiefly  from  the  Ackworth  School, 
which  he  attended  to  the  age  of  fourteen. 
After  serving  his  apprenticeship  he  worked 
at  his  trade  for  about  two  years. 

In  the  meantime  his  father  had  died, 
leaving  the  family  in  straightened  circum- 
stances. With  a  younger  brother,  George, 
in  1842  he  took  passage  on  a  cotton  freight- 
er bound  for  New  Orleans,  loaded  only  with 
ballast.  In  the  United  States  the  boys 
hoped  to  establish  homes  for  their  widowed 
mother  and  the  other  children.  After  six 
weeks  .they  reached  New  Orleans,  and  from 
there  worked  their  way  by  boats  up  the 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers  to  Cincinnati, 
and  from  there  by  canal  to  Milton  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Thus  the  entire 
distance  from  England  to  this  part  of  the 
Central  West  had  been  covered  entirely  by 
water.  Undoubtedly  the  influence  which 
attracted  them  to  Wayne  County,  Indiana, 


was  its  prominence  as  one  of  the  largest 
and  oldest  centers  of  Quaker  settlement  in 
the  Middle  West. 

In  Wayne  County  Joseph  Dickinson  be- 
gan making  wooden  pumps.  From  the 
hewed  timber,  bored  by  hand,  were  pro- 
duced a  crude  pump  of  that  period.  Later 
horse  power  was  used  for  boring  and  finally 
lathes  were  installed.  The  business  grew 
and  the  Dickinson  pumps  had  a  demand 
over  a  large  section  of  territory.  A  birth- 
right Quaker  and  a  devout  adherent  to  its 
tenets,  Joseph  Dickinson  was  from  the  first 
prominently  identified  with  his  church. 

At  Milton,  Indiana,  October  17,  1844, 
he  married  Mrs.  Esther  G.  (Hiatt)  White, 
a  widow  with  one  son,  Oliver  White.  Her 
father,  Benajah  Hiatt,  on  account  of  his 
antipathy  to  the  institution  of  human  slav- 
ery, drove  by  wagon  over  the  mountains 
from  North  Carolina  to  Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  in  1825.  Benajah  Hiatt  was  one 
of  the  leading  men  of  his  community,  well 
known  for  his  upright  life  and  his  influence 
for  good. 

In  1849  Joseph  Dickinson  removed  to 
Richmond,  Indiana,  which  city  remained 
life. hjjme. the  rest  of  his  days.  He  contin- 
ued manufacturing  pumps,  and  inciden- 
tally as  Richmond  grew  to  a  city  he  found 
opportunity  to  engage  again  in  the  plumb- 
ing business.  In  1869  he  established  a  busi- 
ness which  is  now  rounding  out  a  half 
century  of  successful  existence,  in  the 
handling  of  farm  mortgages  and  loans. 
This  is  one  of  the  largest,  most  reliable  and 
best  known  of  the  various  concerns  of  its 
kind  in  Indiana. 

In  all  respects  Joseph  Dickinson  was  an 
ideal  citizen.  In  the  language  of  one  who 
knew  him  intimately  he  was  a  "stanch, 
sturdy  Englishman,  thoroughly  American- 
ized." He  was  a  devout  churchman  and 
for  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  pur- 
chasing and  distributing  agent  of  the  Cen- 
tral Book  &  Tract  Committee.  As  an  offi- 
cial of  the  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting  of  the 
Society  of  Friends  he  helped  establish  and 
maintain  South  Land  College  at  Helena, 
Arkansas,  for  the  benefit  of  colored  people. 
Prior  to  the  Civil  war  he  became  prominent 
in  the  operation  of  the  underground  rail- 
way, and  later  was  active  in  the  Freed- 
man's. Bureau.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
members  and  organizers  of  the  Friends 
Boarding  School  at  Richmond,  which  was 
an  important  nucleus  of  the  present  Earl- 


LIBRARY 

OF  TSE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IlilNOr 


4Z*C-£. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1251 


ham  College.  Joseph  Dickinson  served  as 
treasurer  of  the  college  for  fifteen  years. 
He  was  particularly  active  in  educational 
and  religious  work.  He  possessed  a  keen 
mind  and  his  natural  abilities  enabled  him 
to  acquire  a  fortune  by  legitimate  means. 

He  died  August  5,  1895,  his  wife  hav- 
ing passed  away  February  2,  1891.  They 
had  four  children :  Hannah  D.,  widow  of 
Charles  A.  Francisco ;  Samuel,  deceased ; 
Maria  D.,  wife  of  Paul  Washburn,  of  Se- 
attle, Washington ;  and  Joseph  J.,  senior 
member  of  the  firm  Dickinson  &  Reed, 
mortgage  loan  agents  of  Indianapolis. 

FRANKLIN  MONROE  BOONE.  Among  the 
men  whose  abilities  have  been  recognized 
by  election  to  positions  of  importance  in 
business  and  financial  enterprises  at  South 
Bend  during  recent  years,  one  who  has 
attained  more  than  ordinary  distinction  is 
Franklin  Monroe  Boone,  treasurer  and 
financial  secretary  of  the  South  Bend 
Building  and  Loan  Association.  Mr. 
Boone  is  a  product  of  Saint  Joseph  County 
and  has  passed  his  entire  business  career  at 
South  Bend,  where  his  advancement  has 
been  steady  and  consistent,  culminating 
in  his  election  to  his  present  position  among 
the  officials  of  the  oldest  building  and  loan 
association  in  Northern  Indiana. 

Franklin  M.  Boone  was  born  on  a  farm 
four  miles  northwest  of  South  Bend,  in 
Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana,  March  28, 
1874,  and  is  a  son  of  Daniel  W.  and  Catha- 
rine (Dressier)  Boone.  The  Boone  fam- 
ily originated  in  England,  from  whence 
its  members  came  to  the  Colony  of  Vir- 
ginia prior  to  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
among  its  most  noted  representatives  was 
the  famous  Daniel  Boone,  the  pioneer  of 
Kentucky,  who  may  be  said  to  have  ex- 
plored and  aided  in  the  settlement  of  the 
country  from  the  Allegheny  Mountains  to 
the  frontier  of  Missouri.  The  paternal 
grandfather  of  Franklin  M.  Boone  was 
Philip  Baltimore  Boone,  who  was  born  near 
Indianapolis,  and  became  an  early  resi- 
dent of  Saint  Joseph  County,  for  many 
years  carrying  on  farming  on  the  home- 
stead northwest  of  South  Bend.  He  was 
a  successful  agriculturist,  and  in  his  de- 
clining years  retired  to  South  Bend,  where 
he  died  in  1899.  First  a  whig  and  later 
a  republican  in  politics,  he  was  a  man  of 
influence  and  prominence  in  his  section, 
and  served  for  some  years  as  trustee  of 


German  Township.  Originally  he  was  a 
member  of  the  United  Brethren  Church, 
but  later  transferred  his  membership  to 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  the 
faith  of  which  he  died.  He  married  Su- 
sanna Miller,  a  native  of  Saint  Joseph 
County,  whose  death  occurred  at  South 
Bend. 

Daniel  W.  Boone,  father  of  Franklin  M. 
Boone,  was  born  March  4,  1848,  on  the 
homestead  place  in  Saint  Joseph  County, 
and  was  there  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  reared  to  the  vocation  of  farm- 
ing. Like  his  father,  he  was  a  man  of 
ability  and  industry  and  succeeded  in  the 
accumulation  of  a  valuable  property,  upon 
which  he  continued  to  carry  on  operations 
until  his  retirement  in  1900.  At  that  time 
he  removed  to  Buchanan,  Michigan,  where 
he  now  makes  his  home.  He  is  a  republi- 
can, but  his  only  share  in  politics  has  been 
the  casting  of  his  vote  in  support  of  the 
candidates  and  policies  of  his  party.  Mr. 
Boone  married  Catharine  Dressier,  who 
was  born  in  Juniata  County,  Pennsylvania, 
in  March,  1855,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  the  following  children:  Franklin 
Monroe;  Edith,  who  is  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam Dempsey,  formerly  a  farmer  and  now 
connected  with  a  flour  and  feed  mill  at 
Buchanan,  Michigan ;  Philip  B.,  who  has 
charge  of  a  flour  and  feed  mill  at 
Buchanan,  Michigan;  Robert  M.,  who  is 
manager  of  his  father's  farm  two  miles 
south  of  Buchanan;  Hallie,  who  resides 
with  her  parents ;  and  George  M.,  who  is  a 
student  of  dentistry  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 

Franklin  M.  Boone  was  educated  in  the 
rural  schools  of  Saint  Joseph  County,  sup- 
plementing this  with  a  commercial  course 
at  the  South  Bend  Business  College,  which 
he  left  in  1893.  He  next  read  law  for  three 
years  in  the  law  office  of  J.  D.  and  Joseph 
Henderson,  but  gave  up  his  legal  studies 
to  accept  a  position  as  accountant  with 
the  Birdsell  Manufacturing  Company. 
While  he  has  never  practiced  his  profes- 
sion, it  has  been  of  great  value  to  him  in 
the  various  positions  which  he  has  held. 
After  two  years  with  the  firm  above  named 
he  was  made  deputy  county  auditor,  spend- 
ing four  years  under  Auditor  John  Brown. 
Next  he  became  identified  with  the  Tribune 
Printing  Company,  and  spent  ten  years 
in  that  concern 's  service  as  an  accountant, 
but  resigned  August  1,  1913,  when  he  was 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1251 


ham  College.  Joseph  Dickinson  served  as 
treasurer  of  the  college  for  fifteen  years. 
He  was  particularly  active  in  educational 
and  religious  work.  He  possessed  a  keen 
mind  and  his  natural  abilities  enabled  him 
to  acquire  a  fortune  by  legitimate  means. 

He  died  August  5,  1895,  his  wife  hav- 
ing passed  away  February  2,  1891.  They 
had  four  children :  Hannah  D.,  widow  of 
Charles  A.  Francisco;  Samuel,  deceased: 
Maria  D.,  wife  of  Paul  Washburn,  of  Se- 
attle, Washington  :  and  Joseph  J.,  senior 
member  of  the  firm  Dickinson  &  Reed, 
mortgage  loan  agents  of  Indianapolis. 

FRAXKI.I.V  MONROE  BOONE.  Among  the 
men  whose  abilities  have  been  recognized 
by  election  to  positions  of  importance  in 
business  and  financial  enterprises  at  South 
Bend  during  recent  years,  one  who  has 
attained  more  than  ordinary  distinction  is 
Franklin  lion  roe  Bonne,  treasurer  and 
financial  secretary  of  the  South  Bend 
Building  and  Loan  Association.  Mr. 
Boone  is  a  product  of  Saint  Joseph  County 
and  has  passed  his  entire  business  career  at 
South  Bend,  where  his  advancement  has 
been  steady  and  consistent,  culminating 
in  his  election  to  his  present  position  among 
the  officials  of  the  oldest  building  and  loan 
association  in  Northern  Indiana. 

Franklin  M.  Boone  was  born  on  a  farm 
four  miles  northwest  of  South  Bend,  in 
Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana.  March  28, 
1874,  and  is  a  son  of  Daniel  W.  and  Catha- 
rine ( Dressier  1  Boone.  The  Boone  fam- 
ily originated  in  England,  from  whence 
its  members  came  to  the  Colony  of  Vir- 
ginia prior  to  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
among  its  most  noted  representatives  was 
the  famous  Daniel  Boone,  the  pioneer  of 
Kentucky,  who  may  be  said  to  have  ex- 
plored and  aided  in  the  settlement  of  the 
rountry  from  the  Allegheny  Mountains  to 
the  frontier  of  Missouri.  The  paternal 
grandfather  of  Franklin  M.  Boone  was 
Philip  Baltimore  Boone.  who  was  born  near 
Indianapolis,  and  became  an  early  resi- 
dent of  Saint  Joseph  County,  for  many 
years  carrying  on  farming  on  the  home- 
stead northwest  of  South  Bend.  He  was 
a  successful  agriculturist,  and  in  his  de- 
l-lining years  retired  to  South  Bend,  where 
lie  died  in  1890.  First  a  whig  and  later 
a  republican  in  polities,  he  was  a  man  of 
influence  and  prominence  in  his  section, 
and  served  for  some  vears  as  trustee  of 


German  Township.  Originally  he  was  a 
member  of  the  I'nited  Brethren  Church, 
but  later  transferred  his  membership  to 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  in  the 
faith  of  which  lie  died.  He  married  Su- 
sanna Miller,  a  native  of  Saint  Joseph 
Countv.  whose  death  occurred  at  South 
Bend.' 

Daniel  \Y~.  Boone.  father  of  Franklin  M. 
Boone.  was  horn  March  4,  1848,  on  the 
homestead  place  in  Saint  Joseph  County, 
and  was  there  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  reared  to  the  vocation  of  farm- 
ing. Like  his  father,  he  was  a  man  of 
ability  and  industry  and  succeeded  in  the 
accumulation  of  a  valuable  property,  upon 
which  he  continued  to  carry  on  operations 
until  his  retirement  in  1900.  At  that  time 
he  removed  to  Buchanan.  Michigan,  where 
lie  now  makes  his  home.  He  is  a  republi- 
can, but  his  only  share  in  politics  has  been 
the  casting  of  his  vote  in  support  of  the 
candidates  and  policies  of  his  party.  Mr. 
Boone  married  Catharine  Dressier,  who 
was  born  in  Juniata  County,  Pennsylvania, 
in  March,  1855,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  the  following  children:  Franklin 
Monroe:  Edith,  who  is  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam Dcmpsey.  formerly  a  farmer  and  now 
connected  with  a  flour  and  feed  mill  at 
Buchanan.  Michigan :  Philip  B..  who  has 
charge  of  a  flour  and  feed  mill  at 
Buchanan,  Michigan:  Robert  M..  who  is 
manager  of  his  father's  farm  two  miles 
south  of  Buchanan:  Hallie,  who  resides 
with  her  parents :  and  George  M.,  who  is  a 
student  of  dentistry  at  the  University  of 
Michigan.  Ann  Arbor. 

Franklin  M.  Boone  was  educated  in  the 
rural  schools  of  Saint  Joseph  County,  sup- 
plementing this  with  a  commercial  course 
at  the  South  Bend  Business  College,  which 
he  left  in  189:1.  He  next  read  law  for  three 
years  in  the  law  office  of  J.  D.  and  Joseph 
Henderson,  but  gave  up  his  legal  studies 
to  accept  a  position  as  accountant  with 
the  Birdsell  Manufacturing  Company. 
While  he  has  never  practiced  his  profes- 
sion, it  has  been  of  great  value  to  him  in 
the  various  positions  which  he  has  held. 
After  two  years  with  the  firm  above  named 
he  was  made  deputy  county  auditor,  spend- 
ing four  years  under  Auditor  John  Brown. 
Next  be  became  identified  with  the  Tribune 
Printing  Company,  and  spent  ten  years 
in  that  concern's  service  as  an  accountant, 
but  resigned  Autrust  1.  1913.  when  he  was 


1252 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


elected   treasurer   and   financial   secretary 
of  the  Building  and  Loan  Association  of 
South  Bend,  in  which  he  also  holds  a  di- 
rectorship.   This  is  the  oldest  building  and 
loan  association  in  Northern  Indiana,  hav- 
ing been  incorporated  July  5,   1882,  and 
has    enjoyed    a    steady    and    continuous 
growth,  its  present  authorized  capital  be- 
ing $2,000,000.     Its  officers  are:     Elmer 
Crockett,    president;    William    R.    Baker, 
vice  president;  F.  M.  Boone,  treasurer  and 
financial  secretary;  W.  A.  Bugbee,  secre- 
tary; and  directors,  Elmer  Crockett,  Wil- 
liam R.  Baker,  F.  M.  Boone,  W.  A.  Bug- 
bee,    W.    O.    Davies,    Donald    MacGregor, 
H.    S.   Bodet,   H.   G.   Schock  and   C.   E. 
Crockett.    Mr.  Boone 's  abilities  have  been 
largely    instrumental    in    continuing    the 
success  of  this  pioneer  association,  and  his 
associates  place  unquestioning  confidence 
in  his  foresight  and  judgment.    He  is  pres- 
ident of  the  State  League  Building  and 
Loan  Association   and  has  other  business 
interests,  in  addition  to  which  he  is  the 
owner  of  valuable  realty  at  South  Bend 
and  a  handsome  farm  of  164  acres,  located 
in  Laporte  County,  Indiana.     His  stand- 
ins  in  business  circles  of  the  city  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  South  Bend  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce in  1916  and  that  he  is  now  a  direc- 
tor and  one  of  the  working  members  of 
that  organization.    Mr.  Boone  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Northern  Indiana  Histori- 
cal Society,  the  Indiana  Grange,  the  Knife 
and  Fork  Club  and  the  Rotary  Club.    He 
is  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and  has 
been  prominent  in   this  order,   belonging 
to  Portage  Lodge  No.  675,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  of  which  he  is  a 
past  master,  having  been  master  in  1913 ; 
South  Bend  Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch 
Masons ;  South  Bend  Commandery  No.  13, 
Knights   Templar,  of  which  he  has  been 
recorder    for    many    years;    South    Bend 
Council  No.  82,  Royal  and  Select  Masters; 
Fort  Wayne  Consistory,  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
sons; and  Mizpah  Temple,  Ancient  Arabic 
Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  of  Fort 
Wayne.     With   his  family  he  belongs  to 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  now  serv- 
ing as  secretary  of  the  board  of  trustees. 
One  of  the  leading  republicans  of  his  city 
and  county,  he  is  treasurer  of  the  Saint 
Joseph   County  Republican  Central  Com- 
mittee and  vice  chairman  of  the  Republi- 
can Central   Committee  of    South  Bend, 


also  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Safety  of  the  city.  Altogether,  he  is  a  man 
who  touches  and  improves  life  on  many 
sides. 

In  August,  1902,  at  Union  Mills,  Indi- 
ana, Mr.  Boone  was  married  to  Miss  Clara 
Learn,  who  was  born  at  that  place,  and 
they  are  the  parents  of  one  child,  Edgar 
R.,  born  September  7,  1907.  The  modern 
and  attractive  family  home  is  located  at 
No.  815  Park  Avenue. 

JOHN  PURDUE,  philanthropist,  was  born 
in  Huntington  County,  Pennsylvania.  Oc- 
tober 31,  1802,  at  the  Village  of  Germany. 
His  father  was  a  poor  but  industrious  Ger- 
man pioneer.  At  the  age  of  eight  John 
was  started  to  a  country  school,  where  he 
applied  himself  so  diligently  that  while 
still  in  his  "teens"  he  was  made  teacher. 
He  removed  west  with  his  father's  family, 
locating  first  in  Ross  County,  and  then 
at  Worthington.  He  taught  school  from 
1826  to  1830  at  Piqua. 

In  1839  he  located  at  Lafayette,  Indiana, 
and  formed  a  business  partnership  with 
Moses  Fowler,  which  business  with  sev- 
eral changes  in  the  firm,  was  continued 
until  1855,  when  Mr.  Purdue  engaged  in 
the  commission  business  in  New  York  City. 
Here  he  was  phenomenally  successful,  and 
in  1865  returned  to  Lafayette  with  a  large 
fortune.  He  resided  in  Lafayette  until  his 
death  resulted  in  September,  1876,  from 
a  stroke  of  apoplexy. 

In  1865  Indiana  accepted  the  provisions 
of  the  acts  of  Congress  of  1862  and  1864 
for  grants  of  land  to  states  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  agricultural  schools,  but  the 
school  was  not  located  until  1869.  In  that 
year  it  was  established  at  Lafayette,  as 
the  result  of  an  offer  of  $150,000  from 
John  Purdue  if  located  there  and  named 
for  him,  supplemented  by  a  further  offer 
of  $50,000  from  Tippecanoe  County  on  like 
conditions.  Mr.  Purdue  was  interested  in 
the  work  through  his  own  experience  as  a 
teacher,  and  as  a  farmer  between  school 
seasons.  He  served  as  a  trustee  of  the  in- 
stitution until  his  death.  Its  development 
into  one  of  the  greatest  technical  schools 
of  the  country  is  a  part  of  the  history  of 
the  state. 

JACOB  EDGAR  MECHLING,  now  of  Indian- 
apolis, is  a  man  of  special  distinction  be- 
cause of  his  long  service  and  many  promo- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1253 


tions  as  a  practical  railroad  man,  and  for 
over  thirty  years  he  has  been  connected 
with  some  branch  of  the  great  Pennsyl- 
vania system.  He  is  now  superintendent  of 
motive  power  for  the  Pennsylvania  lines. 

Mr.  Mechling  was  born  in  Butler  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  November  29,  1863,  and 
represents  old  Colonial  and  Revolutionary 
stock  of  Pennsylvania.  His  first  American 
ancestor  came  from  Rotterdam,  Holland, 
in  1828,  and  landed  at  Philadelphia  in 
September  of  the  same  year.  Jacob  Mech- 
ling is  a  great-great-grandson  of  Jacob 
Mechling,  who  was  born  in  1746  and  died 
November  1,  1824.  His  wife,  Catherine 
Mechling,  was  born  in  1748  and  died  in 
August,  1832.  He  saw  service  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary war  as  a  soldier  in  Washington's 
army.  The  great-grandfather  was  Jacob 
Mechling,  who  was  born  December  8,  1770, 
and  died  January  10,  1860.  He  married 
Mary  Magdaline  Drum,  who  was  born 
March  20,  1777,  and  died  May  14,  1852. 

The  grandfather  was  another  Jacob 
Mechling,  born  October  20,  1795,  and  died 
March  8,  1873.  He  married  Jane  Sander- 
son Thompson,  who  was  born  September 
22,  1796,  and  died  May  14,  1872. 

The  father  of  Mr.  Mechling  was  Joseph 
Buffington  Mechling,  who  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1838,  and  died  May  4,  1910.  He 
was  a  man  of  considerable  prominence  in 
Western  Pennsylvania,  had  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, for  several  years  was  a  teacher  and 
for  two  years  was  principal  of  the  high 
school  at  Butler.  He  was  also  a  lawyer  and 
a  farmer,  and  shared  in  the  confidence 
and  respect  of  all  who  knew  him  in  a 
business  or  social  way.  He  married  Mar- 
garet A.  McQuistion,  who  was  born  October 
29,  1839,  and  is  still  living.  Her  grand- 
father, John  McQuistion,  came  from  Ire- 
land in  1794  and  located  in  Wlestmoreland 
County  and  later  in  Butler  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Jacob  Edgar  Mechling  is  the  oldest  in  a 
family  of  nine  children,  eight  of  whom  are 
still  living.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  in  1880  went  to  work  as  a  ma- 
chinist's apprentice  with  the  H.  A.  Porter 
Locomotive  Works  at  Pittsburg.  In 
April,  1882,  he  first  entered  the  service  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Pittsburg 
as  a  special  apprentice.  The  following 
year,  however,  he  entered  the  employ  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway, 


and  was  with  them  until  May,  1886.  Since 
then  his  work  has  been  continuous  with 
some  branch  of  the  Pennsylvania  system. 
After  three  months  he  was  promoted  to 
gang  foreman  of  the  erecting  shop  at  Pitts- 
burg, later  became  assistant  foreman  in  the 
shop  where  he  was  first  employed  and  still 
later  was  foreman  of  the  new  engine  house 
at  Wall,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained 
until  May,  1902.  At  that  date  he  became 
assistant  master  mechanic  of  the  Pittsburg 
division,  with  headquarters  at  Pittsburg, 
but  two  years  later  was  sent  West  and 
made  master  mechanic  of  the  Vandalia  line, 
with  headquarters  at  Terre  Haute.  Mr. 
Mechling  continued  a  resident  of  Terre 
Haute  for  fifteen  years.  On  July  1,  1918, 
he  was  given  his  present  duties  as  superin- 
tendent of  motive  power  of  the  western 
lines  of  the  Pennsylvania  and  now  has  his 
headquarters  in  the  Majestic  Building  at 
Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Mechling  still  retains  his  member- 
ship in  Lodge  No.  45  of  the  Masonic  order 
of  Pittsburg,  is  also  a  Knight  Templar 
and  in  January,  1919,  was  installed  as 
commander  of  the  Commandery  at  Terre 
Haute.  He  is  also  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Indiana  Consistory  Mason 
and  Shriner,  is  an  Elk  and  is  a  vestryman 
in  St.  Stephen's  Episcopal  Church  at  Terre 
Haute.  In  politics  he  is  a  republican.  Mr. 
Mechling  married  at  Pittsburg  in  May, 
1886,  Miss  Ida  May  Bailey.  They  are  the 
parents  of  one  son  and  three  daughters, 
Edgar  B.,  Lillian  M.,  Margaret  E.  and 
Lois  R. 

ROBERT  P.  ZORN  represents  a  family  that 
has  been  identified  with  Michigan  City  for 
over  forty-five  years.  Mr.  Zorn  is  vice 
president  of  the  Michigan  City  Trust  & 
Savings  Bank,  and  at  different  times  has 
found  opportunity  willingly  and  gladly  to 
assist  in  many  forward  movements  and  un- 
dertakings in  his  home  community. 

He  was  born  at  Blue  Island  in  Cook 
County,  Illinois.  For  many  generations 
his  forefathers  lived  at  Wuerzburg,  Ger- 
many. His  great-grandfather,  Adam  Zorn, 
was  a  farmer  in  that  community  and  spent 
all  his  life  there.  Philip  Zorn,  Sr.,  the 
grandfather,  was  a  brewer,  a  business  he 
followed  in  Germany  until  his  death  in 
1849,  at  the  age  of  forty-one.  His  widow, 
Margaret,  survived  him  until  1879,  pass- 
ing away  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight. 


1254 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  late  Philip  Zorn,  who  founded  the 
family  at  Michigan  City,  was  born  in  the 
City  of  Wuerzburg,  Germany,  February 
21,  1837,  being  one  of  ten  children.  He 
attended  public  schools  and  later  the  Agri- 
cultural College  of  Nuremburg,  Germany, 
and  in  1854,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  came  to 
America.  After  one  year  in  New  York 
City  he  went  west  to  Blue  Island,  Illi- 
nois, and  managed  a  brewery  in  that  Chi- 
cago suburb  until  1871.  He  then  estab- 
lished a  brewery  at  Michigan  City  and 
gradually  built  up  a  large  institution,  and 
after  taking  in  his  two  sons,  Charles  and 
Robert,  in  the  business  with  him  organized 
the  Zorn  Brewing  Company,  of  which  he 
was  president  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
was  also  a  man  of  various  interests,  having 
been  one  of  the  promoters  and  organizers 
of  the  Merchants  Mutual  Telephone  Com- 
pany and  was  a  member  and  served  at  one 
time  as  president  of  the  Indiana  Brewers 
Association.  He  was  also  the  first  vice 
president  of  the  Citizens  Bank  of  Michigan 
City.  He  was  a  democrat,  served  a  term  as 
councilman  in  Michigan  City,  and  also  held 
local  offices  at  Blue  Island,  but  on  the 
whole  was  too  busy  to  care  for  the  honors 
and  responsibilities  of  politics.  He  and  his 
wife  were  members  of  the  Lutheran 
Church.  Philip  Zorn  married  in  October, 
1856,  Miss  Sophia  Miller,  daughter  of 
Christian  Miller.  They  were  the  parents 
of  seven  children :  Charles,  long  associated 
with  his  father  in  business;  Amelia;  So- 
phia ;  Leonard,  who  died  at  the  age  of  two 
years;  Robert;  Herman,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  sixteen ;  and  Louisa.  The  mother 
of  these  children  died  in  1897,  aged  fifty- 
eight. 

Robert  P.  Zorn  grew  up  in  Michigan 
City,  attending  the  public  schools,  and  then 
entered  his  father's  brewery  and  had  a 
large  share  in  its  management  and  opera- 
tion. Since  his  father's  death  the  busi- 
ness has  been  sold  and  Mr.  Zorn  now  gives 
his  time  to  his  private  interests.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Flora  Kneller,  a  native  of  Mich- 
igan City  and  a  daughter  of  Lewis  and 
Mary  Kneller.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Zorn  have 
three  children,  Marie,  Philip  and  Lewis. 
They  are  members  of  St.  John's  Lutheran 
Church  and  Mr.  Zorn  is  affiliated  with 
Michigan  City  Lodge  No.  432,  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  Mich- 
igan City  Aerie  No.  1228,  Fraternal  Order 
of  Eagles. 


GEORGE  IRVING  CHRISTIE  was  the  man 
largely  responsible  for  changing  the  atti- 
tude of  the  agricultural  department  of 
Purdue  University  from  a  passive  to  an 
active  one.  In  other  words,  he  was  founder 
of  the  agricultural  extension  department 
and  has  been  its  superintendent  since  this 
department  was  organized.  However  great 
and  valuable  an  institution  may  be,  its 
benefits  are  limited  as  long  as  it  remains 
stationary,  pursuing  merely  a  policy  of 
waiting  for  students  to  come  to  it.  Pro- 
fessor Christie  has  carried  the  college 
courses,  material  and  instruction  to  the 
most  remote  corners  of  the  state.  Thou- 
sands of  worthy  Indiana  farmers  have  nev- 
er seen  the  inside  walls  of  any  technical 
institution,  and  because  of  natural  inertia 
and  other  laws  and  conditions  governing 
human  beings  in  general  a  large  proportion 
of  them  never  would  avail  themselves  of 
such  opportunities  as  are  extended  by  Pur- 
due University.  But  when  Purdue  Uni- 
versity is  put  on  wheels  and  carried  into 
the  individual  agricultural  districts,  it  has 
been  proved  every  year  since  Professor 
Christie  began  running  his  educational 
trains  through  Indiana  that  even  the  most 
backward  and  unprogressive  rural  districts 
turn  out  large  numbers  to  see,  be  enter- 
tained and,  incidentally,  be  instructed  and 
get  vital  inspiration  for  better  work  ever 
afterward. 

Mr.  Christie  is  a  Canadian  by  birth, 
born  at  Winchester,  Ontario,  June  22, 
1881,  a  son  of  David  and  Mary  Ann 
(House)  Christie.  He  acquired  a  good 
training  in  the  schools  of  his  native  place, 
and  represented  the  progressive  farming 
element  of  the  province.  In  1898  he  en- 
tered Ontario  Agricultural  College  at 
Guelph,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
June,  1902,  with  the  degree  Bachelor  of 
Scientific  Agriculture.  While  in  college  he 
displayed  his  rapidly  maturing  abilities 
and  gained  no  little  prominence  as  a  judge 
in  agricultural  contests  at  Ottawa,  Canada, 
and  also  in  the  International  Livestock  Ex- 
position at  Chicago.  It  was  his  work  at  the 
International  which  attracted  to  him  the 
attention  of  the  Iowa  State  College  at 
Ames.  That  institution  succeeded  in  get- 
ting the  brilliant  young  Canadian  as  assist- 
ant in  agronomy,  a  department  in  which 
he  served  from  1903  to  1905.  In  1903  he 
was  honored  by  Iowa  State  College  with 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1255 


the  degree  Bachelor  of  Scientific  Agricul- 
ture. 

On  July  1,  1905,  Mr.  Christie  came  to 
Purdue  University  as  assistant  in  soils  and 
crops,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
founded  and  was  put  in  charge  of  the  ag- 
ricultural extension  work,  which  under  his 
energetic  direction  has  become  perhaps  the 
most  valuable  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity. The  department  grew  rapidly  in 
scope  and  volume  of  its  work  and  at  the 
present  time  its  staff  consists  of  more  than 
two  hundred  and  fifty  trained  men  and 
women,  experts  in  the  various  lines  of  sci- 
entific agriculture  and  home  economics  who 
reach  more  than  one  million  people  on  the 
farms  annually. 

In  1905  he  sent  out  his  first  special  edu- 
cational train,  and  since  then  has  utilized 
twelve  lines  of  railway  in  reaching  directly 
all  the  farmers  of  the  state.  From  these 
trains  have  been  distributed  thousands  of 
copies  of  station  bulletins,  while  the  direct 
contract  between  University  men  and  the 
practical  stay-at-home  farmers  has  resulted 
in  untold  benefits  and  has  scattered  the 
seed  of  knowledge  and  encouragement 
broadcast  all  over  the  state.  The  establish- 
ment of  hundreds  of  corn  clubs  and  other 
rural  life  organizations  is  directly  trace- 
able to  the  forces  set  in  motion  by  Mr. 
Christie's  Extension  Department. 

When  war  was  declared  by  the  United 
States  in  April,  1917,  Indiana's  war  gov- 
ernor, James  P.  Goodrich,  recognizing  the 
Extension  Department  as  a  great  factor  in 
food  production,  appointed  its  superintend- 
ent state  food  director.  Mr.  Christie's  ef- 
forts in  this  capacity  resulted  in  Indiana 
increasing  her  corn  acreage  10  per  cent; 
the  wheat  acreage  25  per  cent;  doubling 
the  number  of  back  yard  gardens;  pork 
production  was  greatly  increased  and  in  a 
drive  for  10,000  silos  in  1918,  Indiana  went 
"over  the  top."  Not  a  request  came  from 
Washington  for  the  increased  production 
of  food  that  was  not  more  than  met.  These 
results  in  Indiana  attracted  Secretary 
Houston's  attention,  and  when  he  decided 
to  place  a  man  in  charge  of  the  farm  labor 
work,  one  of  the  most  difficult  problems 
confronting  the  nation,  he  selected  Mr. 
Christie.  He  also  had  charge  of  the  work 
of  distributing  funds  provided  by  the 
President  for  farmers  in  drouth-stricken 
areas  of  Montana,  North  Dakota  and  Wash- 
ington. That  he  was  equal  to  this  task  has 


been  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  Presi- 
dent Wilson  placed  upon  him  still  larger 
responsibilities  by  appointing  him  assistant 
secretary  October  1,  1918. 

In  this  capacity  he  is  playing  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  nation's  reconstruction  ac- 
tivities. To  him  was  assigned  the  task  of 
preparing  the  food  production  program 
of  the  United  States  for  1919.  This  pro- 
gram has  recently  been  published  and  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  complete  and 
helpful  ever  given  to  American  farmers. 
At  the  request  of  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
Houston,  Mr.  Christie  has  undertaken  the 
re-organization  of  the  office  of  farm  man- 
agement of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
with  the  assistance  of  leading  agricultural 
economists  and  farm  management  men  of 
a  number  of  state  colleges.  A  program 
of  work  has  been  outlined,  projects  agreed 
upon  and  the  work  established.  Assist- 
ance has  also  been  given  to  the  States  Re- 
lations Service  in  the  better  organization  of 
the  extension  forces  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Christie  has  served  as  secretary  of 
the  Indiana  Corn  Growers'  Association 
since  1906 ;  secretary  of  Indiana  Commis- 
sion for  the  National  Corn  Exposition ; 
advisory  member  of  the  Indiana  Vocational 
Education  Commission,  1911-1912;  direc- 
tor of  the  National  Corn  Association ;  su- 
perintendent of  Indiana  Agricultural  Ex- 
hibit, Panama  Pacific  Exposition;  chair- 
man of  the  Agricultural  Committee  Indi- 
ana Centennial  Celebration,  1916 ;  member 
of  the  National  Country  Life  Association; 
member  of  the  National  War  Labor  Poli- 
cies Board;  director  of  Purdue  University 
Summer  School  for  Teachers,  1912-1917; 
and  is  an  associate  member  of  the  Cosmos 
Club,  Washington,  D.  C..  and  member  of 
Rotary  Club,  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

He  is  the  author  of  the  following  publi- 
cations: U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
Bulletin  255, ' '  Educational  Contests  in  Ag- 
riculture and  Home  Economics:"  Agri- 
cultural Extension  Bulletin  No.  15,  "An 
Act  Providing  for  Agricultural  Extension 
in  Indiana;"  pamphlet,  "Education  for 
Country  Life;"  pamphlet.  "The  New  Ag- 
riculture:" pamphlet,  "Agricultural  Ex- 
tension Work;"  booklet,  "Indiana  Agri- 
culture," for  Indiana  Exhibit.  Panama 
Pacific  Exposition;  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  publication.  "Sup- 
plying the  Farm  Labor  Need;"  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  publica- 


1256 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion,  "Farm  Labor."  He  is  joint  author 
of  Purdue  University,  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  Circular  No.  18,  "Corn 
Shows  and  Selecting,  Preparing  and  Scor- 
ing Exhibits;"  Agricultural  Extension 
Leaflet  No.  23,  "Examine  the  Condition 
of  your  Seed  Corn." 

June  27,  1906,  Mr.  Christie  married 
Ethel  Maria  Carpenter,  of  Des  Moines, 
Iowa,  daughter  of  Truman  and  Ermina 
(Moore)  Carpenter.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Ermina  Margaret  Christie,  born  Au- 
gust 10,  1908. 

MARTHA  V.  THOMAS,  M.  D.  Among  In- 
diana women  who  have  gained  distinction 
in  the  professional  field,  a  long  and  active 
service  as  a  physician  is  placed  to  the  cred- 
it of  Dr.  Martha  V.  Thomas  at  South  Bend. 
She  has  spent  most  of  her  life  in  Indiana, 
but  was  born  at  Granville,  Morrow  County, 
Ohio. 

Her  family  contained  numerous  men  and 
women  of  the  highest  worth  and  character. 
Her  grandfather,  Rev.  John  Thomas,  a 
native  of  Wales,  came  to  America  in  early 
manhood,  locating  at  Granville,  Ohio,  and 
for  many  years  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
Church  in  that  community,  living  there 
until  bis  death.  His  wife,  Leanna  Davis, 
also  of  Wales,  came  to  America  with  her 
parents  who  settled  in  Indiana  County, 
Pennsylvania. 

Rev.  Zachariah  Thomas,  father  of  Doc- 
tor Thomas,  was  also  born  at  Granville, 
where  he  received  his  early  education.  He 
graduated  in  theology  from  Dennison  Col- 
lege, Granville,  Ohio,  and  not  long  after- 
wards succeeded  his  father  as  pastor  of  the 
Baptist  Church  at  Chesterville.  In  1865  he 
removed  to  Albion,  Indiana,  where  he  was 
busied  with  his  congenial  and  fruitful 
labors  as  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight. 

Doctor  Thomas'  maternal  ancestry  goes 
back  to  William  and  Charity  (Dye)  Bruce, 
natives  of  Scotland  who  became  colonial 
settlers  in  Prince  William  County,  Vir- 
ginia, where  their  son  Joel  was  born  and 
spent  his  life  as  a  slaveowning  planter. 
Joel,  the  great-grandfather  of  Doctor 
Thomas,  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier.  His 
wife  was  Nancy  Dowling.  Elijah  Bruce, 
their  son,  had  a  similar  position  as  a  Vir- 
ginia gentleman  and  planter.  He  married 
Melinda  Browning,  a  native  of  Rappahan- 
nock  County.  Her  father,  John  Browning, 


a  native  of  the  same  locality,  served  on  the 
staff  of  General  Washington,  afterwards 
was  a  planter,  and  married  Elizabeth 
Strother. 

The  mother  of  Doctor  Thomas  was  Eliz- 
abeth Bruce,  a  daughter  of  Elijah  and  Me- 
linda (Browning)  Bruce.  She  survived 
her  husband  and  spent  her  last  years  at 
South  Bend,  where  she  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one.  Her  six  children  were  named 
Melinda,  Jennie,  Bruce,  Mary,  Lucy  and 
Martha  V. 

Doctor  Thomas  received  her  early  educa- 
tion in  the  schools  of  Albion  and  also  grad- 
uated from  Shephardson  College  for 
Women.  For  several  years  she  gave  most 
of  her  time  to  the  care  of  her  invalid 
father.  Her  preliminary  medical  studies 
were  pursued  for  one  year  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Doctor  Reiff  of  Albion.  She  then 
entered  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  from 
which  she  graduated  in  1896.  The  same 
year  she  began  practice  at  South  Bend, 
and  for  many  years  has  shared  in  the  best 
honors  paid  the  medical  fraternity.  She  is 
a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Institute 
of  Homeopathy,  Illinois  State  Homeopathic 
Association,  and  American  Institute  of 
Homeopathy.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Bap- 
tist Church. 

GEORGE  WYMAN.  The  character  of  tre- 
mendous enterprise  and  wholesouled  gen- 
erosity and  public  spirit  which  has  dis- 
tinguished so  many  successful  Americans 
was  thoroughly  shared  by  the  late  George 
Wyman  of  South  Bend.  He  was  for  fifty 
years  a  merchant  building  up  and  direct- 
ing a  magnificent  place  of  trade.  That  was 
his  life  work,  yet  with  equal  seriousness 
he  gave  his  time  and  means,  especially 
in  later  years,  to  many  noble  charities  that 
are  destined  to  stand  as  permanent  memor- 
ial* to  the  name. 

Of  New  England  and  Yankee  ancestry, 
he  was  born  at  Painesville,  Ohio,  January 
27,  1839,  son  of  Guy  and  Rebecca  (King) 
Wyman,  the  former  a  native  of  Vermont 
and  the  latter  of  Connecticut.  On  leaving 
public  school  at  the  age  of  fourteen  George 
Wyman  spent  one  year  as  clerk  for  a 
Painesville  merchant,  and  made  such  good 
progress  that  he  was  then  assigned  to  the 
responsibilities  of  managing  a  small  store 
in  the  same  section  of  Ohio.  By  the  time 
he  was  twenty-one  years  old  he  had  ac- 
quired a  thoroughly  practical  knowledge  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1257 


merchandising,  and  had  also  supplemented 
his  early  education  by  a  course  in  a  Mil- 
waukee business  college. 

On  leaving  Painesville  he  came  to  South 
Bend  in  1860.  In  August  of  that  year  he 
opened  a  small  but  well  selected  stock  of 
dry  goods  on  North  Michigan  Street.  In 
January,  1865,  he  formed  the  firm  of 
George  Wyman  &  Company.  For  eighteen 
years  he  and  Capt.  G.  E.  Rose  were  busi- 
ness partners  and  associates.  In  the  mean- 
time the  business  had  grown,  necessitating 
two  changes  of  locations,  and  after  1883 
several  building  additions  were  made  to 
furnish  space  for  the  expanding  activities 
of  the  firm,  so  that  Mr.  Wyman  came  into 
the  present  century  at  the  head  of  one  of 
the  largest  merchandise  stores  in  Northern 
Indiana. 

Mr.  Wyman  hardly  relaxed  any  of  the 
vigilance  and  energy  that  had  made  him 
supreme  in  mercantile  affairs  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1913.  At  that 
time  he  was  mourned  not  merely  as  a 
business  man,  but  as  one  of  the  citizens 
who  had  been  constructive  in  South  Bend's 
progress  toward  the  realization  of  the 
broader  and  better  ideals  of  community 
life.  The  one  institution  that  more  than 
any  other  stands  as  a  monument  to  his 
generosity  is  the  Young  Women 's  Christian 
Association  Building,  which  he  and  his 
wife  built  and  equipped  in  1906.  In  the 
days  of  his  prosperity  he  did  not  forget 
his  native  town,  and  presented  the  Paines- 
ville Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
with  a  well  equipped  gymnasium.  The  last 
months  of  his  life  he  was  planning  and 
working  out  the  details  of  a  plan  whereby 
he  intended  to  effect  the  distribution  of 
a  sum  approximating  $150,000  among  his 
faithful  employes,  friends  and  charitable 
institutions.  Mrs.  Wyman  had  shared  his 
confidence  in  these  plans,  and  when  death 
laid  its  hand  upon  him  she  gave  practical 
effect  to  his  wishes.  As  a  result,  besides  a 
number  of  individuals,  several  South  Bend 
institutions  found  their  possibilities  for 
usefulness  greatly  extended  through  the  be- 
quests of  Mr.  Wyman,  including  the  Ep- 
worth  Hospital,  the  St.  Joseph  Hospital, 
the  Orphans  Home  and  the  United  Chari- 
ties. 

Mr.  Wyman 's  first  wife  was  Lizzie  Rose, 
who  died  in  1880.  The  wife  of  his  second 
marriage,  who  survives  her  honored  hus- 
band and  continues  his  influence,  was  be- 


fore her  marriage,  Clara  Lovett.  She  was 
born  at  Charlottesville,  New  York,  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Noble  and  Marion  (Peck)  Lov- 
ett. Her  father  was  for  many  years  a 
faithful  laborer  in  the  New  York  Confer- 
ence of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

JOHN  A.  SWYGART.  The  Swygart  fam- 
ily had  been  a  prominent  one  in  South 
Bend  for  over  sixty  years.  While  the  ca- 
reer of  John  A.  Swygart  is  and  has  been 
connected  with  the  city  in  many  important 
ways,  including  his  present  official  service 
as  city  comptroller,  the  record  of  which 
he  is  most  proud  was  his  long  and  efficient 
employment  in  the  various  operating 
branches  of  railroading.  He  was  in  his 
time  connected  with  several  of  the  larger 
railroad  systems  of  the  Middle  West  and 
South,  and  on  returning  to  South  Bend 
to  make  it  his  permanent  home  resigned  his 
position  as  general  superintendent  of  a 
road  in  Louisiana. 

Mr.  Swygart  was  born  on  Euclid  Aven- 
ue in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  February  23,  1855. 
His  great-grandfather  was  a  Virginia  plant- 
er and  slave  owner,  but  later  moved  from 
Virginia  to  Pennsylvania  and  bought  a 
home  near  Reading,  where  he  spent  his  last 
years.  Mr.  Swygart 's  grandfather  was 
Benjamin  Swygart,  probably  a  native  of 
Virginia.  One  of  his  seven  sons  was  the 
late  George  W.  Swygart,  who  was  the 
founder  of  the  family  at  South  Bend. 

George  W.  Swygart  was  born  near  Read- 
ing, Pennsylvania,  and  as  a  boy  served  a 
seven  years  apprenticeship  at  the  trade  of 
stone,  brick  and  plaster  mason.  He  then 
worked  as  a  journeyman  and  in  1848  re- 
moved to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  contractor  and  build- 
er. In  1857  he  made  a  prospecting  visit  to 
Illinois,  and  while  in  Chicago  was  awarded 
a  contract  to  erect  a  building.  The  owner 
asked  him  to  take  as  part  of  his  payment 
five  acres  of  land  now  included  in  the  "loop 
district."  George  W.  Swygart,  though  in 
later  years  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
competent  judges  of  real  estate,  preferred 
the  money  in  hand  to  the  doubtful  value  of 
Chicago  real  estate.  He  did  not  remain 
long  in  Chicago,  and  on  again  coming  west 
in  1858  settled  at  South  Bend.  Here  he 
engaged  in  a  successful  business  as  a  con- 
tractor and  builder,  and  put  up  many  of 
the  structures  still  standing  in  the  city.  He 
had  an  abiding  faith  in  the  future  of  South 


1258 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Bend,  and  practiced  his  faith  by  liberal  in- 
vestment in  local  real  estate.  He  bought 
sixty  acres  of  land  south  of  Sample  Street, 
later  owned  by  the  Studebaker  Manufactur- 
ing Company.  On  West  Wlashington  Street 
he  erected  what  was  at  that  time  regarded 
as  the  finest  private  residence  in  the  city. 
He  also  bought  and  improved  the  site  now 
occupied  by  the  Oliver  Hotel,  and  at  his 
death  he  left  a  large  estate,  represented  by 
many  holdings  in  and  around  the  city.  He 
died"  at  South  Bend  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine.  He  was  a  republican,  and  an  active 
Presbyterian  and  erected  one  of  the  early 
Presbyterian  Churches  in  South  Bend. 
George  W.  Swygart  married  Carolina  M. 
Moyer,  who  was  born  and  reared  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
four.  Her  father,  John  Moyer,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Berlin,  Germany.  Her  grandfather 
served  for  some  years  as  an  officer  in  the 
German  army.  He  was  a  man  of  liberal 
mind  and  temper,  and  after  leaving  the 
army  he  had  some  differences  with  his  asso- 
ciates over  political  affairs  and  he  sought 
a  home  in  free  America,  locating  near 
Reading,  Pennsylvania.  His  liberal  means 
were  invested  in  business  there  and  he  was 
a  pioneer  in  the  iron  industry  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  son,  John  Moyer,  continued 
this  business  after  his  father's  death,  but 
finally  moved  to  Lee  County,  Illinois,  and 
bought  a  large  tract  of  land  near  Dixon, 
where  he  gave  his  time  to  the  breeding 
and  raising  of  fine  horses  and  cattle.  He 
died  there  at  the  age  of  eighty-six.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  W.  Swygart  had  eight  chil- 
dren, named  William,  Clementina,  John  A., 
George,  Ella,  Edward,  Lillie  and  Eva. 

John  A.  Swygart  was  about  two  years 
old  when  his  parents  came  to  South  Bend. 
He  had  only  a  common  school  education 
and  when  about  fourteen  entered  railroad- 
ing, having  served  a  six  months'  appren- 
ticeship at  telegraphy  in  the  offices  of  the 
Lake  Shore  Company.  After  a  brief  ex- 
perience as  an  operator  he  became  a  brake- 
man  and  then  conductor  on  the  Wabash. 
Leaving  the  Middle  West,  Mr.  Swygart 
went  to  Texas  and  joined  the  International 
and  Great  Northern  Railway,  at  first  as 
a  yard  engineer,  then  in  the  machine  shops 
as  shop  foreman,  as  traveling  road  en- 
gineer and  finally  was  put  in  charge  of  all 
the  trains  and  engine  men  during  the  con- 
struction of  a  branch  of  the  road  to  Aus- 
tin, Texas. 


On  leaving  the  International  and  Great 
Northern  Mr.  Swygart  gratified  his  desire 
to  see  more  of  the  world.  He  visited  Vera 
Cruz  and  Mexico  City,  Bluefields  in  Cen- 
tral America,  and  also  sailed  over  the 
waters  of  the  Gulf  to  Havana  and  various 
points  in  the  West  Indies.  After  seven 
months  of  travel  and  recreation  he  re- 
turned north  and  became  an  engineer  with 
the  Wabash  Railroad  Company.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  eighteen  years  of  con- 
tinuous service  with  the  Wabash,  and  for 
twelve  years  he  was  engineer  on  the  Royal 
Blue  Limited  out  of  St.  Louis.  Later  he 
became  road  foreman  in  charge  of  the  en- 
gineers and  firemen,  for  three  years  was 
trainmaster,  and  in  1898  he  became  super- 
intendent of  the  Iron  Mountain  and 
Southern  Railway.  In  1902  he  resigned  to 
accept  the  position  of  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Louisiana  Rail- 
way and  Navigation  Company,  with  head- 
quarters at  Shreveport,  Louisiana. 

Mr.  Swygart  finally  gave  up  railroad- 
ing, a  work  in  which  his  talents  had  such  a 
congenial  sphere,  in  order  to  return  to 
South  Bend  and  perform  his  duties  as  exe- 
cutor of  his  father's  estate.  Railroading 
still  exercised  a  strong  fascination  over 
him,  and  in  1909  he  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  Minneapolis  and  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way, with  headquarters  at  Watertown, 
South  Dakota,  but  after  a  year  returned 
to  South  Bend  and  has  since  devoted  his 
time  to  his  private  affairs.  He  was  ap- 
pointed city  comptroller  in  1918. 

In  1887  Mr.  Swygart  married  Miss 
Martha  J.  Hollyman,  who  was  born  at 
Hannibal,  Missouri,  daughter  of  John  and 
Emma  (Bird)  Hollyman,  natives  of  Ken- 
tucky. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Swygart  have  one 
daughter,  named  Mildred.  The  family  are 
members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
is  affiliated  with  South  Bend  Lodge  No. 
294,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  the  Coun- 
cil No.  82,  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  Chap- 
ter No.  29,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Command- 
ery  No.  13,  Knights  Templars,  and  he  is 
also  a  member  of  the  social  organization 
known  as  the  Knife  and  Fork  Club. 

EDWIN  E.  THOMPSON.  When  in  1918 
the  democratic  party  of  Marion  County 
chose  as  their  nominee  for  the  office  of  re- 
corder Edwin  E.  Thompson  there  were  a 
number  of  qualifications  conspicuous  in 
the  choice  aside  from  those  of  ordinary  po- 


125S 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


Mend,  and  practiced  his  faith  by  liberal  in- 
vestment in  loeal  real  estate.  He  bought 
sixty  acres  of  land  south  of  Sample  Street, 
later  owned  l>y  I  lie1  Studehaker  Manufactur- 
ing C'oinjiany.  (»n  West  Washington  Street 
lie  erected  what  was  at  tliat  time  regarded 
a.s  tlie  finest  private  residence  in  the  city, 
lie  also  bought  and  improved  the  site  now 
occupied  h\  the  Oliver  Hotel,  and  at  his 
death  lie  left  a  large  estate,  represented  by 
many  holdings  in  and  around  the  city.  lie 
died  at  South  Mend  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine,  lie  was  a  republican,  and  an  active 
Preshx  terian  and  erected  one  of  the  early 
Presbyterian  Churches  in  South  Bead. 
(Jeorvc  W.  Swygart  married  Carolina  M. 
.Mover,  who  was  horn  and  reared  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
four.  Her  father.  John  .Mover,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Merlin.  Germany.  Her  grandfather 
served  for  some  years  as  an  officer  in  the 
(iermaii  army.  He  was  a  man  of  liberal 
mind  and  temper,  and  after  leaving  the 
army  he  had  some  difT'erences  with  his  asso- 
ciates over  political  affairs  and  lie  sought 
a  home  in  free  America,  locating  near 
Reading.  Pennsylvania.  Mis  liberal  means 
were  invested  in  business  there  and  lie  \vas 
a  pioneer  in  the  iron  industry  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  son.  John  Mover,  continued 
this  business  after  his  father's  death,  but 
finally  moved  to  Lee  County,  Illinois,  and 
bought  a  large  tract  of  land  near  Dixon, 
where  he  gave  his  time  to  the  breeding 
and  raising  of  fine  horses  and  cattle.  lie 
died  there  at  the  age  of  eighty-six.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  George  W.  Swygart  had  eijrht  chil- 
dren, named  William.  Clementina,  John  A.. 
George.  Ella.  Edward.  Lillie  and  Eva. 

John  A.  Swvgart  was  about  two  years 
old  when  his  parents  came  to  South  Mend, 
lie  had  only  a  common  school  education 
and  when  about  fourteen  entered  railroad- 
ing, having  served  a  six  months'  appren- 
ticeship at  telegraphy  in  the  offices  of  tin- 
Lake  Shore  Company.  After  a  brief  ex- 
perience as  an  operator  lie  became  a  brake- 
man  and  then  conductor  on  the  \Yabash. 
Leaving  the  Middle  West,  Mr.  Swygart 
went  to  Texas  and  joined  the  International 
and  <ireat  Northern  Railway,  at  first  as 
a  yard  engineer,  then  in  the  machine  shops 
as  shop  foreman,  as  traveling  road  en- 
gineer and  finally  was  |>nt  in  charge  of  all 
the  trains  and  enjrine  men  during  the  con- 
struction of  a  branch  of  the  road  to  Aus- 
tin. Texas. 


On  leaving  the  International  and  Great 
Northern  Mr.  Swyjrart  gratified  his  desire 
to  see  more  of  the  world.  He  visited  Vera 
Crux  and  Mexico  City,  Bluefields  in  Cen- 
tral America,  and  also  sailed  over  the 
waters  of  the  (Julf  to  Havana  and  various 
points  in  the  West  Indies.  After  seven 
months  of  travel  and  recreation  he  re- 
turned north  and  became  an  engineer  with 
the  Wabash  Railroad  Company.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  eighteen  years  of  con- 
tinuous service  witli  the  Wabash,  and  for 
twelve  years  he  was  engineer  on  the  Royal 
Mine  Limited  out  of  St.  Louis.  Later  lie 
became  road  foreman  in  charge  of  the  en- 
gineers and  firemen,  for  three  years  was 
trainmaster,  and  in  iSftS  he  became  super- 
intendent of  the  Iron  Mountain  and 
Southern  Railway.  In  1JMI2  lie  resigned  to 
sieeept  the  position  of  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Louisiana  Rail- 
way  and  Navigation  Company,  with  head- 
quarters at  Shreveport.  Louisiana. 

Mr.  Swygart  finally  gave  up  railroad- 
ing, a  work  in  which  his  talents  had  such  a 
congenial  sphere,  in  order  to  return  to 
South  Mend  and  perform  his  duties  as  exe- 
cutor of  his  father's  estate.  Railroading 
still  exercised  a  strong  fascination  over 
him.  and  in  !!(()!)  he  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  Minneapolis  and  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way, with  headquarters  at  Watertovn. 
South  Dakota,  but  after  a  year  returned 
to  South  Mend  and  has  since  devoted  his 
time  to  his  private  affairs.  He  was  ap- 
pointed city  comptroller  in  1!MS. 

'In  1SS7  Mr.  Swygart  married  Miss 
Martha  J.  Hollyman.  who  was  horn  at 
Ihinnibal.  Missouri,  daughter  of  John  and 
Kmma  (  Mini  i  Hollyman.  natives  of  Ken- 
tucky. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Swygart  have  one 
daughter,  named  Mildred.  The.  family  are 
members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
is  affiliated  with  South  Mend  Lodge  No. 
Ii!l4.  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  the  Coun- 
cil No.  S2,  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  Chap- 
ter No.  29,  Koyal  Arch  Masons,  Command- 
ery  No.  M.  Knights  Templars,  and  he  is 
also  a  member  of  the  social  organization 
known  as  the  Knife  and  Fork  Club. 

L'nwiN  K.  Tiio.Mi'.-MN.  When  in  1!)1S 
the  democratic  party  of  Marion  County 
ehose  as  their  nominee  for  the  office  of  re- 
corder Edwin  E.  Thompson  there  were  a 
number  o!'  qualifications  eonspicuous  iu 
the  choice  aside  from  those  of  ordinary  po- 


• 


- 


LJLttARY 

.*«       OF  T:* 
UWVERSI7Y  OF  UUNOfr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1259 


litical  value.  For  one  thing  Mr.  Thomp- 
son is  a  thoroughly  trained  lawyer,  but 
even  more  important,  as  relates  to  the 
office  for  which  he  became  a  candidate, 
is  a  real  estate  man  of  wide  and  thorough 
experience  and  his  knowledge  of  land  and 
property  values  in  Marion  County  would 
of  itself  prove  his  fitness  for  these  official 
responsibilities. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  a  man  of  interesting 
experience  and  attainments.  He  was  born 
February  22,  1878,  in  Smith's  Valley  in 
Johnson  County,  Indiana.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  a  native  of  Virginia,  came 
west  about  1820  and  was  a  pioneer  in  Mor- 
gan County,  Indiana,  where  he  cleared  up 
land  and  followed  the  vocation  of  farm- 
ing during  his  active  life,  and  when  the 
work  of  the  week  was  done  he  spent  most 
of  his  Sundays  and  other  days  besides  in 
spreading  the  Gospel  as  a  local  preacher 
of  the  Methodist  faith.  He  died  about  the 
time  of  the  Civil  war. 

Among  his  six  children  was  James  M. 
Thompson,  who  was  born  in  1847  at  Cope 
in  Morgan  County.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  in  schools  that  bore  little  re- 
semblance to  the  modern  public  schools  qf^ 
Indiana.  Only  a  month  or  two  every  win-  > 
ter  he  attended  a  session  of  school  held  in 
a  log  cabin,  with  wooden  slab  benches  for 
seats,  and  with  all  the  simple  parapher- 
nalia and  equipment  of  such  schools.  He 
became  a  farmer,  was  a  hard  worker  in 
that  occupation,  and  about  1885  engaged 
in  the  general  store  business,  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1908,  when  failing  health  com- 
pelled him  to  desist.  He  was  a  lifelong 
democrat,  and  held  the  offices  of  justice  of 
the  peace  and  other  minor  township  offices. 
He  was  also  a  devout  member  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church.  When  about  twenty-five 
years  of  age  he  moved  from  Morgan  Coun- 
ty to  Johnson  County,  living  in  Smith's 
Valley  until  1891,  and  then  moved  to 
Glenn's  Valley  in  Marion  County,  where 
he  had  his  home  until  his  death  February 
16,  1913.  James  M.  Thompson  married 
Lovina  Teet,  who,  with  her  three  children, 
is  still  living.  The  oldest  child,  Emma 
Lee.  is  the  wife  of  Harry  E.  Fendley  of 
Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Fendley  was  born  Sep- 
tember 15,  1875.  The  second  child  is  Ed- 
win Elbert,  and  the  youngest  is  Earl  Henry 
Thompson. 

Edwin   E.   Thompson  was   educated   in 
the  common  schools  of  Johnson  and  Mar- 


ion counties,  graduating  from  the  Glenn's 
Valley  common  schools  in  1893,  from  the 
Southport  High  School  in  1896,  and  re- 
ceived his  A.  B.  degree  from  Butler  Col- 
lege with  the  class  of  1900.  He  then  en- 
tered  the  University  of  Chicago,  where 
after  nine  months  of  residence  he  was  given 
the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  in  1901,  and  continu- 
ing post-graduate  work  received  the  de- 
gree Master  of  Philosophy  in  1902.  Be- 
sides these  evidences  of  a  liberal  educa- 
tion Mr.  Thompson  graduated  in  law  with 
the  degree  LL.  B.  from  the  Indianapolis 
College  of  Law  in  1907. 

In  the  meantime  he  was  a  successful 
teacher  and  instructor  of  science  in  high 
schools  five  years.  He  entered  the  real 
estate  business  and  studied  law  while  in 
that  line,  and  since  his  admission  to  prac- 
tice has  combined  those  two  vocations  very 
successfully.  As  a  lawyer  he  has  been 
employed  in  a  number  of  important  civil 
cases.  One  that  attracted  much  attention 
was  the  matter  of  the  heirs  of  the  Lovina 
Streight  estate,  for  whom  he  acted  as  at- 
torney. Lovina  Streight  was  the  widow 
of  Col.  A.  D.  Streight.  Mr.  Thompson 
was  appointed  by  the  court  to  sell  the 
Streight  homestead  on  East  Washington 
Street. 

Mr.  Thompson  since  early  manhood  has 
been  interested  in  democratic  successes, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  local  democrats  of 
Indianapolis  who  brought  about  the  pur- 
chase of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club 
home.  He  was  on  the  board  of  directors 
of  this  club  for  several  years.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Hoosier  Motor  Club,  is  a 
Mason,  and  is  a  member  and  past  master 
of  Southport  Lodge  No.  270,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
at  Smith's  Valley.  As  a  real  estate  man 
Mr.  Thompson  platted  and  sold  the  Lone- 
acre  Addition  to  Indianapolis,  other  ad- 
joining tracts,  and  in  that  part  of  the  city 
he  has  built  and  sold  sixty  homes. 

June  25,  1913,  at  Spring  Green,  Wis- 
consin, Mr.  Thompson  married  Miss  Ethel 
Jane  Hickcox.  Mrs.  Thompson  is  herself 
a  thoroughly  capable  business  woman.  Her 
mother,  Mary  Parr  Hickcox,  traced  her 
descent  back  to  the  same  family  which  pro- 
duced the  famous  Ann  Parr,  one  of  the 
wives  of  King  Henry  VIII.  of  England. 
Mrs.  Thompson  was  educated  in  the  public 


1260 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


schools  of  Wisconsin,  and  before  her  mar- 
riage was  head  of  the  office  force  and  office 
manager  for  the  Hart-Parr  Company  of 
Charles  City,  Iowa,  this  company  being 
the  pioneers  in  tractor  manufacturing  in 
America. 

REV.  MYRON  W.  REED  was  born  at  Brook- 
field,  Vermont,  July  24,  1836.  After  at- 
tending the  common  schools,  he  continued 
his  education  at  St.  Lawrence  Academy,  at 
Potsdam,  New  York,  until  he  rebelled 
against  parental  authority  and  started  out 
for  himself  to  encounter  hardship  and  pri- 
vation that  were  finally  overcome  by  his 
indomitable  will.  His  first  employment, 
taken  almost  in  desperation,  was  on  a  fish- 
ing vessel  on  the  Newfoundland  banks; 
next  as  canvassing  agent  for  the  Republi- 
can Central  Committee  of  New  York ;  then 
as  reporter  on  the  Buffalo  Express. 

Drifting  west,  he  had  experience  as  a 
school  teacher,  a  farm  laborer,  a  law  stu- 
dent, a  theological  student,  and  a  preacher. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  en- 
listed in  the  Eighteenth  Michigan  Regi- 
ment as  chaplain,  but  two  months  later  re- 
signed this  position  to  become  captain  of 
one  of  the  companies.  He  served  through 
the  war,  and  when  mustered  out  was  chief 
of  scouts  under  General  Thomas.  He  then 
turned  again  to  the  ministry,  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Chicago  School  of  Theology 
in  1868. 

His  first  charge  was  at  a  small  town  in 
Michigan;  then  four  years  at  a  non-secta- 
rian church  in  New  Orleans ;  then  four 
years  at  the  Olivet  Congregational  Church 
of  Milwaukee;  then  from  October  4,  1877, 
to  April  1,  1884,  at  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Indianapolis,  whre  he  left  a 
lasting  impress  on  the  city  and  the  state. 
He  resigned  to  go  to  the  First  Congrega- 
tional Church  of  Denver,  where  he  served 
for  eleven  years,  resigning  on  account  of 
differences  with  his  board  on  social  and 
economic  questions.  His  friends  and  ad- 
mirers then  established  the  Broadway 
Temple  for  him,  and  until  his  death,  on 
January  30,  1899,  he  made  it  the  most 
popular  church  in  Denver. 

Leaving  Indiana  a  republican,  he  was 
nominated  for  Congress  by  the  democrats 
of  the  Denver  district  in  1886,  and  al- 
though the  district  was  overwhelmingly  re- 
publican, was  defeated  by  only  803  votes. 
In  1892  he  was  tendered  the  congressional 


nomination  by  the  people's  party,  but  de- 
clined in  favor  of  Lafe  Pence,  an  Indiana 
man,  who  was  triumphantly  elected.  His 
resolute  stand  for  human  rights,  in  all 
matters  made  him  the  most  loved  man  in 
Colorado.  It  was  estimated  that  10,000 
people  came  to  the  city  for  his  funeral, 
which  was  conducted  by  the  ministers 
of  the  Methodist  and  Congregational 
churches,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  and  a  Catholic 
priest. 

While  at  New  Orleans,  Mr.  Reed  mar- 
ried Louise  Lyon,  a  young  lady  who  had 
gone  south  to  teach  negroes.  She  survived 
him,  with  two  sons,  Paul  L.,  an  engineer, 
and  Ralph  W.,  a  lawyer,  and  a  daughter, 
Mrs.  Leslie  0.  Carter,  of  Indianapolis.  A 
volume  of  his  Denver  sermons  was  pub- 
lished at  Indianapolis  in  1898,  under  the 
title  "Temple  Talks."  A  memorial  sketch 
was  published  after  his  death  by  Wm.  P. 
Fishback,  an  Indianapolis  friend,  with 
whom  and  James  Whitcomb  Riley  Mr. 
Reed  had  made  a  trip  to  Europe. 

SAMUEL  W.  BAER,  M.  D.  A  physician 
and  surgeon  whose  work  has  attracted  fav- 
orable attention  for  a  number  of  years  at 
South  Bend,  Dr.  Samuel  W.  Baer,  a  na- 
tive Indianan,  was  a  successful  educator 
for  a  number  of  years  before  he  took  up 
the  profession  of  medicine. 

Doctor  Baer  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Columbia  City,  Indiana,  a  son  of  Andrew 
and  Lydia  (Doll)  Baer  and  grandson  of 
David  Baer.  His  father  spent  all  his  life 
in  an  agricultural  atmosphere  and  finally 
bought  a  farm  near  Columbia  City  in 
Whitley  County,  where  he  was  busily  en- 
gaged until  his  death,  when  about  forty- 
five  years  of  age.  His  wife,  Lydia  Doll, 
was  born  near  Canton,  Ohio,  and  after  the 
death  of  her  husband  she  returned  to  that 
state  and  spent  her  last  days  there. 

Doctor  Baer  was  one  of  a  family  of  nine 
children.  He  was  quite  young  when  his 
father  died,  and  he  then  went  to  live  with 
an  uncle,  Moses  Baer,  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship of  Elkhart  County.  There  he  re- 
ceived his  early  advantages  in  the  district 
schools.  He  was  nineteen  when  he  taught 
his  first  term  of  school,  and  it  was  by 
teaching  and  attending  school  alternately 
that  he  completed  his  higher  academic  edu- 
cation and  laid  the  basis  for  his  profes- 
sional career.  In  1893  he  received  the  Ph. 
B.  degree  from  DePauw  University  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1261 


Greencastle,  and  in  1898  the  same  institu- 
tion awarded  him  the  degree  Master  of 
Arts.  For  three  years  he  was  instructor 
in  German  at  DePauw  University.  His 
longest  work  as  an  educator  was  done  at 
Nappanee,  where  for  ten  years  he  was 
superintendent  of  schools.  Even  while 
there  he  gave  much  of  his  time  to  the 
study  of  medicine  and  then  entered  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Illinois,  where  he  completed  two  years  of 
his  medical  course,  followed  by  one  term 
at  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  and  in 
1906  took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Illinois 
Medical  College,  Chicago,  Illinois.  The 
following  year  he  spent  in  .practice  at 
Nappanee,  but  in  1907  moved  to  South 
Bend,  where  he  has  enjoyed  a  large  clien- 
tage. He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  Joseph 
County,  the  Tri-State  and  the  Indiana 
State  Medical  societies  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  Doctor  Baer  has  cul- 
tivated fraternal  connections  and  is  a 
member  of  Lodge  No.  294,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  Crusade  Lodge  No.  14, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  Putnam  Lodge  No. 
445,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
at  Greencastle,  Indiana,  and  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Woodmen  of  the  "World  and  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 

In  1883  Doctor  Baer  married  Naomi 
Culp.  She  was  born  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship of  Elkhart  County,  daughter  of  John 
and  Sarah  (Wisler)  Culp,  natives  of  Ohio 
and  among  the  early  settlers  of  Elkhart 
County.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Baer  have  two 
daughters,  Grace  and  Hilda.  The  former 
was  married  to  F.  A.  Boulton,  who  is  a 
graduate  of  Wabash  College,  Crawfords- 
ville.  Indiana.  He  is  now  associated  with 
the  Timpkin  Detroit  Axle  Company.  The 
latter  was  married  to  Henry  Maust,  of 
Nappanee,  Indiana.  Mr.  Maust  is  a  suc- 
cessful commercial  artist.  He  is  chief  ar- 
tist with  the  Crafton  Studio,  Chicago, 
Illinois. 

CLEMENT  SMOGOR  is  one  of  the  most 
active  young  business  men  of  South  Bend, 
a  lumber  merchant,  has  built  up  a  large 
organization  for  supplying  the  demands 
of  his  trade,  and  has  also  identified  him- 
self with  many  of  the  movements  and 
undertakings  intimate  to  the  city's  prog- 
ress and  welfare. 

Mr.  Smogor  has  spent  most  of  his  life  in 

fcouth  Bend  but  was  born  in  Poland.    His 
vol.  in— 4 


father,  Anthony  Smogor,  after  attending 
the  schools  of  Poland  served  an  apprentice- 
ship to  the  blacksmith's  trade  and  in  1881 
came  to  America  in  search  of  better  op- 
portunities for  himself  and  family.  For 
ten  months  he  worked  at  farm  labor  near 
Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  and  then  came 
to  South  Bend  where  his  wife  and  children 
joined  him.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
was  employed  as  a  machinist  by  the  Millen 
Portland  Cement  Company,  later  for  a 
time  was  in  the  construction  department 
of  the  Northern  Indiana  Interurban  Rail- 
way, and  eventually  engaged  in  the  retail 
coal  business,  which  he  continued  until  his 
death  when  about  seventy  years  of  age. 
He  married  Mary  Myszka,  a  native  of 
Poland  and  now  living  at  South  Bend.  Her 
father,  Michael  Myszka,  spent  his  last  years 
in  South  Bend.  Anthony  Smogor  and  wife 
had  six  children :  Casimier  T.,  Frank  A., 
Clement  S.,  Vincent,  John  and  Pearl.  The 
last  named  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  Peter  Makiel- 
ski. 

Clement  Smogor  attended  the  parochial 
schools  of  South  Bend,  spent  three  years  in 
the  preparatory  course  at  Notre  Dame  Uni- 
versity and  later  had  a  commercial  and 
business  course.  For  a  time  he  was  a 
teacher  in  the  parochial  schools,  but  en- 
tered the  lumber  business  as  an  employe 
of  Dresden  &  Stanfield.  In  1910  he  suc- 
ceeded to  this  business,  and  has  since  had 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  it  grow  and  pros- 
per as  one  of  the  leading  concerns  of  its 
kind  at  South  Bend. 

Mr.  Smogor  is  a  republican  in  politics 
and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the  city 
executive  committee  and  was  on  the  board 
of  public  safety  during  Mayor  Keller's  ad- 
ministration. He  was  vice  president  of  the 
Indiana  Delegation  to  the  Polish  National 
Convention  held  at  Detroit,  Michigan.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Knife  and  Fork  Club,  is  a  Knight  of 
Columbus,  and  is  affiliated  with  South 
Bend  Lodge  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks. 

In  August,  1899,  Mr.  Smogor  married 
Mary  Rafinski.  She  was  born  at  Haver- 
straw,  New  York,  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Francis  Rafinski,  both  natives  of 
Poland.  The  four  children  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Smogor  are  Eugene,  Gertrude,  Louis 
and  Jeanette.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smogor  are 
members  of  St.  Hedwig  Catholic  Church. 


1262 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


COL.  ELI  F.  RITTER  was  for  over  forty 
years  a  prominent  Indiana  lawyer,  served 
as  a  soldier  and  officer  in  the  Union  army, 
and  played  an  effective  and  forceful  part 
in  civic  affairs,  though  mainly  restricted  to 
limited  fields,  particularly  the  advocacy 
of  temperance.  He  might  be  properly 
named  among  the  pioneers  of  that  move- 
ment which  eventually  brought  Indiana  in- 
to the  group  of  prohibition  states. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Guilford 
Township  of  Hendricks  County,  Indiana, 
June  18,  1838,  son  of  James  and  Rachel 
(Jessup)  Ritter.  His  parents  were  both 
born  in  North  Carolina  and  were  Friends 
or  Quakers  in  religion  and  helped  make  up 
that  large  and  influential  colony  of  Friends 
who  left  North  Carolina  in  the  early  half 
of  the  nineteenth  century  and  settled  so 
numerously  in  Indiana.  James  Ritter  died 
in  1859  and  his  wife  in  1874.  He  was  a 
whig  in  politics  and  later  a  republican. 

The  late  Colonel  Ritter  was  the  youngest' 
son  in  a  family  of  seven  children.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  of  Hendricks 
County  and  entered  Asbury  College,  now 
DePauw  University,  at  Greencastle  as 
member  of  the  class  of  1863.  He  left  col- 
lege to  enlist  April  14,  1861,  as  a  private 
in  Company  K  of  the  Sixteenth  Indiana 
Infantry.  He  was  in  practically  continu- 
ous service  until  getting  his  honorable  dis- 
charge June  6,  1865,  more  than  four  years 
later.  He  was  transferred  to  the  Seventy- 
Ninth  Indiana  Infantry,  and  most  of  his 
service  was  with  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land. He  participated  in  three  great  cam- 
paigns, one  in  Tennessee  which  culminated 
in  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  that  in  East- 
ern Tennessee  and  Northern  Georgia 
marked  by  the  historic  conflicts  of  Chicka- 
mauga,  Missionary  Ridge,  Rocky  Face 
Ridge,  Resaca,  New  Hope  Church,  Kene- 
saw  Mountain,  the  siege  and  battle  of  At- 
lanta and  Lovejoy  Station,  and  finally  in 
the  pursuit  of  Hood's  army  back  through 
Tennessee,  concluding  with  the  battles  of 
Franklin  and  Nashville.  He  served  as  ad- 
jutant in  his  regiment  and  later  rose  to  the 
rank  of  captain.  His  title  of  colonel  was 
due  to  three  years  of  service  as  colonel  of 
the  First  Regiment  of  the  Indiana  National 
Guard.  He  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Porter  upon  the  organisation  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard  in  1883.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  George  H.  Thomas  Post,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic.  From  1903  to  1909 


he  served  as  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Indiana  Soldiers  Home. 

After  the  war  DePauw  University 
granted  him  a  diploma  as  a  member  of  the 
class  of  1865.  He  also  took  up  the  study 
of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
spring  of  1866,  and  soon  afterward  located 
at  Indianapolis,  where  for  over  forty  years 
he  commanded  a  large  and  important  prac- 
tice in  both  the  State  and  Federal  courts. 
He  was  especially  able  as  a  trial  lawyer. 
He  was  author  of  "Moral  Law  and  Civil 
Law,  Parts  of  the  Same  Thing,"  a  book 
in  which  he  argued  the  thesis  that  social 
morality  is  the  fundamental  principle  of 
the  common  law  and  of  all  statute  law. 
Fully  fifty  years  ago,  early  in  his  career 
as  a  lawyer,  Colonel  Ritter  allied  himself 
with  the  temperance  forces  and  never  lost 
an  opportunity  to  put  a  check  on  the  liquor 
traffic,  and  was  connected  as  an  attorney 
with  many  trials  in  the  lower  and  higher 
courts  to  enforce  all  the  regulatory  laws 
affecting  that  subject  in  Indiana. 

Politically  Colonel  Ritter  was  an  inde- 
pendent republican.  He  and  his  wife  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  July  15,  1866,  he  married  Miss 
Narcie  Lockwood.  She  was  born  at  Paris, 
Kentucky,  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Re- 
becca (Smith)  Lockwood,  who  spent  their 
last  years  with  their  daughter  in  Indianap- 
olis. The  children  of  Colonel  Ritter  and 
wife  were:  Halsted  L.,  who  has  followed 
the  same  profession  as  his  father ;  Herman 
B.,  who  died  at  the  age  of  twenty-one; 
Roscoe  H.,  a  physician;  Mary  B.,  who 
married  Charles  A.  Beard,  former  profes- 
sor of  Columbia  University  at  New  York 
and  regarded  as  one  of  the  foremost  leaders 
of  progressive  opinion  in  America ;  Dwight 
S.,  now  city  purchasing  agent  of  Indianap- 
olis ;  and  Ruth,  wife  of  Edgar  V.  0  'Daniel. 

DWIGHT  S.  RITTEK.  Though  the  process 
has  been  a  slow  one,  and  only  accelerated 
by  the  necessities  imposed  through  years 
of  extraordinary  public  and  private  econ- 
omy resulting  from  the  war,  there  is  an 
increasing  tendency  for  the  administrators 
of  public  business  to  adapt  and  adopt  the 
methods  which  have  proved  efficient  in 
private  industrialism.  Never  again  prob- 
ably will  public  waste  and  extravagance 
be  regarded  with  cynical  indifference  and 
as  a  matter  of  no  particular  consequence. 
An  encouraging  example  of  this  new  spirit 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1263 


in  municipal  administration  has  recently 
been  afforded  by  a  report  from  the  city 
purchasing  agent  of  Indianapolis,  Dwight 
S.  Ritter. 

Mr.  Ritter  is  an  Indianapolis  man  by 
birth,  though  he  obtained  his  chief  busi- 
ness experience  elsewhere.  Since  he  left 
college  his  specific  work  has  been  the  hand- 
ling and  buying  of  large  quantities  of 
materials  for  big  industries  under  private 
ownership.  The  work  of  a  purchasing 
agent  is  in  fact  a  great  profession,  requir- 
ing almost  as  much  detailed  knowledge  as 
a  railway  tariff  expert,  and  furthermore 
a  tact  and  a  promptness  of  decision  that 
are  pre-eminent  qualities  in  the  business 
executive. 

It  was  solely  on  the  basis  of  his  previous 
experience  and  demonstrated  fitness  that 
Mayor  Jewett  sought  the  services  of  Mr. 
Ritter  for  the  position  of  city  purchasing 
agent  in  January,  1918.  The  new  office 
and  honors  came  to  him  as  an  office  seek- 
ing the  man  rather  than  the  man  the  office, 
and  political  considerations  figured  hardly 
at  all  in  the  choice. 

Thus  Mr.  Ritter  took  up  his  duties  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1918,  and  has 
been  busy  ever  since  building  and  making 
this,  the  most  important  department  of  the 
city  government,  one  of  the  most  efficient, 
best  organized  and  most  economical  organ- 
izations of  its  kind  among  America's  muni- 
cipalities. Through  the  city  purchasing 
agent  all  the  supplies  for  every  depart- 
ment of  Indianapolis  are  purchased.  Un- 
derstanding how  much  of  a  metropolis  In- 
dianapolis is,  how  many  institutions  it  has, 
how  many  departments  of  public  adminis- 
tration, including  public  works,  parks,  hos- 
pitals, sewer  and  paving  and  engineering 
activities,  public  buildings  and  accounting 
and  clerical  divisions,  it  is  readily  seen 
that  the  volume  of  business  transacted  by 
the  purchasing  agent  not  only  involves  sev- 
eral hundred  thousand  dollars  annually, 
but  includes  an  astounding  magnitude  and 
variety  of  materials  and  commodities.  Fre- 
quently a  city  administration  committed 
to  a  program  of  economy  has  sought  to 
restrict  requisitions  for  materials,  with  a 
result  too  often  of  handicapping  and  im- 
peding work  that  must  be  done  and  secur- 
ing economy  at  the  expense  of  efficiency.  A 
nearer  approach  to  the  desired  ends  is 
found  in  concentrating  responsibility  for 
purchases  under  one  head,  thus  gaining  the 


economy  that  results  from  doing  business 
at  wholesale  rather  than  by  loose  and  un- 
systematized  buying. 

What  Indianapolis  has  gained  through 
Mr.  Ritter 's  administration  of  the  city  pur- 
chasing agent's  office  is  well  set  forth  in 
an  editorial  that  appeared  in  The  Indianap- 
olis Star  commenting  upon  his  first  report 
for  the  semi-annual  period  from  January 
to  July,  1918.  An  important  feature  of 
the  report,  emphasized  in  the  editorial, 
was  the  fact  that  the  cost  of  the  depart- 
ment was  less  than  two  per  cent  on  the 
total  volume  of  business  it  handled  for  the 
city.  The  most  important  economy  fur- 
thermore was  reducing  the  number  of 
emergency  orders,  which  in  the  previous 
year  had  amounted  to  sixty-six  per  cent  of 
the  total  supplies,  whereas  in  the  first  re- 
port of  Mr.  Ritter  they  were  reduced  to 
only  fourteen  per  cent.  Other  large  sav- 
ings were  made  by  checking  and  rearrang- 
ing the  city's  telephone  service  and  by 
prompt  discounting  of  the  city's  bills.  A 
summary  of  the  benefits  derived  from  Mr. 
Ritter 's  administration  is  contained  in  the 
following  quotation  from  the  editorial  just 
mentioned : 

"Anyone  familiar  with  business  methods, 
particularly  the  public's  business,  will 
recognize  what  opportunities  for  economy 
are  presented  to  a  well  conducted  purchas- 
ing department.  "When  the  cost  of  that 
agency  is  less  than  two  per  cent  of  the 
purchases  the  saving  through  efficiency 
and  intelligent  supervision  is  bound  to  be 
important.  The  agency  has  systematized 
the  city's  purchasing  until  it  now  buys 
all  materials  for  all  city  departments,  hav- 
ing included  such  accounts  as  telephones, 
electric  lights,  gas,  contract  steam  heat- 
ing, insurance,  repairs  to  buildings  and 
some  other  items  that  were  not  formerly 
handled  by  the  purchasing  agent. 

"A  further  improvement  in  the  system 
has  been  made  by  which  a  daily  record  of 
each  fund  is  kept  and  thus  avoiding  over- 
running appropriations.  Mr.  Ritter  hopes 
to  work  out  some  plan  by  which  depart- 
mental purchases  of  any  given  article  may 
be  lumped  to  get  better  prices  by  buying 
in  quantities,  as  for  example  coal  used  in 
the  various  city  departments.  He  proposes 
to  institute  business  system  and  efficiency 
wherever  that  may  be  done." 

Dwight  S.  Ritter  is  an  Indianapolis  man, 
born  in  the  city  in  1878,  a  son  of  the  late 


1264 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Col.  Eli  Ritter,  whose  interesting  career 
is  reviewed  elsewhere.  Dwight  S.  Ritter 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  in  the 
Shortridge  High  School  of  Indianapolis, 
and  graduated  in  1900  from  DePauw  Uni- 
versity of  Greencastle.  For  a  number  of 
years  after  leaving  college  he  was  con- 
nected with  a  large  manufacturing  con- 
cern at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  in  1913  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  took  the  posi- 
tion of  purchasing  agent  for  the  Nordyke 
&  Marmon  Company,  one  of  the  largest 
automobile  factories  in  the  country.  It 
was  with  that  corporation  he  demonstrated 
the  efficiency  and  knowledge  and  skill  in 
purchasing  materials  which  were  recog- 
nized when  Mayor  Jewett  sought  his  serv- 
ices for  the  office  of  city  purchasing  agent. 
Mr.  Ritter  married  Miss  Edna  Taylor, 
and  they  have  two  children,  Gordon  T.  and 
Wayne  L.  Ritter. 

GEORGE  ROBERT  WILSON.  Some  of  the 
worthiest  services  and  experiences  of  .life 
have  been  credited  to  George  Robert  Wil- 
son, now  a  resident  of  Jasper  and  India- 
napolis and  a  leading  insurance1  arta^  By 
profession  he  is  a  surveyor  and  civil  en- 
gineer, and  for  many  years  was  county 
superintendent  of  schools  in  Dubois 
County. 

He  .was  born  at  Cannelton,  Indiana. 
August  15,  1863.  He  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Michael  and  Elizabeth  (Chilton)  Wilson. 
His  parents  are  English,  and  he  is  the 
first  of  the  family  on  either  side  born  with- 
out the  folds  of  the  British  flag.  Michael 
Wilson,  only  son  of  Anthony  and  Anna 
(Pratt)  Wilson,  was  born  in  Rainton  Gate, 
not  far  from  Durham,  England,  October 
3,  1834.  He  came  with  his  father,  An- 
thony, to  America  in  1854  from  Shield's 
Harbor,  England,  on  the  good  ship  Jose- 
phine Hardin,  and  arrived  at  the  port  of 
New  York  August  11,  1854.  From  New 
York  they  went  to  Hawesville,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Cannelton,  In- 
diana, and  there  located,  removing  later  to 
Cannelton.  Michael  Wilson's  wife  was 
born  in  England  October  13,  1844,  daugh- 
ter of  George  and  Margaret  (Bruce)  Chil- 
ton who  came  to  America  in  June,  1848, 
on  the  ship  Mary  Matthews  and  landed  at 
Philadelphia.  The  family  settled  at  Can- 
nelton, and  there  on  November  1,  1862, 
Elizabeth  Hutchinson  Chilton  became  the 
wife  of  Michael  Wilson. 


In  1868  the  Wilson  family  moved  from 
Perry  County  to  Dubois  County,  and  there 
George  R.  Wilson  was  reared  and  spent 
many  years  of  his  life.  At  eleven  years 
of  age  he  went  to  work  in  the  coal  mines 
near  Jasper.  Ambitious  beyond  the  or- 
dinary, he  devoted  himself  to  study  at  such 
intervals  of  leisure  as  he  could  command 
during  the  four  years  he  spent  in  the  coal 
mines,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was 
possessed  of  a  good  English  education.  He 
then  secured  a  position  as  teacher  in  Bain- 
bridge  Township,  in  the  meantime  taking 
a  practical  course  in  civil  engineering,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Major  Stiles,  the  cele- 
brated author  of  "Stiles'  Curves  and 
Tables."  In  all  Mr.  Wilson  taught  school 
for  nine  years,  during  the  last  two  of  which 
he  was  principal  of  the  high  school  at 
Ireland. 

In  the  intervals  between  teaching  he 
served  for  three  years  in  his  father's  office 
as  deputy  surveyor  of  Dubois  County,  and 
for  four  years  as  county  surveyor.  His 
father  and  also  his  uncle,  George  Chilton, 
were  civil  engineers  and  served  as  sur- 
veyors, of  Dubois  and  Perry  counties. 

In  1889  Mr.  Wilson's  eminent  qualifica- 
tions as  an  educator  were  recognized  by 
his  appointment  to  the  position  of  county 
superintendent  of  schools.  His  work  in 
this  position  was  so  thorough  and  striking 
in  character  as  to  have  attracted  attention 
in  educational  circles  all  over  the  state. 
Briefly  referred  to,  his  record  as  superin- 
tendent is  summarized  as  follows:  The  re- 
organization of  the  school  system  of  Du- 
bois County,  comprising  the  introduction 
of  uniform  courses  of  study  and  the  classi- 
fication of  schools  throughout  the  county; 
the  introduction  of  a  system  of  bi-monthly 
examinations  of  pupils,  a  system  which  has 
since  been  adopted  by  the  state;  the  intro- 
duction of  a  uniform  set  of  examination 
papers  for  pupils  in  all  the  county  schools ; 
the  organization  of  the  Teachers'  Reading 
Circle,  of  Dubois  County,  which  for  years 
stood  first  in  the  State  of  Indiana;  the 
organization  of  the  Young  People's  Read- 
ing Circle  in  Dubois  County ;  the  introduc- 
tion of  common  school  commencements  in 
every  township  in  Dubois  County,  and  the 
reduction  of  township  institutes  to  a  sys- 
tem. In  addition  to  this  creditable  work 
Mr.  Wilson  prepared  an  excellent  map  of 
Dubois  County.  He  also  collected  and  ar- 
ranged the  exhibit  of  the  Dubois  County 


LIBXARY 

OF  PIE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOI' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1265 


school  children  at  the  World's  Fair  at  Chi- 
cago, which  was  awarded  two  diplomas 
and  one  medal. 

Mr.  Wilson  did  much  to  advance  the 
educational  interests  of  the  state.  He 
served  on  many  state  committees,  in  all 
of  which  he  was  a  leading  spirit.  He 
served  as  president  of  the  Indiana  County 
Superintendents'  Association,  having  pre- 
viously filled  the  offices  of  secretary  and 
vice  president  of  the  same  organization. 
He  also  served  as  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Indiana  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  Wilson  was  identified  with 
almost  every  educational  project  in  the 
state.  He  has  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Laws,  but  never  practiced  law. 

In  1903  Mr.  Wilson  refused  a  unanimous 
re-election  as  county  superintendent,  and 
associated  himself  with  the  State  Life  In- 
surance Company  as  its  Indiana  manager, 
which  position  he  now  holds,  and  is  one 
of  that  company's  best  managers.  Mr. 
Wilson  is  a  graduate  of  the  New  York 
Insurance  School.  He  helped  reorganize 
the  Indiana  Association  of  Life  Under- 
writers, and  became  its  president. 

During  his  spare  time,  and  as  a  source 
of  pleasure,  Mr.  Wilson  wrote  a  history 
of  Dubois  County,  now  classed  as  one  of 
the  best  county  histories  in  Indiana.  In 
1916,  as  a  favor  to  his  county,  he  resur- 
veyed  a  part  of  the  Freeman  lines,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Vincennes  tract  in 
Dubois  Oounty,  so  as  to  mark  it  with 
proper  historical  markers.  This  was  a  part 
of  Dubois  County's  contribution  to  the 
state's  centennial  celebration  of  1916.  Mr. 
Wilson  was  commissioned  by  Governor 
Ralston  to  make  this  survey.  He  has  made 
a  thorough  study  of  pioneer  trails  and  sur- 
veys, and  has  written  many  articles  on 
that  subject  for  historical  societies  and 
magazines.  He  is  considered  an  authority 
on  pioneer  surveys  in  Indiana,  and  pre- 
pared a  pamphlet  on  that  subject  for  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  publications. 

In  1893  Mr.  Wilson  married  Miss  Caro- 
lina L.  Kuebler.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Miss  Roberta.  Mr.  Wilson  has  been  very 
successful  in  all  his  business  undertakings. 
He  is  public  spirited,  liberal,  progressive 
and  energetic,  a  gentleman  of  kindly  and 
courteous  demeanor  and  of  great  popu- 
larity throughout  the  state. 


CHARLES  S.  BUCK  has  been  an  Indianap- 
olis business  man  for  over  a  quarter  of  a 
century,  and  during  that  time  an  im- 
mense volume  of  business  has  been  trans- 
acted through  his  personal  agency  as  a  real 
estate  broker.  He  is  now  proprietor  of  the 
C.  S.  Buck  Land  Company,  specializing} 
in  farm  lands  and  city  property,  with 
offices  in  the  Law  Building. 

Mr.  Buck  was  born  in  Greene  County, 
Ohio,  June  14,  1866,  son  of  Charles  J.  and 
Julia  (Campbell)  Buck.  His  father,  also 
a  native  of  Ohio,  was  self  educated,  but 
qualified  himself  as  a  school  teacher  .in 
early  life  and  served  throughout  the  Civil 
war  with  an  Ohio  regiment,  and  on  his 
return  home  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business  at  Xenia.  In  1879  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis  and  continued  a  factor  in  lo- 
cal real  estate  circles  until  in  1885  he  re- 
turned to  Xenia.  He  was  a  republican. 
In  his  family  were  five  children,  four 
daughters  and  one  son. 

Charles  S.  Buck,  the  youngest  of  the 
family,  has  two  sisters  still  living.  He 
received  his  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Xenia,  Ohio,  and  after  coming  to  Indi- 
anapolis took  a  business  college  course.  His 
first  regular  employment  was  as  a  press- 
man in  the  Indianapolis  Journal  office. 
Later  he  worked  as  a  pressman  for  the 
Journal  in  the  morning  and  the  Indianap- 
olis News  in  the  afternoon.  After  this  ex- 
perience he  returned  to  his  old  home  at 
Xenia,  Ohio,  and  owred  a  farm  and  was 
identified  with  several  lines  of  employment. 
An  accident  temporarily  disabled  him  for 
further  active  pursuits,  and  in  1901  he  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  engaged  in  the 
real  estate  brokerage  business.  Besides 
farm  lands  and  city  property  he  also  acts 
as  a  general  intermediary  for  business  op- 
portunities of  all  kinds,  and  has  built  up 
a  large  and  successful  business.  Mr.  Buck 
is  a  republican.  On  November  8,  1888,  he 
married  Miss  Hattie  Ridell,  of  Xenia,  Ohio. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Margaret. 

JACOB  WOOLVEKTON.  The  men  who  have 
won  their  way  to  success  in  the  financial 
world  have  come  from  no  one  particular 
walk  of  life.  Many  of  them  have  had  their 
training  in  the  surroundings  in  which  they 
now  find  themselves ;  not  a  few  have  grad- 
uated from  commercial,  mercantile  and  in- 
dustrial affairs  to  the  handling  of  mone- 


; 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIAXANS 


1265 


school  children  at  the  World's  Fair  at  Chi- 
cago, which  was  awarded  two  diplomas 
and  one  medal. 

Mr.  Wilson  did  much  to  advance  the 
educational  interests  of  the  state.  lie 
served  on  many  state  committees,  in  all 
of  which  he  was  a  leading  spirit,  lie 
served  as  president  of  the  Indiana  County 
Superintendents'  Association,  having  pre- 
viously filled  the  offices  of  secretary  and 
vice  president  of  the  same  organization. 
He  also  served  as  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Indiana  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  Wilson  was  identified  with 
almost  every  educational  project  in  the 
state.  He  lias  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Laws,  luit  never  practiced  law. 

In  1901]  Mr.  Wilson  refused  a  unanimous 
re-election  as  county  superintendent,  and 
associated  himself  witli  the  State  Life  In- 
surance Company  as  its  Indiana  manager, 
which  position  he  now  holds,  and  is  one 
of  thai  company's  best  managers.  Mr. 
\Yilson  is  a  graduate  of  the  New  York 
Insurance  School.  lie  helped  reorganize 
the  Indiana  Association  of  Life  Under- 
writers, and  became,  its  president. 

During  his  spare  time,  and  as  a  source 
of  pleasure.  Mr.  Wilson  wrote  a  history 
of  Diibois  County,  now  classed  as  one  of 
the  licst  county  histories  in  Indiana.  In 
l!M(i.  as  a  favor  to  his  county,  lie  resur- 
veycd  a  part  of  the  Freeman  lines,  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Vincennes  tract  in 
Duhois  County,  so  as  to  mark  it  with 
proper  historical  markers.  This  was  a  part 
of  Diibois  County's  contribution  to  the 
state's  centennial  celebration  of  1016.  Mr. 
Wilson  was  commissioned  by  Governor 
lialston  to  make  this  survey.  lie  has  made 
a  thorough  study  of  pioneer  trails  and  sur- 
veys, and  has  written  many  articles  on 
that  subject  for  historical  societies  and 
magazines.  He  is  considered  an  authority 
on  pioneer  surveys  in  Indiana,  and  pre- 
pared a  pamphlet  on  that  subject  for  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  publications. 

In  lS!i:5  Mr.  Wilson  married  Miss  Caro- 
lina L.  Kuebler.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Miss  Roberta.  Mr.  Wilson  has  been  very 
successful  in  all  his  business  undertakings. 
He  is  public  spirited,  liberal,  progressive 
and  energetic,  a  gentleman  of  kindly  and 
courteous  demeanor  and  of  great  popu- 
larity throughout  the  state. 


CIIAKLKS  S.  BfCK  has  been  an  Indianap- 
olis business  man  for  over  a  quarter  of  a 
century,  and  during  that  time  an  im- 
mense volume  of  business  has  been  trans- 
acted through  his  personal  agency  as  a  real 
estate  broker.  lie  is  now  proprietor  of  the 
C.  S.  Buck  Land  Company,  specializinj; 
in  farm  lands  and  city  property,  with 
offices  in  the  Law  Building. 

Mr.  Buck  was  born  in  Greene  County. 
Ohio,  .lune  14.  1866,  son  of  Charles  .1.  and 
Julia  (Campbell)  Buck.  His  father,  also 
a  native  of  Ohio,  was  self  educated,  hut 
qualified  himself  as  a  school  teacher  in 
early  life  and  served  throughout  the  Civil 
war  with  an  Ohio  regiment,  and  on  his 
return  home  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business  at  Xenia.  In  1S79  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis  and  continued  a  factor  in  lo- 
cal real  estate  circles  until  in  IHSfi  he  re- 
turned to  Xenia.  lie  was  a  republican. 
In  his  family  were  five  children,  four 
daughters  and  one  son. 

Charles  S.  Buck,  the  youngest  of  the 
family,  has  two  sisters  still  living,  lie 
icceived  his  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Xenia.  Ohio,  and  after  coming  to  Indi- 
anapolis took  a  business  college  course.  His 
first  regular  employment  was  as  a  press- 
man in  the  Indianapolis  Journal  office. 
Later  he  worked  as  a  pressman  for  the 
Journal  in  the  morning  and  the  Indianap- 
olis News  in  the  afternoon.  After  this  ex- 
perience he  returned  to  his  old  home  at 
Xeniii.  Ohio,  am)  owred  ;i  furm  and  \\a- 
identified  with  several  lines  of  employment. 
An  accident  temporarily  disabled  him  for 
further  active  pursuits,  and  in  1901  he  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  engaged  in  tin- 
real  estate  brokerage  business.  Besides 
farm  lands  and  city  property  he  also  acts 
as  a  general  intermediary  for  business  op- 
portunities of  all  kinds,  and  has  built  up 
a  large  and  successful  business.  Mr.  Buck 
is  a  republican.  On  November  S.  1SSS.  he 
married  Miss  Hattie  Uidell.  of  Xenia,  Ohio. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Margaret. 

J.U-OH  Wooi.vKRTox.  The  men  who  have 
won  their  way  to  success  in  the  financial 
world  have  come  from  no  one  particular 
walk  of  life.  Many  of  them  have  had  their 
training  in  the  surroundings  in  which  they 
now  find  themselves;  not  a  few  have  grad- 
uated from  commercial,  mercantile  and  in- 
dustrial affairs  to  the  handling  of  mone- 


1266 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tary  matters  as  repositories  of  the  public 
trust,  while  a  large  number  have  had  their 
beginning  in  life  amid  the  atmosphere  of 
the  farm.  In  the  last-named  class  is  found 
Jacob  Woolverton,  president  of  the  Saint 
Joseph  County  Savings  Bank  and  vice 
president  of  the  Saint  Joseph  Loan  &  Trust 
Company,  of  South  Bend. 

Mr.  Woolverton  belongs  to  a  family 
which  originated  in  England,  where  the 
Town  of  Woolverton  is  named  in  its  honor, 
but  his  ancestors  have  resided  in  America 
from  colonial  days.  His  paternal  grand- 
father, John  Woolverton,  was  the  owner 
of  a  farm  just  outside  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
at  Bond  Hill,  now  a  part  of  the  corpora- 
tion of  Cincinnati,  six  miles  from  the  court- 
house. He  died  there  and  was  buried  in 
the  vicinity,  but  the  graveyard  has  since 
been  built  over.  The  father  of  Jacob  Wool- 
verton, Charles  Woolverton,  came  from  the 
above-named  farm  to  Indiana  in  1831,  and 
after  stopping  for  a  time  in  Decatur  and 
Parke  counties,  moved  on  to  the  historic 
region  of  Chain-0 '-Lakes  in  Saint  Joseph 
County,  where  he  settled  on  a  quarter  sec- 
tion of  land.  The  old  homestead  is  now 
owned  by  the  son,  who  bought  out  the  other 
heirs  and  added  forty  acres  to  the  prop- 
erty. During  the  early  days  cranberries 
were  abundant  on  the  low  lands  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Chain-O '-Lakes,  and  the  young 
pioneer  marketed  some  of  them  in  Cincin- 
nati. It  was  while  on  the  way  to  the  Ohio 
metropolis  with  a  wagon-load  of  this  fruit 
that  he  met  Jane  Lawson,  who  afterward 
became  his  wife,  she  being  the  daughter  of 
one  of  the  numerous  tavern-keepers  then 
operating  establishments  on  the  great  state 
highway,  the  Michigan  Road.  This  tavern 
was  near  Greensburg,  and  young  Woolver- 
ton stopped  there  for  rest  and  refreshment 
while  on  his  way  to  Cincinnati.  So  well 
pleased  was  he  with  his  entertainment 
that  he  again  stopped  at  the  Lawson  tav- 
ern on  his  return,  and  these  two  first  visits 
and  the  acquaintance  formed  ripened  into 
a  love  match  that  culminated  in  a  mar^ 
riage  in  1840.  Following  their  union  the 
young  people  started  housekeeping  on  the 
Chain-O '-Lakes  Farm,  which  is  now  one 
of  the  most  attractive  places  on  the  Lincoln 
Highway  west.  Five  children  were  born 
to  them,  of  whom  three,  two  sons  and  a 
daughter,  grew  to  maturity.  The  daugh- 
ter died  in  her  young  womanhood,  but  the 
two  sons  survive :  Jacob,  of  this  notice ; 


and  Charles,  a  resident  of  Edwardsville, 
Illinois.  Charles  Woolverton,  the  elder, 
was  not  only  a  skilled  and  energetic  farmer, 
but  also  operated  quite  extensively  in  farm 
lands,  buying  and  selling,  and  it  is  possible 
that  the  operation  of  this  side  line  had  an 
amount  of  influence  upon  the  elder  son, 
Jacob,  whose  tastes  turned  decidedly  to 
commercial  pursuits  rather  than  .to  farm- 
ing. Farm  life  did  not  agree  with  the  son, 
and  as  it  was  not  congenial,  he  decided  to 
cast  his  lines  in  other  directions.  His  sub- 
sequent success  shows  that  even  at  an  early 
age  he  gave  indications  of  the  excellent 
judgment  and  foresight  which  have  since 
characterized  and  moulded  his  life. 

Jacob  Woolverton  was  seven  years  of 
age  when  his  father  died,  and  his  mother 
subsequently  remarried.  As  is  not  infre- 
quently the  case,  the  stepfather  and  step- 
son did  not  harmonize  in  their  relation- 
ship, and  when  the  youth  was  only  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  left  his  home  to  shift  for 
himself.  The  older  man  freely  predicted 
that  he  would  soon  return,  but  he  under- 
estimated the  youth's  spirit  and  initiative. 
During  the  summer  of  1861  he  worked  on 
the  farm  of  James  Ray,  receiving  a  wage 
of  $11  per  month,  and  in  the  next  summer 
on  the  Ashbury  Lindley  farm,  his  salary 
having  been  increased  to  $15  per  month, 
as  his  abilities  were  recognized.  During 
the  winter  months  he  accepted  such  hon- 
orable employment  as  came  his  way,  in 
this  way  earning  his  board  and  being  able 
to  attend  school.  The  rudiments  of  an 
education  secured  in  this  way  were  sup- 
plemented by  further  study  at  the  old 
Northern  Indiana  College  at  South  Bend, 
which  occupied  the  original  building  of 
the  South  Bend  Chilled  Plow  Company's 
plant  and  which  he  attended  in  1863.  In 
his  vacation  period  he  spent  his  time  in  the 
office  of  Francis  R.  Tutt,  deputy  revenue 
collector,  but  before  engaging  actively  in 
business  took  a  course  in  Eastman's  Com- 
mercial College  at  Chicago,  which  was  then 
one  of  the  famous  institutions  of  the  West. 
After  graduating  there  he  was  associated 
with  William  L.  Kizer,  his  boyhood  friend, 
schoolmate  and  college  chum,  as  a  clerk  in 
the  revenue  office,  first  under  Mr.  Tutt, 
deputy  collector,  and  subsequently  under 
Colonel  Norman  Eddy,  district  revenue 
collector,  whose  appointment  brought  the 
district  office  from  Logansport  to  South 
Bend.  The  two  clerks.  Kizer  and  Wool- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1267 


verton,  checked  up  the  office  at  Logansport 
and  superintended  the  transfer  to  this  city. 
After  leaving  this  office  Mr.  Woolverton 
was  for  a  time  a  traveling  representative 
for  a  Cleveland  oil  house.  However,  he 
realized  that  he  had  not  yet  found  his  true 
vocation  and  gave  that  position  up  to  take 
a  clerical  post  with  Studebaker  Brothers. 
During  a  long  period  he,  with  William 
Mack  and  Clem  Studebaker,  did  all  the 
office  work  for  this  concern,  he  and  Mr. 
Mack  looking  after  the  books  and  accounts 
and  Mr.  Studebaker  attending  to  the  cor- 
respondence. The  company's  office  was  in 
a  small  frame  building  on  South  Michigan 
Street,  opposite  the  present  site  of  the 
Auditorium.  When  he  left  this  office  Mr. 
Woolverton:  drifted  into  the  real  estate 
business  with  his  former  fellow-clerk,  Mr. 
Kizer.  It  happened  that  Andrew  Ander- 
son was  at  that  time  operating  the  abstracts 
of  title  now  owned  by  W.  A.  Bugbee.  He 
offered  Mr.  Woolverton  an,  opportunity 
to  conduct  the  real  estate  end  of  his  ab- 
stract business,  but  Mr.  Woolverton  was 
drawing  $75  per  month  at  the  Studebaker 
office  and  thought  that  it  was  too  good  a 
thing  to  give  up  for  an  uncertainty.  He 
suggested  to  Mr.  Kizer,  who  was  traveling 
for  the  Aetna  Life  Insurance  Company 
and  was  not  enamored  of  his  position,  that 
he  take  the  place  in  the  Anderson  office 
and  that  if  the  business  showed  itself  profit- 
able he  would  leave  Studebaker 's  and  go 
in  with  him.  This  resulted  in  Mr.  Kizer 's 
trying  the  proposition,  and  his  success  was 
so  immediate  and  assured  that  Mr.  Wool- 
verton resigned  his  position,  and,  June  10, 
1869,  became  one  of  the  members  of  the 
partnership  of  Kizer  &  Woolverton.  This 
is  still  in  existence  after  a  period  of  more 
than  forty-eight  years,  and  the  firm 's  office, 
in  charge  of  Robert  Kizer,  is  in  the  same 
place  that  it  was  in  the  beginning,  although 
in  a  new  building.  The  success  of  the  firm 
encouraged  the  partners  to  enter  other 
fields.  They  were  instrumental  in  organ- 
izing the  Malleable  Steel  Range  Manufac- 
turing Company,  to  which  Mr.  Kizer 's  and 
Mr.  Wool  verton 's  sons  now  direct  their  at- 
tention, and  of  which  Jacob  Woolverton  is 
vice  president  and  treasurer.  In  1882  he 
became  interested  in  the  Saint  Joseph 
County  Savings  Bank,  which  was  founded 
December  8,  1869,  by  J.  M.  Studebaker, 
J.  C.  Knoblick  and  T.  J.  Seixas,  the  last- 
named  being  the  prime  mover  in  the  or- 


ganization and  secretary  and  treasurer  for 
a  number  of  years  prior  to  his  death.  Mr. 
Woolverton  was  elected  president  of  the 
institution  in  1895,  and  has  since  been  re- 
elected  every  year.  The  other  officers  are : 
Benjamin  F.  Dunn,  vice  president ;  Rome 

C.  Stephenson,  vice  president;  George  U. 
Bingham,  secretary  and  treasurer ;  Harriet 
E.  Elbel,  cashier;   Charles  A.  Burns,  as- 
sistant  cashier;   and    Elmer   E.    Rodgers, 
assistant  cashier;  the  trustees  being  Jacob 
Woolverton,  B.  F.  Dunn,  W.  A.  Bugbee. 
W.  L.  Kizer,  Elmer  Crockett,  W.  A.  Funk 
and  R.  C.  Stephenson.     At  the  close  of 
business,  August  20,  1917,  the  Saint  Joseph 
County  Savings  Bank  issued  the  following 
statement :  Resources,  loans  and  discounts, 
$2.027,919.96;     municipal     bonds,     $487.- 
906.68;  cash  on  hand  and  due  from  banks, 
$938,100.68;     liabilities,     due     depositors. 
$3,089,337.91;  surplus,  $325,000.00;  inter- 
est,  etc.,   $39,589.41.     Mr.   Woolverton   is 
also  vice  president  and  the  largest  stock- 
holder of  the  Saint  Joseph  Loan  &  Trust 
Company,  a  brother  bank,  and  has  been 
since  its  organization,  in  which  he  was  the 
main  factor,  in  1900.    The  other  officials  of 
this  bank  are:  Rome  C.  Stephenson,  presi- 
dent ;   Willis    A.    Bugbee,    vice   president  ; 
George  U.  Bingham,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer;    Harriet    E.    Elbel,    cashier;    and 
Charles  A.  Burns  and  Elmer  E.  Rodgers, 
assistant  treasurer  and  assistant  secretary, 
respectively.      The    directors   are:    J.    M. 
Studebaker.  Jacob  Woolverton,  W.  L.  Ki- 
zer, F.  S.  Fish.  W.  A.  Bugbee,  L.  Le  Van, 

D.  E.  Snyder,  R.  C.  Stephenson  and  G.  U. 
Bingham.    The  statement  of  this  bank  at 
the  close  of  business  August  20,  1917,  was 
as  follows:  Resources,  loans  and  discounts, 
$1,838,434.44;   bonds,   $1,068.097.32;   cash 
on  hand  and  due  from  banks  and  trust 
companies,    $584,342.19;    trust    securities, 
$1,454,562.66;  real  estate,  $4,000.00.     Lia- 
bilities:  Capital   stock,   $200,000.00;   sur- 
plus. $100,000.00;  undivided  profits,  $184.- 
169.55;  deposits,  $2,893,858.05;  due  trust 
department,  $1,571,409.01.     The  combined 
resources  of  these  two  institutions  amount 
to  $8,403,363.93. 

Mr.  Woolverton 's  familiarity  with  realty 
and  conditions  pertaining  thereto  in  North- 
ern Indiana  and  Southern  Michigan  is 
probably  unsurpassed.  He  is  regarded  as 
an  authority  in  such  matters,  a  prestige 
acquired  through  his  long  association  with 
the  business  and  his  banking  experience. 


1268 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


He  himself  is  the  owner  of  a  number  of 
business  buildings  and  dwellings  at  South 
Bend,  including  his  own  home  at  313  La- 
fayette Avenue,  which  was  originally  built 
in  1877  and  remodeled  in  1893;  and  also 
has  two  farms  in  Saint  Joseph  County,  one 
situated  four  miles  from  the  courthouse 
on  the  Lincoln  Highway  west,  consisting 
of  157  acres,  and  the  other  a  200-acre  tract, 
being  located  two  miles  further  from  the 
city. 

While  a  student  at  Northern  Indiana 
College  Mr.  Woolverton  became  acquainted 
with  Miss  Alice  M.  Ruple,  daughter  of 
John  J.  Ruple,  one  of  the  pioneer  farmers 
of  the  county,  and  October  6,  1870,  they 
were  married.  To  this  union  there  were 
born  four  sons :  Earl,  a  young  man  of  great 
promise  who  died  a  few  years  ago ;  John  J., 
residing  at  No.  307  South  Lafayette 
Avenue,  South  Bend,  assistant  treasurer 
and  manager  of  the  Malleable  Steel  Range 
Manufacturing  Company ;  Howard  A.,  also 
a  resident  of  South  Bend,  who  is  sales 
manager  for  that  company;  and  Hugh  L., 
who  was  formerly  purchasing  agent  for  the 
same  concern,  now  a  resident  of  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  where  he  is  connected  with  the 
quartermaster  general's  department  as 
purchasing  agent  of  hardware  and  steel  for 
the  United  States  Government.  The  Wool- 
verton family,  including  the  sons  and  their 
families,  have  a  summer  home  at  Sandy 
Beach,  Diamond  Lake,  where  they  spend 
much  time  together  and  maintain  the  affec- 
tionate home  associations  of  earlier  years 
when  the  sons  were  children.  Mr.  Wool- 
verton is  an  active  member  of  the  South 
Bend  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  of  the 
Rotary  Club  and  is  a  leader  an  many  move- 
ments having  for  their  object  the  better- 
ment of  business  and  financial  conditions. 
He  belongs  also  to  the  Country  Club  and 
the  Knife  and  Fork  Club,  and  has  shown 
a  great  and  helpful  interest  in  the  work 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
of  which  he  has  been  a  generous  supporter. 
With  his  family,  he  belongs  to  the.  Presby- 
terian Church.  In  his  political  views  Mr. 
Woolverton  is  a  republican,  but  public  life 
has  not  appealed  to  him,  and  politics  has 
attracted  his  attention  only  insofar  as  it 
has  affected  the  welfare  of  the  country  and 
its  people.  During  the  half  a  century  in 
which  he  has  been  engaged  in  business  at 
South  Bend  he  has  built  up  a  reputation 
for  unquestioned  integrity  in  business,  for 


honorable  participation  in  public-spirited 
movements,  and  for  probity  in  private  life. 

HON.  ROME  C.  STEPHENSON.  The  extent 
and  importance  of  the  interests  with  which 
Hon.  Rome  C.  Stephenson  has  been  identi- 
fied within1  his  career,  and  particularly 
since  locating  at  South  Bend  in  1908^stamp 
him  as  one  of  the  leading  of  the  city's 
financial  representatives.  A  lawyer  by 
profession,  and  at  one  time  a  member  of 
the  State  Senate,  he  gave  up  his  profes- 
sional vocation  for  the  field  of  finance,  and 
at  this  time  is  president  of  the  Saint  Jo- 
seph Loan  &  Trust  Company  and  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  Saint  Joseph  County  Savings 
Bank,  brother  banks  of  South  Bend  with 
combined  assets  of  more  than  $8,000,000. 

Mr.  Stephenson  was  born  at  Wabash, 
Indiana,  February  19,  1865,  and  is  a  son 
of  Hugh  M.  and  Maria  J.  (Thompson) 
Stephenson.  He  is  a  member  of  a  family 
which  had  its  origin  in  the  north  of  Ire- 
land and  which  first  emigrated  to  Maryland 
and  subsequently  went  to  Carolina  during 
colonial  days.  Hugh  M.  Stephenson  was 
born  December  29,  1818,  in  Iredell  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  when  he  was  a  youth 
was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Indiana,  where 
he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and 
reared  to  manhood.  There  he  also  met  and 
married  Maria  J.  Thompson,  who  was  born 
May  22,  1825,  near  Paris,  Bourbon  County, 
Kentucky,  and  some  time  later  they  re- 
moved to  Rochester,  Indiana,  where  they 
rounded  out  their  lives,  Mr.  Stephenson 
dying  April  25,  1889,  and  Mrs.  Stephenson 
November  8,  1913.  The  father  followed 
the  business  of  abstracting  titles,  and  was 
accounted  a  business  man  of  shrewdness 
and  ability,  with  a  reputation  for  absolute 
integrity.  A  republican  in  his  political 
views,  he  was  interested  in  the  success  of 
his  party,  and  at  various  times  was  elected 
to  offices  of  a  public  nature,  being  at  one 
time  in  the  early  days  sheriff  of  Wabash 
County.  He  and  Mrs.  Stephenson  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  They  had  the  following  children : 
Amos  L.,  who  for  years  practiced  dentistry 
and  is  now  a  retired  resident  of  Wabash; 
William  H.,  who  was  a  retired  dental  prac- 
titioner, and  died  at  Marion,  Indiana,  in 
1913 ;  Joseph  T.,  who  was  a  printer  by  vo- 
cation and  died  at  Rochester,  November 
8,  1893 ;  Frank  M.,  a  resident  of  Indianap- 
olis, who  has  been  probation  officer  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1269 


Juvenile  Court  of  that  city  since  its  organi- 
zation ;  and  Rome  C. 

Rome  C.  Stephenson  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Wabash 
and  Rochester.  He  chose  the  vocation  of 
law  for  his  life  work,  and  began  the  study 
of  his  profession  in  the  law  offices  of 
George  W.  Holman,  an  attorney  of  Roches- 
ter, being  duly  admitted  to  the  bar  May  1, 
1886.  He  began  practicing  the  first  day 
of  the  following  year,  and  was  associated  in 
partnership  with  his  preceptor  until  No- 
vember, 1914,  when  he  retired  from  the 
practice  of  his  calling.  In  the  meantime, 
in  November,  1908,  he  had  removed  from 
Rochester  to  South  Bend,  and  the  latter 
city  has  since  been  his  home  and  the  scene 
of  his  activities  and  success.  On  coming  to 
this  city  he  became  vice  president  of  the 
Saint  Joseph  County  Savings  Bank,  of| 
which  he  was  also  treasurer,  and  took  like 
positions  with  the  Saint  Joseph  Loan  and 
Trust  Company.  His  duties  with  these 
concerns  rapidly  grew  in  scope  and  impor- 
tance until  finally  he  found  that  he  could 
not  serve  two  masters,  and  in  November, 
1914,  ceased  the  practice  of  law  to  give  his 
entire  time  to  his  banking  duties.  On  May 
1,  1916,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Saint  Joseph  Loan  and  Trust  Company, 
succeeding  J.  M.  Studebaker.  This  bank, 
which  was  organized  in  1900,  is  one  of  the 
strongest  institutions  of  the  state,  and  with 
its  brother  bank,  the  Saint  Joseph  County 
Savings  Bank,  has  combined  resources  of 
$8,403,363.93.  The  latter  institution,  of 
which  Mr.  Stephenson  is  vice  president, 
was  established  in  1869  and  is  also  one  of 
the  best  known  banking  houses  in  Indiana. 

In  his  political  views  Mr.  Stephenson 
is  a  republican  and  for  some  years  was  a 
more  or  less  important  figure  in  the  ranks 
of  his  party.  In  1904  he  was  the  success- 
ful representative  of  his  ticket  for  the  State 
Senate  and  subsequently  served  in  the  ses- 
sions of  1905  and  1907  and  the  special  ses- 
sion of  1908,  representing  Wabash  and 
Fulton  counties.  He  was  one  of  the  ener- 
getic and  working  members  of  the  Senate, 
and  in  the  session  of  1905  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  insurance  and  of  the 
judiciary  "A"  committee.  In  the  session 
of  1907  he  was  on  the  committees  on  corpo- 
rations, telegraph  and  telephone,  railroads, 
and  codification  of  laws.  Senator  Stephen- 
son  is  a  member  of  and  elder  in  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  He  is  prominent  frater- 


nally, belonging  to  South  Bend  Lodge  No. 
394,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons; 
South  Bend  Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch 
Masons,  and  Indianapolis  Consistory,  thir- 
ty-second degree  of  Masonry;  also  to  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
Crusade  Lodge  No.  14,  Knights  of  Pythias. 
He  also  holds  membership  in  the  Indiana 
Country,  Rotary  and  Knife  and  Fork 
clubs  and  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Mr.  Stephenson  was  married  October 
16,  1889,  at  Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio,  to  Miss 
Ella  J.  Maxwell,  daughter  of  Joseph  J.  and 
Martha  (Edwards)  Maxwell,  both  of  whom 
are  now  deceased.  Mr.  Maxwell  was  for 
many  years  a  dry  goods  merchant  at  Upper 
Sandusky  and  later  cashier  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  that  place.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Stephenson  are  the  parents  of  two  chil- 
dren :  Joseph  M.,  a  resident  of  South  Bend 
and  a  rising  young  journalist,  being  man- 
ager of  the  South  Bend  News-Times;  and 
Hugh  R..  who  is  an  ensign  in  the  U.  S. 
Navy.  The  Stephenson  family  resides  in 
a  handsome  modern  residence  at  No.  201 
North  Shore  Drive.  In  addition,  Mr.  Ste- 
phenson is  the  owner  of  a  handsome  farm 
located  three  and  one-half  miles  northwest 
of  South  Bend,  on  the  Portage  Road.  This 
consists  of  200  acres  in  an  excellent  state 
of  production,  the  property  being  culti- 
vated by  the  latest  approved  methods  and 
with  the  most  up-to-date  machinery  manu- 
factured. 

JOHN  B.  DILL/ON,  historian,  was  born  in 
Brooke  County,  Virginia,  in  1807;  and 
while  he  was  a  small  child  his  father  re- 
moved to  St.  Clairsville,  Belmont  County, 
Ohio.  Here  his  father  died  when  John 
was  a  lad  of  ten  years,  and  the  orphaned 
boy  went  to  Charleston,  West  Virginia, 
where  he  learned  the  printer's  trade.  In 
1824,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  went  to 
Cincinnati,  and  became  a  compositor  on 
the  Cincinnati  Gazette.  In  this  paper 
his  first  literary  ventures  were  published, 
but  Cincinnati  was  then  the  literary  center 
of  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  the  merit  of  his 
work  gave  him  the  entree  to  The  Western 
Souvenir,  Flint's  Western  Review,  and  the 
Cincinnati  Mirror.  He  wrote  poetry  at 
that  time,  and  his  "Burial  of  the  Beauti- 
ful" and  "Orphan's  Harp"  deservedly 
gave  him  lasting  recognition. 

In  1834  he  removed  to  Logansport,  In- 
diana, where  he  read  law  and  was  ad- 


1270 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mitted  to  the  bar ;  and  where  he  also  wrote 
the  first  volume  of  his  "History  of  In- 
diana," which  was  published  in  1842.  The 
fame  of  this  work  caused  his  election  as 
state  librarian  in  1845,  which  position  he 
held  for  six  years.  In  1851  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  secretary  of  state,  and 
continued  in  this  office  for  two  years.  He 
also  served  as  secretary  of  the  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  in  1852,  1853,  1855,  1858, 
and  1859.  In  1853  he  published  for  some 
months  a  semi-monthly  agricultural  maga- 
zine called  "Farm  and  Shop."  In  1863  he 
was  appointed  a  clerk  in  the  Department 
of  the  Interior,  serving  as  superintendent 
of  documents  and  librarian  of  the  depart- 
ment. He  resigned  this  position  in  1871, 
and  became  for  two  years  clerk  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Military  Affairs  of  the  House. 
In  the  spring  of  1875  he  returned  to  In- 
dianapolis, where  he  resided  until  his  death 
on  February  27,  1879. 

Mr.  Dillon  joined  the  Indiana  Historical 
Society  in  1842,  and  was  its  only  secre- 
tary from  1859  until  his  death.  He  always 
continued  his  historical  researches,  and  in 
1859  published  his  "History  of  Indiana," 
which  was  an  extension  of  his  original  vol- 
ume. His  other  publications  were  "The 
National  Decline  of  the  Miami  Indians." 
read  before  the  Indiana  Historical  Society 
May  23,  1848,  and  published  in  Vol.  1  of 
the  society's  publications;  "Letters  to 
Friends  of  the  Union,"  1861-2;  "Notes 
on  Historical  Evidence  in  Reference  to  Ad- 
verse Theories  of  the  Origin  and  Nature 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States," 
New  York,  1871 ;  and  "Oddities  of  Colonial 
Legislation  in  America,"  published  in 
1879,  after  Mr.  Dillon's  death,  with  a 
memorial  sketch  by  Ben  Douglass.  An- 
other sketch  will  be  found  in  Vol.  2  of  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  Publications. 

L.  A.  SNIDER,  a  mechanical  engineer  of 
many  years  successful  experience  and  now 
a  partner  of  the  firm  of  Snider  &  Rotz, 
consulting  engineers,  with  offices  in  the 
Merchants  Bank  Building  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Snider  was  born  in  Marion  County, 
Indiana,  December  17,  1883,  a  son  of  Theo- 
philus  and  Fanny  C.  (Center)  Snider.  The 
Snider  family  was  one  of  the  first  to  estab- 
lish homes  in  Putnam  County,  Indiana. 
His  great-grandfather,  Jacob,  took  his  fam- 
ily, including  his  son  Lewis,  grandfather  of 
L.  A.  Snider,  and  traveled  by  wagon  from 


Tennessee  to  the  midst  of  an  unbroken 
wilderness  in  Putnam  County,  Indiana,  es- 
tablishing their  home  six  miles  north  of 
Greencastle.  Jacob  Snider  spent  all  the 
rest  of  his  days  on  that  farm.  He  came 
to  Indiana  at  such  an  early  time  that  the 
party  was  attacked  by  Indians  while  en 
route.  He  was  a  farmer,  hunter  and  trap- 
per and  a  splendid  type  of  the  rugged  pio- 
neer settler.  Theophilus  Snider,  who  died 
in  1908,  was  born  at  Greencastle,  Indiana, 
and  spent  all  his  active  career  as  a  rail- 
road man.  He  became  a  brakeman,  later  a 
conductor,  and  was  finally  made  a  yard- 
master  with  the  Big  Four  Railway  Com- 
pany. He  was  at  first  with  the  Peoria 
Division,  afterwards  was  made  yardmaster 
at  Terre  Haute,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  had  given  thirty-seven  years  of  faith- 
ful work  to  the  Big  Four  Railway  Com- 
pany, being  regarded  as  one  of  its  most 
trusted  employes.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order  for  many  years.  In  the 
family  were  four  children,  all  of  whom 
are  still  living. 

L.  A.  Snider,  oldest  of  these  children, 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Terre 
Haute,  attended  high  school  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  took  his  professional  course  in  the 
Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Terre  Haute. 
He  graduated  Bachelor  of  Science  with  the 
class  of  1905  and  then  spent  another  year 
of  post-graduate  work,  receiving  the  degree 
Master  of  Science  in  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing in  1906.  Since  then  he  has  given  all 
his  time  to  professional  work.  In  1912  he 
was  granted  the  degree  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neer because  of  his  professional  record. 
For  a  year  he  was  with  the  Fairbanks  and 
Morse  Company,  assigned  to  duty  at  Beloit. 
Wisconsin,  and  after  that  was  employed 
as  a  mechanical  engineer  and  traveled  over 
several  states  for  the  Fairbanks  and  Morse 
people.  Later  he  had  full  charge  of  the 
mechanical  equipment  and  engineering 
work  of  Paul  Kuhn  and  Company 
throughout  Indiana  and  Illinois,  with  head- 
quarters at  Terre  Haute.  After  three 
years  he  resigned  and  on  March  1,  1910, 
became  connected  with  McMeans  and  Tripp 
as  their  mechanical  engineer.  Some  years 
ago  Mr.  Snider  formed  his  present  partner- 
ship with  J.  M.  Rotz,  and  as  consulting  en- 
gineers they  have  handled  many  important 
contracts.  Their  chief  specialty  is  heat- 
ing and  ventilating,  and  they  have  done 
an  extensive  business  in  installing  appara- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1271 


tus  and  in  drawing  plans  for  heating  and 
ventilating  systems  in  school  buildings 
throughout  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and 
Ohio. 

Mr.  Snider  is  a  Mason,  is  independent  in 
politics,  and  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  January  17,  1909,  he  married 
Bessie  Modesitt.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren: Harriet  Jane,  born  April  14,  1912; 
Albert  Howell,  born  December  24,  1916; 
and  Hugh  Modesitt,  born  January  27, 
1918. 

COL.  ROBERT  R.  STEWART.  No  more  than 
at  any  other  time  Indiana  honors  its  men 
of  military  genius  and  service.  Such  a 
time  brings  into  striking  relief  and  a  bet- 
ter appreciation  some  of  those  who  served 
their  country  so  valiantly  in  former  Ameri- 
can wars. 

One  of  these  was  the  late  Col.  Robert  R. 
Stewart.  He  was  born  in  Indiana  and  his 
father,  Matthew  Stewart,  was  one  of  the 
early  landlords  and  tavern  keepers  at  old 
Terre  Haute.  Colonel  Stewart  grew  up 
in  the  lively  atmosphere  of  Western  Indi- 
ana along  the  Wabash  Valley,  and  was  only 
a  boy  when  the  war  with  Mexico  broke  out. 
He  became  infected  with  the  fever  of  mil- 
itary preparation,  and  his  admiration  for 
Philip  Kearny,  the  dashing  young  soldier 
of  Terre  Haute,  knew  no  bounds,  and  he 
practically  ran  away  from  home  to  join  the 
dragoon  company  raised  by  Captain  Kear- 
ny in  and  about  Terre  Haute.  That  was, 
by  the  way,  the  beginning  of  Colonel 
Kearny 's  career  as  an  American  military 
figure.  Later  in  the  Civil  war  Kearny  rose 
to  the  rank  of  major  general.  Robert  Stew- 
art was  in  Kearny 's  cavalry  company  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  by  reason 
of  his  personal  prowess  and  bravery.  At 
the  end  of  the  war  he  was  congratulated 
for  his  services  by  an  autograph  letter 
from  President  Polk. 

Early  in  1861  an  independent  cavalry 
company  was  organized  at  Terre  Haute, 
which  subsequently  became  Company  I  of 
the  First  Cavalry,  Twenty-Eighth  Regi- 
ment. Robert  R.  Stewart  was  its  first  cap- 
tain and  later  he  was  made  lieutenant  col- 
onel of  the  Second  Cavalry  and  subsequent- 
ly assisted  in  organizing  the  Eleventh  Indi- 
ana Cavalry,  of  which  ho  became  colonel. 
His  brother,  James  W.  Stewart,  succeeded 
him  as  colonel  of  the  Second  Regiment. 
General  Stewart  by  his  dashing  bravery 


and  military  exploits  won  admiration. 
"Bob"  Stewart  was  a  popular  man  both  in 
camp  and  as  a  citizen.  A  part  of  the  time 
he  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  war,  but 
refused  any  advancement  in  title  and  rank. 
In  Western  Indiana  in  particular  Colonel 
Stewart  was  idolized  as  a  typical  soldier. 

In  1862  his  personal  friend,  J.  C.  Men- 
inger,  dedicated  to  him  "Colonel  Stew- 
art's Parade  March."  In  the  Memorial 
Building  at  Terre  Haute  his  portrait  with 
those  of  other  Civil  war  heroes  is  placed 
in  enduring  memory  in  one  of  the  win- 
dows. 

During  his  service  Colonel  Stewart  was 
captured  by  the  enemy  and  for  a  period 
of  seven  months  suffered  incarceration  in 
Libby  prison  at  Richmond.  The  hard- 
ships of  this  period  together  with  the  ex- 
posure of  camp  and  battle  experience  un- 
dermined his  health,  and  only  a  few  years 
after  the  war  he  died. 

Colonel  Stewart  married  Flora  Sullivan, 
who  after  his  death  became  the  wife  of 
Emil  Wulschner,  long  prominent  in  the 
music  business  at  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Wulschner  died  April  9,  1900.  Mrs.  Wul- 
schner was  a  prominent  figure  in  Indianap- 
olis. She  was  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Indiana  Orphans  Home  As- 
sociation. She  died  at  Rome,  Italy,  April 
14,  1909.  Her  father,  William  Sullivan, 
was  also  a  resident  of  Indianapolis. 

Alexander  M.  Stewart,  only  son  and 
child  of  Colonel  Stewart,  was  born  at  Terre 
Haute  March  4,  1867,  and  has  lived  in  In- 
dianapolis since  1869.  He  became  inter- 
ested in  the  musical  merchandise  business 
through  his  stepfather,  and  for  many  years 
has  conducted  a  store  that  is  a  noted  cen- 
ter of  musical  goods  all  over  the  state. 
He  is  the  only  jobber  in  Indiana  for  the 
Victor  Talking  Machines.  He  has  also 
acquired  some  extensive  interests  in  real 
estate  and  is  identified  with  many  of  the 
representative  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions of  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Loyal  Legion,  is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  Shriner,  a  member  of  the  Columbia 
Club  and  other  organizations. 

Mr.  Stewart  married  in  1893  Miss 
Georgia  Toms,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  She 
died  August  9,  1906,  and  was  survived  by 
two  sons,  George  E.  and  James  T.  In 
1911  Mr.  Stewart  married  Miss  Marie  K. 
Lee,  and  their  son  is  Alexander  M.,  Jr. 


1272 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


JAMES  H.  LOWRY  is  superintendent  of 
parks  at  Indianapolis.  To  this  position  and 
all  the  responsibilities  which  it  implies  Mr. 
Lowry  has  brought  the  qualifications  of 
the  thoroughly  trained  civil  and  construc- 
tion engineer,  and  also  a  natural  taste  and 
inclination  for  this  class  of  public  serv- 
ice. Mr.  Lowry  has  fitted  in  well  with  the 
plans  and  aspirations  of  the  present  park 
board.  These  plans  contemplate  a  park 
system  which  will  make  Indianapolis  the 
envy  of  the  larger  cities  in  the  country. 
Members  of  the. board  and  Mr.  Lowy  have 
made  a  thorough  and  systematic  study  of 
all  the  park  systems  of  the  leading  eastern 
cities,  and  thus  they  have  a  broad  vision 
and  high  ideals  to  guide  them  in  all  their 
work.  The  superintendent  of  parks  de- 
pends not  only  upon  the  special  organiza- 
tion and  facilities  placed  under  his  control, 
but  is  doing  much  to  arouse  the  interest 
and  co-operation  of  all  citizens  of  Indianap- 
olis in  a  general  plan  for  beautification  of 
the  city.  This  means  not  only  the  public 
parks  but  the  individual  grounds  and  sur- 
roundings of  homes.  The  service  of  the 
park  system  is  available  to  private  citi- 
zens in  the  selection  and  planting  of  proper 
shade  trees  and  shrubbery  on  private 
grounds  and  adjacent  to  the  street.  The 
city  is  to  be  congratulated  upon  having 
such  a  thoroughly  qualified  man  as  Mr. 
Lowry  for  the  position  of  park  superin- 
tendent. 

He  was  born  in  Cass  County,  Michi- 
gan, May  2,  1881,  son  of  Franklin  E.  and 
Laura  Bell  (Parsons)  Lowry.  His  father 
is  sixty-five  and  his  mother  is  sixty,  and 
both  parents  are  still  living,  residents  of 
Granger,  St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana.  His 
father  in  his  younger  days  was  a  teacher, 
afterwards  a  country  merchant,  had  a  com- 
mon school  education  plus  some  normal 
training,  and  is  now  conducting  a  store  at 
Granger.  He  has  always  been  interested  in 
politics  and  in  the  success  of  the  demo- 
cratic party.  He  is  a  Mason  and  his  wife  a 
member  of  the  Christian  Church.  Ances- 
trally the  Lowrys  are  Scotch-Irish.  There 
were  three  children :  James  H. ;  Mabel,  who 
is  the  wife  of  Albert  Dachler,  professor  of 
English  at  Purdue  University;  and  Mil- 
dred, a  teacher  living  at  home  with  her 
parents. 

James  H.  Lowry  attended  the  graded 
schools  of  St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana, 
graduated  from  the  high  school  at  Niles, 


Michigan,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  dur- 
ing the  following  two  years  taught  school 
in  his  native  County  of  Cass  in  Michigan. 
He  also  taught  for  two  years  in  Harrison 
Township,  St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana. 
Teaching  was  the  means  of  earning  the 
money  which  enabled  him  to  take  part  of 
his  course  at  Purdue  University.  Besides 
teaching  he  did  every  other  sort  of  em- 
ployment which  would  pay  some  of  his  ex- 
penses, including  tutoring  and  some  of  the 
menial  branches  of  service  around  the  Uni- 
versity. At  Purdue  he  pursued  a  technical 
course,  civil  engineering,  and  during  his  va- 
cations worked  on  railroads,  the  Lake  Shore 
and  the  Nickel  Plate  lines,  and  spent  one 
year  out  of  Norfolk,  Virginia,  on  the  Tide- 
water System  of  the  late  Henry  0.  Rogers. 

Mr.  Lowry  graduated  from  Purdue  Uni- 
versity in  1908.  The  next  year  he  was 
connected  with  the  Indiana  Mausoleum 
Company,  doing  concrete  construction  and 
design  work,  and  acting  as  superintendent 
of  construction.  He  then  returned  to  his 
alma  mater,  Purdue,  as  instructor  in  civil 
engineering,  and  was  there  four  years. 

In  1912  he  came  to  Indianapolis  as  ex- 
ecutive officer  of  the  Board  of  Park  Com- 
missioners and  was  promoted  to  his  present 
duties  as  park  superintendent  in  1915.  Mr. 
Lowry  is  also  president  of  the  National  Any 
ateur  Baseball  Association.  In  the  winter 
of  1918  the  secretary  of  the  War  Recreation 
Social  Service  Bureau  accepted  his  offer  in 
behalf  of  the  association  to  arrange  games 
of  baseball  between  teams  of  soldiers  at  the 
cantonments  and  amateur  teams  from  cities 
near  the  cantonments,  and  this  is  one  of  Mr. 
Lowry 's  positive  interests  and  services  in 
the  great  war  in  which  America  is  now  em- 
barked. Mr.  Lowry  is  a  member  of  the  Tri- 
angle Engineering  Fraternity,  is  affiliated 
with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  of  the  Masonic  or- 
der, the  Indianapolis  Rotary  Club,  and  in 
politics  is  non  partisan. 

In  1910  he  married  Miss  Bessie  May 
Leamon,  daughter  of  Mrs.  Cordelia  Lea- 
mon.  Mrs.  Lowry  is  a  graduate  of  high 
school  and  is  a  thoroughly  trained  mu- 
sician, having  attended  Winona  Conserva- 
tory of  Music  and  finishing  in  the  Chicago 
Conservatory.-  They  have  one  son,  James 
Edson  Lowry. 

CLARENCE  W.  NICHOLS.  Of  lawyers  who 
have  had  much  to  dp  with  the  important 
litigation  in  the  United  States  and  local 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1273 


courts  in  recent  years,  the  name  of  Clar- 
ence W.  Nichols  has  been  prominently  iden- 
tified. 

Mr.  Nichols  was  born  in  Indianapolis 
July  8,  1873,  son  of  Willard  C.  and  Louise 
(Spiegel)  Nichols.  His  maternal  grandfa- 
ther, August  Spiegel,  was  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, and  came  to  America  with  his  par- 
ents when  an  infant  and  located  at  Law- 
renceburg,  Indiana,  where  he  learned  the 
cabinet  making  trade.  He  moved  to  Indi- 
anapolis and  was  a  pioneer  in  the  furniture 
manufacturing  business. 

Mr.  Nichols'  paternal  grandfather  was 
born  in  New  Jersey  of  Scotch-English  an- 
cestry. He  was  a  printer  by  trade  and 
was  connected  with  several  of  the  Indian- 
apolis local  newspapers,  including  the 
Journal.  Willard  C.  Nichols  has  for  over 
forty  years  been  in  the  office  of  the  clerk 
of  the  United  States  Court. 

Clarence  W.  Nichols  was  the  second  of 
three  children.  He  was  educated  in  the  In- 
dianapolis public  schools,  also  by  private 
tuition,  and  read  law  six  years.  While 
still  reading  law  in  1898  he  was  appointed 
clerk  to  the  United  States  attorney,  and 
served  in  that  position  until  1909.  After 
he  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  law  he 
was  appointed  assistant  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  for  the  District  of  Indiana, 
and  for  seven  years  handled  many  of  the 
federal  cases  in  the  courts  of  this  state. 
Since  January,  1914,  he  has  conducted  a 
successful  private  practice,  his  offices  being 
in  the  Lemke  Building.  While  in  the  em- 
plov  of  the  Federal  Department  of  Justice 
he  handled  many,  important  cases  and  pros- 
ecuted many  prominent  criminals  in  the 
Federal  Court.  He  was  an  assistant  United 
States  attorney  at  the  time  the  famous  dy- 
namite cases  were  tried.  He  has  had  a 
generous  share  of  the  legal  practice  in  the 
courts  of  Indianapolis  and  over  the  state. 

Mr.  Nichols  is  a  republican,  active  in  his 
party,  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis  Bar 
Association,  and  the  Episcopal  Church.  On 
September  8,  1898,  he  married  Miss  Nellie 
Johns  McConney.  They  are  the  parents  of 
three  sons:  Rowland  Willard,  born  Janu- 
ary 11,  1900;  Clarence  Porter,  born  Febru- 
ary 8,  1902;  and  Bernard  Gardiner,  born 
December  11,  1905.  The  son  Rowland  was 
one  of  the  youngest  volunteers  to  go  into 
the  army  from  Indianapolis.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  the  Short- 
ridge  High  School,  and  at  the  outbreak  of 


the  war  with  Germany  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Battery  A  of  the  First  Indiana  Field 
Artillery,  afterward  mustered  into  Federal 
service  as  the  One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth 
Artillery,  and  was  attached  to  the  famous 
Forty-Second  Division,  known  as  the  Rain- 
bow Division.  He  was  with  that  division 
throughout  the  war  in  France  and  with 
the  Army  of  Occupation  in  Germany. 

WILLIAM  WALLACE  LEATHERS,  who  prac- 
ticed law  at  Indianapolis  from  1860  until 
his  untimely  death  in  1875,  gained  many 
distinctions  in  his  calling  and  was  a  most 
worthy  representative  of  one  of  Indiana's 
historic  families. 

He  was  born  in  Morgan  County,  Indi- 
ana, September  17,  1836.  He  grew  up  on 
the  old  homestead  of  his  parents  in  Morgan 
County.  So  effectively  did  he  use  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  common  schools  that  he 
qualified  as  a  teacher  in  early  life,  and  was 
one  of  the  earliest  educators  of  Morgan 
County.  His  higher  education  he  pursued 
in  the  old  Northwestern  Christian  Univer- 
sity, now  Butler  College,  at  Irvington,  In- 
diana. He  took  the  literary  and  law 
courses  at  the  same  time,  and  in  1860  was 
graduated  A.  B.  and  LL.  B.  He  at  once 
began  the  practice  of  law  in  Indianapolis, 
and  quickly  gained  recognition  for  his 
sound  learning  and  ability »  In  1861  he  was 
elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Marion 
County,  and  filled  that  office  two  successive 
terms.  The  responsibilities  of  the  office 
were  all  the  greater  because  of  the  Civil 
war  then  in  progress.  Among  his  contem- 
poraries he  was  regarded  as  an  unusually 
keen  and  resourceful  criminal  and  civil 
lawyer,  and  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
state  bar  when  death  rudely  interrupted 
his  promising  career  on  December  17,  1875, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-nine.  Members  of  the 
profession  who  were  associated  with  him 
recall  his  conscientious  devotion  to  the  law 
as  a  great  and  noble  profession,  and  his 
strict  observance  of  professional  ethics.  In 
politics  he  began  voting  as  a  democrat,  but 
was  converted  to  the  republican  ranks  at 
the  time  of  the  war  and  at  one  time  was 
chairman  of  the  Republican  Central  Com- 
mittee of  Marion  County. 

William  W.  Leathers  married  in  1860 
Miss  Mary  Wallace.  She  was  a  cultured 
woman  of  beautiful  personality,  had  com- 
pleted her  education  in  the  Northwestern 
Christian  University,  and  was  a  member  of 
a  family  noted  in  Indiana  for  its  devotion 


1274 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  literature,  art  and  social  reform,  and 
herself  possessed  many  of  the  family  tal- 
ents. She  died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty- 
three  March  4,  1870.  She  was  a  daughter 
of  Governor  David  and  Zerelda  (Gray) 
Wallace.  Governor  Wallace  by  a  previous 
marriage  was  the  father  of  Gen.  Lew  Wal- 
lace and  also  of  William  Wallace.  Gov- 
ernor Wallace  at  the  time  of  his  marriage 
to  Miss  Gray  was  lieutenant  governor  of 
Indiana  and  from  1838  to  1840  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  state,  also  served  one  term  in 
Congress  and  for  a  time  was  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Marion  Coun- 
ty. Zerelda  Gray  Wallace,  who  died  in 
1904,  is  one  of  the  greatest  of  Indiana 
women.  She  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the 
woman's  suffrage  cause,  equally  noted  as 
a  worker  in  behalf  of  temperance,  and  for 
years  she  continued  as  an  outspoken  advo- 
cate of  these  reforms,  having  been  heard 
on  the  public  platform  in  many  states  and 
was  also  a  regular  contributor  to  the  press 
and  periodical  literature.  A  more  adequate 
sketch  of  her  life  and  also  of  Governor 
David  Wallace  will  be  found  on  other  pages 
of  this  publication.  :• 

JUDGE  JAMES  MADISON  LEATHERS,  who 
for  twelve  years  was  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  Marion  County,  is 
a  son  of  the  late  William  W.  and  Mary 
(Wallace)  Leathers  and  through  his  mother 
is  a  grandson  of  Governor  David  Wallace 
and  Zerelda  (Gray)  Wallace. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  August  31, 
1861,  and  was  nine  years  of  age  when  his 
mother  died  and  fourteen  at  the  time  of  his 
father's  death.  On  the  death  of  his  moth- 
er he  was  taken  into  the  home  of  his  grand- 
mother Zerelda  Wallace,  and  in  his  per- 
sonal career  he  owes  much  to  the  beauty 
and  nobility  of  the  character  and  influence 
of  his  grandmother.  He  learned  his  first 
lessons  at  his  grandmother's  knee,  attended 
the  public  schools  at  Indianapolis,  and  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  was  qualified  to  enter 
Butler  College,  the  institution  which  had 
graduated  both  his  father  and  mother.  He 
remained  there  four  years,  and  his  student 
record  showed  a  marked  proficiency  in  mod- 
ern languages,  in  logic,  rhetoric,  literature 
and  history.  He  graduated  with  honors 
from  Butler  College  in  1881,  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  being  president  of  the  senior 
class. 

So  many  of  his  family  having  achieved 


distinction  in  the  law  and  public  affairs, 
Judge  Leathers'  choice  of  any  other  pro- 
fession would  alone  have  seemed  strange. 
He  first  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his 
uncle,  William  Wallace,  and  later  under 
William  A.  Ketcham  and  Addison  C.  Har- 
ris, all  of  them  prominent  members  of  the 
Indianapolis  bar.  In  1883  he  graduated 
from  the  Central  Law  School  of  Indianapo- 
lis with  the  degree  LL.  B. 

Judge  Leathers  began  practice  at  Indi- 
anapolis in  the  fall  of  1884  and  in  1885 
entered  a  partnership  with  Hon.  John  W. 
Holtzman  under  the  name  Holtzman  & 
Leathers.  This  firm  enjoyed  a  large  share 
of  the  legal  business  of  the  Indianapolis 
bar  for  thirteen  years.  The  partnership 
was  terminated  in  1898,  when  Mr.  Leathers 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  Marion  County.  While  it  was  as  a  per- 
sonal sacrifice  of  his  material  interests  that 
he  accepted  this  position,  the  state  and 
county  profited  in  proportion  as  he  yielded 
personal  consideration  for  the  benefit  of  the 
general  welfare,  and  it  has  been  given  him 
to  xiphoid  and  add  to  the  dignity  and  wel- 
fare of  one  of  the  most  important  courts 
in  Indiana.  His  well  known  legal  attain- 
ments, coupled  with  his  long  service  as  a 
lawyer,  his  fairness,  and  his  conservative 
habits  eminently  qualified  him  for  his  high 
position. 

Since  early  youth  Judge  Leathers  has 
been  a  consistent  member  of  the  republi- 
can party,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Marion 
Club,  the  Columbia  Club,  and  numerous 
other  civic  and  social  organizations.  His 
religious  experience  is  best  told  in  a  paper 
which  he  prepared  and  read  some  years 
ago  under  the  title  ' '  Ideals  of  Liberal  Chris- 
tianity." In  the  course  of  his  address  he 
says :  "  I  was  reared  in  an  orthodox  church ; 
and  it  was  indeed  as  liberal  and  progressive 
as  a  church  could  be  that  assumed  to  be 
orthodox.  In  youth  I  listened  to  its  teach- 
ings; and  it  would  have  been  a  source  of 
peace  and  comfort  and  happiness  if  in  good 
faith  my  mind  could  have  yielded  assent 
to  its  essential  doctrines.  But  my  reason 
absolutely  refused  to  yield  an  honest  ac- 
ceptance to  the  creeds  of  the  Orthodox 
faith.  If  one  should  become  a  member  of 
a  church  whose  teachings  were  opposed  to 
his  convictions  and  discredited  by  his  rea- 
son, he  would  not  be  true  to  himself.  For 
many  years  I  drifted  aimlessly  upon  the 
sunless  sea  of  agnosticism.  I  was  uncon- 


' 


V 


LIBRARY 
OF  TME 
OF 


•• 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1275 


sciously  prejudiced  against  the  Unitarian 
Church  and  indeed  all  liberal  religion,  such 
prejudice  being  no  doubt  heritage  of  earlier 
years.  At  last  I  resolved  to  take  a  definite 
positive  attitude  toward  the  creeds  of  the 
Orthodox  Church.  I  was  convinced  that 
one  should  resolutely  face  the  great  prob- 
lem and  persistently  seek  the  truth,  in  a 
spirit  of  love  and  patience  and  tolerance. 
*  *  *  My  growth  into  the  liberal  faith 
and  its  appeal  to  my  reason  and  conscience 
may  be  distinctly  traced  to  the  study  of 
Ralph  "Waldo  Emerson.  I  learned  to  love 
and  revere  Emerson,  one  of  the  loftiest 
and  purest  souls  in  history.  *  *  *  But 
more  immediate  and  practical  in  its  influ- 
ence and  effect  was  a  little  pamphlet  en- 
titled 'Progress.'  The  issue  of  December, 
1905,  fell  into  my  hands.  It  contained  a 
clear  and  vigorous  statement  of  the  pur- 
poses and  ideals  of  the  Unitarian  Church. 
It  made  instant  appeal  to  my  reason.  At 
the  beginning  of  this  pamphlet  in  large 
type  were  those  words  which  have  been  in- 
scribed upon  the  wall  behind  the  pulpit  of 
this  church  and  which  fittingly  occupy  so 
conspicuous  a  place:  'Love  is  the  spirit  of 
this  church,  service  its  law.  To  dwell  to- 
gether in  peace,  to  seek  the  truth  in  love 
and  to  help  one  another — this  is  our  cov- 
enant.' "  Thus  it  is  for  the  past  ten 
years  Judge  Leathers  has  been  a  prominent 
member  of  All  Sonls  Unitarian  Church  at 
Indianapolis. 

GEORGE  B.  ELLIOTT.  The  name  Elliott 
has  been  one  of  honorable  distinction  and 
association  with  the  business  and  civic  life 
of  Indianapolis  through  three  successive 
generations.  One  of  the  prominent  men  in, 
public  affairs  in  Marion  County  during  the 
Civil  war  period  was  William  J.  Elliott, 
The  late  Joseph  T.  Elliott  gained  distinc-, 
tion  a.s  a  soldier  of  the  rebellion,  and  for, 
a  half  century  was  one  of  the  foremost 
business  men  of  the  capital  city,  where  his 
son,  George  B.  Elliott,  continues  many  of 
the  activities  established  by  his  father  and 
has  other  interests  that  identify  him  with 
the  community. 

The  founder  of  the  Elliott  family  in 
America  was  a  Scotch-Irishman,  a  pioneer 
in  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania.  Some  of 
the  family  were  soldiers  of  the  American 
Revolution.  A  later  generation  was  repre- 
sented by  James  Elliott,  who  moved  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  in  1799  and  was  one 


of  the  first  settlers  of  Butler  County.  He 
spent  the  rest  of  his  honored  life  in  that 
county. 

William  J.  Elliott,  above  mentioned,  a 
son  of  James  Elliott,  was  born  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  August  27,  1810.  He  pos- 
sessed unusual  qualities  of  leadership 
among  men.  In  1844  he  was  elected  and 
served  two  terms  as  sheriff  of  Butler 
County.  In  1849,  soon  after  the  death  of 
his  wife,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  but 
the  next  year  came  to  Indianapolis,  where 
until  1863  he  was  in  the  hotel  business,  con- 
ducting two  or  three  of  the  leading  hotels 
of  the  city  at  that  time.  He  and  many 
other  local  business  men  suffered  financial 
disaster  during  the  panic  of  1857.  Until 
the  opening  of  the  Civil  war  he  was  a 
stanch  war  democrat,  but  then  transferred 
his  allegiance  to  the  republican  party.  He 
voted  for  Lincoln  in  1864.  In  1863,  as  a 
republican  candidate,  he  was  elected  re- 
corder of  Marion  County,  and  by  re-elec- 
tion filled  the  office  with  credit  for  eight 
years.  He  was  a  personal  friend  and  active 
supporter  of  Governor  Morton!  and  did 
much  to  strengthen  his  administration  dur- 
ing the  perilous  period  of  the  Civil  war. 
After  leaving  the  recorder's  office  William 
J.  Elliott  was  active  in  business  affairs  for 
a  number  of  years,  and  continued  to  live 
in  Indianapolis  until  his  death  in  1890,  at 
the  age  of  fourscore.  He  married  Mary 
Taylor,  a  native  of  Preble  County,  Ohio, 
who  died  in  Butler  County  in  that  state 
in  1849. 

The  late  Joseph  Taylor  Elliott,  who  died 
at  Indianapolis  August  4,  1916,  was  born 
in  Butler  County.  Ohio,  January  24,  1837, 
and  was  about  thirteen  years  of  age  when 
his  family  came  to  Indianapolis.  He  be- 
gan life  with  a  common  school  education, 
and  his  first  experience  was  as  clerk  in  his 
father's  hotels.  In  1859,  actuated  by  the 
spirit  of  adventure  and  enterprise,  he 
crossed  the  western  plains  to  Pike's  Peak, 
Colorado,  and  spent  several  months  in  a 
futile  attempt  to  mine  gold.  In  the  course 
of  his  travels  he  became  clerk  of  a  hotel  in 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  in  1860.  He  soon 
discovered  that  this  southern  city  was  no 
congenial  place  for  a  young  man  of  pro- 
nounced Union  sentiment  and  hostile  views 
to  the  institution  of  slavery. 

Returning  north,  he  responded  to  Lin- 
coln's first  call  for  volunteers,  enlisting 
April  19,  1861,  as  a  private  in  Company 


• 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1275 


sciously  prejudiced  against  the  UnitariaTi 
Church  and  indeed  all  liberal  religion,  such 
prejudice  being  no  doubt  heritage  of  earlier 
years.  At  last  I  resolved  to  take  a  definite 
positive  attitude  toward  the  creeds  of  the 
Orthodox  Church.  I  was  convinced  that 
one  should  resolutely  face  the  great  prob- 
lem and  persistently  seek  the  truth,  in  a 
spirit  of  love  and  patience  and  tolerance. 
*  *  *  My  growth  into  the  liberal  faith 
and  its  appeal  to  my  reason  and  conscience 
may  be  distinctly  traced  to  the  study  of 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.  I  learned  to  love 
and  revere  Emerson,  one  of  the  loftiest 
and  purest  souls  in  history.  *  *  *  But 
more  immediate  and  practical  in  its  influ- 
ence and  effect  was  a  little  pamphlet  en- 
titled 'Progress.'  The  issue  of  December. 
1905,  fell  into  my  hands.  It  contained  a 
clear  and  vigorous  statement  of  the  pur- 
poses and  ideals  of  the  Unitarian  Church. 
It  made  instant  appeal  to  my  reason.  At 
the  beginning  of  this  pamphlet  in  large 
type  were  those  words  which  have  been  in- 
scribed upon  the  wall  behind  the  pulpit  of 
this  church  and  which  fittingly  occupy  so 
conspicuous  a  place:  'Love  is  the  spirit  of 
this  church,  service  its  law.  To  dwell  to- 
gether in  peace,  to  seek  the  truth  in  love 
and  to  help  one  another — this  is  our  cov- 
enant.' '  Thus  it  is  for  the  past  ten 
years  Judge  Leathers  has  been  a  prominent 
member  of  All  Souls  Unitarian  Chim-h  at 
Indianapolis. 

("•FORGE  P..  ET.T.TOTT.  The  name  Elliott 
has  been  one  of  honorable  distinction  and 
association  with  the  husiiiess  and  civic  life 
of  Indianapolis  through  three  successive 
generations.  One  of  the  prominent  men  in 
public  affairs  in  Marion  County  during  the. 
Civil  war  period  was  William  .1.  Elliott, 
The  late  Joseph  T.  Elliott  gained  distinc- 
tion as  a  soldier  of  the  rebellion,  and  foi; 
a  half  century  was  one  of  the  foremost, 
business  men  of  the  capital  city,  where  his 
son.  Oeorue  P..  Elliott,  continues  many  of 
the  activities  established  bv  his  father  and 
has  other  interests  that  identify  him  with 
the  community. 

The  founder  of  the  Elliott  family  in 
America  was  a  Scotch-Irishman,  a  pioneer 
in  the  polony  of  Pennsylvania.  Some  of 
the  family  were  soldiers  of  the  American 
Revolution.  A  later  generation  was  repre- 
sented by  James  Elliott,  who  moved  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  in  1790  and  was  one 


of  the  first  settlers  of  Butler  County.  He 
spent  the  rest  of  his  honored  life  in  that 
county. 

William  J.  Elliott,  above  mentioned,  a 
son  of  James  Elliott,  was  born  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  August  27,  1810.  He  pos- 
sessed unusual  qualities  of  leadership 
among  men.  In  1844  he  was  elected  and 
served  two  terms  as  sheriff  of  Butler 
County.  In  1849,  soon  after  the  death  of 
his  wife,  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  but 
the  next  year  came  to  Indianapolis,  where 
until  1863  he  was  in  the  hotel  business,  con- 
ducting two  or  three  of  the  leading  hotels 
of  the  city  at  that  time.  He  and  many 
other  local  business  men  suffered  financial 
disaster  during  the  panic  of  1857.  Until 
the  opening  of  the  Civil  war  he  was  a 
stanch  war  democrat,  but  then  transferred 
his  allegiance  to  the  republican  party.  He 
voted  for  Lincoln  in  1S64.  In  1863.  as  a 
republican  candidate,  he  was  elected  re- 
corder of  Marion  County,  and  by  re-elec- 
tion filled  the  office  with  credit  for  eight 
years.  lie  was  a  personal  friend  and  active 
supporter  of  fiovernor  Morton1  and  did 
much  to  strengthen  his  administration  dur- 
ing the  perilous  period  of  the  Civil  war. 
After  leaving  the  recorder's  office  William 
J.  Elliott  was  active  in  business  affairs  for 
a  number  of  years,  and  continued  to  live 
in  Indianapolis  until  his  death  in  1890.  at 
the  age  of  fourscore.  He  married  Mary 
Taylor,  a  native  of  Preble  County,  Ohio, 
who  died  in  Butler  County  in  that  state 
in  1849. 

The  late  Joseph  Taylor  Elliott,  who  died 
at  Indianapolis  August  4,  1916.  was  born 
in  Butler  County.  Ohio.  January  24.  1837, 
and  was  about  thirteen  years  of  age  when 
Ins  family  came  to  Indianapolis.  lie  be- 
gan life  with  a  common  school  education, 
and  his  first  experience  was  as  clerk  in  his 
father's  hotels.  In  1859.  actuated  by  the 
spirit  of  adventure  and  enterprise,  he 
crossed  the  western  plains  to  Pike's  Peak. 
Colorado,  and  spent  several  months  in  a 
fntile  attempt  to  mine  gold.  In  the  course 
of  his  travels  he  became  clerk  of  a  hotel  in 
Montgomery,  Alabama,  in  1860.  lie  soon 
discovered  that  this  southern  city  was  no 
consri'iiial  place  for  a  young  man  of  pro- 
nounced Union  sentiment  and  hostile  views 
to  the  institution  of  slavery. 

Returning  north,  he  responded  to  Lin- 
coln's first  call  for  volunteers,  enlisting 
April  19.  1861.  as  a  private  in  Company 


. 


1276 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  of  the  llth  Indiana  Zouaves.  Robert  S. 
Foster  was  captain  of  Company  A,  and  the 
regiment  was  commanded  by  Col.  Lew  Wal- 
lace. It  was  a  three  months'  regiment  and 
Mr.  Elliott  was  discharged  August  4,  1861. 
January  5,  1864,  he  enlisted  in  Company 
C,  under  Capt.  David  D.  Negley,  in  the 
One  Hundred  Twenty-Fourth  Indiana  In- 
fantry, the  successive  colonels  of  which 
were  James  Burgess  and  John  H.  Ohr. 
Mr.  Elliott  was  in  the  Atlanta  campaign 
until  the  fall  of  Atlanta  and  Jonesboro, 
and  on  September  1,  1864,  was  commis- 
sioned second  lieutenant.  His  regiment 
was  a  part  of  Ruger's  Brigade,  Cox's  Di- 
vision of  the  Twenty-Third  Army  Corps, 
commanded  by  General  Schofield.  During 
the  retrogressive  campaign  into  Tennessee 
in  pursuit  of  Hood's  army  Mr.  Elliott  and 
some  of  his  comrades  were  captured  near 
Spring  Hill  November  30,  1864,  following 
the  battle  of  Franklin.  He  was  a  prisoner 
of  war  first  at  Columbia,  Tennessee,  and 
after  the  battle  of  Nashville  was  taken 
with  the  Confederate  forces  to  Corinth, 
Meridian,  and  finally  to  Montgomery,  Ala- 
bama, where  he  had  been  a  hotel  clerk  be- 
fore the  war.  He  also  spent  several  months 
in  the  notorious  prison  pen  at  Anderson- 
ville,  Georgia.  He  was  released  on  parole 
the  latter  part  of  March,  1865,  and  was 
sent  by  rail  through  Montgomery  and 
Selma  to  Meridian  and  then  on  foot  to 
Vicksburg.  While  there  waiting  for  ex- 
change the  news  of  the  assassination  of 
President  Lincoln  came.  Mr.  Elliott  was 
one  of  the  last  survivors  of  that  tremendous 
catastrophe  wherein  upwards  of  2,000 
Union  soldiers  lost  their  lives  in  the  burn- 
ing and  sinking  of  the  ill-fated  Sultana. 
This  was  the  greatest  marine  disaster  in 
American  annals,  and  it  is  said  that  only 
in  four  great  battles  of  the  Civil  war  were 
more  Union  men  killed  than  in  the  sinking 
of  this  Mississippi  steamboat.  While  the 
boat  was  conveying  its  passengers  up  the 
river,  near  Memphis,  one  of  the  boilers 
exploded  April  27,  1865.  Mr.  Elliott  made 
his  own  escape  by  throwing  himself  over- 
board into  the  icy  waters  of  the  river.  He 
assisted  others  in  procuring  a  foothold  on 
precarious  refuge  of  floating  wreckage,  and 
then  he  swam  along,  clad  only  in  his  under- 
clothing, to  a  portion  of  the  floating  stairs 
of  the  wrecked  steamer.  On  this  he  and 
three  comrades  floated  down  the  river. 
Two  of  the  men  finally  transferred  them- 


selves to  a  large  tree.  The  other  compan- 
ion was  finally  exhausted  and  sank  to  a 
watery  grave.  Mr.  Elliott  drifted  for 
about  fourteen  miles,  and  finally  when 
about  three  miles  south  of  Memphis  was 
rescued  by  a  boat  sent  out  from  a  gunboat. 
He  was  carried  more  nearly  dead  than  alive 
to  the  deck  of  the  boat,  was  wrapped  in  a 
blanket  and  laid  in  front  of  the  boilers 
near  the  furnace  fire.  Finally  some  Sisters 
of  Mercy  provided  him  with  a  suit  of  red 
flannel,  and  with  a  pair  of  trousers  and  a 
jacket  given  him  by  an  officer  of  the  gun- 
boat he  landed  at  Memphis.  While  walk- 
ing barefooted  and  bareheaded  through  the 
streets  a  local  merchant  handed  him  a  hat 
and  he  was  provided  with  shoes  and  stock- 
ings by  attendants  at  the  Gayoso  Hospital. 
On  arriving  at  Indianapolis  he  was  per- 
mitted to  remain  through  the  intervention 
of  Governor  Morton,  and  was  mustered 
out  of  service  and  received  his  honorable 
discharge  August  31,  1865. 

In  1866  Joseph  T.  Elliott  engaged  in 
the  abstract  business  at  Indianapolis.  For 
thirty-four  years,  until  1900,  he  continued 
this  work,  and  his  firm  developed  the  lar- 
gest business  of  the  kind  in  Marion  County. 

In  1899  Mr.  Elliott  was  elected  president 
of  the  Marion  Trust  Company,  and  filled 
that  office  until  1904.  At  that  date  he 
became  senior  member  of  the  firm  Joseph 
T.  Elliott  &  Sons,  conducting  a  large  busi- 
ness in  stocks  and  bonds  and  other  high 
grade  securities.  The  firm  later  merged 
with  Breed  &  Harrison,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and  became  Breed,  Elliott  &  Harri- 
son, and  Mr.  Joseph  T.  Elliott  was  vice 
president  of  the  firm  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

The  late  Mr.  Elliott  was  always  a  stanch 
republican,  though  his  name  never  ap- 
peared in  connection  with  candidacy  for 
public  office.  However,  he  was  thoroughly 
public  spirited  and  did  much  for  the  com- 
munity in  various  ways.  January  1,  1906, 
he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Public  Works  of  Indianapolis  and  filled 
that  office  four  years,  part  of  the  time  as 
president  of  the  board.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  George  H.  Thomas 
Post  No.  17,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 
He  worshiped  in  the  Meridian  Street  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church. 

May  15,  1867,  Joseph  T.  Elliott  married 
Miss  Annetta  Langsdale.  She  was  born  in 
Indianapolis  October  9,  1846,  daughter  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1277 


Joshua  M.  W.  Langsdiale.  Her  father  was 
a  native  of  Kentucky  and  came  to  Indian- 
apolis in  the  early  '30s,  and  for  many 
years  was  prominent  in  real  estate  circles. 
He  died  in  1891  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
eight.  To  the  marriage  of  Joseph  T.  Elli- 
ott and  wife  were  born  three  sons  and  one 
daughter:  George  B.,  Joseph  T.  Jr., 
Charles  Edgar  and  Florence.  The  daugh- 
ter died  at  the  age  of  three  years  and  nine 
months.  The  sons  George  B.  and  Charles 
Edgar  became  actively  associated  with 
their  father  in  the  business  conducted  as 
Joseph  T.  Elliott  &  Sons. 

George  B.  Elliott  was  born  at  Indianap- 
olis February  29,  1868,  oldest  of  the  sons  of 
Joseph  T.  Elliott.  He  was  educated  in  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  of  Indianapolis 
and  his  first  business  experience  was  ac- 
quired at  the  age  of  eighteen  as  assistant  lo- 
cal ticket  agent  for  the  Rock  Island  Railway 
at  Kansas  City,  Missouri.  Later  he  was 
transferred  to  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  but 
after  about  a  year  of  railroading  he  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis.  Here  he  went  to 
work  for  Elliott  &  Butler,  the  abstract 
firm  of  which  his  father  was  senior  partner. 
Mr.  Elliott  continued  to  be  actively  identi- 
fied with  the  abstract  business  until  1898, 
in  which  year  he  was  elected  county  clerk 
of  Marion  County.  That  office  he  filled 
with  credit  and  efficiency  for  four  years. 
He  has  long  been  prominent  in  local  public 
affairs  and  in  1896  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature  from  Marion  County. 
Soon  after  retiring  from  the  office  of  clerk 
in  January,  1903,  he  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  stock  and  bond  busi- 
ness under  the  name  of  Joseph  T.  Elliott 
&  Sons.  As  stated  above  Joseph  T.  Elliott 
&  Sons  merged  with  Breed  &  Harrison  of 
Cincinnati,  in  1912.  and  the  corporation  of 
Breed,  Elliott  &  Harrison  was  organized. 
George  B.  Elliott  is  one  of  the  vice  presi- 
dents of  this  company. 

Mr.  Elliott  was  one  of  the  early  presi- 
dents of  the  Marion  Club  and  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club.  On  June 
4.  1902,  he  married  Miss  Mary  Fitch  Sew- 
all,  daughter  of  Elmer  E.  and  Lucy 
(Fitch)  Sewall,  of  Indianapolis.  Two 
children  were  born  to  them,  George,  who 
died  in  infancy,  and  Sewall,  born  August 
18,  1905. 

MAJ.  GEN.  JOSEPH  J.  REYNOLDS  was 
born  at  Flemingsburg,  Kentucky,  January 


Vul.  Ill— a 


4,  1822.  He  attended  the  common  schools 
of  that  place  until  his  parents  removed  to 
Lafayette,  Indiana,  when  he  entered  Wa- 
bash  College.  Before  graduating  he  was 
appointed  to  West  Point.  He  graduated 
from  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
in  1843,  in  the  same  class  as  General  Grant, 
and  served  in  the  artillery  until  1847,  when 
he  was  promoted  first  lieutenant  and  ap- 
pointed assistant  professor  of  natural  and 
experimental  philosophy  at  West  Point. 
He  held  this  position  until  1855,  when  he 
was  stationed  in  Indian  Territory.  He  re- 
signed from  the  army  in  1857  to  take  the 
chair  of  mechanical  engineering  in  Wash- 
ington College,  St.  Louis. 
'  In  1860  he  returned  to  Lafayette  and 
engaged  in  business  with  his  brother,  but 
on  the  coming  of  the  Civil  war  tendered 
his  services  to  Governor  Morton,  and  was 
made  colonel  of  the  Tenth  Indiana  Regi- 
ment. He  was  commissioned  brigadier- 
general  on  May  10,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  West  Virginia  until  January, 
1862,  when  he  was  forced  to  resign  by 
business  complications  at  home.  After  ad- 
justing his  business  affairs,  he  again  ten- 
dered his  services,  and  in  September,  1862, 
was  again  appointed  brigadier-general, 
and  two  months  later  promoted  major  gen- 
eral. He  served  with  distinction  through 
the  war,  and  at  its  close  was  made  a  colonel 
in  the  regular  army,  and  assigned  to  the 
Twenty-sixth  Infantry.  At  the  same  time 
he  was  brevetted  brigadier  general  for 
services  at  Chattanooga,  and  major  general 
for  services  at  Missionary  Ridge. 

From  1867  to  1872  he  commanded  the 
military  district  of  Louisville  and  Texas, 
and  while  in  this  position  was  tendered  by 
Texas  a  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate, 
but  declined.  He  was  next  assigned  to  the 
Department  of  the  Platte,  and  continued 
there  until  his  retirement  in  1877.  He 
died  at  Washington  Citv,  February  26, 
1899. 

AMOS  N.  FOORMAN.  One  of  the  oldest 
families  located  around  the  historic  Town 
of  Eaton  in  Delaware  County  is  that  of 
Foorman.  Some  of  the  Foorman  family 
were  the  first  officials  of  the  town  corpora- 
tion of  Eaton.  In  the  surrounding  vicin- 
ity they  have  been  prominent  as  farmers, 
land  owners,  capitalists  and  men  of  affairs, 
always  ready  to  promote  any  worthy  in- 
dustrial or  civic  enterprise. 


1278 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


One  of  them  is  Amos  N.  Foorman,  who 
has  lived  in  that  vicinity  over  sixty  years. 
He  was  born  in  Cass  County,  Indiana,  Jan- 
uary 5,  1849,  son  of  Frederick  and  Sarah 
(Newcomer)  Foorman.  In  the  fall  of 
1851,  when  he  was  two  years  old,  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Delaware  County  and  set- 
tled in  Niles  Township,  buying  140  acres. 
At  that  time  land  could  be  secured  in  Del- 
aware County  for  $1.25  per  acre.  Fred- 
erick Foorman  was  a  man  of  much  busi- 
ness enterprise  and  a  mechanical  genius. 
In  early  life  he  had  followed  the  trades 
of  millwright  and  carpenter,  and  on  com- 
ing to  Delaware  County  he  erected  a  saw- 
mill on  his  land  and  operated  it  in  addi- 
tion to  cultivating  the  crops.  He  continued 
milling  as  long  as  it  was  possible.  "When 
he  came  to  Delaware  County  there  was  not 
a  single  line  of  railroad  in  this  vicinity  of 
Indiana.  He  experienced  many  of  the 
hardships  and  inconveniences  of  an  era 
that  lacked  transportation.  An  incident  of 
his  career  that  might  be  recalled  with  profit 
is  that  in  1852,  the  year  the  Bellfontain 
Railroad,  now  the  Big  Four,  was  under  con- 
struction through  the  county  he  sowed  a 
crop  of  wheat,  and  when  it  was  harvested 
he  sold  it  in  local  markets  for  37V<2  cents 
•  a  bushel.  Even  then  he  had  to  take  half 
the  pay  in  store  goods.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  a  stanch  Doug- 
las democrat. 

Amos  N.  Foorman  was  sixth  in  a  fam- 
ily of  ten  children,  four  of  whom  are  still 
living.  He  had  rather  meager  educational 
opportunities,  and  was  only  a  boy  when  he 
seriously  went  to  work  to  make  his  own 
way.  His  first  experience  was  as  butcher 
boy  in  a  shop  at  Eaton,  and  for  some  years 
he  dealt  rather  extensively  in  cattle  and 
was  one  of  the  leading  shippers  from  this 
vicinity.  He  began  his  farming  career  as 
owner  of  eighty  acres,  and  his  holdings  in- 
creased until  he  had  600  acres  of  choice 
land  in  Delaware  County,  the  value  of 
which  property  today  is  conservatively  es- 
timated at  over  $100,000.  Some  of  this 
land  is  in  the  corporate  limits  of  Eaton. 
Mr.  Foorman  has  kept  his  individual  im- 
provements apace  with  the  rising  standard 
of  facilities  in  the  agricultural  districts  of 
Indiana.  He  and  his  family  live  in  a  hand- 
some home,  where  they  enjoy  practically 
all  the  conveniences  and  comforts  of  city 
dwellers.  His  house  is  surrounded  by  an 
ample  lawn,  has  garden,  shade  trees  and 


practically  every  want  supplied.  In  his 
garage  is  a  fine  motor  car  that  enables 
the  family  to  enjoy  distant  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances, and  through  the  use  of  this 
car  Mr.  Foorman  gains  his  most  decided 
contrast  with  past  times.  There  was  a  day 
not  so  far  back  in  his  recollection  when 
it  meant  a  day's  journey  to  go  and  come 
from  the  county  seat,  whereas  now  he  can 
drive  to  Muncie  and  back  in  a  couple  of 
hours.  Mr.  Foorman  has  used  his  means 
and  opportunities  to  upbuild  his  home 
town,  erected  the  principal  hotel  of  the  vil- 
lage, and  owns  considerable  other  improved 
real  estate.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  organizers  of  the  old  Eaton  glass  fac- 
tory, which  was  one  of  the  important  in- 
stitutions of  Eaton  in  the  days  of  natural 
gas.  He  is  also  a  large  stockholder  in  the 
Farmers  State  Bank  of  Eaton. 

The  Foorman  family  have  long  been 
identified  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  he  has  given  liberally  to 
church  causes.  Mr.  Foorman  began  voting 
as  a  democrat,  but  after  the  nomination 
of  Horace  Greeley  in  1872  he  changed  his 
allegiance  to  the  republican  party  and  has 
been  active  in  support  of  its  principles. 

His  first  wife  was  Estelle  Bundy,  who 
lived  only  five  months  after  their  marriage. 
Later  he  married  Miss  Catherine  Bowsman. 
They  had  two  living  children,  Onie  Maud 
and  Frank  B.  Frank  now  owns  240  acres 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  fanners  of  Niles 
Township. 

M.  V.  McGiLJJARD — INDIANAPOLIS  BOYS' 
CLUB.  As  an  institution  is  but  the  length- 
ened shadow  of  a  man,  it  is  singularly  ap- 
propriate to  link  the  name  of  M.  V.  McGil- 
liard  with  one  of  Indianapolis'  best  insti- 
tutions, the  Indianapolis  Boys'  Club.  Mr. 
McGilliard  was  founder  of  that  club,  and 
of  all  the  experiences  and  achievements  of 
a  long  life  surely  none  could  furnish  him 
more  enduring  satisfaction  than  this  one 
work. 

Mr.  McGilliard  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  for  half  a  century.  He  has 
always  been  interested  in  church  and  gen- 
eral philanthropy,  but  it  was  one  of  the 
small  incidents  of  every  day  life  that  turned 
his  efforts  into  a  new  channel  and  brought 
about  the  founding  of  the  Boys'  Club. 
During  the  political  campaign  of  1891  he 
one  day  made  a  speech,  at  the  request  of 
republican  headquarters,  before  a  gather- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1279 


ing  of  business  men  on  Pearl  Street.  After 
the  meeting  adjourned  he  went  around  to 
the  postoffice  and  on  the  way  passed  a  small 
group  of  newsboys  and  bootblacks  on  Penn- 
sylvania Street.  He  had  seen  the  same 
boys  or  boys  of  their  type  many  times 
before,  but  for  some  reason  the  sight  of 
these  street  children,  the  condition  of 
their  clothing,  their  dirty  feet  and  faces, 
produced  such  an  impression  that  he  did 
not  shake  it  off  throughout  the  entire  day 
and  the  following  night  he  remained  awake 
for  hours.  After  midnight  he  got  up  and 
sat  in  a  chair  by  the  window,  and  pon- 
dered over  the  entire  problem  of  the  appar- 
ent inadequacy  of  schools,  churches  and 
other  public  organizations  for  doing  all  that 
was  demanded  in  behalf  of  the  poor  and 
neglected,  and  those  without  normal  op- 
portunities. It  was  the  same  question  that 
recurs  again  and  again  to  every  conscien- 
tious man,  no  matter  what  his  affiliations 
or  success  in  life,  and  like  many  others  who 
had  pondered  the  problem  Mr.  McGilliard 
had  to  confess  that  in  spite  of  all  his  ac- 
tive co-operation  with  churches  and  benevo- 
lent institutions,  his  efforts  fell  far  short 
of  an  ideal  realization  of  benefits. 

There  finally  came  into  his  mind  what  he 
had  read  or  heard  concerning  boys'  clubs 
and  newsboys'  homes  organized  and  main- 
tained in  other  cities.  To  carry  out  some 
definite  and  practical  plan  of  the  same  na- 
ture in  Indianapolis  seemed  to  him  an  ur- 
gent and  a  vital  necessity.  The  next  day 
he  called  an  informal  meeting  of  business 
men,  including  among  others  T.  C.  Day,  E. 
G.  Cornelius,  Col.  Eli  Ritter  and  Charles 
E.  Reynolds.  They  were  in  conference  for 
several  hours,  and  each  man  expressed  a 
willingness  to  lend  co-operation  in  the  or- 
ganization of  a  newsboys'  home,  provided 
Mr.  McGilliard  would  take  the  initiative 
and  the  entire  management  of  the  enter- 
prise, even  to  the  furnishing  and  equipping 
of  the  property  necessary  for  such  a  home, 
and  looking  after  the  personnel  of  the 
management.  The  meeting  also  commis- 
sioned him  to  go  to  Chicago  and  make  prop- 
er investigations  preparatory  to  carrying 
out  the  plan.  Mr.  McGilliard  made  this 
journey  to  Chicago  at  his  own  expense, 
and  had  a  long  interview  with  the  presi- 
dent and  superintendent  of  the  Newsboys' 
Home  in  that  city.  While  there  it  was  rec- 
ommended that  he  should  secure  as  super- 
intendent of  the  home  at  Indianapolis,  pro- 


vided it  was  established,  Mr.  Norwood,  one 
of  the  workers  in  the  Chicago  Home.  Af- 
ter these  preliminary  steps  and  investiga- 
tions, the  consummation  of  the  project  at 
Indianapolis  was  not  long  delayed.  The 
Boys'  Home  was  organized,  with  the  above 
named  gentlemen  as  directors,  with  Mr. 
McGilliard  as  president,  and  with  Mr.  Nor- 
wood as  superintendent.  A  large,  two- 
story  brick  residence  on  North  Alabama 
Street,  between  Ohio  and  New  York  streets, 
was  leased  for  a  term  of  years.  The  ma- 
tron selected  was  Mrs.  Harding  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

Six  or  eight  months  later  Mr.  McGilliard 
realized  that  his  plan  was  not  working  out 
all  the  results  and  benefits  he  had  expected. 
The  vital  defect  seemed  to  be  that  the 
Home  was  an  institution,  a  public  charity, 
and  its  privileges  of  lodging,  food  and  rec- 
reation were  not  being  taken  advantage  of 
by  those  most  worthy  and  self  respecting, 
while  the  Home  was  being  gradually  filled 
with  tramp  boys  from  this  and  other  cities. 

About  this  time  Mr.  McGilliard  met  Miss 
Mary  Dickson,  who  under  the  direction  of 
one  of  the  city 's  noble  citizens,  Mr.  George 
Merritt,  proprietor  of  the  woolen  mills,  had 
formed  a  class  of  boys  and  was  teaching 
them  in  a  night  school.  After  a  series  of 
consultations  with  Miss  Dickson  Mr.  McGil- 
liard brought  about  a  combination  of  her 
class  with  his  own  organization,  forming 
what  was  thereafter  and  has  continued  to 
be  known  as  the  Boys'  Club  of  Indianap- 
olis. In  this  re-organization  the  features 
of  a  club  were  emphasized  and  those  of  a 
home  or  charitable  institution  were  elim- 
inated as  far  as  possible.  About  100  boys 
went  on  the  roll  as  original  members  of 
the  club.  Through  the  advice  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Gilliard Miss  Dickson  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  new  organization.  The  head- 
quarters were  in  a  building  on  Court  Street, 
very  close  to  the  place  where  Mr.  McGil- 
liard had  stumbled  over  the  bootblacks  and 
newsboys  and  received  his  first  inspiration 
to  the  enterprise.  The  first  floor  of  this 
building  was  fitted  up  as  a  gymnasium  and 
the  second  floor  as  a  reading  room,  and 
rooms  for  various  recreations.  Some  light 
provisions  were  served  to  the  boys  at  about 
cost,  but  there  was  little  or  nothing  to  sug- 
gest the  idea  of  charity  to  the  participating 
members.  The  club  was  successful  from 
the  very  start,  and  has  since  grown  into  an 
organization  of  which  every  Indianapolis 


1280 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


citizen  is  proud.  In  the  fall  of  1894,  on 
account  of  the  illness  of  her  brother,  Miss 
Dickson  resigned,  but  Mr.  McGilliard  was 
fortunate  in  securing  to  take  her  place  the 
services  of  Miss  Alice  Graydon,  who  proved 
to  be  one  of  the  most  competent  and  effi- 
cient workers  in  boys'  work  Indianapolis 
has  ever  had.  After  several  years  with  the 
club  Miss  Graydon  was  selected  to  be 
assistant  to  Judge  Stubbs  in  the  Juvenile 
Court. 

As  will  be  noted,  the  founding  of  this 
club  was  almost  coincident  with  the  incep- 
tion of  one  of  the  greatest  financial  pan- 
ics the  United  States  has  ever  known.  His 
individual  resources  and  the  time  he  could 
spare  from  his  own  business  became  so  lim- 
ited that  Mr.  McGilliard  had  to  seek  other 
services  and  financial  help  in  order  to  main- 
tain the  club.  At  that  juncture  came  a 
happy  surprise  in  the  form  of  a  gift  of 
$1,000  from  Mrs.  John  C.  Wright,  and  that 
sum  was  really  the  salvation  of  the  club. 
About  1894  or  1895  Mrs.  John  C.  Butler, 
widow  of  a  former  prominent  attorney  of 
Indianapolis,  gave  the  club  a  gift  of  $10,000 
in  the  name  of  her  son,  who  had  been  a 
cripple  for  a  number  of  years  before  his 
death.  This  handsome  donation  enabled 
the  club  to  purchase  a  two-story  brick 
building  at  the  corner  of  South  Meridian 
Street  and  Madison  Avenue.  That  has 
since  been  the  home  of  the  club.  The 
building  was  fitted  up  with  a  large  gym- 
nasium, reading  room  and  school  room,  and 
here  are  the  main  offices  and  gymnasium 
and  school  room  of  the  Boys'  Club,  while 
the  Lauter  Memorial  Building  and  Gym- 
nasium and  the  George  W.  Stubbs  Memo- 
rial Building  in  different  parts  of  the  city 
are  larger  and  better  buildings,  and  all 
owned  and  used  by  the  Boys'  Club. 

The  Indianapolis  Boys'  Club  is  the  larg- 
est and  most  notable  boys'  club  in  the 
United  States.  It  has  property  valued  at 
over  $100,000  and  its  officers  and  directors 
are  drawn  from  some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  Indianapolis  citizens.  Its  super- 
intendent, Mr.  Walter  Jarvis,  is  probably 
the  best  equipped  man  in  the  country  for 
that  special  line  of  work.  As  the  founder  of 
the  club  and  its  first  president,  Mr.  Mc- 
Gilliard is  now  an  honorary  life  trustee. 

After  the  permanent  home  was  acquired 
and  equipped  Miss  Graydon  proposed  the 
idea  of  a  Mothers'  Club  to  work  in  con- 
nection with  the  Boys'  Club.  This  Moth- 


ers' Club  has  been  hardly  secondary  in 
importance  as  a  source  of  invaluable  serv- 
ice to  the  community.  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Lloyd  McGilliard  was  selected  as  the  first 
president  of  the  Mothers'  Club  and  she  re- 
mained very  active  and  untiring  in  time 
and  devotion  to  that  field  of  work  until 
ill  health  caused  Mr.  McGilliard  to  accom- 
pany her  to  another  part  of  this  fair  land. 

M.  V.  McGilliard  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  1842,  a  son  of  John  S.  and  Abigail 
(Preston)  McGilliard.  The  McGilliard  fam- 
ily is  of  French  Hugenot  origin.  In 
France  the  name  was  spelled  Gilliard.  Af- 
ter the  persecution  of  the  Hugenots  the 
Gilliards  left  France  and  went  to  Scotland, 
where  during  several  generations  of  resi- 
dence they  acquired  the  familiar  Scotch 
prefix. 

When  Mr.  McGilliard  was  eight  years  of 
age  his  parents  moved  in  1850  to  Liberty, 
Indiana,  and  in  1858  established  their  home 
at  Kewanee,  Illinois.  In  those  communi- 
ties M.  V.  McGilliard  was  reared  and  ed- 
ucated, and  in  1863,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  H  of 
the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-Fourth  Illi- 
nois Infantry.  He  saw  upwards  of  one 
year  of  active  service,  participating  in  cam- 
paigns in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas.  As  participant  in  a  war  in 
which  freedom  was  a  conspicuous  factor, 
he  is  significantly  an  interested  witness  in 
the  present  great  struggle,  where  the  all 
dominant  issue  is  a  new  freedom  and  new 
ideals  of  democracy. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  McGilliard 
entered  the  fire  insurance  business,  and 
soon  afterward  located  at  Indianapolis  as 
special  agent  for  an  insurance  company. 
He  has  been  a  resident  of  this  city  ever 
since  with  the  exception  of  the  four  years 
from  1902  to  1906  when  he  had  his  offices 
and  headquarters  at  Sioux  Falls,  South 
Dakota.  He  is  a  special  agent  and  adjust- 
er, of  fire  insurance,  and  that  service,  con- 
tinued for  fifty-three  years,  makes  him 
one  of  the  oldest  men  in  fire  insurance  cir- 
cles in  the  country.  During  his  residence 
in  South  Dakota  he  was  president  of  the 
State  Sunday  School  Association,  and  at 
no  time  in  his  mature  life  has  he  ever 
failed  to  keep  up  a  keen  interest  in  church 
and  Sunday  school  work. 

At  Indianapolis  he  has  served  as  elder  of 
the  Memorial  and  Tabernacle  Presbyterian 
Churches  and  in  fact  has  assisted  in  or- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1281 


ganizing  four  different  churches  of  that  de- 
nomination in  Indianapolis.  He  was  prac- 
tically the  founder  of  the  Tabernacle 
Church  which  was  organized  in  his  home. 
He  has  been  a  leader  in  extending  Sunday 
school  influence,  conducting  mission  Sun- 
day schools  and  otherwise  working  as  a 
pioneer  in  that  field.  He  was  superintend- 
ent of  the  East  Washington  Street  Mission 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  the  West 
Washington  Street  Mission,  now  known  as 
the  Mount  Jackson  Methodist  Church,  and 
in  this  work  and  related  interests  he  has 
always  had  a  close  and  devoted  associate  in 
Mrs.  McGilliard  and  latterly  in  their 
daughter.  Mr.  McGilliard  is  also  associated 
with  the  Masonic  Order,  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  and  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church. 

Mrs.  McGilliard  before  her  marriage  was 
Miss  Elizabeth  Lloyd.  She  is  also  a  native 
of  Cincinnati.  The  only  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  McGilliard  is  Edna  M.,  wife  of 
Dr.  Wilmer  F.  Christian,  brief  reference 
to  whom  will  be  found  on  other  pages  as 
one  of  the  leading  physicians  of  Indian- 
apolis. Mrs.  Christian,  like  her  mother,  is 
a  leader  in  philanthropic  and  welfare 
work.  Especially  within  the  last  year  or 
so  she  has  become  prominent  in  Red  Cross 
and  other  forms  of  war  activities.  Her 
interests  and  efforts  have  been  especially 
aroused  and  enlisted  in  looking  after  the 
welfare  of  those  thousands  of  young  women 
who  are  now  employed  in  the  industries, 
many  of  them  as  substitutes  for  men  called 
to  the  front.  Mrs.  Christian  is  also  a 
leader  in  the  Women's  Franchise  League 
of  Indiana,  being  president  of  the  Indian- 
apolis branch  of  the  same. 

ORANGE  G.  PFAFF,  M.  D.,  F.  A.  C.  S.  Of 
Indiana  men  who  have  achieved  national 
distinction  in  the  field  of  surgery,  there  is 
perhaps  none  whose  attainments  have  had 
a  wider  and  more  beneficent  influence  upon 
the  profession  at  large  than  Dr.  Orange 
G.  Pfaff  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Westfield  in  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  April  28,  1857.  His  an- 
cestry is  interesting.  He  is  descended  from 
Peter  Pfaff,  a  Moravian  who  came  from  his 
native  land  to  North  Carolina  in  1741.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Moravian 
Church  and  community  in  Forsythe  Coun- 
ty, the  activities  of  which  centered  around 
Salem,  now  a  part  of  the  modern  industrial 


city  of  Winston-Salem.  The  community 
where  the  Pfaff  family  settled,  about  twelve 
miles  west  of  Salem,  became  known  as 
Pfafftown.  The  Moravians  have  always 
been  the  chief  religious  and  social  influence 
of  that  section  of  North  Carolina,  and  they 
established  at  Salem  a  school  that  yet  re- 
mains one  of  the  most  notable  educational 
institutions  in  America. 

Doctor  Pfaff  is  a  son  of  Dr.  Jacob  L. 
and  Jane  (Wall)  Pfaff.  His  father  was 
born  at  Pfafftown  in  North  Carolina  and 
came  to  Indiana  in  the  late  '30s,  locating 
first  at  Mooresville  in  Morgan  County  and 
later  removing  to  Westfield  in  Hamilton 
County.  He  was  a  pioneer  physician  in 
those  localities.  He  died  in  1859.  Orange 
G.  Pfaff  came  to  Indianapolis  with  a  mar- 
ried sister,  Mrs.  George  Davis,  whose  hus- 
band was  a  wholesale  shoe  dealer  here.  He 
was  then  six  years  of  age,  and  practically 
all  his  life  has  been  spent  in  the  capital 
city.  The  Pfaff  home  in  former  years  was 
on  Pennsylvania  Street  between  Market 
and  Washington,  where  the  When  depart- 
ment store  now  stands,  in  the  heart  of 
the  business  district. 

Doctor  Pfaff  received  his  preliminary  ed- 
ucation in  the  public  schools  and  high 
school.  He  studied  medicine  in  the  Indiana 
Medical  College,  graduating  M.  D.  in  1882. 
After  a  year  or  two  of  hospital  work  he 
engaged  in  general  practice.  He  has  taken 
post-graduate  work  in  New  York  and  at  the 
University  of  Berlin,  and  in  1907  Wabash 
College  honored  him  with  the  degree  A.  M. 
About  1903  he  discontinued  general  prac- 
tice to  engage  in  surgery  exclusively.  He 
has  been  a  specialist  in  gynecological  sur- 
gery, and  in  that  field  has  achieved  well 
earned  distinction  and  is  honored  by  the 
profession  throughout  the  country. 

During  1882-84  Doctor  Pfaff  was  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  Marion  County  In- 
firmary. He  has  long  been  identified  with 
the  faculty  of  the  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine,  lecturer  and  clinical 
professor  of  Gynecology,  1890-91,  and  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology  since  1892.  He  still 
holds  this  chair.  He  is  gynecologist  for 
the  Indianapolis  City  Hospital  and  St. 
Vincent 's  Hospital. 

Doctor  Pfaff  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis and  Indiana  State  Medical  societies, 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Society,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gvne- 


1282 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


cologists,  and  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
College  of  Surgeons.  He  was  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Medical  Society  in  1907. 
Doctor  Pfaff  is  a  republican,  a  member  of 
the  Phi  Chi  college  fraternity,  and  belongs 
to  the  University,  Columbia  and  Country 
clubs. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  old  Medical  Re- 
serve Corps  of  the  United  States  army,  in 
which  he  held  a  commission.  When  the 
war  started  between  the  United  States  and 
Germany  in  April,  1917,  he  was  one  of  the 
first  surgeons  to  receive  the  commission  of 
major  and  for  several  months  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  work  of  Base  Hospital  No. 
32  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison. 

November  25,  1885,  Doctor  Pfaff  married 
Mary  A.  Alvey,  of  Indianapolis,  daugh- 
ter of  James  H.  Alvey.  They  have  a  son, 
Dudley  A.  Pfaff,  a  young  man  of  exception- 
ally brilliant  promise.  He  was  educated 
in  the  famous  Hill  Preparatory  School  at 
Pottstown,  Pennsylvania,  for  five  years, 
also  in  Yale  University,  has  done  special 
work  in  Indiana  University  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  of  1920  in  Harvard  Medi- 
cal College.  Doctor  and  Mrs-.  Pfaff  re- 
side at  1221  North  Pennsylvania  Street. 

DAVID  E.  WATSON.  The  law  has  claimed 
the  energies  and  talents  of  David  E.  Wat- 
son for  a  full  quarter  of  a  century,  and  as 
a  lawyer  he  is  well  known  over  his  native 
state.  Mr.  Watson  for  several  years  has 
been  located  at  Indianapolis,  where  he  is 
legal  counsel  and  trial  lawyer  for  the  Indi- 
anapolis Traction  &  Terminal  Company. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Traction  Terminal 
Building. 

He  was  born  at  Eminence  in  Morgan 
County,  Indiana.  February  4,  1870,  a  son 
of  John  and  Belle  (Brazier)  Watson.  His 
father  was  born  on  a  farm  in  the  same 
county  in  1842.  His  grandfather,  Simon 
Watson,  was  an  early  settler  in  Morgan 
County,  locating  there  in  1836  and  taking 
up  land  for  which  he  secured  a  patent  from 
the  Government  Land  Office.  He  improved 
this  land  to  some  extent  and  then  traded 
for  another  farm  adjoining.  He  lived  there 
until  his  death  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty- 
seven  in  1895.  He  had  a  large  family  of 
eleven  children,  nine  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, and  seven  of  the  sons  and  one  of  the 
daughters  are  still  living.  Simon  Watson 
was  a  fine  type  of  the  pioneer  Indiana 
citizen,  a  devout  Baptist,  a  democrat  in 


politics,  and    a  member    of  the    Masonic 
Lodge  at  Eminence. 

John  Watson,  who  was  second  oldest  of 
his  father's  children,  had  a  common  school 
education  and  was  one  of  the  boy  soldiers 
of  the  Union  army.  He  enlisted  in  1861 
in  the  Fifty-Ninth  Indiana  Infantry  and 
was  in  service  three  years  and  eight  months. 
He  fought  at  Shiloh  and  in  many  of  the 
campaigns  led  by  General  Grant  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  until  1864.  For  a  time  he 
was  an  orderly.  He  received  his  hon- 
orable discharge  in  1865,  and  returning  to 
Morgan  County  took  up  the  trade  of  house 
painter,  which  he  followed  at  Eminence 
and  in  the  surrounding  district  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  Later  he  engaged  in  the  hotel 
business,  and  kept  hotel  at  Eminence  until 
1910.  He  is  retired  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
six.  He  has  always  been  active  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  democratic  party  and  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows.  He  and  his  wife  had  four  chil- 
dren. 

The  only  surviving  child  is  David  E. 
Watson,  who  grew  up  in  Morgan  County 
and  attended  the  grammar  and  high  schools 
there.  Later  he  entered  DePauw  Univer- 
sity at  Greencastle,  where  he  first  took  the 
teachers'  course  and  in  1892  graduated 
from  the  law  department  with  the  degree 
LL.  B.  Mr.  Watson  practiced  at  Green- 
castle  from  1892  until  1896,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Martinsville,  where  he  accumu- 
lated a  large  clientage  and  was  busily  and 
successfully  engaged  until  July,  1912.  At 
that  time  his  duties  as  attorney  for  the 
Indianapolis  Traction  &  Terminal  Com- 
pany brought  him  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  has  since  had  his  home.  Mr.  Watson  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order,  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America,  and  bestows  his 
franchise  with  the  democratic  party.  Sep- 
tember 25,  1893,  he  married  Miss  Effie 
Foster. 

i 

JACOB  TAYLOR  WRIGHT  was  one  of  the 
distinctively  useful  and  prominent  citizens 
of  Indianapolis  during  the  last  century. 
He  represented  the  pioneer  element,  was  a 
leader  in  the  Quaker  Church,  and  for  many 
years  had  an  influential  part  in  local  and 
state  politics. 

He  was  born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1816, 
son  of  Joel  and  Elizabeth  (Taylor)  Wright. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  William  Wright, 
who  fought  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1283 


1690  with  King  William's  army,  was 
knighted  for  bravery,  and  given  a  grant  of 
laud  in  Ireland.  His  grandfather,  Jona- 
than Wright,  settled  in  Philadelphia  and 
afterwards  near  Ellicott's  Mills  in  Mary- 
land. He  was  a  millwright  by  trade.  He 
finally  went  to  Cincinnati,  and  established 
the  first  Quaker  Church  in  that  city  and 
was  one  of  its  pastors. 

When  Jacob  Taylor  Wright  was  a  child 
his  parents  moved  to  Fayette  County,  In- 
diana, where  his  father  was  a  Government 
surveyor.  During  his  youth  he  learned 
the  trade  of  millwright,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  left  the  farm  to  establish  a  mill 
at  South  Richmond.  On  the  invitation  of 
Robert  Underbill  he  finally  came  to  Indi- 
anapolis to  take  charge  of  the  foundry  and 
flour  mill  here.  He  became  prominent  in 
local  industries,  establishing  the  first  roll- 
ing mill  at  Indianapolis,  known  as  the  Indi- 
anapolis Rolling  Mills.  Later  he  was  in 
the  real  estate  business,  and  he  built  a  num- 
ber of  houses  in  this  city.  Mr.  Wright  re- 
tired from  business  in  1873,  and  the  next 
five  years  he  lived  in  Kansas,  giving  his 
leisurely  attention  to  a  sheep  ranch.  He 
then  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  was  re- 
tired until  his  death  in  1879. 

In  1861  Mr.  Wright  was  called  from  the 
operation  of  the  mill  and  foundry  to  the 
duties  of  public  office,  being  elected  audi- 
tor of  Marion  County.  He  held  that  office 
two  successive  terms,  being  elected  on  the 
republican  ticket.  During  the  war  he  was 
also  chairman  of  the  State  Central  Com- 
mittee. He  was  one  of  Governor  Morton's 
most  active  and  useful  lieutenants  in  rais- 
ing funds  and  recruiting  men  during  the 
early  days  of  the  war.  He  also  had  a  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  President  Lincoln. 
It  was  largely  through  Mr.  Wiright's  un- 
tiring efforts  that  Governor  Morton  was 
finally  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate. 
Mr.  Wright  stood  high  among  his  fellow 
citizens,  was  a  recognized  leader  in  power 
and  capabilities,  and  yet  during  his  youth 
he  had  a  very  meager  common  school  edu- 
cation. Much  of  his  knowledge  was  ab- 
sorbed in  the  home  library  which  his  moth- 
er had  gathered  together.  In  the  early 
days  it  was  customary  for  the  people  of  the 
neighborhood  to  come  into  the  Wright  home 
and  read. 

Jacob  Taylor  Wright  married  for  his 
first  wife  Matilda  Butler,  of  Fayette  Coun- 
ty, Indiana.  Her  people  came  originally 


from  Lynchburg,  Virginia.  She  died  soon 
after  removing  to  Indianapolis.  Her  chil- 
dren were  Benjamin  C.  and  Granville  S. 
In  1861  Mr.  Wright  married  Sallie  Anne 
Tomlinson,  who  was  born  in  1828  on  a  farm 
south  of  Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Wright,  who 
is  still  living,  is  doubtless  one  of  the  very 
oldest  natives  of  Marion  County,  and  the 
City  of  Indianapolis  had  been  established 
only  two  or  three  years  before  her  birth. 
She  is  now  living  with  her  only  daughter, 
Anna  M.  Wright,  at  4150  Central  Avenue. 

ALVA  CHARLES  SALLEE  has  been  the 
means  of  giving  a  great  deal  more  pub- 
licity to  other  men  and  to  institutions  than 
to  himself.  He  is  by  training  and  experi- 
ence and  by  profession  a  publicity  expert, 
and  has  long  and  active  experience  as  an 
advertising  man.  Much  of  his  work  has 
been  done  in  the  realm  of  politics,  and  for 
fifteen  years  he  has  been  a  figure  in  the 
Indiana  democratic  party. 

Mr.  Sallee  was  born  at  one  of  the  most 
interesting  old  towns  of  Southern  Indiana, 
Carlisle,  Sullivan  County.  His  life  be- 
gan there  in  1881.  His  parents,  William 
H.  and  Rebecca  (Ford)  Sallee,  are  both 
now  deceased.  His  paternal  grandfather 
was  a  native  of  France,  and  on  coming  to 
America  first  located  in  Illinois  and  after- 
wards moved  to  Sullivan  County,  which 
was  primarily  a  French  settlement,  though 
very  few  of  that  original  stock  still  re- 
main there. 

Alva  Charles  Sallee  was  eleven  years  old 
when  his  father  died.  That  loss  undoubt- 
edly had  much  to  do  with  his  subsequent 
experiences.  In  fact  it  threw  him  upon  his 
own  resources,  and  the  possibilities  and  op- 
portunities of  success  and  service  he  has 
earned  one  by  one.  He  educated  himself 
and  after  he  was  twelve  years  of  age  re- 
moved from  Carlisle  to  Evansville,  attend- 
ing public  school  and  commercial  college 
there.  His  business  career  began  at  Ev- 
ansville as  a  stenographer  with  a  local  man- 
ufacturing concern,  and  during  the  four 
years'  connection  with  this  firm  he  took  up 
the  study  of  advertising.  He  moved  to 
Indianapolis  in  1902  and  became  interested 
in  newspaper  and  publicity  work,  serving 
as  special  correspondent  for  Chicago,  Louis- 
ville and  Indianapolis  papers. 

It  was  his  abilities  in  this  field  which 
brought  him  into  touch  with  Mr.  Thomas 
Taggart,  who  had  just  come  into  posses- 


1284 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sion  of  the  great  French  Lick  Springs  Ho- 
tel and  associated  properties.  Mr.  Sallee 
had  considerable  to  do  with  the  early  pub- 
licity methods  which  brought  these  prop- 
erties to  nation  wide  appreciation  having 
assisted  in  devising  and  preparing  the  orig- 
inal literature  and  general  publicity  tech- 
nic.  Mr.  Taggart  made  a  new  use  of  Mr. 
Sallee 's  services  as  his  secretary,  and  in 
that  capacity  many  arduous  duties  were 
assigned  to  him  during  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1904,  when  Mr.  Taggart  was 
national  chairman.  He  has  been  more  or 
less  associated  with  this  great  democratic 
leader  and  organizer  since  that  time,  and 
his  own  entry  into  politics  and  campaign 
management  is  largely  due  to  that  associa- 
tion. 

Since  1911  Mr.  Bailee's  home  has  been  in 
Indianapolis.  Here  he  has  conducted  a  suc- 
cessful advertising  and  mail  order  business. 
He  was  assistant  secretary  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee  in  1908  and  has 
served  as  secretary  to  the  Indiana  Demo- 
cratic State  Committee  for  three  consecu- 
tive terms,  having  been  chosen  first  in 
1914  and  re-elected  again  in  1916  and  1918. 
Mr.  Sallee  is  also  chairman  of  the  Seventh 
Congressional  District  Committee. 

Mr.  Sallee  married  in  1905  Miss  Mabel 
Lett,  of  Evansville.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order,  the  Elks,  the  Indiana 
Democratic  Club,  Indianapolis  Athletic 
Club  and  other  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions. 

RT.  REV.  JOHN  HA^EN  WHITE,  D.  D., 
whose  episcopal  residence  is  at  South 
Bend,  is  the  Fourth  Bishop  of  Indiana 
and  the  First  Bishop  of  Northern  Indiana, 
and  has  given  over  forty  years  of  his  life 
to  the  consecrated  service  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  and  the  cause  of  hu- 
manity. 

While  the  record  of  his  career  is  an 
impressive  one  in  itself,  it  also  stands  as 
evidence  of  the  sturdy  qualities  of  the  old 
American  stock.  Bishop  White  is  in  the 
ninth  generation  of  the  White  family  in 
America,  and  it  is  fitting  that  some  record 
of  the  other  generations  should  precede  the 
story  of  his  own  life. 

He  is  a  direct  descendant  from  William 
and  Mary  White.  -Tradition  says  that 
William  White  came  from  County  Norfolk, 
England.  He  was  born  in  England  in  1610 
and  landed  at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  in 


1635.  In  that  year  the  General  Court  or- 
dered the  bounds  of  Ipswich  and  Quasa- 
cunquin  (now  Newbury)  to  be  laid  out 
when  some  of  the  chief  people  of  Ipswich 
desired  to  leave  to  remove  to  Quasacun- 
quin  to  begin  a  settlement.  This  petition 
was  granted  them.  Among  those  who  re- 
moved to  Newbury  were  Rev.  Thomas 
Parker,  Nicholas  Noyes,  Henry  Sewell, 
William  White,  William  Moody  and  Rich- 
ard Kent.  In  1640  William  White  moved 
to  Haverhill,  where  he  was  one  of  the  first 
settlers  and  one  of  the  grantees  of  the 
Indian  deed  of  Haverhill  dated  Novem- 
ber 15,  1642,  which  instrument  was,  it  is 
said,  both  written  and  witnessed  by  him. 
He  acquired  a  large  estate  there  and  the 
Haverhill  town  records  show  that  he  held 
a  very  respectable  position  among  the  early 
settlers.  He  died  in  1690. 

His  only  child  was  John  White,  born 
about  1639  and  died  at  Haverhill  at  the 
age  of  twenty-nine.  He  married  Hannah 
French  of  Salem.  • 

Their  only  child,  also  named  John 
White,  was  born  in  1663-4  and  died  in 
1727.  He  was  a  man  of  much  consequence 
both  in  civil  and  military  affairs  of  the 
colony  and  as  a  merchant  and  land  owner. 
He  married  Lydia  Oilman,  daughter  of 
Hon.  John  Oilman  of  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  granddaughter  of  Edward  Oil- 
man, who  came  from  Norfolk,  England, 
anrl  settled  first  at  Hingham  and  later  at 
Ipswich. 

The  fourth  generation  was  represented 
by  Deacon  William  White,  born  in  1693-4 
and  died  in  1737.  He  was  a  clothier  at 
Haverhill,  was  also  a  captain  and  justice 
of  the  peace,  and  is  said  to  have  planted  the 
first  potato  crop  in  that  town.  He  married 
Sarah  Phillips,  daughter  of  Samuel  and 
Mary  (Emerson)  Phillips  of  Salem,  a 
granddaughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Phillips  of 
Rowley  and  great-granddaughter  of  Rev. 
George  Phillips  of  Watertown. 

In  the  fifth«  generation  was  John  White, 
who  married  Mir  am  (Hoyt)  Hazen  and 
both  lived  at  Ha\~.hill.  Massachusetts.  A 
son  of  this  couple  was  Maj.  Moses  White  of 
Rutland,  who  for  several  years  was  a  clerk 
in  the  store  of  Joseph  Hazen  of  Haverhill, 
the  father  of  his  mother's  first  husband. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  he  entered  the  army 
and  became  the  aide  of  Gen.  Moses  Hazen 
and  served  through  the  Revolutionary  war 
with  untarnished  character.  He  married 


12S4 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sion  of  the  great  French  Lick  Springs  Ho- 
tel and  associated  properties.  Mr.  Sallee 
had  considerable  to  do  with  the  early  pub- 
licity methods  which  brought  these  prop- 
erties to  nation  wide  appreciation  having 
assisted  in  devising  and  preparing  the  orig- 
inal literature  and  general  publicity  tech- 
nie.  .Mr.  Taggart  made  a  new  use  of  Mr. 
Sallee's  services  as  his  secretary,  and  in 
that  capacity  many  arduous  duties  were 
assigned  to  him  during  the  presidential 
campaign  of  1!)<»4,  when  Mr.  Taggart  was 
national  chairman.  lit1  has  been  more  or 
less  associated  with  this  great  democratic 
leader  and  orgaiii/er  since  that  time,  and 
his  own  entry  into  polities  and  campaign 
management  is  largely  due  to  that  associa- 
tion. 

Since  1!M1  Mr.  Sallee's  home  has  been  in 
Indianapolis.  Here  he  has  conducted  a  suc- 
cessful advertising  and  mail  order  business. 
He  was  assistant  secretary  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee  in  190S  and  has 
served  as  secretary  to  the  Indiana  Demo- 
cratic State  Committee  for  three  consecu- 
tive terms,  having  been  chosen  first  in 
1!»14  and  re-elected  again  in  l!>l(i  and  1!»1S. 
Mr.  Sallee  is  also  chairman  of  the  Seventh 
( 'ongressioiial  District  Committee. 

Mr.  Sallee  married  in  1'IOfi  Miss  Mabel 
Lett,  of  Evaiisville.  lie  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order,  the  Klks.  the  Indiana 
Democratic  Club.  Indianapolis  Athletic 
('lub  and  other  civic  and  social  organi/a- 
tions. 

RT.  RI.V.  .Ini i.v  Il\/.i:s  WIIITK.  I).  I).. 
whose  episcopal  residence  is  at  South 
Bend,  is  the  Fourth  Bishop  of  Indiana, 
and  the  First  Bishop  of  Northern  Indiana, 
and  has  given  over  forty  years  of  his  life 
to  the  consecrated  service  of  the  Protestant 
F.|  iscopal  Church  and  the  cause  of  hu- 
manity. 

While  the  record  of  his  career  is  an 
impressive  one  in  itself,  it  also  stands  as 
evidnn-e  of  the  sturdy  qualities  of  the  old 
American  stock.  Bishop  White  is  in  the 
ninth  generation  of  the  White  family  in 
America,  and  it  is  fitting  that  some  record 
of  the  other  generations  should  precede  the 
story  of  his  own  life. 

lie  is  a  direct  descendant  from  William 
ami  Marv  White.  Tradition  says  that 
William  White  came  from  County  Norfolk, 
England.  lie  was  horn  in  England  in  IfiK) 
and  landed  at  Ipswich.  Massachusetts,  in 


1(!.'!.">.  In  that  year  the  General  Court  or- 
dered the  bounds  of  Ipswich  and  Quasa- 
cunqiiiu  (now  N'ewbury )  to  be  laid  out 
when  some  of  the  chief  people  of  Ipswich 
desired  to  leave  to  remove  to  Quasaciin- 
qnin  to  begin  a  settlement.  This  petition 
was  granted  them.  Among  those  who  re- 
moved to  N'ewbury  were  Rev.  Thomas 
Parker.  Nicholas  Noyes.  Henry  Sewell. 
William  White,  William  Moody  and  Rich- 
ard Kent.  In  1b'4()  William  White  moved 
to  Haverhill.  where  he  was  one  of  the  first 
settlers  and  one  of  the  grantees  of  the 
hidi-ii  deed  of  Haverhill  dated  Novem- 
ber I."),  1(142.  which  instrument  was,  it  is 
said,  both  written  and  witnessed  by  him. 
He  acquired  a  large  estate  there  and  the 
Haverhill  town  records  show  that  he  held 
a  very  respectable  position  among  the  early 
settle'rs.  lie  died  in  1<i!>0. 

His  only  child  was  .John  White,  born 
about  Hi:5!l  and  died  at  Haverhill  at  the 
age  of  twenty-nine.  lie  married  Hannah 
French  of  Salem. 

Their  only  child,  also  named  John 
White.  w;is  born  in  1b'(i:{-4  and  died  in 
1727.  He  was  a  man  of  much  consequence 
both  in  civil  and  military  affairs  of  the 
colony  and  as  a  merchant  and  land  owner. 
lie  married  Lydia  <Jilman.  daughter  of 
Hon.  John  (iilmaii  of  K.xeter.  N'cw  Hamp- 
shire, and  granddaughter  of  F.dward  <iil- 
man.  who  came  from  Norfolk.  England, 
ao'l  M'ttled  first  at  Ilingham  and  later  at 
1  pswich. 

The  fourth  generation  was  represented 
by  Deacon  William  \Vhite.  burn  in  lo'IH-4 
and  died  in  17->7.  lie  was  a  clothier  at 
Haverhill.  was  id  so  a  captain  and  justice 
of  the  pence,  and  is  said  to  have  planted  the 
first  potato  crop  in  that  town.  lie  married 
Sai-ali  Phillips,  daughter  of  Samuel  and 
Mary  I  Emerson  i  Phillips  of  Salem,  a 
granddaughter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Phillips  of 
Rowley  and  grcat-irranddaughter  of  Rev. 
(Jcnrue  Phillips  of  Watertown. 

In  the  tifth  generation  was  John  White, 
who  married  Mi»':-im  (  Hoyt  i  Ha/en  and 
both  lived  at  IIa\  .hill.  Massachusetts.  A 
son  of  this  couple  was  Ma.j.  Moses  White  of 
Rutland,  who  for  several  years  was  a  clerk 
in  the  store  of  Joseph  Ha/en  of  ITaverhill, 
the  father  of  his  mother's  first  husband. 
At  the  iige  of  twenty  he  entered  the  army 
and  becnme  the  aide  of  (ten.  Moses  Ha/en 
and  served  through  the  Revolutionary  war 
with  untarnished  character.  He  married 


- 


LI3RARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IUINOT 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1285 


Elizabeth  Amelia  Atlee,  eldest  daughter  of 
William  Augustus  Atlee  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania.  One  son  of  Major  Moses 
White  was  William  Augustus,  who  was 
sailing  master  on  the  frigate  Chesapeake 
and  was  killed  in  the  great  naval  battle 
with  the  Shannon. 

The  grandfather  of  Bishop  White  was 
John  Hazen  White,  of  the  seventh  genera- 
tion. He  married  Roxana  Robinson,  of 
Watertown,  Massachusetts,  and  they  spent 
all  their  married  life  at  Lancaster,  New 
Hampshire,  rearing  a  family  of  nine  chil- 
dren. 

Maj.  Moses  Hazen  White,  father  of 
Bishop  White,  was  a  graduate  of  Dart- 
mouth College  and  became  prominent  in 
educational  circles  in  Cincinnati.  He  also 
made  a  distinguished  record  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Civil  war.  He  married  Mary  Miller 
Williams,  of  Rutland,  Vermont. 

While  this  is  a  very  brief  ancestral  rec- 
ord, it  cannot  but  serve  to  indicate  some  of 
the  sources  and  character  and  strength 
from  which  Bishop  White  has  derived  his 
own  character.  Bishop  White  was  born  at 
Cincinnati  March  10,  1849,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
city,  graduating  from  Woodward  High 
School  in  1867.  After  two  years  of  busi- 
ness experience  he  entered  Kenyon  College 
in  1869,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1872.  He  took 
his  theological  course  at  Berkeley  Divinity 
School,  receiving  his  Bachelor  of  Divinity 
degree  in  1875.  He  was  ordained  a  deacon 
June  4,  1875,  and  a  priest  May  28.  1876. 
He  was  assistant  at  St.  Andrew's  Church 
in  Meriden,  Connecticut,  1875-77,  vice  rec- 
tor and  instructor  in  St.  Margaret's  School 
at  Waterbury,  Connecticut,  and  assistant 
to  St.  John's  Church  1877-78,  rector  of 
Grace  Church  at  Old  Saybrook,  Connecti- 
cut, 1878-81;  rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Joliet.  Illinois,  1881-89;  rector  of  the 
Church  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist  at  St. 
Paul,  Minnesota,  1889-91;  and  warden  of 
Seabury  Divinity  School  at  Faribault,  Min- 
nesota, 1891-95. 

May  1,  1895,  he  was  consecrated  Bishop 
of  Indiana  at  Indianapolis,  and  on  the 
division  of  the  dioceses  April  25,  1899,  he 
took  the  northern  portion  of  the  state, 
with  the  title  Bishop  of  Michigan  City. 

April  23,  1879,  Bishop  White  married 
Marie  Louise  Holbrook,  youngest  daughter 
of  D.  C.  and  Mary  Ann  (May)  Holbrook, 
of  Detroit,  Michigan.  To  their  union  were 


born  seven  children,  briefly  noted  as  fol- 
lows: Howard  Russell,  a  chaplain  in  the 
United  States  Army  in  France;  DeWitt 
Holbrook,  deceased ;  Mary  May,  unmarried, 
and  a  Red  Cross  nurse ;  Charlotte  Strong, 
who  is  in  the  United  States  Army  Nurses 
Corps;  Elwood  Sanger,  manager  of  the 
LaDew  Belting  Works  at  Glencoe,  New 
York;  Walker,  a  farmer  at  Gates  Mill, 
Ohio ;  and  Katharine,  unmarried  and  in  the 
United  States  Army  Nurses  Corps  at  Bor- 
deau,  France.  The  fifth  child,  Elwood 
Sanger  White,  married  Luella  Perin,  of 
Lafayette,  Indiana,  daughter  of  W.  H.  and 
Minnie  (Weaver)  Perin  of  Lafayette. 
They  have  two  children,  Mary  Perin  and 
John  Hazen.  The  son  Walker  White  mar- 
ried Beatrice  Buttolf,  of  Indianapolis,  a 
granddaughter  of  Charles  A.  and  Nancy 
Sudlow  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Walker  White  have  three  children,  Bea- 
trice, Walker  and  Nancy  Sudlow. 

Bishop  White  is  a  member  and  chaplain 
general  of  the  Order  of  Cincinnati.  He 
belongs  to  the  University  Club  of  Chicago 
and  University  Club  of  South  Bend,  the 
Knife  and  Fork  Club,  Auten  Post,  Grand 
Army  ;of  the  Republic,  and  in  Masonry  is 
affiliated  with  Portage  Lodge  No.  675,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  South  Bend  Chap- 
ter No.  29,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  is  past  il- 
lustrious master  of  South  Bend  Council 
No.  13,  Royal  and  Select  Masons,  and  a 
member  of  South  Bend  Commandery  No. 
82,  Knights  Templar,  and  also  belongs  to 
the  Scottish  Rite  Consistory. 

MRS.  EMMA  N.  CARLETON,  author,  was 
born  at  New  Albany,  Indiana.  August  4, 
1850.  She  is  a  daughter  of  John  Robert 
and  Avesta  (Shields)  Nunemacher,  and 
was  christened  Emma  Shields  Nunemacher. 
She  was  educated  in  the  New  Albany  pub- 
lic schools,  Tousley's  Academy  and  De- 
Pauw  College,  and.  in  1874,  married  Philip 
Jones  Carleton,  who  died  three  years  later. 
Mrs.  Carleton  became  widely  known  as 
a  contributor  to  New  York,  Chicago,  De- 
troit and  Indianapolis  papers,  the  Youth's 
Companion,  and  various  magazines,  in  a 
wide  variety  of  short  poems,  humorous 
sketches  and  articles  on  the  collection  of 
antiques  of  various  kinds.  At  the  same 
time  she  developed  a  trade  in  antiques, 
chiefly  old  books.  Her  father  had  a  book- 
store in  New  Albany  for  many  years,  and 
she  was  well  acquainted  with  literature 


1286 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


from  the  mercantile  side  as  well  as  the  lit- 
erary side.  She  called  her  establishment 
"'The  Un-Beknowust  Book  Shop."  Mrs. 
Carleton  had  one  son,  who  died  in  child- 
hood. She  resided  in  Indianapolis  for 
some  twelve  years  after  her  marriage,  but 
since  1888  has  lived  at  New  Albany. 

PERRY  HARRIS  BLUE.  It  was  with  some 
of  the  pioneer  railroad  building  and  also 
with  the  general  development  of  natural 
resources  and  business  enterprises  that  the 
name  of  Perry  Harris  Blue  is  chiefly  asso- 
ciated, and  as  such  deserves  more  than  pass- 
ing mention  in  the  history  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Blue,  who  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  November  12,  1851,  and 
died  in  Indianapolis  November  20,  1915, 
compressed  a  great  deal  of  strenuous  activ- 
ity and  performance  into  the  sixty-four 
years  of  his  life.  His  parents  were  William 
Haynes  and  Sarah  (Harris)  Blue.  Of 
their  six  children  three  are  still  living. 
When  Perry  H.  Blue  was  a  small  child  his 
parents  moved  overland  across  the  country 
by  wagon  to  Sullivan  County,  Indiana.  It 
was  in  that  interesting  county  of  Western 
Indiana  that  Perry  Harris  Blue  grew  to 
manhood.  While  a  boy  he  attended  the 
common  schools  and  also  had  the  benefit  of 
instruction  in  a  local  academy.  He  read 
law  with  Judge  Buff  in  Sullivan  County, 
and  at  the  age  of  twepty-one  was  elected 
to  the  office  of  county  prosecutor.  How- 
ever, office  holding  was  an  honor  for  which 
he  had  little  inclination,  since  the  main  bent 
of  his  life  and  energies  was  toward  con- 
structive enterprise,  but  he  took  much  in- 
terest in  politics  and  public  affairs  as  a 
democrat. 

In  Sullivan  County  he  was  the  first  to 
advocate  the  laying  of  gravel  and  stone 
roads.  Finally,  in  order  to  overcome  prej- 
udice and  opposition,  and  to  secure  a  fair 
trial  of  this  type  of  road  construction,  he 
personally  stood  sponsor  financially  for  a 
selected  piece  of  highway.  Sullivan  Coun- 
ty now  ranks  high  among  the  counties  of 
Indiana  in  the  matter  of  good  roads,  and 
many  miles  of  improved  road  surface  turn- 
pike are  in  a  sense  a  monument  to  the  en- 
terprise of  Mr.  Blue. 

During  the  early  stages  of  his  practice  as 
a  lawyer  at  Sullivan  Mr.  Blue  was  prepar- 
ing to  go  abroad  and  pursue  further  stud- 
ies as  a  lawyer  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
About  that  time  he  was  met  with  a  flatter- 


ing offer  from  eastern  capitalists  to  become 
manager  of  a  railroad  line  through  Sullivan 
County  which  for  years  has  been  the  sub- 
ject of  much  ridicule  and  altogether  was 
a  property  that  had  become  notorious,  not 
only  for  its  material  dilapidation  but  on 
account  of  its  trials  and  vicissitudes  finan- 
cially and  in  the  records  of  the  courts. 
At  different  times  the  road  had  been  known 
under  different  ambitious  titles,  such  as  the 
Cincinnati,  St.  Louis  Straight  Line,  and 
later  as  the  Indiana  &  Illinois  Southern.  It 
was  built  as  a  narrow  gauge,  and  probably 
no  man  ever  tackled  a  harder  task  of  rail- 
way reconstruction  than  Mr.  Blue  when  he 
took  charge  of  the  property  and  its  man- 
agement. He  showed  a  vigor  and  determin- 
ation that  overcame  all  obstacles.  He 
changed  it  from  a  narrow  to  a  standard 
gauge,  and  developed  the  property  and  the 
business  and  financial  affairs  of  the  road 
until  it  was  self  supporting.  It  is  now 
known  as  the  Indianapolis  Southern  Rail- 
way, a  branch  of  the  Illinois  Central  Sys- 
tem. Mr.  Blue  remained  manager  of  this 
road  until  it  was  sold  to  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral. As  engineer  he  had  charge  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  bridge  over  the  Wabash 
River. 

Mr.  Blue  for  a  number  of  years  enjoyed 
high  standing  among  Indiana  business  men. 
Some  of  his  interests  were  represented  as 
follows:  He  was  half  owner  of  the  Grand 
Hotel  at  Vincennes;  he  developed  the  best 
sand  and  gravel  pits  along  the  Wabash  Val- 
ley and  personally  owned  1,500  acres  of 
land  adjoining  these  properties ;  was  inter- 
ested in  gravel  pits  near  Eagle  Creek; 
owned  a  large  hardware  store  in  Sullivan ; 
was  interested  in  a  railway  supply  house 
in  Chicago;  and  developed  some  of  the  im- 
portant stone  quarries  at  Spencer,  Indi- 
ana. 

Mr.  Blue  was  a  delegate  to  a  national 
democratic  convention,  and  he  twice  re- 
fused nomination  for  Congress,  the  nom- 
ination in  his  home  district,  including  Sul- 
livan County,  being  equivalent  to  election. 
One  important  public  service  was  rendered 
by  him  when  he  was  appointed  in  1890  as 
one  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  South- 
ern Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Evansville. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  board  when  it  took 
the  management  of  the  institution  from  the 
hands  of  the  Construction  Board,  and  su- 
pervised the  completion  of  the  work  at 
Evansville.  Mr.  Blue  had  charge  of  outside 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1287 


affairs,  landscape  gardening,  and  many 
other  departments  connected  with  the 
Southern  Hospital,  and  that  institution  as 
it  stands  today  is  in  many  respects  a  mon- 
ument to  his  vigilence  and  public  spirit. 
He  served  his  full  six  years  legal  limit  as 
a  member  of  the  board,  and  after  he  re- 
tired he  was  again  and  again  called  into 
consultation  by  the  members  of  various 
succeeding  boards. 

A  lawyer  by  training  and  profession,  Mr. 
Blue  was  possessed  of  a  wonderful  busi- 
ness judgment  that  gave  him  first  rank  as 
a  business  lawyer  in  his  home  state,  and  he 
was  frequently  entrusted  and  enjoyed  the 
complete  confidence  of  men  of  wealth  and 
leadership  in  corporate  and  other  business 
affairs.  Though  always  very  active,  he 
was  by  nature  unassuming  and  his  best 
qualities  were  appreciated  by  a  limited 
circle  of  close  and  admiring  friends.  He 
is  remembered  as  a  splendid  story  teller 
and  he  showed  a  keen  interest  in  the  success 
of  young  men  struggling,  as  he  had  done, 
to  attain  the  first  rungs  on  the  ladder  of 
success.  His  benevolences  were  many.  At 
Indianapolis  he  was  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Democratic  Club,  and  frat- 
ernally was  a  Knight  Templar  Mason  and 
a  Knight  of  Pythias. 

On  September  18,  1890,  Mr.  Blue  mar- 
ried Lulu  Isabel  Thompson,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Peter  Sperry  and  Lydia  Isabel 
(Rankin)  Thompson.  Her  father  was  a 
native  of  Virginia  and  her  mother  of  North 
Carolina.  Her  parents  married  in  Mississ- 
ippi, and  while  the  Civil  war  was  still  in 
progress  they  came  to  Indiana.  Mrs.  Blue 
was  one  of  seven  children,  only  two  of 
whom  survive.  Mrs.  Blue  resides  at  1801 
North  Meridian  Street  in  Indianapolis. 
She  is  the  mother  of  one  child,  Laura  Mae, 
a  graduate  of  Smith  College. 

JOHN  T.  BEESON  is  senior  partner  of 
Beeson  &  Son,  real  estate,  loans  and  in- 
surance, with  a  large  and  complete  organi- 
zation for  handling  these  lines  of  business 
in  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Beeson  is  a  man  of  wide  experience 
and  of  diversified  knowledge  of  the  coun- 
try. He  was  born  at  Bloomingsport  in 
Randolph  County,  Indiana,  June  23.  1879 
son  of  Isaac  M.  and  Martha  E.  (Bales) 
Beeson.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry, 
and  his  first  forefathers  in  America  settled 


in  North  Carolina  in  colonial  days.  He  is 
also  cf  Quaker  stock.  His  father  was  a 
merchant,  and  in  the  store  John  T.  Beeson 
acquired  his  first  knowledge  of  business 
affairs.  He  attended  public  school  to  the 
age  of  fourteen,  and  after  leaving  his 
father's  service  he  went  to  work  at  Lynn, 
Indiana,  as  clerk  for  S.  C.  Bowen  at  four 
dollars  and  a  half  a  week.  He  was  with 
Bowen  six  years  and  his  wages  at  the  end 
amounted  to  ten  dollars  and  a  half  a  week. 
Mr.  Beeson  married  Mary  A.  Longfellow, 
daughter  of  James  and  Elizabeth  (Thorn) 
Longfellow.  On  account  of  his  wife's  fail- 
ing health  Mr.  Beeson  moved  west  to  Can- 
yon City,  Colorado,  worked  I1/*,  years  with 
the  Galley  Shoe  Store  and  !$£  years  with 
Baker  and  Biggs,  becoming  manager  and 
buyer  of  the  latter  establishment.  After 
three  years  in  the  invigorating  climate  of 
Colorado  Mr.  Beeson  returned  to  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  spent  one  year  with  a  shoe 
company,  then  entered  the  service  of  the 
Prudential  Insurance  Company,  and  for 
three  years  was  located  at  Winchester, 
Indiana,  as  buyer  and  manager  in  the  shoe 
department  of  the  "W.  E.  Miller  Company. 
Mr.  Beeson  came  to  Newcastle  in  1915, 
and  for  a  brief  time  was  connected  with  the 
Elwood  Lawson  shoe  store,  then  for  a  short 
time  was  with  the  Burgess  Realty  Com- 
pany, and  formed  the  partnership  of  Rat- 
cliffe  &  Beeson  to  engage  in  the  real  estate 
business.  Six  months  later  he  sold  his 
interests  there  and  since  then  has  been  in 
business  for  himself  with  offices  at  first 
over  the  Farmers  Bank  and  for  the  past 
year  and  a  half  in  the  New  Burr  Building. 
He  handles  real  estate  of  all  kinds,  makes 
loans,  and  does  a  large  insurance  brokerage 
business. 

'  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Beeson  have  three  chil- 
dren: Basil  Earl,  born  in  1899,  Gladys, 
born  in  1902,  and  Robert  Neravan,  born  in 
1907.  The  son  Basil  Earl  graduated  from 
Newcastle  High  School  in  1918,  and  on 
June  28,  1918,  joined  the  Coast  Artillery 
at  Jefferson  Barracks,  Missouri,  being  a 
member  of  Battery  A,  Thirty-fourth  Regi- 
ment. He  is  also  the  son  in  the  company 
name.  Beeson  &  Son,  and  his  father  keeps 
his  share  of  the  business  intact  while  Tie 
is  away  in  the  army.  The  son  is  affiliated 
with  the  Kappa  Alpha  Phi,  is  an  active 
member  of  the  Christian  Church  and 
organized  the  Bible  Class  in  that  church. 
Mr.  Beeson  is  a  republican  in  politics,  and 


1288 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


is  one  of  the  straightforward  and  energetic 
citizens  of  Newcastle. 

JOHN  FEE  has  been  a  business  man  at 
Kokomo  for  a  long  term  of  years,  and  is 
now  head  of  the  firm  John  Fee  &  Son,  pro- 
prietors of  the  City  Feed  Store  at  48 
Union  Street. 

Mr.  Fee  is  a  native  Indianan,  born  in 
Marion  County  September  21,  1856,  son  of 
David  Fee  and  Nancy  Kate  Fee.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Ohio,  grew  up  and 
married  there,  and  on  coming  to  Indiana 
first  located  on  a  farm  two  miles  east  of 
Castleton  in  Marion  County,  and  a  short 
time  later  on  another  farm  in  the  same 
county.  Later  he  moved  to  Howard 
County,  and  bought  a  farm  and  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life  in  cultivating  his  acres  and 
in  producing  abundant  crops.  He  was  an 
enthusiastic  agriculturist,  knew  the  busi- 
ness thoroughly,  and.  through  it  rendered 
his  best  service  to  the  world  and  provided 
for  his  family.  Of  his  five  children  four 
are  living  John  being  the  youngest. 

The  latter  while  living  on  and  helping 
on  the  farm  also  worked  in  a  saw  mill, 
and  had  eleven  years  of  practical  training 
and  experience  in  that  line  before  he 
reached  his  majority.  He  then  entered  the 
ice  business  at  Kokomo  as  an  employe  of 
J.  W.  Jones,  and  was  with  him  six  years. 
He  then  went  into  business  for  himself, 
establishing  in  1884  what  was  known  as 
the  "Centenniel  Feed  Yard."  He  was  the 
head  of  that  enterprise  until  1902,  when 
he  enlarged  his  business  and  removed  it 
to  his  present  location,  and  is  now  handling 
a  general  line  of  feed,  flour,  poultry  and 
produce,  his  establishment  being  one  of 
the  chief  concerns  of  its  kind  in  Howard 
County. 

Mr.  Fee  is  an  Odd  Fellow  and  a  member 
of  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America.  He 
married  Miss  Isabelle  Heaton.  They  have 
three  sons:  Lewis  Fred,  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Kokomo  Supply  Company, 
Willard  D.  and  A.  C.  Fee. 

NATHAN  SPEIER.  In  the  field  of  mer- 
chandising as  in  other  lines  many  are  called 
but  few  are  chosen  to  positions  of  leader- 
ship and  real  success.  Most  of  the  men 
who  call  themselves  merchants  are  really 
storekeepers.  Of  the  Indiana  men  concern- 
ing whom  there  is  no  doubt  or  hesitation  as 
to  their  appropriate  classification  as  mer- 


chants one  is  Mr.  Nathan  Speier,  part 
owner  and  general  manager  of  the  Fair 
Department  Store,  the  largest  business  of 
its  kind  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Speier  has  the  qualifications  and  the 
training  that  make  the  real  merchant.  He 
is  still  a  comparatively  young  man,  having 
been  born  in  Bavaria,  Germany,  in  1876, 
a  son  of  Barnard  and  Fanny  (Strauss) 
Speier.  In  his  native  country  he  attended 
the  country  schools  and  also  had  two  years 
of  instruction  in  what  would  correspond  to 
a  college  in  this  country.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  set  out  for  America,  and  soon 
went  to  work  for  his  uncle,  Mr.  Strauss, 
in  a  dry  goods  store  at  Columbus,  Indiana. 
He  was  not  merely  a  routine  worker  but 
showed  an  active  intelligence  that  enabled 
him  to  grasp  and  master  all  the  details  and 
technicalities  of  the  retail  trade.  He  learned 
the  business  thoroughly  and  spent  long 
hours  working  at  it.  It  was  an  apprentice- 
ship that  has  had  much  to  do  with  his  sub- 
sequent success. 

During  1898-99  Mr.  Speier  spent  a  year 
in  a  completely  new  and  strange  field  of 
enterprise  in  Nicaragua,  Central  America, 
at  Cape  Gracios.  His  partner  there  was 
Richard  Lehman.  They  conducted  a  trad- 
ing station  and  had  a  good  business  out- 
look, but  the  climate  was  detrimental  to 
Mr.  Speier 's  health  and  at  the  end  of  a 
year  he  returned  to  Columbus,  Indiana, 
and  re-entered  the  service  of  his  former 
employer,  this  time  as  assistant  manager. 
Mr.  Strauss  had  in  the  meantime  estab- 
lished several  branch  stores  and  Mr.  Speier 
traveled  about  supervising  their  manage- 
ment. This  work,  continued  until  1903, 
brought  him  a  broader  outlook  in  mercan- 
tile affairs,  and  having  in  the  meantime  ac- 
quired an  interest  in  a  business  at  Sey- 
mour, Indiana,  he  located  there  in  1903 
and  took  active  management  of  what  was 
known  as  the  Gold  Mine  Dry  Goods  Com- 
pany. He  built  up  a  large  and  prosper- 
ous concern,  and  still  retains  his  interest, 
though  since  March,  1915,  he  has  lived  at 
Anderson.  He  came  to  Anderson  to  take 
charge  of  the  new  store  known  as  the  Lion 
Store,  but  soon  changed  the  name  to  the 
Fair  and  when  the  business  was  incorpo- 
rated he  became  secretary  and  treasurer 
and  general  manager.  This  is  a  real  de- 
partment store,  and  carries  a  magnificent 
stock  of  goods  of  all  kinds  and  its  custom- 
ers are  by  no  means  confined  to  the  city 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1289 


of  Anderson.  Many  of  the  daily  patrons  of 
the  store  come  from  distances  ranging  from 
ten  to  twenty-five  miles. 

On  January  17,  1912,  Mr.  Speier  mar- 
ried Margaret  Alpern,  a  daughter  of  Cas- 
per and  Minnie  Alpern,  her  father  a  whole- 
sale merchant  of  Alpena,  Michigan.  They 
have  one  child,  Frances,  born  September 
14,  1914.  Mr.  Speier  in  politics  is  an  inde- 
pendent democrat.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Jewish  Temple  of  Anderson  and  has  social 
connections  with  his  community  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Country  Club,  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  also  be- 
longs to  the  Knights  of  Pythias  at  Sey- 
mour. 

FRANK  ROSEY  is  one  of  the  popular 
business  men  of  Newcastle,  has  been  iden- 
tified with  that  city  since  1915,  and  at  the 
corner  of  Twelfth  and  Broad  streets  fur- 
nishes a  double  service  through  his  harness 
shop  and  also  his  tire  repairing  facilities. 
A  large  part  of  his  work  is  the  repairing 
and  making  of  new  tires  for  automobiles, 
and  he  has  installed  the  only  machine  in 
the  city  for  the  stitching  and  making  of 
double-tread  tires  from  old  ones. 

Mr.  Rosey  was  born  near  Archbold,  Ful- 
ton County,  Ohio,  on  a  farm,  a  son  of 
Joseph  and  Josephine  (Bernard)  Rosey. 
His  father  was  of  French  ancestry  and 
came  from  Berne,  Switzerland,  when  a  boy 
to  Ohio.  At  one  time  he  had  a  farm  near 
Toledo,  and  later  moved  to  the  vicinity  of 
Archbold,  where  he  died  in  1912  and  his 
wife  in  1911. 

Frank  Rosey  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Archbold,  but  at  the  age  of  fifteen  began 
learning  the  trade  of  harness  maker  with 
F.  Stotzer  at  Archbold.  He  served  an 
apprenticeship  of  three  years  and  then 
worked  as  a  journeyman  harness  maker  in 
different  towns  of  Ohio.  In  1897  he  and  a 
partner  opened  a  harness  shop  at  Arch- 
bold,  but  two  years  later  he  sold  out  and 
resumed  his  journeyman  experience.  Mr. 
Rosey  has  been  a  resident  of  Indiana  since 
1911,  and  he  came  to  Newcastle  from  Rush- 
ville  in  1915.  At  that  time  he  established 
his  present  shop  at  the  corner  of  Twelfth 
and  Broad  streets. 

In  1913  Mr.  Rosey  married  Grace  Willi- 
ver,  of  College  Corners,  Butler  County, 
Ohio.  Mr.  Rosey  is  a  republican,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Friends  Church,  and  is  affiliated 


with  the  Moose  and  Owls  fraternal  organi- 
zations at  South  Bend,  Indiana. 

DANIEL  FRANKLIN  MUSTARD.  A  man  who 
did  his  bit  for  the  imperilled  nation  in  the 
time  of  the  Civil  war,  a  hard  working 
mechanic,  a  trusted  public  officer,  and  for 
many  years  a  banker  and  leader  in  the  in- 
dustrial and  civic  life  of  Anderson,  Daniel 
F.  Mustard  has  played  a  role  that  suf- 
ficiently identified  him  with  the  representa- 
tive Indianans  whose  names  and  careers 
are  honored  in  the  present  publication. 

Mr.  Mustard  comes  of  an  old  family  of 
Madison  County  and  was  born  in  Lafayette 
Township  of  that  county,  3Vi>  miles  north 
of  Anderson,  October  20,  1844.  He  is  a 
son  of  William  and  Elizabeth  (Darlington) 
Mustard,  and  his  ancestry  combines  the 
various  stocks  of  Scotch-Irish  and  German. 
His  great-great-grandfather,  William  Mus- 
tard, came  with  two  brothers,  George  and 
James,  from  the  north  of  Ireland  to  Dela- 
ware in  colonial  times.  James  afterwards 
located  in  Berkshire  County,  Massachu- 
setts, George  remained  in  Delaware,  while 
William  was  a  pioneer  in  Pike  County, 
Ohio.  Most  of  the  members  of  the  family 
so  far  as  the  record  goes  have  followed 
some  mechanical  pursuit  or  profession. 
Grandfather  George  Mustard  was  a  soldier 
in  the  War  of  1812. 

When  Daniel  was  six  years  of  age,  in 
1850,  his  father  moved  to  Anderson  and 
established  a  shoe  shop  and  also  worked  at 
the  trade  of  carpenter.  It  was  in  his 
father's  shoe  shop  that  Daniel  acquired  a 
practical  knowledge  of  shoe  making  and  he 
also  went  with  his  father  in  working  at  the 
carpenter's  trade.  In  the  meantime  he  at- 
tended schools  about  three  months  each 
winter. 

Before  he  was  seventeen  years  of  age  the 
storm  of  Civil  war  had  broken  over  the 
country,  and  like  thousands  of  other  youths 
of  the  time  he  found  it  difficult  to  keep  his 
attention  upon  his  home  duties  and  soon 
grew  restless  under  the  call  of  patriotism. 
On  April  6,  1863,  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Company  I  of  the  Thirty-fourth  Indiana 
Infantry.  Not  long  afterward  he  was  with 
the  great  armies  under  Grant  during  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  subsequently  he 
participated  in  some  of  the  southwestern 
campaigns  under  Banks  and  McClelland. 
After  about  fifteen  months  as  a  private 


1290 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


soldier  he  was  assigned  to  duty  as  a  mu- 
sician in  the  regimental  band.  Mr.  Mustard 
has  the  distinction  of  having  participated 
in  the  last  passage  of  arms  in  the  war  of 
the  rebellion.  This  occurred  May  13,  1865, 
between  the  Thirty-fourth  Indiana  Infan- 
try, known  as  Morton's  Rifles,  and  a  body 
of  Confederates,  who  met  in  the  extreme 
southern  end  of  Texas,  close  to  the  old 
battleground  of  Palo  Alto,  where  the  first 
engagement  of  the  Mexican  war  was  fought. 
This  brief  engagement  occurred  on  May 
13,  1865,  more  than  a  month  after  Lee  had 
surrendered  his  sword  to  Grant  at  Appo- 
mattox.  In  this  skirmish  Mr.  Mustard 
was  a  personal  witness  to  the  death  of  the 
last  man  killed  in  arms  during  the  Civil 
war.  This  man  was  Jefferson  Williams,  of 
Company  B  of  the  34th  Indiana.  Mr. 
Mustard  was  given  his  muster  out  at 
Brownsville,  Texas,  February  3,  1866,  and 
granted  his  honorable  discharge  on  Febru- 
ary llth  of  the  same  year. 

Returning  to  Anderson,  he  went  to  work 
in  his  father's  shoe  shop,  but  was  soon 
called  to  larger  responsibilities  and  duties. 
March  3,  1868,  he  was  appointed  deputy 
auditor  of  Madison  County  under  James 
M.  Dixon.  He  filled  the  duties  of  .that, 
office  2l/2  years,  and  then  was  successively 
employed  as  clerk  in  the  county  treasurer's 
office  under  Dr.  Joseph  Pugh,  six  months 
in  the  recorder's  office  and  finally  as  deputy 
clerk  under  Thomas  J.  Fleming. 

In  1871  Mr.  Mustard  entered  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Anderson  as  bookkeeper, 
and  was  with  that  institution  until  August, 
1873.  He  then  resumed  his  public  duties 
as  deputy  treasurer  under  Weems  Heagy 
and  was  his  deputy  throughout  his  term. 
All  of  this  experience  made  him  thorough 
master  of  the  technicalities  of  administra- 
tion of  various  county  offices,  and  there 
was  no  question  of  his  fitness  when  Mr. 
Mustard  came  before  the  people  of  Madison 
County  as  candidate  for  county  treasurer 
in  1876.  He  was  elected  on  the  same  ticket 
with  "Blue  Jeans"  Williams,  who  that 
year  became  governor  of  Indiana,  and  Mr. 
Mustard  received  a  decisive  personal  com- 
pliment in  having  two  hundred  votes  more 
than  the  rest  of  his  ticket.  In  1878  he 
was  reelected  and  he  continued  in  office 
until  August  15,  1881. 

On  retiring  from  office  Mr.  Mustard 
became  one  of  the  managers  of  the  Citizens' 
Bank,  the  oldest  banking  institution  in 


Madison  County.  It  had  been  founded  in 
1855  by  Neal  C.  McCullough  and  other 
associates.  Mr.  Mustard  was  a  member  of 
the  firm  from  1881  to  1884,  and  soon  after- 
ward he  headed  a  combination  which 
bought  the  Madison  County  Bank,  a  state 
institution,  and  in  1886  the  two  were  con- 
solidated as  the  Citizens  Bank.  Mr. 
Mustard  thereafter  gave  most  of  his  time 
to  the  executive  responsibilities  of  the  bank 
and  in  1905  was  made  president.  On  Janu- 
ary 1,  1917,  he  retired  from  the  office  of 
president,  but  has  since  been  chairman  of 
the  bpard  of  directors.  The  Citizens  Bank 
has  enjoyed  a  long  period  of  prosperity. 
It  has  capital  of  a  hundred  and  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars,  surplus  of  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  and  its  deposits  aggregate  nearly  a 
million  and  a  half  dollars. 

Mr.  Mustard  has  been  the  recipient  of 
many  honors  of  both  business  and  politics. 
On  March  23,  1909,  Thomas  R.  Marshall, 
then  governor  of  Indiana,  appointed  him  a 
trustee  of  the  Indiana  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
Home,  and  he  has  had  a  place  on  the  board 
ever  since.  Since  1903  he  has  been  treas- 
urer of  the  Central  Indiana  Railway  Com- 
pany. 

., Mr.  Mustard  has  been  for  fifty  years  a 
member  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  has  held  all  the  chairs  and  all  the 
honors  which  the  local  lodge  can  bestow 
and  for  about  thirty  years  was  treasurer  of 
Anderson  Lodge  No.  131,  and  of  Star  En- 
campment No.  84.  He  also  belongs  to 
Grand  Army  Post  No.  131,  and  attends  the 
Christian  Science  Church. 

October  2,  1871,  he  married  Miss  Adda 
Ethell,  daughter  of  William  G.  and  Eliz- 
abeth (Williams)  Ethell,  of  Anderson. 
Her  family  were  early  residents  of  Dela- 
ware and  Madison  counties,  and  her  father 
was  a  civil  engineer.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mus- 
tard have  two  children,  Fred  E.,  elsewhere 
referred  to  in  this  publication,  and  Ethel 
Mary.  The  daughter  is  now  the  wife  of 
Frank  C.  Cline,  proprietor  of  the  F.  C. 
Cline  Lumber  Company  of  Anderson.  Mrs. 
and  Mrs.  Cline  have  two  children,  Adelaide 
Joanna,  born  in  1908,  and  Frances,  born  in 
1914. 

What  an  old  time  political  and  business 
associate  wrote  of  Mr.  Mustard  several 
years  ago  is  an  apt  characterization  whirh 
needs  no  revision  at  the  present  time.  ' '  In- 
dustrious to  a  fault,  temperate  at  all  times 
and  under  all  circumstances,  frugal  and 


miiuc 

W/VERSI7Y  Of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1291 


cautious  in  the  disposition  of  his  means, 
Daniel  F.  Mustard  has  for  a  number  of 
years  been  honorably  accumulating  for 
himself  and  family  a  handsome  compe- 
tence. In  his  public  as  well  as  private 
relations  with  fellow  citizens  it  can  be 
truthfully  said  that  his  honesty  has  never 
been  questioned  or  brought  into  question. 
Strong  in  his  attachments  and  quick  to 
appreciate  the  generous  act,  he  can  appeal 
confidently  to  his  generation  and  to  those 
who  have  known  him  from  childhood,  in 
sunshine  and  shade,  to  say  that  he  has  not 
been  ungrateful." 

JAMES  A.  HOUSEB,  M.  D.  One  of  the 
most  widely  known  men  of  Indianapolis  is 
Dr.  James  A.  Houser,  physician,  scholar, 
original  thinker,  lecturer,  who  has  doubt- 
less rendered  his  best  service  to  humanity 
and  inspiration  through  his  independence 
and  fearlessness  in  expressing  himself  and 
his  ideals  without  fear  of  the  convention- 
alities of  existence  which  so  often  thwart 
and  deaden  the  best  in  men  or  women. 

Doctor  Houser  was  born  in  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio,  March  22,  1847.  His  grand- 
father, Peter  Houser,  of  German  ancestry, 
was  a  native  of  Rockingham  County,  Vir- 
ginia, was  a  farmer  and  also  owner  of  a 
small  mill.  In  pioneer  times  he  blazed  his 
way  across  the  mountains  and  through  the 
wilderness  into  Ohio,  and  paid  12y2  cents 
an  acre  for  a  tract  of  Government  land. 

It  was  on  this  pioneer  farm  that  George 
H.  Houser,  father  of  Doctor  Houser,  was 
born  in  1819.  He  grew  up  in  that  environ- 
ment, and  followed  farming  and  milling. 
He  was  also  a  Free  Will  Baptist  preacher, 
was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  was  postmaster  of  the  village 
of  Tiviton.  He  married  Roanna  Stanton 
who  was  a  native  of  Maryland.  Her  grand- 
father in  that  state  was  once  a  large  slave 
owner,  but  from  the  pressure  of  his  con- 
science emancipated  his  slaves,  dividing 
his  property  with  them,  and  leaving  his 
children  almost  destitute.  For  this  reason 
Doctor  Houser 's  maternal  grandfather 
came  to  Ohio  and  learned  the  blacksmith's 
trade,  which  he  followed  during  his  life. 
In  1863  George  H.  Houser  removed  to  In- 
diana and  he  died  at  Scipio.  There  were 
ten  children  in  the  family,  five  now  living, 
and  Doctor  Houser  was  third  in  order  of 
birth. 

His  boyhood  days  were  spent  in  hard 


work  and  his  advantages  were  confined  to 
the  common  schools.  Between  the  ages  of 
twelve  and  fourteen  he  was  a  boat  driver 
on  the  Miami  and  Erie  canal  from  Cincin- 
nati to  Toledo.  When  recalling  this  inci- 
dent of  his  early  experience  Doctor  Houser 
went  on  to  say :  ' '  As  I  did  not  dream  of 
such  a  position  being  a  stepping  stone  to- 
the  presidency  of  this  great  country,  I 
thoughtlessly  let  Garfield  get  the  prize, 
he  being  largely  helped  in  the  campaign 
because  he  was  a  boat  boy." 

Whatever  his  early  environment  it  was. 
not  sufficient  to  stifle  his  talents  or  obstruct 
for  long  a  steadfast  ambition.  For  several 
years  of  his  young  manhood  he  alternated 
between  one  calling  and  another.  For  a 
time  he  preached  the  gospel.  During  the 
wave  of  phrenology  which  spread  over  the 
country  he  gave  that  subject  thorough 
study,  and  did  a  good  deal  of  lecturing. 
It  was  this  work  that  gave  him  the  oppor- 
tunity to  study  medicine  and  means  for 
attending  medical  school.  He  attended 
the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  in  1886  graduated  from  the  To- 
ledo Medical  College  of  Toledo,  Ohio.  Al- 
ready for  some  eight  years  as  an  under 
graduate  he  had  practiced  medicine,  and  in 
1891  he  located  permanently  at  Indianap- 
olis, which  has  since  been  his  home,  though 
his  work  and  interests  have  often  taken 
him  far  afield.  For  the  most  part  Doctor 
Houser  has  specialized  on  diseases  of  the 
brain  and  derangements  of  the  nervous 
system.  He  owned  a  beautiful  home  and 
ample  grounds  at  Indianapolis,  which  he 
called  "The  Island  of  Dreams,"  and  he 
planned  the  realization  of  some  of  the 
most  cherished  ideals  of  his  life  in  convert- 
ing this  home  into  a  great  Phrenopathic 
Sanitarium,  where  he  would  have  taught 
his  system  of  religious  thought  and  also 
educated  and  trained  a  staff  of  competent 
men  to  carry  on  the  work  after  him. 

Doctor  Houser  has  delivered  more  than 
6,000  lectures  on  various  subjects  through- 
out the  middle  west,  and  it  is  through  his 
work  as  a  lecturer  that  he  has  perhaps  be- 
come most  widely  known.  In  later  years 
the  demands  of  his  practice  have  inter- 
fered seriously  with  his  lecturing  tours. 

Doctor  Houser  is  not  the  only  man  in 
the  medical  profession  who  has  become 
deeply  and  vitally  interested  in  those  rela- 
tionships which  undoubtedly  exist  between 
mind  and  matter,  and  out  of  his  original 


• 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1291 


cautious  in  the  disposition  of  his  means, 
Daniel  F.  Mustard  has  for  a  number  of 
years  been  honorably  accumulating  for 
himself  and  family  a  handsome  compe- 
tence. In  his  public  as  well  as  private 
relations  with  fellow  citizens  it  can  be 
truthfully  said  that  his  honesty  has  never 
been  questioned  or  brought  into  question. 
Strong  in  his  attachments  and  quick  to 
appreciate  the  generous  act,  he  can  appeal 
confidently  to  his  generation  and  to  those 
who  have  known  him  from  childhood,  in 
sunshine  and  shade,  to  say  that  he  has  not 
been  ungrateful." 

JAMES  A.  HOUSER.  M.  D.  One  of  the 
most  widely  known  men  of  Indianapolis  is 
Dr.  James  A.  Houser,  physician,  scholar, 
original  thinker,  lecturer,  who  has  doubt- 
less rendered  his  best  service  to  humanity 
and  inspiration  through  his  independence 
and  fearlessness  in  expressing  himself  and 
his  ideals  without  fear  of  the  convention- 
alities of  existence  which  so  often  thwart 
and  deaden  the  best  in  men  or  women. 

Doctor  Houser  was  born  in  Fairtield 
County,  Ohio,  March  22.  1847.  His  grand- 
father, Peter  Houser,  of  German  ancestry, 
was  a  native  of  Rockingham  County,  Vir- 
ginia, was  a  farmer  and  also  owner  of  a 
small  mill.  In  pioneer  times  he  blazed  his 
way  across  the  mountains  and  through  the 
wilderness  into  Ohio,  and  paid  121,  L.  cents 
an  acre  for  a  tract  of  Government  land. 

It  was  on  this  pioneer  farm  that  George 
II .  Houser,  father  of  Doctor  Houser,  was 
born  in  1819.  He  grew  up  in  that  environ- 
ment, and  followed  farming  and  milling. 
He  was  also  a  Free  Will  Baptist  preacher, 
was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  was  postmaster  of  the  village 
of  Tiviton.  He  married  Roanna  Stanton 
who  was  a  native  of  Maryland.  Her  grand- 
father in  that,  state  was  once  a  large  slave 
owner,  but  from  the  pressure  of  his  con- 
science emancipated  his  slaves,  dividing 
his  property  with  them,  and  leaving  his 
children  almost  destitute.  For  this  reason 
Doctor  Houser 's  maternal  grandfather 
came  to  Ohio  and  learned  the  blacksmith's 
trade,  which  he  followed  during  his  life. 
In  1863  George  II.  Houser  removed  to  In- 
diana and  he  died  at  Seipio.  There  were 
ten  children  in  the  family,  five  now  living, 
and  Doctor  Houser  was  third  in  order  of 
birth. 

His  boyhood   days  were  spent  in   hard 


work  and  his  advantages  were  confined  to 
the  common  schools.  Between  the  ages  of 
twelve  and  fourteen  he  was  a  boat  driver 
on  the  Miami  and  Erie  canal  from  Cincin- 
nati to  Toledo.  When  recalling  this  inci- 
dent of  his  early  experience  Doctor  Houser 
went  on  to  say :  * '  As  I  did  not  dream  of 
such  a  position  being  a  stepping  stone  to 
the  presidency  of  this  great  country.  I 
thoughtlessly  let  Gartield  get  the  |  rize, 
he  being  largely  helped  in  the  campaign 
because  he  was  a  boat  boy." 

Whatever  his  early  environment  it  was 
not  sufficient  to  stifle  his  talents  or  obstruct 
for  long  a  steadfast  ambition.  For  several 
years  of  his  young  manhood  he  alternated 
between  one  calling  and  another.  For  a 
time  he  preached  the  gospel.  During  the 
wave  of  phrenology  which  spread  over  the 
country  he  gave  that  subject  thorough 
study,  and  did  a  good  deal  of  lecturing. 
It  was  this  work  that  gave  him  the  oppor- 
tunity to  study  medicine  and  means  for 
attending  medical  school.  He  attended 
the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  in  1886  graduated  from  the  To- 
ledo Medical  College  of  Toledo.  Ohio.  Al- 
ready for  some  eight  years  a.s  an  under 
graduate  he  had  practiced  medicine,  and  iu 
1891  he  located  permanently  at  Indianap- 
olis, which  has  since  been  his  home,  though 
his  work  and  interests  have  often  taken 
him  far  afield.  For  the  most  part  Doctor 
Houser  has  specialized  on  diseases  of  the 
brain  and  derangements  of  the  nervous 
system.  He  owned  a  beautiful  home  and 
ample  grounds  at  Indianapolis,  which  he 
called  "The  Island  of  Dreams,"  and  he 
planned  the  realization  of  snine  of  the 
most  cherished  ideals  of  his  life  in  convert- 
ing this  home  into  a  great  I'hrenopathic 
Sanitarium,  where  he  would  have  taught 
his  system  of  religious  thought  and  also 
educated  and  trained  a  staff  of  competent 
men  to  carry  on  the  work  after  him. 

Doctor  Ilouser  has  delivered  more  than 
6.000  lectures  on  various  subjects  through- 
out the  middle  west,  and  it  is  through  his 
work  as  a  lecturer  that  he  has  perhaps  be- 
come most  widely  known.  In  later  years 
the  demands  of  his  practice  have  inter- 
fered seriously  with  his  lecturing  tours. 

Doctor  Houser  is  not  the  only  man  in 
the  medical  profession  who  has  become 
deeply  and  vitally  interested  in  those  rela- 
tionships which  undoubtedly  exist  between 
mind  and  matter,  and  out  of  his  original 


1292 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


study  and  long  observation  he  has  evolved 
a  unique  system  of  religious  thought,  which 
can  best  be  expressed  in  his  own  words. 

"I  teach  that  life  is  an  ethereal,  sub- 
limated, intelligent  energy  in  atomic  form, 
and  has  the  wisdom  and  power  to  create 
animated  forms  to  body  forth  the  ideal  of 
life  such  as  we  see.  Each  atom  builds  a 
cell  in  which  it  performs  its  share  of  the 
functions  of  life  of  the  organ  of  which 
it  is  a  part.  The  atoms  of  life  belong  to  a 
world  of  life  just  as  the  atoms  of  earthly 
matter  belong  to  a  world,  as  ours  of  mat- 
ter. 

"Life  is  infinite  in  duration,  immortal, 
indestructible,  and  is  the  Divine  Essence 
working  out  the  destiny  of  creation, 
through  all  time,  giving  higher,  and  still 
higher,  expressions  of  life  till  its  work 
reaches  the  eternal  harmony  of  the  In- 
finite All. 

"The  union  of  life  with  earthy  matter, 
giving  animation  to  an  organic  body,  cre- 
ates a  new  being,  the  personified  identity 
of  the  life  of  the  created,  material  being. 
This  is  the  after  life,  the  soul.  I  mean  the 
soul  is  the  offspring  of  human  life  on  earth. 
The  death  of  the  person  is  the  birth  of  the 
soul. 

"The  soul  is  a  personality,  an  individ- 
ualized being,  with  the  faculties  spiritual- 
ized, and  passes  to  the  spirit  world  the 
fourth  dimensional  space.  Here  to  con- 
tinue the  advancement  of  life  to  the  higher 
stages. 

"I  capitalize  Life  and  its  attributes,  as 
I  claim  Life  is  God  and  God  is  Life." 

More  than  most  men  Doctor  Houser  is 
well  fitted  for  that  leadership  which  de- 
pends upon  fearless  independent  thinking 
and  action.  His  ability  to  eliminate  other 
persons  and  the  conventionalities  and  con- 
ditions so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the 
expression  of  himself  and  his  ideas  is  illus- 
trated in  an  incident  which  he  relates 
briefly  as  follows:  "In  1896  I  went  to 
Europe  and  made  a  Fourth  of  July  speech 
on  the  battlefield  of  Waterloo.  I  was, 
when  this  oration  was  made,  alone,  beside 
the  British  monument  on  top  of  the  earth 
mound.  It  satisfied  my  longing,  though  I 
had  no  one  to  listen,  except  the  Belgians 
down  in  the  field  below  hoeing  potatoes." 

The  mention  of  this  battlefield  around 
which  the  armies  of  the  world  are  now 
surging  in  conflict  brings  up  a  fact  that 


should  not  be  allowed  to  pass,  and  that  is 
that  Doctor  Houser  regarded  as  one  of  the 
chief  events  of  his  life  his  subscription  of 
$40,000  to  the  First  Liberty  Loan.  He  has 
always  enjoyed  most  congenial  relation- 
ships with  his  fellow  men,  and  is  a  lover 
of  humanity  and  good  society.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club. 

On  Decoration  Day,  1873,  Doctor  Houser 
married  Julia  Louise  Pettijohn.  She  was 
born  at  Westfield,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Amos  Pettijohn,  a  pioneer  of  that 
town.  Doctor  Pettijohn  was  well  known  in 
the  ante  bellum  days  as  an  agent  of  the 
"underground  railway."  Doctor  and  Mrs. 
Houser  have  five  children,  all  living  and 
all  married :  Lulu  Gunita,  Mrs.  Herbert  E. 
Hess,  of  Plymouth,  Indiana;  Fred  Amos, 
a  minister  of  the  gospel  living  at  Milwau- 
kee; Anna  Love,  wife  of  George  B.  Wei- 
gand  of  Indianapolis;  Bertrand  A.,  now 
a  lieutenant  in  the  regular  army ;  and  Ben- 
jamin J.,  of  Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Houser 
died  in  January,  1916. 

WILLIS  STANLEY  BLATCHLEY,  author, 
and  state  geologist  of  Indiana  1894-1910, 
was  born  at  North  Madison,  Connecticut, 
October  6,  1859.  He  was  attracted  to  the 
natural  sciences,  and  after  removing  to 
Indiana  he  became  a  teacher  of  science  in 
the  Terre  Haute  High  School.  He  also 
attended  Indiana  University,  where  he  spe- 
cialized under  David  Starr  Jordan  and 
John  C.  Branner,  graduating  in  1887.  He 
was  an  assistant  in  the  Arkansas  Geolog- 
ical Survey,  1889-90,  and  a  member  of  Sco- 
vell's  scientific  expedition  to  Old  Mexico 
in  1891. 

Mr.  Blatchley  is  an  all-round  scientist, 
having  published  more  than  fifty  books  and 
treatises,  covering  a  wide  range  of  subjects 
from  his  first  publication  on  the  "Orthop- 
tera  of  Indiana,"  in  1892,  to  his  "Indiana 
Weed  Book"  in  1912.  His  most  formida- 
ble scientific  work  is  his  "Coleoptera  of 
Indiana,"  published  in  1910.  On  this  sub- 
ject he  is  the  ultimate  authority. 

The  poetical  side  of  science  appeals  to 
Mr.  Blatchley,  and  he  has  published  sev- 
eral volumes  in  popular  vein  that  have 
been  widely  read,  such  as  "Gleanings  From 
Nature"  (1899),  "A  Nature  Wooing" 
(1902),  "Boulder  Reveries"  (1906),  and 
"Woodland  Idyls"  (1912).  Included  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1293 


these  are  studies  of  Indiana  natural  science 
topics  as  to  which  little  information  is  else- 
where available. 

Mr.  Blatchley  was  married  on  May  2, 
1882,  to  Clara  A.  Fordice,  of  Russellville, 
Indiana.  He  is  at  present  engaged  in  sci- 
entific research  in  Florida. 

ARCH  DAVIS.  It  is  always  a  matter  of 
general  interest  to  follow  the  successive 
stages  by  which  a  successful  business  man 
rises  to  his  present  position.  When  Arch 
Davis  of  Newcastle  was  sixteen  years  of  age 
he  accepted  an  opportunity  to  work  as  de- 
livery boy  for  Horace  Johnson,  a  local 
groceryman.  One  year  at  that,  and  he  took 
inside  work  in  the  clothing  house  of  R.  D. 
Goodwin.  He  was  not  assigned  a  definite 
task,  but  was  told  to  make  himself  generally 
useful,  and  his  name  was  put  on  the  pay- 
roll at  four  dollars  a  week.  That  experience 
lasted  also  a  year.  Then  followed  a  period 
of  three  months  which  was  more  fruitful 
of  experience  than  wages,  but  gave  him  a 
good  knowledge  of  western  life.  He  spent 
those  months  chiefly  at  Cheyenne,  Wyom- 
ing. On  returning  to  Newcastle  he  worked 
in  a  garage,  drove  an  express  wagon,  and 
was  also  night  clerk  in  the  Bundy  Hotel. 
For  one  year  he  was  employed  as  time- 
keeper by  the  contractor  who  built  the  Max- 
well Automobile  Factory.  There  were 
other  minor  forms  of  employment,  but  they 
may  perhaps  go  without  special  mention. 

At  present  Mr.  Davis  is  junior  partner 
and  president  of  the  corporation  known  as 
Clift  &  Davis,  the  leading  firm  of  New- 
castle shoe  merchants.  He  got  his  first 
experience  in  the  shoe  business  with  his 
father  under  the  name  Davis  &  Sons,  with 
a  store  on  Broad  Street.  He  spent  two 
years  there,  learned  the  business,  later  sold 
his  interest  and  went  to  work  for  Gaddis 
&  Gotfried,  another  firm  of  shoe  mer- 
chants. He  was  also  manager  for  three 
months  of  the  Lawson  Shoe  Store  on  Broad 
Street,  until  that  business  was  sold.  He 
was  again  in  the  employ  of  the  firm  of 
Smith  &  Gotfried  for  a  short  time,  and 
was  then  employed  by  the  firm  of  Clift 
&  Hayes.  When  that  business  was  in- 
corporated Mr.  Davis  acquired  a  thou- 
sand dollars  worth  of  the  stock,  and  in 
February,  1916,  he  and  Mr.  Clift  bought 
out  the  Hayes  interests,  leaving  the  present 
firm  of  Clift  &  Davis. 

Mr.  Davis  was  born  at  Newcastle  in  Sep- 
voi.  m— e 


tember,  1888,  a  son  of  Mark  and  Jennie 
(Allender)  Davis.  He  grew  up  in  this 
city  and  attended  the  public  schools,  in- 
cluding two  years  of  high  school  work  be- 
fore he  began  his  career  as  a  delivery  boy. 

Mr.  Davis  represents  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  Henry  County.  His  great- 
grandfather Aquila  Davis,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  married  Lucretia  Hatfield,  came 
tp  Henry  County,  Indiana,  in  1826  and 
settled  at  Richwood  in  Fall  Creek  Town- 
ship. He  died  there  in  1850.  Among  their 
nine  children  was  Aquila  Davis,  Jr.,  grand- 
father of  Arch  Davis.  Aquila,  Jr.,  was 
born  in  Ohio  December  6,  1813,  and  was 
about  thirteen  years  old  when  the  family 
came  to  Henry  County.  He  cleared  up  a 
farm  in  the  midst  of  the  woods  three  miles 
north  of  Newcastle,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
paid  for  eighty  acres  of  land  with  money 
he  received  from  two  years  wages  at  $150 
a  year.  Later  he  acquired  another  farm  of 
160  acres,  and  prospered  and  reared  his 
family  there.  In  the  fall  of  1879  he  moved 
to  Newcastle,  and  lived  retired.  He  married 
Linne  Harvey,  who  died  in  August.  1879, 
the  mother  of  six  children,  the  youngest 
of  whom  was  Mark  Davis,  father  of  the 
Newcastle  merchant. 

Mr.  Arch  Davis  married  in  May,  1912, 
Miss  Mabel  Van  Camp,  daughter  of  Charles 
Pinckney  Van  Camp.  They  have  two 
children,  March  C.,  born  in  1913,  and  Ellen 
Jane,  born  in  1915.  Mr.  Davis  is  a  re- 
publican, as  was  his  father  and  grand- 
father before  him,  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks  and  the  Christian  Church. 

CHARLES  DANIEL  RATCL.IFFE  is  president 
and  treasurer  of  the  Ratcliffe  Realty  Com- 
pany, Incorporated,  of  Newcastle.  He  and 
Mrs.  Ratcliffe  are  the  corporation,  and 
their  prosperity  dates  from  their  marriage. 
They  have  worked  hard,  have  kept  widen- 
ing and  extending  their  interests,  and  now 
have  one  of  the  best  and  largst  concerns  of 
its  kind  in  Henry  County. 

Mr.  Ratcliffe  was  born  at  Broad  Ripple 
in  Marion  County,  Indiana,  in  1886,  son 
of  Thomas  and  Cora  (Culbertson)  Rat- 
cliffe. His  paternal  ancestors  were  Eng- 
lish and  Welsh.  His  father  came  from 
Wales  in  1876,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight, 
locating  at  Indianapolis  among  friends  and 
fellow  countrymen.  He  had  learned  the 
trade  of  pattern  maker  in  Wales,  and  at 


1294 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


Indianapolis  he  opened  a  shop  on  the  site 
of  the  present  Bryce  bakery.  He  was  in 
business  for  many  years,  retiring  in  1908. 
His  wife  is  still  living. 

Charles  D.  Ratcliffe  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis,  and  in  his  father's 
shop  learned  the  trade  of  pattern  maker. 
After  that  he  worked  as  a  journeyman  two 
years  and  in  1907  came  to  Newcastle  and 
secured  employment  as  a  pattern  maker 
with  the  Maxwell-Briscoe  Automobile  Com- 
pany at  $12  a  week  wages.  He  was 
with  that  concern  seven  years  and  the 
savings  he  and  his  wife  were  able  to  ac- 
cumulate from  that  experience  became  the 
basis  and  the  capital  for  the  Ratcliffe 
Realty  Company. 

In  1909  Mr.  Ratcliffe  married  Miss  Ella 
Mitten,  daughter  of  James  and  Barbara 
(Calenbaugh)  Mitten  of  Newcastle.  They 
have  one  daughter,  Catherine,  born  in  1910. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Ratcliffe  bought 
a  house  on  time,  having  not  even  enough  to 
make  a  partial  payment.  Then  in  1915  he 
and  his  wife  incorporated  the  present  com- 
pany, and  they  now  own  all  the  stock.  This 
business  is  an  efficient  organization  for  the 
handling  of  all  classes  of  real  estate  prop- 
erty and  loans,  and  they  do  a  large  volume 
of  fire  insurance,  representing  the  well 
known  Globe,  Rutgers,  Buffalo,  New  Bruns- 
wick and  American  Companies.  Mr.  Rat- 
cliffe has  considerable  city  property  in 
Newcastle. 

He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order 
and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  Mrs.  Rat- 
cliffe is  an  officer  in  the  Eastern  Star.  He 
is  a  republican,  and  both  are  members  of 
St.  James  Episcopal  Church. 

WILLIAM  TYRE  WHITTINGTON  was  born 
on  a  farm  in  Brown  Township,  Montgom- 
ery County,  Indiana,  on  the  21st  day  of 
December,  1861,  and  died  in  his  fiftieth 
year  on  March  28,  1912, 

He  was  one  of  those  unusual  men  who 
live  a  long  life  in  a  brief  period  of  years. 

He  attended  the  local  public  schools  near 
his  father's  home  in  Brown  Township, 
Montgomery  County,  Indiana,  until  he  was 
eighteen  years  of  age,  after  which  he 
finished  his  education  in  the  Ladoga  Nor- 
mal and  Wabash  College.  He  took  a  special 
law  course  in  the  University  of  Michigan 
at  Ann  Arbor,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1887,  doing  two  years  work  in  one. 

"When  he  returned  home  he  began  the 


practice  of  law  in  Crawfordsville,  Indiana, 
where  he  was  in  active  practice  continu- 
ously until  the  time  of  his  death. 

He  was  first  associated  in  the  practice  of 
law  with  John  H.  Burford,  who  later 
moved  to  Oklahoma  and  became  dis- 
tinguished as  the  chief  justice  of  that  state. 
He  was  then  associated  in  the  practice  of 
law  with  Judge  A.  D.  Thomas  for  several 
years,  and  up  until  about  1901.  He  then 
took  his  brother,  Walter  A.  Whittington, 
into  the  firm  under  the  name  of  Whitting- 
ton &  Whittington,  which  continued  until 
about  1904,  when  his  brother's  failing 
health  required  him  to  withdraw  from  the 
firm  and  go  to  a  different  climate. 

During  the  last  seven  years  of  his  life 
he  was  associated  in  the  practice  of  law 
with  Robert  H.  Williams  under  the  firm 
name  of  Whittington  &  Williams. 

William  Tyre  Whittington 's  career 
brought  him  well  deserved  fame  in  the 
State  of  Indiana  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a 
public  spirited  citizen  ever  ready  to  take 
a  firm  and  active  stand  for  the  better 
things  in  civil,  political  and  religious  life. 
Few  men  have  accomplished  so  much  in 
so  short  a  time. 

The  members  of  the  Montgomery  County 
Bar  with  whom  he  had  practiced  law  for 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  paid  this 
tribute  to  him  in  a  memorial  adopted  by 
the  Bar  at  the  time  of  his  death : 

"His  fine  mental  equipment  and  great 
energy  could  always  be  enlisted  in  causes 
that  went  to  the  uplifting  and  betterment 
of  social  conditions.  He  loved  men  and 
the  things  that  make  for  true  manhood. 
And  while  he  was  a  lover  of  his  fellowmen, 
yet  he  was  always  ready  to  battle  against 
conditions  and  forces  that  he  thought  had 
a  tendency  to  thwart  and  hinder  the 
growth  of  the  best  and  noblest  in  men.  He 
placed  a  high  estimate  on  the  worth  of  men, 
and  had  an  unshaken  faith  in  God. 

"As  an  attorney  William  T.  Whittington 
was  enveloped  with  a  consuming  purpose 
to  wear  the  laurels  of  clean  and  dignified 
professional  success.  He  has  left  to  us  the 
legacy  of  his  accomplishment  of  this  high 
purpose.  Few  men  have  done  so  much  in 
so  short  a  time.  His  zeal  in  this  work  we 
can  not  portray  with  words ;  it  may  not  be 
too  much  to  say  that  it  contributed  to  his 
untimely  death.  His  striking  character- 
istics as  a  lawyer  were  his  versatility,  his 
energy  and  his  courage. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1295 


"But  the  life  of  this  man  was  not  limited 
to  his  profession.  He  was  a  vital  force  in 
the  affairs  of  his  community  and  state.  He 
gave  time,  counsel  and  money  to  aid  the 
church  and  the  best  things  in  civic  life.  He 
loved  books  and  education,  read  history 
and  romance,  and  when  absent  from  the 
contest  he  delighted  to  rest  near  the  gentle 
heart  of  nature.  In  his  home  he  gave  a 
joyous  glow  of  warmth  to  every  comer, 
about  his  fireside  he  was  wisdom,  strength, 
gentleness  and  mirth." 

To  William  and  Rebecca  Whittington 
were  born  twelve  children,  nine  sons  and 
three  daughters,  of  which  family  of  chil- 
dren William  Tyre  Whittington  was  the 
sixth. 

His  father,  William  Whittington,  was 
born  in  Shelby  County,  Kentucky,  Novem- 
ber 17,  1825,  and  died  November  11,  1915. 
He  was  a  farmer  by  occupation — a  man  of 
sterling  qualities  and  Christian  character. 

His  mother,  Rebecca  Whittington,  was 
born  in  Montgomery  County,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 17,  1833,  and  was  a  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Reese  L.  Davis,  one  of  the  pioneer 
Baptist  ministers  of  Montgomery  County, 
Indiana,  and  Elizabeth  Rice  Davis,  a 
woman  of  fine  qualities  and  Christian 
character.  Mr.  Whittington 's  mother 
naturally  followed  the  traits  of  her  pioneer 
father  and  mother,  and  was  a  fine  Christian 
spirited,  motherly,  home-loving  woman. 

William  Tyre  Wihittington  was  united 
in  marriasre  with  Miss  Elva  Jane  Deere, 
October  26,  1887.  From  this  union  two 
daughters  were  born :  Mildred  Davis  Whit- 
tington, born  April  11,  1899,  and  Mary 
Joel  Whittington,  born  February  21,  1901. 
The  older  daughter,  Mildred,  died  June  1, 
1903,  in  her  fourth  year.  The  wife,  Elva 
D.  Whittinpton.  and  the  younger  daughter, 
Mary  Joel  Whittington,  have  continued  to 
live  in  the  Whittington  homestead  at  209 
South  Grant  Avenue,  Crawfordsville,  In- 
dia^a,  since  the  death  of  Mr.  Whittington. 

His  widow,  Elva  D.  Whittington,  was 
the  sixth  of  ten  children,  seven  sons  and 
three  daughters,  of  the  union  of  Joel  Gar- 
nett  Deere  and  Mary  E.  McGrieg,  who 
were  united  in  marriage  April  19,  1849. 

Joel  G.  Deere,  was  one  of  the  early 
pioneers,  having  been  born  in  Shelby 
County,  Kentucky,  March  29,  1828.  and 
brought  to  Montgomery  County,  Indiana, 
when  nine  months  old.  His  father,  the 
grandfather  of  Mrs.  Whittington,  built  the 


first  flour  mill  in  Montgomery  County,  In- 
diana, and  Joel  G.  Deere  practically  grew 
up  in  that  mill  and  afterwards  became  its 
owner.  The  site  of  this  mill  is  on  Sugar 
Creek,  about  fifteen  miles  below  Crawfords- 
ville. The  mill  still  stands  and  is  known  as 
Deere 's  Mill.  Joel  G.  Deere  died  on  the  9th 
day  of  February,  1903,  but  the  mother; 
Mary  E.  Deere,  and  widow  of  Joel  G. 
Deere,  still  survives  and  is  living  with  her 
daughter,  Mrs.  Elva  D.  Whittington,  at  the 
Whittington  home  on  Grant  Avenue. 

William  Tyre  Whittington  loved  his 
home,  and  was  very  devoted  to  his  wife  and 
children,  and  never  fully  recovered  from 
the  blow  he  received  because  of  the  death 
of  his  daughter  Mildred.  He  was  very  ap- 
preciative of  the  help  his  wife  gave  him  in 
his  successful  career. 

His  wife,  Elva  D.  Whittington,  always 
took  an  active  part  in  all  forms  of  com- 
munity, church  and  club  affairs,  and  at  the 
same  time,  keeping  her  home  as  the  main 
shrine  about  which  herself  and  family  wor- 
shipped. This  home  gave  a  joyous  glow  of 
warmth  to  every  comer,  and  Mr.  Whitting- 
ton delighted  in  his  home,  and  the  home 
ties  between  himself,  his  wife  and  family. 

William  Tyre  Whittington  was  a  man 
of  great  eloquence  and  his  services  as  an 
orator  were  in  demand  not  only  for  politi- 
cal but  for  other  occasions.  One  of  the 
many  public  addresses  which  he  made  in 
the  state  was  the  address  at  the  dedication 
of  the  Soldiers  Monument  on  the  Court 
House  corner  in  Crawfordsville.  He  was 
a  republican  in  politics,  an  active  Mason, 
a  member  of  the  Eastern  Star  and  Knights 
of  Pythias.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
united  with  the  Baptist  Church  at  Free- 
dom and  later  and  up  until  the  time  of  his 
death  was  an  active  member  of  the  Baptist 
Church  at  Crawfordsville. 

His  practice  in  law  was  wide.  As  a 
lawyer  he  represented  a  large  number  of 
legitimate  and  important  interests,  and  his 
services  were  given  to  many  of  the  leading 
cases  tried  over  the  state.  About  his  last 
important  work  as  a  lawyer  and  business 
man  was  in  connection  with  the  receiver- 
ship of  the  Ben  Hur  Traction  Company  in 
the  Federal  courts  of  Indianapolis. 

He  accumulated  a  comfortable  compe- 
tency and  made  a  number  of  profitable  in- 
vestments, both  in  and  outside  of  the  state. 
He  used  his  means  intelligently,  and 
traveled  extensively  over  his  home  country, 


1296 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  was  very  fond  of  outdoor  life  and 
athletic  sports,  being  an  enthusiastic  golf 
player  and  member  of  the  Crawfordsville 
Country  Club  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

His  surviving  law  partner,  Robert  H. 
Williams,  paid  him  this  much  deserved 
tribute : 

"William  Tyre  Whittington  was  one  of 
the  ablest  lawyers  in  Indiana.  Most 
lawyers  are  fitted  for  a  few  special  phases 
of  their  work;  he  was  capable  and  skillful 
in  every  phase  of  it.  He  was  unexcelled  as 
a  trial  lawyer,  and  yet  equally  as  good  as 
an  office  lawyer — a  combination  that  is 
rare.  He  never  lacked  for  energy,  and  he 
never  shrank  from  work,  but  had  to  be 
driven  away  from  it.  His  client's  cause 
was  a  part  of  his  life.  During  the  seven 
years  I  was  closely  associated  with  him  in 
his  large  business,  I  never  knew  him  to 
make  a  statement  to  a  client  about  any 
matter  that  was  different  from  what  had 
been  gone  over  and  worked  out  in  consulta- 
tion out  of  the  client's  presence.  In  other 
words,  he  always  put  himself  in  his  client's 
position  and  worked  out  his  client's  cause 
as  carefully  and  sincerely  as  if  it  was  a 
matter  pertaining  to  his  own  personal  af- 
fairs. 

"He  was  one  of  the  most  sincere,  lovable, 
loyal,  upright  men  that  I  have  ever  known. 
He  approached  all  questions  in  a  well-bal- 
anced, conservative,  broadminded  manner, 
and  when  he.finally  arrived  at  a  conclusion, 
was  ever  ready  to  enter  into  negotiations 
to  secure  his  client's  rights  without  litiga- 
tion, but  if  this  could  not  be  accomplished, 
he  never  lacked  energy  and  courage  to 
champion  the  cause  at  the  bar  of  justice. 
No  client  represented  by  him  ever  had 
feeble  or  faint-hearted  support,  and  he 
never  lost  because  he  came  to  court  un- 
prepared. 

"For  years  he  walked  in  the  shadow  of 
death,  and  a  warning  voice  constantly 
called  him  away  from  those  activities  he 
loved  so  well,  yet  with  iron  will  he  daily 
faced  it  with  a  smile. 

"His  social  instinct  was  strong.  To  him 
Nature  was  bounteous  in  her  gifts.  His 
was  a  splendid  intellect,  a  warm  and  gener- 
ous heart,  a  character  upright  and  un- 
sullied. His  integrity  was  like  granite.  He 
loved  liberty  and  believed  in  equality  of 
opportunity  before  the  law. 

"He  lived  nobly  his  part.  His  life  and 
character,  his  career,  his  ideals,  his  con- 


duct and  his  achievements  may  well  chal- 
lenge the  admiration  of  those  who  knew 
him  best,  and  stand  as  a  fitting  example 
to  the  young  men  of  the  coming  genera- 
tion." 

JIRAH  ALSON  KITCHELL  is  a  contractor 
and  builder  of  long  and  successful  ex- 
perience and  has  done  much  as  an  investor 
and  in  a  professional  way  to  develop  the 
improvement  of  Michigan  City,  where  he 
has  had  his  home  and  business  headquar- 
ters for  a  number  of  years. 

Mr.  Kitchell  was  born  at  Whitehall,  now 
Lincoln,  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey,  in 
1862.  His  grandfather  was  a  native  of 
New  York  State  and  of  early  colonial  and 
Revolutionary  ancestry.  He  was  a  shoe- 
maker by  trade,  and  made  shoes  long  be- 
fore shoemakers  came  into  competition  with 
machinery  for  the  making  of  their  product. 
From  New  York  State  he  moved  to  New 
Jersey  and  spent  his  last  days  in  Morris 
County.  Isaac  M.  Kitchell,  father  of  Jirah 
A.,  was  born  in  Rockland  County,  New 
York,  October  11,  1838.  He  learned  his 
father's  trade  but  after  attaining  pro- 
ficiency found  that  the  business  was  seri- 
ously interfered  with  by  the  increasing 
number  of  shoe  factories,  and  he  turned  to 
another  occupation,  becoming  a  mason  in 
brick,  stone  and  plaster.  In  1868  he  went 
to  Illinois  and  located  at  Cerro  Gordo  for 
several  years.  After  the  great  Chicago  fire 
of  1871  he  turned  his  trade  to  good  account 
in  the  rebuilding  of  that  city,  but  in  1873 
removed  to  Lakeside,  Michigan,  and  con- 
tinued his  business  as  a  contractor  and 
builder  until  his  death  on  July  2,  1883. 
He  enlisted  September  2,  1862,  in  Com- 
pany D  of  the  Twenty-second  New  Jersey 
Volunteer  Infantry,  for  a  term  of  nine 
months.  He  was  in  the  South  with  his 
command  and  saw  active  service  in  a  num- 
ber of  battles  before  receiving  his  honor- 
able discharge  in  June,  1863.  He  married 
Elizabeth  DeMouth.  She  was  born  in 
Taylortown,  New  Jersey,  October  2,  1838. 
The  DeMouth  family  was  likewise  of  colo- 
nial and  Revolutionary  ancestry.  Jirah  De- 
Mouth  at  one  time  owned  a  considerable 
tract  of  land  in  Taylortown,  New  Jersey, 
and  besides  farming  was  a  charcoal  burner, 
burning  charcoal  for  a  number  of  local 
industries.  Mrs.  Isaac  M.  Kitchell  died 
February  20,  1890,  the  mother  of  seven 
children:  Jirah  Alson,  Ida  Jane,  Charles 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1297 


Elmer,    Herbert    Melvin,    Isaac    Irving, 
Frank  DeMouth  and  Grace  Elizabeth. 

J.  A.  Kitchell  was  schooled  in  New  Jer- 
sey, at  Cerro  Gordo,  Illinois,  and  in  Chi- 
cago, and  also  attended  school  after  his 
father  removed  to  Lakeside,  Michigan.  He 
acquired  the  rudiments  of  his  trade  under 
his  father  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  went 
to  Chicago  and  completed  a  thorough 
apprenticeship.  He  also  worked  as  a  jour- 
neyman, and  finally  began  his  independent 
career  as  a  contractor  and  builder  at  Chi- 
cago. After  a  brief  period  in  that  city  he 
returned  to  Lakeside,  Michigan,  and  was 
in  business  there  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  has  always  had  great  faith  and  judg- 
ment in  investing  in  and  improving  real 
estate,  and  became  an  extensive  property 
owner  while  at  Lakeside.  He  continued  his 
business  there  until  1901,  when  he  removed 
to  Michigan  City.  As  a  contractor  and 
builder  he  has  handled  many  contracts  for 
others  and  also  for  himself,  and  has  im- 
proved some  parcels  of  real  estate  and  still 
owns  some  of  the  finest  apartment  build- 
ings in  Michigan  City. 

November  3,  1887,  Mr.  Kitchell  married 
Alice  M.  Wire.  She  was  born  near  Card- 
ington  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  a  daughter 
of  Seneca  and  Nancy  A.  (Beckley)  "Wire. 
Her  father  was  a  native  of  Portage  County, 
Ohio,  and  served  as  a  Union  soldier  during 
the  Civil  war.  He  enlisted  for  one  year, 
a  member  of  the  Eighty-Eighth  Regiment, 
Company  F,  at  Camp  Chase,  near  Colum- 
bus, Ohio.  He  took  a  trip  to  New  Orleans 
with  prisoners  on  exchange,  was  then  taken 
ill  and  discharged  after  eleven  months  serv- 
ice. From  Ohio  he  went  to  Michigan  and 
after  two  years  in  Berrien  County  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Lakeside  and  was  prosper- 
ously and  continuously  engaged  in  agri- 
culture for  many  years.  His  wife  died  in 
June,  1912,  and  since  then  he  has  made 
his  home  among  his  children,  and  is  now 
eighty-eight  years  of  age.  Mrs.  KitchelFs 
maternal  grandparents  were  Theodore  and 
Eliza  Beckley.  Mrs.  Kitchell  was  one  of 
five  children:  Bertha,  Marian,  Alice  M., 
Verna  E.  and  Ralph  Leroy. 

Mr.  Kitchell  is  affiliated  with  Three  Oaks 
Lodge  No.  239,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Michigan  City  Chapter  No.  25, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City  Com- 
mandery  No.  30,  Knights  Templar,  the 
Scottish  Rite  Consistory  at  Fort  Wayne, 
and  is  also  a  member  of  Washington  Lodge 


No.  94,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  a  member 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Indiana.  Mrs.  Kitch- 
ell is  a  member  of  Martha  Washington 
Temple  No.  275  of  the  Pythian  Sisters  and 
also  a  member  of  the  Eastern  Star.  He  is 
a  member  of  Michigan  City  Lodge  No.  229 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
and  belongs  to  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the 
state.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kitchell  have  two 
daughters,  Gertrude  May  and  Edna  Pearl, 
born  at  Lakeside,  Michigan. 

GEORGE  P.  ROGERS  is  one  of  Michigan 
City's  most  influential  citizens,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  great  industry  of  Haskell 
&  Barker  Car  Company,  Inc. 

He  was  born  in  Michigan  City  May  20, 
1875,  and  is  a  son  of  the  late  Nathaniel 
Peabody  Rogers,  distinguished  by  a  long 
and  useful  association  with  the  Haskell  and 
Barker  Company.  He  comes  of  a  family 
of  cultured  New  England  men  and  women. 
His  great-grandfather  was  Rev.  John 
Rogers,  who  graduated  from  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1732.  The  grandfather  of  Nathaniel 
P.  Rogers  was  Dr.  John  Rogers,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  College  in  1776.  In  the  next 
generation  was  Dr.  Samuel  Rogers,  also  a 
man  of  education  and  of  high  professional 
standing. 

Nathaniel  Peabody  Rogers  was  born  at 
Plymouth,  New  Hampshire,  November  22, 
1838.  He  had  an  academic  education  and 
at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  en- 
listed in  the  army  as  a  musician.  He  was 
in  General  Sherman's  command  until  he 
was  discharged  on  account  of  disability. 
He  soon  afterwards  came  west,  and  after 
a  brief  stay  in  Chicago  located  in  Michi- 
gan City.  He  was  one  of  the  early  em- 
ployes of  the  Haskell  and  Barker  Car 
Works,  and  continued  his  active  association 
with  that  industry  until  his  death  Decem- 
ber 1,  1906.  It  will  suffice  to  indicate  his 
success  as  a  business  man  and  citizen  to 
quote  a  few  sentences  from  a  tribute  paid 
him  by  John  H.  Barker  at  the  time  of  his 
death:  "Mr.  Nathaniel  Peabody  Rogers 
had  a  wide  acquaintance  in  the  country 
and  thousands  of  men  and  firms  having 
business  with  him  felt  that  by  his  match- 
less tact  in  conducting  correspondence  they 
had  come  in  close  touch  with  him.  His 
counsel  was  of  great  value,  his  judgment 
was  of  the  best,  and  he  was  a  potent  factor 
in  bringing  the  Haskell  and  Barker  Car 
Company  into  its  present  position.  He 


1298 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


saw  the  car  works  grow  from  infancy  to 
strong  manhood  and  he  gave  a  fostering 
care  to  the  interests  of  Michigan  City  also. 
He  was  always  foremost  in  inaugurating 
and  carrying  forward  any  beneficial  object. 
In  public  enterprises  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  be  called  and  without  his  continuing 
energy  the  city  would  have  lacked  many  of 
its  attractions  and  adornments  today." 
He  married  Mary  E.  Sammons,  a  native  of 
New  York  State. 

George  P.  Rogers  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Michigan  City,  also  at- 
tended a  private  school  known  as  Barker 
Hall,  and  had  his  early  business  training  as 
a  clerk  in  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Michigan  City.  After  two  years  he  re- 
signed to  prepare  for  college  and  for  three 
years  was  a  student  in  Cornell  University. 
Returning  home,  Mr.  Rogers  in  1900  be- 
came associated  with  the  Haskell  and 
Barker  Car  Company  and  has  been  one  of 
the  active  men  in  that  industry  ever  since. 
He  is  also  vice  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Michigan  City  and  is 
president  of  the  Tecumseh  Facing  Mills. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  local  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion and  has  served  three  years  on  the  City 
School  Board. 

In  1904  Mr.  Rogers  married  Miss  Fanny 
N.  Culbert.  She  was  born  in  Muskegon, 
Michigan.  Her  father,  Uriah  Culbert,  was 
a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  achievements. 
He  was  born  in  Nunda  Valley,  Allegany 
County,  New  York,  January  5,  1835. 
When  he  was  a  child  his  parents  moved  to 
Michigan.  He  was  early  trained  to  habits 
of  industry,  and  became  a  man  of  inde- 
pendent thought  and  action.  In  1859  he 
went  west  to  California  and  spent  four 
years  in  that  state.  On  returning  east  he 
located  at  Muskegon,  Michigan,  and  again 
engaged  in  steamboating  and  in  the  lumber 
industry.  Several  years  later  he  moved  to 
Michigan  City,  and  from  that  time  gave  his 
energies  to  the  development  of  a  large 
marine  contracting  business.  He  built  the 
breakwater  and  cribs  in  the  outer  harbor 
and  the  docks  and  piers  in  the  inner  harbor 
at  Michigan  City.  At  Jackson  Park,  Chi- 
cago, his  firm  had  some  of  the  contracts  in 
laying  out  the  World's  Fair  grounds  and 
constructed  the  lagoon,  also  the  naval  pier 
and  the  foundation  for  the  Ferris  wheel. 
He  was  likewise  interested  in  public  affairs, 
and  while  in  Muskegon  served  as  a  mem- 


ber of  the  board  of  aldermen  and  as  city 
treasurer,  and  in  Michigan  City  was  for 
two  years  a  representative  in  the  Legisla- 
ture and  four  years  a  state  senator.  He 
married  Mary  Noble,  a  native  of  New  York. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rogers  have  two  children : 
Nathaniel  Peabody  and  Charlotte  M. 

MARION  E.  CLARK,  D.  0.  In  a  score  of 
years  the  science  of  osteopathy  has  over- 
come obstacles  and  prejudices  and  won  its 
way  to  a  front  rank  in  the  field  of  American 
medicine,  and  the  character  and  services  of 
its  followers  enjoy  an  impregnable  position 
in  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  popular 
opinion  and  patronage. 

As  an  exponent  of  the  science  and  as  an 
ideal  follower  of  the  profession,  undoubted- 
ly one  of  the  foremost  osteopathic  physi- 
cians in  the  State  of  Indiana  today  is  Dr. 
Marion  E.  Clark  of  Indianapolis.  Doctor 
Clark  was  born  on  a  farm  at  Petersburg 
in  Menard  County,  Illinois,  August  1,  1874. 
He  is  one  of  five  children,  all  of  whom  are 
still  living.  His  parents  were  Wilson  C. 
and  Chloe  (Goodall)  Clark.  This  branch 
of  the  Clark  family  is  of  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestry, and  on  coming  to  America  first 
settled  in  Virginia  and  then  with  successive 
tides  of  migration  westward  located  in 
Kentucky,  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

Doctor  Clark  as  a  boy  attended  district 
schools  in  his  native  county  and  also  the 
public  schools  at  Petersburg.  He  com- 
pleted his  literary  training  in  Shurtleff 
College  at  Alton.  For  two  years  he  read 
medicine  with  Dr.  J.  B.  Whitley  of  Peters- 
burg. It  was  his  plan  at  that  time  to  finish 
his  course  in  Rush  Medical  College  at 
Chicago.  About  that  time  he  was  induced 
to  investigate  the  subject  of  osteopathy, 
and  the  result  was  that  he  entered  in  1897 
the  American  School  of  Osteopathy  at 
Kirksville,  Missouri.  He  made  a  brilliant 
record  in  the  school  while  a  student,  and 
after  his  graduation  in  1899  was  'assigned 
a  professorship.  At  first  he  occupied  the 
chairs  of  obstetrics  and  gynecologist  and 
later  founded  and  was  professor  of  applied 
anatomy.  These  three  subjects  occupied 
the  greater  part  of  his  attention  for  eight 
years,  and  during  that  time  he  instructed 
many  men  and  women  who  have  subse- 
quently gained  prominence.  Doctor  Clark 
also  assisted  in  arranging  the  necessary 
courses  of  study  for  the  collesre  and  in 
addition  found  time  to  compile  two  im- 


OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


CHAS.  J.  KUHN 


•aw*-, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1299 


portant  text  books,  "Diseases  of  Women," 
published  in  1904,  which  enjoyed  the  popu- 
larity of  a  second  edition,  and  "Applied 
Anatomy,"  published  in  1906. 

In  1907  Doctor  Clark  resigning  from  the 
faculty  of  the  American  College,  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  January  of  that  year,  and 
was  soon,  by  reason  of  his  abilities,  in 
possession  of  a  large  and  profitable  prac- 
tice, which  has  continued  to  the  present 
time. 

Doctor  Clark  has  also  fitted  himself  into 
the  public  affairs  of  his  city  and  state.  He 
was*  elected  president  of  the  Rotary  Club 
of  Indianapolis  in  1917.  He  is  a  well 
known  member  of  the  American  Osteo- 
pathic  Association,  the  Indiana  Osteopathic 
Association,  and  the  Indianapolis  Osteo- 
pathic Society.  In  Masonry  he  has  attained 
the  thirty-second  degree  of  the  Scottish 
Rite,  is  also  a  Knight  Templar  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  local  circles 
he  is  a  member  of  the  Marion,  Columbia 
and  Canoe  clubs,  the  Turnverein,  and  in 
religion  is  a  Unitarian. 

August  3,  1899,  he  married  Miss  Lina 
Fox.  They  have  three  children,  Marion 
Eugene,  Charlotte  and  Mildred. 

WILLIAM  F.  KUHN  is  with  his  brother, 
John  A.  Kuhn,  associated  in  the  firm 
Kuhn  Brothers,  wholesale  and  retail  deal- 
ers in  meats  at  Indianapolis.  It  is  one  of 
the  oldest  lines  of  business  in  the  city  and 
has  continuously  been  in  one  location  for 
upwards  of  half  a  century. 

Both  the  Kuhn  brothers  were  born  at 
407  West  Michigan,  the  house  where  they 
still  have  their  headquarters  as  business 
men.  Their  parents  were  Charles  and 
Fredericka  (Reinert)  Kuhn.  Charles 
Kuhn.  who  died  in  1896  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-seven, was  born  in  Wurtemberg,  Ger- 
many, learned  the  trade  of  butcher  and 
followed  it  in  Hamburg,  Germany,  and  in 
1857  came  to  America  and  located  in 
Indianapolis.  For  a  time  he  was  connected 
with  the  firm  of  Gullick  &  Tweet.  Gullick 
was  afterwards  market  master  for  many 
years.  He  was  master  of  the  market  when 
the  location  of  that  institution  was  where 
the  Claypool  Hotel  now  stands.  For  a 
brief  time  Charles  Kuhn  was  in  Iowa,  but 
returned  to  Indianapolis  to  commence 
business  for  himself  as  a  meat  merchant, 
and  about  that  time  he  erected  the  old  home 
where  his  sons  now  have  their  business 


headquarters.  Charles  Kuhn  had  as  one 
of  his  early  partners  Peter  Sindlinger,  his 
son-in-law.  After  the  death  of  Charles 
Kuhn  Mr.  Sindlinger  continued  the  busi- 
ness until  he  passed  away,  and  that  left  the 
firm  in  its  present  form  as  Kuhn  Brothers. 
The  Kuhn  Brothers  are  thus  at  the  head  of 
a  business  which  was  established  at  an  early 
day  in  Indianapolis  history,  and  many  of 
their  patrons  today  are  children  and  grand- 
children of  those  who  as  heads  of  families 
patronized  their  father.  In  the  early  days 
the  Kuhn  slaughter  house  was  on  what  is 
now  Walnut  Street  but  was  then  simply 
known  as  Patterson's  field. 

Charles  Kuhn  married  in  Indianapolis, 
his  wife  having  come  from  Germany  with 
her  brother  Frederick,  and  lived  in  Phila- 
delphia for  a  time  before  moving  to  Indian- 
apolis. She  died  June  12,  1909,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-nine.  Both  were  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Zion  Evangelical  Church  and 
were  admirers  and  friends  of  the  beloved 
Pastor  Quinius  of  that  denomination. 
Charles  Kuhn  and  wife  had  seven  children, 
all  of  whom  were  born  in  the  old  home 
on  West  Michigan  Street.  Three  of  them, 
Herman,  Minnie  and  Charles,  died  quit* 
young.  Emma  F.,  the  oldest  of  the  sur- 
viving children,  is  the  widow  of  Peter  F. 
Sindlinger.  who  died  in  1903.  William  F. 
Kuhn,  the  second  in  age,  was  born  March 
7,  1866.  Bertha  married  Albert  Depriez, 
a  hardware  merchant  at  Shelbyville,  Indi- 
ana. John  A.,  the  youngest  of  the  children, 
was  born  September  19,  1876. 

William  F.  Kuhn  was  educated  in  Mil- 
ler's School  on  East  Ohio  Street  and  also 
attended  the  German-English  School  on 
Maryland  Street,  where  the  Tribune  office 
now  stands.  He  also  had  a  short  course 
in  the  Koerner  &  Goodyear  Business 
School.  His  brother  John  acquired  his 
education  chiefly  from  the  Fourth  Ward 
School  and  from  the  Shortridge  High 
School.  Both  families  are  members  of  the 
Zion  Evangelical  Church. 

William  Kuhn  married  April  25.  1894, 
Miss  Agnes  L.  Zismer.  of  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kuhn  have  one  son,  Frederick 
W.,  now  twenty-two  years  of  age  and  a 
graduate  of  the  Manual  High  School  of 
Indianapolis  and  a  student  at  Purdue  Uni- 
versity. 

CHARLES  HOLMAN  BLACK,  opera  singer, 
is  a  son  of  Prof.  J.  S.  Black,  a  native  of 


- 
. 


. 


.    . 


•  • 


('HAS.  J.  Kt'HN 


. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1290 


portant  text  books,  "Diseases  of  Women." 
published  in  1904,  which  enjoyed  the  popu- 
larity of  a  second  edition,  and  "Applied 
Anatomy,"  published  in  1906. 

In  1907  Doctor  Clark  resigning  from  the 
faculty  of  the  American  College,  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  January  of  that  year,  and 
was  soon,  by  reason  of  his  abilities,  in 
possession  of  a  large  and  profitable  prac- 
tice, which  has  continued  to  the  present 
time. 

Doctor  Clark  has  also  fitted  himself  into 
the  public  affairs  of  his  city  and  state.  He 
was*  elected  president  of  the  Rotary  Club 
of  Indianapolis  in  1917.  He  is  a  well 
known  member  of  the  American  Osteo- 
pathic  Association,  the  Indiana  Osteopathic 
Association,  and  the  Indianapolis  Osteo- 
pathie  Society.  In  Masonry  he  has  attained 
the  thirty-second  degree  of  the  Scottish 
Rite,  is  also  a  Knight  Templar  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  local  circles 
he  is  a  member  of  the  Marion,  Columbia 
and  Canoe  clubs,  the  Turnverein,  and  in 
religion  is  a  Unitarian. 

August  3.  1899,  he  married  Miss  Lina 
Fox.  They  have  three  children,  Marion 
Eugene,  Charlotte  and  Mildred. 

\Vn.i.i.\M  V.  Krnx  is  with  his  brother, 
John  A.  Kuhn,  associated  in  the  firm 
Kiihn  Brothers,  wholesale  and  retail  deal- 
ers in  meats  at  Indianapolis.  It  is  one  of 
the  oldest  lines  of  business  in  the  city  and 
has  continuously  been  in  one  location  for 
upwards  of  half  a  century. 

Until  the  Knhn  brothers  were  born  at 
407  West  Michigan,  the  house  where  they 
still  have  their  headquarters  as  business 
men.  Their  parents  were  Charles  and 
Frederick;!  (Reinert)  Kuhn.  Charles 
Kuhn.  who  died  in  1896  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-seven, was  horn  in  Wurtemberg.  Ger- 
many, learned  the  trade  of  butcher  and 
followed  it  in  Hamburg,  Germany,  and  in 
18.17  c:ime  to  America  and  located  in 
Indianapolis.  For  a  time  he  was  connected 
with  the  firm  of  Gnllick  &  Tweet.  Gullick 
was  afterwards  market  master  for  many 
years.  He  was  master  of  the  market  when 
the  location  of  that  institution  was  where 
the  ClaypooT  Hotel  now  stands.  For  a 
brief  time  Charles  Kuhn  was  in  Iowa,  but 
returned  to  Indianapolis  to  commence 
business;  for  himself  as  a  meat  merchant, 
and  about  that  time  he  erected  the  old  home 
where  his  sons  now  have  their  business 


headquarters.  Charles  Kuhn  had  as  one 
of  his  early  partners  Peter  .Sindlinger.  his 
son-in-law.  After  the  death  of  Charles 
Knhn  Mr.  Sindlinger  continued  the  busi- 
ness until  he  passed  away,  and  that  left  the 
firm  in  its  present  form  as  Kuhn  Brothers. 
The  Kuhn  Brothers  are  thus  at  the  head  of 
a  business  which  was  established  at  an  early 
day  in  Indianapolis  history,  and  many  of 
their  patrons  today  are  children  and  grand- 
children of  those  who  as  heads  of  families 
patronized  their  father.  In  the  early  days 
the  Kuhn  slaughter  house  was  on  what  is 
now  Walnut  Street  but  was  then  simply 
known  as  Patterson's  field. 

Charles  Kuhn  married  in  Indianapolis, 
his  wife  having  come  from  Germany  with 
her  brother  Frederick,  and  lived  in  Phila- 
delphia for  a  time  before  moving  to  Indian- 
apolis. She  died  June  12.  1909.  at  the  age 
of  seventy-nine.  Both  were  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Zion  Evangelical  Church  and 
were  admirers  and  friends  of  the  beloved 
Pastor  Quinius  of  that  denomination. 
Charles  Kuhn  and  wife  had  seven  children, 
all  of  whom  were  born  in  the  old  home 
on  West  Michigan  Street.  Three  of  them. 
Herman,  Minnie  and  Charles,  died  quite 
young.  Emma  F..  the  oldest  of  the  sur- 
viving children,  is  the  widow  of  Peter  F. 
Sindlinger.  who  died  in  190:}.  William  F. 
Knhn.  the  second  in  age.  was  born  March 
7,  1866.  Bertha  married  Albert  Depriez. 
a  hardware  merchant  at  Shelbyville.  Indi- 
ana. John  A.,  the  youngest  of  the  children, 
was  born  September  19.  1876. 

William  F.  Kuhn  was  educated  in  Mil- 
ler's School  on  East  Ohio  Street  and  also 
attended  the  German-English  School  on 
Maryland  Street,  where  the  Tribune  office 
now  stands.  He  also  had  a  short  course 
in  the  Koerner  &  Goodyear  Business 
School.  His  brother  John  acquired  his 
education  chiefly  from  the  Fourth  Ward 
School  and  from  the  Shortridge  High 
School.  Both  families  are  members  of  the 
Zion  Evangelical  Church. 

William  Kuhn  married  April  25.  1894. 
Miss  Affiies  L.  Zismer.  of  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kuhn  have  one  son.  Frederick 
W..  now  twenty-two  years  of  ape  and  a 
graduate  of  the  Manual  High  School  of 
Indianapolis  and  a  student  at  Purdue  Uni- 
versity. 

CHARLES  HOLMAK  BLACK,  opera  singer, 
is  a  son  of  Prof.  J.  S.  Black,  a  native  of 


1300 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Vermont,  who  located  at  Indianapolis ,  in 
1867,  and  was  one  of  the  most  prominent 
musical  instructors  of  the  state  thereafter. 
The  early  training  of  Charles  was  by  his 
father.  As  he  attained  adolescence  his 
voice  developed  into  a  rich  baritone,  and 
he  attracted  the  interest  of  Signer  Sever- 
ini,  who  took  him  as  a  pupil  to  Germany, 
Denmark  and  Norway. 

On  his  return  he  went  into  opera  for 
two  seasons,  and  then  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  for  four  years  a  pupil  of  the  dis- 
tinguished Maestro  Faure,  following  also 
the  course  of  M.  Duvernoi  at  the  Conserva- 
tory. He  was  the  first  American  invited  to 
sing  in  the  concerts  of  "La  Trompette, " 
and  soon  became  known  in  other  continen- 
tal countries,  as  also  at  London,  where  he 
appeared  in  the  Promenade  concerts,  Cry- 
stal Palace,  St.  James  Hall,  and  the  Peo- 
ple's Palace. 

By  his  long  residence  in  France,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  great  war,  in  1914,  his 
sympathies  were  warmly  with  the  French. 
He  entered  the  auxiliary  war  work  with 
enthusiasm,  giving  his  house  for  hospital 
purposes,  and  raising  funds  for  the  French 
soldiers,  and  himself  distributing  the  re- 
lief in  the  trenches.  His  labors  won  the 
hearty  commendation  of  the  French  press, 
and  on  July  4,  1917,  the  French  President 
conferred  on  him  the  medaille  d'honneur 
for  his  notable  services.  For  details,  see 
Indianapolis  Times,  January  16,  1917; 
News,  July  27,  1917;  and  Star,  May  7, 
1918. 

JOHN  S.  BERRYHILL,  is  one  of  the  older 
and  ablest  members  of  the  Indiana  bar. 
More  than  forty  years  have  passed  since 
his  admission  to  practice,  and  in  all  that 
time  he  has  steadfastly  concentrated  his 
energies  and  ability  upon  the  law  with  few 
interruptions  or  interests  outside  the  pro- 
fession. Either  individually  or  as  member 
of  a  firm  he  has  ranked  among  the  foremost 
lawyers  of  Indianapolis,  and  few  of  his  con- 
temporaries have  enjoyed  more  of  esteem 
from  his  fellows  and  of  richly  earned  suc- 
cess. 

Mr.  Berryhill  was  born  at  Lafayette, 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  December  27', 
1849.  He  was  one  of  the  two  children,  and 
the  only  surviving  member  of  the  family, 
of  John  S.  and  Irene  (Fry)  Berryhill,  both 
of  whom  were  natives  of  Ohio  and  both 
were  married  at  Lafayette,  Indiana.  John 


S.  Berryhill,  Sr.,  was  a  superintendent  of 
construction  on  the  old  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal,  and  after  the  waterway  was  com- 
pleted he  remained  superintendent  of  its 
operation  for  a  number  of  years.  Later  he 
engaged  in  the  marble  business,  and  as  a 
business  man  and  citizen  became  widely 
known  over  that  section  of  the  state.  At 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
1849,  he  was  democratic  candidate  for  state 
senator.  He  and  his  wife  were  both  Meth- 
odists. His  widow  survived  him  more  than 
half  a  century. 

John  S.  Berryhill  attended  the  common 
schools  of  Lafayette  and  finished  his  liter- 
ary education  in  Asbury,  now  DePauw, 
University  at  Greencastle,  where  he  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  in  1873.  In  1879  he  received 
the  degree  Master  of  Arts.  After  leaving 
Asbury  he  taught  as  principal  of  the  public 
schools  of  Frankfort,  Indiana,  and  then  re- 
turning to  Lafayette  began  the  study  of 
law  with  James  K.  Carnahan.  In  April, 
1876,  he  transferred  his  studious  activities 
to  Indianapolis,  where  he  found  a  position 
as  student  and  clerk  in  the  law  office  of 
Hanna  &  Knefler.  Mr.  Berryhill  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1876.  In  1879  his 
hard  and  earnest  work  had  gained  him  pro- 
motion as  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Hanna, 
Knefler  &  Berryhill.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Hanna  in  1882  the  firm  continued  as 
Knefler  &  Berryhill  until  the  death  of  Mr. 
Knefler  in  1899.  Since  then  Mr.  Berryhill 
has  continued  his  practice  alone.  Much  of 
his  business  has  been  in  the  trial  courts, 
and  he  has  frequently  appeared  in  behalf 
of  important  litigation  both  in  the  state 
and  federal  tribunals.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  Bar  Association,  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics,  and  with  his  wife  has 
membership  in  the  Roberts  Park  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 

October  2,  1877,  he  married  Miss  Mary  L. 
Hanna.  She  was  born  at  Greencastle,  In- 
diana, daughter  of  John  and  Mahala 
(Sherfey)  Hanna,  also  natives  of  Indiana. 
John  Hanna  was  one  of  the  prominent 
lawyers  of  Indiana  for  many  years,  senior 
member  of  the  firm  Hanna,  Knefler  & 
Berryhill,  above  mentioned.  For  one  term 
he  represented  the  Indianapolis  district  in 
Congress.  Both  he  and  his  wife  died  at 
Greencastle.  Mrs.  Berryhill  was  a  student 
in  Asbury  University  at  the  same  time  as 
her  husband,  graduating  with  the  class  of 
1874.  They  are  the  parents  of  two  chil- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1301 


dren :  John  H.,  superintendent  of  the  Vul- 
can Plow  Works  at  Evansville  and  Irene,  a 
graduate  of  DePauw  University  and  wife 
of  Earl  E.  Young,  of  Anderson,  Indiana. 

CHARLES  "W.  JEWETT  was  called  from  the 
ranks  of  private  citizenship  and  from  his 
engrossing  duties  as  a  lawyer  to  the  of- 
fice of  mayor  of  Indianapolis  in  the  fall 
election  of  1917.  He  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  that  office  on  January  7,  1918,  on 
his  thirty-fourth  birthday.  He  is  one  of 
the  youngest  mayors  Indianapolis  has  ever 
had. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  doubtful  if  any 
man  of  his  years  has  had  a  more  varied 
experience  and  brings  to  his  official  duties 
a  more  thorough  familiarity  with  all  the 
walks  and  classes  of  life.  He  was  born  at 
Franklin,  Indiana,  January  7,  1884.  Dur- 
ing his  youth  he  lived  on  intimate  terms 
with  hard  and  honest  toil  and  even  today 
he  would  feel  at  home  in  the  company  of 
working  men  of  any  class  as  well  as  with 
professional  and  business  executives.  He 
has  learned  human  problems  not  from 
books  and  theories  but  from  the  experience 
of  actual  contact  with  practical  life  as  a 
working  man. 

His  parents  are  Edward  P.  and  Alma 
Mary  (Aten)  Jewett.  In  1886  the  family 
moved  to  Shelbyville,  where  the  father  was 
engaged  in  business  for  some  years.  In 
1891  he  was  admitted  to  the  conference 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and 
has  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
been  active  in  the  ministry.  The  family 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1902,  the  father 
becoming  pastor  of  the  Blackboard  Street 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Later  he  was 
pastor  of  Howard  Place  Church  and  now 
occupies  the  pulpit  at  Hall  Place  Church. 

Charles  "W.  Jewett  was  reared  in  the 
various  communities  where  his  father  was 
engaged  in  business  or  in  the  ministry. 
Since  1902  his  home  has  been  in  Indianap- 
olis except  the  years  he  spent  in  college. 
He  attended  public  schools,  the  Franklin 
Preparatory  School,  and  in  1904  entered 
DePauw  University  and  completed  the  reg- 
ular four  years  course  in  three  years,  re- 
ceiving his  A.  B.  degree  in  1907.  Though  he 
worked  on  the  farm,  in  stores,  shops,  fac- 
tories and  on  the  railroads  to  earn  money 
to  help  pay  his  way  through  college,  he 
was  always  active  in  the  various  student 
affairs.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  athlete 


and  a  leader  in  all  branches  of  athletics  in 
high  school  and  college.  For  seven  years 
in  high  school  and  college  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  foot-ball,  base-ball  and  track  teams. 
His  favorite  branch  of  athletics  was  foot- 
ball. During  his  entire  college  course  he 
played  in  every  game  and  was  never  re- 
tired from  a  game,  with  one  exception,  and 
that  was  the  last  fifteen  minutes  of  a  con- 
test in  which  he  was  injured.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  university  base-ball  and 
track  teams.  He  was  pitcher  on  the  base- 
ball team  and  in  his  senior  year  was 
captain  of  the  university  foot-ball  team. 
In  his  junior  year  he  was  president  of  his 
class  and  a  member  of  the  university  de- 
bating team.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
National  College  Fraternity  of  Phi  Delta 
Theta.  He  is  also  a  member  of  four  other 
honorary  college  fraternities. 

Since  the  age  of  thirteen  years  Mayor 
Jewett  has  contributed  greatly  to  his  own 
support.  When  he  was  thirteen  years  old 
he  hired  out  as  a  farm  hand  for  his  board 
and  keep  and  one  dollar  a  week.  He  was 
a  strong,  husky  lad  and  took  his  place  with 
the  other  hands,  making  a  full  hand  at 
farm  work.  Later  when  in  high  school 
and  college  during  summer  vacations  he 
filled  various  positions  in  and  around  In- 
dianapolis, spending  two  summers  in  the 
packing  plant  of  Kingan  &  Company. 
Other  summers  he  was  employed  as  sec- 
tion hand,  switchman,  fireman  and  train 
engineer  during  the  double  tracking  of  the 
Big  Four  Railroad  between  Indianapolis 
and  St.  Louis.  Of  his  many  and  varied 
experiences,  Mr.  Jewett  is  extremely  proud 
of  the  fact  that  during  the  circuit  riding 
days  of  his  father's  early  ministry  he  lived 
in  Southern  Indiana  and  enjoyed  the  sim- 
ple pleasures  and  shared  the  rustic  life  of 
pioneer  days.  His  father  was  stationed  on 
a  five  point  circuit,  miles  from  any  rail- 
road and  with  all  of  the  inconveniences 
that  attended  the  lives  of  pioneers  in  other 
sections  of  Indiana  in  a  very  much  earlier 
period.  He  lived  in  Southern  Indiana  dur- 
ing his  boyhood  from  the  time  he  was  seven 
years  old  until  he  was  thirteen.  In  that 
section  of  the  state,  even  at  that  time,  ox- 
teams  were  common,  and  almost  every  fam- 
ily dipped  its  own  candles  for  lighting  the 
home.  Men  and  boys  wore  high  leather 
boots  which  were  greased  with  tallow  every 
Saturday  night.  Farmers  harvested  their 
wheat  with  the  old  fashioned  cradle,  wood 


1302 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


choppings,  barn  raisings,  .etc.,  and  such 
similar  customs  were  as  common  as  they 
were  fifty  years  prior  to  that  time  in  the 
northern  and  central  parts  of  Indiana. 
Mr.  Jewett's  father  traveled  from  church 
to  church  on  his  large  circuit  on  horse- 
back with  the  old  fashioned  saddle  bags 
of  the  same  kind  and  variety  that  old 
Peter  Cartwright  used  in  the  pioneer  days 
of  Indiana  history. 

AH  kinds  of  outdoor  sport  had  a  strong 
place  in  the  boyhood  of  Mr.  Jewett.  He 
was  an  expert  swimmer  at  a  very  early  age 
and  prided  himself  upon  his  horsemanship 
when  he  was  still  a  very  young  boy. 

In  1907  Mr.  Jewett  entered  Harvard 
Law  School,  completing  his  law  course  in 
1910.  While  in  law  school  he  took  an  active 
interest  in  politics,  and  was  frequently  em- 
ployed as  a  speaker  and  organizer  with 
the  republican  party.  After  his  return 
from  the  east  he  took  up  active  practice  at 
Indianapolis,  and  in  the  course  of  seven 
years  had  gained  a  secure  position  at  the 
Indianapolis  bar.  He  was  before  taking 
offi'-e  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Weyl 
and  Jewett. 

In  politics  Mr.  Jewett  has  shown  great 
ability  as  an  organizer  and  harmonizer. 
In  1913  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Republican  Union,  a  movement  having 
for  its  essential  object  the  promotion  of 
hat-morn-  between  the  republicans  and  pro- 
gressives. Because  of  the  success  of  this 
union  he  was  made  chairman  in  1914  of  the 
Marion  f'ounty  Republican  Central  Com- 
mitte*.  In  that  year  the  republican  county 
.-."!!.. i.'-'-v  were  elected  by  pluralities  of 
more  than  4.000.  In  1916,  while  he  was 
trtill  <-hairman.  the  republican  county  ticket 
wat.  elt^-ted  by  a  plurality  of  more  than 
KOUO.  It  wac  on  this  record  and  on  ac- 
«-ouut  of  many  other  qualifications  as  a 
l«-ad«r  that  Mr.  Jewett's  name  was  put  at 
tb«-  Lead  of  the  municipal  ticket  of  1917. 

Ik  Masonry  he  is  a  Royal  Arcji  and  a 
iLii-ty-secoud  defrree  Scottish  Rite  and 
Kiirinw.  He  belongs  to  the  Marion  and 
'  olutubia  Hut*,  and  he  and  his  wife  are 
iu«fijUf>  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
<  bur<4j  O<-u,ber  25.  1911.  Mr.  Jewett 
luarrw-d  Miw  Elizabeth  Dougherty.  Her 
fath»-r  Hu|rh  Doupberty  is  a  vice  president 
"f  Tb«-  KkK-her  Savings  and  Trust  Com- 
pany 


GEORGE  P.  HAYWOOD.  The  record  of 
George  Price  Haywood  of  Lafayette — 
thirty-five  years  as  a  practicing  lawyer, 
several  important  positions  in  public  life, 
and  numerous  activities  as  a  citizen  and 
business  man — requires  no  apology  for  its 
insertion  in  this  history  of  Indiana  and 
Indianans. 

His  early  years  were  of  rustic  associa- 
tion with  an  Indiana  farm  in  the  southern 
part  of  Tippecanoe  County,  where  he  was 
born  December  15,  1852,  one  of  the  eleven 
children  of  Henry  and  Martha  (Sherwood) 
Haywood.  Beginning  in  the  common 
schools  he  afterwards  attended  Green  Hill 
Academy  and  in  1876  graduated  from  Val- 
paraiso University.  In  the  meantime,  in 
his  nineteenth  year,  he  had  taken  up 
teaching,  and  this  occupation,  continued 
for  about  six  years,  furnished  a  source  of 
livelihood  while  he  was  studying  law. 

Mr.  Haywood  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Lafayette  in  1880.  For  two  years  he 
was  in  the  law  office  of  Behm  &  Behm  of 
Lafayette,  but  in  1882  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  W.  F.  Bechtel.  Then  from  1884 
to  1896  he  again  practiced  alone,  and  from 
the  latter  year  until  the  first  of  January, 
1915,  was  a  partner  with  Charles  A.  Bur- 
nett, constituting  the  prominent  law  firm 
of  Haywood  &  Burnett.  For  the  last  three 
years  Mr.  Haywood  has  resumed  individ- 
ual practice. 

In  the  meantime  he  has  filled  many  posi- 
tions of  trust  and  responsibility  with 
credit  to  himself.  In  1886  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Twenty-third 
Judicial  Circuit,  embracing  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  was  re-elected  in  1888.  Those 
two  terms  furnished  him  some  of  the  most 
valuable  experience  he  has  ever  had  as  a 
lawyer.  In  the  spring  of  1892  Mr.  Hay- 
wood  was  given  the  republican  nomination 
for  reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  This 
honor  was  conferred  upon  him  in  the  re- 
publican state  convention  at  Fort  Wayne. 
Those  familiar  with  the  political  history 
of  that  year  will  hardly  need  to  be  in- 
formed that  Mr.  Haywood.  along  with  the 
rest  of  the  republican  ticket  of  the  state, 
went  down  in  defeat.  In  1900  Mr.  Hay- 
wood  was  a  delegate  from  the  Tenth  Dis- 
trict of  Indiana  to  the  republican  national 
convention  held  at  Philadelphia,  where 
President  McKinley  was  renominated  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt  was  put  on  the  ticket 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1303 


for  the  vice  presidency.  Mr.  Haywood 
has  always  been  looked  upon  as  a  leader 
in  republican  party  affairs  in  his  home 
county.  In  1894  he  was  elected  republi- 
can county  chairman  and  filled  that  office 
two  years. 

Among  other  services  he  was  city  attor- 
ney of  Lafayette  twelve  years,  being  first 
appointed 'to  that  office  in  1894.  For  four 
years  from  the  spring  of  1910  he  was 
owner  and  publisher  of  the  Lafayette 
Journal,  a  morning  daily  newspaper.  He 
is  now  president  and  principal  owner  of 
the  Haywood  Publishing  Company  of  La- 
fayette. Mr.  Haywood  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar Mason.  He  has  also  taken  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  degrees,  is  a  member  of  the  Mys- 
tic Shrine,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
In  1879  he  married  Miss  Mary  Marshall, 
of  Montmorenci,  Indiana.  They  are  the 
parents  of  three  children :  Leona,  Marshall 
and  George  P.,  Jr. 

MARVIN  TRUMAN  CASE,  M.  D.  An  in- 
dividual life  when  directed  by  a  high  pur- 
pose through  a  long  period  of  years  may 
attain  a -maximum  of  service  greater  than 
that  performed  by  many  better  known 
characters  in  history  under  the  stress  of 
abnormal  conditions.  One  such  life  that 
calls  for  special  honor  in  this  publication 
is  that  of  Dr.  Marvin  Truman  Case  of 
Attica.  Doctor  Case  was  for  nearly  three 
years  a  hard  fighting  soldier  of  the  Union 
during  the  Civil  war.  But  the  maximum 
of  his  service  has  been  given  not  as  a  sol- 
dier but  as  a  fighter  in  the  interests  of 
humanity  at  Attica,  where  he  has  prac- 
ticed medicine  steadily  for  over  forty- 
five  years,  and  though  one  of  the  oldest 
physicians  in  that  part  of  the  state  is  still 
on  duty,  and  doing  all  he  can  to  alleviate 
the  ills  that  beset  his  fellow  beings.  I.t  is 
not  easy  in  a  brief  sketch  to  indicate  all  the 
good  that  flows  from  such  a  life  and  char- 
acter. 

Doctor  Case  was  born  in  Walworth 
County,  "Wisconsin,  June  18.  1843.  second 
son  of  "William  Henry  and  Sybil  (Howe) 
Case,  whose  family  consisted  of  three  sons 
and  three  daughters.  His  early  life  was 
spent  in  several  different  states.  He  was 
with  his  parents  four  years  in  Wisconsin, 
nine  years  in  Cattaraugns  County.  New 
York,  four  years  in  St.  Joseph  County, 
Michigan,  and  a  year  and  a  half  in  St.  Clair 


County,  Illinois.  During  that  time  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools  in  these  different 
localities  and  also  shared  in  the  labors  of 
the  home  farm. 

While  living  in  Illinois  his  oldest  brother, 
Henry  Harlan,  enlisted  in  August,  1861,  in 
Company  D  of  the  Ninth  Illinois  Infantry, 
and  died  of  typhus  fever  at  Paducah, 
Kentucky,  in  September  of  the  same  year. 
In  March,  1862,  the  family  moved  to  a 
farm  in  Warren  County,  Indiana,  and 
there  Dr.  Case  helped  cultivate  a  crop  of 
corn.  Then  in  the  late  summer  of  that 
year,  feeling  that  his  turn  had  come  to 
serve  the  country,  he  enlisted  August  15, 
1862,  in  Company  D  of  the  Eighty-sixth 
Indiana  Infantry.  With  that  company  he 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was 
a  private  in  the  ranks  until  May.  1864, 
when  he  was  detailed  as  color  guard.  In 
July  of  the  same  year,  while  in  the  trenches 
before  Atlanta,  he  was  made  first  sergeant 
of  his  company,  and  enjoyed  that  non-com- 
missioned rank  until  mustered  out  at  the 
close  of  the  war  in  June,  1865.  His  record 
shows  him  to  have  been  a  quiet,  efficient 
and  faithful  soldier  in  every  relationship 
of  his  service.  He  was  present  every  day 
with  his  regiment  from  muster  in  to  muster 
out.  During  his  first  days  in  camp  he  con- 
tracted pneumonia,  from  which  his  com- 
plete recovery  was  slow,  but  he  has  no  hos- 
pital record,  never  having  been  a  patient 
in  hospital  all  the  time  he  was  in  the  army. 
Furthermore,  he  participated  in  every  en- 
gagement in  which  his  regiment  took  part. 

On  being  mustered  out  in  June.  1865. 
Doctor  Case  returned  to  Warren  County, 
and  tried  to  resume  farming.  Finding 
himself  unable  and  without  sufficient 
strength  to  do  farm  work,  he  engaged  in 
teaching  in  the  public  schools,  and  was  a 
teacher  from  1865  to  1868  inclusive.  Dur- 
ing the  years  1867-68  he  was  county  super- 
intendent of  schools.  In  the  fall  of  1S6S 
he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan  as 
a  student  in  the  pharmacy,  chemistry  and 
medical  departments.  He  graduated  with 
the  degree  P.  C.  in  1869  and  tausht  in  that 
department  during  1869-70.  In  March.  1S70 
he  was  awarded  his  medical  degree,  and 
with  the  ink  still  fresh  on  that  document 
he  arrived  at  Attica  April  1.  1870.  and  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
which  he  has  continued  with  unabated  in- 
terest for  over  forty-five  years.  He  was 
at  first  associated  with  Doctor  Jones  for 


1302 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


choppings,  barn  raisings,  etc.,  and  such 
similar  customs  were  as  common  as  they 
were  fifty  years  prior  to  that  time  in  the 
northern  and  central  parts  of  Indiana. 
Mr.  Jewett's  father  traveled  from  church 
to  church  on  his  large  circuit  on  horse- 
back with  the  old  fashioned  saddle  bags 
of  the  same  kind  and  variety  that  old 
Peter  Cartwright  used  in  the  pioneer  days 
of  Indiana  history. 

All  kinds  of  outdoor  sport  had  a  strong 
place  in  the  boyhood  of  Mr.  Jewett.  He 
was  an  expert  swimmer  at  a  very  early  age 
and  prided  himself  upon  his  horsemanship 
when  he  was  still  a  very  young  boy. 

In  1907  Mr.  Jewett  entered  Harvard 
Law  School,  completing  his  law  course  in 
1910.  While  in  law  school  he  took  an  active 
interest  in  politics,  and  was  frequently  em- 
ployed as  a  speaker  and  organizer  with 
the  republican  party.  After  his  return 
from  the  east  he  took  up  active  practice  at 
Indianapolis,  and  in  the  course  of  seven 
years  had  gained  a  secure  position  at  the 
Indianapolis  bar.  He  was  before  taking 
office  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Weyl 
and  Jewett. 

In  politics  Mr.  Jewett  has  shown  great 
ability  as  an  organizer  and  harmonizer. 
In  1913  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Republican  Union,  a  movement  having 
for  its  essential  object  the  promotion  of 
harmony  between  the  republicans  and  pro- 
gressives. Because  of  the  success  of  this 
union  he  was  made  chairman  in  1914  of  the 
Marion  County  Republican  Central  Com- 
mittee. In  that  year  the  republican  county 
nominees  were  elected  by  pluralities  of 
more  than  4,000.  In  1916,  while  he  was 
still  chairman,  the  republican  county  ticket 
was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  more  than 
9,000.  It  was  on  this  record  and  on  ac- 
count of  many  other  qualifications  as  a 
leader  that  Mr.  Jewett's  name  was  put  at 
the  head  of  the  municipal  ticket  of  1917. 

In  Masonry  he  is  a  Royal  Arqh  and  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  and 
Shriner.  He  belongs  to  the  Marion  and 
Columbia  clubs,  and  he  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  October  25,  1911,  Mr.  Jewett 
married  Miss  Elizabeth  Dougherty.  Her 
father  Hugh  Dougherty  is  a  vice  president 
of  the  Fletcher  Savings  and  Trust  Com- 
pany. 


GEORGE  P.  HAYWOOD.  The  record  of 
George  Price  Haywood  of  Lafayette — 
thirty-five  years  as  a  practicing  lawyer, 
several  important  positions  in  public  life, 
and  numerous  activities  as  a  citizen  and 
business  man — requires  no  apology  for  its 
insertion  in  this  history  of  Indiana  and 
Indianans. 

His  early  years  were  of  rustic  associa- 
tion with  an  Indiana  farm  in  the  southern 
part  of  Tippecanoe  County,  where  he  was 
born  December  15,  1852,  one  of  the  eleven 
children  of  Henry  and  Martha  (Sherwood) 
Haywood.  Beginning  in  the  common 
schools  he  afterwards  attended  Green  Hill 
Academy  and  in  1876  graduated  from  Val- 
paraiso University.  In  the  meantime,  in 
his  nineteenth  year,  he  had  taken  up 
teaching,  and  this  occupation,  continued 
for  about  six  years,  furnished  a  source  of 
livelihood  while  he  was  studying  law. 

Mr.  Haywood  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Lafayette  in  1880.  For  two  years  he 
was  in  the  law  office  of  Behm  &  Behm  of 
Lafayette,  but  in  1882  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  W.  F.  Bechtel.  Then  from  1884 
to  1896  he  again  practiced  alone,  and  from 
the  latter  year  until  the  first  of  January, 
1915,  was  a  partner  with  Charles  A.  Bur- 
nett, constituting  the  prominent  law  firm 
of  Haywood  &  Burnett.  For  the  last  three 
years  Mr.  Haywood  has  resumed  individ- 
ual practice. 

In  the  meantime  he  has  filled  many  posi- 
tions of  trust  and  responsibility  with 
credit  to  himself.  In  1886  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Twenty-third 
Judicial  Circuit,  embracing  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  was  re-elected  in  1888.  Those 
two  terms  furnished  him  some  of  the  most 
valuable  experience  he  has  ever  had  as  a 
lawyer.  In  the  spring  of  1892  Mr.  Hay- 
wood  was  given  the  republican  nomination 
for  reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court.  This 
honor  was  conferred  upon  him  in  the  re- 
publican state  convention  at  Fort  Wayne. 
Those  familiar  with  the  political  history 
of  that  year  will  hardly  need  to  be  in- 
formed that  Mr.  Haywood,  along  with  the 
rest  of  the  republican  ticket  of  the  state, 
went  down  in  defeat.  In  1900  Mr.  Hay- 
wood  was  a  delegate  from  the  Tenth  Dis- 
trict of  Indiana  to  the  republican  national 
convention  held  at  Philadelphia,  where 
President  McKinley  was  renominated  and 
Theodore  Roosevelt  was  put  on  the  ticket 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1303 


for  the  vice  presidency.  Mr.  Haywood 
has  always  been  looked  upon  as  a  leader 
in  republican  party  affairs  in  his  home 
county.  In  1894  he  was  elected  republi- 
can county  chairman  and  filled  that  office 
two  years. 

Among  other  services  he  was  city  attor- 
ney of  Lafayette  twelve  years,  being  first 
appointed' to  that  office  in  1894.  For  four 
years  from  the  spring  of  1910  he  was 
owner  and  publisher  of  the  Lafayette 
Journal,  a  morning  daily  newspaper.  He 
is  now  president  and  principal  owner  of 
the  Haywood  Publishing  Company  of  La- 
fayette. Mr.  Haywood  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar Mason.  He  has  also  taken  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  degrees,  is  a  member  of  the  Mys- 
tic Shrine,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
In  1879  he  married  Miss  Mary  Marshall, 
of  Montmorenci,  Indiana.  They  are  the 
parents  of  three  children :  Leona,  Marshall 
and  George  P.,  Jr. 

MARVIN  TRUMAN  CASE,  M.  D.  An  in- 
dividual life  when  directed  by  a  high  pur- 
pose through  a  long  period  of  years  may 
attain  a -maximum  of  service  greater  than 
that  performed  by  many  better  known 
characters  in  history  under  the  stress  of 
abnormal  conditions.  One  such  life  that 
calls  for  special  honor  in  this  publication 
is  that  of  Dr.  Marvin  Truman  Case  of 
Attica.  Doctor  Case  was  for  nearly  three 
years  a  hard  fighting  soldier  of  the  Union 
during  the  Civil  war.  But  the  maximum 
of  his  service  has  been  given  not  as  a  sol- 
dier but  as  a  fighter  in  the  interests  of 
humanity  at  Attica,  where  he  has  prac- 
ticed medicine  steadily  for  over  forty- 
five  years,  and  though  one  of  the  oldest 
physicians  in  that  part  of  the  state  is  still 
on  duty,  and  doing  all  he  can  to  alleviate 
the  ills  that  beset  his  fellow  beings.  It  is 
not  easy  in  a  brief  sketch  to  indicate  all  the 
good  that  flows  from  such  a  life  and  char- 
acter. 

Doctor  Case  was  born  in  Walworth 
County,  Wisconsin,  June  18,  1843,  second 
son  of  William  Henry  and  Sybil  (Howe) 
Case,  whose  family  consisted  of  three  sons 
and  three  daughters.  His  early  life  was 
spent  in  several  different  states.  He  was 
with  his  parents  four  years  in  Wisconsin, 
nine  years  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New 
York,  four  years  in  St.  Joseph  County, 
Michigan,  and  a  year  and  a  half  in  St.  Clair 


County,  Illinois.  During  that  time  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools  in  these  different 
localities  and  also  shared  in  the  labors  of 
the  home  farm. 

While  living  in  Illinois  his  oldest  brother, 
Henry  Harlan,  enlisted  in  August,  1861,  in 
Company  D  of  the  Ninth  Illinois  Infantry, 
and  died  of  typhus  fever  at  Paducah, 
Kentucky,  in  September  of  the  same  year. 
In  March,  1862,  the  family  moved  to  a 
farm  in  Warren  County,  Indiana,  and 
there  Dr.  Case  helped  cultivate  a  crop  of 
corn.  Then  in  the  late  summer  of  that 
year,  feeling  that  his  turn  had  come  to 
serve  the  country,  he  enlisted  August  15, 
1862,  in  Company  D  of  the  Eighty-sixth 
Indiana  Infantry.  With  that  company  he 
served  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was 
a  private  in  the  ranks  until  May,  1864, 
when  he  was  detailed  as  color  guard.  In 
July  of  the  same  year,  while  in  the  trenches 
before  Atlanta,  he  was  made  first  sergeant 
of  his  company,  and  enjoyed  that  non-com- 
missioned rank  until  mustered  out  at  the 
close  of  the  war  in  June,  1865.  His  record 
shows  him  to  have  been  a  quiet,  efficient 
and  faithful  soldier  in  every  relationship 
of  his  service.  He  was  present  every  day 
with  his  regiment  from  muster  in  to  muster 
out.  During  his  first  days  in  camp  he  con- 
tracted pneumonia,  from  which  his  com- 
plete recovery  was  slow,  but  he  has  no  hos- 
pital record,  never  having  been  a  patient 
in  hospital  all  the  time  he  was  in  the  army. 
Furthermore,  he  participated  in  every  en- 
gagement in  which  his  regiment  took  part. 

On  being  mustered  out  in  June,  1865, 
Doctor  Case  returned  to  Warren  County, 
and  tried  to  resume  farming.  Finding 
himself  unable  and  without  sufficient 
strength  to  do  farm  work,  he  engaged  in 
teaching  in  the  public  schools,  and  was  a 
teacher  from  1865  to  1868  inclusive.  Dur- 
ing the  years  1867-68  he  was  county  super- 
intendent of  schools.  In  the  fall'of  1868 
he  entered  the  University  of  Michigan  as 
a  student  in  the  pharmacy,  chemistry  and 
medical  departments.  He  graduated  with 
the  degree  P.  C.  in  1869  and  tauffht  in  that 
department  during  1869-70.  In  March,  1870 
he  was  awarded  his  medical  degree,  and 
with  the  ink  still  fresh  on  that  document 
he  arrived  at  Attica  April  1,  1870.  and  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
which  he  has  continued  with  unabated  in- 
terest for  over  forty-five  years.  He  was 
at  first  associated  with  Doctor  Jones  for 


1304 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


two  years,  until  Doctor  Jones  removed  to 
Indianapolis.  Since  that  time  he  has  had 
as  professional  associate  Thomas  J.  Leech 
from  1875  to  1878,  Aquilla  Washhurne 
from  1881  to  1883,  John  E.  Morris  in  1897- 
98,  and  Louis  A.  Boiling  from  1900  to 
1907.  In  addition  to  looking  after  a  large 
private  practice  he  was  for  several  years 
local  United  States  examining  surgeon  for 
pensions,  and  a  member  of  the  Fountain 
County  Board  of  Pension  Examining  Sur- 
geons. For  a  busy  practitioner  he  has 
filled  many  offices  of  trust  that  require 
much  time  without  corresponding  compen- 
sation. During  1875-76  he  was  county 
superintendent  of  schools.  For  six  years 
he  was  a  trustee  of  the  Attica  public 
schools,  and  has  been  a  trustee  of  the  Car- 
negie Public  Library  since  its  establish- 
ment at  Attica.  He  has  served  as  city 
health  officer  for  more  than  thirty  years, 
and  has  been  a  member  of  the  Logan  Town- 
ship Advisory  Board  since  establishment. 

Doctor  Case  has  been  a  director  of  the 
Building  and  Loan  Association  at  Attica 
during  its  growth  from  assets  of  nothing 
until  they  now  amount  to  nearly  $1,000,- 
000.  He  is  still  active  in  professional  and 
other  affairs,  and  it  is  his  ardent  hope  that 
h'e  may  continue  to  be  spared  many  years 
and  continue  an  active  participant  in  the 
work  of  bettering  conditions  in  his  home 
locality.  His  fellow  citizens  look  upon  him 
as  one  of  the  most  dependable  men  in  the 
community,  always  ready  to  do  their  bit 
for  the  suppression  of  Prussianism.  Doctor 
Case  is  at  present  a  trustee  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church  and  was  for  several  years 
superintendent  of  its  Sabbath  School  and 
for  five  years  has  taught  the  adult  Bible 
Class  as  alternate  with  John  Travis. 

Doctor  Case  has  had  an  ideally  happy 
home  life  and  with  three  living  children 
he  and  his  wife  also  renew  their  youth 
and  the  memories  of  their  own  children 
in  four  grandchildren.  November  16, 
1870,  Doctor  Case,  soon  after  he  entered 
upon  active  practice  as  a  physician,  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  DeMotte.  Mrs.  Case  was 
formerly  a  teacher  of  music,  choir  leader 
and  Sabbath  School  and  church  worker, 
the  latter  interests  still  continuing.  Five 
children  were  born  to  them,  death  claim- 
ing three.  Those  living  are  Miss  Jessie 
and  Clarence  DeMotte.  Miss  Jessie  has 
been  a  teacher  of  piano  in  Tudor  Hall  at 
Indianapolis  for  several  years  and  is  a 


musician  of  great  technical  ability  and  most 
successful  as  a  teacher.  The  son,  Clarence 
DeMotte,  holds  a  responsible  position  in 
the  proof  reading  rooms  of  Sears,  Roebuck 
&  Company  at  Chicago,  where  he  has  been 
employed  for  five  and  a  half  years.  Lauren 
Wilber,  a  younger  son,  was  an  invalid  in 
New  Mexico,  his  ill  health  being  the  result 
of  exposure  during  the  Spanish-American 
war,  and  his  death  occurred  on  the  7th  of 
December,  1918.  Both  sons  were  married. 
Clarence  D.  is  the  father  of  three  bright 
boys  and  a  beautiful  daughter.  The 
youngest  of  these  grandchildren  is  a  four 
year  old  boy  with  overflowing  vitality  and 
a  tremendous  bump  of  inquisitiveness. 

LINCOLN  HESLER  had  a  career  as  a  law- 
yer and  citizen  such  as  all  thinking  people 
must  admire.  He  was  best  known  in  the 
counties  of  Fountain  and  Montgomery, 
where  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  he 
practiced  law.  For  twelve  years  before 
his  death  his  home  was  in  Crawfordsville. 

A  well  rounded  and  sincere  tribute  to  his 
life  is  found  in  the  words  of  a  memorial 
resolution  drawn  up  and  presented  by  a 
committee  of  the  Montgomery  County  Bar 
in  the  following  language: 

"Lincoln  Hesler,  son  of  William  and 
Matilda  Hesler,  was  born  in  Fountain 
County,  Indiana,  August  21,  1862,  and  de- 
parted this  life  at  Crawfordsville  Novem- 
ber 3,  1918.  He  was  married  to  Jennie 
Sumner  December  6,  1883.  His  widow  and 
two  sons,  Russell  L.  and  Herbert  S.,  who 
at  the  time  of  his  death  were  both  in  the 
United  States  military  service,  survive  him. 

"Mr.  Hesler  was  graduated  from  De- 
Pauw  University  at  Greencastle  in  1884, 
being  while  there  a  member  of  the  Phi 
Delta  Theta  fraternity,  and  in  January  of 
that  year  was  admitted  to  practice  law  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Fountain  County 
bar.  He  was  engaged  in  the  active  practice 
of  his  chosen  profession  for  a  period  of 
twenty-seven  years  and  then  very  reluct- 
antly closed  his  office  after  his  health  had 
failed  and  his  physician  had  advised  that 
he  would  have  to  give  up  the  practice.  For 
twenty-one  years  he  practiced  in  'Fountain 
County  and  for  six  years  in  Montgomery 
County.  He  never  sought  political  prefer- 
ment but  during  the  greater  portion  of 
the  period  of  his  practice  he  was  attorney 
for  the  City  of  Veedersburg.  He  did  not 
enter  the  practice  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1305 


ing  money,  or  with  a  view  to  gaining  a 
reputation  as  a  great  lawyer,  but  because 
of- his  fondness  for  the  science  of  law.  It 
was  fascinating  to  him  and  he  enjoyed  it. 
He  regarded  law  as  a  science — a  human 
method  of  dealing  out  justice  between  men. 
He  was  ethical  in  his  practice,  fair  to  his 
colleagues  and  loyal  to  his  clients.  In  his 
death  the  Montgomery  County  Bar  has 
lost  one  of  its  most  loyal  and  conscientious 
members,  the  community  an  honest  and 
patriotic  citizen." 

Mr.  Hesler's  parents,  William  and  Ma- 
tilda (Furr)  Hesler,  were  both  natives  of 
Kentucky,  and  they  and  their  four  chil- 
dren, two  sons  and  two  daughters,  Jacob, 
Ida,  Serina  and  Lincoln,  are  all  now  de- 
ceased. 

Mrs.  Lincoln  Hesler  was  born  at  Coving- 
ton,  Indiana,  April  27,  1865,  a  daughter  of 
Alvah  and  Emily  (Booe)  Sumner.  Her 
father  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  March 
26,  1828,  and  came  to  Indiana  with  his 
parents  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  He  spent 
his  active  life  as  a  cabinet  maker  and  he 
made  all  the  furniture  with  which  he  and 
his  bride  began  housekeeping.  He  died  in 
1916.  Mrs.  Hesler's  mother  was  born  De- 
cember 26,  1830,  in  New  Liberty,  Indiana, 
and  died  November  28,  1908.  In  the  Sum- 
ner family  were  four  children,  three  sons 
and  one  daughter :  Alfonso,  now  a  mer- 
chant at  Waynetown,  Indiana;  Will  H.,  a 
merchant-tailor  at  Peru,  Indiana;  Frank, 
deceased ;  Jennie  May. 

The  older  of  two  sons,  Russell  Lowell 
was  born  at  Veedersburg,  Indiana,  June  5, 
1893.  He  graduated  from  the  Crawfords- 
ville  High  School  in  1912  and  from  Wa- 
bash  College  with  the  class  of  1917.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Kappa  Sigma  fraternity. 
Immediately  after  leaving  Wabash  he 
entered  the  First  Officers  Training  Camp 
at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  and  received 
his  coveted  .position  as  a  second  lieutenant. 
He  was  first  assigned  to  depot  brigade  duty 
at  Camp  Zachary  Taylor,  Kentucky,  and 
was  transferred  to  the  school  of  arms  for 
special  instruction  at  Camp  Perry,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  awarded  a  medal  as  a  sharp 
shooter.  Then  came  his  later  assignment 
as  instructor  of  arms  at  Camp  Cody,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  remained  at  his  post  of 
duty  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

Herbert  Sumner  Hesler,  the  younger  son, 
was  born  at  Veedersburg,  November  24, 
1897.  He  graduated  from  the  Crawfords- 


ville  High  School  in  1915  and  then  entered 
Wabash  College.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Kappa  Sigma  fraternity.  During  1918 
he  took  special  intensive  military  training 
for  three  months  at  Harvard  University, 
and  was  then  assigned  as  a  sergeant  and  in- 
structor in  the  Students  Army  Training 
Corps  at  Wabash  College.  November  13th, 
two  days  after  the  signing  of  the  armistice, 
he  was  selected  to  enter  Camp  Grant  to 
train  for  a  commission. 

The  Hesler  home  is  at  222  West  Main 
Street  in  Crawfordsville,  and  it  was  there 
that  Mr.  Hesler  after  retiring  from  law 
practice  spent  his  time  in  delightful  com- 
panionship with  his  family,  his  books  and 
his  friends.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church,  the  Masonic  Order  and 
the  Tribe  of  Ben-Hur. 

DUMONT  KENNEDY.  For  more  than  half 
a  century  the  Crawfordsville  bar  has  been 
honored  by  the  services  and  talents  of  the 
Kennedy  family.  Dumont  Kennedy  has 
practiced  law  there  for  thirty  years  or  more 
and  is  a  son  of  the  late  Peter  S.  Kennedy, 
one  of  Indiana's  stalwart  lawyers  and 
citizens  during  the  middle  years  of  the 
last  century. 

Dumont  Kennedy  was  born  in  a  log 
house  at  Danville,  Indiana,  July  12,  1861, 
son  of  Peter  S.  and  Emily  (Talbot)  Ken- 
nedy. Peter  S.  Kennedy  was  born  in  Bour- 
bon County,  Kentucky,  July  10,  1829,  son 
of  Joseph  Kennedy.  His  early  life  was 
spent  in  a  pioneer  time  and  environment, 
and  his  attainments  were  largely  a  measure 
of  his  individual  exertions  as  a  youth.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  was  teaching  school 
after  a  hard  earned  education,  and  he 
utilized  all  his  leisure  time  to  study  law. 
He  became  not  only  a  successful  attorney 
but  was  a  prolific  writer  on  legal  subjects. 
He  was  frequently  called  upon  to  serve  as 
a  special  judge  of  the  district.  From  1856 
to  1858  he  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  the 
Indianapolis  Circuit,  having  been  elected 
on  the  republican  ticket.  For  many  years 
he  enjoyed  a  large  private  practice  in 
Crawfordsville,  where  he  died  September 
7,  1903.  Masonry  and  Odd  Fellowship 
constituted  his  religion.  During  the  Civil 
war  he  organized  a  company  for  the  Sev- 
enth Indiana  Regiment,  and  was  with  his 
command  as  a  lieutenant.  In  1874  he  rep- 
resented Montgomery  County  in  the  In- 
diana State  Legislature.  Peter  S.  Kennedy 


1306 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  wife  were  married  near  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  October  6,  1853.  They  had 
three  sons  and  three  daughters :  Bettie  Tal- 
bot,  deceased;  Joseph  Courtney,  now  of 
Lewiston,  Idaho ;  Schuyler  Colfax,  de- 
ceased ;  Dumont ;  Katie,  wife  of  C.  A. 
Foresman,  of  North  Yakima,  Washington ; 
and  Ora  Leigh,  matron  of  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Lewiston,  Idaho. 

Dumont  Kennedy  was  three  years  old 
when  his  parents  came  to  Montgomery 
County,  and  he  has  been  a  resident  of  that 
County  ever  since.  He  graduated  from  the 
Crawfordsville  High  School  with  the  class 
of  1882  and  studied  law  in  his  father's 
office.  He  also  had  some  early  experience 
as  a  teacher.  After  admission  to  the  bar 
he  took  up  active  practice,  and  in  1894 
was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  being  reelected  in  1896. 
In  1900  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  Mont- 
gomery Circuit  Court  and  by  reelection  in 
1904  served  eight  years.  An  unsolicited 
honor  and  a  tribute  to  his  citizenship  came 
to  him  in  1917  when  he  was  elected  mayor 
of  Crawfordsville,  an  office  he  still  holds. 
Mr.  Kennedy  is  a  republican.  His  success 
and  achievements  as  a  lawyer  are  the  re- 
sult of  long  concentration  and  work,  but 
through  it  all  he  has  kept  many  lively  in- 
terests in  varied  affairs  outside  his  legal 
profession.  Mr.  Kennedy  owns  a  beautiful 
suburban  home  near  Crawfordsville,  com- 
prising sixteen  acres.  There  he  has  the 
.  land  and  opportunity  to  allow  him  full 
bent  in  the  culture  of  flowers,  fruits  and 
stock  and  the  enjoyment  of  outdoor  life. 
He  has  always  had  a  keen  interest  in  his- 
tory, both  general  and  local,  has  been 
president  of  the  Monteromery  County  His- 
torical Society  since  1910,  and  in  his  home 
has  a  rare  collection  of  historic  relics  of 
various  kinds.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

June  23,  1897,  Mr.  Kennedy  married 
Miss  Mary  E.  Wilhite,  a  talented  daughter 
of  Eleazer  A.  and  Mary  (Holloway)  "Wil- 
hite. Mrs.  Kennedy  was  born  in  Crawfords- 
ville, June  6,  1867,  graduated  from  high 
school  and  later  from  the  Boston  School  of 
Oratory,  and  for  seven  years  was  a  teacher 
until  her  marriage.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kennedy 
have  one  daughter,  Emily  Elizabeth,  born 
September  5,  1906. 

HON.  JAMES  ATWELL  MOUNT  was  a  gov- 
ernor of  Indiana  whose  administration 


had  the  breadth  and  vigor  derived  from 
long  intimate  associations  with  the  lives 
and  processes  of  an  agricultural  commu- 
nity, and  also  that  seasoned  judgment  ac- 
quired by  long  experience  in  dealing  with 
all  sorts  of  people.  He  served  Indiana 
well  as  chief  executive  in  a  period  when 
the  economic  affairs  of  the  state  and  its 
people  were  beset  by  many  complex  prob- 
lems. 

He  came  of  pioneer  stock.  His  father, 
Atwell  Mount,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1806.  was  taken  to  Kentucky  in  1813,  and 
in  1826  married  Lucinda  Fullenwider  of 
that  state.  In  1828  they  moved  to  Mont- 
gomery County,  Indiana,  and  were  among 
the  industrious  God-fearing,  and  high- 
minded  early  settlers  of  that  locality,  ac- 
cepting bravely  all  the  responsibilities  laid 
upon  them  by  destiny,  including  the  rear- 
ing of  twelve  children,  one  of  whom,  James 
Atwell,  was  born  on  the  home  farm  in 
Montgomery  County  in  1843.  The  sources 
of  his  early  inspiration  were  the  familiar 
scenes  and  experiences  of  an  average 
farmer  boy.  He  had  to  do  work  requiring 
muscular  skill  and  keen  intelligence,  be- 
came self-reliant,  prompt,  obedient  and 
trustful.  From  the  quiet  life  of  the  farm 
he  was  suddenly  transferred  to  scenes  of 
violence  and  warfare  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
when  he  enlisted  in  1862  in  the  Seventy- 
Second  Indiana.  Infantry.  This  was  part 
of  the  famous  Wilder 's  Brigade.  General 
Wilder  himself  subsequently  testified  to  the 
bravery  of  young  Mount  in  volunteering 
twice  for  the  skirmish  line  at  Chickamauga, 
when  to  do  so  was  almost  certain  death. 
The  regimental  history  says  that  James  A. 
Mount  was  the  first  skirmisher  of  Sher- 
man's army  to  cross  the  Chattahoochee 
River  at  Roswell,  Georgia,  at  daylight, 
July  9,  1864.  Even  when  ill  from  measles 
he  marched  through  days  of  incessant  rain 
and  for  three  years  missed  not  a  single- 
march,  skirmish  or  battle. 

After  the  war  he  used  his  limited  means 
for  a  year  of  study  at  the  Presbyterian 
Academy  at  Lebanon,  Indiana.  He  made 
that  year  count  two  years  so  far  as  progress 
in  his  studies  was  concerned. 

In  1867  he  married,  and  with  no  capital 
beyond  a  well  trained  mind  and  ability  to 
work  hard  he  started  farming.  The  story 
of  what  he  experienced  and  accomplished 
as  a  farmer  is  perhaps  most  significant  of 
any  that  throws  light  on  his  character,  and 


/ 


1306 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


and  wife  were  married  near  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  October  6,  1853.  They  had 
three  sons  and  three  daughters:  Bettie  Tal- 
bot,  deceased :  Joseph  Courtney,  now  of 
Lewiston,  Idaho ;  Schuyler  Colfax,  de- 
ceased ;  Duinont ;  Katie,  wife  of  C.  A. 
Foresman,  of  North  Yakima,  Washington ; 
and  Ora  Leigh,  matron  of  the  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Lewiston,  Idaho. 

Duinont  Kennedy  was  three  years  old 
when  his  parents  came  to  Montgomery 
County,  and  he  has  been  a  resident  of  that 
County  ever  since.  He  graduated  from  the 
Crawfordsville  High  School  with  the  class 
of  1882  and  studied  law  in  his  father's 
office.  He  also  had  some  early  experience 
as  a  teacher.  After  admission  to  the  bar 
he  took  up  active  practice,  and  in  1894 
was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  being  reelected  in  1896. 
In  1900  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  Mont- 
gomery Circuit  Court  and  by  reelection  in 
1904  served  eight  years.  An  unsolicited 
honor  and  a  tribute  to  his  citizenship  came 
to  him  in  1917  when  he  was  elected  mayor 
of  Crawfordsville,  an  office  he  still  holds. 
Mr.  Kennedy  is  a  republican.  His  success 
and  achievements  as  a  lawyer  are  the  re- 
sult of  long  concentration  and  work,  but 
through  it  all  he  has  kept  many  lively  in- 
terests in  varied  affairs  outside  his  legal 
profession.  Mr.  Kennedy  owns  a  beautiful 
suburban  home  near  Crawfordsville.  com- 
prising sixteen  acres.  There  he  has  the 
land  and  opportunity  to  allow  him  full 
bent  in  the  culture  of  flowers,  fruits  and 
stock  and  the  enjoyment  of  outdoor  life. 
He  has  always  had  a  keen  interest  in  his- 
tory, both  general  and  local,  has  been 
president  of  the  Montgomery  County  His- 
torical Society  since  1910,  and  in  his  home 
has  a  rare  collection  of  historic  relics  of 
various  kinds.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

June  23,  1897,  Mr.  Kennedy  married 
Miss  Mary  E.  Wilhite.  a  talented  daughter 
of  Eleazer  A.  and  Mary  (Holloway)  Wil- 
hite.  Mrs.  Kennedy  was  born  in  Crawfords- 
ville, June  6,  1867,  graduated  from  high 
school  and  later  from  the  Boston  School  of 
Oratory,  and  for  seven  years  was  a  teacher 
until  her  marriage.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kennedy 
have  one  daughter,  Emily  Elizabeth,  born 
September  5,  1906. 

Ilnx.  JAMES  ATWEI.L  MOPXT  was  a  gov- 
ernor of  Indiana  whose  administration 


had  the  breadth  and  vigor  derived  from 
long  intimate  associations  with  the  live* 
and  processes  of  an  agricultural  commu- 
nity, and  also  that  seasoned  judgment  ac- 
quired by  long  experience  in  dealing  with 
all  sorts  of  people.  He  served  Indiana 
well  as  chief  executive  in  a  period  when 
the  economic  affairs  of  the  state  and  its 
people  were  beset  by  many  complex  prob- 
lems. 

He  came  of  pioneer  stock.  His  father, 
Atwell  Mount,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1806.  was  taken  to  Kentucky  in  1813,  and 
in  1826  married  Lucinda  Fullenwider  of 
that  state.  In  1828  they  moved  to  Mont- 
gomery County,  Indiana,  and  were  among 
the  industrious  God-fearing,  and  high- 
minded  early  settlers  of  that  locality,  ac- 
cepting bravely  all  the  responsibilities  laid 
upon  them  by  destiny,  including  the  rear- 
ing of  twelve  children,  one  of  whom,  James 
Atwell,  was  born  on  the  home  farm  in 
Montgomery  County  in  1843.  The  sources 
of  his  early  inspiration  were  the  familiar 
scenes  and  experiences  of  an  average 
farmer  boy.  He  had  to  do  work  requiring 
muscular  skill  and  keen  intelligence,  be- 
came self-reliant,  prompt,  obedient  and 
trustful.  From  the  qiret  life  of  the  farm 
he  was  suddenly  transferred  to  scenes  of 
violence  and  warfare  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
when  he  enlisted  in  1862  in  the  Seventy- 
Second  Indiana  Infantry.  This  was  part 
of  the  famous  Wilder 's  Brigade.  General 
Wilder  himself  subsequently  testified  to  the 
bravery  of  young  Mount  in  volunteering 
twice  for  the  skirmish  line  at  Chickamanga. 
when  to  do  so  was  almost  certain  death. 
The  regimental  history  says  that  James  A. 
Mount  was  the  first  skirmisher  of  Sher- 
man's army  to  cross  the  Chattahoochee 
River  at  Roswell,  Georgia,  at  daylight, 
July  9,  1864.  Even  when  ill  from  measles 
he  marched  through  days  of  incessant  rain 
and  for  three  years  missed  not  a  single 
march,  skirmish  or  battle. 

After  the  war  he  used  his  limited  means 
for  a  year  of  study  at  the  Presbyterian 
Academy  at  Lebanon,  Indiana.  He  made 
that  year  count  two  years  so  far  as  progress 
in  his  studies  was  concerned. 

Tn  1867  he  married,  and  with  no  capital 
beyond  a  well  trained  mind  and  ability  to 
work  hard  he  started  farming.  The  story 
of  what  he  experienced  and  accomplished 
as  a  farmer  is  perhaps  most  significant  of 
any  that  throws  light  on  his  character,  and 


• 


• 


UBMffl 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLlwor 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1307 


may  be  told  in  detail.  The  young  husband 
and  wife  determined  at  once  upon  farm 
life.  The  heavy  rental  imposed  upon  them 
was  enough  to  discourage  them,  since  they 
had  to  pay  half  of  all  the  grain  sold  and 
half  of  all  the  money  realized  from  the 
sale  of  livestock.  He  also  did  much  work 
in  improving  the  land,  for  which  of  course 
he  had  no  remuneration  from  his  land- 
lord. His  neighbors  ureed  him  to  go  west, 
where  he  could  obtain  cheap  land  and  thus 
avoid  the  toll  laid  by  landlordism  in  In- 
diana. While  this  would  have  been  a  per- 
fectly honorable  way  out,  he  chose  to  re- 
main in  his  native  state.  Gradually  a 
change  came  over  the  farm ;  unremitting 
work,  coupled  with  excellent  managerial 
ability,  made  themselves  felt  in  the  way  of 
heavier  crops,  larger  sales  of  livestock,  well 
drained  fields  and  cultivated  meadows.  The 
young  farmer  seemed  to  have  the  touch  of 
Midas,  and  all  things  prospered.  At  the 
end  of  seven  years  the  stock  and  imple- 
ments were  bought  and  the  rent  paid  in 
cash.  Three  years  later  he  became  owner 
of  the  farm,  though  its  purchase  involved 
a  debt  of  about  $12,000.  At  the  end  of 
five  years  the  debt  was  paid.  In  1895, 
twenty-eight  years  after  he  began  as  a 
lessee,  he  was  proprietor  of  500  acres  of 
land  and  had  erected  a  home  of  modern 
style  and  beauty  costing  over  $8,000.  He 
and  h;s  wife  were  valuable  examples  of 
what  farm  life  mav  become.  Thev  were 
both  imbued  with  the  'dea  of  elevating  the 
standard  of  country  life  in  point  of  con- 
venience and  beauty.  Mr.  Mount  always 
regarded  agriculture  as  the  ideal  life,  and 
his  success  led  him  to  offer  his  experience 
as  a  guide  and  help  to  others.  He  became 
widely  known  as  a  lecturer  before  Farmers 
Institutes,  and  long  before  his  name  was 
considered  in  connection  with  high  pub- 
lic office  he  had  done  much  to  mold  and 
influence  the  destiny  of  the  state  as  an 
agricultural  center. 

In  politics  he  was  a  republican  and  in 
1888  was  nominated  by  that  party  for  the 
office  of  state  senator.  He  was  elected 
in  a  district  normally  democratic  and 
served  four  years  with  distinction.  In  1896 
he  was  brought  forward  as  a  candidate 
for  governor.  There  were  twelve  aspirants 
for  the  nomination.  It  was  a  historic  con- 
vention, and  James  A.  Mount  was  nomi- 
nated for  erovernor  on  the  seventh  ballot. 
His  candidacy  aroused  great  enthusiasm 


and  brought  him  a  support  probably  never 
before  nor  never  since  accorded  a  repub- 
lican candidate.  He  was  elected  by  a  larger 
plurality  than  had  ever  been  given  to  either 
a  presidential  or  gubernatorial  candidate. 
This  is  not  the  place  to  enter  upon  an  ex- 
tended account  of  his  official  administra- 
tion. However,  it  should  be  noted  that  he 
came  into  the  governor's  chair  following  a 
period  of  hard  times,  and  his  course  was 
marked  by  complete  fidelity  to  the  prin- 
ciples which  have  so  often  been  urged  in 
political  campaigns  but  less  frequently  car- 
ried out  after  elections — a  course  of  econ- 
omy consistent  with  efficient  administra- 
tion. Governor  Mount  stood  bravely 
against  all  interests  in  insisting  upon  tit- 
most  economy  in  every  department  of  his 
administration.  It  was  his  faithfulness  to 
duty  and  his  broad  sympathies  that  more 
than  anything  else  distinguished  his  four 
years  as  governor. 

He  entered  upon  his  administration  in 
January,  1897,  and  he  retired  from  the 
office  in  January,  1901.  Just  a  day  or  so 
later,  and  on  the  eve  of  his  departure  for 
his  country  home,  he  died  suddenly  Janu- 
ary 16.  1901.  He  was  fifty-eight  years  old. 
•From  farm  boy;  to  governor  represented 
a  gradation  of  experience  and  achievement 
that  is  a  most  perfect  measure  of  a  com- 
plete and  adequate  life. 

In  1898  Hanover  College  honored  him 
with  the  degree  Doctor  of  Laws.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  Presbyterian 
laymen  in  the  state.  For  several  years  he 
was  officially  identified  with  Winona  Asso- 
ciation, and  after  his  death  the  Mount 
Memorial  School  Building  was  erected 
there.  He  was  vice-moderator  of  the  Pres- 
byterian General  Assembly  in  1898,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  an  elder  in  his 
home  church  at  Shannondale.  and  also  a 
teacher  in  the  Sunday  school.  Even  after 
going  to  Indianapolis  and  with  all  his  du- 
ties and  cares  as  governor,  he  found  time 
to  teach  a  young  men's  class  in  Sunday 
school. 

Governor  Mount  met  and  married  Kate 
A.  Boyd  at  Lebanon  in  1867.  She  was  born 
in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  in  1849,  and 
had  graduated  from  the  Lebanon  Academy 
in  1866.  She  survived  her  honored  hus- 
band only  a  few  years,  passing  away  July 
6,  1905.  She  was  of  Revolutionary  ances- 
try. 

Governor   Mount   and    wife   had    three 


1308 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


children,  all  of  whom  were  reared  in  the 
atmosphere  of  a  wholesome  home  and  with 
every  influence  and  advantage  that  could 
prepare  them  for  life's  larger  responsi- 
bilities. The  oldest  child,  Hallie  Lee,  is 
the  wife  of  Mr.  Charles  E.  Butler,  of  Craw- 
fordsville.  The  second  daughter,  Helen 
Nesbit,  a  graduate  of  Coats  College  at  Terre 
Haute,  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  John  W.  Nicely, 
a  prominent  Presbyterian  divine.  The 
only  son,  Harry  N.  Mount,  graduated  from 
Wabash  Collie  in  1894,  also  from  the 
Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  New 
Jersey,  and  for  many  years  has  been  in  the 
Presbyterian  ministry,  part  of  the  time  in 
Indiana,  but  in  later  years  in  the  far  west. 

CHARLES  E.  BUTLER.  It  has  been  a  mat- 
ter of  frequent  congratulation  that  the 
American  farmer  when  called  upon  to  do 
double  dutv  in  relieving  the  strain  and 
want  caused  by  war  time  conditions  was 
able  to  make  response  both  quickly  and 
abundantly.  A  response  was  made  not 
only  by  bringing  increased  areas  into  pro- 
duction and  by  redoubling  the  amount  of 
labor,  but  also  by  the  exercise  of  that  fund 
of  skill  and  intelligence  that  has  been 
slowly  accumulating  during  recent  decades 
and  was  ready  when  needed  by  the  body  of 
American  farmers  in  general. 

Of  that  new  era  of  agriculture,  and  the 
steady  climb  towards  better  methods  of 
agriculture,  one  of  the  choicest  representa- 
tives in  Indiana  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  Charles  E.  Butler  of  Montgomery 
Oounty.  Mr.  Butler  spent  all  his  life  in 
that  countv  and  was  born  in  Franklin 
Township  March  7,  1866,  son  of  Mahlon 
and  Eunice  (Lacy)  Butler.  His  father, 
born  in  Virginia  January  27,  1821,  was 
brought  to  Indiana  when  six  months  old. 
Thus  the  Butlers  have  been  in  Indiana 
almost  as  long  as  the  state  itself.  In  1834 
the  family  settled  in  Montgomery  County 
in  a  Quaker  community.  Mahlon  Butler 
brought  his  wife  from  Rush  County,  In- 
.diana,  and  for  over  half  a  century  thev 
lived  on  the  same  farm.  She  died  June  27, 
1902,  and  he  passed  awav  March  5,  1904. 
His  was  a  fine  tyoe  of  citizenship,  distin- 
guished not  by  official  activity  but  by  the 
performance  of  commonplace  duties  of  life 
and  a  steady  growth  in  wisdom.  He  was 
a  republican  and  was  always  a  steady  going 
Quaker.  There  were  five  children.  Erne- 
line,  Emily,  Jennie,  Lindley  M.  and 


Charles  E.,  all  deceased  except  the  latter. 
Charles  E.  Butler  grew  up  on  the  home 
farm,  was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
and  high  school  and  in  Wabash  College. 
October  10,  1888,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two, 
he  married  Hallie  Lee  Mount.  She  was 
born  on  a  neighboring  farm  in  Franklin 
Township  of  Montgomery  County,  August 
18,  1868.  Her  father  at  the  time  of  her 
marriage  was  known  simply -as  James  At- 
well  Mount,  a  farmer  of  conspicuous  suc- 
cess, who  eight  years  later  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Indiana.  The  career  of  Governor 
Mount  is  described  on  other  pages  of  this 
publication.  Mrs.  Butler  finished  her  edu- 
cation in  a  college  in  Kentucky.  She  and 
Mr.  Butler  have  three  children :  Everett, 
born  August  18,  1891,  since  graduating 
from  the  Crawfordsville  High  School  has 
been  a  farmer.  He  is  married  and  resides 
at  the  Governor  Mount  home;  Lois  was 
born  July  6.  1897,  and  Gladys  was  born 
February  4,  1900. 

Many  a  fine  old  family  homestead  in 
Indiana  has  lost  its  identity  by  division 
and  sale  after  the  original  owners  passed 
away.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Butler  have  taken 
great  pride  in  preserving  the  two  home- 
steads with  which  their  own  lives  have 
been  identified  from  birth.  Mr.  Butler 
owns  the  farm  where  he  was  born  and  grew 
up  and  to  which  his  father  gave  so  much 
labor  and  care  in  development.  They  also 
have  the  original  Mount  farm,  upon  which 
the  late  Governor  Mount  lavished  his  en- 
ergies and  judgment.  These  two  farms 
together  constitute  nearly  five  hundred 
acres  in  Franklin  Township,  and  for  years 
it  has  been  the  home  of  blooded  livestock 
and  all  the  methods  of  efficiency  which 
have  been  accepted  as  standard  in  the 
management  of  good  farms.  Mr.  Butler 
has  been  a  student  of  farming  and  stock 
husbandrv  since  early  youth,  has  been  of- 
ficially identified  with  the  Farmers  Insti- 
tutes, has  served  as  president  of  the  Better 
Farming  Association  of  Montgomery  Coun- 
ty, was  at  one  time  president  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Society  of  the  county  and  has  been 
secretary  of  the  State  Farmers  Congress 
of  Indiana.  He  is  at  present  chairman  of 
the  Montgomery  County  republican  party 
and  chairman  and  a  member  of  the  state 
committee  from  the  Ninth  district.  All 
these  official  associations  together  with  his 
own  noteworthy  record  as  a  production  ex- 
pert in  farm  management  give  him  a  rep- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1309 


utation  that  is  more  significant  today  than 
at  any  time  in  history.  Mr.  Butler  is  a 
republican,  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  he  and  his  wife  are  com- 
municants of  the  Center  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Crawfordsville. 

EDWARD  EGGLESTON,  author,  was  born  at 
Vevay,  Indiana,  December  10,  1837.  His 
father,  Joseph  Gary  Eggleston,  was  a  Vir- 
ginian, a  graduate  of  William  and  Mary 
College,  and  of  the  Winchester  Law  School, 
who  located  at  Vevay  in  1832,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law.  He  held  a  leading 
place  at  the  bar;  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1840,  and  was  defeated  as  the 
whig  candidate  for  Congress  in  1844.  He 
died  in  1846,  at  the  age  of  thirty-four.  He 
married,  at  Vevay,  Mary  J.  Craig,  daugh- 
ter of  Capt.  George  Craig,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest settlers  of  Switzerland  County.  She 
was  born  in  the  block-house  which  stood 
on  the  bank  of  the  Ohio,  four  miles  below 
Vevay.  She  died  June  15,  1857. 

Edward  inherited  a  frail  constitution, 
and  he  had  little  schooling  outside  of  his 
home,  except  a  brief  stay  at  Amelia  Acad- 
emy, Virginia,  when  he  was  seventeen.  His 
stay  in  Virgihia,  as  well  as  brief  residences 
in  Decatur  County,  Indiana,  and  in  Min- 
nesota, were  in  search  of  health.  His  was 
a  case  of  early  piety.  He  joined  the 
Methodist  Church  at  the  age  of  eleven,  and 
at  nineteen  entered  its  ministry.  After  six 
months  as  a  circuit  rider  in  Indiana,  he 
again  went  to  Minnesota  as  a  Methodist 
minister,  and  had  charges  at  St.  Paul, 
Stillwater,  Winona,  and  St.  Peter.  While 
at  St.  Peter  he  married  Elizabeth  Snider, 
and  to  them  were  born  three  daughters. 

In  Minnesota  his  health  was  so  bad  that 
in  1866  he  was  compelled  to  abandon  the 
ministry.  He  located  at  Evanston,  Illi- 
nois, and  became  editor  of  "The  Little 
Corporal,"  and  a  few  months  later,  of 
the  "National  Sunday-School  Teacher." 
Here  he  began  writing  stories,  and  in  1870 
published  a  collection  of  these  in  book  form 
under  the  title,  "The  Book  of  Queer  Sto- 
ries." This  was  followed  by  "Stories 
Told  on  a  Cellar  Door. ' '  For  several  years 
he  corresponded  for  the  New  York  Inde- 
pendent, under  the  name  of  "Pen 
Holder;"  and  in  May,  1870,  was  called  to 
the  position  of  literary  editor  of  that  paper, 
becoming  chief  editor  a  few  months  later, 

on  the  death  of  Theodore  Tilton. 
vol.  in— r 


In  July,  1871,  he  resigned  to  take  edi- 
torial charge  of  "Hearth  and  Home,"  in 
which  he  published  his  "Hoosier  School- 
master." The  original  design  of  this  was 
three  or  four  sketches,  but  it  proved  so 
popular  that  he  extended  it  to  its  full 
form,  and  issued  it  in  book  form  on  its 
completion.  It  had  a  circulation  of  over 
20,000  the  first  year  and  is  still  in  demand ; 
and  has  been  translated  into  French  and 
Danish.  In  1872  he  resigned  his  position 
of  editor  for  book  work ;  but  also  accepted 
the  pastorate  of  the  "Church  of  Christian 
Endeavor,"  an  independent  organization 
in  Brooklyn,  devoted  chiefly  to  social 
service. 

In  1879  bad  health  forced  the  abandon- 
ment of  this  position.  He  built  a  beautiful 
home  on  Lake  George,  known  as  "Owl's 
Nest,"  to  which  he  retired,  and  where  most 
of  his  subsequent  works  were  written — 
among  them  "The  End  of  the  World," 
"The  Mystery  of  Metropolisville, "  "The 
Faith  Doctor,"  "The  Hoosier  School 
Boy,"  "Duffels,"  "The  Circuit  Rider," 
"Christ  in  Literature,"  "Christ  in  Art." 
"Roxy,"  "The  Graysons,"  "History  of 
the  United  States."  In  conjunction  with 
his  daughter,  Mrs.  Lillie  Seelye,  he  pub- 
lished "Famous  American  Indians"  in  five 
volumes.  He  died  at  Lake  George,  Sep- 
tember 2,  1902. 

Mr.  Eggleston's  portraiture  of  Hoosier 
character  and  dialect  has  attracted  much 
comment  and  criticism,  which  he  answered 
in  prefaces  of  the  later  editions  of  his 
books.  Perhaps  the  best  statement  of  the 
original  sources  of  his  characters  and  in- 
cidents is  in  the  "History  of  Dearborn, 
Ohio  and  Switzerland  Counties"  (1885) 
at  page  1061.  See  also  "The  Indianian," 
Vol.  7,  p.  37,  and  George  Gary  Eggleston's 
"The  First.  Hoosier,"  and  "Recollections 
of  a  Varied  Life." 

GEORGE  CART  EGGLESTON,  brother  of  Ed- 
ward Eggleston  (q.  v.  as  to  parentage), 
was  born  at  Vevay,  Indiana,  November  26, 
1839.  He  attended  college  at  Asbury,  In- 
diana, and  Richmond,  Virginia ;  read  law 
at  Richmond,  and  was  beginning  to  prac- 
tice when  the  Civil  war  began.  He  enlisted 
in  Stuart's  "Black  Horse  Cavalry,"  but 
was  transferred  to  Longstreet 's  corps  of 
artillery,  and  remained  in  that  service, 
commanding  a  mortar  fort  at  the  siege  of 
Petersburg.  After  the  war  he  practiced 


1310 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


law  at  Cairo,  Illinois,  until  1870,  when  he 
began  newspaper  work  on  the  Brooklyn 
Union. 

In  1871  he  joined  the  staff  of  "Hearth 
and  Home,"  then  edited  by  Edward  Eg- 
gleston,  and  here  wrote  his  first  book, 
"How  to  Educate  Yourself,"  for  Put- 
nam's Handy  Book  Series.  This  was  soon 
followed  by  his  first  novel,  "A  Man  of 
Honor,"  and  his  "Recollections  of  a 
Rebel,"  written  at  the  request  of  Howells 
for  the  ' '  Atlantic. ' '  He  continued  in  news- 
paper work,  as  literary  editor  of  the  New 
York  Evening  Post,  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser, and  World;  but  also  found  time  to 
write  for  numerous  magazines,  and  to  pub- 
lish some  thirty  books. 

Among  his  publications  are  "How  to 
Make  a  Living,"  "How  to  Make  a  Li- 
brary," "The  Big  Brother,"  "Captain 
Sam,"  "The  Signal  Boys,"  "The  Red 
Eagle,"  "The  Wreck  of  the  Red  Bird," 
"Bale  Marked  Circle  X,"  "American  Im- 
mortals," "Blind  Alleys,"  "Camp  Ven- 
ture," "A  Carolina  Cavalier,"  "Dorothy 
South,"  "History  of  the  Confederate 
War,"  "Jack  Shelby,"  "Last  of  the  Flat- 
boats,"  "Long  Knives,"  "Life  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  "Southern  Soldier 
Stories,"  "Strange  Stories  from  History," 
"Juggernaut"  (in  collaboration  with  Do- 
lores Marbourg),  and  "Recollections  of  a 
Varied  Life."  He  edited  "American  War 
.  Ballads,"  and  the  American  edition  of 
"Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates." 

Mr.  Eggleston  was  married  at  Cairo, 
September  9,  1868,  to  Miss  Marion  Craggs. 
He  died  at  New  York,  April  14,  1911.  His 
"The  First  Hoosier,"  and  his  "Recollec- 
tions" are  especially  interesting  in  connec- 
tion with  Indiana  history  and  the  literary 
life  of  his  time. 

CAPT.  HENRY  H.  TALBOT.  It  has  been 
the  gracious  privilege  of  Capt.  Henry  H. 
Talbot  of  Crawfprdsville  to  review  the  emo- 
tions and  experiences  of  the  great  Ameri- 
can Civil  war  through  which  he  passed  as  a 
gallant  soldier  and  officer  when  he  lent  his 
energies  to  the  forces  of  the  World  war 
when  America  joined  the  allies  in  overcom- 
ing the  menace  of  Prussianism  in  the  world. 
Captain  Talbot  is  now  one  of  the  scattered 
remnants  of  that  great  army  that  fought 
against  slavery  more  than  half  a  century 
ago,  and  the  honors  he  achieved  as  a  soldier 
have  been  repeated  again  and  again  as  a 


substantial  citizen  and  for  many  years  as 
a  practical  farmer  in  Montgomery  County. 

He  comes  of  a  family  of  soldiers,  pion- 
eers and  patriots.  He  was  born  at  Lexing- 
ton, Fayette  County,  Kentucky,  September 
6,  1841,  son  of  Courtney  and  Elizabeth 
(Harp)  Talbot.  His  great-grandfather, 
John  Kennedy,  born  October  16,  1742,  was 
a  soldier  in  the  struggle  for  independence. 
A  grant  to  nearly  3,000  acres  of  land  on 
Kennedy's  Creek  in  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 
tucky, was  issued  to  John  Kennedy  and  his 
brother  Joseph  Kennedy.  The  record  of 
that  transaction,  a  copy  of  which  is  in  the 
possession  of  Captain  Talbot,  shows  that 
the  land  was  located  and  surveyed  by  Maj. 
Daniel  Boone,  October  16,  1779. 

The  paternal  grandfather  of  Captain 
Talbot  was  Nicholas  Talbot,  born  in  Vir- 
ginia November  10,  1781.  He  was  an  early 
settler  in  Kentucky,  where  his  son  Court- 
ney was  born  September  3, 1804.  Elizabeth 
Harp  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Ken- 
tucky, July  14,  1813. 

The  Talbots  of  Kentucky  were  planters 
and  slave  owners,  and  Captain  Talbot  was 
the  only  one  of  the  family  to  espouse  the 
cause  of  the  Union  in  the  Civil  war,  a  num- 
ber of  his  relatives  having  fought  on  the 
other  side.  Captain  Talbot  was  twenty 
years  old  when  the  war  broke  out.  His 
earlier  life  had  been  spent  on  the  farm, 
with  a  practical  education  in  the  common 
schools.  At  the  very  outbreak  of  the  war 
he  enlisted  in  a  three  months'  regiment, 
and  later  became  a  member  of  Company  C, 
Seventh  Kentucky  Cavalry.  His  first 
battle  was  at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  August 
30,  1862.  Upon  the  cavalry  arm  of  the 
Federal  forces  devolved  some  of  the  most 
hazardous  and  responsible  duties  in  con- 
nection with  waging  the  war  in  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley.  Thus  Captain  Talbot  was 
exposed  to  many  more  dangers  than  those 
encountered  by  the  average  soldier  in  in- 
fantry commands,  and  for  nearly  three 
years  was  riding  about  over  many  states 
of  th?  Central  South,  scouting,  raiding, 
guarding  lines  of  communication.  Some 
of  his  hardest  service  was  against  Long- 
street  around  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  in  the 
winter  of  1863-64.  He  was  in  the  Wilson 
cavalry  raid,  which  started  from  Eastport, 
Mississippi,  and  ended  with  Captain  Tal- 
bot's  regiment  in  Florida.  He  was  also  in 
the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  fought  in  the 
last  battle  of  the  war  at  Westpoint, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1311 


Georgia,  April  16,  1865.  He  was  mustered 
out  at  Nashville  July  17,  1865.  Captain 
Talbot  was  twice  wounded,  once  through 
the  right  breast  and  once  through  the  right 
leg.  Soldierly  conduct,  bravery  and  ef- 
ficiency won  him  several  promotions,  be- 
ing advanced  to  the  rank  of  second  lieuten- 
ant and  later  to  captain  of  his  company. 

When  the  war  was  over  Captain  Talbot, 
a  veteran  soldier,  returned  to  his  Kentucky 
home  and  resumed  farming,  but  a  few  years 
later  moved  to  Montgomery  County,  In- 
diana, where  he  acquired  a  large  farm  near 
Crawfordsville.  He  has  been  one  of  the 
leading  stock  raisers  in  that  community 
and  all  branches  of  farming  have  appealed 
to  him  and  he  has  long  been  recognized  as 
a  master  of  those  arts  concerned  in  making 
the  soil  produce  abundantly.  For  many 
years  he  has  enjoyed  one  of  the  best  coun- 
try homes  of  the  county. 

During  this  time  he  has  allied  himself 
constantly  with  the  elements  of  progress. 
In  politics  he  has  been  a  steadfast  republi- 
can, though  in  1912  he  supported  the  pro- 
gressive ticket.  He  served  one  term  as  a 
member  of  the  County  Council.  For  two 
terms  he  was  commander  of  McPherson 
Post  No.  7,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
at  Crawfordsville.  He  has  been  a  Mason 
in  good  standing  for  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury, being  affiliated  with  Montgomery 
Lodge  No.  50,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons. 

On  June  6, 1872,  Captain  Talbot  married 
Miss  Hettie  A.  Evans,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Samuel  and  Mary  (Woodruff)  Evans,  of 
Waveland,  Indiana.  They  became  the  par- 
ents of  two  daughters,  May  Wood  and 
Ethel.  Ethel  is  the  widow  of  Wallace 
Sparks,  a  former  clerk  of  Montgomery 
County. 

JAMES  BERNARD  WALLACE,  in  the  opinion 
of  his  fellow  citizens  at  Newcastle,  is  one 
of  the  most  successful  business  men  of  the 
city,  and  his  success  as  a  merchant  has 
been  accompanied  by  a  corresponding 
prominence  in  local  politics.  He  is  a  for- 
mer city  treasurer  and  county  treasurer 
and  an  acknowledged  leader  in  the  demo- 
cratic party  of  Henry  County. 

Mr,  Wallace's  chief  business  is  as  a 
wholesale  and  retail  dealer  in  bakery  goods, 
confectionery  and  ice  cream.  He  was  born 
at  Union  City,  Indiana,  July  25,  1872,  a 
son  of  Patrick  and  Gatheri*-;  (O'Leary) 


Wallace.  His  father  was  born  in  Ireland 
and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  came  to  America, 
settling  in  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey.  Later 
he  -moved  to  Union  City,  Indiana,  and 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life  there.  He  died 
in  1916  and  his  wife  passed  away  in  1889. 

James  B.  Wallace  attended  the  parochial 
schools  at  Union  City  and  for  two  years 
was  a.  student  in  St.  Mary's  Institute  at 
Dayton,  Ohio.  He  began  his  career  as  a 
railroad  man,  working  in  different  capaci- 
ties for  the  Big  Four  Railway  Company, 
and  eventually  being  made  yardmaster  at 
Union  City,  one  of  the  important  junction 
points  of  the  railroad.  He  held  that 
position  nine  years,  but  in  1901,  when  he 
came  to  Newcastle,  he  opened  a  confec- 
tionery store  at  1309  Main  Street.  He 
sold  his  own  products  of  confectionery  and 
ice  cream,  and  his  rapid  success  in  the  busi- 
ness encouraged  him  to  open  a  branch  store 
at  1217  Race  Street.  He  continued  both 
establishments  until  1908. 

When  Mr.  Wallace  entered  politics  he 
gave  up  his  business.  He  was  elected  in 
1908  city  treasurer  over  a  republican  can- 
didate in  a  normally  republican  city,  and 
filled  that  office  capably  four  years.  In 
1912,  as  candidate  for  county  treasurer  on 
the  democratic  ticket,  he  was  elected  for  a 
term  of  two  years,  but  in  1914  the  republi- 
can tide  was  too  strong  and  he  was  defeated 
by  a  small  margin.  Soon  after  leaving 
office,  on  December  20,  1915,  Mr.  Wallace 
resumed  business,  establishing  a  new 
bakery,  confectionery  and  ice  cream  store 
at  1407-9  Broad  Street.  He  has  developed 
not  only  a  large  local  retail  trade,  but  sells 
his  goods  wholesale  to  many  groceries 
throughout  Henry  County. 

In  1905  Mr.  Wallace  married  Eleanor 
Walsh,  daughter  of  John  Walsh  of  Marion, 
Ohio.  She  died  in  1906,  and  in  1914  he 
married  Margaret  New,  daughter  of  John 
New  of  Greenfield,  Indiana.  Mr.  Wallace 
has  served  as  a  delegate  to  various  demo- 
cratic state  conventions.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  and 
Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles  at  Newcastle, 
and  is  a  member  of  St.  Ann's  Catholic 
Church. 

JOHN  D.  GOUGAR.  In  the  space  allotted 
for  that  purpose  it  is  difficult  to  estimate 
at  all  adequately  the  character  and  services 
of  John  D.  Gougar,  dean  of  the  Lafayette 


1312 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bar,  and  one  of  the  few  men  still  active  in 
his  profession  who  took  his  first  case  before 
the  Civil  war.  From  whatever  standpoint 
it  may  be  viewed  his  has  been  nothing  less 
than  a  remarkable  life,  an  encouragement 
and  inspiration  to  all  who  may  read  this 
record. 

He  was  born  near  Circleville,  Ohio,  De- 
cember 10, 1836,  son  of  Daniel  and  Hannah 
(Dunkle)  Gougar.  When  he  was  five  years 
of  age  in  1841  the  parents  moved  to  Tippe- 
canoe  County,  Indiana.  More  than  thirty 
years  had  passed  since  the  Indians  made 
their  notable  stand  here  in  the  night  attack 
upon  General  Harrison's  army,  and  yet  a 
large  part  of  the  county's  area  was  un- 
cleared and  unsettled,  and  the  first  night 
the  Gougar  family  passed  in  a  log  cabin 
on  what  is  now  the  campus  of  Purdue  Uni- 
versity. This  log  cabin  and  the  land  it 
occupied  was  then  owned  by  George  Gou- 
gar, a  brother  of  Daniel  Gougar.  Daniel 
Gougar  bought  a  farm  for  himself  on  the 
Wea  plains,  and  lived  there  until  1850, 
when  he  died.  His  widow  and  her  two  chil- 
dren then  returned  to  Ohio. 

John  D.  Gougar  spent  only  the  years 
from  1841  to  1850  in  Tippecanoe  county, 
and  while  here  was  a  pupil  in  the  district 
schools.  His  further  education  was  com- 
pleted in  Ohio,  and  in  1859  he  graduated 
from  Heidelberg  University  at  Tiffin,  Ohio. 

Late  in  1859  he  returned  to  some  of  the 
scenes  of  his  youthful  years  at  Lafayette, 
and  took  up  the  study  of  law  with  the  well 
known  firm  of  Chase  &  Wilstach.  On  May 
24,  1860,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
while  most  of  his  contemporaries  long  since 
laid  down  their  briefs  he  is  at  this  writing, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  still  in  active  prac- 
tice, the  oldest  member  of  the  Lafayette 
bar  and  possessed  of  the  profound  respect 
and  warm  friendship  of  the  entire  com- 
munity of  that  city. 

Apart  from  the  high  position  he  has  en- 
joyed in  the  legal  profession  and  the  mate- 
rial success  that  has  come  to  him,  one  of  the 
most  stimulating  and  encouraging  features 
of  his  life  history  is  the  fact  that  he  was 
able  to  overcome  the  handicap  of  an  ex- 
ceedingly frail  constitution  during  his 
childhood  and  early  youth  and  live  to  ad- 
vanced years  filled  with  worthy  achieve- 
ments. The  primary  reason  for  this  un- 
doubtedly has  been  that  he  has  lived  on 
the  high  plane  of  absolute  temperance,  and 


has  never  in  any  form  used  intoxicating 
liquors  nor  tobacco. 

While  it  is  difficult  to  do  justice  to  the 
life  and  attainments  of  Mr.  Gougar  in  such 
brief    space,    that    difficulty    is    increased 
when  reference  is  made  to  his  honored  and 
greatly  beloved  wife,  the  late  Helen  Mar 
(Jackson)   Gougar,  although  there  are  so 
many    permanent    associations    with    her 
name  and  work  in  Indiana  that  the  brevity 
of  this  paragraph   will  be  excused.     Mr. 
Gougar  and  Miss  Helen  Mar  Jackson  were 
united   in   marriage   December   10,   1863. 
She  was  a  member  of  a  remarkable  family, 
and  herself  one  of  the  most  brilliant  women 
who  can  be  claimed  by  Indiana.     She  was 
a  native  of  Michigan,  born  near  Hillsdale, 
educated  at  Hillsdale  College.     Her  life 
was  one  long,  incessant  battle  in  behalf  of 
temperance   and    against    the    forces   and 
iniquities  of  the  liquor  traffic.    She  was  an 
equally  able  advocate  of  woman  suffrage. 
She    possessed    abundant    powers    as    an 
original  writer,  contributed  frequently  to 
prominent  periodicals,  but  her  great  forte 
was  as  a  speaker.    Among  the  women  of  her 
day  she  had  no  equal  as  an  orator  and  few 
men  could  keep  an  audience  so  completely 
within  the  spell  of  their  words  and  logic  as 
did  she.    She  went  about  all  over  the  coun- 
try, pleading  the  cause  of  temperance  and 
of  many  reforms,  and  frequently  addressed 
legislatures  of  different  states  on  some  re- 
form measure.    While  she  believed  in  and 
worked  for  political  equality,  the  value  of 
her  services  were  chiefly  felt  by  women  in 
what   she   did    to   relieve   woman   of   the 
economic  burdens  long  borne  by  her.  When 
Mrs.   Gougar  began  her  work  a  married 
woman  in  many  of  our  states  was  practi- 
cally the  undisputed  chattel  of  her  hus- 
band, who  could  exercise  his  will  with  her 
children  and  her  property,  and  it  was  in 
securing  something  like  justice  and  a  fair 
recognition  of  woman 's  responsibilities  and 
privileges  over  her  own  property  in  the 
eyes  of  the  law  that  Mrs.  Gougar  accom- 
plished a  work  for  which  womankind  must 
always  be  grateful. 

Because  of  her  prominence  she  was  asso- 
ciated in  the  same  class  with  and  was  a 
valued  friend  and  adviser  of  such  great 
women  leaders  as  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton, 
Susan  B.  Anthony  and  others  of  her  gen- 
eration. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.   Gougar  during  her  life 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1313 


were  veritable  globe  trotters,  and  visited 
almost  every  country  of  the  world.  They 
knew  America  thoroughly  from  the  far 
north  to  Mexico  and  acquired  extensive 
knowledge  of  European  countries  and 
especially  the  countries  around  the  Medi- 
terranean. In  1900  they  visited  Honolulu, 
Samoa,  New  Zealand,  Australia  and  Tas- 
mania, and  in  1902  circled  the  globe,  tak- 
ing ten  months  for  the  journey.  During 
this  tour  they  saw  the  best  of  everything 
from  North  Cape  to  the  East  Indies.  On 
their  return  Mrs.  Gougar  wrote  "Forty 
Thousand  Miles  of  World  Wandering."  a 
record  of  her  own  experiences  and  observa- 
tion as  a  traveler.  This  is  still  one  of  the 
popular  books  of  travel,  and  is  profusely 
illustrated  by  pictures  made  by  herself. 

Mrs.  Gougar  died  suddenly  on  the  morn- 
ing of  June  6,  1907,  at  the  age  of  nearly 
sixty-four.  Since  her  death  Mr.  Gougar 
has  continued  his  travels.  His  longest  jour- 
ney was  in  1910-11  in  South  America.  He 
traveled  over  seventeen  thousand  miles, 
crossing  the  crest  of  the  Andes  Mountains 
five  times,  and  traveling  the  wonderful 
Oroyo  railway  to  a  height  of  15,665  feet. 
He  saw  the  capitals,  principal  cities  and 
most  points  of  interest  both  in  the  Mid 
Continent  and  along  the  coast  of  South 
America. 

JOSEPH  SHANNON  NAVE.  There  has  prob- 
ably not  been  a  session  of  Circuit  Court  in 
Fountain  County  during  the  last  forty 
years  at  which  Joseph  Shannon  Nave  has 
not  appeared  as  counsellor  for  some  of  the 
cases  tried.  He  is  at  once  one  of  the  oldest 
as  well  as  the  ablest  lawyers  of  the  Foun- 
tain county  bar,  and  he  is  one  of  the  digni- 
fied representatives  of  the  profession  in  the 
state. 

His  people  have  been  identified  with  this 
county  since  pioneer  days.  Mr.  Nave  was 
born  on  a  farm  in  Shawnee  Township  of 
Fountain  County  September  17,  1851,  a 
son  of  John  and  Hannah  J.  (Shannon) 
Nave.  His  mother  was  of  Irish  stock,  and 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Shannon,  who  bore 
arms  in  the  War  of  1812  and  grand- 
daughter of  Samuel  Shannon,  who  helped 
the  colonies  establish  independence  in  the 
Revolution.  Both  served  as  officers  in 
those  wars. 

John  Nave  was  born  in  Butler  County, 
Ohio,  in  1826,  son  of  John  and  Margaret 
(Umbarger)  Nave,  both  of  whom  were 


natives  of  Virginia.  The  Nave  family  is 
of  Swiss  ancestry.  John  Nave,  Sr.,  brought 
his  family  to  Fountain  County  in  1828,  and 
acquired  a  tract  of  the  uncleared  Govern- 
ment land  then  so  plentiful  in  this  state. 
On  that  farm  John  Nave,  Jr.,  was  reared, 
and  he  lived  the  life  of  a  farmer  until  1867, 
when  he  removed  to  Attica  and  handled 
his  property  from  that  point.  He  died 
April  17,  1872.  He  and  his  wife  were  mar- 
ried in  1850,  in  Virginia,  where  she  was 
born  in  1834.  She  died  at  Attica  January 
17,  1910.  There  were  two  sons,  Joseph 
Shannon  and  Raymond  M.  The  latter,  who 
was  born  August  17,  1853,  graduated  from 
Indiana  University  with  the  class  of  1875, 
and  is  now  manager  of  a  large  amount  of 
property  in  Fountain  County,  his  home  be- 
ing at  Attica.  He  married  in  1881  Minnie 
Ray,  a  native  of  Attica,  and  they  have  two 
children,  Robert  and  John  Kirk. 

Joseph  Shannon  Nave  lived  on  the  old 
farm  until  1867,  and  while  there  attended 
rural  schools.  He  finished  his  literary  edu- 
cation in  Indiana  University,  graduating 
in  the  scientific  course  in  1872.  Later  he 
attended  the  law  school  of  the  University 
of  Michigan,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  1874.  From  that  year  he  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  bar  of  Fountain  County  and 
besides  carrying  heavy  burdens  as  a  lawyer 
has  been  active  in  public  affairs  and  has 
directed  some  large  business  interests.  In 
politics  he  has  always  been  a  democrat. 
From  1879  to  1883  he  represented  Foun- 
tain County  in  the  State  Legislature  and 
made  a  most  creditable  record  in  that  body, 
being  member  of  several  important  com- 
mittees. 

Mr.  Nave  has  large  property  interests  in 
Fountain  County  and  also  at  Wichita,  Kan- 
sas. He  is  a  director  of  the  Farmers  and 
Merchants  State  Bank  of  Attica.  Frater- 
nally he  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Or- 
der and  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

September  30,  1879,  Mr.  Nave  married 
Miss  Jennie  Isabel  Rice,  who  was  born  at 
Rockville,  Indiana,  daughter  of  Thomas  N. 
and  Margaret  (Digby)  Rice.  Thomas  N. 
Rice,  her  father,  was  a  prominent  lawyer 
of  Parke  County,  Indiana,  and  died  at 
Rockville  in  1904.  He  represented  his 
county  both  in  the  Lower  House  and  in 
the  State  Senate.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nave  have 
two  daughters,  Margaret  Isabel  and  Bea- 
trice Shannon.  The  older  is  the  wife  of 


1314 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Louis  L.  Johnson,  who  was  born  in  Morgan 
County,  Indiana.  They  have  two  children, 
Isabel  Nave  and  Shannon  Meredith.  Bea- 
trice S.  is  the  wife  of  Clement  B.  Isly,  of 
Attica,  Indiana. 

JUDGE  EDWIN  P.  HAMMOND,  former  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  an 
honored  soldier  and  officer  of  the  Union 
army,  lawyer  of  over  half  a  century's  ex- 
perience, has  been  characterized  as  one  of 
the  broadest,  strongest  and  most  honored 
representatives  of  either  bench  or  bar  who 
ever  graced  the  profession  in  Jasper 
County,  where  for  over  thirty  years  he 
practiced  as  a  resident  of  Rensselaer.  Since 
1894  Judge  Hammond  has  been  a  resident 
of  Lafayette. 

He  was  born  at  Brookville,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 26,  1835,  a  son  of  Nathaniel  and 
Hannah  (Sering)  Hammond.  The  Ham- 
monds are  an  old  New  England  family. 
Nathaniel  Hammond  came  to  Indiana  from 
Vermont,  and  was  married  at  Brookville. 
When  Judge  Hammond  was  fourteen  years 
old  his  parents  moved  to  Columbus,  In- 
diana, where  he  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  and  in  a  seminary.  The  year 
1854  found  him  employed  as  clerk  in  a 
wholesale  dry  goods  store  at  Indianapolis. 
He  was  soon  attracted  from  a  business 
career  to  the  law  and  began  study  at  Terre 
Haute  in  the  office  of  Abram  A.  Hammond 
and  Thomas  H.  Nelson.  Abram  A.  Ham- 
mond, a  half-brother  of  Judge  Hammond, 
was  elected  lieutenant  governor  of  Indiana 
in  1856,  and  on  the  death  of  Governor 
Willard  in  1859  became  virtual  governor. 
In  1856  Judge  Hammond,  after  examina- 
tion, was  admitted  to  the  senior  law  class 
of  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University  at 
Greencastle,  where  he  was  graduated  LL.  B. 
in  1857.  The  next  year  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  in  search  for  a  location  chose 
the  isolated  and  prairie  settlement  of  Rens- 
selaer in  Jasper  County.  There  he  con- 
tinued to  live  and  labor  for  more  than 
thirty  years  and  in  that  time  built  up  a 
reputation  which  extended  all  over  the 
state,  both  as  a  sound  and  able  lawyer  and 
as  one  of  the  foremost  jurists  of  Indiana. 

His  practice  at  Rensselaer  was  inter- 
rupted by  his  prompt  enlistment  for  the 
three  months'  service  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  war.  In  April,  1861,  he  went  to 
the  front  as  second  lieutenant  of  Company 
G,  Ninth  Indiana  Infantry,  and  was  after- 


wards commissioned  first  lieutenant,  serv- 
ing under  that  great  and  brilliant  soldier 
of  Indiana,  Robert  H.  Milroy,  who  rose  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier  general  At  the  close 
of  his  military  service  in  West  Virginia, 
ninety  days  later,  Mr.  Hammond  resumed 
his  law  practice  at  Rensselaer,  and  in 
October,  1861,  was  elected  without  oppo- 
sition to  the  Lower  House  of  the  Legisla- 
ture as  a  representative  for  the  counties  of 
Newton,  Jasper  and  Pulaski.  In  August, 
1862,  he  assisted  in  recruiting  Company  A 
of  the  Eighty-seventh  Indiana  Infantry, 
was  elected  and  commissioned  its  captain, 
March  22,  1863,  rose  to  the  rank  of  major, 
and  November  21st  of  the  same  year  to 
lieutenant  colonel.  Except  for  a  short  time 
in  1863-64,  when  at  home  recruiting  volun- 
teers, he  was  at  the  front  continuously,  and 
when  the  colonel  of  the  regiment  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  brigade  Mr.  Hammond 
was  advanced  to  command  of  the  Eighty- 
seventh,  and  so  continued  in  the  campaigns 
from  Chattanooga  to  Atlanta,  in  the  march 
to  the  sea  and  up  through  the  Carolinas  to 
Washington.  At  the  battle  of  Chickamauga 
September  19  and  20,  1863,  his  regiment 
went  into  the  engagement  with  363  men, 
and  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  199  men, 
more  than  half  the  number.  At  the  close 
of  the  war,  on  the  recommendation  of  his 
brigade,  division  and  corps  commanders,  he 
was  brevetted  colonel  in  the  United  States 
Volunteers,  "for  gallant  and  meritorious 
service  during  the  war. ' ' 

Colonel  Hammond  resumed  his  practice 
at  Rensselaer  and  in  a  few  years  had  earned 
a  high  and  substantial  professional  stand- 
ing and  a  large  practice.  In  March,  1873, 
Gov.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  appointed  him 
to  the  position  of  judge  of  the  Thirtieth  Ju- 
dicial District,  to  which  office  he  was  elected 
in  the  fall  of  the  same  year.  Again  in  1878 
he  was  elected  without  opposition  for  a 
term  of  six  years.  On  May  14,  1883, 
Judge  Hammond  was  appointed  by  Gov.  A. 
G.  Porter  as  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  state  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused 
by  the  elevation  of  Hon.  William  A.  Woods 
to  the  United  States  District  Bench.  Judge 
Hammond  in  the  fall  of  1884  was  the  nomi- 
nee of  the  republican  party  for  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  from  the  Fifth  District, 
but  was  defeated  along  with  the  rest  of  the 
ticket.  Judge  Hammond  retired  from  the 
Supreme  Court  Bench  in  January,  1885. 
with  a  judicial  record  and  personal  popu- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1315 


larity  which  few  have  equalled.  A  high 
testimonial  to  his  individual  attainments 
and  popularity  was  in  the  fact  that  in  1884 
he  received  5,000  more  votes  than  did  the 
head  of  the  ticket  in  Indiana.  During  the 
next  five  years  he  practiced  law  at  Rens- 
selaer, and  then  served  again  as  circuit 
judge  from  1890  to  1892.  Resigning  from 
the  bench  in  August,  1892,  Judge  Ham- 
mond formed  a  partnership  with  Charles 
B.  and  William  V.  Stuart  of  Lafayette 
under  the  firm  name  of  Stuart  Brothers  & 
Hammond,  with  offices  at  Lafayette  and 
with  Judge  Hammond  in  charge  of  the 
firm's  business  at  Rensselaer.  In  1894 
Judge  Hammond  removed  to  Lafayette  and 
as  a  member  of  the  firm  Stuart,  Hammond 
&  Stuart  continued  to  sustain  his  well 
earned  reputation  as  one  of  the  foremost 
lawyers  of  Indiana.  In  1892  Wabash  Col- 
lege conferred  upon  Judge  Hammond  the 
degree  LL.  D. 

Prior  to  the  war  he  was  a  democrat,  but 
afterward  supported  the  principles  of  the 
republican  party  and  in  1872  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion when  General  Grant  was  renominated 
for  the  second  term.  Judge  Hammond  be- 
came affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order,  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Union 
Veteran  Legion  and  the  Loyal  Legion,  and 
for  many  years  served  as  a  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  the  National  Home 
for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers.  He  also 
has  membership  in  the  Lafayette  and  Lin- 
coln clubs  at  Lafayette. 

March  1,  1864,  Judge  Hammond  married 
Mary  V.  Spitler  of  Rensselaer.  The  sur- 
viving children  of  their  marriage  are: 
Lonie,  wife  of  William  B.  Austin ;  Eugenia 
and  Nina  V.  R.  Hammond.  Judge  Ham- 
mond has  a  grandchild,  Virgie,  daughter  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  B.  Austin.  He  also 
has  a  grandson,  Nathaniel  Hammond  Hov- 
ner,  son  of  his  deceased  daughter,  Mrs.  Ed- 
ward A.  Hovner.  He  served  in  the  avia- 
tion corps  of  the  United  States  of  America 
in  the  world's  conflict. 

FRANK  GILMER,  a  prominent  young  law- 
yer, now  serving  as  city  judge  of  South 
Bend,  came  to  Indiana  from  Virginia, 
where  his  people  for  several  generations 
have  been  prominent  as  soldiers,  profession- 
al men,  planters  and  as  private  citizens. 

His  great-grandfather,   George   Gilmer, 


was  born  in  Albemarle  County,  Virginia, 
a  son  of  Scotch  parents  who  were  colonial 
settlers.  George  Gilmer  was  a  physician,  a 
contemporary  and  friend  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son and  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war. 

George  Gilmer,  Jr.,  also  a  native  of  Al- 
bemarle County,  became  a  planter,  and 
conducted  a  large  estate  on  the  James 
River,  about  ten  miles  from  Charlottesville. 
Though  in  advanced  years  he  served  the 
Confederate  cause  during  the  war.  He 
died  in  Virginia  when  about  seventy-nine 
years  of  age.  His  wife  was  a  member  of 
the  prominent  Walker  family  of  Virginia. 
Her  death  occurred  when  about  seventy. 

Judge  Gilmer 's  father  was  also  named 
Frank  Gilmer  and  was  born  in  Albemarle 
County,  Virginia,  in  1853.  He  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Virginia,  and  on  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  began  practice  at  Charlottesville  and 
attained  prominence  in  his  profession.  For 
twenty-two  years  he  was  prosecuting  at- 
torney for  Albemarle  County.  He  died  in 
October,  1917.  The  maiden  name  of  his 
wife  was  Rebecca  Haskell.  She  was  born 
at  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  daughter  of 
Major  Alexander  Haskell,  who  served  with 
the  rank  of  major  in  the  Confederate  army 
and  later  became  prominent  in  business 
affairs  at  Columbia,  being  a  banker  and 
railroad  president.  Frank  and  Rebecca 
Gilmer  had  two  sons,  George  and  Frank. 
George  is  a  graduate  of  the  University  of 
Virginia  Law  School  and  is  now  a  soldier 
in  the  National  Army. 

Judge  Frank  Gilmer,  who  was  born  at 
Charlottesville,  Virginia,  received  his  early 
education  in  private  schools  at  Charlottes- 
ville and  also  attended  the  University  of 
Virginia.  He  determined  to  make  his  ca- 
reer in  the  Middle  West,  and  on  coming  to 
Indiana  he  entered  the  law  department  of 
Valparaiso  University,  where  he  graduated 
in  1912.  He  has  since  carried  increasing 
burdens  and  responsibilities  as  a  lawyer  at 
South  Bend,  and  was  elected  judge  of  the 
City  Court  for  the  term  beginning  in  Janu- 
ary, 1918. 

In  1915  Judge  Gilmer  married  Rachel 
Seabrook,  a  native  of  Greensboro,  North 
Carolina,  and  daughter  of  Josiah  Seabrook. 
Mr.  Gilmer  is  a  member  of  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  294,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  South  Bend  Chapter  No.  29  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  South  Bend  Council  No.  82 


1316 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Royal  and  Select  Masters,  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  235,  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  No.  29,  and  South  Bend  Lodge 
No.  14,  Knights  of  Pythias.  Both  he  and 
his  wife  are  members  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church. 

WILLIAM  T.  CANNON,  former  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Union 
Railroad  Company,  is  a  veteran  railroad 
man,  having  been  identified  with  the  busi- 
ness through  the  successive  grades  of  em- 
ployment and  executive  position  for  more 
than  forty  years. 

While  he  has  been  with  the  Union  Com- 
pany more  than  thirty  years  and  has  grown 
gray  in  its  service,  Mr.  Cannon  doubtless 
takes  his  chief  pride  and  satisfaction  in 
his  long  and  active  connection  with  the 
Railroad  Men's  Building  and  Savings  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing promoters  and  organizers  and  with 
which  he  has  been  identified  in  executive 
capacity  throughout  the  thirty-two  years 
of  its  existence.  He  was  its  secretary  and 
manager  until  he  became  the  president  five 
years  ago. 

The  Railroad  Men's  Building  and  Sav- 
ings Association  was  organized  in  August, 
1887.  Its  fundamental  purpose  was  to  en- 
courage thrift  and  saving  among  a  class 
of  men  who  have  always  been  noted  as 
free  spenders.  Through  the  thirty  years 
•  since  this  association  was  organized  the 
seed  contained  in  the  original  idea  and 
purpose  has  borne  repeated  fruit,  and  has 
not  only  brought  some  share  of  prosperity 
to  the  hundreds  of  railroad  men  who  have 
been  patrons  of  the  organization  but  has 
also  given  the  association  itself  high  stand- 
ing among  the  financial  institutions  of  Indi- 
ana. The  best  proof  of  this  is  doubtless 
found  in  the  progress  in  the  financial  pow- 
er and  resources  of  the  association.  At 
the  end  of  the  first  year  its  assets  were  less 
than  $16,000.  Five  years  later  they  had 
increased  to  nearly  $200,000  and  in  the 
year  1903  the  assets  climbed  to  the  million 
dollar  mark.  Since  then  there  has  been  a 
steady  climb  in  the  matter  of  assets,  but 
the  greatest  period  of  growth  has  been 
within  the  last  nine  years.  It  was  in  1910 
that  the  assets  passed  the  two  million  dol- 
lar mark,  while  in  January,  1919,  they  were 
little  short  of  $12,000.000.  In  the  thirty- 
two  years  of  its  existence  the  association 


has  loaned  over  $20,000,000,  and  has  de- 
clared dividends  of  more  than  $3,500,000. 
In  the  early  years  the  service  of  the  asso- 
ciation was  confined  to  railway  men  only, 
but  eventually  its  privileges  were  extended 
to  others.  In  July,  1916,  the  association 
acquired  a  ninety-nine  year  lease  of  prop- 
erty at  21-23  Virginia  Avenue,  and  here 
they  erected  a  structure  admirably  adapted 
to  their  needs  and  requirements.  The  as- 
sociation's headquarters  have  been  in  this 
new  building  since  April  9,  1917. 

Mr.  Cannon  was  the  first  secretary  of 
this  association,  but  now  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  its  president. 

Mr.  Cannon  was  born  at  Logansport, 
Indiana,  April  23,  1856,  son  of  Dr.  George 
and  Martha  (Taylor)  Cannon.  His  father, 
a  native  of  Connecticut  and  of  New  Eng- 
land ancestry,  was  a  graduate  of  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  of  New  York 
City,  and  on  coming  to  Indiana  located  at 
Logansport,  but  later  moved  to  Wisconsin 
and  practiced  in  the  City  of  Janesville 
and  later  at  Boscobel,  where  he  died  at 
the  age  of  sixty-two.  His  widow  survived 
him  and  spent  her  last  years  at  Indianapo- 
lis, where  her  death  occurred  at  the  age  of 
eighty-three.  Both  were  members  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  and  Doctor  Cannon  was 
a  republican.  They  had  eight  children,  Wil- 
liam T.  being  the  youngest. 

William  T.  Cannon  was  reared  in  Wis- 
consin from  the  age  of  two  years,  acquired 
his  education  in  that  state,  and  in  1873, 
at  seventeen,  returned  to  Indiana.  He  be- 
gan his  railroad  career  in  the  offices  of  the 
old  Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago  Railroad 
Company.  Later  he  was  with  the  Wabash 
Railroad  Company  and  was  promoted  to 
private  secretary  to  the  resident  vice  presi- 
dent. He  left  the  Wabash  in  1884  to  join 
the  Indianapolis  Union  Railroad  Company, 
which  owns  and  controls  the  Indianapolis 
passenger  station  and  all  the  equipment 
and  service  utilized  by  the  various  lines 
which  use  this  as  their  terminal  facilities 
in  Indianapolis.  Ability  and  hard  work 
put  Mr.  Cannon  in  the  office  of  treasurer 
of  the  company  in  1889,  also  purchasing 
aeent,  and  in  January,  1901,  he  succeeded 
William  M.  Jackson  as  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. 

Mr.  Cannon  is  well  known  in  Indian- 
apolis business  circles,  belongs  to  the  In- 
dianapolis Board  of  Trade,  and  in  politics 
is  a  republican.  He  is  a  Quaker  by  adop- 


131G 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Royal  and  Select  .Masters,  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  23.~>,  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Klks,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  No.  29,  and  South  Rend  Lodge 
No.  14,  Knights  of  Pythias.  Moth  he  and 
his  wife  are  meinhcrs  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church. 

WII.UAM  T.  CANNON,  former  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Union 
Railroad  Company,  is  a  veteran  railroad 
man,  having  been  identified  with  the  busi- 
ness through  the  successive  grades  of  em- 
ployment and  executive  position  for  more 
than  forty  years. 

While  he  has  been  with  the  Union  Com- 
pany more  than  thirty  years  and  has  grown 
gray  in  its  service.  Mr.  Cannon  doubtless 
takes  his  chief  pride  and  satisfaction  in 
his  long  and  active  connection  with  the 
Railroad  Men's  Building  and  Savings  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing promoters  and  organizers  and  with 
which  he  has  been  identified  in  executive 
capacity  throughout  the  thirty-two  years 
of  its  existence.  He  was  its  secretary  and. 
manager  until  he  became  the  president  five 
years  ago. 

The  Railroad  Men's  Huilding  and  Sav- 
ings Association  was  organized  iu  August, 
1887.  Its  fundamental  purpose  was  to  en- 
courage thrift  and  saving  among  a  class 
of  men  who  have  always  been  noted  as 
free  spenders.  Through  the  thirty  years 
since  this  association  was  organized  the 
seed  contained  in  the  original  idea  and 
purpose  has  borne  repeated  fruit,  and  has 
not  only  brought  some  share  of  prosperity 
to  the  hundreds  of  railroad  men  who  have 
l>een  patrons  of  the  organization  but  has 
also  given  the  association  itself  high  stand- 
ing among  the  financial  institutions  of  Indi- 
ana. The  best  proof  of  this  is  doubtless 
found  in  the  progress  in  the  financial  pow- 
er and  resources  of  the  association.  At 
the  end  of  the  first  year  its  assets  were  less 
than  #16.000.  Five  years  later  they  had 
increased  to  nearly  $200,000  and  in  the 
year  1903  the  assets  climbed  to  the  million 
dollar  mark.  Since  then  there  has  been  a 
steady  climb  in  the  matter  of  assets,  but 
the  greatest  period  of  growth  has  been 
within  the  last  nine  years.  Tt  was  in  1910 
that  the  assets  passed  the  two  million  dol- 
lar mark,  while  in  January,  1919,  they  were 
little  short  of  $12.000.000.  In  the  thirty- 
two  years  of  its  existence  the  association 


lias  loaned  over  $20.000,000,  and  has  de- 
clared dividends  of  more  than  $3,500,000. 
In  the  early  years  the  service  of  the  asso- 
ciation was  confined  to  railway  men  only, 
but  eventually  its  privileges  were  extended 
to  others.  In  July,  19Hi,  the  association 
acquired  a  ninety-nine  year  lease  of  prop- 
erty at  21-2:5  Virginia  Avenue,  and  here 
they  erected  a  structure  admirably  adapted 
to  their  needs  and  requirements.  The  as- 
sociation's headquarters  have  been  in  this 
new  building  since  April  9,  1917. 

Mr.  Camion  was  the  first  secretary  of 
this  association,  but  now  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  its  president. 

Mr.  Cannon  was  born  at  Logansport, 
Indiana,  April  23,  1856,  son  of  Dr.  George 
and  Martha  (Taylor)  Cannon.  His  father, 
a  native  of  Connecticut  and  of  New  Eng- 
land ancestry,  was  a  graduate  of  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  of  New  York 
City,  and  on  coming  to  Indiana  located  at 
Logansport,  but  later  moved  to  Wisconsin 
and  practiced  in  the  City  of  Janesville 
and  later  at  Boscobel,  where  he  died  at 
the  age  of  sixty-two.  His  widow  survived 
him  and  spent  her  last,  years  at  Indianapo- 
lis, where  her  death  occurred  at  the  age  of 
eighty-three.  Both  were  members  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  and  Doctor  Cannon  was 
a  republican.  They  had  eight  children,  Wil- 
liam T.  being  the  youngest. 

William  T.  Cannon  was  reared  in  Wis- 
consin from  the  age  of  two  years,  acquired 
his  education  in  that  state,  and  in  1873, 
at  seventeen,  returned  to  Indiana.  He  be- 
gan his  railroad  career  in  the  offices  of  the 
old  Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago  Railroad 
Company.  Later  he  was  with  the  Wabash 
Railroad  Company  and  was  promoted  to 
private  secretary  to  the  resident  vice  presi- 
dent. He  left  the  Wabash  in  1884  to  join 
the  Indianapolis  Union  Railroad  Company, 
which  owns  and  controls  the  Indianapolis 
passenger  station  and  all  the  equipment 
and  service  utilized  by  the  various  lines 
which  use  this  as  their  terminal  facilities 
in  Indianapolis.  Ability  and  hard  work 
put  Mr.  Cannon  in  the  office  of  treasurer 
of  the  company  in  1889.  also  purchasing 
aeent,  and  in  January,  1901,  he  succeeded 
William  M.  Jackson  as  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. 

Mr.  Cannon  is  well  known  in  Indian- 
apolis business  circles,  belongs  to  the  In- 
dianapolis Board  of  Trade,  and  in  politics 
is  a  republican.  He  is  a  Quaker  by  adop- 


• 


. 


. 


. 


USRARY 
OF  TME 
WWVfRSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1317 


tion  and  attends  worship  in  the  First 
Friends  Church  of  Indianapolis.  On 
April  24,  1877,  he  married  Miss  Anna  W. 
Adams.  She  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, but  grew  up  in  Indianapolis,  where 
her  parents,  David  M.  and  Hannah  Adams, 
spent  their  last  years.  Her  father  was  for 
some  years  president  of  the  Adams  Pack- 
ing Company  of  that  city.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cannon  have  three  children:  Fermor  S., 
Margaret  and  Isabel.  The  son  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

GRACE  JULIAN  CLARKE  was  born  at  Cen- 
terville,  Indiana,  September  11,  1865.  She 
is  of  peculiarly  abolition  ancestry,  her 
father  being  Hon.  George  W.  Julian  and 
her  mother,  Laura  (Giddings)  Julian,  a 
daughter  of  Hon.  Joshua  B.  Giddings,  of 
Ohio.  In  1872  her  parents  removed  to 
Irvington,  Indiana,  and  in  1878  Grace 
Giddings  Julian  entered  the  preparatory 
department  of  Butler  University,  from 
which  she  graduated,  after  a  full  course, 
in  1884,  continuing  for  a  time  in  post- 
graduate work.  She  received  the  degree 
Ph.  M.  in  1885. 

She  was  married  at  Irvington,  in  1887, 
to  Charles  B.  Clarke,  an  Indianapolis  at- 
torney, who  had  been  associated  with  her 
father's  work  in  the  land  department  in 
New  Mexico,  and  who  represented  Marion 
County  in  the  State  Senate  in  1913-15. 
Mrs.  Clarke  has  always  taken  an  active  par; 
in  social,  literary  and  club  work,  and  her 
talent  has  made  her  prominent  in  woman 's 
work.  She  was  president  of  the  Indiana 
Federation  of  Clubs  1909-11,  and  is  now 
president  of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Indiana  Women,  and  of  the  Indianapolis 
Local  Council  of  "Women,  and  a  director  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 
as  well  as  a  member  of  the  more  notable 
women's  organizations,  and  of  the  Marion 
County  Board  of  Charities. 

Mrs.  Clarke  is  widely  known  as  a  writer 
and  a  platform  speaker.  For  eight  years 
she  edited  the  Club  Notes  and  the  Woman's 
Page  of  the  Indianapolis  Star.  In  1902 
she  published  a  sketch  of  her  father,  under 
the  title  ' '  Some  Impressions. ' '  She  is  a 
suffragist,  an  Unitarian,  and  a  member  of 
the  Peace  Society  and  the  American  His- 
torical Association.  She  has  one  son, 
Charles  Burns  Clarke. 


NELSON  L.  AULT  is  a  man  of  special  and 
well  earned  distinction  in  the  field  of  pro- 
fessional photography,  an  art  with  which 
he  became  allied  with  as  an  amateur  and 
has  since  followed  it  as  the  medium  through 
which  he  could  render  the  highest  degree 
of  service  to  the  world. 

Mr.  Ault,  who  has  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  his  present  home  City  of  South  Bend, 
was  born  in  Northern  Wisconsin,  at  Antigo, 
Langlade  County,  in  1883.  His  father, 
William  Ault,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and 
of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  ancestry,  left  home 
when  a  boy,  going  to  Ohio,  where  he 
learned  the  trade  of  plaster  mason,  then 
coming  to  Indiana  and  living  at  South 
Bend  awhile,  and  next  taking  his  family 
to  Antigo,  Wisconsin.  After  a  few  years 
he  returned  to  Indiana  and  located  per- 
manently at  Mishawaka,  where  he  con- 
tinued busy  with  his  trade  until  his  recent 
death  on  January  4,  1919.  He  married 
Lillie  Hobart,  daughter  of  William  and 
Eliza  Ann  (Walton)  Hobart,  both  of  whom 
were  ojE- early  American  colonial  ancestry. 
The  Hobarts  were  a  pioneer  family  in 
Michigan,  and  the  .  Waltons  in  Indiana. 
iLiiliei-.  Robart  Ault  is  still  living  in  Mis- 
hawaka. 

The  schools  of  that  city  afforded  Nelson 
Ault  his  early  advantages,  after  which  for 
several  years  he  was  an  employe  of  the 
Roper  Furniture  Company.  In  the  mean- 
time, at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  had  taken  up 
photography  as  a  pastime.  It  was  a  sub- 
ject that  led  him  on  and  on,  and  his  in- 
creasing proficiency  caused  him  to  realize 
that  here  his  talents  would  find  their  best 
expression.  In  1909  he  opened  a  gallery 
at  303  South  Michigan  street,  and  has  done 
a  thriving  business  ever  since.  In  order  to 
afford  larger  facilities  for  handling  his 
custom,  he  established  another  studio  at  122 
South  Main  Street  in  March,  1919,  and  he 
carries  a  complete  line  of  photographic 
supplies  at  each  studio.  Mr.  Ault  out  of 
his  business  and  profession  has  acquired 
several  pieces  of  residential  property. 

In  1905  he  married  Miss  Clarissa  Dill- 
ing.  She  was  born  at  Ishpeming,  Michigan, 
daughter  of  Henry  A.  and  Eveline  (De- 
vine)  Dilling.  To  their  marriage  were 
born  two  children,  Mary  Elizabeth  and 
Nelson  Lafayette,  Jr.  Mrs.  Ault  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Christian  Church,  and  he 
is  popular  in  the  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294 


U2RARY 

tmnt     Of  ne 

WMVERSfTY  Of  mj«o» 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1317 


tion  and  attends  worship  in  the  First 
Friends  Church  of  Indianapolis.  On 
April  24,  1877,  he  married  Miss  Anna  W. 
Adams.  She  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, bat  grew  np  in  Indianapolis,  where 
her  parents,  David  M.  and  Hannah  Adams, 
spent  their  last  years.  Her  father  was  for 
some  years  president  of  the  Adams  Pack- 
ing Company  of  that  city.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cannon  have  three  children:  Fermor  S., 
Margaret  and  IsabeL  The  son  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  University  of  Illinois. 

GRACE  JULIAN  CLARKE  was  born  at  Cen- 
terville.  Indiana.  September  11.  1865.  She 
is  of  peculiarly  abolition  ancestry,  her 
father  being  Hon.  George  W.  Julian  and 
her  mother,  Laura  (Giddings)  Julian,  a 
daughter  of  Hon.  Joshua  K.  Giddings,  of 
Ohio.  In  1872  her  parents  removed  to 
Irvington,  Indiana,  and  in  1878  Grace 
Giddings  Julian  entered  the  preparatory 
department  of  Butler  University,  from 
which  she  graduated,  after  a  full  course, 
in  1884,  continuing  for  a  time  in  post- 
graduate work.  She  received  the  degree 
Ph.  M.  in  1885. 

She  was  married  at  Irvington,  in  1887, 
to  Charles  B.  Clarke,  an  Indianapolis  at- 
torney, who  had  been  associated  with  her 
father's  work  in  the  land  department  in 
New  Mexico,  and  who  represented  Marion 
County  in  the  State  Senate  in  1913-15. 
Mrs.  Clarke  has  always  taken  an  active  par: 
in  social,  literary  and  club  work,  and  her 
talent  has  made  her  prominent  in  woman's 
work.  She  was  president  of  the  Indiana 
Federation  of  Clubs  1909-11,  and  is  now 
president  of  the  Legislative  Council  of 
Indiana  Women,  and  of  the  Indianapolis 
Local  Council  of  Women,  and  a  director  of 
the  General  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs, 
as  well  as  a  member  of  the  more  notable 
women's  organizations,  and  of  the  Marion 
County  Board  of  Charities. 

Mrs.  Clarke  is  widely  known  as  a  writer 
and  a  platform  speaker.  For  eight  years 
she  edited  the  Club  Notes  and  the  Woman's 
Page  of  the  Indianapolis  Star.  In  1902 
she  published  a  sketch  of  her  father,  under 
the  title  "Some  Impressions."  She  is  a 
suffragist,  an  Unitarian,  and  a  member  of 
the  Peace  Society  and  the  American  His- 
torical Association.  She  has  one  son, 
Charles  Burns  Clarke. 


NELSOX  L.  AULT  is  a  man  of  special  and 
well  earned  distinction  in  the  field  of  pro- 
fessional photography,  an  art  with  which 
he  became  allied  with  as  an  amateur  and 
has  since  followed  it  as  the  medium  through 
which  he  could  render  the  highest  degree 
of  service  to  the  world. 

Mr.  Ault.  who  has  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  his  present  home  City  of  South  Bend, 
was  born  in  Northern  Wisconsin,  at  Antigo. 
Langlade  County,  in  1883.  His  father, 
William  Ault.  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and 
of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  ancestry,  left  home 
when  a  boy,  going  to  Ohio,  where  he 
learned  the  trade  of  plaster  mason,  then 
coming  to  Indiana  and  living  at  South 
Bend  awhile,  and  next  taking  his  family 
to  Antigo,  Wisconsin.  After  a  few  years 
he  returned  to  Indiana  and  located  per- 
manently at  Mishawaka,  where  he  con- 
tinued busy  with  his  trade  until  his  recent 
death  on  January  4,  1919.  He  married 
Lillie  Hobart,  daughter  of  William  and 
Eliza  Ann  (Walton)  Hobart,  both  of  whom 
were  o/- early  American  colonial  ancestry. 
The  Hoharts  were  a  pioneer  family  in 
Michigan,  and  the  .Waltons  in  Indiana. 
iLilHaillibbart  Ault  is  still  living  in  Mis- 
hawaka. 

The  schools  of  that  city  afforded  Nelson 
Ault  his  early  advantages,  after  which  for 
several  years  he  was  an  employe  of  the 
Roper  Furniture  Company.  In  the  mean- 
time, at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  had  taken  up 
photography  as  a  pastime.  It  was  a  sub- 
ject that  led  him  on  and  on,  and  his  in- 
creasing proficiency  caused  him  to  realize 
that  here  his  talents  would  find  their  best 
expression.  In  1909  he  opened  a  gallery 
at  303  South  Michigan  street,  and  has  done 
a  thriving  business  ever  since.  In  order  to 
afford  larger  facilities  for  handling  his 
custom,  he  established  another  studio  at  122 
South  Main  Street  in  March,  1919,  and  he 
carries  a  complete  line  of  photographic 
supplies  at  each  studio.  Mr.  Ault  out  of 
his  business  and  profession  has  acquired 
several  pieces  of  residential  property. 

In  1905  he  married  Miss  Clarissa  Dill- 
ing.  She  was  born  at  Ishpeming,  Michigan, 
daughter  of  Henry  A.  and  Eveline  (De- 
vine)  Dilling.  To  their  marriage  were 
born  two  children,  Mary  Elizabeth  and 
Nelson  Lafayette,  Jr.  Mrs.  Ault  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Christian  Church,  and  he 
is  popular  in  the  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294 


1318 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  29,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men 
and  the  Haymakers,  while  both  he  and  his 
wife  are  members  of  the  Rebekahs. 

^ 

WALTER  A.  FUNK.  Admitted  to  the  bar 
over  thirty  years  ago,  Judge  Funk  by  long 
and  continuous  service  has  well  earned  the 
numerous  honors  paid  him  in  his  profes- 
sion and  as  a  private  citizen. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Harrison 
Township,  Elkhart  County.  His  paternal 
ancestors  settled  in  Pennsylvania  about 
1725.  His  grandfather,  Rudolph  Funk,  a 
native  of  Pennsylvania,  after  his  marriage 
moved  to  Wayne  County,  Ohio,  and  for  the 
rest  of  his  life  was  owner  and  operator  of 
a  saw  and  grist  mill.  Both  he  and  his  wife, 
who  was  a  Miss  Kauffman,  lived  to  ad- 
vanced age. 

William  Funk,  father  of  Judge  Funk, 
was  born  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, came  to  manhood  in  Ohio,  and  in 
1854  brought  his  wife  and  two  children  in 
a  wagon  to  Indiana,  settling  in  Harrison 
Township  of  Elkhart  County.  The  land  he 
bought  was  only  partly  cleared  of  the 
dense  timber,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
he  operated  a  steam  sawmill  in  connection 
with  farming.  In  1863  he  moved  to  an- 
other farm  in  Olive  Township  of  the  same 
county,  and  lived  there  a  respected  and 
useful  citizen  until  1894,  when  he  retired 
to  the  city  of  Elkhart  and  died  in  1906,  at 
the  age  of  eighty-two.  He  married  Cath- 
erine Myers,  a  native  of  Columbiana 
County,  Ohio,  and  descended  from  one  of 
two  brothers  who  settled  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1730.  Catherine  Funk  died  in  1884,  the 
mother  of  nine  children. 

Judge  Funk  fitted  himself  for  his  pro- 
fession by  the  exercise  of  much  ingenuity 
in  overcoming  obstacles.  After  the  district 
schools  he  was  a  student  in  the  Ooshen 
Normal,  taught  a  terra  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship, and  in  1881  graduated  with  the  S.  B. 
degree  from  what  is  now  Valparaiso  Uni- 
versity. For  a  brief  period  he  studied  law 
with  Judge  Harsen  Smith  at  Cassopolis, 
Michigan,  following  which  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  Benton  and  Bristol, 
one  year  in  each  place.  His  legal  education 
was  continued  in  the  office  of  Andrew  An- 
derson at  South  Bend  and  by  graduation 
from  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1885. 


Judge  Funk  has  been  a  member  of  the 
South  Bend  bar  since  1886,  and  handled  a 
large  volume  of  private  practice  until  he 
went  on  the  bench  as  circuit  judge  in  1900. 
By  re-election  he  has  been  kept  on  the 
bench,  with  credit  to  himself  and  his  office, 
for  nearly  twenty  years.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Country 
Club  and  the  Knife  and  Fork  Club.  In 
May,  1892,  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Har- 
ris, who  was  born  in  South  Bend,  daughter 
of  Frederick  and  Mary  (Anderson)  Harris. 
Judge  and  Mrs.  Funk  have  one  son,  Wil- 
liam Harris,  now  a  student  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  Medical  School. 

THAD  M.  TALCOTT,  JR.  A  descendant  in 
direct  line  from  one  of  the  earliest  fam- 
ilies that  settled  in  the  Connecticut  Valley, 
Thad  M.  Talcott,  Jr.,  has  been  practicing 
law  at  South  Bend  for  nearly  twenty  years, 
and  his  professional  work  and  civic  attain- 
ments make  his  individual  career  distinctly 
creditable  to  his  ancestry. 

His  American  lineage  begins  with  John 
and  Dorothy  (Mott)  Talcott,  who  were 
born  in  England  and  came  to  America  in 
1632.  They  settled  in  the  Hartford  Col- 
ony in  the  Connecticut  Valley.  The  second 
generation  of  the  family  in  direct  line  to 
the  South  Bend  lawyer  was  represented  by 
Captain  Samuel  and  Hannah  (Holyoke) 
Talcott;  the  third  generation  by  Joseph 
and  Sarah  (Demming)  Talcott;  the  fourth 
by  Josiah  and  Dina  H.  (Wyatt)  Talcott; 
the  fifth  by  Hezekiah  and  Mary  (Myers) 
Talcott;  the  sixth  by  Asa  Qaylord  Tal- 
cott ;  the  seventh  by  Asa  Talcott ;  the  eighth 
by  Thaddeus  Mead  Talcott,  Sr.;  and  the 
ninth  by  the  South  Bend  attorney. 

Hezekiah  Talcott  removed  from  Con- 
necticut to  Herkimer  County,  New  York, 
and  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  there. 
His  son,  Asa  Gaylord  Taloott,  was  born  in 
Herkimer  County  June  24,  1796,  and  mar- 
ried Aseneth  Caswell. 

Mr.  Talcott 's  grandfather,  Asa  Talcott, 
was  born  in  Herkimer  County  December 
2,  1822,  and  married  Martha  Mead.  He 
was  a  jeweler  by  trade  and  conducted  a 
business  in  that  line  at  Oswego  and  later 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  His  last  years  were 
spent  retired  at  Buffalo,  New  York.  His 
wife  survived  him  and  lived  to  be  nearly 
ninety  years  of  age. 

Thaddeus  Mead  Talcott,  Sr.,  was  born  at 
Oswego,  New  York,  March  28,  1847,  and 


1318 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  29,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men 
and  the  Haymakers,  while  both  he  and  his 
wife  are  members  of  the  Rebekahs. 

\ 

WALTER  A.  FUNK.  Admitted  to  the  bar 
over  thirty  years  ago,  Judge  Funk  by  long 
and  continuous  service  has  well  earned  the 
numerous  honors  paid  him  in  his  profes- 
sion and  as  a  private  citizen. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Harrison 
Township,  Elkhart  County.  His  paternal 
ancestors  settled  in  Pennsylvania  about 
1725.  His  grandfather,  Rudolph  Funk,  a 
native  of  Pennsylvania,  after  his  marriage 
moved  to  Wayne  County,  Ohio,  and  for  the 
rest  of  his  life  was  owner  and  operator  of 
a  saw  and  grist  mill,  Both  he  and  his  wife, 
who  was  a  Miss  Kauffman,  lived  to  ad- 
vanced age. 

William  Funk,  father  of  Judge  Funk, 
was  born  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, came  to  manhood  in  Ohio,  and  in 
1854  brought  his  wife  and  two  children  in 
a  wagon  to  Indiana,  settling  in  Harrison 
Township  of  Elkhart  County.  The  land  he 
bought  was  only  partly  cleared  of  the 
dense  timber,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
he  operated  a  steam  sawmill  in  connection 
with  farming.  In  1S63  he  moved  to  an- 
other farm  in  Olive  Township  of  the  same 
county,  and  lived  there  a  respected  and 
useful  citizen  until  1804,  when  he  retired 
to  the  city  of  Elkhart  and  died  in  1906,  at 
the  age  of  eighty-two.  He  married  Cath- 
erine Myers,  a  native  of  Columbiana 
County,  Ohio,  and  descended  from  one  of 
two  brothers  who  settled  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1730.  Catherine  Funk  died  in  1884,  the 
mother  of  nine  children. 

Judge  Funk  fitted  himself  for  his  pro- 
fession by  the  exercise  of  much  ingenuity 
in  overcoming  obstacles.  After  the  district 
schools  he  was  a  student  in  the  Goshen 
Normal,  taught  a  term  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship, and  in  1881  graduated  with  the  S.  B. 
degree  from  what  is  now  Valparaiso  Uni- 
versity. For  a  brief  period  he  studied  law 
with  Judge  Harsen  Smith  at  Cassopolis, 
Michigan,  following  which  he  was  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  Benton  and  Bristol, 
one  year  in  each  place.  His  legal  education 
was  continued  in  the  office  of  Andrew  An- 
derson at  South  Bend  and  by  graduation 
from  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1885. 


Judge  Funk  has  been  a  member  of  the 
South  Bend  bar  since  1886,  and  handled  a 
large  volume  of  private  practice  until  he 
went  on  the  bench  as  circuit  judge  in  1900. 
By  re-election  he  has  been  kept  on  the 
bench,  with  credit  to  himself  and  his  office, 
for  nearly  twenty  years.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Country 
Club  and  the  Knife  and  Fork  Club.  In 
May,  1892,  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Har- 
ris, who  was  born  in  South  Bend,  daughter 
of  Frederick  and  Mary  (Anderson)  Harris. 
Judge  and  Mrs.  Funk  have  one  son,  Wil- 
liam Harris,  now  a  student  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  Medical  School. 

THAD  M.  TALCOTT,  JR.  A  descendant  in 
direct  line  from  one  of  the  earliest  fam- 
ilies that  settled  in  the  Connecticut  Valley, 
Thad  M.  Talcott,  Jr.,  has  been  practicing 
law  at  South  Bend  for  nearly  twenty  years, 
and  his  professional  work  and  civic  attain- 
ments make  his  individual  career  distinctly 
creditable  to  his  ancestry. 

His  American  lineage  begins  with  John 
and  Dorothy  (Mott)  Talcott,  who  were 
born  in  England  and  came  to  America  in 
1632.  They  settled  in  the  Hartford  Col- 
ony in  the  Connecticut  Valley.  The  second 
generation  of  the  family  in  direct  line  to 
the  South  Bend  lawyer  was  represented  by 
Captain  Samuel  and  Hannah  (Holyoke) 
Talcott;  the  third  generation  by  Joseph 
and  Sarah  (Demming)  Talcott;  the  fourth 
by  Josiah  and  Dina  II.  (Wyatt)  Talcott: 
the  fifth  by  Hezekiah  and  Mary  .(Myers) 
Talcott;  the  sixth  by  Asa  Gaylord  Tal- 
cott ;  the  seventh  by  Asa  Talcott ;  the  eighth 
by  Thaddeus  Mead  Talcott,  Sr. ;  and  the- 
ninth  by  the  South  Bend  attorney. 

Hezekiah  Talcott  removed  from  Con- 
necticut to  Herkimer  County,  New  York, 
and  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  there. 
His  son,  Asa  Gaylord  Taleott,  was  born  in 
Herkimer  County  June  24,  1796,  and  mar- 
ried Aseneth  Caswell. 

Mr.  Talcott 's  grandfather,  Asa  Talcott, 
was  born  in  Herkimer  County  December 
2,  1822,  and  married  Martha'  Mead.  He 
was  a  jeweler  by  trade  and  conducted  a 
business  in  that  line  at  Oswego  and  later 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  His  last  years  were 
spent  retired  at  Buffalo,  New  York.  His 
wife  survived  him  and  lived  to  be  nearly 
ninety  years  of  age. 

Thaddeus  Mead  Talcott,  Sr.,  was  born  at 
Oswego,  New  York,  March  28,  1847,  and 


m 


. 


LIBRARY 

OF  T'€ 

UNIVERSITY  OF  UfNOP 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1319 


during  his  youth  attended  school  in  Cleve- 
land and  Buffalo.  He  became  a  manufac- 
turer of  boiler  compound  in  Cleveland  and 
later  transferred  his  business  to  Chicago, 
where  he  is  now  living  retired.  He  married 
Nellie  Rodney,  a  native  of  Buffalo,  New 
York,  and  daughter  of  John  and  Lemira 
(Spalding)  Rodney,  both  natives  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Lemira  Spalding  was  the 
daughter  of  Obediah  Gore  and  Clotilda 
(Hoyt)  Spalding,  a  granddaughter  of 
John  and  Wealthy  Ann  (Gore)  Spalding, 
and  great-granddaughter  of  General  Simon 
Spalding,  who  served  with  the  rank  of 
commissioned  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
army.  General  Simon  Spalding  married 
Ruth  Shepard,  and  their  son,  John  Spald- 
ing, was  also  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
both  becoming  pensioners  in  their  later 
years.  It  is  through  the  Spalding  branch 
that  Thad  M.  Talcott,  Jr.,  has  his  qualifi- 
cations for  membership  in  the  Illinois  So- 
ciety of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. 

Thaddeus  M.  Talcott  and  wife  had  four 
sons:  Charles  M.,  Thad  M.,  Jr.,  Harrison 
W.  and  Rodney  D. 

Thad  M.  Talcott,  Jr.,  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago,,, 
and  in  1897  graduated  LL.  B.  from  the  law 
department  of  Northwestern  University. 
However,  he  did  not  take  up  active  practice 
until  he  had  taken  advantage  of  the  best 
schools  and  institutions  of  learning  in 
America.  He  entered  Yale  University  for 
post-graduate  work,  receiving  the  degree 
LL.  M.  in  1898,  and  after  special  work  at 
Cornell  University  was  awarded  a  similar 
degree  in  1899.  For  one  year  Mr.  Talcott 
practiced  in  Chicago  but  since  1900  has 
been  a  resident  of  South  Bend,  where  he 
has  gained  the  reputation  of  an  able  and 
learned  lawyer  and  has  become  very  in- 
fluential in  public  affairs.  In  1903  he  was 
elected  to  the  Lower  House  of  the  State 
Legislature  and  in  1912  was  in  the  State 
Senate.  He  was  a  member  of  many  com- 
mittees and  secretary  of  the  joint  caucus. 
He  voted  for  both  Mr.  Fairbanks  and  Mr. 
Beveridge  for  the  United  States  Senate  and 
had  the  honor  of  nominating  Mr.  Beveridge 
for  the  office  while  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate.  Governor  Hanley  appointed  him  a 
delegate  to  the  National  Divorce  Conven- 
tion in  Washington  and  Philadelphia.  Mr. 
Talcott  is  now  serving  as  United  States 


commissioner    for   several    north    Indiana 
counties. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  South  Bend  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  the  Knife  and 
Fork  Club,  University  Club,  Country  Club 
at  South  Bend,  the  Indiana  Society  of 
Chicago,  Yale  Club  of  Chicago,  and  frater- 
nally is  affiliated  with  South  Bend  Lodge 
294,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Chicago 
Chapter  No.  508,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
South  Bend  Council  No.  13,  Royal  and 
Select  Masons,  South  Bend  Commandery 
No.  13,  Knights  Templar,  and  Orak 
Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at  Hammond. 
He  and  his  wife  are  active  members  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church. 

February  17,  1909,  Mr.  Talcott  married 
Maude  Rodney.  Mrs.  Talcott  was  born  in 
Buffalo,  New  York,  daughter  of  Frank  and 
Etta  (Irish)  Rodney. 

i 

ADAM  ORTH  BEHM.  When  Adam  Orth 
Behm  did  his  first  work  as  a  lawyer  at 
Lafayette  the  United  States  was  torn  with 
the  strife  of  the  Civil  war,  in  which  he  him- 
self bore  an  honorable  part  as  a  private 
soldier,  and  a  captain  in  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment. He  has  grown  old  in  the  practice  of 
the  law  and  is  still  on  the  roll  of  active 
membership  of  the  Lafayette  bar  when 
America  is  again  fighting  for  freedom,  but 
this  time  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean. 

Mr.  Behm  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Leba- 
non County,  Pennsylvania.  August  22, 
1839,  son  of  Christian  and  Rosana  (Orth) 
Behm.  His  father  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania June  13,  1817,  spent  his  life  as  a 
farmer,  and  died  in  his  native  state  Octo- 
ber 2,  1853.  His  wife,  Rosana  Orth.  was 
born  in  Lebanon  County  in  1821  and  died 
in  Pennsylvania  March  13,  1863.  Her 
brother,  Godlove  S.  Orth,  was  a  prominent 
Indiana  lawyer  and  at  one  time  a  member 
of  Congress  from  this  state.  Christian 
Behm  and  wife  had  thirteen  children,  nine 
sons  and  four  daughters,  the  only  one  now 
living  being  Adam  Orth. 

Adam  Orth  Behm  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
just  fourteen  years  old  when  his  father 
died,  and  after  that  he  had  to  seek  some 
gainful  occupation  for  his  own  support 
and  as  a  means  of  securing  a  higher  educa- 
tion. For  two  years  he  worked  in  a  store 
at  $3  a  month.  Another  two  years  he  spent 


1320 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  a  grist  mill,  saving  his  money  all  the 
time  in  order  to  get  a  better  education. 
One  year  he  spent  in  college,  and  in  1859 
came  west  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  and 
entered  the  law  office  of  his  older  brother, 
Godlove  0.  Behm.  He  remained  there  in 
the  diligent  prosecution  of  his  studies  two 
years. 

On  April  18,  1861,  less  than  a  week  after 
Fort  Suinter  was  fired  upon,  Mr.  Behm 
was  mustered  in  as  a  private  in  Company 
E,  Tenth  Indiana  Infantry.  Upon  the 
organization  of  the  regiment  he  was  made 
sergeant  of  his  company  and  was  with  it 
throughout  the  period  of  its  three  months 
service.  On  getting  his  honorable  dis- 
charge he  returned  to  Lafayette  and  re- 
sumed his  law  studies  and  also  practiced 
until  January,  1864.  He  then  recruited 
Company  A  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fiftieth  Indiana  Regiment  and  was  elected 
captain  of  the  company.  This  company 
saw  active  service  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Captain  Behm  was  only  in  one  important 
battle,  that  of  Rich  Mountain,  but  had  vari- 
ous important  assignments  of  duty,  at  one 
time  being  judge  advocate  at  Harpers 
Ferry,  and  many  important  military  cases 
came  before  him  for  decision.  He  was  also 
a  brigade  inspector. 

After  the  war  he  returned  to  LaFayette 
and  entered  practice,  which  has  been  con- 
tinued uninterruptedly  to  the  present  time. 
He  has  always  enjoyed  a  large  practice  but 
never  mixed  the  law  with  politics,  though 
his  steady  allegiance  as  a  republican  has 
known  no  wavering  from  the  time  he  cast 
his  first  vote  for  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Mr.  Behm  is  a  member  of  the  military 
organization  of  the  Loyal  Legion  and  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  Decem- 
ber 26,  1867,  at  Lafayette,  he  married  Miss 
Charlotte  E.  Rhodes.  She  was  born  in 
what  was  then  the  far  Northwest,  the  terri- 
tory of  Minnesota,  on  March  18,  1849.  An 
event  which  lately  attracted  much  attention 
in  the  social  affairs  of  Lafayette  was  the 
celebration  of  the  golden  wedding  anni- 
versary of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Behm  on  December 
26,  1917. 

THE  TRIBE  OF  BEN-HUR.  In  practically 
every  state  of  the  Union  are  found  courts 
and  individual  members  of  the  tribe  of 
Ben-Hur.  This  fraternal  beneficiary  or- 
ganization is  a  typically  Indiana  institu- 
tion and  was  founded  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury ago  at  Crawfordsville,  where  its  su- 


preme headquarters  are  still  located  and 
where  its  supreme  chief,  Dr.  R.  H.  Gerard, 
resides. 

One  of  the  notable  events  in  the  history 
of  the  order  was  the  celebration  at  Craw- 
fordsville April  5-6,  1911,  of  the  seven- 
teenth anniversary  of  the  issuance  of  the 
first  certificate.  At  that  date  representa- 
tives from  nearly  all  the  states  in  which 
the  order  was  represented  gathered  to  wit- 
ness the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  the 
new  Fraternal  Temple.  This  beautiful 
building  is  a  "promise  fulfilled,"  as  for 
years  the  officers  of  the  society  dreamed 
of  a  building  of  that  character  which  would 
be  a  credit  to  the  society  and  a  place  of 
gathering  for  the  pilgrims  who  from  time 
to  time  travel  to  Crawfordsville,  the  Jeru- 
salem of  the  Tribe  of  Ben-Hur. 

For  years  the  plan  of  the  Tribe  of  Ben- 
Hur  had  existed  in  the  mind  and  heart  of 
one  man  until  it  became  to  him  a  living 
reality.  His  dream  was  realized  tw'enty- 
five  years  ago,  and  every  succeeding  meet- 
ing of  the  order  at  Crawfordsville  has 
served  to  refresh  the  memory  of  the 
founder,  counselor  and  protector — David 
W.  Gerard. 

About  1893  Mr.  Gerard  associated  him- 
self with  a  number  of  friends  of  experience 
in  the  insurance  and  business  world,  and 
plans  were  formulated  to  start  a  fraternal 
order  along  new  and  novel  lines.  The 
choice  of  a  name  for  a  long  time  was  a 
mooted  point.  "Ben-Hur — a  Tale  of  the 
Christ,"  appeared  in  book  form  in  1880 
and  its  widespread  fame  as  a  masterpiece 
of  literature  was  adding  fresh  laurels  to 
the  name  of  the  already  famous  author, 
General  Lew  "Wallace.  The  beautiful  story 
appealed  to  Mr.  Gerard  and  his  associates 
as  being  rich  in  material  for  a  ritual  of 
surpassing  excellence  for  their  order,  and 
a  conference  was  held  with  General  Wal- 
lace, who  readily  gave  his  consent  to  the 
use  of  the  story,  even  suggesting  the  form 
of  name,  which  has  never  been  changed — 
"Supreme  Tribe  of  Ben-Hur." 

Actively  associated  with  Mr.  Gerard  in 
the  formation  of  the  order  were  ex-Gov- 
ernor Ira  J.  Chase  of  Indianapolis;  Col. 
L.  T.  Dickason,  capitalist,  of  Chicago;  W. 
T.  Royse,  a  practical  insurance  man  of 
Indianapolis ;  J.  F.  Davidson,  M.  D. ;  John 
W.  Stroh,  F.  L.  Snyder  and  S.  E.  Voris, 
prominent  business  and  professional  men 
of  Crawfordsville. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1321 


A  special  law  committee  was  appointed 
consisting  of  Walter  A.  Royse  of  Indian- 
apolis ;  Peter  T.  Luther  of  Brazil,  Indiana ; 
and  S.  E.  Voris,  John  C.  Snyder  and  M. 
W.  Bruner  of  Crawfordsville,  to  draft 
articles  of  incorporation.  These  articles 
of  incorporation  were  filed  in  the  office  of 
the  secretary  of  the  state  of  Indiana  on 
January  8,  1894,  and  a  charter  was  granted 
under  the  "Voluntary  Assessment  Act  of 
1852,"  as  there  was  at  that  time  no  law  in 
the  State  of  Indiana  governing  fraternal 
beneficiary  societies. 

The  first  supreme  officers  selected  were: 
ex-Governor  Ira  J.  Chase,  supreme  chief; 
F.  L.  Snyder,  supreme  scribe ;  J.  F.  David- 
son, M.  D.,  supreme  medical  examiner ;  and 
S.  E.  Voris,  supreme  keeper  of  tribute ;  and 
an  executive  committee  consisting  of  D.  W. 
Gerard,  F.  L.  Snyder  and  W.  T.  Royse. 
The  election  of  ex-Governor  Chase  as  su- 
preme chief  was  made  at  the  request  of 
Mr.  Gerard,  who  desired  to  devote  all  his 
time  to  the  organization  work.  Upon  the 
death  of  Ira  J.  Chase,  which  occurred  at 
Luebec,  Maine,  May  11,  1895,  Col.  L.  T. 
Dickason  was  chosen  by  the  executive  com- 
mittee to  fill  out  the  unexpired  term  as 
supreme  chief. 

March  1,  1894,  the  first  Court  of  the 
order  was  formed  in  Crawfordsville,  known 
as  Simonides  Court  No.  1,  starting  with  a 
charter  roll  of  over  500.  The  plan  and 
name  of  the  order  were  popular  from  the 
beginning.  The  beneficial  feature  was  en- 
tirely new  and  novel;  the  amount  of  pro- 
tection granted  each  member  depended 
upon  the  age  at  admission,  but  a  uniform 
amount  of  contribution  was  charged  each 
member.  The  plan  was  simple,  equitable 
and  easily  understood.  No  assessments 
were  levied  upon  the  death  of  a  member, 
but  a  regular  monthly  payment  was  col- 
lected each  month.  An  emergency  fund 
was  created  from  the  beginning,  and 
women  were  admitted  on  an  absolutely 
equal  basis  with  men.  New  courts  were 
rapidly  formed  in  Indiana  and  adjoining 
states  and  at  the  time  of  the  supreme  ses- 
sion held  in  Crawfordsville  April  14,  1896, 
the  order  had  a  membership  of  7,198  and  a 
surplus  and  reserve  fund  of  $41,829.  At 
that  time  Indiana  had  80  courts,  Nebraska 
21,  Ohio  28,  Iowa  2,  Kansas  1,  California 
2,  Missouri  3,  Illinois  16,  New  York  14, 
New  Jersey  1,  Pennsylvania  4,  and  Ken- 
tucky 2.  The  record  of  this  young  order 


was  indeed  marvelous  and  the  name  of  Ben- 
Hur  was  already  famous  throughout  the 
fraternal  insurance  world.  At  this  session 
D.  W.  Gerard  was  elected  supreme  chief, 
and  F.  L.  Snyder,  S.  E.  Voris  and  Dr.  J. 
F.  Davidson  were  re-elected  to  their  re- 
spective positions.  To  these  four  men 
really  belongs  the  credit  of  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  order. 

February  21,  1900,  articles  of  re-incorpo- 
ration were  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state 
in  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  an 
act  regulating  fraternal  beneficiary  asso- 
ciations, approved  March  1,  1899. 

Actively  associated  with  the  above  men- 
tioned supreme  officers  in  the  prudential 
affairs  of  the  order  were  John  C.  Snyder, 
who  organized  many  of  the  first  courts  and 
occupied  the  position  of  supreme  organizer 
until  the  death  of  his  brother,  F.  L.  Sny- 
der, on  December  29,  1905,  when  he  was 
appointed  by  the  executive  committee  to  fill 
out  his  brother's  unexpired  term,  and  was 
unanimously  elected  at  the  next  regular 
supreme  session  held  May  15,  1906.  No 
other  change  was  made  in  the  personnel 
of  the  supreme  officers  until  January  3, 
1910,  when  on  the  death  of  D.  W.  Gerard, 
the  executive  board  appointed  Dr.  R.  H. 
Gerard  to  fill  out  his  father's  unexpired 
term,  which  action  was  approved  at  the 
next  supreme  session  of  the  Supreme  Tribe 
held  May  15,  1910.  Doctor  Gerard  was  se- 
lected by  the  executive  board  as  a  man 
well  fitted  to  fill  such  an  important  office 
on  account  of  his  experience  in  the  field 
and  his  service  of  ten  years  in  the  medical 
department,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  details  of  the  business,  both  in 
the  office  and  in  the  field. 

During  the  first  seventeen  years  of  the 
order's  history  preceding  the  building  of 
the  temple  at  Crawfordsville  it  had  en- 
rolled over  a  quarter  of  a  million  men  and 
women  from  thirty-two  states,  and  had 
never  shown  a  loss  of  membership  or  funds 
in  any  year  of  its  existence.  Its  unique 
distinction  is  that  it  was  the  first  society 
that  from  the  date  of  its  inception  ad- 
mitted women  on  an  equal  rank  with  men, 
both  as  to  social  and  beneficial  privileges, 
and  at  an  equal  rate  of  contribution.  It 
was  the  pioneer  order  also  in  charging  all 
of  its  members,  regardless  of  age,  the  same 
rate,  which  consisted  of  one  dollar  per 
month  on  a  whole  certificate,  the  amount 
of  the  certificate  being  graded  according 


1322 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  the  age  of  the  insured  member.  This 
system  was  in  vogue  from  the  start  until 
1908,  when  the  society  adopted  an  adequate 
rate  for  all  new  members,  which  was  based 
on  the  actual  combined  mortality  experi- 
ence of  fraternal  societies  of  America  over 
an  experience  of  forty  years.  This  mor- 
tality table  is  known  as  the  National  Fra- 
ternal Congress  Table,  with  4  per  cent 
interest  assumption. 

MABVIN  CAMPBELL.  Perhaps  no  man  is 
better  known  at  South  Bend,  Indiana,  than 
Marvin  Campbell,  banker,  manufacturer, 
public  citizen.  This  city  has  been  his 
home  since  1870,  almost  half  a  century, 
and  few,  indeed,  have  impressed  them- 
selves more  certainly  upon  its  business  and 
political  life,  or  have  done  more  to  further 
religious,  charitable  and  humane  move- 
ments. Indefatigable  in  business,  he  is  a 
broad-gauged  man  of  sound  judgment  and 
sterling  principles,  and  the  great  industries 
and  enterprises  with  which  his  name  is 
honorably  linked  have  had  much  in  their 
development  and  expansion  to  do  with  the 
progress  that  has  brought  comparative 
prosperity  to  this  section  of  the  state.  His 
people  were  among  the  sturdy  pioneers  of 
1833  in  Indiana,  and  although  eighty-four 
years  have  rolled  away  and  not  only  the 
state  but  the  nation  has  been  almost  re- 
made, their  names  are  not  forgotten,  nor 
have  the  lands  that  they  ventured  so  much 
to  secure  passed  out  of  the  possession  of 
their  descendants. 

Marvin  Campbell,  ex-state  senator,  pres- 
ident of  the  South  Bend  National  Bank, 
and  an  extensive  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Valparaiso,  Porter  County,  Indiana, 
March  13,  1849.  His  parents  were  Samuel 
A.  and  Harriet  (Cornell)  Campbell.  His 
great-great-grandfather  was  born  in  Scot- 
land, a  member  of  the  same  clan  as  the 
present  noble  Argyle  family,  and  came  to 
the  American  colonies  and  settled  in  New 
Hampshire  before  the  Revolutionary  war. 
His  son,  Hugh  Campbell,  the  great-grand- 
father, was  born  in  New  Hampshire  and 
was  a  young  soldier  in  the  Revolution  and 
afterward  was  a  resident  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  where  he  died. 

Samuel  A.  Campbell,  father  of  Marvin 
Campbell,  was  born  in  1821,  at  Westfield 
in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York.  He 
was  a  son  of  Adam  S.  Campbell,  who  was 
born  in  New  York  and  died  at  Valparaiso, 


Indiana,  in  1852.  He  had  seen  military 
service  before  coming  to  Indiana,  being  a 
member  of  the  state  militia.  In  1833,  with 
family  and  household  possessions,  he  drove 
his  wagon  and  team  along  the  uncharted 
pioneer  roads  to  Porter  County,  Indiana, 
where  he  secured  land  from  the  govern- 
ment, and  here  he  passed  the  rest  of  his 
life.  His  son  Samuel  A.  inherited  the 
homestead  of  160  acres  and  lived  on  it  for 
seventy-seven  years.  He  often  recalled 
early  days  in  Porter  County,  when  many 
Indians  were  yet  living  in  the  woodland, 
and,  although  his  educational  opportunities 
were  too  little  to  be  considered,  he  devel- 
oped into  a  man  of  wide  knowledge  and 
became  a  leader  in  public. matters  in  Wash- 
ington Township,  frequently  serving  in 
public  capacities.  He  always  gave  his  po- 
litical support  to  the  democratic  party  and 
was  one  of  the  early  and  steadfast  Ma- 
sons in  this  section,  and  reached  the 
Knight  Templar  degree,  belonging  to  the 
Commandery  at  Valparaiso.  He  married 
Harriet  Cornell,  who  was  born  in  Ohio  in 
1827,  and  died  at  Valparaiso  in  1865,  a 
noble  woman  in  every  relation  of  life. 
There  were  six  children  born  to  them,  as 
follows:  Marvin  and  Myron,  twins;  Da- 
rius, who  died  in  1865,  when  aged  thirteen 
years;  Otto  S.,  who  is  a  retired  farmer 
living  at  Valparaiso;  Helen  Minerva,  who 
was  the  wife  of  D.  B.  Eastburne,  a  farmer 
living  near  Judson  in  Parke  County,  Indi- 
ana, died  at  South  Bend,  in  1877 ;  and  Ida 
May,  who  died  at  the  age  of  four  months. 

Marvin  Campbell  went  from  the  local 
schools  to  Valparaiso  College,  where  he 
continued  as  a  student  until  1869,  develop- 
ing a  marked  talent  in  mathematics,  which 
science  he  taught  for  one  year  in  the  Val- 
paraiso High  School,  and  in  1870, 1871  and 
1872  he  was  instructor  in  mathematics  in 
the  high  school  of  South  Bend.  He  then 
left  the  educational  field  and  in  1872  em- 
barked in  a  hardware  business  at  South 
Bend,  in  which  he  remained  interested 
until  1888  and  since  then  has  been  largely 
identified  with  manufacturing  enterprises 
and  banking. 

The  South  Bend  National  Bank,  of 
which  Marvin  Campbell  is  president,  is  the 
oldest  bank  in  South  Bend  and  was  estab- 
lished as  a  state  bank  in  1838.  For  over 
thirty  years  the  late  Myron  Campbell,  twin 
brother  of  Marvin  Campbell,  was  cashier 
and  general  manager  of  this  bank,  and  it 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1323 


was  generally  conceded  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1916,  that  the  state  had  lost  one 
of  its  finest  citizens  as  well  as  ablest  finan- 
ciers. In  1870  the  bank  was  nationalized 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  soundest  banks 
in  the  state,  its  working  capital  being 
$100,000,  and  its  surplus  $135,000.  The 
careful,  conservative  policy  that  has  been 
a  feature  ever  since  the  bank  was  founded 
continues,  and  the  Campbell  name  is  a 
synonym  for  stability. 

One  of  the  largest  industries  of  South 
Bend  and  in  its  line  in  the  state  is  the 
Campbell  Paper  Box  Company,  which 
plant  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Sample  streets.  Mr.  Campbell  estab- 
lished this  factory  in  1893  and  is  the  prin- 
cipal owner  and  president  of  the  com- 
pany. Employment  is  given  to  100 
workmen  and  the  product  is  paper  boxes 
and  shipping  tags,  with  a  market  that 
covers  the  country.  Another  extensive 
enterprise  that  gives  employment  and  high 
wages  to  many  workmen  is  the  Campbell 
Wire  Specialty  Works,  located  at  No.  1108 
High  Street,  where  all  kinds  of  wire  shapes 
used  in  many  trades  are  manufactured. 
Mr.  Campbell  owns  the  works  and  is  presi- 
dent of  the  operating  company.  Many 
smaller  concerns  owe  much  to  Mr.  Camp- 
bell's friendly  encouragement  and  his 
financial  advice  has  been  the  means  of 
saving  more  than  one  struggling  small 
business  man  from  disaster. 

In  politics  Mr.  Campbell  has  always 
been  a  straight  republican  and  in  earlier 
years  was  active  in  the  political  field.  He 
has  served  efficiently  in  many  public  of- 
fices and  in  1882  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  State  Senate,  and  served  with  faith- 
ful attention  to  the  best  interests  of  the 
public  through  the  sessions  of  1883-5.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  South  Bend 
schools,  and  for  the  last  fifteen  years  has 
been  a  trustee  of  De  Pauw  University, 
Greencastle,  Indiana. 

Mr.  Campbell  was  married  at  South 
Bend  in  1874  to  Miss  Lydia  A.  Brown- 
field,  a  native  of  South  Bend  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  John  and  Lydia  A.  (Beason)  Brown- 
field,  the  former  of  whom  was  a  pioneer 
merchant  and  banker  of  this  city.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Campbell  have  three  children: 
John  Brownfield,  who  is  secretary  of  the 
Campbell  Paper  Box  Company;  Harriet 
B.,  who  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  W.  A.  Hazen, 


an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon  of 
South  Bend  and  widely  known  in  the  state ; 
and  Marvin  Rudolph,  who  resides  with  his 
parents,  is  treasurer  of  the  Campbell  Pa- 
per Box  Company. 

While  Mr.  Campbell  has  been  an  ag- 
gressive and  successful  business  man,  he 
by  no  means  has  ignored  the  claims  of 
those  agencies  that  make  for  something 
more  than  material  prosperity.  From  his 
youth  up  he  has  been  a  faithful  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  a 
trustee  of  the  same  for  many  years,  and 
has  considered  it  a  privilege  as  well  as  a 
distinction  to  serve  as  a  delegate  to  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  General  Confer- 
ence on  so  many  occasions,  probably  be- 
ing the  only  lay  member  in  the  state  who 
served  in  four  consecutive  sessions,  1904, 
1906,  1912  and  1916.  He  has  always  taken 
front  rank  in  all  benevolent  movements. 
He  has  served  many  years  as  a  trustee  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
and  accepted  the  chairmanship  of  the  dis- 
trict board  of  four  counties  that  raised 
$73,000  for  the  association 's  proposed  fund 
of  $35,000,000.  In  times  of  national  calam- 
ity no  one  has  been  readier  or  more  gen- 
erous in  helpfulness. 

Mr.  Campbell  is  one  of  the  older  mem- 
bers of  the  Masonic  body  in  South  Bend, 
belonging  to  St.  Joseph  Lodge  No.  45, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and 
no  one  has  been  truer  to  Masonic  brother- 
hood. While  Mr.  Campbell  passes  the 
larger  part  of  the  year  in  South  Bend, 
where  he  owns  a  handsome  residence  on 
Colfax  Avenue,  during  the  warm  seasons 
he  occupies  his  beautiful  country  home, 
Oakdale  Farm,  situated  in  Clay  Township, 
Saint  Joseph  County,  four  miles  northeast 
of  South  Bend,  where  he  has  130  acres  of 
improved  land. 

THE  ANTHONY  FAMILY.  For  nearly 
ninety  years  the  name  Anthony  has  been 
one  of  the  most  familiar  in  association 
with  the  property  development  and  busi- 
ness interests  of  Muncie.  Four  genera- 
tions of  the  family  have  spent  at  least  a 
portion  of  their  lives  in  the  city. 

The  founder  of  the  family  was  the  rev- 
ered Dr.  Samuel  P.  Anthony,  who  was 
born  at  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  December 
2,  1792.  Lynchburg  was  in  the  heart  of 
the  great  Virginia  tobacco  industry,  and 
doubtless  the  tobacco  crop  had  supple- 


1324 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mented  the  family's  yearly  income  ever 
since  it  located  in  the  state.  In  1812,  when 
he  was  twenty  years  old,  Samuel  P.  An- 
thony and  his  father  moved  to  Ohio.  Dur- 
ing the  second  war  with  Great  Britain  he 
served  as  a  teamster  in  the  United  States 
army.  In  1814  the  family  located  at  Cin- 
cinnati, and  there  established  the  first  to- 
hacco  manufactory  west  of  the  Allegheny 
Mountains.  The  availability  of  the  Ohio 
Valley  for  tobacco  culture  drew  not  a  few 
tobacco  planters  from  Virginia,  and  thus 
it  was  the  Anthonys  first  became  located 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Alleghenies.  While 
in  Cincinnati  Samuel  P.  Anthony  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  medicine  and  later 
removed  to  Clinton  County,  Ohio,  where 
he  practiced  for  three  years,  and  for  an 
equal  length  of  time  at  Cedarville  in  the 
same  state. 

Doctor  Anthony  came  to  Muncie  in  1831, 
and  here  he  practiced  for  twenty-five  years, 
retiring  about  fifteen  years  before  his 
death.  Doctor  Anthony  was  very  success- 
ful in  his  financial  career,  was  a  merchant 
and  bought  great  quantities  of  land  in 
Delaware  County.  By  close  attention  *to 
business  he  amassed  a  fortune,  aud^a']^  the 
time  of  his  death  was  variously  estimated 
at  from  $250.000  to  $500,000.  He  was  ac- 
tive in  all  public  enterprises  which  seemed 
to  him  calculated  to  promote  the  interests 
of  his  city  and  county.  He  was  among 
the  most  liberal  contributors  and  active 
promoters  in  the  building  of  the  first  rail- 
road through  the  county.  He  was  one  of 
the  directors  from  Delaware  County  of  the 
Bellefontaine  &  Indianapolis,  now  the  Big 
Four  Railway,  was  for  a  year  its  presi- 
dent and  verv  active  in  soliciting  stock  sub- 
scriptions. He  was  also  president  of  the 
Port  "Wayne  &  Southern  Railway,  and  a 
director  of  the  Lafayette,  Muncie  &  Bloom- 
ineton  Railway. 

Doctor  Anthony  continued  active  in  busi- 
ness at  Muncie  to  the  very  last.  He  died 
July  22.  1876.  In  1817  he  married  for  his 
first  wife  Miss  Narcissa  Haines.  She  died 
in  May,  1858,  leaving  one  son,  Edwin  C. 
In  1859  he  married  Miss  Emily  V.  Vanna- 
man,  who  survived  him  many  years. 

The  only  son  of  Doctor  Anthony  was 
the  late  Capt.  Edwin  C.  Anthony.  He 
was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  May  29,  1818, 
and  was  thirteen  years  old  when  his  father 
moved  to  Muncie.  He  completed  his  edu- 
cation in  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  enter- 


ing his  father's  store  at  Muncie  was  made 
a  partner  and  was  active  as  a  merchant 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  In  1861 
he  raised  a  company  of  cavalry,  which 
became  Company  D  of  the  Second  Cavalry, 
Forty-first  Indiana  Regiment.  He  was 
commissioned  a  captain,  and  was  with 
the  army  of  the  Cumberland.  During  the 
winter  of  1861-62  he  had  an  arm  broken, 
and  with  health  greatly  impaired  he  was 
obliged  to  resign  his  commission  on  March 
15,  1862.  After  returning  to  Muncie  and 
recovering  his  health  he  entered  the  dry 
goods  business,  which  he  continued  until 
his  father's  death.  Largely  as  a  matter 
of  health  he  spent  many  winters  in  the 
South,  and  while  at  Florida  acquired  ex- 
tensive land  and  phosphate  mining  inter- 
ests in  Marion  County  of  that  state.  He 
also  developed  a  splendid  livestock  ranch, 
and  for  the  past  ten  years  of  life  most  of 
his  interests  were  centered  in  Florida.  At 
his  farm  in  that  state,  known  as  Anthony, 
he  died  June  7,  1884,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
six. 

September  30,  1849,  Captain  Anthony 
married  Miss  Rebecca  G.  Vannaman, 
dsiigfctfcr  of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Camp- 
bell) Vannaman,  who  at  that  time  lived  at 
Centerville,  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Her 
parents  came  originally  from  Philadelphia, 
but  Rebecca  Anthony  was  born  in  Ohio. 
Captain  Anthony  and  wife  had  six  chil- 
dren :  Florence  Virginia,  wife  of  Hender- 
son Swain ;  Samuel  P. ;  Edwin  C.,  Jr.,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight;  Ella,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  the  wife  of 
George  Gamble ;  Charles  H. ;  and  Addie 
Anthony,  deceased  wife  of  Frank  Robin- 
son. 

Charles  H.  Anthony,  representing  the 
third  generation  of  the  family  in  Delaware 
County,  was  born  in  that  county  May  10, 
1858.  He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Muncie  and  for  two  years  at- 
tended the!  Military  College  at  Chester, 
Pennsylvania.  In  1877  he  became  inter- 
ested with  his  father  in  land  and  other 
business  interests  in  Florida.  In  1880  he 
planted  a  fifty-acre  orange  grove,  and  five 
years  later  sold  it  to  an  English  syndicate. 
He  continued  to  increase  his  investments 
in  Florida,  and  his  capital  was  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  development  of  immense 
phosphate  beds. 

However,  it  is  with  his  business  inter- 
ests in  and  around  Muncie  that  this  ar- 


. 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLJNOT 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1325 


tide  is  especially  concerned.  He  took  the 
lead  in  organizing  and  was  president  of 
the  Economy  Co-operative  Gas  Company 
of  Muncie,  one  of  the  big  organizations  in 
the  industrial  field  of  the  city ;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Citizens  Enterprise  Company; 
a  stockholder  in  the  Delaware  County  Na- 
tional Bank;  and  at  different  times  owned 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
tracts  of  real  estate  in  and  around  Muncie. 
In  1880  he  and  his  mother  sold  over  420 
acres  of  land  included  in  the  Muncie  Land 
Company's  Addition,  the  Gray  Addition 
and  the  Anthony  Park  Addition.  One  of 
the  notable  business  blocks  of  Anthony  has 
long  been  known  as  the  Anthony  Block, 
erected  in  1887  by  Mr.  Anthony  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Walnut  and  Jackson 
streets.  At  the  time  of  its  erection  this 
was  the  finest  business  block  in  any  city 
of  the  state.  Mr.  Anthony  was  foremost 
in  utilizing  the  opportunities  presented  to 
Muncie  during  the  natural  gas  era.  He 
was  among  the  first  to  become  financially 
interested  in  drilling  in  the  Muncie  field. 
Mr.  Anthony  is  a  republican  in  politics. 

February  10,  1886,  he  married  Miss  Har- 
riet B.  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Dr.  Harvey 
Mitchell. 

HARVEY  MITCHELL  ANTHONY.  Indiana 
has  good  reason  to  cherish  its  military  an- 
nals. The  state  has  poured  forth  gener- 
ously her  resources  and  her  men  in  every 
national  crisis  demanding  them.  It  was 
with  a  proper  sense  of  pride  that  the  state 
authorities  recently  proposed  to  undertake 
a  monumental  war  history  of  Indiana,  to 
give  a  permanent  record  of  the  war  ac- 
tivities of  all  the  counties  of  the  state.  The 
individual  records  that  will  comprise  a 
portion  of  that  history  will  be  imposing 
indeed,  and  among  them  that  of  Harvey 
Mitchell  Anthony  will  have  a  place  of  pe- 
culiar and  unrivalled  distinction. 

Harvey  Mitchell  Anthony  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 19.  1890.  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  H.  Anthony  of  Muncie.  He  was 
a  student  of  the  Muncie  High  School,  and 
from  1908  to  1911  attended  Miami  Uni- 
versity at  Oxford,  Ohio,  specializing  in 
mathematics  and  languages.  In  1911  he 
entered  Harvard  University,  and  while  at- 
tentive to  the  prescribed  collegiate  cur- 
riculum he  specially  favored  the  sciences, 
including  advanced  physics  and  chemistry, 
geology  and  astronomy,  and  also  doing  a 


vol.  m— s 


large  amount  of  work  in  philosophy.  "While 
at  Harvard,  being  a  young  man  of  means 
and  able  to  indulge  some  special  hobbies, 
he  installed  a  large  private  laboratory  and 
supplemented  his  regular  work  by  experi- 
mental study  in  bmlogy  and  research  in 
radio-telegraphy  and  radio-telephony.  He 
graduated  in  1914  with  the  degree  Asso- 
ciate in  Arts  of  Harvard  University. 

Young  Anthony's  career  is  an  impres- 
sive illustration  of  the  value  of  thorough 
preparedness  for  any  great  responsibilities, 
whether  of  a  private  or  public  nature.  Af- 
ter leaving  Harvard  he  continued  the  study 
of  Electrical  Engineering  and  Steam  Engi- 
neering at  the  Hawley  Institute  of  Steam 
and  Electrical  Engineering  in  Boston, 
finally  graduating  from  that  institute  with 
honors.  Then  came  other  advanced  post- 
graduate courses  in  Columbia  University 
in  Education,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was 
working  in  the  New  York  Electrical  In- 
stitute, of  which  he  is  also  an  honor  grad- 
uate. 

Even  during  these  years  of  training  and 
preparation  several  flattering  offers  were 
tendered  him.  However,  his  ambition  took 
a  very  unusual  and  a  most  laudable  direc- 
tion. His  interest  in  and  love  for  his 
home  community  prompted  him  to  return 
to  Muncie  and  give  the  benefit  of  his  knowl- 
edge and  experience  to  the  broadening  of 
the  opportunities  offered  by  the  new  Mun- 
cie High  School,  which  had  just  been  com- 
pleted. In  that  school  he  introduced  a  de- 
partment of  electrical  engineering  which 
surpassed  many  departments  in  that  field 
in  the  majority  of  colleges.  He  was  made 
head  of  the  department  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neering. Engineering  Drafting  and  Design, 
and  Radio-Telegraphy.  Probably  no  school 
in  Indiana  has  anvthinar  to  compare  with 
the  equipment  and  facilities  which  he  in- 
troduced at  Muncie,  and  under  his  per- 
sonal direction  these  facilities  were  used 
to  the  highest  advantage.  In  1916  he  was 
made  Director  of  Vocational  Education  of 
the  city  schools  of  Muncie. 

From  this  happy  and  congenial  work 
he  was  called  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
to  sterner  responsibilities.  He  oreanized 
the  first  department  of  Army  Signal  Corps 
training  in  the  state  and  conducted  large 
classes  in  Radio-Telegraphy  at  the  Muncie 
High  School.  His  services  being  imme- 
diately recognized  by  the  navy,  he  was  in- 
vited to  take  charge  of  the  advanced  work 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tide  is  especially  concerned.  lie  took  the 
lead  in  organizing  and  was  president  of 
the  Economy  Co-operative  Has  Company 
of  Muncie.  one  of  the  big  organizations  in 
the  industrial  field  of  the  city;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Citix.ens  Enterprise  Company : 
a  stockholder  in  the  Delaware  County  Na- 
lional  Bank:  and  at  different  times  owned 
some  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
tracts  of  real  estate  in  and  around  Muncie. 
In  1SSO  he  and  his  mother  sold  over  420 
acres  of  land  included  in  the  Muncie  Land 
Company's  Addition,  the  Gray  Addition 
and  the  Anthony  Park  Addition.  One  of 
the  notable  business  blocks  of  Anthony  has 
long  lippn  known  as  the  Anthony  Hlock. 
erected  in  1S87  by  Mr.  Anthony  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Walnut  and  Jackson 
streets.  At  the  time  of  its  erection  this 
was  the  finest  business  block  in  any  city 
of  the  state.  Mr.  Anthony  was  foremost 
in  ulili/inif  the  opportunities  presented  to 
Muncie  during  the  natural  gas  era.  He 
was  among  the  lirst  to  become  financiallv 
interested  in  drilling  in  the  Muncie  field. 
Mr.  Anthony  is  a  republican  in  polities. 

Fchruarv'lO.  ISSfi.  be  married  Miss  Har- 
riet P>.  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Dr.  Harvey 
Mitchell. 

HAHVF.Y  MiTC'iiKT.i.  AxTiioxv.  Indiana 
has  {rood  reason  to  cherish  its  military  an- 
nals. The  state  has  poured  forth  gener- 
ously her  resources  and  her  men  in  every 
national  crisis  demanding  them.  Tt  was 
with  a  proper  sense  of  pride  that  the  state 
authorities  recently  proposed  to  undertake 
a  monumental  war  history  of  Indiana,  to 
give  a  permanent  record  of  the  war  ae- 
tivities  of  all  the  counties  of  the  state.  The 
individual  records  that  will  comprise  a 
portion  of  that  history  will  lie  imposing 
indeed,  and  among  them  that  of  Harvey 
Mitchell  Anthony  will  have  a  place  of  pe- 
culiar and  unrivalled  distinction. 

TTarvev  Mitchell  Anthony  was  born  Feb- 
ruarv  10.  1800.  son  of '  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  TT.  Anthony  of  Muncie.  He  was 
a  student  of  the  Muncie  Hiirh  School,  and 
from  190S  to  1011  attended  Miami  Uni- 
versity at  Oxford.  Ohio,  specializing  in 
mathematics  and  languages.  Tn  1911  he 
entered  Harvard  University,  and  while  at- 
tentive to  the  prescribed  collegiate  eur- 
rieulum  he  specially  favored  the  sciences, 
including  advanced  physios  and  chemistry, 
geology  and  astronomy,  and  also  doing;  a 

Vol.  Ill— 8 


large  amount  of  work  in  philosophy.  While 
at  Harvard,  being  a  young  man  of  means 
and  able  to  indulge  some  special  hobbies, 
he  installed  a  large  private  laboratory  and 
supplemented  his  regular  work  by  experi- 
mental study  in  biology  and  research  in 
radio-telegraphy  and  radio-telephony.  He 
graduated  in  1014  with  the  de-rive  Asso- 
ciate in  Arts  of  Harvard  University. 

You nu'  Anthony's  career  is  an  impres- 
sive illustration  of  the  value  of  thorough 
preparedness  for  any  great  responsibilities, 
whether  of  a  private  or  public  nature.  A  f 
terleavinsr  Harvard  he  continued  the  study 
iif  Electrical  Engineering  and  Steam  Engi- 
neerin"  at  the  Hawley  Institute  of  Steam 
and  Electrical  Engineering  in  Moston. 
finally  graduating  from  that  institute  with 
honors.  Then  came  other  advanced  post- 
graduate courses  in  Columbia  University 
in  Education,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was 
work iii'.r  in  the  New  York  Electrical  Tn- 
stitute.  of  which  he  is  also  an  honor  grad- 
uate. 

Even  during  these  years  of  training  and 
preparation  several  flattering  offers  were 
tendered  him.  However,  his  ambition  took 
a  very  unusual  and  a  most  laudable  direc- 
tion. His  interest  in  and  lovn  for  his 
home  communitv  prompted  him  to  return 
to  Muncie  and  give  the  benefit  of  his  knowl- 
edge and  ex"erienee  to  the  broadening  of 
the  opportunities  offered  bv  the  new  Mun- 
cie  High  School,  which  had  just  been  eom- 
plefed.  In  that  school  he  introduced  a  de- 
partment of  electrical  engineering  which 
surpassed  many  departments  in  that  field 
in  the  majority  of  colleges.  He  was  made 
head  of  the  department  of  Electrical  Engi- 
neering. Eniriiteering  Drafting  and  Design, 
and  Radio- Telegraphv.  1'robably  710  school 
in  Indiana  has  anvthinur  to  compare  with 
the  equipment  and  facilities  which  he  in- 
troduced at  Muncie.  and  under  his  per- 
sonal direction  these  facilities  were  used 
to  the  hiirhest  advantage.  Tn  101fi  he  was 
made  Director  of  Vocational  Education  of 
the  eity  schools  of  Muncie. 

From  this  happy  and  congenial  work 
he  was  called  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities 
to  sterner  responsibilities.  Tfe  organized 
the  first  department  of  Army  Signal  Corps 
training  in  the  state  and  conducted  large 
classes  in  Radio-Telegraphy  at  the  Muncie 
High  School.  TTis  services  being  imme- 
diately recoirni/ed  by  the  navy,  he  was  in- 
vited to  take  charge  of  the  advanced  work 


1326 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  radio  training  for  the  navy  at  Great 
Lakes,  the  largest  naval  training  station 
in  the  world.  From  there  a  few  months 
later  he  was  called  to  Washington,  to  or- 
ganize the  entire  radio  training  system  for 
both  officers  and  enlisted  men  in  the  Avia- 
tion Department  of  the*  Navy.  Thereafter 
from  his  headquarters  at  Washington  he 
directed  this  training  in  all  sections  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  His  of- 
ficial title  was  Director  of  United  States 
Naval  Aeronautical  Radio-Training.  In 
that  capacity  he  organized  schools  at  Pen- 
sacola,  Florida,  Harvard  University  and 
other  division  schools  at  the  plants  where 
naval  air  craft  was  being  manufactured. 
Although  his  work  in  that  field  lasted  but 
a  few  months  it  achieved  distinctive  results, 
and  he  was  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most 
useful  men  for  his  years  in  the  Navy  De- 
partment. 

At  the  secession  of  hostilities  many  of- 
fers came  to  him  in  both  industrial  enter- 
prises and  professorship  in  universities,  of- 
fers that  of  themselves  were  a  practical 
recognition  of  his  wide  experience  and 
thorough  training.  He  has  been  honored 
by  membership  in  many  American  and 
European  scientific  societies,  but,  surpris- 
ing as  it  may  seem,  he  put  aside  all  these 
remunerative  offers  and  again  exhibited 
his  loyalty  to  his  birthplace  and  his  zeal 
for  higher  educational  development,  re- 
turning to  his  home  and  friends,  and  re- 
suming his  work  in  the  Muncie  schools  as 
Director  of  Vocational  Education  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Engineering  Sciences. 

ANGEL.INE  TEAL  (Mrs.  Norman  Teal), 
author,  whose  maiden  name  was  Gruey, 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  Southern  Ohio, 
August  28,  1842.  When  she  was  three 
years  old  her  parents  removed  to  a  farm 
in  Noble  County,  Indiana,  where  she  grew 
up,  receiving  her  education  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  Miss  Griggs'  Seminary,  at 
Wolcottville,  Indiana. 

On  January  1,  1866,  she  married  Dr. 
Norman  Teal,  a  prominent  physician  of 
Kendallville,  who  had  served  through  the 
Civil  war  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Union  Army, 
and  who  represented  his  county  in  the 
state  legislatures  of  1891  and  1893.  She 
lived  at  Kendallville  until  her  death,  on 
September  3,  1913,  and  left  one  surviving 
daughter,  Mrs.  James  DeWit,  of  Kendall- 
ville. 


Mrs.  Teal's  writings  were  diverse.  A 
number  of  her  poems,  children's  stories 
and  short  stories  were  published  in  various 
magazines.  She  also  •  published  four  vol- 
umes. "John  Thorn's  Folks,"  "Muriel 
Howe,"  "The  Speaker  of  the  House," 
and  "The  Rose  of  Love."  She  was  a 
member  of  the  Western  Writers'  Associa- 
tion, and  took  much  interest  in  the  intel- 
lectual development  of  the  state. 

THOMAS  J.  GRIFFITH,  M.  D.  An  old  and 
honored  physician  and  surgeon  of  Craw- 
fordsville,  Doctor  Griffith  since  1910  has 
been  secretary  of  the  Montgomery  County 
Historical  Society,  and  in  many  ways  out- 
side of  his  profession  has  used  his  influence 
and  means  to  preserve  that  fine  commu- 
nity spirit  which  has  been  one  of  the  best 
assets  of  Crawfordsville. 

He  belongs  to  an  honored  family,  and 
has  had  a  praiseworthy  interest  in  preserv- 
ing the  facts  and  records  concerning  his 
relatives  and  ancestors.  Much  of  the  in- 
formation concerning  the  Griffith  family 
was  obtained  by  Doctor  Griffith  from  his 
father.  The  Griffith  family  has  a  legen- 
dary history  dating  back  to  Edward,  King 
of  England,  1239,  when  they  were  gov- 
ernors of  provinces  in  Wales.  The  name 
was  honored  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
King  Henry  VIII  (1528),  when  Griffith 
was  gentleman  usher  to  Queen  Catherine 
and  when  he  says :  ' '  Noble  Madam — Men 's 
evil  manners  live  in  brass;  their  virtues 
we  write  in  water.  May  it  please  your 
highness  to  hear  me  speak  his  good  name?" 
Katherine:  "Yes,  good  Griffith."  Griffith 
is  a  Welsh  name  and  was  originally  spelled 
Gryfyth.  Three  brothers  came  to  America 
some  time  in  the  sixteen  hundreds,  land- 
ing at  Philadelphia  and  settled  on  the 
Brandywine  River.  They  became  opulent, 
but  through  selling  much  of  their  prop- 
erty and  exchanging  it  for  continental 
money  during  the  Revolutionary  war  be- 
came impoverished. 

The  great-grandfather  of  Doctor  Griffith 
was  Joseph  Griffith.  He  served  as  a  sol- 
dier in  the  Revolution  and  was  the  first 
revolutionary  soldier  buried  at  Indianapo- 
lis— in  1823.  A  statement  to  Doctor 
Griffith  from  the  War  Department  shows 
that  there  is  eleven  pounds  of  English 
money  due  the  heirs  of  this  Revolutionary 
patriot.  Joseph  Griffith  married  Mary 
Thornton,  an  Englishwoman.  To  them 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1327 


were  born:  Abraham  in  1774;  Sarah  in 
1777;  John  in  1778;  Joseph  in  1780;  Eliza- 
beth in  1783 ;  and  Amos  in  1786.  Doctor 
Griffith's  great-grandmother  was  lost  in 
making  a  visit  across  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains and  no  trace  of  her  could  be  found. 

Abraham  Griffith,  grandfather  of  Doc- 
tor Griffith,  was  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  November  30,  1774.  He 
married  Joanna  John,  a  grand-aunt  of  D. 
P.  John  of  Depauw  University,  October 
12,  1798.  Joanna  died  August  12,  1815,  in 
Frederick  County,  Maryland.  To  Abra- 
ham and  Joanna  Griffith  were  born: 
Lydia  T.,  Hannah,  Thornton,  Townsend, 
Barton  and  Clifford.  Abraham  Griffith, 
with  his  brother,  Amos,  and  sons  Town- 
send  and  Barton,  came  West  after  the 
death  of  his  wife,  accompanied  by  two 
grown  daughters,  Lydia  and  Hannah, 
about  1822  or  1823,  and  settled  in  Coving- 
ton,  Indiana.  In  1824  Abraham  Griffith 
took  the  contract  to  build  the  first  jail  at 
Crawfordsville  for  $243.  He  died  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  June  19,  1829.  His  son  Barton 
died  in  1834. 

Thornton  Griffith,  father  of  Doctor 
Griffith,  came  West  later  than  his  father 
and  brothers.  He  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  July  8,  1799.  He 
was  on  the  Island  of  Porto  Rico  in  the 
summer  of  1825,  superintending  the  build- 
ing of  a  wharf  for  a  Philadelphia  sugar 
company.  While  there  a  three-masted 
schooner  came  into  San  Juan  with  a  dou- 
ble decked  cargo  of  500  negroes  from 
Africa,  all  in  Mother  Nature's  costume. 
The  negroes  were  unloaded  on  the  beach 
to  clean  up,  and  the  third  day  they  de- 
parted for  some  American  port.  This 
exhibition  of  man's  inhumanity  to  man 
made  an  abolitionist  of  Thornton  Griffith. 
In  the  campaign  of  Gen.  William  Har- 
rison in  Indiana  in  1836,  Thornton 
Griffith  was  honored  by  a  committee  of 
Crawfordsville  citizens  to  deliver  the  ad- 
dress of  welcome.  February  4,  1836,  he 
married  Mary  A.  Hall,  daughter  of 
Thomas  and  Margaret  (Herron)  Hall. 
She  was  born  in  Newbury  County,  South 
Carolina,  June  18,  1807.  Her  mother  died 
in  South  Carolina,  December  10,  1821, 
leaving  several  children.  James  F.  Hall, 
brother  of  Mary,  was  one  of  the  county 
commissioners  that  built  the  courthouse  at 
Crawfordsville.  Her  father  and  mother 
were  born  in  County  Monaghan,  Ireland, 


and  landed  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
in  1765.  Two  brothers  of  Thomas  Hall 
were  soldiers  in  the  Revolutionary  war  in 
Gen.  Francis  Marion's  army,  one  being 
an  officer. 

Thornton  Griffith  and  wife  were  mar- 
ried at  "Fruits  Corner,"  in  Ripley  Town- 
ship, Montgomery  County,  and  moved  in 
the  spring  of  1836  to  the  wilds  of  Clinton 
County,  on  Wild  Cat  Creek,  four  miles 
northeast  of  Frankfort,  on  a  160-acre  tract 
that  had  been  entered  from  the  govern- 
ment. Here  in  a  log  cabin  they  began  the 
battle  of  life,  with  wolves  and  wild  cats 
for  nocturnal  serenaders.  Thornton 
Griffith  taught  school  one  year  in  a  log 
schoolhouse  with  greased  paper  for  win- 
dow lights  and  slabs  with  wooden  legs  for 
seats  and  slabs  for  flooring.  About  that 
time  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  Legisla- 
ture on  the  whig  ticket  from  the  counties 
of  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  which  coun- 
ties were  largely  democratic.  It  was  be- 
coming apparent  that  he  would  be  elected 
when  the  democrats  started  a  falsehood 
and  defeated  him.  This  so  disgusted  him 
that  he  would  never  again  consent  to  be 
a  candidate  for  office.  He  was  a  man  of 
pleasing  address,  an  easy  and  fluent  speak- 
er, invincible  in  argument,  a  great  reader 
and  possessed  of  a  splendid  memory.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Friends  Church,  but 
had  a  broad  catholicity  characteristic  of 
his  benevolent  spirit.  In  his  later  years 
when  "moved"  he  frequently  preached  to 
the  Friends.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Dar- 
lington, June  23,  1869.  The  three  chil- 
dren born  into  the  Clinton  County  home 
were:  Thomas  J.,  born  April  2,  1837; 
Joanna  M.,  born  November  25,  1839; 
Nancy 'E.,  born  August  1,  1842.  Joanna 
died  February  13,  1865,  from  cerebro- 
spinal  meningitis;  Nancy  E.  was  married 
December  19,  1861,  to  Joseph  Binford,  and 
now  resides  at  Crawfordville. 

The  mother  of  these  children  has  been 
described  as  a  noble,  thoughtful  woman, 
devoted  to  her  home  and  family,  and  was 
a  devout  Presbyterian.  She  died  Novem- 
ber 3,  1886.  Her  father  deserves  men- 
tion. Being  convinced  that  slavery  was 
wrong  and  being  unable  to  free  his  slaves 
in  South  Carolina,  as  there  was  a  statute 
against  such  action,  he  told  his  negroes  to 
look  around  and  choose  their  masters  with- 
out breaking  families.  This  they  did.  He 
then  removed  to  Butler  County,  Ohio,  and 


1328 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


remained  there  about  two  years,  when  with 
his  children,  Thomas,  John  A.,  Mary  A., 
Elizabeth,  Nancy  and  Henry  L.,  he  came 
to  Ripley  Township,  Montgomery  County, 
locating  at  what  is  now  Fruits  Corner  in 
1829.  He  bought  a  large  farm  and  died 
there  in  1848.  For  fifty  years  he  was  a 
ruling  elder  in  the  Associate  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church. 

Townsend  Griffith,  one  of  the  brothers 
of  Thornton  Griffith,  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  April  4,  1801,  and 
came  to  Crawfordsville  in  1822.  Novem- 
ber 1,  1827;  he  married  Mahala  Catter- 
lin.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Ephraim 
Catterlin,  a  pioneer  settler  near  Craw- 
fordsville.  Townsend  Griffith  was  promi- 
nent in  the  early  development  of  the 
county,  both  in  politics  and  civic  affairs. 
In  the  summer  of  1852  he  made  a  busi- 
ness trip  to  Minnesota  and  died  of  cholera 
June  2,  1852,  at  Galena,  Illinois.  After  a 
time  his  remains  were  brought  home  and 
laid  to  rest  in  the  Masonic  Cemetery.  Of 
the  children  of  Townsend  Griffith  and  wife 
a  brief  record  is  as  follows:  Matilda,  one 
of  the  first  children  born  in  Crawfordsville, 
married  Benjamin  Galey,  who  died  many 
years  ago  and  she  passed  away  in  her 
eighty-fifth  year.  Sarah  A.  was  married 
to  George  Worbington,  of  a  prominent 
family  of  Montgomery  County,  and  died 
many  years  ago.  Ephraim  C.  and  Amanda 
were  twins,  born  January  5,  1833 ;  Amanda 
became  the  wife  of  Morgan  Snook,  a  son 
of  Dr.  Henry  Snook,  a  prominent  pioneer 
physician  of  Montgomery  County; 
Ephraim  married  February  14,  1855, 
Mary  J.  Brassfield,  who  was  born  August 
5,  1837,  Ephraim  died  February  11,  1901, 
and  was  noted  for  his  hustling  business 
ability.  His  widow  is  now  living  with 
her  son  Howard.  Ephraim  and  wife  had 
the  following  children :  George,  well 
known  as  an  architect;  Frank  E.,  who 
died  young ;  William  Douglas,  who  married 
December  14,  1910,  Agnes  A.  Walsh ;  How- 
ard E.  and  Birdie,  all  of  whom  live  in 
Crawfordsville.  Mary  Griffith,  the  next 
child  of  Townsend  Griffith  and  wife,  mar- 
ried Charles  Bowen  and  both  are  now  de- 
ceased, their  two  surviving  children  being 
Arthur  and  Clara,  the  latter  married  and 
living  in  Kansas.  Rebecca  Griffith  died 
in  infancy.  Abraham  Griffith  lived  to 
manhood  and  was  thrown  from  a  horse 
and  killed.  John  Warner  Griffith  was  an 


express  messenger  from  Indianapolis  to 
St.  Louis  and  was  killed  in  a  railroad 
wreck. 

George,  a  son  of  Ephraim  and  Mary 
Griffith,  married  March  10,  1880,  Ida  M. 
Coster.  He  was  born  in  Crawfordsville, 
March  12,  1856.  William  Douglas,  another 
son  of  Ephraim,  was  born  June  22,  1861 ; 
Frank  E.  was  born  June  2,  1858 ;  and 
Howard  E.  was  born  December  30,  1876. 
George  and  Ida  Griffith  have  two  sons, 
Claude  and  Karl.  Claude  married  Helen 
Nolan  and  has  one  son,  and  Karl  is  mar- 
ried and  lives  at  Urbana,  Illinois,  and  has 
four  daughters. 

Rev.  Thomas  Griffith,  a  cousin  of  Thorn- 
ton Griffith,  was  the  first  Methodist  minis- 
ter in  Crawfordsville.  He  preached  in  a 
small  frame  church  where  the  present 
Methodist  church  now  stands.  He  married 
Lucy  Daniels,  and  was  a  brother-in-law 
of  John  Crawford,  a  pioneer  merchant. 
Their  sons  were  John  and  Thomas  B. 
John  was  a  druggist  and  died  many  years 
ago,  Thomas  was  a  soldier  in  the  famous 
Eighty-sixth  Indiana  Infantry  in  the  Civil 
war,  and  after  the  war  married,  October 
15,  1864,  Amanda  Wilhite,  by  whom  he 
had  a  son,  William  Griffith.  Thomas 
Griffith  died  thirty-five  years  ago  and  his 
remains  lie  in  the  Masonic  Cemetery.  Rev. 
Thomas  Griffith  is  buried  in  the  old  Town 
cemetery. 

Amos  Griffith,  a  brother  of  Abraham 
Griffith,  the  grandfather  of  Doctor  Griffith, 
went  to  Warren  County,  Indiana,  in  1830, 
and  married  an  Indian  woman  with  a  large 
land  inheritance.  Doctor  Griffith's  father 
visited  them  in  1832,  and  their  home  was 
a  model  of  cleanliness.  No  children  were 
born  to  them. 

Dr.  Thomas  J.  Griffith  is  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  the  Montgomery  County  Medical 
Society,  organized  forty-six  years  ago,  and 
is  the  last  living  charter  member.  He  is 
not  only  the  oldest  physician  in  the  county 
in  active  practice,  but  the  oldest  in  years 
of  practice,  his  services  covering  fifty-one 
years.  He  is  an  ardent  archeologist  and 
has  a  valuable  collection  of  Indian  relics 
which  he  has  been  fifty  years  in  collecting. 
One  rare  relic  is  a  mound  builders  copper 
axe  found  forty  years  ago  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Madison  Township  in  digging  the 
state  ditch.  He  has  been  offered  $50  for 
it.  The  doctor  is  a  member  of  McPher- 
son  .Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1329 


and  is  a  past  post  commander.  Of  this  he 
is  quite  proud.  He  is  secretary  of  the 
Montgomery  County  Historical  Society 
and  is  enthusiastic  in  its  promotion.  He 
is  a  charter  member  of  the  prohibition 
party  in  Montgomery  County  and  cast  the 
first  prohibition  vote  in  Darlington  for  his 
favorite,  John  P.  St.  John,  in  1884.  For 
twelve  years  he  was  the  party's  county 
chairman.  In  religion  he  is  a  Unitarian. 

WILLIAM  V.  STOY.  More  than  forty 
years  the  business  and  social  community 
of  Lafayette  knew  and  honored  William 
V.  Stoy,  merchant,  public-spirited  citizen, 
and  a  man  of  many  kindly  and  deep  in- 
terests in  the  welfare  of  the  community. 
Though  he  was  seventy-three  years  old 
when  the  final  summons  came  his  death 
was  regarded  as  a  sad  bereavement  to  that 
community  when  it  came  on  November  3, 
1917. 

Mr.  Stoy  was  born  at  New  Albany,  In- 
diana, November  24,  1844,  son  of  Peter 
and  Mary  (Wicks)  Stoy.  He  was  the  last 
surviving  member  of  a  family  of  twelve 
children  and  he  was  the  youngest.  He  grew 
up  with  the  average  opportunities  and  en- 
vironment of  an  Indiana  boy,  but  acquired 
a  liberal  education,  finishing  at  De  Pauw 
University.  Coming  to  Lafayette,  in  1874, 
Mr.  Stoy  established  a  carpet  and  furni- 
ture business  in  the  same  building  which 
he  occupied  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In 
more  than  forty  years  this  business  had 
been  built  up  to  large  proportions  until  it 
was  considered  one  of  the  largest  stores 
of  its  kind  in  this  part  of  the  state.  Pros- 
perity came  to  him  in  generous  measure, 
and  while  it  was  completely  earned  by 
ability  and  industry  it  was  used  not  alone 
for  the  profit  and  advantage  of  Mr.  Stoy. 
He  was  liberal  in  his  attitude  and  in  his 
support  of  all  worthy  public  measures.  As 
the  editor  of  one  of  Lafayette's  papers 
said :  ' '  He  was  a  man  who  took  an  active 
interest  in  public  affairs,  was  a  liberal  con- 
tributor to  all  public  enterprises  and  a 
good  citizen." 

For  many  years  he  was  prominent  in 
republican  politics  and  came  to  be  well 
known  by  the  prominent  republicans 
throughout  the  state.  In  former  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Lincoln  Club.  He 
was  a  Knight  Templar  and  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  took  a  very 


active  part  in  the  Trinity  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church.  Mr.  Stoy  attributed  much 
of  his  health  and  strength  to  an  active 
outdoor  life.  He  owned  a  summer  home 
at  Ottawa  Beach  in  Michigan  and  spent 
every  summer  with  his  family  there. 

On  May  9,  1871,  at  New  Albany,  Mr. 
Stoy  married  Miss  Mary  Catherine 
Kendle,  who  survives  him.  Six  children 
were  born  to  their  marriage,  two  of  whom 
died  in  infancy.  The  other  four  are :  Mrs. 
William  M.  Biach,  of  Chicago,  who  has 
one  child,  Marjorie  S.  Biach;  Bay  W., 
Mary  V.  and  Katie  J.,  all  of  Lafayette. 

REV.  JOHN  F.  DEGROOTE,  C.  S.  C. 
Among  the  members  of  the  Catholic  priest- 
hood there  are  found  men  of  broad  educa- 
tion, enlightened  views  and  great  religious 
enthusiasm,  whose  precept  and  teachings 
exercise  a  recognized  influence  for  morality 
that  must  be  adjudged  one  of  the  supreme 
factors  in  advancing  any  community.  The 
Catholic  priest  is  called  upon  to  not  only 
be  a  spiritual  guide  to  his  people,  but  he 
must  also  be  possessed  of  an  appreciable 
share  of  the  kind  of  practicability  that  will 
enable  him  to  advise  and  teach  in  the  ordi- 
nary events  of  life,  and  to  protect  the  in- 
terests of  his  flock  while  also  promoting 
the  temporal  affairs  of  his  parish.  Much, 
in  fact,  is  demanded  of  those  who  choose 
the  unselfish  life  of  the  Catholic  priest. 
Not  all,  as  in  other  walks  of  life,  are  fitted 
by  nature  for  the  same  sum  of  responsi- 
bility, and  perhaps  few,  under  the  same 
conditions,  would  have  advanced  to  the 
important  position  now  occupied  by  Rev. 
John  F.  DeGroote,  pastor  of  Saint  Pat- 
rick's Catholic  Church  of  South  Bend. 

Father  DeGroote  was  born  at  Misha- 
waka,  Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana,  Au- 
gust 27,  1866,  his  parents  being  Benja- 
min and  Catherine  (Woods)  DeGroote. 
His  father  was  born  at  Ghent,  Belgium, 
in  1827,  and  as  a  young  man  emigrated 
to  the  United  States,  becoming  an  early 
settler  and  pioneer  farmer  of  the  vicin- 
ity of  Mishawaka,  where  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits and  died  in  1912,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
five  years.  He  was  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics, but  was  content  to  pass  his  life  in 
the  peaceful  pursuits  of  husbandry,  and 
never  sought  any  honors  save  those  to  be 
gained  from  honorable  transactions  with 
his  fellow  men  and  a  co-operation  with 


1330 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


them  in  good  and  beneficial  work.  Mrs. 
DeGroote,  who  was  born  in  County  Monag- 
han,  Ireland,  in  1833,  was  a  young  woman 
when  she  came  to  the  United  States,  and 
died  at  Mishawaka,  Indiana,  in  1885.  She 
was  first  married  to  Francis  McCabe,  a  car- 
penter and  general  mechanic,  who  died  at 
Mishawaka,  and  they  had  one  child :  Sarah, 
who  is  the  wife  of  I.  V.  Roy,  a  retired 
citizen  of  Mishawaka.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  De- 
Groote had  two  children:  Charles,  who  is 
superintendent  of  the  paint  department 
of  the  Dodee  factory  at  Mishawaka;  and 
Rev.  John  F. 

Rev.  John  F.  DeGroote  was  educated  in 
the  parochial  schools  of  Mishawaka  for  his 
preliminary  training,  following  which  he 
enrolled  as  a  student  at  Notre  Dame  Uni- 
versity. There  he  took  classical  and  theo- 
logical courses,  philosophy  and  theology, 
spending  seven  years  in  study,  and  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  July  19,  1893.  He  said  his  first 
mass  at  Saint  Joseph's  Church,  Misha- 
waka, two  days  later,  and  was  shortly 
thereafter  appointed  prefector  of  disci- 
pline of  Saint  Edward's  College,  Austin, 
Texas,  where  he  remained  for  one  year. 
Following  this  he  filled  a  similar  position 
at  Holy  Cross  College  for  three  years  at 
New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  and  was  next 
made  assistant  pastor  of  Sacred  Heart 
Church  in  that  city,  and  remained  as  such 
two  years.  On  March  29,  1899,  Father 
DeGroote  was  appointed  pastor  of  Saint 
Patrick's  Church  at  South  Bend,  Indiana, 
and  here  has  remained  to  the  present  time. 
This  church  was  established  in  1858  by  the 
Rev.  Father  Thomas  Carroll.  At  that  time 
it  was  a  small  but  earnest  parish,  being 
noted  more  for  its  zeal  and  religious  en- 
thusiasm than  for  its  numbers.  It  has 
steadily  grown  in  size  until  it  now  has  400 
families  in  its  congregation,  and  its  fervor 
and  spirit  have  lost  nothing  in  the  passing 
of  the  years.  The  old  church  was  located 
on  Division  Street,  but  in  1886  it  was 
found  necessary  to  have  a  larger  edifice 
for  the  worshipers,  and  a  brick  structure 
was  accordingly  erected  on  Taylor  Street, 
where  there  is  a  seating  capacity  of  800 
people.  In  addition  to  the  church  there 
are  the  buildings  of  Saint  Joseph's 
Academy,  Saint  Patrick's  Parochial  School 
for  the  boys  of  the  parish,  and  the  rec- 
tory. Father  DeGroote  has  been  tireless  in 
working  in  the  interests  of  his  parishion- 


ers, among  whom  he  is  greatly  beloved. 
He  is  entitled  to  write  the  initials  C.  S.  C. 
after  his  name,  being  a  member  of  the 
Congregation  of  the  Holy  Cross.  He 
holds  membership  in  South  Bend  Coun- 
cil No.  553,  Knights  of  Columbus.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
of  the  Country  Club.  He  has  taken  an  ac- 
tive and  useful  part  in  various  civic  move- 
ments calculated  to  benefit  the  community, 
and  can  always  be  found  associated  with 
other  leading  citizens  of  South  Bend  in 
the  advancement  of  enterprises  making 
for  higher  morals,  educational  advance- 
ment and  better  citizenship. 

ELMER  AND  CHARLES  ELMER  CROCKETT. 
For  eighty-five  years  the  Crockett  family 
has  been  well  and  favorably  known  in 
Saint  Joseph  County,  and  during  all  this 
period  its  members  have  been  prominently 
identified  with  this  community's  material 
progress  and  financial  interests.  The 
Crockett  family  of  this  notice  traces  its 
ancestry  back  along  the  same  line  as  that 
of  Davy  Crockett,  the  great  American 
pioneer  hunter,  politician  and  humorist, 
member  of  Congress  from  Tennessee,  and 
soldier  during  the  Texan  war,  who  lost 
his  life  at  Fort  Alamo  with  a  number  of 
other  patriots.  The  family  is  also  con- 
nected with  Anthony  Crockett,  who  served 
for  two  years,  from  1776,  in  Colonel  Mor- 
gan's regiment  during  the  Revolutionary 
war.  He  was  born  in  the  County  of  Prince 
Edward,  Virginia,  and  when  a  boy  moved 
with  his  parents  to  Bothloust  County  in 
the  same  state,  where  he  enlisted  in  the 
patriot  army  for  two  years,  joining 
Thomas  Posey's  company,  Seventh  Vir- 
ginia Regiment.  This  regiment  was  com- 
manded by  Col.  Alexander  McConahan. 
The  company  marched  to  Old  Point  Com- 
fort and  after  the  battle  of  Princeton  went 
to  Philadelphia,  where  it  joined  Colonel 
Morgan's  regiment,  and  its  members  were 
discharged  in  February,  1778;  Crockett 
then  joined  Capt.  Jesse  Evans'  company 
as  first  lieutenant  and  left  home  with  this 
company  March  16,  1779,  for  Long  Island, 
the  trip  being  made  down  the  Tennessee 
River  by  boat,  during  which  journey  there 
were  several  skirmishes  with  the  Indians. 
In  the  winter  of  1779  Captain  Evans' 
company  was  ordered  back  to  Virginia  to 
recruit  more  men,  and  in  1781  Lieutenant 
Crockett  returned  to  Kentucky  and  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1331 


stationed  at  Gordon's  Station,  in  Lincoln 
County,  being  frequently  in  pursuit  of  the 
Indians  during  1782.  With  Captain  Ray 
he  marched  to  Piqua,  Ohio,  and  remained 
there  until  the  close  of  the  war.  One  of 
the  executors  of  his  will,  William  R.  Crock- 
ett, was  secured  for  the  executors  for 
$30,000. 

Shellim  Crockett,  the  grandfather  of 
Charles  E.  Crockett  and  father  of  Elmer 
Crockett,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1818,  a 
son  of  Robert  Crockett,  who  was  engaged 
in  farming  for  some  years  in  the  vicinity 
of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  later  moved  to 
Ohio,  and  died  at  South  Bend.  Shellim 
Crockett  was  still  a  lad  when  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Ohio  and  was  there  reared  until 
he  reached  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  the 
family's  arrival  in  Saint  Joseph  County, 
Indiana,  being  in  the  year  1832.  One 
of  the  pioneer  residents  of  the  county,  he 
also  became  one  of  the  first  merchants  of 
South  Bend,  and  is  still  well  remembered 
by  many  of  the  older  residents  of  the  city 
as  a  man  of  sterling  and  sturdy  traits  of 
character,  upright  and  straightforward  in 
his  dealings  and  true  to  his  engagements. 
He  was  a  republican  in  politics  after  that 
party  was  organized,  and  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church.  Mr.  Crockett  married 
Louise  Ireland,  who  was  born  in  1824  in 
Saint  Joseph  County,  and  died  in  1848  in 
Elkhart  County,  Indiana,  and  they  became 
the  parents  of  the  following  children: 
Garrett,  who  died  while  holding  the  seat 
of  county  judge  of  Josephine  County, 
Oregon;  John  C.,  who  died  as  a  young 
man  at  South  Bend;  Elmer;  and  Wallace, 
who  died  at  South  Bend  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-three years. 

Elmer  Crockett  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  South  Bend  and 
Mishawaka,  Indiana,  and  when  he  was  fif- 
teen years  of  age  began  to  learn  the  prin- 
ter's trade  at  the  latter  place.  He  was 
born  September  1,  1844,  in  Saint  Joseph 
County,  Indiana,  and  therefore  had  not 
yet  reached  his  majority  when  he  enlisted, 
in  1865,  in  the  One  Hundred  Thirty- 
Eighth  Regiment,  Indiana  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, with  which  organization  he  served 
six  months  in  the  Union  Army  during  the 
Civil  war.  Returning  to  his  home,  he  be- 
gan to  divide  his  time  between  securing 
an  education  and  learning  the  printer's 
trade,  but  when  he  was  twenty-two  years 
of  age  left  school,  and  in  1867  came  to 
South  Bend,  to  become  foreman  in  the 


plant  of  the  Saint  Joseph  Valley  Register. 
In  1872,  in  company  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Alfred  B.  Miller,  Mr.  Crockett 
founded  the  South  Bend  Tribune,  with 
which  he  has  been  connected  ever  since. 
This  paper  proved  a  success  from  the  start, 
and  as  the  years  passed  the  partners  grad- 
ually enlarged  their  plant  and  equipment 
and  finally  organized  the  Tribune  Print- 
ing Company,  of  which  at  the  time  of  Mr. 
Miller's  death  in  1892  Mr.  Crockett  was 
elected  president,  a  position  which  he  still 
retains.  The  offices  and  plant  of  this  con- 
cern are  located  at  No.  128  North  Main 
Street,  and  the  entire  establishment  is 
modern  in  every  particular  and  conducted 
in  a  manner  that  serves  as  a  model  for 
others  to  follow. 

Aside  from  the  Tribune  Printing  Com- 
pany Mr.  Crockett's  interests  are  numer- 
ous, important  and  varied.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Building  and  Loan  Association 
of  South  Bend,  an  association  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $2,000,000,  and  for  years  he  has 
been  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Saint  Joseph 
County  Savings  Bank.  As  a  citizen  he 
has  been  prominent  in  movements  which 
have  aided  South  Bend  to  better  things, 
and  during  the  building  of  the  new  court- 
house was  a  member  of  the  citizen's  ad- 
visory committee.  He  is  now  treasurer  of 
the  Riverview  Cemetery  Association,  and 
was  formerly  president  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  of  South 
Bend.  During  the  past  forty  years  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
and  an  elder  thereof,  and  for  twenty  years 
served  as  superintendent  of  the  Sunday 
school,  while  in  many  other  ways  he  has 
helped  to  encourage  religion,  morality  and 
good  citizenship.  Politically  a  republican, 
in  1888  he  was  honored  by  the  appoint- 
ment as  postmaster  of  South  Bend,  under 
the  administration  of  President  Harrison, 
and  served  with  distinction  in  that  office 
for  five  years.  During  the  campaigns  of 
1898  and  1900  Mr.  Crockett  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Republican  State  Central  Com- 
mittee in  addition  to  serving  as  chairman 
of  the  State  Newspaper  Bureau  at  that 
time.  As  a  fraternalist  Mr.  Crockett  has 
been  equally  prominent.  He  belongs  to 
Portage  Lodge  No.  675,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons;  South  Bend  Chapter 
No.  29,  Royal  Arch  Mason;  was  grand 
high  priest  of  the  grand  chapter  of  Indi- 
ana in  1889  and  1890;  belongs  to  South 
Bend  Council  No.  82,  Royal  and  Select 


1332 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Masters;  South  Bend  Commandery  No.  13, 
Knight  Templars;  and  to  Fort  Wayne 
Consistory,  thirty-second  degree  of  Ma- 
sonry, being  also  a  member  of  Murat  Tem- 
ple, Ancient  Arabic  Order  Nobles  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  Indianapolis.  He  has  never 
forgotten  his  experiences  while  in  the  army 
of  his  country,  and  now  belongs  to  Nor- 
man Eddy  Post  No.  579,  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  He  was  senior  vice  com- 
mander of  the  Department  of  Indiana  in 
1896;  and  has  been  commander  of  Nor- 
man Eddy  Post  No.  579,  as  well  as  of  Au- 
ten  Post  No.  8,  South  Bend,  to  which  he 
formerly  belonged. 

In  1868,  at  South  Bend,  Mr.  Crockett 
was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Miller,  daugh- 
ter of  ex-Sheriff  B.  F.  and  Eliza  (Baird) 
Miller,  both  of  whom  are  now  deceased, 
and  to  this  union  there  have  been  born 
children  as  follows:  Addie,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  two  years;  Frank,  who  also 
died  at  that  age ;  Charles  Elmer ;  .Ethel, 
who  is  the  wife  of  MZL  Fuller,  a  manu- 
facturer of  wagons  at  Chattanooga,  Tennes- 
see; and  Donnell,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
seven  years. 

Charles  Elmer  Crockett  was  born  at 
South.  Bend,  Indiana,  August  8,  1876,  and 
was  given  excellent  educational  advan- 
tages in  his  youth,  first  attending  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  South  Bend  and  being  grad- 
uated from  .the  high  school  with  the  class 
of  1894,  subsequently  entering  Wabash 
College  and  graduating  with  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1898,  and  later  re- 
ceiving the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  from  the  same  institution  in  1908. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Delta  Tau  Delta 
and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternities,  and  when 
his  course  was  completed  entered  at  once 
the  office  of  the  Tribune  Printing  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  is  now  secretary  and 
treasurer.  Mr.  Crockett  is  a  director  in 
the  South  Bend  Building  and  Loan  Asso- 
ciation and  in  the  Riverview  Cemetery 
Association.  He  is  a  Republican  in  his  po- 
litical views  and  a  member  and  trustee  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  Mr. 
Crockett  is,  like  his  father,  interested  in 
Masonry  and  belongs  to  Portage  Lodge  No. 
675,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
of  which  he  is  a  past  master  by  service; 
South  Bend  Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch 
Masons,  of  which  he  is  past  high  priest; 
South  Bend  Commandery  No.  13,  Knights 
Templar;  South  Bend  Council  No.  82, 
Royal  and  Select  Masters,  and  Indianapolis 


Consistory,  thirty-second  degree  of  Ma- 
sonry; and  is  also  a  member  of  Murat 
Temple,  Ancient  Arabic  Order  Nobles  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine,  of  Indianapolis.  He 
also  holds  membership  in  the  Country 
Club  of  South  Bend  and  in  the  South  Bend 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Mr.  Crockett  was  married  in  April, 
1906,  at  South  Bend,  to  Miss  Edna  Sum- 
mers, daughter  of  Wilson  and  Helen 
(Powell)  Summers,  the  latter  deceased  and 
the  former  a  retired  resident  of  Charlotte, 
Michigan.  To  this  union  there  have  come 
two  children:  Elizabeth  Ann,  born  Janu- 
ary 24,  1907 ;  and  Helen  Jane,  born  April 
4,  1914. 

JOHN  CHESS  ELLSWORTH.  To  success- 
fully carry  on  any  large  business  enter- 
prise in  these  modern  days  of  strenuous 
competition  and  changing  markets,  re- 
quires optimism,  courage  and  other  stable 
qualities  not  possessed  by  every  one.  In 
the  commercial  field  merchandising  occu- 
pies so  large  a  place  that  it  may  well  be 
named  one  of  a  community's  first  and  last 
necessities.  For  almost  a  half  century  the 
Ellsworth  name  has  been  connected  with 
a  mercantile  business  at  South  Bend,  and 
during  the  long  passage  of  years  the  busi- 
ness has  been  quietly  developed  and  ex- 
panded, through  honest  methods  and  able 
management,  until  now  it  stands  among 
the  foremost  in  this  section  of  Indiana. 
Founded  by  the  father  of  its  present  own- 
er, John  Chess  Ellsworth,  it  kept  pace 
with  the  rapid  development  of  the  city, 
and  since  his  death  the  same  business 
ethics  have  been  preserved  as  its  activities 
and  accommodations  have  been  increased  to 
meet  wider  demands. 

John  Chess  Ellsworth  was  born  at  South 
Bend,  Indiana,  December  20,  1877.  His 
parents  were  Frederick  D.  and  Nellie 
(Chess)  Ellsworth.  Frederick  D.  Ells- 
worth was  born  in  1848,  at  Mishawaka, 
Indiana,  and  died  at  South  Bend  in  1897. 
He  was  reared  in  his  native  place  and  edu- 
cated there  but  in  early  manhood  came 
to  South  Bend.  His  father,  James  Ells- 
worth, was  born  in  the  State  of  New  York 
in  1817,  where  his  English  ancestors  had 
been  early  settlers.  James  Ellsworth  was 
a  civil  engineer  by  profession  and  made  his 
first  visit  to  Indiana  in  that  line  of  work. 
He  located  permanently  at  Mishawaka  and 
died  there  in  1852. 

In    1872   Frederick   D.    Ellsworth   em- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1333 


barked  in  a  mercantile  business  at  South 
Bend,  in  a  modest  way,  having  some  knowl- 
edge of  dry  goods,  and  a  keen,  practical 
business  sense,  and  from  the  start  was 
prosperous  and  through  his  sagacity  safely 
guided  his  enterprise  through  subsequent 
various  depressed  business  periods  and 
panics.  He  continued  active  in  the  man- 
agement of  his  affairs  until  his  death.  He 
was  a  republican  in  his  political  views  but 
never  desired  any  public  office,  although 
he  was  an  interested  citizen  and  favored 
all  measures  that  promised  to  benefit  the 
city.  He  was  a  faithful  member  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  which  was  largely  his 
agent  in  the  distribution  of  his  charities. 
He  was  married  in  this  city  to  Miss  Nellie 
Chess,  who  was  born  at  South  Bend  in  1850 
and  died  here  in  1900.  They  had  but  one 
child  born  to  them,  John  Chess. 

John  Chess  Ellsworth  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  at  South  Bend  and  remained 
in  the  high  school  through  his  sophomore 
year  and  then  became  a  student  in  Phillips 
Academy  at  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  from 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1896.  Upon 
his  return  home  he  entered  his  father's 
business  and  has  continued  interested  here 
ever  since  and  is  sole  owner.  Mr.  Ells- 
worth owns  the  handsome  store  building 
at  Nos.  111-117  North  Michigan  Street, 
where  he  has  a  large  amount  of  floor  space 
and  carries  a  stock  second  to  none  in 
Northern  Indiana.  He  has  other  property 
at  South  Bend,  including  his  comfortable 
and  attractive  residence  at  No.  310  Wash- 
ington Street,  South  Bend. 

Mr.  Ellsworth  was  married  at  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  in  1903,  to  Miss  Alice 
Chalifaux,  who  is  a  daughter  of  J.  L.  and 
Helene  Chalifaux,  the  latter  of  whom  still 
resides  at  Lowell.  The  father  of  Mrs.  Ells- 
worth was  formerly  a  prominent  merchant 
in  that  city  and  his  death  occurred  there. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellsworth  have  four  chil- 
dren, three  daughters  and  one  son,  namely : 
Helene,  Frederick,  Phyllis  and  Alice. 

While  not  particularly  active  politically, 
Mr.  Ellsworth  is  a  loyal  republican  and  a 
patriotic  citizen.  He  is  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  belonging  to  St.  Joseph  Lodge  No. 
45,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons; 
South  Bend  Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch 
Masons;  and  South  Bend  Commandery 
No.  13,  Knights  Templar.  He  is  identified 
also  with  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  235, 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks! 
Organizations  of  a  social  nature  in  which 


Mr.  Ellsworth  finds  congenial  companion- 
ship are  the  Indiana  Society  and  the  In- 
diana and  the  Country  clubs.  He  is  a 
director  in  the  First  National  Bank  of 
South  Bend. 

JULIUS  G.  SIEGEBT  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  men  of  Northern  Indiana,  not 
only  because  of  his  long  record  as  a  teacher, 
but  especially  for  the  fact  that  for  over 
half  a  century  he  has  been  connected  with 
St.  John's  parochial  school  in  the  City  of 
LaPorte.  A  year  or  so  ago  he  celebrated 
his  fiftieth  anniversary  as  a  teacher  in 
those  schools.  In  recent  years  it  has  been 
his  privilege  to  supervise  the  education 
of  some  young  people  who  are  grandchil- 
dren of  some  of  his  first  pupils  in  St. 
John's. 

Mr.  Siegert  was  born  in  the  City  of 
Breslau,  Prussia,  but  has  lived  in  America 
since  early  boyhood.  His  father,  Samuel 
G.  Siegert,  was  born  in  the  same  city 
and  was  liberally  educated  and  becante  an 
educator.  He  began  teaching  in  young 
manhood,  and  taught  in  Germany  until 
1854.  He  then  brought  his  family  to  Amer- 
ica and  was  on  the  ocean  thirteen  weeks 
battling  with  the  waves  before  landing  at 
New  York  City.  From  there  he  went  to 
Buffalo  and  was  a  teacher  in  the  parochial 
schools  several  years.  Later  he  moved  to 
Des  Peres,  Missouri,  and  was  connected 
with  the  parochial  schools  of  that  commu- 
nity until  his  death  at  the  advanced  age 
of  seventy-eight.  He  married  Susanna 
Schultz,  who  died  in  Germany.  She  was 
the  mother  of  three  children:  Julius  G. ; 
Charles,  a  resident  of  Chicago;  and  Maryj 
who  married  A.  Levine,  of  Chicago. 

Julius  G.  Siegert  attended  parochial 
schools  taught  by  his  father,  and  later  took 
the  normal  course  in  Concordia  College  at 
Fort  Wayne.  While  he  was  an  attendant 
there  the  college  was  moved  to  Addison, 
Illinois.  He  graduated  in  1867,  and  his 
first  assignment  of  duty  was  as  a  teacher 
m  St.  John's  parochial  school  at  LaPorte. 
There  has  been  no  important  interruption 
to  the  steady  flow  of  his  service  and  his 
duty,  and  in  1917,  this  school,  its  patrons 
and  hundreds  of  its  former  students 
celebrated  his  fiftieth  anniversary  as  a 
teacher.  Seldom  does  such  distinguished 
honor  come  to  a  man  who  has  grown  old 
m  a  service  that  represents  the  highest 
lorm  of  usefulness. 

Mr.     Siegert    married    in     1869    Miss 


1334 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Louisa  Fenker.  She  was  born  in  Cin- 
cinnati, daughter  of  Henry  and  Sophie 
Fenker,  both  natives  of  Germany.  Mrs. 
Siegert  died  in  August,  1910.  Mr.  Sie- 
gert  besides  six  children  who  grew  up 
iii  his  home  also  has  a  number  of  grand- 
children. His  own  children  are  named 
Julia,  Emma,  Matilda,  Lydia,  Anna  and 
Paul.  Julia  is  the  wife  of  Charles  Mid- 
dledorf,  and  her  four  children  are  Hul- 
dah,  Julius,  Carl  and  Ruth.  Emma  was 
married  to  Christopher  Borman.  Matilda 
married  George  Ulrich  and  has  nine  chil- 
dren, Marie,  Louis,  Carl,  Elsie,  Margaret 
and  Eloise,  twins,  Pauline  and  Louise, 
twins,  and  Adelle.  Lydia  Siegert  be- 
came the  wife  of  Henry  Paul  and  has 
four  children,  Margaret,  Louis,  Otto  and 
Harriet.  Anna  was  married  to  Fred  Zim- 
merman and  has  three  sons,  Ralph,  Edgar 
and  Frederick.  Paul,  the  only  son  of 
Mr.  Siegert  has  a  son  named  Julius. 

Professor  Siegert  is  a  member  of  the 
Walther  League  and  is  chairman  of  Branch 
No.  50  of  the  Concordia  Society. 

MARTIN  LUECKE  has  for  fifteen  years 
directed  the  administration  and  the  educa- 
tional ideals  of  one  of  Indiana's  oldest 
and  most  important  institutions  of  higher 
learning,  Concordia  College  at  Fort 
Wayne.  There  are  men  all  over  the  world 
who  gratefully  recognize  their  debt  to  Con- 
cordia College.  It  has  been  a  training 
ground  not  only  for  ministers  and  teachers 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  but  for  men  in  all 
the  walks  and  professions. 

Concordia  College  was  founded  in  1839 
in  Perry  County,  Missouri,  by  some  Luth- 
eran refugees  from  Saxony.  It  was  first 
taught  in  a  log  cabin.  Later  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  and  when 
St.  Louis  became  almost  a  battleground 
of  the  Civil  war  the  institution  was  re- 
moved in  1861  to  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 
Here  it  was  reorganized  and  in  a  measure 
replaced  the  Lutheran  Seminary.  For  over 
fifty  years  it  has  continued  its  usefulness 
and  growth  and  is  now  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  influential  Lutheran  schools  in 
America.  It  has  always  emphasized  the 
training  of  young  men  for  the  Lutheran 
ministry,  though  from  time  to  time  other 
departments  have  been  created  until  the 
college  provides  practically  all  the  facilities 
of  a  university.  For  several  years  the  col- 
lege has  offered  instruction  and  training  in 


military  work.  The  campus  now  contains 
eighteen  substantial  buildings,  including 
six  residences,  lecture  hall,  dormitory,  din- 
ing hall,  gymnasium,  heating  plant,  hos- 
pital and  armory. 

Much  of  the  physical  growth  and  up- 
building of  the  institution  has  been  accom- 
plished during  the  presidency  of  Dr. 
Martin  Luecke.  A  native  American,  he 
was  born  at  Sheboygan  County,  Wisconsin, 
June  22,  1859,  son  of  Christian  and  Emily 
(Von  Henning)  Luecke.  He  was  not  a 
stranger  to  Fort  Wayne  and  Concordia 
College  when  he  entered  upon  the  presi- 
dency, since  he  had  taken  his  preparatory 
work  here,  graduating  from  the  prepara- 
tory department  in  1878.  In  1881  he 
graduated  from  Concordifi  Theological 
Seminary  at  St.  Louis,  and  began  his  duties 
as  a  minister  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  at  Bethaltho,  Illinois.  He  was  sta- 
tioned there  from  1881  to  1884  and  at 
Troy,  Illinois,  from  1884  to  1892,  in  both 
of  which  places  he  performed  some  highly 
effective  work.  From  1892  until  1903  he 
was  pastor  of  a  large  church  at  Springfield, 
Illinois,  and  during  that  time  held  several 
positions  in  the  Synods  of  Missouri,  Ohio, 
and  other  states.  While  at  Springfield  he 
founded  the  Springfield  Hospital  and 
Training  School  in  1897. 

Doctor  Luecke  became  president  and  pro- 
fessor of  New  Testament  Greek  and  Re- 
lisrion  at  Concordia  College  in  1903.  Alone; 
with  his  work  as  a  pastor  and  school  ad- 
ministrator he  has  done  much  research 
and  is  a  thorough  scholar.  He  is  author  of 
a  History  of  the  Civil  war  of  the  United 
States,  published  in  1892 ;  a  History  of 
Concordia  Seminary  at  Springfield,  Illi- 
nois, published  in  1896;  Synopsis  of  the 
Holy  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment, published  in  1906 ;  and  of  a  Short 
Life  of  Christ,  published  in  1911.  Doctor 
Luecke  married  in  1882  Sina  Mansholt  of 
Dorsey,  Illinois.  Their  son,  Martin  H. 
Luecke,  is  one  of  the  prominent  lawyers 
of  Fort  Wayne. 

LUCIAN  BARBOUR  was  born  at  Canton, 
Connecticut,  March  4,  1811.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Amherst  in  1837,  working  his  wav 
through  college,  and  then  removed  to  Mad- 
ison, Indiana,  where  he  read  law  with 
Stephen  C.  Stephens,  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state.  In  1839 
he  located  at  Indianapolis,  and  formed  a 


9M  c 

•  f  t  •     o 


i.-m 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Louisa  Fenker.  She  was  bom  in  Cin- 
cinnati, daughter  of  Henry  and  Sophie 
Fenker,  both  natives  of  Germany.  Mrs. 
Siegcrt  died  in  August,  1910.  Mr.  Sie- 
gert besides  six  children  who  grew  up 
in  his  home  also  lias  a  number  of  grand- 
children. His  own  children  are  named 
Julia,  Emma,  Matilda,  Lydia,  Anna  and 
Paul.  Julia  is  the  wife  of  Charles  Mid- 
dledorf.  and  her  four  children  are  Hul- 
dah,  Julius,  Carl  and  Ruth.  Emma  was 
married  to  Christopher  Borman.  Matilda 
married  George  1'lrich  and  has  nine  chil- 
dren, Marie,  Louis,  Carl,  Elsie,  Margaret 
and  Eloise,  twins,  Pauline  and  Louise, 
twins,  and  Adelle.  Lydia  Siegert  be- 
came the  wife  of  Henry  Paul  and  has 
four  children,  Margaret,  Louis,  Otto  and 
Harriet.  Anna  was  married  to  Fred  Zim- 
merman and  has  three  sons,  Ralph,  Edgar 
and  Frederick.  Paul,  the  only  son  of 
Mr.  Siegert  has  a  son  named  Jnlins. 

Professor  Siegert  is  a  member  of  the 
Walther  League  and  is  chairman  of  Branch 
No.  50  of  the  Concordia  Society. 

MARTIN  LTECKK  has  for  fifteen  years 
directed  the  administration  and  the  educa- 
tional ideals  of  one  of  Indiana's  oldest 
and  most  important  institutions  of  higher 
learning,  Concordia  College  at  Fort 
Wayne.  There  are  men  all  over  the  world 
who  gratefully  recognixe  their  debt  to  Con- 
cordia College.  It  has  been  a  training 
ground  not  only  for  ministers  and  teachers 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  but  for  men  in  all 
the  walks  and  professions. 

Concordia  College  was  founded  in  1839 
in  Perry  County,  Missouri,  by  some  Luth- 
eran refugees  from  Saxony.  It  was  first 
taught  in  a  log  cabin.  Later  it  was  re- 
moved to  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  and  when 
St.  Louis  became  almost  a  battleground 
of  the  Civil  war  the  institution  was  re- 
moved in  1861  to  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 
Here  it  was  reorganized  and  in  a  measure 
replaced  the  Lutheran  Seminary.  For  over 
fifty  years  it  has  continued  its  usefulness 
and  growth  and  is  now  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  influential  Lutheran  schools  in 
America.  It  has  always  emphasized  the 
training  of  young  men  for  the  Lutheran 
ministry,  though  from  time  to  time  other 
departments  have  been  created  until  the 
college  provides  practically  all  the  facilities 
of  a  university.  For  several  years  the  col- 
lege has  offered  instruction  and  training  in 


• 


military  work.  The  campus  now  contains 
eighteen  substantial  buildings,  including 
six  residences,  lecture  hall,  dormitory,  din- 
ing hall,  gymnasium,  heating  plant,  hos- 
pital and  armory. 

Much  of  the  physical  growth  and  up- 
building of  the  institution  has  been  accom- 
plished during  the  presidency  of  Dr. 
Martin  Luecke.  A  native  American,  he 
was  born  at  Sheboygan  County,  Wisconsin, 
June  2'2,  1859,  son  of  Christian  and  Emily 
(Von  Heiming)  Luecke.  He  was  not  a 
stranger  to  Fort  Wayne  and  Concordia 
College  when  he  entered  upon  the  presi- 
dency, since  he  had  taken  his  preparatory 
work  hen-,  graduating  from  the  prepara- 
tory department  in  1878.  In  1881  he 
graduated  from  Concordia  Theological 
Seminary  at  St.  Louis,  and  began  his  duties 
as  a  minister  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 
Church  at  Bethaltho.  Illinois.  He  was  sta- 
tioned there  from  1881  to  1884  and  at 
Troy,  Illinois,  from  1884  to  1892.  in  both 
of  which  places  he  performed  some  highly 
effective  work.  From  1892  until  1903  he 
was  pastor  of  a  large  church  at  Springfield. 
Illinois,  and  during  that  time  held  several 
positions  in  the  Synods  of  Missouri.  Ohio, 
and  other  states.  While  at  Springfield  he 
founded  the  Sprinsrfield  Hospital  and 
Training  School  in  1897. 

Doctor  Luecke  became  president  and  pro- 
fessor of  New  Testament  Greek  and  I>e- 
lisrion  ;if  Concordia  College  in  1903.  A'.onir 
with  his  work  as  a  pastor  and  school  ad- 
ministrator he  has  done  much  research 
and  is  a  thorough  scholar.  He  is  author  of 
H  History  of  the  Civil  war  of  the  United 
States,  published  in  1892:  a  History  of 
Concordia  Seminary  at  Springfield.  Illi- 
nois, published  in  1896;  Synopsis  of  the 
Holy  History  of  the  Old  aiid  New  Testa- 
ment, published  in  190f>;  and  of  a  Short 
Life  of  Christ,  published  in  1911.  Doctor 
Luecke  married  in  1882  Sina  Mansholt  of 
Dorsey,  Illinois.  Their  son.  Martin  II. 
Luecke,  is  one  of  the  prominent  lawyers 
of  Fort  Wayne. 

LrciAN  BARBOCR  was  born  at  Canton, 
Connecticut.  March  4.  1811.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Amherst  in  1837,  working  his  wav 
through  college,  and  then  removed  to  Mad- 
ison, Indiana,  where  he  read  law  with 
Stephen  C.  Stephens,  one  of  the  judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state.  In  1839 
he  located  at  Indianapolis,  and  formed  a 


HORARY 

OF  T4E 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOr 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1335 


partnership  with  Judge  Wm.  W.  Wicks. 
During  this  partnership  he  wrote  a  work 
on  justices  of  the  peace,  which  was  pub- 
lished as  "Wicks  &  Barbour's  Treatise." 
He  was  subsequently  associated  at  various 
times  in  partnerships  with  Albert  G.  Por- 
ter, John  D.  Rowland,  Charles  P.  Jacobs, 
Charles  W.  Smith  and  James  Laird. 

Mr.  Barbour  was  originally  a  democrat, 
and  served  as  United  States  District  At- 
torney for  Indiana  under  President  Polk. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  three  commission- 
ers who  prepared  the  Civil  and  Criminal 
Codes  of  Practice  under  the  Constitution 
of  1851.  He  left  the  party  on  the  slavery 
issue,  and  in  1854  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  the  Indianapolis  district  as  a  fusion- 
ist,  defeating  Thomas  A.  Hendricks.  He 
served  for  one  term,  1855-7,  and  then  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law,  which  he  con- 
tinued until  his  death,  at  Indianapolis, 
July  19,  1880. 

BENJAMIN  F.  DUNN.  An  experienced, 
honest,  upright  realty  dealer  would  be  the 
first  to  agree  to  the  statement  that  in  few 
lines  of  business  is  there  more  urgent  call;, 
for  careful  study  than  in  real  estate  trans- 
actions. The  papers  that  enter  into  vari- 
ous agreements  whether  the  investor  is 
buying  a  cottage,  a  palace,  a  farm  or  a 
gold  mine,  are  apt  to  be  complex  and  a 
little  beyond  the  ordinary  understanding, 
hence  a  wise  man  will  select  his  real  estate 
dealer  with  as  much  caution  as  any  other 
valuable  possession  in  life.  Should  he 
come  to  South  Bend  the  difficulty  would 
be  as  nothing  for  every  representative  citi- 
zen would  name  Benjamin  F.  Dunn,  who 
is  one  of  the  oldest,  largest  and  thoroughly 
responsible  realty  men  of  this  city,  with  an 
experience  covering  thirty-six  years. 

Benjamin  F.  Dunn  was  born  June  14, 
1833,  in  Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana. 
His  parents  were  Reynolds  and  Phoebe 
(Tatman)  Dunn.  Reynolds  Dunn  was  born 
in  1793,  in  New  Jersey,  and  was  a  son 
of  Reuben  Dunn,  who  was  of  English  an- 
cestry. Reynolds  Dunn  remained  in  his 
native  state  until  manhood  and  then  went 
to  Green  County,  Ohio,  and  from  there 
in  1831  to  Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana. 
There  he  became  a  man  of  political  im- 
portance, a  staunch  democrat,  and  was 
elected  associate  judge.  He  owned  a  farm 
in  Saint  Joseph  County  that  was  retained 
in  the  family  until  recent  years.  In  1854 


Reynolds  Dunn  retired  and  removed  to 
South  Bend,  where  his  death  occurred  in 
1860.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity  and  was  an  attendant  on  the 
services  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  and  a  generous  supporter  of  this 
religious  body. 

In  Greene  County,  Ohio,  Reynolds  Dunn 
was  married  to  Phoebe  Tatman,  who  was 
born  there  in  1800.  She  died  at  South 
Bend  in  1863,  a  woman  of  noble  character 
and  innumerable  virtues.  To  them  the 
following  children  were  born :  Mary  Jane, 
who  died  in  Saint  Joseph  County,  was 
the  wife  of  Reuben  Dunn,  who  is  also  de- 
ceased ;  Simeon,  who  died  in  youth ;  Eliza- 
beth, who  died  in  Saint  Joseph  County, 
was  the  wife  of  Asher  Egbert,  who  is  also 
deceased;  Martha,  who  was  the  wife  of 
Andrew  Kinney,  a  farmer  in  Saint  Joseph 
County,  died  there  as  did  her  husband; 
James,  who  died  on  his  farm  in  Saint  Jo- 
seph County;  Jeanette,  who  died  in  child- 
hood ;  Benjamin  F. ;  Phoebe  Ann,  who  mar- 
ried Robert  Myler  and  they  lived  on  their 
farm  in  Saint  Joseph  County  until  they 
retired  to  South  Bend,  where  both  died; 
Harriet,  who  married  Theodore  Witherell, 
a  jeweler  in  South  Bend,  and  both  died 
here;  and  John  H.,  who  is  a  retired  mer- 
chant of  South  Bend. 

During  boyhood  Benjamin  F.  Dunn  at- 
tended the  country  schools  and  later  had 
excellent  training  in  the  public  schools  of 
South  Bend,  leaving  school  when  twenty 
years  old  to  accept  a  clerkship  in  a  South 
Bend  Store.  He  continued  in  this  capacity 
until  1860,  when  he  took  a  trip  to  the  west- 
ern country,  and  during  a  year  of  travel 
saw  many  wonders,  visiting  Pike's  Peak 
and  Rocky  Mountain  regions  in  Colorado. 
He  was  loyal  to  Indiana,  however,  and  re- 
turned and  for  two  years  followed  a 
marble  and  stone  cutting  business.  This, 
however,  was  largely  an  experiment,  and 
finding  himself  not  particularly  well  satis- 
fied, turned  his  attention  to  mercantile  pur- 
suits and  continued  until  1867,  when  he 
sold  out,  on  account  of  failing  health.  In 
1868  Mr.  Dunn  embarked  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  furniture  and  prospered  until  the 
panic  of  1873,  when  his  business,  like  hun- 
dreds of  others,  was  swept  away  in  the 
cataclysm  of  that  business  depression  pe- 
riod. 

From  the  standpoint  of  a  young  man 
seeing  a  business  opening  every  line  is  apt 


1336 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  seem  crowded,  but  Mr.  Dunn  did  not 
lose  courage,  and  after  a  temporary  return 
to  a  clerkship  the  path  in  1881  opened  to 
the  business  in  which  he  has  amassed  a  com- 
fortable fortune  and  additionally  has  built 
up  a  reputation  for  trustworthiness  and 
public  spirit.  In  this  year  he  went  into 
the  real  estate  and  loan  business,  a  line  of 
endeavor  for  which  he  has  been  particu- 
larly well  fitted.  Through  his  efforts  a 
large  amount  of  outside  capital  has  been 
brought  to  South  Bend,  and  many  of  the 
finest  residence  sections  have  come  into  be- 
ing. He  owns  a  large  amount  of  property, 
including  his  residence  at  No.  203  South 
Lafayette  Street,  where  he  has  lived  for 
over  sixty  years.  In  addition  to  his  in- 
terests mentioned  he  is  vice-president  of 
the  Saint  Joseph  County  Savings  Bank. 

Mr.  Dunn  was  married  at  South  Bend 
in  October,  1864,  to  Miss  Mary  Hamilton, 
who  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  and  died 
at  South  Bend  in  1905,  the  mother  of  three 
children  and  one  grandchild,  as  follows: 
Grace,  who  is  the  wife  of  John  G.  Schurz, 
a  traveling  agent  in  the  matter  of  syste- 
matizing business  methods,  an  expert  and 
they  have  one  son,  Franklin  Dunn 
Schurz ;  Flora,  who  is  the  wife  of  F.  A. 
Miller,  the  able  editor  of  the  South  Bend 
Tribune;  and  Blanche,  who  resides  with 
her  father. 

Mr.  Dunn  identifies  himself  politically 
as  an  independent  democrat.  He  has 
never  desired  public  office  but  has  served 
for  eleven  years  as  a  member  of  the  school 
board.  From  youth  he  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  for 
forty  years  has  been  a  trustee  of  the  First 
Methodist  Church  here.  Many  years  ago 
he  assisted  in  building  the  old  church  and 
later  gave  equal  help  when  the  new  edifice 
took  the  place  of  the  old  one.  He  has  en- 
couraged many  worthy  enterprises  here  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  the  Country  Club. 

DESIDERIUS  D.  NEMETH,  secretary  of  the 
St.  Joseph  County  Bar  Association,  came 
to  South  Bend  ten  years  ago  and  haa 
achieved  a  high  reputation  in  his  profes- 
sion and  is  well  known  in  local  civic  and  so- 
cial affairs. 

He  was  born  in  the  town  of  Nagy-Sza- 
lonta,  in  the  county  of  Bihar,  Hungary. 
His  father,  William  Nemeth,  was  born  at 
Belenyes  in  the  same  county,  served  an 


apprenticeship  as  a  blacksmith,  but  on  ac- 
count of  failing  health  became  a  tailor  and 
followed  his  trade  at  Nagy-Szalonta  and 
later  at  Arad.  He  died  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
two.  His  wife,  Amelia  Sonnenfeld,  was 
born  at  Arad,  and  she  came  to  America 
in  1893  and  is  now  living  at  South  Bend. 

D.  D.  Nemeth  attended  school  steadily 
in  his  native  land  from  the  age  of  six  to 
twenty-two,  receiving  the  A.  B.  and  M.  S. 
degrees.  In  1892  he  went  to  Paris,  study- 
ing one  year  in  that  city,  and  in  1893  came 
to  the  United  States,  where  he  entered 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York. 
He  was  graduated  in  law  from  that  insti- 
tution in  1897.  After  that  he  had  to  wait 
two  years  before  he  could  secure  his  natur- 
alization papers,  and  immediately  then 
was  admitted  to  practice.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  been  in  the  government  service 
as  an  interpreter  at  the  immigrant  station 
on  Ellis  Island.  Leaving  the  east  he  spent 
two  years  in  Arizona,  also  acting  as  a 
United  States  Immigration  Inspector  on 
the  Mexican  border  for  two  years. 

Mr.  Nemeth  located  at  South  Bend  in 
1907  and  has  enjoyed  a  good  law  practice 
and  is  also  in  the  insurance  business.  He 
has  been  honored  for  three  consecutive 
terms  as  secretary  of  the  Bar  Association. 
He  is  a  member  of  several  fraternities  and 
also  the  Country  Club. 

JAMES  B.  ELMORE.  A  minor  distinction 
attaching  to  the  Indiana  school  of  authors 
is  that  even  the  more  successful  in  the 
financial  sense  have  chosen  to  remain  at 
home,  close  to  the  original  source  of  their 
inspiration.  They  are  known  as  casual 
visitors,  not  as  resident  members  of  the 
metropolitan  literary  centers.  James  B. 
Elmore,  the  "bard  of  Alamo,"  whose  verse 
has  been  read  "round  the  world,"  is  still 
at  Alamo,  where  his  genius  was  forged  in 
a  peaceful  Indiana  landscape,  some  consid- 
erable portion  of  which  he  has  acquired 
"in  fee"  as  he  long  ago  acquired  it  by 
poetic  license,  and  is  busy  with  livestock 
and  crops  as  well  as  the  implements  of 
literature. 

Mr.  Elmore  was  born  January  25,  1857, 
at  the  little  town  of  Alamo  in  Ripley  town- 
ship of  Montgomery  County.  Alamo  is  his 
home  today,  and  while  at  different  times  in 
the  passing  years  he  has  made  excursions 
to  distant  scenes  he  has  always  returned, 
and  he  has  no  other  thought  today  than 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1337 


that  Alamo  will  be  his  home  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  is  a  son  of  Matthias  and  Mary 
(Willis)  Elmore.  Matthias  Elmore,  who 
was  born  in  Ohio  in  1809  and  died  in  1892, 
had  a  meager  education  during  his  youth, 
going  no  further  than  "the  rule  of  three" 
in  mathematics.  Being  a  great  reader  and 
a  man  of  keen  perceptions  he  practically 
acquired  an  education  and  a  good  one  at 
that  by  his  own  efforts.  He  took  a  keen 
interest  in  politics  and  in  early  days  was  a 
whig.  He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade  and 
helped  construct  the  first  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  at  Crawfordsville.  His  chief 
life  work,  however,  was  farming.  Matthias 
Elmore  was  three  times  married.  By  his 
first  marriage  he  had  seven  children  and 
six  by  his  second  wife,  but  none  by  the  last 
union.  His  first  wife  was  a  cousin  of 
William  English,  a  well  known  political 
leader  and  capitalist  in  Indianapolis.  His 
third  wife  was  Virginia  Kyle.  Of  the 
thirteen  children  only  five  are  now  living. 
James  B.  Elmore 's  father  was  of  Scotch 
descent  and  his  mother  of  Dutch  lineage, 
and  a  native  of  Ohio. 

James  B.  Elmore  grew  up  on  a  farm, 
working  in  the  summer  and  going  to  school 
in  the  winter  until  he  reached  the  age  of 
fifteen.  He  then  entered  the  Alamo 
Academy,  where  he  graduated  in  a  large 
class.  Among  his  classmates  were  N.  J. 
Clodfelter,  poet  and  novelist;  William 
Humphrey,  member  of  Congress  from  the 
state  of  Washington;  Oswald  Humphrey, 
president  of  Cornell  University ;  Eva  Clod- 
felter Ballard,  a  novelist;  William  Den- 
man,  a  former  public  official  of  Putnam 
County;  and  Albert  Gilkey,  a  large  hard- 
ware merchant  of  Oklahoma. 

Mr.  Elmore 's  ambitions  to  obtain  a  col- 
legiate training  were  never  realized.  But 
schools  and  colleges  do  not  make  poets, 
great  doctors,  professional  men  of  any 
kind,  they  merely  afford  a  more  convenient 
opportunity  for  young  men  of  talents  to 
acquire  their  preliminary  training.  Thus 
it  was  with  Mr.  Elmore.  The  practical 
experiences  of  day  by  day  living,  and  a 
vast  amount  of  miscellaneous  reading  have 
supplied  him  with  those  materials  out  of 
which  character  and  success  are  molded. 

For  twenty  years  Mr.  Elmore  taught 
school,  chiefly  in  winter  terms,  farming 
during  the  summer.  On  February  14, 1880, 
he  married  Miss  Mary  Ann  Murray,  of 
Nevada  City,  Missouri.  She  was  born  in 


Missouri  May  23,  1863,  daughter  of  James 
and  Mary  Ann  (Templin)  Murray,  her 
father  a  native  of  Kentucky.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Elmore  had  five  children:  Maude  L.  and 
Nora  now  deceased;  Roscoe  M.,  born  Oc- 
tober 1,  1882,  married  Myrtle  Lattimore 
and  became  a  successful  teacher;  Grace, 
born  January  17,  1885,  wife  of  Nathan 
Drolinger;  and  Albert  Murray,  born  Sep- 
tember 20,  1889,  who  married  Lula  M.  Seits 
and  has  two  children,  James  Byron,  Jr., 
named  in  honor  of  his  grandfather,  and 
Margaret  Angeline. 

Mr.  Elmore  has  always  acknowledged  a 
great  debt  to  his  wife.  He  paid  her  a 
delicate  tribute  in  a  little  autobiographical 
sketch  he  wrote  at  one  time  in  the  following 
words :  ' '  Unlike  the  bachelor  poets  of  his 
time,  Mr.  Elmore  sings  of  nature,  romance 
and  love,  such  as  they  can  never  do.  Their 
dreams,  as  of  'Sweethearts  of  Long  Ago,' 
never  materialized  except  through  the 
mystic  smoke  of  tobacco  fumes  and  nepen- 
the of  varied  mysterious  spirits  of  the  low- 
er regions.  Elmore  loves  the  pure  and  un- 
defiled  idyls  that  roam  about  the  woods  and 
pastures,  whose  visions  and  inspirations 
come  by  breathing  the  sweet  aroma  of  the 
beautiful  flowers  which  charm  the  gods  of 
the  universe  and  harmonize  every  element 
of  human  nature  in  a  beautiful  paragon 
of  love,  where  man  ever  rests  in  that 
beautiful  and  blissful  abode  of  everlast- 
ing happiness." 

Through  the  various  years  of  his  work 
as  a  teacher  Mr.  Elmore  wrote  occasional 
poems  for  the  newspapers.  It  was  at  the 
request  of  his  wife  in  1898  that  he  published 
his  first  volume  of  poems,  a  volume  that 
had  a  wide  run  of  popularity  and  served  to 
make  his  name  more  widely  appreciated. 
It  was  comparatively  early  in  his  career 
that  Mr.  Jesse  Greene  of  Crawfordsville 
christened  him  the  Bard  of  Alamo,  and 
it  is  by  that  title  he  is  doubtless  most 
widely  known.  Some  of  his  best  verse 
was  written  while  he  was  in  school,  two 
poems  of  great  merit  dating  from  that 
period  of  his  life  being  "The  Belle  of 
Alamo,"  and  the  "Red  Bird."  The  first 
book  title  was  "Love  Among  the  Mistletoe 
and  other  Poems."  Two  years  later  this 
was  followed  by  "A  Lover  in  Cuba  and 
Other  Poems. ' '  A  few  years  later  came  his 
third  volume  of  verse  "Twenty -five  years 
in  Jackville"  and  a  romance  in  the  "Days 
of  the  Golden  Circle."  His  last  volume 


1338 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bears  the  title  "Autumn  Roses."  He  is 
just  completing  a  work  which  goes  to  press 
shortly  under  title  of  "Nature  Poems." 
Mr.  Elmore  has  also  appeared  before  many 
cultured  audiences  as  a  lecturer,  his  serv- 
ices being  in  demand  by  many  colleges  and 
institutions.  His  writings  are  to  a  large 
degree  a  transcript  of  his  experience  and 
reflect  largely  that  elevation  of  feeling 
which  pervades  the  simple  and  common- 
place life.  If  he  were  not  so  well  known 
as  a  poet  he  might  easily  be  classed  as  one 
of  Indiana's  most  prosperous  and  pro- 
gressive farmers. 

At  the  time  of  his  marriage  and  after 
some  years  as  a  rural  school  teacher  he  in- 
vested the  sum  of  four  hundred  dollars, 
all  that  he  had  been  able  to  save,  in  thirty 
acres  of  land.  That  thirty  acres  is  in- 
cluded in  his  present  farm.  There  he  lived 
for  some  time  in  a  log  cabin.  Besides 
farming  he  taught  school.  He  purchased 
eighty  acres  more,  going  in  debt  for  that, 
and  traded  the  eighty  for  a  hundred  sixty 
acres  near  home,  and  this  quarter  section 
he  still  owns.  Later  he  bought  eighty  acres 
from  his  father  and  also  inherited  another 
forty-seven  acres.  He  also  bought  sixty 
acres  south  of  the  home  place  and  a  hun- 
dred sixty  acres  north  of  the  home  farm. 
That  makes  him  proprietor  of  a  fine  domain 
of  five  hundred  forty  acres,  nearly  all  til- 
lable, and  moreover  well  tilled,  well  fenced 
and  perfectly  improved  into  practically  a 
modern  Indiana  farm  and  homestead.  Mr. 
Elmore  for  a  number  of  years  has  made  a 
specialty  of  raising  Poland  China  hogs 
and  Polled  cattle.  While  he  undoubtedly 
has  the  literary  temperament,  he  has  in 
the  management  of  his  farm  the  genius  of 
the  business  man,  seen  everywhere  in  the 
system  and  efficiency  which  characterize 
the  farm. 

Mr.  Elmore  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows  and  the  Woodmen  of  the  World,  is 
a  member  of  the  Christian  Church,  and 
beginning  to  vote  for  the  democrats  he 
later  became  a  republican.  He  has  deserved 
well  of  his  fellow  men,  has  profited  because 
he  has  served  well,  and  to  a  large  degree 
his  life  has  been  its  own  reward. 

EDGAR  M.  BALDWIN.  The  conventional 
hero  from  the  time  of  Ulysses  to  the  present 
is  one  who  has  played  many  parts,  has 
seen  much  of  strange  lands  and  strange 


peoples,  and  has  an  altogether  tempes- 
tuous and  stormy  career  until  he  rests 
more  or  less  content  in  old  age  in  his 
beloved  Ithaca.  But  many  adventures  and 
experiences  worth  while  may  befall  the 
man  who  spends  his  life  in  quiet  places, 
almost  altogether  in  the  community  that 
knew  him  as  a  boy,  and  that  knew  his 
parents  and  grandparents  and  even  more 
remote  ancestors  before  him. 

That  has  been  the  lot  and  destiny  of 
Edgar  M.  Baldwin,  editor  and  proprietor 
of  The  Fairmount  News,  and  well  and 
favorably  known  as  a  journalist  and  man 
of  affairs  in  many  other  parts  of  Indiana 
than  Grant  County. 

The  Baldwins  are  an  old  and  numerous 
lineage  both  in  America  and  in  Wales. 
From  three  colonial  settlers  of  the  name 
are  descended  many  well  known  people, 
including  Governor  Simeon  Baldwin  of 
Connecticut ;  Judge  Daniel  P.  Baldwin,  at 
one  time  attorney  general  of  Indiana,  and 
the  Baldwins  who  established  and  con- 
ducted the  great  Baldwin  Locomotive 
Works. 

The  Baldwins  in  Grant  County  are  de- 
scended from  one  of  three  brothers  who 
settled  in  North  Carolina.  They  were  all 
Quakers,  chiefly  farmers  by  occupation. 
The  great-grandfather  of  the  Fairmount 
editor  was  Daniel  Baldwin,  Sr.,  who  was 
born  in  North  Carolina  and  married  Mary 
Benbow. 

Of  their  children  Daniel  Baldwin,  Jr., 
was  born  in  Guilford  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, December  10,  1789,  and  married  in 
1812  Christian  Wilcuts,  who  was  born  No- 
vember 11,  1793.  After  their  marriage  they 
put  their  simple  household  equipment  in 
a  wagon  and  with  ox  teams  set  out  for  the 
Northwest,  joining  the  old  Quaker  settle- 
ment near  Richmond,  in  Wayne  County, 
Indiana.  In  1833  Daniel  Baldwin  brought 
his  family  to  Grant  County  and  moved 
into  a  partly  finished  log  cabin  on  the 
southwest  corner  of  Main  and  Eighth 
Streets  in  Fairmount,  at  that  time  an  un- 
broken wilderness.  His  was  the  first  house 
in  the  present  corporation  limits  of  Fair- 
mount.  A  considerable  part  of  the  north 
side  of  that  village  is  built  on  land  that  he 
owned.  Daniel  Baldwin,  Jr.,  died  at  Fair- 
mount  October  9,  1845,  and  his  wife  Oc- 
tober 28,  1848.  They  were  active  in  estab- 
lishing the  first  Quaker  church  at  Back 
Creek.  They  were  the  parents  of  eleven 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1339 


children,  and  by  their  marriages  and  de- 
scendants they  comprise  a  very  numerous 
interrelationship,  many  still  found  in  Grant 
County,  while  many  others  went  to  other 
counties  and  states. 

Micah  Baldwin,  father  of  Edgar  M.,  was 
born  in  Wayne  County,  May  26,  1828.  As 
he  grew  up  he  worked  on  his  father's 
farm,  but  later  in  life  he  learned  the  trade 
of  tanner  and  followed  that  occupation 
for  a  number  of  years.  In  1877  he  gave 
up  the  tanning  trade  and  became  a  dealer 
in  meats.  While  conducting  a  tannery  he 
had  also  handled  and  made  custom  shoes 
and  harness,  and  his  last  years  were  spent 
as  a  custom  maker  of  shoes  and  as  a  re- 
pairer. He  worked  in  that  line  to  within 
six  weeks  of  his  death.  He  died  March  13, 
1893.  He  was  a  birthright  Quaker  and  kept 
utmost  fidelity  to  that  faith.  April  24, 
1850,  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Morris,  who 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  De- 
cember 3,  1830,  daughter  of  Nathan  and 
Miriam  (Benbow)  Morris.  Her  people 
were  also  early  settlers  of  Grant  County, 
and  her  father  was  very  prominent  as  a 
member  and  minister  of  the  Quaker 
Church. 

Edgar  M.  Baldwin  was  the  seventh  in 
age  among  his  parents'  nine  children,  and 
was  born  at  Fairmount,  April  2,  1866.  He 
attended  the  local  public  schools  and  at 
the  age  of  eleven,  in  1877,  started  to  learn 
the  printing  trade.  He  worked  in  The 
Fairmount  News  office  and  as  a  journey- 
man traveled  over  the  country,  develop- 
ing his  skill  in  the  composing  rooms  of 
some  of  the  largest  dailies  and  printing 
establishments  in  the  country.  This  em- 
ployment brought  him  to  the  cities  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Indianapolis  and  Chicago,  where 
he  was  employed  on  the  old  Chicago 
Herald,  was  for  two  years  in  a  law  print- 
ing house  in  New  York  City,  did  work  at 
Washington  and  other  eastern  cities,  so- 
journed briefly  again  at  Cincinnati,  In- 
dianapolis and  Chicago,  and  in  1885  re- 
turned to  Fairmount.  For  three  years  he 
was  proprietor  of  The  Fairmount  News. 
This  was  followed  by  an  experience  in 
journalism  on  what  was  then  the  frontier 
of  Western  Kansas,  where  for  a  few 
months  he  conducted  The  Ellis  Headlight. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  to  a  position  in 
the  Government  printing  office  at  Wash- 
ington, and  during  the  next  four  and  a 


half  years  was  employed  on  many  of  the 
large  jobs  in  what  is  the  greatest  printing 
establishment  in  America. 

Mr.  Baldwin  was  living  in  Fairmount 
when  the  Spanish-American  war  broke 
out  in  1898.  On  April  26th,  four  days 
after  the  declaration  of  war,  he  joined 
Company  A,  One  Hundred  and  Sixtieth 
Indiana  Infantry.  He  was  with  the  regi- 
ment in  training  at  Chickamauga  but  was 
ill  in  the  hospital  when  his  regiment  left 
for  the  invasion  of  Porto  Rico.  A  few 
days  later  he  went  with  the  'Fifth  Illinois 
Regiment,  rejoining  his  own  command  at 
Newport  News,  Virginia,  which,  after  the 
peace  protocol  had  been  signed,  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Army  of  Occupation  and 
sent  to  Matanzas  Province  in  Cuba.  Mr. 
Baldwin  was  honorably  discharged  at 
Savannah,  Georgia,  April  26,  1899,  being 
mustered  out  of  the  service  with  his  regi- 
ment just  a  year  after  his  enlistment. 

Four  years  of  experience  as  a  traveling 
salesman  and  Mr.  Baldwin  became  proprie- 
tor of  The  Fairmount  News,  in  1903,  and 
that  paper  has  been  under  his  continuous 
management  and  control  for  fifteen  years. 
He  has  brought  The  News  to  a  position  of 
great  influence  and  popularity  in  Grant 
and  adjoining  counties,  and  has  made  his 
printing  plant  a  very  profitable  business. 

Mr.  Baldwin  is  a  man  of  unusual  range 
of  interests,  and  he  and  his  paper  are 
squarely  behind  every  movement  that  may 
properly  be  described  as  progressive  and 
patriotic.  He  served  as  Endorsing  Clerk 
in  the  Indiana  State  Senate  in  1908-09, 
was  the  nominee  in  the  Republican  caucus 
for  assistant  clerk  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives during  the  following  session, 
was  Treasurer  of  the  Republican  Editorial 
Association  of  Indiana,  and  Treasurer  of 
the  Grant  County  Central  Committee.  In 
1912  he  joined  the  Progressive  party  and 
was  nominated  for  Congress  in  the 
Eleventh  Congressional  District.  Mr. 
Baldwin  is  regarded  as  the  chief  local  his- 
torian of  his  town  and  township  in  Grant 
County.  Through  his  paper  and  his  in- 
dividual writings  he  has  kept  alive  many 
of  the  interesting  facts  regarding  that  old 
settlement,  and  in  a  History  of  Grant 
County  published  in  1914  he  was  author 
of  a  chapter  pertaining  to  Fairmount  and 
in  1917  he  published  "The  Making  of  a 
Township,"  which  is  an  interesting  en- 


1340 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


largement  upon  his  original  thesis.  He 
and  his  family  are  members  of  the  Friends 
Church  at  Fairmount. 

August  23,  1887,  he  married  Miss  Myra 
Rush,  daughter  of  Reverend  Nixon  and 
Louisa  Rush  of  Grant  County.  Mrs.  Bald- 
win was  born  near  Fairmount,  July  4, 
1865,  and  was  the  first  graduate  of 
Fairmount  Academy  with  the  class  of  1887. 
She  has  been  closely  associated  with  her 
husband  in  newspaper  work,  serving  as 
city  editor  of  The  Fairmount  News.  Their 
only  son,  Mark,  born  June  8,  1889,  gradu- 
'ated  from  Fairmount  Academy  in  1909, 
and  from  Earlham  College  at  Richmond 
with  the  class  of  1912.  He  served  one 
year  during  the  war  with  Germany  in  the 
air  service,  United  States  Army.  He  is 
now  a  scientist  in  the  employ  of  the  Bureau 
of  Soils,  Department  of  Agriculture. 

A.  JONES.  Here  and  there  through 
these  pages  will  be  found  note  of  not  a 
few  successful  men,  and  women  too,  who 
have  attributed  one  early  source  of  their 
inspiration  and  good  training  to  the  Ma- 
rion Normal  College.  Among  institutions 
that  were  founded  and  have  been  con- 
ducted by  private  enterprise  this  college 
has  no  superior  in  the  state  in  the  way  of 
efficiency  and  thorough  work,  and  it  has 
served  to  train  a  large  body  of  men  and 
women,  not  only  for  educational  tasks,  but 
for  an  adequate  fulfillment  of  all  the  serv- 
ice demanded  of  a  complete  and  harmoni- 
ous life. 

The  college  was  organized  in  1891  by 
Mr.  A.  Jones  with  a  corps  of  four  instruc- 
tors. The  first  quarters  were  in  a  building 
at  the  corner  of  Thirtieth  and  "Washing- 
ton streets.  During  the  first  year  courses 
were  offered  in  business,  arts  and  music 
and  some  academic  work.  Later  there  was 
offered  a  four  years'  course  embracing 
both  theoretical  and  academic  work,  in 
every  sense  equal  to  the  courses  offered  by 
state  normal  schools.  There,  is  also  a  four- 
year  course  for  general  students,  offering 
courses  in  science,  mathematics  and  litera- 
ture. In  1894  the  college  was  moved  to 
an  attractive  building  between  Washing- 
ton and  Harmon  streets.  This  college 
home  was  erected  specifically  for  the  use 
of  the  school.  It  is  a  three-story  and  base- 
ment building  of  b'rick,  occupying  ground 
dimensions  of  90  by  80  feet. 

The  founder  of  this  school  was  born  in 


Shelby  County,  Indiana,  in  1855,  only 
child  of  Elijah  and  Sarah  (Wagner) 
Jones,  who  were  also  natives  of  this  state. 
The  paternal  ancestors  came  from  Scot- 
land and  were  early  settlers  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  Wagners  were  of  German  ori- 
gin. Both  the  Wagner  and  Jones  fami- 
lies were  pioneers  in  Shelby  and  Rush 
counties.  Professor  Jones'  paternal  grand- 
father and  his  maternal  great-grandfather 
were  well-known  ministers  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

Professor  Jones  was  reared  in  •  Shelby 
County,  acquiring  much  of  his  education 
at  Danville.  He  is  a  graduate  civil  engi- 
neer. Nearly  all  his  life  has  been  spent 
in  school  work  and  school  administration. 
For  two  years  he  was  a  teacher  in  the 
grade  schools  at  Glenwood  and  for  years 
had  charge  of  the  Schools  at  Zionsville. 
Just  before  he  came  to  Marion  to  establish 
the  normal  college  he  was  superintendent 
of  schools  at  Danville.  Mr.  Jones  is  a  man 
of  scholarly  tastes,  and  has  attained  some 
recognition  in  scholarship  circles  for  his 
work  and  investigations  with  the  micro- 
seqpe. 

'In  1901  he  established  the  Teachers' 
Journal,  and  has  been  editor  of  this  jour- 
nal from  the  time  it  was  established.  From 
the  very  beginning  the  Teachers'  Journal 
has  been  recognized  as  one  of  the  strongest 
educational  periodicals  in  the  West. 

In  1884  he  married  Jessie  M.  Davis.  She 
was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Indiana, 
daughter  of  William  and  Emily  (Wil- 
liams) Davis.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jones  are 
members  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  at  Marion. 

HOMER  HAYES  SCOTT  has  been  a  figure 
in  the  educational  life  and  affairs  of  Grant 
County  for  a  number  of  years.  He  is  a 
young  man  of  great  natural  ability,  and 
this  ability  has  found  expression  in  activi- 
ties that  constitute  an  important  service 
and  an  instrument  of  good  in  the  advance- 
ment and  progress  of  his  community. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Grant  County, 
March  13,  1879,  son  of  Elihu  and  Sara'h 
(Grindle)  Scott.  Largely  through  his  own 
efforts  he  acquired  a  liberal  education,  and 
in  1913  was  granted  the  degree  A.  B.  by 
the  Muncie  National  Institute.  He  began 
his  work  as  a  teacher  in  1899,  and  for  five 
years  was  principal  of  the  Van  Buren 
Township  High  School,  and  for  five  years 


. 
• 


OFTME 
UNIVERSITY  OF  IWNOT 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1341 


was  superintendent  of  that  school.  For 
three  summer  terms  he  was  a  teacher  in 
the  Marion  Normal  College,  and  one  sum- 
mer in  the  Muncie  National  Institute. 
Mr.  Scott  is  now  a  member  and  secretary 
of  the  Library  Board,  is  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  Teachers'  Association,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Board  of  the  Boy 
Scouts  of  Grant  County,  and  is  a  steward 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
teacher  of  the  Men's  Bible  Class.  He  is 
an  active  prohibitionist. 

April  25,  1914,  he  married  Miss  Cora 
Zonetta  Compton,  of  Wayne  County,  In- 
diana, daughter  of  Samuel  and  Eliza 
(Johnson)  Compton.  Her  father  was  a 
contractor  and  builder. 

GEORGE  ARMENTROTTT  ELLIOTT  is  present 
mayor  of  the  City  of  Newcastle.  That  is 
only  one  of  a  long  line  of  dignities  and 
honors  that  have  been  bestowed  upon  the 
Elliott  family  in  Eastern  Indiana,  where 
four  generations  of  the  Elliotts  have  been 
prominent  in  public  and  professional  life. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  the  following  para- 
graph to  tell  briefly  the  outstanding  facts 
in  the  careers  of  several  of  these  distin- 
guished men. 

The  Elliotts  came  from  Guilford  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  were  a  family  of  co- 
lonial settlers  in  the  vicinitv  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary battleground  of  Guilford  Court 
House.  Abraham  Elliott,  who  is  distin- 
guished as  having  been  the  first  lawyer 
to  locate  at  the  county  seat  of  Newcastle, 
was  born  in  Guilford  County,  North  Caro- 
lina. About  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  he  migrated  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
lived  in  Wayne  County.  The  first  official 
recognition  of  his  residence  there  was  his 
appointment  in  1809  as  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  peace  of  Dearborn  County,  Wayne 
Countv  not  having  yet  been  organized.  In 
1822  his  name  appears  on  the  court  rec- 
ords as  one  of  the  lawyers  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  Henry  County,  and  in  1823  he  lo- 
cated on  what  has  long  been  known  as  the 
Elliott  farm  near  Newcastle,  and  began 
practice  in  the  town.  He  was  a  man  of 
good  ability  and  for  several  years  trans- 
acted a.  considerable  share  of  the  legal  busi- 
ness of  the  county.  He  also  served  as.  a 
justice  of  the  peace  and  an  associate  judge. 
Poor  health  eventually  obliged  him  to  re- 
tire entirely  from  practice, 
voi.'ra— 9 


It  was  his  son,  Judge  Jehu  T.  Elliott, 
who  gained  most  distinction  as  a  lawyer, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  was  one  of  the 
greatest  jurists  of  Indiana.  He  was  born 
near  Richmond,  Wayne  County,  February 
7,  1813,  and  was  about  ten  years  of  age 
when  his  parents  moved  to  the  Elliott  farm 
ll/2  miles  from  Newcastle.  He  was  one  of 
a  farge  family  of  children  and  every  one 
had  to  contribute  some  labor  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  household.  He  had  limited 
school  privileges,  but  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
qualified  as  a  teacher  and  followed  that 
calling  two  years.  His  father  had  already 
planned  a  legal  career  for  the  son,  who  at 
the  age  of  twenty  entered  the  office  of 
Martin  M.  Ray,  one  of  the  prominent  law- 
yers of  Wayne  County.  Later  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  soon  opened  his  of- 
fice in  Newcastle,  where  his  talents  gained 
him  a  large  practice. 

His  first  office  was  that  of  assistant  sec- 
retarv  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  State  Legislature,  a  position  to  which 
he  was  re-elected.  In  1837  he  became  sec- 
retary of  the  House.  In  1838  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  for  his  judicial  cir- 
cuit and  in  August,  1839,  was  elected  state 
senator  for  a  term  of  three  years.  At  the 
early  age  of  thirty-one,  in  1844,  he  was 
chosen  by  the  Legislature  as  circuit  judge. 
His  judicial  circuit  embraced  eight  coun- 
ties, including  Henry.  Following  the  cus- 
tom of  the  time  and  in  the  lack  of  better 
facilities,  he  usually  journeyed  from  county 
seat  to  county  seat  on  horseback  in  com- 
pany with  the  traveling  members  of  the 
bar.  In  1851  he  was  re-elected  for  a  term 
of  seven  years,  but  the  following  year  re- 
signed to  become  president  of  the  railroad 
which  was  then  being  built  from  Rich- 
mond to  Chicago.  He  resigned  this  posi- 
tion in  1854  and  in  the  following  year  was 
again  elected  circuit  judge.  He  continued 
on  the  circuit  bench  until  1864,  when  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Indiana.  His  character  as 
a  jurist  has  been  thus  described:  "His 
ability  was  of  the  highest  order,  and  it  is 
certain  that  no  judge  ever  gave  greater 
satisfaction  than  he.  His  popularity  was 
such  that  no  one  ever  successfully  opposed 
him  for  the  place  of  circuit  judge,  and 
when  it  was  known  that  he  was  a  candi- 
date his  election  followed  of  course.  The 
opinions  he  delivered  during  the  six  years 
he  occupied  a  seat  on  the  Supreme  Bench 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


1:541 


was  superintendent  of  that  school.  For 
three,  summer  terms  he  was  a  teacher  in 
the  Marion  Normal  College,  and  one  sum- 
mer in  the  Muneie  National  Institute. 
Mr.  Scott  is  now  a  member  and  secretary 
of  the  Library  Board,  is  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  Teachers'  Association,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Board  of  the  Box- 
Scouts  of  (Irant  County,  and  is  a  steward 
of  the  .Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
teacher  of  the  Men's  Bible  Class.  lie  is 
an  active  prohibitionist. 

April  '2^>.  1014.  he  married  Miss  Cora 
Zonetta  Compton.  of  Wayne  County.  In- 
diana, daughter  of  Samuel  and  Elixa 
( Johnson  1  Compton.  Her  father  was  a 
contractor  and  builder. 

CKORCK  AUMKNTKOT'T  ELLIOTT  is  present 
mayor  of  the  City  of  Newcastle.  That  is 
only  one  of  a  long  line  of  dignities  and 
honors  that  have  been  bestowed  upon  the 
Elliott  family  in  Eastern  Indiana,  where 
four  generations  of  the  Elliotts  have  been 
prominent  in  public  and  professional  life. 
It  is  the  purpose  of  the  following  para- 
graph tn  tell  briefly  the  outstanding  facts 
in  the  careers  of  several  of  these  distin- 
guished men. 

The  Elliotts  came  from  (luilford  County. 
North  Carolina,  and  were  a  family  of  co- 
lonial settlers  in  the  vic.initv  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary battleground  of  fJuilford  Court 
House.  Abraham  Elliott,  who  is  distin- 
guished as  having  been  the  first  lawyer 
to  locate  at  the  county  seat  of  Newcastle, 
was  born  in  C.uilford  County,  North  Caro- 
lina. About  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  he  migrated  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
lived  in  Wayne  County.  The  first  official 
recognition  of  his  residence  there  was  his 
appointment  in  ISO!)  as  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  peace  of  Dearborn  County.  Wayne 
Countv  not  having  yet  been  organized.  Tn 
1822  his  name  appears  on  the  court  rec- 
ords as  one  of  the  lawyers  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  Henry  County,  and  in  1S23  he  lo- 
cated on  what  has  long  been  known  as  the 
Elliott  farm  near  Newcastle,  and  began 
practice  in  the  town.  lie  was  a  man  of 
good  ability  and  for  several  years  trans- 
acted a  considerable  share  of  the  legal  busi- 
ness of  the  county.  lie  also  served  as  a 
justice  of  the  peace  and  an  associate  judge. 
Poor  health  eventually  obliged  him  to  re- 
tire entirely  from  practice. 

Vol.  Ill— 9 


It  was  his  son.  Judge  Jehu  T.  Elliott, 
who  gained  most  distinction  as  a  lawyer, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  was  one  of  the 
greatest  jurists  of  Indiana.  lie  was  burn 
near  Richmond,  Wayne  County.  February 
7.  1S1:{.  and  was  about  ten  years  of  age 
when  his  parents  moved  to  the  Elliott  farm 
I1-  miles  from  Newcastle.  lie  was  one  of 
a  large  family  of  children  and  every  one 
had  to  contribute  some  labor  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  household.  He  had  limited 
school  privileges,  but  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
qualified  as  a  teacher  and  followed  that 
calling  two  years.  His  father  had  already 
planned  a  legal  career  for  the  son.  who  at 
the  a  ire  of  twenty  entered  the  office  of 
Martin  M.  Ray.  one  of  the  prominent  law- 
yers of  Wayne  County.  Later  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  soon  opened  his  of- 
fice in  Newcastle,  where  his  talents  gained 
him  a  large  practice. 

His  first  office  was  that  <>t'  assistant  see- 
retarv  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  State  Legislature,  a  position  to  which 
he  was  re-elected.  In  18:57  he  became  sec- 
retary of  the  House.  Tn  1S:lS  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  for  his  judicial  cir- 
cuit and  in  August.  1*vW.  was  elected  state 
senator  for  a  term  of  three  years.  At  the 
early  age  of  thirty-one,  in  1S44.  he  was 
chosen  by  the  Legislature  as  circuit  judge. 
His  judicial  circuit  embraced  eight  coun- 
ties, including  Ilenrv.  Following  the  cus- 
tom of  the  time  and  in  the  lack  of  better 
facilities,  he  usually  journeyed  from  county 
seat  to  county  seat  on  horseback  in  com- 
pany with  the  traveling  members  of  the 
bar.  Tn  1Sr>1  he  was  re-elected  for  a  tenn 
of  seven  years,  but  the  following  year  re- 
signed  to  become  president  of  the  railroad 
which  was  then  being  built  from  Rich- 
mond to  Chicago.  He  resigned  this  posi- 
tion in  1$"»4  and  in  the  following  year  was 
again  elected  circuit  judge.  He  continued 
on  the  circuit  bench  until  1£f>4.  when  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  justices  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Indiana.  His  character  as 
a  jurist  has  been  thus  described:  ''TTis 
ability  was  of  the  highest  order,  and  it  is 
certain  that  no  judge  ever  gave  greater 
satisfaction  than  he.  His  popularity  was 
such  that  no  one  ever  successfully  opposed 
him  for  the  place  of  circuit  judge,  and 
when  it  was  known  that  he  was  a  candi- 
date his  election  followed  of  course.  The 
opinions  he  delivered  during  the  six  years 
he  occupied  a  seat  on  the  Supreme  Bench 


1342 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bear  evidence  of  a  great  industry  and  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  law  and  stand 
deservedly  high  with  the  profession."  On 
leaving  the  supreme  bench  he  resumed 
practice  and  continued  it  until  his  death. 
He  was  a  valued  friend  and  counsellor  to 
many  young  men  entering  the  legal  pro- 
fession, and  the  fact  that  he  served  eight- 
een years  as  circuit  judge  and  six  years  as 
a  supreme  justice,  gives  his  career  a  high 
place  among  the  leading  Indiana  men  of 
the  past  century.  He  was  in  fact  in  pub- 
lic service  almost  continuously  from  1835 
until  1871. 

Judge  Elliott  died  at  his  home  in  New- 
castle February  12,  1876.  October  24, 
1833.  he  married  Miss  Hannah  Branson. 

William  Henry  Elliott,  a  son  of  Judge 
Elliott,  was  also  a  lawyer,  but  conferred 
distinction  on  the  family  name  and  his 
home  community  chiefly  through  other  ac- 
tivities. He  was  born  at  Newcastle  July 
4,  1844,  and  saw  some  active  service  in  the 
Civil  war.  He  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1865,  and  was 
commissioned  ensign  in  November,  1866, 
master  in  1868,  and  lieutenant  in  October, 
1869.  He  resigned  from  the  navy  April 
20,  1870,  because  of  ill  health.  While  in 
the  navy  he  was  a  member  of  the  crew  of 
the  old  Powhatan,  Admiral  Perry's  flag- 
ship in  the  fleet  that  visited  Japan  on  its 
epoch  making  cruise.  While  serving  as 
an  ensign  on  a  United  States  war  craft  at 
Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil,  it  became  his  unpleas- 
ant duty  to  shoot  a  deserter,  and  as  this 
act  occurred  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
Brazil  it  involved  questions  which,  when 
finally  settled,  established  the  status  of 
United  States  navy  men  when  on  foreign 
soil.  Until  the  matter  was  adjusted  Ensign 
Elliott  was  nominally  detained  as  a  pris- 
oner, though  in  fact  was  a  personal  guest 
in  the  home  of  President  Dom  Pedro  of 
ferazil  for  six  months.  Mr.  Elliott  was  a 
member  of  the  same  class  of  the  Naval 
Academy  as  the  late  Admiral  Bigsbee, 
commander  of  the  Maine  when  she  was 
sunk  in  Havana  harbor. 

After  leaving  the  navy  he  studied  and 
practiced  law  at  Newcastle,  and  in  1877 
became  owner  and  publisher  of  the  New- 
castle Courier,  a  venerable  journal  that 
was  established  in  1841.  It  was  as  a  news- 
paper man  that  he  was  best  known  in  In- 
diana. He  continued  as  owner  and  pub- 
lisher of  the  Courier  until  1899,  and  again 


took  active  charge  in  1904.  Many  calls 
were  made  upon  his  time  and  ability  for 
public  service.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
original  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  Com- 
mission that  planned  and  secured  the  erec- 
tion of  the  famous  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
Monument  at  Indianapolis.  When  the  war 
with  Spain  broke  out  he  volunteered,  and 
was  appointed  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy 
and  served  as  executive  officer  of  the  Leon- 
idas,  a  vessel  that  won  a  well  remembered 
fame  during  the  war  as  the  "fire  ship" 
on  account  of  a  fire  in  the  coal  stored  in 
the  forehold,  and  which  was  extinguished 
after  thirty  days  of  hard  fighting  and  the 
consumption  of  730  tons  of  coal  without 
material  damage  to  the  ship.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1899,  President  McKinley  appointed 
Mr.  Elliott  director-general  of  posts  of 
Porto  Rico,  and  the  duty  of  reorganizing 
the  postal  system  of  Porto  Rico.  He  had 
the  postal  and  telegraph  system  completely 
established  and  in  efficient  operation  before 
he  resigned  June  6,  1900.  At  the  latter 
date,  by  President  McKinley 's  appoint- 
ment he  entered  upon  his  duties  as  Com- 
missioner of  Interior  for  the  Island  of 
Porto  Rico,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  December  1,  1904,  when  he  resigned, 
refusing  a  continued  appointment  from 
President  Roosevelt,  and  returned  to  New- 
castle. Here  he  resumed  his  work  as  a 
publisher,  and  lived  quietly  in  that  city 
until  his  death  December  10,  1914.  Oc- 
tober 20.  1876,  William  H.  Elliott  married 
Emma  Conner  of  Newcastle. 

George  Armentrout  Elliott  was  born  at 
Newcastle  March  25,  1878.  He  attended 
the  grammar  and  high  schools  of  his  native 
city,  graduating  from  the  latter  in  1897 
as  president  of  his  class.  For  one  year 
he  was  employed  as  a  cub  reporter  on  the 
Courier,  his  father's  paper,  and  from  Sep- 
tember, 1898,  until  February,  1899,  pur- 
sued a  general  course  in  the  Indiana  Uni- 
versity. He  left  university  to  take  a  com- 
mercial course  in  the  Richmond  Business 
College  in  preparation  for  his  duties  as 
private  secretary  to  his  father  on  the  Is- 
land of  Porto  Rico.  He  was  on  that  island 
from  May,  1899,  to  August,  1902.  and  as- 
sisted his  father  in  the  establishment  of 
the  postal  and  telegraph  system  and  the 
administrative  work  of  the  Interior  De- 
partment. Upon  returning  to  the  states  he 
acquired  an  interest  in  the  Newcastle  Cour- 
ier and  made  journalism  his  life  work. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1343 


In  1900  Mr.  Elliott  married  Lillian 
Smith,  daughter  of  J.  E.  Smith  of  New- 
castle. They  have  an  interesting  family 
of  children:  William  Henry,  born  May 
4,  1901,  died  July  6,  1902;  Frances  B., 
born  July  27,  1903;  George  Willis,  born 
May  21,  1905,  and  died  July  31,  1906; 
Martha  Lea,  born  June  25,  1911 ;  and  John 
Smith,  born  March  3,  1915.  . 

Mr.  Elliott  has  always  been  an  active 
republican.  In  1906  he  was  defeated  for 
the  nomination  for  state  representative  by 
the  sitting  incumbent.  In  1917  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  Newcastle  after  winning 
the  nomination  in  a  field  of  seven  candi- 
dates, and  entered  upon  his  duties  Jan- 
uary 7,  1917,  for  a  term  of  four  years.  He 
is  treasurer  of  the  Henry  County  War 
Chest  Fund,  has  served  as  chairman  of 
the  Henry  County  Liberty  Loan  Commit- 
tee, and  his  name  is  identified  with  every 
progressive  movement  in  his  home  city, 
whether  for  local  benefits  or  for  the  broader 
service  of  the  war.  Mr.  Elliott  is  a  Knight 
Templar  Mason  and  Shriner.  is  affiliated 
with  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men.  the 
Junior  Order  United  American  Mechan- 
ics, the  Woodmen  of  the  World,  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  the 
Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles,  is  president  of 
the  Boy  Scouts  Council,  the  Newcastle 
Country  Club,  and  the  Columbia  Club  and 
Marion  Club  of  Indianapolis. 

As  mayor  of  Newcastle  Mr.  Elliott  de- 
votes his  entire  time  to  its  duties,  having 
turned  over  the  management  of  the  Cour- 
rier  to  his  capable  and  efficient  sister,  Jean 
Elliott,  the  only  woman  in  Indiana  in  ac- 
tual and  active  charge  of  a  newspaper 
plant  the  size  of  the  Courier.  Mr.  Elliott's 
slogan  when  a  candidate  for  mayor  was  "A 
business  man  for  the  city's  business,"  and 
he  is  living  up  to  it  by  giving  the  city  all 
of  his  time  and  thought,  with  the  idea  and 
hope  that  his  example  will  make  it  forever 
impossible  for  any  man  to  become  mayor 
of  Newcastle  for  purely  political  reasons, 
believing  as  he  does  that  his  four  years  in 
the  office  will  cause  the  people  of  his  city 
to  hereafter  prefer  and  demand  business 
methods  in  the  administration  of  munici- 
pal affairs. 

JUDGE  WILLIAM  Z.  STUART  was  born 
at  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  December  25, 
1811,  the  son  of  Dr.  James  and  Nancy 
(Allison)  Stuart,  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 


When  nine  years  old  his  parents  returned 
to  Scotland,  but  the  boy  preferred  Amer- 
ica, and  at  fourteen  ran  away  from  home 
and  returned  to  Massachusetts.  He  found 
employment  at  New  Bradford  as  a  durg 
clerk  for  two  years,  and  then  at  Boston 
in  the  same  occupation.  He  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  and  worked  his  way 
through  Amherst  College,  graduating  in 
1833. 

He  was  principal  of  the  Hadley  High 
School  for  a  year,  and  then,  for  two  years, 
principal  of  the  Mayville  Academy  at 
Westfield,  New  York,  meanwhile  reading 
law.  In  1836  he  removed  to  Logansport, 
Indiana,  and  engaged  in  practice  with  suc- 
cess. He  was  elected  prosecuting  attor- 
ney of  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit  in  1845, 
state  representative  in  1851,  and  Supreme 
judge  in  1852.  In  1856  he  was  the  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  Congress  against 
Schuyler  Colfax,  but  was  defeated.  In 
1857  he  resigned  as  judge,  and  became 
attorney  for  the  Toledo  &  Wabash  Rail- 
way Company. 

Judge  Stuart  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Amherst  in  1868.  He  died 
at  Clifton  Springs,  New  York,  May  7, 
1876.  For  detailed  sketch,  see  "Repre- 
sentative Men  of  Indiana,"  Tenth  District, 
page  37. 

JULIUS  A.  LEMCKE  was  one  of  the  best 
citizens  Indiana  ever  had.  While  he 
gained  distinction  by  election  for  two 
terms  as  state  treasurer,  and  was  conspicu- 
ously successful  as  a  business  man,  both 
at  Evansville  and  Indianapolis,  it  was  not 
until  after  his  death  that  his  services  were 
properly  appreciated  and  estimated.  The 
brief  story  of  his  life  as  here  given  is  only 
a  modest  estimate  of  his  activities  and  in- 
fluences. 

Captain  Lemcke  was  born  in  Hamburg, 
Germany,  September  11,  1832,  and  died 
in  Indianapolis  at  the  advanced  age  of 
seventy-nine.  When  he  was  a  small  boy 
his  father  died,  and  in  the  spring  of  1846, 
as  a  youth,  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States.  An  ocean  voyage  of  three  months 
on  a  sailing  vessel  brought  him,  then  four- 
teen years  of  age,  to  New  Orleans,  and  a 
trip  of  several  days  up  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio  rivers  carried  him  to  the  farm  of  his 
maternal  uncle,  William  L.  Dubler,  ten 
miles  from  Evansville,  on  the  New  Har- 
mony Road.  There  was  no  child  in  the 


1344 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


household  and  the  four  years  which  the 
hardy  German  boy  spent  on  this  home- 
stead were  busy  ones  indeed,  valuable  to 
him  chiefly  as  a  season  of  good  discipline. 
His  wages  were  nothing  the  first  year  and 
four  dollars  monthly  the  last  year.  He 
then,  entered  a  dry  goods  store  in  Evans- 
ville.  In  his  quaint  "Book  of  Reminis- 
cences," published  not  long  before  his 
death,  the  Captain  gives  a  graphic  sketch 
of  the  duties  which  had  fallen  to  him.  "It 
was  not  unnatural,"  he  says  "that  the 
childless  couple  I  left  behind  should  be 
loth  to  part  with  a  handy  boy,  who,  never 
idle,  began  at  daybreak  with  milking  the 
cows,  before  breakfast  had  fed  the  stock  and 
chopped  an  armful  of  wood,  and  who  dur- 
ing the  day  when  not  at  work  in  the  field  or 
the  clearing,  kept  up  repairs  on  the  barn 
and  the  farming  implements  of  the  place, 
patched  the  harness  of  the  horses,  half- 
soled  the  shoes  of  the  family,  did  the  hog 
killing  at  Christmas,  pickled  the  hams  and 
smoked  them,  made  the  sausage  and  souse, 
watched  the  ash  hopper,  boiled  the  soap, 
and  who  on  Saturday  nights  helped  Aunt 
Hannah  darn  the  stockings  of  the  family. ' ' 
Not  to  mention  assisting  the  old  uncle  in 
his  prosperous  country  store  both  in  sell- 
ing his  goods  and  in  hauling  country 
produce  to  Evansville  for  shipment  to  New 
Orleans. 

After  working  in  the  dry  goods  store, 
studying  bookkeeping  at  night  and  clerk- 
ing in  a  grain  and  grocery  store  for  about 
a  year,  young  Lemcke  went  to  New  Or- 
leans as  receiving  clerk  on  a  passenger 
steamer.  On  his  return  he  was  sent  up 
Green  River  in  Kentucky  to  take  charge 
of  a  country  store  and  in  the  winter  of 
1852  he  took  charge  of  the  railroad  sta- 
tion of  Kings  Station,  then  the  northern 
terminus  of  the  Evansville  and  Terre 
Haute  line.  The  station  was  in  the  forest, 
and  the  agent,  who  was  soon  dispensed 
with,  returned  to  Evansville  and  com- 
menced to  make  cigars.  Soon  afterward 
he  was  back  on  the  river  as  a  steamboat 
clerk,  and  then  for  some  time  operated  a 
country  store,  auctioneered  and  did  va- 
rious other  things  a  dozen  miles  from 
Mount  Vernon,  Posey  County,  Indiana. 

Another  return  to  Evansville  followed, 
with  some  experience  in  connection  with 
the  "wild  cat"  banks  of  the  place.  Alto- 
gether about  twenty-seven  years  of  his 
earlier  life  were  spent  in  Evansville  as 


merchant,  banker,  in  the  promotion  of  the 
boat  interests  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  as  a 
leader  in  the  republican  party; 

In  the  autumn  of  1856  he  appeared  as 
a  vigorous  campaigner  for  Fremont  and 
the  republican  party.  He  was  elected  city 
clerk  of  Evansville  in  1858.  He  then  be- 
came a  member  of  the  wholesale  grocery 
firm  of  Sorenson,  Lemcke  &  Company, 
from  which  he  emerged  financially  broken 
but  in  fair  spirit.  He  built  a  first-class 
hotel,  of  which  the  city  was  much  in  need, 
and  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war  had 
become  largely  interested  in  several  well 
equipped  steamboats,  having  by  general 
consent  fairly  earned  the  title  of  captain. 
It  was  as  a  boat  owner  and  operator  that 
Captain  Lemcke  acquired  his  modest  early 
fortune  and  his  high  standing  as  a  busi- 
ness man.  In  1861  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment detailed  him  to  patrol  the  lower 
Ohio  River,  and  before  the  regular  posts 
were  established  in  the  valley  he  did  good 
service  in  preventing  the  transportation 
of  supplies  across  the  lines  to  the  Con- 
federacy. He  also  served  with  one  of  his 
boats  under  Generals  Grant  and  Sheridan 
at  Cairo  and  Paducah,  and  carried  away 
the  first  load  of  wounded  soldiers  from  Fort 
Donelson.  Still  later  he  was  in  the  mili- 
tary service  on  the  Ohio,  Tennessee  and 
Cumberland  rivers,  and  in  1862  with  Cap- 
tain Dexter  he  organized  the  first  Evans- 
ville and  Cairo  line. 

After  the  restoration  of  peace  he  served 
for  ten  years  as  a  member  of  the  Ohio 
River  Commission,  and  during  his  day  no 
man  was  more  closely  identified  with  the 
transportation  interests  of  the  Ohio  Valley. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  city  treasurer  of 
Evansville  and  in  1880  became  sheriff  of 
the  county,  serving  two  terms,  and  was 
also  a  member  of  the  city  police  board. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  cashier  of 
the  Merchants  National  Bank  of  Evans- 
ville and  was  also  interested  in  a  local 
woolen  factory. 

Julius  A.  Lemcke  was  elected  state 
treasurer  of  Indiana  in  1886,  and  re-elected 
in  1888.  On  beginning  his  first  term  in 
1887  he  removed  to  Indianapolis,  and  re- 
tired from  office  in  1891.  Subsequently 
he  declined  the  post  of  United  States  treas- 
urer offered  by  General  Harrison.  Cap- 
tain Lemcke  had  lived  in  the  United  States 
twenty  years  before  he  revisited  the  Fath- 
erland in  1866,  and  about  thirty  years 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1345 


after  he  returned  to  Germany  for  the  sec- 
ond time.  While  in  the  old  country  he 
formed  a  warm  attachment  to  the  poet 
Bodenstedt,  who  died  while  Captain 
Lemcke  was  in  Germany,  and  the  latter 
was  honored  by  appointment  as  one  of  his 
famous  friend's  pallbearers.  During  a 
residence  of  over  twenty  years  in  In- 
dianapolis Captain  Lemcke  was  identified 
with  business  affairs  in  different  lines,  and 
in  1895  began  the  erection  of  the  Lemcke 
Building,  which  has  long  stood  as  one  of 
the  prominent  office  structures  in  the  busi- 
ness districts.  Since  his  death  his  busi- 
ness has  been  continued  by  his  son,  Ralph 
A.  Lemcke. 

During  the  later  years  of  his  life  Cap- 
tain Lemcke  devoted  much  time  to  writ- 
ing an  account  of  his  European  travels 
in  his  "Reminiscences  of  an  Indianan," 
the  latter  being  a  book  which  represents 
a  distinct  contribution  to  Indiana  history 
and  literature.  He  had  a  great  gift  for 
humorous  and  graphic  narrative.  He  was 
one  of  the  older  members  of  the  Columbia 
Club,  the  Maennerchor,  the  German-  House, 
the  Indianapolis  Literary  Club,  and  the 
Indianapolis  Art  Association.  It  is  said 
that  no  one  was  ever  more  welcome  to  any 
circle  which  he  chose  to  enter  than  Cap- 
tain Lemcke. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  at  his  home  on 
North  Pennsylvania  Street  and  was  buried 
in  Evansville  beside  his  oldest  son,  George, 
who  had  died  ten  years  before.  January 
1,  1874,  Captain  Lemcke  married  Emma 
O'Riley.  He  was  survived  by  his  widow, 
two  daughters,  Mrs.  Harry  Sloan  Hicks; 
Eleanor,  wife  of  Russell  Fortune ;  and  one 
son,  Ralph  A.  Lemcke. 

In  the  words  of  one  who  knew  and  had 
followed  his  career,  "Captain  Lemcke  was 
a  man  who  drew  people  to  him  because 
they  admired  him  for  what  he  had  really 
accomplished  and  because  of  the  attractive 
power  which  always  abides  with  those  who 
themselves  have  an  honest  affection  for 
their  fellows.  Such  lovable  characters 
avoid  much  of  the  wear  and  tear  of  life 
which  fall  upon  those  who  plow  through 
the  world  by  sheer  strength  and  uncom- 
promising force." 

CHARLES  E.  BATCHELER  has  done  much 
m  the  cause  of  commercial  education  in 
Indiana,  and  for  fully  fifteen  years  has 
been  identified  with  some  of  the  leading 


business  schools  of  the  state  either  as  in- 
structor or  as  executive  head.  He  is  now 
manager  of  the  well-equipped  Anderson 
Business  College  at  Anderson.  He  has 
done  his  part  in  the  essential  task  of  prop- 
erly preparing  and  equipping  a  host  of 
young  men  and  women  for  the  responsi- 
bilities and  opportunities  of  the  commer- 
cial world. 

Mr.  Batcheler  was  born  in  West  River 
Township,  Randolph  County,  Indiana, 
June  11,  1882.  His  early  environment  was 
that  of  a  farm.  His  parents  were  W.  G. 
and  Alice  (Hutchens)  Batcheler.  Mr. 
Batcheler  is  of  English  ancestry.  As  a 
boy  he  lived  at  home  on  the  farm  and  at- 
tended school  at  Bloomingsport  through 
the  eighth  grade.  For  two  years  he  was 
a  student  in  the  high  school  at  Winches- 
ter, graduating  in  1901,  and  soon  after- 
ward went  to  work  as  a  teacher  in  a  coun- 
try school.  He  spent  four  years  in  the 
schools  of  White  River  Township  of  his 
native  county,  one  year  in  Washington 
Township,  and  with  a  view  to  preparinar 
himself  for  larger  opportunities  he  then 
entered  Richmond  Business  College.  His 
proficiency  was  such  that  the  management 
of  the  school  prevailed  upon  him  to  remain 
and  teach  shorthand  and  bookkeeping. 
That  started  him  in  the  field  where  his 
greatest  success  has  since  been.  When  the 
Indiana  Business  College  bought  the 
Richmond  school  Mr.  Batcheler  was  put 
on  the  staff  of  instructors  of  the  larger 
institution,  was  made  bookkeeping  instruc- 
tor at  Muncie  for  six  months,  filled  a  simi- 
lar position  in  the  school  at  Marion,  and 
then  for  a  year  and  a  half  was  principal 
of  a  local  business  college  at  Anderson. 
From  here  he  removed  to  Lafayette,  In- 
diana, and  for  five  years  was  manager  of 
the  Lafayette  Business  College  and  for 
three  years  of  that  time  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Crawfordsville  Business  Col- 
lege. From  Indiana  Mr.  Batcheler  then 
went  East,  and  for  three  years  was  head 
of  the  bookkeeping  department  of  the 
Salem  Commercial  School  at  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  returned  to  Anderson.  June 
1,  1917,  to  assume  his  present  duties  as 
manager  of  the  Anderson  Business  College. 

In  1917  Mr.  Batcheler  married  Grace 
Siler  of  Lafayette,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
W.  H.  and  Ella  (McKee)  Siler.  Mr. 
Batcheler  is  a  republican,  has  filled  all  the 
chairs  in  Lafayette  Lodge  No.  5,  of  the 


1346 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  is 
senior  deacon  of  Winchester  Lodge  No.  56, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and  a  member 
of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks.  His  church  is  the  Methodist. 

V.  H.  OSBORNE  has  been  a  business  man 
of  Anderson  for  over  twenty  years,  and 
has  built  up  extended  and  prosperous  busi- 
ness connections  as  a  heating  engineer,  hav- 
ing one  of  the  best  equipped  establish- 
ments and  one  of  the  most  complete  serv- 
ices in  that  line  in  Eastern  Indiana. 

Vandercook  Hiram  Osborne  was  born  on 
a  farm  near  Clyde,  New  York,  in  1871,  of 
English  ancestry,  and  a  son  of  Robert  B. 
and  Mary  E.  (Vandercook)  Osborne.  His 
people  have  been  in  America  for  many  gen- 
erations. Mr.  Osborne  grew  up  on  his 
father's  farm,  and  had  most  of  his  educa- 
tion in  the  country  schools  of  Shelldrake, 
in  Seneca  County,  New  York.  When  he 
was  sixteen  years  of  age,  in  1887,  the  fam- 
ily removed  to  Indiana,  locating  at  Union 
City.  Here  he  went  to  work  in  his  uncle's 
factory,  J.  H.  Osborne  &  Company,  but 
a  year  later  apprenticed  himself  to  learn 
the  plumbing  and  heating  trade  .at  Munqie, 
and  for  eight  years  was  with  'the  H ylknd 
&  Kirby  Company,  both  as  an  apprentice 
and  as  a  journeyman.  Returning  to  Union 
City,  he  worked  at  gas  fitting  when  the 
first  gas  was  piped  into  that  city.  Again 
at  Muncie,  he  was  a  journeyman  for  one 
year  for  Davis  &  Retherford,  and  he  also 
spent  a  year  in  the  far  West  at  Cripple 
Creek,  Colorado,  where  along  with  work  at 
his  trade  he  did  some  gold  prospecting. 

In  May,  following  the  first  inauguration 
of  President  McKinley,  in  1897,  Mr.  Os- 
borne returned  to  Indiana  and  located  at 
Anderson.  For  three  years  he  remained 
steadily  at  work  as  a  journeyman  with 
Popell  &  Darte.  Having  saved  his  money, 
and  with  abundant  experience  as  addi- 
tional equipment  and  capital,  he  went  into 
business  for  himself  at  his  present  loca- 
tion, 115  East  8th  Street,  and  while  there 
his  business  has  grown  and  increased  and 
prospered  and  his  establishment  for  gen- 
eral plumbing  and  heating  is  known  all 
over  Madison  County  and  even  adjoining 
counties. 

In  1910  Mr.  Osborne  married  Stella 
Gwinnup,  daughter  of  William  K.  and 
Amy  (Baldwin)  Gwinnup  of  Anderson. 
They  have  two  children :  Bruce  Wayne, 


born  in  1911 ;  and  Beverly  Jean,  born  Oc- 
tober 30,  1915. 

Mr.  Osborne  supports  the  republican 
ticket  in  national  affairs,  but  is  usually  in- 
dependent in  local  elections.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Christian  Church  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks  at  Anderson. 

ALPHA  L.  HOLADAY,  real  estate  and  in- 
surance in  the  Johnson  Building  at  Mun- 
cie, is  one  of  the  younger  men  of  affairs 
whose  substantial  work  and  broadening 
energies  give  promise  and  assurance  of  a 
career  of  most  substantial  effectiveness. 

Mr.  Holaday  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Delaware  County,  Indiana,  Febru- 
ary 19,  1893,  a  son  of  Otto  and  Maggie 
(McCormick)  Holaday.  At  least  three 
generations  of  the  family  have  lived  in 
Indiana.  His  grandfather,  David  Hola- 
day, who  died  in  Henry  County  in  1877, 
was  a  highly-respected  citizen  and  farmer 
near  Newcastle,  was  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  was  one  of  the  early  temperance 
men  of  that  section. 

Otto  Holaday  who  was  born  in  Henry 
Coj^ty,  September  7,  1873,  was  only  four 
years  old  when  his  father  died,  and  in  1884 
removed  with  his  widowed  mother  to  Ham- 
ilton Township  in  Delaware  County,  where 
he  grew  to  manhood.  He  had  a  common 
school  education  and  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen married  Maggie  McCormick.  After 
their  marriage  he  continued  to  look  after 
the  interests  of  the  home  farm  until  he 
was  of  age,  and  later  inherited  a  portion 
of  his  mother's  land,  and  has  been  one  of 
the  good,  substantial  general  farmers  in 
this  community  ever  since.  Outside  of 
home  and  farm  his  big  interest  in  life  is 
his  church.  He  has  been  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Garrard  Christian  Church  ever 
since  it  was  organized,  and  his  faithful  at- 
tendance, liberal  support,  and  participa- 
tion in  every  department  has  been  a  sus- 
taining factor  in  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  that  organization.  He  is  a  regu- 
lar attendant  at  Sabbath  school  work  and 
weekly  prayer  meetings  and  also  the  Sun- 
day school.  Politically  he  is  a  republican 
and,  like  his  father,  has  been  a  zealous  ad- 
vocate of  the  temperance  cause. 

Alpha  L.  Holaday,  second  in  a  family 
of  four  children,  all  of  whom  are  living, 
is  a  graduate  of  the  Hamilton  Township 
common  schools,  of  the  Gaston  High 


LIERARY 

OFT'tf 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUW9T 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1347 


School  in  Washington  Township  of  Dela- 
ware County,  and  attended  the  Muncie 
Normal  Institute.  With  this  preparation 
he  engaged  in  teaching  for  one  year  in 
Monroe  Township  of  his  native  county, 
and  from  teaching  he  transferred  his  ener- 
gies and  abilities  to  the  buying  and  selling 
of  real  estate.  He  has  built  up  a  good 
clientele  at  Muncie  and  over  the  surround- 
ing territory,  and  also  handles  insurance, 
stocks  and  bonds.  His  good  judgment  and 
enterprise  in  pushing  sales  have  caused  to 
be  entrusted  to  him  the  handling  of  much 
valuable  city  property  and  farms.  It  has 
been  Mr.  Holaday's  experience  that  values 
of  city  real  estate  at  Muncie  have  in- 
creased as  rapidly  as  farms  surrounding 
that  city,  and  this  increase  he  credits  to 
the  progress  made  in  the  new  building 
operations  of  local  real  estate  men  and 
the  building  and  loan  association  and, 
furthermore,  to  the  fact  that  Muncie  is 
steadily  growing  as  an  industrial  center. 
Mr.  Holaday  is  also  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  American  Oil  Land  Associa- 
tion, Limited. 

Since  early  youth  he  has  taken  much  in- 
terest in  the  republican  party,  of  which 
he  is  a  loyal  member,  and  he  retains  his 
membership  in  the  home  church  in  which 
he  was  reared,  the  Garrard  Christian 
Church  in  Hamilton  Township.  Mr.  Hola- 
day is  affiliated  with  the  Loyal  Order  of 
Moose. 

June  3,  1916,  he  married  Miss  Verneva 
Bernice  McCreery,  a  daughter  of  Orva 
McCreery,  a  farmer  in  Harrison  Township 
of  Delaware  County.  Mrs.  Holaday  was 
educated  in  the  Gaston  common  and  high 
schools.  They  have  one  son,  James  Alpha, 
born  August  1,  1917. 

HON.  JOHN  T.  STRANGE.  Both  the  hon- 
ors and  responsibilities  of  citizenship  have 
fallen  in  generous  measure  to  this  well 
"known  Marion  lawyer,  who  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  forty  years  ago  and  is  now  one 
of  the  oldest  professional  men  in  his  na- 
tive county.  Mr.  Strange  is  now  serving 
as  government  appeal  agent,  with  jurisdic- 
tion over  many  questions  and  affairs  that 
have  to  do  with  the  present  war. 

He  was  born  in  Monroe  Township  of 
Grant  County,  April  7,  1850,  a  son  of 
George  and  Lydia  (Duckwall)  Strange. 
The  experiences  of  his  early  youth  were 
largely  bounded  bv  the  horizon  of  the 


home  farm,  and  the  school  where  he  gained 
most  of  his  early  learning  was  kept  in  a 
pioneer  log  building.  He  absorbed  more 
knowledge  by  private  study  than  through 
the  lessons  of  the  schoolroom.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  qualified  as  a  teacher,  and 
teaching  largely  paid  his  course  through 
college.  Mr.  Strange  entered  Wabash  Col- 
lege in  Crawfordsv-ille  in  1872  and  gradu- 
ated in  1877. 

Having  in  the  meantime  taken  up  the 
study  of  law  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Grant  County  in  the  fall  of  1877,  and 
has  been  engaged  in  a  general  law  prac- 
tice ever  since.  Mr.  Strange  is  now  a  re- 
publican, and  has  been  since  1900.  He 
served  two  years  as  a  member  of  the  City 
Council  of  Marion,  and  in  1896  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  National  Democratic  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago,  when  William  J.  Bryan 
was  first  nominated.  From  1906  to  1914 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  of 
Indiana,  as  a  republican,  and  among  other 
services  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
corporations.  He  is  a  former  trustee  of 
the  Masonic  Temple  at  Marion,  and  is  one 
of  the  men  who  took  an  active  part  in  the 
campaign  for  the  building  of  that  Masonic 
institution. 

July  3,  1879,  he  married  Miss  Emma 
Bobbs,  daughter  of  Dr.  A.  J.  and  Mary 
(Cook)  Bobbs.  Of  their  two  children, 
Esther  and  John,  the  latter  died  in  in- 
fancy. Esther  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  Godlove 
G.  Eckhart  of  Marion. 

WILLIAM  DOYLE  has  lived  all  his  life  in 
the  County  of  Grant,  where  he  was  born, 
has  been  and  is  primarily  a  farmer  and 
stockman,  taking  just  pride  in  the  maxi- 
mum production  of  food  from  his  acreage, 
and,  as  is  often  the  case,  is  one  of  fhose 
exceedingly  busy  men  who  nevertheless 
find  time  to  engage  most  heartily  and  ef- 
fectively in  matters  of  public  welfare. 

The  Doyles  have  a  splendid  American 
record.  His  grandfather,  Matthew  Doyle, 
who  married  Mary  McMahon,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland  and  in  1814  he  and  his  wife  set- 
tled in  Ohio,  after  a  residence  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  their  marriage  at  Philadelphia. 
Samuel  Doyle,  father  of  William  Doyle, 
was  born  at  Philadelphia,  January  10, 
1805,  grew  up  in  Guernsey  County,  Ohio 
and  in  1838  married  Miss'  Mary  McClus- 
key.  She  was  born  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
Maryland,  September  2,  1811.  The  first 


INDIANA  AND  INDfAXANS 


1347 


School  in  Washington  Township  of  Dela- 
ware County,  and  attended  the  Muncie 
Normal  Institute.  With  this  preparation 
he  engaged  in  teaching  for  one  year  in 
Monroe  Township  of  his  native  county, 
and  from  teaching  he  transferred  his  ener- 
gies and  ahilities  to  the  buying  and  selling 
of  real  estate.  He  lias  built  up  a  good 
clientele  at  Muncie  and  over  the  surround- 
ing territory,  and  also  handles  insurance, 
stocks  and  bonds.  His  good  judgment  and 
enterprise  in  pushing  sales  have  caused  to 
be  entrusted  to  him  the  handling  of  much 
valuable  city  property  and  farms.  It  has 
been  Mr.  Iloladay's  experience  that  values 
of  city  real  estate  at  Muncie  have  in- 
creased as  rapidly  as  farms  surrounding 
that  city,  and  this  increase  he  credits  to 
the  progress  made  in  the  new  building 
operations  of  local  real  estate  men  and 
the  building  and  loan  association  and, 
furthermore,  to  the  fact  that  Muncie  is 
steadily  growing  as  an  industrial  center. 
Mr.  Holaday  is  also  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  American  Oil  Land  Associa- 
tion, Limited. 

Since  early  youth  he  lias  taken  much  in- 
terest in  the  republican  party,  of  which 
he  is  a  loyal  member,  and  he  retains  his 
membership  in  the  home  church  in  which 
lie  was  reared,  the  Garrard  Christian 
Church  in  Hamilton  Township.  Mr.  Hola- 
day is  affiliated  with  the  Loyal  Order  of 
Moose. 

June  3,  1916,  he  married  Miss  Verneva 
Bernice  McCreery,  a  daughter  of  Orva 
McCreery,  a  farmer  in  Harrison  Township 
of  Delaware  County.  Mrs.  Holaday  was 
educated  in  the  Gaston  common  and  high 
schools.  They  have  one  son,  James  Alpha, 
born  August  1,  1917. 

IIox.  Jonx  T.  STRAXGK.  Both  the  hon- 
ors and  responsibilities  of  citizenship  have 
fallen  in  generous  measure  to  this  well 
known  Marion  lawyer,  who  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  forty  years  ago  and  is  now  one 
of  the  oldest  professional  men  in  his  na- 
tive county.  Mr.  Strange  is  now  serving 
as  government  appeal  agent,  with  jurisdic- 
tion over  many  questions  and  affairs  that 
have  to  do  with  the  present  war. 

He  was  born  in  Monroe  Township  of 
Grant  County,  April  7.  1850,  a  son  of 
George  and  Lydia  (Duckwall)  Strange. 
The  experiences  of  his  early  youth  were 
largely  bounded  bv  the  horizon  of  the 


home  farm,  and  the  school  where  he  gained 
most  of  his  early  learning  was  kept  in  a 
pioneer  log  building.  He  absorbed  more 
knowledge  by  private  study  than  through 
the  lessons  of  the  schoolroom.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  lie  qualified  as  a  teacher,  and 
teaching  largely  paid  his  course  through 
college.  Mr.  Strange  entered  Wabash  Col- 
lege in  Crawfordsville  in  1872  and  gradu- 
ated in  1S77. 

Having  in  the  meantime  taken  up  the 
study  of  law  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Grant  County  in  the  fall  of  1S77.  and 
has  been  engaged  in  a  general  law  prac- 
tice ever  since.  Mr.  Strange  is  now  a  re- 
publican, and  has  been  since  1900.  lie 
served  two  years  as  a  member  of  the  City 
Council  of  Marion,  and  in  1896  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  National  Democratic  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago,  when  AVilliam  J.  Bryan 
was  first  nominated.  From  1906  to  1914 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  of 
Indiana,  as  a  republican,  and  among  other 
services  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
corporations.  He  is  a  former  trustee  of 
the  Masonic  Temple  at  Marion,  and  is  one 
of  the  men  who  took  an  active  part  in  the 
campaign  for  the  building  of  that  Masonic 
institution. 

July  3,  1879,  he  married  Miss  Emma 
Bobbs,  daughter  of  Dr.  A.  J.  and  Mary 
(Cook)  Bobbs.  Of  their  two  children. 
Esther  and  John,  the  latter  died  in  in- 
fancy. Esther  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  Godlove 
G.  Eckhart  of  Marion. 

WILLIAM  DOYLE  has  lived  all  his  life  in 
the  County  of  Grant,  where  he  was  born, 
has  been  anfl  is  primarily  a  farmer  and 
stockman,  taking  just  pride  in  the  maxi- 
mum production  of  food  from  his  acreage, 
and,  as  is  often  the  case,  is  one  of  fhose 
exceedingly  busy  men  who  nevertheless 
find  time  to  engage  most  heartily  and  ef- 
fectively in  matters  of  public  welfare. 

The  Doylcs  have  a  splendid  American 
record.  His  grandfather.  Matthew  Doyle, 
who  married  Mary  McMahon.  was  a  native 
of  Ireland  and  in  1814  he  and  his  wife  set- 
tled in  Ohio,  after  a  residence  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  their  marriage  at  Philadelphia. 
Samuel  Doyle,  father  of  William  Doyle, 
was  born  at  Philadelphia.  January  10. 
180.1.  grew  up  in  Guernsey  County.  Ohio 
and  in  1838  married  Miss  Mary  McClus- 
key.  She  was  born  at  Harper's  Kerry. 
Maryland.  September  2.  1811.  The  first 


1348 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


member  of  the  Doyle  family  to  come  to 
Grant  County,  Indiana,  was  Michael 
Doyle,  who  located  in  Van  Buren  Town- 
ship in  June,  1838.  His  younger  brother, 
Samuel  Doyle,  followed  him  to  Indiana 
in  1840,  and  acquired  a  tract  of  compara- 
tively raw  land  in  Van  Buren  Township. 
Beginning  with  a  quarter  section,  his  en- 
ergy enabled  him  to  accumulate  600  acres, 
which  he  subsequently  divided  among  his 
children.  He  did  much  to  promote  the 
breeding  and  raising  of  first-class  live- 
stock in  the  county,  and  during  the  war 
sold  many  horses  to  the  government.  He 
was  also  a  county  official.  He  died  in 
Grant  County,  September  4,  1870.  He  and 
his  wife  had  four  children,  Mary  Ann 
Lease,  Thomas  B.,  William  and  Michael. 

William  Doyle  was  born  in  Van  Buren 
Township,  March  15,  1847,  and  that  lo- 
cality has  been  his  home  for  over  seventy 
years.  His  early  education  was  acquired 
in  District  No.  8,  near  his  home.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  his  father  gave  him  a 
share  of  the  crops  and  he  was  identified 
with  the  management  of  the  home  farm 
until  his  father's  death.  He  and  his 
brother,  Michael,  then  bought  the  interests 
of  some  of  the  other  heirs,  and  were  joint 
owners  of  320  acres  for  five  years.  Wil- 
liam Doyle  then  took  his  individual  share 
of  the  property,  and  gradually  increased 
his  holdings  until  he  had  280  acres,  con- 
stituting a  farm  which  has  few  equals  in 
Grant  County.  No  matter  what  the  season 
Mr.  Doyle  always  has  some  crops,  whether 
grain,  fruit  or  livestock.  He  has  been  one 
of  the  successful  orchardists  of  Grant 
County  for  a  number  of  years,  though 
fruit  growing  is  always  subordinate  to  the 
larger  operations  of  field  crops  and  stock. 

Besides  the  high-class  building  and  gen- 
eral equipment  found  on  his  farm,  Mr. 
Doyle  owns  a  modern  town  home  in  the 
Village  of  Van  Buren,  where  he  has  re- 
sided since  1900.  Since  1913  he  has  been 
vice  president  of  the  Farmers  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Van  Buren. 

Van  Buren  Township  takes  a  great  deal 
of  pride  in  its  splendid  school  system,  the 
central  feature  of  which  is  the  township 
high  school,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in 
a  rural  community  in  Northern  Indiana. 
It  was  erected  some  years  ago  at  a  cost  of 
$50,000,  and  now,  of  course,  could  hardly 
be  duplicated  for  twice  that  amount.  This 
school  is  particularly  a  monument  to  the 


official  service  of  Mr.  Doyle  as  township 
trustee.  His  first  term  as  trustee  was  from 
1900  to  1904,  and  in  1908  he  was  elected 
for  a  second  term  and  served  until  1914. 
It  was  during  his  second  term  that  the 
high  school  building  was  constructed.  Mr. 
Doyle  took  as  much  pride  and  pains  in 
insuring  the  adequacy  of  this  building  as 
if  it  had  been  a  matter  of  his  exclusively 
individual  concern.  He  visited  several 
cities  and  perfected  the  plans  only  after 
a  long  and  careful  examination  of  the  best 
types  of  public  school  architecture  in  the 
country.  Mr.  Doyle  is  also  president  of 
the  Library  Association  of  Van  Buren,  and 
has  done  much  to  promote  that  worthy 
local  institution.  He  is  a  democrat,  and 
his  first  public  office  was  township  assessor, 
to  which  he  was  elected  in  1894  and  served 
six  years.  For  over  thirty  years  he  has 
been  identified  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church. 

In  1870  he  married  Miss  Sarah  J.  Hayes, 
daughter  of  William  Hayes  of  Grant  Coun- 
ty. Six  children  were  born  to  them: 
Mary,  who  married  Henry  C.  Ferguson ; 
Alfred  N.,  a  former  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Accounts;  Adam  M.,  and  Deb- 
orah Weimer,  both  deceased;  Violet  Y. 
Easton ;  and  Lavanner  C. 

FRANK  B.  SHIELDS.  Few  people  appre- 
ciate how  much  importance  and  sig- 
nificance in  industrial  affairs  are  repre- 
sented by  Frank  B.  Shields  as  the  treas- 
urer and  managing  official  in  Indianapolis 
of  the  Napco  Corporation  and  the  Inter- 
national Process  Company.  These  corpora- 
tions have  as  their  essential  purpose  and 
product  of  manufacture  the  rather  common- 
place commodity  of  glue.  But  it  is  not 
the  glue  of  ordinary  commerce,  made  from 
animal  products,  but  a  vegetable  glue  and 
also  a  waterproof  glue. 

Without  exaggeration  it  can  be  said  that 
the  development  and  manufacture  of  glue 
from  vegetable  sources  marked  a  big  ad- 
vance and  comprises  a  notable  event  among 
the  marvelous  improvements  brought  out 
by  American  genius.  The  International 
Process  Company  were  the  pioneers  in  that 
field  and  their  products  have  especial  value 
for  the  many  wood  and  veneer  making 
industries,  some  of  the  greatest  of  which 
have  their  home  in  Indiana.  Until  the  ad- 
vent of  the  International  Process  Company 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


member  of  tin1  Doyle  family  to  conic  to 
<!rant  Counly.  liuliiiiiii.  was  Michael 
Doyle,  \vlio  located  in  Van  Buren  Town- 
ship in  June.  18:58.  His  younger  brother, 
Samuel  Doyle,  followed  him  to  Indiana 
in  1840,  and  acquired  a  tract  of  compara- 
tively raw  hind  in  Van  Bnren  Township. 
Beginning  with  a  quarter  section,  his  en- 
ergy enabled  him  to  accumulate  (iOO  acres, 
which  he  Subsequently  divided  among  his 
i-hildrcn.  He  did  much  to  promote  the 
breeding  and  raising  of  first-class  live- 
stock in  the  county,  and  during  the  war 
sold  many  horses  to  the  government,  lie 
was  also  a  county  official.  Tic  died  in 
(•rant  County.  September  4.  187(1.  He  and 
his  wife  had  four  children.  Mary  Ann 
Lease.  Thomas  R.  William  and  Michael. 

William  Doyle  was  born  in  Van  Bnren 
Township.  .March  ~\^.  1S47.  and  that  lo- 
cality has  been  his  home  for  over  seventy 
years.  His  early  education  was  acquired 
in  District  No.  8,  near  his  home.  At  the 
ape  of  twenty-one  his  father  pave  him  a 
share  of  the  crops  and  he  was  identified 
with  the  management  of  the  home  farm 
until  his  father's  death.  lie  and  his 
In-other,  Michael,  then  bought  the  interests 
of  some  of  the  other  heirs,  and  were  joint 
owners  of  :{20  acres  for  five  years.  Wil- 
liam Doyle  then  took  his  individual  share 
of  the  property,  and  gradually  increased 
his  holdings  until  he  had  280  acres,  con- 
stituting a  farm  which  has  few  equals  in 
(irant  County.  No  matter  what  the  season 
Mr.  Doyle  always  has  some  crops,  whether 
grain,  fruit  or  livestock.  He  has  been  one 
of  the  successful  orclmrdists  of  (irant 
County  for  a  number  of  years,  though 
fruit  -.'rowing  is  always  subordinate  to  the 
larger  operations  of  field  crops  and  stock. 

Besides  the  high-class  building  and  gen- 
eral equipment  found  on  his  farm,  Mr. 
Doyle  owns  a  modern  town  home  in  the 
Village  of  Van  Buren.  where  he  has  re- 
sided since  1000.  Since  101:1  he  has  been 
vice  president  of  the  Farmers  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Van  Buren. 

Van  Buren  Townshij)  takes  a  great  deal 
of  pride  in  its  splendid  school  system,  the 
central  feature  of  which  is  the  township 
high  school,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in 
a  rural  community  in  Northern  Indiana. 
It  was  erected  some  years  ago  at  a  cost  of 
*r>0.000.  and  now.  of  course,  could  hardly 
be  duplicated  for  twice  that  amount.  This 
school  is  particularly  a  monument  to  the 


official  service  of  Mr.  Doyle  as  township 
trustee.  His  first  term  as  trustee  was  from 
1!K)0  to  1!K)4,  and  in  1908  he  was  elected 
for  a  second  term  and  served  until  1014. 
It  was  during  his  second  term  that  the 
high  school  building  was  constructed.  Mr. 
Doyle  took  as  much  pride  and  pains  in 
insuring  the  adequacy  of  this  building  as 
if  it  had  been  a  matter  of  his  exclusively 
individual  concern.  lie  visited  several 
cities  and  perfected  the  plans  only  after 
a  long  and  careful  examination  of  the  best 
types  of  public  school  architecture  in  the 
country.  Mr.  Doyle  is  also  president  of 
the  Library  Association  of  Van  Buren,  and 
has  done  much  to  promote  that  worthy 
local  institution.  He  is  a  democrat,  and 
his  first  public  office  was  township  assessor, 
to  which  he  was  elected  in  1804  and  served 
six  years.  For  over  thirty  years  he  has 
been  identified  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church. 

In  1870  he  married  Miss  Sarah  .T.  Hayes, 
daughter  of  William  Hayes  of  (Jrant  Coun- 
ty. Six  children  were  horn  to  them: 
IMary,  who  married  Henry  < '.  Ferguson; 
Alfred  N..  a  former  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Accounts:  Adam  M..  and  Deb- 
orah AVcimer.  both  deceased:  Violet  Y. 
Kaston  :  and  Lavanner  ( '. 

FKANK  B.  SIIIKLDS.  Few  people  appre- 
ciate how  much  importance  and  sig- 
nificance in  industrial  affairs  arc  repre- 
sented by  Frank  B.  Shields  as  the  treas- 
urer and  managing  official  in  Indianapolis 
of  the  Napco  Corporation  and  the  Inter- 
national Process  Company.  These  corpora- 
tions have  as  their  essential  purpose  and 
product  of  manufacture  the  rather  common- 
place commodity  of  glue.  But  it  is  not 
the  glue  of  ordinary  commerce,  made  from 
animal  products,  but  a  vegetable  glue  and 
also  a  waterproof  glue. 

Without  exaggeration  it.  can  be  said  that 
the  development  and  manufacture  of  glue 
from  vegetable  sources  marked  a  big  ad- 
vance and  comprises  a  notable  event  among 
the  marvelous  improvements  brought  out 
by  American  genius.  The  International 
Process  Company  were  the  pioneers  in  that, 
field  and  their  products  have  especial  value 
for  the  many  wood  and  veneer  making 
industries,  some  of  the  greatest,  of  which 
have  their  home  in  Indiana.  T'ntil  the  ad- 
vent of  the  International  Process  Company 


tf 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1349 


practically  the  only  kind  of  glue  was  that 
made  from  animal  products.  This  glue  is 
not  only  made  from  vegetable  matter,  but 
has  no  odor,  and  can  be  used  cold  merely 
by  the  admixture  of  water,  whereas  animal 
glue  requires  a  heat  of  120  degrees.  Veg- 
etable glue  has  now  entirely  supplanted 
the  animal  glue  in  the  larger  industrial 
plants  of  the  country.  In  Indiana  alone 
it  is  used  exclusively  by  such  large  con- 
cerns as  the  Hoosier  Cabinet  Company, 
Showers  Brothers  Company,  Bloomington, 
Indiana,  the  largest  furniture  factory 
in  the  world,  the  New  Albany  Veneer- 
ing Company,  Globe-Wernecke  Company, 
Globe-Bosse- World  Furniture  Company 
and  others.  Millions  of  pounds  find  their 
way  into'  ordinary  commercial  channels, 
and  also  for  export  to  foreign  countries. 
The  company  have  a  factory  in  Singapore 
to  manufacture  for  the  eastern  trade,  and 
also  maintain  an  office  in  New  York. 

The  waterproof  glue  manufactured  by 
the  Napoo  Corporation  is  a  still  further 
improvement  over  the  vegetable  glue. 
While  it  has  many  other  uses  it  is  exten- 
sively^ employed  in  the*  manufacture  of 
aeroplanes.  Toward  the  close  of  the  war 
all  the  aeroplanes  of  United  States  manu- 
facture used  this  company's  waterproof 
glue.  Waterproof  glue  has  greater  tensile 
strength  than  either  the  animal  or  veg- 
etable glue,  and  is  both  water  proof  and 
heat  proof,  and  nothing  to  excel  it  has 
ever  been  produced  for  the  wood-working 
industries.  It  is  prepared  for  use  by  sim- 
ply mixing  with  cold  water,  and  has  no 
odor. 

The  Indianapolis  official  of  this  corpora- 
tion is  an  Indiana  man,  born  at  Seymour 
in  1884,  son  of  Dr.  J.  M.  and  Emma 
(Brown)  Shields,  both  of  whom  are  still 
living  in  Seymour.  His  father  is  a  native 
Indianan,  a  graduate  of  the  Louisville 
Medical  College  and  for  many  years  has 
been  a  successful  practitioner  at  Seymour. 

Frank  B.  Shields  is  a  trained  chemist 
and  chemical  engineer.  He  received  his 
early  schooling  at  Seymour  and  later  spent 
four  years  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute 
of  Technology,  from  which  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  Bachelor  of  Science  in  the 
class  of  1907.  He  specialized  in  chemistry 
and  after  leaving  the  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy he  worked  in  the  research  department 
of  the  General  Electric  Company  at  Lynn, 
Massachusetts.  Mr.  Shields  has  been  a 


resident  of  Indianapolis  since  1911  and 
is  well  known  in  business  and  social  cir- 
cles, being  a  member  of  the  University 
Club,  Country  Club,  Independent  Athletic 
Club  and  the  Athenaeum.  He  married 
Miss  Mary  Mather,  who  was  born  in  In- 
diana. They  have  a  daughter,  Madeline. 

MRS.  GEORGE  C.  HITT  is  a  native  of  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts.  Her  father,  Wil- 
liam Barnett,  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  her  mother,  Charlotte  (Busfield)  Bar- 
nett, a  native  of  England.  She  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  1877  as  the  bride  of 
George  C.  Hitt,  who  later  served  as  vice- 
consul  general  to  London  under  President 
Harrison. 

Mrs.  Hitt  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
charitable  work  and  in  the  club  life  of 
the  city  and  state.  An  account  of  her 
work  by  Grace  Julian  Clarke  will  be  found 
in  the  Indianapolis  Star  for  April  15, 
1912.  Her  latest  work  has  been  in  the 
Mothers'  Club,  to  which  she  is  accredited 
by  the  services  of  her  three  sons. 

Parker  Hitt,  the  oldest  of  these,  went  out 
witji  General  Pershing's  command  as  cap- 
tain and  now  ranks  as  colonel,  and  is  chief 
signal  officer1  d!  the  First  American  Army. 
Rodney  Hitt  has  served  through  the  war 
in  the  Department  of  Purchases,  Stores 
and  Transportation,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. Laurence  Wilbur  Hitt 
went  out  as  first  lieutenant  in  the  Camou- 
flage Section  of  the  Fortieth  Engineers 
and  now  ranks  as  captain. 

NORMAN  JOSEPH  LASHER.  An  Indiana 
educator  of  proved  usefulness  and  expe- 
rience, Norman  Joseph  Lasher  is  now 
superintendent  of  the  public  school  sys- 
tem of  Gas  City. 

He  was  born  in  Perry  County,  Indiana, 
July  13,  1884,  son  of  James  Buchanan  and 
Julia  Ann  (Cassidy)  Lasher.  His  father 
was  a  farmer.  While  a  boy  on  the  farm 
Norman  J.  Lasher  attended  the  local 
schools,  but  as  soon  as  old  enough,  quali- 
fied for  work  as  a  teacher,  through  which 
vocation  he  paid  his  college  expenses,  and 
for  two  years  also  gave  a  large  part  of  his 
salary  to  lift  a  mortgage  of  $600  on  the 
old  homestead.  Thus  he  has  not  lived  unto 
himself  alone,  but  has  made  both  his  in- 
come and  his  services  of  effective  benefit 
to  others. 

While   teaching   in   winter   Mr.   Lasher 


1350 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


attended  summer  sessions  of  the  Marion 
Normal  School,  and  in  1915  graduated 
from  the  State  Normal  School.  When  he 
entered  college  he  borrowed  $35  to  meet 
his  preliminary  expenses,  and  he  knows 
all  the  ins  and  outs  of  the  experience  of 
making  both  ends  meet. 

As  a  teacher  Mr.  Lasher  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  schools  at  Williamsport  five 
years,  spent  two  years  at  Waveland,  one 
year  at  Otterbein,  and  in  1918  came  to  his 
present  position  at  Gas  City.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  State  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation and  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order  and  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows. 

July  26,  1908,  he  married  Miss  Maud 
Newlin  Borum,  of  Wingate,  Indiana, 
daughter  of  Edward  and  Viola  Caroline 
(Tague)  Borum.  They  have  two  children, 
Frances  Marian  and  Elbert  Eugene. 

HENRY  MEYER  is  one  of  the  esteemed 
citizens  of  Anderson,  where  he  is  known 
as  a  public-spirited  helper  in  every  line 
of  community  progress  and  as  a  success- 
ful business  man.  He  has  been  in  the 
tailor  business  here  for  twenty  years,  and 
for  the  past  ten  years  has  conducted  one 
of  the  exclusive  custom  tailoring  shops. 

Mr.  Meyer  was  born  in  Bremen,  Ger- 
many, April  10,  1865.  He  had  the  advan- 
tages of  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
land,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  came  to 
America  and  at  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
learned  the  tailoring  trade  with  the  old 
firm  of  Tooman  &  Company.  After  com- 
pleting his  apprenticeship  he  was  a  jour- 
neyman tailor  for  three  years,  and  re- 
mained at  Fort  Wayne  for  eight  years. 
Then  for  three  years  he  traveled  at  his 
trade,  covering  most  of  the  points  in  the 
Middle  West.  Returning  to  Fort  Wayne, 
he  became  a  cutter  with  one  of  the  large 
tailoring  houses,  but  in  1897  removed  to 
Anderson,  and  for  ten  years  was  a  cutter 
for  Daniel  Goehler,  a  prominent  merchant 
tailor  of  the  city.  Mr.  Meyer  finally  en- 
gaged in  business  for  himself,  opening  his 
shop  at  his  present  location,  1023  Main 
Street.  He  has  developed  a  large  clientele, 
and  has  some  of  the  best  known  citizens  of 
Anderson  and  surrounding  towns  as  his 
regular  customers. 

In  1893  he  married  Miss  Elsie  Tegeder, 
who  was  also  born  in  Germany.  Mr.  Meyer 
is  an  independent  republican,  and  is  affili- 


ated with  Anderson  Lodge  No.  209,  Benev- 
olent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is 
very  active  in  St.  John  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church.  For  many  years  he 
served  as  treasurer  of  the  church  and  is 
also  an  active  member  and  supporter  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 

i 

CLARENCE  L.  KIRK,  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Indianapolis  Water 
Company,  has  lived  a  strenuous  life  since 
early  boyhood. 

He  was  born  in  Burlington,  Boone 
County,  Kentucky,  May  6,  1866.  His 
mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Augusta 
Calvert,  member  of  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  prominent  families  of  Baltimore,  died 
when  he  was  ten  years  of  age.  This  was 
a  severe  loss  to  the  boy,  and  her  continued 
presence  would  undoubtedly  have  softened 
some  of  the  rougher  experiences  that  fol- 
lowed. Mr.  Kirk  went  to  a  country  school 
at  a  time  when  the  benches  were  arranged 
along  the  sides  of  the  room,  the  pupils  thus 
being  more  accessible  to  the  teacher  who 
seemed  to  believe  that  "lickin'  "  and 
"larnin'  "  were  synonymous. 

John  Wesley  Kirk,  his  father,  was  a  mas- 
ter carpenter,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
Clarence  L.  began  helping  in  such  work 
as  he  could  do.  It  was  not  long  before  he 
was  doing  a  man 's  work  in  full.  His  father 
was  old-fashioned  in  his  views  and  appro- 
priated all  the  boy  earned. 

It  was  for  this  reason  that  he  left  home 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  and  a  half,  and  go- 
ing to  Northern  Indiana,  learned  teleg- 
raphy at  Rose  Lawn.  Two  years  later  he 
located  at  Broad  Ripple,  Indiana,  as  agent 
of  the  Monon  Railroad.  He  had  his  home 
at  Broad  Ripple  for  thirteen  years.  Be- 
sides his  duties  as  station  agent  he  was  a 
notary  public,  real  estate  agent,  had  a  half 
interest  in  a  store,  operated  a  coal  yard, 
sold  all  kinds  of  building  material,  and  in 
fact  was  a  strenuous  participant  in  almost 
every  phase  of  the  commercial  life  of  that 
town  and  working  constantly  to  earn  an 
honest  dollar.  It  was  not  long  before  he 
realized  the  impossibility  of  further  ad- 
vancement as  a  railroader  and  that  contin- 
uance on  his  job  would  mean  an  uncertain 
and  precarious  existence  to  the  end  of  his 
clays. 

He  therefore  became  representative  of 
the  Southern  Products  Company.  When 
the  Indiana  Trust  Company  was  appointed 


OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOI' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1351 


receiver  of  the  East  Chicago  Water  and 
Light  Plants  Mr.  Kirk  was  chosen  as  the 
receiver's  special  representative.  He  had 
no  previous  knowledge  of  such  a  public 
utility  and  was  appointed  because  he  was 
generally  recognized  as  an  unusually  capa- 
ble business  man,  thoroughly  honest  and 
reliable.  He  continued  successfully  in 
charge  of  the  work  until  reorganization, 
then  remained  active  in  the  management 
of  the  plant  until  1913.  At  that  date  Mr. 
Kirk  returned  to  Indianapolis  to  become 
vice  president  and  general  manager  of  the 
Indianapolis  Water  Company. 

He  is  one  of  the  progressive,  capable 
business  men  of  the  state.  With  all  his 
many  responsibilities  he  has  found  time  to 
join  the  Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  the  Colum- 
bian and  Marion  clubs,  the  Highland  Golf 
Club,  the  Maennerchor,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  several  other  civic  and  so- 
cial organizations.  Mr.  Kirk  is  married 
and  has  a  family  of  four  children. 

HARRY  V.  COOK.  To  found  and  build 
up  an  industry  that  sends  its  products 
throughout  the  United  States,  employ  a 
number  of  skilled  workmen,  and  is  a  per- 
manent and  valuable  asset  to  even  such  a 
large  city  as  Indianapolis,  is  an  achieve- 
ment highly  creditable  in  any  case  and  par- 
ticularly so  with  a  man  only  in  his  thir- 
tieth year. 

Such  is  in  brief  the  business  record  of 
Harry  V.  Cook,  general  manager  of  the 
H.  V.  Cook  Company,  manufacturers  of 
and  dealers  in  hardwood  floors  at  854 
Massachusetts  Avenue,  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Cook  was  born  at  Indianapolis  in  1888, 
son  of  Andrew  and  Anna  (Frey)  Cook. 
Andrew  Cook  was  born  in  Germany,  was 
brought  when  an  infant  to  Indianapolis, 
grew  up, here  and  was  educated  in  the  city 
schools.  When  little  more  than  a  boy  he 
began  working  for  the  Big  Four  Railway 
Company,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
a  locomotive  engineer.  On  account  of  fail- 
ing eyesight,  which  unqualified  him  for  the 
active  responsibilities  of  an  engineer 's  post, 
he  resigned  from  the  railroad  and  followed 
clerical  occupations  for  a  time  and  later 
for  a  number  of  years  as  in  the  grocery 
and  meat  market  business  at  Davidson  and 
Vermont  streets  in  Indianapolis.  His  wife 
was  a  native  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  they 
were  the  parents  of  six  children,  the  three 
now  living  as  follows:  Albert  F.,  in  the 


automoblile  business  in  Indianapolis; 
Blanche,  wife  of  C.  W.  Duhemin;  and 
Harry  V. 

Harry  V.  Cook  while  a  boy  gained  his 
education  in  public  schools  Nos.  10  and  33, 
Indianapolis.  His  first  regular  employ- 
ment fortunately  directed  his  energies  into 
the  line  which  he  has  always  followed,  and 
thus,  though  a  young  man,  he  is  a  veteran 
in  experience  in  woodworking  plants.  He 
was  first  employed  when  a  boy  by  Adams 
and  Raymond  in  their  veneer  plant  at 
Indianapolis.  Later  for  a  time  he  was  with 
the  Indianapolis  Stove  Company  but  soon 
went  with  Albert  Gall  Company,  sayers 
of  hardwood  floors,  and  was  also  with 
Adam  Berger  Company,  sayers  of  similar 
materials.  He  profited  by  his  experience 
and  accepted  of  every  opportunity  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  and  skill  in  this  special 
line  of  woodworking  industry  and  was 
little  more  than  a  boy  in  years  when  he 
started  in  business  for  himself. 

Mr.  Cook  has  now  been  manufacturing 
and  dealing  in  hardwood  floors  for  ten 
years.  At  first  he  did  all  the  work  him- 
self, and  by  saving  and  utilizing  his  credit 
he  was  able  to  install  machinery  and  secure 
others  to  help  him  in  manufacturing.  At 
the  present  time  he  fills  contracts  for  hard- 
wood floors  over  a  radius  of  a  hundred 
miles  around  Indianapolis  and  some  con- 
tracts even  at  a  greater  distance,  and  sells 
flooring  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  He 
employs  about  thirty-two  skilled  workmen 
in  his  plant. 

In  1912  Mr.  Cook  married  Miss  Tommie 
E.  Deknoblough.  She  was  born  in  Bow- 
ling Green,  Kentucky.  Mr.  Cook  is  affili- 
ated with  Monument  Lodge  No.  657,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  with  In- 
dianapolis Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
and  Council  No.  2,  Royal  and  Select  Mas- 
ters. 

CHARLES  H.  TERRELL.  The  distinctive 
usefulness  of  Charles  H.  Terrell  in  Indi- 
ana life  and  affairs  is  as  an  educator.  He 
is  serving  his  second  term  as  superintend- 
ent of  public  schools  of  Grant  County,  and 
has  been  a  teacher  and  school  administra- 
tor continuously  since  he  attained  his  ma- 
jority. 

Born  at  Kokomo,  Indiana,  November  3, 
1879,  he  has  lived  in  Grant  County  since 
he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  He  was 
the  only  child  of  George  and  Elizabeth 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1351 


receiver  of  the  East  ( 'hicago  Water  and 
Light  Plants  Mr.  Kirk  was  chosen  as  the 
receiver's  special  representative.  He  had 
no  previous  knowledge  of  such  a  public 
utility  and  was  appointed  because  lie  was 
generally  recognized  as  an  unusually  capa- 
ble business  man.  thoroughly  honest  and 
reliable.  He  continued  successfully  in 
charge  of  the  work  until  reorganization, 
then  remained  active  in  the  management 
of  the  plant  until  191:5.  At  that  date  Mr. 
Kirk  returned  to  Indianapolis  to  become 
vice  president  and  general  manager  of  the 
I  ndianapolis  Water  ('ompany. 

He  is  one  of  the  progressive,  capable 
business  men  of  the  state.  With  all  his 
many  responsibilities  he  has  found  time  to 
join  the  Masons.  Odd  Fellows,  the  Colum- 
bian and  .Marion  clubs,  the  Highland  (iolf 
('Inli.  the  Maennerchor.  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  several  other  civic  and  so- 
cial organizations.  Mr.  Kirk  is  married 
and  has  a  family  of  four  children. 

HAKKY  V.  COOK.  To  found  and  build 
up  an  industry  that  sends  its  product* 
throughout  the  I'nited  States,  employ  a 
number  of  skilled  workmen,  and  is  a  per- 
manent and  valuable  asset  to  even  such  a 
large  city  as  Indianapolis,  is  an  achieve- 
ment highly  creditable  in  any  case  and  par- 
ticularly so  with  a  man  only  in  his  thir- 
tieth year. 

Such  is  in  brief  the  business  record  of 
Harry  V.  Cook,  general  manager  of  the 
II.  V.  Cook  Company,  manufacturers  of 
and  dealers  in  hardwood  floors  at  854 
Massachusetts  Avenue.  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Cook  was  born  at  Indianapolis  in  188S. 
son  of  Andrew  and  Anna  ( Frey  i  Cook. 
Andrew  Cook  was  born  in  (Jermaiiy,  was 
brought  when  an  infant  to  Indianagxilis. 
grew  up  here  and  was  educated  in  the  city 
schools.  When  little  more  than  a  boy  he 
began  working  for  the  Big  Four  Railway 
('ompany.  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
a  locomotive  engineer.  On  account  of  fail- 
ing eyesight,  which  nn<iuali!ied  him  for  the 
active  responsibilities  of  an  engineer's  post, 
lie  resigned  from  the  railroad  and  followed 
clerical  occupations  for  a  time  and  later 
for  a  number  of  years  as  in  the  grocery 
and  meat  market  business  at  Davidson  and 
Vermont  streets  in  Indianapolis.  His  wife 
was  a  native  of  Chillicothe.  Ohio,  and  they 
were  the  parents  of  six  children,  the  three 
now  living  as  follows;  Albert  F..  in  the 


automohlile  business  in  Indianapolis; 
Blanche,  wife  of  C.  W.  Duhemiii;  and 
Harry  V. 

Harry  V.  Cook  while  a  boy  gained  his 
education  in  public  schools  Nos.  10  and  :{:{. 
Indianapolis.  His  first  regular  employ- 
ment fortunately  directed  his  energies  into 
the  line  which  he  has  always  followed,  and 
thus,  though  a  young  man.  he  is  a  veteran 
in  experience  in  woodworking  plants.  He 
was  first  employed  when  a  boy  by  Adams 
and  Raymond  in  their  veneer  plant  at 
Indianapolis.  Later  for  a  time  he  was  with 
the  Indianapolis  Stove  ('ompany  but  soon 
went  with  Albert  <Jall  Company,  sayi-rs 
of  hardwood  floors,  and  was  also  with 
Adam  Berger  ('ompany.  savers  of  similar 
materials.  He  proiited  by  his  experience 
and  accepted  of  every  opportunity  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  and  skill  in  this  special 
line  of  woodworking  industry  and  was 
little  more  than  a  hoy  in  years  when  he 
started  in  business  for  himself. 

Mr.  Cook  has  now  been  manufacturing 
and  dealing  in  hardwood  floors  for  ten 
years.  At  first  he  did  all  the  work  him- 
self, and  by  saving  and  utilizing  his  credit 
he  was  able  to  install  machinery  and  secure 
others  to  help  him  in  manufacturing.  At 
the  present  time  he  fills  contracts  for  hard- 
wood floors  over  a  radius  of  a  hundred 
miles  around  Indianapolis  and  some  con- 
tracts even  at  a  greater  distance,  and  sells 
flooring  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  lie 
employs  about  thirty-two  skilled  workmen 
in  liis  plant. 

In  1912  Mr.  Cook  married  Miss  Tommie 
E.  Deknoblongh.  She  was  born  in  Bow- 
ling (ireen.  Kentucky.  Mr.  Cook  is  affili- 
ated with  Monument  Lodge  No.  (>.~>7.  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  with  In- 
dianapolis Chapter.  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
and  Council  N'o.  2.  Royal  and  Select  Mas- 
ters. 

CiiAKi.r.s  II.  TKUUKI.I..  The  distinctive 
usefulness  of  Charles  II.  Terrell  in  Indi- 
ana life  and  all'airs  is  as  an  educator.  II-1 
is  serving  his  second  term  as  superintend- 
ent of  public  schools  of  (iraut  Ciinntv.  and 
has  been  a  teacher  and  school  administra- 
tor continuously  since  he  attained  his  ma- 
jority. 

I  tori]  at  Kokomo.  Indiana.  November  :!. 
1ST!),  he  das  lived  in  (Irani  C.inntv  since 
he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  He  was 
the  onlv  child  of  (ieoi-^e  and  Kli/abeth 


1352 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


(Myers)  Terrell,  both  natives  of  Decatur 
County.  His  father  was  a  mechanic  and 
died  in  1881.  The  mother  passed  away  in 
1891. 

Soon  after  the  death  of  his  mother, 
which  left  him  an  orphan,  Charles  H.  Ter- 
rell came  to  Grant  County  and  continued 
his  education,  which  was  begun  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Decatur  County.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  Gas  City  High  School  in 
1899,  and  later,  in  the  intervals  of  his 
work  as  teacher,  attended  Taylor  Univer- 
sity at  Upland  and  the  University  of  In- 
diana at  Bloomington. 

He  taught  his  first  term  of  school  in  the 
fall  of  1900.  After  four  years  in  coun- 
try schools  he  became  an  instructor  in  the 
town  schools  of  Jonesboro  in  Grant  Coun- 
ty, where  he  remained  from  1905  to  1909, 
and  two  years  of  that  time  was  principal 
of  the  high  school.  In  1910-11  he  was  at 
the  head  of  the  department  of  history  in 
the  high  school  at  Marion.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  completed  his  classical  course 
at  the  University  and  was  graduated  A.  B. 
in  1910. 

June  5,  1911,  Mr.  Terrell  was  elected 
«ounty  Superintendent  of  schools  for  > 
term  of  four  years  and  was  re-ele<$ed;,m 
1915.  In  this  position  his  liabilities  have 
had  manifold  benefits  to  the  public  system 
of  education.  Mr.  Terrell  is  a  man  of 
idealism,  has  a  broad  experience  in  practi- 
cal school  work,  and  also  the  breadth  of 
mind  which  enables  him  to  adapt  himself 
to  the  rapidly  increasing  demands  upon 
public  education.  He  has  done  much  to 
improve  the  courses  of  agricultural  train- 
ing in  the  local  schools,  has  worked  for 
school  consolidation  and  general  efficiency 
of  personnel  and  management,  and  enjoys 
much  of  the  credit  for  the  high  stand  Grant 
County  has  among  Indiana  counties  for  its 
school  system.  Grant  County  for  several 
years  has  been  the  leading  county  in  the 
state  in  the  matter  of  commissioned  high 
schools. 

Mr.  Terrell  holds  a  life  certificate  as  a 
teacher  granted  him  in  1910,  and  in  the  ex- 
amination received  a  high  grade  among  a 
class  of  thirty  men  who  were  applicants  for 
such  certificates.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
college  educational  fraternity  Phi  Delta 
Kappa  of  the  University  of  Indiana.  In 
politics  he  is  a  democrat,  has  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Democratic  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  Grant  County,  and  fraternally  is 


affiliated  with  Jonesboro  Lodge  No.  109, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Jones- 
boro Lodge  No.  102,  Knights  of  Pythias, 
and  with  Lodge  No.  195,  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

JAMES  E.  RILEY  has  during  a  period  of 
forty  years  been  merchant,  farmer,  banker, 
representative  in  the  Legislature  and  a 
factor  in  all  the  good  works  and  movements 
affecting  his  home  community  of  Van 
Buren  in  Grant  County. 

He  was  born  in  Tipton  County,  Indiana, 
December  28,  1851.  His  grandfather,  Ed- 
ward Riley,  came  to  Indiana  from  Ken- 
tucky about  1840.  James  E.  Riley  is  a  son 
of  Noble  S.  and  Mary  (Hinton)  Riley, 
both  natives  of  Kentucky.  His  father  was 
born  in  1823  and  died  in  1856,  at  the  early 
age  of  thirty-three.  At  one  time  in  his 
life  he  was  a  merchant  in  Rush  County, 
but  in  Tipton  County  was  a  farmer,  and  his 
local  prominence  is  indicated  by  the  fact 
that  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  county 
commissioner.  His  death,  due  to  typhoid 
fever,  left  his  widow  with  three  young 
children,  Lewis  Cass,  James  E.  and  Martha 
J.  The  widowed  mother  made  a  noble 
struggle-to  rear  her  family,  and  succeeded 
in  giving  them  substantial  comforts  and 
advantages,  and  earned  all  the  affection 
and  esteem  paid  her.  She  died  at  the  age 
of  eighty-seven  July  29,  1911. 

With  only  a  common  school  education 
James  E.  Riley  began  life  as  a  farmer, 
married  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  and  for 
four  years  rented  land  and  exercised  such 
industry  and  economy  that  he  made  a  living 
and  secured  a  modest  capital  toward  his 
next  step  in  the  world.  Mr.  Riley  began 
merchandising  in  Van  Buren  in  1879  with 
a  stock  of  groceries  that  did  not  exceed 
in  value  more  than  $150.  The  store  grew 
and  prospered,  the  patronage  continually 
enlarged  and  he  found  himself  able  to  pro- 
vide his  children  with  a  good  home  and 
most  substantial  and  liberal  opportuni- 
ties for  education. 

After  more  than  thirty-two  years  as  a 
merchant  Mr.  Riley  retired  in  September, 
1911,  and  has  since  divided  his  attention 
between  his  farm  of  eighty  acres  near  Van 
Buren,  which  he  bought  in  1907,  and  his 
business  interests  in  town.  For  many  years 
he  was  a  business  associate  of  W.  L.  Duck- 
wall  in  the  ownership  of  land  and  im- 
proved property  in  Van  Buren.  When  in 


. 


USRARY 

OF  Tit 

UNIVERSITY  OF  IUINOT 


LEOPOLD  LEVY 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1353 


1913  the  Farmers  Trust  Company  of  Van 
Buren  was  organized  Mr.  Riley  was  elected 
president,  and  continues  that  office. 

During  all  these  years  he  has  been  one 
of  the  prominent  leaders  of  the  democratic 
party  in  Grant  County.  He  was  assessor 
of  Van  Buren  Township  nine  years,  was 
postmaster  of  the  village  from  1892  to  1896, 
and  in  November,  1912,  was  elected  to  rep- 
resent Grant  County  in  the  60th  Indiana 
Assembly.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active 
workers  in  the  following  session  of  the 
legislature.  He  also  served  on  the  Con- 
scription Board  of  District  No.  2.  Mr 
Riley  has  been  a  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  for  nearly 
forty  years,  and  he  and  his  family  are 
members  of  the  Christian  Church. 

March  19,  1874,  he  married  Sarah  E. 
Black,  daughter  of  Dr.  Daniel  T.  Black 
of  Marion.  Eight  children  were  born  to 
their  marriage:  Blanch,  who  married 
Henry  D.  Nicewanger ;  Grace,  wife  of  John 
R.  Brown ;  Pearl  Allen ;  Roxey  Haines ; 
Mrs.  Maude  Hutton';  Martha  Howe;  Noble 
T. ;  and  one  that  is  deceased. 

LEOPOLD  LEVY,  who  was  state  treasurer 
of  Indiana  from  1899  to  1903,  was  in  many 
ways  one  of  the  remarkable  men  of  his 
time.  As  an  old  newspaper  friend  wrote 
of  him  in  referring  to  his  death:  "Leo- 
pold Levy,  the  poor  emigrant  boy  from  Ba- 
varia, had  made  good  and  had  honored  his 
race.  From  poverty  to  affluence,  from  ob- 
scurity to  a  high  place  in  citizenship  un- 
aided, his  career  is  an  example  of  what 
our  free  institutions  enable  resourceful 
men  to  achieve  regardless  of  the  handicaps 
placed  upon  them  in  early  life."  If  proof 
were  needed  of  the  wealth  of  public  es- 
teem he  enjoyed  it  could  be  found  in  the 
oft  repeated  sentence  that  was  in  the 
mouths  of  so  many  of  his  political  friends 
and  associates  years  ago:  "Leopold  Levy 
is  the  only  Jew  who  was  ever  elected  to  a 
state  office  in  Indiana.'" 

He  was  born  in  Wuertemberg,  Germany, 
in  1838,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Indian- 
apolis April  8,  1905.  His  father,  Heneley 
Levy,  was  at  one  time  mayor  of  the  little 
village  in  which  Leopold  was  born. 
Reared  and  educated  in  his  native  land, 
Leopold  at  the  age  of  sixteen  started  for 
America.  He  had  a  small  sum  represent- 
ing his  savings,  and  that  he  generously 


divided  with  a  boy  friend  who  accom- 
panied him.  He  landed  in  New  York  in 
1854,  and  had  enough  money  to  carry  him 
half  way  across  the  continent  to  Indiana. 
Here  he  began  his  business  career  as  a  pack 
peddler  for  H.  E.  and  C.  F.  Sterne,  and 
later  he  visited  the  farmhouses  of  Miami 
and  adjoining  counties  as  the  owner  of  a 
substantial  wagon  outfit,  carrying  a  good 
stock  of  dry  goods  and  notions  but  ready 
to  deal  in  anything  that  afforded  an  hon- 
est profit.  An  old  friend  once  recalled  that 
he  accepted  a  calf  in  payment  for  some 
goods,  and  had  an  exciting  experience  with 
the  boisterous  young  animal,  which  ,  re- 
fused  to  lead  or  drive  and  finally  precipi- 
tated itself  over  an  embankment  into  the 
river,  with  its  owner  desperately  hanging 
upon  the  other  end  of  the  rope.  When  a 
little  more  than  twenty-one  years  of  age 
Mr.  Levy  became  associated  in  business 
with  Charles  Herff,  a  pioneer  grocer  at 
Wabash.  A  few  years  later  he  was  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Sterne  &  Levy,  cloth- 
ing and  general  merchants.  In  1861  he 
removed  to  Kokomo,  where  he  was  in  busi- 
ness four  years,  and  then  established  him- 
self at  Huntington,  which  might  be  consid- 
ered his  permanent  home,  since  he  was 
there  thirty-two  years,  developed  a  cloth- 
ing business  second  to  none  in  volume  of 
trade  in  that  part  of  the  state,  and  from 
the  proceeds  of  which  he  became  one  of 
the  wealthy  men  of  the  city  and  county. 
He  sold  his  store  at  Huntington  in  1899, 
and  during  and  after  his  term  as  state 
treasurer  he  lived  at  Indianapolis,  where 
he  became  president  of  the  Capital  Rattan 
Company,  a  business  to  which  his  son 
Henry  Levy  succeeded  him,  as  mentioned 
in  the  sketch  of  the  latter. 

Leopold  Levy  was  always  an  active  re- 
publican, and  his  first  political  position  was 
election  in  a  democratic  ward  in  Hunting- 
ton  to  the  city  council.  He  filled  that  of- 
fice three  terms.  By  appointment  from 
the  Legislature  he  was  for  one  term  direc- 
tor of  the  Northern  State  Prison  at  Michi- 
gan City.  He  was  appointed  to  that  office 
in  1888,  and  took  the  keenest  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  the  institution,  and  was  re- 
sponsible for  establishing  a  prison  school. 
He  was  nominated  for  state  treasurer  on 
the  republican  ticket  in  1898,  and  had  been 
a  candidate  for  the  nomination  in  1894 
and  1896.  He  was  elected  in  1898  and  re- 


LKVY 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1353 


1913  the  Farmers  Trust  Company  of  Van 
Buren  was  organized  Mr.  Riley  was  elected 
president,  and  continues  that  office. 

During  all  these  years  he  has  been  one 
of  the  prominent  leaders  of  the  democratic 
party  in  Grant  County.  He  was  assessor 
of  Van  Buren  Township  nine  years,  was 
postmaster  of  the  villa-re  from  1892  to  1896, 
and  in  November,  1912,  was  elected  to  rep- 
resent Grant  County  in  the  60th  Indiana 
Assembly.  lie  was  one  of  the  most  active 
workers  in  the  following  session  of  the 
legislature.  lie  also  served  on  the  Con- 
scription Board  of  District  No.  2.  Mr 
Riley  has  been  a  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  for  nearly 
forty  years,  and  he  and  his  family  arc 
members  of  the  Christian  Church. 

March  19,  1874.  he  married  Sarah  E. 
Black,  daughter  of  Dr.  Daniel  T.  Black 
of  Marion.  Eight  children  were  born  to 
their  marriage:  Blanch,  who  married 
Ilcnry  D.  Nicewanger:  Grace,  wife  of  John 
R.  Brown:  Pearl  Allen;  Roxey  Ilaines; 
Mrs.  Maude  Ilutton .-  Martha  Howe:  Noble 
T. :  and  one  that  is  deceased. 

LKOI-OLD  LKVY.  who  was  state  treasurer 
of  Indiana  from  1899  to  1903,  was  in  many 
ways  one  of  the  remarkable  men  of  his 
time.  As  an  old  newspaper  friend  wrote 
of  him  in  referring  to  his  death:  "Leo- 
pold Levy,  the  poor  emigrant  boy  from  Ba- 
varia, had  made  good  and  had  honored  his 
race.  From  poverty  to  affluence,  from  ob- 
scurity to  a.  high  place  in  citizenship  un- 
aided, his  career  is  an  example  of  what 
our  free  institutions  enable  resourceful 
men  to  achieve  regardless  of  the  handicaps 
placed  upon  them  in  early  life."  If  proof 
were  needed  of  the  wealth  of  public  es- 
teem he  enjoyed  it  could  be  found  in  the 
oft  repeated  sentence  that  was  in  the 
mouths  of  so  many  of  his  political  friends 
and  associates  years  ago:  "Leopold  Levy 
is  the  only  Jew  who  was  ever  elected  to  a 
state  office  in  Indiana." 

He  was  born  in  Wuertemberg,  Germany, 
in  1838,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Indian- 
apolis April  8,  1905.  His  father,  Heneley 
Levy,  was  at  one  time  mayor  of  the  little 
village  in  which  Leopold  was  born. 
Reared  and  educated  in  his  native  land, 
Leopold  at  the  age  of  sixteen  started  for 
America.  He  had  a  small  sum  represent- 
ing his  savings,  and  that  he  generously 


divided  with  a  boy  friend  who  accom- 
panied him.  He  landed  in  New  York  in 
1854,  and  had  enough  money  to  carry  him 
half  way  across  the  continent  to  Indiana. 
Here  he  began  his  business  career  as  a  pack 
peddler  for  II.  E.  and  C.  F.  Sterne,  and 
later  he  visited  the  farmhouses  of  Miami 
and  adjoining  counties  as  the  owner  of  a 
substantial  wagon  outfit,  carrying  a  good 
stock  of  dry  goods  and  notions  but  ready 
to  deal  in  anything  that  afforded  an  hon- 
est profit.  An  old  friend  once  recalled  that 
he  accepted  a  calf  in  payment  for  some 
goods,  and  had  an  exciting  experience  with 
the  boisterous  young  animal,  which. re- 
fused to  lead  or  drive  and  finally  precipi- 
tated itself  over  an  embankment  into  the 
river,  with  its  owner  desperately  hanging 
upon  the  other  end  of  the  rope.  When  a 
little  more  than  twenty-one  years  of  age 
Mr.  Levy  became  associated  in  business 
with  Charles  Ilerff,  a  pioneer  grocer  at 
Wabash.  A  few  years  later  he  was  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Sterne  &  Levy,  cloth- 
ing and  general  merchants.  In  1861  he 
removed  to  Kokomo,  where  he  was  in  busi- 
ness four  years,  and  then  established  him- 
self at  Huntington.  which  might  be  consid- 
ered his  permanent,  home,  since  he  was 
there  thirty-two  years,  developed  a  cloth- 
ing business  second  to  none  in  volume  of 
trade  in  that  part  of  the  state,  and  from 
the  proceeds  of  which  he  became  one  of 
the  wealthy  men  of  the  city  and  county. 
He  sold  his  store  at  Huntington  in  1899, 
and  during  and  after  his  term  as  state 
treasurer  he  lived  at  Indianapolis,  where 
he  became  president  of  the  Capital  Rattan 
Company,  a  business  to  which  his  son 
Henry  Levy  succeeded  him.  as  mentioned 
in  the  sketch  of  the  latter. 

Leopold  Levy  was  always  an  active  re- 
publican, and  his  first  political  position  was 
election  in  a  democratic  ward  in  Hunting- 
ton  to  the  city  council.  He  filled  that  of- 
fice three  terms.  By  appointment  from 
the  Legislature  he  was  for  one  term  direc- 
tor of  the  Northern  State  Prison  at  Michi- 
gan City.  He  was  appointed  to  that  office 
in  1888.  and  took  the  keenest  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  the  institution,  and  was  re- 
sponsible for  establishing  a  prison  school. 
He  was  nominated  for  state  treasurer  on 
the  republican  ticket  in  1898,  and  had  been 
a  candidate  for  the  nomination  in  1894 
and  1896.  He  was  elected  in  1898  and  re- 


1354 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


nominated  and  re-elected  in  1900.  After 
the  expiration  of  his  second  terra  in  office 
he  lived  quietly  and  in  failing  health. 

One  of  the  many  sincere  tributes  paid 
him  at  the  time  of  his  death  came  from  the 
clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  had  gone 
into  office  at  the  same  time  as  Mr.  Levy. 
His  tribute  was:  "Leopold  Levy  was  a 
good,  true  man  and  one  of  the  best  types 
of  his  race.  The  fact  that  he  was  an  inde- 
fatigable worker  was  what  brought  about 
success,  both  in  business  and  politics.  He 
succeeded  where  hundreds  of  other  men 
would  have  failed.  His  disposition  and 
nature  were  such  that  every  acquaintance 
became  a  warm  friend.  I  have  heard  many 
men  comment  on  his  intense  loyalty  to 
friends.  It  seemed  as  if  he  never  forgot 
a  favor,  however  small  it  might  be. ' ' 

Mr.  Levy's  generosity  had  few  restric- 
tions to  its  expression.  He  helped  build 
churches  regardless  of  denomination,  and  it 
is  noteworthy  that  while  an  ardent  politi- 
cal partisan  he  had  many  warm  and  stanch 
friends  and  admirers  among  the  democrats. 
He  was  an  honored  member  of  the  Marion 
Club,  the  Columbia  Club  at  Indianapolis, 
was  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  and  was  also  a  Mason.  His 
old  Masonic  lodge  at  Huntington  had 
charge  of  his  funeral  at  Fort  Wayne. 

In  1867  Leopold  Levy  married  Theresa 
Redelshermer,  daughter  of  Sigmund  and 
Lena  Redelshermer.  She  had  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  first  child  of  Jewish  par- 
ents born  at  Fort  Wayne.  Her  birth  oc- 
curred in  that  city  September  24,  1846. 
Leopold  Levy  and  wife  had  two  children : 
Henry,  elsewhere  referred  to  in  this  pub- 
lication ;  and  Daisy,  wife  of  Joseph  Liv- 
ingston of  Indianapolis. 

In  a  recently  published  history  of  Hunt- 
ington County  are  found  the  following 
paragraphs :  ' '  Leopold  Levy,  the  first 
president  of  the  Huntington  Board  of 
Trade,  was  for  many  years  closely  identi- 
fied with  the  business  interests  of  that 
city.  He  was  an  unswerving  republican 
in  his  political  views  and  in  the  summer  of 
1898  was  nominated  by  the  State  Conven- 
tion of  that  party  for  the  office  of  state 
treasurer.  He  was  elected  in  November 
and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  office 
on  February  10,  1899.  Tn  1900  he  was 
a<"ain  elected  for  a  term  of  three  years, 
which  expired  on  February  10,  1903.  Mr. 
Levy  was  a  successful  business  man,  a  pub- 


lic spirited  citizen  and  made  a  competent 
state  official.  While  a  resident  of  Hunt- 
ington he  was  always  ready  to  aid  any  and 
every  movement  for  the  promotion  of  the 
general  welfare." 

A  few  years  ago  Chad  Butler,  one  of  the 
old  time  newspaper  men  of  Indiana,  wrote 
an  interesting  sketch  of  Leopold  Levy,  cov- 
ering his  political  and  business  career  and 
many  incidents  of  their  personal  acquaint- 
ance. A  few  sentences  may  be  introduced 
here  from  Mr.  Butler's  sketch:  "Leopold 
was  genial  and  jovial  under  all  circum- 
stances. He  was  a  pasti  master  in  the 
clothing  trade  and  he  had  the  confidence 
of  his  patrons.  His  store  was  popular,  he 
sold  goods  on  the  square,  and  never  failed 
to  make  satisfactory  adjustment  with  a  dis- 
satisfied customer.  Mr.  Levy  was  a  sales- 
man in  his  palmy  days  who  could  give 
cards  and  spades  to  many  gentlemen  in  the 
trade  today. 

"Leopold  was  a  man  of  tenacity  of  pur- 
pose and  made  three  races  for  state  treas- 
urer before  he  secured  the  nomination.  He 
was  twice  beaten,  but  his  smile  never  came 
off  and  he  cheerfully  accepted  the  result. 
Nothing  interfered  with  his  political  en- 
thusiasm. He  just  came  back  to  Hunting- 
ton,  buckled  on  his  armor  and  worked  in- 
cessantly for  republican  success.  He  was 
always  careful  to  see  that  his  successful 
opponent  secured  the  full  republican  vote 
of  the  county,  and  so  as  time  went  by  the 
republicans  of  the  state  learned  to  recog- 
nize him  as  a  stanch  and  loyal  partisan  de- 
serving of  recognition.  His  third  race  was 
successful.  He  was  elected  by  a  good  ma- 
jority, his  co-religionists  throughout  the 
state  voting  largely  for*  him,  and  more 
than  compensated  for  the  loss  of  votes  of 
narrow,  hide-bound  haters  of  the  Jewish 
religion.  He  was  re-elected  and  he  gave 
good  satisfaction  during  his  four  years' 
term  of  office." 

t, 

HENRY  LEVY  was  an  Indianapolis  man- 
ufacturer who  gave  vitality  to  one  of  the 
most  considerable  industries  of  the  city. 
For  years  he  was  president  and  manager 
of  the  Canital  Rattan  Company. 

When  Mr.  Levy  died  at  his  home  in  In- 
dianapolis July  1,  1917,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
eight,  there  was  general  regret  felt 
throughout  the  city  and  the  sentiment  fre- 
quently expressed  that  one  of  the  strong 
and  reliable  men  of  the  community  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1355 


passed  away.  Mr.  Levy  had  been  educated 
in  publip  schools  at  Huntington,  Indiana, 
and  also  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  made  a  special  study  of  chemistry  and 
pharmacy  and  in  1892  went  to  Chicago 
where  he  was  engaged  in  the  drug  business 
and  also  in  medicine  manufacture.  When 
his  father,  Leopold  Levy,  became  state  treas- 
urer of  Indiana  Henry  returned  to  the 
state  and  occupied  a  position  in  his  fa- 
ther's office  at  Indianapolis. 

On  leaving  the  state  office  he  took  charge 
of  the  Capital  Rattan  Works,  then  a  small 
concern  belonging  to  Stuckey,  Moreland  & 
North.  It  was  located  where  the  Wheeler 
Schepler  plant  is  now.  Under  Mr.  Levy's 
able  management  the  business  grew  and 
prospered,  and  in  1902  the  present  site  of 
the  plant  was  built  and  a  new,  model  and 
modern  factory  was  constructed.  At  the 
beginning  the  output  was  go-carts  and 
certain  types  of  reed  furniture,  but  since 
1910  they  have  manufactured  primarily  a 
general  line  of  mission  furniture,  and  the 
product  now  is  distributed  over  a  wide 
territory.  The  late  Mr.  Levy  was  an  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
For  the  past  ten  years  the  secretary  of 
the  Rattan  Company  has  been  Mrs.  Henry 
Levy.  Her  maiden  name  was  Marie  C. 
Clark,  daughter  of  Thomas  F.  Clark  of 
Galesburg,  Illinois.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Levy 
were  married  February  17,  1907. 

WASHINGTON  CHARLES  DEPAUW,  capi- 
talist and  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Salem,  Indiana,  January  4,  1822.  His 
grandfather,  Charles  DePauw,  was  a 
Frenchman  who  came  over  with  Lafayette 
and  fought  for  America  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. He  married  in  Virginia  and  emi- 
grated to  Kentucky,  where  his  son  John 
was  born.  On  arriving  at  manhood  John, 
who  held  a  militia  title  of  general,  removed 
to  Indiana  and  located  at  Salem.  He  was 
not  successful  in  business,  and  when  he 
died  Washington  was  left,  at  sixteen  years 
of  age,  on  his  own  resources. 

He  was  bright  and  industrious.  At  nine- 
teen he  was  employed  in  the  county  clerk's 
office,  and  after  becoming  of  age  was 
elected  clerk.  His  natural  business  ability 
was  phenomenal.  His  investments  were 
all  advantageous,  and  by  the  time  of  the 
Civil  war  he  was  a  wealthy  man.  During 
the  war  he  added  largely  to  his  wealth  and 
promoted  the  manufacturing  interests  of 


New  Albany  by  the  establishment  of  roll- 
ing mills,  foundries  and  plate  glass  works. 

Mr.  DePauw  refused  to  take  part  in  pub- 
lic life,  declining  the  democratic  nomina- 
tion for  lieutenant-governor  in  1872,  but 
was  a  great  friend  of  education  and  served 
for  a  number  of  years  as  trustee  of  the 
State  University  and  of  Asbury.  He 
founded  and  for  years  maintained  De- 
Pauw College,  for  girls,  at  New  Albany. 
In  1883  Asbury  was  in  financial  stress 
and  he  came  to  its  relief  on  condition  of 
cooperation  by  the  Methodist  Church. 
The  gifts  of  himself  and  family  to  the  in- 
stitution amounted  to  about  $600,000. 

In  gratitude  for  his  aid,  and  over  his 
protest,  the  name  of  Asbury  was  changed 
to  DePauw  University  in  1884,  which  was 
duly  legalized,  and  the  institution  entered 
on  a  new  era  of  prosperity.  He  did  not 
live  to  see  the  fruition  of  his  work,  as 
death  came  to  him  suddenly,  on  May  6, 
1887. 

HAKLEY  FRANKLJN  HARDIN.  Much  of  the 
same  fortitude  and  courage  that  enabled 
his  pioneer  ancestors  in  Indiana  to  meet 
and  solve  the  tremendous  problems  of  exist- 
ence involved  in  life  on  the  frontier  have 
been  summoned  to  the  aid  of  Harley  F. 
Hardin  in  his  career  as  a  lawyer.  Mr. 
Hardin  has  been  an  active  member  of  the 
bar  for  seventeen  years,  and  all  of  his 
practice  has  been  done  in  Grant  County, 
where  he  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  bar. 

He  was  born  near  Livonia  in  Washington 
County,  Indiana,  June  29,  1876,  and  rep- 
resents the  fourth  generation  of  the  Har- 
din family  in  Indiana.  Many  generations 
precede  him  in  American  residence.  The 
first  colonist  of  the  Hardin  clan  came 
from  Scotland  and  established  a  home  in 
North  Carolina.  That  was  long  before  the 
Revolutionary  war.  His  son,  Elisha  Har- 
din was  born  in  South  Carolina  and  mi- 
grated from  that  colony  to  Tennessee. 
John  Hardin,  a  grandson  of  the  original 
immigrant  and  great-grandfather  of  the 
Marion  lawyer,  was  born  at  Raleigh,  'North 
Carolina,  June  12,  1799,  spent  his  early 
life  in  Tennessee,  and  in  1816  arrived  in 
the  wilderness  of  Indiana,  which  in  the 
same  year  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  He 
was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most  influ- 
ential citizens  of  Washington  County.  He 
regularly  did  duty  as  clerk  of  public  sales 


1356 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  the  county,  and  was  called  upon  to  draft 
the  greater  portion  of  the  deeds  and  mort- 
gages of  that  time.  These  facts  indicate 
that  he  was  a  man  of  superior  education. 
He  did  much  to  found  and  maintain  good 
schools  in  a  time  when  all  education  was 
dependent  upon  local  and  private  enter- 
prise rather  than  as  an  integral  part  of 
the  public  policy.  John  Hardin  had  three 
sons  who  served  in  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  war,  one  of  them  being  Capt. 
John  J.  Hardin,  and  another  met  death 
on  a  battlefield  in  Kentucky. 

The  paternal  grandparents  of  Harley 
F.  Hardin  were  Andrew  Jackson  and  Mary 
A.  (Jones)  Hardin,  both  of  whom  spent 
all  their  lives  in  this  state.  Isaac  A.  Har- 
din  was  born  in  Washington  County  and 
spent  his  active  career  as  a  farmer  there 
until  his  death  in  1896,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
four.  Isaac  A.  Hardin  married  Susan  F. 
Thomerson,  who  survived  her  husband. 
She  was  a  daughter  of  Isaac  and  Caroline 
(Patton)  Thomerson,  and  William  Thomer- 
son, grandfather  of  Isaac,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland.  Isaac  A.  Hardin  and  wife  had 
four  children :  Harley  F. ;  Eva  L.,  who 
married  Emmerson  H.  Hall ;  Edgar  K. ; 
and  Heber  C. 

Harley  Franklin  Hardin  has  always  been 
grateful  that  his  early  life  was  spent  in 
the  environment  of  an  Indiana  farm.  He 
remembers  pleasantly  his  boyhood  days  on 
the  farm,  and  he  also  made  the  best  use  of 
the  advantages  of  the  public  schools.  From 
high  school  he  entered  the  University  of 
Indiana  in  January,  1898,  but  before  com- 
pleting his  literary  course  entered  the  law 
department,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
LL.  B.  in  1901.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Grant  County,  and 
was  also  admitted  to  practice  before  the 
Supreme  Court  and  the  United  States  Dis- 
trict Court.  Mr.  Hardin  began  practice  at 
Mathews  in  Grant  County  August  1,  1901, 
two  years  later  moved  to  Fairmount,  and 
in  May,  1908,  established  his  home  and 
practice  at  Marion.  He  has  had  a  generous 
share  of  the  legal  business  of  that  city,  and 
has  made  his  professional  interests  first 
and  foremost,  though  he  has  not  neglected 
his  duties  as  a  good  citizen.  He  is  a  re- 
publican voter,  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order,  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Knights  of  Pythias,  and  Benevolent 
Crew  of  Neptune.  He  and  his  wife  are 


members  of  the  Christian  Church  of  Ma- 
rion. 

September  15,  1901,  he  married  Miss 
Mary  Emeline  Burgess  who  was  born  and 
reared  in  Washington  County,  daughter 
of  Henry  Burgess.  Mrs.  Hardin  gradu- 
ated from  the  Orleans  High  School  in 
1901.  They  are  the  parents  of  five  chil- 
dren, named  Belva  Lorraine,  Esther  Ma- 
linda,  Forrest  Franklin,  Frances  Elzora 
and  Carl  Henry  Hardin. 

ROBERT  A.  MORRIS  is  cashier  of  the  Fair- 
mount  State  Bank,  of  which  his  brother, 
William  F.  Morris,  is  president.  The  Fair- 
mount  State  Bank  was  established  in  1902, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  twenty-five  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  is  one  of  a  number  of 
financial  institutions  that  have  been  pro- 
moted and  founded  by  members  of  the 
Morris  family,  long  prominent  in  Wayne, 
Grant  and  Madison  counties. 

The  Morris  family  was  established  in  the 
Carolinas  before  the  Revolutionary  war. 
They  were  originally  of.  the  Hicksite 
Quakers  and  of  Welsh  ancestry.  The  found- 
er of  this  particular  branch  of  the  family 
in  Indiana  was  Aaron  Morris,  who  was 
born  in  North  Carolina  September  6,  1776. 
July  19,  1798,  he  married  Lydia  Davis. 
They  lived  in  North  Carolina  until  1815, 
when  they  came  to  Indiana  Territory,  being 
six  weeks  in  making  the  journey  by  wagon. 
In  1821  Aaron  Morris  bought  his  first 
land,  adjoining  the  twelve-mile  purchase, 
and  in  1822  moved  his  family  to  it.  This 
land  was  in  Wayne  County,  and  he  lived 
there  until  his  death  September  20,  1845. 
He  was  a  miller  by  trade  and  had  one  of 
the  first  mills  in  Wayne  County. 

One  of  his  children  was  George  Morris, 
grandfather  of  the  Fairmount  banker.  He 
was  born  in  North  Carolina  and  was  a 
child  when  the  family  came  to  Indiana. 
He  was  a  merchant  and  also  a  farmer  at 
Richmond,  and  in  that  city  he  married 
Rhoda  Frampton.  She  was  a  member  of 
an  old  Maryland  family  of  Friends.  George 
Morris  died  at  Richmond  at  the  early  age 
of  thirty-six  and  his  widow  survived  him 
to  the  age  of  ninety. 

Aaron  Morris,  father  of  Robert  A.,  was 
born  near  Richmond,  November  21,  1834. 
He  died  February  15,  1907,  his  being  the 
first  death  among  five  children.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  wagon  maker  in  his  youth, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


1357 


and  in  1865  became  identified  with  the 
Hoosier  Drill  Company  of  Richmond,  and 
was  manager  and  director  of  that  institu- 
tion until  1876.  Later  he  was  interested 
in  the  manufacture  of  reapers  and  mowers, 
but  in  1888  removed  to  Pendleton  in  Madi- 
son County,  and  founded  the  Pendleton 
Banking  Company.  He  was  president  of 
that  institution  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
after  his  death  it  was  continued  with  his 
son  William  F.  as  manager.  In  1902  Aaron 
Morris  extended  his  interests  to  Fairmount, 
Indiana,  and  established  the  Fairmount 
State  Bank.  Thus  for  nearly  twenty  years 
before  his  death  he  was  widely  known  as 
a  banker  over  the  eastern  counties  of  the 
state.  He  was  a  lifelong  Quaker  and  a 
stanch  republican,  though  never  a  candi- 
date for  office.  In  1865  he  married  Miss 
Martha  Thomas,  who  was  born  and  educat- 
ed in  Madison  County,  daughter  of  Louis 
andPriscilla  (Moore)  Thomas.  Her  parents 
were  natives  of  Pennsylvania  and  were 
early  settlers  in  Madison  County.  They 
were  farming  people  and  active  members 
of  the  Friends  church.  Aaron  Morris  was 
survived  by  his  widow  and  four  children: 
William  F.,  president  of  the  State  Bank 
of  Fairmount ;  Luella,  wife  of  Elwood  Bur- 
chell,  a  nut  and  bolt  manufacturer ;  Robert 
A.,  and  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Frederick  Lantz. 
Mr.  Robert  A.  Morris  was  born  near 
Richmond  in  Wayne  County  May  16,  1877. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
city  and  Earlham  College,  and  gained  his 
first  experience  in  banking  with  his  father 
at  Pendleton.  He  was  connected  with  the 
Pendleton  Bank  from  1895  until  1902,  then 
took  active  charge  of  the  Fairmount  State 
Bank  at  the  time  of  its  organization.  He 
is  president  of  the  Pendleton  Banking  Com- 
pany, Pendleton,  Indiana,  and  cashier  of 
the  Fairmount  State  Bank,  Fairmount, 
Indiana.  He  is  also  president  of  the  Indi- 
ana Bankers  Association,  being  elected  to 
that  position  at  Indianapolis  in  September, 
1918.  Mr.  Morris  is  a  republican  and  a 
member  of  the  Quaker  church.  In  1908  he 
married  at  Fairmount  Miss  Artie  Suman. 
Her  family  lived  for  many  years  at  Fair- 
mount,  where  she  was  born.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Morris  have  one  son,  William  S.,  born 
January  2,  1913. 

MEADE  S.  HAYS  has  been  a  successful 
member  of  the  Marion  bar  since  1903,  and 

has   been  in   practice   in  his  native  state 
vol.  in— 10 


for  over  twenty  years.  He  handles  a  gen- 
eral law  practice,  and  has  been  retained 
as  an  attorney  on  one  side  or  another  with 
some  of  the  most  important  litigation  in  the 
local  and  state  courts.  His  offices  are  in 
the  Marion  Block  at  Marion. 

Mr.  Hays  was  born  in  White  County, 
Indiana,  July  1,  1866,  youngest  child  of 
Cormacan  and  Harriet  (Bowen)  Hays. 
His  father  was  born  in  Ross  County,  Ohio, 
in  1818,  and  went  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  in 
1831.  He  married  in  1847  Harriet  F. 
Bowen,  who  was  born  in  Pike  County, 
Ohio,  in  1827.  Cormacan  Hays  was  for  a 
number  of  years  a  farmer  and  extensive 
dealer  in  cattle  in  White  County,  but  died 
at  Lafayette  in  1886.  His  widow  is  also 
deceased.  • 

Meade  S.  Hays  completed  one  stage  of 
his  education  in  the  Brookston  Academy 
at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  subsequently 
was  a  student  for  three  years  in  Purdue 
University.  Among  early  experiences  he 
did  work  in  the  countv  auditor's  office  at 
Lafayette,  was  also  with  an  insurance  com- 
pany at  Springfield,  Illinois,  as  secretary, 
and  for  three  years  lived  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  At  one  time  he  was  correspondent 
of  a  San  Francisco  daily  paper.  Return- 
ing to  Indiana  in  1893  after  visiting  the 
World's  Fair  at  Chicago,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  law  at  Fowler,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  spring  of 
1896.  He  at  once  began  practice  in  Fowler, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  democratic  can- 
didate for  prosecuting  attorney.  He  con- 
tinued practice  at  Fowler  until  he  removed 
to  Marion  in  1903. 

Mr.  Hays  has  a  son  and  daughter.  His 
first  wife  died  September  20,  1914,  and 
he  married  Mrs.  Zella  Baker  on  March 
1,  1918. 

CHARLES  THOMAS  PARKER  has  been  as 
successful  in  business  as  he  has  in  the  law, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  has  enjoyed  a 
position  of  recognized  leadership  in  his 
home  city  of  Fairmount. 

Mr.  Parker  was  born  at  Fairmount  Oc- 
tober 1,  1864,  son  of  Thomas  Jasper  and 
Rebecca  (Johnson)  Parker.  The  Parkers 
were  an  old  family  of  southern  Grant  Coun- 
ty, coming  in  pioneer  times  from  North 
Carolina  and  driving  across  country  in 
wagons.  Thomas  J.  Parker  was  a  farmer 
and  shoemaker,  making  shoes  when  that 
work  was  almost  entirely  performed  by 


1358 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


hand  and  for  the  custom  trade.  His  later 
years  were  spent  on  a  farm. 

Charles  Thomas  Parker  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools,  attended  normal  school 
at  Marion,  Adrian  College  at  Adrian,  Mich- 
igan, and  in  1900  graduated  from  the  law 
department  of  Valparaiso  University.  For 
the  past  eighteen  years  he  has  been  in 
practice  at  Fairmount,  and  for  twelve  years 
served  as  Grant  County  attorney. 

Mr.  Parker  was  one  of  the  principal 
organizers,  is  a  large  stockholder  and  di- 
rector, and  former  president  of  the  Citi- 
zens Telephone  Company,  which  he  also 
serves  as  attorney.  He  is  attorney  for  a 
number  of  corporations  and  banks,  and  is 
one  of  the  organizers  and  is  a  director  of 
the  Fairmount  Commercial  Club.  He  is 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  is  a 
charter  member  and  past  chancellor  of 
Paragon  Lodge  No.  219,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  at  Fairmount,  and  is 
a  past  noble  grand  of  the  Odd  Fellows. 

July  27,  1887,  Mr.  Parker  married  Miss 
Rosia  Cleeland,  of  Jonesboro,  Indiana. 
They  have  three  children  :  Myron  Arthur,, 
an  expert  electrician,  Ralph  '•Eraerso'n,  a 
student,  and  Chauncey  Thomas,  a  student 
in  the  law  department  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity. 

SAMUEL  S.  RHODES.  With  a  business 
experience  covering  a  period  of  half  a  cen- 
tury, the  life  and  services  of  Samuel  S. 
Rhodes  have  been  identified  with  several  of 
the  larger  cities  of  the  central  west.  Now 
retired  from  active  affairs,  he  enjoys  the 
honor  and  dignity  of  one  of  the  older 
business  men  of  Indianapolis,  and  has  al- 
ways sustained  the  ideals  and  principles 
of  business  integrity  whether  measured  by 
the  old  or  modern  standards. 

He  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  but  moved 
to  Ohio  in  early  life,  and  for  a  time  was 
engaged  in  farming  near  Springfield.  Later 
he  took  the  position  of  overseer  of  a  plan- 
tation in  Missouri.  That  was  about  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  war,  and  owing  to 
'the  unsettled  conditions  of  the  country  he 
returned  to  Ohio.  In  that  state  he  offered 
his  services  in  the  defense  of  the  Union. 
He  served  one  term  of  enlistment  and  vol- 
unteered for  a  second  term,  and  had  a 
creditable  part  in  the  great  tragedy  of  war 
until  peace  was  declared,  when  he  was 
honorably  discharged.  For  a  time  he  was 


a  prisoner  in  the  notorious  Libby  prison 
at  Richmond. 

After  the  war  Mr.  Rhodes  engaged  in 
the  retail  hardware  business  at  Galesburg, 
Illinois.  While  a  resident  of  that  city  he 
married  Miss  Mary  Conklin,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Col.  T.  T.  Snell  and  others 
in  the  building  of  the  old  Lake  Erie  and 
Western  Railroad,  with  headquarters  at 
Tipton,  Indiana.  Just  after  the  great  fire 
in  Chicago  in  1871  he  moved  to  that  city, 
and  in  association  with  others  was  engaged 
in  the  wholesale  hardware  trade  on  State 
Street  in  what  is  now  the  loop  district. 

Mr.  Rhodes  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1873. 
For  several  years  he  had  a  retail  hardware 
store  on  the  site  of  the  present  Grand 
Hotel.  Later  he  opened  another  store  at 
Martinsville,  Indiana,  and  while  giving 
that  some  of  his  attention  he  also  traveled 
extensively,  representing  the  Oliver  Chilled 
Plow  Company  of  South  Bend.  He  then 
resumed  his  active  connections  with  Indi- 
anapolis as  a  hardware  merchant,  and  by 
progressive  efforts  built  up  large  and  im- 
portant connections  with  the  hardware 
trade  and  amassed  a  comfortable  fortune. 
•When  he  retired  from  active  affairs  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  who  still  con- 
tinues the  business  founded  so  many  years 
ago. 

Clarence  R.  Rhodes,  only  son  of  his 
parents,  was  born  at  Clinton,  Illinois,  in 
1873  but  was  reared  and  educated  in  Indi- 
anapolis. He  had  a  thorough  business 
training  under  the  eye  of  his  father  and  in 
1895  was  made  a  partner  in  the  business. 
He  is  now  its  sole  owner.  Clarence  R. 
Rhodes  married  Miss  Gertrude  L.  Henry. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Mary  Adelaide. 

CHARLES  A.  WOOD  has  for  many  years 
been  identified  with  the  lumber  business  at 
Muncie  which  was  established  by  his  father, 
and  is  now  active  head  of  the  Kirby-Wood 
Lumber  Company. 

He  was  born  in  Randolph  County,  Indi- 
ana, October  25,  1870,  son  of  Julius  C.  and 
Clara  (Morgan)  Wood.  His  father,  who 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in 
1846,  was  a  carpenter  and  farmer  in  his 
native  county.  He  was  a  boy  when  the 
war  broke  out  and  in  1863  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  enlisted  in  Company  I  of  the 
124th  Indiana  Infantry  and  saw  active 
service  to  the  end.  His  regiment  was  with 
Sherman  at  Atlanta,  and  also  on  the  march 


OF 
UNIVERSITY  Of  iujNor 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1359 


to  the  sea.  An  uncle  of  Julius  C.  Wood 
was  Valentine  Wood,  who  for  many  years 
conducted  and  published  the  Richmond 
Palladum.  J.  C.  Wood  after  returning 
from  the  army  assisted  in  the  newspaper 
office  for  several  years.  In  1880  he  re- 
moved to  Muncie  and  engaged  in  the  saw 
mill  and  lumber  business  under  the  name 
J.  C.  Wood  and  Company.  A  few  years 
later  the  firm  was  changed  to  the  Kirby- 
Wood  Lumber  Company.  J.  C.  Wood  was 
one  of  the  eminent  Masons  of  Indiana,  at- 
taining the  supreme  honorary  thirty-third 
degree  in  the  Scottish  Bite.  He  was  a 
republican  and  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 

Charles  A.  Wood  was  educated  in  the 
high  school  at  Muncie  and  for  three  years 
was  a  student  in  De  Pauw  University  at 
Greencastle.  For  seven  years  he  was  in 
the  city  engineer's  office  at  Muncie,  and 
then  became  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  sawmill  and  lumber  business,  a  con- 
nection which  continued  until  his  father's 
death,  and  since  then  he  has  been  active 
head  of  the  Kirby-Wood  Lumber  Company, 
also  a  director  in  the  Union  National  Bank. 
Mr.  Wood  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Rite  Mason,  and  both  he  and  his  wife  are 
prominent  members  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

November  24,  1892,  at  Muncie,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Clara  Strawn.  She  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  that  city  and  in 
the  Indiana  State  Normal  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  prior  to  her  marriage  was  a  successful 
teacher  in  the  Washington  School  at 
Muncie.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Woman's 
Club,  and  gives  much  of  her  time  to  church 
work.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wood  have  two  chil- 
dren, Emily,  born  October  20,  1898,  and 
Ruth,  born  December  28,  1905. 

ALFRED  O.  MELOY  is  street  commission- 
er in  the  municipal  government  of  Indi- 
anapolis. He  is  a  man  of  wide  range  of 
private  and  public  business  experience,  and 
has  been  a  prominent  figure  in  the  public 
affairs  of  Indianapolis  many  years. 

Mr.  Meloy  was  born  in  Neosho  County, 
Kansas,  in  1870,  and  has  lived  in  Indian- 
apolis since  1891.  Mr.  Meloy  filled  the 
position  of  superintendent  of  streets  under 
a  former  administration,  and  for  three 
years  before  assuming  his  present  duties 
was  chief  bailiff  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Marion  County.  January  7,  1918,  he  was 


appointed  street  commissioner,  and  is  giv- 
ing to  his  duties  all  his  accustomed  energy 
and  efficiency.  He  has  large  forces  under 
his  direction  in  this  department,  which 
spends  almost  $350,000  a  year,  -and  is 
the  type  of  man  who  gets  work  done  and 
brings  credit  to  himself  and  the  entire  ad- 
ministration. 

Mr.  Meloy  is  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club  and  of  various  civic  and  social  organ- 
izations, and  is  one  of  the  active,  progres- 
sive spirits  of  Indianapolis.  Politically  he 
is  a  republican. 

Mr.  Meloy  is  married  and  has  a  happy 
family.  He  is  one  of  the  fathers  of  Indian- 
apolis whose  thoughts  are  very  much  with 
the  war  and  with  the  forces  overseas,  since 
he  has  three  sons  now  wearing  the  uni- 
forms with  the  colors.  His  son  Clifton  A. 
is  a  member  of  the  Sixtieth  Engineer  Corps 
serving  in  Prance,  Glen  M.  is  a  member 
of  the  Thirty-fourth  Balloon  Corps,  and 
Eugene  J.  is  in  the  Marine  Service. 
He  is  an  expert  rifleman  and  expert  pis- 
tplman,  which  is  the  highest  honors  for 
marksmanship  in  the  marine  service.  These 
sons  were  all  born  and  educated  in  Indian- 
apolis. 


LOWE  BRYAN,  president  of  In- 
diana State  University,  was  born  near 
Bloomington,  Indiana,  November  11,  1860, 
a  younger  son  of  Rev.  John  and  Eliza  Jane 
(Philips)  Bryan.  After  primary  education 
in  the  common  schools,  he  entered  Indiana 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
course  in  1884,  and  was  employed  the  next 
year  by  the  University  as  instructor  in 
Greek.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Berlin 
in  1886-7,  and  at  Paris  and  Wurzburg  in 
1900-1. 

His  services  were  wanted  by  the  uni- 
versity continuously  after  his  graduation 
and  he  was  professor  of  philosophy  there 
from  1885  to  1902;  vice  president,  1893- 
1902,  and  president  from  1902  to  date.  It 
is  under  his  management  that  the  uni- 
versity has  reached  its  present  high  stand- 
ing. President  Bryan  received  the  degree 
of  Ph.  D.  from  Clark  University  in  1892, 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Illinois  Col- 
lege in  1904,  and  a  second  LL.  D.  from 
Hanover  in  1908. 

On  June  13,  1889,  President  Bryan  mar- 
ried Charlotte  A.  Lowe,  of  Indianapolis, 
who  collaborated  with  him  in  his  first  pub- 
lication, "Plato,  the  Teacher"  (1897).  He 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


to  the  sea.  An  uncle  of  Julius  C.  Wood 
was  Valentino  Wood,  who  for  many  years 
conducted  and  published  the  Richmond 
Palladum.  .1.  C.  Wood  after  returning 
from  the  army  assisted  in  the  newspaper 
office  for  several  years.  In  1880  he  re- 
moved to  Muncie  and  engaged  in  the  saw 
mill  and  lumber  business  under  the  name 
J.  C.  Wood  and  Company.  A  few  years 
later  the  firm  was  changed  to  the  Kirby- 
Wood  Lumber  Company.  J.  C.  Wood  was 
one  of  the  eminent  Masons  of  Indiana,  at- 
taining the  supreme  honorary  thirty-third 
deirree  in  the  Scottish  Rite.  He  was  a 
republican  and  member  of  the  Methodist 
Kpiscopal  Church. 

Charles  A.  Wood  was  educated  in  the 
high  school  at  Muncie  and  for  three  years 
was  a  student  in  l)e  I'auw  University  at 
(ireencastle.  For  seven  years  lie  was  in 
tin-  city  engineer's  office  at  Muncie.  and 
then  became  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  sawmill  and  lumber  business,  a  con- 
nection which  continued  until  his  father's 
death,  and  since  then  he  has  been  active 
head  of  the  Kirby-\Vood  Lumber  Company, 
also  a  director  in  the  Union  National  Hank. 
.Mr.  Wood  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Rite  .Mason,  and  both  he  and  his  wife  are 
prominent  members  of  the  Methodist  Kpis- 
copal  ('liurch. 

November  24.  1,S!»2.  at  Muncie.  he  mar- 
ried .Miss  Clara  Strawu.  She  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  that  city  and  in 
the  Indiana  State  Normal  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  prior  to  her  marriage  was  a  successful 
teacher  in  the  Washington  School  at 
Muiicie.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Woman's 
Club,  and  gives  much  of  her  time  to  church 
work.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wood  have  two  chil- 
dren. Kmily.  horn  October  20.  1S!)S.  and 
Ruth,  born  December  2S.  l!IOf>. 

AI.KI;I-:I>  <  >.  Min.nv  is  street  commission- 
er in  the  municipal  government  of  Indi- 
anapolis, lie  is  a  man  of  wide  range  of 
private  and  public  business  experience,  and 
has  been  a  prominent  limire  in  the  public 
all'airs  of  Indianapolis  manv  years. 

Mr.  Melny  was  born  in  Neosho  County. 
Kansas,  in  1S70.  and  lias  lived  in  Indian- 
apolis since  IsfM.  Mr.  Meloy  tilled  the 
position  of  superintendent  of  streets  under 
a  former  administration,  and  for  three 
years  before  assuming  his  present  duties 
was  chief  bailiff  of  the  Circuit  Court,  of 
Marion  County.  January  7.  1018.  he  was 


appointed  street  commissioner,  and  is  giv- 
ing to  his  duties  all  his  accustomed  energ\ 
and  efficiency.  He  has  large  forces  under 
his  direction  in  this  department,  which 
spends  almost  $350.000  a  year, -and  is 
the  type  of  man  who  gets  work  done  and 
brings  credit  to  himself  and  the  entire  ad- 
ministration. 

Mr.  Meloy  is  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club  and  of  various  civie  and  social  organ 
ixations.  and  is  one  of  the  active,  progres- 
sive spirits  of  Indianapolis.     Politically  he 
is  a  republican. 

Mr.  Meloy  is  married  and  has  a  happy 
family.  He  is  one  of  the  fathers  of  Indian 
apolis  whose  thoughts  are  very  much  with 
the  war  and  with  the  forces  overseas,  since 
he  has  three  sons  now  wearing  the  uni- 
forms with  the  colors.  His  son  Clifton  A. 
is  a  member  of  the  Sixtieth  Engineer  Corps 
serving  in  France,  (ilen  M.  is  a  member 
of  the  "Thirty-fourth  Halloon  Corps,  and 
Kugene  J.  is  in  the  -Marine  Service. 
lie  is  an  expert  rifleman  and  expert,  pis- 
tolman.  which  is  the  hiirhest  honors  for 
marksmanship  in  the  marine  service.  These 
sons  were  all  born  and  educated  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

WILLIAM  l,o\vi,  I.KVAN.  president  of  In- 
diana State  University,  was  born  near 
I>1  oom ington.  Indiana.  November  11.  1H>0, 
a  younger  son  of  Rev.  John  and  Eli/.a  Jane 
(Philips)  Hryan.  After  primary  education 
in  the  common  schools,  he  entered  Indiana 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
course  in  1SS4.  and  was  employed  the-  next 
year  by  the  University  as  instructor  in 
Creek.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Herlin 
in  lSSf>-7.  and  at  Paris  and  Wurxburg  in 
1000-1. 

His  services  were  wanted  by  the  uni- 
versity continuously  after  his  graduation 
and  he  was  professor  of  philosophy  there 
from  1SS."t  to  1002:  vice  president.  1S!M 
1002.  and  president  from  1002  to  date.  It 
is  niiilcr  liis  management  thai  the  uni- 
versity has  reached  ils  present  high  stand- 
ing. President  Hryan  received  the  decree 
of  Ph.  1).  from  Clark  University  in  IS'.rj. 
the  degree  of  1,1,  I),  from  Illinois  Col- 
lege in  100k  and  a  second  LI..  D.  from 
Hanover  in  100S. 

On  June  1:5.  1SSO.  President  Hryan  mar- 
ried  Charlotte  A.  IAIWC.  of  Indianapolis, 
who  collaborated  with  him  in  his  first  pub- 
lication. "Plato,  the  Teacher"  ;  1S07-.  lie 


1360 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


is  also  the  author  of  "The  Republic  of 
Plato"  (1898),  and  of  numerous  articles 
in  encyclopedias  and  journals.  He  has 
served  as  a  trustee  of  the  Carnegie  Foun- 
dation for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching 
since  1910. 

R.  M.  HUBBARD  is  one  of  the  leading 
dentists  in  practice  at  Indianapolis  and 
located  there  immediately  after  his  gradu- 
ation from  the  Indianapolis  Dental  College 
in  1909.  His  abilities  have  won  and  re- 
tained him  a  large  patronage,  and  he  oc- 
cupies well  equipped  offices  in  the  Odd  Fel- 
low building.  Mr.  Hubbard  is  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis,  State  and  National 
Dental  associations.  He  is  also  connected 
with  the  Dental  Protective  Association  and 
the  Preparative  League  of  American  Den- 
tists, and  as  such  has  offered  his  profes- 
sional services  free  in  the  examination  and 
treatment  of  enlisted  men  for  the  army. 

Doctor  Hubbard  was  born  in  Putman 
County,  Indiana,  November  12,  1879,  a  son 
of  Harrison  and  Mattie  H.  (Coffman) 
Hubbard.  His  father,  who  was  born  in 
Owen  County,  Indiana,  in  1845,  had  a 
strenuous  record  as  a  soldier  in  the  Union 
army.  He  enlisted  in  1862,  with  the  17th 
Indiana  Infantry,  and  participated  in  fifty- 
two  battles  and  skirmishes.  He  was  at 
Chickamauga  and  Lookout  Mountain.  In 
one  battle  he  received  a  shell  wound  in  the 
head  that  caused  permanent  injury.  On 
receiving  his  honorable  discharge  in  1865 
he  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Owen 
County,  then  removed  to  Putnam  County, 
and  became  a  farmer,  and  spent  his  last 
years  in  Morgan  County.  He  died  there 
in  1910.  He  was  a  Quaker  or  Friend  in 
religious  belief  and  a  republican.  In  the 
family  were  four  sons  and  two  daughters, 
five  of  whom  are  still  living. 

Next  to  the  youngest  in  age,  R.  M.  Hub- 
bard grew  up  on  a  farm  and  received  most 
of  his  early  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Morgan  County.  He  entered  the  Indi- 
anapolis Dental  College  in  1906.  Mr.  Hub- 
bard is  a  republican  voter.  December  24, 
1912,  he  married  Miss  Jessie  Marshall,  of 
Marion  County. 

GRANT  L.  HUDSON.  For  many  sound 
business  reasons  Anderson,  Indiana,  has 
become  the  home  of  many  important  and 
successful  commercial  enterprises,  many  of 
them  having  been  built  up  entirely  by  local 


capital,  while  outside  interests  have  con- 
tributed to  the  enormous  development  of 
others.  One  of  the  city's  most  prosperous 
industries  at  the  present  time  is  that  oper- 
ated under  the  title  of  the  Laurel  Motors 
Corporation,  of  which  Grant  L.  Hudson  is 
secretary  and  treasurer. 

Grant  L.  Hudson  was  born  November 
13,  1862,  on  his  father's  farm  near  Clyde, 
Ohio.  His  parents  were  John  and  Lydia 
(Jones)  Hudson,  the  latter  of  whom  was 
born  in  New  England  and  the  former  in 
Worcestershire,  England.  John  Hudson 
in  boyhood  accompanied  a  brother  across 
the  sea  to  Canada.  That  he  was  indus- 
trious and  prudent  may  be  inferred  from 
the  fact  that  before  he  was  twenty-five 
years  old  he  was  the  owner  of  a  flour  mill. 
From  Brantford,  Canada,  he  came  to  the 
United  States  and  bought  a  farm  near 
Clyde,  Ohio,  on  which  place  his  son  Grant 
L.  was  born,  and  remained  there  until  1865 
and  then  removed  to  Hudson,  Michigan. 
He  was  a  man  of  much  enterprise  and  was 
ever  on  the  alert  for  opportunities  to  better 
his  fortunes.  In  1876  he  sold  his  Michigan 
interests  and  moved  to  Chillicothe,  Mis- 
souri, where  he  conducted  a  large  stock 
farm  for  the  next  seven  years  and  then  sold 
it  to  retire  to  his  fruit  farm  in  San  Diego 
'County,  California,  on  which  place  his 
death  occurred  in  1887. 

Grant  L.  Hudson  was  given  many  edu- 
cational advantages,  for  his  father  was 
liberal  and  open-minded  and  anxious  that 
his  son  should  have  advantages  that  had 
been  denied  him  in  youth.  First  in  the 
public  schools  of  Michigan  and  later  in  Mis- 
souri, Grant  L.  Hudson  proved  a  diligent 
student  and  in  1880  was  creditably  gradu- 
ated from  the  high  school  at  Chillicothe. 
From  there  he  entered  the  Northwestern 
University  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  and  com- 
pleted his  sophomore  year  in  that  institu^ 
tion,  and  then  began  the  study  of  law  in  the 
office  of  his  brother,  Arthur  W.  Hudson, 
at  Durango,  Colorado.  This  choice  of  pro- 
fession subsequently  brought  him  into  in- 
timacy with  several  of  the  notable  men  of 
Kansas.  After  one  year  of  study  with  his 
brother  he  became  a  student  and  office 
assistant  for  ex-Governor  John  P.  St.  John 
at  Olathe,  Kansas,  and  during  that  period 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  that  city. 

Circumstances  and  inclination  both  oper- 
ated to  bring  Mr.  Hudson  forward  in  poli- 
tics, and  he  was  elected  city  attorney  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1361 


Olathe  on  the  republican  ticket,  and  con- 
tinued in  office  until  he  removed  to  Denver 
in  1886,  in  which  city  he  became  an  assist- 
ant in  the  law  office  of  United  States  Sen- 
ator Edward  0.  Wolcott.  Mr.  Hudson  re- 
mained in  that  connection  for  six  years  and 
then  retired  in  order  to  open  an  office  of  his 
own.  In  the  meanwhile  he  had  become 
active  in  politices  at  Denver  and  became 
county  attorney  of  Denver  County,  hi? 
jurisdiction  extending  over  the  City  of 
Denver  as  well  as  the  county,  and  in  1908 
he  was  appointed  probate  judge  of  the 
city  and  county  and  served  one  year  on  the 
probate  bench.  He  resumed  private  prac- 
tice after  his  judicial  term  expired  and 
became  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Denver 
bar. 

The  Laurel  Motors  Corporation,  with 
which  Mr.  Hudson  is  so  prominently  identi- 
fied, was  founded  at  Anderson  in  1917. 
The  plant,  an  extensive  one,  has  recently 
been  enlarged  through  the  erection  of  an- 
other factory  and  its  future  looks  very  en- 
couraging. Mr.  Hudson  has  been  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  corporation  since  Oc- 
tober, 1917. 

Mr.  Hudson  was  married  in  1912  to 
Miss  Lura  Moore,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
Henry  Moore,  a  prominent  citizen  of  Jeffer- 
son City,  Missouri.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Katharyn,  who  was  born  in  December, 
1913.  Mr.  Hudson  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Science  Church.  Outside  of  his  old 
college  fraternities  he  belong  to  no  secret 
organizations.  While  not  active  in  politics 
at  present,  he  still  is  a  staunch  republican, 
but  far  beyond  any  partisan  tie  he  is  a 
loyal  and  patriotic  citizen,  and  is  one  who 
has  found  a  ready  welcome  in  Anderson's 
business,  professional  and  social  circles.  He 
still  maintains  a  beautiful  summer  home 
at  Denver,  amid  old  and  familiar  surround- 
ings and  where  his  personal  friends  are 
many,  but  his  citizenship  now  belongs  to 
Anderson. 

CHARLES  A.  BATES,  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis since  infancy,  is  a  young  man  still 
under  forty,  but  has  attained  those  posi- 
tions which  are  undeniably  associated  with 
real  achievement  and  success  in  commercial 
affairs. 

He  was  born  at  Logansport,  Indiana, 
April  22,  1879.  His  paternal  grandpar- 
ents were  natives  of  England.  His  father, 
William  Bates,  was  born  in  New  York 


State,  left  home  when  a  boy  and  sought 
fortune  and  adventure  in  the  Middle  West. 
When  the  war  broke  out  between  the 
North  and  South  he  enlisted  in  Company 
B  of  the  Thirteenth  Indiana  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, and  served  until  honorably  dis- 
charged at  the  conclusion  of  his  term  of 
enlistment.  This  company  had  a  notable 
record  of  fighting  on  some  of  the  most  fa- 
miliar battle  grounds  of  the  war.  He  was 
at  Rich  Mountain,  West  Virginia,  Cheat 
Mountain  Pass,  Greenbrier,  Winchester 
Heights,  and  the  Thirteenth  was  the  first 
regiment  to  enter  the  fort  during  the  at- 
tack on  Fort  Wagner.  It  was  also  in  ac- 
tion at  Cold  Harbor,  Bermuda  Hundred, 
Petersburg,  Strawberry  Plain,  and  in 
many  other  engagements.  While  William 
Bates  returned  home  after  the  war  and 
put  in  a  number  of  years  of  useful  serv- 
ice, his  death  was  eventually  due  to  hard- 
ships and  rigors  of  military  life.  On  re- 
turning to  Indiana  he  went  into  railroad 
work  and  rose  to  the  position  of  conductor. 
He  was  thus  employed  by  both  the  Penn- 
sylvania and  the  Big  Four  Railways.  He 
moved  to  Indianapolis  in  1881  and  died  in 
this  city,  February  11,  1888,  at  the  age 
of  forty-six.  William  Bates  married  Katie 
Syers  in  1877.  Of  their  four  children  the 
only  one  now  living  is  Charles  A. 

Charles  A.  Bates  was  educated  in  the 
Indianapolis  public  schools,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  graduated  from  the  old  In- 
dustrial Manual  Training  School.  He  was 
practically  earning  his  own  way  while  at 
his  books.  His  first  real  business  experi- 
ence was  as  a  newspaper  carrier,  distribut- 
ing the  News  in  the  evening  and  the  Jour- 
nal and  Sentinel  in  the  morning.  He  is 
one  of  the  old-time  newsboys  of  Indianapo- 
lis who  have  since  achieved  the  best  honors 
of  business  life.  He  was  a  newsboy  seven 
years.  His  next  work  was  with  the  G.  and 
J.  Tire  Company  (now  the  Indianapolis 
Rubber  Company)  and  later  went  into  the 
local  offices  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 
He  was  with  the  Standard  Oil  seven  years 
and  rose  from  office  boy  to  head  of  the 
stock  department.  Leaving  that  for  in- 
dependent business  activities,  he  became 
associated  with  an  uncle  in  the  laundry 
business  and  later  for  a  time  conducted 
a  laundry  of  his  own.  Selling  out,  about 
a  year  later  he  became  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Duckwall  Belting  &  Hose 
Company,  a  large  Indianapolis  corpora- 


1362 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion  with  which  he  is  still  identified.  Since 
1911  he  has  also  been  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Zenite  Metal  Company.  The 
Zenite  Metal  Company  has  in  recent 
months  become  a  very,  important  indus- 
try of  Indianapolis  and  is  filling  some  big 
war  orders  for  munitions.  Mr.  Bates  has 
been  associated  with  other  allied  organiza- 
tions originated  by  Mr.  Duckwall,  who  was 
founder  of  the  Duckwall  Belting  &  Hoge 
Company  and  the  Zenite  Metal  Company 
and  other  local  concerns. 

Mr.  Bates  is  a  Protestant  in  religion  and 
a  democrat  in  politics.  Fraternally  he  has 
attained  the  thirty-second  degree  in  Scot- 
tish Rite  Masonry,  and  is  also  a  member 
of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  married  February  16,  1918,  Miss  Edna 
May  Lakin. 

EDWARD  W.  BRUNS  has  been  identified 
with  merchandising  in  Indianapolis  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  is  especially  promi- 
nent among  the  grocers  of  the  city  both 
as  an  individual  merchant,  proprietor  of 
a  high-class  establishment  at  1501  Hoyt 
Avenue,  and  also  as  a  leader  in  the  local 
grocers  association.  Mr.  Bruns  was  born 
at  Sunman,  Ripley  County,  Indiana,  Oc- 
tober 1,  1878,  oldest  son  in  the  family  of 
eight  children  born  to  Herman  and  Re- 
becca (Kammeyer)  Bruns.  His  father 
was  a  child  when  the  grandparents  left 
Bremen,  Germany,  and  came  to  the  United 
States.  He  grew  to  manhood  in  Ripley 
County,  Indiana,  and  as  a  mere  youth  en- 
listed in  Company  G  of  the  Eighty-Third 
Indiana  Infantry  for  service  in  the  Civil 
war.  He  gave  a  splendid  account  of  him- 
self as  a  private  soldier,  and  was  with  the 
armies  of  the  Union  until  the  rebellion  was 
put  down  and  peace  declared.  He  was 
in  the  Vicksburg  campaign  and  in  the  fa- 
mous march  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea. 
After  the  war  he  took  up  farming  in  Rip- 
ley  County,  Indiana,  and  he  lived  a  life 
of  industry  and  honor  in  that  community 
until  his  death,  on  June  20,  1917,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-six.  His  wife  was  born  in 
America  and  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven 
in  1912.  They  were  members  of  the  Chris- 
tian Union  Church  at  Sunman.  Herman 
Bruns  was  active  in  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  and  in  earlier  years  supported 
the  democratic  party  and  finally  became 
a  republican. 

Edward  "W.  Bruns  grew  up  at  his  fath- 


er's home  in  Ripley  County  and  attended 
school  at  Sunman.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  left  school  to  help  his  father  on  the 
farm.  He  also  gained  a  good  knowledge 
of  business  as  an  employe  of  his  brother- 
in-law,  a  butcher  and  merchant,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one  took  service  with 
a  general  merchant  at  Weisberg,  Indiana. 
Three  years  later  he  returned  to  Sunman 
and  in  1900  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  Charles  Stein- 
fort.  For  seven  years  they  were  in  the 
grocery  business  at  Shelby  Street  and 
Fletcher  Avenue,  and  then  Mr.  Bruns 
bought  out  his  partner  and  became  sole 
proprietor  and  has  since  conducted  a  flour- 
ishing enterprise  at  his  present  location. 
In  1907  Mr.  Bruns  married  Ida  Stein- 
fort.  They  are  members  of  the  Edmond 
Ray  Methodist  Church,  and  Mr.  Bruns  is 
one  of  the  trustees.  In  a  business  way  he 
is  a  director  in  the  Sanitary  Milk  Products 
Company  and  in  the  International  Grocers 
Company.  Politically  he  votes  as  an  inde- 
pendent. 

CHARLES  H.  STUCKMEYER  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  sixty-seven  years. 
These  have  been  years  fruitful  in  the  ma- 
terial rewards  that  accompany  honest  and 
upright  endeavor  and  have  also  brought 
him  substantial  position  in  community  es- 
teem. 

Mr.  Stuckmeyer  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  August  10,  1850,  and  a  few  weeks 
after  his  birth  his  parents,  John  Henry 
and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Nordman)  Stuck- 
meyer, moved  to  Indianapolis,  so  that  in 
all  essential  particulars  he  has  been  a  life- 
long resident  of  this  city.  John  Henry 
Stuckmeyer  was  born  in  the  Kingdom  of 
Hanover,  Germany,  of  very  poor  but  in- 
dustrious parents.  To  add  to  the  diffi- 
culties of  his  early  childhood  his  father 
died  when  the  son  was  small  and  the  wid- 
owed mother  was  left  with  the  care  and 
superintendence  of  a  considerable  family. 
When  John  Henry  was  about  twelve  years 
of  age  she  brought  her  household  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Cincinnati, 
where  after  finishing  his  education  in  the 
parochial  schools  he  went  to  work  as  a 
cabinet  maker.  He  developed  great  pro- 
ficiency at  that  trade,  and  it  was  as  a  cabi- 
net maker  and  carpenter  that  he  developed 
a  business  which  enabled  him  to  provide 
for  his  family.  In  September,  1850,  he 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1363 


brought  his  family  to  Indianapolis,  and 
here  he  paid  $250  for  a  lot  at  the  corner 
of  Alabama  and  Maryland  streets,  on 
which  the  family  had  their  first  home. 
This  lot  is  now  occupied  by  the  county 
jail.  About  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
war  he  sold  this  property  and  bought  some 
lots  on  Virginia  Avenue,  between  Cedar 
and  Norwood  streets,  and  there  put  up  a 
home  and  also  a  business  building.  A  few 
years  before  his  death  the  family  moved 
to  810  Buchanan  Street.  For  a  long  pe- 
riod of  years  John  Henry  Stuckmeyer  was 
a  carpenter  and  contractor  and  built  many 
of  the  better  homes  of  the  city  and  also 
taught  and  trained  three  of  his  sons  to  be- 
come expert  house  builders.  The  wife  of 
John  Henry  Stuckmeyer  was  a  small  child 
when  her  parents  came  from  Germany 
and  located  in  Cincinnati,  and  a  number 
of  her  relatives  in  the  Nordman  family 
afterward  settled  in  and  around  Jones- 
ville,  Indiana.  John  H.  Stuckmeyer  and 
wife  were  members  of  the  Lutheran 
Church  and  in  politics  he  was  a  demo- 
crat. They  had  six  children:  John  H., 
who  died  at  the  age  of  thirty-five;  August 
G.,  who  died  in  1913;  William  H.,  a 
farmer  living  at  Moulton,  Alabama;  Ed- 
ward and  Mrs.  William  Sirp,  both  resi- 
dents of  Indianapolis;  and  Charles  H. 

Charles  H.  Stuckmeyer  was  reared  and 
educated  in  Indianapolis,  attending  both 
parochial  and  public  schools.  As  a  boy 
he  gained  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
carpenter's  trade  in  his  father's  shop,  and 
followed  that  vocation  almost  entirely  until 
he  was  about  nineteen,  when  he  went  to 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  found  employ- 
ment as  clerk  in  a  grocery  store.  Eighteen 
months  later  he  returned  to  Indianapolis 
and  with  his  brother  August  formed  a 
partnership  and  embarked  in  the  butcher 
business  at  McCarty  Street  and  Virginia 
Avenue.  This  firm  did  a  nourishing  trade 
there  for  many  years  and  gradually  their 
enterprise  developed  into  a  small  chain  of 
stores,  including  one  at  Georgia  and  Noble 
streets  and  another  at  Pine  and  English 
streets.  The  basis  of  their  success  as  mer- 
chants was  due  to  hard  work,  cordial  treat- 
ment of  their  customers,  and  fair  and  prac- 
tical dealings  throughout. 

In  1902  Mr.  Stuckmeyer,  associated  with 
his  son-in-law,  Fred  A.  Behrent,  engaged 
in  the  coal  business  at  Lexington  Avenue 
and  the  Big  Four  tracks.  Among  various 


other  interests  which  he  now  controls  he  is 
vice  president  of  the  Fountain  Square 
Bank. 

He  has  always  been  interested  in  the 
success  of  the  democratic  party  and  served 
two  terms  as  a  member  of  the  city  council, 
and  during  the  Taggart  administration 
was  city  clerk  of  Indianapolis  two  terms. 
He  and  his  family  are  members  of  St. 
Paul's  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church,  and 
Mr.  Stuckmeyer  has  always  been  devoted 
to  the  interests  of  his  family  and  his  home. 

October  26,  1871,  he  married  Mary  E. 
Enners,  daughter  of  Philip  and  Wilhel- 
mina  Enners.  She  was  born  on  Massachu- 
setts Avenue  in  Indianapolis.  Harry,  sec- 
ond child  of  their  marriage,  died  in 
childhood;  Clara  is  the  wife  of  Fred  A. 
Behrent,  a  native  of  Indianapolis  and  now 
associated  with  Mr.  Stuckmeyer  in  the  coal 
business ;  Albert  is  a  resident  of  Indianapo- 
lis; Dr.  W.  E.  Stuckmeyer,  of  Indianapo- 
lis; and  Arthur  G.,  who  is  employed  in  the 
coal  business. 

WILLIAM  XACKENHORST  is  president  of 
the  Fountain  Square  State  Bank  of  In- 
dianapolis. This  institution  was  organ- 
ized in  March,  1908,  and  its  doors  opened 
for  business  July  8th  of  that  year.  George 
G.  Robinson  was  the  first  president,  and 
Mr.  White  the  first  cashier.  The  bank 
began  with  a  capital  of  $25.000,  all 
paid  up,  and  the  capital  has  remained 
fixed  at  that  figure,  though  now  a  surplus 
of  $25,000  has  been  accumulated,  and  the 
institution  has  steadily  grown  in  patron- 
age and  service  and  its  deposits  now  ag- 
gregate about  $500,000.  In  1910  Mr.  Rob- 
inson was  succeeded  as  president  by  Wil- 
liam Nackenhorst,  and  the  present  cashier 
is  H.  J.  Budens. 

All  his  adult  life  Mr.  William  Nacken- 
horst has  spent  in  the  Fountain  Square 
section  of  Indianapolis.  His  has  been  a 
busy  and  successful  career,  and  as  presi- 
dent of  the  bank  he  enjoys  a  high  place 
in  the  financial  community  of  Indianapo- 
lis. 

His  father  was  John  Frederick  Nacken- 
horst, who  was  born  at  Osnabrueck,  Ger- 
many, August  2,  1827.  While  a  youth  he 
served  three  years  in  the  German  army. 
In  1850  he  emigrated  to  America,  landing 
in  New  York  City,  and  from  there  went 
to  Pittsburg,  where  he  found  employment 
in  a  local  gas  plant.  While  in  Pittsburg 


1364 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


he  married  Lizzie  Otte.  In  1873  John  F. 
Nackenhorst  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
spent  his  active  years  in  labor.  He  was 
an  honest,  industrious,  thrifty  citizen  and 
reared  his  children  to  lives  of  usefulness 
and  honor,  giving  them  all  the  education 
within  his  means  and  leaving  a  name  to 
be  respected  by  them  and  by  all  who  knew 
him  during  his  lifetime.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  in  poli- 
tics a  republican.  He  died  in  October, 
1911,  and  his  wife  in  February,  1901. 
Their  three  children  were:  John  Fred7 
erick ;  Mary,  Mrs.  Valentine  Schneider, 
and  William. 

Mr.  William  Nackenhorst  was  born  at 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  March  2,  1863, 
began  his  education  in  that  city,  and  from 
the  age  of  ten  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Indianapolis.  When  a  boy  he  found 
employment  as  clerk  in  a  grocery  store, 
and  for  eleven  years  applied  himself 
steadily  to  his  duties,  to  learning  the  busi- 
ness, and  to  providing  his  own  support. 
Finally  he  had  the  modest  capital  which 
enabled  him  to  engage  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness himself,  and  for  many  years  he  con- 
ducted the  leading  store  of  that  kind  in 
the  Fountain  Square  neighborhood.  Since 
1911  he  has  been  in  the  retail  coal  busi- 
ness, and  is  president  of  the  William 
Nackenhorst  Coal  and  Coke  Company. 
He  took  stock  in  the  Fountain  Square 
State  Bank  when  it  -was  organized,  and 
gradually  assumed  closer  connections  with 
the  institution  until  he  was  elected  its 
president  in  1910. 

Mr.  Nackenhorst  is  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics, is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  has  served  as 
jury  commissioner,  but  otherwise  has  never 
wanted  nor  has  he  been  willing  to  accept 
political  office.  In  1903  he  married  Trede 
Leonard,  of  Wabash,  Indiana.  Their  one 
daughter  is  Helen  Nackenhorst. 

THEODORE  WEINSHANK  is  senior  member 
of  Weinshank  &  Fenstermaker,  mechanical, 
heating  and  ventilating  engineers,  with  of- 
fices in  the  Hume-Mansur  Building  at  In- 
dianapolis. Long  years  of  service  and  ex- 
perience have  brought  Mr.  Weinshank  an 
enviable  reputation  in  engineering  circles, 
particularly  as  an  authority  on  subjects 
connected  with  heating  and  ventilating. 

Aside  from  his  prominence  in  his  profes- 
sion his  career  has  been  of  more  than  or- 
dinary interest  because  of  his  experience 


and  achievements  in  promoting  himself  in 
the  face  of  many  difficulties.  A  more  thor- 
ough American  it  would  be  difficult  to  find. 
He  was  born  and  reared  in  Russia,  and 
from  the  standpoint  of  his  early  life  he 
probably  appreciates  more  of  the  real  spirit 
of  American  democracy  than  many  native 
born.  He  was  born  in  the  City  of  Bo- 
bruisk, Province  of  Minsk,  Russia,  August 
15,  1865.  His  birth  occurred  at  an  inter- 
esting time  in  Russian  history.  Several 
days  previously  the  Czar  Alexander  II  had 
ended  a  revolutionary  struggle  in  Russia 
and  had  abolished  serfdom  or  slavery 
throughout  the  empire. 

Mr.  Weinshank  is  a  son  of  Benedict  and 
Liebe  Weinshank.  Both  parents  were  of 
Holland  ancestry.  Their  great-grandpar- 
envs  had  moved  from  Holland  to  Russia 
about  1750.  The  name  Weinshank  as  orig- 
inally spelled  in  Holland  was  Vonshank, 
but  as  the  result  of  changes  which  fre- 
quently occurred  in  the  pronunciation  and 
spelling  of  names  the  present  form  was 
acquired. 

At  an  early  age  Theodore  Weinshank 's 
studies  were  directed  toward  a  career  in  the 
ministry.  He  had  considerable  technical 
education  in  religious  subjects.  At  the  age 
of  fourteen  he  was  entered  at  the  Gymna- 
sium, where  his  chief  subjects  were  in  med- 
icine. 

All  his  own  plans  and  those  of  his  par- 
ents were  changed  by  a  great  national 
event  in  1882,  the  assassination  of  Czar  Al- 
exander II.  Mr.  Weinshank  was  then  sev- 
enteen years  of  age.  There  soon  followed 
the  persecution  of  everyone  connected  with 
any  school  or  university,  and  on  the  advice 
of  his  parents  Theodore  left  for  America. 
He  arrived  in  New  York  in  April,  1882. 
Almost  his  first  experience  was  being 
fleeced  of  all  his  money  by  bunko  men. 
This  put  him  on  his  own  resources,  and 
there  were  many  hard  experiences  during 
the  years  following  before  he  became  es- 
tablished in  his  profession. 

With  a  number  of  Russian  immigrants 
he  left  for  South  Dakota,  then  part  of  the 
Territory  of  Dakota.  After  attaining  his 
majority  he  took  up  a  homestead  and  tried 
farming  there  for  five  years.  The  hard- 
ships of  life  on  the  frontier  and  the  Da- 
kotas  have  been  frequently  described.  Mr. 
Weinshank  hardly  missed  any  of  these 
hardships.  One  time  he  had  a  piece  of  land 
where  water  could  not  be  obtained.  There 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


lie  married  Li//ie  Otic.  In  lS7o  John  F. 
Nackenliorst  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
spont  liis  active  years  in  lal>or.  lie  was 
an  honest,  industrious,  thrifty  citi/en  and 
reared  his  rhildrcn  to  lives  of  usefulness 
anil  honor,  giving  them  all  the  education 
within  his  means  and  leaving  a  name  to 
lie  respected  by  ihem  and  liy  all  who  knew 
liim  during  his  lifetime.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber nf  the  Lutheran  ('hnrdi  and  in  poll- 
lie-,  a  repuhlicaii.  lie  died  in  (>ctolier, 
1!M1.  and  his  wife  in  Keliniary.  I'.Mll. 
Tin -ir  three  children  were:  .Inhn  Fred- 
erick: .Mary.  .Mrs.  Valentine  Schneider, 
and  William. 

.Mr.  William  Nackonhorst  was  horn  at 
I'iltshnr'j.  Pennsylvania.  .Mar.-h  :J.  IMi:!. 
bev.au  his  education  in  that  city.  and  from 
the  aji'e  of  ten  attended  the  pulilir  schools 
of  I  ndiaiiapnlis.  When  a  l>oy  he  found 
employment  as  elerk  in  a  -jroeery  store, 
and  fur  eleven  years  applied  himself 
steadily  to  his  duties,  to  learning  the  hnsi- 
ness.  and  to  providing  his  own  support. 
Finally  lie  had  the  modest  capital  which 
i  nabled  him  to  engage  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ncss  himself,  and  for  many  years  he  con- 
ducted the  leading  store  of  that  kind  in 
the  Fountain  Square  neighborhood.  Since 

1!>11  he  has  I n  in  the  retail  coal  husi- 

ness.  and  is  president  of  the  William 
Nackenhorst  ('oal  and  Coke  Conipiiny. 
He  took  stock  in  the  Fountain  Square 
State  Hank  when  it  was  organi/ed.  and 
gradually  assumed  closer  connections  with 
the  institution  until  lie  was  elected  its 
president  in  lUlM. 

Mr.  Nackenhorst  is  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics, is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  has  served  as 
jury  commissioner,  hut  otherwise  has  never 
wanted  nor  has  lie  been  willing  to  accept 
political  office.  In  lIXCi  he  married  Trede 
Leonard,  of  Wabash.  Indiana.  Their  one 
daughter  is  Helen  Nackenhorst. 

TiiKoiMtKic  WKINSII ANK  is  senior  member 
of  Weinshank  &  Fensterinakcr,  mprha.nic.al. 
heating  and  ventilating  engineers,  with  of- 
tices  in  the  I lumo-Mansur  Building  at.  In- 
dianapolis. Long  years  of  service  and  ex- 
perience have  brought  Mr.  Weinshank  an 
enviahle  reputation  in  engineering  circles, 
particularly  as  an  authority  on  subjects 
connected  with  heating  and  ventilating. 

Aside  from  his  prominence  in  his  profes- 
sion his  career  has  been  of  more  than  or- 
dinary interest  because  of  his  experience 


und  achievements  in  promoting  himself  in 
the  face  of  many  difficulties.  A  more  thor- 
ough American  it  would  be  difficult  to  find. 
He  was  horn  and  reared  in  JJussia.  and 
from  the  standpoint  of  his  early  life  he 
probably  appreciates  more  of  the  real  spirit 
of  American  democracy  than  many  native 
born.  lie  was  horn  in  the  City  of  Bo- 
bruisk. Province  of  Minsk.  Russia.  August 
ir>.  ]S(!f>.  His  birth  occurred  at  an  inter- 
esting time  in  Russian  history.  Several 
days  previously  the  C/ar  Alexander  II  had 
ended  a  revolutionary  struggle  in  Russia 
and  had  abolished  serfdom  or  slaverv 
throughout  the  empire. 

Mr.  Weinshank  is  a  son  of  Benedict  and 
hit-be  Weinshank.  Both  parents  were  of 
Holland  ancestry.  Their  irreat-grandpar- 
eins  had  moved  from  Holland  to  Russia 
jibouf  17')0.  The  name  Weinshank  as  orig- 
inally spelled  in  Holland  was  Vonshank. 
but  as  the  result  of  changes  which  fre- 
quently occurred  in  the  pronunciation  and 
spelling  of  names  the  present  form  was 
acquired. 

At  an  early  a  ire  Theodore  WYinshank's 
studies  were  directed  toward  a  career  in  the 
ministry.  He  Imd  considerable  technical 
education  in  religions  subjects.  At  the  age. 
of  fourteen  he  was  entered  at  the  (tymna- 
sium.  where  his  chief  subjects  were  in  med- 
icine. 

All  his  own  plans  and  those  of  his  par- 
ents wive  changed  by  a  great  national 
event  in  ISS^.  Hie  assassination  of  Cxar  Al- 
exander II.  .Mr.  Weinshank  was  then  sev- 
enteen years  of  asre.  There  soon  followed 
the  persecution  of  everyone  connected  with 
any  school  or  university,  and  on  the  advice 
of  his  parents  Theodore  left  for  America. 
He  arrived  in  New  York  in  April,  1882. 
Almost  his  first  experience  was  being 
fleeced  of  all  his  money  by  bunko  men. 
This  put  hiiii  on  his  own  resources,  and 
there  were  many  hard  experiences  during 
the  years  following  before  lie  became  es- 
tablished in  his  profession. 

With  a  number  of  Russian  immigrant* 
he  left  for  South  Dakota,  then  part  of  the 
Territory  of  Dakota.  After  attaining  his 
majority  he  took  up  a  homestead  and  tried 
farming  there  for  five  years.  The  hard- 
ships of  life  on  the  frontier  and  the  Da- 
kota* have  been  frequently  described.  Mr. 
Weinshank  hardly  missed  any  of  these 
hardships.  One  time  he  had  a  piece  of  land 
where  water  could  not  be  obtained.  There 


OF  T  IE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLIHOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1365 


occurred  three  successive  failures  of  crops 
on  account  of  hailstorms.  While  he  lost 
none  of  the  real  courage  and  determina- 
tion of  life  by  these  circumstances,  he  did 
become  convinced  that  his  for-tune  was  not 
to  be  made  in  the  West,  and  therefore 
sought  means  of  returning  east  to  finish 
his  education. 

While  in  Dakota  Mr.  Weinshank  married 
his  step-niece,  Sophia  Shapiro,  or  as  she 
was  then  called  Sophia  Weinshank,  being 
the  step-daughter  of  his  older  brother.  Mr. 
Weinshank  was  not  able  to  realize  enough 
from  his  experiences  in  the  Dakotas  to  re- 
turn east  and  therefore  worked  in  the 
northern  pineries  of  Wisconsin  as  a  lumber 
jack,  for  a  time  in  a  coal  mine  at  Fort 
Dodge,  Iowa,  and  eventually  reached  Chi- 
cago. There  he  went  to  work  as  a  con- 
ductor on  a  street  car.  During  the  follow- 
ing eighteen  months  he  saved  enough  from 
his  earnings  to  study  evenings  and  pass 
the  examination  for  admission  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  in  1892.  He  was  not 
only  a  man  of  experience  but  a  man  of 
family  when  hei  entered  the  university, 
having  two  children,  Anna,  then  two  years 
old,  and  Will,  aged  six  months.  Entering 
the  University  of  Illinois  with  limited 
funds,  Mr.  Weinshank  worked  his  way 
through  by  many  shifts  and,  economies. 
Friday  nights  he  substituted  the  fireman 
at  the  water  works.  All  day  Saturday  he 
was  employed  at  upholstering  in  a  furni- 
ture store.  Saturday  night  he  hauled  ice 
from  cans  at  the  ice  plant.  Sunday  was 
then  devoted  to  study  and  sleep.  This 
work,  together  with  what  he  managed  to 
save  during  the  summer  by  working  at 
steam-fitting,  enabled  him  to  graduate  from 
the  university  in  1896  with  the  degree 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering. While  writing  his  thesis  he  ob- 
tained some  data  on  heating  which  had  not 
been  previously  published,  and  this  re- 
search enabled  him  to  procure  a  position 
the  day  after  he  graduated  and  helped 
build  the  foundation  for  his  later  success. 

In  the  twenty  years  since  then  Mr.  Wein- 
shank's  reputation  has  steadily  grown,  and 
during  his  many  years  at  Indianapolis  he 
has  ranked  first  and  foremost  in  all  the 
technical  problems  involved  in  heating, 
ventilation  and  air  conditioning.  His  pro- 
fessional work  as  consulting  engineer  on 
these  subjects  has  called  him  into  many 
states.  Early  in  his  career  as  a  mechani- 


cal engineer  he  paid  special  attention  to 
the  ventilation  of  public  buildings.  He 
read  a  number  of  papers  before  engineer- 
ing societies  on  the  subject.  The  papers 
were  the  foundation  for  the  appointment 
of  committees  on  research  to  bring  out  for- 
cibly the  practical  methods  of  cooling 
buildings  in  the  summer  time  as  well  as 
thorough  ventilation  of  theaters  and  pub- 
lic buildings  at  all  times. 

For  the  past  seventeen  years  Mr.  Wein- 
shank has  paid  special  attention  to  the 
utilization  of  exhaust  steam  from  engines 
for  heating  purposes.  The  installations 
that  have  been  made  under  his  supervision 
and  from  his  plans  have  been  invariably 
successful. 

As  this  brief  record  indicates  Mr.  Wein- 
shank is  thoroughly  a  man  of  the  people, 
a  democrat  in  the  essential  meaning  of 
that  term.  In  fact  it  was  the  root  meaning 
of  the  word  democrat  that  resulted  in  his 
first  formal  partisan  affiliations  in  politics 
in  America.  He  cast  his  first  vote  in  1892 
for  Grover  Cleveland  for  president.  In 
those  years  he  was  not  familiar  with  Amer- 
ican politics.  He  knew  no  difference  be- 
tween the  republican  and  democratic  par- 
,.ties,  and  made  his  choice  of  one  of  them 
from  the  origin  of  the  two  words.  Demo- 
crat is  made  up  of  the  Greek  word  "De- 
mos" meaning  people,  and  "Crates"  mean- 
ing rule.  The  word  republican.'  on  the 
other  hand  is  a  Latin  combination,  "Res" 
meaning  business,  and  "publicus"  mean- 
ing public.  His  sympathy  with  any  gov- 
ernment that  seemed  to  be  based  on  the 
rule  of  the  people  caused  his  choice  of  party 
affiliations.  In  later  years,  however,  he 
studied  and  learned  the  differences  in  po- 
litical principles  and  practices  and  has  vot- 
ed accordingly. 

Since  graduation  from  university  Mr. 
Weinshank  has  become  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the 
Masons,  the  American  Society  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers,  American  Society  of  Heat- 
ing and  Ventilating  Engineers,  National 
Association  of  Stationary  Engineers,  Na- 
tional District  Heating  Association,  the 
Travelers  Protective  Association  and  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers.  Being  busi- 
ly engaged  at  all  times  with  his  profes- 
sional work,  he  never  held  an  office,  prefer- 
ring to  remain  in  the  rank  and  file.  He 
has  also  been  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum 
of  Indianapolis,  the  Indianapolis  Athletic 


1366 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


Club,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  University  of 
Illinois. 

For  all  this  worthy  record  Mr.  Wein- 
shank  probably  has  more  pride  in  his  three 
children  than  any  other  one  fact  of  his  life. 
His  oldest  daughter,  Anna,  is  now  Mrs.  S. 
P.  Pearson  of  Chicago,  the  son  William 
Theodore  is  now  in  the  United  States  army 
fighting  for  the  principles  with  which  his 
father  is  so  much  in  sympathy.  The  son 
Harry  Theodore  is  in  an  officers  training 
school  at  Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia. 

CHARLES  MAJOR,  author,  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis, July  25,  1856.  His  father, 
Judge  Stephen  Major,  who  was  Circuit 
judge  of  the  Marion  County  Circuit  at 
the  time,  was  born  at  Granard,  County 
Longford,  Ireland,  March  25,  1811.  He 
attended  the  local  schools  at  Granard  and 
Edgeworthstown  and  in  1829  emigrated  to 
America.  He  located  in  Shelby  County, 
Indiana,  read  law  with  Philip  Switzer, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831.  He 
was  well  known  as  a  lawyer  and  judge  in 
Indiana.  On  April  9,  1840,  he  married 
Phoebe  Gaskill,  a  woman  of  superior  in- 
tellect, daughter  of  Dr.  George  Gaskill. 
She  was  a  native  of  Dearborn  County,  In- 
diana. 

In  1869  Judge  Major  removed  to  Shel- 
byville,  where  Charles  completed  his  com- 
mon school  education,  graduating  in  1872. 
He  then  attended  Michigan  University 
until  1875,  after  which  he  read  law  with 
his  father.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1877,  was  a  partner  of  H.  S.  Downey, 
1881-4;  elected  city  clerk  of  Shelbyville 
in  1885;  elected  state  representative  in 
1886.  In  1883  he  married  Miss  Alice 
Shaw,  of  Shelby  County. 

In  1898  Indiana,  and  soon  the  whole 
country,  was  taken  by  storm  by  a  new 
romance,  "When  Knighthood  Was  in 
Flower,"  over  the  name  "Edwin  Casko- 
den,"  who  was  soon  identified  as  Charles 
Major.  The  book  attracted  the  attention  of 
Julia  Marlowe,  then  at  the  height  of  her 
popularity,  and  at  her  solicitation  it  was 
dramatized  for  her,  and  presented  on  the 
stage  with  great  success.  It  was  followed 
by  other  books  of  Mr.  Major,  "Bears  of 
Blue  River."  (1900)  ;  "Dorothy  Vernon  of 
Haddon  Hall,"  (1902)  ;  "A  Forest 
Hearth,"  (1903)  ;  "Yolanda,  Maid  of  Bur- 
gundy," (1905)  ;  "Uncle  Tom  Andy  Bill," 


(1908)  ;  "A  Gentle  Knight  of  Old  Bran- 
denburg, ' '  ( 1909 )  ;  and  "The  Little 
King,"  (1910). 

Mr.  Major  also  contributed  to  various 
magazines.  He  died  at  his  home  at  Shel- 
byville, February  13,  1913. 

BENJAMIN  F.  HETHERINGTON  was  one 
of  the  sterling  characters  of  the  older  In- 
dianapolis who  had  much  to  do  with  the 
present  prosperity  of  the  city.  He  was 
a  man  of  many  strong  and  lovable  charac- 
teristics of  mind  and  heart,  and  impressed 
his  character  upon  the  spirit  of  the  mate- 
rial business  prosperity  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  October  30,  1828,  at  Car- 
lisle, England,  a  son  of  John  and  Ann 
(Wilson)  Hetherington,  being  the  young- 
est of  twelve  children.  His  father  dying 
when  he  was  twelve  years  of  age,  he  came 
with  his  widowed  mother  to  the  United 
States  a  year  later,  and  his  first  employ- 
ment was  in  a  cotton  factory  at  Webster, 
Massachusetts.  He  possessed  a  natural 
aptitude  for  mechanics.  It  was  this  apti- 
tude, subsequently  highly  developed, 
which  made  him  a  successful  business 
builder. 

At  nineteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  the 
machinist's  trade.  In  the  early  '50s  he 
came  West,  to  Cincinnati,  and  in  1852  to 
Indianapolis.  Here  he  worked  several 
years  at  his  trade  for  Deloss  Root  and 
Hassellman  &  Vinton.  For  ten  years  he 
was  an  employe  of  the  old  Indianapolis, 
Cincinnati  and  Louisville  Railroad. 

He  left  the  railroad  shops  to  open  in  a 
small  way  a  machine  shop.  This  business 
expanded  and  prospered  and  later  Fred- 
erick Berner,  Sr.,  of  Cincinnati,  and 
Joseph  Kindel  were  admitted  as  partners. 
With  the  influx  of  additional  capital  and 
assistance  new  shops  were  built  on  South 
Pennsylvania  Street,  now  known  as  the 
Ewald  Over  Plant.  Six  years  later  Mr. 
Hetherington  disposed  of  his  interests  and 
for  a  number  of  years  thereafter  was  a 
stockholder  and  assistant  manager  for  the 
Sinker  &  Davis  Company. 

He  had  been  vwith  this  concern  about 
two  years  when  he  rejoined  his  former 
partner,  Frederick  Berner,  Sr.,  and  they 
bought  property  and  erected  a  shop  on 
South  Street  over  Pogue's  Run,  immedi- 
ately south  of  the  present  Union  Station. 
This  business  grew  until  it  ranked  as  one 
of  the  principal  industries  of  Indianapolis. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1367 


With  the  passing  of  time  Frederick  A. 
Hetherington  and  Frederick  Berner,  Jr., 
sons  of  the  proprietors,  were  admitted  as 
members  of  the  firm,  now  changed  to  an 
incorporated  company,  and  of  these 
Frederick  A.  Hetherington  is  the  only 
survivor  at  present:  Eventually  the  busi- 
ness outgrew  its  environment,  and  in  1910 
four  acres  were  purchased  at  Kentucky 
Avenue  and  White  River,  large  and  com- 
modious buildings  were  erected,  and  mod- 
ern facilities  installed.  It  is  now  one  of  the 
large  manufacturing  houses  of  Indianapo- 
lis, gives  employment  to  many  hands,  and 
has  capital  and  surplus  of  approximately 
$400,000.  The  original  owners  are  long 
since  deceased,  but  the  second  and  third 
generations  of  the  Hetheringtons  and 
Berners  conduct  the  business  founded  by 
their  forbears  at  a  time  when  Indianapolis 
was  little  more  than  a  village.  The  pres- 
ent officers  are:  Frederick  A.  Hethering- 
ton, son  of  Benjamin  F.,  president;  Lewis 
Berner,  nephew  of  Frederick  Berner,  sec- 
retary; Robert  Berner,  vice  president; 
Carl  F.  Hetherington,  son  of  Frederick  A., 
treasurer  and  chief  mechanical  engineer. 

The  above  facts  are  such  as  are  often 
found  in  the  history  of  a  typically  Ameri- 
can business  brought  up  from  small  be- 
ginnings to  success  and  prosperity.  But 
of  the  personality  and  character  of  the 
late  Benjamin  F.  Hetherington  much  re- 
mains to  be  said.  In  the  broad  accep- 
tance of  the  term  he  was  not  a  superior 
business  man.  His  real  forte  was  in  me- 
chanics, and  in  that  he  was  a  genius.  He 
came  to  Indianapolis  when  the  town  was 
a  prospective  city  rather  than  an  accom- 
plished fact,  and  was  contemporaneous 
with  Hasselman,  Sinker,  Vajen  and  others 
prominent  at  that  period.  It  is  claimed 
that  Mr.  Hetherington  built  and  helped 
devise  the  first  machine  gun  ever  con- 
structed. This  gun  was  constructed  for 
Doctor  Gatling,  whose  name  it  has  ever 
since  borne.  Benjamin  F.  Hetherington 
was  a  remarkable  character,  possessed 
many  admirable  qualities  that  endeared 
him  to  his  friends,  and  his  impress  for 
good  is  indelibly  left  on  the  face  of  In- 
dianapolis history. 

At  Webster,  Massachusetts,  he  married 
Miss  Jane  Stephen,  daughter  of  William 
and  Diana  Stephen.  Of  the  six  children 
born  to  their  union  but  one  is  still  living. 

Frederick    A.    Hetherington    was    born 


October  1,  1859,  at  Indianapolis,  and  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools.  At  an 
early  age  he  began  working  in  his  father's 
shop  and  by  self-application  learned  engi- 
neering. He  undoubtedly  inherited  some 
of  his  mechanical  genius  from  his  father. 
For  some  ten  years  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  Campbell  Printing  Press  and  Manu- 
facturing Company  of  New  York  City. 
At  the  solicitation  of  his  father  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  city  in  time  to  in- 
corporate and  reorganize  the  business. 
Mr.  Hetherington  has  always  manifested 
a  keen  interest  in  the  field  of  applied 
science.  At  one  time  he  invented  a  port- 
able hand  camera  for  taking  pictures. 
This  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  "kodak" 
business  made  famous  later  by  the  East- 
man firm  of  Rochester.  Probably  the 
greatest  of  all  his  inventions  was  the  rail- 
way asphalt  paving  plant — manufactur- 
ing all  the  different  types  of  asphalt  or 
bituminous  pavement,  established  upon  a 
steel  car  especially  built  for  the  purpose. 
It  revolutionized  asphalt  paving  in  the 
United  States,  and  because  it  destroyed 
a  gigantic  monopoly  theretofore  enjoyed 
the  validity  of  the  patent  was  bitterly  con- 
tested in  the  courts.  Mr.  Hetherington 
was  finally  sustained. 

He  is  a  man  of  versatile  talents.  For 
three  years,  in  addition  to  his  regular  shop 
work,  he  attended  the  original  Indiana 
School  of  Art.  He  produced  illustrations 
and  cartoons  for  the  old  Indianapolis  pe- 
riodicals, Herald,  People,  and  Scissors, 
and  also  illustrated  for  Indiana's  great- 
est poet,  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  before 
Riley  had  become  so  famous. 

November  3,  1880,  Mr.  Hetherington 
married  Miss  Emma  Boardman.  She  died 
December  11,  1911,  leaving  three  children : 
Carl  F.;  Rosalind,  Mrs.  Willard  B.  Bot- 
tone  of  New  York  City;  and  Marian,  Mrs. 
Harvey  Marsh  of  Geneva,  Illinois. 

PARRY  FAMILY.  In  the  Parry  Manu- 
facturing Company  of  Indianapolis  is 
found  the  chief  business  expression  of  the 
abilities  and  activities  of  a  prominent  and 
notable  family  of  Indiana. 

The  founders  of  this  business  were  Da- 
vid M.  and  Thomas  H.  Parry,  brothers. 
It  was  established  about  1886.  These 
brothers  were  the  sons  of  Thomas  J.  and 
Lydia  (MacLean)  Parry.  Thomas  J. 
Parry  was  a  son  of  Henry  Parry.  The 


1368 


INDIANA  AND 


latter,  a  native  of  Wales,  learned  the  pro- 
fession of  civil  engineer  in  that  country 
and  came  to  the  United  States  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
saw  active  service  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
afterward  became  a  millwright  and  car- 
penter. Henry  Parry  married  Sarah 
Cadwalader,  daughter  of  General  John 
Cadwalader,  who  gained  distinction  in  the 
Revolutionary  war  and  had  an  active  part 
in  laying  out  and  founding  the  original 
Pittsburg.  Through  his  wife,  Henry 
Parry  became  owner  of  considerable  prop- 
erty at  Pittsburg,  and  both  of  them  spent 
the  rest  of  their  days  there.  They  were 
the  parents  of  twelve  children. 

Thomas  J.  Parry,  youngest  of  these  chil- 
dren, was  born  September  24,  1822.  He 
became  a  farmer  and  followed  that  occu- 
pation through  most  of  his  life.  In  1853 
he  came  West,  to  Indiana,  locating  on  a 
farm  near  Laurel  in  Franklin  County.  He 
was  distinguished  by  the  depth  and  sin- 
cerity of  his  convictions,  and  from  his  fore- 
bears he  inherited  sterling  honesty  and  up- 
righteousness  of  conduct.  At  first  he  was 
an  ardent  whig  and  later  a  republican, 
and  he  embraced  the  doctrines  of  this 
party  with  such  enthusiasm  that  it  was 
impossible  for  him  to  countenance  any 
other  political  faith.  In  religious  matters 
he  was  equally  single  minded  and  gave 
complete  adherence  to  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  He  never  held  any  political  of- 
fice, his  time  being  entirely  required  by 
insuring  a  livelihood  for  himself  and  fam- 
ily. His  death  occurred  September  21, 
1899.  He  and  his  wife  had  five  children : 
Edward  R.,  David  M.,  Jennie,  Mrs.  O.  P. 
Griffith,  Thomas  H.  and  St.  Clair.  The 
two  oldest  were  born  in  Pennsylvania  and 
the  rest  in  Indiana. 

David  M.  and  Thomas  H.  Parry  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  buggies  at  Rush- 
ville  about  1883.  In  order  to  get  addi- 
tional facilities  and  capital  they  moved 
to  Indianapolis  in  1886,  thus  founding  the 
present  business  of  the  Parry  Manufac- 
turing Company.  In  1888  St.  Clair  Parry 
and  in  1890  Edward  R.  Parry  became 
partners  in  the  business.  It  was  an  in- 
dustry started  on  a  small  'scale  but  grew 
rapidly  and  was  incorporated  in  1888  as 
the  Parry  Manufacturing  Company.  The 
original  capital  was  $35,000,  but  in  1891 
this  was  increased  to  $500,000  common 
stock  and  $700,000  preferred.  At  present 


INDIAN  ANS 

all  the  stock  has  been  retired  except  the 
half  a  million  of  common. 

St.  Clair  Parry  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  February  19, 
1861,  and  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Connersville.  He  clerked  in 
that  town  several  years  in  a  hardware 
store,  and  then  became  clerk  in  the  Citi- 
zens Bank,  owned  by  J.  N.  Huston,  a  dis- 
tinguished Indiana  financier  who  was 
treasurer  of  the  United  States  under  Presi- 
dent Benjamin  Harrison. 

From  the  bank  St.  Clair  Parry  engaged 
in  the  hardware  business  for  himself,  but 
in  1888  joined  his  brothers  as  a  vehicle 
manufacturer  at  Indianapolis.  The  capi- 
tal city  has  been  his  home  for  the  past 
thirty  years.  He  was  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  company  until  1909,  at  which 
date  he  was  elected  president,  a  position  he 
still  occupies. 

Mr.  Parry  is  a  republican,  is  a  Royal 
Arch  and  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and 
Shriner,  belongs  to  the  Columbia  Club,  the 
Country  Club,  the  Woodstock  Club,  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 

June  5,  1895,  he  married  Margaret  Guf- 
fin,  of  Rushville,  daughter  of  George 
Guffin.  They  have  one  son,  George 
Thomas. 

ARTHUR  E.  BRADSHAW,  of  Indianapolis, 
is  one  of  that  large  army  of  citizens  who 
in  an  unostentatious  way  are  carrying  the 
real  and  heavy  burdens  of  commercial  and 
civic  life  and  are  satisfied  with  perform- 
ance of  duty  even  if  they  do  not  win  the 
shoulder  straps  of  conspicuous  activity. 

His  grandfather,  Rev.  Samuel  Brad- 
shaw,  was  a  native  of  England  and  a  min- 
ister of  the  Episcopal  Church.  He  came 
to  America,  thus  establishing  the  family 
in  the  United  States.  William  Brad- 
shaw,  father  of  the  Indianapolis  business 
man,  was  born  in  the  State  of  Michigan, 
and  in  1838  moved  to  Delphi,  Indiana, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  watchmaking  and 
jewelry  business.  At  Delphi  he  married 
Georgiana  Sampson,  and  they  spent  the 
greater  part  of  their  lives  in  that  city. 

Arthur  E.  Bradshaw  was  born  at  Delphi, 
the  oldest  of  a  family  of  three  children. 
His  boyhood  days  were  spent  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  and  in  such  other  pursuits  as 
were  customary  for  the  youth  of  his  time 
and  locality.  He  early  learned  the  watch- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1369 


maker's  trade  from  his  father,  and  fol- 
lowed that  as  a  means  of  earning  his  liv- 
ing for  about  fifteen  years.  In  the  mean- 
time with  other  parties  he  organized  the 
Indianapolis  Mortar  and  Fuel  Company. 
The  growth  of  this  business  necessitated 
his  removal  to  Indianapolis  in  1902,  and 
since  that  year  he  has  been  president  and 
directing  head  of  the  corporation.  The 
concern,  established  in  a  modest  way,  has 
expanded  until  it  is  now  one  of  the  larg- 
est businesses  of  its  kind  in  Indiana. 
While  its  principal  work  is  the  handling 
of  a  general  line  of  building  material  and 
of  coal,  it  is  known  in  several  states  for 
its  special  line  of  manufacture,  the 
"Hoosier"  brand  of  plaster. 

Mr.  Bradshaw  belongs  to  that  class  of 
men  who  live  their  lives  in  a  well-ordered 
manner,  always  support  movements  affect- 
ing the  community  welfare,  and  possesses 
that  quiet  efficiency  which  gets  things  done 
in  any  undertaking  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected. Mr.  Bradshaw  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Columbia, 
Marion,  Rotary  and  Canoe  clubs,  the  Turn- 
verein  and  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a 
member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

In  1885  he  married  Miss  Jennie  Jack- 
son. Three  daughters  were  born  to  their 
marriage.  One  of  them  died  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  and  the  two  living  are  Jessie  and 
Mary. 

FRANK  M.  HAY.  With  a  record  as  a 
Union  soldier  that  merits  all  the  distinctive 
honor  now  paid  the  survivors  of  the  Civil 
war,  Frank  M.  Hay  is  one  of  the  older 
members  of  the  Indianapolis  bar,  and  has 
practiced  his  profession  in  that  city  thirty 
years  or  more. 

He  represents  a  notable  ancestry  con- 
nected with  the  earliest  territorial  period 
of  Indiana.  The  Hay  family  originated 
in  Scotland.  His  great-grandfather, 
James  Hay,  participated  in  the  expedition 
which  captured  Vincennes  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  he  was  the  first 
sheriff  of  the  territory  of  Indiana.  Later 
he  joined  General  Clark's  expedition  to 
the  Pacific  Coast.  Mr.  Hay's  grandfather, 
James,  Jr.,  was  born  in  Indiana  and 
served  as  a  soldier  with  General  Harrison 
at  the  Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  where  he  was 
wounded.  He  spent  his  last  days  in  Clark 
County,  Indiana. 


Frank  M.  Hay  was  born  in  Clark  Coun- 
ty, October  17,  1844,  a  son  of  John  Mil- 
ton and  Sarah  J.  (Boggis)  Hay.  His 
father  was  born  in  Clark  County,  this 
state,  in  1816,  the  year  Indiana  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union,  and  died  in  1877.  He 
was  a  man  of  many  brilliant  parts,  though 
self  educated.  For  over  ten  years  he  was 
a  draftsman  in  the  shipyards  at  Jefferson- 
ville,  Indiana,  and  was  skilled  in  every  de- 
tail of  steamboat  construction  and  equip- 
ment. In  his  early  life  he  taught  school. 
In  1872,  he  removed  to  Windfall,  Tipton 
County,  Indiana,  and  was  a  carpenter  and 
farmer  there  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  be- 
gan voting  as  a  whig,  took  up  republican 
principles  in  the  '50s,  but  in  1864  devi- 
ated from  that  allegiance  to  support 
George  B.  McClellan  for  the  presidency. 
He  had  served  as  a  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  state  militia.  He  and  his  wife  had 
nine  children,  five  of  whom  are  still  liv- 
ing. 

Frank  M.  Hay,  fourth  in  age  among  his 
father's  children,  began  his  active  career 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  as  a  laborer  on  a 
farm  and  as  a  carpenter's  apprentice. 
This  occupation  he  did  not  follow  long.  On 
August  19,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the  Seventh 
Indiana  Infantry,  in  Company  F,  as  a 
private.  His  active  military  service  was 
included  in  a  period  of  four  years,  three 
months  and  twenty-three  days.  He  re- 
ceived his  honorable  discharge  in  1864, 
but  in  the  meantime  had  fought  in  thirty- 
six  battles,  including  Gettysburg,  Wilder- 
ness, Antietam  and  many  others.  Toward 
the  close  of  his  service  and  while  on  the 
skirmish  line  he  was  captured  by  the  Con- 
federates, August  19,  1864,  and  was  sent 
as  a  prisoner  to  Libby  Prison,  but  made 
his  escape.  After  his  honorable  discharge 
Mr.  Hay  returned  to  Johnson  County, 
Indiana,  and  took  up  the  study  of  law, 
and  also  lived  a  short  time  in  Illinois. 
After  following  several  different  vocations 
he  resumed  the  study  of  law  and  began 
the  practice  of  the  profession  in  Illinois. 
He  later  removed  to  Indianapolis,  and 
combined  the  law  with  the  brokerage  busi- 
ness. In  1886  he  was  elected  a  justice  of 
the  peace  and  filled  that  office  four  years. 
Since  the  close  of  his  term  he  has  steadily 
practiced  law,  and  has  also  specialized  in 
selective  work.  Mr.  Hay  is  a  strong  re- 
publican, is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  of  George  H.  Chapin  Post 


1370 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


No.  209,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Marion  Club  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

August  8,  1869,  at  Mattoon,  Illinois,  Mr. 
Hay  married  Miss  Martha  S.  Payne.  Of 
their  two  children  the  only  one  now  liv- 
ing is  Thomas  J.  Hay,  who  to  thousands 
of  Indianans  as  well  as  in  his  home  city 
of  Chicago  represents  the  culminating  suc- 
cess and  ability  of  automobile  salesman- 
ship. 

Thomas  J.  Hay  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  in  a  business  college 
at  Indianapolis,  and  for  three  years  also 
studied  law  in  his  father's  office.  A  few 
years  ago  an  automobile  trade  journal  re- 
ferred to  Thomas  J.  Hay  as  occupying  "a 
peculiar  and  commanding  position  in  the 
national  automobile  field.  During  the  past 
eight  years  fifteen  thousand  automobiles 
have  been  purchased  in  Chicago  and  vi- 
cinity through  this  one  man.  Tom  J.  Hay 
knows  automobiles  as  do  few  other  men  in 
the  field.  Prior  to  engaging  in  the  auto- 
mobile trade  in  Chicago  he  spent  six  years 
in  an  automobile  factory  helping  .to  per- 
fect and  design  one  of  America's  leading 
gas  cars.  No  man  in  the  retail  automo- 
bile business  has  earned  such  a  high  repu- 
tation for  honest  service,  square  dealing 
and  authoritative  knowledge." 

JOHN  P.  VAN  KIRK  is  one  of  the  veteran 
building  contractors  of  LaPorte,  where  he 
has  been  in  business  over  forty-five  years. 
He  has  put  a  tremendous  amount  of  en- 
ergy into  all  his  undertakings,  and  for 
that  reason  early  overcame  certain  handi- 
caps due  to  lack  of  educational  opportuni- 
ties as  a  boy  and  the  necessity  of  earn- 
ing his  own  living  when  most  youths  of 
his  age  were  in  school. 

He  was  born  in  Logansport,  Indiana. 
His  father,  John  Van  Kirk,  was  a  native 
of  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsylvania. 
The  grandfather,  also  John  Van  Kirk,  was 
a  distiller  at  Pittsburg  and  spent  all  his 
life  in  Pennsylvania.  He  was  lineally 
descended  from  a  John  Van  Kirk,  who 
was  born  in  America,  about  1661,  and  a 
resident  of  New  Amsterdam.  Tradition 
says  that  he  was  associated  with  the  Van 
Dike  brothers  who  were  banished  from 
Holland.  John  Van  Kirk,  father  of  the 
LaPorte  contractor,  was  reared  and  mar- 
ried in  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1846  moved 
to  Indiana,  living  for  a  time  in  Logans- 


port,  later  at  Pulaski,  and  finally  taking 
up  a  farm  in  Marshall  County,  where  he 
lived  until  his  death  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
four.  He  married  Mary  Coalter.  She 
was  born  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Pennsylvania,  daughter  of  Philip  Coalter, 
a  native  of  Prussia,  and  on  coming  to 
America,  lived  in  Pennsylvania  some  years 
and  later  in  Ohio.  Mrs.  John  Van  Kirk 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-three,  having 
reared  four  sons  and  four  daughters. 

John  P.  Van  Kirk  made  the  best  of  his 
opportunities  to  obtain  an  education,  but 
at  the  age  of  thirteen  he  left  home  and 
from  that  time  forward  was  self-support- 
ing. He  earned  his  living  at  any  legiti- 
mate work  that  offered  and  in  1864  came 
to  LaPorte  and  was  apprenticed  to  learn 
the  trade  of  brick  making.  At  the  end  of 
a  year  his  employer  died  and  after  that 
he  worked  as  a  journeyman.  Having  ac- 
quired a  thorough  skill  and  having 
thriftily  saved  his  earnings  he  used  his  in- 
dependent ability  to  set  up  a  business  of 
•Us  own  as  a  contractor  in  1871,  and  from 
"that  time  forward  has  been  one  of  the 
leading  men  in  his  line  in  LaPorte.  Much 
of  his  present  prosperity  is  represented 
in  real  estate  investments,  both  in  the  city 
and  in  suburban  property.  Much  of  this 
has  been  improved  by  him.  In  1871  he 
built  the  home  where  he  and  his  wife  have 
since  resided,  at  1006  Monroe  Street. 

In  1869,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  Mr.  Van 
Kirk  married  Miss  Mahala  E.  Wise.  She 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  Suffield  Township 
of  Portage  County,  Ohio,  a  daughter  of 
Jacob  S.  and  Mary  (Harsh)  Wise.  Her 
grandfather,  Siebold  Wise,  was  a  life  long 
resident  of  Pennsylvania.  Jacob  Wise  on 
leaving  Pennsylvania  lived  for  several 
years  in  Ohio  and  later  in  Indiana  in 
Starke  County  and  finally  in  Marshall 
County,  where  he  died.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Van  Kirk  have  two  children,  James  and 
Minnie.  James  married  Agnes  Murray. 
They  have  one  son,  Royal  Van  Kirk,  who 
during  the  war  was  a  sergeant  in  the 
American  Army  stationed  at  Camp 
Beauregard,  Louisiana.  Minnie  Van  Kirk 
was  first  married  to  Charles  Wright,  and 
had  two  sons,  Charles  and  Howard 
Wright.  Charles  Wright  married  and  his 
three  children  are  Evelyn  May,  Helen  and 
Orland  (deceased).  Minnie  Van  Kirk's  sec- 
ond husband  was  Fred  Shoaf. 
Mr.  Van  Kirk  is  affiliated  with  LaPorte 


-, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1371 


Lodge  No.  36,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Encampment  No.  23  and  Can- 
ton No.  12  of  that  order.  He  and  his  wife 
are  both  members  of  Rose  Rebekah  Lodge 
No.  405.  Mrs.  Van  Kirk  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

HON.  NORMAN  F.  WOLFE,  a  former  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature,  has  been  a  success- 
ful lawyer  in  the  City  of  LaPorte  for  over 
twenty  years,  and  has  also  been  prominent 
in  the  democratic  party  in  that  section  of 
the  state. 

Mr.  Wolfe  had  a  log  cabin  as  his  birth- 
place, where  he  was  born  December  16, 
1875.  This  log  cabin  stood  in  LaGrange 
County,  close  to  the  line  of  Noble  County. 
His  grandfather,  George  Wolfe,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Pennsylvania  and  of  early  English 
ancestry.  From  Pennsylvania  he  went  to 
Ohio,  to  Shelby  County,  where  he  was  a 
farmer,  and  lived  there  until  his  death. 
He  married  a  woman  of  German  ances- 
try. Frederick  Wolfe,  father  of  the  La- 
Porte  lawyer,  was  born  near  Reading, 
Pennsylvania,  about  1844.  He  grew  up 
on  a  farm  and  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, enlisted  in  Company  I  of  the  Ninety- 
Ninth  Ohio  Infantry.  He  was  with  that 
regiment  in  its  various  battles  and  cam- 
paigns until  the  close  of  the  war,  and  re- 
ceived an  honorable  discharge.  A  few 
years  after  the  war  he  came  from  Ohio  to 
Indiana  and  located  in  LaGrange  County. 
He  began  as  a  renter,  and  continued 
farming  in  that  locality  until  his  death, 
December  23,  1875.  He  married  Sarah  E. 
Emmitt.  She  was  born  near  Washington, 
Illinois,  a  daughter  of  George  and  Sarah 
(Lee)  Emmitt.  They  both  came  from 
Hampshire  County,  Virginia,  and  Sarah 
Lee  was  a  cousin  of  Gen.  Robert  E. 
Lee.  From  Virginia  the  Emmitt  family 
moved  to  Illinois,  but  spent  their  last  years 
near  Ligonier,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Frederick 
Wolfe  married,  for  her  second  husband, 
William  Galbreath,  and  in  1882  they 
moved  to  LaPorte  County,  where  she  and 
her  husband  spent  their  last  years.  They 
had  a  son,  Harry  Galbreath. 

Norman  F.  Wolfe  was  one  of  his  father 's 
three  children.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  of  La  Porte  County,  was  a  student 
in  high  school  at  LaPorte  and  had  a  busi- 
ness college  training.  In  1894  he  took  up 
the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  John  H. 
Bradley,  and  continued  his  studies  until 


admitted  to  the  bar  in  1897.  He  practiced 
in  association  with  Mr.  Bradley  until  the 
latter 's  death  in  1900,  and  has  since  com- 
manded a  large  individual  practice.  He 
was  city  attorney  of  LaPorte  from  1906 
to  1910,  and  in  1912  was  elected  on  the 
democratic  ticket  to  represent  the  county 
in  the  State  Legislature.  He  has  also 
served  as  a  member  of  the  County  Execu- 
tive Committee  and  Central  Committee. 
He  cast  his  first  presidential  vote  for  Wil- 
liam J.  Bryan  in  1896.  Mr.  Wolfe  is  affili- 
ated with  Excelsior  Lodge  of  Masons  at 
Laporte,  with  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  the 
Council  and  also  the  LaPorte  Lodge  of 
Odd  Fellows.  He  and  his  wife  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
In  1907  Mr.  Wolfe  married  Miss  Minnie 
Bosserman,  a  native  of  LaPorte  County 
and  a  daughter  of  S.  S.  and  Margaret 
Bosserman.  Mrs.  Wolfe  is  now  a  member 
of  the  LaPorte  City  School  Board. 

9 

ROBERT  F.  MILLER.  Considering  the  re- 
sponsibilities involved  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant public  offices  in  the  state  is  that 
of  sheriff  of  Marion  County,  and  a  man 
was  elected  to  that  office  on  November  5, 
1917,  who  had  all  the  qualifications  to 
measure  up  to  the  responsibilities  of  his 
job.  Robert  F.  Miller,  better  known  in 
Indianapolis  and  among  a  host  of  associ- 
ates outside  of  the  city  as  "Bob"  Miller, 
was  never  before  a  candidate  for  public 
office.  However,  he  has  been  doing  some 
quiet  and  effective  work  and  has  been  one 
of  the  influential  leaders  in  the  republican 
party  of  the  county  and  state,  and  people 
generally  have  accepted  his  election  as  a 
most  encouraging  sign  of  a  new  spirit  ac- 
tuating government  affairs  when  he  took 
the  office  of  sheriff  January  1,  1918. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  at  Greencastle,  Put- 
nam County,  Indiana,  September  16,  1868, 
son  of  Robert  and  Sarah  E.  (Bratton) 
Miller.  His  father  had  a  long  and  very 
interesting  career  that  brought  him  into 
touch  with  events  and  affairs  outside  the 
range  of  an  ordinary  man's  life.  Robert 
Miller,  Sr.,  who  died  in  1902,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  County,  Indiana,  and  moved 
to  Greencastle  in  the  '50s.  For  several 
years  he  was  connected  with  the  Van  Am- 
burg  Circus,  one  of  the  famous  organiza- 
tions of  its  kind  of  early  years,  as  many 
of  the  old  timers  will  remember.  With  this 
circus  he  was  in  the  East  when  the  Civil 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


1371 


Lodge  No.  36,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Encampment  No.  23  and  Can- 
ton No.  12  of  that  order.  He  and  his  wife 
are  both  members  of  Rose  Rebekah  Lodge 
No.  405.  Mrs.  Van  Kirk  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

HON.  NORMAN  F.  WOLFE,  a  former  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature,  has  been  a  success- 
ful lawyer  in  the  City  of  LaPorte  for  over 
twenty  years,  and  has  also  been  prominent 
in  the  democratic  party  in  that  section  of 
the  state. 

Mr.  Wolfe  had  a  log  cabin  as  his  birth- 
place, where  he  was  born  December  16, 
1875.  This  log  cabin  stood  in  LaGrange 
County,  close  to  the  line  of  Noble  County. 
His  grandfather,  George  Wolfe,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Pennsylvania  and  of  early  Englisli 
ancestry.  From  Pennsylvania  he  went  to 
Ohio,  to  Shelby  County,  where  he  was  a 
farmer,  and  lived  there  until  his  death, 
lie  married  a  woman  of  German  ances- 
try. Frederick  Wolfe,  father  of  the  La- 
Porte  lawyer,  was  born  near  Reading, 
Pennsylvania,  about  1844.  He  grew  up 
on  a  farm  and  in  1861.  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, enlisted  in  Company  I  of  the  Ninety- 
Ninth  Ohio  Infantry.  He  was  with  that 
regiment  in  its  various  battles  and  cam- 
paigns until  the  close  of  the  war.  and  re- 
ceived an  honorable  discharge.  A  few 
years  after  the  war  he  came  from  Ohio  to 
Indiana  and  located  in  LaGrange  County. 
He  began  as  a  renter,  and  continued 
farming  in  that  locality  until  his  death, 
December  23,  1S75.  He  married  Sarah  E. 
Emmitt.  She  was  born  near  Washington, 
Illinois,  a  daughter  of  George  and  Sarah 
(Lee)  Emmitt.  They  both  came  from 
Hampshire  County,  Virginia,  and  Sarah 
Lee  was  a  cousin  of  Gen.  Robert  E. 
Lee.  From  Virginia  the  Emmitt  family 
moved  to  Illinois,  but  spent  their  last  years 
near  Ligonier,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Frederick 
Wolfe  married,  for  her  second  husband, 
William  Galhreath.  and  in  1882  they 
moved  to  LaPorte  County,  where  she  and 
her  husband  spent  their  last  years.  They 
had  a  son,  Harry  Galhreath. 

Norman  F.  Wolfe  was  one  of  his  father's 
three  children.  lie  attended  the  common 
schools  of  La  Porte  County,  was  a  student 
in  high  school  at  LaPorte  and  had  a  busi- 
ness college  training.  In  1804  he  took  up 
the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  John  II. 
Bradley,  and  continued  his  studies  until 


admitted  to  the  bar  in  1897.  He  practiced 
in  association  with  Mr.  Bradley  until  the 
latter 's  death  in  1900.  and  has  since  com- 
manded a  large  individual  practice.  He 
was  city  attorney  of  LaPorte  from  1906 
to  1910.  and  in  1912  was  elected  on  the 
democratic  ticket  to  represent  the  county 
in  the  State  Legislature.  He  has  also 
served  as  a  member  of  the  County  Execu- 
tive Committee  and  Central  Committee. 
He  cast  his  first  presidential  vote  for  Wil- 
liam ,J.  Bryan  in  1896.  Mr.  Wolfe  is  affili- 
ated with  Excelsior  Lodge  of  Masons  at 
Laporte.  with  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  the 
Council  and  also  the  LaPorte  Lodge  of 
Odd  Fellows.  He  and  his  wife  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
In  1907  Mr.  Wolfe  married  Miss  Minnie 
Bosserman.  a  native  of  LaPorte  County 
and  a  daughter  of  S.  S.  and  Margaret 
Bosserman.  Mrs.  Wolfe  is  now  a  member 
of  the  LaPorte  City  School  Board. 

ROBKRT  F.  MILLKU.  Considering  the  re- 
sponsibilities involved  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant public  offices  in  the  state  is  that 
of  sheriff  of  Marion  County,  and  a  man 
was  elected  to  that  office  on  November  5, 
1917,  who  had  all  the  qualifications  to 
measure  up  to  the  responsibilities  of  his 
job.  Robert  F.  Miller,  better  known  in 
Indianapolis  and  among  a  host  of  associ- 
ates outside  of  the  city  as  "Bob"  Miller, 
was  never  before  a  candidate  for  public 
office.  However,  he  has  been  doine  some 
f|iiiet  and  effective  work  and  has  been  one 
of  the  influential  leaders  in  the  republican 
party  of  the  county  and  state,  and  people 
generally  have  accepted  his  election  as  a 
most  encouraging  sign  of  a  new  spirit  ac- 
tuating government  affairs  when  he  took 
the  office  of  sheriff  January  1.  1918. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  at  Greeneastlc,  Put- 
nam County,  Indiana.  September  16.  1868, 
son  of  Robert  and  Sarah  E.  (Bratton'l 
Miller.  His  father  had  a  long  and  very 
interesting  career  that  brought  him  into 
touch  with  events  and  affairs  outside  the 
range  of  an  ordinary  man's  life.  Robert 
Miller,  Sr.,  who  died  in  1902.  was  born  in 
Montgomery  County.  Indiana,  and  moved 
to  Greencastle  in  the  '50s.  For  several 
years  he  was  connected  with  the  Van  Am- 
bnrg  Circus,  one  of  the  famous  organiza- 
tions of  its  kind  of  early  years,  as  many 
of  the  old  timers  will  remember.  With  this 
circus  he  was  in  the  East  when  the  Civil 


1372 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


war  broke  out.  At  Philadelphia  in  1861 
he  volunteered  in  the  Seventy-second 
Zouaves,  a  Pennsylvania  organization,  and 
was  soon  in  active  service  in  the  South. 
After  eleven  months  and  ten  days  he  was 
captured,  and  was  sent  to  Andersonville 
prison,  where  he  was  confined  until  near 
the  close  of  the  war.  Stories  of  that  stock- 
ade have  been  told  for  half  a  century,  and 
there  were  practically  none  of  the  hor- 
rors of  the  prison  which  Robert  Miller  did 
not  experience.  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  Putnam  County  and  in  1888  moved  with 
his  family  to  Indianapolis.  He  was  the 
father  of  thirteen  children,  eleven  sons  and 
two  daughters.  The  youngest  of  the  sons 
is  now  a  captain  in  the  United  States  army, 
Capt.  Harry  B.  Miller.  Captain  Miller  was 
born  in  Greencastle,  was  educated  in  the 
Manual  Training  School  in  Indianapolis, 
and  in  1911  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
regular  United  States  army.  He  was  at 
first  attached  to  the  Twenty-third  Regi- 
ment under  Colonel  Glenn  in  Texas.  In 
1914  he  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Pan- 
ama Canal,  and  has  remained  in  service 
there  to  the  present  time.  By  meritorious 
work  and  application  he  has  risen  through 
the  various  grades  of  non-commissioned 
and  commissioned  officer  to  captain. 

Robert  P.  Miller  attended  school  at 
Greencastle,  and  early  in  life  started  out 
to  make  his  own  way  in  the  world  without 
special  influence  or  capital.  For  twenty- 
seven  years,  until  the  latter  part  of  1918, 
he  was  connected  with  the  Indianapolis 
Gas  Company.  During  the  last  few  years 
he  served  as  superintendent  of  the  Majestic 
Building  owned  by  the  gas  company. 

While  he  was  thus  immersed  in  his  du- 
ties as  a  quiet  and  effective  business  man 
Mr.  Miller  was  gaining  increased  prestige 
and  influence  as  a  leader  in  the  republi- 
can party  in  Indianapolis  and  Marion 
County.  Through  his  own  personal  popu- 
larity and  leadership  he  has  been  the  means 
of  putting  many  prominent  men  in  office. 
The  success  of  his  efforts  in  politics  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  he  has  always  been  a  stick- 
ler for  clean  politics,  for  absolute  honesty 
in  his  dealings  with  the  public,  so  that  his 
word  is  recognized  as  good  as  his  bond.  He 
can  always  be  depended  upon  to  do  exact- 
ly as  he  promises  to  do.  Moreover  Bob 
Miller  is  a  man  of  genial  nature,  has  the 
gift  of  making  friends  among  high  and 
low,  rich  and  poor,  and  it  is  therefore  not 


difficult  to  understand  the  power  he  now 
exercises  in  Indiana  politics.  He  has  been 
through  some  of  the  hardest  fought  bat- 
tles of  recent  campaigns. 

His  record  in  connection  with  office 
seeking,  however,  is  as  brief  as  it  is  suc- 
cessful. Not  until  1917  did  he  become 
a  candidate.  He  then  received  the  repub- 
lican nomination  for  sheriff  and  in  the 
election  was  chosen  over  his  opponent  by 
an  overwhelming  majority,  being  one  of 
the  leaders  on  the  ticket.  Particularly  in 
the  south  section  of  Indianapolis,  where 
his  home  is,  he  ran  far  ahead  of  his  ticket. 

Mr.  Miller  is  affiliated  with  Lodge  No. 
465  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows and  with  Star  Lodge  No.  7,  Knights 
of  Pythias.  He  married  Miss  Ida  M.  Kof- 
fel,  a  native  of  Ohio. 

DAVID  DKMAREE  BANTA,  lawyer,  was 
born  May  23,  1833,  in  the  western  part  of 
Johnson  County,  Indiana,  in  what  is 
known  as  "the  Shiloh  neighborhood."  It 
is  so  called  because  a  number  of  the  early 
settlers,  who  were  zealous  Presbyterians, 
built  a  church  there  and  named  it  Shiloh. 
On  his  father's  side  he  was  descended  from 
a  Frisian  family  that  emigrated  from  Hol- 
land in  1659,  and  settled  at  Harlem,  New 
York.  On  his  mother's  side  he  was  de- 
scended from  a  French  Huguenot  fam- 
ily, which  fled  from  Picardy  into  Holland 
during  the  French  persecutions,  and  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1674,  settling  near 
Hackensack,  New  Jersey.  Their  original 
name  was  Des  Marests,  which  is  now  made 
Demarest  by  one  branch  of  the  family  in 
America,  and  Demaree  by  the  other. 
Shortly  before  the  Revolutionary  war,  a 
number  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
Dutch  and  French  families  started  west 
to  establish  a  colony  in  the  wilderness  of 
Kentucky,  but  stopped  in  the  vicinity  of 
Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  when  they  resumed  their  jour- 
ney, reaching  Harrod's  Station  in  the  win- 
ter of  1779-80,  and  establishing  their  col- 
ony near  that  place.  Jacob  Banta,  the 
grandson  of  one  of  these  colonists,  and 
Sarah  (Demaree)  Banta,  his  wife,  grand- 
daughter of  another,  the  parents  of  Judge 
Banta,  moved  from  Henry  County,  Ken- 
tucky, to  Johnson  County,  Indiana,  in  the 
fall  of  1832,  and  began  life  in  that  wilder- 
ness. The  father  died  a  few  years  later, 
but  his  widow,  who  was  joined  by  her 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1373 


mother  and  a  maiden  sister,  remained  on 
the  farm,  and  here  David  grew  to  man- 
hood. The  settlers  established  a  school  as 
well  as  a  church,  and  young  Banta  was  one 
of  its  first  and  most  constant  attendants 
until  he  reached  the  age  of  seventeen.  He 
was  also  an  eager  reader  of  all  the  books 
he  could  find,  but  these  were  not  numerous. 
He  taught  school  for  a  few  terms,  and  then, 
having  an  impulse  to  see  something  of  the 
world,  he  went  with  a  young  friend  to  the 
new  state  of  Iowa,  where  he  spent  several 
months,  cutting  wood,  working  in  a  saw- 
mill, and  tramping  through  the  country. 
In  the  fall  of  1852,  he  entered  a 
law  office  in  the  Town  of  Fairfield,  and 
began  reading  Blackstone.  He  says :  ' '  The 
time  spent  in  this  office  was  not  wholly 
wasted.  It  fixed  me  in  my  determination 
to  make  the  study  of  law  a  serious  business, 
and  it  opened  my  eyes  to  the  fact  that  I 
needed  further  preparation  for  it." 

Early  in  the  spring  of  the  following 
year  he  returned  to  Indiana  and  became  a 
student  at  Franklin  College,  where  he  re- 
mained until  fall,  of  the  same  year,  when 
he  went  to  Bloomington  and  entered  the 
State  University.  Here  he  completed  the 
course  in  letters,  and  entered  the  law 
school,  which  was  then  presided  over  by 
Judge  James  Hughes.  He  took  his  de- 
gree in  law  in  the  spring  of  1857 ;  and 
graduated  from  the  single  life  a  year 
earlier,  marrying  a  widow,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Per- 
rin,  the  daughter  of  James  Riddle,  of  Cov- 
ington,  Kentucky.  In  the  fall  of  1857  he 
began  the  practice  at  Franklin,  or  at  least 
opened  an  office,  for  getting  practice  just 
before,  and  in  the  earlier  years  of  the  Civil 
war,  was  a  rather  slow  process  in  Indiana. 
Fortunately  the  law  did  not  then  forbid 
an  attorney  to  engage  in  other  occupa- 
tions. He  obtained  a  position  as  deputy  in 
the  office  of  the  county  recorder,  and  served 
in  that  capacity  for  two  years.  He  served 
a  term  as  district  attorney  of  the  Common 
Pleas  Court,  an  office  which  was  not  very 
remunerative,  but  afforded  a  large  amount 
of  experience.  He  served  for  two  years 
as  a  division  assessor  of  the  United  States 
Internal  Revenue  Department,  which  was 
more  profitable.  In  connection  with  his 
service  in  these  capacities  he  was  also  for 
a  time  county  school  examiner,  and  trustee 
of  the  city  schools.  These  occupations  left 
him  an  abundance  of  time  for  reading,  of 

which  he  availed  himself  to  the  fullest  ex- 
voi.  in-u 


tent.  But,  more  than  all,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  collection  and  record  of  local 
history.  He  had  seen  the  region  develop 
from  an  unbroken  forest  to  a  region  of 
civilization,  with  well-cultivated  farms, 
good  roads,  and  the  conveniences  of  life. 
It  was  a  matter  of  intense  interest  to  him, 
and  he  had  the  faculty  of  putting  it  in  in- 
teresting form  for  others.  He  interviewed 
old  settlers  and  took  down  the  stories  of 
their  experiences.  He  formed  the  habit  of 
writing  of  these  things  for  the  newspapers ; 
and  in  later  years  he  wrote  a  "History  of 
Johnson  County,"  which  presents  the  best 
pictures  of  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  early  settlers  of  Indiana  that  is  ac- 
cessible. In  the  course  of  all  this  he  was 
making  friends,  and  that  is  the  making 
of  the  young  lawyer. 

As  the  war  progressed  his  business  in- 
creased rapidly,  and  he  was  notably  suc- 
cessful in  getting  verdicts.  He  used,  in  ex- 
planation of  this,  to  tell  of  a  member  of 
the  regular  panel  of  jurors,  who  met  him 
one  day  on  the  courthouse  steps,  and, 
after  glancing  around  to  see  that  no  one 
was  in  hearing,  confidentially  said :  ' '  Stand 
up  to  them  old  lawyers  Davy;  stand  up  to 
'em.  The  jury  is  standing  up  to  you." 
His  life  was  now  that  of  the  prosperous 
lawyer  until  1870,  when  he  was  nominated 
on  the  democratic  ticket  for  judge  of  the 
Twenty-Eighth  Judicial  Circuit,  then  com- 
posed of  Johnson,  Shelby,  Bartholomew 
and  Brown  counties,  and  was  elected  with- 
out opposition.  He  held  this  position  un- 
til 1876,  but  his  service  was  interrupted 
in  1871  by  a  virulent  attack  of  fever  which 
brought  him  almost  to  death's  door,  and 
left  him  with  a  shattered  nervous  sys- 
tem. Under  the  advice  of  physicians  he 
went  to  the  pine  woods  of  Michigan,  and 
camped  for  several  weeks,  which  restored 
his  health.  It  also  opened  a  new  world  to 
him,  and  he  returned  to  it  thereafter  for 
his  yearly  outing,  both  for  the  benefit  of 
his  health  and  for  the  joy  of  the  touch  with 
nature.  On  retiring  from  the  bench, 
Judge  Banta  formed  a  partnership  with 
Thomas  W.  Woollen,  later  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  state,  which  continued  for  thir- 
teen years,  and  was  prosperous  financially. 
In  1877  Judge  Banta  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
State  University,  and  held  this  position  for 
eleven  years,  in  seven  of  which  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  board.  The  law  school  of  the 


1374 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


university  had  been  discontinued  in  1877, 
and  years  passed  before  it  seemed  advis- 
able to  revive  it.  In  1889  the  attempt  was 
made,  and  Judge  Banta  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  law  and  dean  of  the  law  school. 
No  better  man  could  have  been  found,  for 
he  had  a  talent  for  teaching,  and  enjoyed 
it  more  than  the  practice.  Under  his  care 
the  department  grew  steadily  in  strength 
and  repute,  and  he  remained  at  its  head 
until  his  death,  on  April  9,  1896.  The  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  which  was  held  by  Judge 
Banta,  was  conferred  by  Franklin  Col- 
lege, in  1888. 

CAPT.  ABBAM  PIATT  ANDREW,  the  vet- 
eran LaPorte  banker,  is  a  member  of  that 
family  than  whom  none  has  been  more 
prominently  and  closely  identified  with 
the  history  of  Northern  Indiana  and  par- 
ticularly of  LaPorte  County  in  the  City 
of  LaPorte  from  the  earliest  pioneer  days 
to  the  present.  Two  of  the  men  most  con- 
spicuous in  founding  the  City  of  LaPorte 
were  Capt.  A.  P.  Andrew  and  James  An- 
drew. The  family  has  ever  since  been 
numerously  represented  there,  and  some 
of  the  members  have  become  prominent 
in  other  cities  and  states. 

The  ancestry  of  the  LaPorte  banker  be- 
gins with  James  Andrew,  probably  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland,  who  for  a  number  of 
years  lived  on  the  north  branch  of  the 
Raritan  River  in  New  Jersey.  In  1744  he 
married  Catherine  Livingston,  a  member 
of  the  well-known  family  of  that  name 
in  New  Jersey  and  New  York. 

Among  their  children  was  Dr.  John 
Andrew,  who  was  born  at  Trenton,  New 
Jersey,  received  a  classical  education,  and 
practiced  medicine  for  many  years.  Dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  war  he  served  as 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  army  under 
Washington,  and  was  with  that  great 
leader  at  Valley  Forge  and  continued  in 
service  until  he  witnessed  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  After  the 
war  he  returned  home  to  New  Jersey.  He 
had  married,  for  his  first  wife,  Rachel 
Chamberlain,  daughter  of  Lewis  Chamber- 
lain of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  While 
her  husband  was  in  the  army  this  wife 
died  and  the  children  had  become  scat- 
tered. Doctor  Andrew  then  removed  to 
Penn  Valley  in  Center  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  for  many  years  he  practiced 
medicine.  He  was  a  man  about  six  feet 


tall  and  of  very  commanding  presence 
and  address.  For  his  second  wife  he  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  McConnell,  daughter  of 
John  and  Sarah  McConnell. 

James  Andrew,  grandfather  of  Abram 
Piatt  Andrew,  the  LaPorte  banker,  was  a 
son  of  Dr.  John  Andrew  and  his  first  wife. 
James  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  May  21, 
1774.  In  1795  he  married  Catherine 
Piatt,  daughter  of  Captain  Abram  and 
Annabelle  (Andrew)  Piatt.  Capt.  Abram 
Piatt 's  father,  John  Piatt,  lived  in  Somer- 
set County,  New  Jersey,  and  was  sheriff 
of  the  county  in  1732,  holding  that  office 
by  a  commission  from  the  English  Crown. 
His  five  sons,  John,  Abram,  William, 
Daniel  and  Jacob,  were  all  soldiers  in  the 
Colonial  Army  in  the  fight  for  inde- 
pendence, three  of  them  being  captains 
and  one  a  major.  Capt.  Abram  Piatt  made 
his  home  in  Center  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  died  there  November  13,  1791,  leav- 
ing ten  children. 

Soon  after  his  marriage  James  Andrew, 
with  his  brother-in-law,  moved  to  the 
Northwest  Territory  to  seek  a  home.  They 
went  down  the  Ohio  to  Fort  Washington, 
at  the  present  site  of  Cincinnati.  James 
Andrew  selected  a  tract  of  timber  land  a 
few  miles  north  in  what  is  now  Hamilton 
County,  and  at  once  undertook  to  clear  a 
space  and  erect  a  log  cabin  for  the  shel- 
ter of  his  family.  The  next  spring  Mrs. 
Piatt  and  her  youngest  son  and  Mrs.  An- 
drew made  the  journey  down  the  Ohio  in 
a  flatboat,  Mr.  Andrew  being  at  the  land- 
ing at  Fort  Washington  to  receive  them. 
Under  his  guidance  they  arrived  at  the 
pioneer  log  cabin  home.  James  Andrew 
subsequently  devoted  his  time  to  further 
clearing  the  land  and  establishing  himself 
as  a  pioneer  agriculturist.  Late  in  life 
he  removed  to  LaPorte,  where  he  spent 
his  final  years.  He  and  his  wife  had  seven 
children :  John,  who  died  in  early  man- 
hood; James,  Abraham,  Jacob,  Rachel, 
Lewis,  and  William. 

Abraham  Piatt  Andrew,  Jr.,  father  of 
Capt.  A.  P.  Andrew,  and  called  junior  to 
distinguish  him  from  his  father's  half- 
brother,  spent  his  early  youth  on  the  home 
farm  in  Southern  Ohio  and  made  the  best 
of  his  opportunities  to  secure  an  educa- 
tion. When  a  youth  he  went  to  Cincinnati, 
clerking  in  his  maternal  uncle 's  bank.  Go- 
ing to  Brookville,  Indiana,  at  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  was  employed  as  assistant  cash- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1375 


ier  in  the  branch  of  the  Indiana  State 
Bank  there.  Later  the  state  required  the 
services  of  a  surveyor  to  survey  some 
wild  lands.  He  had  no  knowledge  of  sur- 
veying, but  being  attracted  by  the  op- 
portunity he  secured  some  books  and  after 
line  days  of  application  took  the  examina- 
tion and  was  appointed  to  the  responsi- 
bility. Later  he  took  charge  of  the  steamer 
Tecumseh,  plying  between  Cincinnati  and 
New  Orleans,  and  was  commander  of  that 
steamboat  five  years.  His  title  of  captain 
was  derived  from  this  service. 

In  1829  Captain  Andrew  with  his  brother 
James  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business 
at  Hartford,  Indiana.  On  the  first  of 
April,  1830,  the  brothers  took  a  contract  to 
build  fifteen  miles  of  the  Michigan  road. 
This  was  a  famous  highway  in  the  early 
history  of  Indiana,  being  planned  to  ex- 
tend from  Madison  on  the  Ohio  to  Lake 
Michigan,  and  passing  through  what  is 
now  LaPorte  County  to  Michigan  City. 
The  road  was  planned  a  hundred  feet  in 
width,  the  trees  to  be  cleared  for  that  width 
and  the  stumps  taken  out  and  the  surface 
smoothed  and  graded  thirty  feet  wide. 
Nearly  two  years  later  when  the  brothers 
had  completed  their  contract  they  went 
to  Indianapolis  to  secure  their  pay,  and 
learned  the  state  was  without  funds  and 
they  must  accept  land  script.  Taking  this 
script,  and  with  a  half  breed  Indian,  Joe 
Truckee,  as  a  guide,  they  started  on  horse- 
back for  Northern  Indiana.  After  three 
weeks  of  prospecting  the  brothers  selected 
a  tract  of  four  square  miles,  part  of  which 
is  included  in  the  City  of  LaPorte.  The 
Andrew  brothers  also  bought  several  other 
land  claims  in  that  vicinity,  and  got  their 
purchases  approved  in  the  land  office  at 
Logansport. 

In  April,  1832,  Abraham  Piatt  Andrew, 
Jr.,  returned  to  this  land  and  began  im- 
provements. In  May  of  the  same  year 
his  wife  and  niece  joined  him,  and  they 
had  as  their  habitation  a  log  cabin  in  an 
oak  grove  in  that  part  of  LaPorte  known 
as  Camp  Colfax.  Three  weeks  later  a 
messenger  arrived  from  Fort  Dearborn, 
Chicago,  having  covered  the  intervening 
distance  in  five  hours,  to  warn  the  settlers 
that  Blackhawk  and  his  Indian  followers 
were  on  the  war  path  in  Illinois.  It  was 
feared  that  the  Pottawatomies  of  North- 
ern Indiana  would  join  in  this  uprising, 
and  consequently  there  was  much  fear 


among  all  the  scattered  settlements.  Cap- 
tain Andrew,  Jr.,  sent  his  wife  east  to  Gin-, 
cinnati  at  once,  accompanied  by  Daniel 
Andrew,  and  the  following  day  twenty- 
nine  pioneers  gathered  and  under  the 
leadership  of  Captain  Andrew  and  Peter 
LaBlanc  undertook  the  building  of  a  block- 
house and  stockade.  The  Indian  scare  soon 
blew  over  and  Captain  Andrew,  Jr.,  went 
to  Cincinnati  and  brought  back  his  wife. 

Thenceforward  he  was  one  of  the  con- 
spicuous citizens  of  LaPorte  County.  In 
1836  he  was  a  Harrison  elector  for  his 
district.  When  in  1839  the  thirteenth 
branch  of  the  Indiana  State  Bank  was 
organized  at  Michigan  City  he  was  elected 
one  of  its  directors,  and  in  the  same  year 
became  cashier.  He  finally  removed  his 
residence  to  Michigan  City  and  gave  all 
his  time  to  the  affairs  of  the  bank.  In 
1847  he  returned  to  LaPorte.  He  had  built 
some  of  the  first  county  offices  at  LaPorte. 
He  was  also  editor  of  the  LaPorte  Whig, 
which  supported  the  election  of  Harrison 
in  1840.  He  and  his  brother  William  were 
also  California  gold  hunters  following  the 
days  of  '49.  He  dealt  extensively  in  land, 
and  in  1869  became  a  banker  at  LaPorte 
under  the  firm  name  of  A.  P.  Andrew,  Jr., 
and  Son.  He  died  at  LaPorte  in  1887. 
He  and  his  wife  had  five  children :  Marion 
and  James,  who  died  in  Michigan  City, 
Indiana;  Viola,  who  married  Warren  Coch- 
ran  and  lived  at  Syracuse,  New  York; 
Abram  Piatt;  and  Caradora,  who  married 
Dr.  S.  B.  Collins. 

Capt.  Abram  Piatt  Andrew  was  born 
while  his  father  lived  at  Michigan  City.  He 
attended  private  schools  and  also  public 
schools  and  was  a  student  at  Wabash  Col- 
lege. He  left  that  old  Indiana  institution 
in  1862  to  enlist  in  the  Twenty-First  In- 
diana Battery.  A  month  after  his  enlist- 
ment he  was  commissioned  a  second  lieu- 
tenant, later  was  promoted  to  first  lieu- 
tenant and  finally  to  captain.  He  was  with 
his  battery  in  all  of  its  service  until  the 
close  of  the  war. 

In  1865  he  returned  home  and  in  1866 
went  south  to  Louisiana  and  spent  one 
year  as  a  cotton  planter.  In  1869  he  was 
associated  with  his  father  in  the  establish- 
ment of  A.  P.  Andrew,  Jr.,  and  Son,  Bank- 
ers, and  of  that  institution  he  has  been 
manager  now  for  half  a  century. 

April  16,  1872,  Captain  Andrew  mar- 
ried Miss  Helen  Merrell.  She  was  born 


1376 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  Geauga  County,  Ohio,  a  daughter  of 
Nathan  and  Maria  (Reynolds)  Merrell. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Andrew  reared  two  chil- 
dren. The  daughter,  Helen,  became  the 
wife  of  Hon.  Isaac  Patch,  of  Gloucester, 
Massachusetts.  Her  three  children  are, 
Helen,  Paula  and  Isaac,  Jr.  Captain  An- 
drew is  a  member  of  Patten  Camp,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  a  member  of  the 
Loyal  Legion,  and  attends  worship  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  his  wife  is 
a  devout  member. 

The  only  son  of  Captain  Andrew  is  A. 
Piatt  Andrew,  Jr.,  who  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  one  of  the  distinguished 
financial  authorities  of  America,  and  is  now 
a  lieutenant-colonel  with  the  United 
states  Army.  His  career  deserves  particu- 
lar notice.  He  was  born  at  LaPorte, 
February  12,  1873.  He  graduated  A.  B. 
from  Princeton  University  in  1893,  and 
during  1897-99  was  abroad  as  a  student 
in  the  universities  of  Halle,  Berlin  and 
Paris.  He  received  his  Master  of  Arts 
and  Doctor  of  Philosophy  degrees  from 
Harvard  in  1900.  From  1900  to  1909 
he  was  instructor  and  assistant  professor 
of  economics  in  Harvard  University.  Dur- 
ing 1908-11  he  was  expert  assistant  and  edi- 
tor of  publications  of  the  National  Mone- 
tary Commission.  In  August,  1909,  Pres- 
ident Taft  appointed  him  director  of  the 
United  States  Mint,  an  office  he  held  from 
November  until  June,  1910.  During  1910- 
12  he  was  assistant  secretary  of  the  trea- 
sury, in  charge  of  the  fiscal  bureau. 

For  years  he  has  been  a  recognized  au- 
thority and  writer  on  money,  banking  and 
other  financial  subjects.  In  1906  he  was 
elected  Officier  d'Academie  at  Paris. 
Among  his  better  known  articles  published 
in  magazines  and  as  special  studies  were 
"The  Treasury  and  the  Banks  under  Sec- 
retary Shaw"  and  "The  United  States 
Treasury  and  the  Money  Market,"  these 
being  critical  examinations  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
method  of  relieving  financial  tension  by 
the  use  of  Government  funds,  both  of  which 
were  published  in  1907,  at  the  time  Mr. 
Shaw  retired  from  the  office  of  secretary  of 
the  treasury.  He  published  several  studies 
of  the  currency  question  in  Oriental 
countries,  including  "Currency  Problems 
of  the  Last  Decade  in  British  India," 
which  appeared  in  the  Quarterly  Journal 
of  the  Economics  in  August,  1901;  and 
"The  End  of  the  Mexican  Dollar,"  in 


the  same  periodical  in  May,  1904.  His 
several  articles  on  the  subject  of  Financial 
Crises  include  "The  Influence  of  the  Crops 
upon  Business,"  published  in  1906; 
"Hoarding  in  the  Panic  of  1907,"  pub- 
lished in  1908;  "Substitutes  for  Cash  in 
the  Crisis  of  1907,"  published  in  1908. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  addresses 
upon  the  need  of  plans  for  cur- 
rency legislation,  among  whichi  may  be 
mentioned  an  address  upon  "What  Amer- 
ica can  Learn  from  European  Banking," 
delivered  before  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science  in  De- 
cember, 1910;  an  address  upon  the  "Re- 
lation of  Banking  Reform  to  the  Treasury," 
delivered  before  the  American  Bankers' 
Association  in  1911;  and  "The  Crux  of 
the  Currency  Question"  delivered  at  Yale 
University  in  May,  1913.  Several  of  his 
articles  concern  monetary  theory,  notably 
"The  Influence  of  Credit  on  the  Value 
of  Money,"  published  in  the  proceedings 
of  the  American  Economic  Association  in 
1904. 

From  1910  to  1912  Mr.  Andrew  was 
treasurer  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  a  delegate  to  the 
International  Conference  of  the  Red  Cross. 
For  a  number  of  years  his  home  has  been 
in  Massachusetts.  Since  December,  1914, 
he  held  the  office  of  inspector  general  of 
the  American  Field  Service  with  the  army 
in  France.  With  the  entrance  of  the 
United  States  into  the  war  against  Ger- 
many in  1917  he  was  appointed  to  organ- 
ize the  American  Volunteer  Ambulance  and 
Transport  Field  Service,  and  in  September 
of  that  year  was  commissioned  a  major 
in  the  United  States  Army.  He  was  award- 
ed a  Croix  de  Guerre  and  named  Chevalier 
de  la  Legion  d'Honneur  by  the  French 
Government  in  1917.  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Andrew  is  a  member  of  the  Harvard  clubs 
of  New  York  and  Boston,  and  the  Metro- 
politan and  Chevy  Chase  clubs  of  Wash- 
ington. 

JOHN  LINE  is  present  county  treasurer 
.  of  LaPorte  County.  For  many  years  he 
has  been  in  business  at  the  City  of  La- 
Porte  as  a  wholesale  fruit  dealer,  and  his 
election  as  county  treasurer  was  but  one 
of  the  many  tributes  paid  him  as  a  citizen 
and  business  man. 

He  was  born  at  LaPorte,  a  son  of  John 
and  Cevilla  (Linard)  Line.  His  father 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1377 


was  born  at  Wilkes-Barre,  Pennsylvania, 
and  his  mother  was  a  native  of  Virginia. 
John  Line  acquired  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  LaPorte  and  began  his 
business  career  as  clerk  in  a  fruit  store. 
After  two  years,  having  mastered  the  busi- 
ness in  every  detail,  he  entered  the  whole- 
sale fruit  business  on  his  own  account, 
and  conducted  it  with  an  unusual  amount 
of  success.  He  has  always  been  an  active 
republican  and  was  chosen  county  treas- 
urer in  1918. 

In  1908  he  married  Miss  Nettie  Stroble, 
also  a  native  of  LaPorte  and  a  daughter  of 
Michael  Stroble.  They  have  two  children : 
Marjorie  and  Bernice.  Mr.  Line  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and 
his  wife  is  a  Lutheran. 

CARL  F.  PETERING,  a  LaPorte  business 
man,  has  spent  all  his  life  in  that  city  and 
has  been  identified  with  several  of  its  im- 
portant activities. 

His  father  Frederick  Petering,  was  born 
in  Hanover,  Germany,  and  was  the  only 
member  of  his  family  to  come  to  America. 
After  getting  his  education  in  Germany 
and  learning  the  trade  of  cabinet  maker 
he  set  out  for  the  new  world  in  1868. 
Soon  afterwards  he  located  in  LaPorte, 
and  almost  from  the  first  was  employed 
by  the  sash  and  door  factory  now  operated 
as  the  LaPorte  Sash  and  Door  Company. 
He  has  been  a  resident  of  LaPorte  half  a 
century.  He  married  Frederica  Mutert, 
also  a  native  of  Germany  and  likewise 
the  only  member  of  her  father's  family  to 
come  to  America.  She  died  at  the  age 
of  seventy-three  years.  Their  six  children 
were  Lena,  Louise,  Fred,  Carl  F.,  George 
and  Ella. 

Carl  F.  Petering  was  born  at  LaPorte 
and  attended  the  parochial  schools  to  the 
age  of  fourteen.  He  then  sought  employ- 
ment which  would  enable  him  to  support 
himself  and  also  contribute  to  the  wel- 
fare of  the  family.  For  a  year  and  a  half 
he  did  some  of  the  hardest  manual  labor. 
He  then  went  with  the  LaPorte  Journal 
and  learned  the  printing  trade.  However, 
that  did  not  furnish  enough  activity  for 
a  young  man  of  his  enterprise,  and  after  a 
year  and  a  half  he  secured  work  as  a 
driver  of  a  grocery  wagon.  That  kept  him 
busy  for  four  years  and  in  the  meantime 
he  had  managed  to  accumulate  from  his 


earnings  about  $280.  He  used  this 
modest  capital  to  set  up  in  business  for 
himself  as  a  grocery  merchant  at  1212 
Lincoln  Way.  He  soon  built  up  a  profit- 
able trade,  and  continued  until  three 
years  later  his  store  was  burned  and  prac- 
tically all  his  investment  swept  away.  He 
had  good  credit,  however,  and  soon  start- 
ed again.  After  three  years  he  sold  out 
and  engaged  in  the  livery  business.  Six 
years  later  he  added  an  undertaking  de- 
partment, and  continued  both  for  four 
years.  In  August,  1915,  Mr.  Petering 
bought  a  lot  on  Lincoln  Way  and  there 
erected  the  Palace  Garage,  82  by  115  feet, 
one  of  the  most  modern  equipped  establish- 
ments of  its  kind  in  Northern  Indiana. 
In  May,  1903,  he  married  Miss  Louise 
A.  Dettman.  She  was  born  at  LaPorte, 
daughter  of  John  and  Mary  (Gransow) 
Dettman.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Petering  have 
three  children,  Ruth,  Donald  and  Lawrence. 
Mr.  Petering  is  independent  in  politics, 
and  he  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the 
St.  John's  Evangelical  Church. 

JOHN  W.  LEROY  is  a  miller  of  long  and 
active  experience,  and  for  many  years  has 
been  identified  with  the  J.  Street  Milling 
Company  at  LaPorte.  He  is  treasurer 
and  manager  of  the  company. 

Mr.  LeBoy  is  a  native  of  the  City  of 
Rochester,  New  York.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam LeRoy,  was  born  in  Montreal,  Canada, 
of  French  ancestry.  When  a  young  man 
he  moved  to  the  United  States  and  located 
at  Rochester,  where  for  many  years  he 
was  a  trusted  employe  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railway.  He  lived  at  Rochester 
until  his  death.  His  wife,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Ann  Peck,  is  still  living  in 
Rochester.  Her  father,  Richard  Peck,  was 
a  farmer  near  Swanton,  Pennsylvania. 

John  W.  LeRoy,  only  child  of  his  par- 
ents, was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Rochester.  As  a  youth  he  began  learning 
the  trade  of  miller  and  served  a  complete 
apprenticeship  which  gave  him  a  mastery 
of  all  the  technical  processes  as  well  as 
the  general  business  details  of  milling.  Mr. 
LeRoy  came  to  LaPorte  in  1889,  and  for 
thirty  years  has  been  identified  with  the 
J.  Street  Milling  Company,  at  first  as  an 
employe  and  now  as  the  chief  owner  and 
treasurer  and  manager.  This  is  one  of  the 
leading  mills  for  the  manufacture  of  flour 


1378 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  other  food  stuffs  in  Northern  Indiana, 
and  possesses  a  complete  modern  equip- 
ment. 

Mr.  LeRoy  married  Helma  Lindgren. 
She  was  born  in  LaPorte.  Her  father, 
Charles  Lindgren,  was  a  native  of  Sweden, 
where  he  learned  the  trade  of  cooper,  and 
coming  to  America  as  a  young  man  located 
at  LaPorte  and  was  in  the  cooperage  busi- 
ness for  a  number  of  years.  He  spent  his 
last  years  retired  and  died  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven.  He  married  Christina  Lonn, 
also  a  native  of  Sweden  and  who  is  now 
living  in  LaPorte.  There  were  four  chil- 
dren in  the  Lindgren  family.  Helma, 
Charles  W.,  Herman  A.  and  John  0. 

Mrs.  LeRoy  is  a  member  of  the  Swedish 
Lutheran  Church.  Mr.  LeRoy  takes  an 
active  part  in  Masonry,  being  affiliated 
with  Excelsior  Lodge  No.  41,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  LaPorte  Council  No.  32, 
Royal  and  Select  Masters,  LaPorte  Chap- 
ter No.  15,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  LaPorte 
Commandery  No.  12,  Knights  Templar, 
and  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at 
Indianapolis. 

JAMES  MONROE  HANNUM,  who  was  born 
in  La  Porte  County  seventy  years  ago,  has 
been  a  contributing  factor  in  that  section 
of  Indiana  for  many  years,  as  a  farmer, 
land  owner  and  latterly  as  a  successful 
business  man  and  banker  at  the  City  of 
LaPorte. 

He  was  born  at  LaPorte  in  1848.  His 
grandfather,  John  Hannum,  was  accord- 
ing to  the  best  information  available,  born 
in  England,  and  on  coming  to  America  set- 
tled in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  bought  a  farm  and  spent  the  rest 
of  his  days.  James  Hannum,  his  son,  was 
born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  was 
reared  and  educated  in  the  East,  and  in 
1834  came  West  to  join  in  the  pioneer  and 
frontier  activities  of  Indiana.  He  made 
the  journey  by  canal  and  lakes,  and  landed 
at  Buffalo,  Michigan,  then  probably  the 
most  important  port  on  Lake  Michigan. 
From  there  he  traveled  with  wagon  and 
team  to  the  Town  of  LaPorte.  He  had 
learned  the  trade  of  cabinet  maker  and 
was  one  of  the  early  mechanics  in  La- 
Porte  city.  He  also  worked  as  a  carpenter 
and  helped  build  some  of  the  first  private 
homes  at  LaPorte.  Subsequently  he  bought 
land  in  Scipio  Township  and  became  a 
farmer.  In  1849  he  went  West  to  Cali- 


fornia, making  the  journey  overland  in  a 
party  that  had  forty-one  wagons,  most  of 
them  drawn  by  ox  teams.  They  were 
ninety  days  in  crossing  the  plains,  which 
were  covered  by  buffalo,  and  many  hostile 
Indians  beset  the  route.  James  Hannum 
was  a  gold  miner  and  remained  in  Cali- 
fornia until  1851.  On  coming  back  to 
the  States  he  made  the  trip  around  Cape 
Horn,  being  ninety  days  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  New  York.  He  invested  his  means 
in  a  farm  in  Scipio  Township,  but  seven 
years  later  sold  that  place  and  bought  a 
farm  on  the  Kingsbury  Road  in  Scipio 
Township,  LaPorte  County,  where  he  lived 
until  his  death  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-four.  James  Hannum  married 
Louisa  Bartlett,  who  was  born  in  Tucker- 
ton,  New  Jersey,  daughter  of  Nathan  Bart- 
lett, also  a  native  of  New  Jersey  and  of 
English  parentage.  Nathan  Bartlett  was 
another  pioneer  in  Northern  Indiana,  com- 
ing here  in  1832,  accompanied  by  his  fami- 
ly. He  also  in  the  absence  of  other  means 
of  transportation  traveled  by  canal  and 
lakes  and  was  several  weeks  en  route.  All 
of  Northern  Indiana  was  then  practically 
a  wilderness,  and  LaPorte  and  other  sur- 
rounding counties  had  scarcely  been  organ- 
ized. Nathan  Bartlett  located  along  what 
has  since  been  called  the  Kingsbury  Road 
in  Pleasant  Township,  buying  a  tract  of 
partially  improved  land  at  twelve  dollars 
an  acre.  He  was  a  general  farmer  a  few 
years  and  then  removing  to  LaPorte  en- 
gaged in  the  mercantile  business  at  what 
is  now  Lincoln  Way  and  Linwood  Street. 
He  carried  a  stock  of  general  merchandise 
for  many  years  and  lived  in  LaPorte  until 
his  death.  Nathan  Bartlett  married  Han- 
nah Willitts.  Mrs.  James  Hannum  died 
at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  being  the  mother 
of •  eight  children:  Hannah  Sarah,  James 
Monroe,  Alice,  Nellie,  Nathan  Bartlett, 
Mary  Louisa,  Johnanna  and  Edmund  B. 

James  Monroe  Hannum  was  six  years 
of  age  when  his  parents  removed  to  Scipio 
Township  and  he  grew  up  on  a  farm  there, 
having  a  training  which  brought  out  his 
habits  of  industry.  He  attended  school 
and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  commenced 
life  with  all  his  capital  in  his  willingness 
and  industry.  He  then  took  charge  of  his 
grandfather  Bartlett 's  farm  and  managed 
it  seven  years.  Ill  health  compelled  him 
to  retire,  but  after  two  years  he  bought 
a  farm  on  Kingsbury  Road  in  Union  Town- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1379 


ship  and  was  successfully  identified  with 
its  management  until  1891.  In  that  year 
Mr.  Hannum  removed  to  LaPorte  and  the 
next  two  years  were  spent  in  settling  up 
an  estate.  He  then  for  eight  years  was  in 
the  farm  implement  business  and  since 
then  has  dealt  on  a  large  scale  in  real 
estate  and  has  been  a  factor  in  business 
affairs  generally.  Mr.  Hannum  is  a  trustee 
of  the  LaPorte  Savings  Bank,  of  the  La- 
Porte  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  is  a  di- 
rector in  the  LaPorte  Improvement  So- 
ciety, and  the  LaPorte  Building  and  Loan 
Association. 

In  1877  he  married  Phebe  A.  Parker. 
She  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  a  daughter 
of  Willis  and  Phebe  (Willits)  Parker. 
Mrs.  Hannum  died  February  20,  1914. 
In  June,  1917,  Mr.  Hannum  married  Ada 
Mitchell.  She  was  born  in  Albany,  New 
York,  daughter  of  William  and  Louisa  M. 
(Taylor)  Mitchell.  She  received  most  of 
her  early  education  in  Albany  and  was 
also  a  student  in  a  private  school  and  the 
Albany  Female  College.  Mr.  Hannum  was 
reared  a  Quaker,  but  now  worships  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

WILLIAM  FOSDICK  has  earned  that  en- 
viable professional  position  due  to  forty 
years  of  labor  and  experience,  and  bears 
his  honors  gracefully  as  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  widely  known  members  of  the 
dental  profession  in  Indiana.  His  father 
was  a  pioneer  dentist,  one  of  the  first  to 
follow  dentistry  as  a  separate  profession. 

Doctor  Fosdick  has  an  ancestry  traced 
in  unbroken  generations  back  to  the  Eng- 
land of  Queen  Elizabeth's  time.  The  first 
American  ancestor  was  Stephen  Fosdick, 
who  was  born  in  England  in  1583.  On 
coming  to  America  he  lived  for  a  time  at 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  but  soon  re- 
moved to  Nantucket,  where  he  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers.  He  married  Sarah  With- 
erell.  Their  son,  John  Fosdick,  was  born 
in  1626.  He  married  Elizabeth  Norton.  The 
third  generation  was  represented  by  Jona- 
than Fosdick,  who  was  born  in  Nantucket 
in  1669  and  married  Catherine  Phillips, 
The  head  of  the  fourth  generation  was 
Jonathan  Fosdick,  born  at  Nantucket  in 
1708.  John  Fosdick,  of  the  fifth  genera- 
tion, was  born  at  Nantucket,  June  2,  1732. 

Capt.  William  Fosdick,  of  the  sixth  gen- 
eration, great-grandfather  of  Doctor  Fos- 
dick, was  born  on  the  Island  of  Nantucket, 


Massachusetts,  July  25,  1760.  He  early 
went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  twelve  years  and 
subsequently  was  impressed  into  the  Eng- 
lish navy.  He  was  taken  aboard  a  man-of- 
war,  but  some  time  later  when  the  vessel 
was  along  American  shores  he  made  his 
escape  by  swimming,  and  soon  resumed  his 
occupation  as  an  American  sailor.  He 
finally  became  captain  of  a  vessel  named 
Industry  and  commanded  it  twenty  years. 
Capt.  William  Fosdick  married  Mary 
Folger,  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Judith 
Folger,  and  a  cousin  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin. Several  of  their  children  removed  to 
Campbell  County,  Virginia,  one  of  them 
being  George  Washington  Fosdick. 

George  Washington  Fosdick,  of  the 
seventh  generation,  was  born  May  18.  1788, 
and  on  removing  to  Virginia  settled  near 
Lynchburg.  He  married  there  Mary 
Strong,  daughter  of  a  planter  and  slave 
holder.  George  W.  Fosdick  was  a  New 
Englander  who  could  not  adapt  himself 
to  southern  institutions,  and  in  1830  he 
emigrated  west  and  settled  near  Niles  in 
the  Territory  of  Michigan,  On  reaching 
free  soil  he  liberated  the  slaves  which  his 
wife  had  inherited.  Later  he  moved  to 
Liberty,  Union  County,  Indiana,  and  in 
1836  became  a  pioneer  in  LaPorte  County. 
He  purchased  land  in  Cool  Springs  Town- 
ship, in  the  locality  known  as  Hollenbeck 
Corners.  Besides  farming  he  also  followed 
his  trade  as  a  blacksmith  there,  having  a 
shop  on  his  farm.  About  1850  he  retired 
and  went  to  live  in  LaPorte,  where  his 
death  occurred  in  1867.  His  wife  died  in 
1874. 

Capt.  John  S.  Fosdick,  father  of  Doc- 
tor William,  was  born  on  a  plantation  near 
Lynchburg,  Campbell  County,  Virginia, 
December  27,  1811.  He  was  about  twenty 
years  of  age  when  his  parents  moved  west, 
and  in  the  meantime  he  had  acquired  his 
education  in  the  schools  of  Virginia.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  blacksmith  under  his 
father  and  being  a  natural  mechanic  was 
soon  expert.  He  went  to  California  in 
1848,  following  the  Isthmus  route  and  walk- 
ing across  the  Isthmus.  He  landed  at 
San  Francisco  without  a  cent.  A  mill  was 
in  process  of  construction  and  a  machinist 
was  wanted  for  certain  parts  of  the  iron 
work.  He  secured  the  job,  but  having  no 
tools  had  to  make  some.  After  that  was 
finished  he  went  to  the  mines,  but  had 
practically  no  success  as  a  gold  miner. 


1380 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Not  long  afterward  he  returned  to  LaPorte 
and  took  up  the  practice  of  dentistry. 
He  had  attended  a  college  of  medicine  but 
did  not  become  a  doctor,  preferring  den- 
tistry as  a  new  art  only  then  acquiring 
the  standing  of  a  profession.  Captain  Fos- 
dick  became  known  in  dental  circles  all 
through  the  United  States. 

In  1861,  though  fifty  years  of  age,  he 
raised  a  company  for  service  in  the  Union 
ar-my.  It  was  known  as  Company  G  of 
the  Twenty-ninth  Indiana  Infantry,  and  he 
was  commissioned  captain  by  Governor 
Morton.  He  went  south  and  commanded 
this  company  for  eleven  months,  then  re- 
signing and  returning  home  to  resume  his 
practice.  Captain  Fosdick  invented  a 
rapid  fire  gun  that  would  fire  a  hundred 
shots  in  six  seconds.  However,  it  was  not 
a  self-loader.  He  intended  to  make  im- 
provements, but  before  he  completed  them 
the  gatling  gun  was  patented  and  thus  he 
never  earned  fame  to  which  his  invention 
was  entitled.  He  remained  in  active  prac- 
tice at  LaPorte  until  his  death  in  Febru- 
ary, 1882,  at  the  age  of  seventy-one. 

In  1834  Captain  Fosdick  married  Miss 
Rosetta  S.  Bailey,  a  native  of  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  who  died  in  1841. 
She  was  the  mother  of  four  children.  For 
his  second  wife  Captain  Fosdick  married 
Miss  Emily  S.  Smith  of  New  York  State. 
She  died  March  28,  1894.  Her  father  was 
Capt.  John  Smith  and  her  maternal  grand- 
father was  Capt.  Joshua  Buel.  Captain 
Fosdick  by  his  second  wife  had  five  chil- 
dren, William,  Samuel  J.,  John  S.,  Gil- 
bert (deceased)  and  Albert  K.  Captain 
Fosdick  was  affiliated  with  the  Quaker 
church  and  in  politics  was  a  republican. 

Dr.  William  Fosdick  was  born  at  La- 
Porte  June  6,  1849.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  attending  a  private  school 
taught  by  Professor  F.  P.  Cummings.  He 
was  in  that  school  seven  years  and  in  the 
public  school  two  years.  He  also  learned 
the  printer's  trade  and  work  at  it  three 
years,  but  in  1867  entered  his  father's 
office  and  for  ten  years  studied  and  gained 
that  experience  which  fitted  him  for  the 
practice  of  dentistry.  He  was  granted  his 
license  by  the  Indiana  State  Board  in 
1879.  In  the  meantime,  in  1877,  Doctor 
Fosdick  located  at  Michigan  City  and  prac- 
ticed there  for  thirteen  years.  In  1890  he 
returned  to  LaPorte,  and  has  been  a  leader 


of  his  profession  in  that  city  over  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century. 

October  29,  1872,  Doctor  Fosdick  mar- 
ried Miss  Louisa  Vennette  Brewer,  who 
was  born  in  New  York  State  in  1854.  She 
became  the  mother  of  three  children,  Maude 
Vennette,  Eleanor  Genevieve  and  William 
Yale.  In  1916  Doctor  Fosdick  married 
Julia  Elizabeth  Zeigler. 

THOMAS  B.  MILLIKAN.  It  is  not  so  much 
his  long  standing  as  a  banker  and  cashier 
of  the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  Newcastle 
that  gives  Mr.  Millikan  his  unique  distinc- 
tion in  Henry  County,  but  rather  the  ex- 
traordinary enterprise  and  public  spirit 
which  have  brought  him  into  movements 
and  undertakings  not  directly  in  the  line 
of  his  private  business,  or  even  indirectly 
a  source  of  profit  or  advantage  to  him  per- 
sonally. In  fact  he  has  been  well  satis- 
fied to  see  his  efforts  count  chiefly  and  his 
measure  of  usefulness  estimated  by  what 
he  has  been  able  to  do  to  promote  the  gen- 
eral growth  and  prosperity  of  the  city. 
His  fellow  citizens  give  him  the  larger 
share  of  personal  credit  for  bringing  some 
of  the  most  monumental  industries  to  New- 
castle. 

Mr.  Millikan  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee which  went  east  and  after  prolonged 
conferences  with  President  Brisco  conclud- 
ed the  negotiations  whereby  the  Maxwell 
Automobile  Company  established  its  plant 
at  Newcastle.  Another  business  which  Mr. 
Millikan  was  instrumental  in  getting  for 
Newcastle  is  the  Chard  Lathe  Company. 
When  the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet  Com- 
pany moved  its  plant  from  Albany,  Indi- 
ana, to  Newcastle  there  arose  a  serious 
hitch  in  the  plans  whereby  the  company 
was  to  buy  out  an  old  plant  at  Newcastle. 
The  important  difference  between  the  nego- 
tiating parties  was  a  matter  of  consider- 
able money  asked  by  the  old  owner  of  the 
new  company.  As  the  easiest  means  out 
of  the  difficulty  Mr.  Millikan  went  out  and 
in  a  few  hours  raised  the  sum  from  local 
business  men.  Newcastle  also  owes  Mr. 
Millikan  much  credit  for  the  fact  that  the 
Krell-French  Piano  Company  established 
its  large  and  prosperous  plant  at  New- 
castle. 

Thomas  B.  Millikan,  the  fourth  son  of 
John  R.  and  Martha  (Koons)  Millikan, 
was  born  on  his  father's  farm  in  Liberty 


"• 


. 


1:580 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


Not  long  afterward  lie  returned  to  LaPorte 
and  took  up  the  practice  of  dentistry. 
He  had  attended  a  college  of  medicine  but 
did  not  become  a  doctor,  preferring  den- 
tistry ;is  a  new  art  only  then  acquiring 
the  standing  of  a  profession.  Captain  Fos- 
dick  became  known  in  dental  circles  all 
through  the  I'nited  States. 

In  ISu'l.  though  fifty  years  of  age,  he 
raised  a  company  for  service  in  the  Union 
army.  It  was  known  as  Company  G  of 
!!:<•  Twenty-ninth  Indiana  Infantry,  and  he 
was  commissioned  captain  by  Governor 
.Morton.  He  went  south  and  commanded 
ihis  company  for  eleven  months,  then  re- 
signing and  returning  home  to  resume  his 
practice.  Captain  Fosdick  invented  a 
rapid  tire  gun  that  would  tire  a  hundred 
shots  in  six  seconds.  However,  it  was  not 
a  self-loader.  He  intended  to  make  im- 
provements, but  before  he  completed  them 
the  gatling  gun  was  patented  and  thus  he 
never  earned  fame  to  which  his  invention 
was  entitled.  He  remained  in  active  prac- 
tice at  Lal'orte  until  his  death  in  Febru- 
ary, 1882.  at  the  age  of  seventy-one. 

In  18:U  Captain  Fosdick  married  Miss 
TCoset.ta  S.  Bailey,  a  native  of  Litchfield 
County.  Connecticut,  who  died  in  1841. 
She  was  the  mother  of  four  children.  For 
!>ix  second  wife  Captain  Fosdick  married 
Miss  Emily  S.  Smith  of  New  York  State. 
She  died  March  28,  1894.  Her  father  was 
('apt.  John  Smith  and  her  maternal  grand- 
father was  Capt.  Joshua  Buel.  Captain 
Fosdick  by  his  second  wife  had  five  chil- 
dren, William.  Samuel  J..  John  S.,  Gil- 
bert < deceased)  and  Albert  K.  Captain 
Fosdick  was  affiliated  with  the  Quaker 
church  and  in  polities  was  a  republican. 

Dr.  William  Fosdick  was  born  at  La- 
Portc  June  fi,  1849.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  attending  a  private  school 
taught  by  Professor  F.  P.  Cummings.  He 
was  in  that  school  seven  years  and  in  the 
public  school  two  years.  He  also  learned 
the  printer's  trade  and  work  at  it  three 
years,  but  in  1S67  entered  his  father's 
office  and  for  ten  years  studied  and  gained 
that  experience  which  fitted  him  for  the 
practice  of  dentistry.  He  was  granted  his 
license  by  the  Indiana  State  Board  in 
1879.  In  the  meantime,  in  1877,  Doctor 
Fosdick  located  at  Michigan  City  and  prac- 
ticed there  for  thirteen  years.  In  1890  he 
returned  to  LaPorte,  and  has  been  a  leader 


of  his  profession  in  that  city  over  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century. 

October  29,  1872,  Doctor  Fosdick  mar- 
ried Miss  Louisa  Vennette  Brewer,  who 
was  born  in  New  York  State  in  1854.  She 
became  the  mother  of  three  children,  Maude 
Yennette.  Eleanor  Genevieve  and  William 
Yale.  In  1916  Doctor  Fosdick  married 
Julia  Eli/aheth  Zeigler. 

THOMAS  B.  MII.UKAX.  It  is  not  so  much 
his  long  standing  as  a  banker  and  cashier 
of  the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  Newcastle 
that  gives  Mr.  Millikan  his  unique  distinc- 
tion in  Henry  County,  but  rather  the  ex- 
traordinary enterprise  and  public  spirit 
which  have  brought  him  into  movements 
and  undertakings  not  directly  in  the  line 
of  his  private  business,  or  even  indirectly 
a.  source  of  profit  or  advantage  to  him  per- 
sonally. In  fact  he  has  been  well  satis- 
tied  to  see  his  efforts  count  chiefly  and  his 
measure  of  usefulness  estimated  by  what 
he  has  been  able  to  do  to  promote  the  gen- 
eral growth  and  prosperity  of  the  city. 
His  fellow  eiti/ens  give  him  the  larger 
share  of  personal  credit  for  bringing  some 
of  the  most  monumental  industries  to  New- 
castle. 

Mr.  Millikan  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee which  went  east  and  after  prolonged 
conferences  with  President  Brisco  conclud- 
ed the  negotiations  whereby  the  Maxwell 
Automobile  Company  established  its  plant 
at.  Newcastle.  Another  business  which  Mr. 
Mill'ikan  was  instrumental  in  getting  for 
Newcastle  is  the  Chard  Lathe  Company. 
When  the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet  Com- 
pany moved  its  plant  from  Albany,  Indi- 
ana, to  Newcastle  there  arose  a  serious 
hitch  in  the  plans  whereby  the  company 
was  to  buy  out  an  old  plant  at  Newcastle. 
The  important  difference  between  the  nego- 
tiating parties  was  a  matter  of  consider- 
able money  asked  by  the  old  owner  of  the 
new  company.  As  the  easiest  means  out 
of  the  difficulty  Mr.  Millikan  went  out  and 
in  a  few  hours  raised  the  sum  from  local 
business  men.  Newcastle  also  owes  Mr. 
Millikan  much  credit  for  the  fact  that  the 
Krell-French  Piano  Company  established 
its  large  and  prosperous  plant  at  New- 
castle. 

Thomas  B.  Millikan,  the  fourth  son  of 
John  R.  and  Martha  (Koons)  Millikan, 
was  born  on  his  father's  farm  in  Liberty 


• 


* 

• 

. 


: 


' 


. 


<r  • 

^ \S/\  V <tt<tf 


• 


OF 
UNIVERSE 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1381 


Township,  Henry  County,  Indiana,  March 
28,  1854.  He  obtained  his  early  education 
in  district  school,  and  afterwards  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Newcastle  while  they 
were  under  the  efficient  direction  of  Profes- 
sor George  W.  Hufford.  He  also  attended 
the  Holbrook  Normal  School  at  Lebanon, 
Ohio. 

His  second  days  ended  in  1874,  and  in 
September  of  the  same  year  he  entered  the 
service  of  the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  New- 
castle as  assistant  cashier.  At  this  writing 
he  has  the  honor  of  being  the  oldest  active 
banker  in  Henry  County  in  point  of  con- 
tinuous service. 

In  1891,  when  James  N.  Huston  of  Con- 
nersville,  Indiana,  resigned  the  treasurer- 
ship  of  the  United  States  and  Enos  H.  Ne- 
becker,  of  Covington,  Indiana,  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him,  the  latter  selected 
Thomas  B.  Millikan  as  a  representative 
with  others  to  count  the  cash  in  the  United 
States  Treasury.  This  selection  was  high- 
ly complimentary  to  Mr.  Millikan,  who 
accepted  the  trust  and  spent  the  time  from 
March  20  to  July  1.  1891.  in  Washington, 
ascertaining  the  balance  in  the  treasury. 
During  that  period  he  handled  funds  or 
their  equivalent  amounting  to  over  $614,- 
000.000. 

From  1894  to  1902,  inclusive,  Mr.  Milli- 
kan served  as  state  bank  examiner  of  In- 
diana, the  duties  of  this  office,  both  onerous 
and  responsible,  involving  a  complete  ex- 
amination into  the  condition  of  each  of  the 
numerous  state  banks.  Mr.  Millikan  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  with  such 
signal  ability  that  during  his  eight  years' 
incumbency  only  one  or  two  institutions 
of  the  state  failed  in  business. 

It  was  his  long  familiarity  and  experi- 
ence as  a  banker  that  gave  him  so  much 
efficiency  as  a  state  bank  examiner  and  en- 
abled him  to  render  the  service  above  noted 
as  personal  representative  of  Mr.  Nebecker 
in  the  counting  of  the  funds  of  the  United 
States  Treasurv.  For  all  these  other  out- 
side responsibilities  Mr.  Millikan  retained 
his  position  with  the  Citizens  State  Bank, 
and  counts  forty-five  years  of  continuous 
service  with  that  institution.  It  means  a 
great  deal  to  be  thus  identified  for  so 
many  years  with  a  single  business,  espe- 
ciallv  when  that  business  is  a  bank.  The 
continued  trust  of  the  stockholders  and  de- 
positors and  the  esteem  of  the  general  pub- 
lic have  been  uniformly  extended  to  him 


during  that  long  period  of  time,  and  his 
best  years  have  been  given  freely  to  the 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  institution. 
Mr.  Millikan  as  a  banker  has  achieved  what 
he  considers  his  life's  monument,  since 
many  years  ago  he  boasted  that  he  would 
make  the  Citizens  State  Bank  a  $2,000,000 
institution,  and  his  efforts  have  been  fully 
rewarded  and  his  ambitions  realized.  The 
Federal  Reserve  Bank  of  Chicago  appoint- 
ed Mr.  Millikan  as  director  of  sales  for 
United  States  Treasury  Anticipation  Cer- 
tificates for  Henry  County.  The  certifi- 
cates are  issued  by  the  Government  in  an- 
ticipation of  succeeding  Liberty  Loans. 
The  banks  throughout  the  county  respond- 
ed liberally  and  have  taken  care  of  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  these 
certificates. 

Throughout  his  banking  experience  Mr. 
Millikan  has  always  advised  against  the  so- 
called  "investment"  offered  to  so  many 
citizens  by  strangers,  and  has  undoubtedly 
saved  many  people  from  loss  by  this  con- 
servative advice. 

Ever  since  reaching  his  majority  Mr.  Mil- 
.  Ijkan  has  been  a  stanch  republican,  active 
.  in  support -trf  the  party,  its  principles  and 
policies.  In  the  Republican  State  Conven- 
tion of  1902  he  was  a  prominent  candidate 
for  the  nomination  for  state  treasurer. 
There  were  four  candidates,  and  while  he 
was  unsuccessful  he  felt  gratified  to  know 
that  he  stood  next  to  the  winner.  He  has 
been  for  twentv-nine  years  continuouslv  a 
member  of  the  Henry  County  Republican 
Central  Committee.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Republican  National  Convention  in  Chi- 
cago in  1916,  and  was  one  of  the  enthusi- 
astic members  of  the  Indiana  delegation 
supporting  Charles  W.  Fairbanks  for  presi- 
dent. He  firmly  believes  that  had  the 
choice  of  the  republican  party  fallen  upon 
that  Indiana  statesman  the  results  of  the 
election  would  have  'been  completely  dif- 
ferent. 

Mr.  Millikan  attends  the  Christian 
Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  Cresceus 
Lodge  No.  33,  Knights  of  Pythias,  of  which 
he  served  several  years  as  trustee ;  of  Iro- 
ouois  Tribe  No.  97,  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men ;  Newcastle  Lodge  No.  484,  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks ;  and  the  Fra- 
ternal Order  of  "Ragles. 

October  26,  1877,  Mr.  Millikan  married 
Miss  Alice  Peed,  dauehter  of  James  C.  and 
Martha  Jane  (Boyd)  Peed.  They  were 


1382 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


married  by  Elder  William  J.  Howe  of  the 
Christian  Church.  To  this  happy  union 
were  born  three  children:  John  R.,  born 
September  8,  1884,  now  assistant  cashier  of 
the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  Newcastle; 
Louise,  born  April  5,  1892;  Martha  Janet, 
born  March  10,  1897.  The  son,  John,  mar- 
ried June  26,  1907,  Irene  Wilson,  daughter 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  R.  Wilson.  Louise 
was  married  August  23,  1913,  to  Claude 
Stanley,  a  son  of  Frank  Stanley  of  New- 
castle. Both  the  daughters  are  accom- 
plished young  women,  and  after  the  death 
of  their  mother  Mr.  Millikan  gave  them 
redoubled  care  in  supervising  their  educa- 
tion and  providing  for  their  welfare.  Mr. 
Millikan  lost  his  first  wife  July  25,  1902. 
She  had  joined  the  Flat  Rock  Christian 
Church  in  1870  and  was  educated  in  the 
country  schools  of  Liberty  Township, 
Henry  County,  and  in  the  Newcastle  High 
School.  During  1874-75  she  taught  in  the 
Boyd  schoolhouse  in  Liberty  Township. 
She  was  a  woman  of  high  character,  very 
domestic  in  disposition,  and  throughout  her 
married  life  was  devoted  to  her  home  and 
family.  In  1908  Mr.  Millikan  married  Mrs. 
Maud  (Bond)  Woodruff.  She  is  a  daugh- 
ter of  Abner  Bond  of  Greensfork,  Wayne 
County,  Indiana. 

NEWTON  BOOTH,  eleventh  governor  of 
California,  (1872-4),  and  United  States 
Senator  from  California  (1875-81),  was 
born  at  Salem,  Indiana,  December  25,  1825. 
After  attending  the  common  schools,  he 
entered  Asbury  University  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1846.  He  studied  law  at 
Terre  Haute,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1850;  but  went  to  California  in  the 
same  year.  He  located  at  Sacramento,  and 
engaged  in  the  wholesale  grocery  business 
until  1857,  when  he  returned  to  Terre 
Haute,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law. 
In  1860  he  again  returned  to  California, 
and  opened  a  law  office;  soon  becoming 
interested  in  politics.  In  1863  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate,  as  a  republican. 
In  1871  he  joined  with  Eugene  Casserlv 
in  the  fight  against  the  railroads,  and  they 
two  became  the  leaders  of  the  triumphant 
anti-monopolists.  Casserly  was  elected 
United  States  senator,  and  Booth  gov- 
ernor. In  1874,  Casserly  having  resigned 
from  the  Senate  on  account  of  failing 
health,  and  his  term  having  been  filled  out 
by  John  S.  Hager,  Booth  was  elected  to 


the  vacant  senatorship.  His  service  both 
as  governor  and  as  senator  was  marked  by 
intelligence,  ability  and  integrity.  He  died 
at  Sacramento  July  14,  1892.  Senator 
Booth's  sister  Elizabeth  married  Judge 
John  S.  Tarkington,  and  was  the  mother 
of  Booth  Tarkington. 

ELLSWORTH  ELMER  WEIR  has  been  a 
prominent  member  of  the  LaPorte  bar  for 
over  thirty  years,  formerly  commanded  a 
large  general  clientage,  but  in  recent  years 
has  given  all  his  time  to  service  as  coun- 
sel for  one  of  the  large  manufacturing  con- 
cerns in  Northern  Indiana. 

Mr.  Weir  was  born  in  the  City  of  La- 
Porte  in  1861,  and  his  family  has  fur- 
nished some  of  the  oldest  and  best  known 
names  in  the  history  of  that  county.  His 
grandfather,  John  Weir,  was  reared  and 
married  in  New  York  State,  and  in  1836 
started  for  the  West.  Putting  his  pos- 
sessions in  a  wagon,  he  drove  to  Buffalo. 
There  he  and  his  family  embarked  on  a 
steamer.  This  boat  was  wrecked  and  the 
passengers  landed  on  the  shores  of  Ohio. 
Thence  the  Weir  family  chose  to  proceed 
by  wagon  and  team,  and  continued  until 
they  arrived  at  Washtenaw  County,  Michi- 
gan. John  Weir  bought  land  eighteen 
miles  southwest  of  Ann  Arbor  and  was  a 
pioneer  farmer  there  until  his  death  in 
August,  1855.  He  married  Anna  Beck- 
with,  a  native  of  Elmira,  New  York.  She 
survived  her  husband  and  spent  her  last 
years  in  LaPorte,  where  she  died  at  the 
advanced  age  of  eighty -three.  She  was  the 
mother  of  ten  children. 

One  of  these  was  the  late  Hon.  Morgan 
H.  Weir,  who  was  long  a  practicing  attor- 
ney at  LaPorte  and  who  it  is  said  im- 
pressed his  personality  on  the  county  to 
a  remarkable  degree.  He  was  born  at  El- 
mira, New  York,  March  31,  1829.  Much 
of  his  education  came  as  a  result  of  his  in- 
dividual efforts.  He  attended  school  in 
Washtenaw  County,  Michigan,  in  the 
River  Raisin  Academy  in  Lenawee  County, 
Michigan,  went  back  to  Elmira,  New  York, 
to  attend  Barber's  Academy,  and  in  the 
intervals  of  teaching  winter  terms  of  school 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Colonel  Hatha- 
way at  Elmira.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  September,  1852,  and  in  November- 
of  the  same  year  located  in  Michigan  City, 
Indiana.  He  practiced  there  two  years, 
after  which  he  removed  to  LaPorte,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1383 


was  one  of  the  honored  lawyers  of  that 
city  until  his  death,  July  6,  1902,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-three.  His  activity  as  a 
lawyer  covered  a  period  of  practically  half 
a  century.  He  was  one  of  the  original  re- 
publicans of  LaPorte  County,  and  in  1854 
was  elected  on  that  ticket  to  the  office  of 
prosecuting  attorney.  The  LaPorte  Cir- 
cuit then  comprised  ten  counties.  He  held 
that  office  two  years  and  in  1856  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  and 
served  four  years.  In  1877  the  democratic 
party  elected  him  mayor  of  LaPorte,  and 
he  was  re-elected  in  1879.  At  one  time  he 
was  also  a  candidate  for  Congress.  Frater- 
nally he  was  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  A  local  historian  has 
referred  to  him  as  "a  man  of  great  per- 
sonal force,  an  easy  and  fluent  speaker, 
kind  to  the  poor  and  possessing  many  esti- 
mable traits." 

July  12,  1854,  at  LaPorte,  Morgan  H. 
Weir  married  Henrietta  E.  Teeple.  She 
was  born  on  the  island  which  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  City  of  LaPorte,  April  3, 
1836,  daughter  of  John  and  Hannah 
Teeple,  who  were  among  the  pioneers  of 
LaPorte  County,  settling  there  in  1834. 
John  P.  Teeple,  her  father,  was  born  in 
Kentucky  in  1805,  and  in  early  life  re- 
moved to  the  southern  part  of  Indiana. 
Later  he  came  into  Northern  Indiana  when 
it  was  a  wilderness,  and  was  the  third  or 
fourth  permanent  settler  in  what  is  now 
LaPorte  County.  He  built  a  log  cabin  on 
a  tract  of  land  on  the  island  above  men- 
tioned. This  log  cabin  also  had  an  under- 
ground cellar  which  was  constructed  pri- 
marily with  a  view  to  hiding  in  case  of 
Indian  uprising.  John  Teeple  at  one  time 
kept  an  inn  three  and  a  half  miles  east  of 
LaPorte,  on  what  is  now  the  James  Ander- 
son homestead  on  the  Lincoln  Highway. 
Later  he  moved  into  the  town  and  was 
quite  active  in  business,  operating  a  grist 
mill,  and  store,  and  remained  a  resident 
of  LaPorte  until  his  death,  in  1906,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  one  hundred  one  years. 
Late  in  life  he  fell  from  a  house,  break- 
ing a  leg,  and  was  somewhat  infirm  physi- 
cally, though  strong  mentally  to  the  end. 
He  married  Hannah  Weir,  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, whose  parents  were  early  settlers 
in  Southern  Indiana.  Hannah  Teeple 
died  at  the  age  of  eighty-seven.  Mrs. 
Morgan  H.  Weir  died  in  1912,  aged  sev- 


enty-six. She  was  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren: Ellsworth  Elmer  and  Frederick 
Hamilton. 

Ellsworth  Elmer  Weir  grew  up  in  La- 
Porte,  attended  the  public  schools  and  re- 
ceived much  of  his  early  training  under 
his  father.  He  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  LL.  B.,  in  1882, 
and  in  June  of  the  same  year  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  began  practice  at  La  Porte. 
For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Weir  has  been 
general  counsel  for  the  Great  Western 
Manufacturing  Company. 

October  22,  1884,  he  married  Miss 
Nellie  K.  Rogers.  She  was  born  in  La- 
Porte  County  and  also  represents  two  of 
the  pioneer  families  of  that  section.  Her 
parents  were  Andrew  J.  and  Louisa  (Hall) 
Rogers.  Her  father  was  a  son  of  Aquilla 
and  Nancy  (Arnold)  Rogers,  and  her 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Jacob  R.  Hall. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellsworth  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Harriet  Louise.  This  daughter  is  now 
the  wife  of  William  M.  Warren.  By  a 
former  marriage  she  has  a  daughter.  Mary 
Jane  Burns.  Mr.  Weir  is  affiliated  with 
LaPorte  Lodge  No.  396,  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  LaPorte 
Lodge  No.  112,  Knights  of  Pythias. 

WILL.IAM  NILES.  Originally  the  Niles 
family  were  Welsh.  The  first  American 
ancestor  of  whom  there  is  record  was  John 
Niles,  who  came  to  America  in  1630  and 
settled  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts.  In  a 
later  generation  was  Samuel  Niles,  also 
a  native  of  Massachusetts,  great-great- 
grandfather of  William  Niles.  Samuel 
Niles  graduated  from  Harvard  College,  in 
1731,  and  gained  distinction  as  a  lawyer, 
serving  as  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  in  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  twenty-eight  coun- 
sellors who  exercised  the  functions  of  local 
government  before  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  was  framed. 

In  the  next  generation  was  Nathaniel 
Niles,  who  graduated  from  Princeton  Col- 
lege and  located  at  West  Fairlee,  Ver- 
mont, where  he  was  lawyer,  preacher  and 
farmer.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees  of  Dartmouth  College,  and  la- 
ter was  a  representative  in  the  Continental 
Congress.  His  descendants  have  preserved 
an  invitation  which  he  received  to  dine 
with  General  Washington. 


1384 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


His  son,  William  Niles,  who  was  born 
at  Fairlee,  Orange  County,  Vermont, 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  and 
was  an  exception  to  most  of  the  family 
in  that  he  did  not  adopt  a  profession.  He 
was  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  at  West 
Fairlee,  Vermont.  He  married  Relief  Bar- 
ron. 

John  B.  Niles,  father  of  William  Niles, 
was  one  of  the  distinguished  pioneers  of 
the  Northern  Indiana  bar  and  also  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  the  City  of  LaPorte. 
He  was  born  at  West  Fairlee,  Vermont, 
in  September,  1808,  and  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  College  in  1830.  After  study- 
ing law  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar  he 
came  West  on  horseback  in  1833.  He 
afterward  told  that  his  purpose  was  to 
acquire  a  ten-acre  lot  in  Chicago.  On  his 
way  he  stopped  at  LaPorte,  and  was  so 
pleased  with  the  country  that  his  journey 
was  never  continued.  He  was  one  of  the 
early  lawyers  of  the  city  and  became  other- 
wise prominent  in  business  and  local  af- 
fairs. In  1864  he  helped  organize  the  First 
National  Bank  of  LaPorte,  and  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  the  state  in  1850.  In  many  other  ways 
his  name  is  associated  with  the  early  his- 
tory of  that  city.  He  died  at  LaPorte, 
July  6,  1879. 

John  B.  Niles  married  Mary  Polke.  She 
was  born  at  the  historic  City  of  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  June  13,  1811,  and  her 
ancestry  and  family  history  are  fully  as 
noteworthy  as  that  of  the  Niles  family, 
the  genealogy  of  the  Polke  family  goes 
back  to  the  middle  ages  of  old  England. 
There  were  a  number  of  titled  men  named 
De  Pollok,  as  the  name  was  spelled  for 
many  generations.  There  is  record  of  a 
Sir  Robert  De  Pollok  who  joined  the 
Scotch  Covenanters  in  1640.  Robert 
Bruce  Pollok,  a  son  of  Sir  Robert,  was 
born  in  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  in  1630, 
and  in  1672  he  and  his  wife,  Magdalene, 
came  to  America  and  settled  in  Somerset 
County,  Maryland,  where  he  assumed  the 
named  of  Robert  Bruce  Polke.  In  Mary- 
land he  secured  patents  to  land  from  Lord 
Baltimore. 

His  son,  William  Polke,  Sr.,  was  born 
in  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  and  was 
brought  to  America  by  his  parents.  He 
also  bought  land,  and  after  his  father's 
death  had  charge  of  the  Polke  estate  in 
Maryland.  Charles  Polke,  a  son  of  William, 


Sr.,  was  a  native  of  Somerset  County,  Mary- 
land, and  was  father  of  Capt.  Charles 
Polke.  Capt.  Charles  Polke  was  born  in 
Frederick  County,  Maryland,  February  2, 
1745.  His  father,  who  had  been  an  Indian 
trader  on  the  Maryland  frontier,  died  in 
1753.  Charles  Polke  moved  to  West  Vir- 
ginia, in  the  Panhandle  along  the  Ohio 
River,  settling  on  Cross  Creek  near  the 
present  site  of  Wellsville,  north  of  Wheel- 
ing. In  1780,  with  his  wife  and  two  chil- 
dren, he  formed  a  colony,  including  his 
brothers,  William,  Edmond  and  Thomas 
and  a  sister,  Piety,  and  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky on  flatboats.  They  located  in  what 
is  now  Nelson  County.  The  family  for 
protection  was  established  at  Kincheloe's 
Station.  Not  long  afterward  Indians  at- 
tacked and  massacred  the  greater  part  of 
the  garrison.  Mrs.  Charles  Polke  and  four 
children  were  made  captives,  and  were 
taken  by  the  Indians  to  the  British  Garri- 
son at  Detroit.  Mrs.  Polke  walked  from 
the  station  to  the  Ohio  River  and  from 
that  point  rode  a  horse  to  Detroit. 
Through  the  influence  of  a  British  trader 
she  was  ransomed,  and  allowed  to  write 
to  her  husband.  Upon  receipt  of  the  let- 
ter he  went  to  Detroit,  and  returned  with 
the  family  to  Kentucky.  All  these  and 
many  other  interesting  facts  of  the  early 
generations  of  the  Polke  family  in  Ken- 
tucky are  recounted  in  Collins'  History  of 
Kentucky. 

The  maiden  name  of  this  pioneer  fron- 
tierswoman  and  wife  of  Capt.  Charles 
Polke  was  Delilah  Tyler.  She  was  born  in 
Virginia,  February  10,  1755,  daughter  of 
Edward  and  Nancy  (Langley)  Tyler.  She 
died  in  Shelby  County,  Kentucky,  in  1797, 
at  the  age  of  forty-two.  She  was  the 
mother  of  twelve  children,  one  of  whom 
was  William  Polke,  maternal  grandfather 
of  Mr.  William  Niles. 

William  Polke  was  born  in  Brooke 
County,  Virginia,  now  West  Virginia, 
September  19,  1775.  He  was  seven  years 
of  age  when  made  a  prisoner  by  the  In- 
dians, and  often  recounted  many  of  the 
incidents  of  that  tragedy.  He  acquired  a 
fair  education,  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  and  removed  to  what 
is  now  Knox  County,  Indana,  in  1806.  A 
few  years  later  he  enlisted  and  served  in 
the  volunteer  army  of  frontiersmen  under 
General  Harrison,  and  was  wounded  at 
the  Battle  of  Tippecanoe.  In  1816,  when 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1385 


Indiana  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  he 
represented  Knox  County  as  a  delegate 
to  the  First  Constitutional  Convention.  In 
1829,  and  for  a  number  of  years  afterward, 
he  was  commissioner  for  the  sale  of  the 
Michigan  Road  lands.  In  1832  he  estab- 
lished a  farm  where  the  Michigan  Road 
crossed  the  Tippecanoe  River,  in  Fulton 
County,  his  being  the  first  frame  house 
on  that  road  north  of  the  Wabash  River, 
and  widely  known  for  many  years  to  pio- 
neers as  the  White  House.  In  1836  he 
had  charge  of  the  removal  of  the  Potta- 
watomie  Indians  to  the  Indian  Territory. 
He  served  as  a  member  of  the  First  State 
Senate,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
in  locating  the  state  capitol  at  Coridon. 
His  name  was  prominent  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  LaPorte  County,  since  as  an  asso- 
ciate judge  he  opened  the  first  court  in 
that  county.  In  1841  he  removed  to  Fort 
Wayne  to  accept  the  position  from  Presi- 
dent Harrison  as  register  of  the  land  office. 
He  died  at  Fort  Wiayne  while  fulfilling 
those  duties  April  26,  1843. 

Such  is  a  brief  account  of  the  ancestry 
of  William  Niles,  who  was  born  at  La- 
Porte,  September  25,  1835.  As  a  boy  he 
attended  private  schools  in  his  native  town, 
for  one  year  was  in  Notre  Dame  Univer- 
sity, and  was  also  a  student  at  the  college 
at  Urbana,  Ohio.  In  1857  he  entered  the 
junior  class  of  Dartmouth  College,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1859.  After  return- 
ing home  he  took  up  the  study  of  law  un- 
der his  father,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1861.  He  practiced  law  for  some 
years  with  his  father,  but  gradually  gave 
over  that  profession  to  devote  his  time  to 
other  affairs.  He  was  one  of  the  first  stock- 
holders in  the  First  National  Bank  of  La- 
Porte  when  it  was  organized  in  1864,  his 
father  being  one  of  the  first  directors.  He 
has  been  identified  with  that  institution 
continuously  for  over  fifty  years,  and  for 
many  years  has  been  its  president.  Mr. 
Niles  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  LaPorte  Wheel  Company,  which  was 
subsequently  reorganized  as  the  Niles- 
Scott  Company,  with  him  as  president  for 
several  years.  Mr.  Niles  is  one  of  the  ex- 
tensive land  owners  of  Northern  Indiana, 
having  farms  both  in  LaPorte  and  Lake 
counties,  including  some  land  which  his 
father  originally  acquired  from  the  state. 
Mr.  Niles  has  always  been  a  republican, 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 


New  Church  (Swedenborgian)  of  LaPorte, 
and  is  president  of  its  board  of  trustees. 

Mr.  Niles  has  two  daughters,  Mary  N. 
and  Sarah  Isabelle.  Mary  is  the  wife  of 
Harry  M.  Baum.  The  mother  of  these 
children  was  Judith  King  Anderson.  She 
and  Mr.  Niles  were  married  December  16, 
1885.  She  was  born  in  LaPorte  County 
and  died  December  13,  1902.  Her  father, 
Robert  Anderson,  was  a  farmer  in  Scipio 
Township  of  LaPorte  County,  where  Mrs. 
Niles  was  born  February  28,  1849.  She 
was  a  woman  of  liberal  education,  having 
attended  the  common  schools,  the  Hanover 
High  School  and  Monmouth  College  in 
Illinois,  and  spent  two  years  in  Europe 
in  travel  and  study.  Mrs.  Niles  was  a 
much  beloved  woman  of  LaPorte.  She 
used  her  culture  and  abundant  means  to 
sustain  many  interests  in  artistic  affairs 
and  in  practical  charity.  She  kept  a  very 
hospitable  home,  entertained  many  friends, 
and  was  a  leader  in  musical  circles.  She 
was  always  faithful  to  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  which  she  was  reared,  but  after 
her  marriage  she  attended  quite  regularly 
with  her  husband  the  New  or  Sweden- 
borgian Church. 

ERNEST  G.  DUNN,  JR.,  is  a  civil  engi- 
neer by  profession,  is  the  present  county 
surveyor  af  LaPorte  County,  and  member 
of  a  family  that  has  been  identified  with 
the  lumber  industry  in  Michigan  and 
Northern  Indiana  for  many  years. 

He  was  born  at  Muskegon,  Michigan, 
which  was  then  at  the  heart  of  the  great 
lumber  manufacturing  industry  of  that 
state.  His  grandfather  was  James  Dunn, 
born  in  or  near  Plymouth,  England.  One 
of  his  brothers  came  to  the  United  States, 
but  his  subsequent  experiences  are  not  now 
known.  At  the  age  of  nine  years  James 
Dunn  ran  away  from  home  and  went  to 
sea.  He  became  an  able  seaman  and  la- 
ter was  first  mate  of  different  vessels  in 
the  English  merchant  marine.  He  re- 
mained in  that  service  until  1871,  when 
he  came  to  the  United  States  and  located 
at  Chicago,  was  in  several  lines  of  work 
in  that  city,  and  in  1888  moved  to  Muske- 
gon, Michigan,  and  from  there,  in  1896, 
transferred  his  home  to  Michigan  City,  In- 
diana, where  he  died  in  1897,  at  the  age 
of  sixty-three.  He  married  Emma  Hocka- 
day,  a  native  of  England.  She  died  at 
Michigan  City  in  1917. 


= 


• 


1386 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Ernest  G.  Dunn,  Sr.,  was  the  only  child 
of  his  parents.  He  was  born  at  Torquay, 
England,  and  was  eleven  years  old  when 
brought  to  the  United  States.  He  attended 
school  in  England  and  also  in  Chicago, 
and  his  first  business  experience  was  as 
'bookkeeper  with  the  Hickson  store,  the 
largest  retail  grocery  store  in  the  West. 
In  1888  he  became  a  stockholder  in  the 
Maxwell  Lumber  Company  of  Muskegon, 
removing  to  that  city,  and  for  a  number 
of  years  was  secretary  of  the  company. 
In  1896  he  removed  his  home  to  Michigan 
City,  and  in  1909  he  and  Mr.  Maxwell 
bought  the  interests^  of  the  other  stock- 
holders and  have  since  conducted  one  of 
the  large  retail  lumber  firms  of  Michigan 
City.  E.  G.  Dunn,  Sr.,  married  Leonora 
Gray,  a  native  of  Brown  County,  Indi- 
ana. Her  father,  Ambrose  Gray,  was  born 
in  Connecticut  of  Mayflower  ancestry,  and 
was  an  early  settler  in  Brown  County,  Indi- 
ana. He  married  Sallie  R.  Gray,  a  native 
of  Brown  County,  her  parents  having  come 
from  North  Carolina,  first  settling  in  Ken- 
tucky and  later  moving  to  Brown  County, 
Indiana.  Ambrose  Gray  served  an  appren- 
ticeship at  the  spectacle  making  trade,  and 
came  to  Indiana  with  his  employer,  who 
established  a  spectacle  factory  in  Brown 
County.  This  was  the  first  industry  of  its 
kind  in  the  West,  and  it  did  not  long  con- 
tinue. E.  G.  Dunn  and  wife  had  eight 
children :  Emma,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four,  Eunice,  Ernest  G.,  Chester, 
Mabel,  Howard,  and  Marion  and  Dorothy, 
twins. 

Ernest  G.  Dunn,  Jr.,  graduated  from 
the  Michigan  City  High  School  and  then 
entered  the  University  of  Michigan  at 
Ann  Arbor.  He  took  the  course  of  civil 
engineering,  and  on  leaving  the  univer- 
sity went  West,  to  Portland,  Oregon,  and 
put  in  a  year  as  a  teacher.  He  returned 
to  Indiana  to  become  identified  with  the 
new  City  of  Gary,  and  for  three  years 
was  connected  with  the  engineering  de- 
partment of  that  municipality,  and  helped 
in  laying  out  and  building  some  of  the 
improvements  which  made  that  town  not- 
able among  the  cities  of  the  Middle  West. 
From  Gary  Mr.  Dunn  returned  to  Michi- 
gan City,  and  for  four  years  served  as 
city  civil  engineer.  In  October,  1918,  he 
was  appointed  county  surveyor  to  fill  an 
unexpired  term,  and  his  appointment  was 


confirmed  by  popular  election  in  Novem- 
ber of  the  same  year. 

In  1911  he  married  Miss  Clarriet  Wil- 
helm,  a  native  of  LaPorte,  and  daughter 
of  Frederick  and  Mary  Wilhelm.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Dunn  have  one  daughter, 
Leonora.  Mr.  Dunn  is  a  member  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  and  member  and  past 
chancellor  of  Gary  Lodge,  Knights  of 
Pythias. 

WILLIAM  ADAMS  MARTIN  during  a  long 
and  active  career  has  identified  himself 
with  many  of  the  leading  enterprises  of 
LaPorte.  He  is  a  manufacturer  and  bank- 
er and  an  official  in  several  public  utility 
plants  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

His  early  youth  connected  him  with  pio- 
neer times  in  this  part  of  the  Middle  West. 
An  indication  of  this  is  that  he  was  born 
in  a  log  cabin  in  Three  Oaks  Township 
of  Berrien  County,  Michigan.  Nearly  all 
the  homes  in  that  community  at  the  time 
were  log  cabins,  and  a  log  house  was  by 
no  means  an  indication  of  poverty. 

His  Martin  ancestors  were  numbered 
among  the  first  settlers  of  New  Jersey.  His 
grandfather,  Isaac  Webb  Martin,  was  born 
near  Woodbridge,  Middlesex  County, 
New  Jersey,  January  14,  1781,  and  be- 
came a  shoemaker.  That  was  a  very  im- 
portant trade  at  the  time,  since  all  shoes 
were  made  by  hand  and  to  order,  and  he 
also  combined  with  skill  at  this  art  the 
weaving  of  fine  linen.  His  account  book 
dating  from  1812  to  1837  is  still  carefully 
preserved  by  a  granddaughter.  From 
Middlesex  County  he  moved  to  Succa- 
sunna,  in  Morris  County,  New  Jersey, 
where  he  bought  a  farm,  part  of  which 
is  now  included  in  the  village.  He  lived 
there  and  raised  a  family  of  eleven  chil- 
dren, eight  s6ns  and  three  daughters,  and 
then  went  out  to  join  some  of  his  chil- 
dren at  Oxford,  Ohio,  where  he  died.  The 
maiden  name  of  his  wife  was  Alice  Adams. 
She  was  of  the  same  family  that  gave  this 
country  two  of  its  most  distinguished  presi- 
dents. Her  father,  Matthew  Adams, 
fought  as  an  American  soldier  in  the  Revo- 
lution. Isaac  Webb  Martin  and  wife  had  as 
stated  eight  sons  and  three  daughters.  Mrs. 
Martin  moved  with  her  son,  Sherwood,  to 
Berrien  County,  Michigan,  where  she  died 
at  the  ripe  age  of  ninety-one  years. 

Ebenezer  Sherwood  Martin  was  born  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1387 


Hunterdon  County,  New  Jersey,  January 
11,  1816.  He  was  reared  and  educated 
in  his  native  state  and  served  an  appren- 
ticeship to  the  mason's  trade.  In  1838, 
after  his  marriage,  he  moved  out  to  Ox- 
ford, Ohio,  and  in  1846  made  a  further 
progress  westward  with  his  wife  and  three 
children,  embarking  his  goods  on  a  wagon 
and  directing  his  team  overland  on  the 
journey  to  Berrien  County  in  the  extreme 
southwest  corner  of  Michigan.  He  made 
the  journey  with  wagon  and  team  in  the 
absence  of  any  other  means  of  transpor- 
tation, since  no  railroad  was  completed 
through  this  part  of  the  Middle  West  for 
several  years.  He  bought  a  tract  of  land 
in  Three  Oaks  Township,  near  the  Indiana 
state  line.  The  only  improvements  on  that 
land  were  a  log  cabin  and  a  few  acres  of 
cleared  ground  and  a  small  orchard.  Here 
he  resumed  his  trade  and  at  the  same  time 
superintended  the  further  improvement  of 
his  land.  In  1896  he  retired  from  his 
Michigan  farm  and  came  to  LaPorte,  where 
he  died  in  1903.  On  January  19,  1836,  he 
married  Miss  Rachel  Harland.  She  was 
born  at  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  Sep- 
tember 7,  1815,  daughter  of  Captain 
Stephen  and  Elizabeth  (Heden)  Harland. 
For  many  years  her  father  commanded 
a  boat  engaged  in  the  traffic  up  and  down 
the  Hudson  River.  This  venerable  river 
captain  died  at  the  age  of  ninety-six.  E. 
Sherwood  Martin  and  wife  had  the  follow- 
ing children :  Elizabeth,  Alice,  Isaac  W., 
Stephen  H.,  William  Adams,  Abram  -F. 
and  John  E. 

William  Adams  Martin  attended  the 
rural  schools  near  his  father's  farm  in 
Southwestern  Michigan  and  also  had  the 
benefit  of  attendance  at  Carlisle  College. 
His  training  in  early  youth  was  sufficient 
to  inculcate  in  him  habits  of  industry  and 
integrity  and  gave  him  the  good  constitu- 
tion which  has  enabled  him  to  maintain 
heavy  business  .responsibilities  for  half  a 
century  or  more. 

Mr.  Martin  came  to  LaPorte  in  1866. 
His  first  employment  was  as  clerk  in  a 
clothing  store.  He  continued  that  rou- 
tine occupatio'n  for  ten  years.  In  1876 
he  was  made  deputy  county  treasurer  and 
held  that  office  for  eight  years.  In  1884 
he  was  elected  county  treasurer,  and  served 
for  two  years.  Since  leaving  public  office 
Mr.  Martin  has  been  primarily  identified 
with  public  utilities,  particularly  gas  in- 


dustries. He  is  now  president  of  the  La- 
Porte  Gas  and  Electric  Company,  presi- 
dent of  the  Rochester  Gas  and  Coke  Com- 
pany, president  of  the  Greencastle  Gas  and 
Electric  Company,  president  of  the  John 
Hilt  Ice  Company,  and  a  director  of  the 
First  National  and  the  State  Bank  of  La- 
Porte.  In  various  ways  his  influence  and 
means  have  been  a  contribution  to  the 
general  welfare  of  his  community.  He  is 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Old  Ladies'  Home  at  LaPorte,  and  he  and 
his  wife  are  active  members  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church  and  he  has  served  that  church 
for  several  years  as  elder. 

June  7,  1886,  Mr.  Martin  married  Re- 
becca Elizabeth  Drummond.  She  was 
born  at  Rolling  Prairie  in  LaPorte  County, 
daughter  of  John  and  Orilda  (Bowell) 
Drummond.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Martin  have  an 
interesting  family  of  children,  John  Gor- 
don, Thomas  Foster,  Rachel  Orilda  and 
Ruth  Drummond. 

John  Gordon,  the  oldest,  was  born 
November  25,  1887,  graduated  from  the 
LaPorte  High  School  and  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, and  is  a  practical  engineer  now  super- 
intendent of  his  father's  gas  plant  and 
lives  at  Rochester.  He  married  Mildred 
Pheiffer,  and  has  a  son,  John  Gordon,  Jr. 

Thomas  Foster  Martin,  born  November 
6,  1889,  is  a  graduate  of  the  LaPorte  High 
School  and  of  Michigan  University,  and 
is  now  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  John 
Hilt  Ice  Company.  He  married  Aldyth 
Frederickson  and  has  a  daughter,  Ada 
Elizabeth. 

Rachel  Martin,  born  February  20,  1891, 
after  completing  the  course  of  the  LaPorte 
High  School,  entered  Wells  College  at 
Aurora,  New  York,  of  which  she  is  a  gradu- 
ate. She  is  the  wife  of  Kenneth  Osborne 
of  LaPorte. 

Ruth  Martin,  born  February  20,  1892, 
graduated  from  the  LaPorte  High  School 
and  from  Barnard  College,  the  woman's 
department  of  Columbia  University,  and 
is  now  using  her  talents  and  education  in 
the  service  of  the  government. 

CHARLES  E.  WELLER.  Several  of  the 
most  interesting  as  well  as  the  most  use- 
ful men  identified  with  the  citizenship  of 
LaPorte  has  borne  the  name  Weller.  One 
of  them  was  Rev.  Henry  Weller,  who  was 
a  pioneer  minister  of  the  Swedenborgian 
faith  in  the  Middle  West  and  founded  the 


1388 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


New  Church  at  LaPorte.  He  was  the 
father  of  four  sons,  all  of  whom  have  been 
eminent  in  some  special  line.  One  of  them 
is  Charles  E.  "Weller,  who  learned  teleg- 
raphy as  a  boy,  and  later  was  one  of  the 
first  men  in  the  Middle  West  to  become 
an  expert  in  the  new  art  of  phonography, 
better  known  now  as  stenography,  and  for 
many  years  was  a  successful  court  report- 
er in  St.  Louis.  He  is  now  living  at  La- 
Porte  and  is  secretary  of  the  National 
Shorthand  Reporters'  Association. 

Rev.  Henry  Weller,  his  father,  was  born 
at  Battle  Abbey,  England,  in  1801.  He 
had  a  good  literary  education  and  early 
became  attracted  to  religious  thought.  He 
joined  a  society  known  as  "Free  Think- 
ing Christians"  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
delivered  his  first  religious  discourse  at 
Hastings,  England.  His  brother,  John, 
came  to  America  and  settled  at  New  York 
City,  and  for  some  years  operated  a  cafe 
on  Broadway,  which  was  patronized  by 
many  of  the  wealthy  people  of  that  city. 
His  brother,  Thomas,  was  a  pioneer  set-  . 
tier  in  Calhoun  County,  Michigan,  improv- 
ing a  farm  there  and  spending  his  ^ast 
years  retired  at  Marshall.  A  sister  mar- 
ried Rev.  Thomas  Bricher,  a  Unitarian 
preacher,  and  lived  at  Newburyport, 
Massachusetts. 

Rev.  Henry  Weller  brought  his  family 
to  America  in  1837,  and  after  two  years 
in  New  York  City  removed  to  Marshall, 
Michigan,  in  1839.  That  was  still  a  pio- 
neer community  and  he  entered  actively 
upon  the  task  of  making  a  home  in  the 
wilderness.  He  also  preached  at  various 
localities.  In  1840  he  became  attracted  to 
the  philosophy  of  Emanuel  Swedenborg, 
and  from  that  time  until  his  death  was  an 
earnest  expounder  of  the  faith  of  the 
Church  of  the  New  Jerusalem.  In  1850 
he  made  his  first  visit  to  LaPorte,  and  be- 
gan the  formation  of  the  New  Church, 
being  its  first  minister.  He  also  built  up 
a  society  of  the  same  church  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Michigan.  From  that  city  he 
brought  his  family  to  LaPorte  in  1853. 
He  also  founded  in  that  year  a  periodi- 
cal called  The  Crisis,  which  was  an  ably- 
edited  magazine,  published  in  the  interests 
of  the  New  Church.  Later  its  name  was 
changed  to  The  New  Church  Independent, 
and  it  was  moved  to  Chicago,  where  it  en- 
joyed a  prosperous  existence  for  many 
years.  Besides  the  great  work  he  did  as 


a  minister  Rev.  Henry  Weller  served  dur- 
ing 1863-64  as  chaplain  of  the  Eighty- 
Seventh  Indiana  Infantry,  and  all  the  sur- 
vivors of  that  regiment  spoke  kindly  and 
had  a  grateful  memory  of  the  chaplain.  Rev. 
Mr.  Weller  died  June  7,  1868,  from  dis- 
ease contracted  in  the  army.  His  home 
for  a  number  of  years  was  on  Stone  Lake, 
about  a  mile  north  of  LaPorte,  a  place 
since  known  as  Weller 's  Grove.  Rev. 
Henry  Weller  married  at  Hastings,  Eng- 
land, September  20,  1826,  Miss  Caroline 
Stevens.  She  was  born  in  Brighton,  Eng- 
land, and  was  the  only  member  of  her 
father's  family  to  come  to  America.  Her 
two  brothers  were  named  David  and  Wil- 
liam. She  had  a  sister,  Harriet,  who  mar- 
ried Charles  Cade.  Mrs.  Caroline  Weller 
died  at  Chicago.  She  was  the  mother  of 
four  sons:  John  S.,  William  H.,  Alfred 
and  Charles  E.  John  S.  became  a  promi- 
nent newspaper  man  at  LaPorte  and  later 
was  in  business  at  Chicago  until  his  death. 
William  H.  also  learned  the  printer's 
trade,  later  became  a  telegrapher,  and  for 
a'  number  of  years  served  as  chief  train 
dispatcher .  on  the  western  division  of  the 
Lake  Shore  Railroad.  He  died  at  LaPorte 
in  1900.  Alfred  also  learned  telegraphy, 
and  had  many  responsible  positions  in  that 
work,  having  been  manager  of  the  Western 
Union  telegraph  office  for  over  forty  years 
at  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. 

Charles  E.  Weller,  youngest  son  of  Rev. 
Henry  Weller,  was  born  in  a  log  house 
near  Marshall,  Michigan,  in  1840.  He  at- 
tended the  rural  schools  of  Calhoun  Coun- 
ty, and  at  the  age  of  twelve  years  began 
working  in  his  father's  printing  office.  A 
year  later  he  became  a  telegraph  messen- 
ger, and  while  thus  employed  at  LaPorte 
learned  the  art  of  telegraphy.  Subse- 
quently he  was  assigned  to  open  the  rail- 
road station  of  the  Michigan  Southern 
Railway  at  Coldwater,  Michigan,  and  for 
three  years  had  assignments  in  the  rail- 
way service  at  Coldwater,  South  Bend, 
White  Pigeon  and  Toledo.  His  last  posi- 
tion in  the  railway  service  was  in  the  office 
of  Charles  Minot,  resident  manager  of  the 
Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Rail- 
way Company  at  Chicago.  In  1858,  and 
following  that,  he  was  in  the  Western 
Union  office  at  Milwaukee,  of  which  his 
brother,  Alfred,  was  manager.  During  the 
Civil  war  he  had  charge  of  the  telegraph 
office  at  Madison,  Wisconsin. 


L33ARY 

OF  TIE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1389 


In  the  meantime,  as  early  as  1862,  Mr. 
Weller  had  begun  to  learn  the  Pitman 
system  of  phonography  or  shorthand,  and 
studied  and  practiced  constantly  with  a 
view  to  becoming  a  law  reporter.  In  1867, 
resigning  his  work  with  the  Western  Union 
Company,  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  took 
with  him  what  is  claimed  to  be  the  first 
practical  typewriter  ever  constructed.  He 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  its  inventor, 
Christopher  Sholes  of  Milwaukee.  At  St. 
Louis  he  became  a  court  reporter,  and 
afterwards  with  his  son  established  the 
firm  of  Weller  &  Weller,  law  stenogra- 
phers, and  continued  his  professional  work 
there  until  1914.  In  that  year  Mr.  Weller 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  National  Short- 
hand Reporters'  Association,  and  at  once 
selected  LaPorte  as  his  headquarters. 

In  1866  Mr.  Weller  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet A.  Watkins,  a  native  of  Philadelphia 
and  a  daughter  of  William  Watkins,  a 
native  of  Wales.  Mrs.  Weller  died  in 
1911.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  sons, 
William  Edward  and  Frank. 

William  Edward  Weller  was  educated 
in  St.  Louis,  graduated  in  dentistry  from 
Washington  University,  and  is  now  prac- 
ticing at  Bonne  Terre,  Missouri.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Kate  Walsh,  and  his  five  chil- 
dren are  named  Mona,  Charles,  Dorothy, 
Samuel  and  Frank. 

Mr.  Frank  Weller  was  also  educated  at 
St.  Louis,  and  early  perfected  himself  in 
shorthand  and  became  associated  with  his 
father  as  a  court  reporter.  He  still  con- 
tinues the  business  as  official  court  repor- 
ter in  Division  No.  1  of  the  Circuit  Court 
at  Clayton,  St.  Louis  County.  He  married 
Mary  Bricter  and  has  one  daughter,  Elsie. 

Charles  E.  Weller  is  an  active  member 
of  the  New  Church.  He  is  a  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 

EMIL,  DANIELSON,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Larson-Danielson  Construction 
Company  of  LaPorte,  has  been  a  contrac- 
tor and  builder  all  his  active  career,  learn- 
ing the  business  from  his  father,  and  his 
push  and  enterprise  have  extended  the 
scope  of  his  company's  undertakings  over 
many  states,  where  substantial  monuments 
to  this  organization  are  found  in  the  shape 
of  many  private  and  public  buildings. 

Mr.  Danielson  is  a  native  of  LaPorte. 
His  father,  John  Danielson,  was  born  in 

Sweden,  attended  school  there  as  a  boy, 
vol.  m— it 


also  began  an  apprenticeship  at  the  ma- 
son's trade,  and  when  still  a  young  man 
started  for  America.  He  was  the  first  and 
only  member  of  his  father's  family  to  come 
to  this  country.  In  LaPorte  he  was  em- 
ployed at  his  trade  as  a  journeyman  and 
later  became  a  contractor  and  builder  and 
continued  it  until  he  retired  a  few  years 
ago.  He  married  Miss  Swanson,  also  a 
native  of  Sweden.  She  was  brought  to 
America  by  her  parents,  who  settled  near 
Genoa,  Illinois.  She  is  now  deceased. 
There  were  seven  children,  named  Anna, 
Emil,  Nathan,  Theodore,  Celius,  Annetta 
and  Elizabeth. 

Emil  Danielson  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  LaPorte.  He  was  only  four- 
teen when  he  began  learning  his  trade 
with  his  father,  and  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  it  both  as  a  technical  voca- 
tion and  as  a  business.  In  1908  Mr. 
Danielson  organized  the  Larson-Danielson 
Company,  of  which  he  is  secretary  and 
treasurer.  This  company  has  handled 
large  and  important  contracts  not  alone  in 
Indiana,  but  in  many  other  states  in  all 
directions. 

In  1899  Mr.  Danielson  married  Miss 
Edwina  Schweder,  a  native  of  LaPorte, 
daughter  of  August  and  Fredericka 
Schweder,  who  were  natives  of  Germany. 
Mr.  Danielson  had  one  son,  Marvin,  now 
in  the  last  year  of  his  high  school  course. 
Mr.  Danielson  attends  the  Presbyterian 
Church  and  his  wife  the  German  Lutheran. 
Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  Excelsior 
Lodge  No.  41,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons. 

REV.  MATTHIAS  LORING  HAINES,  D.  D. 
Doctor  Haines  is  one  of  the  comparatively 
few  natives  of  Indiana  of  his  years  whose 
parents  were  both  natives  of  the  state.  The 
service  that  particularly  distinguishes  him 
among  the  native  sons  of  Indiana  has  been 
rendered  as  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Indianapolis  for  moire 
than  thirty  years. 

His  American  ancestry  runs  back  to  the 
period  when  Indiana  was  an  uninhabited 
wilderness,  for  Deacon  Samuel  Haines,  the 
founder  of  the  American  family,  came  over 
from  England  in  1635 — fifteen  years  after 
the  Iroquois  claim  to  have  expelled  all  the 
native  tribes  from  Indiana.  Deacon  Samuel 
was  born  at  Shrewsbury,  England,  in  1611. 
but  was  of  Welsh  descent.  At  the  age  of 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIAXANS 


US!  I 


In  the  meantime,  as  early  as  18(12.  Mr. 
Weller  had  begun  to  learn  the  Pitman 
system  of  phonograph v  or  shorthand,  and 
studied  and  practiced  constantly  with  a 
view  to  becoming-  a  law  reporter.  In  1S<>7. 
resigning  his  work  with  the  Western  I'nioii 
Company,  he  went  to  St.  Louis  and  look 
with  him  what  is  claimed  to  be  the  first 
practical  typewriter  ever  constructed.  He 
w;'s  ;'ii  intimate  friend  of  its  inventor. 
Christopher  Sholes  of  Milwaukee.  At  St. 
Louis  he  became  a  court  reporter,  and 
afterwards  with  his  son  established  ill-1 
lirm  of  Welter  &  Weller.  law  stenogra- 
phers, and  continued  his  professional  work 
there  until  11114.  In  that  year  Mr.  Weller 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  National  Short 
hand  Reporters'  Association,  and  at  once 
selected  LaPorte  as  his  headquarter-. 

In  1SIK1  Mr.  Weller  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet A.  Watkins.  a  native  of  Philadelphia 
and  a  daughter  of  William  Watkins.  a 
native  of  Wales.  Mrs.  Weller  died  in 
1M11.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  sons, 
William  Edward  and  Frank. 

William  Edward  Weller  was  educated 
in  St.  Louis,  graduated  in  dentistry  from 
Washington  I'niversity.  and  is  now  prac- 
ticing at  Bonne  Terre.  Missouri,  lie  mar- 
ried Miss  Kate  Walsh,  and  his  five  chil- 
dren are  named  Mona.  Charles.  Dorothy. 
Samuel  and  Frank. 

Mr.  Frank  Weller  was  also  educated  at 
St.  Louis,  and  early  perfected  himself  in 
shorthand  and  became  associated  with  his 
father  as  a  court  reporter.  lie  still  con- 
tinues the  business  as  official  court  repor- 
ter in  Division  No.  1  of  the  Circuit  Court 
at  Clayton.  St.  Louis  County.  lie  married 
Mary  Bricter  and  has  one  daughter.  Elsie. 

Charles  E.  Weller  is  an  active  member 
of  the  New  Church.  lie  is  a  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 

EMU.  DANIKI.SON.  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Larsoii-Danielson  Construction 
Company  of  LaPorte.  has  been  a  contrac- 
tor and  builder  all  his  active  career,  learn- 
ing the  business  from  his  father,  and  his 
push  and  enterprise  have  extended  the 
scope  of  his  company's  undertakings  over 
many  states,  where  substantial  monuments 
to  this  organization  are  found  in  the  shape 
of  many  private  and  public  buildings. 

Mr.  Danielson  is  a  native  of  LaPorte. 
His  father.  John  Danielson.  was  born  in 
Sweden,  attended  school  there  as  a  bov, 

Vol.  Ill— 12 


also  began  an  apprent iceship  at  the  ma 
son's  trade,  and  when  still  a  young  man 
started  for  America.  lie  was  the  lirst  and 
only  member  of  his  father's  family  lo  come 
to  ihi-  country.  In  Lal'orte  he  was  em- 
ployed at  his  trade  as  a  journeyman  and 
later  became  a  contractor  and  builder  and 
continued  it  until  he  retired  a  few  year- 
ago.  lie  married  Mis*  Swansmi.  aUo  a 
native  of  Sweden.  She  was  bronchi  lo 
America  by  her  parents,  who  settled  near 
<Je!H>a.  Illinois.  Sin1  is  now  deceased. 
There  were  -.even  children,  named  Anna, 
Emil.  Nathan.  Theodore.  Celius.  Annetta 
and  Eli/a  belli 

Emil  Daniel-on  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  LaPorte.  He  was  only  four- 
teen when  he  began  learning  his  trade 
with  his  father,  and  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  it  both  as  a  technical  voca- 
tion and  as  a  business.  In  Ilius  Mr. 
Danielson  organi/cd  the  Larson-Daiiielsnn 
Company,  of  which  he  i>  secretary  and 
treasurer.  This  company  has  handled 
large  and  important  contracts  not  alone  in 
Indiana,  but  in  many  other  states  in  all 
directions. 

In  1S!»<)  Mr.  Danielson  married  Miss 
Edwina  Schweder.  a  native  of  LaPorte. 
daughter  of  August  and  Frederieka 
Schweder.  who  were  natives  of  Germany. 
.Mr.  Danielson  had  one  son.  Marvin,  now 
in  the  last  year  of  his  high  school  course. 
Mr.  Danielsnu  attends  the  Presbyterian 
Church  and  his  wife  the  (Herman  Lutheran. 
Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  Excelsior 
Lodge  No.  41.  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons. 

RKV.  MATTHIAS  Loui\<;  HAINKS.  I).  I). 
Doctor  Ilaines  is  one  of  the  comparatively 
few  natives  of  Indiana  of  his  years  whose 
parents  were  both  natives  of  the  state.  The 
service  that  particularly  distinguishes  him 
among  the  native  sons  of  Indiana  has  been 
rendered  as  pastor  of  the  First  Presby 
teriau  Church  of  Indianapolis  for  more 
than  thirty  years. 

TTis  American  ancestry  runs  back  to  the 
period  when  Indiana  was  an  uninhabited 
wilderness,  for  Deacon  Samuel  ITaines.  the 
founder  of  the  American  family,  came  over 
from  England  in  Hi.'J") — fifteen  years  after 
tho  Iroquois  claim  to  have  expelled  all  the 
native  tribes  from  Indiana.  Deacon  Samuel 
was  born  at  Shrewsbury.  England,  in  1(>11. 
but  was  of  Welsh  descent.  At  the  age  of 


1390 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  for  ten  years  to 
John  Cogswell,  a  cloth  maker  of  Westbury, 
Wiltshire,  and  served  with  him  until  June 
4, 1635,  when  Cogswell,  with  his  family  and 
apprentices;  sailed  for  New  England  in  the 
Angel  Gabriel.  This  vessel,  which  Rev. 
Richard  Mather  says  was  "a  strong  ship 
and  well  furnished  with  fourteen  or  sixteen 
pieces  of  ordnance,"  was  originally  built 
for  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  fleet,  and  this  was 
her  last  voyage,  for  on  August  14th,  having 
crossed  the  ocean,  she  was  anchored  in  the 
outer  harbor  of  Pemaquid,  and  was  struck 
by  the  "Great  Hurricane"  and  dashed  to 
pieces  on  the  shore.  Luckily  most  of  the 
crew  and  passengers,  including  the  Cogs- 
wells and  Samuel  Haines,  escaped  to  the 
shore  and  also  saved  the  greater  part  of 
their  effects  from  the  wreck.  After  a  brief 
experience  as  castaways  they  were  picked 
up  by  "Goodman  Gallup 's  bark  from  Bos- 
ton" and  taken  to  Ipswich,  Massachusetts, 
where  Cogswell  located,  and  Haines  finished 
his  apprenticeship.  In  1638  he  returned  to 
England,  and  on  April  1st  of  that  year 
married  Ellener  Neate  at  Dilton,  Wiltshire. 
The  young  couple  returned  to  America  the 
next  year  and  located  at  Northam,  New 
Hampshire,  now  known  as  Dover  Point. 

In  1650  they  removed  to  what  was  then 
called  Strawberry  Bank,  and  three  years 
later,  the  settlers  having  put  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  Massachusetts, 
Samuel  Haines  joined  in  a  petition  to  the 
General  Court  at  Boston  to  change  the 
name  of  the  town  to  Portsmouth,  which 
was  done.  The  same  year  he  wa«  chosen 
one  of  the  selectmen  of  Portsmouth,  in 
which  office  he  was  continued  for  ten  years. 
He  was  public  spirited  and  sagacious — be- 
came a  large  land  owner,  interested  in  a 
sawmill  and  other  enterprises.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  old  North  Church  in 
Portsmouth,  and  as  soon  as  they  had  a 
settled  pastor  he  was  ordained  deacon  of 
the  church  by  ' '  the  imposition  of  hands  and 
prayer. ' ' 

From  him  the  Haines  line  spread  through 
large  families.  His  sixth  son,  Samuel,  'born 
in  Dover  in  1646,  was  married  on  January 
9,  1673,  to  Mary  Pifield,  daughter  of  Giles 
and  Mary  (Perkins)  Pifield  of  Hampton. 
Their  fourth  son.  William,  born  January  7, 
1679,  married  Mary  Lewis  of  Casco  Bay, 
January  4,  1705.  Their  eldest  son,  Mat- 
thias, born  in  Greenland,  New  Hampshire, 
March  17,  1713,  married  Abigail  Sher- 


burne.  Their  third  son,  Matthias,  was  born 
in  Greenland,  New  Hampshire,  October  11, 
1744,  married  Sarah  Hall  of  Chester,  now 
Raymond,  New  Hampshire,  in  1781.  He 
served  as  a  private  in  Capt.  Josiah  Dear- 
born's Company  in  1776.  Their  son  Mat- 
thias, born  December  30,  1785,  was  the 
grandfather  of  Doctor  Haines.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  of  Raymond; 
Vermont,  and  the  Academy  at  Peacham, 
after  which  he  read  medicine  with  Dr. 
Shedd  Peacham  and  took  the  medical  course 
at  Dartmouth  College  and  began  practicing 
his  profession.  In  1816  he  and  his  twin 
brother  Joshua  came  west  and  located  at 
Rising  Sun,  Indiana.  On  October  22,  1822, 
he  married  Elizabeth  Brouwer,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Abram  Brouwer,  a  New  Yorker,  who 
had  located  at  Lawrenceburg  in  1818.  He 
had  a  large  practice  at  Rising  Sun  and  in 
the  vicinity,  and  took  an  active  interest  in 
public  matters,  especially  in  education.  He 
was  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
and  an  active  lay  member.  He  died  at 
Rising  Sun  January  21,  1863. 

Of  his  eleven  children  the  eldest  was 
Abram  Brouwer  Haines,  who  was  born 
November  29,  1823,  at  Rising  Sun.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  at  Rising 
Sun  Academy,  where  he  had  as  teachers 
among  others  Daniel  D.  Pratt,  later  United 
States  senator,  and  Prof.  Thomas  Thomas. 
At  sixteen  he  went  to  Miami  University  for 
two  years  and  then  read  medicine  with  his 
father.  In  1843-44  he  attended  lectures  at 
Olro  Medical  College,  and  then  went  to  the 
Medical  School  at  Western  Reserve  College 
at  Cleveland,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
the  spring  of  1846,  and  in  the  same  year 
opened  an  office  at  Aurora,  Indiana.  On 
October  21,  1847,  he  married  Julia  P.  Lor- 
ing,  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Howe  Loring,  one 
of  the  early  settlers  of  Ohio  County,  who 
came  there  from  Sudbury,  Massachusetts, 
near  Boston.  Julia  P.  Loring  was  born  at 
Rising  Sun  November  25.  1824.  Dr.  Abram 
Brouwer  Haines  left  a  brilliant  record  as 
a  skillful  and  devoted  physician,  notable 
especially  for  his  self  sacrifice  during  the 
cholera  epidemic  of  1848.  In  July,  1862, 
he  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Morton 
assistant  surareon  of  the  Nineteenth  Indiana 
and  was  with  this  regiment,  which  was 
part  of  the  First  Division  ("the  Iron 
Brigade")  of  the  First  Corps  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  until  Lee's  surrender.  He 
was  made  a  prisoner  at  the  second  battle 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1391 


of  Bull  Run,  because  he  refused  to  leave 
the  wounded  on  the  field,  and  was  captured 
a  second  time  at  Gettysburg.  After  Ap< 
pomattox  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  of 
the  One  Hundred  and  Forty-sixth  Indiana, 
and  as  mustered  out  with  the  regiment  in 
September,  1865.  Twenty  years  later  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  Board  of 
Examining  Surgeons  of  the  Pension  De- 
partment for  Southeastern  Indiana,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  death  July  20,  1887. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Dear- 
born County  Medical  Society,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  State  Medical  Society  in 
1851.  He  was  a  devoted  Presbyterian  and 
an  elder  in  that  church.  Of  his  seven  chil- 
dren, the  oldest  son  was  Matthias  Loring 
Haines. 

Matthias  Loring  Haines  was  born  at 
Aurora,  Indiana,  May  4,  1850.  After  pri- 
mary education  in  the  common  schools  of 
Rising  Sun  and  the  high  school  of  Aurora, 
Indiana,  he  entered  in  1867  Wabash  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  graduated  in  1871. 
He  then  went  to  the  Union  Theological 
Seminary  of  New  York  City  and  graduated 
there  in  1874.  He  was  at  once  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  at  Astoria  New  York,  then  a 
suburb  of  Brooklyn,  now  included  in 
Greater  New  York,  where  he  served  most 
acceptably  for  eleven  years.  In  the  spring 
of  1885  he  was  unanimously  called  to  the 
First  Presbvterian  Church  at  Indianapolis, 
and  began  his  work  there  on  April  1st  of 
that  year.  It  was  a  position  that  put  him 
to  the  test.  The  pulpit  had  iust  been  va- 
cated by  the  brilliant  Myron  B.  Reed,  and 
there  were  manv  who  predicted  that  it 
would  be  "hard  to  fill  his  shoes."  It  was 
not  long,  however,  until  it  was  observed 
that  the  new  pastor  had  shoes  of  his  own 
that  were  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  congre- 
gation and  of  the  public. 

He  apparentlv  felt  a  need  for  help  at 
the  outset,  for  he  posted  off  to  New  York 
and  on  Mav  7,  1885.  wedded  Miss  Sarah 
L.  Kouwenhoven  of  Astoria,  whose  charm 
and  tact  added  materiallv  to  his  popularity 
in  his  new  charge.  She  is  one  of  the  oldest 
of  the  Knickerbocker  families,  a  daughter 
of  Francis  D.  and  Harriet  Kouwenhoven. 
The  Kouwenhoven  ancestry  came  to  Amer- 
ica from  Holland  in  1630. 

Th«  First  Presbyterian  Church  is  one  of 
the  oldest  in  Indianapolis,  being  organized 
July  5,  1823,  and  though  preceded  in  or- 


ganization by  the  Methodists  and  the  Bap- 
tists, had  the  first  church  building  in  the 
city — a  one-story  frame  building  that  stood 
on  the  west  side  of  Pennsylvania  Street 
above  Market,  where  the  Vajen  Block  is 
now  located.  In  1843  the  congregation  re- 
moved to  a  more  pretentious  building  at 
Monument  Place  and  Market,  the  present 
site  of  the  American  Central  Life  Building. 
In  1866  they  occupied  a  new  building  at 
the  southwest  corner  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York  streets,  and  in  1903  came  to  the 
present  church  at  Sixteenth  and  Delaware 
streets.  Naturally  it  included  many  nota- 
bles in  its  membership  in  its  history,  and 
during  the  pastorate  of  Doctor  Haines  there 
were  Governors  Baker  and  Mount,  Presi- 
dent Benjamin  Harrison  and  Attorney 
General  Miller,  as  well  as  many  others  of 
prominence  and  influence.  Doctor  Haines 
was  the  pastor  of  the  humblest  member  of 
his  flock  as  fully  as  to  these.  At  one  of 
the  church  socials  President  Harrison  said : 
"I  thank  God  for  a  pastor  who  preaches 
Christ  crucified,  and  never  says  a  foolish 
thing";  and  John  H.  Holliday  added  to 
this,  "and  never  does  a  foolish  thing." 

While  Doctor  Haines  has  given  satisfac- 
tion as  a  preacher,  it  is  his  personality  that 
has  given  him  his  hold  on  men,  for  his 
kindly  and  sympathetic  nature  attract  all 
who  come  in  contact  with  him.  In  the 
natural  and  spontaneous  expression  of 
these  qualities  he  is  an  interesting  example 
of  the  effect  of  Hoosier  life  on  New  Eng- 
land character.  On  Christmas  Day,  1816, 
his  grandfather  and  grand-uncle  wrote 
from  Risiner  Sun  to  their  parents  advising 
them  of  their  safe  arrival  in  their  new 
home.  They  began  the  letter,  "Honored 
Parents"  and  closed  it  "Your  Obedient 
Sons."  It  is  simply  impossible  to  imagine 
Doctor  Haines  so  wording  a  letter  to  any- 
one dear  to  him.  Of  course  it  is  a  matter 
of  form,  but  it  illustrates  the  contrast  be- 
tween the  repression  of  New  England  and 
the  vent  to  the  emotions  of  the  West,  which 
are  set  forth  as  the  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics of  the  two  in  the  chapter  on 
Hoosier  Character  elsewhere  in  this  pub- 
lication. While  holding  closely  to  the 
proprieties  in  the  pulpit,  Doctor  Haines 
gives  rein  to  his  genial  humor  on  appro- 
priate occasions ;  and  is  noted  as  a  felicitous 
after-dinner  speaker.  He  has  reached  the 
highest  degree  in  amiability — the  children 
love  him. 


1392 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


During  his  pastorate  of  a  third  of  a  cen- 
tury, the  longest  in  the  history  of  the 
church,  Doctor  Haines  has  been  called  to 
broad  service.  He  was  for  ten  years  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Aid 
for  Colleges  and  Academies;  a  director  of 
Lane  Theological  Seminary;  a  trustee  of 
Wabash  College ;  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  Winona  Technical  Institute; 
a  director  of  Winona  Assembly.  In  the 
public  activities  of  the  city  he  succeeded 
Rev.  Oscar  C.  McCulloch  as  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Benevolent  Society  and 
continued  in  that  office  for  more  than 
twenty-five  years.  He  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Indianapolis  Summer  Mission 
for  Sick  Children,  and  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  the  Free  Kindergarten  Society. 
He  served  as  president  of  the  Indianapolis 
Literary  Society,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  of  five  from  the  Commercial 
Club  that  drafted  the  Park  Law  of  1899. 
His  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Wabash  College  in  1886. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Haines  have  two  chil- 
dren :  Lydia  Rapelye,  born  September  9, 
1886,  and  married  on  April  26,  1911,  to 
William  Pierson  Biggs,  of  Tumansburg, 
New  York ;  and  Julia  Loring,  born  January 
24,  1889,  and  married  on  October  24,  1916, 
to  Dr.  John  Alexander  McDonald,  of 
Indianapolis. 

EBENEZER  DUMONT,  soldier  and  congress- 
man, was  born  at  Vevay,  Indiana,  Novem- 
ber 23,  1814.  His  education  was  chiefly 
by  his  mother,  the  talented  Julia  L.  Du- 
mont ;  and  he  read  law  with  his  father, 
Gen.  John  Dumont.  He  engaged  in  prac- 
tice in  Dearborn  County,  but  with  some  in- 
terruptions. He  was  the  first  principal  of 
the  old  Marion  County  Seminary,  in  1835- 
6;  state  representative  in  1838;  treasurer 
of  Vevay  1839-45;  lieutenant-colonel  of 
volunteers  in  the  Mexican  war;  state  rep- 
resentative in  1850  and  1853 ;  presidential 
elector  on  the  Pierce  ticket  in  1852 ;  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  1853-7. 
He  volunteered  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
war,  and  was  made  colonel  of  the  Seventh 
Indiana  Regiment ;  promoted  brigadier- 
general  September  3,  1861 ;  resigned  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1863 ;  elected  as  a  unionist  to 
the  Thirty-Eighth  and  Thirty-Ninth  Con- 
gresses (1863-7).  He  died  at  Indianapolis, 
April  16,  1871.  Shortly  before  his  death 


he  was  appointed  governor  of  Idaho,  but 
did  not  serve. 

General  Dumont  was  a  talented  speaker, 
and  a  successful  lawyer,  especially  effective 
before  a  jury.  He  was  regarded  as  some- 
what, eccentric.  On  arriving  at  his  ma- 
jority, he  publicly  announced  himself  a 
democrat,  much  to  the  disgust  of  his 
father,  who  was  a  prominent  whig.  He 
maintained  his  party  allegiance  until  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  war.  As  a  soldier 
he  showed  admirable  qualities,  but  was 
forced  to  retire  from  active  service  on  ac- 
count of  poor  health. 

ENRIQUE  C.  MILLER  is  president  of  the 
Miller-Baldwin  Company,  wholesale  jew- 
elers of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Miller  has  been 
a  prominent  business  man  of  that  city  for 
over  thirty  years  and  is  largely  responsible 
for  the  extensive  and  honored  connection 
of  his  firm  with  this  and  other  states. 

Mr.  Miller  has  a  very  interesting  lineage 
and  family  history.  He  was  born  in  old 
Mexico,  in  Chihuahua,  June  18,  1849.  His 
father,  Samuel  Miller,  who  was  born  and 
reared  in  Pennsylvania,  was  one  of  those 
hardy,  adventurous  spirits  who  found  the 
best  satisfactions  of  life  in  enduring  the 
perils  and  roughness  of  the  far  west.  When 
scarcely  more  than  a  boy  he  left  comfort, 
home  and  friends  and  started  west  over 
the  trackless  wilds.  In  the  Mississippi 
valley  he  joined  a  caravan  bound  for  Santa 
Fe.  He  reached  there  after  many  troubles 
with  the  Indians  and  from  there  went  to 
Chihuahua,  where  he  became  a  merchant. 
In  Mexico  he  married  a  lady  of  Spanish 
ancestry,  Martina  Avila.  They  lived  in 
Chihuahua  some  years,  but  in  1859,  owing 
to  the  lawless  conditions  which  existed 
thoughout  the  country  largely  as  a  result 
of  the  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  Samuel  Miller  brought  his  family 
east  and  for  some  years  lived  in  Logan  and 
Champaign  counties,  Ohio.  He  had  by 
no  means  satiated  himself  with  the  life 
of  the  West.  It  was  in  fact  an  intimate 
part  of  his  character  and  after  a  few  years 
he  left  the  quiet  and  rather  tame  scenes  of 
Ohio  and  returned  to  old  Mexico  in  1883. 
After  that  he  was  engaged  in  banking 
at  Parral  until  his  death  in  1902. 

Enrique  C.  Miller  is  one  of  the  two  sur- 
viving children  of  a  family  of  six.  He  was 
reared  in  Ohio  from  the  age  of  ten  years 
and  graduated  from  Kenyon  College  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1393 


Cambrier  in  1871.  He  was  not  of  robust 
constitution,  and  therefore  did  not  engage 
actively  in  business  until  1876,  when  he 
came  to  Indianapolis.  Here  he  worked  as 
clerk  in  a  bank  until  failing  health  caused 
his  return  to  Ohio.  While  there  he  sought 
the  employment  o*  a  farm  and  gradually 
gained  that  strength  and  constitution 
which  has  fortified  him  through  more  than 
thirty  years  of  continuous  activity  in  busi- 
ness affairs  at  Indianapolis. 

In  1881  Mr.  Miller  married  Miss  Sallie 
M.  Baldwin,  daughter  of  Silas  Baldwin 
of  Toledo,  Ohio.  Two  years  later,  with 
his  father-in-law,  Mr.  Miller  founded  the 
firm  of  Baldwin,  Miller  &  Company,  out 
of  which  has  been  developed  the  present 
wholesale  jewelry  house  of  the  Baldwin- 
Miller  Company.  Mr.  Miller  is  now  and 
for  a  number  of  years  has  been  active  head 
of  this  business. 

He  is  a  vestryman  of  St.  Paul's  Episco- 
pal Church,  is  a  republican  in  politics, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity 
and  of  various  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions. Mrs.  Miller  is  a  woman  of  superior 
mental  and  artistic  talent  and  is  well 
known  in  select  circles  as  a  vocalist.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Miller  have  two  children,  Mar- 
rian  and  LeRoy  Baldwin  Miller.  The 
daughter  married  Randall  Felix  Geddes. 
They  have  two  children,  Randall  Felix, 
Jr.,  and  Marrian. 

CHARLES  M.  CROSS,  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis for  thirty-five  years,  has  had  grow- 
ing business  relations  with  the  city  and 
for  over  twenty  years  has  been  a  factor 
in  real  estate  circles.  He  is  head  of  the 
Charles  M.  Cross  and  Company,  with 
offices  on  North  Meridian  Street. 

Mr.  Cross  was  born  at  Alexandria  in 
Huntingdon  County,  Pennsylvania,  March 
1, 1857,  son  of  Benjamin  and  Mary  (Saner) 
Cross.  His  parents  were  both  natives  of 
Pennsylvania,  his  father  being  a  carpenter 
and  building  contractor.  He  was  a  highly 
respected  man  in  the  community  where  he 
lived,  and  closely  attached  to  friends  and 
home.  He  was  a  member  of  the  German 
Reformed  Church,  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  a  democratic 
voter.  Of  five  children  four  are  still  liv- 
ing. 

Charles  M.  Cross,  next  to  the  youngest 
among  the  children,  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  village,  but 


from  the  age  of  fifteen  has  depended  upon 
his  own  resources  and  asked  for  nothing 
which  he  could  not  earn  and  which  he  did 
not  deserve.  While  selling  goods  on  the 
road  he  earned  the  money  sufficient  to 
study  for  two  years  at  Mercersburg  Acad- 
emy, in  Pennsylvania,  and  for  another 
two  years  at  Heidelberg  College  at  Tiffin, 
Ohio.  Mr.  Cross  was  a  traveling  sales- 
man for  a  number  of  years  and  in  1882 
moved  his  headquarters  to  Indianapolis. 
He  represented  a  large  wholesale  cigar 
house  and  for  several  years  had  charge 
of  the  cigar  department  of  Schnull  and 
Company.  He  subsequently  bought  that 
business  and  conducted  it  successfully  for 
three  years. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  become  associ- 
ated with  his  old  friend  Alexander  R. 
Shroyer  in  subdividing  and  selling  a  tract 
of  thirty-four  acres  known  as  Charles  M. 
Cross  Trustee's  Clifford  Avenue  Addition 
to  the  City  of  Indianapolis,  and  that  was 
his  first  experience  in  real  estate.  Since 
that  initial  success  Mr.  Cross  has  been 
handling  many  parcels  of  valuable  prop- 
erty in  and  around  Indianapolis  both  for 
himself  and  others,  and  has  perfected  an 
organization  that  is  one  of  the  best  in 
Indianapolis  real  estate  circles. 

Mr.  Cross  is  a  Knight  Templar  and 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason, 
a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and  is  an 
independent  democrat.  He  met  his  wife 
at  Heidelberg  College  in  Tiffin,  Ohio,  of 
which  institution  she  is  a  graduate.  They 
were  married  at  Tiffin  April  24,  1883.  Mrs. 
Cross  before  her  marriage  was  Miss  Laura 
Lott.  To  their  union  were  born  five  chil- 
dren: Harry  E.,  born  in  February,  1884, 
has  attained  the  rank  of  major  in  the  army 
in  France;  Jessie  M.,  who  became  Mrs. 
Townsend  and  died  in  October,  1918; 
Charles  M.,  who  died  while  a  young  busi- 
ness man  at  Indianapolis ;  Helen  Ida ;  and 
Donald  Frederick,  deceased. 

ARTHUR  T.  WELLS.  For  about  half  a 
century  the  name  Wells  has  had  a  signifi- 
cant place  in  the  business  history  of  Mun- 
cie,  and  its  many  honorable  associations 
are  the  result  of  the  enterprise  of  two 
generations. 

It  was  in  Muncie  that  Arthur  T.  Wells 
was  born  January  7,  1875.  His  birthplace 
was  the  site  now  occupied  by  his  model 
and  flourishing  laundry  business,  the  plant 


1394 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  the  American  Laundry  having  been 
built  where  the  old  Wells  homestead  form- 
erly stood.  He  is  a  son  of  Andrew  Thomas 
and  Eliza  J.  (Brunson)  Wells,  the  former 
a  native  of  Allen  County,  Indiana.  Andrew 
T.  Wells  was  a  pioneer  manufacturer  of 
tinware  at  Muncie.  He  was  in  that  busi- 
ness for  over  thirty-five  years.  From  a 
small  beginning  he  developed  a  very  preten- 
tious establishment,  and  after  his  death  it 
was  continued  by  his  son.  When  he  began 
manufacturing  tinware  it  was  customary 
for  his  goods  to  be  placed  in  wagons  and 
peddled  over  the  country,  the  tinware  be- 
ing exchanged  along  the  road  for  produce, 
poultry  and  other  merchandise  of  all  kinds. 
In  this  way  the  output  of  a  shop  contained 
in  a  single  room  was  increased  until  the 
business  became  an  important  industrial 
establishment  at  Muncie.  The  late  Mr. 
Wells  was  thus  a  factor  in  the  growth  of 
Muncie  from  a  small  village  to  a  city  of 
over  30,000.  He  was  successful,  and  a 
man  who  enjoyed  and  well  merited  the 
esteem  paid  him.  His  prosperity  enabled 
him  to  leave  a  small  fortune  to  his  chil- 
dren, two  in  number,  a  son  and  daughter, 
both  now  living  in  Muncie. 

Arthur  T.  Wells  attended  the  public 
schools  to  the  age  of  sixteen  and  lived 
at  home  with  his  parents  until  he  was 
nineteen.  For  several  years  he  was  associ- 
ated with  his  father  in  the  tinware  busi- 
ness, and  he  is  still  operating  that  in  con- 
nection with  other  interests.  In  1900  he 
engaged  in  the  laundry  business,  and  that 
expanded  so  rapidly  that  he  was  compelled 
to  remove  to  larger  quarters.  In  1905, 
therefore,  he  erected  a  large  concrete  build- 
ing 45  by  120  feet  on  the  site  of  the  old 
homestead,  and  equipped  it  with  the  most 
modern  and  perfect  machinery  and  facili- 
ties for  laundry  work.  The  American 
Laundry  is  no  longer  a  merely  local  enter- 
prise, and  in  connection  with  its  dry  clean- 
ing and  renovating  department  it  has 
agencies  all  over  the  towns  and  communi- 
ties tributary  to  Muncie  both  in  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  and  on  the  basis  of  a  thoroughly 
reliable  and  appreciative  service  the  busi- 
ness is  growing  every  year. 

Mr.  Wells  is  a  man  of  eminent  public 
spirit,  and  has  been  identified  with  many 
of  those  movements  which  reflect  the  pros- 
perity and  progress  of  Muncie.  Like  his 
father  he  is  an  ardent  democrat,  and  has 
helped  his  party  whenever  possible.  He 


served  as  a  member  of  the  City  Council 
four  years.  He  is  a  director  of  the  West- 
ern Reserve  Life  Insurance  Company,  and 
fraternally  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks.  May  4,  1904,  Mr. 
Wells  married  Miss  Minnie  Adair,  who  is 
of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 

JAMES  CLAY  BURTON  is  an  Indiana  busi- 
ness man,  and  recently  became  manager 
of  the  Fear-Campbell  Company's  plant  at 
Elwood. 

Mr.  Burton  was  born  at  Ekin,  Tipton 
County,  Indiana,  October  25,  1885,  a  son 
of  Henry  M.  and  Margaret  (Scott)  Burton. 
He  is  of  Irish  ancestry,  his  great-grand- 
father Burton  having  come  from  Ireland 
to  this  country  in  the  early  days. 

James  C.  Burton  attended  school  in  the 
country  and  had  one  year  in  the  Tipton 
High  School.  He  filled  in  all  the  intervals 
not  in  school  with  work  on  the  home  farm, 
and  for  a  time  he  followed  agriculture 
as  a  regular  vocation.  His  tendencies  were 
toward  a  commercial  line,  and  he  found 
his  early  opportunities  at  Ekin,  where  he 
was  employed  with  the  firm  of  Joyce  and 
Burton  and  later  with  A.  L.  Joyce.  He 
was  in  business  at  Ekin  for  nine  or  ten 
years,  and  on  October  22,  1917,  came  to  El- 
wood  as  manager  of  the  local  business  of 
the  Fear-Campbell  Company. 

Mr.  Burton  is  an  energetic  business  man 
and  has  many  warm  friends  in  business  and 
social  circles.  He  is  affiliated  with  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men,  also  the  Daugh- 
ters of  Rebekah  at  Ekin,  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Christian  Church  and  in  politics  is 
a  democrat.  In  1912  he  married  Miss 
Hazel  D.  Fox,  daughter  of  Lewis  and 
Frances  (Scott)  Fox  of  Ekin.  They  have 
one  son,  Edwin  Ellesworth. 

O.  N.  McCoBMiCK.  One  of  the  interest- 
ing industries  of  Indiana  and  a  business 
that  means  much  to  the  material  welfare 
of  the  Town  of  Albany  is  the  kitchen 
cabinet  and  household  ware  factory  of  the 
McCormick  Brothers  at  that  town. 

The  McCormicks  as  a  family  have  long 
been  identified  with  wood  working  and 
other  lines  of  manufacture,  and  their  en- 
terprise has  meant  as  much  if  not  more 
than  anything  else  to  give  Albany  its  in- 
dustrial prominence.  O.  N.  McCormick 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1395 


was  born  at  Fairbury,  Illinois,  January 
21,  1865,  a  son  of  Robert  B.  and  Amanda 
W.  (Dixon)  McCormick.  Robert  McCor- 
mick  was  born  in  Adams  County,  Ohio, 
and  when  two  years  of  age  accompanied  his 
parents,  James  McCormick  and  wife,  to 
Illinois.  He  grew  up  in  that  state  and  after 
his  marriage  bought  a  farm  in  McLean 
Ctounty,  near  Fairbury.  That  was  the 
family  home  for  seven  years,  and  another 
seven  years  were  spent  on  a  farm  five 
miles  south  of  Bloomington.  The  family 
then  moved  to  Champaign,  Illinois,  later 
to  Kansas,  but  after  a  brief  experience 
in  the  Sunflower  state  returned  east  and 
Robert  McCormick  was  for  fifteen  years 
a  farmer  in  Brown  County,  Ohio. 

About  that  time  Robert  McCormick  and 
other  members  of  the  family  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  washboards  under  the 
'name  of  the  Standard  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. After  about  six  years,  attracted 
by  cheap  fuel  furnished  by  the  natural 
gas  wells  in  Delaware  County,  Indiana, 
they  moved  all  their  equipment  and  ma- 
chinery to  Eaton,  the  pioneer  gas  town 
of  the  state.  Under  the  same  name  they 
continued  the  business  there  until  the  ex- 
haustion of  natural  gas,  when  the  concern 
moved  to  Albany.  Here  McCormick  & 
Sons  continued  manufacturing,  and  with 
the  retirement  of  the  father  the  name  of 
the  business  was  changed  to  McCormick 
Brothers  Company.  They  have  carried  on 
an  extensive  manufacturing  enterprise, 
especially  in  making  kitchen  cabinets.  They 
also  have  in  their  present  output  ten  nov- 
elty lines  of  manufacture  for  household 
use.  Every  month  the  firm  ships  several 
carloads  of  goods,  and  the  distribution  of 
their  cabinets  and  other  commodities  have 
a  wide  range.  How  important  the  factory 
is  to  the  Town  of  Albany  is  indicated  by 
the  fact  that  the  weekly  payroll  is  about 
$2,100.  The  plant  occupies  an  entire 
square  of  land,  some  of  the  buildings  orig- 
inally having  been  purchased  by  the  com- 
pany and  moved  to  this  location.  By  the 
installation  of  modern  machinery  and  other 
up-to-date  equipment  the  plant  is  now 
one  of  the  most  complete  and  best  of  its 
kind  in  the  state. 

Mr.  0.  N.  McCormick  is  not  only  a  good 
business  man  and  manufacturer  but  a  pub- 
lic spirited  citizen  of  his  home  locality. 
He  is  affiliated  with  Anthony  Lodge  No. 
171,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 


is  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church,  is 
an  active  temperance  worker  and  a  re- 
publican. October  2,  1902,  in  Elk  County, 
Kansas,  he  married  Miss  Delia  Young, 
daughter  of  Dr.  B.  F.  Young  of  Kansas. 
Three  children  were  born  to  their  mar- 
riage, the  two  now  living  being  Marsh 
D.,  born  November  26,  1903,  and  Florence 
Alerie,  born  September  17,  1906. 

• 

ARTHUR  FLETCHER  HALL.  Fort  Wayne 
is  the  home  of  several  industries  and  or- 
ganizations of  prominence,  and  not  least 
among  these  is  the  Lincoln  National  Life 
Insurance  Company,  of  which  Arthur  Hall 
is  vice  president  and  general  manager. 
Founded  at  Fort  Wayne  in  1905,  the  power 
of  the  organization  represented  in  a  great 
volume  of  assets,  insurance  in  force,  and 
modern  liberal  policies  consistent  with  all 
the  standards  that  have  guaranteed  the 
success  and  security  of  the  best  old  line 
companies,  all  reflect  the  energy  and  pro- 
gressiveness  of  Mr.  Hall,  who  has  been 
general  manager  of  the  company  from  the 
beginning  and  is  also  its  first  vice  president. 
Mr.  Hall  belongs  to  a  well  known  old  Indi- 
anapolis family,  though  he  was  born  at 
Baxter  Springs,  Kansas,  May  11,  1872.  His 
parents  were  Truman  and  Harriet  (Beeler) 
Hall,  the  latter  a  native  of  Indiana  and 
the  former  of  New  York  State.  Truman 
Hall  was  head  of  a  wholesale  millinery 
business  in  Indianapolis  when  the  Civil 
war  broke  out,  and  he  enlisted  and  served 
throughout  that  struggle.  After  the  war 
he  resumed  his  residence  in  Indiana,  also 
lived  a  time  in  Wisconsin,  and  was  one  of 
the  pioneers  to  enter  the  old  Indian  Res- 
ervation in  Southeastern  Kansas  where 
Baxter  Springs  is  located.  He  conducted 
a  livery  and  storage  coach  business  at 
Baxter  Springs  and  died  there  when  his 
son  Arthur  was  ten  months  old. 

The  mother  then  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  Arthur  Fletcher  Hall  grew  up 
in  that  city.  He  attended  the  common  and 
high  schools,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
went  to  work  on  the  old  Indianapolis 
Journal  as  a  type  setter.  He  filled  all 
the  places  in  the  business  office  of  that 
publication  and  in  1904,  when  the  Journal 
suspended,  he  was  the  paper's  business 
manager.  For  a  short  time  he  had  a 
place  on  the  business  staff  of  the  Chicago 
Tribune,  and  was  also  connected  with  the 
Bobbs-Merrill  Company  of  Indianapolis. 


1396 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Much  of  the  success  he  has  won  in  the  in- 
surance business  has  been  due  to  the 
vigorous  discipline  and  training  he  received 
as  a  newspaper  man.  Mr.  Hall  entered 
insurance  work  as  an  agent  and  became 
field  supervisor  in  Indiana  for  the  Equit- 
able Life  Assurance  Society  of  New  York. 
In  1905  he  located  at  Fort  Wayne  and 
organized  the  Lincoln  National  Life  In- 
surance Company.  He  is  also  a. director 
of  the  Lincoln  National  Bank,  a  director 
in  the  Fort  Wayne  Morris  Plan  Bank,  and 
many  of  his  friends  and  associates  have 
commented  upon  his  energy  and  the  en- 
thusiasm which  he  takes  into  every  enter- 
prise with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is 
treasurer  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  vice  chairman  of  the  building 
committee  and  was  also  captain  of  one  of 
the  two  sections  that  raised  the  $300,000 
fund  for  the  erection  of  the  new  build- 
ing for  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation. He  was  also  vice  chairman  of 
the  Third  Liberty  Loan  Organization  and 
chairman  of  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  Or- 
ganization. Mr.  Hall  is  a  York  and  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  and  is  past  potentate  of 
Mizpah  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at 
Fort  Wayne.  He  is  vice  president  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  also  member  of 
the  Rotary  Club,  the  Quest  Club,  a  member 
and  past  president  of  the  Fort  Wayne 
Country  Club,  belongs  to  the  Columbia 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  and  has  served  as  a 
vestryman  of  the  Trinity  Episcopal 
Church.  Politically  he  is  a  republican. 

His  home  is  known  as  Beechwood,  one 
of  the  most  attractive  on  the  south  side 
of  Fort  Wayne.  June  5,  1897,  Mr.  Hall 
married  Miss  Una  Fletcher,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  B.  and  Agnes  (O'Brien) 
Fletcher  of  Indianapolis.  Doctor  Fletcher 
was  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians 
and  surgeons  that  have  distinguished  the 
profession  in  Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall 
have  three  children :  Arthur  Fletcher,  Jr., 
born  in  1902 ;  William  B.  F.  Hall,  born  in 
1905 ;  and  Aileen,  born  in  1913. 

VIRGIL  HOMER  LOCKWOOD  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  for  over 
a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  easily  one  of  the  first  patent  and 
trade  mark  attorneys  of  Indiana.  He  is  a 
native  Indianan,  and  outside  of  his  pro- 
fession has  done  a  great  deal  to  promote 
charitable  organizations  and  work,  particu- 


larly those  movements  looking  toward  the 
amelioration  of  conditions  affecting  the 
children  of  his  home  city  and  state. 

Mr.  Lockwood  was  born  at  Fort  Branch 
in  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  May  6,  1860, 
a  son  of  James  T.  and  Juliett  (Adams) 
Lockwood.  The  Lockwood  ancestry  goes 
back  to  England,  and  the  Adams  family  is 
also  of  English  lineage.  James  T.  Lock- 
wood  was  born  in  Westchester  County,  near 
New  York  City,  and  was  an  industrious 
farmer,  an  occupation  he  followed  for  many 
years  at  Fort  Branch,  Indiana,  where  he 
died  in  1899.  He  was  a  Methodist,  a  re- 
publican and  active  in  temperance  move- 
ments. His  wife  died  in  1873.  They  had 
seven  children,  six  of  whom  are  still  living. 

The  oldest  of  the  children  is  Virgil 
Homer  Lockwood.  As  a  boy  he  attended 
the  little  red  schoolhouse  of  his  native 
locality,  graduated  from  the  Fort  Branch 
High  School  in  1876,  and  acquired  a  very 
liberal  education  and  thorough  training  for 
his  profession.  In  1878  he  attended  As- 
bury,  now  DePauw,  University  of  Green- 
castle,  and  the  University  of  Virginia  from 
1882  to  1885,  where  he  graduated  in  law. 
From  1886  to  1891  Mr.  Lockwood  was  a 
general  law  practitioner  at  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan. In  1891  he  located  at  Indianapolis, 
and  has  since  made  a  specialty  of  patents, 
trade  marks  and  corporation  law.  He  has 
never  held  a  public  office  and  has  sought  no 
honors  outside  his  profession.  He  is  a  re- 
publican voter.  Mr.  Lockwood  is  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis,  the  Indiana  and  Amer- 
ican Bar  associations,  and  the  Chicago 
Patent  Law  Association.  He  is  also  affili- 
ated with  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fra- 
ternity, is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  interest  that  has  engaged  him  chiefly 
outside  his  profession  and  home  has  been 
that  of  public  organized  charity.  He 
helped  establish  the  Juvenile  Court  of 
Marion  County  and  guide  it  during  its  first 
years.  He  also  assisted  in  establishing  the 
Children's  Aid  Association  as  an  auxiliary 
of  the  Juvenile  Court  and  was  a  director 
for  a  number  of  years.  He  also  spent  much 
time  in  alleviating  the  conditions  affecting 
child  labor  and  in  promoting  legislation 
to  that  end.  For  several  years  Mr.  Lock- 
wood  has  been  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  relief  and  charities  of  the  Indianapolis 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  for  five  yearn 
has  been  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 


1396 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Much  of  the  suet-ess  lie  has  won  in  the  in- 
surance business  lias  been  due  to  the 
vigorous  discipline  and  training  he  received 
as  a  newspaper  man.  Mr.  Hall  entered 
insurance  work  as  an  agent  and  became 
field  supervisor  in  Indiana  for  the  Equit- 
able Life  Assurance  Society  of  New  York. 
In  190")  he  located  at  Fort  Wayne  and 
organized  the  Lincoln  National  Life  In- 
surance Company.  lie  is  also  a  director 
of  the  Lincoln  National  Hank,  a  director 
in  the  Fort  Wayne  Morris  Plan  Hank,  and 
many  of  his  friends  and  associates  have 
commented  upon  his  energy  and  the  en- 
thusiasm which  he  takes  into  every  enter- 
prise with  which  he  is  connected.  lie  is 
treasurer  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  vice  chairman  of  the  building 
committee  and  was  also  captain  of  one  of 
the  two  sections  that  raised  the  $300,000 
fund  for  the  erection  of  the  new  build- 
ing for  the  Young  .Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation. He  was  also  vice  chairman  of 
the  Third  Liberty  Loan  Organization  and 
chairman  of  the  Fourth  Liberty  Loan  Or- 
ganization. Mr.  Hall  is  a  York  and  Scot- 
tish Kite  Mason,  and  is  past  potentate  of 
.Mi/pah  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at 
Fort  Wayne.  lie  is  vice  president  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  also  member  of 
the  Rotary  Club,  the  Quest  Club,  a  member 
and  past  president  of  the  Fort  Wayne 
Country  Club,  belongs  to  the  Columbia 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  and  lias  served  as  a 
vestryman  of  the  Trinity  Episcopal 
Church.  Politically  he  is  a  republican. 

His  home  is  known  as  Beech  wood,  one 
of  the  most  attractive  on  the  south  side 
of  Fort  Wayne.  June  ;">,  1897,  Mr.  Hall 
married  Miss  t'na  Fletcher,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  H.  and  Agnes  (O'Brien) 
Fletcher  of  Indianapolis.  Doctor  Fletcher 
was  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians 
and  surgeons  that  have  distinguished  the 
profession  in  Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hall 
have  three  children  :  Arthur  Fletcher,  Jr., 
born  in  1002;  William  H.  F.  Hall,  born  in 
190');  and  Aileen,  born  in  1913. 

VIRGIL  HOMER  IJOCKWOOD  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  for  over 
a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  easily  one  of  the  first  patent  and 
trade  mark  attorneys  of  Indiana.  He  is  a 
native  Indianan,  and  outside  of  his  pro- 
fession has  done  a  great  deal  to  promote 
eharitable  organizations  and  work,  particu- 


larly those  movements  looking  toward  the 
amelioration  of  conditions  atfecting  the 
children  of  his  home  city  and  state. 

Mr.  Lock  wood  was  born  at  Fort  Branch 
in  (iibson  County,  Indiana,  May  6,  1860, 
a  son  of  James  T.  and  Juliett  (Adams) 
Lockwood.  The  Loekwood  ancestry  goes 
back  to  England,  and  the  Adams  family  is 
also  of  English  lineage.  James  T.  Lock- 
wood  was  born  in  Westchester  County,  near 
New  York  City,  and  was  an  industrious 
farmer,  an  occupation  he  followed  for  many 
years  at  Fort  Branch,  Indiana,  where  he 
died  in  1899.  He  was  a  Methodist,  a  re- 
publican and  active  in  temperance  move- 
ments. His  wife  died  in  187:5.  They  had 
seven  children,  six  of  whom  arc  still  living. 

The  oldest  of  the  children  is  Yiriril 
Homer  Lockwood.  As  a  boy  he  attended 
the  little  red  schoolhousc  of  his  native 
locality,  graduated  from  the  Fort  Branch 
High  School  in  1876,  and  acquired  a  very 
liberal  education  and  thorough  training  foi 
his  profession.  In  1878  he  attended  As- 
bury.  now  DePauw.  Tniversity  of  ("}reen- 
castle,  and  the  I'liiversity  of  Virginia  from 
1882  to  1885,  where  he  graduated  in  law. 
From  1886  to  1891  Mr.  Lockwood  was  a 
general  law  practitioner  at  Detroit.  Michi- 
gan. In  1891  he  located  at  Indianapolis, 
and  has  since  made  a  specialty  of  patents, 
trade  marks  and  corporation  law.  He  has 
never  held  a  public  office  and  has  sought  no 
honors  outside  his  profession.  He  is  a  re- 
publican voter.  Mr.  Lockwood  is  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis,  the  Indiana  and  Amer- 
ican Bar  associations,  and  the  Chicago 
Patent  Law  Association.  He  is  also  affili- 
ated with  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fra- 
ternity, is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  interest  that  has  engaged  him  chiefly 
outside  his  profession  and  home  has  been 
that  of  public  organized  charity.  He' 
helped  establish  the  Juvenile  Court  of 
Marion  County  and  guide  it  during  its  first 
years.  He  also  assisted  in  establishing  the 
Children 's  Aid  Association  as  an  auxiliary 
of  the  Juvenile  Court  and  was  a  director 
for  a  number  of  years.  He  also  spent  much 
time  in  alleviating  the  conditions  affecting1 
child  labor  and  in  promoting  legislation 
to  that  end.  For  several  years  Mr.  Lock- 
wood  has  been  a  member  of  the  committee 
on  relief  and  charities  of  the  Indianapolis 
Chamher  of  Commerce,  and  for  five  years 
has  been  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 


! 


'•'.'•'•'• 


UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1397 


mittee  of  the  Church  Federation  of  Indi- 
anapolis. 

On  July  2,  1889,  Mr.  Lockwood  married 
Miss  Bertha  Greene,  daughter  of  Charles 
P.  and  Nancy  Greene  of  Indianapolis.    Mrs. 
Lockwood,  who  died  July  5,  1914,  won  a 
high    place   among   Indiana's   progressive 
and  public  spirited  women.     She  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Indiana  Child  Labor  Com- 
mittee for  several  years,  and  in  that  ca- 
pacity exercised  an  influence  that  extended 
throughout  the  state.     She  assisted  in  ob- 
taining better  legislation  for  child  labor 
and  the  enforcement  of  child  labor  laws; 
she  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Woman's 
Department  Club  and  served  as  chairman 
of  the  Social  Service  Committee  of  that 
club  and  also  of  the  Indiana  Federation 
of  Clubs  for  several  years.   She  also  helped 
organize  the  Public  Health  Nursing  Asso- 
ciation in  Indianapolis.    Governor  Ralston 
appointed  her  a   member  of  the  Indiana 
Commission    for    Working    Women,    and 
through    that    medium    she    undertook    a 
broad  and  important  service  which  was  only 
interrupted  by  her  death.    She  was.:s^cre- 
tary  of  the  commission,  and  largely  through 
her  instrumentality  the  Federal   authori- 
ties furnished  several  expert  investigators 
of    labor    conditions     among    women    in 
Indiana,  and  their  investigations  were  car- 
ried on  under  her  supervision.    Her  broad 
interests  were  not  confined  alone  to  the 
sociological   field.      For   many   years   she 
made  a  close  study  of  Japanese  art,  gath- 
ered   a    fine    collection    of   the    work    of 
Japanese  artists  and  did  much  to  popu- 
larize and  increase  the  appreciation  of  this 
art  by  talks  in  different  parts  of  the  state. 
For  several  years  she  was  a  book  reviewer 
for  the  Indianapolis  Sentinel,  and  in  1893 
represented  the  Indianapolis  News  during 
•  the  World 's  Fair  at  Chicago.    She  was  also 
author  of  many  club  papers,  and  wrote 
many  articles  that  were  published  in  the 
general  press. 

She  was  the  mother  of  three  children,  all 
living,  namely:  Capt.  Ralph  G.  Lockwood, 
born  July  24,  1890;  Ruth  Greene  Lock- 
wood,  born  March  7,  1894;  and  Grace 
Greene  Lockwood,  born  June  5,  1901. 

On  April  2,  1918,  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Lockwood  married  Mrs.  Letitia  B.  Latham. 
Mrs.  Lockwood  was  educated  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  and  was  a  teacher  in  the  Indiana 
School  for  the  Deaf  until  her  marriage  to 
Charles  Latham,  now  deceased.  She  has 


for  years  been  very  prominent  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  Indianapolis  Home  for 
Aged  Women,  of  the  Woman 's  Department 
Club,  the  women's  work  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church,  assisted  in  starting  the 
Public  Health  Nursing  Association  of 
Indianapolis,  and  the  Indiana  Women's 
Auxiliary  of  the  World  War  Veterans. 

Ralph  G.  Lockwood  graduated  from 
Princeton  University  and  the  Indiana  Law 
School  and  entered  the  practice  of  law  with 
his  father  in  1915.  Ruth  G.  Lockwood 
graduated  from  Vassar  College  in  1915, 
and  during  the  war  was  in  the  War  Camp 
Community  service  of  the  United  States. 
Capt.  R.  G.  Lockwood  served  nearly  two 
years  in  the  World  war,  and  was  in  France 
more  than  a  year  and  at  the  front  for 
more  than  six  months  with  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Third  Regiment  of  Field  Artil- 
lery, Twenty-sixth  Division.  He  was  on 
the  Chemin  des  Dames  front,  the  St. 
Mihiel  sector,  where  he  was  in  several  en- 
gagements, including  the  battle  of  Seicks- 
prey,  and  was  in  the  second  battle  of  the 
Marne,  starting  at  Chateau  Thierry  and 
continuing  to  the  end  for  about  three 
weeks. 

MARY  LOUISA  CHITWOOD,  poetess,  was 
born  near  Mount  Carmel,  Franklin  County, 
Indiana,  October  29,  1832.  Her  literary 
art  was  natural,  developed  by  her  own 
study.  Her  education  was  wholly  in  the 
common  schools,  but  she  had  for  a  time 
the  advantage  of  an  unusually  good  teacher 
in  George  A.  Chase,  an  easterner  who 
opened  a  school  at  Connersville.  He  rec- 
ognized the  girl's  talent,  and  encouraged 
her  efforts.  Her  first  poem,  published  in  a 
Connersville  paper,  attracted  favorable 
comment;  and  in  a  comparatively  short 
time  she  became  familiar  to  literary  Amer- 
ica through  the  columns  of  the  Louisville 
Journal,  the  Ladies  Repository,  the  Tem- 
perance Wreath — of  which  she  was  one  of 
the  editors — and  other  papers. 

The  wide  appreciation  of  her  verse  is 
evidenced  by  the  tributes  paid  after  her 
early  death,  December  19,  1855.     In  one 
from  Coates  Kinney,  are  the  lines: 
"Why  dead? 

Truth  never  dies, 

And  love  lives  long; 

And  the  two  were  wed 
In  her  life  of  song." 

George  D.  Prentice  wrote:  "It  seems  a 


1398 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mysterious  dispensation  of  Providence, 
that  the  little  amount  of  breath  necessary 
to  the  life  of  a  glorious  young  girl  is  with- 
drawn, while  enough  of  wind  for  a  blus- 
tering day  is  vouchsafed  to  the  lungs  and 
nostrils  of  the  tens  of  thousands  of  tlic 
worthless  and  vile." 

The  best  available  sketch  of  Miss  Chit- 
wood  is  by  Mrs.  Sarah  C.  Harrell,  in  the 
Indianapolis  Star  of  April  1,  1912. 

HARRISON  BURNS.  It  is  safe  to  say  that 
the  works  of  Judge  Burns  are  quoted  more 
often  than  those  of  any  other  Indiana 
author,  for  the  reason  that  for  a  quarter 
of  a  century  his  Annotated  Statutes  of 
Indiana  have  been  in  use  almost  exclusive- 
ly— successive  editions  appearing  in  1894, 
1901,  1908,  1914  and  1918,— and  without 
them  it  is  impossible  to  transact  legal  busi- 
ness. 

Judge  Burns  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  Indiana,  December  11,  1836,  of 
a  union  of  two  early  Indiana  families. 
His  father,  Maxa  Moncrief  Burns,  was  a 
son  of  James  Burns,  a  Virginian,  who  lo- 
cated in  Jefferson  County,  on  the  site  of 
the  present  village  of  Wirt,  in  1814.  His 
mother,  Maria  (Vawter)  Burns,  was  the 
oldest  daughter  of  William  Vawter,  who 
came  to  Indiana  in  1806,  with  the  first 
settlers  of  Jefferson  County,  and  a  niece 
of  Colonel  John  Vawter,  the  Baptist  elder 
who  was  the  first  United  States  marshal 
for  Indiana.  These  early  settlers  were 
all  Baptists,  and  were  influential  factors 
in  the  molding  of  Southern  Indiana.  In- 
teresting details  of  their  wide  family  con- 
nections and  personal  histories  will  be 
found  in  "The  Vawter  Family  in 
America,"  by  Grace  Vawter  Bicknell 
(Mrs.  Ernest  P.  Bicknell). 

Judge  Burns  lost  his  mother  when  he 
was  ten  years  of  age.  The  family  was  brok- 
en up  for  a  time,  and  he  lived  with  his 
Grandfather  Vawter,  near  North  Vernon, 
until  his  father  married  again  in  1850, 
when  he  returned  to  the  paternal  home  at 
Dupont,  Indiana.  He  remained  here  until 
December,  1851,  when,  desiring  to  see 
something  of  the  world,  he  ran  away  from 
home  and  went  to  Louisville.  For  the 
next  eighteen  months  he  had  a  varied  ex- 
perience with  odd  jobs,  most  of  the  time 
on  steamboats,  and  in  the  spring  of  1853 
returned  home  and  went  to  work  with 
his  father  as  a  carpenter. 


They  built  four  houses  at  Dupont  in 
1853,  and  in  1854  went  to  Louisiana  and 
built  a  house  for  a  planter,  dressing  all 
the  lumber  by  hand.  On  returning  to  In- 
diana they  removed  to  Tipton  County, 
where  Judge  Burns  contracted  a  persis- 
tent case  of  ague,  and  finally  left  in  dis- 
gust for  a  less  malarial  climate.  He  went 
back  to  the  Ohio,  and  put  in  another  year 
and  a  half  steamboating.  In  1857  he  be- 
gan reading  law  at  Martinsville  in  the  of- . 
fice  of  his  elder  brother,  William  V. 
Burns — later  judge  advocate  and  captain 
in  the  Seventy-ninth  Indiana  Regiment — 
continuing  with  him  until  1859,  when  he 
was  made  a  partner. 

In  January,  1860,  he  removed  to  Bloom- 
field,  Indiana,  where  he  soon  made  influ- 
ential friends,  and  that  year  was  nomi- 
nated for  prosecutor  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court,  without  being  a  candidate,  on  the 
democratic  ticket.  The  republicans  car- 
ried the  state,  but  Judge  Burns  was 
elected  and  entered  on  his  legal  career  at 
Bloomfield,  which  continued  for  thirteen 
years,  except  for  a  detour  to  the  gold 
mines  of  Virginia  City  in  1864-5.  In  1868 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Common  Pleas 
Court  for  the  Ninth  District  (Greene, 
Clay,  Putnam  and  Owen  counties),  and 
was  re-elected  in  1872,  continuing  in  office 
until  the  Common  Pleas  Courts  were  abol- 
ished in  1873. 

In  May,  1874,  he  removed  to  Indianapo- 
lis, where  he  was  connected  with  the  prose- 
cutor's office  in  1874-6,  and  in  1876  was 
nominated  on  the  democratic  ticket  for 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  In  Septem- 
ber of  that  year  he  was  appointed  to  the 
Superior  Court  bench  by  Governor  Hen- 
dricks  to  fill  a  vacancy  caused  by  the 
resignation  of  Judge  Horatio  Newcomb, 
and  served  out  the  term,  but  was  defeated 
in  the  election  by  Judge  Daniel  Wait 
Howe,  as  was  the  remainder  of  the  demo- 
cratic ticket.  In  1877  he  removed  to  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  for  a  stay  of  five  years, 
and  then  for  two  years  was  at  Winamac. 
In  1885  he  went  to  New  Mexico  as  an  as- 
sistant to  George  W.  Julian,  who  had  been 
appointed  surveyor  general,  and  aided  in 
working  out  the  land  grant  frauds  in  that 
region. 

Oh  his  return  from  New  Mexico  Judge 
Burns  located  at  Indianapolis,  and  soon 
engaged  in  the  work  that  has  since  occu- 
pied his  time.  While  at  Vincennes  he  had 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1399 


prepared  an  Index  of  Indiana  Reports 
which  was  published  in  1878,  with  a  sec- 
ond edition  in  1882.  In  1879  he  had  fol- 
lowed this  with  a  Digest  of  Indiana  Rail- 
road Law  and  Decisions,  and  an  Index-Di- 
gest of  Indiana  Reports,  which  proved  very 
popular  with  the  legal  profession.  The 
Bobbs-Merrill  Company  secured  his  serv- 
ices for  editing  the  Statutes  of  Indiana, 
and  he  has  since  had  exclusive  charge  of 
this  work,  beginning  with  the  edition  of 
1894,  as  above  stated. 

In  1896  Judge  Burns  published  his  An- 
notated Code  of  Missouri ;  and  this  recalls 
that  his  first  work  as  a  legal  author  was 
in  the  preparation  of  the  civil  and  crim- 
inal codes  of  Montana,  which  were  adopted 
on  the  creation  of  the  territory  in  1865. 
His  two  law  partners  had  been  elected  to 
the  Legislature.  During  the  session  it  was 
realized  that  they  must  have  a  code,  and 
nobody  had  prepared  one.  A  hurry-up  call 
was  made  on  Judge  Burns,  who  made  an 
adaptation  of  the  Missouri  code  for  them. 
As  the  session  was  far  advanced  it  was 
adopted  without  amendment,  and,  with  few 
changes,  is  still  in  force.  In  1905  Judge 
Burns  published  his  Digest  of  Supreme 
and  Appellate  Court  Reports  in  two  vol- 
umes, to  which  a  third  volume  was  added 
in  1915.  In  1910  he  published  his  Indiana 
Corporations. 

On  March  22,  1870,  Judge  Burns  mar- 
ried Mary  Constance  Smydth,  daughter  of 
William  C.  and  Lavinia  (Carson)  Smydth. 
She  was  born  at  Bloomfield,  Indiana,  July 
18,  1847,  and  died  September  24,  1882.  To 
them  was  born  one  daughter,  who  died  in 
infancy,  and  one  son,  Lee  Burns  (q.  v.), 
who  was  born  at  Bloomfield  April  19,  1872. 
Judge  •  Burns  has  never  lost  his  taste  for 
travel,  and  usually  takes  a  vacation  from 
his  quiet  and  confining  labors  by  a  trip  to 
some  of  the  southern  states,  where  he 
studies  history,  geography  and  life  at  first 
hand. 

LEE  BURNS,  president  of  the  Burns 
Realty  Company,  was  born  at  Bloomfield, 
Indiana,  April  19,  1872,  the  son  of  Judge 
Harrison  Burns  (q.  v.)  and  Mary  Con- 
stance  (Smydth)  Burns.  His  education 
was  in  the  common  schools  and  as  a  spe- 
cial student  at  Butler  College  with  the  class 
of  1893.  Before  his  stay  at  Butler  he  had 
entered  the  employ  of  Bowen,  Stewart  & 
Company,  the  historic  book  store  of  In- 


dianapolis, and  in  his  varied  relations  with 
that  establishment  and  its  adjuncts,  no- 
tably The  Hollenbeck  Press,  there  was 
ample  field  for  the  development  of  his  ar- 
tistic and  literary  tastes. 

He  developed  in  particular  a  knowledge 
of  theoretical  and  practical  architecture, 
which  led  him,  in  1910,  to  organize  the 
Burns  Realty  Company  and  launch  in  the 
business  of  erecting  artistic  and  livable 
homes.  In  this  he  has  had  notable  suc- 
cess, as  is  evidenced  by  many  of  the  most 
attractive  homes  in  Indianapolis. 

Politically  Mr.  Burns  is  an  independent 
democrat.  He  served  as  a  private  in  Com- 
pany D  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty- 
eighth  Indiana  Infantry  in  the  Spanish- 
American  war,  and  as  accounting  officer 
of  the  United  States  Fuel  Administration 
for  Indiana  during  the  late  European  war. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  University  Club, 
Rotary  Club,  Dramatic  Club,  Contempo- 
rary Club  and  Indianapolis  Literary  Club. 

On  June  5,  1907,  Mr.  Burns  married 
Anna  Ray  Herzsch.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Betty,  born  June  6,  1909,  and  David, 
born  May  10,  1911.  Mr.  Burns  is  the  au- 
thor of  "The  National  Road  in  Indiana," 
which  is  published  in  Volume  7  of  the  In- 
diana Historical  Society  Publications. 

JULIA  HENDERSON  LEVERING.  This  popu- 
lar writer  was  born  at  Covington,  Indiana, 
J\Iay  5,  1851.  Her  father,  Albert  Hender- 
son, was  also  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  at 
Connersville  January  10,  1815.  He  was 
of  Carolina  Quaker  stock,  a  son  of  John 
Henderson,  who  had  been  dropped  "from 
meeting"  for  serving  in  the  War  of  1812. 
His  mother  was  a  descendant  of  Col.  Rob- 
ert Orr,  of  the  Revolutionary  army,  her 
parents  having  moved  to  Indiana  in  1811. 

Albert  Henderson  was  one  of  the  active 
and  earnest  builders  of  the  civic  life  of 
Indiana,  and  he  was  also  a  builder  by 
trade,  beginning  his  apprenticeship  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  and  following  the  occupa- 
tion throughout  his  busy  life.  He  had  in 
his  blood  the  lust  of  the  frontier,  and  in 
early  manhood  removed  to  the  newly 
founded  Town  of  Covington  and  later  to 
Lafayette.  Wherever  located  his  influence 
was  thrown  for  the  moral  uplift  of  the 
community.  He  was  an  active  member  of 
the  Baptist  Church,  and  an  active  worker 
in  the  causes  of  education,  temperance,  op- 
position to  slavery  and  maintenance  of  the 


1400 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Union  in  the  dark  days  of  the  Civil  war. 
An  eloquent  appreciation  of  his  life  will  be 
found  in  his  daughter's  "Historic  Indi- 
ana," chapter  16. 

In  1844  Albert  Henderson  married  Lo- 
rana  Richmond,  daughter  of  Dr.  John 
Lambert  Richmond,  one  of  the  most  notable 
medical  men  of  Central  Indiana,  and  also 
a  Baptist  minister,  of  whom  further  men- 
tion is  made  in  the  medical  chapter  herein. 
He  is  reputed  to  have  made  the  first  Cae- 
sarian section  in  the  United  States.  Both 
he  and  his  wife  were  of  old  Revolutionary 
stock  of  New  England  and  New  York. 
Reared  in  a  home  of  culture  and  education, 
Mrs.  Lorana  Henderson  was  a  woman  of 
superior  social  and  intellectual  character, 
and  the  fine  traits  of  both  her  and  her  hus- 
band are  shown  in  their  children. 

Notable  among  these  was  Charles  Rich- 
mond Henderson,  Mrs.  Levering 's  older 
brother.  He  was  born  at  Covington  De- 
cember 17,  1848;  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  in  1870,  and  the  Bap- 
tist Union  Theological  Seminary  in  1873. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  this 
seminary  in  1885,  and  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. 
from  Leipzig  in  1901.  He  entered  the 
Baptist  ministry  with  pastorates  at  Terre 
Haute,  1873-82,  and  Detroit,  1882-92,  re- 
turning to  the  University  of  Chicago  in 
1892  as  chaplain,  recorder  and  professor 
of  sociology,  continuing  until  his  death  on 
March  29,  1915.  He  was  editor  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Theology,  and  the 
American  Journal  of  Sociology,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  the  work  of  American 
and  foreign  sociological  organizations, 
serving  as  president  of  the  National  Con- 
ference of  Charities  in  1888-9,  and  commis- 
sioner on  the  International  Prison  Com- 
mission in  1909.  He  published  a  dozen 
works  on  sociological  and  religious  sub- 
jects, the  most  notable  being  his  "Social 
Elements,"  (1898),  which  was  used  as  a 
text  book  in  Great  Britain,  and  was  trans- 
lated into  Japanese. 

Julia  Henderson's  school  education 
stopped  with  graduation  at  the  Lafayette 
High  School,  but  her  home  education  was 
practically  unlimited,  and  it  was  only  nat- 
ural that  she  became  known  as  a  magazine 
writer  on  educational,  philanthropic  and 
sociological  subjects.  Her  most  popular 
work,  however,  is  her  "Historic  Indiana," 
in  which  she  escapes  "  dry-as-dust "  his- 
tory, and  brings  the  romance  and  human 


interest  of  the  state's  story  into  full  light, 
without  sacrificing  the  accuracy  that  is  es- 
sential to  all  real  history. 

On  October  2,  1872,  Julia  Henderson 
was  married  to  Mortimer  Levering,  son  of 
William  H.  Levering,  a  wealthy  descend- 
ant of  one  of  the  oldest  Philadelphia  fam- 
ilies, who  removed  to  Lafayette  in  1853. 
Mortimer  was  born  at  Philadelphia  April 
25,  1849,  and  was  educated  at  Bedford 
and  Molier's  academies  and  Allen's  Clas- 
sical Institute.  In  1873  his  father  retired 
from  active  business,  putting  Mortimer  in 
charge  of  his  interests,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  religious  and  philanthropic  work, 
among  other  services  being  president  of 
the  Indiana  Sunday  School  Union  for  fif- 
teen years.  The  large  responsibilities 
thrown  on  young  Mortimer  Levering  stim- 
ulated his  business  capacity,  and  he  be- 
came well  known  through  his  active  inter- 
est, in  the  State  Bankers  Association,  and 
in  the  financial  problems  of  the  nation. 
He  also  took  great  interest  in  stock-breed- 
ing, and  served  as  an  officer  in  half  a  dozen 
of  the  national  organizations  connected 
with  that  industry,  his  prominence  in  this 
connection  causing  him  to  be  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture. He  also  found  time  to  serve  as 
president  of  the  Commercial  Club,  the  Hu- 
mane Society,  the  Good  Roads  Club  and 
the  Home  Hospital  Association  of  Lafay- 
ette. A  detailed  account  of  his  activities 
will  be  found  in  "Men  of  Progress,"  (In- 
dianapolis, 1899).  He  died  December  1, 
1909. 

After  the  death  of  her  husband  Mrs. 
Levering  removed  to  the  East  and  now  re- 
sides at  Pelham,  New  York,  when  not  at 
her  summer  home  of  "Devon,"  at  Ama- 
gansett,  Long  Island.  Her  interest  in  her 
native  state,  however,  remains  as  strong 
and  unselfish  as  in  former  years. 

EDWARD  G.  HOFFMAN,  of  Fort  Wayne, 
was  born  in  Springfield  Township  of  Al- 
len County  October  1,  1878.  It  is  hardly 
possible  therefore  to  say  that  he  has 
rounded  out  his  career.  Yet  his  experi- 
ence and  achievements  before  reaching  his 
fortieth  birthday  would  do  credit  to  a  life- 
time. 

Most  of  his  boyhood  was  spent  on  a  farm 
or  in  the  environment  of  a  country  vil- 
lage. He  attended  public  schools  in  his 
native  township  and  Maysville  High 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1401 


School,  also  studied  at  Valparaiso  Univer- 
sity, graduating  in  1900  with  the  degrees 
Bachelor  of  Science  and  Master  of  Arts, 
and  from  there  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan.  He 
received  his  degree  LL.  B.  in  1903. 

Mr.  Hoffman  began  practice  at  Fort 
Wayne  fifteen  years  ago  in  the  firm  of 
Ballou,  Hoffman  &  Romberg.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1914,  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm 
Barrett,  Morris  &  Hoffman,  which  in  vol- 
ume and  importance  of  practice  is  one  of 
the  ablest  general  law  firms  of  Indiana. 
Mr.  Hoffman  has  also  served  as  county  at- 
torney of  Allen  County  since  1906,  and  is 
one  of  the  successful  business  men  as  well 
as  an  able  lawyer  of  Fort  Wayne.  He  is 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Deister  Ma- 
chine Company,  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  the  Fort  Wayne  Journal-Gazette  Com- 
pany, and  a  director  of  the  Tri-State  Loan 
and  Trust  Company  and  its  vice  president. 

With  all  the  substantial  rewards  that 
these  relations  in  the  law  and  business 
would  indicate,  Mr.  Hoffman  has  had  no 
incentive  to  enter  politics  beyond  seeking 
an  opportunity  to  serve  and  benefit  his 
community  and  state.  While  he  has  not 
been  a  candidate  for  public  office,  his  name 
is  now  associated  with  the  leaders  of  the 
democratic  party  in  the  state  and  nation. 
From  1908  to  1916  he  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Democratic  State  Central  Commit- 
tee, and  in  the  latter  year  succeeded  Sena- 
tor Thomas  Taggart  as  the  Indiana  repre- 
sentative on  the  Democratic  National  Com- 
mittee. He  is  one  of  the  youngest  men  ever 
so  honored. 

Mr.  Hoffman  is  a  son  of  George  W.  and 
Anna  (Stabler)  Hoffman.  His  father 
was  born  in  Germany  in  1844,  and  was 
seven  years  of  age  when  his  parents  came 
to  America.  He  was  educated  in  Ameri- 
can schools  and  spent  his  boyhood  days  on 
a  farm.  Later  he  was  one  of  the  first  to 
develop  the  hardwood  industry  of  North- 
eastern Indiana  for  the  production  of  ship 
timbers,  and  for  many  years  carried  on  a 
large  sawmilling  industry  in  Allen  county. 
Later  he  was  a  farmer,  and  he  died  in 
1906,  having  lived  retired  for  the  previous 
five  years.  His  home  was  at  Maysville, 
where  his  widow  is  still  living.  By  his 
first  wife  he  had  one  son,  Dr.  Gideon  Hoff- 
man. His  second  wife,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Anna  Stabler,  had  also  been  previously 
married,  and  was  the  mother  of  one  son, 


Henry  Weicker,  an  Allen  County  farmer. 
George  W.  Hoffman  by  his  second  wife 
had  two  children,  Edward  G.  and  John  C., 
the  latter  also  a  Fort  Wayne  lawyer. 

May  7,  1912,  Edward  G.  Hoffman  mar- 
ried Emily  R.  Hoffman,  who  was  born  and 
reared  in  Fort  Wayne,  a  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Henry  and  Maizie  (Evans)  Hoffman, 
both  now  deceased.  Mrs.  Hoffman  is  a 
niece  of  Admiral  Reynolds  of  the  United 
States  Navy  and  of  General  Reynolds  who 
was  killed  while  commanding  a  regiment 
in  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hoffman  have  two  children,  Anne 
Katherine,  born  December  26,  1914,  and 
Edward  G.,  Jr.,  born  August  30,  1916. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hoffman  are  members  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  is 
a  trustee.  He  has  attained  the  thirty-third 
supreme  honorary  degree  of  Scottish  Rite 
Masonry  and  is  also  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  Elks.  He  is  a 
Sigma  Nu  College  fraternity  man,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  Society  of  Chicago,  Uni- 
versity Club  of  Fort  Wayne,  Fort  Wayne 
Country  Club,  Quest  Club  and  Fort  Wayne 
Commercial  Club.  Mr.  Hoffman  has  the 
bearing  of  the  successful  American  busi- 
ness man,  and  it  is  evidenced  that  down- 
right ability  has  been  the  chief  factor  in 
his  advancement,  though  supplemented  by 
a  very  winning  personality  and  the  quali- 
cations  of  a  true  leader  of  men. 

JAMES  W.  LILLY  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
three,  in  1885,  became  associated  with 
Frank  D.  Stalnaker,  another  young  man 
of  Indianapolis,  and  as  the  firm  of  Lilly 
&  Stalnaker  they  bought  out  the  old-estab- 
lished retail  hardware  store  of  Vajeu  & 
New.  That  was  the  beginning  of  a  busi- 
ness record  of  which  the  Indianapolis  com- 
munity is  justly  proud.  Lilly  &  Stalnaker 
are  still  in  business,  though  under  widely 
different  and  increased  conditions  from 
those  of  thirty  years  ago.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  Indiana  houses  of  wholesale  and  re- 
tail dealers  in  hardware,  and  the  reputa- 
tion and  fortunes  of  their  house  have 
grown  and  prospered  in  all  the  years  of 
its  history.  Their  place  of  business  has 
always  been  in  the  same  location,  114-116- 
118  East  Washington  Street,  but  from  a 
few  thousand  square  feet  their  business 
has  grown  and  expanded  to  occupy  an  en- 
tire building,  and  the  annual  total  of  busi- 


1402 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ness  has  increased  from  a  few  thousands 
to  more  than  $500,000  annually. 

Mr.  Lilly  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  at 
Lafayette,  November  10,  1862.  He  is  of 
English  ancestry.  His  great-grandfather, 
Rev.  William  Lilly,  was  a  man  of  high 
intellectual  attainments,  was  an  ordained 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  and 
after  coming  to  America,  in  1794,  was  an 
active  minister  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
at  first  in  Albany,  New  York,  and  later  at 
Elizabeth,  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Lilly's  grand- 
father, also  named  William,  was  born  in 
England  in  1789.  William  Lilly  married 
Catherine  Day,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  fourteen  children,  the  following 
growing  to  maturity:  Samuel,  Benjamin, 
Phoebe  Ann,  Jane,  Charlotte,  William, 
John  O.  D.  and  James  W.  Of  these  chil- 
dren John  0.  D.  Lilly  became  a  prominent 
business  man  of  Indianapolis. 

The  father  of  James  W.  Lilly  was  also 
named  James  W.  and  was  born  at  Geneva, 
New  York,  November  10,  1832,  just  thirty 
years  to  a  day  before  the  birth  of  his  son. 
When  he  was  a  child  his  parents  removed 
to  Perryville,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  grew- 
up  and  received  a  common  school  educa- 
tion. At  Reading,  Pennsylvitofe,-  *!  he 
learned  the  machinist's  trade.  In  the 
meantime  his  brother,  John  O.  D.,  had  come 
to  Indiana,  in  1849,  and  became  master 
mechanic  of  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis 
Railroad,  with  home  at  Madison.  James 
W.  Lilly,  Sr.,  joined  his  brother  a  few 
years  later,  was  employed  as  a  locomotive 
engineer,  and  in  1856  moved  to  Lafayette 
and  became  an  engineer  with  the  old  La- 
fayette &  Indianapolis  Railroad,  of  which 
his  brother  John  was  then  superintendent. 
In  1865  James  W.  Lilly,  Sr.,  engaged  in 
the  railway  supply  business  at  Memphis, 
Tennessee.  It  was  his  intention  to  remove 
his  family  from  Indianapolis  to  Memphis, 
but  while  he  was  in  that  southern  city  he 
contracted  malaria  fever  and  died  at  In- 
dianapolis, January  19,  1866,  in  his  thirty- 
fourth  year.  At  Reading,  Pennsylvania, 
he  married  Mary  Kerper,  who  was  born  in 
that  city  July  17,  1835.  She  remained  loyal 
to  the  memory  of  her  husband  for  forty 
years,  and  died  January  18,  1908,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-two.  Both  she  and  her 
husband  were  active  members  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  Their  chil- 
dren comprised  two  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter, the  latter  dying  in  infancy. 


James  W.  Lilly  was  four  years  of  age 
when  his  father  died  and  he  grew  up  in 
the  home  of  his  widowed  mother  at  In- 
dianapolis. Besides  the  public  schools  he 
attended  Butler  College  one  year,  and  his 
first  work  was  as  a  clerk  in  the  Indianapo- 
lis offices  of  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  and  the  six  years  he  remained 
with  the  company  furnished  him  his  busi- 
ness training  and  some  of  the  modest  capi- 
tal with  which,  in  1885,  he  engaged  in  a 
business  career  of  his  own. 

While  the  building  up  and  executive 
direction  of  such  a  house  as  that  of  Lilly 
&  Stalnaker  have  absorbed  the  most  of  his 
time  and  the  best  of  his  energies,  Mr. 
Lilly  is  widely  known  in  Indianapolis,  not 
only  as  a  business  man,  but  as  a  public- 
spirited  citizen.  He  has  long  been  identi- 
fied with  the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade, 
is  a  member  of  the  Commercial  and  Co- 
lumbia clubs  and  the  Country  Club,  is  a 
republican,  and  without  political  aspira- 
tions has  sought  to  make  his  presence  and 
activities  a  means  of  betterment  to  his  com- 
munity. He  is  both  a  York  and  Scottish 
Rite  Mason,  is  affiliated  with  Raper  Com- 
mandery  No.  1  Knights  Templar,  with 
Itidiafmpolis  Consistory,  and  in  1907-09 
was  thrice  potent  master  of  Adoniram 
Lodge  of  Perfection.  He  also  belongs  to 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He 
and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

October  15,  1889,  Mr.  Lilly  married  Miss 
Blanche  Dollens.  She  is  a  native  of  In- 
diana, daughter  of  Robert  W.  and  Nettie 
W.  Dollens  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Lilly  have  two  daughters:  Julia  M.,  born 
August  6,  1904;  and  Mary  J.,  born  Octo- 
ber 8,  1906. 

LEX  J.  KIRKPATRICK.  Within  the  strict 
lines  of  his  profession,  and  with  no  impor- 
tant public  office  except  that  of  circuit 
judge,  Lex  J.  Kirkpatrick  has  won  many 
of  the  usual  distinctions  of  the  successful 
lawyer,  and  as  such  he  is  known  far  be- 
yond the  limits  of  his  home  community  of 
Kokomo. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  was  born  in  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  September  6,  1853.  His 
remote  forefathers  were  Scotch-Irish,  but 
the  Kirkpatricks  have  been  domiciled  in 
America  so  long  as  to  retain  few  of  their 
Scotch  characteristics  beyond  the  name  it- 
self. His  great-grandfather,  William  Kirk- 


IE3ARY 

Of  TIE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINO! 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1403 


patrick,  was  born  June  8,  1776,  and  died 
July  13,  1860.  John  Kirkpatrick,  grand- 
father of  Lex  J.,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
October  23,  1802;  He  was  a  pioneer  set- 
tler of  Rush  County,  Indiana,  where 
Stephen  Kirkpatrick,  the  Judge's  father, 
was  born  February  10,  1832.  Stephen 
Kirkpatrick  was  a  farmer  and  horticultur- 
ist, and  took  up  his  residence  in  Howard 
County  in  1854,  and  in  1871  retired  to 
Kokomo.  He  married  Rebecca  J.  Jackson 
September  9,  1852,  who  was  born  in  Rush 
County  February  14,  1834,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Jackson,  who  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  March  1,  1794,  and  was  another 
early  farmer  in  Rush  County.  The 
Judge's  father  died  December  20,  1911, 
and  his  mother  died  April  19,  1914. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  was  the  only  son  of 
three  children,  the  other  two  having  died 
in  infancy.  He  attended  the  district 
schools  near  his  father's  farm  in  Taylor 
Township,  Howard  County,  Indiana,  and 
received  his  higher  education  by  one  year 
of  study  in  Oskaloosa  College  in  Iowa,  in 
Howard  College  at  Kokomo,  during 
1872-73,  took  up  the  study  of  law  with 
Hendry  &  Elliott,  at  Kokomo,  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Central  Law  College  of  In- 
dianapolis June  18,  1875.  His  work  as 
an  Indiana  lawyer  covers  a  period  of  over 
forty  years.  He  was  associated  in  prac- 
tice with  Judge  J.  F.  Elliott,  under  the 
name  of  Elliott  &  Kirkpatrick,  at  Kokomo, 
until  November,  1890.  Judge  Kirkpatrick 
is  a  democrat.  Such  was  his  personal 
popularity  and  his  high  standing  in  the 
legal  profession  that  in  1890  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  Thirty-Sixth  Judicial  Circuit, 
overcoming  heavy  normal  republican  ma- 
jorities in  the  counties  of  Howard  and 
Tipton,  then  comprising  that  circuit. 
Judge  Kirkpatrick  presided  with  impar- 
tial dignity  over  his  own  court  and  as  spe- 
cial judge  in  many  trials  outside  his  own 
circuit  until  November,  1896. 

On  retiring  from  the  bench  he  became 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Kirkpatrick,  Mor- 
rison &  McReynolds  in  December,  1896. 
This  firm  came  to  rank  as  one  of  the  fore- 
most in  the  state  in  volume  of  practice 
and  the  importance  of  its  interests  and 
clients.  Judge  Kirkpatrick  was  again 
called  from  the  private  walks  of  the  pro- 
fession in  March,  1909,  when,  the  Legis- 
lature having  constituted  Howard  County 
the  Sixty-Second  Judicial  Circuit,  Gov- 


ernor Thomas  R.  Marshall,  now  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  appointed 
Judge  Kirkpatrick  to  preside  over  the  new 
circuit.  He  filled  the  term  until  the  regu- 
lar election  and  retired  from  the  bench 
and  took  up  private  practice  again  Janu- 
ary 1,  1911,  with  Milton  Bell,  under  the 
name  of  Bell  &  Kirkpatrick.  Later  Hon. 
W.  R.  Voorhis,  now  of  New  York  City,  and 
Judge  W.  C.  Purdum  became  associated 
with  the  firm.  The  firm  is  now  Bell,  Kirk- 
patrick &  Purdum. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  has  long  been  promi- 
nent as  a  member  and  worker  in  the  Chris- 
tian Church,  in  the  Young  Men 's  Christian 
Association,  and  as  an  officer  in  the  Chris- 
tian Endeavor.  He  was  president  of  the 
Indiana  State  Union  of  that  organization 
from  November,  1893,  to  November  1896, 
and  also  a  vice  president  of  the  World's 
Christian  Endeavor  Union.  For  twenty- 
five  years  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
Kokomo  Sunday  School  of  his  church,  from 
July  1,  1883,  to  July  1,  1908,  this  school 
then  ranking  second  in  attendance  of  all 
the  schools  of  such  church  in  the  United 
States. 

September  22,  1881,  he  married  Miss 
Emma  Palmer,  daughter  of  Stephen  and 
Letitia  (Saville)  Palmer,  of  Adrian,  Michi- 
gan, who  has  been  a  most  valuable  help- 
mate in  his  work.  Her  father  was  born 
in  New  York  State  January  29,  1824,  and 
her  mother  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in 
September,  1826.  Judge  and  Mrs.  Kirk- 
patrick in  addition  to  their  Kokomo  home 
have  a  pleasant  winter  home  near  Braden- 
town,  Florida,  on  the  Manatee  River,  near 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  has  for  many  years 
been  vice  president  and  general  counsel 
of  the  Indiana  Railways  &  Light  Com- 
pany, and  is  associated  with  and  legal 
counsel  for  a  number  of  public  utilities 
and  manufacturing  industries  of  Kokomo. 
He  contributed  liberally  of  his  time  and 
means  to  advance  the  best  interests  of  the 
community  where  he  resides.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  State  Bar  Association 
and  also  of  the  American  Bar  Association. 
He  takes  an  active  interest  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  and  other  industrial  or- 
ganizations of  his  city. 

C.  H.  BRAUEY,  an  honored  veteran  of  the 
Civil  war,  is  an  old  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  nearly  thirty  years  has 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1403 


patrick,  was  born  June  8,  1776,  and  died 
July  13,  1860.  John  Kirkpatrick,  grand- 
father of  Lex  J.,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
October  23,  1802.  He  was  a  pioneer  set- 
tler of  Rush  County.  Indiana,  where 
Stephen  Kirkpatrick,  the  Judge's  father, 
was  born  February  10,  1832.  Stephen 
Kirkpatrick  was  a  fanner  and  horticultur- 
ist, and  took  up  his  residence  in  Howard 
County  in  1854,  and  in  1871  retired  to 
Kokonio.  He  married  Rebecca  J.  Jackson 
September  9,  1852,  who  was  born  in  Rush 
County  February  14.  1834,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Jackson,  who  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  March  1,  1794,  and  was  another 
early  farmer  in  Rush  County.  The 
Judge's  father  died  December  20,  1911, 
and  his  mother  died  April  19.  1914. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  was  the  only  son  of 
three  children,  the  other  two  having  died 
in  infancy.  He  attended  the  district 
schools  near  his  father's  farm  in  Taylor 
Township.  Howard  County,  Indiana,  and 
received  his  higher  education  by  one  year 
of  study  in  Oskaloosa  College  in  Iowa,  in 
Howard  College  at  Kokomo,  during 
1872-73,  took  up  the  study  of  law  with 
Hendry  &  Elliott,  at  Kokomo,  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  Central  Law  College  of  In- 
dianapolis June  18,  1875.  His  work  as 
an  Indiana  lawyer  covers  a  period  of  over 
forty  years.  He  was  associated  in  prac- 
tice with  Judge  J.  F.  Elliott,  under  the 
name  of  Elliott  &  Kirkpatrick,  at  Kokomo, 
until  November,  1890.  Judge  Kirkpatrick 
is  a  democrat.  Such  was  his  personal 
popularity  and  his  high  standing  in  the 
legal  profession  that  in  1890  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  Thirty-Sixth  Judicial  Circuit, 
overcoming  heavy  normal  republican  ma- 
jorities in  the  counties  of  Howard  and 
Tipton.  then  comprising  that  circuit. 
Judge  Kirkpatrick  presided  with  impar- 
tial dignity  over  his  own  court  and  as  spe- 
cial judge  in  many  trials  outside  his  own 
circuit  until  November,  1896. 

On  retiring  from  the  bench  he  became 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Kirkpatrick,  Mor- 
rison &  McReynolds  in  December,  1896. 
This  firm  came  to  rank  as  one  of  the  fore- 
most in  the  state  in  volume  of  practice 
and  the  importance  of  its  interests  and 
clients.  Judge  Kirkpatrick  was  again 
called  from  the  private  walks  of  the  pro- 
fession in  March,  1909,  when,  the  Legis- 
lature having  constituted  Howard  County 
the  Sixty-Second  Judicial  Circuit,  Gov- 


ernor Thomas  R.  Marshall,  now  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  appointed 
Judge  Kirkpatrick  to  preside  over  the  new 
circuit.  He  tilled  the  term  until  the  regu- 
lar election  and  retired  from  the  bench 
and  took  up  private  practice  again  Janu- 
ary 1,  1911,  with  Milton  Hell,  under  the 
name  of  Hell  &  Kirkpatrick.  Later  lion. 
\Y.  R.  Voorhis,  now  of  New  York  City,  and 
Judge  \V.  C.  Purdum  became  associated 
with  the  tirin.  The  firm  is  now  Bell,  Kirk- 
patrick &  Purdum. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  has  long  been  promi- 
nent as  a  member  and  worker  in  the  Chris- 
tian Church,  in  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association,  and  as  an  officer  in  the  Chris- 
tian Endeavor.  lie  was  president  of  the 
Indiana  State  Union  of  that  organization 
from  November,  1893.  to  November  1896, 
and  also  a  vice  president  of  the  World's 
Christian  Endeavor  Union.  For  twenty- 
five  years  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
Kokomo  Sunday  School  of  his  church,  from 
July  1.  1883,  to  July  1,  1908.  this  school 
then  ranking  second  in  attendance  of  all 
the  schools  of  such  church  in  the  United 
States. 

September  22,  1881.  he  married  Miss 
Emma  Palmer,  daughter  of  Stephen  and 
Letitia  (Saville)  Palmer,  of  Adrian,  Michi- 
gan, who  has  been  a  most  valuable  help- 
mate in  his  work.  Her  father  was  born 
in  New  York  State  January  29,  1824,  and 
her  mother  in  Wayne  County.  Indiana,  in 
September,  1826.  Judge  and  Mrs.  Kirk- 
patrick in  addition  to  their  Kokomo  home 
have  a  pleasant  winter  home  near  Braden- 
town,  Florida,  on  the  Manatee  River,  near 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Judge  Kirkpatrick  has  for  many  years 
been  vice  president  and  general  counsel 
of  the  Indiana  Railways  &  Light  Com- 
pany, and  is  associated  with  and  legal 
counsel  for  a  number  of  public  utilities 
and  manufacturing  industries  of  Kokomo. 
He  contributed  liberally  of  his  time  and 
means  to  advance  the  best  interests  of  the 
community  where  he  resides.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  State  Bar  Association 
and  also  of  the  American  Bar  Association. 
He  takes  an  active  interest  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  and  other  industrial  or- 
ganizations of  his  city. 

C.  H.  BRALEY.  an  honored  veteran  of  the 
Civil  war,  is  an  old  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  nearly  thirty  years  has 


1404 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


been  the  pioneer  chiropodist  and  foot 
specialist  of  that  city,  rendering  services 
that  have  been  appreciated  in  correspond- 
ing degree  to  the  length  of  his  practice. 

He  was  born  in  Chester,  Warren  County, 
New  York,  June  18,  1847,  a  son  of  Joseph 
and  Melvina  (Ellis)  Braley.  The  Braley 
family  is  of  colonial  American  descent,  and 
traces  its  origin  in  this  country  back  to 
Roger  Braley,  who  was  in  Massachusetts  as 
early  as  1696.  Joseph  Braley  was  born  at 
Chester,  New  York,  September  23,  1822, 
and  his  wife  was  born  August  9,  1822. 
They  married  October  4,  1846.  Joseph 
Braley  died  May  2,  1849,  when  his  son  was 
only  two  years  old. 

The  widowed  mother  afterward  married 
again  and  took  her  only  child  by  her  first 
marriage  to  Prophetstown,  Illinois,  where 
her  second  husband  became  a  farmer.  C. 
H.  Braley  acquired  part  of  his  education 
4in  the  common  schools  of  Troy,  New  York, 
and  later  attended  school  at  Prophetstown, 
Illinois.  As  a  boy  he  began  work  as  a  farm 
laborer,  and  one  time  worked  six  months 
at  wages  of  $6  a  month.  In  1861,  at  the 
age  of  fourteen,  Doctor  Braley  enlisted  in 
Battery  F  of  the  First  Illinois  Light  Artil- 
lery, and  saw  active  service  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  was  in  many  battles,  In- 
cluding Shiloh,  Corinth,  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  the  siege  and  operations  around 
Vicksburg.  At  the  conclusion  of  this  serv- 
ice, a  veteran  soldier  though  still  under 
age,  he  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Illinois. 
A  few  years  later  he  and  a  great  English 
traveler  made  a  world's  tour,  visiting  all 
the  cities  of  Europe,  and  after  his  return  to 
America  Doctor  Braley  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Indianapolis. 

He  has  had  almost  a  lifelong  experience 
in  the  treatment  of  foot  troubles,  and  was 
one  of  the  men  to  give  dignity  and  stand- 
ing to  the  art  of  chiropody,  and  was  one 
of  its  first  practitioners  in  Indianapolis. 
People  have  come  from  far  and  near  to 
secure  his  services.  He  maintains  a  high 
class  establishment  in  the  Saks  Building. 

Doctor  Braley  is  a  democrat,  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  Democratic  Club,  and 
has  done  much  to  support  his  party.  In 
1892  he  married  Miss  Mary  Vess,  of 
Indianapolis. 

JONATHAN  "W.  GORDON,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  1820,  in  Washineton  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage. 


The  family  removed  to  Ripley  County,  In- 
diana, when  he  was  a  lad  of  fourteen.  He 
went  through  the  common  schools,  attended 
Hanover  College  for  one  term,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  war  he  vol- 
unteered, but  was  taken  sick  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  sent  home  without 
seeing  any  service.  He  read  medicine,  at- 
tended lectures  at  the  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, Chicago,  in  1847-8,  and  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  which  he  continued 
for  two  years.  Dissatisfied  with  this,  he 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1852  and  opened 
a  law  office.  Not  being  overburdened  with 
business,  he  indulged  in  newspaper  work, 
and  was  engaged  as  editor  of  The  Tem- 
perance Chart,  which  was  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  at  that 
time  a  very  strong  organization  in  Indiana. 
In  1853  he  was  elected  prosecuting  at- 
torney for  Marion  County,  but  soon  re- 
signed to  give  attention  to  his  growing 
practice.  In  1856  and  1858  he  was  elected 
to  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
state,  and  in  the  latter  year  wa.>  speaker 
at  both  the  regular  and  special  sessions. 
In  this  period  he  wrote  some  fair  poetry, 
good  enough  at  least  to  be  admitted  to 
Coggeshall  's  Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  West. 
He  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  and  thereby 
attained  quite  a  broad  education.  In  later 
years,  when  troubled  by  insomnia,  he  used 
to  keep  a  Greek  Testament  by  his  bedside, 
and  pass  his  wakeful  hours  reading  it. 

In  1861  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  but  when  the 
news  came  of  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  he 
resigned,  and  at  a  great  public  meeting  was 
the  first  to  volunteer.  After  a  short  serv- 
ice in  West  Virginia,  in  the  Ninth  In- 
diana Volunteer  Infantry,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  major  in  the 
Eleventh  United  States  Infantry,  and  as- 
signed to  duties  in  Massachusetts  and  In- 
diana until  September,  1863,  when  he  was 
sent  to  the  front  with  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac.  In  the  spring  of  the  following 
year  he  resigned,  on  the  ground  that  his 
salary  was  not  sufficient  for  the  support  of 
his  family.  He  resumed  the  practice  of 
law,  and  was  soon  engaged  in  the  most 
spectacular  case  of  the  period,  commonly 
known  as  "the  Treason  Trials."  A  secret 
society  known  as  the  Knights  of  the  Gol- 
den Circle  had  been  formed  in  Indiana  and 
other  western  states,  and  had  developed 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1405 


an    "inner   circle"    with   treasonable    de- 
signs.    Governor  Morton  had  detectives  in 
the  organization  from  the  start,  who  kept 
him  informed  of  every  move.    In  1864  he 
had  several  of  the  leaders  arrested  and 
brought  before  a  military  commission  for 
trial.    Gordon  was  retained  for  the  defense, 
and  at  once  raised  the  point  of  no  juris- 
diction.   The  courts  of  the  state  were  open 
and  unobstructed,  and  if  any  offence  had 
been  committed  the  prosecution  should  be 
in  the  courts.     This  had  no  weight  with 
the   commission,  which   convicted  the   de- 
fendants, and  sentenced  part  of  them  to 
death.     An  appeal  was  made  to  the  Su- 
preme  Court   of  the   United   States,  but 
there  was  not  time  for  it  to  be  heard  be- 
fore the  day  set  for  the  execution.     Gor- 
don prepared  a  brief.     The  question  was 
one  that  went  to  the  very  foundation  of 
constitutional  rights,  and  he  went  to  the 
bottom  of  the  English  and  American  prec- 
edents.   He  went  to  Morton  with  his  brief, 
and  sought  his  aid  in  securing  a  postpone- 
ment of  the  execution.     Morton  examined 
it  and  said:  "By  God,  Gordon,  you  are 
right.      It   would   be   murder  to   execute 
these  men."     He  assisted  in  getting  a  re- 
prieve, and  the  case  was  heard  by  the  Su- 
preme Court,  which  ordered  the  release  of 
the   defendants.      (Ex   parte   Milligan,   4 
Wallace,  p.   2.)      Gordon's  brief  was  the 
one  used  by  General  Garfield  in  his  argu- 
ment of  the  case  in  the  Supreme  Court. 
From  that  time  on  Gordon  had  employ- 
ment in   abundance.     He   was  easily  the 
foremost   criminal   lawyer   of  his  day   in 
Indiana.    He  was  also  strong  before  a  jury 
in  any  case,  skillful  in  examination,  and 
a  forcible  speaker.     He  made  money,  but 
had  no  faculty  for  keeping  it.    He  was  gen- 
erous to  a  fault,  and  very  indulgent  with 
his  family.    In  consequence  he  was  usually 
in  debt  and  out  of  money.     In  his  later 
years  when  broken  in  health,  and  too  old 
to  practice  his  profession  he  was  offered 
the  position  of  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court 
by  Governor  Albert  G.  Porter  (q.  v.)  who 
had  been  his  class-mate  at  Hanover,  and 
his  life-long  friend  and  accepted  the  posi- 
tion. 

Gordon  was  an  influential  factor  in  the 
republican  party,  from  an  early  date.  He 
advocated  the  nomination  of  Lincoln  in 
1860,  and  was  instrumental  in  securing  the 
vote  of  the  Indiana  delegation  for  him. 
In  1872  he  was  a  presidential  elector  on 

Vol.  Ill— 13 


the  republican  ticket,  and  a  member  of 
the  electoral  college  that  elected  General 
Grant.  In  1876  he  was  the  republican  can- 
didate for  attorney  general,  and  was  de- 
feated with  his  party.  In  this  campaign 
he  attracted  wide  notice  by  publicly  refus- 
ing to  pay  the  campaign  assessment  made 
on  him  by  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee.  This  was  only  an  example  of 
the  resolute  independence  that  he  showed 
in  everything.  In  his  criminal  practice  he 
defended  more  than  sixty  persons  charged 
with  murder  in  the  first  degree,  and  only 
one  of  them  was  hanged.  His  success  was 
in  part  due  to  his  personal  convictions  con- 
cerning crime  and  punishment,  which  were 
not  altogether  in  touch  with  ordinary 
American  ideas.  In  1856  he  introduced  a 
bill  in  the  Legislature  for  "a  system  of 
criminal  jurisprudence  founded  on  the 
principle  of  compensation,"  but  did  not 
succeed  in  getting  adopted.  In  1882  he 
incurred  much  criticism  by  writing  a  pub- 
lic letter  to  the  attorney  general  of  the 
United  States,  urging,  on  purely  legal 
grounds,  that  Guiteau  was  insane,  and 
should  not  be  executed  for  the  assassina- 
tion of  President  Garfield.  Gordon  died  at 
Indianapolis  on  April  27,  1887. 

WILLIAM  G.  SMITH  has  spent  his  active 
career  at  LaPorte,  where  the  family  was 
established  nearly  seventy  years  ago.  For 
many  years  he  has  been  in  the  ice  business 
and  is  now  an  executive  official  in  the  lead- 
ing industry  of  that  kind  at  LaPorte. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  at  LaPorte.  son  of 
Louis  Smith.  Louis  Smith  was  born  in 
Mecklenburg,  Germany,  in  1825.  His  par- 
ents spent  all  their  lives  in  Germany, 
where  his  father  died  at  the  advanced  age 
of  a  hundred  four  and  his  mother  still 
older,  being  a  hundred  five  when  death 
called  her.  Louis  Smith  and  a  brother 
who  when  last  heard  from  was  living  in 
New  York  State  were  the  only  members 
of  the  family  to  come  to  America.  He 
had  a  common  school  education  in  Ger- 
many and  served  an  apprenticeship  to  the 
tailor's  trade.  In  1852  he  came  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  was  one  of  the 
early  merchant  tailors  and  conducted  a 
successful  business  in  that  line  for  many 
years.  He  is  still  living  at  the  venerable 
age  of  ninety-three,  well  preserved  both 
mentally  and  physically.  He  married 
Sophie  Redder,  who  was  born  in  Mecklen- 


1406 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


burg,  Germany.  Her  father,  Fred  Hed- 
der,  was  a  native  of  the  same  locality, 
came  to  the  United  States  in  the  early  '50s 
and  for  a  time  was  a  farmer  near  LaPorte 
and  later  moved  to  the  city  and  there  be- 
came a  carpenter.  He  died  at  LaPorte  at 
the  age  of  eighty-six  and  his  wife  when 
eighty-five.  They  had  one  daughter  and 
two  sons,  the  sons  being  Fred  and  John 
Redder.  Mrs.  Louis  Smith  died  at  the 
age  of  forty-nine  years,  the  mother  of  eight 
children,  five  of  whom  are  living.  Her 
son,  Fred,  is  a  resident  of  Whiting,  In- 
diana, where  he  has  been  very  successful 
in  business,  being  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Whiting,  and 
on  the  official  board  ever  since.  He  is 
also  a  director  in  several  other  banks  and 
industrial  institutions.  Charles,  another 
brother  of  William  G.,  went  to  Mexico  at 
the  age  of  seventeen  in  order  to  restore 
his  health.  As  soon  as  he  was  able  to  do 
anything  he  was  given  a  position  in  the 
offices  of  the  Waters-Pierce  Oil  Company. 
In  a  few  years  he  was  promoted  to  assis- 
tant superintendent,  later  to  superintend- 
ent of  the  company 's  extensive  interests  in 
Mexico,  and  has  been  a  prominent  factor 
in  the  Mexican  oil  industry  ever  since. 

William  G.  Smith  attended  public 
school  at  LaPorte  and  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen started  to  make  his  own  living  as  a 
farmer.  Two  years  later  he  entered  the 
employ  of  John  Hilt,  the  well  known  La- 
Porte  "ice  man."  He  made  himself  gen- 
erally useful  in  Mr.  Hilt's  employ  in  the 
ice  business,  and  has  shown  a  great  ca- 
pacity to  conduct  his  affairs  along  success- 
ful lines.  In  1902  with  William  Vogt  he 
bought  the  plant,  which  had  been  incor- 
porated as  the  John  Hilt  Ice  Company, 
and  has  since  been  its  superintendent  and 
general  manager. 

In  1884  Mr.  Smith  married  Jane  Ver- 
nette  Gage,  a  native  of  Salem,  Michigan. 
She  is  a  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Caroline 
Elizabeth  (Holredge)  Gage,  both  families 
being  pioneers  in  Michigan.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Smith  have  four  children,  named  Norman 
Leroy,  Zelma  L.,  Marjorie  and  Florence. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smith  are  members  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

HON.  ELE  STANSBURT.  From  his  old 
home  at  Williamsport,  where  he  had  lived 
for  over  thirty  years,  had  practiced  law, 
and  from  which  town  his  services  had 


radiated  practically  over  the  entire  state 
as  a  campaign  leader  in  republican  ranks, 
and  as  a  local  and  state  official  Mr.  Stans- 
bury  was  called  to  Indianapolis  to  the  du- 
ties and  responsibilities  of  the  office  of 
attorney-general  after  election  on  the  state 
ticket  in  1916. 

General  Stansbury  is  a  fine  type  of  the 
Indiana  lawyer  and  public  leader.  He  was 
born  in  McLean  County,  Illinois,  Febru- 
ary 8,  1861,  his  parents  were  people  of 
moderate  means,  and  after  the  death  of 
his  mother,  when  he  was  fifteen  years  of 
age,  he  went  to  work  and  took  care  of  him- 
self. Few  men  have  won  a  harder  fight 
for  success  and  none  by  more  honorable 
means,  his  career  from  beginning  to  pres- 
ent bearing  inspection  and  investigation 
at  every  point.  Out  of  his  own  earnings 
he  paid  for  most  of  his  education,  which 
was  finished  in  a  literary  sense  in  the  Say- 
brook  Academy. 

Mr.  Stansbury  removed  to  Williamsport, 
Indiana,  in  1883.  He  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  John  G.  Pearson,  and  in  1890  be- 
gan practice  as  a  partner  of  J.  Frank 
Hanly.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1887,  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
deputy  prosecuting  attorney  under  Will  B. 
Reed  of  Attica,  and  subsequently  filled  a 
similar  position  under  James  Bingham, 
who  later  became  attorney-general  of  In- 
diana. As  deputy  prosecutor  he  gained 
at  an  early  stage  in  his  career  an  experi- 
ence that  has  proved  invaluable  to  him 
in  every  successive  stage  of  his  advance- 
ment. In  1892  and  1894  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  for  Fountain  and 
Warren  counties,  and  this  was  the  first 
time  that  the  prosecuting  officer  had  been 
chosen  from  Warren  County  in  a  period 
of  twenty-six  years.  The  able  and  mas- 
terly manner  in  which  he  filled  the  office 
gave  him  the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  best  prosecuting  attorneys  the  circuit 
ever  had.  • 

During  these  and  every  subsequent  year 
Mr.  Stansbury  has  been  going  over  his 
home  county,  his  district,  and  latterly  over 
the  state  at  large,  preaching  the  gospel 
of  the  republican  party  and  working  for 
its  success  and  the  election  of  his  friends. 
Politics  is  a  hard  and  difficult  game.  It 
requires  unceasing  loyalty  not  only  to 
principle  but  to  party  associates  and  or- 
ganization, and  even  then  its  devotees 
frequently  fall  by  the  wayside  in  defeat. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1407 


To  these  qualities  Mr.  Stansbury  has  added 
something  more,  the  ability  of  the  able 
lawyer  and  a  willingness  to  work  consci- 
entiously and  without  regard  to  personal 
sacrifice  for  advantages  and  benefits  that 
concern  not  so  much  himself  as  his  party 
and  the  welfare  of  the  people  in  general. 
That  has  constituted  his  strength,  and  it 
was  such  disinterested  service  that  brought 
him  to  his  present  high  honor. 

In  1900  Mr.  Stansbury  was  presidential 
elector  for  the  Tenth  District  of  Indiana 
and  voted  for  McKinley  and  Roosevelt. 
In  1902  and  1904  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  General  Assembly.  During  the 
1903  session  he  was  chairman  of  the  fee 
and  salary  committee.  That  was  during 
the  famous  raid  for  the  increase  of  sala- 
ries. In  1903  he  took  a  firm  stand  for 
right  and  a  square  deal  for  the  taxpayers 
of  Indiana.  In  1905  he  was  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee  of  the  House,  and 
that  put  him  in  the  position  of  floor  mana- 
ger. He  became  author  of  several  well- 
conceived  acts  of  legislation. 

In  1907  Mr.  Stansbury  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Hanly  as  one  of  the  trustees 
for  the  State  School  for  the  Deaf,  and  by 
reappointmeiit  from  the  democratic  gov- 
ernor, Marshall,  he  served  eight  years, 
being  president  of  the  board  for  the  last 
two  years.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
building  commission  to  construct  the 
Buildings  for  the  State  School  for  the  Deaf 
at  Indianapolis,  and  with  his  fellow  as- 
sociates gave  five  years  to  that  work,  which 
involved  the  expenditure  of  nearly  $800,- 
000. 

For  eleven  years  Mr.  Stansbury  was 
employed  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners 
of  Warren  County  as  county  attorney,  and 
in  that  capacity  he  prepared  all  the  con- 
tracts and  bonds  and  looked  after  the 
legal  affairs  connected  with  the  building  of 
the  fine  new  courthouse  and  jail  and 
equipment  at  Williamsport.  The  old 
courthouse  was  burned  in  1907,  and  the 
new  buildings  were  constructed  and 
equipped  at  a  cost  to  the  taxpayers  of  less 
than  $105,000.  It  was  a  notable  case  of 
efficiency  and  economy  in  the  expenditure 
of  public  funds. 

In  1914  Mr.  Stansbury  was  nominated 
on  the  republican  ticket  for  the  office  of 
attorney-general,  and  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  a  forlorn  hope.  As  he  had  done 
for  twenty-five  years,  he  went  into  all 


parts  of  the  state,  working  and  campaign- 
ing primarily  for  the  party  organization 
which  he  represented,  and  his  personality 
and  efforts  were  credited  with  a  measure 
of  the  comparative  success  which  gave  the 
republican  state  ticket  that  year  100.000 
more  votes  than  in  1912.  Then,  in  1916, 
on  the  basis  of  real  fitness  and  also  a  de- 
served political  honor,  he  was  nominated 
at  the  republican  primaries  and  was 
elected  attorney-general  with  an  abundance 
of  votes  to  spare.  The  first  term  of  his 
administration  has  abundantly  justified 
the  confidence  of  the  voters.  In  1918  he 
was  re-elected,  with  the  largest  majority 
of  any  candidate  on  the  ticket.  Mr.  Stans- 
bury is  first  and  last  a  thorough  lawyer, 
has  for  many  years  enjoyed  a  large  prac- 
tice and  has  handled  important  and  in- 
volved cases  in  which  his  abilities  have 
been  pitted  against  those  of  many  of  the 
best  known  figures  of  the  Indiana  bar.  .  He 
has  practiced  in  many  counties  outside  his 
home  county  of  Warren,  and  has  been 
entrusted  with  much  litigation  in  Federal 
Courts,  so  that  he  brought  to  his  office  a 
mature  experience  that  could  not  but  be 
reflected  in  the  best  of  service  to  the  state 
and  its  people. 

Mr.  Stansbury  is  affiliated  with  the  Ma- 
sonic Order,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  is  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  In- 
dianapolis and  is  a  man  of  great  social 
charm  and  a  wide  range  of  interests.  He 
possesses  the  gift  of  oratory,  but  his  elo- 
quence has  only  adorned  solid  personal 
convictions  and  an  exceptional  flow  of 
ideas  that  have  made  him  a  popular  and 
instructive  speaker  on  many  occasions  out- 
side of  political  meetings  and  the  court- 
room. 

Mr.  Stansbury  married,  in  1888,  Miss 
Ella  Fisher.  She  was  before  her  marriage 
a  teacher  in  the  Williamsport  schools. 
They  have  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daugh- 
ter, both  now  married.  His  son  is  in  the 
office  with  his  father  and  the  daughter  is 
the  wife  of  Frank  T.  Stockton,  Dean  of  the 
University  of  South  Dakota. 

LEWIS  E.  FADELY.  For  about  forty 
years  the  name  Fadely  has  been  a  well 
known  and  honored  one  in  the  business 
district  of  Anderson,  its  chief  associations 
being  with  the  shoe  business.  A  son  of 
the  founder  of  the  business,  Lewis  E. 


1408 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Fadely  is  now  head  of  the  firm  Fadely  & 
Ulmer,  who  have  one  of  the  eligible  loca- 
tions on  the  Public  Square. 

Mr.  Fadely  was  born  a  few  miles  north 
of  Anderson,  at  Alexandria,  in  1879,  son 
of  J.  F.  and  Sarah  (Young)  Fadely.  He 
is  of  German  and  English  ancestry,  and 
the  family  first  settled  in  Virginia.  J.  F. 
Fadely  was  born  at  Middletown,  Indiana, 
on  a  farm  and  came  to  Anderson  forty- 
two  years  ago.  He  worked  in  the  shoe 
store  of  Levi  Thomas  for  several  years, 
then  for  a  couple  of  years  with  R.  H.  Wil- 
liams, and  finally  joined  his  modest  capi- 
tal and  experience  with  that  pioneer  An- 
derson business  man.  Major  Doxey,  mak- 
ing the  firm  Fadely  &  Doxey,  shoe 
merchants,  at  832  Main  Street  on  the  Pub- 
lic Square.  He  continued  in  business  with 
Major  Doxey  for  six  or  seven  years  and 
then  bought  out  his  partner  and  was  alone 
until  his  son  Lewis  reached  his  majority, 
when  the  firm  became  Fadely  &  Son. 

Lewis  E.  Fadely  grew  up  at  Anderson 
and  attended  the  grammar  and  high 
schools,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1896.  He  then  entered  Notre  Dame  Uni- 
versity and  was  graduated  in  1901,  special- 
izing in  commercial  law  and  general  busi- 
ness courses.  On  returning  to  Anderson 
he  entered  his  father's  store,  and  the  firm 
of  Fadely  &  Son  continued  until  February, 
1917,  when  J.  F.  Fadely  retired  from 
business  and  was  succeeded  in  the  firm 
by  Mr.  Ulmer.  Mr.  Fadely  has  various 
other  business  interests  at  Anderson,  is 
active  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Rotary  Club,  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  and  is  affiliated  with  Anderson 
Lodge  No.  209,  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks.  In  politics  he  is  inde- 
pendent. 

In  1902  Mr.  Fadely  married  Louella 
Payton,  who  died  in  1913,  leaving  one 
child,  Sarah  Jane,  born  in  1903.  In  1915 
Mr.  Fadely  married  Gladys  Hughes,  daugh- 
ter of  J.  M.  Hughes. 

ALVIN  THOMAS  KIRK,  of  Anderson,  is 
probably  known  to  every  farm  owner  in 
Madison  County  as  proprietor  of  one  of 
the  largest  farm  implement  agencies  in  that 
part  of  the  state.  Mr.  Kirk  grew  up  on  a 
farm  in  Madison  County,  and  has  always 
followed  some  mechanical  line  of  occupa- 
tion both  in  the  country  and  in  the  citv. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Lafayette 


Township  of  Madison  County,  May  31, 
1874,  son  of  Sylvester  and  Mary  A. 
(Thompson)  Kirk.  He  is  of  English  an- 
cestry. The  first  American  Kirks  located 
in  Virginia  and  Kentucky  in  pioneer 
times.  William  Kirk,  grandfather  of  A.  T. 
Kirk,  was  a  soldier  in  the  American  Revo- 
lution. Sylvester  Kirk  was  well  known  in 
Madison  County  as  a  successful  breeder 
and  raiser  of  horses,  farmer  and  proprie- 
tor of  a  saw  mill  and  fence  factory  at 
Florida  Station  in  Lafayette  Township. 
He  died  in  1912.  Alvin  T.  Kirk,  during 
the  winter  seasons  up  to  the  time  he  was 
thirteen,  attended  the  old  Free  School  near 
Florida  Station.  For  six  years  he  found 
ample  employment  during  the  summer  as- 
sisting his  father  in  running  the  engine 
for  the  sawmill  and  fence  factory.  Some- 
think  like  a  genius  in  the  handling  of  ma- 
chinery opened  up  an  important  and  use- 
ful service  to  him  and  for  fourteen  years 
he  operated  a  threshing  machine,  clover 
huller  and  fodder  shredder  all  over  that 
section  of  Madison  County.  Coming  to 
Anderson,  Mr.  Kirk  was  for  two  years  en- 
gineer under  Charles  Urban  in  the  plant 
of  the  American  Tin  Plate  Company.  He 
had  active  charge  of  two  immense  1,200- 
horse  power  Corliss  engines.  In  the  course 
of  his  work  he  met  with  an  accident,  one 
of  his  legs  being  broken.  After  recover- 
ing he  joined  the  Ames  Shovel  &  Tool  Com- 
pany at  North  Anderson,  and  was  engi- 
neer for  that  plant  seven  years. 

At  the  time  of  his  father's  death  he  left 
Anderson,  returned  to  the  country  and 
for  two  years  operated  a  portable  sawmill, 
taking  it  from  place  to  place  about  the 
country  and  sawing  barn  patterns  and 
house  patterns.  He  finally  sold  this  outfit 
and  in  September,  1914,  returning  to  An- 
derson, rented  the  site  at  204  East  Ninth 
Street,  where  he  is  today  and  opened  up 
a  stock  of  farming  implements.  He  has 
done  much  to  improve  that  location  and 
from  time  to  time  has  added  new  facilities 
and  service.  His  main  warehouse  is  240 
by  80  feet.  Mr.  Kirk  handles  the  famous 
John  Deere  farm  machinery,  is  local  agent 
for  the  United  Engine  Company  of  Lan- 
sing, Michigan,  and  is  agent  for  farm  trac- 
tors manufactured  by  the  Case  &  Water- 
loo Tractor  Company.  He  also  sells  the 
Madison  automobiles.  His  territory  of 
business  extends  all  over  Madison  County. 
Mr.  Kirk  also  operates  a  harness  factory, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


1409 


and  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Madison  Motor 
Works  and  Mentha  Peps  Company. 

In  1895  he  married  Miss  Florence  0. 
Dunham,  daughter  of  James  and  Eliza- 
beth Dunham.  Her  people  came  originally 
from  England  to  Virginia,  and  from  there 
moved  to  Lafayette  Township  of  Madi- 
son County  in  early  days.  Mr.  Kirk  is  a 
democrat  in  politics.  In  1917  he  was  can- 
didate for  the  city  council  from  the  Third 
Ward,  being  defeated  by  fifty-four  votes. 
He  is  affiliated  with  Anderson  Lodge  No. 
131,  Independent  order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
and  is  a  member  of  the.  United  Brethren 
Church. 

TRACY  W.  PROPHET.  Many  of  the 
brightest  young  business  men  of  America 
have  been  attracted  into  some  branch  of 
the  automobile  industry,  and  nowhere  is 
the  competition  keener  and  nowhere  does 
success  indicate  better  all  around  qualifi- 
cations. 

One  of  Anderson's  representatives  in 
this  business  is  Tracy  W.  Prophet,  pro- 
prietor of  the  Anderson  Garage,  .operating 
day  and  night  service  for  accessories  and 
general  repairs.  Mr.  Prophet  was  born 
at  Mattoon,  Illinois,  May  20,  1887,  son  of 
John  and  Martha  (Foster)  Prophet. 
When  he  was  seven  years  of  age  his  moth- 
er died,  and  two  years  later  his  father 
removed  to  the  vicinity  of  Kokomo,  In- 
diana, establishing  a  home  on  a  farm.  On 
this  farm  Tracy  W.  Prophet  spent  his 
years  working  in  proportion  to  his 
strength  in  the  fields  and  in  the  house  and 
attending  county  schools  until  he  had  fin- 
ished the  seventh  grade.  After  that  he 
began  earning  his  own  living.  At  Kokomo 
he  found  employment  in  a  glass  factory, 
starting  as  roustabout  and  finally  was  run- 
ning the  "layers,  tempering  glass."  In 
1906  he  left  the  glass  factory  to  become 
a  general  helper  with  the  Haynes  Automo- 
bile Company  at  Kokomo,  and  in  order  to 
learn  the  automobile  trade  he  was  will- 
ing to  accept  for  a  time  wages  of  only  fifty 
cents  a  day.  He  kept  increasing  his  pro- 
ficiency and  for  two  years  was  assigned 
to  the  delicate  and  responsible  position  of 
repairing  motors.  Leaving  Kokomo,  he 
spent  eight  months  with  the  automobile 
firm  of  the  Rider  Lewis  Company  at  Mim- 
cie,  and  in  1909  came  to  Anderson  and  for 
two  years  was  with  the  Buqkeye  Manu- 
facturing Company,  in  charge  of  its  mo- 


tor department.  After  that  for  three 
years  he  was  repair  man  for  the  Auto  Inn 
Garage.  All  this  time  Mr.  Prophet  was 
laboring  with  a  view  to  the  future,  had 
exercised  the  greatest  thrift  in  handling 
his  wages,  and  his  capital  finally  enabled 
him  to  purchase  the  Anderson  Garage,  at 
124  East  Ninth  Street.  He  bought  this  prop- 
erty on  March  17,  1915,  and  in  April,  1918, 
bought  a  home  at  1224  West  Ninth  Street, 
He  has  been  keeping  the  service  of  his 
garage  up  to  the  highest  standard  and  im- 
proving the  business  in  every  department 
for  the  past  three  years.  He  now  has  seven 
men  in  his  employ,  and  does  the  largest 
automobile  repair  business  in  the  city.  He 
also  has  the  agency  for  the  Hudson  and 
Dort  cars.  Mr.  Prophet  is  a  stockholder 
in  the  Anderson  Corporation,  the.  Mentha 
Peps  Company  and  the  Madison  Remedial 
Loan  Association. 

In  1908  he  married  Cecile  McDaniel, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Hattie  McDaniel 
of  Kokomo.  They  have  two  children 
Mildred  Rowena,  born  in  1912,  and  Wil- 
liam Russell,  born  in  1915.  Mr.  Prophet 
is  a  democrat  in  politics,  is  affiliated  with 
Kokomo  Lodge  No.  309,  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men,  and  with  the  Masonic  order, 
and  is  a  man  of  genial  social  nature  and 
everywhere  recognized  for  his  unusual 
push  and  ability  in  business. 

FRANK  R.  BROWN  has  won  a  creditable 
position  in  business  affairs  at  Anderson, 
where  for  many  years  he  was  one  of  the 
genial  and  capable  officers  in  a  local  bank 
and  where  he  is  now  sole  proprietor  of 
Brown's  shoe  store,  a  business  which  he 
has  developed  to  large  and  important  pro- 
portions as  one  of  the  principal  supply 
centers  for  footwear  in  Madison  County. 

Mr.  Brown  was  born  at  Anderson,  De- 
cember 11,  1865,  a  son  of  Henry  C.  and 
Minerva  (Guisinger)  Brown.  He  is  of  Eng- 
lish and  French  ancestry.  The  Brown 
family  has  been  in  America  for  genera- 
tions, and  from  their  original  settlement 
in  Virginia  they  gradually  came  westward 
until  they  found  permanent  lodgment  in 
Indiana.  Henry  C.  Brown,  who  is  now  liv- 
ing retired  at  Anderson,  was  a  dry  goods 
merchant  there  for  many  years,  served 
on  the  City  Council  and  is  now  a  member 
of  the  City  Health  Board.  Politically  he 
is  a  democrat. 

Frank  R.   Brown  was  educated  in  the 


1410 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


public  schools  of  Anderson,  graduating 
from  high  school  in  1885,  and  then  after  a 
course  in  Eastmans  Business  College  at 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  returned  home 
to  take  employment  with  the  Citizens  Bank 
at  Anderson.  He  went  into  that  institution 
as  bookkeeper  and  remained  there  between 
sixteen  and  seventeen  years,  being  pro- 
moted to  paying  teller  and  finally  to 
cashier.  In  1901  Mr.  Brown  left  the  bank 
to  take  up  the  shoe  business  with  G.  W. 
Hewitt,  under  the  firm  name  of  Brown  & 
Hewitt.  At  that  time  they  established  their 
store  at  21  East  Ninth  Street,  and  some  of 
his  first  patrons  still  find  Mr.  Brown  at  that 
establishment,  where  he  has  been  continu- 
ously in  business  for  over  fifteen  years. 
In  December,  1917,  Mr.  Brown  acquired 
the  interest  of  his  partner  and  is  now  sole 
owner  of  a  store  which  is  largely  patronized 
both  by  city  and  country  trade. 

In  1892  Mr.  Brown  married  Marguerite 
Clark,  daughter  of  Alexander  and  Eliza- 
beth (Berry)  Clark,  of  Anderson.  They 
have  one  son,  Bobert  R.,  born  in  1897,  and 
now  a  bookkeeper  in  the  Farmers  Trust 
Company  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Brown  has  made  a  successful  career 
for  himself,  and  altogether  by  hard  and 
earnest  work  and  relying  upon  his  own 
resources  and  good  judgment.  He  is  one 
of  the  public  spirited  citizens  of  Anderson, 
is  a  democratic  voter,  is  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks. 

EDWIN  D.  LOGSDON.  of  Indianapolis,  is 
one  of  the  largest  individual  coal  operators 
in  the  state.  The  concerns  of  which  he  is 
the  head  produce  an  average  of  7,000  tons 
daily.  Twenty  years  ago  Mr.  Logsdon  was 
operating  a  small  retail  coal  yard  in 
Indianapolis. 

His  father,  Lawrence  Logsdon.  wV>o  was 
for  many  years  prominent  in  the  life  and 
affairs  of  the  capital  city  of  Indiana,  was 
born  in  Kentucky  March 'l5,  1832,  and  died 
on  his  eighty-fifth  birthday  in  the  sprinsr  of 
1917.  He  was  a  great-grandson  of  William 
Logsdon,  who  came  from  Ireland  in  colo- 
nial times  and  settled  in  Virginia.  Not  long 
afterwards  the  family  established  a  home 
in  Kentucky,  near  the  old  haunts  of  Daniel 
Boone.  There  for  generations  the  Logsdons 
lived  and  flourished,  and  many  of  them  are 
still  found  in  that  section. 


The  late  Lawrence  Logsdon  was  one  of 
the  seventeen  children  of  William  Logsdon. 
He  grew  up  in  Kentucky,  but  came  to 
Indiana  in  1854  on  account  of  family  dif- 
ferences over  politics,  he  being  for  the 
Union  while  the  others  were  in  active  sym- 
pathy with  the  ideas  of  secession  and  state 
rights.  On  coming  to  Indiana  he  located 
in  what  is  now  a  part  of  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  split  poplar  rails  and  made 
fences  at  Beech  Grove.  When  the  old 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad  was 
built  he  became  a  sub-contractor  in  its 
construction  and  also  helped  build  the 
Indianapolis  division  of  what  is  now  the 
Big  Four  Railroad.  The  means  acquired 
by  contracting  enabled  him  to  embark  in 
brick  manufacturing.  Many  public  build- 
ings and  dwellings  of  Indianapolis  contain 
material  made  in  his  brick  yard.  He  was 
a  very  congenial  spirit,  and  was  every- 
where known  subsequently  as  "Larry" 
Logsdon.  When  a  boy  he  had  only  limited 
educational  advantages,  but  this  defect  he 
partly  remedied  in  later  years  by  extensive 
reading  and  close  observation.  Honest, 
sympathetic  and  thoroughly  just,  he  became 
the  adviser  of  many  and  the  court  of  ar- 
bitrament in  settling  neighborhood  differ- 
ences. As  is  often  the  case  his  sympathetic 
disposition  sometimes  led  to  too  much  self 
sacrifice  for  his  own  good.  He  was  a  Bap- 
tist in  religion  and  a  republican  in  politics. 
Lawrence  Lo<?sdon  marr;ed  Catherine 
Denny  at  Indianapolis.  Of  their  seven 
children  two  died  in  infancy  and  four  are 
still  living. 

Edwin  D.  Lossdon  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis July  9,  1866.  and  acouired  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city. 
The  first  chapter  in  his  business  career  was 
his  work  in  aiding  in  the  construction  of 
the  Belt  Railroad.  In  1894  he  took  up  the 
manufacture  of  brooms,  but  ten  years  later 
started  his  retail  coal  business.  This  was 
the  nucleus  around  which  he  concentrated 
his  abilities,  and  with  growing  experience 
has  risen  from  a  small  retailer  to  one  of 
the  chief  producers  of  coal  in  Indiana. 

Mr.  Loorsdon  at  the  present  time  is  presi- 
dent of  the  following  corporations:  Peo- 
ple's Coal  and  Cement  Company,  Indian 
Creek  Coal  and  Mining  Company,  S.  W. 
Little  Coal  Company,  Knox  County  Four- 
Vein  Coal  Company.  Minshall  Coal  Com- 
pany, and  the  Indianapolis  Sand  and 
Gravel  Company. 


• 


• 


1410 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIAXAXS 


public  schools  of  Anderson,  graduating 
from  high  school  in  1885,  and  then  after  a 
course  in  Eastmans  Business  College  at 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  returned  home 
to  take  employment  with  the  Citizens  Bank 
at  Anderson.  He  went  into  that  institution 
as  bookkeeper  and  remained  there  between 
sixteen  and  seventeen  years,  being  pro- 
moted to  paying  teller  and  finally  to 
cashier.  In  1!)()1  Mr.  Brown  left  the 'bank 
to  take  up  the  shoe  business  with  G.  \V. 
Hewitt,  under  the  firm  name  of  Brown  & 
Hewitt.  At  that  time  they  established  their 
store  at  21  East  Ninth  Street,  and  some  of 
his  first  patrons  still  find  Mr.  Brown  at  that 
establishment,  where  he  has  been  continu- 
ously in  business  for  over  fifteen  years. 
In  December,  1!)17,  Mr.  Brown  acquired 
the  interest  of  his  partner  and  is  now  sole 
owner  of  a  store  which  is  largely  patronized 
both  by  city  and  country  trade. 

In  1S!)2  Mr.  Brown  married  Marguerite 
Clark,  daughter  of  Alexander  and  Eliza- 
beth (Berry)  Clark,  of  Anderson.  They 
have  one  son,  Robert  R..  born  in  1S97.  and 
now  a  bookkeeper  in  the  Farmers  Trust 
Company  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Brown  has  made  a  successful  career 
for  himself,  and  altogether  by  hard  and 
earnest  work  and  relying  upon  his  own 
resources  and  good  judgment.  Up  is  one 
of  the  public  spirited  citizens  of  Anderson, 
is  a  democratic  voter,  is  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks. 

EDWIN  1).  I,o(;snox.  of  Indianapolis,  is 
one  of  the  largest  individual  coal  operators 
in  Ihe  state.  The  concerns  of  which  he  is 
the  head  produce  an  averaire  of  7.000  tons 
daily.  Twenty  years  ago  Mr.  Logsdon  was 
operating  a  small  retail  coal  yard  in 
Indianapolis. 

His  father.  Lawrence  Logsdon.  w''n  was 
for  many  years  prominent  in  the  life  and 
affairs  of  the  capital  city  of  Indiana,  was 
horn  in  Kentucky  March  15,  18:12,  and  died 
on  his  eighty-fifth  birthday  in  the  sprinor  of 
1917.  He  was  a  great-grandson  of  William 
Logsdon.  who  came  from  Ireland  in  colo- 
nial times  and  settled  in  Virginia.  Not  long 
afterwards  the  family  established  a  home 
in  Kentucky,  near  the  old  haunts  of  Daniel 
Boone.  There  for  generations  the  Losrsdons 
lived  and  flourished,  and  many  of  them  are 
still  found  in  that  section. 


The  late  Lawrence  Logsdon  was  one  of 
the  seventeen  children  of  William  Logsdon. 
He  grew  up  in  Kentucky,  but  came  to 
Indiana  in  1854  on  account  of  family  dif- 
ferences over  politics,  he  being  for  the 
I'n ion  while  the  others  were  in  active  sym- 
pathy with  the  ideas  of  secession  and  state 
rights.  On  coining  to  Indiana  he  located 
in  what  is  now  a  part  of  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  split  poplar  rails  and  made 
fences  at  Beech  Grove.  When  the  old 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad  was 
built  he  became  a  sub-contractor  in  its 
construction  and  also  helped  build  the 
Indianapolis  division  of  what  is  now  the 
Big  Four  Railroad.  The  means  acquired 
by  contracting  enabled  him  to  embark  in 
brick  manufacturing.  Many  public  build- 
ings and  dwellings  of  Indianapolis  contain 
material  made  in  his  brick  yard.  He  was 
a  very  congenial  spirit,  and  was  every- 
where known  subsequently  as  "Larry"' 
Logsdon.  When  a  boy  he  had  only  limited 
educational  advantages,  but  this  defect  he 
partly  remedied  in  later  years  by  extensive 
reading  and  dose  observation.  Honest, 
sympathetic  and  thoroughly  just,  he  became 
the  adviser  of  many  and  the  court  of  ar- 
bitrament in  settling  neighborhood  differ- 
ences. As  is  often  the  case  his  sympathetic 
disposition  sometimes  led  to  too  much  self 
sacrifice  for  his  own  good.  He  was  a  Bap- 
tist in  religion  and  a  republican  in  politics. 
Lawrence  Lo»sdon  marred  Catherine 
Denny  at  Indianapolis.  Of  their  seven 
children  two  died  in  infancy  and  four  are 
still  living. 

Edwin  D.  London  was  born  at  Tndian- 
anolis  July  9.  l^fifi.  and  acunired  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city. 
The  first  chapter  in  his  business  career  was 
his  work  in  aiding  in  the  construction  of 
the  Belt  Railrond.  In  1S94  he  took  up  the 
manufacture  of  brooms,  but  ten  years  later 
started  his  retail  coal  business.  This  was 
the  nucleus  around  which  he  concentrated 
his  abilities,  and  with  growing  experience 
has  risen  from  a  small  retailer  to  one  of 
the  chief  producers  of  coal  in  Indiana. 

Mr.  Lo<rsdon  at  the  present  time  is  presi- 
dent of  the  following  corporations:  Pea- 
pie's  Coal  and  Cement  Company,  Indian 
Creek  Coal  and  Minin?  Company,  S.  W. 
Little  Coal  Company,  Knox  County  Four- 
Vein  Coal  Companv.  Minshall  Coal  Com- 
pany, and  the  Indianapolis  Sand  and 
Gravel  Company. 


• 


U35WW 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1411 


Mr.  Logsdon  has  rendered  much  valuable 
service  in  republican  politics  and  in  city 
affairs.  In  1899,  1901  and  1903  he  was 
chosen  chairman  of  the  republican  com- 
mittee for  the  City  of  Indianapolis.  From 
1901  to  1903  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Public  Works  the  city  was  indebted  to  him 
for  the  foresight  and  judgment  he  afforded 
in  framing  the  present  interurban  railway 
franchises.  Mr.  Logsdon  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  fraternity  and  the  Columbia 
Club  and  the  Maennerchor. 

October  10,  1888,  he  married  Miss  Lillie 
B.  Lynch.  They  have  four  daughters: 
Helen  Lucile,  Mrs.  Ray  Macy;  Marie  Vir- 
ginia, Mrs.  Earl  "W.  Kurtze;  Elizabeth, 
Mrs.  James  Hamlin ;  and  Catherine. 

CAROLINE  SCOTT  HARRISON,  wife  of 
President  Benjamin  Harrison,  and  first 
president-general  of  the  National  Society 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, was  born  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  October  1, 
1832,  and  was  baptized  Caroline  Lavinia 
Scott.  Her  father,  John  Witherspoon 
Scott,  was  descended  from  John  Scott, 
Laird  of  -Arras,  who  came  to  America  in  the 
seventeen  century,  and  located  in  Penn: 
sylvania,  founding  a  family  of  Presby- 
terians and  scholars.  Dr.  John  Wither- 
spoon Scott  taught  for  fifty-seven  years,  at 
Washington  College,  Miami  University, 
Belmont  College,  Oxford  Female  Semi- 
nary, Hanover  College,  etc.  He  married 
Miss  Mary  Neal,  whose  father,  an  English- 
man, was  connected  with  the  old  Moymen- 
sing  Bank  at  Philadelphia. 

Caroline  was  the  second  child  of  this 
marriage.  She  received  an  unusually  good 
education  for  a  girl  of  that  period,  and 
graduated  at  Oxford  Seminary  in  1852 — 
the  same  year  that  Benjamin  Harrison 
graduated  at  the  university  there.  She 
taught  music  for  a  year  at  Carrollton,  Ken- 
tucky, and,  on  October  20,  1853,  they  two 
were  married.  They  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis, where  Mr.  Harrison  entered  the 
practice  of  law,  and  Mrs.  Harrison  entered 
on  the  duties  of  home,  church  and  char- 
itable work  of  the  city.  She  was  for  thirty- 
two  years  a  member  of  the  board  of  man- 
agers of  the  Indianapolis  Orphan's  Home. 

Mrs.  Harrison  had  an  unostentatious  but 
influential  part  in  the  social  and  literary 
life  of  the  city,  and  throughout  her  hus- 
band's official  life  showed  herself  compe- 
tent for  the  emergencies  of  all  social  posi- 


tions; but  never  lost  her  interest  in  re- 
ligious and  charitable  work.  She  died  at 
Washington,  October  25,  1892,  worthy  of 
James  Whitcomb  Riley  's  tribute  to  her : 

"Yet  with  the  faith  she  knew 

We  see  her  still, 
Even  as  here  she  stood — 
All  that  was  pure  and  good 
And  sweet  in  womanhood — 
God's  will  her  will." 

A  memorial  sketch  of  Mrs.  Harrison  was 
published  in  1908,  by  Harriet  Mclntire 
Foster.  See  also  sketch  in  National  Cy- 
clopedia of  Biography,  Vol.  1,  p.  135. 

CHARLES  T.  SANSBERRY.  A  foremost 
member  of  the  Anderson  bar  is  Charles  T. 
Sansberry,  who  was  born  in  this  city  in 
1874.  His  parents  were  James  W.  and 
Margaret  (Moore)  Sansberry,  old  names 
in  the  United  States.  The  Sansberrys  were 
of  French  Huguenot  ancestry  and  they  took 
part  in  the  Revolutionary  war  from  North 
Carolina  and  Virginia,  and  later  pioaeer 
bearers  of  this  honorable  name  carried  it 
to  the  Northwest  Territory. 

James  W.  Sansberry,  who  became  of 
great  prominence  in  professional  and  pub- 
lic life  in  Indiana,  came  to  Anderson  in 
1851.  He  was  born  in  Ripley  County, 
Ohio,  in  1830,  and  died  at  Anderson  in 
1901.  Possessing  great  legal  talent,  he 
soon  became  known  in  his  profession  and 
was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Madi- 
son County,  and,  an  ardent  democrat,  was 
many  times  honored  by  his  party  and  in 
an  important  political  campaign  was  elect- 
ed to  the  State  Senate.  He  was  a  man 
of  force  and  character,  and  his  memory  is 
preserved  in  the  county  and  state  with 
others  whose  life  achievements  have  been 
notable. 

Charles  T.  Sansberry  attended  the 
Anderson  public  schools,  and  later  '  the 
Michigan  Military  Academy  at  Orchard 
Lake,  Michigan,  and  in  1893  matriculated 
at  Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville,  Indi- 
ana. For  some  time  afterward  he  was  in- 
terested in  newspaper  work  and  then 
entered  the  Indiana  Law  School  at  Indian- 
apolis, from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1898. 

Mr.  Sansberry  immediately  entered  into 
practice  at  Anderson  and  has  remained 
here,  and  with  the  exception  of  assistance 
given  his  father  at  times  has  always  been 


1412 


IN7DIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


alone  in  the  profession.  He  has  met  with 
much  success  and  has  satisfactorily  handled 
some  of  the  most  important  cases  before 
the  courts  in  recent  years. 

In  1895  Mr.  Sansberry  was  married  to 
Miss  Maud  V.  Mahorney,  who  is  a  daugh- 
ter of  Alexander  C.  and  Elizabeth  (Ep- 
person) Mahorney,  the  former  of  whom  is 
a  merchant  at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sansberry  have  one  son, 
James  C.,  who  was  born  in  1897.  He  was 
a  student  of  the  Massachusetts  College  of 
Technology  at  Cambridge,  and  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  United  States  into  wai  was 
commissioned  and  remained  in  service  until 
peace  was  declared.  In  1905  he  graduated 
from  a  Virginia  military  school. 

Mr.  Sansberry  has  but  little  political 
ambition.  He  served  as  city  attorney  of 
Anderson  from  1910  to  1914,  but  otherwise 
has  devoted  himself  pretty  closely  to  his 
professional  and  other  important  interests, 
one  of  which  is  his  magnificent  farm  of 
400  acres,  on  which  he  raises  blooded  stock, 
making  a  specialty  of  Black  Angus  cattle. 
Many  men  of  wide  reading  and  intellectual 
pursuits  take  special  interest  along  certain 
lines,  and  the  fortunate  visitor  who  is 
permitted  to  see  Mr.  Sansberry 's  libraries 
and  old  records  and  look  over  his  choice 
collection  of  relics  and  curiosities  could 
easily  be  convinced  that  the  pioneer  his- 
tory of  this  state  gives  him  pleasant  hours 
of  study. 

JESSE  HICKMAN  MELLETT.  Within  the 
last  ten  years  the  City  of  Anderson  has 
enjoyed  a  remarkable  period  of  growth 
and  development.  It  will  be  recalled  that 
Anderson's  first  great  strides  toward  a 
front  rank  among  Indiana  cities  were  made 
closely  following  the  natural  gas  boom  of 
the  '80s.  After  that  subsided  there  was  a 
period  of  more  or  less  depression,  but 
about  the  beginning  of  the  present  century 
there  occurred  not  so  much  a  revival  as  a 
permanent  development  so  that  in  every 
successive  year  new  industries  have  been 
added,  and  some  of  the  best  known  in- 
dustrial institutions  of  the  middle  west 
have  their  home  at  Anderson. 

It  has  been  regarded  as  a  matter  of 
peculiarly  good  fortune  that  the  head  of 
the  municipal  government  during  the  past 
four  years  has  been  a  man  capable  of 
utilizing  and  directing  the  resources  and 
influences  at  work  toward  a  municipal  and 


civic  reconstruction  of  Anderson,  corre- 
sponding in  this  department  to  the  great 
industrial  prosperity. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Mellett  was  nominated  for 
mayor  of  Anderson  in  February,  1913. 
With  a  substantial  majority  he  went  into 
office  for  the  four-year  term,  and  while 
it  would  not  be  possible  to  enumerate  in 
detail  all  the  achievements  of  the  munici- 
pality during  these  four  years,  a  few  should 
be  mentioned  as  an  appropriate  mark  of 
credit  to  Mr.  Mellett  personally.  During 
his  administration  the  municipal  light 
plant  and  water  plant  were  rebuilt  at  a 
cost  of  $250,000.  The  capacity  of  these 
public  utilities  was  doubled,  and  by  the  in- 
stallation of  a  complete  duplicate  set  of 
machinery  the  services  practically  guaran- 
teed continuity  and  its  adequacy  for  all 
needs  and  demands.  The  Anderson  of 
today  is  not  the  Anderson  of  four  or  five 
years  ago,  as  occasional  visitors  to  the 
city  at  once  recognize.  One  of  the  con- 
spicuous improvements  has  been  the  crea- 
tion of  a  general  civic  plan,  many  of 
the  items  of  which  have  already  been"  car- 
ried out.  Seventy-five  thousand  dollars 
have  been  expended  in  developing  the 
civic  center  idea,  the  remodeling  and  ex- 
tension of  city  buildings,  the  lighting 
of  the  public  streets  with  cluster  light 
system,  the  establishment  of  tennis  courts, 
gymnasium,  playgrounds,  and  today  the 
children  of  the  city  have  four  playgrounds 
in  different  parts  of  the  city  at  their  dis- 
posal. Mayor  Mellett  was  directly  re- 
sponsible for  creating  the  new  city  boule- 
vard system,  whereby  Anderson  now  has 
ten  miles  of  boulevard,  connecting  the  busi- 
ness district  with  the  outlying  factory 
centers.  During  his  administration  the 
water  system  has  been  extended  to  the 
outskirts  of  the  city.  Besides  the  material 
achievements  Mayor  Mellett 's  administra- 
tion has  been  distinguished  by  thorough 
though  not  radical  or  fanatical  law  en- 
forcement program.  He  has  cleaned  up 
the  city  and  kept  it  clean,  though  he  has 
not  and  does  not  pose  as  a  reformer,  and 
his  policy  has  not  always  satisfied  the  theo- 
retical people  who  are  committed  to  the 
carrying  out  of  the  present  moral  programs 
without  regard  to  consistency  or  reason. 
On  the  whole  his  administration  gave  gen- 
eral satisfaction,  and  the  best  proof  of 
this  was  that  in  1917  he  was  renominated 
by  a  vote  three  times  as  large  as  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


1413 


given  to  his  opponent  in  the  rival  party. 
Mayor  Mellett  is  a  practical  business  man, 
and  he  took  the  mayor 's  office  at  a  personal 
sacrifice,  and  was  by  no  means  personally 
eager  to  accept  a  renomination,  taking  it 
from  a  sense  of  responsibility. 

Mr.  Mellett  is  a  native  of  Madison 
County,  Indiana,  born  in  Pipe  Creek  Town- 
ship in  1882,  a  son  of  Jesse  and  Margaret 
(Ring)  Mellett.  The  Mellett  family  is  of 
French  ancestry,  the  first  of  the  name  set- 
tling in  the  Virginia  colony.  In  the  ma- 
ternal line  the  Rings  were  of  Revolutionary 
stock.  Jesse  Mellett,  Sr.,  was  for  many 
years  a  successful  school  teacher,  and  was 
one  of  the  early  newspaper  men  of  Elwood, 
where  he  acquired  an  interest  in  the  Free 
Press  and  Leader  and  in  1892  issued  the 
first  daily  edition  of  that  paper.  J.  H. 
Mellett  is  one  of  seven  brothers,  and  all 
except  him  have  followed  the  newspaper 
profession  and  some  have  attained  high 
places  in  journalism. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Mellett  attended  the  common 
schools  of  Elwood,  also  the  high  school, 
and  as  a  boy  found  a  place  in  a  bake  shop 
at  Elwood,  where  he  served  a  thorough 
apprenticeship  at  the  business.  For  several 
years  he  traveled  about  the  country  work- 
ing as  a  journeyman,  but  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  started  a  bakery  of  his  own 
at  Anderson.  This  business  has  steadily 
grown  and  prospered  and  today  the  J.  H. 
Mellett  wholesale  bakery  is  the  largest  in 
the  city  and  its  goods  and  products  are 
shipped  all  over  the  surrounding  territory. 
Mr.  Mellett  is  also  a  stockholder  in  various 
other  local  enterprises. 

Politically  he  has  always  been  identified 
with  the  democratic  party.  His  first  im- 
portant office  was  as  representative  from 
the  first  ward  in  the  City  Cbuncil,  to 
which  he  was  elected  in  1909  and  served 
foiir  years,  going  from  that  office  into  the 
chair  of  mayor. 

Mr.  Mellett  has  filled  all  the  chairs  and 
received  the  honors  of  the  Anderson 
branches  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks,  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Anderson  Club,  the 
Anderson  Country  Club,  the  Rotary  Club 
and  Jovians  Club.  His  popularity  as  a 
citizen  has  brought  many  honors  within 
his  reach,  and  recently  he  might  have  had 
the  nomination  for  congressman  from  the 


Eighth  District,  but  he  was  emphatic  in 
declining  the  opportunity. 

In  1902  he  married  Miss  Mary  Wallace, 
daughter  of  Morris  and  Honoria  Wallace  of 
Anderson.  They  have  one  daughter,  Mar- 
garet, born  in  1903. 

FRANK  H.  BKOCK  is  sole  proprietor  of 
the  Larrimore  Furniture  Company,  one  of 
the  largest  concerns  of  its  kind  in  the  City 
of  Anderson.  Mr.  Brock  began  his  busi- 
ness career  in  early  life  as  a  clerk,  and  by 
dint  of  much  industry,  careful  study  of 
business  details  and  thrifty  management 
of  his  own  resources  has  achieved  inde- 
pendence and  a  high  place  in  the  civic 
regard  of  this  community  though  he  is  still 
a  man  under  forty. 

Mr.  Brock  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Springfield,  Ohio,  in  1879.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
English  ancestry.  His  great-grandfather, 
William  Brock,  came  from  Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  1830,  and  settled  in  North 
Carolina.  Mr.  Brock's  grandparents 
drove  from  North  Carolina  to  Greene 
County,  Ohio,  in  the  early  days.  Mr. 
Brock  is  a  son  of  Joseph  H.  and  Rachel  E. 
(Hutslar)  Brock,  both  of  whom  are  now 
living  retired  in  Fayette  County,  Ohio. 
His  mother  was  born  while  her  parents 
were  on  the  road  from  their  old  home  in 
Virginia  to  Greene  County,  Ohio.  His  an- 
cestors acquired  government  land  in  Ohio, 
and  the  old  homestead  is  still  owned  by 
the  descendants.  They  were  people  of 
much  enterprise  and  from  clay  on  their 
own  land  made  brick  which  entered  into 
the  construction  of  a  home  of  colonial 
architecture. 

Frank  H.  Brock  was  educated  in  local 
schools  and  in  the  high  school  at  Jeffer- 
sonville,  Ohio,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1898.  The  next  six  months  he  spent 
working  in  a  general  store  at  Jefferson- 
ville,  and  in  1899  came  to  Indiana  and 
located  at  Warren,  in  Huntington  County. 
Here  for  four  years  he  was  a  salesman  in 
the  general  store  of  W.  B.  Larrimore.  In 
1903  he  came  to  Anderson  and  bought  a 
half  interest  in  the  furniture  house  of 
W.  B.  Larrimore.  He  had  made  in  the 
meantime  good  use  of  his  opportunities  to 
acquire  a  thorough  knowledge  of  business 
and  had  also  saved  some  capital.  In  1911 
he  bought  the  interest  of  his  partner  and 
is  now  sole  proprietor,  but  continues  the 
business  under  the  old  title.  He  has  a  gen- 


1414 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


eral  furniture  house  at  21-23  West 
Eleventh  Street,  his  stock  and  display 
rooms  using  three  floors  of  the  building. 
Mr.  Brock  has  also  acquired  some  real 
estate  interests  in  the  city. 

In  1902  he  married  Miss  Helen  Larri- 
more,  daughter  of  his  old  partner.  They 
have  two  children,  Esther  Ann,  aged  four- 
teen, and  Joseph  Hidy  aged  nine.  Mr. 
Brock  is  a  democrat  in  politics,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  member  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks. 

JOHN  SHERMAN  FRAZIER.  One  of  In- 
diana's important  industries  now  com- 
pletely turned  over  to  the  service  of  the 
Government  in  the  preparation  of  food 
stuffs  for  the  armies  in  the  field  is  the  Fra- 
zier  Packing  Company  of  Elwood.  This 
is  a  large  and  profitable  business,  built  up 
from  small  beginnings,  and  at  first  was 
exclusively  a  tomato  preserving  plant,  but 
has  gradually  been  expanded  in  the  course 
of  twenty  years  to  include  various  prod- 
ucts. 

The  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  com- 
pany is  John  Sherman  Frazier,  whose 
father,  Oliver  B.  Frazier,  was  the  founder 
of  the  business  and  now  president  of  the 
company.  Oliver  B.  Frazier  married  Jose- 
phine MoMahon.  The  Fraziers  are  Scotch 
people  who  settled  in  Massachusetts,  while 
the  McMahons  were  early  settlers  in  North 
Carolina. 

John  Sherman  Frazier  was  born  at  El- 
wood  in  1887,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  and  graduated  from  high  school  in 
1906.  In  1901  he  had  begun  working  for 
his  father  and  learning  the  business  of 
tomato  canning  and  packing.  The  Frazier 
Packing  Company  was  established  in  1899. 
In  1907  John  S.  Frazier  was  elected  sec- 
retary and  treasurer  of  the  company.  Un- 
til 1907  the  plant  continued  to  can  toma- 
toes, but  since  that  year  the  production 
has  been  expanded  and  several  well-known 
brands  of  foods  have  been  made  by  the 
company,  including  the  Frazier  tomato 
catsup,  chili  sauce,  soups  and  pork  and 
beans.  Since  the  plant  was  turned  over 
to  the  Government  facilities  have  been  em- 
ployed primarily  for  the  canning  of  pork 
and  beans.  About  500  persons  are  em- 
ployed during  the  busy  season  and  the 


plant  extends  over  ground  including  some 
five  or  six  acres. 

In  1911  John  S.  Frazier  married  Ruby 
Morris,  daughter  of  John  H.  and  Rhoda 
(Wellman)  Morris,  of  Rushville,  Indiana. 
They  have  two  children,  Lydia,  born  in 
1912,  and  John  Oliver,  born  in  1914.  Mr. 
Frazier  is  a  republican  in  politics  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order  at  El- 
wood,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

The  company  has  membership  in  the 
National  Canners'  Association,  and  Mr. 
John  S.  Frazier  was  elected  chairman  of 
the  catsup  section  of  the  association,  an 
office  he  fills  at  the  present  time. 

WILLIAM  A.  FAUST  is  a  merchant  and 
business  man  of  substantial  connections 
and  interests  at  Elwood,  and  for  fourteen 
years  has  been  junior  partner  in  the  well- 
known  firm  of  Records  &  Faust  of  that 
city. 

Mr.  Faust  was  born  on  a  farm  August 
21,  1879,  at  Shively  Corners  in  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  a  son  of  William  Perry 
and  Lucinda  (Lee)  Faust.  He  is  of  Ger- 
man Pennsylvania  stock.  He  was  reared 
on  a  farm,  had  a  country  school  educa- 
tion, and  developed  both  mind  and  muscle 
by  the  duties  of  the  homestead  until  he 
was  seventeen.  He  then  started  out  to 
earn  his  own  way  in  the  world  and  with- 
out friends  or  money  to  back  him  has  made 
steady  progress  until  he  might  properly 
be  said  to  have  fulfilled  those  early  ambi- 
tions. His  first  employment  away  from 
the  farm  was  as  a  "gather  boy"  in  glass 
factories,  spending  two  years  at  Frank- 
ton  and  two  years  at  Loogootee.  He  ac- 
quired mercantile  experience  by  working 
as  a  clerk  for  two  years  in  the  house  of 
R.  L.  Leeson  &  Son.  About  that  time  he 
suffered  loss  of  health,  and  had  to  spend 
seven  months  recuperating  at  Los  Angeles 
and  vicinity.  Returning  to  Elwood,  he 
went  to  work  for  the  clothing  house  of 
Beitman  &  Greathouse.  He  was  with  them 
three  years,  and  then  started  in  business 
for  himself  in  1904  as  member  of  the  firm 
Records  &  Faust  at  119  South  Anderson 
Street.  These  men  have  been  successfully 
associated  in  business  now  for  fourteen 
years  and  have  the  highest  class  men's 
haberdashery  and  clothing  store  in  El- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1415 


wood,  and  have  a  trade  from  that  city 
and  surrounding  country  and  even  from 
adjoining  counties. 

Mr.  Faust  in  the  meantime  has  acquired 
other  interests  and  is  a  stockholder  and 
director  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  El- 
wood  and  owns  a  farm  of  150  acres  three 
miles  from  that  town. 

December  25,  1901,  he  married  Julia 
Cline,  daughter  of  William  B.  and  Ivy 
(Ferine)  Cline  of  Lebanon,  Ohio.  They 
have  three  children :  William  Byron,  born 
in  1903;  Mary  Louise,  born  in  1907;  and 
Evelyn,  born  in  1917. 

Mr.  Faust  has  long  been  a  leader  in  the 
local  democratic  party  in  Madison  County. 
He  served  as  township  trustee  four  years 
from  1908  to  1912.  He  was  also  candidate 
for  county  treasurer  on  the  democratic 
ticket  and  came  within  ninety-seven  votes 
of  being  elected.  In  fraternal  matters  he 
is  prominent,  especially  in  the  Fraternal 
Order  of  Eagles.  He  served  as  president 
of  Aerie  No.  201  at  Elwood  in  1917  and 
in  1918  was  delegate  to  the  National  Con- 
vention of  the  order  at  Pittsburgh.  He  is 
also  affiliated  with  Lodge  No.  368,  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  Elwood 
Lodge,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  past  con- 
sul of  the  Woodmen  of  the  World.  Mr. 
Faust  is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church. 

WILLIAM  FORTUNE.  It  was  twenty  years 
ago  in  1898  when  a  hundred  citizens  of 
Indianapolis,  headed  by  the  late  Benja- 
min Harrison,  presented  William  Fortune 
with  a  loving  cup  inscribed:  "To  William 
Fortune  from  citizens  of  Indianapolis  in 
recognition  of  his  services  in  promoting  the 
general  welfare  of  the  city." 

Considering  the  important  services  on 
which  the  presentation  was  based  it  is 
«asy  to  understand  the  reason  for  such  a 
public  testimonial.  The  fact  becomes  the 
more  noteworthy  when  it  is  recalled  that 
William  Fortune  was  at  the  time  only 
thirty-five  years  of  age.  The  young  man 
who  thus  early  was  signally  honored  by 
his  fellow  citizens  has  continued  during 
the  subsequent  twenty  years  to  give  the 
best  of  his  energies  and  influence  to  the 
city  and  its  institutions,  and  in  the  prime 
of  his  years  William  Fortune  has  a  power 
and  usefulness  that  without  disparage- 
ment of  others  makes  him  one  of  the  fore- 
most Indianans  of  the  present  generation. 


He  is  a  native  of  Southern  Indiana, 
born  at  Boonville,  Warrick  County,  In- 
diana. May  27,  1863,  son  of  William  H. 
and  Mary*  (St.  Clair)  Fortune.  Through 
his  mother  he  is  of  French  and  Scotch  de- 
scent from  the  St.  Clairs  of  Kentucky  and 
Virginia.  His  great-grandfather  was 
Raymond  St.  Clair  and  his  grandfather 
Isaac  St.  Clair.  In  the  paternal  line  the 
principal  names  are  Shoemaker  and  For- 
tune of  English  and  German  origin. 
Many  of  the  St.  Clairs  were  slave  owners, 
but  the  Kentucky  branch  of  the  family 
took  the  Union  side.  William  H.  Fortune 
was  one  of  the  first  to  enlist  in  Company 
A  of  the  First  Indiana  Cavalry,  and 
served  throughout  the  war.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1865  he  located  at  Murfreesboro, 
Tennessee,  but  soon  met  business  reverses 
which  caused  him  to  return  North.  The 
boyhood  of  William  Fortune  was  spent  at 
Paxton,  Illinois,  and  Seymour,  Shoals, 
Mitchell  and  Evansville  in  Indiana,  and 
from  the  age  of  nine  to  eighteen  at  his 
native  town  of  Boonville. 

It  was  through  the  avenue  of  a  print- 
ing office  and  newspaper  work  that  Wil- 
liam Fortune  came  into  the  larger  arena  of 
life's  affairs.  In  1876,  at  the  age  of  thir- 
teen he  was  apprenticed  in  the  printing 
office  of  the  Boonville  Standard.  M.  B. 
Crawford,  the  editor,  took  much  interest 
in.  training  the  boy  as  a  writer.  Before 
he  was  sixteen  he  was  doing  much  of  the 
editorial  work  of  the  paper.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  wrote  and  published  a  his- 
tory of  his  native  county.  From  the  profits 
of  this  he  was  able  to  provide  for  the  fam- 
ily, which  had  become  dependent  upon 
him. 

The  capital  city  has  known  him  since 
January,  1882,  when  he  began  work  on 
the  reporting  staff  of  the  Indianapolis 
Journal.  Old  time  newspaper  men  say 
there  was  nothing  perfunctory  or  routine 
like  in  William  Fortune's  reporting. 
There  are  many  facts  to  substantiate  this 
reputation.  His  reports  of  the  sessions  of 
the  Indiana  General  Assembly  in  1883-84 
were  the  cause  of  several  rather  dramatic 
incidents,  resulting  finally  in  an  attempt 
by  the  democratic  majority  to  expel  him 
on  the  last  day  of  the  session.  Enough 
of  the  democratic  senators  voted  on  his 
side  to  make  a  tie,  and  the  deciding  vote 
of  Lieutenant-Governor  Manson  was  cast 
in  his  favor.  A  little  later  he  succeeded 


1416 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Harry  S.  New  as  city  editor  of  the  Journal, 
but  resigned  in  the  spring  of  1888  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  He  then  founded  the 
Sunday  Press,  with  Mrs.  Emma  Carleton 
as  associate  editor.  The  Press  had  a  high 
literary  quality  with  some  of  the  best  peo- 
ple of  the  state  among  its  contributors, 
but  the  publication  was  discontinued  at 
the  end  of  three  months. 

The  nomination  of  Harrison  for  presi- 
dent made  Indiana  the  battle  center  of  the 
campaign  of  1888.  As  special  representa- 
tive of  several  leading  newspapers,  includ- 
ing the  New  York  Tribune,  Philadelphia 
Press  and  Chicago  Tribune,  Mr.  Fortune 
did  some  notable  work  as  political  corre- 
spondent. A  little  later  he  declined  an 
offer  of  the  position  of  Washington  cor- 
respondent for  the  Chicago  Tribune.  From 
1888  to  1890  he  was  editorial  writer  of  the 
Indianapolis  News,  then  under  the  manage- 
ment of  John  H.  Holliday. 

The  modern  era  of  Indianapolis  began 
about  1890.  There  is  something  of  a  di- 
rect relationship  of  cause  and  effect  be- 
tween this  era  and  the  activities  of 
William  Fortune.  It  was  his  destiny  to 
become  the  leader  in  that  new  movement. 
With  a  keen  and  wide  vision  he  saw  what 
the  city  needed  at  the  time,  had  the  abil- 
ity to  express  it  through  the  columns  of 
the  paper  he  was  serving,  and  after  the 
proper  enthusiasm  and  determination  were 
aroused  he  was  well  equipped  to  marshal 
and  lead  the  forces  to  ultimate  victory. 
While  so  much  of  what  followed  is  a  vital 
part  of  Indianapolis  history  for  that  very 
reason  it  is  worth  while  to  recall  it  and 
also  to  indicate  the  reasons  which  caused 
the  prominent  citizens  of  Indianapolis  to 
honor  Mr.  Fortune  as  mentioned  in  the 
first  paragraph  of  this  article. 

Through  several  articles  written  for  the 
News  Mr.  Fortune  directed  attention  to 
the  extreme  conservatism  which  then  hin- 
dered the  physical  improvement  and  com- 
mercial development  of  the  city,  urging 
incidentally  the  organization  of  the  pro- 
gressive citizens  to  overcome  this  obstacle. 
The  writing  came  at  an  opportune  mo- 
ment, and  elicited  hearty  response  from  a 
large  circle  of  readers.  Mr.  Fortune  had 
suggested  that  the  proper  organization  to 
undertake  the  work  was  the  Board  of 
Trade.  But  when  a  resolution  was 
brought  before  the  board  it  was  defeated. 
Colonel  Eli  Lilly  was  one  of  the  few  mem- 


bers of  the  Board  of  Governors  who  sup- 
ported the  resolution.' 

The  board  having  declined  the  splendid 
opportunity,  Mr.  Fortune  hastily  sum- 
moned a  meeting  of  business  men  at  the 
Bates  House  for  the  following  day.  The 
twenty-seven  men  who  attended  this  meet- 
ing became  the  nucleus  of  the  Commer- 
cial Club  of  Indianapolis.  It  was  or- 
ganized two  days  later  with  eighty  charter 
members,  and  with  Colonel  Lilly  as  presi- 
dent and  Mr.  Fortune  as  secretary  the 
membership  within  a  month  was  a  thou- 
sand. The  important  undertakings  which 
marked  the  beginning  of  the  new  era  for 
Indianapolis  were  projected  while  Colonel 
Lilly  and  William  Fortune  were  officials 
of  the  club.  Of  course  a  description  of 
those  undertakings  is  outside  the  province 
of  this  article.  Mr.  Fortune  was  secretary 
of  the  club  from  1890  to  1895,  filled  the 
office  of  vice  president  from  1895  to  1897, 
and  was  president  in  1897-98. 

From  his  active  connection  with  the 
Commercial  Club  there  resulted  a  number 
of  other  issues  through  which  Mr.  Fortune 
has  been  a  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of 
Indianapolis  and  the  state.  In  1890  he 
had  charge  of  the  National  Paving  Ex- 
position, the  first  exposition  of  the  kind 
ever  held.  It  convened  in  Indianapolis.  It 
had  been  planned  originally  to  interest  the 
people  of  this  city  in  good  street  pave- 
ments and  to  afford  them  the  opportunity 
of  complete  information  as  to  materials 
and  methods.  However,  the  enterprise  at- 
tracted such  wide  attention  throughout 
the  country  that  delegates  were  present 
from  many  municipalities  all  over  the 
United  States.  This  exposition  marked 
the  beginning  of  modern  paving  in  In- 
dianapolis, not  to  mention  any  of  its  more 
extended  benefits  elsewhere. 

Following  this  successful  convention  Mr. 
Fortune  proposed,  in  1891,  that  a  system- 
atic effort  be  made  to  bring  large  conven- 
tions and  meetings  to  Indianapolis.  The 
plan  was  adopted,  a  fund  raised  for  the 
work,  and  since  then  Indianapolis  has  fig- 
ured as  one  of  the  leading  convention  cities 
of  the  nation.  He  started  a  state-wide 
movement  for  good  roads  in  1892,  as  a  re- 
sult of  which  a  Good  Roads  Congress  as- 
sembled in  Indianapolis  with  delegates 
from  nearly  every  county,  and  out  of  this 
came  the  formation  of  the  Indiana  High- 
way Association.  Mr.  Fortune  declined 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


1417 


the  presidency  of  the  congress,  but  his 
work  in  behalf  of  good  roads  was  made 
the  subject  of  a  testimonial  of  the  meet- 
ing. He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Good  Roads  Congress  at  the  World's  Fair 
of  1893. 

His  executive  ability  was  never  more 
severely  tested  than  in  1893,  when  he  was 
elected  executive  director  of  the  Grand 
Army  National  Encampment  at  Indianapo- 
lis. It  was  the  year  of  the  panic,  and  it 
was  a  difficult  problem  to  raise  money. 
The  previous  year  the  expenses  of  the  En- 
campment at  Washington  had  been  nearly 
$160,000.  Of  the  $120,000  raised  in  In- 
dianapolis $75,000  was  appropriated  by  the 
city  council.  The  Indianapolis  Encamp- 
ment was  conducted  on  fully  as  large  a 
scale  as  at  Washington,  while  the  accom- 
modations for  veterans  were  the  best  ever 
provided  anywhere.  At  the  close  of  the 
convention  the  total  expenses  footed  up  to 
only  $63.000,  and  more  than  $42,000  of  the 
city  appropriation  was  returned  and  about 
$12,000  of  the  amount  raised  by  the  Com- 
mercial Club  was  left  in  the  treasury. 

Mr.  Fortune  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  three  that  had  charge  of  relief 
for  more  than  5,000  unemployed  in  In- 
dianapolis during  the  winter  of  scarcity 
and  hard  times  of  1894.  Other  members 
of  the  committee  were  H.  H.  Hanna  and 
Colonel  Eli  Lilly.  The  "Indianapolis 
Plan,"  as  adopted  and  successfully  car- 
ried out  by  this  committee,  attracted  wide 
attention  among  charity  workers  and  be- 
came the  subject  of  several  magazine  ar- 
ticles. It  is  described  at  length  in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "Relief  for  the  Un- 
employed." Food,  fuel  and  clothing 
were  provided  for  unemployed  people  in 
need  under  conditions  which  eliminated  as 
far  as  practicable  the  pauperizing  influ- 
ences of  charity.  After  worthiness  had 
been  established,  credit  was  given  at  a  store 
or  market  where  supplies  were  obtained  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  family  on 
credits  earned  by  labor  provided  by  the 
committee.  A  significant  testimony  to  the 
value  of  the  plan  is  that  in  the  spring  of 
1894  there  were  fewer  people  than  usual 
dependent  upon  the  Charity  Organization 
Society. 

Another  important  distinction  that  be- 
longs to  Mr.  Fortune  is  as  originator  of 
the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Commerce, 
which  he  served  as  president  in  1897, 


1898  and  1899.  He  proposed  and  brought 
about  this  organization  in  1894.  The  State 
Board  was  composed  of  commercial  or- 
ganizations of  the  various  cities  of  Indiana, 
brought  together  for  united  action  in  ad- 
vancing the  public  and  •commercial  inter- 
ests of  the  state.  The  State  Board,  under 
the  leadership  of  Mr.  Fortune,  inaugu- 
rated a  movement  for  reforms  in  county 
and  township  government  by  separating 
legislative  and  administrative  functions 
and  establishing  county  councils  and  town- 
ship advisory  boards  to  levy  taxes  and 
make  appropriations.  Those  reforms  were 
enacted  by  the  Legislature,  and  official  sta- 
tistics showed  that  the  first  year  of  their 
operation  saved  the  people  of  the  state  over 
$3,000,000. 

By  appointment  in  1894  Mr.  Fortune  be- 
came one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Commercial  Club  Elevated  Railroad  Com- 
mission. Together  with  Colonel  Lilly  he 
spent  many  years  in  agitating  the  aboli- 
tion of  grade  crossings,  and  became  chair- 
man of  the  commission  in  June,  1898.  at 
the  death  of  Colonel  Lilly.  It  was  in  that 
year  that  the  City  of  Indianapolis  passed 
its  first  ordinance  requiring  track  eleva- 
tion. Then  followed  a  long  period  of  liti- 
gation, application  of  legislative  measures 
and  the  arousing  of  public  opinion  in  local 
campaigns  before  the  railroad  corporations 
finally  yielded  this  improvement.  Even- 
tually the  city  charter  was  so  amended  as 
to  provide  for  continued  progress  in  the 
elevation  of  tracks.  Mr.  Fortune  was 
chairman  of  the  commission  from  1898  to 
1916. 

In  1911  Mr.  Fortune  represented  the 
State  of  Indiana  and  the  City  of  In- 
dianapolis in  a  tour  of  European  cities  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  municipal  and 
commercial  conditions. 

He  was  chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee in  charge  of  the  celebration  of 
James  Whitcomb  Riley's  anniversary  in 
1916,  an  event  which  brought  many*  dis- 
tinguished persons  from  all  over  the 
country  to  do  homage  to  the  great  Hoosier 
poet  on  his  last  birthday  preceding  his 
death.  Mr.  Fortune  was  one  of  Mr. 
Riley's  close  friends,  and  they  made  a  trip 
through  Mexico  together  in  1906. 

For  many  years  Mr.  Fortune  found 
these  varied  public  enterprises  sufficient  to 
absorb  all  his  time  and  energy  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  newspaper  work,  which  he  aban- 


1418 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


cloned  many  years  ago.  However  his  con- 
nection with  the  National  Paving  Exposi- 
tion in  1890  suggested  to  him  the  need  of 
a  publication  devoted  especially  to 
municipal  improvements.  With  William 
C.  Bobbs  as  business  manager  he  soon 
afterward  founded  "Paving  and  Munici- 
pal Engineering,"  as  a  sixteen  page  maga- 
zine. This  afterward  became  the 
Municipal  Engineering  Magazine,  the 
pioneer  and  recognized  authority  in  that 
field  in  America.  He  was  president '  of 
the  company  which  owned  the  publication 
and  for  a  number  of  years  was  its  editor, 
but  sold  his  interest  in  the  publishing  com- 
pany in  1912. 

During  the  past  ten  years  his  business 
interests  have  been  chiefly  in  the  telephone 
business.  He  is  president  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Telephone  Company,  of  the 
New  Long  Distance  Telephone  Company, 
and  a  number  of  other  telephone  compa- 
nies, is  a  director  and  chairman  of  the 
Finance  Committee  of  the  Eli  Liljly  & 
Company,  and  in  1908-09  was.  president  of •; 
the  Inter-State  Life  Assurance^^oi^pany.  ] 

In  1905  Mr.  Fortune  was  decorate'd  Vith 
the  order  of  the  Double  Dragon  by  the 
Emperor  of  China,  and  at  the  same  time 
the  Miandarin  rank  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  Chinese  Emperor.  With  all 
his  varied  interests  and  activities  it  seems 
a  far  cry  from  Indianapolis  to  China,  but 
this  distinction  was  due  to  Mr.  Fortune's 
personal  relations  with  Won  Kai  Kah,  the 
Chinese  diplomat  who  established  his 
home  in  Indianapolis  while  in  America. 
Through  this  distinguished  character  of 
the  Orient  Prince  Pu  Lun  was  invited  to 
become  the  guest  of  Indiana  and  In- 
dianapolis for  a  week  in  1904.  Mr.  For- 
tune was  chairman  of  the  general  com- 
mittee in  charge  of  the  entertainment  of 
the  Prince  and  his  party,  which  was  one 
of  the  most  elaborate  and  interesting  un- 
dertakings of  the  kind  in  the  history  of 
Indianapolis. 

Through  the  Commercial  Club,  in  1902, 
Mr.  Fortune  offered  a  gold  medal  to  the 
pupil  of  the  public  schools  writing  the 
best  essay  on  the  topic  "Why  we  take 
pride  in  Indianapolis."  This  prize  was 
afterwards  awarded  annually  by  the  Com- 
mercial Club  for  a  number  of  years.  Mr. 
Fortune  was  the  first  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Press  Club,  organized  in 
1891,  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Century  Club  and  its  president  in  1892, 


was  for  two  years  president  of  the  Indiana 
Automobile  Club  from  1904  to  1906,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  University,  Columbia, 
Contemporary,  Country,  Woodstock,  Athe- 
naeum and  Economic  clubs,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  latter  in  1917. 

Mr.  Fortune  has  been  at  the  head  of  the 
Indianapolis  Chapter  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  since  its  organization  in  1916,  and 
had  charge  of  the  raising  and  expenditure 
of  over  $600,000  in  1917  for  war  activities 
and  relief  purposes.  In  1916  he  was 
awarded  the  medal  of  merit  by  the 
National  Council  of  the  American  Red 
Cross. 

When  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce  was  reorganized  in  1917  Mr. 
Fortune  was  by  unanimous  vote  chosen  as 
president.  His  acceptance  was  made  condi- 
tional on  the  raising  of  a  special  fund  of 
$50,000  for  new  and  constructive  work. 
Nearly  double  the  amount  was  raised.  He 
continued  as  president  throughout  the  war 
period,  during  which  the  chamber  en- 

faged  largely  in  special  war  activities,  em- 
ihkCjng  industrial  training  schools  for 
soidfers  and  a  war  contract  bureau  that 
brought  to  Indiana  a  vast  amount  of  war 
business  amounting  to  many  millions  of 
dollars. 

At  a  public  meeting  of  officers  and  di- 
rectors of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Board  of  Trade,  Merchants'  Association, 
Clearing  House,  Rotary,  Optimist  and 
Kiwanis  clubs  in  April,  1917,  Mr.  Fortune 
was  by  unanimous  vote  chosen  to  take  the 
leadership  in  an  organization  to  raise  a 
great  fund  for  war  relief  and  local  char- 
itable and  philanthropic  purposes,  and  to 
have  charge  of  the  expenditures.  This  or- 
ganization took  the  name  of  the  War  Chest 
Board  of  Indianapolis.  In  a  campaign  of 
a  week  in  the  following  month,  partici- 
pated in  by  committees  of  nearly  4,000 
citizens,  subscriptions  were  secured  for 
approximately  $3,000,000  from  over 
103,000  persons.  Mr.  Fortune  has  contin- 
ued at  the  head  of  the  War  Chest  Board. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  national  organization  of 
war  chests,  cities  representing  about 
$70,000,000  of  war  relief  funds. 

He  has  been  at  the  head  of  organized 
movements  which  have  raised  more  money 
bv  donation  for  public  purposes  than  any 
other  citizen  of  Indianapolis.  Under  his 
leadership  over  $4,000,000  was  raised  in 
Indianapolis  for  war  relief  and  other  pnb- 


OF  FIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  lUJNOf 


. 


LIBRARY 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1421 


OMER  MADISON  KEM,  congressman  from 
Nebraska,  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  In- 
diana, November  13,  1855,  and  received  his 
education  in  the  common  schools.  In  1882 
he  removed  to  Custer  County,  Nebraska, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming.  He  joined 
the  Independent  Republican  movement  of 
that  state  in  support  of  the  free  coinage  of 
silver,  and  entered  politics  in  1890  as  dep- 
uty treasurer  of  Custer  County.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  as 
a  colleague  of  William  Jennings  Bryan, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1892  and  1894.  He 
was  a  forcible  speaker,  and  frequently 
spoke  in  Congress  on  economic  topics. 
After  the  free  coinage  defeat  of  1896,  he 
removed  to  a  farm  near  Montrose,  Colo- 
rado, and  engaged  in  fruit-growing. 

EDWARD  ALVADOR  DEMENT  has  been 
through  all  the  branches  and  grades  of 
responsibility  in  the  clothing  business,  has 
held  some  important  offices,  and  is  now 
general  manager  of  the  Anderson  branch 
of  the  Greenwald  corporation,  one  of  the 
largest  houses  specializing  in  men's  aiKS 
boys'  clothing,  hats  and  furnishing  goods 
in  the  country.  The  Anderson  store  is  lo- 
cated on  the  Public  Square  and  has  been 
one  of  the  reliable  establishments  in  this 
city  for  a  number  of  years. 

Mr.  DeMent  was  born  on  a  farm  at  West 
Union  in  Brown  County,  Ohio,  in  1885,  a 
son  of  Isaac  and  Anna  (Liggett)  DeMent. 
He  is  of  English  and  French  stock.  His 
grandfather,  Isaac  DeMent,  came  to 
America  from  Marseilles,  France,  being  ac- 
companied by  his  brother  Jacob.  Isaac  set- 
tled in  Brown  County,  Ohio,  where  his  pio- 
neer industry  cleared  up  a  farm  out  of  the 
woods. 

Edward  A.  DeMent  had  his  early  train- 
ing in  a  log  cabin  country  school  in 
Brown  County,  and  only  during  a  few 
months  each  winter.  When  he  was  nine 
years  of  age  his  parents  moved  to  Cincin- 
nati, and  there  he  had  the  superior  ad- 
vantages of  the  city  public  schools.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  got  his  first  job  in  a  drug 
store,  helping  around  in  different  services 
for  five  years.  He  then  went  to  clerk  in 
the  clothing  store  of  Samuel  Simmons  Com- 
pany at  Cincinnati,  and  while  there  sold 
goods,  trimmed  windows,  wrote  cards  and 
made  himself  generally  useful  for  a  year. 
His  next  location  was  at  Dayton,  Ohio, 
where  he  did  similar  work  for  Moses  Cohen 

Company.    With  the  Willners  Brothers  of 
vol.  m— 14 


Dayton  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the  hat 
department,  and  after  three  weeks  was  pro- 
moted to  window  trimmer  and  floor  mana- 
ger, at  the  end  of  three  months  became 
assistant  manager  of  the  business,  and  was 
with  that  large  firm  for  two  years.  He 
next  became  assistant  manager  for  Elder, 
Johnson  &  Company,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained three  years.  Returning  to  Cin- 
cinnati, Mr.  DeMent  was  manager  and 
buyer  for  the  men  and  boys'  clothing  and 
furnishings  store  in  that  city  owned  and 
operated  by  the  H.  B.  Claflin  syndicate  of 
New  York.  A  year  and  a  half  later  he 
left  Cincinnati  and  on  December  1,  1917, 
became  local  manager  of  the  Anderson 
branch  of  the  Greenwald  Outfitting  Com- 
pany. 

Mr.  DeMent  married  Florence  Dankel, 
daughter  of  Fred  and  Mary  (Eberhardt) 
Dankel,  of  Cincinnati.  Her  father  was  at 
one  time  a  successful  merchant  in  that  city 
and  was  also  prominent  as  a  public  offi- 
cial. He  resided  at  Norwood,  a  suburban 
town  of  Cincinnati,  and  for  eleven  years 
was  in  the-  .postal  service  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  superintendent  of  streets 
of  Norwood.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  DeMent  have 
two  children:  Russell  William,  born  No- 
vember 26,  1909,  and  Vera  Jane,  born 
April  29,  1912. 

Mr.  DeMent  is  independent  in  politics. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Lodge  at 
Cincinnati,  is  also  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  member  of  the  Fraternal  Order  of 
Eagles  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

REV.  JOHN  R.  QUINLAN  has  been  an  or- 
ganizing factor  in  the  history  of  the  Catho- 
lic Church  in  Northern  Indiana  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  most  of  his 
activities  centering  around  Fort  Wayne, 
where  he  is  now  and  for  a  number  of  years 
has  been  rector  of  the  Cathedral. 

He  was  born  at  Valparaiso,  Indiana, 
April  19,  1858,  son  of  Michael  and  Hannah 
(Shanahan)  Quinlan.  His  parents  were 
both  born  in  Ireland  and  were  brought  to 
this  country  when  children.  They  married 
in  Valparaiso,  and  Michael  Quinlan  was 
for  a  number  of  years  a  foreman  in  the 
construction  of  the  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne 
and  Chicago  Railroad.  In  1861  he  enlis'ted 
in  the  United  States  regular  army  at 
Chicago,  and  as  a  soldier  saw  and  partici- 
pated in  some  of  the  hardest  fighting  of 
the  war.  He  was  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh, 


1422 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Gettysburg,  Lookout  Mountain  and  many 
others.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
ceived an  honorable  discharge,  and  soon 
returned  to  Valparaiso,  where  he  married 
a  second  wife.  He  spent  his  last  years 
as  a  farmer  in  Kansas,  and  died  in  that 
state  in  1905,  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight. 

Father  Quinlan  was  only  two  years  of 
age  when  his  mother  died.  He  attended 
the  parochial  schools  of  Valparaiso,  took 
his  classical  course  in  St.  Francis  Semi- 
nary near  Milwaukee  and  graduated  in 
1890.  He  was  ordairied  a  priest  June  22, 
1890,  said  his  first  mass  on  the  29th  of 
June,  and  on  July  4th  arrived  at  Fort 
Wayne,  where  he  was  appointed  by  Bishop 
Dwenger  as  assistant  pastor  of  the  Cathe- 
dral. He  was  busied  with  the  duties  of 
that  office  for  eight  years.  In  1898  he  was 
transferred  to  Huntington,  Indiana,  and 
there  established  St.  Mary's  Parish.  His 
work  at  Huntington  was  thoroughly  con- 
structive. He  built  a  brick  church,  school- 
house,  a  pastoral  residence  and  Sisters' 
home,  and  did  all  this  and  kept  the  parish 
growing  for  a  period  of  3!/>  years. 
March  10,  1901,  he  was  recalled"  to  Fort 
Wayne  and  made  rector  of  the  Cathedral. 
But  strenuous  devotion  to  his  duties  had 
seriously  undermined  his  health  and  after 
six  months  he  suffered  a  complete  break- 
down and  was  given  a  temporary  relief 
from  duty.  Later  he  returned  to  Hunt- 
ington and  remained  in  that  city  until 
July  6,  1910.  At  that  date  he  resumed 
his  duties  as  rector  of  the  Cathedral  at 
Fort  Wayne,  and  is  now  in  the  ninth  con- 
secutive year  of  his  service  in  that  position. 

JOHN  MORRIS,  who  began  practice  at 
Fort  Wayne  thirty  years  ago,  has  helped 
further  to  honor  the  profession  which  in 
the  person  of  his  father,  the  late  Judge 
John  Morris,  had  one  of  its  most  distin- 
guished members  in  Indiana. 

Three  years  after  Judge  Morris  located 
at  Fort  Wayne  his  son  John  was  born, 
March  24,  1860.  Mr.  Morris  spent  his 
early  years  in  the  Fort  Wayne  public 
schools,  and  was  a  member  of  the  class  of 
1883  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  His 
law  studies  were  largely  directed  by  his 
father  and  Judge  William  H.  Coombs  for 
three  years.  In  June,  1886,  after  his  ad- 
mission to  the  bar,  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Charles  H.  Worden  and  they 
were  associated  until  May  22,  1893,  when 
Mr.  Morris  and  William  P.  Breen  estab- 


lished the  firm  of  Breen  &  Morris,  now 
one  of  the  oldest  as  well  as  one  of  the 
strongest  professional  alliances  in  Fort 
Wayne.  From  1889  to  1893  Mr.  Morris 
was  also  deputy  clerk  of  the  United  States 
Court.  In  1904  Mr.  Morris  was  chosen 
as  delegate  from  Indiana  to  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Lawyers  and  Jurists  at 
St.  Louis.  He  is  a  director  of  the  People's 
Trust  &  Savings  Association  and  has  many 
other  interests  that  identify  him  with  his 
home  city  and  state. 

Mr.  Morris  is  a  stanch  republican.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Allen  County  and  In- 
diana Bar  associations  and  the  American 
Law  Association.  He  is  a  Scottish  Rite 
Mason,  an  Elk  and  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bia Club  of  Indianapolis,  the  Fort  Wayne 
Commercial  Club  and  the  Fort  Wayne 
Country  Club. 

JUDGE  JOHN  MORRIS.  Of  Indiana  law- 
yers who  exemplified  the  rule  that  the  law 
is  a  profession  and  not  a  trade,  the  late 
Judge  John  Morris  so  distinguished  his 
practice  and  embodiment  of  the  rule  that 
his  example  might  well  be  studied  and 
emulated  by  every  lawyer  in  the  state. 

Sixty  years  ago  he  located  at  Fort 
Wayne,  and  from  that  city  his  skill  and 
abilities  as  an  attorney  and  his  lofty  and 
high  minded  character  spread  its  influence 
over  all  of  Northern  Indiana.  His  life 
was  as  long  as  it  was  noble.  He  was  born 
in  Columbiana  County,  Ohio,  December 
6,  1816,  and  died  at  Fort  Wayne  in  1905, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-eight.  His  life  proved 
among  other  things  the  value  of  good  in- 
heritance. His  ancestors  were  long  lived, 
sturdy,  upright  stock,  and  most  of  them 
of  the  Quaker  faith.  His  great-grand- 
father, Jenkins  Morris,  was  a  naval  en- 
gineer, and  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  came  from  Wales  and 
settled  in  Loudoun  County,  Virginia.  He 
acquired  large  tracts  of  land,  and  lived 
by  selling  portions  of  it  as  his  necessities 
required.  His  son  John  Morris  accom- 
plished one  of  those  stages  so  familiar  in 
the  progress  of  the  American  people  west- 
ward, and  in  1801  moved  to  Columbiana 
County,  Ohio,  and  became  a  farmer.  Some 
of  his  original  land  is  still  owned  by  the 
family,  and  on  the  old  farm  were  born 
his  children  and  the  children  of  his  son 
Jonathan.  Jonathan  Morris  was  the  father 
of  Judge  Morris.  Jonathan  Morris'  moth- 
er, Sarah  Triby,  was  in  point  of  years 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1423 


of  long  life  the  most  notable  of  Judge 
Morris'  ancestors.  She  was  born  May  9, 
1744,  and  died  April  15,  1846,  when  nearly 
102  years  of  age.  Judge  Morris'  maternal 
grandmother  died  in  her  ninety-sixth 
year.  Jonathan  Morris  married  Sarah 
Snider,  who  was  of  German  descent,  though 
the  Sniders  had  come  in  1799  to  Colum- 
biana  County,  Ohio. 

John  Morris,  fourth  in  the  family  of 
twelve  children,  lived  on  his  father's  farm 
to  the  age  of  fifteen.  During  the  winter 
months  he  attended  the  Quaker  schools  in 
the  neighborhood  and  then  went  to  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  and  spent  three  years  study- 
ing history,  natural  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics at  the  Quaker  Academy.  The  next 
three  years  were  passed  at  New  Lisbon  in 
Columbiana  County,  where  he  worked  at 
the  trade  of  millwright  with  his  friend, 
Dr.  J.  E.  Hendricks,  afterward  a  well 
known  mathematician  and  author  of  the 
"Annalist,"  a  mathematical  work  in  ten 
volumes.  While  working  he  and  his  friend 
studied  literature  and  mathematics  under 
Abijah  McClain  and  Jesse  Underwood. 

While  teaching  school  in  the  winter 
months  John  Morris  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  began  to  study  law  under  William  D. 
Ewing,  then  one  of  the  prominent  members 
of  the  Ohio  Bar.  At  twenty-four  he  was 
examined  for  admission  to  the  bar  by  two 
judges  of  the  Ohio  Supreme  Court  and 
in  the  presence  of  many  local  and  visiting 
lawyers  at  New  Lisbon.  One  of  those  who 
assisted  in  conducting  the  examination  was 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  afterward  a  member 
of  Lincoln's  cabinet,  and  still  another  was 
David  Tod,  afterward  governor  of  Ohio. 
That  his  qualifications  were  above  the  ordi- 
nary is  evident  in  the  fact  that  immediately 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  was  offered 
a  partnership  by  Hiram  Griswold,  one  of 
the  defenders  of  John  Brown.  But  he 
accepted  this  partnership  for  only  a  brief 
time,  and  in  1844  sought  the  superior  op- 
portunities of  the  new  towns  in  Indiana 
and  with  his  friend  Hendricks  began  prac- 
tice at  Auburn,  Indiana.  Judge  Morris 
in  1852  was  candidate  for  judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  Court  for  DeKalb  and  Steu- 
ben  counties,  and  was  elected  over  his 
democratic  opponent  in  a  strongly  demo- 
cratic district. 

Judge  Morris  came  to  Fort  Wayne  in 
1857,  at  the  invitation  of  Charles  Case, 
and  entered  the  firm  of  Case,  Morris  & 
Withers.  While  at  Auburn  he  had  become 


acquainted  with  James  L.  Worden,  and 
theirs  was  a  beautiful  friendship  lasting 
in  singular  purity  and  strength  until  the 
death  of  Mr.  Worden..  A  few  years  later 
Charles  Case  was  elected  a  member  of 
Congress.  In  1864,  after  Judge  Worden 
had  been  defeated  as  democratic  candidate 
for  the  Supreme  Court,  he  and  Judge 
Morris  entered  into  the  partnership  of  Wor- 
den &  Morris,  which  continued  until  Wor- 
den was  elected  to  the  Supreme  Bench 
in  1870.  After  that  Judge  Morris  con- 
tinued practice  with  Mr.  Withers  until 
1873,  and  then  entered  the  firm  of  Coombs, 
Morris  &  Bell. 

In  1881  the  Legislature  provided  for  a 
commission  for  the  relief  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  It  was  provided  that  the  members 
of  the  Supreme  Court  should  appoint  five 
persons  to  serve  as  commissioners,  each 
judge  to  select  one  commissioner  from  his 
judicial  district.  Judge  Worden,  though 
a  democrat,  selected  Judge  Morris,  a  re- 
publican, as  member  of  this  commission. 
His  service  as  commissioner  continued  from 
April  27,  1881,  to  September  1,  1883. 
While  on  the  commission  he  decided  175 
cases,  which  are  reported  in  Volumes  73 
to  91  of  the  "Reports  of  the  Supreme 
Court."  His  decisions  are  characterized 
by  lucid  style,  sound  logic  and  a  strong 
sense  of  justice  of  equity,  and  they  served 
to  supplement  the  estimate  that  Judge 
Morris  possessed  the  highest  qualifications 
for  judicial  work. 

On  resigning  from  the  commission  Judge 
Morris  began  practice  at  Fort  Wayne  with 
Charles  H.  Aldrich  and  James  M.  Barrett 
under  the  name  of  Morris,  Aldrich  &  Bar- 
rett. He  was  head  of  this  firm  until  Mr. 
Aldrich  removed  to  Chicago  in  1886,  after 
which  he  and  Mr.  Barrett  were  associated 
as  Morris  &  Barrett  until  1891.  At  that 
date  they  united  with  the  firm  of  Bell  & 
Morris  under  the  same  name  Morris.  Bell, 
Barrett  &  Morris.  January  1,  1898,  Mr. 
Bell  retired,  and  the  firm  was  then  Morris, 
Barrett  &  Morris  until  Judge  Morris  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  referee  in  bank- 
ruptcy for  the  Fourteenth  District,  to 
which  he  had  been  appointed  by  Judge 
Baker.  The  clerical  duties  of  this  position 
proved  uncongenial  and  he  promptly  re- 
signed. He  then  resumed  practice  with 
his  grandson,  Edward  J.  Woodworth,  and 
that  association  continued  until  he  practi- 
cally retired  a  short  time  before  his  death. 

Concerning  his  character  both  as  lawyer 


1424 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  man  it  is  fortunate  that  access  can 
be  had  to  an  article  written  by  a  member 
of  the  bar  published  in  the  Indiana  Law 
Journal  in  1899,  when  Judge  Morris  was 
past  fourscore  and  had  practically  per- 
fected his  record  of  usefulness,  though  still 
in  active  practice. 

His  contemporaries  twenty  yeaifs  ago 
knew  him  as  a  man  "of  medium  height, 
singularly  erect  in  form,  spry  in  movement, 
with  handsome,  regular  features,  indicative 
of  strength,  firmness  and  intelligence,  and 
with  hair  and  whiskers  white  as  the  purest 
snow.  He  is  always  affable,  polite  and 
genial.  His  manner  is  of  the  quiet,  digni- 
fied type,  not  wanting  in  cordiality,  but 
never  drifting  into  extremes.  With  a  keen 
sense  of  propriety  and  great  regard  for  the 
feelings  of  others,  his  manners  are  always 
gentle  and  his  demeanor  towards  all  is 
kindness  itself.  His  uniform  courtesy  and 
consideration  for  the  rights  and  feelings 
of  others  are  distinctive  features  of  his 
character,  and  have  won  for  him  the  warm 
friendship  of  all  who  know  him.  He  is 
generous  to  a  fault.  His  purse  is  always 
open  to  the  unfortunate,  even  to  those 
whose  afflictions  are  self-imposed.  His  life 
has  been  an  exemplification  of  the  virtues 
and  graces  of  a  quiet,  dignified,  courteous 
gentleman." 

Judge  Morris  was  fond  of  the  country, 
of  domestic  animals,  and  of  all  the  varied 
life  of  the  outdoors,  and  took  the  keenest 
pleasure  always  in  his  home  garden  and 
grounds.  But  all  this  was  subsidiary  to 
his  life  as  a  student.  He  was  a  lover  of 
books,  his  mind  was  fashioned  to  study, 
industry  and  research,  and  the  fact  that  he 
was  a  keen  student  of  mathematics  and  de- 
lighted in  complicated  problems  furnishes 
a  strong  hint  as  to  the  faculty  which  made 
him  such  a  master  of  court  and  trial  tech- 
nic.  Upon  the  law  he  concentrated  all  the 
resources  of  a  good  mind,  a  good  character, 
and  lifelong  study  and  industry.  He  so 
completely  mastered  the  formal  technic  of 
the  law,  including  the  definition  of  legal 
terms,  and  memorizing  the  volume  and 
page  containing  leading  cases,  that  it  all 
became  incorporated  into  his  very  being 
and  left  his  mind  and  judgment  free  for 
the  larger  and  broader  issues.  The  law 
was  in  fact  his  one  passion.  It  is  said 
that  no  one  could  suggest  to  him  a  difficult 
legal  proposition  that  he  would  not  in- 
stantly begin  a  search  of  the  books  to  find 
its  solution.  The  writer  already  quoted 


describes  his  methods  and  manners  as  a 
lawyer : 

"He  is  indefatigable  in  the  preparation 
of  every  case  intrusted  to  him.  Never  con- 
tent with  the  investigation  of  his  client's 
side  of  the  cause,  he  studied  with  almost 
equal  care  the  side  of  his  adversary.  He 
learned  the  facts  and  decisions  that  would 
be  used  against  him  and  was  prepared  to 
parry  them.  The  lawyers  who  met  him 
soon  learned  that  they  could  not  safely 
rely  upon  the  slips  of  their  adversary.  He 
has  always  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the 
courts  and  juries,  and  the  respect,  esteem 
and  love  of  his  professional  associates.  He 
usually  addresses  the  court  or  jury  in  a 
quiet,  common  sense  manner,  in  low  and 
gentle  tones,  but  when  aroused  by  opposi- 
tion the  calm  demeanor  vanishes  and  his 
whole  nature  seems  changed,  with  power- 
ful voice,  flashing  eye,  earnest  mien  and 
forceful  argument.  Always  courteous  to 
an  opponent,  he  never  wastes  words  in 
effusive  or  insincere  compliments. 

"He  is  a  shrewd  and 'skillful  cross  ex- 
aminer, and  possesses  the  rare  faculty  of 
knowing  what  questions  not  to  ask.  He 
never  browbeats  a  witness,  but  treats  him 
with  respect  and  deference,  thereby  secur- 
ing his  good  opinion  and  confidence.  Al- 
though his  examination  of  a  reluctant  or 
untruthful  witness  is  always  thorough  and 
often  severe,  his  methods  are  so  suave  that 
the  witness  does  not  seem  to  realize  the 
fact. 

"By  hard  labor,  close  attention  to  busi- 
ness, an  indomitable  will,  an  unimpeach- 
able integrity  and  unswerving  fidelity  to 
his  clients  he  soon  reached  the  front  rank 
of  his  profession  and  for  fifty  years  he  has 
enjoyed  the  distinction  of  being  the  rec- 
ognized leader  of  the  bar  of  northern 
Indiana.  The  members  of  the  bar  look 
to  him  for  guidance,  and  his  influence 
among  them  has  been  unmeasured.  His 
time  and  knowledge  were  always  freely 
at  the  disposal  of  other  lawyers,  and  many 
have  not  hesitated  to  take  advantage  of  his 
good  nature  beyond  the  limits  of  profes- 
sional courtesy. 

"His  well  merited  reputation  for  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  the  law,  for  untiring 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  his  client,  and  for 
absolute  honesty,  secured  for  him  a  large 
and  extensive  practice.  For  nearly  half 
a  century  he  has  been  interested  in  most  of 
the  important  litigation  of  northeastern 
Indiana.  Had  he  measured  the  value  of  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1425 


services  as  highly  as  many  lawyers  of  less 
ability  and  reputation  he  could  have  been 
rich.  But  his  one  fault,  if  fault  it  can 
be  called,  is  his  underestimate  of  the  value 
of  his  own  services.  His  charges  were 
always  far  below  those  usually  prevail- 
ing for  like  services.  To  the  poor  his  advice 
and  counsel  were  always  free." 

The  inheritance  of  wealth  would  have 
meant  little  to  such  a  man  beside  the  in- 
heritance of  strong  and  virile  qualities 
of  manhood.  He  achieved  success  on  his 
merit,  and  as  a  result  of  many  years  of 
hard  and  conscientious  labor,  and  through 
his  entire  career  there  was  never  a  breath 
of  suspicion  or  any  action  that  compro- 
mised his  personal  honor  and  integrity. 
He  was  in  fact  as  he  has  been  described 
"a  man  of  spotless  integrity,  of  earnest 
convictions  upon  all  great  questions,  frank 
and  outspoken,  but  as  tender  hearted  as  a 
woman.  A  better  or  more  conscientious 
man  has  rarely  lived.  His  ruling  passion 
has  been  a  noble  ambition  to  leave  as  a  her- 
itage the  record  of  an  honest,  well  spent 
life." 

Judge  Morris  was  an  ardent  republican 
and  one  who  thoroughly  believed  in  the 
principles  and  policy  of  his  party.  But 
as  this  record  shows,  he  was  not  a  seeker 
for  office  and  seldom  accepted  even  ap- 
pointment. The  two  great  interests  of  his 
life  were  his  profession  and  his  home.  On 
April  27,  1841,  soon  after  his  admission 
to  the  bar,  he  married  Miss  Theresa  Jane 
Farr,  and  their  companionship  continued 
unbroken  for  fifty  years. 

"To  all  who  knew  him  Judge  Morris 
will  be  remembered  as  a  plain,  unassuming, 
honest  man,  an  able  lawyer,  self  reliant  and 
self  made,  pure  in  public  life  and  private 
conduct,  of  lofty  ideals  and  high  honor — 
the  noblest  type  of  American  citizenship." 

CALVIN  FLETCHER  was  born  in  Ludlow, 
Vermont,  February  4,  1798.  The  Town  of 
Ludlow  is  in  the  County  of  Windsor,  and 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Green  Mountain  range,  midway  between 
Rutland  and  Bellows  Falls.  A  ridge  of 
highlands  separates  the  counties  of  Windsor 
and  Rutland  and  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  towns  of  Ludlow  and  Mount 
Holly,  the  latter  being  in  the  County  of 
Rutland.  Mr.  Fletcher  was  a  descendant 
of  Robert  Fletcher,  who  was  a  native  of 
one  of  the  northern  counties  of  England, 
probably  Yorkshire,  and  settled  in  Con- 


cord, Massachusetts,  in  1630,  where  he  died 
at  the  age  of  eighty-five  April  3,  1677, 
leaving  four  sons,  Francis,  Luke,  William 
and  Samuel.  Calvin 's  father,  Jesse  Fletch- 
er, a  son  of  Timothy  Fletcher,  of  West- 
ford,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  town 
November  9,  1763,  and  was  preparing  for 
college  under  his  elder  brother,  the  Rev. 
Elijah  Fletcher  of  Hopkinton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, when  the  troubles  of  the  Revolution 
arrested  his  progress.  He  joined  the  pa- 
triotic army  at  the  age  of  sixteen  and 
served  in  two  campaigns  of  six  or  eight 
months  each  toward  the  close  of  the  war. 
Jesse's  brother  Elijah  was  the  pastor  of 
the  church  in  Hopkinton  from  January 
23,  1773,  until  his  death  April  8,  1786. 
The  second  daughter  of  Rev.  Elijah 
Fletcher  was  Grace,  a  most  accomplished 
and  attractive  person,  who  became  the  first 
wife  of  the  great  American  statesman  and 
orator,  Daniel  Webster.  Col.  Fletcher 
Webster  (who  fell  at  the  head  of  his  regi- 
ment in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
August  30,  1862)  received  at  his  christen- 
ing the  family  name  of  his  mother.  Calvin 
Fletcher  and  his  oldest  son,  Rev.  J.  C. 
Fletcher,  more  than  once  talked  with  Daniel 
Webster  concerning  this  cherished  first 
wife,  Grace.  The  daughter  of  Grace's 
brother  (Timothy  Fletcher)  became  the 
wife  of  Doctor  Brown-Sequard,  the  famous 
specialist  of  Paris,  France.  Jesse  married 
in  1781,  when  about  eighteen  years  old, 
Lucy  Keyes  of  Westford,  who  was  born 
November  15,  1765,  being  therefore  hardly 
sixteen  when  she  became  the  bride  of  Jesse. 
The  young  couple  migrated  from  West- 
ford  to  Ludlow,  Vermont,  about  the  year 
1783,  and  were  among  the  first  settlers  of 
the  place.  From  that  time  until  the  day  of 
his  death,  in  February,  1831,  Jesse  Fletcher 
lived  on  the  same  farm,  a  farm  still  in 
the  possession  of  his  descendants.  He 
was  the  first  town  clerk  of  Ludlow,  was 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  the  second  rep- 
resentative to  the  General  Court  from 
Ludlow.  In  that  town  all  his  fifteen  chil- 
dren, except  the  eldest,  were  born.  His 
widow,  Lucy  Keyes  Fletcher  died  in  1846. 
Calvin  was  the  eleventh  of  these  fifteen 
children,  most  of  whom  lived  to  maturity. 
Under  the  teachings  of  an  excellent  fa- 
ther and  mother  of  more  than  ordinary 
ability.  Calvin  early  learned  those  habits 
of  industry  and  self-reliance  and  those 
principles  of  uprightness  which  uniformly 
characterized  him  in  after  life.  While 


1426 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


performing  all  the  duties  exacted  from  a 
boy  on  a  New  England  farm  in  those  days 
he  soon  manifested  a  strong  desire  for 
classical  education,  which  was  stimulated 
both  by  his  mother's  advice  and  the  suc- 
cess of  his  brother  Elijah,  who  had  a  few 
years  before  completed  his  college  course 
at  Dartmouth  College.  In  accordance  with 
the  prevailing  custom  of  the  early  New 
England  families,  his  parents  had  selected 
Elijah  as  the  one  best  fitted  by  natural 
endowments  and  bent  of  mind  to  receive 
a  college  education.  Such  selection  of  but 
one  member  of  a  large  family  was  indeed 
a  matter  of  necessity  in  those  days,  when 
all  were  obliged  to  labor  hard  for  the  stern 
necessities  of  life.  Through  his  own  ex- 
ertions Calvin  earned  money  enough  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  a  brief  course  of  instruc- 
tion at  the  academies  of  Randolph  and 
Royalton  in  Vermont,  and  afterwards  at 
the  rather  famous  classical  academy  of 
"Westford,  Massachusetts.  His  classical 
studies  were  interrupted  by  pecuniary  dif- 
ficulties at  home.  His  father  became  fi- 
nancially embarrassed ;  the  older  sons  and 
daughters  had  already  gone  out  into  the 
world,  and  Calvin  obtained  permission  from 
his  father  to  go  also.  His  classical  studies 
had  proceeded  as  far  as  Virgil,  and  he  had 
probably  taken  delight  in  reading  of  the 
wanderings  of  the  pious  ^Eneas.  He  deter- 
mined to  be  a  sailor,  and  in  April,  1817, 
in  his  nineteenth  year,  he  went  to  Boston 
and  tried  to  obtain  a  berth  on  board  an 
East  Indiaman.  He  failed  to  get  an  en- 
gagement as  a  sailor  before  the  mast,  and 
thereupon  turned  his  face  toward  the  coun- 
try west  of  the  Alleghenies.  He  worked 
his  way,  mostly  on  foot,  to  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  engaged  himself  for  a  short  time 
as  a  laborer  in  a  brickyard.  He  had  left 
home  in  a  spirit  of  adventure,  and  had 
by  no  means  laid  aside  his  literary  tastes. 
While  working  as  a  laborer  he  always  car- 
ried with  him  a  small  edition  of  Pope's 
poems,  which  he  read  (particularly  the 
translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  and  the  Odys- 
sey) at  each  moment  of  leisure.  But  his 
brick-making  came  speedily  to  an  end. 
His  intelligence  attracted  the  attention  of 
a  gentleman  named  Foote,  by  whom  he 
was  encouraged  to  travel  further  westward, 
to  the  State  of  Ohio.  Mr.  Fletcher  has 
himself  described  this  period  of  his  life  in  a 
letter  to  Mr.  John  Ward  Dean,  correspond- 
ing secretary  of  the  New  England  Historic 


Genealogical  Society,  dated  March  25, 1861, 
in  which  he  says: 

"In  two  months  I  worked  my  way, 
mostly  on  foot,  to  the  western  part  of 
Ohio,  and  stopped  at  Urbana,  then  the 
frontier  settlement  of  the  state,  and  had 
no  letters  of  introduction.  I  obtained  la- 
bor as  a  hired-hand  for  a  short  time,  and 
then  a  school.  In  the  fall  of  1817  I  ob- 
tained a  position  in  the  law  office  of  Hon. 
James  Cooley,  a  gentleman  of  talents  and 
fine  education,  one  of  a  large  class  which 
graduated  at  Yale  under  Dr.  Dwight.  He 
was  sent  to  Peru  (as  U.  S.  charge  d'af- 
faires) under  John  Quincy  Adams'  ad- 
ministration, and  died  there." 

During  the  interval  between  his  school 
teaching  and  entering  upon  the  study  of 
law  at  Mr.  Cooley 's  office,  he  was  for  a 
time  private  tutor  in  the  family  of  a  Mr. 
Gwin,  whose  fine  library  gave  him  an  ex- 
cellent opportunity  for  reading.  In  1819 
he  went  to  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  was 
licensed  to  practice  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  Old  Dominion.  At  one  time  he 
thought  of  settling  in  Virginia,  but  even 
then  his  strong  love  of  freedom  and  respect 
for  the  right  of  man  made  him  renounce  his 
intention.  He  was  an  anti-slavery  man 
from  principle,  and  was  one  when  it  cost 
something  to  be  one.  No  person  who  was 
not  living  thirty  or  forty  years  ago  in  the 
southern  part  of  Ohio  or  Indiana  can  re- 
alize the  bitter  prejudice  that  then  existed 
against  the  old-time  abolitionists;  he  was 
considered  an  enemy  of  his  country,  and 
was  subjected  to  both  social  and  political 
ostracism.  But  this  did  not  deter  Mr. 
Fletcher  nor  cause  him  to  alter  his  course. 
He  once  said  to  one  of  his  sons,  long  after 
he  had  become  celebrated  as  a  lawyer  in 
the  new  capital  of  the  State  of  Indiana: 
"When  I  am  in  the  court  house,  engaged 
in  an  important  case,  if  the  governor  of 
the  state  should  send  in  word  that  he  wished 
to  speak  to  me,  I  would  reply  that  I  could 
not  go ;  but  if  a  Quaker  should  touch  me  on 
the  shoulder  and  say  'a  colored  man  is 
out  here  in  distress  and  fear,'  I  would 
leave  the  court  house  in  a  minute  to  see 
the  man,  for  I  feel  that  I  would  have  to 
account  at  that  last  day  when  He  shall 
ask  me  if  I  have  visited  the  sick  and  those 
in  prison  or  bondage,  and  fed  the  poor. 
The  great  of  this  world  can  take  care  of 
themselves,  but  God  has  made  us  stewards 
of  the  downtrodden,  and  we  must  account 
to  Him. ' '  A  man  of  this  stamp  could,  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1427 


course,  find  no  abiding  place  at  that  time 
in  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Fletcher,  renouncing 
his  intention  of  settling  there,  returned  to 
Urbana,  where  he  became  the  law  partner 
of  Mr.  Cooley  in  1820.  Quoting  again 
from  the  autobiographical  sketch  embodied 
in  his  letter  to  Mr.  Dean,  we  use  Mr. 
Fletcher's  own  words  in  describing  this 
period  of  his  career: 

"In  the  fall  of  1820  I  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  became  the  law  partner  of 
my  worthy  friend  and  patron,  Mr.  Cooley. 
In  the  summer  of  1821  the  Delaware  In- 
dians left  the  central  part  of  Indiana,  then 
a  total  wilderness,  and  the  new  state  se- 
lected and  laid  off  Indianapolis  as  its  fu- 
ture capital,  but  did  not  make  it  such  until 
by  removal  of  the  state  archives  and  the 
transfer  of  all  state  offices  thither  in  No- 
vember, 1824,  and  by  the  meeting  of  the 
Legislature  there  on  the  10th  of  January, 
1825.   I  had  married,  and  on  my  request,  my 
worthy  partner  permitted  me  to  leave  him 
to  take  up  my  residence  at  the  place  desig- 
nated as  the  seat  of  government  of  Indiana. 
In  September  of  that  year  I  left  Urbana 
with  a  wagon,  entered  the  wilderness,  and 
after  traveling  fourteen  days  and  camping 
out  the  same  number  of  nights,  reached 
Indianapolis,  where  there  were  a  few  newly 
erected  cabins.    No  counties  had  been  laid 
off  in  the   newly   acquired  territory,   but 
in  a  few  years  civil  divisions  were  made. 
I    commenoed   the   practice   of   law,   and 
traveled  twice  annually  over  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state, 
at  first  without  roads,  bridges  or  ferries. 
In  1825  I  was  appointed  state's  attorney 
for  the  Fifth  Judicial  Circuit,  embracing 
some  twelve  of  fifteen  counties.    This  office 
I  held  about  one  year,  when  I  was  elected 
to  the   State  Senate,   served  seven  years, 
resigned,   and   gave   up   official   positions, 
as  I  then  supposed,  for  life.    But  in  1834 
I   was  appointed  by  the  Legislature   one 
of  four  to  organize  a  state  bank,  and  to 
act  as  sinking-fund  commissioner.     I  held 
this  place  also  for  seven  years.  From  1843 
to  1859  I  acted  as  president  of  the  branch 
of  the   state  bank   at  Indianapolis,   until 
the  charter  expired." 

The  simple  and  unostentatious  words  in 
which  Mr.  Fletcher  alludes  to  his  connec- 
tion with  the  state  do  not  convey  any  idea 
of  the  struggle  he  had  to  go  through  in 
reference  to  its  organization.  As  senator 
of  the  State  of  Indiana  he  gave  great  of- 
fense to  some  of  his  constituents  by  oppos- 


ing the  first  charter  proposed  for  the  or- 
ganization of  a  state  bank.  He  resigned 
the  senatorship,  and  the  next  year  another 
charter  was  prepared  which  obviated  the 
objections.  This  charter  passed  through 
the  Legislature,  and  on  the  organization 
of  the  bank  he  became  a  director  on  the 
part  of  the  state,  and  thenceforward  gave 
banking  and  finance  a  large  portion  of  his 
time  and  attention.  Mr.  Fletcher  was  the 
first  prosecuting  attorney  as  well  as  the  first 
lawyer  who  practiced  his  profession  in 
Indianapolis.  His  sterling  honesty  and 
strict  attention  to  business  soon  gained  for 
him  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  Hon. 
Daniel  D.  Pratt,  at  one  time  United  States 
senator  from  Indiana,  was  a  student  in 
his  office,  and  has  contributed  his  recol- 
lections of  Mr.  Fletcher  in  a  letter  written 
after  his  old  law  preceptor's  death,  in 
which  he  says: 

"In  the  fall  of  1833  I  entered  his  office. 
He  was  then  about  thirty-five  years  of 
age,  possessed  of  a  large  practice,  in  the 
Circuit  and  in  the  Supreme  Court,  standing 
by  common  consent  at  the  head  of  the  pro- 
fession in  central  Indiana  and  commanding 
the  unqualified  confidence  of  the  commu- 
nity. He  fully  deserved  that  confidence. 
Scrupulously  honest,  fair  in  his  dealings 
with  his  clients,  untiring  in  their  interests, 
I  do  not  think  I  have  ever  met  a  man  in 
the  legal  profession  of  greater  activity, 
energy,  earnestness  and  application  to  busi- 
ness. He  forgot  nothing,  neglected  nothing 
necessary  to  be  done.  This  was  the  great 
secret  of  his  professional  success.  Mr. 
Fletcher  was  a  strong  man,  physically, 
morally  and  intellectually.  In  the  early 
stages  of  his  pioneer  life  he  had  to  meet 
men  face  to  face,  and  at  times  with  bodily 
force  he  had  to  resist  those  who  attempted 
to  deprive  him  of  his  rights.  There  were 
no  courts  at  first  in  the  infant  settlement 
of  Indiana  to  take  cognizance  of  breaches 
of  the  peace,  but  each  man  had  to  be,  as 
it  were,  'a  law  unto  himself.'  " 

He  was  equal  to  the  emergency,  and 
could  defend  himself.  In  the  same  spirit 
he  stood  ready  also  to  befriend  those  who 
otherwise  might  have  been  injured.  He  had 
when  young  felt  the  pressure  of  poverty, 
and  had  learned  life  from  actual  contact 
with  its  difficulties,  and  while  this  gave 
additional  force  and  edge  to  his  good  sense 
and  acquainted  him  with  the  details  of 
humble  life,  it  also  aroused  his  disposition 
to  take  the  part  of  the  poor,  the  helpless 


1428 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  the  oppressed.  To  them  his  services 
were  often  gratuitous  or  for  meager  com- 
pensation. His  sympathies  were  always 
active,  and  he  had  the  faculty  of  confer- 
ring great  benefits,  not  so  much  by  direct 
aid  as  by  teaching  them  how  to  help  them- 
selves. Among  those  whom  he  thus  befriend- 
ed were  many  of  the  colored  race,  who  in  his 
early  years  were  still  in  bondage  and  who 
were  only  admitted  to  citizenship  in  the 
closing  years  of  his  life.  Several  elements 
contributed  to  Mr.  Fletcher's  eminent  suc- 
cess as  a  lawyer.  One  of  his  most  service- 
able powers  was  his  remarkable  memory, 
which  seemed  to  hold  all  that  was  com- 
mitted to  it.  In  his  law  office  it  was  he 
who  kept  in  mind  all  the  details  and  who 
watched  all  the  points  of  danger.  He  was 
a  shrewd  and  sagacious  judge  of  men,  and 
had  the  faculty  of  inferring  character  from 
circumstances  generally  overlooked.  A 
local  chronicler  says:  "When  introduced 
to  a  stranger,  he  would  for  some  minutes 
give  him  his  exclusive  attention.  He  would 
notice  every  remark  and  movement,  every 
expression  of  feature,  and  even  the  mi- 
nutiae of  dress,  yet  he  did  all  this  without 
giving  offense.  He  seemed  to  be  ever  under 
some  controlling  influence  which  led  him 
to  study  character. ' '  He  reviewed  his  cases 
dramatically,  and  realized  them  in  actual 
life,  then  the  legal  aspects  of  the  case 
were  examined,  authorities  consulted,  and 
the  question  involved  settled  after  cautious 
deliberation.  He  was  not  oratorical  in  ad- 
dressing juries,  but  was  a  clear  and  effective 
speaker.  His  most  prominent  talent  was 
his  insight  into  the  motives  of  parties  and 
witnesses,  and  he  was  especially  strong 
in  cross-examination.  In  one  case  a  wit- 
ness who  was  compelled  by  him  on  cross- 
examination  to  disclose  facts  which  con- 
tradicted his  evidence  in  chief,  fainted, 
and  his  evidence  was  disregarded  by  the 
jury.  During  the  process  of  making  up 
his  decisions  on  questions  of  law  or  policy 
he  preserved  entire  inpartiality,  and  was 
ready  at  any  moment  to  abandon  an  un- 
tenable theory  or  opinion.  He  discouraged 
all  unnecessary  litigation,  and  had  great 
success  in  adjusting  cases  by  agreement  of 
the  parties.  To  this  point  in  his  character 
many  well-to-do  residents  of  Indianapolis 
have  feelingly  testified  in  recent  years,  and 
have  said  that  to  the  good  advice  of  Calvin 
Fletcher  they  owed  all  they  possessed.  His 
calm,  just  and  effective  method  of  reason- 
ing with  clients  who  came  to  him  in  the 


flush  of  heated  controversy  and  thirsting 
for  revenge  for  real  or  fancied  wrongs  was 
like  pouring  oil  on  the  troubled  waters. 
"Settle  out  of  court  and  save  costs,"  was 
a  favorite  maxim  of  his  that  will  be  remem- 
bered until  all  who  knew  him  have  passed 
away. 

Notwithstanding  that  his  fees  were  mod- 
erate, his  business  was  so  extensive  and  his 
industry  achieved  so  much  that  his  income 
was  large.  His  judicious  investments  and 
his  plain  and  unostentatious  mode  of  liv- 
ing led  to  the  rapid  accumulation  of 
wealth.  He  was  an  example  of  temper- 
ance, avoiding  the  use  of  either  liquor  or 
tobacco,  and  never  played  cards,  although 
that  was  a  great  pastime  among  the  law- 
yers in  his  early  days.  The  bar,  judge  and 
people  were  then  thrown  much  together  at 
country  inns,  and  social  and  conversational 
talents  were  of  great  advantage  .to  a  law- 
yer. Here  Mr.  Fletcher  was  remarkably 
well  endowed,  hospitable  to  his  friends, 
amiable  to  those  in  his  office,  and  popular 
with  all.  Mr.  Fletcher  during  his  long 
career  as  a  lawyer  had  several  partners  and 
they  were  friends  to  whom  he  was  deeply 
attached,  and  the  attachment  was  recip- 
rocal ;  the  prosperity  of  one  was  the  pros- 
perity of  all.  The  two  partners  with 
whom  he  was  the  longest  associated  were 
Ovid  Butler  and  Simon  Yandes.  Mr.  But- 
ler, after  a  prosperous  career,  founded 
what  is  now  known  as  "Butler  Univer- 
sity," at  Irvington,  Indiana,  which  is  one 
of  the  most  flourishing  educational  insti 
tutions  of  the  Christian  denomination. 
Simon  Yandes  was  a  student  with  Messrs. 
Fletcher  and  Butler  in  1837-38,  after 
which  he  took  a  course  at  the  law  school 
of  Harvard  University,  and  became  the 
partner  of  his  old  instructors — the  firm  of 
Fletcher,  Butler  &  Yandes  continuing  until 
the  senior  partner  retired  in  1843. 

In  his  autobiographical  sketch  from 
which  we  have  already  quoted,  Mr.  Fletch- 
er says:  "During  the  forty  years  I  have 
resided  in  Indiana  I  have  devoted  much  of 
my  time  to  agriculture  and  societies  for 
its  promotion,  and  served  seven  years  as 
trustee  of  our  city  schools.  I  have  been 
favored  with  a  large  family,  nine  sons  and 
two  daughters.  Three  of  the  former  have 
taken  a  regular  course  and  graduated  at 
Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode  Is- 
land, and  two  a  partial  course  at  the  same 
institution.  I  have  written  no  books,  but 
have  assisted  in  compiling  a  law  book." 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1429 


In  1860  he  became  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  New  England  Historic  Genealogical 
Society,  to  the  secretary  of  which  this  let- 
ter was  written.  He  was  a  great  lover  of 
nature,  taking  much  interest  in  the  study 
of  ornithology,  and  making  himself  famil- 
iar with  the  habits,  instincts  and  character- 
istics of  birds.  The  domestic  animal  found 
in  him  a  sympathizing  friend.  The  works 
of  Audubon  had  a  prominent  place  in  his 
library,  which  included  a  well  selected  col- 
lection of  general  literature,  and  an  ac- 
cumulation of  local  newspapers  (which  he 
had  neatly  bound),  books,  and  magazines 
of  inestimable  value  to  the  student  of  west- 
ern history,  which  at  his  death  was  depos- 
ited in  one  of  the  institutions  of  the  city 
of  Indianapolis.  Simon  Yandes,  Esq.,  his 
former  partner,  in  testifying  to  the  charac- 
ter of  Mr.  Fletcher,  states  that  what  Alli- 
bone  in  his  "Dictionary  of  Authors"  says 
of  Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  of  Cincinnati,  is 
eminently  true  of  Calvin  Fletcher,  viz. : 
"His  habits  were  simple,  temperate,  ab- 
stemious; his  labors  incessant."  There  was 
much  in  common  between  the  two  men. 
Allibone's  further  description  of  Drake  is 
that  of  Calvin  Fletcher:  "A  philanthro- 
pist in  the  largest  sense,  he  devoted  him- 
self freely  and  habitually  to  works  of 
benevolence  and  measures  for  the  ameliora- 
tion of  distress,  the  extension  of  religion 
and  intelligence,  the  good  of  his  fellow 
creatures,  the  honor  and  prosperity  of  his 
country."  The  fine  tribute  of  Senator 
Pratt,  from  which  we  have  already  made 
a  brief  extract,  concludes  as  follows: 

' '  He  was  a  very  simple  man  in  his  tastes. 
Though  possessed  of  ample  means,  no  one 
could  have  inferred  it  from  his  manner  of 
life.  His  family  lived  and  dressed  plainly. 
He  was  himself  without  a  particle  of  osten- 
tation ;  republican  simplicity  characterized 
every  phase  of  his  life,  at  home  and  abroad, 
in  his  dress,  furniture,  table  and  associa- 
tions. He  was  fond  of  the  society  of  plain, 
unpretentious  people.  The  humblest  man 
entered  his  house  unabashed.  He  took 
pleasure  in  the  society  of  aspiring  young 
men  and  in  aiding  them  by  his  counsel. 
He  never  tired  in  advising  them ;  in  setting 
before  them  motives  for  diligence  and  good 
conduct,  and  examples  of  excellence.  He 
was  fond  of  pointing  to  eminent  men  in 
the  different  walks  of  life,  of  tracing  their 
history,  and  pointing  out  that  the  secret 
of  their  success  lay  in  the  virtues  of  dili- 
gence, continuous  application  to  a  spe- 


cialty, strict  integrity  and  temperance. 
Many  young  men  of  that  period  owe  their 
formation  of  character  to  these  teachings 
of  Mr.  Fletcher.  He  taught  them  to  be 
honest  and  honorable,  to  be  just,  exact, 
prompt,  diligent  and  temperate.  He  was 
himself  a  shining  example  of  all  these  vir- 
tues. They  formed  the  granite  base  of  his 
character.  Others  will  speak  of  the  relig- 
ious phase  of  his  life.  It  was  not  common 
in  those  days  to  find  men  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession of  deep  religious  convictions  and 
illustrating  those  convictions  in  their 
every-day  life  and  conversation.  Mr. 
Fletcher  belonged  to  this  exceptional  class. 
Religious  exercises  in  his  family  were 
habitual.  He  was  a  constant  attendant  at 
church,  and  gave  liberally  to  the  support 
of  the  ministry.  The  success  of  his  Mas- 
ter's Kingdom  upon  the  earth  lay  very 
near  his  heart.  He  regarded  religion  as 
forming  the  only  reliable  basis  for  success- 
ful private  and  national  life.  In  his 
death  the  world  has  lost  a  good  man,  who 
contributed  largely  in  laying  the  founda- 
tions, not  only  of  the  city  where  he  dwelt, 
but  of  the  state  itself.  He  was  one  of  its 
pioneers  and  leading  men.  His  voice  and 
example  were  ever  on  the  side  of  virtue, 
and  he  contributed  largely  in  molding  the 
public  character." 

No  interest  of  Calvin  Fletcher's  life  was 
greater  than  that  which  he  showed  towards 
the  public  school  of  Indianapolis.  He  was 
one  of  three  who  constituted  the  first 
board  of  school  trustees.  In  recognition 
of  this  fact  and  because  he  labored  for 
years  in  the  interest  of  a  system  excelled 
by  none  in  this  country,  the  school  on  Vir- 
ginia Avenue,  No.  8,  near  his  old  home 
was  named  "The  Calvin  Fletcher  School." 

The  code  of  rules  and  regulations  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Fletcher  when  free  schools 
were  opened  in  Indianapolis  in  1853  con- 
stitutes the  basis  of  the  code  in  force  in 
the  public  schools  today. 

Mr.  Fletcher's  death,  which  occurred  on 
the  26th  of  May,  1866,  the  result  of  a  fall 
from  his  horse  a  few  weeks  previous, 
caused  much  public  sorrow.  He  had  long 
made  for  himself  an  honorable  record  as 
a  banker  after  his  retirement  from  the 
practice  of  law,  and  the  bankers  of  In- 
dianapolis passed  resolutions  on  the  day 
after  his  death,  in  which  they  said : 

"His  devotion  to  every  patriotic  im- 
pulse; his  vigilant  and  generous  attention 
to  every  call  of  benevolence;  his  patient 


1430 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


care  of  all  wholesome  means  of  public  im- 
provement; his  interest  in  the  imperial 
claims  of  religion,  morale  and  education, 
and  his  admirable  success  in  securing  the 
happiness  and  promoting  the  culture  of  a 
large  family,  show  conclusively  that  what- 
ever importance  he  attached  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  wealth  he  never  lost  sight  of  the 
responsibility  to  that  Great  Being  who 
smiled  so  generously  on  his  life  and  whose 
approbation  made  his  closing  hours  serene 
and  hopeful." 

Among  those  who  attended  his  funeral 
were  a  large  number  of  colored  people, 
whose  friend  he  had  always  been,  and  who 
now  testified  their  deep  affection  and  ven- 
eration for  him.  His  remains  were  in- 
terred in  the  cemetery  at  Crown  Hill,  In- 
dianapolis. 

Mr.  Fletcher  was  twice  married.  His 
first  wife,  Sarah  Hill,  a  descendant  of  the 
Randolphs  of  Virginia,  was  born  near 
Maysville,  Kentucky,  in  1801,  but  her 
father,  Joseph  Hill,  moved  to  Urbana, 
Ohio,  when  she  was  very  young.  This 
marriage,  which  took  place  in  May,  1821, 
was  a  happy  one  in  every  respect.  Mrs. 
Fletcher  was  a  quiet,  refined  person,  and 
one  would  judge  from  her  delicate  appear- 
ance that  she  would  be  unable  to  endure 
the  rigors  of  a  pioneer  life,  but  she  proved 
equal  to  the  situation  and  not  only  made 
a  happy  home  for  her  husband  and  eleven 
children,  but  her  industry,  economy  and 
general  good  management  aided  her  hus- 
band very  greatly  in  laying  the  founda- 
tion for  his  fortune.  He  cherished  her 
memory,  and  her  children  all  held  her  in 
most  grateful  remembrance.  The  names 
of  the  children  of  Calvin  and  Sarah  Hill 
Fletcher  are  here  noted  in  the  order  of 
their  birth :  James  Cooley,  Elijah  Timothy, 
Calvin,  Miles  Johnson,  Stoughton  Al- 
phonso,  Maria  Antoinette  Crawford,  In- 
gram, William  Baldwin,  Stephen  Keyes, 
Lucy  Keyes  and  Albert  Elliot.  For  his 
second  wife  Mr.  Fletcher  married  Mrs. 
Keziah  Price  Lister.  No  children  were 
born  of  this  union. 

STOUGHTON  A.  FLETCHER,  JUNIOR,  was 
one  of  the  eleven  children  and  the  fifth  of 
nine  sons  born  to  Calvin  and  Sarah  (Hill) 
Fletcher.  He  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
October  25,  1831,  lived  in  the  city  contin- 
iiously  more  than  sixty-three  years,  and 
died  in  his  beautiful  home  on  Clifford 


Avenue  March  28,  1895.    The  simple  rec- 
ord of  his  noble,  unostentatious  life  is  the 
most    fitting   eulogy    that    could    be    pro- 
nounced.   In  youth  he  enjoyed  the  benefit 
of   wholesome    discipline   instituted   by   a 
broad-minded,   practical   Christian   father 
to  qualify   his  sons  for  self-support  and 
useful    citizenship.      He    had    the    educa- 
tional   advantage    afforded    by    the    best 
schools  of  Indiana,  and  a  partial  course 
in  Brown  University  at  Providence.     He 
was  trained  on  his  father's  farm  in  the 
actual  work  of  husbandry,  and  manifested 
unusual  aptitude  for  agricultural  pursuits 
in  boyhood.     He  studied  telegraphy  and 
became  a  practical  operator  at  the  age  of 
nineteen.     This   was   supplemented   by   a 
study  of  the  operating  department  of  rail- 
roads at  an  early  day,  and  he  was  placed 
in  charge  as  conductor  of  the  first  train 
that  ran  out  of  the  Union  Station  at  In- 
dianapolis, on  the  old  Bellefontaine  Rail- 
road, in  June,  1853.     He  applied  himself 
with  such  assiduity  as  to  become  conver- 
sant with  the  machinery  employed  and  the 
methods  of   conducting  railroad  business. 
He   could    run   a   locomotive   and   under- 
stand its  parts  as  well  as  the  process  of 
construction.     His  thoroughness  naturally 
led  to  promotion  and  in  two  years  he  was 
superintendent  of  the  road.    After  a  valu- 
able and  successful  experience  of  five  years 
in  railroad   service  he   resigned  in  order 
to  assume  the  duties  of  clerk  and  teller 
in   the   bank  of  his  uncle,   Stoughton  A. 
Fletcher.     With   characteristic  energy  he 
applied  himself  to  the  task  of  learning  all 
the  details  of  banking.     It  was  a  matter 
of   principle   with   him   to  know  all   that 
could  be  known  of  any  business  with  which 
he  was  connected,  whether  it  was  farming, 
railroading,  telegraphy,  banking  or  manu- 
facturing.   Ultimately  he  became  a  partner 
in  the  bank,  associated  with  F.  M.  Church- 
man.   In  1868  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Gas  Company,  and  held 
the  position  for  a  period  of  more  than  ten 
years.     He  acquired  a  thorough,  practical 
knowledge  of  the  process  and  the  cost  of 
making    illuminating    gas,    managing   the 
company's    business    with    rare   executive 
ability.     Upon   the   reorganization  of  the 
Atlas    Engine    Works,    in    1878,    he   was 
chosen  president  of  the  company  and  re- 
tained the  position  until  his  death.     His 
name,   his   energy   and* varied   experience 
combined  to  build  up  and  establish  a  man- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1431 


ufactory  of  engines  and  boilers  unequaled 
in  extent  and  equipment  by  any  similar 
concern  west  of  the  Alleghenies.  A  visi- 
tor at  the  works  would  readily  discern  that 
the  eye  of  a  master  was  upon  every  de- 
partment and  a  trained  financier  of  strong 
mental  grasp  was  managing  the  business. 
It  is  creditable  to  his  humanity  that  dur- 
ing the  long  season  of  depression  he  kept 
the  works  running  at  a  loss  in  order  to 
support  the  men  who  had  served  him  long 
and  faithfully.  When  impossible  to  em- 
ploy the  whole  force  at  the  same  time  it 
was  the  custom  to  divide  the  men,  giving 
employment  to  some  of  them  one  week  and 
others  the  week  following.  By  this  plan 
all  the  families  dependent  upon  the  works 
were  maintained.  He  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Indianapolis  National  Bank  and 
served  as  one  of  its  directors  for  many 
years.  At  various  times  he  was  connected 
with  other  institutions  and  enterprises  of 
importance,  always  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  preserve  a  high  character  for  honor  and 
integrity. 

It  was  not  alone  in  the  domain  of  pri- 
vate business  or  commercial  affairs  that 
Stoughton  A.  Fletcher  was  conspicuously 
successful.  He  is  entitled  to  higher  honor 
for  his  spirit  and  unselfish  devotion  to 
the  community  interests  and  welfare.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  the 
project  to  establish  a  new  cemetery,  se- 
lected the  site  of  Crown  Hill  himself,  as- 
sisted in  the  organization  of  the  company, 
and  was  chosen  treasurer  of  the  Cemetery 
Association  upon  its  incorporation  in  1863. 
From  1875  to  1877  he  served  as  president 
of  the  association,  and  continued  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  for  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  The  beauty  of  that  silent  city  is  due 
very  largely  to  his  taste,  enterprise  and 
liberality.  Under  his  superintendence  the 
loveliness  of  a  natural  site,  impossible  to 
duplicate  in  all  the  surrounding  country, 
•was  enhanced  by  skillful  landscape-gar- 
dening. Mr.  Fletcher  was  identified 
either  actively  or  in  sympathy  with  every 
enterprise  of  popular  concern  in  the  city. 
His  counsel  was  sought  and  his  support 
enlisted.  He  was  at  all  times  relieving 
want  with  open-handed  liberality,  but  his 
"benevolence  was  not  exhausted  by  per- 
sonal contributions  to  aid  the  suffering. 
He  quietly  assisted  many  a  worthy  young 
man  in  defraying  expenses  incident  to  ac- 
quiring an  education.  He  also  united 


with  others  to  form  charitable  associations 
whose  beneficence  extends  to  all  deserving 
poor  in  the  city.  He  was  from  the  begin- 
ning a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Board 
of  Charities,  giving  much  time  and  thought 
to  its  work.  His  philanthropy  was  com- 
prehensive in  scope  and  purpose,  assum- 
ing other  forms  than  contributions  to  re- 
lieve the  destitute.  He  offered  to  the  city 
the  site  of  a  magnificent  park,  as  a  gift 
conditioned  only  upon  its  improvement  and 
maintenance  for  the  public  use  stipulated 
in  the  conveyance.  He  endeavored  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  and  reformation  of  the 
unfortunate  and  the  criminal.  •  He  was 
president  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  of 
the  Indiana  Reformatory  for  Women  and 
Girls.  As  this  was  among  the  first  institu- 
tions of  its  class  established  in  the  United 
States,  its  management  afforded  scope  for 
the  practical  applications  of  his  broad  and 
wholesome  views. 

He  was  married  first  in  1856,  to  Miss 
Ruth  Elizabeth  Barrows,  daughter  of 
Elisha  Barrows,  Esq.,  of  Augusta,  Maine, 
whose  life,  treasured  in  the  memory  of 
her  children,  was  one  characterized  by 
admirable  wisdom  in  the  management  of 
affairs,  by  rare  unselfishness  and  tender 
devotion  to  her  husband  and  family.  Mrs. 
Fletcher  died  in  1889.  Two  sons  and  two 
daughters  were  born  of  this  marriage: 
Charles  B.  and  Jesse,  now  deceased,  were 
associated  with  their  father  in  the  busi- 
ness of  manufacturing,  and  continued  the 
management  of  the  Atlas  Engine  Works 
after  his  death ;  Mrs.  Edward  F.  Hodges, 
of  Indianapolis;  and  Mrs.  James  R.  Mac- 
farlane,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania.  In 
December,  1891,  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Marie  Louise  Bright,  daughter  of  the  late 
Dr.  John  W.  Bright  of  Lexington,  Ken- 
tucky. 

Even  while  most  actively  engaged  in 
business  Mr.  Fletcher  found  time  for  travel 
and  study.  He  had  visited  the  countries 
of  Europe  and  extended  his  journey 
leisurely  into  Egypt  and  Palestine,  study- 
ing the  physical  condition  of  foreign  coun- 
tries and  peoples  sufficiently  to  make  in- 
telligent comparison  and  appreciate  the 
institutions  of  his  own  country.  During 
the  last  few  years  of  his  life  he  traveled 
much  in  the  United  States.  His  health 
was  renewed  and  his  life  prolonged  by 
travel.  In  many  respects  he  was  a  remark- 
able man — remarkable  for  the  equability 


1432 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  his  temper  and  the  kindliness  of  his 
disposition ;  for  the  buoyancy  of  his  na- 
ture and  the  adaptability  of  his  powers; 
for  his  success  in  business  and  his  clean, 
honorable  methods;  for  his  perennial 
courtesy  and  unfailing  generosity.  He  was 
a  lover  of  nature,  a  lover  of  art  and  a  lover 
of  books.  His  humanity  was  large.  He 
had  sympathy  for  his  fellow-men  and  re- 
gard for  the  welfare  of  his  neighbors.  He 
admired  the  poems  of  Whittier,  expressive 
of  human  sympathy  and  kindness.  To  a 
gentleness  of  manner,  which  invited  social 
intercourse,  was  united  a  sturdy  determi- 
nation which  never  faltered  and  seldom 
failed  of  accomplishment.  He  lived  in  a 
pure  atmosphere,  above  petty  annoyances 
and  contentions,  patiently  enduring  mis- 
fortune and  suffering,  quietly  enjoying 
prosperity  and  the  better  things  of  life. 
His  home  was  filled  with  beautiful  things, 
evidences  of  culture  and  refinement,  which 
friends  enjoyed  with  him  and  his  family. 
His  character  was  strong  in  its  integrity, 
his  friendships  were  sincere  and  constant. 
He  attested  the  dignity  of  labor  and  ex- 
emplified the  nobility  of  a  Christian  life. 
The  following,  quoted  from  an  "^Mitcffiar 
article  in  one  of  the  daily  newspapers, 
fittingly  closes  this  biographical  sketch: 

"By  the  death  of  Stoughton  A.  Fletcher, 
Indianapolis  loses  one  of  its  oldest  native- 
born  citizens  and  one  of  its  purest  and 
best  of  any  nativity.  There  are  very  few 
men  living  in  the  city  who  were  born  here 
as  early  as  1831,  and  none  born  here  or 
elsewhere  who  better  bore  without  abuse 
the  grand  old  name  of  gentleman  than 
Stoughton  A.  Fletcher.  Some  of  the  older 
citizens  who  knew  his  parents  can  easily 
understand  from  whence  he  derived  the 
qualities  that  made  him  so  manly  and  so 
true,  so  gentle  and  so  tender,  so  admirable 
in  all  that  goes  to  round  out  character. 
It  is  a  great  thing  for  a  man  to  live  in 
the  same  community  sixty-three  years,  to 
die  in  the  town  where  he  was  born  and 
to  leave  behind  him  a  record  as  conspicu- 
ously clean  as  that  which  marks  the  sum- 
ming up  of  Mr.  Fletcher's  life.  He  would 
not  have  had  his  friends  claim  that  he  was 
a  great  man.  He  did  not  seek  notoriety 
or  power,  he  never  held  office  and  was  not 
ambitious  for  distinction  of  any  kind,  ex- 
cept the  love  of  his  friends,  the  respect  of 
his  neighbors  and  the  willing  tribute  of 
all  to  his  absolute  integrity  and  high  sense 


of  commercial  honor.  A  worthy  son  of  a 
most  worthy  sire,  he  was  true  to  his  an- 
cestry, true  to  his  family  and  friends,  true 
to  all  the  demands  of  good  citizenship  and 
true  to  his  own  high  standard  of  thinking 
and  acting." 

JOSEPH  KINNE  SHARPE.  The  relations 
of  Joseph  K.  Sharpe  with  the  business  and 
industrial  affairs  of  Indianapolis  have  been 
most  prominent  as  one  of  the  organizers 
and  for  many  years  an  active  executive  of- 
ficial of  the  Indiana  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, under  whose  patents  are  manufac- 
tured practically  all  the  wind  stacking  ap- 
pliances used  in  threshing  machinery 
around  the  globe. 

Mr.  Sharpe,  who  was  born  at  Indian 
apolis,  September  21,  1855,  represents  an 
old  family  of  the  capital.  His  parents  were 
Joseph  Kinne  and  Mary  Ellen  (Graydon) 
Sharpe.  His  paternal  ancestor,  Robert 
Sharpe,  came  to  America  from  England  in 
1635,  settling  in  Massachusetts,  at  Brook- 
line.  A  bronze  tablet  today  marks  the 
site  of  his  early  home  there.  He  was  a  man 
of  force  and  played  an  important  part  in 
the  early  history  of  our  country.  He  has 
always  been  called  "Robert  Sharpe  of 
Brookline. ' '  He  came  from  England  in  the 
ship  Abigail.  Mr.  Sharpe 's  maternal 
grandfather,  Alexander  Graydon,  was 
born  and  lived  most  of  his  life  in  Hams- 
burg,  Pennsylvania,  where  his  father  also 
lived  before  him.  'He  was  known  as  a  man 
of  learning  and  as  a  patriot  and  for  his  ac 
tivities  in  the  cause  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery.  His  own  home  on  the  Susque- 
hanna  became  the  meeting  place  for  the 
leaders  in  this  movement.  John  G.  Whit- 
tier,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  Wendell 
Phillips,  William  and  Charles  Burleigh, 
Lewis  Tappan,  Jonathan  Blanchard— and 
others — and  it  was  also  one  of  the  points 
of  the  celebrated  "Underground  Rail- 
way. ' '  The  first  of  the  Graydon  line  in  this- 
country  was  Alexander  Graydon  I,  who 
was  born  in  Longford,  Ireland,  in  1708  and 
in  1730  came  to  this  country  and  settled  iu 
Philadelphia.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Dub- 
lin University,  and  was  noted  as  a  scholar 
and  lawyer.  He  wrote  several  books  on  law 
—  and  was  in  nomination  for  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  at  the  time 
of  hi*  death  in  1761. 

Joseph  Kinne  Sharpe,  Sr.,  was  born  in 
Pomfret,   Windham   County,   Connecticut,. 


. 


. 


USftVtt 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINO? 


" 
• 


OF  l  It 

Of  1LUHO? 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1433 


the  village  that  WPS  the  home  of  many  of 
the  families  of  his  connection,  including 
the  Sharpe,  Trowbridge,  Kinne,  Grosvenor 
and  Putnam  families.  The  celebrated  wolf 
den,  where  Gen.  Israel  Putnam  killed  the 
wolf,  was  on  the  old  Sharpe  farm.  Joseph 
was  the  son  of  Abishai  and  Hannah  Trow- 
bridge Sharpe  and  the  youngest  of  seven 
brothers. 

At  an  early  age  he  came  west,  settling 
first  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1840,  where  he 
taught  school.  In  1844  he  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis. Various  business  undertakings 
engaged  his  attention  in  his  early  career, 
from  which  developed  the  wholesale  leather 
industry  and  the  operation  of  tanneries. 
Later  he  dealt  largely  in  real  estate  in 
Indianapolis,  and  laid  out  part  of  North 
Indianapolis  and  Woodside  Addition.  He 
was  married  in  1847  to  Miss  Mary  Ellen 
Graydon  by  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  then 
pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 
Of  their  nine  children  the  third  in  age  is 
Joseph  K.  Sharpe.  Four  of  the  children 
are  still  living.  Mr.  Sharpe 's  parents  were 
prominent  in  the  religious  and  social  af- 
fairs of  Indianapolis,  and  were  known  for 
their  activity  and  generosity  in  all  church 
and  philanthropic  works.  Mrs.  Mary  El- 
len Sharpe  was  a  woman  of  great  culture. 
Her  education  was  completed  at  Mount  Joy 
Seminary  near  Philadelphia,  where  she  was 
proficient  in  the  languages  and  music,  and 
at  an  early  age  became  known  as  a  writer 
of  verse  and  prose.  For  many  years  she 
was  a  contributor  to  leading  magazines,  at 
one  time  writing  much  for  children's  peri- 
odicals. She  published!  two  books — <"A 
Family  Retrospect"  (1912)  and  "As  The 
Years  Go  By"  (1913). 

Joseph  K.  Sharpe,  Jr.,  was  educated  in 
the  public  and  private  schools  of  Indian- 
apolis and  also  at  Wabash  College.  His  ed- 
ucation completed,  he  became  assistant  to 
his  father  and  they  were  together  in  busi- 
mss  until  about  1885. 

In  1891  Joseph  Sharpe,  Jr.,  became  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Indiana  Manufac- 
turing Company,  and  has  been  president 
of  it  since  1907.  As  above  mentioned,  this 
company  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
developing  and  selling  what  is  known  as  a 
pneumatic  or  wind  stacker,  an  attachment 
for  threshing  machines.  The  wind  stacker 
has  long  been  recognized  as  one  of  the 
{rrea+est  labor  saving  devices.  The  inven- 
tion was  owned  and  developed  by  the  In- 


diana Manufacturing  Company,  and  from 
the  first  crude  type  it  has  been  improved 
by  many  other  inventions  and  the  acquire- 
ment of  other  improvements  until  today 
there  is  not  a  threshing  machine  in  use  in 
the  United  States,  Canada,  and  other  for- 
eign countries  that  does  not  employ  the 
pneumatic  stacker.  Of  late  years  the  com- 
pany has  confined  its  business  to  the  issu- 
ing of  license  contracts  to  manufacturers 
of  threshing  machinery  in  this  and  other 
countries  on  a  royalty  basis.  The  latest 
development  of  machinery  by  the  Indiana 
Manufacturing  Company  is  a  grain  sav- 
ing- device.  Mr.  Sharpe  himself  is  the  in- 
ventor of  this  grain  saving  device.  It  was 
perfected  after  some  seven  years  of  ex- 
perimentation, and  the  basic  patents  were 
issued  to  him  in  May,  1916.  The  patent 
is  now  the  property  of  the  Indiana  Manu- 
facturing Company.  This  is  a  part  of  the 
wind  stacker,  and  saves  the  waste  of  grain 
which  heretofore  has  always  been  a  fea- 
ture of  threshing  on  account  of  adverse 
conditions  of  material  and  weather  and 
carelessness  and  ignorance  of  operators  in 
handling  threshing  machinery.  The  stack- 
er#fc'.#njv,ers9lly  used  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada  and'  -Was  largely  used  before 
the  war  in  the  Argentine.  South  Africa, 
the  Balkan  countries  and  in  Eastern  Rus- 
sia. The  head  offices  of  the  company  are  at 
Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Sharpe  has  been  interested  in  vari- 
ous other  business  institutions.  As  a  citi- 
zen he  is  public  spirited  and  generous.  He 
is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
son, a  Knight  Templar,  being  a  member  of 
Oriental  Lodge  at  Indianapolis.  He  be- 
longs to  the  University  and  Country  clubs 
of  Indianapolis  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  has 
always  been  interested  in  athletics  and  is  a 
golf  enthusiast. 

January  7,  1891,  at  Indianapolis,  he 
married  Miss  Alberta  S.  Johnson,  daughter 
of  Dr.  W.  P.  Johnson.  Mrs.  Sharpe  died 
December  8,  1910,  the  mother  of  their  one 
daughter,  Joseph  Parker  Sharpe.  She  was 
married  in  1915  to  Mr.  Charles  Latham. 
They  have  one  son,  Charles  Latham,  Jr., 
born  May  6,  1917. 

SARAH  HUTCHINS  KILLIKELLY.  In  every 
well  managed  public  library  in  the  United 
States  will  be  found  a  series  of  volumes  en- 
titled "Curious  Questions  in  History, 


1434 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Literature,  Art  and  Social  Life,"  by  Sarah 
Hutchins  Killikelly,  who,  for  years  con- 
ducted classes  at  Pittsburg,  chiefly  of 
women,  in  literature,  history,  foreign 
travel,  Bible  study,  etc. ;  and  who  pre- 
served in  these  volumes  the  information 
concerning  unusual  subjects  of  inquiry  that 
was  brought  out  in  these  classes.  The  re- 
sult is  a  mine  of  information  of  a  char- 
acter not  easily  accessible  elsewhere ;  and 
very  frequently  they  furnish  the  best  in- 
formation to  be  had  on  the  topics  dis- 
cussed. 

Miss  Killikelly  was  born  at  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  January  1,  1840.  Her  father, 
Rev.  B.  B.  Killikelly,  D.  D.,  was  a  mis- 
sionary clergyman  of  the  Episcopalian 
Church,  who  found  at  Vincennes  a  num- 
ber of  Episcopalian  communicants  with  no 
church  building,  and  undertook  to  provide 
one.  William  Henry  Harrison  donated  a 
lot  for  the  building,  but  raising  funds  for 
the  building  proved  difficult,  and  Mr.  Killi- 
kelly finally  went  to  England  for  aid, 
where  he  met  with  more  success.  Queen 
Adelaide,  widow  of  William  IV,  headed 
his  subscription  paper,  followed  by  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland,  the  Archbishops 
of  Armagh.  Canterbury,  and  London,  and 
many  of  the  nobility  and  notables  of 
England,  including  W.  E.  Gladstone.  M. 
P.,  Rev.  E.  B.  Pusey.  and  Rev.  J.  H.  New- 
man. St.  James  Church  was  duly  built, 
and  is  a  source  of  pride  to  St.  James  par- 
ish. 

The  fortunes  of  a  clerarvman's  family 
brought  Miss  Killikelly  to  Pittsburs,  where 
her  home  became  the  center  of  the  intel- 
lectual life  of  the  city,  throueh  her  classes ; 
and  her  fame  reached  far  beyond  its 
bounds.  She  prepared  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury Book  of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny,  and 
wrote  many  maeazine  and  other  articles. 
She  received  the  high  honor  of  beinsr  made 
a  Foundation  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Science,  Letters  and  Art,  of  London ;  and 
this  society  gave  her  its  gold  crown  prize 
for  an  article  on  "The  Victorian  Era." 
She  also  received  hadsres  of  the  American 
Pen  Women  and  the  Pittsburg  Press  Club 
of  Women.  The  recognition  of  her  merit 
grew  steadily  until  her  death,  May  14, 
1912. 

MIPS  JENNIE  B.  JESSTTP.  who  since  Janu- 
ary 1.  1902,  has  been  librarian  of  the  La- 
Port  Public  Library,  represents  one  of  the 


first  families  to  establish  permanent  homes 
in  LaPorte  County. 

She  is  a  granddaughter  of  Daniel  Jessup, 
who  in  1830  reached  LaPorte  County  and 
established  a  home  in  Scipio  Township. 
This  branch  of  the  Jessup  family  has  been 
in  America  nearly  two  centuries.  The  first 
of  the  name  was  Stephen  Jessup,  concern- 
ing whom  there  is  a  definite  record  in  this 
country  from  1725  to  1728.  Stephen 
Jessup  was  a  native  of  England,  and  as  a 
boy  was  apprenticed  to  learn  the  trade  of 
weaver.  He  ran  away  from  a  hard  mas- 
ter, and  coming  to  America  settled  on 
Long  Island  and  later  moved  to  Deerfield 
Township,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jer- 
sey. He  followed  his  trade  as  weaver  and 
acquired  considerable  property.  His  son, 
John  Jessup,  moved  from  New  Jersey  to 
Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  about  1793  went  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  settling  in  what  is  now  Ham- 
ilton County,  Ohio.  He  spent  the  rest  of 
his  life  there. 

Daniel  Jessup,  a  son  of  John,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  served  as  a  soldier 
in  the  War  of  1812.  During  one  battle  a 
bullet  struck  him  in  the  knee,  and  he  car- 
ried that  bullet  the  rest  of  his  days.  He 
was  in  the  vicinity  of  Detroit  when  Gen- 
eral Hull  surrendered.  He  owned  and 
operated  a  farm  in  Hamilton  County, 
Ohio,  near  Mount  Healthy.  In  1830  he 
came  to  Indiana  on  horseback  prospecting, 
and  the  same  year  came  to  LaPorte 
County  with  his  sons  Irwin  and  Abiezer, 
selecting  government  land  in  what  is  New 
Durham  Township.  In  1832  he  brought 
his  family  to  LaPorte  County,  traveling 
with  horses  and  ox  teams.  He  built  a  log 
house  on  his  land  and  after  a  few  years 
reconstructed  it  on  a  larger  scale.  Daniel 
Jessup  was  a  county  commissioner  for  one 
term  and  was  in  office  when  LaPorte 's  first 
courthouse  was  erected.  Daniel  Jessup 
started  a  nursery  soon  after  coming  to 
LaPorte  County,  which  was  the  first  busi- 
ness of  the  kind  and  supplied  the  stock 
for  most  of  the  early  orchards  in  that  sec- 
tion. He  continued  the  nursery  business 
and  farming  the  rest  of  his  life. 

Irwin  Seward  Jessup,  one  of  the  sons 
of  Daniel  Jessup,  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  March  7,  1818, 
and  was  about  fourteen  years  old  when 
brought  to  LaPorte  County.  Later  he  es- 
tablished the  Lakeview  Nursery  on  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1435 


present  site  of  Washington  Park,  and  con- 
ducted that  business  successfully  until  his 
death  in  1874.  He  was  a  prominent  horti- 
culturist, and  among  other  achievements 
originated  the  Prolific  Beauty,  a  choice 
apple  which  had  a  wide  vogue  through- 
out this  part  of  the  Middle  West.  Irwin 
S.  Jessup  married  Elizabeth  Taylor,  also 
a  native  of  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  and 
daughter  of  William  Taylor.  She  died  at 
the  age  of  thirty-four,  leaving  two  chil- 
dren, Alice  M.,  now  the  wife  of  Ransom 
P.  Goit  and  living  at  St.  Paul,  and  Jennie 
Belle. 

Jennie  Belle  Jessup  has  been  a  lifelong 
resident  of  LaPorte  County.  She  went 
into  library  work  in  1894,  becoming  li- 
brarian of  the  old  LaPorte  Library  and 
Natural  History  Association.  It  was  at 
her  suggestion  that  the  association  donated 
its  collection  of  books  to  the  Public  Li- 
brary. In  1897  when  the  library  was  for- 
mally opened  as  a  free  library,  Miss  Jessup 
was  one  of  those  given  credit  for  this  im- 
portant event  in  the  city's  cultural  his- 
tory. In  1898  Miss  Jessup  went  to  Idaho 
and  organized  the  city  library  at  Boise. 
Later  she  organized  the  public  library  at 
Greenfield,  Indiana,  and  then  in  1902  en- 
tered upon  her  present  duties  as  librarian 
at  LaPorte. 

MAJ.  ISAAC  C.  ELSTON,  who  was  the 
founder  of  Michigan  City  and  was  hardly 
less  prominent  as  a  financier  and  business 
man  and  citizen  in  other  sections  of  the 
state,  was  born  in  New  Jersey  in  1794. 
The  family  moved  soon  afterwards  to 
Onondaga  County,  New  York,  where  he 
lived  until  1818. 

He  then  came  to  the  new  State  of  In- 
diana, locating  at  Vincennes,  where  he 
was  a  merchant  for  several  years.  In  1823 
he  moved  to  Terre  Haute,  and  in  the  same 
year  established  the  first  store  at  Craw- 
fordsville, then  the  northernmost  white 
settlement  in  the  state.  At  that  time  there 
were  less  than  a  dozen  families  in  a  radius 
of  fifty  miles.  He  was  also  the  first  post- 
master of  Crawfordsville,  having  been  ap- 
pointed by  President  Jackson. 

In  1825  he  and  two  other  men  bought 
the  site  of  Lafayette  for  $240.  He  founded 
the  Rock  River  Mills  at  Crawfordsville, 
and  was  also  the  first  president  of  the 
Crawfordsville  and  Wabash  Railroad, 


afterwards    merged    with    the    Louisville, 
New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad. 

In  1831  Major  Elston  bought  the  land 
for  the  original  site  of  Michigan  City  at 
the  sale  of  the  Michigan  road  lands  at 
Lafayette,  paying  $1.25  an  acre.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1832,  he  had  the  land  platted,  and 
the  plat  was  filed  in  October,  1835.  He 
laid  out  the  city  wisely  and  made  gener- 
ous provisions  for  schools  and  churches, 
and  he  lived  to  see  and  realize  all  his  antic- 
ipations for  the  city's  prosperity.  Major 
Elston  never  became  a  resident  of  Michi- 
gan City,  and  lived  at  Crawfordsville  until 
his  death  in  1867.  In  1853  he  established 
the  banking  house  of  Elston  &  Company 
at  Crawfordsville.  and  was  its  manager 
until  his  death.  One  of  his  daughters  be- 
came the  wife  of  Gen.  Lew  Wallace. 

JOHN  H.  BALL.  The  first  permanent 
settlers  arrived  at  LaPorte  about  1830  and 
the  county  was  formally  organized  in 
1832.  These  statements  give  significance 
to  the  fact  that  the  oldest  living  native  son 
of  LaPorte  is  John  H.  Ball,  who  was  born 
there  eighty-four  years  ago,  December  14, 
1834.  His  life  has  been  as  interesting  and 
varied  as  it  has  been  long,  and  there  are 
many  facts  which  connect  him  permanent- 
ly with  the  history  of  his  native  town. 

His  parents  were  Willard  Newell  and 
Nancy  (Thomas)  Ball.  His  maternal 
grandfather  was  George  Thomas,  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  the  early  history  of  LaPorte 
County.  He  was  born  at  Newsoms  Mills, 
Virginia,  a  son  of  Reinyer  and  Elizabeth 
(Newsom)  Thomas.  George  Thomas  came 
to  Indiana  in  1828,  and  soon  afterward 
settled  in  LaPorte  County.  He  was  a  man 
of  education  and  of  good  clerical  ability, 
and  when  the  county  was  organized  in  1832 
he  helped  run  some  of  the  survey  lines 
and  was  elected  the  first  clerk  and  re- 
corder, and  was  also  the  first  postmaster 
of  LaPorte.  He  died  while  still  filling 
these  official  duties  in  1835.  The  first 
house  in  LaPorte  was  built  for  him,  it  be- 
ing a  double  log  house  located  upon  the 
site  now  occupied  by  the  Lake  Shore  Rail- 
road Station.  In  that  house  the  first  court 
was  held.  His  widow  survived  him  until 
1863.  and  they  reared  a  family  of  five 
daughters  and  two  sons. 

Willard  Newell  Ball  was  born  in  New 
York  State,  son  of  Abraham  Ball,  who 


1436 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  probably  a  native  of  Boylston,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  descended  from  one  of  five 
brothers  who  came  from  Ireland  in 
colonial  times.  Abraham  Ball  moved  from 
Massachusetts  to  New  York  State,  later  to 
Kentucky  and  from  there  to  Liberty,  In- 
diana, and  was  also  numbered  among  the 
very  early  settlers  of  LaPorte  County.  He 
was  a  brickmaker  by  trade  and  probably 
established  the  brick  yard  just  north  of 
LaPorte  in  which  was  made  the  first  brick 
in  LaPorte  County.  Later  he  removed  to 
Paw  Paw,  Michigan,  and  continued  brick 
manufacture  there  until  his  death.  Wil- 
lard  Newell  Ball  when  a  young  man  went 
to  Cincinnati,  and  learned  the  trade*  of 
cabinet  maker.  Later  he  went  to  Liberty, 
Indiana,  and  thence  to  LaPorte,  and  was 
the  first  cabinet  maker  to  ply  his  trade 
in  that  locality.  He  was  also  an  under- 
taker, and  in  his  shop  made  the  coffins 
used  in  that  service.  He  continued  an 
honored  resident  of  LaPorte  until  his 
death  at  the  age  of  seventy-two.  His  wife, 
Nancy  Thomas,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1814  and  died  at  LaPorte  in  1907.  They 
had  four  children,  Thomas,  John  H.,  Theo- 
dore and  Mary. 

John  H.  Ball  has  some  interesting  remi- 
niscences of  LaPorte  when  it  was  a  pio- 
neer village.  He  attended  school  in  La- 
Porte,  his  principal  teacher  being  Rev. 
Abner  Dwelly.  In  1852  he  took  up  the 
trade  of  bricklayer,  and  two  years  later  he 
started  on  a  journey  which  brought  him 
into  touch  with  the  most  romantic  scenes 
and  incidents  of  American  life  in  that 
decade.  He  hired  out  as  a  driver  to  Jerry 
Ridgeway  and  James  Lemon,  who  were 
taking  a  herd  of  400  cattle  across  the 
plains  to  California.  There  was  much 
hard  work,  danger,  excitement  and  mo- 
notonous toil  connected  with  the  trip,  and 
Mr.  Ball  is  one  of  the  few  men  still  liv- 
ing who  had  that  rare  experience.  The 
drive  began  in  March,  and  they  took  their 
cattle  across  the  Mississippi  River  at  Bur- 
lington, Iowa,  crossed  the  Missouri  at  St. 
Joseph,  and  reached  California  in  Novem- 
ber, after  nearly  eight  months  of  travel. 
On  the  way  they  encountered  many  In- 
dians, but  none  who  were  disposed  to  be 
very  hostile,  and  they  saw  vast  herds  of 
buffalo,  deer  and  antelope.  Arriving  in 
California,  Mr.  Ball  found  employment  at 
his  trade  in  Sacramento,  and  he  also  spent 
some  time  among  the  mines. 


At  San  Francisco  on  October  10,  1861, 
he  volunteered  his  services  to  the  Union 
as  a  member  of  Company  H  of  the  Sec- 
ond California  Cavalry.  This  regiment 
was  employed  chiefly  on  the  plains  in 
guarding  the  highways  of  travel  and  scat- 
tered settlements  against  Indian  hostili- 
ties. The  first  winter  was  spent  in  Ne- 
vada, and  in  the  spring  of  1862  he  and 
his  comrades  were  sent  to  Salt  Lake  City. 
He  remained  in  Utah  until  October  20, 
1864.  He  was  discharged  from  the  service 
on  October  9th  of  that  year,  on  account 
of  the  expiration  of  his  term,  and  a  few 
days  later  he  started  east,  again  making 
the  overland  journey  and  arriving  at  La- 
Porte  just  before  Christmas. 

After  this  ten  years  of  absence  he  re- 
sumed civil  life  in  LaPorte  as  a  business 
associate  with  his  father  and  his  brother, 
Thomas,  and  later  he  succeeded  to  the  un- 
dertaking business  and  conducted  it  for 
many  vears.  He  is  now  living  retired. 

In  1*865  Mr.  Ball  married  for  his  first 
wife  Miss  Martin,  a  native  of  LaPorte, 
who  died  in  1872.  For  his  second  wife  he 
married  Elizabeth  Fitzgerald.  She  was 
born  in  England,  a  daughter  of  Edmond 
Fitzgerald.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ball  had  the 
following  children :  Mary,  Edmond,  John, 
William,  Timothy,  Inez,  James,  Elizabeth 
and  Margaret.  The  sons  Edmond  and 
Timothy  were  both  soldiers  in  the  Span- 
ish-American war.  Edmond  N.  enlisted  in 
Company  F,  First  Illindis  Infantry,  and 
while  in  the  South  contracted  yellow  fever 
and  died  soon  after  his  return  home.  Mr. 
J.  H.  Ball  is  an  honored  member  of  Pat- 
ton  Post  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public. 

ROBERT  P.  KIZEB.  The  business  of 
handling  real  estate,  loans  and  insurance 
in  a  large  city  with  rich  surrounding  ter- 
ritory and  advantages  that  attract  capital 
is  apt  to  be  of  much  importance,  and  espe- 
cially so  when  it  is  honorably  conducted 
by  men  of  solid  reputation  and  ripened 
experience.  A  firm  so  engaged  at  South 
Bend  that  was  held  to  be  trustworthy  in 
every  particular,  was  that  of  Kizer  & 
Woolverton,  of  which  Robert  P.  Kizer  was 
manager  until  1918  and  at  that  time  he 
and  his  son,  Lloyd  T.,  Kizer  took  over  the 
business. 

Robert  P.  Kizer  was  born  in  German 
Township,  St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1437 


May  19,  1852.  His  parents  were  Ebenezer 
F.  and  Susanna  (Ward)  Kizer,  both  of 
whom  died  at  South  Bend,  the  father  in 
1879  and  the  mother  five  years  earlier. 
Ebenezer  F.  Kizer  was  born  in  1815,  and 
before  coming  to  Indiana  married  and  re- 
sided in  Ohio,  where  three  children  were 
born.  After  locating  on  a  farm  in  Ger- 
man Township,  St.  Joseph  County,  he  im- 
proved his  place  and  in  1856  built  a  house 
that  yet  remains  on  the  farm.  When  no 
longer  active  he  retired  to  South  Bend, 
and  he  was  a  devout  member  and  a  gen- 
erous supporter  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  in  his  neighborhood.  He  was 
a  democrat  in  politics  but  accepted  no  po- 
litical office.  He  married  Susanna  Ward, 
who  was  born  in  1813,  and  they  had  eight 
children,  as  follows:  George,  who  died  at 
South  Bend  in  1914,  was  a  retired  farmer ; 
Peter,  who  died  on  his  farm  in  German 
Township,  St.  Joseph  County,  in  1913; 
William  L.,  who  died  in  South  Bend  in 
1917;  Ebenezer  F.,  who  died  in  Niles, 
Michigan  in  1918 ;  James;  who  is  a  farmer 
in  German  Township,  St.  Joseph  County, 
Indiana;  Jacob  B.,  who  is  a  farmer  in  St. 
Joseph  County,  Indiana;  Robert  P.;  and 
Sarah  M.,  who  died  at  Detroit,  Michigan, 
in  1875,  was  the  wife  of  the  late  Orlando 
J.  Ryan,  a  farmer,  who  died  in  Clay  Town- 
ship, St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana. 

William  L.  Kizer,  the  third  in  order  of 
birth  in  the  above  family,  was  born  in 
Ohio  in  1844.  He  was  reared  on  his 
father's  farm  in  German  Township,  St. 
Joseph  County,  and  completed  his  educa- 
tion in  an  academy  at  South  Bend.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  real  estate, 
loan  and  insurance  firm  of  Kizer  &  Wool- 
verton,  of  which  his  brother,  Robert  P. 
Kizer,  was  manager.  William  L.  Kizer 
was  president  of  the  Malleable  Steel  Range 
Company  at  South  Bend,  was  a  director  in 
the  St.  Joseph  Loan  &  Trust  Company,  and 
was  secretary  of  the  New  Jersey,  Indiana 
&  Illinois  Railroad  Company.  In  politics 
he  was  a  republican,  and  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

William  L.  Kizer  married  Miss  Elizabeth 
Brick,  who  was  born  in  Warren  Township, 
St.  Joseph  County,  Indiana,  and  they  have 
one  daughter,  Mrs.  Willomine  Kizer  Morri- 
son. 

Robert  P.  Kizer  attended  the  country 
schools  in  German  township  and  then 
spent  two  years  in  the  high  school  at  South 

Vol.  Ill— 15 


Bend.  In  1876  he  became  connected  with 
the  real  estate  and  insurance  firm  of  Kizer 
&  Woolverton,  and  was  so  identified  until 
1918,  being  manager  of  the  same.  Since 
that  date  the  business  has  been  conducted 
under  the  name  of  Robert  P.  Kizer  and 
Son.  A  large  business  is  done  and  the 
firm  has  high  commercial  rating.  The  of- 
fices are  in  the  J.  M.  Studebaker  Building. 

Robert  P.  Kizer  was  married  in  1884,  at 
South  Bend,  to  Miss  Ada  M.  Fellows,  who 
is  a  daughter  of  the  late  William  and 
Anna  (Thurston)  Fellows,  and  they  have 
had  four  children :  Ralph  W.,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  twelve  years ;,  Hazel  A.,  whom 
they  lost  in  early  womanhood;  Verna  M., 
who  is  the  wife  of  Foster  W.  Riddick, 
owner  and  publisher  of  the  Winamac  Re- 
publican at  Winamac,  Indiana ;  and  Lloyd 
T.,  who  is  in  partnership  with  his  father. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  South  Bend 
High  School  in  1910,  and  then  took  a 
course  in  the  Montana  State  School  of 
Mines  covering  two  years. 

Mr.  Kizer  owns  his  residence  at  No.  718 
Gushing  Street,  which  was  built  by  his 
father,  and  several  other  dwellings  at 
South  Bend,  and  also  has  a  very  fine  farm 
in  German  Township  of  180  acres.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  a  republican,  but  in  matters  that 
concern  the  general  welfare  he  permits  no 
partisan  feeling  to  govern  his  actions.  He 
is  a  member  of  and  an  elder  in  the  West- 
minster Presbyterian  Church  at  South 
Bend. 

LINTON  A.  Cox  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  bar  since  1890,  and  his 
experience  and  abilities  have  brought  him 
many  varied  and  prominent  relationships 
with  his  profession  and  with  the  life  of  his 
home  city  and  state. 

He  was  born  at  Azalia,  Indiana,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1868,  completed  his  literary  educa- 
tion at  Earlham  College  at  Richmond  in 
1888,  and  in  1890  graduated  from  the  law 
school  of  the  University  of  Michigan  with 
the  degree  LL.  B.  He  soon  afterward 
came  to  Indianapolis  and  engaged  in  a 
practice  that  has  been  steadily  growing  in 
subsequent  years. 

The  part  of  his  record  which  is  of  spe- 
cial interest  to  the  state  was  his  service 
during  the  Sixty-fifth  and  Sixty-sixth 
General  Assemblies  as  state  senator  from 
Marion  County.  He  was  identified  as  the 
leader  in  all  phases  of  the  passage  of  the 


1438 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


measure  through  both  Houses  of  the  Legis- 
lature which  fixed  the  price  of  gas  at  In- 
dianapolis at  sixty  cents  per  thousand.  He 
was  also  a  factor  in  establishing  the  system 
of  depositories  for  public  funds,  under 
which  all  public  funds  are  held  in  official 
depositories  under  ample  security  and  yield 
interest  to  the  public. 

Mr.  Cox  married  Elizabeth  Harvey, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas  Harvey  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

OLIVER  J.  GRONENDYKE,  M.  D.  It  is  not 
merely  for  his  individual  services  as  a  suc- 
cessful physician  and  surgeon  at  Newcastle 
that  the  name  of  Doctor  Gronendyke  com- 
mands some  space  in  this  publication.  The 
Gronendyke  family  has  been  identified 
with  Henry  County  for  a  century.  Two 
generations  have  been  represented  by  cap- 
able physicians.  The  Gronendykes  are  of 
Holland  Dutch  ancestry,  and  the  first  of 
the  name  in  America  were  identified  with 
the  founding  of  Manhattan.  There  have 
been  Gronendykes  engaged  in  every  im- 
portant war  of  our  nation's  history,  an$ 
Doctor  Gronendyke 's  own  children  are  not 
unrepresented  in  the  present  great  war 
struggle. 

For  several  generations  the  home  of  this 
branch  of  the  family  was  in  New  Jersey. 
Thomas  H.  Gronendyke,  grandfather  of 
Doctor  Gronendyke,  was  born  in  that  state, 
and  his  wife,  Nancy,  was  a  native  of  Ten- 
nessee. Both  of  them  came  to  Indiana 
about  1818,  when  young  people  and  here 
they  married  and  lived  in  Henry,  Dela- 
ware and  other  counties. 

In  Delaware  County,  Indiana,  Thomas 
"W.  Gronendyke,  father  of  Dr.  O.  J.  Gro- 
nendyke, was  born  October  2,  1839.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  began  teaching  in  the 
public  schools  of  Delaware  County,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1861  took  up  the  study 
of  medicine  with  Dr.  William  R.  Swain  of 
Delaware  County.  Later  he  pursued  his 
studies  under  Dr.  J.  Weeks  of  Mechanics- 
burg,  Henry  County,  but  in  July,  1862, 
abandoned  his  professional  preparations  to 
enlist  as  a  private  in  Company  H  of  the 
Sixty-ninth  Indiana  Infantry.  At  the  end 
of  eight  months'  service  he  was  discharged 
on  account  of  physical  disability.  He 
then  resumed  the  study  of  medicine  under 
Doctor  Weeks,  and  completed  his  course 
in  the  Physio-Medical  College  of  Cincin- 
nati. He  began  practice  in  Randolph 


County,  Indiana,  but  becoming  dissatisfied 
with  the  Physio-Medical  system  he  took  up 
the  regular  school,  and  after  three  years 
in  Randolph  County  moved  to  Mount  Sum- 
mit, Henry  County,  where  he  had  his  home 
eight  years,  and  in  November,  1879,  moved 
to  Newcastle,  where  for  many  years  he  was 
not  only  a  successful  physician  but  a  mem- 
ber of  the  County  Board  of  Health,  of  the 
Board  of  Town  Trustees,  and  was  identi- 
fied with  various  fraternal  organizations, 
including  the  Grand  Army. 

In  August,  1863,  Thomas  W.  Gronendyke 
married  Miss  Jennie  Swain,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  R.  Swain,  under  whom  he 
had  begun  the  study  of  medicine. 

Thus  Oliver  J.  Gronendyke,  only  child 
of  his  parents,  had  the  example  of  his 
honored  father  and  of  his  maternal  grand- 
father to  guide  him  into  his  present  pro- 
fession. Dr.  0.  J.  Gronendyke  was  born  in 
Delaware  County,  Indiana,  May  30,  1864, 
and  during  his  boyhood  lived  in  the  various 
localities  where  his  father  practiced.  He 
.  graduated,  from  the  Newcastle  High  School 
'  in  1881,  and  for  two  years  taught  at  the 
Elliott  School  House  in  Henry  township. 
During  that  time  he  was  also  studying 
medicine  under  his  father,  and  subsequently 
entered  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  now  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Cincinnati.  He  was  student  there  from 
1883  to  1885,  when  he  was  graduated  honor 
and  medal  man  of  his  class.  He  was  only 
twenty-one  when  he  returned  to  Newcastle 
prepared  for  practice,  and  has  been  steadily 
identified  with  his  profession  in  this  city 
for  over  thirty  years.  He  has  taken  num- 
erous post-graduate  courses  in  New  York 
hospitals  and  clinics,  spending  several 
months  there  in  1889,  1892  and  1899.  His 
is  a  general  practice  in  both  medicine  and 
surgery,  and  he  has  served  as  surgeon  for 
all  the  railroads  through  Newcastle  and 
for  many  of  the  local  industries.  He  is 
prominent  in  the  County  and  State  Medical 
Societies,  in  the  Union  District  Medical 
Association,  has  filled  all  the  offices  in  the 
Rose  City  Medical  Society,  and  for  six 
years  was  medical  counsellor  of  the  Sixth 
District  of  the  State  Medical  Association. 
For  seventeen  consecutive  years  Doctor 
Gronendyke  has  been  a  member  of  the  New- 
castle School  Board,  and  has  held  every 
office,  being  elected  as  president  in  1918. 
He  is  a  republican,  and  in  Masonry  is 
affiliated  with  the  various  bodies  of  New- 


LS3RARY 

OF  T  JE 

UWVERSITY  OF  HLWQL 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1439 


castle,  including  the  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar,  and  for  ten  years  was 
one  of  the  officials  of  that  body.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 

In  1886  Doctor  Gronendyke  married  Miss 
Mary  Catherine  Chambers,  daughter  of 
David  and  Emma  (Bundy)  Chambers.  Her 
mother  is  a  sister  of  Major  General  Omar 
Bundy,  who  was  born  at  Newcastle,  and 
whose  brilliant  military  record  is  familiar 
to  Indianans.  General  Bundy  graduated 
from  West  Point  Military  Acadamy  in 
1883  and  has  been  in  the  active  service  of 
the  regular  army  ever  since.  He  was  in 
some  of  the  Indian  campaigns  of  the  west, 
was  in  the  Cuban  war,  was  in  the  Philip- 
pine campaign  and  an  officer  of  the  mili- 
tary provisional  government  of  those 
Islands,  and  since  June,  1917,  has  been 
major  general  commanding  the  second  divi- 
sion of  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
in  France. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Gronendyke  have  had 
six  children.  Walter  Thomas,  born  in  De- 
cember, 1888,  now  holds  the  rank  of  ser- 
geant and  is  identified  with  the  signal 
corps  of  the  American  army.  Helen  Mary 
married  Max  Hutzeld,  of  Muncie,  Indiana. 
Edith  Frances  is  the  wife  of  Clarence  Jack- 
son, a  lieutenant  in  the  American  army. 
Marian  C.  is  now  in  training  as  an  army 
nurse  at  Indianapolis.  Morris  Chambers 
is  a  member  of  the  Boy  Scouts  organiza- 
tion. Harold  died  in  1893,  when  only  one 
year  old. 

FRANK  MAUS  FAUVRE  is  a  son  of  Casper 
Maus,  one  of  the  honored  pioneers  of  South- 
eastern Indiana  and  long  a  business  man 
of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Fauvre  by  permis- 
sion from  the  Circuit  Court  of  Marion 
County  took  the  additional  family  name 
of  Fauvre  in  1900.  This  was  the  name  of 
his  paternal  grandmother  Favre,  pro- 
nounced Fauvre.  Both  the  Favre  and 
Maus  families  are  of  French  ancestry,  and 
are  identified  with  the  oft  disputed  coun- 
try of  Alsace-Lorraine. 

Recent  history  both  in  Europe  and 
America  lends  additional  interest  to  many 
of  the  facts  connected  with  the  life  and 
experience  of  Casper  Maus.  He  was  born 
near  Eberbach,  near  the  former  stronghold 
of  Metz  in  Lorraine.  One  of  his  ances- 
tors built  a  mill  on  a  stream  known  as  Eb- 
erbach as  early  as  1650,  and  that  property 
was  in  the  family  possession  for  about  two 


centuries.  Jacob  Maus,  father  of  Casper, 
fought  as  a  soldier  under  the  great  Na- 
poleon. He  was  wounded  in  battle  and 
died  in  the  early  '20s.  His  widow  subse- 
quently came  to  America  and  spent  her 
last  days  in  Indiana. 

Casper  Maus  was  a  miller  by  trade  and 
came  to  America  in  1835.  He  married  at 
Cincinnati  Magdalena  Dietrich,  who  was 
born  at  Molsheim  in  the  Province  of  Alsace 
and  came  with  her  parents  to  America  two 
years  after  Casper  Maus.  Her  father  was 
Jacob  Dietrich. 

In  1842  Casper  Maus  erected  the  first 
steam  grist  mill  in  Dearborn  County,  In- 
diana. He  became  a  man  of  prominence 
in  that  section  of  Southern  Indiana,  and 
served  many  years  as  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  rendered  service 
for  the  Union  as  an  enrolling  officer.  It 
will  be  recalled  that  the  northern  states 
first  put  into  effect  the  draft  laws  in  1863. 
As  one  of  the  men  charged  with  the  enforc- 
ing of  i  that  act,  Casper  Maus  incurred  the 
hostility  of  those  who  were  inclined  to  re- 
sist its  provisions.  His  mill  was  destroyed 
by  fire  while  he  was  serving  as  enrolling  of- 
ficer, no  doubt  the  act  of  an  incendiary, 
and  the  crime  has  been  generally  charged 
to  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle.  In 
1864  Casper  Maus  moved  to  Indianapolis 
and  established  the  Maus  brewery.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis  in  1876,  and  in  1889  his 
family  sold  the  brewery.  Casper  Maus  was 
a  man  of  much  business  ability,  of  tremen- 
dous energy,  and  had  the  equally  notable 
traits  of  kindness,  generosity  and  a  broad 
tolerance.  His  widow  survived  him  many 
years  and  passed  away  in  1900,  aged  eighty- 
two.  They  had  a  family  of  six  sons  and 
three  daughters.  Two  of  the  sons,  Albert 
and  Joseph,  were  soldiers  with  the  Thirty- 
second  Indiana  Volunteer  Regiment  in  the 
Civil  war. 

Frank  Maus  Fauvre  was  born  at  New  Al- 
sace, Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  January 
24,  1851,  and  came  to  Indianapolis  at  the 
age  of  thirteen.  He  graduated  from  a  com- 
mercial school  in  1867,  and  for  the  next 
twenty  years  was  in  the  brewery  business, 
at  first  under  his  father  and  later  as  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  establishment  until  it 
was  sold  in  1889.  In  1877  he  served  on  the 
City  Council  of  Indianapolis,  this  being  the 
only  political  office  he  ever  held. 

For  the  past  thirty  years  his  name  has 
been  identified  with  a  number  of  large  busi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


1439 


castle,  including  the  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar,  and  for  ten  years  was 
one  of  the  officials  of  that  body.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 

In  1886  Doctor  Gronendyke  married  Miss 
Mary  Catherine  Chambers,  daughter  of 
David  and  Emma  (Bundy)  Chambers.  Her 
mother  is  a  sister  of  Major  General  Omar 
Bundy,  who  was  born  at  Newcastle,  and 
whose  brilliant  military  record  is  familiar 
to  Indianans.  General  Bundy  graduated 
from  West  Point  Military  Acadamy  in 
1883  and  has  been  in  the  active  service  of 
the  regular  army  ever  since.  He  was  in 
some  of  the  Indian  campaigns  of  the  west, 
was  in  the  Cuban  war,  was  in  the  Philip- 
pine campaign  and  an  officer  of  the  mili- 
tary provisional  government  of  those 
Islands,  and  since  June,  1917,  has  been 
major  general  commanding  the  second  divi- 
sion of  the  American  Expeditionary  Forces 
in  France. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Gronendyke  have  had 
six  children.  Walter  Thomas,  born  in  De- 
cember, 1888,  now  holds  the  rank  of  ser- 
geant and  is  identified  with  the  signal 
corps  of  the  American  army.  Helen  Mary 
married  Max  Ilutzeld,  of  Muncie,  Indiana. 
Edith  Frances  is  the  wife  of  Clarence  Jack- 
son, a  lieutenant  in  the  American  army. 
Marian  C.  is  now  in  training  as  an  army 
nurse  at  Indianapolis.  Morris  Chambers 
is  a  member  of  the  Boy  Scouts  organiza- 
tion. Harold  died  in  1893,  when  only  one 
year  old. 

FRANK  M.\rs  FAUVBE  is  a  son  of  Casper 
Maus,  one  of  the  honored  pioneers  of  South- 
eastern Indiana  and  long  a  business  man 
of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Fauvre  by  permis- 
sion from  the  Circuit  Court  of  Marion 
County  took  the  additional  family  name 
of  Fauvre  in  1900.  This  was  the  name  of 
his  paternal  grandmother  Favre,  pro- 
nounced Fauvre.  Both  the  Favre  and 
Maus  families  are  of  French  ancestry,  and 
are  identified  with  the  oft  disputed  coun- 
try of  Alsace-Lorraine. 

Recent  history  both  in  Europe  and 
America  lends  additional  interest  to  many 
of  the  facts  connected  with  the  life  and 
experience  of  Casper  Maus.  lie  was  born 
near  Eberbach,  near  the  former  stronghold 
of  Metz  in  Lorraine.  One  of  his  ances- 
tors built  a  mill  on  a  stream  known  as  Eb- 
erbach as  early  as  1650,  and  that  property 
was  in  the  family  possession  for  about  two 


centuries.  Jacob  Maus,  father  of  Casper, 
fought  as  a  soldier  under  the  great  Na- 
poleon, lie  was  wounded  in  battle  and 
died  in  the  early  '20s.  His  widow  subse- 
quently came  to  America  and  spent  her 
last  days  in  Indiana. 

Casper  Maus  was  a  miller  by  trade  and 
came  to  America,  in  1835.  He  married  at 
Cincinnati  .Magdalcna  Dietrich,  who  was 
born  at  Molslieim  in  the  Province  of  Alsace 
and  came  with  her  parents  to  America  two 
years  after  Casper  Maus.  Her  father  was 
Jacob  Dietrich. 

In  1842  Casper  Maus  erected  the  first 
steam  grist  mill  in  Dearborn  County,  In- 
diana, lie  became  a  man  of  prominence 
in  that  section  of  Southern  Indiana,  and 
served  many  years  as  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  rendered  service 
for  the  Union  as  an  enrolling  officer.  It 
will  be  recalled  that  the  northern  states 
first  put  into  effect  the  draft  laws  in  1863. 
As  one  of  the  men  charged  with  the  enforc- 
ing of  that  act,  Casper  Maus  incurred  the 
hostility  of  those  who  were  inclined  to  re- 
sist its  provisions.  His  mill  was  destroyed 
by  fire  while  he  was  serving  as  enrolling  of- 
ficer, no  doubt  the  act  of  an  incendiary, 
and  the  crime  has  been  generally  charged 
to  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle.  In 
1864  Casper  Mans  moved  to  Indianapolis 
and  established  the  Maus  brewery.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis  in  1876,  and  in  1889  his 
family  sold  the  brewery.  Casper  Maus  was 
a  man  of  much  business  ability,  of  tremen- 
dous energy,  and  had  the  equally  notable 
traits  of  kindness,  generosity  and  a  broad 
tolerance.  His  widow  survived  him  many 
years  and  passed  away  in  1900,  aged  eighty- 
two.  They  had  a  family  of  six  sons  and 
three  daughters.  Two  of  the  sons,  Albert 
and  Joseph,  were  soldiers  with  the  Thirty- 
second  Indiana  Volunteer  Regiment  in  the 
Civil  war. 

Frank  Maus  Fauvre  was  Ijorn  at  New  Al- 
sace. Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  January 
24.  1S.")1.  and  came  to  Indianapolis  at  the 
age  of  thirteen.  lie  graduated  from  a  com- 
mercial school  in  1867,  and  for  the  next 
twenty  years  was  in  the  brewery  business, 
at  first  under  his  father  and  later  as  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  establishment,  until  it 
was  sold  in  1SS9.  In  1877  he  served  on  the 
City  Council  of  Indianapolis,  this  being  the 
only  political  office  he  ever  held. 

For  the  past  thirty  years  his  name  has 
been  identified  with  a  number  of  large  busi- 


1440 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ness  undertakings,  especially  ice  manufac- 
ture and  coal  mining.  In  1881  he  built  and 
put  in  operation  the  first  artificial  ice  plant 
in  Indianapolis.  He  helped  found  a  num- 
ber of  similar  plants  in  different  cities  of 
the  middle  west.  In  1902  he  was  associ- 
ated with  other  capitalists  in  the  purchase 
of  the  electric  interurban  line  between  In- 
dianapolis and  Greenfield,  these  lines  being 
extended  into  the  system  including  New- 
castle and  Dublin.  He  was  president  of 
the  company,  but  sold  his  interests  in  1905. 
Later  he  became  president  of  the  Vigo  Ice 
&  Cold  Storage  Company  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  a  director  in  the  People's  Light  and 
Heat  Company  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade,  the  Commercial  and  University 
clubs,  the  Masonic  Order,  and  he  and  his 
wife  were  formerly  identified  with  the 
Plymouth  Congregational  Church,  but  sub- 
sequently became  members  of  the  Christian 
Science  Church. 

In  1880  Mr.  Fauvre  married  Miss  Lilian 
Scholl,  of  Indianapolis.  They  are  the  par- 
ents of  six  children :  Lilian  M.,  Madeleine 
M.,  Francis  M.,  Julian  M.,  Irving  M.  and 
Elizabeth  M.  The  daughter  Lilian  is  the 
wife  of  Arthur  Vonnegut,  a  first  lieuten- 
ant in  the  Quartermaster's  Department 
now  in  the  overseas  service.  Madeleine 
married  Thomas  L.  Wiles,  an  attorney  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  Francis,  who  is  as- 
sociated in  business  with  his  father,  mar- 
ried Miss  Bertha  Schnull.  Julian,  a  grad- 
uate of  Gomel!  University,  enlisted  in 
Company  M  of  the  Three  Hundred  and 
Thirty-fourth  Infantry,  later  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  First  Army  Headquarters 
and  went  overseas  in  March,  1918,  and  is 
still  abroad  in  service.  The  son  Irving  was 
in  the  senior  class  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  when  he  enlistea  in  May, 
1917,  going  to  the  officers'  training  school 
at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  and  being  com- 
missioned second  lieutenant.  He  was  as- 
signed to  duty  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty-second  Infantry,  stationed  at  Camp 
Shelby,  Mississippi,  but  later  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  air  service,  the  school  of 
Aerial  Observers  at  Fort  Sill,  Oklaho- 
ma. After  receiving  his  certificate  as  an 
observer  he  was  made  instructor  at  the 
school,  which  position  he  held  until  Jan- 
uary, 1919,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  when 
he  returned  to  complete  his  course  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 


CATHARINE  MERRILL,  educator  and 
author,  was  born  at  Corydon,  then  capital 
of  Indiana,  January  24,  1824.  Her  father, 
Samuel  Merrill,  then  Treasurer  of  State, 
was  from  Vermont,  a  graduate  of  Dart- 
mouth, and  a  class-mate  and  friend  of 
Thaddeus  Stevens.  He  was  a  great  reader 
and  student,  and  Catharine  was  his  fav- 
orite pupil  and  a  comrade  in  his  studies. 
Hence,  in  her  home,  she  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  an  unusually  thorough  and  broad 
education.  She  was  a  natural  teacher,  and 
early  took  up  the  work  with  a  primary 
school  at  the  family  home — later  removed 
to  the  basement  of  the  old  Fourth  Presby- 
terian Church,  and  to  other  localities.  For 
a  time  she  was  called  to  the  Female  Semi- 
nary, at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where,  among 
others,  Constance  Fennimore  Woolson  was 
one  of  her  pupils. 

In  1859  Miss  Merrill  went  to  Germany 
to  pursue  her  studies,  but  was  called  back 
in  1861  by  interest  in  the  war,  and  went 
into  the  hospital  service  of  the  United 
States  as  a  nurse,  gaining  a  practical 
knowledge  of  the  great  conflict  which  en- 
abled her  to  publish  in  1866  "The  Soldier 
of  Indiana  in  the  War  for  the  Union," 
which  still  ranks  as  the  most  comprehen- 
sive history  of  the  state's  part  in  the  Civil 
war. 

In  1869,  Miss  Merrill  was  called  to  the 
Demia  Butler  chair  of  English  Literature, 
in  Northwestern  Christian  University 
(now  Butler)  in  which  position  she  re- 
mained until  1885,  resigning  to  take  up 
private  class  work,  which  she  continued 
until  her  death,  May  30,  1900.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  no  other  woman  has  had  so  great 
influence  on  literary  culture  in  Indiana 
as  she  had.  Her  memory  is  preserved  in 
the  Catharine  Merrill  Club,  of  Indianap- 
olis; the  Catharine  Merrill  School,  on  the 
site  of  the  old  Merrill  home;  and  in  a 
memorial  volume,  "The  Man  Shakespeare, 
and  Other  Essays,"  published  in  1902 
through  the  agency  of  friends  and  ad- 
mirers. 

LIEUT.  ROBERT  E.  KENNINQTON.  The 
community  of  Indianapolis  had  taken  meas- 
ure of  him  as  a  young  lawyer  of  many 
talents  and  with  sound  achievement  to  his 
credit.  Many  loyal  friends  attached  them- 
selves to  his  following.  When  America 
entered  the  war  against  Germany  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  volunteer  for  an  officers 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1441 


training  camp  and  was  early  assigned 
to  overseas  duty.  When  in  action  a  few 
weeks  'before  the  close  of  the  war  death 
came  to  him,  bringing  him  a  crown  of  im- 
perishable glory. 

Such  is  in  brief  the  record  of  Lieut. 
Robert  E.  Kennington,  which,  however, 
deserves  more  of  the  detail  which  will  be 
sought  with  interest  by  the  present  and 
coming  generations  in  all  those  who  gave 
their  lives  in  the  great  war  just  finished. 
Robert  E.  Kennington  was  born  in  Indi- 
anapolis May  25,  1893.  He  grew  up  in 
his  native  city,  attended  the  grammar 
schools  and  the  Shortridge  High  School, 
from  which  he  graduated,  was  a  student 
in  Butler  College  in  Indianapolis,  and 
studied  law  in  the  University  of  Michigan. 
He  finished  his  law  course  at  the  Indian- 
apolis Law  School,  and  after  graduating 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1916.  He  prac- 
ticed a  little  more  than  a  year. 

Early  in  1917  he  was  one  of  the  first 
to  enter  the  officers  training  camp  at  Fort 
Benjamin  Harrison.  He  was  in  the  camp 
in  fact  before  the  training  school  was  form- 
ally opened.  After  his  period  of  training 
he  was  commissioned  as  second  lieutenant 
and  passed  the  winter  in  1917-18  in  train- 
ing at  Camp  Greene,  Charlotte,  North  Caro- 
lina. He  went  to  France  with  the  Amer- 
ican Expeditionary  Forces  early  in  the 
spring  of  1918,  arriving  overseas  April  28, 
1918.  For  a  time  he  was  assigned  to  a 
signal  school  near  Paris  and  while  there 
was  commissioned  first  lieutenant  and  as- 
signed to  the  Fifty-eighth  Infantry  Regi- 
ment, which  in  the  fighting  at  the  front  was 
part  of  the  First  Brigade  Fourth  Division. 
Incidentally  it  may  be  stated  that  the 
Fourth  Division  bore  the  brunt  of  most  of 
the  fighting  of  the  American  forces  in 
France,  and  is  credited  with  having  lost 
more  men  and  carried  on  its  operations 
more  heroically  than  any  other  organiza- 
tion of  the  American  army. 

Lieutenant  Kennington  was  in  active 
service  at  the  beginning  of  the  great  allied 
offensive  during  the  summer  of  1918.  A 
brief  account  of  his  service  is  found  in  a 
letter  written  by  his  chaplain  to  his  parents 
after  his  death,  which  reads  as  follows: 
' '  Lieutenant  Kennington  was  killed  in  bat- 
tle near  Chery  Chartreuve  October  4,  1918, 
this  place  being  northeast  of  Chateau 
Thierry  and  this  battle  being  one  of  the 
advance  operations  of  the  American  army 


following  the  battle  of  Chateau  Thierry. 
He  had  just  taken  up  a  position  on  the 
crest  of  a  hill  overlooking  a  ravine,  and 
had  with  him  a  squad  of  automatic  rifle- 
men. They  were  barely  in  position  when 
an  explosive  shell  of  large  calibre  made 
a  direct  hit  on  their  position,  killing  seven 
of  them  instantly.  Lieutenant  Kennington 
was  struck  in  the  forehead  by  a  small 
fragment  which  pierced  his  brain,  causing 
instant  death.  He  was  buried  on  a  little 
improvised  cemetery  on  the  Le  Pres  farm 
near  Chery  Chartreuve.  Lieutenant  Ken- 
nington was  an  excellent  officer,  faithful 
and  conscientious  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duties.  He  was  most  popular  with  his 
brother  officers  and  loved  by  his  men.  As 
a  leader  he  was  able  and  efficient,  and 
acquitted  himself  nobly  in  our  first  fight, 
in  which  he  took  part,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  allied  offensive  on  July  18th.  It  was 
stern  work  for  all  of  us,  but  the  credit  for 
all  of  our  success  is  due  to  the  platoon 
leaders  like  Lieutenant  Kennington,  who 
were  shining  examples  for  all  military  vir- 
tues. In  every  place  of  danger  Lieutenant 
Kennington  stood  the  supreme  test  un- 
flinchingly and  gave  an  exemplification  of 
fine,  manly  heroic  virtues.  You  may  rest 
assured  that  his  memory  will  long  be  treas- 
ured by  all  who  knew  him  here." 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Indianapolis  Bar 
Association  held  soon  after  the  receipt  of 
the  news  of  Lieutenant  Kennington 's  death, 
in  honor  of  his  memory  the  following  re- 
solution was  adopted : 

"Lieutenant  Kennington  is  the  first  Ind- 
ianapolis lawyer  to  pay  the  costly  sacrifice 
of  his  life,  with  all  its  joys  and  promise, 
upon  the  altar  of  freedom.  We  of  the 
profession,  whose  ideals  and  whose  duties 
were  dear  to  him,  adopt  this  memorial  to 
a  brave  young  soldier  who  left  his  chosen 
profession  to  answer  the  call  to  the  colors, 
and  who  gave  his  life  that  civilization 
might  be  made  secure  and  that  happiness 
might  become  possible  for  all  humanity. 
Robert  Kennington  was  a  thorough  student 
of  the  law,  on  the  threshold  of  a  profes- 
sional career  that  gave  promise  of  great 
achievement.  Unusual  personal  charm 
endeared  him  to  those  with  whom  he  came 
in  contact  and  won  for  him  a  host  of 
friends.  His  ambition  to  succeed  did  not 
tempt  him  selfishly  to  crowd  ahead  of 
others.  Straightforward,  manly  ways, 
kindliness  toward  others,  a  winning  smile 


1442 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


that  made  one  glad  for  even  the  most 
casual  meeting,  are  qualities  that  we  re- 
call. To  these  should  be  added  the  high 
ideals  that  took  him  so  quickly  into  his 
country's  service,  enabled  him  to  face 
death,  and  'give  the  last  full  measure  of 
devotion '  to  the  cause  to  which  his  life  was 
pledged. 

"Most  bar  memorials  tell  the  story  of 
men  who  after  long  years  of  professional 
activity  have  been  called  to  die,  and  it  has 
been  our  lot  at  such  meetings  to  recount 
the  successes  of  our  elders  who  have  been 
faithful  to  the  ideals  of  a  great  profession. 
Tonight  our  task  is  heavy  with  an  unwont- 
ed sorrow.  Robert  Kennington's  career  at 
the  bar  was  like  his  career  in  arms — all 
too  brief.  At  the  bar  it  was  full  of  promise ; 
in  arms  a  single  month  brought  immortal- 
ity. The  torch  that  he  so  bravely  held 
aloft  he  has  thrown  to  us  that  in  his  spirit 
we,  too,  may  hold  it  high.  His  is  the 
happy  lot  to  be  remembered  always  as 
one  who  by  the  way  of  splendid  death  has 
entered  into  eternal  youth." 

From  his  early  youth  Lieutenant  Ken- 
nington  was  a  leader  among  his  fellows — in 
school  and  college  affairs,  in  fraternities, 
and  in  all  forms  of  clean  athletics.  He  had 
versatile  training  and  talents.  Among 
other  accomplishments  he  was  a  trained 
musician,  having  been  a  student  under 
Professor  Peck  in  the  Indianapolis  College 
of  Music  and  Fine  Arts.  He  had  an  un- 
usually wide  circle  of  friends  and  acquaint- 
ances, and  after  the  official  report  of  his 
death  his  grief  stricken  parents  were  over- 
whelmed with  floral  tributes  and  a  great 
mass  of  letters  of  sympathy,  many  of  them 
from  persons  whom  the  parents  had  never 
met  or  known.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  Marion  Club,  Phi  Delta 
fraternity,  an  active  republican  in  politics, 
and  for  several  years  was  a  member  of  the 
Young  Men's  Bible  Class  of  the  Central 
Christian  church.  Of  the  ninety-seven 
young  men  of  this  class  in  the  service  Lieu- 
tenant Kennington  was  the  first  to  die. 

Lieutenant  Kennington  was  the  only  son 
and  child  of  Ralph  E.  and  Effie  B.  (Keal- 
ing)  Kennington,  a  well  known  Indian- 
apolis family.  Ralph  E.  Kennington  is  a 
son  of  John  and  Elizabeth  (Brown)  Ken- 
nington, both  now  deceased.  John  Ken- 
nington of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  was 
born  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  came  to  America 
when  a  young  man  during  the  latter  '50s, 


and  settled  in  Massachusetts.  In  Christ 
Church  at  Indianapolis  he  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  Brown,  a  native  of  Indiana. 
John  Kennington  became  a  farm  owner, 
carried  on  extensive  farm  operations  in 
Marion  County,  and  was  also  a  contractor 
at  Indianapolis.  He  was  identified  with 
a  number  of  business  enterprises,  and  at 
one  time  had  charge  of  the  by-products 
of  the  old  gas  company  in  Indianapolis. 
His  last  years  were  spent  near  Portland, 
Oregon,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
three. 

Ralph  E.  Kennington  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Indianapolis  and  has  been  in 
the  railroad  business  in  that  city  practical- 
ly ever  since  reaching  his  majority.  For 
nineteen  years  he  was  with  the  Big  Four 
Railway,  and  in  January,  1901,  was  made 
general  yardmaster  of  the  Indianapolis  ter- 
minals of  the  Monon  Railway,  and  has 
filled  that  position  for  eighteen  consecu- 
tive years.  He  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Shriner. 

The  mother  of  Lieutenant  Kennington, 
Mrs.  Effie  B.  (Kealing)  Kennington,  was 
born  in  Indianapolis,  a  sister  of  Joseph  B. 
Kealing,  a  well  known  lawyer  of  that  city 
and  daughter  of  the  late  Peter  Kealing. 
The  Kealings  are  of  the  old  and  prom- 
inent families  of  the  city,  Kealing  Avenue 
having  been  named  for  Mrs.  Kennington's 
father.  Mrs.  Kennington  after  receiving 
a  high  school  and  college  education  be- 
came a  teacher  and  for  some  time  taught 
in  Washington  township  and  also  in  the 
public  schools  of  Indianapolis.  She  has 
for  a  number  of  years  been  a  leader  in  the 
woman 's  progressive  movements  in  Indian- 
apolis and  the  state.  She  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  Seventh  District  of  the  Indiana 
Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  and  used 
her  influence  to  bring  about  much  modern 
legislation  through  the  Indiana  Legislature. 
Many  reform  measures  were  championed 
by  her.  All  the  enthusiasm  of  a  war  mother 
and  of  her  American  womanhood  was 
aroused  in  behalf  of  the  movement  under- 
taken to  provide  encouragement  and  enter- 
tainment for  American  soldiers.  She  was 
the  leader  in  charge  of  the  War  Camp  Com- 
munity service  in  Indianapolis  for  the  ben- 
efit of  soldiers  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison. 
Her  many  acts  of  service  in  this  capacity 
and  the  success  with  which  she  carried  out 
various  entertainments,  particularly  that 
on  the  Fourth  of  July  of  1918  at  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1443 


Prophyleum  in  Indianapolis,  greatly  en- 
deared her  to  the  hearts  of  the  soldiers, 
and  she  has  received  numerous  letters  from 
the  boys  who  later  went  to  France  assuring 
her  their  gratitude  for  all  that  had  been 
done  in  their  behalf  through  her  and  her 
organization. 

It  was  a  tremendous  sorrow  which  fell 
upon  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kennington  when  they 
lost  their  only  son  through  the  war.  Upon 
him  they  had  lavished  their  love  and  de- 
votion and  their  life's  hopes  were  wrapped 
up  in  him.  At  the  same  time  it  is  a  con- 
solation that  they  share  in  their  bereave- 
ment not  merely  the  sympathy  of  all  who 
had  known  their  son  personally,  but  that 
sympathy  and  deep  feeling  which  pervade 
an  entire  nation  as  a  memory  to  all  its 
heroes  who  fell  in  the  great  war. 

JOSEPH  W.  HARRISON.  The  position  of 
Joseph  W.  Harrison  of  Attica  calls  at- 
tention to  one  of  Indiana's  largest  manu- 
facturing establishments,  of  which  he  is 
president  and  general  manager. 

This  is  the  Harrison  Steel  Castings  Com- 
pany, formerly  the  National  Car  Coupler 
Company,  a  corporation  of  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, which  in  normal  times  is  a  general 
foundry  business  and  manufacturers  of 
steel  castings,  but  at  the  present  time  is 
specializing  in  big  contracts  for  war  pur- 
poses. The  industry  was  located  at  Attica 
in  1907,  and  has  been  one  of  the  bulwarks 
of  prosperity  in  that  city. 

At  present  the  Attica  plant  comprises 
four  large  buildings.  The  first  is  the  open 
hearth  steel  foundry  600  by  200  feet,  the 
second  is  the  finishing  and  grinding  build- 
ing, 300  by  150  feet,  the  third  is  the  pat- 
tern shop  and  pattern  storage,  a  three  story 
structure  60  by  260  feet,  the  fourth  is  the 
power  plant,  40  by  200  feet,  where  all 
the  electric  current  used  in  the  different 
departments  is  made.  The  furnaces  are 
three  in  number,  each  with  twenty  tons 
capacity.  The  normal  annual  capacity  of 
this  business  is  24,000  tons  of  castings. 
These  open  hearth  steel  castings  range  in 
size  from  1,000  to  60,000  pounds,  and  the 
equipment  is  available  for  practically  every 
type  of  castings  within  that  range  of 
weights.  The  output  is  used  for  agri- 
cultural, mining  and  transportation  ma- 
chinery, and  practically  all  the  product  is 
now  under  contract  for  the  United  States 
government  and  allied  nations.  The  ma- 


terial made  here  at  Attica  goes  as  parts  and 
equipment  for  the  Caterpillar  tractors,  the 
Liberty  motors  and  other  machinery. 
About  1,000  men  are  working  night  and 
day  in  the  big  plant. 

In  1917  the  same  corporation  began 
the  building  and  operation  of  a  similar 
plant  at  Murphysiboro,  Illinois,  where  their 
foundry  and  shops  have  a  capacity  of 
12,000  tons  per  year. 

The  founder  of  this  business  at  Attica, 
Joseph  W.  Harrison,  is  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, born  in  the  city  of  London  October 
4,  1860,  oldest  son  of  Joseph  William  and 
Fannie  (Kirby)  Harrison,  both  natives  of 
England.  Mr.  Harrison  when  twelve  years 
old  entered  a  foundry  and  served  a  seven 
years  apprenticeship  as  a  molder.  In  1888 
he  came  to  the  United  States,  arriving  here 
without  capital  and  with  only  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  foundry  'business  as  equip- 
ment. For  a  time  he  was  located  at  Wilkes- 
Barre,  Pennsylvania,  and  was  variously 
employed  as  a  molder,  foreman,  superin- 
tendent and  in  other  capacities  in  several 
steel  foundries.  In  1899  he  became  super- 
intendent of  the  Hurson  &  Hurford  Steel 
Casting  Company,  Converse,  Indiana,  this 
company  being  purchased  by  the  National 
Car  Coupler  Company  and  was  located 
there  seven  years. 

Mr.  Harrison  came  to  Attica  in  1906  to 
supervise  the  erection  of  the  plant  and  the 
installation  of  its  machinery,  and  in  1907 
was  elected  president  and  general  manager 
of  the  company.  The  prosperity  of  the 
business  is  largely  due  to  the  range  of 
ideas  and  the  energy  he  had  infused  into 
every  department.  He  brought  about  the 
modern  equipment  of  the  business  and 
kept  it  up  to  the  high  standard  of  effi- 
ciency so  as  to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
government  with  the  present  enormous 
demand  for  steel  castings  of  every  descrip- 
tion. 

In  1887  Mr.  Harrison  married  Miss  Clara 
Belle  Coffee.  They  were  married  at  Al- 
liance, Ohio.  She  is  a  native  of  West 
Unity,  Ohio.  They  have  three  sons,  Roy  J., 
Glen  W.  and  Wade  Coffee.  Roy  J.  is  now 
manager  of  the  Attica  plant,  and  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  company,  while  Glen  is  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  and  connected  with  the 
plant  at  Murphysboro,  Illinois.  Roy  mar- 
ried in  1916  Miss  Gladys  Greenman.  In 
1917  Glen  married  Miss  Lemma  Thompson. 
Mr.  Harrison  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 


1444 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


of  Pythias,  and  takes  a  good  deal  of  in- 
terest in  political  affairs.  He  and  his  fam- 
ily are  members  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church. 

JOHN  H.  BASS.  If  there  is  one  institu- 
tion that  deserves  to  be  called  the  corner- 
stone of  Fort  Wayne's  industrial  prosper- 
ity it  is  the  Bass  Foundry  &  Machine 
Company.  This  position  is  due  not  only  to 
the  vast  aggregate  of  resources  combined 
under  the  corporate  title,  but  also  to  the 
fact  that  for  over  fifty  years  its  operation 
has  furnished  employment  and  its  produc- 
tion has  served  to  make  the  city  of  Fort 
Wayne  known  throughout  the  country. 

The  veteran  head  of  this  industry,  John 
H.  Bass,  was  born  at  Salem,  Livingston 
County,  Kentucky,  November  9,  1835.  He 
is  of  old  Virginia  and  Carolina  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  Jordan  Bass,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1764,  and  in  1805  moved  to 
Christian  County,  Kentucky.  He  was  one 
of  Kentucky's  prominent  pioneers.  He 
died  in  1853,  at  the  age  of  eighty -nine. 
Sion  Bass,  father  of  John  H.,  was  born  in 
Virginia  November  7,  1802,  was  reared  in 
Kentucky,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
ability  in  the  commercial  field  and  also 
as  owner  of  extensive  areas  of  farm  land. 
He  married  Miss  Jane  Todd,  who  was  born 
at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  June  19, 
1802.  Her  father,  John  Todd,  was  also  a 
Kentucky  pioneer.  Sion  Bass  and  wife 
came  from  Kentucky  to  Fort  Wayne  in 
1866  and  spent  the  rest  of  their  days 
with  their  son  John.  Mrs.  Jane  Bass  died 
August  26,  1874,  and  Sion  Bass  passed 
away  August  7,  1888.  Four  of  their  six 
children  grew  to  maturity.  One  of  these 
was  Sion  S.  Bass,  who  was  the  first  of  the 
family  to  locate  in  Fort  Wayne.  He  came 
to  Fort  Wayne  in  1848,  and  gave  the  city 
some  of  its  pioneer  impulses  as  an  indus- 
trial center.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
firm  Stone,  Bass  &  Company,  which  was 
established  in  1853  and  was  the  original 
nucleus  of  the  present  Bass  Foundry  and 
Machine  Company.  In  1861  Sion  S.  Bass 
resigned  his  business  responsibilities  at 
Fort  Wayne  to  help  organize  the  Thirtieth 
Indiana  Infantry.  As  colonel  of  that  reg- 
iment he  led  his  command  in  one  of  the 
charges  on  the  second  day  of  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  and  was  stricken  with  a  mortal 
wound.  One  of  the  local  posts  of  the  Grand 


Army  of  the  republic  was  afterward  named 
in  his  honor. 

John  H.  Bass  was  educated  in  Kentucky, 
both  in  the  public  schools  and  under  priv- 
ate tutors.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  in 
1852,  he  came  to  Fort  Wayne,  and  for  a 
year  or  so  worked  in  a  grocery  store  and  as 
bookkeeper  for  a  contracting  firm.  He 
then  joined  his  brother  Sion  S.  as 
an  employee  of  Jones,  Bass  &  Company, 
and  was  its  bookkeeper  from  1854  to  1857. 
He  gained  a  knowledge  of  bookkeeping 
largely  by  close  application  to  the  subject 
at  night  after  business  hours.  In  1857 
Mr.  Bass  went  to  Iowa  and  invested  $3,700 
in  the  choicest  farm  lands  he  could  find. 
He  was  away  two  years,  and  operated  so 
expertly  in  the  real  estate  field  that  he 
returned  with  $15,000  in  cash  and  deeds 
worth  $50,000.  It  was  this  capital  large- 
ly that  enabled  him  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  the  great  industry  that  now  bears 
his  name.  In  1859,  with  Edward  L.  Force, 
he  established  the  firm  of  Bass  &  Force,  a 
foundry  and  machine  industry,  which  pro- 
duced $20,000  worth  of  goods  the  first  year. 
Between  1860  and  1863  the  business  was 
owned  and  conducted  by  Mr.  Bass  and 
Judge  Samuel  Hanna.  Judge  Hanna  in 
the  latter  year  transferred  his  interests 
to  his  son  Horace,  who  died  six  years  later. 
At  that  time  Mr.  Bass  bought  the  stock 
owned  by  the  Hanna  family,  and  has  since 
been  sole  owner  of  the  business.  He  not 
only  created  a  great  individual  industry, 
but  his  example  helped  to  concentrate  the 
attention  of  other  manufacturing  interests 
upon  Fort  Wayne  as  a  location.  The 
foundry  and  machine  works  have  been  in 
operation  more  than  half  a  century,  and 
during  all  the  years  have  furnished  em- 
ployment to  hundreds  of  skilled  workmen. 
In  1898  the  company  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  and  this  com- 
pany has  since  been  raised  to  over  $2,000,- 
000.  For  the  year  1917  the  annual  pay- 
roll was  $1,500,000,  and  about  2,500  men 
were  employed. 

The  corporation  owns  and  operates  a 
branch  plant  at  Rock  Run,  Alabama,  where 
much  of  the  ore  used  at  the  Fort  Wayne 
plant  is  mined  and  smelted.  The  tonnage 
of  manufactured  material  shipped  from 
the  two  plants  aggregate  200,000  tons  an- 
nually. The  chief  products  of  the  Fort 
Wayne  plant  are  car  wheels,  axles,  iron 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1445 


and  steel  forgings,  corliss  engines,  boilers, 
complete  power  plants,  and  gray  iron  east- 
ings. The  product  of  the  Rock  Run  plant 
is  high  grade  furnace  pig  iron.  This  in- 
dustry at  Fort  Wayne  occupies  nearly  five 
city  squares  of  twenty  acres,  while  in  Ala- 
bama 25,000  acres  are  included  in  the  dis- 
tricts of  the  company's  operations. 

The  operations  of  Mr.  Bass  have  made 
him  a  power  in  many  districts  outside  of 
Fort  Wayne.  In  1869  he  founded  the  St. 
Louis  Car  Wheel  Company,  and  held  a 
controlling  interest  and  was  president  of 
the  company  for  a  number  of  years.  An 
instance  of  his  foresight  and  courage  is 
found  in  the  fact  that  in  1873,  when  the 
country  was  in  the  throes  of  an  industrial 
panic,  he  established  an  extensive  iron 
works  at  Chicago,  which  two  years  before 
had  all  but  been  destroyed  by  fire.  This 
Chicago  plant  became  one  of  a  number  of 
successful  ventures  credited  to  his  achieve- 
ment. Mr.  Bass  is  also  heavily  interested 
in  a  large  foundry  at  Lenoir,  Tennessee. 

Mr.  Bass  has  supplied  much  of  the  capi- 
tal and  business  energy  to  Fort  Wayne's 
public  utilities  and  financial  institutions. 
He  was  one  of  the  owners  of  the  original 
street  railway  system,  operating  with  horse 
drawn  cars.  The  Citizens  Street  Railway 
Company  was  incorporated  in  1871  to  op- 
erate the  system.  When  this  company  was 
foreclosed  in  August,  1887,  the  property 
rights  and  franchise  were  sold  to.  Mr.  Bass 
and  Stephen  B.  Bond,  representing  the 
Fort  Wayne  Street  Railway  Company.  The 
system  at  that  time  consisted  of  about  two 
miles  of  single  track  on  Calhoun  Street 
from  Main  Street  to  Creighton  Avenue,  on 
Creighton  Avenue  from  Calhoun  Street  to 
Fairfield  Avenue,  and  on  Wallace  Street 
from  Calhoun  to  Hanna  Street.  Mr.  Bass 
and  his  associates  immediately  undertook 
the  extension  of  the  street  railway  to  out- 
lying districts,  and  owned  the  lines  of  the 
city  until  August,  1892,  when  a  reorgan- 
ized company  converted  the  property  to 
an  electrically  propelled  system. 

For  many  years  Mr.  Bass  has  been  one 
of  the  chief  stockholders  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Fort  Wayne,  and  resigned 
January  9,  1917,  from  the  presidency  after 
thirty  years  in  office.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  old  Na- 
tional Bank  and  the  Hamilton  National 
Bank.  The  latter  was  merged  with  the 
First  National  on  April  7,  1917,  and  the 


reorganized   institution  is  now   the   First 
Hamilton  National  Bank. 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  and  highly 
developed  private  estates  in  Indiana  is 
Mr.  Bass'  suburban  home,  known  as  Brook- 
side.  The  house  itself  is  a  veritable  man- 
sion, and  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a 
broad  and  spacious  park  and  woodland  of 
300  acres.  A  portion  of  this  park  is  fenced 
off  for  some  deer  and  buffalo,  and  another 
part  of  the  farm  is  devoted  to  fine  stock 
and  dairy  cattle.  Mr.  Bass  has  been  an 
importer  and  breeder  of  Clydesdale  horses 
and  Galloway  cattle  for  a  quarter  of  a 
century.  Some  of  his  stock  were  blue 
ribbon  winners  at  the  World's  Fair  of 
Chicago  in  1893  and  that  of  St.  Louis  in 
1904.  Mr.  Bass  is  said  to  own  about  15,000 
acres  of  land  in  Allen  County,  besides 
extensive  investments  in  other  counties 
and  other  states,  including  some  18,000 
acres  of  mineral  land  in  Alabama. 

No  man  was  ever  more  worthy  of  the 
responsibilities  conferred  by  great  posses- 
sions. These  possessions  are  the  cumulative 
results  of  sixty-five  years  of  hard  work. 
Early  in  life  John  H.  Bass  showed  a  wil- 
lingness to  identify  himself  with  all  his  en- 
thusiasm and  powers  with  any  task  how- 
ever humble,  provided  it  was  useful,  and 
he  made  it  an  opportunity  for  further 
advancement.  He  also  early  indicated  a 
judgment,  foresight  and  ability  that  from 
a  later  standpoint  might  be  regarded  as 
a  genious  in  finance.  He  has  been  a  wise 
and  efficient  administrator  of  large  affairs, 
a  leader  of  men,  and  in  the  past  half  cen- 
tury has  probably  supervised  the  labors  of 
more  men  than  any  other  Indiana  manu- 
facturer. For  all  the  breadth  and  extent 
of  his  interests  the  City  of  Fort  Wayne  has 
been  the  chief  beneficiary  of  his  work  and 
influence. 

Mr.  Bass  has  been  honored  with  the 
thirty-third  degree  of  the  Scottish  Rite  in 
Masonry,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  church  of  Fort  Wayne.  In 
1865  he  returned  to  Kentucky  to  marry 
Miss  Laura  H.  Lightfoot,  daughter  of 
Judge  George  C.  and  Melinda  (Holton) 
Lightfoot.  Mrs.  Bass  was  born  at  Fal- 
mouth,  Kentucky,  and  lived  there  until  her 
marriage.  Two  children  were  born  to  their 
union,  Laura  Grace,  wife  of  Dr.  Gaylord 
M.  Leslie,  of  Fort  Wayne;  and  John  H., 
who  died  August  7,  1891. 


1446 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


NATHAN  WATELSKY,  who  is  proprietor 
of  the  largest  furniture  and  household  fur- 
nishing goods  business  in  Henry  County, 
is  a  striking  example  of  the  man  who  was 
denied  complete  opportunities  in  the  old 
established  order  of  Europe  and  seeking 
better  things  in  America  has  made  good 
and  prospered,  and  is  one  of  the  generous, 
public  spirited  and  capable  men  of  affairs 
in  this  country  today. 

He  was  born  in  Russian  Poland,  and 
came  to  America  in  1884,  first  locating 
at  Indianapolis.  He  had  learned  the  trade 
of  bricklayer  in  Poland,  and  followed  that 
work  at  Indianapolis  a  short  time.  Later, 
using  a  very  limited  capital,  he  opened 
a  second  hand  furniture  store  at  Indian- 
apolis. Selling  that  he  engaged  in  the 
scrap  iron  and  metal  business,  and  soon 
established  headquarters  at  Cincinnati. 
He  still  owns  large  interests  in  that  line 
at  Cincinnati.  In  1896,  coming  to  New- 
castle, he  opened  a  second  hand  furniture 
store  and  scrap  iron  business  on  Fifteenth 
and  Race  streets.  When  his  building  was 
torn  down  he  moved  to  the  corner  of  Fif- 
teenth and  Broad  streets,  and  was  there 
five  years.  He  then  returned  to  Cincinnati 
and  established  a  scrap  iron  and  metal  busi- 
ness, and  looked  after  it  personally  for  two 
years.  Mr.  Watelsky  returned  to  New- 
castle in  1905,  opened  a  furniture  store  and 
scrap  metal  business  on  the  site  of  the 
old  Grand  Opera  House.  When  that  build- 
ing was  torn  down  he  moved  to  the  Blue 
Front  on  Broad  Street,  and  in  May,  1912, 
came  to  his  present  location  at  the  corner 
of  Fifteenth  and  Broad  streets.  This  is 
now  the  home  of  the  largest  furniture  store 
in  Henry  County.  He  uses  an  entire  block 
25  by  130  feet,  and  handles  both  new  and 
second-hand  household  furnishing  goods, 
supplying  the  demands  of  a  large  country 
and  town  trade.  He  still  conducts  a  scrap 
metal  business  at  1023-41  West  Sixth 
Street  in  Cincinnati,  having  a  building  of 
four  stories  and  basement  in  complete  use. 

Mr.  Nathan  Watelsky  married  Jennie 
Baron,  daughter  of  Jacob  and  Leah  Baron 
of  Poland.  To  their  marriage  were  born 
twelve  children,  five  of  whom  are  deceased. 
Alexander  Benjamin  Watelsky,  the  oldest 
son,  was  born  March  1,  1885,  in  Russian 
Poland  and  when  a  year  and  a  half  old 
was  brought  to  this  country  by  his  mother. 
He  has  always  been  with  his  father  and 
since  early  youth  has  been  his  active  as- 


sociate in  business.  He  now  maintains 
general  supervision  of  the  business  both 
at  Cincinnati  and  Newcastle.  He  received 
his  early  education  in  Indianapolis  and 
Newcastle,  and  on  November  1,  1914,  mar- 
ried Miss  Sarah  Barnett.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Bernice  Anita,  born  in  1916. 
Alexander  Benjamin  Watelsky  is  a  re- 
publican, is  affiliated  with  the  Eagles, 
Moose,  and  B'nai  B'rith  of  Muncie,  Indi- 
ana, and  attends  the  Orthodox  Jewish 
Church. 

CHARLES  MARSHALL  CRAWFORD.  An  old 
cultured  community  like  Crawfordsville  is 
said  to  possess  a  better  sense  of  the  reali- 
ties and  essential  values  of  life  than  young- 
er and  more  distinctively  commercial  com- 
munities. Therefore  it  is  a  judgment 
that  is  not  likely  to  be  reversed  when  the 
community  set  its  seal  of  approval  upon 
the  late  Charles  Marshall  Crawford  not 
only  in  his  practical  career  as  a  merchant 
and  banker  but  even  more  as  a  man  true 
to  all  the  varied  relationships  of  life. 

His  life  was  as  useful  as  it  was  long.  He 
was  born  at  Crawfordsville  September  22, 
1845,  and  died  there  August  30,  1917,  aged 
seventy-two.  His  parents  were  Henry  and 
Lydia  M.  (Marshall)  Crawford.  Henry 
Crawford  was  'born  at  Charleston,  Vir- 
ginia, December  15,  1802,  son  of  Alexan- 
der and  Catherine  Crawford,  the  former  a 
native  of  Ireland  and  the  latter  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  they  spent  their  last  days 
in  Montgomery  County,  Indiana.  Henry 
Crawford  was  a  pioneer  at  Crawfordsville, 
establishing  a  general  store  there  about 
1827.  That  was  long  before  railroads  were 
built  over  the  Middle  West,  and  when  he 
went  to  New  York  to  buy  goods  it  was  a 
six  weeks'  journey.  He  was  hard  work- 
ing, honest  and  methodical,  and  was 
greatly  prospered  in  his  business  affairs. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  men  who  contrib- 
uted to  the  making  of  Crawfordsville  an 
educational  center,  being  an  active  friend 
of  Wabash  College  from  the  time  of  its 
founding.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church.  Henry  Crawford  died 
April  2,  1878.  His  first  wife  was  Mary 
Cochran.  He  married  Lydia  M.  Marshall 
in  1841.  She  was  born  at  Dumbarton, 
New  Hampshire,  and  was  a  daughter  of 
Benjamin  and  Elizabeth  Marshall.  She 
was  one  of  the  select  company  from  New 
England  who  were  attracted  to  Crawfords- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1447 


ville  by  the  presence  of  Wabash  College. 
Her  brother-in-law,  Caleb  Mills,  was  the 
first  teacher  in  Wabash  College.  Mrs. 
Henry  Crawford  died  in  1888,  the  mother 
of  two  children,  Charles  M.  and  Clara  R. 

Charles  M.  Crawford  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  and  in  1860  entered  Wabash 
College.  He  was  a  student  there  three 
years,  but  during  much  of  the  time  his 
thoughts  and  ambitions  were  with  the  boys 
in  blue  fighting  the  war  of  freedom.  In 
April,  1864,  he  found  his  desire  gratified 
to  become  a  soldier  and  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany D  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
fifth  Indiana  Volunteers.  He  was  appoint- 
ed orderly  to  the  colonel  of  the  regiment 
and  performed  all  the  soldierly  duties  with 
credit.  After  the  war  he  attended  East- 
man's Business  College  at  Poughkeepsie, 
New  York,  and  then  returned  to  Craw- 
fordsville  to  join  his  father  in  business. 
He  gave  new  strength  and  prestige  to  that 
old-established  store,  which  for  many  years 
was  located  where  the  Citizens  National 
Bank  now  stands,  and  continued  as  a  mer- 
chant there  for  several  years  after  his 
father's  death,  until  1884.  In  that  year 
he  became  president  of  the  Indiana  Wire 
Pence  Company,  and  directed  that  local 
industry  until  it  was  sold.  Upon  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Elston  National  Bank  he 
became  its  vice  president  and  continued 
in  that  office  until  his  death.  In  1900  he 
also  gave  Crawfordsville  a  commodious 
and  moderate  hotel,  the  Crawford  House. 

The  late  Mr.  Crawford  was  an  earnest 
republican,  and  was  always  sincerely  in- 
terested in  his  comrades  of  the  war,  being 
a  member  and  at  one  time  commander  of 
McPherson  Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public. For  many  years  and  until  his 
death  he  was  a  director  of  the  Oak  Hill 
Cemetery  Company  and  at  one  time  its 
president.  He  expended  much  effort  in 
caring  for  and  beautifying  this  city  of  the 
dead,  and  always  without  expectation  of 
any  reward  for  his  service.  He  was  a  de- 
voted member  of  the  same  church  which 
his  father  and  mother  had  attended,  the 
Center  Presbyterian  Church. 

In  1878  Mr.  Crawford  married  Miss 
Anna  Milligan.  She  was  born  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania,  and  was  reared  and 
educated  there.  Mrs.  Crawford  and  her 
two  children,  Alexander  M.  and  Lydia  M., 
survive. 

A   well-chosen   tribute   to   this   veteran 


business  man  and  citizen  of  Crawfords- 
ville was  written  by  a  friend  who  had 
known  him  from  boyhood  in  the  follow- 
ing words:  "Mr.  Crawford  was  a  man  of 
varied  achievements.  A  good  soldier  when 
a  boy  in  his  teens,  he  later  became  a  suc- 
cessful merchant,  manufacturer,  banker, 
farmer,  man  of  general  affairs.  He  had 
a  natural  aptitude  for  business  of  any 
kind  and  was  quick  to  detect  the  quality 
of  any  proposed  procedure.  His  business 
shrewdness  was  tempered  by  a  very  genu- 
ine human  quality.  The  writer  recalls 
an  instance  when  two  women  came  to  him 
with  business  troubles  of  very  real  con- 
cern to  them.  His  sympathy  was  awak- 
ened in  an  instant.  He  said  to  them :  '  Go 
home  and  give  yourselves  no  further  con- 
cern. Leave  it  to  me  and  I  will  see  that 
it  shall  be  done  as  you  desire.'  Then  he 
called  together  a  number  of  persons  con- 
cerned in  the  premises,  told  them  the  story, 
insisted  on  a  reversal  of  an  order  which 
had  been  made  and  so  kept  his  promise 
to  the  letter. 

"No  one  ever  heard  of  a  case  in  which 
he  had  dealt  unjustly  with  any  man,  rich 
or  poor.  His  name  seldom  appeared  in 
the  courts  and  never  in  a  questionable  con- 
nection. Though  he  had  abundant  means 
he  was  economical  in  its  use ;  a  generous 
donor  to  a  worthy  cause,  but  himself  an 
example  of  one  who  practiced  the  simple 
life,  and,  plain  in  all  his  tastes,  he  was 
modest  and  a  worthy  example  to  his  fel- 
low townsmen,  and  esteemed  by  all  classes 
of  the  community  in  which  he  lived." 

JOSEPH  HARRISON  STALEY.  Though  only 
twenty-eight  years  of  age  Joseph  Harri- 
son Staley,  of  Knightstown,  has  done  some 
things  that  make  him  one  of  the  interest- 
ing men  of  the  nation.  He  is  an  inventive 
genius  and  in  the  field  of  automobile  me- 
chanics has  few  rivals.  Mr.  Staley 's  great 
work  has  been  done  through  his  Knights- 
town  company,  known  as  the  Continen- 
tal Auto  Parts  Company,  which  he  prac- 
tically owns,  and  of  which  he  is  a  direc- 
tor and  the  president. 

Mr.  Staley  was  born  at  Charlottesville, 
Hancock  County,  Indiana,  April  11,  1891, 
son  of  S.  C.  and  Gallic  (Evans)  Staley. 
He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His 
grandfather,  Harrison  Staley,  came  to 
America  when  seven  years  of  age  with  his 
parents,  who  settled  in  Virginia.  Later 


1448 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


he  drove  an  ox  team  out  to  Hancock 
County,  Indiana,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
days  in  that  locality.  S.  C.  Staley,  second 
child  of  his  parents,  was  born  in  Hancock 
County  and  for  twenty-six  years  was  a  suc- 
cessful school  teacher.  He  was  principal 
of  the  schools  at  Greenfield  in  1898-99.  He 
is  now  president  of  the  Farmers  National 
Bank  at  Wilkinson  in  Hancock  County. 

Joseph  Harrison  Staley  was  the  only 
child  of  his  parents.  He  attended  the 
grammar  and  high  school  at  Charlottes- 
ville,  graduated  in  1908,  then  spent  an- 
other year  in  the  Greenfield  High  School, 
and  for  two  years  was  a  student  of  But- 
ler University  at  Indianapolis,  where  he 
made  his  major  study  chemistry.  The 
year  following  he  spent  on  his  father's 
320-acre  farm  near  Charlottesville.  An- 
other year  he  was  working  at  different  lines 
in  California  and  the  states  of  the  North- 
west, and  also  in  Old  Mexico.  Returning 
home  to  Wilkinson,  he  was  assistant  cash- 
ier of  the  Farmers  National  Bank  a  year. 

In  1913  Mr.  Staley  married  Miss  Minnie  . 
L.  Simmons,  daughter  of  William  H.  and' 
Charity  (Williams)  Simmons,  farmer* 
near  Wilkinson.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stateywh&Ve 
two  children,  Phyllis  Maxine,  born  in  191&, 
and  Joseph  H.  Staley,  Jr.,  born  in  1918. 

Following  his  marriage  Mr.  Staley  lived 
on  a  farm  a  short  time  and  then  became 
superintendent  of  the  Martindale  &  Milli- 
gan  automobile  factory  at  Franklin,  In- 
diana. Five  months  later  he  bought  the 
good  will  and  assets  of  the  company  and 
conducted  it  for  himself.  In  the  spring 
of  1916  he  moved  the  entire  plant  to 
Knightstown,  and  gave  a  new  title  to  the 
business,  The  Continental  Auto  Parts 
Company.  He  manufactured  some  auto- 
mobile parts,  and  also  had  a  shop  for  gen- 
eral repair  work.  In  the  fall  of  1916  he 
began  manufacturing  automobile  acces- 
sories. In  the  spring  of  1917  he  added 
garage  and  general  factory  equipment. 
Mr.  Staley  manufactures  only  his  own  pat- 
ented devices.  Every  one  of  his  patents 
has  proved  its  worth  and  value. 

Especially  noteworthy  is  his  motor 
stand  used  for  assembling  all  types  of  mo- 
tors. In  1917  this  stand  was  adopted  by 
the  United  States  Government,  and  Mr. 
Staley  was  called  to  Washington  and  given 
the  supervision  of  a  little  department  of 
his  own  for  manufacturing  the  special  as- 
sembling and  repair  stand  for  the  Liberty 


Motor.  The  Government  has  taken  the 
entire  output  of  these  stands  ever  since. 
It  was  adopted  by  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment, the  Quartermaster's  Department, 
the  Bureau  of  Aircraft  Production,  Motor 
Transport  Corps,  and  the  navy.  Mr.  Staley 
also  invented  and  patented  the  Continen- 
tal Auto  Creeper,  another  device  adopted 
by  the  Government,  a  Continental  Radiator 
Stand,  a  Continental  Combination  Jack  and 
Industrial  Truck,  a  Continental  Axle 
Stand,  a  Continental  Battery  Stand,  and  a 
Continental  Assembly  and  Welding  Table. 
Thus  the  Continental  Auto  Parts  Com- 
pany has  in  a  very  short  time  leaped  into 
national  prominence  as  an  industry  sup- 
plying ^vital  essentials  through  the  great 
task  of  war  material  production. 

Mr.  Staley  is  also  interested  in  farm- 
ing and  banking.  He  is  a  progressive  re- 
publican, is  affiliated  with  Franklin  Lodge 
of  Masons  and  with  the  Phi  Delta  Theta 
fraternity  of  Butler  College.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  Automotive 
Engineers.  During  the  latter  months  of 
the  war  he  was  commissioned  a  major  by 
the  Government  in  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment. •-•'  *: 

BRYANT  WELSH  GIULESPIE  is  senior  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  Gillespie,  Clark  &  Beck, 
livestock  commission  merchants  at  Indian- 
apolis. This  firm  has  been  in  continuous 
existence  for  nearly  thirty  years  and  is  one 
of  the  oldest  commission  houses  in  the  state. 
Mr.  Gillespie  has  long  been  a  veteran  fig- 
ure in  the  livestock  markets  of  that  city 
and  is  so  known  and  esteemed  not  only  lo- 
cally but  among  the  thousands  who  have 
patronized  those  markets  from  all  over  the 
state. 

Mr.  Gillespie  represents  one  of  the  old- 
est and  most  patriotic  American  families. 
He  was  born  in  Crawford  County,  Ohio, 
January  26,  1863,  son  of  Thomas  and  Han- 
nah (Welsh)  Gillespie.  In  the  fall  of 
1863,  when  he  was  about  a  year  old,  his 
parents  moved  to  Illinois,  first  locating  at 
Ridge  Farm  near  Danville,  later  at  Paris, 
and  still  later  at  Newman.  Thomas  Gil- 
lespie and  wife  spent  the  rest  of  their  days 
in  Newman,  where  the  former  died  Novem- 
ber 22,  1917,  and  the  latter  on  March  31, 
1875. 

Thomas  Gillespie  was  a  stock  buyer  and 
dealer,  and  his  example  was  no  doubt  the 
chief  influence  in  causing  his  son  Bryant 


L::RARY 

OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLMOT 


USRIW 

OF  FIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  1LLINO! 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1449 


to  follow  the  same  vocation.  The  son  in 
fact  as  early  as  thirteen  entered  the  stock 
business  with  his  father,  and  on  his  six- 
teenth birthday  was  accorded  the  unusual 
honor  of  being  taken  into  partnership  by 
the  elder  Gillespie.  They  were  associated 
together  until  November  11,  1882,  when 
Bryant  W.  Gillespie  came  to  Indianapolis 
to  enter  the  service  of  a  firm  at  the  stock 
yards.  Thus  his  home  has  been  at  Indian- 
apolis for  over  thirty-five  years,  and  during 
most  of  that  time  his  name  has  been  identi- 
fied with  the  firm  Gillespie,  Clark  &  Beck. 
Mr.  Gillespie  was  .for  twenty-two  years  sec- 
retary and  is  now  president  of  the  West 
Indianapolis  Savings  &  Loan  Association 
No.  2. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Livestock  Exchange  in  1887,  and 
has  been  a  member  of  the  exchange  con- 
tinuously. For  thirteen  years  he  was  on 
the  executive  board,  as  he  is  today,  and  was 
also  vice  president  for  six  years  and  presi- 
dent one  year.  Mr.  Gillespie  is  a  past  mas- 
ter in  his  Masonic  Lodge,  also  a  Scottish 
Bite  thirty-second  degree  Mason,  and  a 
member  of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  In  politics  he  is  an  ardent  republi- 
can. Soon  after  he  came  to  Indianapolis 
he  became  affiliated  with  the  Roberts  Park 
Methodist  Church  and  for  many  years  has 
been  a  leader  in  its  affairs.  He  is  ex-presi- 
dent of  its  board  of  stewards  and  now  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  and  since 
1890  has  served  as  superintendent  of  Sun- 
day schools,  four  years  at  Hyde  Park,  eight 
years  at  Roberts  Park,  and  serving  Blain 
Avenue  six  years.  His  attitude  and  inter- 
ests as  a  citizen  have  run  true  to  his  an- 
cestry. Civic  movements  of  different  kinds 
have  enlisted  his  co-operation,  and  besides 
giving  two  sons  to  the  overseas  service  he 
has  participated  personally  in  many  of  the 
local  movements  for  the  prosecution  of  the 
war.  He  was  united  in  marriage  October 
20,  1884,  to  Laura  Ann  Milam  of  Elletts- 
ville,  Indiana.  Mr.  Gillespie  is  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  Society  of  the  Sons  of 
the  Revolution. 

His  Revolutionary  ancestry  is  through 
his  mother.  Hannah  Welsh's  mother  was 
Jane  Bryant,  a  daughter  of  David  Bryant, 
being  the  fifteenth  child  in  David  Bryant's 
family.  David  Bryant,  who  was  thus  the 
great-grandfather  of  B.  W.  Gillespie,  was 
born  at  Springfield,  New  Jersey,  in  1756, 
and  was  nineteen  years  of  age  when  he  en- 


tered the  Continental  army.  He  saw  serv- 
ice with  that  army  for  five  years.  In  1790 
he  moved  to  Washington  County  in  South- 
western Pennsylvania,  and  in  1816  became 
a  pioneer  of  Knox  County,  Ohio,  owning 
three  farms  near  Fredericktown.  In  the 
summer  of  1835,  then  an  old  man,  he 
moved  to  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Wayne,  In- 
diana. David  Bryant 's  youngest  daughter, 
Jane,  married  Madison  Washington  Welsh, 
and  their  daughter  Hannah  in  1862  became 
the  wife  of  Thomas  Gillespie.  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  members  of  this  Bryant 
family  was  William  Cullen  Bryant  the 
poet. 

MRS.  B.  W.  GILLESPIE.  One  of  the  well 
known  Indianapolis  women  for  a  number 
of  years  has  been  Mrs.  B.  W.  Gillespie, 
whose  Americanism  goes  further  back  into 
the  interesting  past  than  that  of  her  hus- 
band. In  1884  at  Ellettsville  m  Monroe 
County,  Indiana,  B.  W.  Gillespie  married 
Miss  Laura  Ann  Milam,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Francis  Marion  and  Susannah  (McNeely) 
Milam. 

Through  several  branches  Mrs.  Gillespie 
is  eligible  to  and  has  membership  in  the 
Society  of  .Mayflower  Descendants,  and  is 
4state  historian. for  the  Indiana  Chapter  of 
that  '  organization.  Her  grandfather, 
George  Milam,  married  Mary  Baird  Chip- 
man.  Mary  Baird  Chipman  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Paris  and  Nancy  (Baird)  Chipman, 
the  former  serving  in  the  Revolutionary 
war  from  Pennsylvania.  The  Chipmans 
were  an  English  family.  Several  towns  in 
England  bear  the  name  in  one  of  its  forms, 
Chippenham,  Buckingham  County  and  oth- 
ers. Mrs.  Gillespie  is  in  the  ninth  genera- 
tion in  direct  descent  from  John  Howland, 
one  of  the  most  famous  colonial  Americans. 
John  Howland  was  a  grandson  of  Bishop 
Howland  of  England.  John  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  the  Mayflower,  and  was  one  of  its 
passengers  who  gathered  in  the  cabin  of 
that  vessel  and  signed  the  "Compact." 
John  Rowland's  wife  was  Elizabeth  Tilley, 
who  also  was  on  the  Mayflower.  There  is 
a  tradition  that  she  was  the  daughter  of 
Governor  Carver.  Through  various  other 
branches  Mrs.  Gillespie  traces  her  ancestry 
to  at  least  six  if  not  eight  of  the  Mayflower 
passengers.  Hope  Howland,  daughter  of 
John  Howland,  married  John  Chipman, 
whose  home  was  at  Barnstable,  Massachu- 
setts. 


1450 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  Milam  family  is  of  Virginian  origin, 
and  from  that  state  its  members  spread 
over  the  west  during  the  pioneer  epoch  in 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Indiana  and  other 
states.  Several  of  the  name  have  become 
fixed  in  history,  particularly  Ben  Milam, 
one  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  heroes 
of  the  Texas  war  for  independence  in  1836. 
Milam  County,  Texas,  was  named  in  his 
honor.  Mrs.  Gillespie's  grandfather, 
George  Milam,  and  his  wife,  Mary  Baird 
(Chipman)  Milam,  came  to  Indiana  in 
1819  and  were  pioneer  settlers  at  Blooming- 
ton  in  Monroe  County.  Mrs.  Gillespie  was 
Iborn  at  Ellettsville,  a  short  distance  north 
of  Bloomington.  Her  father,  Rev.  Francis 
Marion  Milam,  was  a  minister  of  the  Gos 
pel,  but  in  early  manhood  entered  the  Civil 
war  in  Company  B  of  the  Sixty-seventh 
Indiana  Infantry,  and  was  killed  in  the 
battle  of  Arkansas  Post,  Arkansas,  Janu- 
ary 11,  1863. 

Mrs.  Gillespie  is  a  member  of  Caroline 
Scott  Harrison  Chapter,  Daughters  of 
American  Revolution.  Since  the  late  war 
began  she  has  proved  indefatigable  in  as- 
sisting and  in  directing  the  various  war 
activities  committed  to  the  women  of  In- 
dianapolis. She  organized  one  of  the  first 
units  in  hygiene  and  home  nursing  under 
the  Red  Cross,  and  was  its  president,  hold- 
ing the  meetings  at  her  home.  She  is  a 
member  of  the  executive  board  of  the  Rain- 
bow Cheer  Association  and  has  the  honor 
and  title  of  the  office  of  Official  War 
Mother  of  the  War  Mothers  of  Amer- 
ica Organization  of  Marion  County.  The 
honor  was  paid  her  of  being  elected  presi- 
dent September  4,  1918,  of  the  Indiana 
Division  of  the  War  Mothers  of  America. 
Mrs.  Gillespie  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
Woman's  Department  Club  of  Indianapo- 
lis. She  is  also  prominently  identified 
with  the  Chautauqua  Circle,  named  for 
Bishop  John  H.  Vincent,  and  is  a  Chau- 
tauqua graduate  of  the  class  of  1917.  For 
nine  years  she  was  president  of  the  Thurs- 
day Afternoon  Club. 

Mrs.  Gillespie  was  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  for  a  number  of 
years  and  was  chairman  of  the  membership 
committee  and  later  of  the  girls'  depart- 
ment, and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Roberts 
Park  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  where 
she  has  been  a  teacher  in  the  Sunday  school 
for  many  years. 


While  many  Indianapolis  families  have 
had  representatives  in  the  military  forces 
abroad,  few  have  been  longer  represented 
there  than  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gillespie,  whose 
two  sons,  Boyd  M.  and  Bryant  W.,  Jr., 
were  both  members  of  Battery  A  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Field  Artillery, 
Rainbow  Division.  Boyd  was  born  May 
21,  1895,  and  Bryant  on  November  17, 
1897.  Both  were  university  men  when 
they  enlisted  and  both  had  previous  expe- 
rience in  the  artillery  branch  of  the  Na- 
tional Guard.  These  young  men  saw  serv- 
ice with  the  Indiana  Unit  on  the  Mexican 
border.  Boyd  left  DePauw  University  to 
enter  the  army,  while  Bryant,  Jr.,  was  in 
the  junior  class  of  Indiana  University 
when  he  joined  the  Battery  and  was  made 
a  sergeant.  Boyd  Gillespie  was  made  a 
corporal  in  the  spring  of  1917.  He  was 
one  of  the  Americans  disabled  by  a  gas 
attack  from  the  Germans  May  1,  1918,  and 
spent  several  months  in  a  base  hospital. 
Both  sons  are  college  fraternity  men,  Boyd 
a  Phi  Delta  Theta  and  Bryant,  Jr.,  a  Phi 
Gamma  Delta. 

JOHN  M.  BUTLER,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Evansville,  Indiana,  September  17,  1834. 
His  parents,  Calvin  and  Malvina  (French) 
Butler,  were  both  natives  of  Vermont  his 
mother  being  a  descendant  of  Governor 
Bradford  the  colonial  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Calvin  Butler  was  one  of  the  early 
Presbyterian  missionaries  in  Indiana  and 
founded  the  church  at  Evansville,  as  well 
as  organizing  churches  at  other  points  in 
Southern  Indiana.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
Middlebury  College  and  Andover  Theolog- 
ical Seminary,  but,  like  many  of  his  fellow- 
laborers,  he  had  a  large  family  and  very 
small  remuneration  for  his  labors.  The 
children  were  made  bread-winners  as  soon 
as  possible,  and  at  the  age  of  eleven  John 
M.  became  a  clerk  in  a  store.  He  had  good 
home  instruction,  and  was  impressed  with 
the  importance  of  education.  By  persistent 
effort  he  prepared  himself  to  enter  Wabash 
College,  and  graduated  there  in  1856. 
After  his  graduation,  Mr.  Butler  was 
elected  President  of  the  Female  Seminary 
of  Crawfordsville  and  after  serving  for  two 
years  in  that  capacity,  was  elected  princi- 
pal of  the  High  School  of  that  city,  the  city 
having  purchased  the  building  and  grounds 
of  the  Seminary.  While  teaching  all  of 
his  spare  time  was  used  in  the  study  of  law, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1451 


and  in  1859  he  felt  ready  to  practice.  After 
an  extended  trip  in  search  for  a  location, 
he  opened  an  office  at  Crawfordsville  in 
November  of  that  year.  He  was  successful 
from  the  start,  winning  his  first  important 
case  in  both  the  lower  and  the  Supreme 
courts.  In  1871  he  was  invited  to  a  part- 
nership at  Indianapolis  by  Joseph  E.  Mc- 
Donald (q.  v.),  and  this  lasted  until  the 
latter 's  death  in  June,  1891.  Mr.  McDon- 
ald's son  Frank,  and  Mr.  B.  Butler's 
younger  brother,  George  C.  were  added  to 
the  firm,  and  it  so  continued  until  the 
death  of  George  C.  Butler,  a  young  man  of 
great  ability,  in  1883.  He  was  replaced 
by  Augustus  Lynch  Mason,  who  withdrew 
in  the  latter  part  of  1887  on  account  of  ill 
health.  His  place  was  taken  by  Alpheus 
H.  Snow,  Mr.  Butler's  son-in-law.  The 
business  of  the  firm  was  extensive  and 
profitable,  and  was  largely  in  the  Federal 
courts,  and  the  Supreme  courts  of  the 
State  and  the  United  States. 

While  Mr.  Butler  was  engaged  in  many 
important  cases,  there  was  one  which  in 
importance  to  the  public  exceeded  all  the 
rest  combined,  and  indeed  it  seldom  falls 
to  the  lot  of  any  man  to  effect  such  a  far- 
reaching  reform  as  Mr.  Butler  achieved  by 
establishing  what  is  known  as  "the  Six 
Months  Rule."  It  had  become  a  rather 
common  practice  for  the  managers  of  rail- 
roads to  create  a  large  amount  of  debt  for 
supplies  and  labor,  and  then  have  a  re- 
ceiver appointed,  foreclose,  and  bar  these 
debts.  A  case  of  this  character  was  the 
foreclosure  of  the  mortgage  on  the  Indian- 
apolis, Bloomington  &  Western  Railway,  in 
the  U.  S.  Circuit  Court  for  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  Mr.  Butler  represented  the  Rogers 
Locomotive  Works,  which  had  sold  a  num- 
ber of  locomotives  to  the  railroad  company, 
and  these,  before  they  were  paid  for,  had 
been  reduced  almost  to  junk  by  heavy  use, 
and  not  even  ordinary  care.  There  were 
numerous  other  bills  outstanding,  and  the 
wages  of  the  employees  were  largely  in  de- 
fault. In  presenting  the  case,  basing  his 
argument  on  the  broad  proposition  that ' '  he 
who  seeks  equity  must  do  equity,"  Mr. 
Butler  insisted  that- the  mortgage  bond- 
holders ought  not  to  receive  the  benefit  of 
labor  and  material  furnished  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  property  within  six  months 
preceding  the  action  for  foreclosure,  with- 
out paying  for  them.  Judge  Drummond 
sustained  this  position,  then  without  a 


precedent,  and  also  entered  similar  rulings 
in  a  number  of  other  cases  covered  by  the 
principle,  one  of  which  was  at  once  ap- 
pealed to  the  Supreme  Court.  It  was  not 
Mr.  Butler's  case,  but  at  the  request  of 
Judge  Drummond,  he  volunteered  in  it 
(Fosdick  vs.  Schall,  99  U.  S.  p.  235)  and 
both  briefed  it  and  argued  it  orally  before 
the  Supreme  Court,  his  work,  however  pass- 
ing in  the  printed  report  to  the  credit  of 
R.  Biddle  Roberts,  who  was  attorney  of 
record  for  Schall.  The  Supreme  Court  sus- 
tained Judge  Drummond,  and  so  this  rule, 
which  Mr.  Butler  originated  and  estab- 
lished, became  a  permanent  rule  of  Ameri- 
can law ;  and  it  is  a  rule  which  has  been  of 
enormous  benefit  to  employees  and  credi- 
tors of  railroad  companies.  Mr.  Butler 
invoked  the  power  of  the  courts  in  an- 
other matter  of  even  greater  importance. 
Roused  by  the  ruin  of  a  young  man  by 
speculation  in  futures,  he  made  an  earnest 
effort  to  have  the  court  recognize  all  such 
speculation  as  gambling,  and  refuse  to  en- 
force any  contracts  in  connection  with  it. 
The  soundness  of  his  argument  was  so  ap- 
parent that  nobody  has  ever  attempted  to 
answer  it,  but  the  court  was  not  prepared 
to  risk  a  ruling  so  far-reaching  in  its  con- 
sequences. 

Mr.  Butler  never  sought  office,  but  he  was 
a  very  earnest  republican,  and  was  gener- 
ally called  on  for  one  or  more  campaign 
speeches  by  his  party.  There  were  always 
formidable  arguments  which  were  printed 
and  circulated  as  campaign  documents,  but 
they  were  not  usually  attractive  to  the 
ordinary  campaign  audience.  In  conse- 
quence a  political  friend  was  sent  to  him 
to  suggest  that  he  "liven  up"  his  speeches 
by  introducing  a  few  anecdotes  and  jokes 
to  cheer  the  common  herd.  Mr.  Butler  ad- 
mitted the  reasonableness  of  the  suggestion, 
and  promised  compliance.  At  his  next  ap- 
pearance as  a  campaign  orator,  he  began 
by  telling  three  stories  that  appealed  to 
him,  and  then  settled  down  to  an  argument 
that  would  have  suited  the  dignity  of  a 
Supreme  Court.  There  were  no  further 
attempts  to  reform  his  style  of  speech-mak- 
ing. 

Mr.  Butler  died  at  New  York  City,  on 
September  15,  1895,  while  East  on  business. 
He  left  a  considerable  estate  to  his  wife,  his 
son  and  his  daughter.  The  son,  John 
Maurice  Butler,  died  about  six  months 
later.  The  widow,  Sue  W.  (Jennison)  But- 


1452 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ler,  died  on  April  1,  1899,  at  Nice,  France. 
By  her  will,  after  paying  certain  legacies, 
the  property  was  left  to  the  daughter,  Mar- 
garet Butler  Snow,  for  life,  and  after  her 
death  the  estate  was  to  be  divided  into  six 
parts,  one  of  which  is  to  go  to  The  Indian- 
apolis Law  Library  and  Bar  Association, 
to  erect  a  memorial  building,  bearing  her 
husband's  name,  for  the  association's  use; 
and  another  sixth  to  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis to  found  The  John  Maurice  Butler 
Dispensary.  Additional  remainders  go  to 
these  two  objects,  after  certain  other  life 

estates. 

,  i 

HENRY  C.  YAUKY  is  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Pan-American  Bridge  Com- 
pany of  Newcastle.  He  has  been  a  manu- 
facturer and  business  man  for  many  years, 
and  formerly  was  chiefly  identified  with 
lumbering  as  a  manufacturer. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Henry  County 
in  1856,  son  of  John  and  Nancy  (Crull) 
Yauky.  His  grandfather,  Frederick 
Yauky,  came  from  Pennsylvania  and  set- 
tled in  Ohio,  near  Miamisburg.  Of  his 
nine  children  John  was  the  oldest.  John 
Yauky  became  a  Henry  County  farmer. 
He  had  three  children,  one  son  and  two 
daughters. 

Henry  C.  Yauky  attended  the  public 
schools  to  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  after 
that  worked  as  a  farm  hand  to  the  age  of 
twenty-three.  For  eight  years  he  oper- 
ated a  threshing  outfit,  and  the  money  he 
made  in  this  business  he  used  to  invest  in 
a  sawmill  at  Messick  Station  in  Henry 
County.  After  seven  years  there  he  moved 
to  Arkansas,  and  was  a  lumber  manufac- 
turer on  a  more  extensive  scale  in  the  tim- 
ber regions  of  that  state  for  two  years. 
Selling  out,  he  returned  to  Newcastle  in 
1892,  and  then  formed  a  partnership  with 
Wilbur  Cox.  They  operated  a  saw  mill 
and  also  a  spoke  and  rim  factory.  After 
three  years  Mr.  Yauky  bought  his  part- 
ner's interest  and  continued  the  industry 
for  seven  years,  finally  selling  out  to  Frank 
Reynolds. 

Mr.  Yauky  has  been  interested  from  the 
first  in  the  Pan-American  Bridge  Com- 
pany. He  was  elected  a  director  of  the 
first  meeting  of  that  company,  and  is  now 
also  one  of  the  large  stockholders  and  sec- 
retary of  the  company.  Mr.  Yauky  owns 
120  acres  of  land  near  Newcastle,  is  a 
stockholder  and  director  in  the  Quality 


Tire  &  Rubber  Company  of  Anderson,  and 
has  a  number  of  other  business  interests. 

In  1879  he  married  Miss  Ruth  Allinder, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Annie  (Mower) 
Allinder.  They  lost  both  their  children 
when  young  and  have  reared  a  boy  since 
infancy,  Jesse  Edward  Derringer.  This 
foster  son  is  now  an  American  patriot,  be- 
ing with  the  Two  Hundred  and  Sixty-Fifth 
Aero  Squadron  in  France.  Mr.  Yauky  is 
a  democrat  and  is  treasurer  of  the  Church 
of  Christ  at  Newcastle. 

i 

FELIX  J.  TRAINOR.  At  the  age  of  eleven 
years  Felix  J.  Trainor  went  to  work  in  a 
spring  factory  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  His 
success  in  life  is  due  not  only  to  his  early 
start,  but  to  the  concentration  of  his  mind 
and  energies  along  one  line.  Mr.  Trainor 
is  a  prominent  Indiana  manufacturer  at 
Newcastle,  being  president  and  general 
manager  of  the  National  Spring  Company 
of  that  city. 

He  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  July  24, 
1879,  son  of  Patrick  and  Dora  Maria  (Gib- 
son) Trainor.  His  parents  came  from 
County  Down,  Ireland,  in  1862,  and  after 
one  year  in  Allegheny,  Pennsylvania, 
moved  to  Cincinnati,  where  they  spent 
their  last  years.  The  father  was  a  car- 
penter by  trade  and  died  in  1893.  The 
mother  is  still  living  at  Cincinnati. 

Felix  J.  Trainor  was  next  to  the  young- 
est in  a  family  of  nine  children.  He  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati 
and  at  the  age  of  eleven  became  a  boy 
helper  in  the  Columbian  Spring  Works. 
All  his  wages  he  contributed  toward  help- 
ing out  the  family.  He  was  with  the 
Columbian  Spring  Works  until  1911.  At 
the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  promoted  to  the 
responsibility  of  operating  a  machine  in 
the  factory.  At  twenty-one  he  was  fore- 
man of  the  forging  department,  and  after 
four  years  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  entire  factory.  For  ten  years  he  had 
the  supervision  of  a  working  force  of  150 
men.  During  that  time  he  became  a  mas- 
ter of  everything  connected  with  the  man- 
ufacture of  springs.  In  1911  he  resigned 
his  place  at  Cincinnati  to  come  to  New- 
castle, and  in  December  of  that  year  be- 
came superintendent  of  the  National 
Spring  Company.  Two  years  later  he  was 
made  manager  and  vice  president  and 
two  years  after  that,  having  acquired  the 
majority  stock  in  the  business,  became 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1453 


president  and  general  manager.  This 
company  manufactures  springs  of  a  great 
variety  and  type,  especially  those  used  in 
automobiles  and  other  types  of  vehicles. 
The  springs  are  shipped  to  practically  all 
the  markets  of  the  world,  even  as  far 
away  as  South  Africa,  and  much  of  the 
work  at  present  is  done  for  the  Govern- 
ment. Upwards  of  eighty  men  are  em- 
ployed in  the  factory.  During  the  past 
five  years  Mr.  Trainor  has  increased  the 
volume  of  business  a  thousand  per  cent, 
and  the  outlook  now  is  for  practically  a 
doubling  of  the  business  in  1919.  Mr. 
Trainor  is  well  known  in  Newcastle  and 
has  a  number  of  real  estate  and  other  in- 
terests. 

In  1905  he  married  Miss  Cecelia  Sulli- 
van, daughter  of  Jeremiah  and  Catherine 
(McDonald)  Sullivan  of  Cincinnati.  Their 
children  are  Elizabeth  Marcella,  Catherine 
Eudora,  Felix  Raymond  and  Cecelia.  Mr. 
Trainor  and  family  are  members  of  St. 
Anne's  Catholic  Church.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks. 

FREDERICK  HENRY  ERB,  JR.  To  this 
Lafayette  citizen,  now  retired  and  living 
in  comfort  at  his  home  in  West  Lafayette, 
has  come  unique  distinctions  in  the  field 
of  sports.  As  a  crack  shot  and  as  a  trainer 
of  hunting  dogs  he  became  known  to  a 
sporting  fraternity  national  if  not  inter- 
national, and  he  numbers  among  his  per- 
sonal friends  many  distinguished  celebri- 
ties. 

Mr.  Erb  was  born  on  Oregon  Street  in 
Lafayette,  August  16,  1854,  son  of  Fred- 
erick Henry  and  Mary  Sophia  (Roily) 
Erb.  His  mother  was  a  native  of  France. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Switzerland, 
and  came  to  America  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen. He  was  a  wine  grower  in  the  old 
country  but  in  America  took  up  and  de- 
veloped remarkable  skill  and  ability  as  a 
race  horse  trainer  and  owner.  He  owned 
some  of  the  noted  fast  horses  of  his  time 
and  was  also  an  expert  in  other  branches 
of  outdoor  sports.  He  was  a  successful 
trainer  and  promoter,  and  during  his  ca- 
reer built  the  first  race  track  at  Lafayette. 
He  was  a  remarkable  man  in  many  ways, 
and  his  great  vitality  is  attested  by  the 
fact  that  when  he  died  in  1910  he  was  a 
hundred  six  years  old. 

Fred  Erb.  Jr.,  inherited  all  the  quali- 
voi.  m— IB 


ties  of  his  father  in  respect  to  sportsman- 
ship. In  early  life  he  was  a  jockey,  and 
later  took  up  trap  and  live  bird  shooting, 
and  after  defeating  Captain  Bogardus  was 
hailed  as  the  champion  of  the  world. 

Some  of  his  striking  achievements  are 
told  in  a  brief  sketch  published  in  the  La- 
fayette Herald  in  1895,  when  Mr.  Erb 
was  at  the  height  of  his  powers.  Portions 
of  this  sketch  are  herewith  quoted :  ' '  He 
was  given  a  fair  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  this  city.  Young  Erb  was  a 
born  shot,  having  inherited  his  talent  from 
his  father,  who  also  in  his  day  was  a  king 
at  the  traps,  and  was  the  first  man  to  ever 
shoot  a  live  pigeon  match  in  this  country, 
defeating  William  King  of  London,  Eng- 
land, for  the  world's  championship  apd 
$1,000  on  the  side.  Fred  Erb,  Sr.,  also 
shot  a  great  match  with  Jack  Taylor  of 
New  Jersey,  for  $2,500  a  side,  and  was 
defeated  in  this  match.  This  great  event 
was  shot  off  at  the  old  Opp  homestead 
many  years  ago.  Old  timers  will  still  re- 
member this  event. 

"Fred  Erb,  Jr.,  at  the  age  of  eight  was 
sent  to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  by  his  father 
as  a  rider  of  running  horses,  Fred  keep- 
ing this  up  until  the  age  of  eighteen.  Dur- 
ing his  career  as  a  jockey  he  rode  the  great 
winners  of  those  days,  known  to  turf  fame 
as  Rambler,  Prairie  Boy,  Silver  Tail,  Bull 
of  the  Woods,  Gypsie  and  other  celebrated 
blue  grass  stock. 

"At  the  age  of  twelve  years  his  shoot- 
ing qualities  first  came  into  publicity,  and 
while  riding  the  circuit  of  running  horses 
he  was  often  backed  by  his  father  in  live 
pigeon  matches,  in  which  he  scored  sig- 
nal victories  at  the  trap.  Erb's  great 
achievement  that  brought  him  into  national 
fame  was  his  challenge  to  Captain  Bogar- 
dus, who  was  then  the  all  around  cham- 
pion of  the  world.  This  match  came  off 
in  March,  1880,  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri, 
Erb  killing  ninety-three  to  Bogardus' 
eighty-three  birds.  At  St.  Louis  in  Janu- 
ary, 1881,  Erb  in  a  contest  with  a  num- 
ber- of  celebrated  shots  killed  twenty-five 
straight  birds,  winning  eight  hundred  dol- 
lars. 

' '  Several  years  ago  Erb  retired  from  the 
professional  arena  to  engage  in  dog  train- 
ing, having  been  solicited  to  do  so  by  many 
of  the  dog  fanciers  of  the  country.  How- 
ever, the  old  fever  returned  and  last  win- 
ter Mr.  Erb  again  took  up  the  trusty  and 


1454 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


will  prepare  to  go  for  the  championship 
of  the  world  again.  In  connection  with 
his  work  at  the  trap  the  same  interest  will 
be  given  his  kennel,  which  now  contains 
some  of  the  most  blooded  stock  in  the 
country.  Erb  has  a  national  reputation 
as  a  successful  trainer.  He  has  trained 
dogs  for  all  the  celebrated  sports  in  the 
country. 

"Erb's  training  methods  are  ideas 
strictly  his  own.  The  dogs  are  first  taught 
to  retrieve,  and  then  after  becoming  used 
to  the  call  of  the  whistle  are  given  actual 
experience  in  the  field  *  *  *  Mr. 
Erb  has  made  some  wonderful  scores 
and  we  doubt  if  there  is  a  man  living  who 
can  equal  him  with  shotgun  and  rifle,  or 
handling  a  dog  for  field  shooting  and  re- 
trieving." 

As  this  indicates,  Mr.  Erb  has  won 
many  friends  and  admirers  during  his  ac- 
tive career,  and  one  of  his  personal  friends 
was  a  no  less  distinguished  personage  than 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  for  whom  he  trained 
bird  dogs.  Though  now  living  retired  Mr. 
Erb  still  keeps  up  the  keenest  interest  in 
all  kinds  of  field  sports. 

In  recent  years  Mr.  Erb  has  built  up  a 
considerable  business  in  manufacturing 
and  selling  food  and  tonics  for  animal 
pets. 

There  are  three  special  points  in  his 
record  which  deserve  quoting  in  the  techni- 
cal phraseology  of  sport:  "He  was  the 
first  man  to  be  handicapped  from  26  yards 
to  31  yards,  one  barrel  gun,  below  elbow, 
kill  bird  on  the  wing  in  1870  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  In  1873  Mr.  Erb  imported  the 
first  complete  set  of  ground  traps  and  Har- 
lingham  Rules  from  England,  which  were 
used  at  many  places  and  at  all  big  shoots. 

"Erb  was  the  first  shooter,  as  a  kid  then, 
to  be  barred  as  a  professional  shot  in  the 
world  at  the  big  shoot  at  Peoria,  Illinois, 
June  10  to  13,  1875.  To  the  world  he  is 
only  a  kid  yet,  and  the  oldest  one  in  the 
game  today,  and  every  day  of  his  life  is 
spent  with  dogs  and  guns,  and  the  only 
handler  that  will  take  big  contracts  to  go 
anywhere  in  the  world  to  do  the  retriev- 
ing with  a  big  bunch  of  dogs  at  the  big 
live  bird  shoots  and  wealthy  club  grounds 
and  private  matches. 

"Fred  Erb,  Jr.,  has  made  the  best  scores 
on  record  in  the  world  on  live  birds  and 
targets,  under  trying  conditions,  and  he  is 
still  in  the  game.  There  is  no  doubt  that 


he  is  the  quickest  shot  that  ever  faces  the 
traps,  or  anywhere  else,  with  a  shotgun." 

THOMAS  S.  MEEKER  is  an  Indianapolis 
hotel  owner,  has  been  prominent  in  local 
and  state  democratic  politics  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  through  his  family  re- 
lationship has  a  number  of  interesting  as- 
sociations with  the  prominent  people  of  the 
state. 

For  a  long  period  of  years  the  Meeker 
shipyard  at  New  Albany,  conducted  by 
his  paternal  grandfather  and  the  latter 's 
two  sons,  including  Stephen,  was  famous 
as  a  center  of  steamboat  construction. 
The  Meekers  built  most  of  the  noted  craft 
that  plied  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers 
before  the  war,  when  the  river  trade  was 
the  great  artery  of  traffic  between  the 
North  and  the  South.  Among  the  boats  they 
built  was  the  Robert  E.  Lee  and  also  the 
Natchez,  famous  for  the  boat  races  they 
engaged  in  from  New  Orleans  to  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Thomas  S.  Meeker  was  born  at  New 
Albany,  Indiana,  in  1881,  a  son  of  Stephen 
and  Mary  (Rice)  Meeker.  A  number  of 
his  uncles  and  other  kinsmen  have  been 
noted  figures  in  state  politics  and  business 
affairs.  His  uncle,  the  late  James  B. 
Ryan,  was  treasurer  of  Indiana  in  the 
early  '70s,  also  a  large  property  owner 
and  one  of  the  wealthiest  citizens  of  In- 
dianapolis in  his  day.  James  Rice,  another 
uncle,  was  auditor  of  the  State  of  Indiana 
and  a  man  of  wealth.  Thomas  Hanlon, 
who  was  also  an  uncle,  now  fills  a  public 
position  in  Washington,  and  for  sixteen 
years  was  county  auditor  of  Floyd  County. 
His  mother's  brother,  Joseph  Rice,  held  a 
Federal  position  at  Jeffersonville  for 
twenty-one  years,  and  his  father,  Palmer 
Rice,  of  New  Albany,  was  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  men  of  that  city  prior  to  and 
during  the  Civil  war,  and  took  care  of  and 
furnished  the  supplies  for  many  thousands 
of  soldiers  coming  and  going  between  the 
North  and  South. 

Mr.  Stephen  Meeker,  who  is  now  living 
in  Indianapolis  at  the  age  of  eighty-two, 
was,  as  already  noted,  identified  with  the 
'Meeker  shipbuilding  industry  at  New  Al- 
bany, and  has  had  a  long  and  interesting 
experience  in  affairs.  It  was  in  New  Al- 
bany that  Thomas  S.  Meeker  spent  his 
boyhood  and  school  days.  His  first  business 
experience  was  in  the  train  service  on  the 
Monon  Railroad,  which  he  followed  five 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1455 


years.  For  a  time  he  was  traveling  sales- 
man for  the  Indianapolis  Cigar  Company. 
In  1904  he  engaged  in  the  hotel  business 
at  Indianapolis.  He  and  his  brother,  Ham- 
ilton Meeker,  under  the  firm  name  of  Meek- 
er Brothers,  are  proprietors  of  the  Oneida 
Hotel  at  214-220  South  Illinois  Street,  near 
the  Union  Station  and  in  the  heart  of  the 
best  hotel  district.  This  is  one  of  the  popu- 
lar hotels  of  the  Indiana  capital  and  en- 
joys a  large  and  continuous  patronage. 

Mr.  Meeker  had  hardly  emerged  into 
manhood  when  he  took  an  interesting  part 
in  politics,  and  has  been  an  exceedingly 
influential  figure,  considering  his  age  and 
experience.  He  has  served  as  a  delegate 
to  every  national  convention  of  the  demo- 
cratic party  since  and  including  1904.  He 
was  the  organizer  of  the  Old  Hickory 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  and  is  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Elks,  Indiana  Athletic 
Club,  Canoe  Club  and  other  organizations. 
He  married  Miss  Dorothy  Jordan,  daugh- 
ter of  Patrick  Jordan  of  Washington,  In- 
diana. They  have  one  son,  Thomas  Hamil- 
ton Meeker,  born  in  1911. 

HON.  JAMES  R.  FLEMING,  of  Portland 
and  Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the  younger 
men  of  affairs  of  Indiana,  is  a  lawyer,  state 
senator  from  Jay  County  and  a  democratic 
leader. 

Senator  Fleming  was  born  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  in  1881,  son  of  George  R. 
and  Sarah  (Cummins)  Fleming,  the  latter 
now  deceased.  His  father  is  a  farmer  and 
still  lives  on  the  farm  at  Sulphur  Springs 
in  Henry  County,  where  his  son  was  born. 
The  Flemings  are  of  Scotch  and  English 
origin,  and  first  came  to  America  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  settling  in  Maryland. 
Senator  Fleming's  grandfather  came  from 
Fairmount,  West  Virginia,  to  Indiana  in 
pioneer  times,  and  was  an  early  settler  in 
Henry  County. 

James  R.  Fleming  was  educated  in  the 
local  public  schools  and  the  high  school  at 
Elwood,  Indiana.  He  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  graduating  from  the 
law  department  with  the  class  of  1904. 
In  the  same  year  he  began  practice  at 
Portland,  county  seat  of  Jay  County, 
where  his  home  has  since  been.  Along 
with  the  exacting  routine  of  the  legal  pro- 
fession he  has  always  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  affairs  and  local  politics.  He  was 
elected  and  served  two  terms  as  prosecut- 


ing attorney  of  Jay  County.  In  1913  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Lower  House 
of  the  State  Legislature,  and  in  1914  was 
chosen  to  the  State  Senate  for  the  term  of 
four  years.  In  the  Senate  he  has  been  a 
member  of  many  important  committees. 
In  the  session  of  1915  he  was  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee,  and  in  1917  was 
caucas  chairman  of  the  Senate.  He  is  a 
man.  of  ability,  of  much  experience,  has 
high  ideals,  and  his  home  county  and  state 
have  every  reason  to  take  pride  in  his  work 
and  his  influence. 

Senator  Fleming  is  affiliated  with  the 
Masonic  Order,  the  Elks  and  other  organi- 
zations. He  married  Miss  Jennie  Adair, 
of  Portland.  They  have  a  daughter, 
Marian. 

FLOYD  W.  STOUT,  a  Newcastle  merchant 
for  over  twenty  years,  is  widely  and  fav- 
orably known  in  Henry  County,  where  he 
has  spent  all  his  life  and  where  his  ances- 
tors were  pioneers.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Stout  &  Williams,  grocery  and 
clothing  merchants. 

Mr.  Stout  was  born  on  a  farm  near  New- 
castle, on  the  Brown  Road  in  Henry  Town- 
ship, July  18,  1868.  His  parents  were 
William  W.  and  Rebecca  (Livesey)  Stout. 
He  is  of  English  ancestry.  His  grand- 
father, Elijah  Stout,  on  coming  to  Henry 
County  secured  government  land  two 
miles  east  of  Newcastle.  His  deed  was 
signed  by  Andrew  Jackson.  He  cleared 
up  and  developed  600  acres.  The  old 
farm  continued  in  the  possession  of  the 
Stout  family  from  1839  until  it  was  sold 
in  1902.  Elijah  Stout  had  five  daughters 
and  one  son. 

Floyd  W.  Stout  was  educated  in  coun- 
try schools,  also  the  Newcastle  High 
School,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  began 
teaching.  One  school  in  which  he  taught 
in  Henry  Township  was  built  on  an  acre 
of  land  which  had  been  donated  for  that 
purpose  by  his  grandfather.  After  four 
years  of  teaching  he  entered  the  grocery 
business  at  Newcastle.  The  firm  of  Stout 
&  Williams  was  in  business  for  twenty- 
one  years  at  1549  Broad  Street,  all  the 
time  in  the  same  room.  They  then  bought 
land  and  built  their  present  building  in 
1911.  They  have  a  large  stock  of  general 
groceries  and  men's  clothing,  with  a  town 
and  country  trade  for  fifteen  miles  around 
Newcastle.  Mr.  Stout  is  a  stockholder  in 


1456 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


local  banks  and  is  also  a  director  in  the 
Henry  County  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, having  filled  that  office  for  fifteen 
years. 

December  31,  1890,  he  married  Mary  E. 
Pickering,  daughter  of  Irvin  and  Sarah 
Jane  (Block)  Pickering,  of  Henry  Town- 
ship. They  have  two  children:  Horace 
E.,  born  in  1894,  and  George  W.,  born 
in  1903.  Horace  graduated  from  Wabash 
College  with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1917.  On 
December  26th  of  the  same  year  he  en- 
listed. After  a  six  weeks'  course  of  train- 
ing at  the  University  of  Chicago  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Ordnance  Department, 
and  is  now  a  sergeant  with  the  American 
Expeditionary  Forces  in  France. 

Mr.  Stout  is  a  democrat  and  served  four 
years  on  the  city  council,  from  1902  to 
1906.  From  1906  to  1910  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  school  board.  Since  1891  he 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  Christian 
Church,  and  was  president  of  the  church 
board  in  1902.  He  has  also  attended  some 
state  conventions  of  his  church.  Mr. 
Stout  has  held  all  the  chairs  in  the  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Ma- 
sonic Order. 

ALONZO  PHILJP  GREEN,  of  Attica,  is  one 
of  the  largest  land  owners  of  the  state,  his 
property  possessions  embracing  large 
amounts  of  farm  land  both  in  Indiana  and 
in  other  localities.  He  was  left  an  orphan 
in  early  life  and  has  made  his  way  through 
the  world  with  a  great  deal  of  energy  and 
enterprise,  and  his  success  is  a  matter  of 
constant  alertness  to  opportunity  and  a 
faculty  of  doing  things  himself  and  get- 
ting things  done.  Mr.  Green  is  now  en- 
gaged in  the  real  estate  and  loan  business 
at  Attica  under  the  name  A.  P.  Green  & 
Sons. 

He  was  born  at  Myersville,  Illinois,  Au- 
gust 12,  1853,  but  represents  a  very  early 
family  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana.  His 
ancestry  goes  back  to  Sir  Henry  Green,  a 
member  of  the  nobility  in  England.  An- 
other ancestor  was  General  Nathanael 
Greene,  the  great  leader  of  Revolutionary 
Forces  in  the  southern  colonies  in  the  "War 
for  Independence.  Mr.  Green  and  his  sis- 
ter Alice  are  both  eligible  to  membership 
in  the  Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution. 

His  parents  were  Conant  C.  and  Chris- 


tine (Rudy)  Green.  His  father  was  born 
at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  February  14, 
1821,  a  date  that  indicates  the  early  estab- 
lishment of  the  Green  family  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  state.  The  parents  of  Co- 
nant C.  Green  were  Ormsby  and  Rebecca 
(Prescott)  Green,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  England.  Conant  C.  Green  was  a 
saw  mill  man  in  early  life  and  lived  in 
several  different  localities.  He  is  remem- 
bered as  having  built  and  operated  the 
first  ferry  over  the  Wabash  River  at  At- 
tica. That  was  during  the  '40s,  and  his 
home  was  at  Attica  from  1830  to  1848.  He 
then  removed  to  Myersville,  Illinois,  where 
he  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  and  was  a 
merchant  and  farmer.  He  died  April  20, 
1862.  On  September  27,  1851,  Conant  C. 
Green  married  Christine  Rudy,  who  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  March  25,  1826,  a 
daughter  of  Jacob  Rudy,  a  native  of  Swit- 
zerland. She  died  January  12,  1874,  at 
Bismarck,  Illinois.  She  was  the  mother  of 
five  children,  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, two  of  whom,  twins,  died  in  infancy, 
and  Thomas  also  died  in  infancy.  Those 
to  grow  up  were :  Alonzo  P.  and  Alice  A., 
the  latter  being  principal  of  the  Attica 
schools. 

Alonzo  P.  Green  was  only  nine  years  old 
when  his  father  died  and  a  few  years  later 
he  had  to  take  up  the  business  of  life  as  a 
matter  of  serious  responsibility  and  neces- 
sity. While  attending  public  scnool  he  also 
clerked  in  the  store  of  an  uncle  at  Attica 
and  did  similar  service  at  Bismarck,  Illi- 
nois. In  1877  Mr.  Green  entered  the  gro- 
cery business  on  his  own  account,  and  for 
eighteen  years  was  one  of  the  successful 
merchants  at  Attica.  The  surplus  of  his 
business  he  invested  in  land,  and  it  is  the 
shrewdness  and  good  management  he  has 
shown  in  handling  such  investments  that 
have  brought  him  the  bulk  of  his  fortune. 
In  1901  he  bought  an  island  in  Alexander 
County,  Illinois,  comprising  1,136  acres. 
This  he  has  done  much  to  improve  and  de- 
velop, and  it  is  now  a  highly  productive 
farm.  He  also  owns  valuable  farm  lands 
in  Indiana,  Illinois  and  North  Dakota. 
While  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his  com- 
munity, a  stanch  republican  voter,  Mr. 
Green  has  never  sought  any  official  honors. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

June  28,  1883,  at  Rossville,  Illinois,  he 
married  Miss  Esther  Thompson,  who  was 
born  at  Rossville  August  20,  1863,  daugh- 


. 


1456 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


local  banks  and  is  also  a  director  in  the 
Henry  County  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, having  filled  that  office  for  fifteen 
years. 

December  31,  1890.  he  married  Mary  E. 
Pickering,  daughter  of  Irvin  and  Sarah 
Jane  (Block)  Pickering,  of  Henry  Town- 
ship. They  have  two  children :  Horace 
E.,  born  in  1894,  and  George  W.,  born 
in  1903.  Horace  graduated  from  Wabash 
College  with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1917.  On 
December  26th  of  the  same  year  he  en- 
listed. After  a  six  weeks'  course  of  train- 
ing at  the  University  of  Chicago  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Ordnance  Department, 
and  is  now  a  sergeant  with  the  American 
Expeditionary  Forces  in  France. 

Mr.  Stout  is  a  democrat  and  served  four 
vears  on  the  city  council,  from  1902  to 
1906.  From  1906  to  1910  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  school  board.  Since  1891  he 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  Christian 
Church,  and  was  president  of  the  church 
board  in  1902.  He  has  also  attended  some 
state  conventions  of  his  church.  Mr. 
Stout  has  held  all  the  chairs  in  the  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Ma- 
sonic Order. 

ALONZO  PHILIP  GREEN,  of  Attica,  is  one 
of  the  largest  land  owners  of  the  state,  his 
property  possessions  embracing  large 
amounts  of  farm  land  both  in  Indiana  and 
in  other  localities.  He  was  left  an  orphan 
in  early  life  and  has  made  his  way  through 
the  world  with  a  great  deal  of  energy  and 
enterprise,  and  his  success  is  a  matter  of 
constant  alertness  to  opportunity  and  a 
faculty  of  doing  things  himself  and  get- 
ting things  done.  Mr.  Green  is  now  en- 
gaged in  the  real  estate  and  loan  business 
at  Attica  under  the  name  A.  P.  Green  & 
Sons. 

He  was  born  at  Myersville,  Illinois,  Au- 
gust 12,  1853,  but  represents  a  very  early 
family  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana.  His 
ancestry  goes  back  to  Sir  Henry  Green,  a 
member  of  the  nobility  in  England.  An- 
other ancestor  was  Generaf  Nathanael 
Greene,  the  great  leader  of  Revolutionary 
Forces  in  the  southern  colonies  in  the  War 
for  Independence.  Mr.  Green  and  his  sis 
ter  Alice  are  both  eligible  to  membership 
in  the  Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution. 

His  parents  were  Conant  C.  and  Chris- 


tine (Rudy)  Green.  His  father  was  born 
at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  February  14, 
1821,  a  date  that  indicates  the  early  estab- 
lishment of  the  Green  family  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  state.  The  parents  of  Co- 
nant C.  Green  were  Ormsby  and  Rebecca 
(Prescott)  Green,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  England.  Conant  C.  Green  was  a 
saw  mill  man  in  early  life  and  lived  in 
several  different  localities.  He  is  remem- 
bered as  having  built  and  operated  the 
first  ferry  over  the  "VYabash  River  at  At- 
tica. That  was  during  the  '40s,  and  his 
home  was  at  Attica  from  1830  to  1848.  He 
then  removed  to  Myersville,  Illinois,  where 
he  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  and  was  a 
merchant  and  farmer.  He  died  April  20. 
1862.  On  September  27,  1851,  Conant  C. 
Green  married  Christine  Rudy,  who  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  March  25,  1826,  a 
daughter  of  Jacob  Rudy,  a  native  of  Swit- 
zerland. She  died  January  12,  1874,  at 
Bismarck,  Illinois.  She  was  the  mother  of 
five  children,  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, two  of  whom,  twins,  died  in  infancy, 
and  Thomas  also  died  in  infancy.  Those 
to  grow  up  were :  Alonzo  P.  and  Alice  A., 
the  latter  being  principal  of  the  Attica 
schools. 

Alonzo  P.  Green  was  only  nine  years  old 
when  his  father  died  and  a  few  years  later 
he  had  to  take  up  the  business  of  life  as  a 
matter  of  serious  responsibility  and  neces- 
sity. While  attending  public  scnool  he  also 
clerked  in  the  store  of  an  uncle  at  Attica 
and  did  similar  service  at  Bismarck,  Illi- 
nois. In  1877  Mr.  Green  entered  the  gro- 
cery business  on  his  own  account,  and  for 
eighteen  years  was  one  of  the  successful 
merchants  at  Attica.  The  surplus  of  his 
business  he  invested  in  land,  and  it  is  the 
shrewdness  and  good  management  he  has 
shown  in  handling  such  investments  that 
have  brought  him  the  bulk  of  his  fortune. 
In  1901  he  bought  an  island  in  Alexander 
County,  Illinois,  comprising  1,136  acres. 
This  he  has  done  much  to  improve  and  de- 
velop, and  it  is  now  a  highly  productive 
farm.  He  also  owns  valuable  farm  lands 
in  Indiana,  Illinois  and  North  Dakota. 
While  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his  com- 
munity, a  stanch  republican  voter,  Mr. 
Green  has  never  sought  any  official  honors. 
lie  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

June  28,  1883,  at  Rossville,  Illinois,  he 
married  Miss  Esther  Thompson,  who  was 
born  at  Rossville  August  20,  1863,  daugh- 


- 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1457 


ter  of  Lewis  M.  and  Judith  A.  (Bur- 
roughs) Thompson.  Her  father  was  born 
in  Indiana  in  1828  and  died  in  1913  and 
her  mother  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1828 
and  died  at  Rossville,  Illinois,  in  1890.  In 
the  Thompson  family  were  eight  children, 
six  daughters  and  two  sons,  and  six  are 
still  living,  Viola,  Mary,  John  G.,  Esther, 
Lena  and  Harriet.  Mrs.  Green  is  very 
prominent  musically  at  Attica  and  is  well 
known  in  other  parts  of  the  state.  She  is 
a  trained  and  talented  vocalist  and  in- 
strumentalist has  taught  both  branches  of 
music,  and  was  a-  student  under  Frederick 
W.  Root  at  Chicago.  She  is  now  president 
of  the  Musical  Art  Society  of  Attica,  and 
as  a  club  and  literary  woman  is  doing 
much  to  promote  the  relief  and  other  causes 
of  the  war. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Green  have  five  children, 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Conant 
Lewis,  the  oldest,  was  born  May  16,  1884, 
graduated  from  the  Attica  High  School 
in  1902  and  received  his  degrees  A.  B.  and 
LL.  B.  from  the  literary  and  law  depart- 
ments of  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1907.  He  is  now  a  successful  lawyer  at 
Attica.  He  married  June  26,  1909,  Mfes 
Edna  Glen  Simison,  who  was  born  at  Rom- 
ney,  Indiana.  Their  children  are  Esther 
Glen  and  Enid  Gwendolin,  twins,  Arldi 
Miriam,  Doris  Elizabeth  and  Edward  Simi- 
son. 

Edward  Alonzo,  the  second  child,  was 
born  January  1,  1887,  and  lost  his  life  by 
drowning  September  3,  1904,  having 
graduated  from  the  Attica  High  School 
the  preceding  spring.  Lena  Cbristine,  the 
third  child,  was  born  April  21,  1891,  and 
died  the  following  day.  The  two  younger 
children  are  Philip  Thompson,  born  No- 
vember 8,  1901,  and  Esther  Alice,  born 
July  23,  1904. 

VIRGINIA  CLAYPOOL  MEREDITH  (Mrs. 
Henry  Clay  Meredith)  was  born  in  Fay- 
ette  County,  Indiana,  November  5,  1848, 
a  daughter  of  Austin  B.  and  Hannah 
(Petty)  Claypool.  She  graduated  at  Glen- 
dale  College  in  1866,  with  the  degree  A.  B. ; 
and  in  1870  was  married  to  Henry  Clay 
Meredith — a  son  of  Gen.  Sol.  Meredith — 
who  died  in  1882.  After  the  death  of  her 
husband,  Mrs.  Meredith  took  personal 
charge  of  his  stock  farm,  in  Wayne  County, 
and  devoted  her  attention  to  breeding 


Shorthorn  cattle  and  Southdown  sheep,  in 
which  she  has  been  notably  successful. 

Mrs.  Meredith  is  widely  known  as  a 
writer  and  lecturer  on  farm  and  home  top- 
ics. She  was  professor  of  home  economics 
at  the  University  of  Minnesota  from  1897 
to  1902;  has  engaged  largely  in  Indiana 
Farm  Institute  work;  and  has  contributed 
extensively  to  agricultural  and  stock  jour- 
nals. She  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Lady  Managers  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Chicago,  in  1893 ;  and  in  the 
same  year  was  President  of  the  Indiana 
Union  of  Literary  Clubs.  She  has  been 
president  of  the  Indiana  Home  Economics 
Association  since  1913. 

MAJOR  HENRY  W.  JOHNSON,  who  for 
many  years  was  actively  identified  with 
those  interests  which  made  Michigan  City 
an  important  center  of  furniture  manu- 
facturing enterprise,  was  born  in  1834  in 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
reared  on  a  farm  in  Middlefield  Township, 
Geauga  County,  Ohio,  son  of  James  E. 
and  Emily  B.  (Burke)  Johnson.  His 
grandfather,  Hugh  Johnson,  was  a  native 
•  of  Virginia  and  moved  to  Ohio  about  1802, 
being  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Geauga 
County,  where  he  bought  600  acres  of  tim- 
bered land.  He  volunteered  his  service  at 
the  time  of  the  War  of  1812,  and  con- 
tracted fever  and  died  soon  after  its  close. 
His  wife  bore  the  maiden  name  of  Jane 
Erskine.  James  E.  Johnson,  who  was  born 
on  a  farm  near  Charleston,  West  Virginia, 
in  1800,  was  one  of  six  children,  and  in 
early  life  learned  the  trade  of  carpenter. 
For  several  years  he  was  in  the  contract- 
ing and  building  business  at  Philadelphia, 
until  his  partner  absconded  with  all  the 
capital  of  the  firm.  He  then  returned  to 
Ohio  and  took  the  management  of  the  f/arm 
which  he  inherited,  and  later  continued  in 
business  as  a  contractor  and  builder.  He 
died  at  Cleveland  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
four.  His  wife  was  a  native  of  Phila- 
delphia and  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four. 
On  her  mother's  side  she  was  of  Holland 
Dutch  ancestry. 

Henry  W.  Johnson  was  one  of  a  family 
of  eight  children,  and  all  the  six  sons  ex- 
cept one  served  as  Union  soldiers.  He  was 
well  educated  and  spent  four  years  in  what 
is  now  known  as  Hiram  College  in  Ohio, 
of  which  James  A.  Garfield  was  at  that 


1458 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


time  president.  He  also  taught  school 
some  six  years,  and  on  August  20,  1861, 
was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  of 
Company  B,  Forty-First  Ohio  Infantry, 
which-  was  attached  to  the  Nineteenth 
Brigade  in  the  Army  of  Ohio,  and  later  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland.  In  December, 
1861,  he  was  made  regimental  quartermas- 
ter with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant.  In 
January,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to  brigade 
quartermaster  with  the  rank  of  captain 
of  Company  B,  Forty-First  Ohio  Infan- 
try. He  took  part  in  every  battle  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  was  in  all 
the  Atlanta  campaign  with  his  brigade,  119 
days  under  fire.  He  was  brevetted  major 
of  volunteers  by  the  United  States  War 
Department  "for  meritorious  services  in 
the  Union  Army,"  and  was  commissioned 
captain  and  assistant  quartermaster  United 
States  Volunteers  by  the  War  Department 
and  assigned  to  duty  as  chief  quartermas- 
ter of  the  Third  Division  of  the  Fourth 
Army  Corps,  Army  of  the  Cumberland, 
with  the  full  rank  of  major  and  deputy 
quartermaster  United  States  Volunteers, 
having  been  mustered  out  of  his  regiment 
as  captain  of  Company  B.  Toward  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  sent  to  Texas  with 
his  command,  and  in  1865  he  was  ordered 
to  report  to  General  Sheridan  at  New  Or- 
leans, who  ordered  him  to  report  to  Gen- 
eral Wood  at  Vicksburg,  Mississippi.  He 
was  then  made  custodian  of  the  Federal 
and  Confederate  property  in  all  the  dis- 
trict of  Northern  Mississippi,  and  sold  it 
at  auction,  having  his  headquarters  at 
Jackson,  the  capital  of  the  state.  After 
making  settlement  of  his  accounts  with  the 
Government,  he  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice in  June,  1866,  at  Vicksburg.  He  was 
immediately  commissioned  as  a  lieutenant 
in  the  Eighth  United  States  Regular  In- 
fantry and  ordered  to  report  to  General 
Hooker,  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  where  one 
battalion  of  his  regiment  was  stationed. 
Across  this  commission  as  lieutenant  was 
written  by  the  secretary  of  war  this  state- 
ment: "This  officer  is  to  be  commissioned 
with  the  rank  of  captain  and  assistant 
quartermaster  in  the  Regular  Armyrat  the 
first  vacancy  in  that  department." 

After  the  war  Major  Johnson  engaged 
in  the  business  of  manufacturing  furni- 
ture at  Columbus,  Ohio,  but  in  1868  moved 
to  Michigan  City  as  a  member  of  the  firm 
of  Ford  &  Johnson,  out  of  which  later  de- 


veloped the  monumental  enterprise  known 
as  the  J.  S.  Ford-Johnson  Company,  chair 
manufacturers,  of  which  Mr.  Johnson  for 
many  years  was  vice  president.  He  was 
also  identified  with  several  other  local  in- 
dustries and  banks. 

January  1,  1867,  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Major  Johnson  married  Miss  Annetta 
Ford,  who  was  born  in  Geauga  County, 
Ohio,  daughter  of  Colonel  Stephen  A.  and 
Eunice  (Brooks)  Ford.  Major  Johnson 
and  wife  reared  six  children :  Emma,  Wil- 
liam, Edward,  Helen,  Margaret  and  Alice. 
All  these  children  have  the  middle  name 
of  Ford.  Major  Johnson  is  an  elder  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church  from  the  year 
1871  to  the  present  time,  1919.  He  was 
made  a  Master  Mason  in  1857,  and  has 
long  been  active  in  the  Grand  Army  Post 
at  Michigan  City.  At  one  time  he  was 
president  of  the  Michigan  City  School 
Board. 

I 

JOSEPH  E.  NEFF.  One  of  South  Bend's 
able  business  men  and  public-spirited  citi- 
zens, who  has  long  been  a  prominent  fac- 
tor in  the  financial  field,  is  Joseph  E.  Neff, 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Union  Trust 
Company  of  this  city.  Mr.  Neff  is  a  na- 
tive of  Indiana  and  was  born  in  Grant 
County,  December  25,  1864.  His  parents 
were  John  and  Mary  Catherine  (Bloomer) 
Neff. 

It  is  interesting  to  trace  the  history  of 
old  American  families  which  through 
sturdy  qualities  have  become  foundation 
stones  in  the  citizenship  of  the  country  in 
which  the  forefathers  sought  an  early 
home,  and  particularly  is  this  the  case 
when  the  line  reaches,  as  does  the  Neffs, 
to  ancient,  freedom-loving  Switzerland. 
It  was  from  that  country  that  the  first 
Neff  emigrant  came  to  Virginia,  and  it 
was  in  Roanoke  County,  Virginia,  that 
Samuel  Neff,  the  grandfather  of  Joseph  E. 
Neff,  was  born  in  1792,  his  father  in  all 
probability  having  seen  something  of  the 
Revolutionary  war.  Samuel  Neff  in  early 
manhood  moved  to  Champaign  County, 
Ohio,  where  he  engaged  in  farming,  and 
died  there  about  1864,  having  always  en- 
joyed the  respect  of  his  fellow  citizens. 
His  wife  was  a  member  of  the  Strickler 
family  of  Virginia. 

John  Neff,  father  of  Joseph  E.  Neff,  who 
is  a  well-known  and  much-esteemed  resi- 
dent of  Marion,  Grant  County,  Indiana, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1459 


was  born  on  his  father's  farm  in  Cham- 
paign County,  Ohio,  in  1833.  Following 
the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  John 
Neff  in  1849  accompanied  the  army  of 
gold-seekers  that  crossed  the  plains  to  the 
Pacific,  and  spent  six  years  with  varying 
success  in  the  far  West.  In  1861  he  came 
to  Grant  County,  Indiana,  and  here  fol- 
lowed an  agricultural  life  until  his  retire- 
ment some  years  ago.  He  was  married 
in  this  county  to  Mary  Catherine  Bloomer, 
who  was  born  in  1841,  near  Washington 
Courthouse,  Fayette  County,  Ohio,  and 
died  on  the  home  farm  in  Grant  County, 
Indiana,  in  1895.  The  following  children 
were  born  to  them:  Joseph  E.,  Frank  B., 
who  resides  on  the  homestead  in  Grant 
County ;  Isaac  E.,  who  represents  the  pub- 
lishing firm  of  Longmans,  Green  &  Com- 
pany, is  a  resident  of  Chicago;  Elizabeth, 
who  is  the  wife  of  Edward  Ford,  a  manu- 
facturer at  Wabash,  Indiana;  Laura,  who 
is  the  wife  of  Oren  Simmons,  a  contractor, 
resides  at  Marion,  Indiana,  and  the  father 
of  Mrs.  Simmons  makes  his  home  with 
her;  John  P.,  who  is  a  resident  of  New 
York  City,  is  vice  president  of  a  large 
manufacturing  plant  making  locomotive 
equipment ;  Clarence,  who  lives  on  the 
home  farm,  as  also  does  his  twin  brother 
Lawrence. 

Joseph  E.  Neff  was  primarily  educated 
in  the  local  schools  in  Grant  County  and 
later  entered  De  Pauw  University,  from 
which  institution  he  was  graduated  in 
1891,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  returning 
later  to  complete  his  course  in  law  and 
receive  the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  LL.  B. 
He  has  many  happy  memories  of  old  col- 
lege days  and  still  preserves  his  member- 
ship in  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  Greek  letter 
fraternity.  Mr.  Neff  came  then  to  South 
Bend  and  for  two  years  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law  in  association  with  the  late 
Hon.  A.  L.  Brick,  formerly  member  of 
Congress.  Later  he  became  interested  in 
the  insurance  and  loan  business,  and  was 
thus  identified  until  1900,  when  in  part- 
nership with  Charles  Lindsay  he  assisted 
in  the  organization  of  the  Citizens'  Loan 
&  Trust  Company  and  until  1902  was  man- 
ager of  the  insurance  and  real  estate  de- 
partment of  this  corporation. 

Mr.  Neff  then  organized  the  American 
Trust  Company  and  served  as  its  secre- 
tary until  1907,  when  he  was  instrumen- 
tal in  the  organization  of  the  Union  Trust 
Company,  which  opened  for  business 


July  8,  1908,  its  resources  at  that  time  be- 
ing $70,848.90,  and  the  growth  of  the 
business  may  be  estimated  by  quoting  from 
the  bank  statement  issued  November  20, 
1917,  when  the  resources  had  grown  to 
$1,241,759.90.  The  officers  and  directors 
of  this  banking  company  are  as  follows: 
Samuel  M.  Adler,  president ;  Alonzo  J. 
Hammond,  vice  president;  E.  A.  Wills, 
vice  president;  J.  E.  Neff,  secretary  and 
treasurer;  and  E.  L.  Kelsey,  assistant  sec- 
retary. The  directing  board  is  made  up 
of  the  herein  named  capitalists:  L.  J. 
Smith,  E.  A.  Wills,  J.  E.  Neff,  P.  K.  Goetz, 
Samuel  M.  Adler,  Alonzo  J.  Hammond,  G. 
A.  Parabaugh,  Gus  H.  Grieger.  The  bank 
is  housed  in  a  fine  structure  on  the  corner 
of  Michigan  and  Jefferson  streets,  which 
magnificent  building  was  erected  for  the 
company  between  July,  1915,  and  July, 
1916.  It  is  the  finest  equipped  structure 
in  the  city,  constructed  of  granite,  steel 
and  marble,  four  stories  in  height,  with 
permission  to  add  eight  more  stories  when 
deemed  necessary. 

Mr.  Neff  was  married  in  1896,  at  Rem- 
ington, Indiana,  to  Miss  Daisy  Mikels,  who 
died  in  1899,  survived  by  one  son,  Ray- 
mond Mikels,  who  is  a  senior  in  the  G«eat 
Bend  High  School.  In  1901  Mr.  Neff  was 
married  to  Miss  Florence  Young,  who  died 
in  1905. 

In  politics  Mr.  Neff  is  a  democrat.  He 
has  always  been  a  very  active  citizen,  and 
during  the  three  years  that  he  served  on 
the  Board  of  Education  he  demonstrated 
not  only  his  public  spirit  but  the  desir- 
ability of  business  and  educated  men  being 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  such  responsi- 
bility. During  that  time  the  present  hand- 
some high  school  building  was  erected  and 
it  does  credit  not  only  to  the  city  but  the 
state.  Mr.  Neff  selected  the  appropriate 
classical  quotations  that  serve  as  a  part 
of  the  decorative  scheme  of  the  walls.  In 
addition  to  his  important  business  interests 
mentioned  above,  he  is  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Union  Trust  Company,  is  a 
director  in  the  Navarre  Place  Corporation, 
and  is  vice  president  of  the  Chapin  State 
Bank,  which  he  organized  in  1912. 

While  Mr.  Neff  is  essentially  a  business 
man,  he  possesses  qualities  that  make  him 
valued  in  public  movements  and  on  civic 
commissions,  and  welcome  in  the  member- 
ship of  fraternal  and  social  organizations. 
He  belongs  to  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons ;  South 


1460 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Bend  Lodge  No.  235,  Benevolent  Protective 
Order  of  Elks;  and  to  Crusade  Lodge  No. 
14,  Knight  of  Pythias.  He  was  president 
of  the  somewhat  celebrated  Knife  &  Fork 
Club  in  1916,  and  is  one  of  the  governors 
of  the  Indiana  Club.  Additionally  he  is 
a  member  of  the  Country,  the  University 
and  the  Rotary  clubs.  He  belongs  to  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

EDWARD  DANIELS.  It  is  probable  that 
there  was  never  another  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  bar  whose  death  caused  wider 
and  more  sincere  regret  than  that  of  Ed- 
ward Daniels.  Although  the  necessary  an- 
tagonisms of  the  legal  profession  very  fre- 
quently produced  bitter  personal  feelings, 
he  was  so  kindly  and  so  considerate  of  the 
rights  of  others  that  even  his  opponents 
recognized  his  fairness  and  gave  him  their 
respect. 

He  was  born  November  11,  1854,  in 
Greene  County,  Ohio,  of  English  Dutch 
and  Welsh  ancestry.  Both  his  father  and 
grandfather  were  bridge  builders  and 
skilled  in  the  allied  branches  of  engineer- 
ing. In  1855  his  father  came  to  Indiana  as 
general  superintendent  of  the  Evansville 
and  Crawfordsville  'Railroad,  and  contin- 
ued in  this  position  for  three  years.  Early 
in  1861  his  father,  Joseph  J.  Daniels,  was 
called  to  Parke  County,  Indiana,  to  build 
a  bridge,  and  later  in  the  year  he  brought 
his  family  to  live  in  Rockville,  where  Ed- 
ward Daniels  received  his  early  education 
in  the  common  schools,  thence  entering 
Wabash  College,  from  which  he  graduated 
with  honors  in  1875.  At  Wabash  he  formed 
a  life-long  friendship  with  Albert  Baker 
of  the  class  of  1874,  a  fellow  Beta  Theta 
Pi  and  a  son  of  Governor  Conrad  Baker. 
Mr.  Daniels  remained  at  Wabash  as  an 
instructor  in  1875-6,  and  in  1876-7  attend- 
ed Columbia  University  Law  School.  He 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  the  fall  of  1877 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 

In  October,  1877,  Mr.  Daniels  became 
a  clerk  in  the  office  of  Baker,  Hord  & 
Hendricks.  In  1881,  he  and  Albert  Baker 
formed  a  partnership  and  in  1883  they  both 
became  junior  partners  in  the  firm  of 
Baker,  Hord  &  Hendricks.  After  the  death 
of  the  senior  partners  the  firm  became,  in 
1889,  Baker  and  Daniels,  and  this  partner- 
ship lasted  throughout  his  life.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Hon.  William  A.  Woods 
and  John  H.  Baker,  judges  of  the  Circuit 
and  District  Courts,  as  a  standing  master 


in  chancery  on  the  death  of  Mr.  William 
P.  Fishback  in  1901,  and  held  the  office 
from  that  time  until  his  death.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American,  Indiana  and  In- 
dianapolis Bar  Associations,  the  Columbia 
and  University  clubs,  the  Indianapolis 
Literary  Club  and  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Indianapolis. 

On  May  25, 1887,  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Virginia  Johnston,  daughter  of  William 
Wylie  Johnston,  one  of  the  pioneer  whole- 
sale merchants  of  Indianapolis,  and  the 
descendant  of  a  New  Jersey  Revolutionary 
soldier.  Her  mother,  Mary  Dulaney  (Fitz- 
hugh)  Johnston,  was  a  daughter  of  George 
Fitzhugh,  who  came  to  Madison,  Indiana, 
in  1835,  from  Baltimore,  but  both  he  and 
his  wife  were  of  old  Virginia  families. 
Mr.  Daniels  left  two  sons,  Wylie  J.  Daniels, 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Indianapo- 
lis Union  Railway  Company,  and  Joseph  J. 
Daniels,  of  the  law  firm  of  Baker  &  Daniels, 
who  served  as  a  captain  of  the  327th  Field 
Artillery  in  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces. 

Mr.  Daniels  always  took  a  warm  interest 
in  Wabash  College,  of  which  he  was  made 
a  trustee  in  1896,  serving  continuously 
thereafter.  He  was  also  auditor  of  the 
Board,  and  was  serving  in  this  office  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  on  June  11,  1918. 

A  man  of  fine  literary  taste  and  with  a 
keen  sense  of  humor,  a  discriminating  read- 
er, the  owner  of  an  exceptional  private  li- 
brary, Mr.  Daniels  was  a  valued  member 
and  constant  attendant  of  the  Indianapolis 
Literary  Club.  He  also  served  as  its  pres- 
ident in  1902-3.  When  he  read  a  paper 
there  was  always  a  full  attendance.  In 
this  connection  it  may  be  noted  that  his 
last  literary  work  was  aiding  in  the  com- 
position of  the  bar  memorial  to  Vice  Pres- 
ident Fairbanks,  whose  death  occurred  on 
June  4,  1918. 

In  politics  he  was  a  Republican,  and  the 
first  president  of  the  Columbia  Club.  One 
of  the  early  presidents  of  the  Indianapolis 
Bar  Association,  he  always  upheld  the 
standards  of  the  profession,  both  ethical 
and  legal.  At  the  memorial  meeting  held 
after  his  sudden  death,  these  words  were 
spoken,  "His  investigation  of  the  details 
of  a  case  was  careful  and  minute,  but 
he  never  lost  in  the  study  of  them  his 
ability  to  see  the  case  as  a  whole  and 
comprehensively,  or  to  make  a  proper  ap- 
plication of  the  principles  which  should 
govern  it.  He  stated  the  facts  of  a  case 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1461 


with  such  clearness  and  relevancy  to  the 
issues  joined  in  it  as  to  make  his  conclu- 
sions inevitable.  His  knowledge  of  the  law 
was  accompanied  in  the  administration  of 
it  by  a  trained  and  educated  conscience 
which  never  sacrificed  the  spirit  of  the  law 
to  the  letter  of  it.  Law  was  not  for  Ed- 
ward Daniels  merely  an  affair  of  statutes 
and  reports.  There  was  for  him  an  inward 
compulsion  to  know  more  than  was  fur- 
nished by  them, — not  even  principles  alone, 
but  the  derivation  of  them  and  the  reason 
for  them,  were  necessary  for  his  mental 
sustenance.  The  history  and  philosophy 
of  the  law  beckoned  him  not  in  vain." 

EICHABD  V.  SIPE.  Early  in  his  legal  ca- 
reer and  experience  it  was  the  good  fortune 
of  Mr.  Sipe  to  become  associated  with  some 
of  the  eminent  members  of  the  Indiana 
bar.  But  while  he  acknowledges  a  great 
debt  of  gratitude  to  his  many  friends,  Mr. 
Sipe  is  a  successful  lawyer  on  the  basis  of 
his  individual  qualifications  and  achieve- 
ments, and  has  done  much  creditable  work 
to  earn  his  present  enviable  position  in  the 
Indianapolis  legal  fraternity. 

Mr.  Sipe  was  born  February  25,  1883,  in 
Fayette  County  Indiana,  son  of  Richard 
W.  and  Sarah  (Phillips)  Sipe.  His  father, 
who  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana, 
had  a  long  and  distinguished  career.  He 
was  educated  in  public  schools,  in  Hanover 
College,  graduated  from  the  Ohio  Medical 
College  of  Cincinnati,  and  from  the  Indian- 
apolis Medical  College,  and  in  1864  took 
up  the  work  of  his  profession  in  Fayette 
County,  Indiana.  He  was  always  satis- 
fied to  render  his  service  in  a  comparative- 
ly country  community.  But  there  was  no 
more  skillful  physician  and  no  one  more 
successful  in  treating  many  obscure  and 
difficult  cases  than  Doctor  Sipe.  And  his 
reputation  extended  over  a  much  wider 
territory  than  is  usual  with  a  country  doc- 
tor. He  also  had  many  fine  social  traits 
of  character,  enjoyed  a  host  of  friends,  and 
they  all  gave  him  the  respectful  admira- 
tion due  his  many  noble  and  generous 
characteristics.  Professionally  he  would 
never  discriminate  between  the  rich  and 
the  poor,  and  in  fact  he  did  much  work 
among  poor  people  without  a  cent  of  com- 
pensation. He  was  a  member  of  the  re- 
publican party  and  was  honored  with  a 
number  of  minor  offices,  such  as  township 
trustee  and  membership  in  the  county 


council.  His  long  and  laborious  life  full  of 
good  deeds  came  to  a  close  in  1915.  Of 
his  seven  children  four  are  still  living, 
Richard  V.  being  the  youngest  of  the 
family. 

After  attending  public  schools  Richard 
V.  Sipe  entered  Hanover  College  and 
graduated  A.  B.  in  the  class  of  1905.  His 
early  studies  and  experience  in  the  law 
came  largely  through  his  work  as  secre- 
tary to  Judge  Monks,  then  one  of  the  jus- 
tices of  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court.  He 
was  Judge  Monks'  secretary  two  years, 
and  for  a  period  of  two  years  was  also 
law  editor  for  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Com- 
pany at  Indianapolis.  For  another  two 
years  he  served  as  an  insurance  adjuster. 
Mr.  Sipe  represented  Marion  County  in  the 
Indiana  Legislature  from  1916  to  1918,  in 
May,  1918,  was  nominated  as  republican 
candidate  for  clerk  of  Marion  County,  and 
was  elected  to  the  latter  office  November 
5,  1918.  He  has  always  been  a  stanch  re- 
publican. 

May  5,  1910,  Mr.  Sipe  married  Miss 
Grace  Frazee.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Ruth,  born  May  6,  1913.  Mrs.  Sipe  was 
educated  in  Earlham  College  at  Richmond, 
Indiana.  She  is  of  old  and  patriotic  Amer- 
ican stock.  Both  her  maternal  and  pater- 
nal ancestors  fought  in  the  struggle  for 
independence. 

CHARLES  WASHINGTON  MOORES.  As  a 
representative  of  an  old  and  honored  In- 
diana family,  and  of  Revolutionary  an- 
cestry, Mr.  Moores  has  shown  an  interest 
in  state  and  national  history  which  has 
made  him  widely  known  in  those  lines.  He 
is  first  vice  president  of  the  Indiana  His- 
torical Society,  and  its  representative  on 
the  Indiana  Historical  Commission,  in 
which  he  serves  as  a  member  of  the  publi- 
cation committee.  His  historical  writings 
have  been  of  material  service  in  making 
the  study  of  history  popular  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  state. 

His  paternal  great-grandfather,  Henry 
Moores,  of  South  Carolina,  enlisted  in  the 
artillery  of  the  Continental  army,  and 
served  through  the  war,  gaining  the  rank 
of  first  lieutenant.  For  his  service  as  a 
Revolutionary  soldier  he  was  granted  1,000 
acres  of  land  in  Madison  County,  Ken- 
tucky, and  located  on  it,  but  after  several 
years  found  the  soil  so  poor  that  he  re- 
turned to  South  Carolina.  His  son,  Isaac 


1462 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


R.  Moores,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  and  grew 
up  on  the  frontier,  removing  about  1825  to 
Vermilion  County,  Illinois. 

In  the  Black  Hawk  war  in  1832  Isaac 
B.  Moores  was  commissioned  colonel  in  the 
Fourth  Illinois  Regiment,  which  was  in  the 
brigade  in  which  Abraham  Lincoln  served 
as  captain.  Colonel  Moores  was  postmaster 
at  Danville,  Illinois.  In  1852  he  crossed 
the  plains  to  Oregon,  where  his  qualities 
were  recognized  by  his  election  to  the  First 
Constitutional  Convention  and  later  to  the 
State  Senate. 

Charles  Washington  Moores,  Sr.,  son  of 
Col.  Isaac  Moores,  was  born  in  Vermilion 
County,  Illinois,  November  2,  1828.  He 
graduated  from  Wabash  College  in  1852, 
and  came  to  Indianapolis  to  teach  in  the 
State  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 
Later  he  associated  with  his  brother-in- 
law,  Col.  Samuel  Merrill,  in  a  book  store 
and  publishing  business,  which  has  since 
developed  into  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Company. 
His  health  kept  him  out  of  the  service  in 
the  Civil  war  until  1864,  when  he  enlisted 
in  the  132nd  Indiana  Infantry  as  a  private. 
He  soon  fell  a  victim  to  the  hardships  of 
war,  and  died  in  the  service  a  few  weeks 
later  at  Stevenson,  Alabama. 

His  wife,  Julia  Dumont  Merrill,  was 
a  daughter  of  Samuel  Merrill,  known  to 
all  students  of  Indiana  history.  He  was 
treasurer  of  state  from  1824  to  1837,  leav- 
ing that  position  to  become  president  of  the 
State  Bank  of  Indiana,  of  which  Hugh 
McCulloch  was  cashier.  He  was  also  pres- 
ident of  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis  Rail- 
road, the  first  railroad  in  the  state.  As 
treasurer  of  state  he  supervised  the  re- 
moval of  the  State  Treasury,  State  Library 
and  the  state  archives  from  Corydon  to 
Indianapolis,  spending  ten  days  in  this 
progress  of  125  miles  through  an  almost 
trackless  wilderness. 

The  present  Charles  Washington  Moores 
was  born  at  Indianapolis  February  15, 
1862.  He  graduated  from  Wabash  College 
in  1882,  and  received  from  his  alma  mater 
his  Master's  degree  in  1885,  and  the  degree 
of  Litt.  D.  in  1912.  He  graduated  from 
Central  Law  School,  Indianapolis,  in  1883, 
and  entered  on  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  has  lectured  continuously  in  the 
Indiana  Law  School  since  1896  on  Con- 
tracts, Sales  and  Constitutional  Law.  Since 
1888  he  has  served  as  United  States  com- 
missioner. At  present  he  is  a  member  of 


the  firm  of  Pickens,  Moores,  Davidson  & 
Pickens.  On  October  5,  1896,  he  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  Nichols,  of  Philadelphia. 

A  family  trait  of  Mr.  Moores  is  his  in- 
terest in  education.  He  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indianapolis  School  Board  from 
1900  to  1909,  being  vice-president  1903-8, 
and  president  1908-9.  He  was  a  director 
of  Butler  College  from  1903  to  1909,  a  di- 
rector of  the  Indianapolis  Art  Institute  in 
1909  and  in  1918;  and  in  1914  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Indianapolis  Bar  Association. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  and  Ameri- 
can Bar  Associations,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
and  Sigma  Chi  fraternities,  and  the  In- 
dianapolis University  Club,  Indianapolis 
Literary  Club  and  other  local  organiza- 
tions. 

The  first  venture  of  Mr.  Moores  in  legal 
literature  was  as  joint  author,  with  Wil- 
liam F.  Elliott,  of  a  work  on  Indiana 
Criminal  Law,  published  in  1893.  He  has 
contributed  to  the  first  and  second  editions 
of  the  American  and  English  Encyclopedia 
of  Law,  and  to  various  law  journals  and 
other  magazines.  His  historical  publica- 
tions include  ' '  Caleb  Mills  and  the  Indiana 
School  System,"  published  in  1905,  in  Vol. 
three  of  the  Indiana  Historical  Society's 
Publications;  the  Year  Book  of  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution  of  1897  and 
1908 ;  a  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln  for  Boys 
and  Girls,  published  in  1909;  a  Story  of 
Christopher  Columbus,  published  in  1912; 
a  book  of  Lincoln  Selections,  published  in 
1913 ;  and  a  History  of  Indiana,  published 
in  1916. 

WILLIAM  M.  WHITE,  who  served  with 
credit  two  terras  in  the  State  Senate  from 
Montgomery  County,  has  a  record  both  as 
a  public  official  and  as  a  private  citizen 
which  distinguishes  him  as  one  of  the  broad 
and  thoughtful  public  men  in  the  state 
today. 

He  was  born  at  Kokomo,  Indiana,  Jan- 
uary 31,  1863.  His  father,  Henry  A. 
White,  was  for  three  years  a  hard  fighting 
soldier  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
war,  and  at  all  times  the  family  has  been 
distinguished  for  its  patriotism  and  high 
moral  convictions.  Senator  White  was  a 
small  boy  when  his  parents  moved  to  Mont- 
gomery County,  and  he  grew  up  there 
on  a  farm.  His  early  education  in  the 
country  schools  was  supplemented  by 
further  training  when  he  himself  became 


£  •>» 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILklNOi 


RUSSELL  ADAMS  GILMORE 


WALLACE  LEWIS  GILMORE 


ALLAN  EDWARD  GILMORE 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


1463 


a  teacher.  From  1889  to  1893  he  was  a 
court  reporter  under  Judge  E.  C.  Snyder. 
In  1894  he  was  nominated  on  the  repub- 
lican ticket  for  county  auditor,  and  by 
reelection  in  1898  served  two  terms,  those 
,  eight  years  being  significant  of  thorough 
efficiency  in  the  management  of  this  highly 
important  county  office.  During  the  sec- 
ond term  he  had  brought  the  office  to 
such  a  point  of  systematic  management 
that  he  was  able  to  leave  the  routine  to 
competent  deputies  and  he  utilized  the 
time  thus  made'  available  by  attending 
Wabash  College,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1903. 

Mr.  White  was  nominated  for  State  Sen- 
ator on  the  republican  ticket  in  1910,  and 
was  elected  to  represent  the  counties  of 
Montgomery  and  Parke.  He  was  reelected 
in  1914,  and  when  the  state  was  redistricted 
in  1915  his  district  came  to  be  the  counties 
of  Montgomery  and  Putnam.  Senator 
White  was  always  aligned  with  the  pro- 
gressive thought  and  action  of  the  Legis- 
lature during  his  membership.  He  gave 
stalwart  support  to  the  three  most  signifi- 
cant pieces  of  legislation  in  recent  years, 
those  concerned  with  the  problems  of  pro- 
hibition, woman  suffrage,  and  the  consti- 
tutional convention.  The  act  providing 
for  a  constitutional  convention  it  will  be  re- 
called was  declared  unconstitutional  by  the 
Supreme  Court.  For  many  years  Mr. 
White  has  had  extensive  business  interests 
at  Crawfordsville.  He  is  a  member  of  all 
the  Masonic  bodies  in  that  city,  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  In  1892  he  married 
Miss  Mattie  Detchon.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  White 
have  one  son,  Russell  D.,  born  at  Craw- 
fordsville February  22,  1899.  In  this 
son  Mr.  White  has  concentrated  his  af- 
fection and  pride.  Russell  graduated  from 
the  Crawfordsville  High  School  in  the  class 
of  1916  and  soon  afterwards  entered  Wa- 
bash College.  On  March  30,  1917,  as  soon 
as  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  before 
America  had  formally  declared  war  against 
Germany,  he  enlisted  in  the  nation's  serv- 
ice. He  served  as  supply  sergeant  in  the 
Headquarters  Company,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  second  Infantry,  and  as  such  sailed 
for  France  in  October,  1918. 

WILLIAM  G.  GILMOBE,  of  Michigan  City, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  engineers  in  the  serv- 


ice of  the  Michigan  Central  Railway  Com- 
pany, has  been  a  railroad  man  forty  years, 
and  his  record  has  been  as  efficient  and 
honorable  as  it  has  been  long. 

Mr.  Gilmore  was  born  at  London,  On- 
tario, Canada.  His  father,  William  Gil- 
more,  a  native  of  Newcastle  on  the  Tyne, 
England,  learned  the  trade  of  cabinet 
maker  as  a  youth,  and  after  coming  to 
America  engaged  in  the  furniture  business 
at  London,  Ontario.  During  his  last  years 
he  had  as  active  associates  in  the  business 
his  sons  John  and  Thomas.  He  spent  his 
last  days  with  a  daughter  at  Ingersoll, 
Canada,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
five.  By  his  first  marriage  he  had  three 
sons  and  two  daughters,  the  sons  being 
named  John,  Thomas  and  Robert.  He  mar- 
ried for  his  second  wife  Elizabeth  Car- 
michael,  a  native  of  Scotland.  Her  first 
husband  was  Mr.  Adams,  and  by  that  mar- 
riage she  had  a  son  and  daughter,  the  son 
being  named  John.  William  Gilmore  and 
his  second  wife  had  one  son. 

William  G.  Gilmore  was  only  seven  years 
old  when  his  mother  died,  and  he  soon 
afterward  went  to  Detroit  to  live  with  his 
half-brother,  John  Adams.  There  he  at- 
tended public  schools,  and  later  the  fam- 
ily moved  from  Detroit  to  Marshall,  Mich- 
igan, where  Mr.  Adams  became  prominent 
in  business  and  public  affairs,  serving  at 
one  time  as  mayor  of  Marshall.  He  oper- 
ated a  foundry,  and  it  was  in  that  foundry 
that  William  Gilmore  served  his  first  ap- 
prenticeship. At  the  age  of  twenty  years 
he  went  to  work  for  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  Company  as  a  fireman,  with  head- 
quarters at  Kalamazoo.  In  1876  he  moved 
his  home  to  Jackson,  and  in  1879  was  pro- 
moted to  engineer.  Since  then  his  service 
has  been  continuous  in  that  capacity.  In 
1880  he  established  a  home  in  Michigan 
City  and  at  the  present  time  has  a  pas- 
senger train  run  between  Kalamazoo  and 
Chicago.  He  is  one  of  the  most  highly 
respected  members  of  Lake  Michigan  No. 
300  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  En- 
gineers. 

In  1883  Mr.  Gilmore  married  Mary  J. 
Dawson,  a  native  of  Michigan  City  and 
daughter  of  William  J.  and  Mary*  (Mc- 
Kee)  Dawson.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilmore  have 
four  children :  Carrie  Frances.  Wallace 
Lewis,  Russell  Adams  and  Allan  Edward. 
Carrie  is  the  wife  of  Lyman  Ohming  and 
has  a  daughter,  Marjorie  Gilmore.  The  son 


- 


lil'SSHLL   ADAMS  (Jl  L.MOUH 


WAI. LACK   LKWIS  C1L.MORK 


ALLAN   HOWARD  <!ILMOI«H 


« 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


1463 


a  teacher.  From  1889  to  1893  he  was  a 
court  reporter  under  Judge  E.  C.  Snyder. 
In  1894  he  was  nominated  on  the  repub- 
lican ticket  for  county  auditor,  and  by 
reelection  in  1898  served  two  terms,  those 
eight  years  being  significant  of  thorough 
efficiency  in  the  management  of  this  highly 
important  county  office.  During  the  sec- 
ond term  he  had  brought  the  office  to 
such  a  point  of  systematic  management 
that  he  was  able  to  leave  the  routine  to 
competent  deputies  and  he  utilized  the 
time  thus  made'  available  by  attending 
YVabash  College,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1903. 

Mr.  White  was  nominated  for  State  Sen- 
ator on  the  republican  ticket  in  1910,  and 
was  elected  to  represent  the  counties  of 
Montgomery  and  Parke.  He  was  reelected 
in  1914.  and  when  the  state  was  redistricted 
in  191")  his  district  came  to  be  the  counties 
of  Montgomery  and  Putnam.  Senator 
"White  was  always  aligned  with  the  pro- 
gressive thought  and  action  of  the  Legis- 
lature during  bis  membership.  lie  gave 
stalwart  support  to  the  three  most  signifi- 
cant pieces  of  legislation  in  recent  years, 
those  concerned  with  the  problems  of  pro- 
hibition, woman  suffrage,  and  the  consti- 
tutional convention.  The  act  providing 
for  a  constitutional  convention  it  will  be  re- 
called was  declared  unconstitutional  by  the 
Supreme  Court.  For  many  years  Mr. 
White  lias  had  extensive  business  interests 
at  Crawfordsvillo.  lie  is  a  member  of  all 
the  Masonic  bodies  in  that  city,  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner.  and  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  In  1892  he  married 
Miss  Mattie  Detchon.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  White 
have  one  son,  Russell  D.,  born  at  Craw- 
fordsvillc  February  22.  1899.  In  this 
son  Mr.  White  has  concentrated  his  af- 
fection and  pride.  Russell  graduated  from 
the  Crawfordsville  High  School  in  the  class 
of  1916  and  soon  afterwards  entered  Wa- 
bash College.  On  March  30,  1017,  as  soon 
as  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age.  and  before 
America  had  formally  declared  war  against 
(iermany,  he  enlisted  in  the  nation's  serv- 
ice. He  served. as  supply  sergeant  in  the 
Headquarters  Company,  one  hundred  and 
fifty  second  Infantry,  and  as  such  sailed 
for  France  in  October.  1918. 

WILLIAM  G.  GIL-MORE,  of  Michigan  City, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  engineers  in  the  serv- 


ice of  the  Michigan  Central  Railway  Com- 
pany, has  been  a  railroad  man  forty  years, 
and  his  record  has  been  as  efficient  and 
honorable  as  it  has  been  long. 

Mr.  Gilmore  was  born  at  London,  On- 
tario, Canada.  His  father.  William  Gil- 
more,  a  native  of  Newcastle  on  the  Tync. 
England,  learned  the  trade  of  cabinet, 
maker  as  a  youth,  and  after  coming  to 
America  engaged  in  the  furniture  business 
at  London,  Ontario.  During  his  last  years 
he  had  as  active  associates  in  the  business 
his  sons  John  and  Thomas.  He  spent  his 
last  days  with  a  daughter  at  Ingersoll, 
Canada,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
five.  By  his  first  marriage  he  had  three 
sons  and  two  daughters,  the  sons  being 
named  John.  Thomas  and  Robert.  He  mar- 
ried for  his  second  wife  Elizabeth  Car- 
michacl.  a  native  of  Scotland.  Her  first 
husband  was  Mr.  Adams,  and  by  that  mar- 
riage she  had  a  son  and  daughter,  the  son 
being  named  John.  William  Gilmore  and 
his  second  wife  had  one  son. 

William  G.  Gilmore  was  only  seven  years 
old  when  his  mother  died,  and  be  soon 
afterward  went  to  Detroit  to  live  with  his 
half-brother.  John  Adams.  There  lie  at- 
tended public  schools,  and  later  the  fam- 
ily moved  from  Detroit  to  Marshall.  Mich- 
igan, where  Mr.  Adams  became  prominent 
in  business  and  public  affairs,  serving  at 
one  time  as  mayor  of  Marshall.  He  oper- 
ated a  foundry,  and  it  was  in  that  foundry 
that  William  Gilmore  served  his  first  ap- 
prenticeship. At  the  age  of  twenty  years 
he  went  to  work  for  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  Company  as  a  fireman,  with  head- 
quarters at  Kalamazoo.  In  1876  he  moved 
his  home  to  Jackson,  and  in  1879  was  pro- 
moted to  engineer.  Since  then  his  service 
has  been  continuous  in  that  capacity.  In 
1880  he  established  a  home  in  Michigan 
City  and  at  the  present  time  has  a  pas- 
senger train  run  between  Kalamazoo  and 
Chicago.  He  is  one  of  the  most  highly 
respected  members  of  Lake  Michigan  No. 
300  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  En- 
gin  eei's. 

In  18S3  Mr.  Gilmore  married  Mary  J. 
Dawson.  a  native  of  Michigan  City  and 
daughter  of  William  J.  and  Mary  CMc- 
Keel  Dawson.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Gilmore  have 
four  children:  Carrie  Frances.  Wallace 
Lewis.  Russell  Adams  and  Allan  Edward. 
Carrie  is  the  wife  of  Lyman  Ohminsr  and 
lias  a  daughter.  Marjorie  Gilmore.  The  son 


1464 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Wallace  Lewis  is  a  private  in  the  National 
Army  stationed  at  Waco,  Texas.  Russell 
A.  has  a  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  Medical 
Corps  and  at  this  writing  is  still  with  his 
command  in  France.  Allen  E.  was  mem- 
ber of  an  officers'  training  school  at  Chi- 
cago when  the  armistice  was  signed.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Gilmore  are  active  members  of 
Trinity  Episcopal  Church,  of  which  he  is 
a  vestryman. 

ALEXIS  COQUILLARD.  To  Alexis  Coquil- 
lard  belongs  the  distinction  of  establishing 
the  first  American  home  within  the  limits 
of  St.  Joseph  County,  and  he  is  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  South  Bend.  He  was 
born  in  Detroit,  September  28,  1795.  Dur- 
ing the  war  of  1812  he  served  the  American 
cause,  and  after  the  war  he  became  a  fur 
trader,  later  becoming  associated  with  the 
John  Jacob  Astor's  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, and  in  1823  established  a  trading 
post  on  the  St.  Joseph  River.  Subse- 
quently he  built  a  log  store  and  residence 
near  what  is  now  North  Michigan  Street. 

In  1824  Mr.  Coquillard  married  Frances 
C.  Comparet,  and  he  brought  his  wife  to 
this  home  from  Fort  Wayne.  His  nephew 
and  namesake  established  the  Coquillard 
Wagon  Works  in  1865  and  directed  it 
through  its  prosperous  growth.  During  his 
life  he  was  numbered  among  South  Bend's 
most  prominent  men. 

IRA  M.  HOLMES.  The  twenty  years  since 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  have  furnished 
ample  time  and  opportunity  in  which  Ira 
M.  Holmes  has  definitely  gained  a  prestige 
that  ranks  him  as  one  of  the  leading  law- 
yers of  Indianapolis.  Some  who  have  had 
an  opportunity  of  observing  and  judging 
his  legal  clientage  say  that  he  has  the 
largest  law  practice  and  is  the  busiest  law- 
yer in  the  state. 

Mr.  Holmes  comes  of  a  family  of  lawyers, 
two  of  his  brothers  being  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  Indianapolis  bar,  and  their 
father  had  climbed  to  a  successful  position 
in  the  same  profession  before  his  early 
death. 

This  branch  of  the  Holmes  family  was 
established  in  Massachusetts  from  England 
in  colonial  days.  Later  they  moved  to 
New  York.  From  that  portion  of  the  east 
Squire  W.  Holmes,  great-grandfather  of 
Ira  Holmes,  came  out  and  founded  the 
family  in  western  Indiana,  in  Vigo  County. 


The  grandfather,  Arba  W.  Holmes,  a  na- 
tive of  New  York  State,  was  for  many  years 
a  substantial  farmer  Jn  Vigo  County. 

It  was  on  the  Vigo  County  homestead 
that  Squire  W.  Holmes  father  of  the  three 
Indianapolis  lawyers,  was  born.  He  never, 
possessed  rugged  physical  health  and  his' 
hard  service  as  a  soldier  in  the  Seventh 
Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry  made  further 
inroads  upon  his  strength.  He  acquired 
a  good  education,  and  after  the  war  estab- 
lished himself  in  law  practice  at  Pendle- 
ton  in  Madison  County,  Indiana.  He  was 
engaged  in  practice  there  until  his  -death 
on  November  29,  1878,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
five.  He  married  Olive  M.  Parsons,  who 
in  1880  brought  her  three  sons,  William 
A.,  Harry  W.  and  Ira  M.,  to  Indianapolis. 

Ira  M.  Holmes  was  born  at  Pendleton, 
Indiana,  December  20,  1876,  and  was  only 
two  years  of  age  when  his  father  died. 
He  grew  up  at  Indianapolis,  attended  pub- 
lic schools,  graduated  from  high  school  in 
1895,  and  in  1898  received  his  degree 
LL.  B.  from  the  Indiana  Law  School.  Ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  the  same  year,  he  at  once 
launched  into  a  practice  which  has  been 
growing  every  successive  year.  One  im- 
portant stage  of  his  experience  was  his 
service  as  deputy  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Marion  County  in  1903.  The  law  has  been 
his  jealous  mistress  at  all  times,  and  his 
devotion  to  its  interests  has  kept  him  out 
of  politics  and  has  brought  him  his  pres- 
ent success  and  high  standing  in  the  pro- 
fession. 

Mr.  Holmes  is  a  republican,  is  a  Royal 
Arch  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men,  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the 
Dramatic  Order  of  the  Knights  of  Kho- 
rassan.  He  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
the  Third  Christian  church  of  Indianapolis. 
In  1902  he  married  Miss  Josephine  Sat- 
terthwaite,  daughter  of  Mertillis  Satterth- 
waite,  of  Medicine  Hat,  Canada. 

WILL  H.  WADE  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  Liberty  Loan  Committee  for  the 
State  of  Indiana  for  the  First,  Second  and 
Third  Liberty  Loan  issues,  and  in  the 
Fourth  and  Victory  issues  was  Federal 
Reserve  Director  of  sales  for  Indiana. 

The  State  of  Indiana  has  made  a  wonder- 
ful record  in  all  Liberty  Loan  drives,  due 
to  a  thorough  organization  which  was  per- 
fected in  various  counties  in  the  State 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1465 


under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Wade,  who 
devoted  over  three-fourths  of  his  time,  with- 
out pay,  to  Liberty  Loan  work  during  the 
duration  of  the  war.  The  success  of  Lib- 
erty Loan  was  only  possible  by  the  splen- 
did co-operation  of  the  patriotic  and  loyal 
Liberty  Loan  Chairmen  and  their  workers 
in  inspiring  the  people  to  save  and  pur- 
chase Liberty  Loan  Bonds. 

Another  honor  that  came  to  Mr.  Wade 
was  his  appointment  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Governors  of  the  Investment 
Bankers  Association,  regarded  as  one  of 
the  highest  distinctions  that  can  be  paid 
to  an  Investment  Banker.  Mr.  Wade  has  re- 
cently been  elected  First  Vice-president  of 
the  Fletcher  American  Company,  which 
Company  takes  over  the  Bond  Department 
and  Foreign  Department  of  the  Fletcher 
American  National  Bank.  This  Company 
has  the  largest  capital  of  any  company  in 
the  Middle  West  engaged  in  Investment 
Bonds.  These  facts  may  be  left  to  speak 
for  themselves  as  an  introduction  to  Mr. 
Wade's  career.  He  is  one  of  the  younger 
men  of  Indiana  who  has  attained  distinc- 
tive position  in  the  State. 

He  was  born  at  LaGrange,  Indiana,  April 
19,  1878.  His  father,  Rev.  Cyrus  U.  Wade, 
also  a  native  of  LaGrange,  has  exemplified 
much  of  the  financial  ability  which  has  been 
inherited  by  his  son.  However,  his  chief 
work  as  financier  is  in  the  raising  of  money 
for  the  Methodist  church,  and  in  that  field 
he  has  no  superior  in  the  Middle  West. 
Hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  have 
been  added  to  the  endowment  funds  of  the 
church  and  DePauw  University  through 
his  efforts. 

Will  H.  Wade  graduated  from  high 
school  in  1897  at  Bluffton,  Indiana.  He  at 
once  entered  DePauw  University  at  Green- 
castle,  graduating  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
1901.  From  college  he  entered  the  employ 
of  E.  M.  Campbell  &  Company,  Municipal 
Bond  House,  as  a  bond  salesman.  His 
ability  in  that  field  leaves  nothing  to  be 
desired.  In  1909  he  was  invited  to  become 
Manager  of  the  Bond  Department  of  the 
Fletcher  National  Bank  at  Indianapolis, 
and  when  that  bank  was  reorganized  as  the 
Fletcher  American  National  Bank  he  was 
put  in  charge  of  the  Bond  Department,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1919  associated  himself  as 
First  Vice-president  of  the  Fletcher  Ameri- 
can Company. 

Mr.  Wade  is  a  member  of  all  the  lead- 


ing clubs  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  Blue 
Lodge  Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  In  1903  he  married  Elma  L.  Pat- 
ton,  of  Rush  County,  Indiana,  daughter 
of  Samuel  R.  and  Mary  E.  (Humes)  Pat- 
ton,  of  that  county.  Mrs.  Wade  graduated 
from  DePauw  University  with  the  class  of 
1902.  They  have  three  children,  Robert 
Cyrus,  Will  H.  Jr.,  and  Ruth  E. 

Mr.  Wade  is  a  member  of  the  Broadway 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

CLARENCE  VANCE  SHIELDS,  a  successful 
LaPorte  attorney,  came  to  Indiana  to  study 
law  at  Valparaiso,  and  his  early  life  and 
experience  were  spent  in  the  far  north- 
west, where  his  father  and  grandfather 
were  pioneers  of  Oregon. 

Mr.  Shields  himself  is  a  native  of  Oregon, 
born  at  Creswell  in  Lane  County.  His 
father,  Zachariah  Walter  Shields,  was  born 
at  Cottage  Grove  in  the  same  county  No- 
vember 28,  1854.  The  grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Shields,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1799.  The  great-grandfather  was  of  Irish 
ancestry,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  early 
took  the  name  and  fortunes  of  his  family 
across  the  mountains  into  Kentucky.  Wil- 
liam Shields  had  much  of  the  spirit  and 
enterprise  of  his  ancestors.  As  a  young 
man  he  made  several  removals,  living  in 
Tennessee,  for  a  time  in  Putnam  County, 
Indiana  later  went  to  Illinois,  from  there 
to  the  territory  of  Iowa,  and  in  1851  set 
out  for  Oregon,  which  was  then  the  mecca 
for  many  settlers  from  the  middle  west. 
All  of  these  journeys  were  made  in  pioneer 
style.  From  Kentucky  he  went  to  Illinois 
by  team  and  wagon,  and  set  out  for  Oregon 
with  a  party  that  journeyed  up  the  Mis- 
souri River  as  far  as  the  junction  of  the 
Missouri  and  Platte  rivers.  Thence  they 
followed  a  wagon  train  crossing  the  plains 
and  mountains  and  journeying  through  an 
unchartered  wilderness  filled  with  Indians, 
buffalo,  deer  and  other  wild  denizens. 
After  several  months  of  travel  he  reached 
Oregon  and  settled  near  the  present  site 
of  Cottage  Grove,  near  Lane  County.  He 
secured  land  there,  and  was  a  stock  raiser 
until  his  death  August  19,  1895,  at  the 
advanced  age  of  ninety-six.  His  third  wife 
was  Juda  Barbee,  a  native  of  Tennessee. 
They  were  married  in  Putnam  County,  In- 
diana. She  was  the  grandmother  of  the 
LaPorte  lawyer. 

Zachariah  W.  Shields  as  a  youth  learned 


1466 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  trade  of  carpenter.  He  followed  it 
at  Cottage  Grove,  and  in  1876  went  to 
California,  where  he  married  Lydia  Ludy. 
Her  father,  Adam  Ludy,  was  a  native  of 
Maryland  of  Holland  ancestry.  In  1882 
Zachariah  W.  Shields  returned  to  Oregon, 
but  in  the  following  year  went  to  the  ter- 
ritory of  Washington,  buying  a  tract  of 
land  near  what  is  now  Harrington  in  Lin- 
coln County.  He  was  a  farmer  and  stock 
raiser  there  until  1892,  when  on  account  of 
poor  health  he  returned  to  Cottage  Grove 
and  died  there  December  9,  1893.  His 
widow  survived  him  until  1898.  They  were 
the  parents  of  five  children:  Darius  D., 
Clarence  Vance,  Robert  Currin,  Roy  Frank- 
lin and  Alice. 

Clarence  Vance  Shields  spent  his  early 
life  in  the  localities  above  named,  partly 
in  Oregon,  partly  in  California  and  partly 
in  Washington.  As  his  father  was  an  in- 
valid for  several  years  all  the  children  had 
to  take  their  share  of  responsibility  in 
keeping  the  home,  and  his  early  training 
was  therefore  one  of  strict  industry  and 
good  habits.  He  made  the  best  of  his 
opportunity  to  acquire  an  education.  He 
attended  some  of  the  pioneer  schools  of 
Washington  territory,  and  among  them  the 
Davenport  High  School.  He  also  attended 
school  at  Cottage  Grove,  Oregon.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  began  clerking  in  the 
office  of  the  county  auditor  at  Davenport, 
Washington.  A  year  later  he  went  into  the 
treasurer's  office,  and  in  1903  he  became 
a  prospector  and  miner,  a  vocation  he 
followed  six  years,  and  a  very  interesting 
occupation  which  took  him  into  all  the  well 
known  mining  localities  of  Montana,  Ore- 
gon, Idaho,  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Mr.  Shields  came  east  in  1909  to  enter 
the  law  department  of  Valparaiso  Uni- 
versity. He  graduated  LL.  B.  June  26, 
1911,  and  was  at  that  time  admitted  to 
practice  in  the  Federal  Courts  and  in  the 
Circuit  Courts  of  the  LaPorte  and  Porter 
Circuit  and  the  Supreme  and  Appellate 
Courts  of  Indiana.  A  few  days  after  grad- 
uating he  opened  his  law  office  at  LaPorte, 
and  has  since  built  up  a  very  satisfactory 
general  practice.  He  is  also  deputy  prose- 
cutor for  his  district. 

At  Chicago,  November  3,  1913,  Mr. 
Shields  married  Miss  Harriet  Swanson. 
She  was  born  in  Royalton,  Minnesota,  and 
her  father,  Albert  W.  Swanson,  was  a 


native  of  the  same  state  and  of  Norwegian 
ancestry.  Some  years  ago  he  moved  to 
El  Centre,  California,  where  for  several 
years  he  published  a  newspaper  and  was 
mayor  of  the  city  and  is  still  living  there 
and  serving  as  probation  officer.  Albert 
W.  Swanson  married  Effie  Harriet  Burk, 
a  native  of  Wisconsin  and  of  Holland  an- 
cestry. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shields  have  two 
children:  Marian  and  Currin  Herbert. 
Mr.  Shields  is  a  Baptist  and  his  wife  a 
member  of  the  Episcopal  church.  He  is 
one  of  the  directors  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  at  LaPorte  and  is 
also  active  in  Red  Cross  work. 

ORLO  H.  GABLE  started  his  business  career 
ten  or  twelve  years  ago  in  a  minor  capa- 
city, and  has  made  such  progress  that 
he  is  now  the  responsible  man  at  Rich- 
mond with  the  W.  H.  Hood  Company, 
one  of  the  larger  wholesale  grocery  houses 
of  the  state.  Mr.  Gable  is  manager  and 
buyer,  also  a  stockholder  and  director  of 
the  company.  There  is  another  branch  of 
the  company  at  Portland,  Indiana,  and 
the  house  does  a  business  all  over  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Gable  was  born  January  4,  1886, 
son  of  Nathaniel  H.  and  Serilda  Jane 
(Clyne)  Gable.  His  father  was  born  in 
Ashland  County,  Ohio,  and  the  grand- 
father was  of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  stock 
and  moved  to  Ohio  from  Pennsylvania. 
Nathaniel  Gable  came  to  Indiana  and  lo- 
cated in  Randolph  County  and  later  was  a 
merchant  at  Portland. 

Orlo  H.  Gable  attended  the  public  schools 
at  Portland,  being  in  high  school  for  a 
short  time  and  finished  his  education  in 
commercial  college  at  Huntington,  Muncie 
and  Marion.  He  graduated  from  the  Ma- 
rion Normal  College  in  1908,  and  in  July 
of  that  year  went  to  work  as  a  bill  clerk 
and  stenographer  for  the  W.  H.  Hood  Com- 
pany at  Portland.  In  1911  he  had  ad- 
vanced so  far  in  experience  as  to  do  a  little 
buying  for  the  company,  and  was  gradually 
given  increasing  responsibilities  in  that 
line  until  in  May,  1914,  he  was  sent  to 
Union  City,  Indiana,  as  manager  and  buyer 
of  the  branch  house.  When  the  Richmond 
branch  was  started  in  July,  1916,  he  was 
put  in  charge,  and  has  kept  the  business 
growing  rapidly  even  in  the  face  of  war 
conditions.  The  company  owns  a  three 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN  AN  S 


1467 


and  a  half  story  building  at  Richmond,  240 
by  100  feet,  and  has  from  forty-five  to  fifty 
employes. 

Mr.  Gable,  who  is  unmarried,  is  affiliated 
with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks,  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias  at  Port- 
land, is  a  member  of  the  Eichmond  Rotary 
Club,  attends  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 

HARRY  LAND  has  for  thirty  years  or  more 
been  identified  with  one  of  the  largest 
industrial  establishments  of  Richmond, 
Wayne  Works,  a  foundry  and  machinery 
manufacturing  concern.  Mr.  Land  is  treas- 
urer and  superintendent  of  this  large  con- 
cern, which  in  normal  times  employs  about 
five  hundred  men. 

Mr.  Land  was  born  in  Richmond  March 
10,  1867,  son  of  Horatio  N.  and  Emeline 
(Gaar)  Land.  He  is  of  English  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  John  Land,  was  born  in 
Nottingham,  England,  and  coming  to 
America  in  early  life  located  at  Coopers- 
town,  New  York,  where  he  conducted  a  cot- 
ton factory.  Horatio  N.  Land  was  the  old- 
est of  eight  children.  He  was  born  in 
Cooperstown,  New  York,  June  14,  1832, 
and  in  1852  came  to  Richmond,  Indiana, 
and  entered  the  service  of  A.  Gaar  &  Com- 
pany. That  is  one  of  the  oldest  establish- 
ments in  eastern  Indiana  for  the  manu- 
facture of  machinery,  especially  agricul- 
tural implements.  Horatio  N.  Land  later 
became  a  stockholder  in  the  concern,  and 
for  many  years  served  as  superintendent 
and  a  director.  In  June,  1854  he  mar- 
ried Emeline  Gaar,  daughter  of  Jonas 
Gaar.  There  were  four  children :  Alma, 
Frank,  Harry  and  Charles.  Horatio  N. 
Land  died  in  1893. 

Harry  Land  acquired  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Richmond,  attend- 
ed high  school,  and  in  1888  received  his 
degree  Bachelor  of  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing from  Purdue  University.  Immediately 
on  his  return  to  Richmond  he  entered  the 
Wayne  Works  as  assistant  superintendent, 
and  after  four  years  was  appointed  super- 
intendent. When  the  business  was  incorpo- 
rated he  was  made  treasurer  of  the  com- 
pany and  is  also  a  stockholder  and  direc- 
tor. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Almyra  Whelan, 
daughter  of  John  and  Almyra  Whelan,  of 
Richmond.  Their  one  son  is  Robert  N. 


Land,  who  graduated  Bachelor  of  Me- 
chanical Engineering  from  Purdue  Univer- 
sity in  1913,  and  is  now  associated  with 
his  father  in  the  Wayne  Works.  He  mar- 
ried Mary  Iliff,  of  Richmond,  and  they 
have  one  child,  Robert  Johnson,  born  in 
1918. 

Mr.  Harry  Land  is  a  member  of  the 
Kappa  Sigma  college  fraternity  and  is  a 
Mason  and  Knight  Templar  and  also  a 
member  of  the  Elks. 

BENJAMIN  BATES  JOHNSON  of  Richmond, 
has  been  a  figure  in  state  politics  for  many 
years.  He  is  a  veteran  newspaper  man 
and  publisher  and  has  been  a  resident  of 
Richmond  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
He  is  now  president  and  manager  of  the 
Independent  Ice  and  Fuel  Company,  which 
was  incorporated  January  3,  1918. 

Mr.  Johnson  was  born  in  Stark  County, 
Ohio,  September  2,  1852,  son  of  Jesse  and 
Martha  (Butler)  Johnson.  He  is  of  Eng- 
lish and  Welsh  ancestry.  Two  Johnson 
brothers  came  from  England  and  were 
early  settlers  in  southeastern  Virginia. 
Mr.  Johnson's  grandfather  served  as  a  sol- 
dier in  the  War  of  1812.  Benjamin  B. 
Johnson  is  the  fifth  in  a  family  of  nine 
children.  His  brother  James  D.  established 
the  Kokomo  Trust  Company,  and  died  as 
its  president  seven  years  later.  Another 
brother,  John  B.,  was  Dean  of  the  En- 
gineering Department  of  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  and  his  text  books  on  engi- 
neering are  standard,  especially  "Frame 
Structures"  and  "Materials  of  Construc- 
tion." Another  brother,  Joseph  D.,  was  a 
prominent  lawyer  of  Kokomo,  and  still  an- 
other, Albert  L.,  is  a  civil  engineer  in  Buf- 
falo, and  was  the  patentee  of  the  Johnson 
Corrugated  Bar  for  concrete  re-enforce- 
ment. 

Benjamin  Bates  Johnson  secured  a  pub- 
lic school  education  at  Kokomo.  Indiana, 
and  when  only  fifteen  years  of  age  was  in 
charge  of  a  news  stand  in  front  of  the  post- 
office.  In  1871  Postmaster  Freeman  ap- 
pointed him  deputy  postmaster,  and  he 
filled  that  office  three  and  a  half  years.  For 
six  years  he  was  bookkeeper  in  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Kokomo.  In  1877  he  was 
appointed  journal  clerk  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  at  Indianapolis.  The  first 
important  interview  he  had  as  a  newspaper 
man  was  in  behalf  of  the  Kokomo 
Tribune,  which  he  afterward  owned,  ob- 


1468 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


taining  a  story  from  Governor  J.  S.  Wil- 
liams on  some  special  legislation.  For  a 
time  Mr.  Johnson  was  in  the  mortgage 
loan  business  and  later  bought  the  busi- 
ness and  let  his  brother  run  it.  Prom 
1878  to  1882  he  was  deputy  treasurer  of 
Howard  county,  and  in  1882  was  elected 
county  treasurer  and  filled  the  office  two 
years. 

In  1884  he  bought  a  half  interest  in  the 
Kokomo  Tribune,  one  of  the  oldest  repub- 
lican papers  in  that  section  of  the  state. 
Fourteen  months  later  he  acquired  the 
entire  ownership,  publishing  it  three  years 
in  all.  He  sold  out  to  Kauts  &  McMoni- 
gal.  After  a  brief  retirement  to  recuper- 
ate his  health  Mr.  Johnson  moved  to  Rich- 
mond, in  1891,  and  with  Charles  F. 
Crowder  acquired  the  Evening  Item.  He 
was  its  editor  and  responsible  manager 
for  eight  years.  In  the  meantime,  in  1893, 
he  acquired  Mr.  Crowder 's  interest,  and 
in  1895  sold  that  interest  to  John  W. 
Barnes.  In  1898  he  sold  out  his  remain- 
ing interest  in  the  paper  to  J.  Bennett 
Gordon,  and  then  for  one  year  was  retired 
on  account  of  ill  health.  During  this  time 
he  did  editorial  work  on  the  Indianapolis 
Press. 

Mr.  Johnson  in  1899  established  the  In- 
dependent Ice  and  Fuel  Company  at  Rich- 
mond, and  conducted  the  business  as  its 
sole  proprietor  until  1918,  when  he  incor- 
porated it  and  has  since  been  president  and 
manager.  His  plant  has  a  capacity  for 
thirty-five  tons  of  ice  daily,  and  the  com- 
pany also  does  a  large  retail  business  in. 
coal. 

In  1875  Mr.  Johnson  married  Clara  C. 
Albaugh,  daughter  of  Aaron  Albaugh,  of 
Kokomo.  They  have  two  children  living. 
Their  daughter  Edna  was  a  teacher  of 
Latin  in  Earlham  College  for  several  years. 
The  son  Fred  Bates  Johnson  is  an  In- 
dianapolis lawyer  and  when  he  resigned 
in  December,  1918,  was  a  major  in  the 
judge  advocate  general's  office  in  Wash- 
ington. He  married  Priscilla  Wagner, 
daughter  of  Professor  Frank  C.  Wagner, 
of  the  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Terre 
Haute.  They  have  one  child,  Priscilla 
Bates. 

Mr.  B.  B.  Johnson  was  from  1913  to 
1917  secretary  to  Governor  Ralston.  He 
was  formerly  a  republican,  but  has  acted 
with  the  democratic  party  since  1900. 
From  1906  to  1910  he  served  as  a  member 


of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  of  Rich- 
mond. He  is  perhaps  best  known  through- 
out Indiana  as  a  vigorous  writer  and 
thinker  on  public  affairs. 

NANNIE  E.  GREENE  MCWILLIAMS,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  Indiana  women  among 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
and  was  regent  of  the  Indiana  Society  of 
that  order  in  1914-15.  She  is  directly  de- 
scended from  two  notable  figures  of  Revo- 
lutionary days,  the  illustrious  Gen.  Na- 
thanael  Greene,  whose  fighting  record  as  a 
leader  of  colonial  forces  is  given  on  the 
pages  of  every  American-  history  text  book, 
and  also  of  Judge  Philip  Greenej  a  less 
well  known  but  very  prominent  figure  of 
the  same  period. 

Mrs.  Me  Williams  is  prominent  in  wom- 
an's club  life  of  Anderson  and  the  state, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Anderson  Fran- 
chise League.  She  has  always  interested 
herself  quietly  and  influentially  in  behalf 
of  woman  suffrage,  though  she  has  never 
been  a  militant  of  that  movement. 

She  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Washing- 
ton County  near  Marietta,  Ohio,  a  daugh- 
ter of  William  E.  and  Martha  Brooks 
(Greene)  Decker,  her  Revolutionary  an- 
cestry coming  through  her  mother's  fam- 
ily. "Her  father  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1828 
and  spent  an  active  life  both  as  a  farmer 
and  in  the  operations  of  the  oil  fields.  He 
drilled  one  of  the  first  wells  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Ohio,  and  brought  in  some  of 
the  most  productive  wells  both  of  oil  and 
gas  in  Southeastern  Ohio.  In  1890  he 
moved  to  Indiana  and  was  one  of  the  men 
early  engaged  in  the  oil  industry  in  Madi- 
son County.  He  died  at  Anderson  in  1903. 
His  wife,  who  died  in  1898,  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Philip  Greene. 

Mrs.  McWilliams  was  two  years  of  age 
when  her  parents  moved  from  the  farm  to 
the  City  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  and  most  of  her 
education  was  acquired  in  the  .public 
schools  there.  Later  she  studied  under 
some  of  the  best  masters  of  painting  and 
music  in  the  City  of  Chicago,  and  is  a 
woman  of  many  cultured  tastes  and  of 
great  proficiency  not  only  in  the  arts  but 
in  practical  business  affairs.  In  1903  she 
married  Dr.  Oscar  E.  McWilliams  of  An- 
derson. Their  one  child,  Samuel  W.,  was 
born  in  1905. 

Mrs.  McWilliams  possesses  what  is  prob- 
ably one  of  the  most  complete  private  li- 


1468 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


raining  a  story  from  Governor  J.  S.  Wil- 
liams on  some  special  legislation.  For  a 
rime  .Mr.  Johnson  was  in  the  mortgage 
loan  business  and  later  bought  the  busi- 
ness and  let  his  brother  run  it.  From 
1878  to  1882  he  was  deputy  treasurer  of 
Howard  county,  and  in  1882  was  elected 
••onnt.v  treasurer  and  filled  the  office  two 
years. 

In  1SS4  he  bought  a  half  interest  in  the 
Kokomo  Tribune,  one  of  the  oldest  repub- 
lican papers  in  that  section  of  the  state. 
Fourteen  months  later  he  acquired  the 
entire  ownership,  publishing  it  three  years 
in  all.  He  sold  out  to  Kauts  &  McMoni- 
•_ral.  After  a  brief  retirement  to  recuper- 
ate his  health  .Mr.  .Johnson  moved  to  Rich- 
mond, in  1S91.  and  with  Charles  F. 
Crowdcr  acquired  the  Kvening  Item,  lie 
was  its  editor  and  responsible  manager 
for  eight  years.  In  the  meantime,  in  189:5, 
lie  acquired  .Mr.  Crowder's  interest,  and 
in  lS!tf>  sold  thai  interest  to  -John  \V. 
Barnes.  In  1S9S  he  sold  out  his  remain- 
ing interest  in  the  paper  to  .J.  Bennett 
Qordon,  and  then  for  one  year  was  retired 
on  account  of  ill  health.  During  this  time 
he  did  editorial  work  on  the  Indianapolis 
Press. 

.Mr.  Johnson  in  1*99  established  the  In- 
dependent Ice  and  Fuel  Company  at  Rich- 
mond, and  conducted  the  business  as  its 
sole  proprietor  until  1918,  when  he  incor- 
porated it  and  has  since  been  president  and 
manager.  His  plant  has  a  capacity  for 
thirty-five  tons  of  ice  daily,  ami  the  com- 
pany also  does  a  large  retail  business  in 
coal. 

In  187f>  Mr.  Johnson  married  Clara  C. 
Allmugh.  daughter  of  Aaron  Albaugh.  of 
Kokomo.  They  have  two  children  living. 
Their  daughter  Kdna  was  a  teacher  of 
Latin  in  Earlham  College  for  several  years. 
The  son  Fred  Bates  Johnson  is  an  In- 
dianapolis lawyer  and  when  he  resigned 
in  December,  191S,  was  a  major  in  the 
judge  advocate  general's  office  in  \Vash- 
inirton.  He  married  I'riscilla  Wagner, 
daiiirhter  of  Professor  Frank  C.  Wagner, 
of  the  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  of  Terre 
Haute.  They  have  one  child.  Priscilla 
Bates. 

.Mr.  B.  B.  Johnson  was  from  191:{  to 
1917  secretary  to  Governor  Ralston.  lie 
was  formerly  a  republican,  but  has  acted 
with  the  democratic  party  since  190(1. 
From  190(1  to  l!»1<i  he  served  as  a  member 


of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  of  Rich- 
mond. He  is  perhaps  best  known  through- 
out Indiana  as  a  vigorous  writer  and 
thinker  on  public  affairs. 

NANNIE  E.  GREENE  MCWILLIAMS,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  Indiana  women  among 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
and  was  regent  of  the  Indiana  Society  of 
.that  order  in  1914-15.  She  is  directly  de- 
scended from  two  notable  figures  of  Revo- 
lutionary days,  the  illustrious  Gen.  Na- 
thanael  Greene,  whose  fighting  record  as  a 
leader  of  colonial  forces  is  given  on  the 
pages  of  every  American  history  text  book, 
and  also  of  Judge  Philip  Greene^  a  less 
well  known  but  very  prominent  figure  of 
the  same  period. 

Mrs.  McWilliams  is  prominent  in  wom- 
an's club  life  of  Anderson  and  the  state, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Anderson  Fran- 
chise League.  She  has  always  interested 
herself  quietly  and  influentially  in  behalf 
of  woman  suffrage,  though  she  has  never 
been  a  militant  of  that  movement. 

She  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Washing- 
ton County  near  Marietta.  Ohio,  a  daugh- 
ter of  William  E.  and  Martha  Brooks 
(Greene)  Decker,  her  Revolutionary  an- 
cestry coming  through  her  mother's  fam- 
ily. Her  father  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1828 
and  spent  an  active  life  both  as  a  farmer 
and  in  the  operations  of  the  oil  fields.  lie 
drilled  one  of  the  first  wells  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Ohio,  and  brought  in  some  of 
the  most  productive  wells  both  of  oil  and 
gas  in  Southeastern  Ohio.  In  1890  he 
moved  to  Indiana  and  was  one  of  the  men 
early  engaged  in  the  oil  industry  in  Madi- 
son County.  lie  died  at  Anderson  in  1903. 
His  wife,  who  died  in  1898,  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Philip  Greene. 

Mrs.  McWilliams  was  two  years  of  age 
when  her  parents  moved  from  the  farm  to 
the  City  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  and  most  of  her 
education  was  acquired  in  the  public 
schools  there.  Later  she  studied  under 
some  of  the  best  masters  of  painting  and 
music  in  the  City  of  Chicago,  and  is  a 
woman  of  many  cultured  tastes  and  of 
great  prolicicncy  not  only  in  the  arts  but 
in  practical  business  affairs.  In  190H  she 
married  Dr.  Oscar  E.  McWilliams  of  An- 
derson. Their  one  child.  Samuel  W.,  was 
born  in  190f». 

Mrs.  McWilliams  possesses  what  is  prob- 
ably one  of  tin-  most  complete  private  li- 


- 


M38AW 

CF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1469 


braries  in  Anderson.  She  has  surrounded 
herself  with  books  and  other  objects  of 
artistic  interest,  and  has  not  only  asso- 
ciated with  the  best  minds  of  all  the  ages 
but  has  acquired  a  deep  knowledge  of  lit- 
erature and  of  many  branches  of  learning. 
Many  of  her  fine  lines  of  poetry  have  been 
published  in  the  newspapers  of  Anderson 
and  Indianapolis,  and  some  of  them  also 
find  a  permanent  place  in  the  Indiana 
Book  of  the  Poets.  The  practical  side  of 
her  nature  is  exemplified  in  the  success 
she  has  made  in  running  a  drug  business 
at  Anderson.  On  August  29,  1912,  she 
bought  a  store  at  Meridian  and  13th  streets, 
and  has  made  this  a  thoroughly  profitable 
business  and  has  proved  her  resourceful- 
ness in  running  a  store  in  which  there  is 
the  greatest  competition.  She  is  interested 
in  everything  of  a  patriotic  nature,  and  she 
was  one  of  the  leaders  in  selling  Liberty 
Bonds  in  Anderson.  Mrs.  McWilliams  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Church  but  is 
now  an  interested  student  of  Christian 
Science. 

i 

JOHN  HARRIS  BAKER  for  a  number  of 
years  a  United  States .  district  judge,  was 
born  in  Parma  Township.  Monroe  Coiiiity, 
New  York,  in  1832.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1857,  and  from  that  year  until 
1892  was  in  practice  »t  Goshen.  Judge 
Harris  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Senate 
in  1862,  a  member  of  the  Forty-fourth 
to  Forty-sixth  Congresses,  1875-1881,  and 
in  1892  was  mfde  a  United  States  district 
judse,  district  of  Indiana. 

Judge  Harris  married  Harriet  Defrees. 

LEWIS  EDWIN  STANLEY  is  active  head 
of  one  of  the  largest  plumbing  and  elec- 
trical contracting  firms  in  Eastern  Indiana, 
the  Stanley  Plumbing  &  Electric  Company, 
of  which  he  is  president,  treasurer,  man- 
ager and  majority  stockholder.  This  busi- 
ness has  its  headquarters  at  910  Main 
Street  in  Richmond. 

Mr.  Stanley  has  made  vigorous  use  of 
his  time  and  opportunities  during  a  com- 
paratively brief  career.  He  was  born  on 
a  farm  in  Union  County,  Indiana,  De- 
cember 19,  1885,  son  of  Lewis  and  Anna 
(McFatridge)  Stanley.  He  is  of  English 
and  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His  father 
had  a  160-acre  farm  in  Union  County,  and 
died  there  in  1887.  His  mother  is  now  liv- 
ing at  Brownsville,  in  Union  County, 
voi.  m— IT 


Lewis  E.  Stanley  was  one  of  eight  chil- 
dren, seven  of  whom  are  living.  He  at- 
tended country  schools  near  the  old  farm 
during  winter  and  also  had  two  years  in 
the  public  schools  of  Dunlapville  in  his 
native  county.  For  two  seasons  he  was  a 
student  in  the  Vories  Business  College. 
Aside  from  work  he  did  on  the  farm  his 
first  practical  business  experience  was  as 
bookkeeper,  cashier  and  stenographer  with 
the  Indiana  Bottle  Company  at  Shirley 
in  Hancock  County.  He  remained  there 
two  years  and  was  then  elected  secretary 
of  the  company,  but  soon  afterward  went 
with  the  Woodbury  Glass  Company  at 
Winchester,  Indiana.  On  account  of  ill 
health  he  left  this  concern,  and  spent  a 
period  recuperating  on  the  home  farm.  He 
also  had  the  selling  agency  for  the  Stude- 
baker  car  in  Liberty,  Union  County. 

In  1911  the  Craighead  Plumbing  and 
Electric  Company  of  Richmond  employed 
Mr.  Stanley  to  audit  and  take  general 
charge  of  the  finances  of  the  business.  He 
installed  an  entirely  new  system  of  book- 
keeping, cut  out  all  the  dead  wood  in 
the  business  management,  and  did  much 
to  reorganize  the  entire  concern.  After 
two'  years,  in  July,  1913,  he  bought  the 
interests  of  Mr.  Craighead  and  later  in- 
corporated the  business  under  its  present 
title.  He  has  an  organization  of  expert 
men,  employing  in  normal  seasons  thirty- 
five  workmen,  and  handles  many  of  the 
largest  contracts  for  electrical,  heating 
and  plumbing  installations.  Some  of  the 
larger  contracts  have  been  for  installation 
work  in  the  courthouse  at  Newcastle,  the 
high  school  at  Liberty,  the  Carrington 
Hotel  at  Liberty,  the  Dickinson  Trust 
Company  Building  at  Richmond,  the 
Richmond  County  Club,  the  Eagles  Build- 
ing and  others. 

In  1905  Mr.  Stanley  married  Miss  Eliza- 
beth A.  Templeton  of  Union  County, 
daughter  of  Thomas  J.  and  Mary  Temple- 
ton.  Her  father  is  now  serving  his  second 
term  as  county  clerk  of  Union  County. 
Mr.  Stanley  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Lodge  of  Liberty,  the  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks  at  Richmond,  and 
also  belongs  to  the  Travelers'  Protective 
Association. 

"W.  CLIFFORD  PIEHL  is  proprietor  of  the 
Piehl  Auto-Electric  Company  of  Rich- 
mond. Mr.  Piehl  is  a  concert  violinist  by 


1470 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


profession,  but  has  been  as  much  inter- 
ested in  electricity  as  in  music,  and  found 
both  a  congenial  and  profitable  field  in  his 
present  organization. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  July  16,  1881, 
son  of  William  F.  and  Anna  (Temme) 
Piehl.  He  is  of  Alsatian  French  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  Frederick  Piehl,  came 
from  Alsace  to  America  when  young  and 
settled  in  Richmond. 

W.  Clifford  Piehl,  whose  father  is  sec- 
retary of  the  Richmond  Loan  and  Sav- 
ings Association,  acquired  a  grammar  and 
high  school  education  at  Richmond,  and 
studied  violin  under  Hugh  McGibbeny  at 
Indianapolis.  As  a  concert  violinist  he 
did  work  in  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati  and  Chi- 
cago, but  after  six  years  gave  up  that  pro- 
fession and  returning  to  Richmond  became 
treasurer  and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
E.  A.  Feltman  Company,  wholesale  and 
retail  tobacco  merchants.  He  was  with 
that  concern  three  years.  As  an  amateur 
he  had  experimented  in  practical  elec- 
tricity whenever  the  opportunity  pre- 
sented, and  in  July,  1918,  he  turned  his 
experience  and  knowledge  to  good  account 
by  establishing  a  battery  service  and  sales 
station  and  has  made  a  great  success  of  his 
business.  He  also  has  the  agency  for  the 
Johnstone  automobile  tires  and  has  an  un- 
limited territory  for  the  Vesta  Storage  Bat- 
tery of  Chicago. 

In  1912  Mr.  Piehl  married  Miss  Myrtle 
C.  E.  Grott,  daughter  of  Miles  E.  and 
Emily  (Hewitt)  Grott,  of  St.  Charles, 
Minnesota.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Piehl  have  an 
adopted  child.  Mr.  W.  C.  Piehl  is  a  re- 
publican, and  in  1917  was  candidate  on  the 
independent  ticket  for  city  clerk.  He  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Lodge,  the 
Royal  Arch  Chapter  and  is  a  member  of 
St.  Paul's  Lutheran  Church. 

EDWARD  LsRoY  COOPER,  a  Richmond 
merchant,  has  gone  through  a  long  and 
varied  experience  in  mercantile  lines,  and 
by  hard  work  and  reliance  upon  his  own 
resources  has  achieved  a  commendable  suc- 
cess. He  is  sole  proprietor  of  the  Cooper 
Grocery  at  1027  Main  Street,  and  for  the 
past  eight  years  that  establishment  has 
purveyed  provisions  not  only  to  many  of 
the  first  families  in  Richmond  but  to  a 
large  country  trade. 

Mr.  Cooper  was  born  at  Ogden  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  in  1860,  son  of  Silas  T. 


and  Sarah  (Barrett)  Cooper.  He  is  of 
English  and  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  The 
Coopers  were  early  settlers  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Pennsylvania,  and  furnished 
many  merchants  and  professional  men. 
The  Barrett  family  have  been  chiefly  agri- 
culturists. Edward  LeRoy  Cooper  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Rich- 
mond and  at  Centeryille  Academy.  In 
1876,  when  he  was  sixteen  years  old,  he 
was  taken  into  the  employ  of  William  B. 
Hinshaw,  a  local  grocery  merchant,  and 
for  three  years  did  the  work  of  errand  boy 
at  two  dollars  and  a  half  a  week.  His 
services  were  then  secured  by  another 
grocery  firm  for  $3  a  week.  For  sixteen 
years  he  was  a  sales  clerk  with  W.  F.  Hiatt 
and  Brothers,  one  of  the  old-established 
grocery  houses  of  Henry  County.  He  was 
next  city  salesman  for  Zeller  &  Company, 
cracker  bakers  at  Richmond.  After  that 
he  was  salesman  for  the  Van  D.  Brown  gro- 
cery house,  and  for  eight  years  was  in 
partnership  with  F.  A.  Brown  under  the 
name  of  the  Beehive  Grocery  Company. 
When  this  firm  lost  its  lease  and  was  tem- 
porarily out  of  business  for  thirty  days 
Mr.  Cooper  started  an  establishment  of  his 
own  at  his  present  location  in  1911.  He 
has  various  other  interests  in  the  business 
field  at  Richmond. 

Mr.  Cooper  married  in  1884  Miss  Lou 
Emma  DeGroot,  daughter  of  Amzi  and 
Mary  (Mikesell)  DeGroot,  of  Eaton,  Ohio. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cooper  adopted  one  child, 
Lou  DeGroot,  who  died  in  1901.  Mr. 
Cooper  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
National  Union  and  belongs  to  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church. 

JOHN  P.  EMSUE  is  a  native  of  Scotland, 
learned  the  marble  and  granite  cutter's 
trade  as  a  yout'h,  and  for  many  years  has 
been  identified  with  the  stone  business  in 
this  country.  He  is  proprietor  of  the 
oldest  and  largest  establishment  of  its  kind 
at  Richmond,  manufacturing  monuments, 
mausoleums  and  artistic  cemetery  me- 
morials. 

He  was  born  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 
February  2,  1868,  son  of  Alexander  and 
Eliza  (Patterson)  Emslie.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  and  then  learned  the 
trade  of  stonecutter  at  Aberdeen,  Scot- 
land. Leaving  there  at  the  age  of  twenty, 
he  came  to  America  and  located  at  the 
great  granite  center  of  Barre,  Vermont. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1471 


He  was  there  for  seventeen  years,  most 
of  the  time  as  a  granite  cutter,  and  later 
was  an  independent  operator  in  the 
granite  business.  He  sold  out  and  went 
to  Pleasantville,  New  Jersey,  and  for  eight 
years  was  superintendent  of  the  0.  J.  Ham- 
mell  Company,  granite  manufacturers. 
Then  with  a  partner  he  conducted  a 
granite  monumental  business  at  St. 
John's,  Michigan,  for  four  years,  and 
from  there  came  to  Richmond,  buying  the 
oldest  established  monument  business  in 
"Wayne  County,  that  conducted  for  so 
many  years  by  A.  H.  Marlatt  on  South 
Tenth  Street.  Mr.  Emslie  has  used  his 
practical  experience  to  build  up  this  busi- 
ness in  many  ways.  He  manufactures  and 
has  the  organization  for  the  installation 
of  mausoleums  and  monuments  of  all  kinds 
and  does  a  business  over  a  territory  twenty- 
five  or  thirty  miles  in  a  radius  around 
Richmond. 

Mr.  Emslie  married  in  1899  Miss  Minnie 
B.  Riley,  daughter  of  Thomas  S.  and  Anna 
(Catlin)  Riley,  of  Barre,  Vermont.  They 
have  one  son,  William  R.,  born  in  1901. 
Mr.  Emslie  acquired  American  citizenship 
at  Montpelier,  Vermont,  in  1897.  He  votes 
as  a  republican,  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  is  a  Mason,  belongs 
to  Mount  Sinai  Shrine  at  Montpelier,  Ver- 
mont, and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Order 
of  Scottish  Clans. 

RALPH  PALMER  WHISLEB  is  a  prominent 
business  man  and  contractor  at  Richmond, 
his  business  being  locally  known  as  "Whis- 
ler,  the  Roof  Man."  He  is  a  contractor 
for  composition  roofing  and  has  the  local 
agency  for  asphalt  roofings. 

Mr.  Whisler  was  born  at  Marion,  Grant 
County,  Indiana,  September  14,  1873. 
The  Whislers  are  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  prominent  families  of  Grant  County. 
There  have  been  five  successive  generations 
of  the  family  there.  The  Whislers  origi- 
nated in  Holland  and  came  to  Indiana  from 
Pennsylvania.  Jacob  Whisler  kept  what 
was  known  as  the  Whisler  House  at  Cham- 
bersburg,  Pennsylvania,  a  noted  hotel  and 
landmark  on  one  of  the  principal  thor- 
oughfares of  the  Keystone  state.  In  1838 
he  came  to  Grant  County  with  his  family, 
making  the  journey  with  wagon  and  team. 
This  Jacob  Whisler  was  born  in  1776  and 
died  in  1863.  His  son,  Jacob,  Jr.,  was 


born  in  1817  and  for  many  years  was  a 
cabinet  maker.  He  was  the  first  democrat 
elected  to  any  office  in  Grant  County,  be- 
ing chosen  county  treasurer  in  1854.  He 
died  in  1873. 

The  next  generation  was  represented  by 
Leroy  M.  Whisler,  who  was  born  at  Marion, 
October  23,  1844.  He  married  Matilda 
M.  McKinney.  Leroy  M.  Whisler  con- 
ducted a  successful  hardware  and  tin  busi- 
ness and  was  a  leading  merchant  of  Marion 
until  he  retired  in  1900. 

Ralph  Palmer  Whisler  is  a  son  of  Le- 
roy M.  Whisler.  He  attended  the  gram- 
mar and  high  school  at  Marion,  and  took 
a  commercial  course  in  the  Marion  Normal 
College.  He  then  went  with  his  father  and 
learned  the  sheet  metal  trade,  and  re- 
mained at  Marion  until  1907,  when  he  sold 
his  interests  and  moved  to  Richmond,  open- 
ing a  store  on  Main  Street.  Here  he  made 
a  specialty  of  selling  and  installing  com- 
position roofing.  Five  years  later  he 
moved  to  his  present  location  at  1029  Main 
Street. 

Mr.  Whisler  married  in  1895  Miss  Mir- 
iam Hiatt,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  A.  and 
Fanny  (Goldthwaite)  Hiatt,  of  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  prominent  families  of 
Marion.  They  have  two  children:  Ralph 
Leroy,  born  in  1897,  and  Fannie,  who  was 
born  in  December,  1900,  and  died  in  July, 
1913.  The  son  Ralph  is  a  dentist  by  pro- 
fession, and  on  May  8,  1917,  was  enrolled 
in  the  dental  corps  of  the  American  Army 
and  was  stationed  at  Fort  Crook,  Nebraska. 
Mr.  Whisler  is  an  independent  voter  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  at  Richmond. 

HARRY  WESLEY  CHENOWETH.  It  is  dif- 
ficult to  conceive  of  more  enterprise  eman- 
ating from  the  brain  and  energy  of  one 
man  than  is  credited  to  Harry  Wesley 
Chenoweth,  a  young  man  of  phenomenal 
vigor  and  ambition,  who  is  one  of  the 
prominent  citizens  of  Richmond. 

Mr.  Chenoweth  is  proprietor  of  the 
Chenoweth  Auto  Company  of  Richmond. 
For  a  number  of  the  years  he  has  done 
an  extensive  business  in  automobiles  and 
accessories.  He  is  agent  in  Wayne  County 
for  the  Buick  car,  and  has  a  territory  com- 
prising seven  counties  as  sales  agent  for 
the  G.  M.  C.  trucks.  He  also  represents 
the  International  Harvester  Company. 


1472 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


He  has  two  of  the  largest  garages  in  Rich- 
mond and  a  complete  repair  plant  and 
service  station. 

lie  was  born  at  Glen  Karn  in  Darke 
County,  Ohio,  in  1887,  son  of  W.  A.  and 
Rosa  (Thomas)  Chenoweth.  He  is  of 
Welsh  ancestry.  His  great-great-grand- 
father John  Wesley  Chenoweth  came  from 
Wales  and  settled  in  Maryland.  The 
grandfather,  John  Wesley  Chenoweth,  lo- 
cated in  Darke  County,  Ohio,  eighty  years 
ago  and  is  still  living  there. 

Mr.  Chenoweth  secured  a  grammar 
school  and  high  school  education.  His  first 
business  experience  was  with  the  Diamond 
Fire  Brick  Company  at  Canyon  City, 
Colorado.  After  that  he  worked  for  his 
father  in  the  general  store  at  Glen  Karn, 
known  as  the  W.  A.  Chenoweth  &  Sons. 
He  drove  a  grocery  wagon  for  the  store 
through  the  country. 

In  1910  Mr.  Chenoweth  married  Mary 
Smith,  daughter  of  Thomas  A.  and  Jennie 
(Reid)  Smith,  of  Whitewater,  Wayne 
County.  They  have  two  children,  Harriet 
Le  Jeune,  born  July  9,  1917,  and  Harry 
Wesley,  born  October  20,  1918. 

For  the  last  eight  or  ten  years  Mr. 
Chenoweth  has  been  identified  with  a  va- 
riety of  enterprises  at  his  old  home  town 
of  Glen  Karn  and  at  Richmond.  He  first 
engaged  in  the  automobile  industry  by  es- 
tablishing a  used-car  business.  His  suc- 
cess the  first  year  enabled  him  to  branch 
out.  During  the  second  year  he  had  the 
agency  for  the  Marathon  car,  also  for  the 
Wayne  car  and  the  Westcott  and  Crescent 
cars.  Moving  from  Glen  Karn  to  New 
Paris,  Ohio,  he  took  the  Hudson  car  agency 
for  Preble  County  and  also  the  Ford 
agency.  He  made  a  remarkable  success 
while  at  New  Paris,  and  received  the  prize 
for  selling  the  largest  number  of  Hudson 
cars.  In  1915  he  was  assigned  the  Buick 
agency  for  Preble  County.  About  that 
time  he  moved  his  business  to  Richmond 
and  became  agent  in  Wayne  County  for 
the  Milburn  Electric  Company.  He  con- 
tinued these  agencies  until  1917.  In  that 
year  he  built  at  his  present  location,  1107 
Main  Street,  a  large  plant  and  service 
station,  a  fire-proof  brick  and  steel  build- 
ing, and  has  since  been  largely  specializ- 
ing in  the  sale  of  the  Buick  cars.  The 
first  year  he  sold  100  Buick  cars,  and  the 
second  200  Buicks.  The  largest  rebate 
check  from  the  Buick  Company  ever  issued 


in  the  State  of  Indiana  was  given  to  Mr. 
Chenoweth.  As  an  addition  to  their 
present  business  they  are  equipping  a 
two-story  annex,  50  by  175  feet,  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  a  modern  electric 
garage,  also  a  truck  garage  40  by  175.  All 
three  garages  will  be  in  the  square.  Mr. 
Chenoweth  has  numerous  interests  in  dif- 
ferent corporations  throughout  this  state 
and  Ohio. 

Mr.  Chenoweth  is  also  a  successful 
farmer.  In  1910  he  bought  100  acres,  and 
took  in  his  brother  as  a  partner.  They 
later  bought  110  acres  near  Richmond. 
The  first  farm  was  sold  at  $150  an  acre 
and  recently  they  sold  the  second  farm. 
They  have  bought  a  third  farm  of  150 
acres.  They  have  also  acquired  the  $25,000 
stock  of  goods  at  Glen  Karn,  Ohio,  for- 
merly conducted  as  the  W.  A.  Chenoweth 
&  Sons.  For  several  years  Mr.  Chenoweth 
was  also  a  dealer  in  livestock  at  Glen  Karn. 
Recently  he  has  promoted  a  measure  to 
bring  Glen  Karn  and  Richmond,  separated 
by  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles,  into  close 
touch.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics,  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  Order  and  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

JOHN  WILLIAM  JOHNSON.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  go  back  even  thirty  or  forty 
years  to  find  plenty  of  men  in  Kokomo 
who  knew  John  William  Johnson  as  a 
plain,  hard  working  and  capable  mechanic. 
Mr.  Johnson  still  remains  a  plain,  unpre- 
tentious, democratic  citizen,  but  out  of  his 
sheer  force  of  character  and  energy  he  has 
created  business  interests  that  give  him  a 
position  among  the  leading  industrial  exec- 
utives of  Indiana.  Having  worked  hap- 
pily among  the  lowliest  this  "magnetic 
wonder"  as  he  has  been  termed,  mingles 
with  as  great  an  ease  among  the  highest. 
His  geniality  and  his  eloquent  oratory  have 
won  for  him  many  friends  from  all  classes. 
His  good-will  and  kindness  show  that  his 
predominating  characteristic  is  making 
others  happy. 

His  father,  John  Johnson,  was  born  in 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  and  came  to 
America  in  the  late  '50s.  He  was  a  farmer 
in  Ireland.  For  several  years  he  lived  in 
New  York  City,  and  in  1864,  at  Stoning- 
ton,  Connecticut,  he  married  Anna  Egan. 
She  was  born  in  King's  County,  Ireland,  in 
1840.  Her  death  occurred  at  Kokomo 
August  17,  1889.  John  Johnson  died  at 


147L' 


INDIANA  AND  1XDIAXANS 


He  hits  two  of  tlic  largest  garages  in  Rich- 
mond iinil  ;i  complete  repair  plant  and 
service  station. 

lie  w;i>  born  at  (ilrn  Karn  in  Darke 
County.  Ohio,  in  1SS7.  son  of  \V.  A.  and 
IJosa  ;  Thomas)  Chenoweth.  He  is  of 
\\Vlsli  ancestry.  His  great-great-grand- 
t'ather  John  Wesley  Chenoweth  came  from 
Wales  and  settled  in  .Maryland.  The 
grandfather.  John  Wesley  ( 'henoweth,  lo- 
eateil  in  Darke  County,  Ohio,  eighty  years 
ago  and  is  still  living  there. 

Mr.  Cheno\veth  secured  a  grammar 
school  and  high  school  education.  His  first 
Imsiness  cxpei'ience  was  with  the  Diamond 
Fire  Hrick  Company  at  Canyon  City. 
Colorado.  After  that  he  worked  for  his 
father  in  the  general  store  at  (!len  Karn. 
known  as  the  W.  A.  Chenoweth  &  Sons. 
He  drove  a  grocery  wagon  for  the  store 
through  the  country. 

In  1910  Mr.  Chenoweth  married  Mary 
Smith,  daughter  of  Thomas  A.  and  Jennie 
(Heidi  Smith,  of  Whitewater,  Wayne 
County.  They  have  two  children.  Harriet 
I,e  Jrnne.  horn  Julv  9,  1917.  and  Harry 
Wesley,  l.orn  October  20,  191S. 

For  the  last  eight  or  ten  years  Mr. 
Chenoweth  has  been  identified  with  a  va- 
riety of  enterprises  at  his  old  home  town 
of  Glen  Karn  and  at  Richmond.  lie  first 
engaged  in  the  automobile  industry  by  es- 
tablishing a  used-car  business.  His  suc- 
cess the  first  year  enabled  him  to  branch 
out.  During  the  second  year  he  had  the 
agency  for  the  Marathon  ear,  also  for  the 
Wayne  ear  and  the  Westcott  and  Crescent 
cars.  Moving  from  Glen  Karn  to  New 
Paris,  Ohio,  he  took  the  Hudson  car  agency 
for  IVcble  County  and  also  the  Ford 
agency.  He  made  a  remarkable  success 
while  at  New  Paris,  and  received  the  prize 
for  selling  the  largest  number  of  Hudson 
cars.  In  191')  he  was  assigned  the  Buick 
agency  for  Preble  County.  About  that 
time  he  moved  his  business  to  Richmond 
and  became  agent  in  Wayne  County  for 
the  Milhurn  Electric  Company.  He  con- 
tinued these  agencies  until  1917.  In  that 
year  he  built  at  his  present  location,  1107 
Main  Street,  a  large  plant  and  service 
station,  a  fire-proof  brick  and  steel  build- 
ing, and  has  since  been  largely  specializ- 
ing in  the  sale  of  the  Buick  cars.  The 
first  year  he  sold  100  Buick  cars,  and  the 
second  200  Buicks.  The  largest  rebate 
check  from  the  Buick  Company  ever  issued 


in  the  State  of  Indiana  was  given  to  Mr. 
Chenoweth.  As  an  addition  to  their 
present  business  they  are  equipping  a 
two-story  annex,  50  by  175  feet,  for  the 
purpose  of  conducting  a  modern  electric 
yarage.  also  a  truck  garage  40  by  175.  All 
three  garages  will  be  in  the  square.  Mr. 
Chenoweth  has  numerous  interests  in  dif- 
ferent corporations  throughout  this  state 
and  Ohio. 

Mr.  Chenoweth  is  also  a  successful 
farmer.  In  1910  he  bought  100  acres,  and 
took  in  his  brother  as  a  partner.  They 
later  bought  110  acres  near  Richmond. 
The  first  farm  was  sold  at  $150  an  acre 
and  recently  they  sold  the  second  farm. 
They  have  bought  a  third  farm  of  150 
acres.  They  have  also  acquired  the  $25.000 
stock  of  goods  at  Glen  Karn,  Ohio,  for- 
merly conducted  as  the  "W.  A.  Chenoweth 
&  Sons.  For  several  years  Mr.  Chenoweth 
was  also  a  dealer  in  livestock  at  Glen  Karn. 
Recently  he  has  promoted  a  measure  to 
bring  Glen  Karn  and  Richmond,  separated 
by  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles,  into  close 
touch.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics,  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  Order  and  of  the 
.Methodist  Kpiscopal  Church. 

JOHN  WILLIAM  Jonxsox.  Jt  is  not 
necessary  to  go  back  even  thirty  or  forty 
years  to  find  plenty  of  men  in  Kokomo 
who  knew  John  William  Johnson  as  a 
plain,  hard  working  and  capable  mechanic. 
Mr.  Johnson  still  remains  a  plain,  unpre- 
tentious, democratic  citizen,  but  out  of  his 
sheer  force  of  character  and  energy  he  has 
created  business  interests  that  give  him  a 
position  among  the  leading  industrial  exec- 
utives of  Indiana.  Having  worked  hap- 
pily among  the  lowliest  this  "magnetic 
wonder"  as  he  has  been  termed,  mingles 
with  as  great  an  ease  among  the  highest. 
His  geniality  and  his  eloquent  oratory  have 
won  for  him  many  friends  from  all  classes. 
His  good-will  and  kindness  show  that  his 
predominating  characteristic  is  making 
others  happy. 

His  father,  John  Johnson,  was  born  in 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  and  came  to 
America  in  the  late  '50s.  He  was  a  farmer 
in  Ireland.  For  several  years  he  lived  in 
New  York  City,  and  in  1864,  at  Stoning- 
ton,  Connecticut,  he  married  Anna  Egan. 
She  was  born  in  King's  County,  Ireland,  in 
1840.  Her  death  occurred  at  Kokomo 
August  17,  1889.  John  Johnson  died  at 


• 


OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1473 


Memphis,  Tennessee,  August  19,  1910,  at 
the  age  of  eighty.  He  had  lived  in  Kokoino 
from  1867  until  a  few  years  previous  to 
his  death.  The  seven  children  born  to 
them  were  Sarah,  Matilda,  John  William, 
Theresa,  Walter,  Albert  and  Carrie. 

John  William  Johnson  was  the  third  of 
the  children  born  at  Kokomo,  his  birth  oc-, 
curring  December  22,  1869.  He  attended 
the  parochial  and  public  schools  of  the 
town,  including  high  school,  and  at  an 
early  age  went  to  work  to  learn  the  mach- 
inist and  moulding  trade.  When  only 
nineteen  years  old  he  was  foreman  in  the 
foundry  department  of  Ford  and  Don- 
nelly, and  continued  in  the  employ  of  that 
Kokomo  firm  for  twenty  years.  Later  he 
became  superintendent  and  manager,  and 
spent  the  greater  part  of  his  wage  working 
career  with  those  people.  Fifteen  years 
ago  he  left  their  employ  and  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  automobile  accessories 
and  plumber's  specialties,  also  brass  and 
aluminum  castings.  With  scarcely  any 
capital,  few  workmen,  and  less  machinery, 
it  is  little  short  of  miraculous  the  way  Mr. 
Johnson  built  up  the  great  Kokomo  Brass 
Works,  founders  and  finishers,  with  an  , 
annual  business  output  of  $3,000,000.  Per- 
haps, because  it  was  spontaneous  and  sin- 
cere, the  most  heartfelt  praise  Mr.  John- 
son appreciates  was  the  song  of  thanks- 
giving sung  by  his  contented  employes  after 
one  of  his  heart-to-heart  talks  with  them. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  treasurer  and  manager 
of  the  company  and  business,  Mr.  Charles 
T.  Byrne  is  president  and  secretary,  and 
James  F.  Ryan  is  vice  president. 

While  this  is  his  chief  business  concern, 
it  is  only  one  of  many  large  enterprises 
in  which  he  is  a  stockholder  and  director. 
These  enterprises  at  Kokomo  which  have 
felt  the  influence  of  his  energy  and  direc- 
tion are  the  Kokomo  Brass  Works,  Byrne 
Kingston  &  Company,  Kokomo  Electric 
Company,  Hoosier  Iron  Works,  Kokomo 
Steel  &  Wire  Works,  Haynes  Auto  Com- 
pany, Kokomo  Rubber  Works,  Globe  Stove 
&  Range  Company,  Conran  &  McNeal 
Company,  Liberty  Press  Metal  Company, 
Kokomo  Lithographing  Company  and  the 
Sedan  Body  Company. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  a  loyal  democrat,  is  a 
Catholic  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Columbus  and  the  Elks  at  Kokomo. 
August  13,  1894,  he  married  Nellie  C. 
Krebser,  of  Huron,  Ohio.  To  their  mar- 


riage were  born  four  children :  Agatha,  de- 
ceased, Lenore,  Paul  and  Karl.  Lenore 
is  now  a  student  in  St.  Mary's  College  at 
South  Bend,  Indiana,  Paul  is  a  student 
of  Notre  Dame  University  and  Karl  at- 
tends the  St.  Francis  Academy  at  Kokomo. 

JAMES  OLIVER  was  born  in  Liddisdale, 
Scotland,  August  28,  1823,  and  was  twelve 
years  of  age  when  he  came  with  his  parents 
to  America.  After  one  year  in  New  York 
the  family  located  in  Mishawaka,  Indiana, 
and  in  1855  James  Oliver  established  his 
home  in  South  Bend.  In  1855  he  also 
engaged  in  the  foundry  business,  and  it  was 
in  that  foundry  that  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  his  future  greatness.  In  1861,  with 
others,  he  incorporated  the  South  Bend 
Iron  Works,  which  afterward  developed 
into  the  famous  Oliver  Chilled  Plow 
Works. 

The  name  of  James  Oliver  stands  out 
preeminently  as  an  inventor  and  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  chilled  plow  process. 

0.  DALE  BOWERS  is  a  young  man  of  wide 
experience  in  the  field  of  applied  electri- 
..flity,,  and ..  i&.;.  now  one  of  the  independent 
business  men  'bf-  Richmond,  being  vice 
president  and  manager  of  the  Central  Auto 
Station,  Incorporated. 

He  was  born  in  Darke  County,  Ohio, 
on  a  farm,  in  1890,  son  of  Charles  and 
Susan  (Shields)  Bowers.  He  is  of  Ger- 
man and  English  ancestry.  He  acquired 
his  early  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Darke  County  and  spent  one  year  in 
the  Arcanum  High  School.  For  six  years 
he  was  working  for  his  father  as  a  build- 
ing contractor  at  Arcanum.  Having  a 
special  liking  for  mechanics,  and  particu- 
larly electricity,  he  went  into  a  local  gar- 
age at  Arcanum  and  worked  four  years 
learning  the  business.  He  was  for  a  time 
manager  of  the  Arcanum  Garage.  Mr. 
Bowers  came  to  Richmond  in  1908,  and 
was  repair  man  in  the  garage  of  S.  W. 
Bricker  two  years.  He  then  leased  a  build- 
ing and  conducted  the  City  Garage  and 
a  general  repair  shop  for  one  year,  hav- 
ing Robert  Smith  as  a  partner.  Selling 
out,  Mr.  Bowers  became  electric  service 
man  for  the  Bartola  Musical  Instrument 
Company,  a  pipe  organ  concern.  He  was 
with  them  eight  months,  and  then  with 
S.  W.  Bricker  began  selling  automobile 
accessories  and  doing  electrical  work. 


1474 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


After  this  business  was  sold  Mr.  Bowers 
became  shop  foreman  for  Spangler  and 
Jones,  and  in  October,  1917,  became  a 
stockholder  and  manager  of  the  new  cor- 
poration. 

He  is  a  democrat  in  politics  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Brethren  Church.  In 
1912  he  married  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth 
Schell,  of  Greenville,  Ohio.  They  have  one 
son,  Richard,  born  in  1913. 

PETER  HUSSON  ranks  as  the  oldest  and 
veteran  baker  of  Richmond,  having  first 
established  a  business  of  that  kind  in  that 
city  in  1877.  He  is  now  in  the  general 
wholesale  and  retail  grocery  and  baking 
business,  and  for  all  his  long  and  varied 
experience  is  still  active. 

He  was  born  February  29,  1852,  in 
Alsace,  son  of  Nicholas  and  Katherine 
(Mugher)  Husson.  His  early  life  was 
spent  in  scenes  that  have  become  especially 
familiar  to  Americans  in  the  last  year  or 
two  on  account  of  the  .great  war.  He  was 
three  years  old  when  his  mother  died.  His 
father  was  an  Alsatian  farmer.  He  re- 
mained at  home  to  the  age  of  fifteen,  and 
then  went  to  live  with  his  maternal  grand- 
father and  for  two  years  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship without  wages  to  a  French 
baker.  As  a  journeyman  baker  he  trav- 
eled and  worked  at  many  points  in  East- 
ern France,  including  Luneville,  Nancy, 
Bar  le  Due,  and  was  in  that  general  re- 
gion when  the  Franco-Prussian  war  was 
fought  in  1870-71.  He  was  employed  at 
a  place  only  two  miles  from  the  scene  of 
the  great  battle  of  Gravelotte  and  was  a 
witness  to  that  decisive  battle  of  the  war. 
When  the  war  closed  and  Germany  took 
Alsace  he  had  to  spend  some  time  in  a 
German  camp.  Not  long  afterward  his 
grandfather  gave  him  and  his  brother 
Philip  money  enough  to  pay  their  pas- 
sage to  America.  He  left  Alsace  and  went 
through  Belgium  to  Hull,  England, 
thence  to  Liverpool,  and  reached  America 
at  Quebec.  He  spent  one  year  in  Montreal, 
where  his  brother  Philip  lived  the  rest  of 
his  life.  For  three  months  he  worked  at 
his  trade  in  Cincinnati,  spent  one  winter 
in  New  Orleans,  one  year  at  Memphis,  then 
for  six  months  was  back  in  Cincinnati, 
and  for  three  years  was  in  Montreal. 

Coming  to  Richmond,  Indiana,  in  1877 
he  went  to  work  at  his  trade  for  Frank 
McClelland,  whose  store  was  on  Main 


Street  between  Eighth  and  Ninth.  He  re- 
mained with  this  establishment  when  it 
was  sold  to  Dr.  Henry  Davis,  and  he  was 
in  partnership  with  the  Doctor's  son, 
Everett,  under  the  name  Davis  &  Husson. 
After  one  year  he  bought  out  his  partner 
and  conducted  a  prosperous  business  there 
for  eight  years.  He  then  sold  out  to  Smith 
&  Wittaker,  after  which  he  traveled  for 
a  time  in  Colorado.  On  returning  to 
Richmond  Mr.  Husson  bought  a  grocery 
store  on  Ninth  and  Main  streets,  and 
added  a  bakery.  He  gave  up  that  busi- 
ness to  become  supply  contractor  for  the 
Pennsylvania  Company  dining  car  service 
and  was  engaged  in  that  business  for  sev- 
enteen years,  finding  it  very  profitable. 
He  then  bought  his  present  location  at 
Thirteenth  Street  and  built  the  $25,000 
Husson  Block,  where  he  is  in  business  to- 
day as  a  general  grocer  and  baker.  He 
owns  several  other  parcels  of  property  in 
Richmond. 

In  1880  Mr.  Husson  married  Mary  Anna 
Landwehr,  daughter  of  Frederick  and 
Mary  Landwehr,  of  Richmond.  They 
have  two  children.  Ralph  is  married  and 
lives  in  Boston.  Opal  Catherine  is  the 
wife  of  Russell  Gaar  and  has  two  children. 
Mr.  Husson  is  a  republican  in  politics,  a 
member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church. 

HARRY  H.  TUBESING  is  a  printer  by  trade 
and  for  many  years  was  connected  with 
printing  and  publishing  houses  in  Indiana, 
but  is  now  in  business  for  himself  as  pro- 
prietor of  the  Gates  Half  Sole  Tire  Com- 
pany at  Richmond. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond,  September 
21,  1888,  son  of  William  H.  and  Ellen 
(Erk)  Tubesing.  His  parents  came  from 
Osnabruck,  Hanover,  Germany,  located  in 
Richmond,  and  were  the  parents  of  six 
children,  Harry  being  the  youngest. 

The  latter  was  educated  in  parochial 
schools  and  took  a  night  course  in  the 
Richmond  Business  College.  He  learned 
the  printing  trade  with  the  Nicholson 
Printing  Company  and  by  means  of  a 
three  months'  general  course  in  the 
Winona  Technical  School  at  Indianapolis. 
He  was  an  apprentice  with  the  Nicholson 
Company  and  later  a  journeyman  one 
year,  and  became  an  expert  linotype  op- 
erator. For  ten  years  he  was  foreman  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1475 


the  Ballinger  Press,  and  put  in  six  months 
as  makeup  man  with  the  Richmond  Palla- 
dium. 

On  March  15,  1918,  Mr.  Tubesing  se- 
cured the  agency  for  all  of  Wayne  County 
for  the  Gates  Half  Sole  Tire  Company, 
and  has  developed  a  large  business  in  re- 
pairing and  vulcanizing  work  and  the  ap- 
plying of  half  sole  tires. 

In  1912  Mr.  Tubesing  married  Clara  M. 
Duning,  daughter  of  William  H.  Duning, 
of  Richmond.  They  have  two  children: 
Robert  William,  born  in  1913,  and  Wilma 
Ellen,  born  in  1916.  Mr.  Tubesing  is  an 
independent  voter  and  a  member  of  "St. 
John's  Lutheran  Church. 

EDMUND  F.  ISERMAN,  sales  manager  of 
the  McConaha  Company,  dealers  in  auto- 
mobiles, pianos  and  farming  implements 
at  Richmond,  is  one  of  the  most  resource- 
ful of  the  younger  business  men  of  that 
city,  and  few  men  of  his  years  have  had 
a  wider  range  of  successful  experience. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  in  1885,  son 
of  Henry  F.  and  Albina  (Schumacher) 
Iserman.  His  father  was  born  in  Han- 
over, Germany,  and  came  to  America  at 
the  age  of  eighteen.  Since  then  he  has 
been  a  resident  of  Richmond,  and  for 
many  years  a  successful  merchant.  Ed- 
mund F.  Iserman  attended  the  grammar 
and  high  schools  of  Richmond  and  also 
took  a  six  months'  course  in  the  Richmond 
Business  College.  His  first  regular  posi- 
tion was  in  the  collection  department  of 
the  Star  Piano  Company.  Later  he  went 
into  the  Star  factory  and  learned  all  the 
mechanical  details  of  piano  manufacture. 
From  1909  to  1913  he  was  manager  of  the 
Connersville  and  Muncie  piano  stores  of 
this  house.  Following  that  for  a  year  and 
a  half  he  was  floor  salesman  with  Stein- 
way  &  Son  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  then 
joined  his  father  at  Richmond  and  estab- 
lished the  Iserman  Veneered  Door  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  was  vice  president  and 
general  manager.  After  a  year  the  busi- 
ness was  sold  and  in  1915  Mr.  Iserman 
joined  the  McConaha  Company  as  sales- 
man and  manager  of  the  sales  department. 
This  firm  has  local  agencies  for  the  Hud- 
son, Studebaker,  Ezzex,  Dort  and  Elgin 
cars,  Federal  trucks  and  the  Hyder  farm 
tractors.  Mr.  Iserman  is  a  stockholder  in 
the  Simplex  Tool  Company,  and  also  owns 
fifty  acres  of  farming  land  in  Wayne 


County.    He  is  unmarried,  is  a  republican, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Lodge. 

DWIGHT  SMITH  is  a  native  Indianan, 
but  spent  a  large  part  of  his  earlier  ca- 
reer in  Ohio,  until  he  was  made  manager 
of  the  Richmond  branch  of  the  C.  D. 
Kenny  Company,  wholesale  tea,  coffee 
and  sugar  merchants  of  Baltimore,  with 
numerous  branches  throughout  the  Middle 
West. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  at  Marion,  Indiana, 
June  19,  1892.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  and 
first  went  to  work  there  in  the  invention 
department  of  the  National  Cash  Register 
Company.  After  six  months  he  took  em- 
ployment with  the  R.  Marsh  Company  of 
Dayton,  and  for  three  years  clerked  in 
grocery  stores  of  that  city.  He  first  joined 
the  C.  D.  Kenny  Company  at  Dayton  in 
1914,  having  an  inside  position  for  two 
years.  On  resigning  he  became  a  sales- 
man with  the  Dayton  Friction  Toy  Works 
of  Dayton,  in  New  York  City,  later  going 
to  Philadelphia  for  the  same  company. 
Then,  in  1915,  he  returned  to  the  Kenny 
Company  at  Dayton,  and  was  given  a  posi- 
tion on  the  road  selling  their  goods  in  Ohio 
three  years.  In  November,  1918,  he  was 
placed  as  manager  of  the  Richmond 
branch.  This  is  one  of  the  larger  whole- 
sale houses  of  the  Middle  West,  and  has 
an  immense  trade  in  both  Ohio  and  In- 
diana. 

In  1913  Mr.  Smith  married  Alice  May 
Morgenroth,  daughter  of  Henry  Morgen- 
roth,  of  Dayton.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Dortha,  born  in  1914.  Mr.  Smith  is  a 
republican  in  politics  and  a  member  of  the 
Quaker  Church. 

PHILLIP  BATTISTA  MERCURIC.  From  the 
standpoint  of  his  personal  experience 
Phillip  Mercuric  believes  that  the  surest 
route  to  commercial  success  is  through 
continuous  application  of  hard  work,  with 
constant  study  of  opportunities  and  cir- 
cumstances, and  with  a  constant  effort  to 
take  advantage  of  accumulating  experi- 
ence. Mr.  Mercurio  is  active  head  of  B. 
Mercuric  &  Company,  wholesale  fruits  and 
vegetables  at  Richmond,  a  large  and  suc- 
cessful enterprise  of  thirty  years'  stand- 
ing. 

Mr.  Mercurio  was  born  at  Termine  in 
Sicily,  Southern  Italy,  in  May,  1878,  son 


1476 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Battista  and  Catherine  (Colatta)  Mer- 
curio.  When  Phillip  was  eight  years  old 
he  came  alone  to  America,  joining  his 
father  who  had  already  located  in  St. 
Louis.  While  in  St.  Louis  he  attended 
the  parochial  schools  until  he  was  ten 
years  of  age,  at  which  time,  in  1888,  the 
family  moved  to  Richmond,  Indiana.  He 
had  only  six  months  of  schooling  after 
moving  to  Richmond,  and  since  the 
age  of  twelve  has  been  hard  at  work 
and  more  than  making  his  own  way.  He 
was  employed  by  his  father  in  selling 
fryits  and  vegetables  at  the  store  on  South 
Fifth  Street,  and  in  1902  went  into  part- 
nership under  the  name  B.  Mercuric  & 
Son.  His  father  retired  from  business  in 
1912,  and  sine*  then  Mr.  Mercurio  and  his 
brother-in-law,  Anthony  Mercurio,  have 
comprised  the  firm.  They  are  wholesale 
dealers  in  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  have 
a  trade  territory  covering  a  radius  of 
twenty-five  miles  around  Richmond,  and 
maintain  an.  auto  truck  delivery  service 
for  the  benefit  of  their  town  and  out- 
lying customers.  Mr,  Mercurio  is  also  a 
stockholder  in  the  Automobile  League  and 
in  the  Burdick  Tire  Company  of  Nobles- 
ville. 

In  1902  Mr.  Mercurio  married  Ida  Pu- 
pura,  daughter  of  Vincent  and  Dora 
D'Blasi,  of  Cincinnati.  They  have  three 
children :  Baptist  John,  born  in  1903  ;  Vin- 
cent Joseph,  born  in  1905,  and  Charles 
Salvador,  born  in  1907. 

Mr.  Mercurio  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  and  is  affil- 
iated with  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church. 
For  all  the  close  attention  he  has  given 
to  his  business  he  has  always  been  one  of 
the  public  spirited  citizens  of  Richmond 
and  keenly  interested  in  local  affairs. 

MARY  CONNER  HAIMBAUGH  is  a  member 
of  one  of  the  historical  families  of  America 
and  of  Indiana.  Her  great-grandfather, 
Richard  Conner,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  came  to  Maryland  at  an  early  day, 
and  at  the  close  of  Lord  Dunmore's  war 
located  at  Pittsburgh.  He  joined  the  Mora- 
vian Church,  and  come  in  touch  with  the 
Indians  with  whom  the  Moravian  mission- 
aries were  working,  marrying  Margaret 
Boyer,  who  had  been  held  in  captivity  by 
the  Shawnees  since  childhood.  Their  eld- 
est son,  Henry,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania. 

Prior  to  1770  he  located  on  the  extreme 


frontier,  in  what  is  now  Coshocton  County, 
Ohio,  at  a  place  known  as  C.  M.  Comers- 
town,  where  his  sons  John  William  and 
James  were  born.  While  here  he  served 
under  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan,  with  the 
Virginia  Volunteers,  in  1777  and  1778. 
At  the  massacre  of  the  Moravian  Indians 
in  1781  the  Conner  family  and  a  part  of 
the  Indians  escaped,  and  these  with  the 
missionaries  Zeisberger,  Jungman,  Ed- 
wards and  Jung,  were  summoned  to  Detroit 
by  Colonel  DePeyster,  and  were  established 
in  a  colony  on  the  Clinton  river  near 
Mount  Clemens. 

In  the  flight  the  children  became  sep- 
arated from  their  parents  and  from  each 
other,  except  that  William,  who  was  some 
six  years  old,  kept  his  baby  brother  John 
with  him,  and  these  two  were  captured  by 
the  Indians  and  held  for  more  than  ten 
years,  when  they  were  found,  through  the 
efforts  of  their  father  and  the  Moravian 
missionaries,  and  reunited  with  the  fam- 

fly. 

When  about  twenty-five  years  of  age 
WSlliam  entered  the  employment  at  Sagi- 
naw  of  a  French  trader  whom  he  had  met 
while  with  the  Indians.  In  1800  he  made 
an  exploring  trip  through  Central  Indiana, 
and  in  1802  he  established  a  trading  post 
at  Conner's  Prairie,  about  four  miles  below 
Noblesville,  on  White  river.  He  married 
Mekinees,  the  daughter  of  a  Delaware  chief, 
and  became  very  influential  with  the 
tribe.  He  was  in  charge  of  the  friendly 
Delawares  who  accompanied  General  Har- 
rison in  the  Tippecanoe  campaign,  and 
served  as  interpreter  and  aid  to  General 
Harrison,  while  nominally  a  member  of 
Colonel  Paul's  regiment.  He  and  his 
brother  John,  who  had  located  on  the 
Whitewater,  and  who  is  commemorated  by 
the  Town  of  Connersville,  acted  as  guides 
for  Colonel  Campbell  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Mississinewa  towns.  He  was 
also  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  and  was 
sent  with  several  Indians  to  identify  the 
body  of  Tecumseh,  and  he  lived  and  died 
in  the  faith  that  Tecumseh  was  not  killed 
by  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson. 

At  the  treaty  of  St.  Mary's  in  1818,  the 
Delawares  reserved  a  section  of  land  for 
William  Conner  at  Conner's  Prairie, 
which  was  afterwards  patented  to  him. 
When  the  Delawares  moved  west,  his  wife 
insisted  on  going  with  her  people  to  Indian 
Territory,  where  she  died  soon  afterward. 


1476 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


of  Battista  and  Catherine  (Colatta)  Mer- 
curio.  When  Phillip  was  eight  years  old 
he  came  alone  to  America,  joining  his 
father  wlw>  had  already  located  in  St. 
Louis.  While  in  St.  Louis  he  attended 
the  parochial  schools  until  he  was  ten 
years  of  age,  at  which  time,  in  1888,  the 
family  moved  to  Richmond,  Indiana.  He 
had  only  six  months  of  schooling  after 
moving  to  Richmond,  and  since  the 
age  of  twelve  has  been  hard  at  work 
and  more  than  making  his  own  way.  He 
was  employed  hy  his  father  in  selling 
fruits  and  vegetables  at  the  store  on  South 
Fifth  Street,  and  in  1!H)2  went  into  part- 
nership under  the  name  H.  Mercurio  & 
Son.  His  father  retired  from  business  in 
1!M2,  and  since  then  Mr.  Mercurio  and  his 
brother-in-law.  Anthony  Mercurio.  have 
comprised  the  firm.  They  are  wholesale 
dealers  in  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  have 
a  trade  territory  covering  a  radius  of 
twenty-five  miles  around  Richmond,  and 
maintain  an  auto  truck  delivery  service 
for  the  benefit  of  their  town  and  out- 
lying customers.  Mr.  Mercurio  is  also  a 
stockholder  in  the  Automobile  League  and 
in  the  Burdiek  Tire  Company  of  Nobles- 
ville. 

In  1002  Mr.  Morcurio  married  Ida  Pu- 
pura,  daughter  of  Vincent  and  Dora 
D'Blasi,  of  Cincinnati.  They  have  three 
children:  Baptist  John,  born  in  1!)03;  Vin- 
cent Joseph,  born  in  1 !)()"),  and  Charles 
Salvador,  born  in  1907. 

Mr.  Mercurio  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  and  is  affil- 
iated with  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church. 
For  all  the  close  attention  he  has  given 
to  his  business  he  has  always  been  one  of 
the  public  spirited  citi/ens  of  Richmond 
and  keenly  interested  in  local  affairs. 

MARY  COXNKR  TI.UMBAron  is  a  member 
of  one  of  the  historical  families  of  America 
and  of  Indiana.  Her  great-grandfather, 
Richard  Conner,  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  came  to  Maryland  at  an  early  day, 
and  at  the  elose  of  Lord  Dunmore's  war 
located  at  Pittsburgh.  He  joined  the  Mora- 
vian Church,  and  come  in  touch  with  the 
Indians  with  whom  the  Moravian  mission- 
aries were  working,  marrying  Margaret 
Boyer,  who  had  been  held  in  captivity  hy 
the  Shawnees  since  childhood.  Their  eld- 
est son.  Henry,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania. 

Prior  to  1770  he  located  on  the  extreme 


frontier,  in  what  is  now  Coshocton  County, 
Ohio,  at  a  place  known  as  C.  M.  Comers- 
town,  where  his  sons  John  William  and 
James  were  born.  While  here  he  served 
under  Colonel  Daniel  Morgan,  with  the 
Virginia  Volunteers,  in  1777  and  1778. 
At  the  massacre  of  the  Moravian  Indians 
in  1781  the  Conner  family  and  a  part  of 
the  Indians  escaped,  and  these  with  the 
missionaries  Zeisberger,  Jungman,  Ed- 
wards and  Jung,  were  summoned  to  Detroit 
by  Colonel  DePeyster,  and  were  established 
in  a  colony  on  the  Clinton  river  near 
Mount  Clemens. 

In  the  flight  the  children  became  sep- 
arated from  their  parents  and  from  each 
other,  except  that  William,  who  was  some 
six  years  old,  kept  his  baby  brother  John 
with  him,  and  these  two  were  captured  by 
the  Indians  and  held  for  more  than  ten 
years,  when  they  were  found,  through  the 
efforts  of  their  father  and  the  Moravian 
missionaries,  and  reunited  with  the  fam- 
ily. 

AVhen  about  twenty-five  years  of  age 
William  entered  the  employment  at  Sagi- 
naw  of  a  French  trader  whom  he  had  met 
while  with  the  Indians.  In  1800  he  made 
an  exploring  trip  through  Central  Indiana, 
and  in  1802  he  established  a  trading  post 
at  Conner's  Prairie,  about  four  miles  below 
Xoblesville,  on  White  river.  He  married 
Mekimres.  the  daughter  of  a  Dc'aware  chief. 
and  became  very  influential  with  the 
tribe.  lie  was  in  charge  of  the  friendly 
Delawares  who  accompanied  General  Har- 
rison in  the  Tippecanoe  campaign,  and 
served  as  interpreter  and  aid  to  General 
Harrison,  while  nominally  a  member  of 
Colonel  Paul's  regiment.  He  and  bis 
brother  John,  who  had  located  on  the 
Whitewater,  and  who  is  commemorated  by 
the  Town  of  Connersville,  acted  as  guides 
for  Colonel  Campbell  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Mississinewa  towns.  He  was 
also  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  and  was 
sent  with  several  Indians  to  identify  the 
body  of  Tecumseh.  and  he  lived  and  died 
in  the  faith  that  Tecumseh  was  not  killed 
by  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson. 
'  At  the  treaty  of  St.  Mary's  in  1818,  the 
Delawares  reserved  a  section  of  land  for 
William  Conner  at  Conner's  Prairie, 
which  was  afterwards  patented  to  him. 
When  the  Delawares  moved  west,  his  wife 
insisted  on  going  with  her  people  to  Indian 
Territory,  where  she  died  soon  afterward. 


OF  riE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOT 


. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1477 


Their  half-breed  children,  and  their  de- 
scendants— the  Conners  and  members  of 
the  Bullet  and  Adams  families  with  whom 
they  intermarried — have  been  among  the 
most  prominent  and  influential  of  the 
Delaware  tribe. 

When  central  Indiana  was  opened  for 
settlement  William  Conner  became  a  citizen 
of  much  prominence.  In  1823  he  and 
Josiah  Polk  laid  out  the  Town  of  Nobles- 
ville,  dedicating  to  the  new  town  every 
other  lot,  the  public  square,  and  $10,000 
in  money.  He  engaged  in  business  at  In- 
dianapolis soon  after  its  settlement  with 
Alfred  Harrison,  the  firm  erecting  the  first 
business  house  built  at  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Pennsylvania  and  Washington 
streets.  Later  he  was  associated  in  busi- 
ness at  Indianapolis  with  A.  W.  Russell. 
At  the  legislative  session  of  1829-30  he  rep- 
resented the  counties  of  Henry,  Madison, 
Hancock  and  Hamilton.  In  1831-2  he  rep- 
resented the  counties  of  Boone  and  Ham- 
ilton, together  with  the  territory  north  of 
the  Miami  Reservation.  He  died  in  1855 
and  was  buried  near  the  site  of  his  old 
trading  house  at  Conner's  Prairie. 

After  the  death  of  his  Indian  wife  Wil^; 
liam  Conner  married  Elizabeth  Chapman, 
a  stepdaughter  of  John  Finch,  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  Hamilton  County.  To 
them,  on  April  10,  1825,  was  born  a  son 
Richard  J.  Conner,  the  father  of  Mrs. 
Haimbaugh.  Richard  attended  school  at 
Noblesville  and  the  County  Seminary  at 
Indianapolis.  He  engaged  in  mercantile 
business  at  Noblesville,  later  at  Indiana- 
polis, Cincinnati  and  New  York  City,  and 
again  at  Indianapolis.  From  1883  to  1887 
he  served  as  deputy  state  treasurer  under 
John  J.  Cooper,  and  from  1887  to  1889  as 
clerk  of  the  southern  prison  at  Jefferson- 
ville.  He  then  acquired  an  interest  in  the 
Miami  County  Sentinel,  of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  editors  at  the  time  of  his  death 
July  24,  1895. 

Richard  J.  Conner  was  married  three 
times.  His  second  wife,  Louise  (Vande- 
grift)  Finch,  was  the  widow  of  Hamden 
Green  Finch,  and  came  from  an  old  Phila- 
delphia family.  Her  parents  were  among 
the  early  settlers  of  Indianapolis,  where 
she  grew  up,  attending  Miss  Axtell's  school, 
and  was  baptized  by  Henry  Ward 
Beecher.  She  married  Mr.  Conner  in  1858, 
and  a  year  later  their  daughter  Mary,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  born.  She  had 


one  sister,  who  died  young,  but  her  step- 
brother, Theodore  Julian  Finch,  was  as  a 
brother  to  her.  Theodore  J.  Finch  was 
for  forty  years  with  the  Valvoline  Oil 
Company,  for  which  he  made  six  trips 
around  the  world.  He  organized  its  busi- 
ness on  the  Pacific  slope  and  was  manager 
of  the  coast  headquarters  of  the  company 
at  the  fime  of  his  death  in  1916. 

In  1889  Mary  Conner  married  Frank 
Haimbaugh,  editor  of  the  Miami  County 
Sentinel  at  Peru,  Indiana.  He  was  born 
near  Columbus,  Ohio,  January  1,  1861. 
They  resided  at  Peru  until  1899,  when  they 
removed  to  Colorado  on  account  of  Mr. 
Haimbaugh 's  death.  Mr.  Haimbaugh  was 
engaged  in  the  newspaper  business  at  Den- 
ver until  1906,  after  which  he  became  su- 
pervising engineer  of  the  French  Irriga- 
tion Company,  of  French,  New  Mexico. 
He  died  February  26,  1909.  To  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Haimbaugh  were  born  three  children  : 
Louise  V.,  who  married  Walter  L. 
Cutts:  Richard  C. :  and  Ruth,  who  mar- 
ried George  P.  Willey.  After  Mr.  Haim- 
baugh's  death  Mrs.  Haimbaugh  remained 
at  Denver  until  1914,  when  she  removed 
to  Los  Angeles  and  now  resides  at  Long 
Beach. 

As  to  her  family  connections  it  remains 
to  be  added  that  her  father's  first  wife 
was  Mary  Alexander,  whom  he  married 
in  1849.  They  had  one  daughter,  Cora, 
who  married  Terrell  Pattison,  and  to  them 
were  born  four  daughters:  Gertrude,  who 
married  Clarence  Miller,  congressman 
from  Minnesota ;  George,  who  married  Doc- 
tor Knefler;  Florence,  who  married  to  E. 
D.  Vincent;  and  Louise,  unmarried. 
Richard  J.  Conner's  third  wife,  whom  he 
married  in  1875,  was  Livinia  Conner,  to 
whom  was  born  one  son,  Charles  Eichler 
Conner.  He  married  Osa  Beck  in  1897, 
and  they  have  two  daughters — Elizabeth, 
married  to  Bruce  Burgess,  and  Catherine, 
unmarried. 

WALLACE  H.  DODGE  more  than  a  quarter 
of  a  century  ago  founded  at  Mishawaka, 
Indiana,  what  has  since  become  the  Dodge 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  he  was  long 
prominently  identified  with  the  business 
interests  of  Mishawaka  and  St.  Joseph 
County. 

Mr.  Dodge  was  also  one  of  Mishawaka 's 
native  sons,  born  July  10,  1848.  In  1881 
he  established  what  is  now  the  Dodge 


1478 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Manufacturing  Company,  and  to  that  cor- 
poration gave  his  time  and  abilities  until 
his  useful  life  was  ended. 

He  married  Hattie  E.  Vesey,  who  was 
born  and  reared  in  Michigan. 

WILLIAM  H.  DUNING  is  a  business  man 
of  over  thirty  years  standing  in  Richmond, 
and  during  all  that  time  has  furnished  an 
expert  service  in  varied  mechanical  lines. 
He  is  a  locksmith,  a  dealer  and  expert 
repair  man  of  adding  machines,  type- 
writers, bicycles  and  general  line  of  sun- 
dries. 

He  was  born  at  Osnabruck,  Hanover, 
Germany,  in  1860,  a  son  of  Herman  and 
Marie  (Myer)  Duning.  He  had  the  custo- 
mary common  school  education  and  learned 
his  trade  at  Osnabruck.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-two,  after  having  served  his  reg- 
ular time  in  the  army,  he  came  to  America, 
landing  at  Baltimore  and  reached  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  in  1883.  His  first  work 
here  was  with  a  street  scraping  gang,  but 
the  opportunity  soon  presented  itself  for 
him  to  go  work  in  a  local  machine  shop, 
where  he  remained  until  1888.  During 
that  time  he  was  constantly  learning  and 
studying  American  methods,  and  he  then 
exerted  his  initiative  and  used  his  expe- 
rience to  establish  a  little  business  for 
himself.  He  put  in  his  first  stock  in  a 
side  room  on  South  Ninth  Street,  and  was 
in  that  location  five  years.  He  then  moved 
across  the  street  to  17  South  Ninth  Street, 
and  was  there  nine  years.  His  next  loca- 
tion was  at  1027  Main  Street,  where  he  re- 
mained ten  years,  and  he  has  been  in  his 
present  headquarters,  No.  43  North  Eight 
Street  for  nine  years,  making  thirty-one 
years  altogether.  Mr.  Duning 's  normal 
trade  territory  covers  a  radius  of  sixteen 
miles  around  Richmond. 

In  1887  he  married  Miss  Louisa  Hase- 
meier,  daughter  of  Eberhardt  and  Johanna 
(Placke)  Hasemeier,  of  Richmond.  They 
have  four  children:  Walter  Eberhardt, 
born  in  1888;  Raymond  Henry,  born  in 
1890;  Willard  Christian,  born  in  1893;  and 
Marie  Johanna,  born  in  1895.  The  son 
Willard  enlisted  in  the  army  March  7, 
1918,  and  after  a  brief  period  of  prepara- 
tion at  Columbus  Barracks  spent  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  until  December 
20,  1918,  as  a  member  of  the  First  Artil- 
lery at  Sandy  Hook,  New  Jersey. 

Mr.  Duning  is  a  republican  in  politics 


and  a  member  of  the  German  Lutheran 
Church,  and  served  that  church  as  deacon. 

CHARLES  EVERETT  ZUTTERMEISTER  be- 
gan his  independent  business  career  as  a 
retail  fruit  dealer  at  Richmond,  and  has 
since  developed  an  extensive  wholesale  fruit 
and  vegetable  concern,  with  connections  all 
over  eastern  Indiana. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  De- 
cember 25,  1884,  son  of  James  M.  and  Ida 
May  (Ogborn)  Zuttermeister.  His  grand- 
parents on  his  father's  side  came  from 
Germany,  first  locating  in  Maryland.  His 
mother's  parents  are  of  English  extraction 
and  settled  in  Ohio  on  their  arrival  in  the 
country.  Charles  E.  Zuttermeister  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Richmond,  taking  one 
term  in  high  school.  Fofc  a  short  time  he 
was  employed  in  a  grocery  store,  and  not 
long  afterward,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  estab- 
lished a  small  retail  fruit  and  produce 
business  at  724  North  Tenth  Street.  He  was 
there  several  years  with  his  business  grow- 
ing and  prospering,  and  was  located  at  156 
Fort  Wayne  Avenue  five  years,  and  for  the 
past  seven  years  has  been  at  his  present 
location,  191  Fort  Wayne  Avenue.  He  now 
handles  goods  only  wholesale,  and  supplies 
fruits,  vegetables  and  cheese  to  local 
dealers  over  a  country  fifty  miles  in  a 
radius  around  Richmond. 

Mr.  Zuttermeister  married  at  Richmond 
July  10,  1910,  Miss  Chloe  Wagner,  daugh- 
ter of  George  Henry  and  Alice  M.  (Allen) 
Wagner.  They  have  two  adopted  children, 
a  son  twelve  years  old  and  a  daughter 
seventeen.  Mr.  Zuttermeister  is  a  repub- 
lican, a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Loyal  Order 
of  Moose,  the  Travelers  Protective  Asso- 
ciation and  the  Illinois  Commercial  Men's 
Association. 

.  CHARLES  HENRY  SUDHOFF  is  one  of  the 
veteran  merchants  and  business  men  of 
Richmond,  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century- 
has  been  in  business  for  himself  as  a  retail 
grocery  merchant.  The  firm  is  now  Sud- 
hoff  &  Son. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond  January  19, 
1857,  son  of  Garrett  and  Elizabeth  (Weber) 
Sudhoff.  His  father  came  from  Osnabruck, 
Hanover,  Germany,  and  settled  at  Rich- 
mond, where  he  reared  his  family.  Charles 
H.  was  the  third  among  the  children  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1479 


had  the  advantages  of  the  local  parochial 
schools  to  the  age  of  fifteen.  He  spent  one 
year  on  a  farm,  and  gained  his  early  knowl- 
edge of  the  grocery  business  in  the  employ 
of  I.  E.  Howard  &  Company,  wholesale 
grocery  merchants.  He  was  with  that  firm 
thirteen  years,  beginning  as  a  porter,  and 
subsequently  filling  the  position  of  shipping 
clerk  and  finally  city  salesman.  Then  for 
five  years  he  was  salesman  for  the  whole- 
sale firm  of  Shroyer  &  Gaar. 

In  the  meantime,  having  accumulated 
a  little  capital  and  having  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  business  in  all  details, 
he  established  in  1890  his  first  store,  at 
187  Fort  Wayne  Avenue.  The  next  year 
he  moved  to  his  present  location  No.  183 
on  the  same  thoroughfare,  and  has  been 
in  business  there  ever  since  his  being 
looked  upon  as  an  old  and  reliable  store, 
patronized  both  by  the  city  and  country 
trade.  He  owns  the  building  and  consider- 
able other  real  estate  interests. 

In  1883  Mr.  Sudhoff  married  Caroline 
Kluter,  daughter  of  Henry  Kluter,  of  Rich- 
mond. Their  only  son  is  Howard  H.,  now 
in  business  with  his  father.  Howard  mar- 
ried in  1906  Edna  Nieman,  daughter  of 
Richard  and  Louise  (Ransick)  Nieman. 
They  have  two  children:  Robert  Richard, 
born  in  1907,  and  Edna  Jane,  born  in  1916. 

Mr.  Sudhoff,  the  elder,  is  a  member  of 
the  First  English  Lutheran  Church. 

ORA  MONGER  left  the  farm  on  which  he 
was  reared  about  twenty  years  ago,  had 
a  varied  commercial  training  and  expe- 
rience, was  a  merchant  at  Richmond  for 
several  years,  and  later  turned  all  his  cap- 
ital and  enterprise  to  the  development  of 
a  transfer  and  storage  business,  which  has 
been  developed  to  a  point  where  its  slogan 
"Across  the  State"  is  exceedingly  appro- 
priate. 

Mr.  Monger  was  born  at  Sharonville, 
Ohio,  in  1870,  son  of  William  C.  and  Eliza 
(Munday)  Monger.  He  is  of  German  and 
Irish  ancestry.  When  he  was  three  years 
old  the  family  moved  to  a  farm  in  Fayette 
County,  Indiana,  and  Mr.  Monger  received 
his  early  education  in  the  Jackson  school 
house  near  Centerville.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  began  regular  farm  labor  at 
home,  and  had  many  other  responsibilities 
of  the  farm  until  1896,  when  his  father 
died.  He  and  his  brother  Forrest  then 
bought  a  grocery  and  general  store  at  Web- 


ster, Indiana,  and  they  were  successfully 
in  business  there  for  twelve  years.  Mr.  Mon- 
ger came  to  Richmond  in  1907,  and  for 
two  years  was  bookkeeper  for  a  firm  of 
coal  merchants,  and  spent  one  year  in  a 
similar  capacity  with  a  plumbing  firm.  He 
then  engaged  in  business  for  himself  for 
two  years  as  proprietor  of  a  grocery  and 
meat  market,  but  left  that  in  1912  to  de- 
velop his  transfer  business.  This  is  now 
the  largest  concern  of  its  kind  in  Wayne 
County  and  he  has  a  large  fleet  of  trucks 
and  other  facilities,  so  that  it  is  literally 
true  that  his  service  extends  across  the 
state. 

In  1899  he  married  Miss  Martha  B. 
Smith,  daughter  of  Yates  Smith  of  Still- 
water,  Oklahoma.  They  have  three  children : 
Howard  Smith,  born  in  1900;  Omer  J., 
born  in  1902;  and  Helen  Vivian,  born  in 
1908.  Mr.  Monger  is  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics, is  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  and  Odd 
Fellows  lodges  at  Richmond,  and  also  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America.  His  success 
has  been  well  earned,  and  he  has  depended 
upon  himself  and  the  work  that  he  could 
do  as  a  means  of  advancement. 

EVERETT  RICHARD  McCoNAHA  is  one  of 
the  younger  business  men  of  Richmond, 
and  is  a  stockholder  and  director  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  The  Garage  Department 
the  McConaha  Company,  one  of  the  leading 
local  dealers  in  automobile  and  automo- 
bile accessories. 

He  was  born  near  Centerville  in  Wayne 
County,  Indiana,  in  1887,  son  of  Walter 
and  Elizabeth  (Smelser)  McConaha.  He 
is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  The  family  has 
long  been  prominent  in  Wayne  County. 
Everett  R.  McConaha  received  his  early 
education  in  the  country  schools  and  also 
the  Centerville  High  School,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1905.  He  spent  one  term 
in  the  Richmond  Business  College  and  for 
five  years  was  bookkeeper  in  his  father's 
business.  In  August,  1914,  he  became  gen- 
eral manager  of  his  present  business,  which 
offers  a  widely  appreciative  service  all  over 
Wayne  County. 

In  1915  Mr.  McConaha  married  Miss 
Maude  Becher,  daughter  of  P.  V.  and 
Myrta  (Spitler)  Becher,  of  Richmond. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Joan  Elizabeth, 
born  in  1917.  Mr.  McConaha  is  a  repub- 
lican, is  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and 


1480 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  a  member 
of  the  Rotary  Club  and  the  Travelers  Pro- 
tective Association. 

EUGENE  KRAMER  QUIGG  had  sixteen 
months  of  service  with  the  American  Red 
Cross  in  France,  and  immediately  on  his 
return  to  his  old  home  town  of  Richmond 
resumed  touch  with  civilian  business  af- 
fairs, and  is  general  manager,  stockholder 
and  director  in  the  Richmond  Baking  Com- 
pany.. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  and  is  a  son 
of  William  H.  and  Laura  (Kramer)  Quigg. 
The  Richmond  Baking  Company  was 
established  by  his  father  in  1902,  and  is 
now  the  largest  wholesale  biscuit  and  crack- 
er bakery  in  eastern  Indiana.  The  com- 
pany is  incorporated  for  $75,000  and  has 
a  hundred  employes.  William  H.  Quigg 
died  November  9,  1918. 

The  Quigg  family  is  of  English  Quaker 
stock  and  has  been  in  America  since  1740. 
They  first  settled  in  South  Carolina,  and 
came  to  the  vicinity  of  Richmond  in  1850. 
Eugene  K.  Quigg  is  one  of  the  eighth  gen- 
eration of  the  family  in  this  country. 

He  was  educated  at  Richmond,  gradu- 
ating from  the  high  school  in  1914.  The 
following  two  years  he  spent  in  Earlham 
College,  specializing  in  economics,  and  in 
1916  entered  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
He  left  the  university  in  June,  1917,  as 
a  volunteer  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Friends  Service  Committee.  On  reaching 
France  he  was  assigned  to  the  American 
Red  Cross  Relief  Department.  He  was  on 
duty  for  sixteen  months  at  hospitals  and 
other  points  close  to  the  front,  and  had  the 
experience  01  several  German  bombard- 
ments. One  of  his  special  duties  was  to 
establish  a  factory  for  the  manufacture 
of  certain  hospital  supplies.  He  also  had 
charge  of  the  administration  of  a  hospital 
for  two  months. 

Mr.  Quigg  is  an  independent  in  politics, 
is  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club,  the  Com- 
mercial Club  and  the  Travelers  Protective 
Association  and  is  active  in  the  Friends 
Church.  He  returned  to  America  on  De- 
cember 9,  1918,  on  the  French  Liner, 
Chicago. 

JAMES  W.  NOEL  has  practiced  law  at 
Indianapolis  over  twenty  years.  He  has 
always  commanded  his  share  of  profes- 
sional business,  but  the  work  which  makes 


his  name  of  more  than  ordinary  signifi- 
cance has  been  rather  a  "public  practice" 
than  "private  practice."  Mr.  Noel  would 
probably  repudiate  the  title  of  "reformer" 
though  his  fearless  and  vigorous  work  at 
different  times  has  made  him  a  useful  in- 
strument in  effecting  many  important  re- 
forms, especially  in  connection  with  the 
public  business  of  the  state.  He  has  been 
a  factor  in  a  number  of  movements  by 
which  the  efficiency,  competence  and  hon- 
esty of  democratic  institutions  have  been 
improved. 

His  first  public  service  outside  the  prac- 
tice of  law  was  in  1898,  when  he  was 
elected  a  representative  from  Marion 
County  in  the  Legislature.  He  served  one 
term.  One  of  the  purposes  for  which  he 
sought  election  to  the  Legislature  was  to 
assist  in  the  election  of  Albert  J.  Beveridge 
to  the  United  States  Senate.  During  the 
time  he  was  identified  with  several  bills 
for  the  reorganization  of  different  institu- 
tions of  Indianapolis,  among  them  being 
author  of  a  measure  under  which  the  fran- 
chise was  granted  to  the  Indianapolis 
Street  Railway  Company.  He  has  been 
given  credit  especially  for  those  features 
of  the  bill  which  safeguard  and  protect  the 
rights  of  the  city  in  the  franchise. 

In  1903  he  was  employed  to  conduct  a 
public  investigation  of  the  affairs  of  the 
City  of  Indianapolis.  The  result  of  this 
investigation  was  the  overthrow  of  the  ad- 
ministration at  the  subsequent  election. 
In  1905  Indiana's  governor  appointed ^him 
one  of  the  three  members  of  a  commission 
to  investigate  state  affairs  and  particularly 
the  condition  of  Indiana  insurance  com- 
panies. That  was  a  time  when  the  insur- 
ance business  all  over  the  nation  was  under 
fire,  and  Mr.  Noel's  work  in  Indiana  sup- 
plemented and  followed  closely  along  the 
lines  of  the  investigation  undertaken  under 
the  leadership  of  Charles  E.  Hughes  in 
New  York.  Mr.  Noel  gave  -the  greater  part 
of  one  year  to  this  investigation,  as  a  result 
of  which  the  auditor  of  state,  the  secretary 
of  state  and  the  adjutant  general  were  re- 
moved from  office  and  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  were  recovered  to  the  state 
treasury.  Mr.  Noel  wrote  for  the  commit- 
tee a  report  on  insurance  conditions  in 
Indiana,  which  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  complete  and  searching  in  its  an- 
alysis among  the  many  similar  reports  that 
came  out  about  the  same  time.  Following 


1480 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  a  member 
of  the  Rotary  Club  and  the  Travelers  Pro- 
tective Association. 

EroEXE  KRAMER  Qnw  had  sixteen 
months  of  service  with  the  American  Red 
Cross  in  France,  and  immediately  on  his 
return  to  his  old  home  town  of  Richmond 
resumed  touch  with  civilian  business  af- 
fairs, and  is  general  manager,  stockholder 
and  director  in  the  Richmond  Baking  Com- 
pany. 

lie  was  born  at  Richmond  and  is  a  son 
of  William  II.  and  Laura  (Kramer)  Quigg. 
The  Richmond  Baking  Company  was 
established  by  his  father  in  1!H)2,  and  is 
now  the  largest  wholesale  biscuit  and  crack- 
er bakery  in  eastern  Indiana.  The  com- 
pany is  incorporated  for  $75,000  and  has 
a  hundred  emploves.  William  II.  Quigsi 
died  November  9,  1918. 

The  Quigg  family  is  of  English  Quaker 
stock  and  has  been  in  America  since  1740. 
They  first  settled  in  South  Carolina,  and 
came  to  the  vicinity  of  Richmond  in  1850. 
Eugene  K.  Quigg  is  one  of  the  eighth  gen- 
eration of  the  family  in  this  country. 

He  was  educated  at  Richmond,  gradu- 
ating from  the  high  school  in  1914.  The 
following  two  years  lie  spent  in  Earlham 
College,  specializing  in  economics,  and  in 
1916  entered  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
He  left  the  university  in  .June,  1917,  as 
a  volunteer  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Friends  Service  Committee.  On  reaching 
France  he  was  assigned  to  the  American 
Red  Cross  Relief  Department.  lie  was  on 
duty  for  sixteen  months  at  hospitals  and 
other  points  close  to  tlu*  front,  and  had  the 
experience  of  several  (Jerman  bombard- 
ments. One  of  his  special  duties  was  to 
establish  a  factory  for  the  manufacture 
of  certain  hospital  supplies.  lie  also  had 
charge  of  the  administration  of  a  hospital 
for  two  months. 

Mr.  Quigg  is  an  independent  in  polities, 
is  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club,  the  Com- 
mercial Club  and  the  Travelers  Protective 
Association  and  is  active  in  the  Friends 
Church.  He  returned  to  America  on  De- 
cember 9.  1918,  on  the  French  Liner, 
Chicago. 

JAMES  W.  NOEL  has  practiced  law  at 
Indianapolis  over  twenty  years.  He  has 
always  commanded  his  share  of  profes- 
sional business,  but  the  work  which  makes 


' 

- 


his  name  of  more  than  ordinary  signifi- 
cance has  been  rather  a  "public  practice" 
than  "private  practice."  Mr.  Noel  would 
probably  repudiate  the  title  of  "reformer" 
though  his  fearless  and  vigorous  work  at 
different  times  has  made  him  a  useful  in- 
strument in  effecting  many  important  re- 
forms, especially  in  connection  with  the 
public  business  of  the  state.  lie  has  been 
a  factor  in  a  number  of  movements  by 
which  the  efficiency,  competence  and  hon- 
esty of  democratic  institutions  have  been 
improved. 

1 1  is  first  public  service  outside  the  prac- 
tice of  law  was  in  1898,  when  he  was 
elected  a  representative  from  Marion 
County  in  the  Legislature.  lie  served  one 
term.  One  of  the  purposes  for  which  he 
sought  election  to  the  Legislature  was  to 
assist  in  the  election  of  Albert  J.  Beveridge 
to  the  United  States  Senate.  During  the 
time  he  was  identified  with  several  bills 
for  the  reorgani/atiou  of  different  institu- 
tions of  Indianapolis,  among  them  being 
author  of  a  measure  under  which  the  fran- 
chise was  granted  to  the  Indianapolis 
Street  Railway  Company.  He  has  beer, 
given  credit  especially  for  those  features 
of  the  bill  which  safeguard  and  protect  the 
rights  of  the  city  in  the  franchise. 

In  1903  he  was  employed  to  conduct  a 
public  investigation  of  the  affairs  of  the 
City  of  Indianapolis.  The  result  of  this 
investigation  was  the  overthrow  of  the  ad- 
ministration at  the  subsequent  election. 
In  1905  Indiana's  governor  appointed Jlim 
one  of  the  three  members  of  a  commission 
to  investigate  state  affairs  and  particularly 
the  condition  of  Indiana  insurance  com- 
panies. That  was  a  time  when  the  insur- 
ance business  all  over  the  nation  was  under 
fire,  and  Mr.  Noel's  work  in  Indiana  sup- 
plemented and  followed  closely  along  the 
lines  of  the  investigation  undertaken  under 
the  leadership  of  Charles  E.  Hughes  in 
New  York.  Mr.  Noel  gave  the  greater  part 
of  one  year  to  this  investigation,  as  a  result 
of  which  the  auditor  of  state,  the  secretary 
of  state  and  the  adjutant  general  were  re- 
moved from  office  and  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  were  recovered  to  the  state 
treasury.  Mr.  Noel  wrote  for  the  commit- 
tee a  report  on  insurance  conditions  in 
Indiana,  which  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  complete  and  searching  in  its  an- 
alysis among  the  many  similar  reports  that 
came  out  about  the  same  time.  Following 


. 


'Y     . 
OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


14*1 


its  publication  Mr.  Noel  was  employed  by 
the  auditor  of  state  to  make  a  public  in- 
vestigation of  the  State  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  Indianapolis.  All  of  this  is 
a  matter  of  public  history,  but  it  may  be 
recalled  that  the  president  and  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  company  resigned,  and  the 
governing  board  was  completely  reorgan- 
.  ized. 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Merchants 
Association  of  Indianapolis  Mr.  Noel  di- 
rected in  1908  an  investigation  of  the 
affairs  of  Marion  County.  This  was  also 
followed  by  the  indictment  and  trial  of 
several  officials  and  the  recovery  of  a  large 
sum  of  public  money.  An  even  more  im- 
portant result  was  effected  when  at  the 
suggestion  of  Mr.  Noel  the  Merchants  As- 
sociation and  other  commercial  bodies  in 
the  state  united  in  a  demand  for  the  pas- 
sage of  a  law  providing  for  uniform  ac- 
counting and  an  annual  audit  of  all  public 
offices  in  Indiana.  The  Legislature  passed 
such  a  bill  in  1909,  largely  as  formulated 
and  revised  by  Mr.  Noel. 

Work  of  this  kind  requires  more  than  a 
keen  insight  into  human  motives  and  highly 
trained  knowledge  of  business  technique. 
It   demands   determination   which   cannot 
be  swayed  by  general  clamor  and  a  com- 
plete personal  fearlessness.    It  was  the  pos- 
session of  these  qualities  and  the  enviable 
record    which    he    had    made    in    Indiana 
which    doubtless    influenced    the    United 
States  Attorney  General  in  1912  to  select 
Mr.  Noel  as  assistant  United  States  district 
attorney  to  prosecute  the  famous  "Dyna- 
miters Case"  in  Indianapolis.    The  details 
of  that  trial,  growing  out  of  the  blowing  up 
of  the  Los  Angeles  Times  Building  and 
more  than  one  hundred  dynamite  explo- 
sions throughout  the  country,  are  still  fresh 
in  the  public  memory.     It  was  not  an  or- 
dinary criminal  case  involving  spectacular 
personal  features,  but  its  issues  involved 
some  of  the  fundamental  elements  in  law 
and  order,  and  as  a  trial  of  that  kind  per- 
haps none  ever  excelled  it  in  point  of  gen* 
eral  interest.    A  case  that  belonged  in  the 
same  general  category  and  perhaps  more 
dramatic    was    the    prosecution    in    Los 
Angeles  in  1915  of  M.  A.  Schmidt  for  mur- 
der in  connection  with  the  Times  explo- 
sion.   In  that  year  Mr.  Noel  was  employed 
by  the  State  of  California  to  take  charge 
of  the  prosecution,  which  resulted  in  con- 
viction and  life  sentence. 


James  W.   Noel  was  born  at  Melmore, 
Seneca  County,  Ohio,  November  24,  1867, 
son  of  William  P.  and  Caroline  (Graves) 
Noel.    Well  authenticated  records  trace  the 
Noel  ancestry  back  to  the  time  of  William 
the  Conqueror  of   England.     The  family 
came  to  Virginia  along  with  the  Cavaliers. 
Mr.  Noel's  great-grandfather  Loftus  Noel, 
moved  from  Virginia  to  Lexington   Ken- 
tucky, being  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the 
middle  west.    Albert  Noel,  the  grandfather 
of  the  Indianapolis  lawyer,  moved  from 
Kentucky  to  Ohio,  and  was  a  pioneer  at 
Alexandria  in  that  state.     He  married  a 
descendant   of  the   De   Vilbiss   family   of 
French  Hugenot  stock  resident  in  America 
from  the  time  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
William  P.  Noel,  a  son  of  their  union,  was 
born  in  Ohio  and  married  there  Miss  Caro- 
line Graves  of  Puritan  ancestry.    William 
P.  Noel  was  a  soldier  in  the  Forty-ninth 
Ohio   Volunteer    Infantry    from   the    first 
call  for  troops  to  the  end  of  the  war.     In 
1880  he  moved  to  Indiana,  locating  on  a 
farm  in  Pulaski  County,  near  Star  City. 
He  was  a  republican  and  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

James  W.  Noel,  the  oldest  of  eight  chil- 
dren, grew  up  in  the  environment  of  a 
farm  and  completed  his  early  education  in 
the  schools  of  Star  City.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  began  teaching  in  Pulaski 
County,  and  altogether  was  a  teacher  for 
about  six  years,  the  earnings  from  this 
profession  enabling  him  to  reach  the-  real 
goal  of  his  ambition,  the  law.  In  1889  he 
entered  Purdue  University  at  Lafayette, 
and  completed  the  regular  four  years 
course  in  two  and  a  half  years,  graduating 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  1892.  While  in  uni- 
versity he  was  manager  of  the  football  and 
baseball  teams,  editor  of  the  college  paper 
and  biennials  and  also  class  orator  and 
active  in  the  literary  societies  and  in  the 
Sigma  Nu  fraternity.  For  two  years  after 
graduating  he  was  secretary  of  Purdue 
University. 

Mr.  Noel  entered  the  law  office  of  Byron 
K.  Elliott  at  Indianapolis  in  1894,  and  at 
the  same  time  carried  on  his  studies  in  the 
Indiana  Law  School,  graduating  LL.  B.  in 
1895.  Since  that  year  he  has  been  active 
in  practice  at  Indianapolis  and  early  gained 
a  reputation  as  a  keen  and  resourceful  trial 
lawyer  and  one  who  went  to  the  bottom 
of  every  case  he  undertook.  Mr.  Noel  has 
studied  many  subjects  not  usually  found 


1482 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


within  the  repertoire  of  a  lawyer,  and  is 
esteemed  as  one  of  the  most  versatile  intel- 
lects of  the  Indianapolis  bar.  In  1909  Mr. 
Noel  was  on  the  program  of  the  Interna- 
tional Tax  Association,  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  reading  before  that  body  at  Louis- 
ville a  paper  on  "Taxation  of  Insurance." 

Politically  he  is  a  republican,  member 
of  the  Meridian  Street  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  and  of  numerous  civic  and  social 
organizations. 

In  1895  he  married  Miss  Cornelia  Hor- 
ton  Humphrey  of  Patriot,  Indiana.  She 
was  a  graduate  of  Wtesleyan  College.  Their 
happy  companionship  was  terminated  by 
her  death,  of  typhoid  fever,  eleven  weeks 
after  their  marriage.  June  29,  1899,  Mr. 
Noel  married  Miss  Anne  Madison  Sloan,  of 
Indianapolis.  She  was  born  and  reared  in 
Cincinnati,  where  her  father,  John  0. 
Sloan  was  a  business  man.  Through  her 
mother  she  is  a  collateral  connection  of 
President  James  Madison  and  of  Chief  Jus- 
tice John  Marshall.  Mrs.  Noel  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Wesleyan  Female  College  of 
Cincinnati. 

JOHN  COMLY  BIRDSELL,  president  of  the 
Birdsell  Manufacturing  Company  of 
South  Bend  until  his  death  July  13,  1894, 
was  born  in  Westchester  County,  New 
York,  March  31,  1815.  He  was  descended 
from  a  Quaker  family,  and  began  life's 
activities  as  a  farmer.  In  1864  he  came 
from  New  York  to  Indiana  and  established 
his  factory  in  South  Bend.  The  company 
was  incorporated  in  1870,  with  his  sons  as 
officers  and  stockholders.  Mr.  Birdsell  was 
one  of  South  Bend's  public  spirited  and  in- 
fluential citizens.  He  was  a  republican  and 
later  a  prohibitionist,  was  a  regular  attend- 
ant of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  for  many  years  affiliated  with  the  Ma- 
sonic order. 

Mr.  Birdsell  married  Miss  Harriet  Lunt, 
and  they  were  the  parents  of  five  children. 

JOHN  M.  BOWEN  is  one  of  the  younger 
men  engaged  in  business  affairs  at  Rich- 
mond and  is  manager  of  the  Sample  Shoe 
Store  at  610  Main  Street. 

He  was  born  at  Carlos  in  Randolph 
County,  Indiana,  July  1,  1895,  son  of 
Charles  E.  and  Josie  (Nelson)  Bowen.  The 
Bowens  are  an  old  English  family,  and 
on  October  14,  1914,  as  a  family  they 
celebrated  the  centennial  anniversary  of 


their  residence  in  America,  They  first 
established  homes  in  Maryland,  and  Mr. 
Bowen 's  great-great-grand  father  was  a 
pioneer  in  Randolph  County,  Indiana. 
Many  of  the  family  have  been  merchants 
and  professional  men.  Charles  E.  Bowen 
is  now  proprietor  of  a  general  store  at 
Carlos,  Indiana. 

John  M.  Bowen  attended  public  schools  . 
at  Spartansburg,  Indiana,  high  school  at 
Lynn,  and  took  the  banking  and  com- 
mercial course  at  Valparaiso  University. 
In  the  meantime  he  had  a  thoroughly  prac- 
tical business  training,  being  manager  of  a 
shoe  store  for  D.  M.  Anderson,  also  em- 
ployed at  his  uncle's  store  at  Lynn,  and 
in  1916  he  spent  a  term  in  the  Koester 
Decorating  School  at  Chicago.  He  then 
spent  another  six  months  at  Lynn,  was 
located  at  Kokomo  a  short  time,  and  in 
1917  came  to  Richmond,  where  he  went 
to  work  for  the  Sample  Shoe  Store.  He  was 
made  manager  in  November,  1917,  and  has 
rapidly  developed  the  trade  and  other  in- 
terests of  business.  Mr.  Bowen  is  also  in- 
terested in  a  160-acre  farm  at  Crete  in 
Randolph  County. 

In  1916  he  married  Miss  Anna  Marie 
Ritz,  daughter  of  Michael  and  Gretta 
(Bailey)  Ritz,  of  Fountain  City,  Indiana. 
They  have  one  son,  William  Freemont, 
born  November  9,  1918.  Mr.  Bowen  is 
a  republican  in  his  political  affiliations 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  the  Masons  at  Lynn,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Christian  Church. 

HENRY  H.  FARWIG  by^  long  experience 
and  hard  work  has  become  an  independ- 
ently successful  business  man  at  Richmond, 
and  conducts  one  of  the  leading  bakery 
plants  in  eastern  Indiana,  supplying  both 
the  wholesale  and  retail  trade. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond  November  18, 
1872,  son  of  Herman  and  Caroline  (Bloe- 
meyer)  Farwig.  The  house  where  Mr. 
Farwig  now  lives  was  built  by  his  grand- 
father, Frederick  Farwig,  in  1844,  and  is 
one  of  the  oldest  residential  landmarks  in 
the  city.  His  grandfather  also  helped 
build  the  first  railroad  bridge  over  White- 
water River.  He  had  come  directly  from 
Cincinnati  in  a  wagon,  before  the  era  of 
railroads.  Frederick  Farwig  died  sixty- 
three  years  ago,  and  his  wife  Marie  Lotten, 
has  been  dead  about  fifty  years.  Herman 
Farwig  was  one  of  three  children  and  spent 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1483 


forty-seven  years  in  the  employ  of  S.  R. 
Wiggins  &  Son,  tanners. 

Henry  S.  Farwig  was  the  second  among 
four  children.  He  attended  St.  John's 
parochial  schools  to  the  age  of  fourteen 
and  then  spent  six  years  learning  carriage 
blacksmithing.  His  employer  was  Philip 
Snyder.  From  blacksmithing  he  took  up 
his  present  line  of  business  as  an  employe 
of  Seefloth  &  Bayer  at  622  Main  Street. 
He  was  with  that  firm  consecutively  for 
twenty-two  years,  as  a  wagon  driver  and  in 
other  capacities  and  mastered  every  branch 
of  the  business.  Mr.  Seefloth  died  in  1902, 
at  which  time  the  business  was  acquired 
by  Mr.  Bayer,  the  other  partner,  and  when 
he  passed  away  in  August,  1916,  Mr. 
Farwig  bought  the  plant  and  has  continued 
the  old  established  business  with  every  ac- 
companiment of  prosperity.  He  manu- 
factures every  class  of  bakery  goods. 

In  1900  Mr.  Farwig  married  Bertha  J. 
Fulgham,  daughter  of  Zeri  and  Mollie 
(Lambert)  Fulgham.  To  their  marriage 
have  been  born  two  children,  Roland  Wil- 
liam, born  in  1902,  and  Elizabeth  Hen- 
rietta. 

Mr.  Farwig  has  been  an  active  factor  in 
the  democratic  party  of  Richmond  for 
many  years.  He  was  candidate  for  mayor 
in  1912  and  again  in  1916.  In  1910  Gover- 
nor Marshall,  now  vice  president,  appointed 
him  deputy  oil  inspector  of  Indiana.  He 
has  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  City 
Council.  Mr.  Farwig  is  affiliated  with  the 
Loyal  Order  of  Moose  and  the  Fraternal 
Order  of  Eagles,  and  is  a  member  of  St. 
John 's  Lutheran  Church. 

JAMES  ANDREW  QUIGLEY  is  one  of  the 
younger  rather  than  older  business  men 
of  Richmond,  but  in  a  brief  period  of 
years  has  succeeded  in  establishing  a  very 
large  and  prosperous  business  known  as 
Quigley  Brothers,  in  which  he  is  junior 
partner.  This  firm  has  five  completely 
stocked  and  equipped  retail  drug  stores 
in  Richmond,  and  in  aggregate  volume  the 
business  done  by  these  stores  is  among  the 
largest  in  the  city. 

Mr.  Quigley  was  born  in  Richmond  in 
1884,  son  of  James  and  Julia  (Horigan) 
Quigley.  His  parents  were  both  natives 
of  County  Mayo,  Ireland,  came  to  the 
United  States  when  young,  were  married 
in  Richmond,  and  of  their  five  children 
James  A.  is  the  youngest.  He  acauired 


a  public  school  education  to  the  age  of 
fifteen  and  then  spent  two  years  in  the 
drug  store  of  Dr.  T.  C.  Teague  and  three 
years  with  Curme  &  Company,  druggists. 
His  practical  experience  and  his  study 
gave  him  an  expert  knowledge  of  phar- 
macy, enabling  him  to  pass  the  State  Board 
of  Pharmacy  examination  at  Indianapolis 
in  1904.  He  and  Roy  Babylon  then  bought 
the  business  of  the  Moore  Drug  Company 
on  North  Eighth  Street,  and  for  two  years 
the  firm  of  Quigley  &  Babylon  was  in 
existence.  Mr.  Quigley  then  sold  his  in- 
terests in  that  store  and  started  for  him- 
self at  821  North  E  Street  Two  years 
later  he  acquired  another  store  at  1820 
North  E  Street.  He  then  joined  his  brother 
M.  J.  Quigley,  who  already  had  two  well 
equipped  stores  in  operation,  and  they  have 
since  comprised  the  firm  of  Quigley  Broth- 
ers and  have  opened  a  fifth  store  at  806 
Main  Street.  The  firm  does  a  business 
reaching  out  over  a  radius  of  twenty-five 
miles  around  Richmond.  Mr.  Quigley  is  a 
member  of  the  National  Association  of  Re- 
tail Druggists. 

In  1904  he  married  May  Rogers,  daugh- 
ter of  George  and  Ella  Rogers,  of  Indian- 
apolis. Their  one  son,  James,  Jr.,  was 
born  in  1906.  Mr.  Quigley  is  a  democrat, 
a  member  of  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Elks  and  the  Knights 
of  Columbus  and  is  a  member  of  the  South 
Side  Improvement  Association,  the  Ontre 
Nous  Club  and  the  Commerce  Club. 

FREDERICK  HACKMAN  has  been  a  resident 
of  Richmond  nearly  forty  years,  was  first 
identified  with  the  community  as  a  cabinet 
maker,  but  for  over  thirty  years  has  been 
in  the  coal  business.  He  is  now  president 
of  Hackman,  Klehfoth  &  Company,  dealers 
in  coal  and  building  supplies. 

Mr.  Hackman  was  born  in  the  Province 
of  Hanover,  Germany,  May  1,  1857,  son 
of  Frank  and  Elizabeth  (Schnatmeyer) 
Hackman.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  at  Melle,  Hanover,  to  the  age  of 
fourteen,  then  spent  a  three  years  appren- 
ticeship at  cabinet  making,  and  after  that 
was  employed  as  a  journeyman.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  he  entered  the  German  army 
and  served  two  years.  Mr.  Hackman  came 
to  America  in  1881,  and  after  landing  in 
Baltimore  came  direct  to  Richmond.  He 
worked  here  five  years  at  the  cabinet  mak- 
ing trade. 


1484 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


In  1884  he  married  Anna  Welp,  daughter 
of  George  and  Anna  Welp,  of  Cincinnati. 
Mrs.  Hackman  died  in  1885,  leaving  one 
daughter,  Amelia,  who  died  five  months 
later.  In  1886  Mr.  Hackman  married 
Ellen  Klehfoth,  daughter  of  Eberhardt  and 
Eli*a  (Gergins)  Klehfoth,  of  Richmond. 
The  only  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hackman 
was  Frank,  who  was  born  in  1892  and  died 
in  1894. 

In  1886  Mr.  Hackman  became  associated 
with  Mr.  Klehfoth  in  the  coal  business  at 
112  South  Seventh  Street  under  the  name 
Hackman  &  Klehfoth.  This  firm  in  the 
past  thirty  years  has  supplied  a  large 
share  of  the  volume  of  coal  used  both  for 
domestic  and  business  purposes  in  Rich- 
mond. In  1894,  the  business  having  grown 
greatly,  was  incorporated  with  Mr.  Hack- 
man as  president  and  Mr.  Klehfoth  as  vice 
president.  The  company  now  has  two  ex- 
tensive yards,  one  on  North  Tenth  and 
F  streets,  and  the  other  on  South  G  Street 
between  Sixth  and  Seventh.  The  company 
has  also  dealt  in  builders  supplies  since 
1912. 

Mr.  Hackman  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder in  the  South  Side  Improvement  As- 
sociation, a  director  and  stockholder  in  the 
Citizens  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
and  is  owner  of  considerable  local  real 
estate.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics,  a 
member  of  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church, 
and  while  he  never  speaks  of  that  subject 
he  is  well  known  for  his  generous  heart 
and  practical  charity. 

C.  A.  WRIGHT,  general  manager  and 
agent  at  Richmond  for  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  of  Indiana,  has  been  with  the 
company  a  number  of  years,  his  first  serv- 
ice being  as  wagon  driver  at  Terre  Haute. 

He  was  born  at  Ashmore  in  Coles  County, 
Illinois,  in  1887,  son  of  J.  A.  and  Lydia 
(Wicker)  Wright.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry.  Mr.  Wright  attended  public 
schools  at  Ashmore  and  Hindsboro,  Illinois, 
and  when  not  in  school  was  employed  on 
his  father's  farm  to  the  age  of  twenty- 
one.  On  leaving  home  he  was  employed 
four  years  by  an  ice  cream  company,  three 
years  as  cream  maker  and  one  year  as  a 
driver.  On  leaving  that  concern  he  went 
to  work  in  Terre  Haute  as  a  tank  wagon 
driver  for  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 
Thirteen  months  later  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Terre  Haute  office  of  the  company 


as  cashier,  remaining  there  two  years,  and 
then  for  two  years  was  oil  salesman  at 
Winchester,  Indiana.  Mr.  Wright  has  been 
a  resident  of  Richmond  since  1917,  and 
is  agent  for  the  company's  interests  and 
manager  of  its  sub-storage  plant  in  that 
city. 

In  1909  Mr.  Wright  married  Miss  Grace 
Caldwell,  daughter  of  Robert  and  Laura 
(Clapp)  Caldwell,  of  Hillsboro,  Illinois. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Ethel  Maxine, 
born  in  1914.  Mr.  Wright  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Lodge  at  Winchester,  Indiana, 
is  a  republican  voter  and  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

BERNARD  J.  MAAG,  JR.,  is  one  of  the 
younger  business  men  of  Richmond  and  has 
made  a  success  through  a  long  and  practi- 
cally uninterrupted  experience  in  one  line, 
groceries. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  September 
21,  1879,  son  of  Bernard  and  Caroline 
(Torbeck)  Maag.  He  attended  public 
schools  and  St.  Andrew's  parochial  schools 
to  the  age  of  thirteen  and  then  for  six 
months  was  employed  by  Joseph  A.  Knabe, 
grocer.  He  began  as  errand  boy  with  J. 
M.  Eggemeyer,  and  remained  three  years 
as  clerk.  Then  for  one  year  he  clerked 
in  the  Princess  department  store,  after 
which  he  returned  to  Eggemeyer  for  four 
years.  In  the  meantime  he  had  acquired  a 
comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  grocery 
business  and  with  a  modest  capital  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas  J. 
Reilley  under  the  name  Maag  &  Reilley, 
and  opened  a  stock  of  fancy  groceries  at 
506  Main  Street.  The  partnership  con- 
tinued successfully  until  January,  1917, 
Mr.  Reilley  dying  January  26.  of  that  year, 
since  which  time  Mr.  Maag  has  been  sole 
proprietor  of  the  business,  which  is  now 
located  at  501-503  Main  Street. 

Mr.  Maag  has  never  married.  He  is  a 
member  of  St.  Andrew's  Catholic  Church 
and  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 

GEORGE  L.  COLE.  In  an  old  prosperous 
and  somewhat  conservative  community 
like  Marion  a  man  is  not  usually  rated  as 
successful  unless  he  possesses  more  than 
the  quality  of  business  skill.  Grant 
County  people  have  had  their  eyes  on  the 
progress  of  George  L.  Cole  for  a  great 
many  years.  They  have  known  him  as  a 
teacher  but  especially  as  a  banker.  On 


14S4 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


In  1SJ-14  lie  married  Anna  Welp,  daughter 
of  George  and  Anna  Welp.  of  Cincinnati. 
.Mrs.  Ilacknian  died  in  1SS.">.  leaving  one 
daughter.  Amelia,  \vlio  died  live  months 
later.  In  l<sS(i  .Mr.  Ilacknian  married 
Kllen  Kleht'iith.  daughter  of  Eberhardt  and 
Kli*a  (Gergiiisi  Klelit'oth,  of  Richmond. 
The  only  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilacknian 
was  Frank,  who  was  horn  in  1892  and  died 
in  1S94. 

In  1SSG  Mr.  Ilacknian  became  associated 
with  Mr.  Klelit'oth  in  the  coal  business  at 
112  South  Seventh  Street  under  tin?  name 
Haekinan  &  Klelit'oth.  This  firm  in  the 
past  thirty  years  has  supplied  a  large 
share  of  the  volume  of  coal  used  both  for 
domestic  and  business  purposes  in  Rich- 
mond. In  1894,  the  business  having  grown 
greatly,  was  incorporated  with  Mr.  Hack- 
man  as  president  and  Mr.  Klelit'oth  as  vice 
president.  The  company  now  has  two  ex- 
tensive yards,  one  on  North  Tenth  and 
F  streets,  and  the  other  on  South  G  Street 
between  Sixth  and  Seventh.  The  company 
has  also  dealt  in  builders  supplies  since 


Mr.  Ilacknian  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder in  the  South  Side  Improvement  As- 
sociation. a  director  and  stockholder  in  the 
Citi/.ens  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company. 
and  is  owner  of  considerable  local  real 
estate.  lie  is  a  republican  in  politics,  a 
in  em  her  of  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church. 
and  while  he  never  speaks  of  that  subject 
he  is  well  known  for  his  generous  heart 
and  practical  charity. 

C.  A.  WRIGHT,  general  manager  and 
agent  at  Richmond  for  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  of  Indiana,  has  been  with  the 
company  a  number  of  years,  his  first  serv- 
ice being  as  wagon  driver  at  Terre  Haute. 

He  was  born  at  Ashmore  in  Coles  County, 
Illinois,  in  1887,  son  of  J.  A.  and  Lydja 
(Wicker)  Wright.  lie  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry.  Mr.  Wright  attended  public 
schools  at  Ashmore  and  Hindsboro.  Illinois, 
and  when  not  in  school  was  employed  on 
his  father's  farm  to  the  age  of  twenty- 
one.  On  leaving  home  he  was  employed 
four  years  by  an  ice  cream  company,  three 
years  as  cream  maker  and  one  year  as  a 
driver.  On  leaving  that  concern  he  went 
to  work  in  Terre  Haute  as  a  tank  wagon 
driver  for  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 
Thirteen  months  later  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Terre  Haute  office  of  the  company 


as  cashier,  remaining  there  two  years,  and 
then  for  two  years  was  oil  salesman  at 
Winchester,  Indiana.  Mr.  Wright  has  l>een 
a  resident  of  Richmond  since  1!)17.  and 
is  agent  for  the  company's  interests  and 
manager  of  its  sub-storage  plant  in  that 
city. 

in  11)09  Mr.  Wright  married  Miss  Grace 
Caldwell.  daughter  of  Robert  and  Laura 
(Clappi  Caldwell.  of  Ilillsboro.  Illinois. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Ethel  Maxine. 
horn  in  1!)14.  Mr.  Wright  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Lodge  at  Winchester,  Indiana, 
is  a  republican  voter  and  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

BERNARD  J.  M.vu;.  JR.,  is  one  of  the 
younger  business  men  of  Richmond  and  has 
made  a  success  through  a  long  and  practi- 
cally uninterrupted  experience  in  one  line, 
groceries. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  September 
21,  187!),  son  of  Bernard  and  Caroline 
(Torheck)  Maag.  He  attended  public 
schools  and  St.  Andrew's  parochial  schools 
to  the  age  of  thirteen  and  then  for  six 
months  was  employed  by  Joseph  A.  Knahe. 
grocer.  lie  began  as  errand  boy  with  J. 
M.  Eggemeyer.  and  remained  three  years 
as  clerk.  Then  for  one  year  he  clerked 
in  the  Princess  department  store,  after 
which  he  returned  to  Eggemeyer  for  four 
years.  In  the  meantime  he  had  acquired  a 
comprehensive  knowledge  of  the  grocery 
business  and  with  a  modest  capital  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas  J. 
Reilley  under  the  name  Maag  &  Reilley, 
and  opened  a  stock  of  fancy  groceries  at 
506  Main  Street.  The  partnership  con- 
tinned  successfully  until  January,  1917. 
Mr.  Reilley  dying  January  26.  of  that  year, 
since  which  time  Mr.  Maag  has  been  sole 
proprietor  of  the  business,  which  is  now 
located  at  501-503  Main  Street. 

Mr.  Maag  has  never  married.  He  is  a 
member  of  St.  Andrew's  Catholic  Church 
and  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 

GEORGE  L.  COI.E.  In  an  old  prosperous 
and  somewhat  conservative  community 
like  Marion  a  man  is  not  usually  rated  as 
successful  unless  he  possesses  more  than 
the  quality  of  business  skill.  Grant 
County  people  have  had  their  eyes  on  the 
progress  of  George  L.  Cole  for  a  great 
many  years.  They  have  known  him  as  a 
teacher  but  especially  as  a  banker.  On 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1485 


January  8,  1918,  Mr.  Cole  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Marion. 
One  of  the  Marion  papers  took  occasion 
editorially  to  refer  to  Mr.  Cole's  advance- 
ment at  that  time,  and  in  addition  to  credit- 
ing him  with  unusual  natural  ability  as  a 
banker,  gave  expression  to  a  general  com- 
munity esteem  calling  him  a  public  spirited 
citizen,  active  in  all  public  moves,  a  Chris- 
tian gentleman,  and  a  most  valuable  man 
for  this  or  any  other  community. 

Mr.  Cole  was  born  at  Harlem  in  Dela- 
ware County,  Ohio,  January  16,  1873,  a 
son  of  Levi  M.  and  Alice  (Landess)  Cole. 
His  people  were  substantial  farmers.  On 
April  1,  1881, 'the  family  removed  to  Grant 
County,  Indiana,  where  they  bought  a  farm 
of  eighty  acres.  It  was  on  this  farm  that 
George  L.  Cole  spent  his  youthful  days 
from  the  time  he  was  eight  years  old.  He 
attended  the  public  schools  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  qualified  and  began  his  work 
as  a  teacher.  He  was  in  school  work  for 
six  years  and  during  several  summers  at- 
tended the  Marion  Normal  College.  His 
work  as  teacher  was  so  satisfactory  that 
eventually  he  was  made  principal  of  one 
of  the  leading  schools  of  the  county. 

His  banking  experience  began  as  col- 
lector with  Jason,  Willson  &  Company, 
bankers.  He  was  with  that  firm  six  years, 
and  in  that  time  mastered  many  of  the 
details  and  fundamentals  of  banking.  He 
held  the  post  of  assistant  cashier  when  he 
resigned  to  become  connected  with  the 
Grant  County  Trust  &  Savings  Bank  as  tel- 
ler. Later  he  was  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  that  company  and  was  with  it  five  and 
a  half  years  before  joining  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  as  assistant  cashier.  After 
three  months  he  was  promoted  to  cashier, 
and  was  then  elevated  to  the  office  of  presi- 
dent, as  above  noted. 

Banking  is  not  Mr.  Cole's  sole  interest 
at  Marion.  He  is  director  and  treasurer 
of  the  Economy  Box  &  Tie  Plate  Company, 
director  and  treasurer  of  the  Marion  Mat- 
tress Company,  director  of  the  Union  Glove 
Company,  is  a  director  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  is  treasurer  of  the  Grant 
County  Red  Cross,  and  for  ten  years  has 
been  director  and  later  was  also  made 
treasurer  of  the  local  Y.  M.  C.  A.  He  is  an 
active  church  worker  and  a  steward  in  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of 
Marion.  Politically  he  is  a  republican  but 

takes  no  active  part  in  partisan  politics, 
vol.  m— is 


Mr.  Cole  is  a  member  of  the  Country  Club, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order 
and  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows. 

September  28,  1904,  he  married  Miss 
Sarah  Millicent  Hays,  of  Grant  County, 
daughter  of  Thomas  and  Susanna  (Freeze) 
Hays.  Her  father  is  a  farmer.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Cole  have  two  children,  Dorothy  and 
Helen  Susanna. 

CH.UTNCEY  ROSE,  the  philanthropist,  was 
born  in  Wethersfield,  Connecticut,  in  1794. 
He  first  became  identified  with  Indiana  at 
Terre  Haute,  but  soon  afterward  moved  to 
Parke  County,  where  for  six  years  he  was 
engaged  in  milling.  In  1825  he  returned 
to  Terre  Haute  and  became  one  of-  the  most 
successful  merchants  of  that  region.  But  it 
is  as  a  philanthropist  that  his  name  is  most 
honored.  His  chief  benefaction  was  the 
building  and  equipping  of  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute,  to  which  he  left  the  greater  part 
of  his  vast  estate.  Mr.  Rose  died  in  Terre 
Haute  in  August,  1877. 

i 

W.  NEWELL  TODD.  The  commercial  out- 
put by  which  the  City  of  Richmond  is 
known"  oven  .the  world  includes  underwear, 
and  among  the  city's  industries  that  of  the 
Atlas  Underwear  Company  is  easily  one 
of  the  most  important  and  in  some  respects 
occupies  a  very  advanced  position  as  an 
example  of  modern  economic  undertaking 
and  management. 

The  assistant  manager,  Mr.  Todd,  was 
born  at  Piqua,  Ohio,  February  18,  1890. 
Piqua,  Ohio,  has  long  been  a  center  of 
knitting  mill  industry.  W.  Newell  Todd 
is  a  son  of  Edgar  F.  and  Ida  M.  (McCabe) 
Todd,  and  is  of  English  stock  and  old 
American  ancestry.  His  people  first  lo- 
cated in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  his  grandfather  was  born  at  Sidney, 
Ohio. 

W.  Newell  Todd  received  an  education 
in  the  local  schools  of  Piqua  through  the 
junior  year  of  high  school,  was  a  student 
of  the  Phillips-Exeter  Academy  at  Exeter, 
New  Hampshire,  from  1907  to  1909,  and 
from  that  famous  preparatory  school  en- 
tered Princeton  University,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  with  the  degree  Litt.  B.  in 
1913.  While  in  Princeton  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Dial  Society. 

Immediately  on  leaving  university  Mr. 
Todd  entered  the  Richmond  plant  of  the 


.. 


1486 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Atlas  Underwear  Company,  employing 
400  people  and  manufacturing  the  well 
known  brands  of  men's  underwear  "Atlas" 
and  "Richmond."  The  factory  building 
is  three  stories  and  basement,  constructed 
of  pressed  brick  and  stone,  80  by  155  feet. 
Aside  from  its  practical  efficiency  as  a 
business  institution  the  policy  of  the  com- 
pany has  anticipated  some  of  the  most 
advanced  lines  of  thought  regarding  the 
comfort  and  well  being  of  the  employes. 
The  company  has  in  practice  a  bonus  sys- 
tem, and  maintains  for  the  comfort  of  the 
employes  rest  rooms,  dining  room,  and 
many  features  of  entertainment. 

Mr.  Todd  married  at  Piqua  in  1914  Ruth 
Rayner  daughter  of  John  F.  and  Eleanor 
(Philips)  Rayner.  They  have  one  son, 
William  Newell,  Jr.,  born  in  1915.  Mr. 
Todd  is  a  republican  in  politics,  a  member 
of  the  Rotary  Club,  the  Masonic  Lodge  and 
Elks,  the  Country  Club,  and  is  a  member 
and  deacon  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church. 

ANTON  STOLLE  is  head  of  Anton  Stolle 
&  Son,  meat  packers  at  Richmond,  oper- 
ating the  largest  industry  of  the  kind  in 
eastern  Indiana,  an  enterprise  which  de- 
veloped from  a  small  back  yard  plant  oper- 
ated entirely  by  Mr.  Stolle  until  today 
it  is  an  extensive  business,  employing  many 
hands  and  furnishes  fresh  and  cured  meats 
to  nearly  every  town  and  community 
around  Richmond  for  fifty  miles. 

Mr.  Stolle  was  born  at  Cincinnati  Nov- 
ember 24,  1856,  son  of  Frank  and  Christina 
Stolle.  His  father  came  from  Saxony,  Ger- 
many, to  the  United  States  in  1848  and  was 
a  tailor  at  Cincinnati.  Anton  Stolle  re- 
ceived a  parochial  school  education  at 
White  Oak,  Ohio,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
went  to  work  for  his  father  in  the  latter 's 
tailor  shop.  He  was  there  to  the  age  of 
nineteen,  and  since  then  has  followed  other 
lines. 

In  1878  he  married  Katrine  Kampf, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Katrine  Kampf. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stolle  have  six  children, 
three  of  the  sons  being  now  associated  with 
their  father  in  the  business. 

Mr.  Stolle  came  to  Richmond  in  1892, 
and  two  or  three  years  later,  in  the  small 
yard  of  his  home,  began  the  manufacture 
of  sausage.  The  first  season  he  killed  only 
twenty-six  hogs.  He  insisted  more  on 
quality  and  purity  than  quantity,  and  the 


result  was  that  his  business  grew  with 
commendable  rapidity  and  in  1900  he 
moved  to  his  present  location,  where  his 
plant  and  facilities  have  been  rapidly  ex- 
panding. He  is  now  doing  a  general  pack- 
ing business,  killing  and  marketing  hogs, 
beef  and  mutton  and  requiring  the  services 
of  sixteen  employes.  Some  idea  of  the  ex- 
tent of  the  business  is  found  in  the  fact  that 
Mr.  Stolle  in  an  average  year  kills  10,000 
hogs,  1,200  cattle  and  500  or  600  calves  and 
manufactures  250,000  pounds  of  sausage. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  American  Meat 
Packers  Association. 

Besides  his  own  children  Mr.  Stolle  has 
fourteen  grand-children.  He  is  a  democrat 
in  politics,  and  a  few  years  ago  was  candi- 
date for  the  City  Council  from  the  First 
Ward.  He  held  the  office  of  treasurer  in 
the  South  Side  Improvement  Association 
sixteen  years,  and  is  an  active  and  pro- 
gressive member  of  the  Commercial  Club. 

WALKER  EDWIN  LAND  is  president  of  the 
Land-Dilks  Company,  one  of  the  new  in- 
dustries of  Richmond,  and  one  of  which  in 
spite  of  restrictions  and  other  adverse  con- 
ditions placed  upon  manufacturing  during 
the  war  has  attained  rapid  maturity  and 
has  developed  a  business  of  large  propor- 
tions and  of  great  promise.  The  special 
output  of  this  company  is  the  "Quaker 
Maid"  kitchen  cabinet. 

Mr.  Land  was  born  at  Richmond  in  1888, 
son  of  Frank  and  Nellie  B.  (Walker)  Land. 
He  is  of  English  ancestry,  the  family  first 
settling  in  New  York.  His  grand-father, 
Horatio  Land,  and  his  brother  William 
came  to  Richmond  in  early  days.  Frank 
Land  was  for  many  years  connected  with 
the  well  known  Richmond  industrial  con- 
cern of  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company,  and 
worked  his  way  up  to  the  position  of  vice 
president  of  the  concern.  He  died  in 
April,  1919,  and  his  widow  is  still  living 
in  Richmond. 

Walker  Edwin  Land  graduated  from 
the  Richmond  High  School  in  1907  and  in 
September  of  the  same  year  entered  Pur- 
due University,  where  he  took  the  me- 
chanical engineering  course  for  two  years. 
On  returning  to  Richmond  he  entered  the 
service  of  his  uncle  in  the  Wayne  Works, 
and  the  nine  years  spent  there  gave  him 
an  opportunity  to  learn  every  branch  of 
the  manufacturing  business,  and  even- 
tually he  was  promoted  to  manager  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1487 


the  farm  implement  division.  He  left  that 
organization  and  in  1917,  with  George 
Dilks,  began  the  manufacture  of  the 
Quaker  Maid  kitchen  cabinet.  The  com- 
pany is  incorporated  for  $100,000,  has  a 
modern  and  thoroughly  equipped  plant  and 
at  the  present  time  employs  about  fifty 
persons.  The  kitchen  cabinets-  are  even 
now  used  all  over  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Land  married  in  1915  Miss  Mary 
Smith,  daughter  of  Edward  and  Eliza- 
beth (Bouslog)  Smith,  of  Newcastle,  In- 
diana. They  have  one  daughter,  Janet 
Elizabeth,  born  in  1916.  Mr.  Land  is  an 
independent  in  politics,  is  a  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Shriner 
and  an  Elk.  In  February,  1917,  he  started 
the  local  chapter  of  Rotarians,  and  the 
chapter  now  has  eighty-five  members.  Mr. 
Land  is  identified  with  the  Commercial 
Club  and  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

ROY  NORMS,  of  the  firm  of  Edgar  Norris 
&  Son,  groceries  and  notions  at  Richmond, 
has  been  active  in  business  affairs  in  his 
home  city  and  elsewhere  for  a  number  of 
years,  is  a  veteran  of  the  Spanish-American 
war  and  now  has  a  son  with  the  Army  of 
Occupation  in  France. 

Mr.  Norris  was  born  at  Richmond  May 
20,  1879,  son  of  Edgar  and  Catherine 
(Bowen)  Norris.  His  English  ancestry 
runs  back  in  an  unbroken  line  to  the  time 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  Norris  family 
on  coming  to  America  first  settled  in  New 
Jersey  and  afterward  moved  to  Indiana, 
settling  in  Clinton  County.  Mr.  Norris' 
grandfather,  William  Norris,  was  a  Cali- 
fornia forty-niner,  driving  overland  with 
wagons,  accompanied  by  his  two  brothers 
and  their  families.  Several  of  the  party 
remained  in  California  the  rest  of  their 
days.  William  Norris  had  some  success 
as  a  miner  and  finally  returned  to  Indiana 
by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Edgar  Norris 
was  born  in  California,  but  lived  in  Rich- 
mond from  1862.  In  1891  he  engaged  in 
the  grocery  business  on  Ninth  Street  and 
in  1895  moved  to  the  present  location  of 
the  firm. 

Roy  Norris  was  the  oldest  of  his  father's 
children.  He  attended  the  grade  schools 
of  Richmond,  spent  two  years  in  high 
school,  and  in  May,  1898,  ran  away  from 
home  to  join  the  Regular  Army  at  Fort 
Thomas,  Kentucky,  as  a  member  of  Com- 


pany A  of  the  Sixth  Infantry.  He  saw 
some  actual  service  in  the  hard  campaign- 
ing in  Cuba,  being  among  the  American 
troops  that  landed  at  Siboney  and  later 
participated  in  the  San  Juan  and  San- 
tiago campaigns.  After  the  war  he  was 
returned  to  Camp  Wyckoff  on  Long  Island, 
and  later  was  sent  to  Fort  Sam  Houston 
at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  where  he  was  mus- 
tered out  January  19,  1899. 

On  returning  home  he  engaged  in  the 
grocery  business  with  his  father  and  in 
1909  was  given  an  equal  share  in  the  part- 
nership. Mr.  Norris  had  all  his  fighting 
spirit  again  aroused  when  America  entered 
the  war  with  Germany  and  on  May  14, 
1917,  joined  the  officers  training  camp  at 
Fort  Benjamin  Harrison.  He  spent  nine 
weeks  there,  but  was  finally  released  be- 
cause of  physical  disqualifications.  He  took 
the  opportunity  to  break  away  from  his 
Richmond  business  connections  for  a  time, 
and  going  to  Portland,  Oregon,  worked  as 
clerk  for  Wells  Fargo  &  Company  seven 
months,  then  went  to  Klickitat  County, 
Washington,  in  the  lumber  woods,  spent 
six  months  getting  out  ties  for  the  gov- 
ernment railroad  administration,  and  with 
three  other  partners  leased  a  small  mill 
and  took  a  contract  from  the  railroad  ad- 
ministration. It  was  an  enjoyable  and 
healthful  experience,  and  was  the  more 
satisfactory  because  he  made  some  money. 
Mr.  Norris  returned  to  Richmond  on  peace 
day  or  November  11,  1918,  and  has  since 
been  a  hard  working  member  of  the  firm 
Edgar  Norris  &  Son.  Mr.  Norris  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Spanish-American  War  Veterans 
Association,  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
but  his  chief  hobby  outside  of  home  and 
business  is  ornithology.  He  probably  has 
as  thorough  a  knowledge  of  birds  in  their 
native  haunts  of  Indiana  and  elsewhere 
as  any  other  Richmond  citizen,  and  has  a 
wonderful  collection  of  bird  eggs,  number- 
ing about  5,000.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Ornithological  Union,  the  Cooper 
Ornithological  Club  of  California,  and  the 
Wilson  Ornithological  Club. 

Mr.  Norris  has  been  twice  married.  His 
present  wife  was  Cecile  Motto,  daughter 
of  Sam  and  Hattie  (McCall)  Motto,  of 
Hagerstown,  Indiana.  They  were  married 
April  7,  1912.  Mr.  Norris  has  a  son,  Har- 
old F.,  by  his  first  wife.  This  son  is  now 
in  France  as  corporal  of  Headquarters 


1488 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Company  of  the  Thirteenth  Field  Artillery, 
has  been  twice  wounded,  and  is  now  in  the 
Rhine  country  with  the  Army  of  Occupa- 
tion. 

WESLEY  WEBSTER  DAFLER  is  president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Dafler-Moser 
Company,  machinery  and  supplies  at  Rich- 
mond. This  company  handles  as  its 
specialty  threshing  machinery,  and  as  an 
expert  in  that  line  of  machinery  there  is 
hardly  a  man  of  superior  qualifications 
anywhere  than  Mr.  Dafler.  He  has  oper- 
ated in  the  field  practically  every  type  of 
threshing  machine  that  has  been  in  use 
during  the  last  thirty  or  thirty-five  years, 
and  he  also  knows  the  selling  and  manu- 
facturing side  of  the  business  as  well. 

He  was  born  in  Carroll  County,  Mary- 
land, August  24,  1863,  son  of  John  W. 
and  Catherine  (Rumler)  Dafler.  His 
parents  came  from  Germany  when  young 
people  and  settled  in  Carroll  County, 
Maryland.  His  father  was  a  farmer  and 
shoemaker.  Wlesley  W.  Dafler  acquired 
his  early  education  in  the  schools  of  MontL 
gomery  County,  Ohio,  having  limited  op,- 
portunities  to  attend  school  but  getting 
in  a  term  occasionally  up  to  the  age  of 
sixteen.  When  only  nine  years  old  he 
went  to  work  on  a  farm,  the  first  two  years 
getting  only  clothes  and  board.  In  1875, 
when  he  was  twelve  years  old,  his  wages 
were  $6  a  month.  In  1878-79-80  he  was 
paid  $8  a  month. 

Mr.  Dafler  started  out  with  his  first 
threshing  outfit  in  1881.  He  ran  a  machine 
two  seasons  in  Ohio  and  in  1883  went  to 
the  wheatfields  of  Kansas,  where  he  oper- 
ated one  of  the  old  fashioned  portable 
steam  outfits  for  three  years.  He  then  re- 
turned to  Ohio  and  for  six  months  sold 
some  of  the  threshing  machines  manufac- 
tured by  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company  at  Rich- 
mond. After  that  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tical operation  of  threshing  machinery  in 
Ohio  during  the  seasons  from  1886  to 
1890.  February  8,  1891,  he  resumed  em- 
ployment with  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company, 
assisting  in  building  traction  engines  for 
threshing  outfits.  He  left  that  concern  in 
May,  1893,  on  account  of  an  accident  which 
resulted  in  the  loss  of  his  left  eye,  and 
took  up  an  entirely  new  line,  that  of  fire 
insurance,  in  partnership  with  I.  C.  Doan, 
under  the  firm  name  I.  C.  Doan  &  Com- 
pany. For  three  years  they  did  a  large 


business,  representing  the  Westchester,  the 
New  Hampshire,  the  Delaware,  and  the 
Northwestern  National  Fire  Insurance  and 
other  companies.  But  Mr.  Dafler  did  not 
regard  this  as  his  permanent  line  of  busi- 
ness. For  five  years  he  again  served  Gaar, 
Scott  &  Company  as  special  collector  and 
adjuster,  traveling  over  fifteen  different 
states.  He  was  then  appointed  factory 
salesman  in  charge  of  seventeen  counties 
in  Indiana  and  Ohio,  and  held  that  office 
for  six  years.  From  December,  1906,  to 
December,  1911,  he  was  manager  of  the  In- 
dianapolis branch  house,  and  when  that 
was  acquired  by  the  Rumely  Company  he 
remained  until  January  1,  1914,  after 
which  he  spent  a  year  selling  the  Nichols 
and  Shepherd  threshing  machines,  with 
headquarters  at  Richmond.  February  2, 
1915,  Mr.  Dafler  and  Newton  A.  Moser, 
with  a  capital  of  $5,000,  incorporated  the 
Dafler-Moser  Company.  Both  the  princi- 
pals are  highly  expert  and  widely  experi- 
enced men  in  their  line,  and  they  have 
perfected  an  organization  that  has  been 
very  successful  in  the  selling  of  thresh  ins 
machinery  and  machinery  supplies  of  all 
kinds.  They  do  a  large  business  over  twen- 
ty counties  in  Ohio  and  Indiana. 

In  1895  Mr.  Dafler  married  Aletha  May 
•  Booker,  daughter  of  Edward  and  Anna 
(Hunter)  Booker,  of  Richmond.  They 
have  seven  children,  all  still  at  home.  Mr. 
Dafler  is  a  democrat  and  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church. 

NEWTON  AMERICUS  MOSER,  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Dafler-Moser  Company, 
machinery  and  supplies,  is  one  of  the  ex- 
pert men  of  that  organization,  and  was  an 
operator  of  threshing  machinery  many 
years  before  he  became  connected  with  the 
business  as  a  salesman. 

He  was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Mary- 
land, December  12,  1860,  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry  and  of  an  old  American  family. 
His  parents  were  John  H.  and  Amanda 
(Weddle)  Moser.  He  received  a  country 
school  education  to  the  age  of  seventeen 
and  then,  going  to  the  vicinity  of  Dayton, 
Ohio,  was  on  a  farm  a  year,  the  following 
winter  continued  his  schooling  in  Freder- 
ick County,  Maryland,  and  again  resumed 
farm  employment  in  Ohio  for  three  years. 
During  that  time  he  married  Miss  Mahala 
Weaver,  daughter  of  Amos  and  Margaret 


U38AW 

OF  HE 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILUNO! 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


148!) 


(Shell)  Weaver,  of  Montgomery  County, 
Ohio.  To  their  marriage  were  born  nine 
children,  eight  daughters  and  one  son,  and 
all  but  one  are  still  living. 

Mr.  Moser  rented  a  farm  for  two  years 
and  for  twenty-eight  years  altogether  had 
his  home  in  Montgomery  County,  Ohio. 
During  that  time  he  bought  a  small  place 
of  twenty  acres,  and  farmed  it  in  connec- 
tion with  his  other  enterprises.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  operating  a  threshing 
outfit  over  a  wide  section  of  territory,  at 
first  with  a  partner  but  finally  as  sole 
owner.  He  continued  that  business  and 
wore  out  several  machines  until  he  re- 
moved to  Richmond  and  began  selling  ma- 
chinery for  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Dafler,  his 
present  partner.  In  1906  he  was  doing 
collection  work  for  the  company,  and  in 
December  of  that  year  succeeded  Mr.  Daf- 
ler as  manager  of  local  territory  and  the 
factory.  In  December,  1911,  he  went  with 
the  Rumely  Company,  well  known  manu- 
facturers of  threshing  machines  of  La- 
Porte,  Indiana,  and  there  was  again  asso- 
ciated with  Mr.  Dafler.  On  January  1, 
1913,  they  made  a  partnership  arrange- 
ment and  in  1915  incorporated  their  pres- 
ent business  for  the  handling  of  thresh- 
ing machines  and  machinery  supplies  of 
all  kinds. 

Mr.  Moser  is  affiliated  with  a  Masonic 
Lodge  in  Ohio,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
English  Lutheran  Churqh. 

ARTHUR  JORDAN.  Few  men  in  a  period  of 
forty  years  have  achieved  so  many  substan- 
tial and  creative  results  in  the  commercial 
and  industrial  field  as  are  found  in  the 
record  of  Arthur  Jordan  of  Indianapolis. 
His  career  acquires  a  special  significance 
today  because  of  the  attention  bestowed 
upon  the  conservation  of  those  products 
that  are  vital  to  the  life  and  welfare  of  the 
nation  and  the  world.  Mr.  Jordan  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  cold  storage  industry  and 
also  in  changing  the  methods  of  transporta- 
tion of  perishable  products  from  ice  cooling 
to  mechanical  refrigeration.  It  was  largely 
under  his  leadership  also  that  the  manu- 
facture of  butter  in  large  plants  supplied 
by  numerous  outlying  creameries  was  ef- 
fected in  Indiana. 

Mr.  Jordan  was  born  at  Madison,  Jeffer- 
son County,  Indiana,  September  1,  1855, 


and  represents  a  pioneer  name  in  Indian- 
apolis. His  grandfather,  Ephraim  Jordan, 
was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  1836.  He  was  a  pioneer 
hotel  man  of  the  city  and  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Largely  through  his  instrumentality  it  is 
said  Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  the  Indianapolis  church. 
He  was  a  successful  business  man  and  did 
much  to  make  Indianapolis  a  center  of  in- 
dustry, religion  and  culture. 

Gilmore  Jordan,  father  of  Arthur  Jor- 
dan, was  born  at  Greensburg,  Westmore- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  November  16, 
1824,  and  was  twelve  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  Indianapolis.  He  had  a  common 
school  education,  and  also  studied  under 
Professor  Kemper,  a  well  known  classical 
educator  of  the  early  days  in  Indianapolis. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  Gilmore  Jordan 
enlisted  for  service  in  the  Mexican  war 
and  was  fife  major  of  his  regiment.  He 
then  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  was  in  public 
office  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  at  once  tendered  his  services  to  the 
Union,  enlisting  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. '  He  has  a  distinguished  record  as  a 
soldier  and  he  received  the  rank  of  captain, 
was  division  quartermaster  during  the  later 
years  and  was  brevetted  major  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  For  several  years  after  the  war 
he  was  in  the  government  service  at  Wash- 
ington, but  spent  his  last  years  in  Indian- 
apolis, where  he  died  in  February,  1897. 
He  began  political  action  as  a  whig,  but 
supported  John  C.  Fremont,  the  first  re- 
publican candidate  for  president,  in  1856. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  He  married  at  Indianapolis 
Harriet  McLaughlin,  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
She  was  born  in  1830  and  died  in  August, 
1907. 

Arthur  Jordan,  their  only  son,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Indianapolis 
and  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  his  first  business  experience  was  in 
the  subscription  book  business  as  an  em- 
ploye of  Col.  Samuel  C.  Vance  of  Indian- 
apolis. Later  he  was  admitted  to  part- 
nership and  finally  bought  the  business 
from  Colonel  Vance  and  continued  it  until 
1877. 

A  number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Jordan  re- 
sponded to  the  request  that  he  write  for  a 
produce  paper  something  concerning  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1489 


(Shell)  Weaver,  of  Montgomery  County, 
Ohio.  To  their  marriage  were  born  nine 
children,  eight  daughters  and  one  son,  and 
all  but  one  are  still  living. 
.  Mr.  Moser  rented  a  farm  for  two  years 
and  for  twenty-eight  years  altogether  had 
his  home  in  .Montgomery  County,  Ohio. 
During  that  time  he  bought  a  small  place 
of  twenty  acres,  and  farmed  it  in  connec- 
tion witli  his  other  enterprises.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  operating  a  threshing 
outfit  over  a  wide  section  of  territory,  at 
first  with  a  partner  but  finally  as  sole 
owner.  He  continued  that  business  and 
wore  out  several  machines  until  he  re- 
moved to  Richmond  and  began  selling  ma- 
chinery for  (iaar,  Scott  &  Company  under 
the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Dafier,  his 
present  partner.  In  1906  he  was  doing 
collection  work  for  the  company,  and  in 
December  of  that  year  succeeded  Mr.  Daf- 
ler  as  manager  of  local  territory  and  the 
factory.  In  December,  1911,  he  went  with 
the  Rnmely  Company,  well  known  manu- 
facturers of  threshing  machines  of  La- 
Porte,  Indiana,  and  there  was  again  asso- 
ciated with  Mr.  Darter.  On  January  1, 
191:5.  they  made  a  partnership  arrange- 
ment and  in  191.">  incorporated  their  pres- 
ent business  for  the  handling  of  thresh- 
ing machines  and  machinery  supplies  of 
all  kinds. 

Mr.  Moser  is  affiliated  with  a  Masonic 
Lodge  in  Ohio,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
English  Lutheran  Church. 

ARTIITR  JORPAX.  Few  men  in  a  period  of 
forty  years  have  achieved  so  many  substan- 
tial and  creative  results  in  the  commercial 
and  industrial  field  as  are  found  in  the 
record  of  Arthur  Jordan  of  Indianapolis. 
His  career  acquires  a  special  significance 
today  because  of  the  attention  bestowed 
upon  the  conservation  of  those  products 
that  are  vital  to  the  life  and  welfare  of  the 
nation  and  the  world.  Mr.  Jordan  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  cold  storage  industry  and 
also  in  changing  the  methods  of  transporta- 
tion of  perishable  products  from  ice  cooling 
to  mechanical  refrigeration.  It  was  largely 
under  his  leadership  also  that  the  manu- 
facture of  butter  in  large  plants  supplied 
by  numerous  outlying  creameries  was  ef- 
fected in  Indiana. 

Mr.  Jordan  was  born  at  Madison.  Jeffer- 
son County,  Indiana,  September  1,  1855, 

. 


and  represents  a  pioneer  name  in  Indian- 
apolis. His  grandfather,  Ephraim  Jordan, 
was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  1886.  lie  was  a  pioneer 
hotel  man  of  the  city  and  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Largely  through  his  instrumentality  it  is 
said  Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  the  Indianapolis  church. 
He  was  a  successful  business  man  and  did 
much  to  make  Indianapolis  a  center  of  in- 
dustry, religion  and  culture. 

(lilmorc  Jordan,  father  of  Arthur  Jor- 
dan, was  born  at  Greensburg.  Westmore- 
land County.  Pennsylvania.  November  16. 
1S24,  and  was  twelve  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  Indianapolis.  lie  had  a  common 
school  education,  and  also  studied  under 
Professor  Kcmper,  a  well  known  classical 
educator  of  the  early  days  in  Indianapolis. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  (iilmore  Jordan 
enlisted  for  service  in  the  Mexican  war 
and  was  fife  major  of  his  regiment.  He 
then  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  was  in  public 
office  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  at  once  tendered  his  services  to  the 
I'nion,  enlisting  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. '  He  has  a  distinguished  record  as  a 
soldier  and  he  received  the  rank  of  captain, 
was  division  quartermaster  during  the  later 
years  and  was  brevet  ted  major  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  For  several  years  after  the  war 
he  was  in  the  government  service  at  Wash- 
ington, but  spent  his  last  years  in  Indian- 
apolis, where  he  died  in  February.  1897. 
He  began  political  action  as  a  whig,  but 
supported  John  C.  Fremont,  the  first  re- 
publican candidate  for  president,  in  1856. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  He  married  at  Indianapolis 
Harriet  McLaughlin,  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
She  was  born  in  1830  and  died  in  August, 
1907. 

Arthur  Jordan,  their  only  son,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Indianapolis 
and  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  his  first  business  experience  was  in 
the  subscription  book  business  as  an  em- 
ploye of  Col.  Samuel  C.  Vance  of  Indian- 
apolis. Later  he  was  admitted  to  part- 
nership and  finally  bought  the  business 
from  Colonel  Vance  and  continued  it  until 
1877. 

A  number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Jordan  re- 
sponded to  the  request  that  he  write  for  a 
produce  paper  something  concerning  the 


1490 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


growth  of  his  business  at  Indianapolis. 
From  what  he  wrote  at  the  time  is  taken 
the  following: 

"It  was  in  the  fall  of  1876  that  I  made 
my  start  in  a  very  small  way  as  a  boy  of 
twenty  years  in  Indianapolis,  where  I 
bought  out  a  small  jobbing  concern  han- 
dling butter  and  eggs.  At  first  I  gave 
special  attention  to  the  local  trade,  but 
soon  found  the  eastern  markets  both  at- 
tractive and  profitable,  and  within  a  few 
years  the  shipping  end  of  the  business  re- 
quired the  greater  part  of  my  attention. 
The  methods  of  handling  and  marketing 
perishable  produce  in  those  days  were 
very  different  from  those  of  the  present 
day.  Eggs  were  shipped  in  barrels  and 
butter  was  usually  forwarded  from  this  sec- 
tion in  rolls.  The  refrigerator  car  facili- 
ties were  very  meager,  and  altogether 
everyone  connected  with  the  trade  had 
much  to  learn. 

"In  addition  to  five  creameries  which  I 
built  and  operated  prior  to  1882,  I  took 
on  poultry  as  a  side  line,  not  dreaming  then 
that  it  would  eclipse  all  my  other  inter- 
ests. A  few  experimental  shipments  of 
iced  poultry  had  been  made  by  others  from 
this  section,  but  no  success  had  been  made 
of  it  up  to  that  time.  To  me  it  proved  a 
winner  from  the  start.  I  made  a  careful 
study  of  the  shipping  facilities  from  this 
section  to  the  seaboard  and  gave  much  time 
and  attention  to  obtaining  a  thorough  un- 
derstanding of  the  market  requirements 
and  extending  my  acquaintance  with  the 
leading  men  in  the  trade,  while  also  giv- 
ing close  study  to  their  methods.  To  this 
and  to  the  connections  I  early  succeeded 
in  making  with  the  best  houses  in  our  line 
in  New  York  and  Boston  I  attribute  the 
success  I  have  had  in  developing  the  egg, 
poultry  and  butter  trade  of  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  As  a  pioneer  in  this  line  in  the 
central  west  I  am  proud  of  the  high  rank 
to  which  the  quality  and  grading  of  the 
poultry  and  eggs  of  this  section  has  been 
raised. 

"I  have  always  considered  that  success 
as  a  shipper  does  not  depend  so  much  upon 
the  quantity  handled  as  upon  the  quality 
of  the  goods  and  the  reputation  of  the 
'mark'  or  brand.  I  have,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  handling  a  good  volume  as  well. 
Over  ten  thousand  cases  of  eggs  (three 
hundred  thousand  dozen)  bought  in  one 
week  from  farmers  and  hucksters,  twenty- 


eight  hundred  barrels  (six  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds)  of  iced  poultry  fresh  dressed 
for  a  single  week's  shipment,  a  complete 
line  of  twenty-two  refrigerator  cars  loaded 
with  our  shipment  for  one  day's  output 
only,  the  sale  of  twenty-four  thousand  dol- 
lars worth  of  plumage  and  other  feathers 
picked  from  the  poultry  handled  at  our 
houses  in  one  season,  are  some  of  the  ban- 
ner events  in  the  history  of  the  business 
of  the  Arthur  Jordan  Company." 

By  1894  Mr.  Jordan  owned  more  than 
fifty  packing  and  cold  storage  plants  in 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  devoted  entirely  to 
the  packing  and  shipping  of  poultry  and 
eggs.  The  great  business  developed  by  him 
was  sold  in  1903  to  the  Nelson  Morris 
Company  of  Chicago. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  become  identified 
with  a  number  of  other  business  interests 
at  Indianapolis.  In  1892  he  organized  the 
Keyless  Lock  Company,  of  which  he  has 
been  the  active  head  for  more  than  twenty- 
five  years.  The  output  of  this  company 
has  added  much  to  the  prestige  of  Indian- 
apolis as  a  manufacturing  center.  It  has 
long  been  the  leading  manufacturer  of 
equipment  for  United  States  postoffices  and 
United  States  mail  cars,  being  the  owner 
of  the  original  patents  for  keyless  or  com- 
bination locks  for  post  office  use.  In  1894 
Mr.  Jordan  organized  the  City  Ice  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  which  has  developed 
into  one  of  the  largest  ice  making  and  dis- 
tributing plants  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 
It  is  now  the  City  Ice  and  Coal  Company, 
with  Mr.  Jordan  as  the  principal  owner. 
In  1898  he  organized  the  Capital  Gas  En- 
gine Company,  and  became  its  president. 
Mr.  Jordan  was  for  some  years  a  factor 
in  the  insurance  field,  organizing  and  be- 
coming president  of  the  Meridian  Life  and 
Trust  Company  of  Indianapolis  in  1899, 
and  reincorporated  in  1909  as  the  Meri- 
dian Life  Insurance  Company.  When  this 
company  was  consolidated  with  another  or- 
ganization Mr.  Jordan  retired  from  active 
participation  in  its  affairs  and  has  since 
confined  his  attention  to  his  numerous  other 
enterprises.  He  is  one  of  the  owners  of  the 
International  Machine  Tool  Company, 
which  he  organized  in  1906,  and  is  also  the 
controlling  factor  in  the  Printing  Arts 
Company,  of  Indianapolis  and  the  Disco 
Electric  Manufacturing  Company  of  De- 
troit, Michigan. 

Many    people    not    familiar    with    Mr. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1491 


Jordan's  business  achievements  know  him 
as  a  public  spirited  citizen  and  philan- 
thropist. In  1869  he  became  a  member  of 
the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Indianapolis, 
with  which  he  has  since  been  actively  asso- 
ciated and  for  many  years  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  its  board  of  trustees.  He  is  also  a 
trustee  of  the  Indianapolis  Young  Women's 
Christian  Association  and  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association.  Among  Mr. 
Jordan's  recent  contributions  to  these  or- 
ganizations is  a  large  and  beautiful  new  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  Building  at  Rangoon,  the  capital 
city  of  Burmah,  India,  and  SL  beautiful 
tract  of  ground  on  North  Penna  Street 
opposite  St.  Clair  Park  in  Indianapolis  for 
a  Y.  W.  C.  A.  home  for  young  women. 
He  is  connected  with  many  of  the  city 
charities,  is  a  director  of  Franklin  College, 
member  of  the  Board  of  Corporators  of 
Crown  Hill  Cemetery,  and  is  connected 
with  the  Commercial,  Columbia  and  Marion 
clubs.  Through  his  father's  record  as  a 
soldier  and  officer  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  Mr. 
Jordan  is  a  staunch  republican  and  has 
always  been  loyal  to  his  party  since  he  cast 
his  first  vote  in  1876,  although  he  never 
has  sought  public  office.  He  is  affiliated 
with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No.  398,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  Keystone  Chapter,  No. 
6,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  Raper  Com- 
mandery  No.  1,  Knights  Templar. 

December  15,  1875,  he  married  Miss 
Rose-Alba  Burke.  She  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis November  12,  1856,  daughter  of 
Henry  and  Amanda  (Moore)  Burke,  both 
natives  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jordan  had  three  children. 
Esther,  wife  of  Orlando  B.  lies;  Robert 
Gilmore  Jordan,  who  died  in  1886,  at  the 
age  of  six  years;  and  Alma,  wife  of  John 
S.  Kittle,,  of  Indianapolis. 

JOHN  CLARK  RIDPATH,  the  Indiana  his- 
torian and  educator,  was  born  in  Putnam 
County,  Indiana,  April  26,  1840.  Although 
without  early  educational  advantages  he 
was  a  lover  of  books  and  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enteen was  a  teacher.  Two  years  later  he 
entered  Asbury,  now  DePauw  University, 
where  he  was  graduated  with  the  highest 
honors  of  his  class.  After  various  connec- 
tions with  several  well  known  Indiana  edu- 
cational institutions  he  was  elected  vice 
president  of  Asbury  University,  and  he 
was  largely  the  originator  of  the  measures 
by  which  that  institution  was  placed  under 


the  patronage  of  Washington  C.  DePauw 
and  took  his  name.  In  1880  Mr.  Ridpath 
received  the  degree  LL.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Syracuse,  New  York. 

CHARLES  EDGAR  WEBB,  president  of  the 
Webb-Coleman  Company,  dealers  in  Ford 
automobiles  and  accessories  at  Richmond, 
was  for  over  a  third  of  a  century  a  mem- 
ber and  trader  on  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  and  is  therefore  a  business  man  of 
wide  experience. 

He  was  born  in  Chicago  in  1868,  son  of 
Emmor  H.  and  Emeril  (Crockett)  Webb. 
His  people  have  been  Quakers  for  a  num- 
ber of  generations.  Mr.  Webb  at  the  age 
of  fifteen  went  to  work  as  a  messenger 
with  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany at  Chicago.  Six  months  later  he  be- 
came settlement  clerk  for  C.  E.  Gifford 
and  Company  on  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Trade,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  acquired 
a  membership,  being  one  of  the  youngest 
members  of  the  Board.  He  held  that  mem- 
bership continuously  for  thirty-four  years, 
and  was  one  of  the  best  known  traders  and 
had  all  the  vicissitudes  of  a  Board  of  Trade 
operator.  At  one  time  he  had  accumu- 
lated a  modest  fortune  of  $64,000,  but  lost 
it  in  a  single  night: 

On  leaving  the  Board  he  went  to  Detroit 
and  was  in  the  Cost  Department  of  the 
Ford  Motor  Company  from  1913  until 
1917.  In  the  fall  of  the  latter  year  he 
moved  to  Richmond  and  became  the  Ford 
representative  for  the  sale  of  Ford  cars  in 
nine  townships  of  Wayne  County.  These 
townships  are  Wayne,  New  Garden,  Cen- 
ter, Greene,  Clay,  Boston,  Abington,  Web- 
ster and  Franklin. 

In  1905  Mr.  Webb  married  Margaret 
Yerex,  of  London,  Canada.  She  died  as 
a  result  of  an  automobile  accident  in  1916. 
April  13,  1918,  Mr.  Webb  married  Adah 
Reese  Hill,  of  Winchester,  Indiana.  Mr. 
Webb  is  a  republican  in  politics  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks. 

HENRY  ROSENBERG  has  for  twenty  years 
been  prominent  in  business  and  civic  affairs 
at  Indianapolis.  He  is  also  well  known 
for  these  relations  in  his  home  city  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  state,  but  the  greatest 
number  of  people  now  doubtless  know  him 
best  for  the  work  which  he  has  taken  up 
as  a  result  of  the  promptings  of  American 


1492 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


patriotism.  He  is  one  of  the  prominent 
national  leaders  in  the  Friends  of  German 
Democracy,  and  to  that  and  other  causes 
associated  with  the  successful  prosecution 
of  the  war  he  is  now  giving  practically  all 
his  time. 

Mr.  Riesenberg  is  president  of  the  In- 
dianapolis branch  of  the  Friends  of  Ger- 
man Democracy.  He  is  also  engaged  as  a 
speaker  for  this  organization,  at  his  own 
expense,  and  is  acting  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense  and  the 
Committee  on  Public  Information  at  Wash- 
ington. In  that  capacity  he  has  been  and 
is  now  engaged  on  lecturing  tours  through- 
out the  United  States,  talking  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  organization  to  the  Americans 
of  German  birth  or  ancestry.  He  has  also 
written  many  articles  for  publication  along 
the  same  line  and  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  Friends  of  German  Democracy,  it 
may  be  explained,  was  organized  in  New 
York  City  in  November,  1917.  One  of  its 
prominent  leaders  and  now  president  of 
the  national  organization  is  Franz  Sigel  of 
New  York,  son  of  General  Franz  Sigel,  a 
compatriot  and  fellow  exile  from  Germany 
with  Carl  Schurz  and  whose  name  is  fam- 
iliar to  every  American  schoolboy  as  one  of 
the  most  gallant  Union  leaders  and  gen- 
erals of  the  American  Civil  war.  The 
prime  purpose  of  the  organization  is  to 
bring  to  the  people  of  Germany  through 
literature  and  other  forms  of  propaganda 
disseminated  to  them  from  this  country  an 
understanding  of  the  fundamental  demo- 
cratic ideas  for  which  America  stands.  An 
equally  important  work  is  to  educate 
Americans  of  German  origin  or  ancestry 
in  this  country  to  a  better  realization  of 
the  privileges  and  benefits  all  enjoy  under 
American  institutions.  Both  state  and  city 
branches  of  the  Friends  of  German  De- 
mocracy have  been  organized  in  almost 
every  section  of  the  United  States,  and 
these  local  organizations  have  been  active 
in  spreading  the  principles  of  the  society 
and  in  giving  Germans  everywhere  oppor- 
tunity to  show  their  allegiance  and  loyalty 
to  America.  It  is  one  of  those  forces  of 
unity  now  operating  so  effectively  and 
which  in  the  aggregate  have  more  com- 
pletely constituted  the  American  people  an 
indissoluble  union  than  ever  before.  As 
regards  the  foreign  propaganda  of  the  or- 
ganization, it  has  furnished  pamphlets  and 
other  literature  and  the  means  of  distri- 


bution of  such  pamphlets,  thousands  of 
which  have  been  dropped  inside  the  lines 
of  the  German  armies  from  aeroplanes.  An 
order  from  the  German  authorities  for- 
bidding German  soldiers  from  picking  up 
or  reading  literature  resulted  in  the  or- 
ganization adopting  the  plan  of  printing 
posters  on  both  sides,  so  that  they  could 
be  easily  read  without  being  touched  or 
picked  up. 

Though  an  American  since  childhood, 
Mr.  Riesenberg  was  born  in  the  Town  of 
Zempelburg,  West  Prussia,  in  1866,  son  of 
Zander  Riesenberg.  In  1878,  when  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age,  his  parents  came  to 
this  country  and  located  at  Overtoil  in 
Rusk  County  in  East  Texas.  His  father 
conducted  a  grocery  store  there,  and  it  was 
in  this  store  that  Henry  Riesenberg  grew 
up  and  acquired  his  first  business  training. 

In  1898  Mr.  Riesenberg  came  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  this  city  has  since  been  his 
home.  For  several  years  he  was  a  travel- 
ing salesman  out  of  this  city,  and  from 
the  first  has  been  an  active  factor  in  the 
business  and  social  life  of.  Indianapolis, 
associated  with  those  enterprising  and  pub- 
lic spirited  citizens  who  have  made  In- 
dianapolis one  of  the  greatest  modern  in- 
dustrial and  commercial  centers  of  the 
Middle  West.  His  associations  have  al- 
ways been  with  the  leaders  of  the  city.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  take  an  active  part 
in  the  conservation  movement  in  this  sec- 
tion of  the  country,  and  for  eight  years 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Indiana  Conserva- 
tion Commission.  He  was  also- one  of  the 
pioneers  of  the  waterways  improvement, 
and  fathered  the  Tariff  Commission  move- 
ment which  originated  in  Indianapolis.  In 
politics  he  is  an  independent  republican. 

Obviously  these  various  interests  and 
activities  require  a  man  of  more  than  or- 
dinary business  capacity  and  intelligence. 
It  is  a  natural  inquiry,  therefore,  how  e 
man  who  spent  his  boyhood  years  chiefty 
in  a  backwoods  rural  town  of  Eastern 
Texas  trained  his  sound  native  talents  for 
such  a  career  as  Mr.  Riesenberg  has  had. 
Before  coming  to  this  country  he  had  a 
knowledge  only  of  the  German  language 
and  never  attended  school  in  America.  He 
could  not  speak  a  word  of  English  when 
he  came  here.  For  all  that  Mr.  Riensen- 
berg  has  educated  himself  so  thoroughly 
that  he  now  speaks  and  writes  four  lan- 
guages fluently.  Few  native  Americans 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1493 


have  a  better  command  over  their  vernac- 
ular than  Mr.  Riesenberg,  who  has  all 
the  resources  of  the  effective  speaker  as 
well  as  the  graceful  orator,  and  this  com- 
mand and  facility  in  the  English  language 
is  of  course  an  invaluable  asset  in  his 
present  line  of  public  work. 

While  Mr.  Riesenberg  represents  the 
Teutonic  element  in  American  cosmopoli- 
tan life,  Mrs.  Riesenberg  is  American  back 
almost  to  the  dawn  of  civilized  history  in 
this  country.  Her  maiden  name  was  Lucy 
E.  Gordon,  of  New  York.  She  is  descend- 
ed from  the  Gordon  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land. Her  ancestors  number  some  of  the 
most  notable  American  patriots,  beginning 
with  the  landing  of  the  Mayflower  and  con- 
tinuing through  the  Colonial  and  Revolu- 
tionary wars  and  subsequent  wars.  By  vir- 
tue of  these  direct  ancestors  Mrs.  Riesen- 
berg is  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Descendants  of  the  Mayflower,  Colonial 
Dames  and  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution.  They  are  the  parents  of  two 
children,  a  daughter  and  son:  Ernestine 
Frances,  wife  of  Major  George  Baker  of 
the  United  States  Army,  now  at  the  front 
in  France;  and  Herbert  Gordon  Riesen- 
berg, who  entered  Yale  University  in  1918. 

HAROLD  GEORGE  COLEMAN  is  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Webb-Coleman  Com- 
pany, dealers  in  Ford  automobiles  and 
accessories  at  Richmond.  He  has  been 
connected  with  the  Ford  Company  in  the 
home  offices  and  plant  at  Detroit,  and  is  in 
a  position  therefore  to  render  a  splendid 
service  to  those  who  have  dealings  with  this 
well  known  Richmond  concern. 

Mr.  Coleman  was  born  at  Marshall,  Mich- 
igan, December  27,  1890,  son  of  George 
W.  and  Minnie  (Hewitt)  Coleman.  His 
grandfather,  Lincoln  Coleman,  was  a  na- 
tive of  England  and  on  coming  to  America 
located  at  Marshall,  Michigan,  where  he 
was  a  farmer  and  merchant  and  also  a 
local  preacher.  George  W.  Coleman  was 
the  second  in  family  of  a  number  of  chil- 
dren, and  was  also  a  merchant,  but  spent 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  running  a  farm 
of  300  acres. 

Harold  George  Coleman,  third  of  four 
children,  received  his  education  in  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  at  Marshall, 
Michigan,  '  and  in  1908  entered  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College,  spending 
one  year  there  and  one  year  in  an 


engineering  course  in  the  University  of 
Michigan.  For  one  season  he  was 
employed  in  mapping  timber  limits  for 
the  Laurentside  Pulp  and  Paper  Com- 
pany at  Grandmere  in  the  Province  of 
Quebec.  He  was  taken  ill  while  on  duty 
and  had  to  return  home.  After  that  he 
had-  a  brief  experience  recuperating  in  the 
western  grain  fields,  and  went  on  as  far 
as  Los  Angeles,  California.  Returning  to 
Detroit,  he  entered  the  Ford  Motor  Com- 
pany as  cost  clerk  in  1912.  He  also  served 
as  guide,  information  clerk  a  year  and  a 
half,  and  was  connected  with  the  Ford 
Company  until  August  1,  1917.  At  that 
date  he  and  Mr.  C.  G.  Webb  organized  the 
present  Webb-Coleman  Company  and  n.>w 
have  the  exclusive  agency  for  Ford  cars  in 
nine  townships  of  Wayne  County. 

In  April,  1915,  Mr.  Coleman  married 
Miss  Gertrude  Hruby,  daughter  of  Joseph 
Hruby,  of  Detroit.  They  have  one  son, 
Hewitt  Harold  Coleman,  born  in  1917.  Mr. 
Coleman  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Lodge  at  Richmond,  and  also 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

OSCAR  ELLSWORTH  ELLISON  has  been  a 
factor  in  business  affairs  in  Henry  County 
for  the  past  ten  years,  is  owner  of  a 
large  and  completely  equipped  stock  farm 
near  Newcastle,  and  is  also  proprietor  of 
the  Star  wholesale  and  retail  grocery  and 
meat  market  on  Broad  Street.  Mr.  Ellison 
was  born  in  Ohio  in  December,  1884,  son 
of  Mason  and  Alice  (Williams)  Ellison. 
He  is  of  English  family.  As  a  boy  he  at- 
tended country  school,  and  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  went  to  work  for  a  farmer  at 
$7  a  month  and  board.  After  one  summer 
he  found  employment  at  $2.50  a  week  in 
Hillsboro,  Ohio,  his  duties  being  delivering 
meat  over  town.  He  worked  there  two 
years,  then  was  employed  by  J.  W.  An- 
derson, a  meat  merchant  at  Washington 
Court  House,  at  $10  a  week  for  three 
years,  and  continued  his  experience  in  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  at  the  Central  Meat  Market 
at  $17  a  week.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
located  at  Indianapolis,  and  for  a  short 
time  was  with  C.  J.  Gardner,  and  then  for 
two  years  with  Lewis  Yarger.  About  that 
time  he  suffered  an  injury  which  incapaci- 
tated him  tor  labor  for  a  time. 

In  1908  Mr.  Ellison  married  Miss  Kas- 
sandra  Faerber,  daughter  of  Adam  and 


1494 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Anna  (Schreiber)  Faerber  of  Indianap- 
olis. In  the  same  year  he  came  to  New- 
castle with  only  $8  in  capital.  For  six 
months  he  worked  with  Bells  &  Boutcher, 
and  during  that  time  saved  $90.  It  was 
this  capital  which  he  used  to  start  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  in  shop  on  South  Eight- 
eenth Street.  He  was  there  two  years, 
then  for  a  year  was  located  on  Broad 
Street,  then  for  two  years  was  on  South 
Eighteenth  Street,  and  for  2l/2  years  had 
a  market  and  grocery  at  1502  Broad  Street. 
He  then  bought  another  market  at  1222 
Broad  Street,  conducted  it  for  a  year  and 
a  half,  and  traded  his  prosperous  business 
for  245  acres  five  miles  west  of  Newcastle. 
He  still  owns  that  large  farm,  but  in  1918 
resumed  business  as  a  wholesale  and  re- 
tail meat  dealer  at  1549  Broad  Street. 

Mr.  Ellison  is  an  independent  democrat, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Moose  and  Eagles, 
and,  as  this  record  shows,  is  a  very  suc- 
cessful and  progressive  business  man. 

PAUL  PRESTON  HAYNES,  born  June  2, 
1887,  at  Kirklin,  Clinton  County,^nd,iana, 
is  a  son  of  George  E.  and  Eva  L.  (Gipsdn) 
Haynes  and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  father  was  a  teacher  and  insurance 
man.  The  family  moved  to  Elwood,  In- 
diana, in  1891,  attended  the  Paul  Pres- 
ton Haynes  common  and  high  school  at 
Elwood,  also  the  law  department  of  In- 
diana University  in  1905-6,  and  Washing- 
ton University  in  1907-8.  In  1908  he  as- 
sociated with  his  father  in  the  fire  insur- 
ance business  at  Gary,  Indiana,  as  the  firm 
of  Haynes  &  Haynes.  Later  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  office  of  the  American  Sheet 
&  Tinplate  Company  at  Elwood.  In 
1909,  with  George  M.  Cobb,  he  established 
a  general  insurance  agency  at  Indianapolis. 
Later,  in  1909,  he  was  appointed  by  A.  E. 
Harlan,  county  clerk,  as  clerk  of  the  Su- 
perior Court  of  Madison  County  at  An- 
derson, Indiana.  He  continued  the  study 
of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  en- 
tered the  office  of  Judge  H.  C.  Ryan,  of 
Anderson,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father 
returned  to  Elwood  and  practiced  law 
there.  In  1912  he  was  the  progressive 
party  candidate  for  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Madison  County,  Indiana.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1912,  he  formed  a  law  partnership 
with  A.  H.  Vestal,  now  a  member  of  Con- 
gress. The  firm  of  Vestal  &  Haynes  con- 
tinued until  the  spring  of  1914,  at  which 


time  Mr.  Haynes  was  elected  secretary  of 
the  Progressive  State  Central  Committee 
of  Indiana  and  served  in  such  capacity 
during  the  campaign  of  that  year.  He 
returned  to  Madison  County  in  December, 
1914,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law, 
having  associated  with  him  Oswald  Ryan. 
He  continued  in  practice  of  law  at  An- 
derson until  January  1,  1918,  when  he  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Goodrich  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Public  Service  Commission  of 
Indiana,  on  which  he  has  since  served. 
In  July,  1918,  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Special  War  Committee  of  the  National 
Association  of  Railways  and  Utilities  Com- 
missioners and  was  active  in  many  nego- 
tiations between  Federal  and  State  gov- 
ernments in  matters  pertaining  to  Federal 
control  and  state  regulation  of  the  rail- 
roads, telephones  and  other  utilities.  In 
October,  1918,  he  was  appointed  by  Post- 
master General  Burleson  as  a  member  of 
the  committee  on  standardized  telephone 
rates  throughout  the  country,  but  declined 
to  accept  such  appointment. 

Mr.  Haynes  is  a  member  of  the  Phi 
Gamma  Delta  fraternity,  grand  president, 
Beta  Phi  Sigma  fraternity,  1910;  member 
of  the  Masonic  and  Elk's  lodges,  and  of 
the  Columbia  Club  and  Marion  Club,  In- 
dianapolis. He  organized  the  Red  Cross 
in  Madison  County  at  the  beginning  of 
the  war  and  assisted  in  the  state  organiza- 
tion, also  organized  Battery  D,  Second 
Regiment,  Indiana  Field  Artillery,  and 
commanded  same  until  rejected  for  mili- 
tary service  on  account  of  defective  eye- 
sight. 

MRS.  EDWIN  H.  PECK.  In  every  state  of 
the  union  there  are  some  families  that  have 
a  notable  prominence  in  connection  with 
the  history  of  the  commonwealth,  and  this 
is  true  of  the  Elliott  family  in  Indiana. 
There  is  nobody  who  is  at  all  familiar  with 
Indiana  history,  either  from  reading  or 
from  life  in  the  state,  who  does  not  krow 
something  of  Gen.  William  J.  Elliott 
and  his  sons  Judge  Byron  K.  Elliott  of  1  he 
Supreme  Court  and  Joseph  Taylor  Elliott, 
whose  name  is  linked  with  the  Sultana 
disaster.  The  daughters  of  a  family  are 
frequently  lost  sight  of  through  the 
change  of  name  at  marriage,  and  many 
people  to  whom  the  name  of  Mrs.  Edwin 
H.  Peck  would  sound  unfamiliar  will  at 
once  recall  the  subject  of  this  sketch  as 


« 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1495 


Julia  Elliott,  youngest  daughter  of  Gen. 
William  J.  Elliott.  She  was  born  at 
Indianapolis  September  6,  1861.  Her 
mother,  Charlotte  Tuttle  Elliott,  who  was 
born  at  Watertown,  New  York,  was  also 
of  a  prominent  Indiana  family. 

Julia  Elliott  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis  and  at  the  Kappes 
Seminary,  then  the  leading  school  for 
young  ladies  in  the  city.  She  was  promi- 
nent in  social  circles  and  well  known  as  a 
musical  amateur — being  one  of  the  cast  in 
"Fra  Diavolo"  as  produced  by  Professor 
Pearson's  Indianapolis  Opera  Company  in 
May,  1883,  with  William  Castle  of  the 
Abbott  Opera  Company  in  the  title  role. 

October  3,  1883,  she  was  married  to 
Edwin  H.  Peck,  of  an  old  New  York  family, 
his  father  and  grandfather  being  both  na- 
tives of  New  York  City.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam J.  Peck,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
civic  affairs  of  the  city  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  aldermen  and  as  tax 
commissioner  of  the  city.  He  is  remem- 
bered historically  as  the  man  who  approved 
the  first  fire  engine  ever  used  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  at  a  time  when  the  poli- 
tical power  of  the  hand  fire  engine  com- 
panies made  such  an  innovation  risky  for 
a  man  in  public  life. 

At  seventeen,  after  receiving  a  grammar 
school  education,  Edwin  H.  Peck  entered 
the  employ  of  George  S.  Hart  and  Howell, 
butter  and  cheese  merchants,  and  five  years 
later  went  into  the  same  business  on  his 
own  account.  After  four  years  of  suc- 
cessful operation  in  this  he  united  with  his 
brother,  Walter  J.  Peck,  in  establishing 
a  coffee  jobbing  and  importing  firm.  It 
was  successful  from  the  start  and  has 
grown  until  the  house  of  E.  H.  and  W.  J. 
Peck,  which  since  the  death  of  Walter  J. 
Peck  in  1909  has  been  conducted  by  Ed- 
win H.,  is  now  well  and  favorably  known 
to  the  coffee  trade  throughout  the  country. 
Mr.  Peck  was  for  twelve  years  one  of  the 
Board  of  Governors  of  the  New  York 
Coffee  Exchange  and  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Arbitration  Committee  of  the  Ex- 
change. 

He  is  also  extensively  interested  in  bank- 
ing, being  vice  president  of  the  Mount 
Vernon  Trust  Company  and  the  Rye  Na- 
tional Bank,  and  a  director  of  the  Coal  and 
Iron  National  Bank,  the  Mutual  Trust 
Company  of  Port  Chester  and  the  West- 
chester  and  Bronx  Mortgage  Company.  Re- 


siding at  Mount  Vernon,  he  takes  part  in 
the  social  and  political  activities  of  New 
York  City  as  a  member  of  the  Downtown 
Association,  the  New  York  Athletic  Club, 
the  Union  League  and  the  Republican  Club. 
Mrs.  Peck  is  a  member  of  the  McKinley 
Chapter  of  the  National  Special  Aid  As- 
sociation and  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 
They  have  two  children:  Mary  Whyland, 
wife  of  Daniel  Webster  Whitmore,  Jr.,  a 
young  New  York  banker  and  merchant ; 
and  Vivian  Marguerite,  wife  of  Walter 
H.  McNeill,  Jr.,  a  young  physician  and 
specialist  at  Mount  Vernon  and  New  York. 

WILLIAM  B.  BURFORD.  Of  the  business 
men  of  Indianapolis  few  if  any  are  better 
known  personally  to  the  business  men  of 
the  State  of  Indiana  than  is  William  B. 
Burford.  It  has  been  largely  through  his 
untiring  efforts  and  wise  management  that 
there  has  grown  up  in  Indianapolis  the 
largest  and  best  equipped  combined  print- 
ing, lithographing,  blank  book,  engraving, 
stationery  and  office  outfitting  establish- 
ment in  the  middle  west.  This  establish- 
ment in  addition  to  its  large  business  with 
banks,  commercial  houses  and  individuals 
throughout  Indiana  and  neighboring  states 
has  for  many  years  supplied  the  state  gov- 
ernment and  many  of  the  counties  and 
public  institutions  of  Indiana  with  their 
printing,  blank  books  and  stationery.  Mr. 
Burford  as  the  sole  head  of  this  establish- 
ment and  in  his  capacity  as  contractor  for 
the  state  printing  has  not  only  become  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  many  persons  but 
has  also  had  occasion  to  visit  from  time 
to  time  every  county  of  the  state,  so  that 
he  knows  Indiana  as  well  as  he  is  known 
to  its  citizens. 

While  he  has  been  a  resident  of  Indiana 
for  more  than  half  a  century  Mr.  Burford 
was  born  at  Independence,  Jackson  County, 
Missouri,  in  1846,  when  Jackson  County 
was  far  out  on  the  western  frontier  and 
when  the  present  metropolis,  Kansas  City, 
existed  only  as  a  river  landing.  His  par- 
ents had  moved  from  Harrodsburg,  Ken- 
tucky, to  Independence  in  1839,  and  his 
father,  Miles  W.  Burford,  soon  became  well 
known  there  as  a  banker,  general  merchant 
and  overland  freighter  of  goods  to  Old 
Mexico. 

William  B.  Burford  came  to  Indianapolis 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  on  a  visit,  but  came 
back  to  Indianapolis  in  1863  and  took 


INDIANA  AND   I.NDIANANS 


•lulia  Klliott.  youngest  daughter  of  (ion. 
William  -I.  Klliott.  She  was  horn  at 
Indianapolis  September  <>.  l^til.  Her 
mother.  Charlotte  Tattle  Klliott.  who  \vas 
liorn  at  Watertown,  New  York,  was  also 
of  a  prominent  Indiana  family. 

•Julia  Klliott  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis  and  at  the  Kappes 
Seminary,  then  the  leading  school  for 
young  ladies  in  the  city.  She  was  promi- 
nent in  social  circles  and  well  known  as  a 
musical  amateur — being  one  of  the  cast  in 
•*Kra  Diavolo"  as  produced  by  Professor 
Pearson's  Indianapolis  Opera  Company  in 
May.  liSS:{.  with  William  Castle  of  the 
Abbott  Opera  Company  in  the  title  role. 

October  '!.  18S:5.  she  was  married  to 
Kdwin  II.  Peck,  of  an  old  New  York  family, 
his  father  and  grandfather  being  both  na- 
tives of  New  York  City.  His  father.  Wil- 
liam J.  Peck,  took  an  active  part  in  the. 
civic  affairs  of  the  city  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  aldermen  and  as  tax 
commissioner  of  the  city.  Tie  is  remem- 
liered  historically  as  the  man  who  approved 
I  he  tirsi  tire  engine  ever  used  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  at  a  time  when  the  poli- 
tical power  of  the  hand  tire  engine  com- 
panies made  such  an  innovation  risky  for 
a  man  in  public  life. 

At  seventeen,  after  receiving  a  grammar 
s-hool  education.  Kdwin  II.  Peck  entered 
the  employ  of  (ieorge  S.  Hart  and  Ilowell, 
butter  and  cheese  merchants,  and  five  years 
later  went  into  the  same  business  on  his 
own  account.  After  four  years  of  suc- 
cessful operation  in  this  he  united  with  his 
brother.  Walter  -I.  Peck,  iu  establishing 
a  coffee  jobbing  and  importing  tirm.  It 
was  successful  from  the  start  and  has 
grown  until  the  house  of  K.  II.  and  W.  J. 
Peck,  which  since  the  death  of  Walter  •!. 
Peck  in  190!)  has  been  conducted  by  Kd- 
win II..  is  now  well  and  favorably  known 
to  the  coffee  trade  throughout  the  country. 
Mr.  Peck  was  for  twelve  years  on<>  of  the 
Hoard  of  (lover nors  of  the  New  York 
Coffee  Exchange  and  is  now  a  member  of 
the  Arbitration  Committee  of  the  Ex- 
change. 

lie  is  also  extensively  interested  in  bank- 
ing, being  vice  president  of  the  Mount 
Vernon  Trust  Company  and  the  Rye  Na- 
tional Hank,  and  a  director  of  the  Coal  and 
Iron  National  Bank,  the  Mutual  Trust 
Company  of  Port  Chester  and  the  West- 
chester  and  Bronx  Mortgage  Company.  Re- 


siding at  Mount  Yeriion.  he  takes  part  in 
the  social  and  political  activities  of  New 
York  City  as  a  member  of  the  Downtown 
Association,  the  New  York  Athletic  Club, 
the  ('MJOII  League  and  the  liepuhlicaii  Club. 
Mrs.  Peck  is  a  member  of  the  McKinley 
Chapter  of  the  National  Special  Aid  As- 
sociation and  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 
They  have  two  children:  Mary  Whyland. 
wife  of  Daniel  Webster  Whitmore.  .Jr..  a 
young  New  York  banker  and  merchant  : 
and  Vivian  Marguerite,  wife  of  Walter 
II.  McNeil!.  Jr..  a  young  physician  and 
specialist  at  Mount  Vernon  and  New  York. 

WILLIAM  P>.  P>i  KKUKD.  Of  the  business 
men  of  Indianapolis  few  if  any  are  better 
known  personally  to  tlie  business  men  of 
tlie  State  of  Indiana  than  is  William  B. 
Burford.  It  has  been  largely  through  his 
untiring  efforts  and  wise  management  that 
then-  has  grown  up  in  Indianapolis  the 
largest  and  best  equipped  combined  print- 
ing, lithographing,  blank  book,  engraving, 
stationery  and  office  outfitting  establish- 
ment in  the  middle  west.  This  establish- 
ment in  addition  to  its  large  business  with 
iianks.  commercial  houses  and  individuals 
throughout  Indiana  and  neighboring  states 
has  for  many  years  supplied  the  state  gov- 
ernment and  many  of  the  counties  and 
public  institutions  of  Indiana  with  their 
printing,  blank  books  and  stationery.  Mr. 
Burford  as  the  sole  head  of  this  establish- 
ment and  in  his  capacity  as  contractor  for 
the  state  printing  has  not  only  become  per- 
sonally acquainted  with  many  persons  but 
lias  also  had  occasion  to  visit  from  time 
to  time  every  county  of  the  state,  so  that, 
he  knows  Indiana  as  well  as  he  is  known 
to  its  citizens. 

While  he  has  been  a  resident  of  Indiana 
for  more  than  half  a  century  Mr.  Burford 
was  born  at  Independence.  .Jackson  County. 
Missouri,  in  1S46.  when  Jackson  County 
was  far  out  on  the  western  frontier  ami 
when  the  present  metropolis,  Kansas  City, 
existed  only  as  a  river  landing.  His  par- 
ents had  moved  from  Ilarrodsburg.  Ken- 
tucky, to  Independence  in  1S:{9.  and  his 
father.  Miles  W.  Burford.  soon  became  well 
known  there  as  a  banker,  general  merchant 
and  overland  freighter  of  goods  to  Old 
Mexico. 

William  B.  Burford  came  to  Indianapolis 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  on  a  visit,  but  came 
J>ack  to  Indianapolis  in  1Sf>:{  and  took 


1496 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


employment  in  the  job  printing  shop 
conducted  by  his  brother-in-law,  William 
Braden,  little  thinking  that  he  would  one 
day  become  the  head  of  that  establishment 
or  that  it  would  grow  to  its  present  propor- 
tions. 

Having  returned  to  Missouri,  young 
Burford  in  1864  joined  a  military  company 
known  as  the  Home  Guard,  and  in  the  fall 
of  1864  became  a  member  of  the  regularly 
organized  body  of  Missouri  Cavalry  troops, 
which  later  actively  resisted  General  Price 
and  his  30,000  men  in  their  raids  through 
Missouri.  But  most  of  his  active  service  as 
a  Union  soldier  consisted  in  fighting  guer- 
rillas along  the  border. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  Burford 
again  attended  college  for  two  years  and 
then  in  the  fall  of  1867  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  resumed  employment  with  Wil- 
liam Braden  in  the  printing  and  stationery 
business.  In  1870  he  became  a  partner 
under  the  firm  name  of  Braden  &  Burford. 
In  1875  Mr.  Braden  sold  his  interest  in 
the  firm  to  Mr.  Burford,  who  has  since 
that  date  conducted  the  business  alone. 

The  business  when  Mr.  Burford  first  ac- 
quired an  interest  in  it  and  even  when  he 
first  became  sole  owner  was  small  com- 
pared to  its  present  proportions,  but  its 
growth  through  the  years  has  been  steady 
and  constant.  New  departments  have  been 
added  from  time  to  time,  and  at  all  times 
the  equipment  has  been  kept  up-to-date 
and  efficient.  In  fact,  one  of  Mr.  Burford 's 
pronounced  characteristics  is  his  interest  in 
any  and  all  forms  of  new  or  improved  ma- 
chinery connected  with  the  printing  and 
lithographic  trades.  Not  only  has  he  en- 
deavored to  have  quality  and  service  char- 
acterize the  work  of  his  establishment,  but 
has  also  taken  pride  in  supplying  as  far 
as  possible  all  the  office  requirements  of 
any  ordinary  business  and  to  that  end  he 
has  adopted  as  his  slogan  "!F  USED  IN  AN 
OFFICE  BUBFCBID  HAS  IT." 

In  addition  to  his  constant,  every-day 
attention  to  his  business  Mr.  Burford  has 
at  all  times  been  greatly  interested  in  the 
growth  and  welfare  of  his  city  and  state. 
When  he  first  saw  Indianapolis  its  most 
boastful  claim  as  to  population  was  18,000 
and  he  has  seen  its  steady  increase  until  it 
has  neared  the  300,000  mark. 

Both  as  an  individual  and  as  a  member 
of  the  various  civic  organizations  of  the 
past  fifty  years  he  has  had  a  part  in  many 


of  the  movements  which  have  promoted  the 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  city,  and 
today  any  wisely  planned  effort  for  the 
city's  welfare  will  find  no  more  active  or 
persistent  worker  than  William  B.  Burford. 

DANIEL  D.  PRATT  was  born  in  Palermo, 
Maine,  in  1813.  He  became  identified  with 
Indiana  as  a  teacher  in  1832,  and  in  1834 
weiit  to  Indianapolis  and  studied  law,  and 
in  1836  located  in  Logansport,  where  he 
began  the  practice  of  law.  He  served  in 
the  Indiana  Legislature  from  1851  to  1853, 
was  elected  to  Congress  from  Indiana,  in 
1868,  but  before  taking  his  seat  was  chosen 
a  United  States  senator  and  served  until 
1875.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  com- 
missioner of  internal  revenue,  which  office 
he  resigned  in  1876.  Senator  Pratt  died 
at  Logansport  in  June,  1877. 

C.  P.  DONEY.  The  exigencies  of  our 
national  economy  and  revenue  administra- 
tion have  produced  practically  a  new  pro- 
fession, that  of  specialist  and  counsel  and 
adviser  to  private  individuals  and  business 
firms  in  settling  the  complex  and  innumer- 
able questions  connected  with  the  filing  of 
schedules  and  other  matters  to  satisfy  the 
laws  and  regulations  regarding  the  income 
and  other  federal  taxes. 

For  this  work  as  an  income  tax  specialist 
C.  P.  Doney,  of  Indianapolis,  has  some  un- 
usual qualifications.  He  formerly  served 
as  deputy  collector  in  charge  of  the  in- 
come tax  department  of  the  Sixth  Indiana 
Revenue  District,  and  his  wide  experience 
has  enabled  him  to  furnish  an  expert  and 
highly  appreciated  service  to  many  patrons 
in  settling  the  intricate  questions  that  arise 
under  the  administration  of  the  Income 
Tax  Law. 

Mr.  Doney  was  born  August  15,  1884,  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  a  son  of  George 
and  Sarah  A.  (Hain)  Doney.  His  grand- 
father, William  Doney,  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  in  an  early  day  went  west 
to  Seven  Mile,  Ohio.  He  was  a  cigar  maker 
by  trade  and  that  business  he  followed 
until  1900,  when  he  retired.  His  death  oc- 
curred December  15, 1908.  He  was  a  demo- 
crat and  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  Of  his  five  sons 
only  two  are  now  living.  George  Doney, 
father  of  C.  P.  Doney,  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  at  Seven  Mile,  Ohio,  and 
in  early  life  followed  the  trade  of  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1497 


father.  He  later  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
and  insurance  business  and  is  now  living 
retired  at  Cambridge  City,  Indiana,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-six. 

Mr.  C.  P.  Doney  is  third  of  his  father's 
six  children.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon and  high  schools  of  Cambridge  City, 
Indiana,  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  took  up 
railroad  work  as  clerk  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Railway  offices.  In  1906  he  went  into  the 
real  estate  and  insurance  business  with  his 
father,  and  remained  at  Cambridge  City 
in  that  line  for  eight  years.  In  1914  he 
came  to  Indianapolis  as  deputy  collector 
of  internal  revenue,  and  was  put  in  special 
charge  of  the  Income  Tax  Department  at 
the  outset  of  the  administration  of  that 
new  law.  Since  retiring  from  this  office 
he  has  developed  a  practice  as  income  tax 
specialist,  and  his  services  have  been 
availed  by  a  number  of  firms  and  individ- 
uals on  yearly  contracts.  He  is  secretary 
of  the  Federal  Income  Tax  Bureau,  and 
in  his  offices  in  the  Hume-Mansur  Build- 
ing has  developed  an  organization  capable 
of  attending  to  all  matters  involving  cor- 
poration income,  individual  income,  war 
excess  profits,  and  emergency  taxes. 

Mr.  Doney  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias  and  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Democratic 
Club,  and  in  1912-14  was  chairman  of  the 
Wayne  County  Democratic  Central  Com- 
mittee. He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  August  7,  1915,  he  married  Miss 
Grayce  Cartwright.  Mrs.  Doney  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Lewisville, 
Indiana. 

W.  B.  PAUL  is  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
and  he  and  his  father  together  have  rep- 
resented the  law  in  this  state  for  half  a 
century.  "W.  B.  Paul  in  recent  years, 
however,  has  become  best  known  as  a 
banker  and  financier,  and  is  president  of 
the  Federal  Finance  Company  of  India- 
napolis, one  of  the  strongest  financial  or- 
ganizations of  the  city. 

He  was  born  in  Montgomery  County, 
Indiana,  March  25,  1877,  son  of  George  W. 
and  Lizabeth  (Carr)  Paul.  His  father,  a 
native  of  Ohio,  grew  up  at  Vevay,  Indiana, 
and  began  the  practice  of  law  there.  After 
ten  years  he  moved  to  Crawfordsville,  and 
was  active  in  the  work  of  his  profession 
until  1905.  During  his  active  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Crawfordsville  bar 


and  an  associate  of  many  of  the  famous 
lawyers  of  that  city,  including  Peter  Ken- 
nedy and  Tom  Patterson,  later  governor 
of  Colorado,  and  James  McCabe.  George 
W.  Paul  was  successful  both  as  a  civil  and 
criminal  lawyer,  and  had  a  practice  and 
reputation  by  no  means  confined  to  his 
home  county.  He  is  still  living  at  the 
ripe  age  of  eighty-two.  He  has  always 
been  a  stanch  democrat.  In  the  family 
were  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  all  of 
whom  are  living. 

W.  B.  Paul  was  reared  in  Crawfordsville, 
attended  the  public  schools  there  and 
Wabash  College,  and  read  law  under  his 
father.  He  practiced  law  at  Crawfords- 
ville from  1898  to  1906,  and  after  removing 
to  Indianapolis  kept  in  touch  with  the  pro- 
fession until  about  three  years  ago.  He 
has  found  his  time  more  and  more  taken 
up  with  banking,  and  is  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Federal  Finance  Company, 
which  is  now  doing  a  business  of  a  $1,- 
500,000  a  year.  The  other  officials  of  the 
company  are  some  of  the  best  known  and 
most  responsible  business  men  and  bankers 
of  Marion  County. 

Mr.  Paul  is  a  democrat,  and  a  Royal 
Arch  Mason.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  Fountain  Square  Bank  of  Indianap- 
olis, and  his  name  has  been  associated  with 
a  number  of  local  business  enterprises. 
November  12,  1897,  he  married  Miss  Daisy 
M.  Curry,  who  was  reared  and  educated 
at  Crawfordsville.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Lydia  S.,  born  February  3,  1912. 

DAVID  F.  SWAIN  is  one  of  the  prominent 
figures  in  life  insurance  circles  in  Indiana. 
Since  1909  he  has  been  special  loan  agent 
in  the  State  of  Indiana  for  the  North- 
western Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company 
of  Milwaukee.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Frank 
M.  Millikan  in  that  office.  His  manage- 
ment has  had  much  to  do  with  the  increas- 
ing investments  of  this  large  insurance 
company  in  Indiana.  Through  his  office 
loans  have  been  placed  in  the  state  until 
they  now  approximate  over  $10,000,000, 
but  the  most  gratifying  feature  of  the  rec- 
ord is  not  the  volume  but  the  quality  of 
the  business.  Since  Mr.  Swain  became 
special  loan  agent  in  1909  there  has  not 
been  a  foreclosure  of  any  loan. 

Mr.  Swain  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
April  29,  1884,  a  son  of  David  and  Hattie 
(Gordon)  Swain.  His  father  was  also 


1498 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


prominent  in  insurance  circles  in  Indiana 
for  many  years.  He  was  born  in  Muskin- 
gum  County,  Ohio,  September  24,  1845,  he 
grew  up  on  a  farm  with  a  district  school 
education,  and  in  1864  volunteered  in  the 
Eighth  Ohio  Cavalry  and  saw  some  active 
service  before  the  end  of  the  war.  He 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1866  and  for  a 
time  was  bookkeeper  with  the  John  C.  Bur- 
ton Shoe  Company.  On  February  14, 1881, 
he  engaged  in  the  life  insurance  business, 
and  was  one  of  the  large  producers  in  that 
field.  He  continued  at  his  work  for  nearly 
thirty  years.  He  died  September  10, 
1910.  He  had  a  family  of  four  children, 
all  of  whom  are  still  living,  David  F.  being 
the  youngest. 

Mr.  David  F.  Swain  was  educated  in  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  of  Indianapolis, 
and  gained  his  first  experience  in  the  in- 
surance field  as  assistant  general  agent 
under  his  father.  December  22,  1902,  he 
married  Miss  Pauline  Hagen.  Her  father 
was  the  late  Andrew  Hagen,  who  was  at 
one  time  treasurer  of  Hancock  County  and 
for  many  years  was  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Home  Brewing  Company  of 
Indianapolis,  and  was  intimately  con- 
nected with  a  number  of  other  business 
enterprises  here  and  elsewhere.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Swain  have  four  children,  David  F., 
Jr.,  Mary  E.,  Harriett  G.  and  Barbara  H. 

JOSEPH  C.  GARDNER.  The  present  India- 
napolis Board  of  Trade  has  been  a  prac- 
tically continuous  organization  since  1870, 
and  is  at  once  the  oldest  and  largest  com- 
mercial organization  in  the  state  and  one 
which  has  played  an  important  part  not 
only  at  Indianapolis  but  throughout  the 
state.  In  its  time  it  has  had  the  member- 
ship and  co-operation  of  the  ablest  and 
most  successful  business  men  of  the  city, 
and  membership  alone  is  deemed  a  valuable 
honor.  Therefore,  when  in  June,  1918,  the 
organization  unanimously  elected  as  presi- 
dent for  the  succeeding  year  Joseph  C. 
Gardner,  it  was  a  significant  testimony  to 
his  long  and  honorable  standing  in  business 
circles  and  the  esteem  he  had  gained  by 
his  individual  success  and  his  whole- 
hearted co-operation  with  the  best  interests 
of  the  city. 

Mr.  Gardner  has  been  an  Indianapolis 
business  man  for  over  thirty-five  years  and 
is  head  of  the  Joseph  Gardner  Company. 
The  Gardner  family  was  established  in  In- 


dianapolis in  1859,  when  his  father,  Joseph 
Gardner,  came  from  Germany  and  settled 
in  this  city.  Joseph  Gardner  married 
Louise  Rohr.  Their  son,  Joseph  C.,  was 
born  at  Indianapolis  in  1866.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  local  public  schools, 
attending  the  old  school  No.  3  and  the 
new  school  No.  3,  following  that  with  a 
high  school  course.  The  business  at  which 
he  is  now  the  head  is  the  result  of  a  long 
and  progressive  development  of  his  indi- 
vidual skill  and  service,  rising  from  an  ap- 
prentice as  a  sheet  iron  workman  until 
today  the  Joseph  Gardner  Company  is 
one  of  the  successful  and  prominent  in- 
dustries of  the  city.  The  shops  and  busi- 
ness headquarters  are  at  37-41  Kentucky- 
Avenue.  The  company  does  a  large  busi- 
ness in  tin,  copper  and  sheet  iron  work, 
manufacturing  and  installing  all  kinds  of 
roofing,  cornices  and  sky-lights,  metal  ceil- 
ings, furnaces,  milk  cans  and  dairy  sup- 
plies, and  practically  every  other  type  of 
special  work  included  within  the  general 
scope  of  the  company's  facilities  and  or- 
ganization. 

Mr.  Gardner  has  for  many  years  been 
actively  identified  with  the  Board  of  Trade 
and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  his 
name  has  appeared  on  the  roll  of  other 
civic  organizations  and  improvements.  He 
is  a  republican  in  politics,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  bodies,  including  the 
Knights  Templar  and  Council,  and 
has  attained  the  thirty-second  degree  in 
Scottish  Rite  Masonry,  and  is  a  member 
of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Elks,  belongs  to 
the  Kiwannis  Club,  Canoe  Club  and  the 
Independent  Athletic  Club.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  General  Protestant  Orphans' 
Home  and  financial  secretary  of  the  Prot- 
estant Deaconess'  Hospital.  He  is  an 
active  member  of  the  First  Church  of 
the  Evangelical  Association. 

Mr.  Gardner  married  Miss  Minnie  Riech- 
enneyer.  Mrs.  Gardner,  who  is  now  de- 
ceased, was  born  in  Indianapolis.  They 
have  three  children:  Raymond  and  Ed- 
ward A.  Gardner  and  Pearl,  wife  of  J. 
Albert  Schumacher. 

PIERCE  J.  LANDERS,  superintendent  of 
the  Indianapolis  Union  Railway  Company 
and  Belt  Railroad,  is  a  veteran  railroader, 
though  not  yet  fifty  years  old.  More  than 
thirty  years  ago  he  went  to  work  for  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1499 


Pennsylvania  lines  as  a  rodman  on  the 
engineering  corps,  and  has  won  promotion 
through  many  grades  of  service  and  from 
one  responsibility  to  another  until  he 
would  now  readily  be  named  among  the 
first  dozen  of  prominent  railway  officials  in 
Indiana. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  in  1870,  son 
of  James  and  Anna  C.  (White)  Landers, 
His  mother  is  still  living.  Both  parents 
were  born  in  New  York  State.  His  father 
after  coming  to  Indiana  was  a  locomotive 
engineer,  and  later  for  some  years  was 
trainmaster  for  the  Pennsylvania  lines  west 
of  Pittsburg  at  Indianapolis. 

Thus  Pierce  J.  Landers  grew  up  in  the 
atmosphere  of  railroading,  but  restrained 
his  youthful  ambition  to  get  into  the  work 
as  soon  as  possible  until  he  had  attended 
the  public  schools  at  Indianapolis  and  St. 
John's  Academy,  acquiring  the  equivalent 
of  a  high  school  education.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  a  rodman  on  the  engineer- 
ing corps,  and  remained  in  the  employ  of 
the  Pennsylvania  system  until  1898,  ad- 
vancing to  the  position  of  assistant  en- 
gineer. In  that  year  Mr.  Landers  went 
to  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  (now 
the  Soo  line)  as  roadmaster  and  later  as 
division  engineer,  with  headquarters  at 
Fond  du  Lac.  He  resigned  in  1902  and  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis,  becoming  assistant 
engineer  with  the  Indianapolis  Union  Rail- 
way Company.  In  1907  he  was  promoted 
engineer  of  maintenance  of  way,  and  from 
that  office  was  promoted  in  1916  to  become 
operating  official  of  the  company  with  title 
of  superintendent.  The  Indianapolis 
Union  Railway  Company,  it  may  be  ex- 
plained, owns  and  operates  the  Belt  Rail- 
road, the  Union  Station,  and  the  terminal 
lines  of  all  the  railroads  entering  Indian- 
apolis. 

An  item  of  local  history  that  will  have 
much  interest  in  future  years  is  contained 
in  the  following  brief  paragraph  from  an 
Indianapolis  paper  published  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1918:  "With  Mayor  Jewett  and 
officials  of  the  railroads  present,  the  first 
passenger  train  backed  on  to  the  south  sec- 
tion of  elevated  tracks  at  the  Union  Station 
yesterday  morning.  There  were  no  ded- 
icatory ceremonies  connected  with  the 
event  which  marked  the  completion  of  the 
the  first  section  of  the  elevation.  On  the 
platform  with  Mayor  Jewett  were  Pierce 
J.  Landers,  superintendent  of  the  Indian- 


apolis Union  Railway  Company;  W.  C. 
Smith,  station  master;  J.  J.  Liddy,  train- 
master; F.  C.  Lingenfelter,  track  elevation 
engineer  for  the  city;  E.  L.  Krafft,  chief 
dispatcher;  and  T.  R.  Ratcliff,  engineer  of 
maintenance  of  way." 

This  is  an  important  improvement  for  the 
city,  which  has  been  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  Mr.  Landers  as  engineer 
of  maintenance  of  ways  since  early  in 
1912,  when  he  began  drawing  plans  for 
the  elevation  of  the  terminal  tracks.  He 
has  been  in  close  touch  with  every  detail 
of  the  work  since  that  time.  The  necessary 
legislation  under  which  the  work  has  gone 
forward  was  enacted  in  1911.  Then  in 
August,  1918,  the  first  section  of  track  ele- 
vation was  completed  and  celebrated  as 
above  noted.  Eventually,  as  other  sections 
are  completed,  all  the  tracks  entering  the 
Union  Station  will  be  elevated. 

Mr.  Landers  married  Miss  Flora  B. 
Austin,  a  daughter  of  Edward  A.  and 
Manda  Austin,  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

CHRISTIAN  F.  SCHRADER,  who  died  at  In- 
dianapolis December  28,  1891,  was  a  man 
whose  life  meant  much  to  the  capital  city. 
He  was  German  born,  fought  hardship 
and  poverty  in  the  old  country,  and  could 
never  revert  to  the  memories  of  his  early 
environment  with  pleasure.  He  came  to 
America  with  the  tide  of  Germans  who 
arrived  after  the  revolutionary  struggles 
of  1848,  and  perhaps  none  of  the  Germans 
who  came  at  that  time  were  better  able  to 
appreciate  the  advantages  of  the  new  world 
and  embrace  sincerely  and  completely  the 
ideals  and  customs  of  the  western  republic 
and  its  civilization.  In  his  case  the  trans- 
formation from  a  German  to  an  American 
was  prompt  and  complete,  and  in  spirit  he 
was  practically  born  anew  after  setting 
his  foot  upon  the  land  of  freedom. 

He  was  'born  near  Minden  in  Prussia. 
His  parents  were  poor,  and  when  he  was 
eight  years  of  age  his  father  died.  From 
that  time  forward  he  was  the  main  source 
of  reliance  to  his  widowed  mother,  and  his 
labors  were  depended  upon  to  support  not 
only  her  but  a  younger  brother  and  sister. 
Those  years  of  unremitting  toil  and  priva- 
tion, while  never  pleasant  to  look  back  up- 
on, undoubtedly  produced  in  him  habits  of 
industry  and  economy  which  were  always 
prominent  characteristics. 

In  1849,  when  about  twenty-six  years  of 


1500 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


age,  he  left  his  native  country  and  came 
over  the  ocean  in  a  sailing  vessel  to  Balti- 
more. From  there  he  came  on  direct  to 
Indianapolis,  which  had  already  become 
the  center  of  a  considerable  German  popu- 
lation. Here  he  found  work  as  a  section 
hand  on  what  is  now  the  J.  M.  &  I.  Rail- 
road. Soon  after  he  was  advanced  to  sec- 
tion boss,  and  for  that  work  received  85 
cents  a  day,  10  cents  more  than  the  laborers 
under  him.  While  engaged  in  this  work 
he  lived  at  Franklin. 

Finally  he  retumed  to  Indianapolis,  and 
from  his  savings  bought  a  horse  and  dray. 
For  four  years  he  was  on  constant  duty 
transporting  goods  back  and  forth  through 
the  streets  of  Indianapolis.  He  gained  a 
more  promising  hold  in  the  business  life 
of  Indianapolis  when  in  1864  he  engaged 
in  the  retail  grocery  business.  For  the 
next  fifteen  years  he  managed  and  devel- 
oped a  fine  store  and  in  1879  was  able  to 
sell  out  and  retire,  two  of  his  sons  taking 
over  the  business. 

When  he  came  to  America  his  name  was 
spelled  Schroeder,  but  after  becoming  na- 
turalized ha  spelled  it  Schrader.  In  In- 
dianapolis he  married  Christina  Moeller, 
Four  of  their  sons  grew  up,  Christian  A., 
Charles  H.,  Henry  F.  and  Edward  "H.  ~ 

After  he  had  been  in  the  United  States, 
a  few  years  and  had  saved  sufficient  means 
from  his  earnings  Mr.  Schrader  sent  for 
his  mother  and  brother  and  sister,  and  it 
was  one  of  the  greatest  pleasures  of  his 
life  that  he  saw  them  all  established  com- 
fortably in  the  new  world.  His  own  recol- 
lection of  Germany  was  filled  with  grief 
and  hardships,  and  he  always  regarded  it 
as  an  honor  as  well  as  a  privilege  that  he 
was  a  naturalized  American  citizen,  and 
he  loved  the  land  of  his  adoption,  its  in- 
stitutions, with  all  the  fervor  of  his  soul. 
After  he  had  retired  from  business  he  told 
his  oldest  son  that  he  intended  to  spend 
$2,000  in  travel.  He  invited  the  son  to 
go  along.  The  son  suggested  that  he  re- 
turn to  Germany  and  revisit  the  scenes 
of  his  boyhood.  "Da  hab'  ich  nichts  ver- 
loren,"  replied  the  father  promptly,  mean- 
ing that  no  claim  to  his  interests  or  affec- 
tions remained  in  that  direction.  The  father 
and  son  started  on  their  trip,  and  after 
reaching  Detroit  the  father  asked  the  son 
"Where  will  we  go  tomorrow?"  The  son 
answered,  "Let's  so  to  Windsor."  The 
older  man  said,  "Windsor?  Is  that  not  in 


Canada?"  The  son  answered,  "Yes,"  and 
then  the  elder  Schrader  said,  "No,  Chris, 
when  I  landed  in  America  I  made  a  solemn 
promise  that  I  would  never  put  my  foot  on 
foreign  soil,"  and  he  never  did.  He  ex- 
ercised his  preference  for  travel  by  seeing 
the  land  of  his  adoption.  He  reared  his 
sons  in  the  same  strict  Americanism,  and 
also  to  honorable  and  upright  lives,  so  that 
they  have  become  men  creditable  to  Amer- 
ica. 

Christian  F.  Schrader  was  a  member  of 
the  German  Lutheran  Church  and  a  demo- 
crat in  politics.  He  became  a  democrat 
at  a  time  when  the  tide  of  nationalism  was 
running  strong  in  American  politics,  and 
when  the  know  nothing  party  was  at  its 
strongest.  Mr.  Schrader  desired  to  ally 
himself  with  this  party,  but  as  it  required 
ten  years  of  residence  in  America  for  mem- 
bership he  contented  himself  with  one  of 
the  older  established  parties. 

The  oldest  son  of  the  late  Christian  F. 
Schrader  is  Christian  A.  Schrader,  who  for 
many  years  has  been  prominent  as  a  whole- 
sale merchant  in  Indianapolis.  He  was  born 
in  that  city  September  12,  1854,  and  has 
spent  practically  his  entire  life  there.  He. 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools,  and 
as  a  boy  learned  the  grocery  business  in 
his  father's  store.  When  his  father  retired 
he  became  associated  with  his  brother 
Charles  H.  as  joint  owner  of  the  business, 
and  in  1884  expanded  into  the  wholesale 
grocery  trade.  In  1886  he  admitted  his 
brother  Henry  F.  to  a  partnership.  Henry 
died  in  1896,  after  which  the  business  was 
conducted  simply  as  C.  A.  Schrader  until 
in  1908  it  was  incorporated  as  the  C.  A. 
Schrader  Company.  This  is  one  of  the 
largest  prosperous  firms  making  up  the 
wholesale  interests  of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Schrader  was  a  good  and  loyal  demo- 
crat until  the  free  silver  issue  of  1896, 
since  which  time  he  has  been  a  republican. 
He  served  four  years  as  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Public  Works  during  Mayor 
Shank's  administration,  and  during  that 
time  the  new  city  hall  was  completed  and 
portions  of  the  city  hospital  were  built  at 
a  cost  of  more  than  $300,000. 

Mr.  Schrader  married  May  13, 1883,  Em- 
ma Zobbe.  Mrs.  Schrader  died  July  20, 
1917,  leaving  four  children :  Florence,  wife 
of  Logan  C.  Shaw;  Arthur  C. ;  Ruth  and 
Wayne  C. 


OF  TME 
UNIVERSITY  OF  IUJNOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1501 


WILLIAM  H.  H.  MILLER.  Aside  from  the 
national  reputation  that  came  to  him  as 
United  States  Attorney  General  in  the 
cabinet  of  President  Harrison,  William 
Henry  Harrison  Miller  was  one  of  the 
ablest  advocates  and  most  profound  law- 
yers of  his  generation.  He  was  one  of  the 
last  survivors  of  a  brilliant  coterie  of  legal 
minds  that  adorned  the  Indiana  bar  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century 
and  he  stood  on  the  same  plane  with  such 
eminent  contemporaries  as  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks,  General  Benjamin  Harrison, 
Joseph  E.  McDonald  and  others  whose 
memory  will  always  be  cherished  in  the  an- 
nals of  the  Indiana  bar. 

William  Henry  Harrison  Miller,  who 
was  named  in  honor  of  the  grandfather  of 
General  Harrison,  with  whom  Mr.  Miller 
was  long  associated  in  practice,  was  born 
at  Augusta,  Oneida  County,  New  York, 
September  6,  1840,  and  died,  in  the  fullness 
of  years  and  honors,  May  25,  1917.  His 
Miller  ancestors,  Scotch  and  English,  came 
to  America  in  the  seventeenth  century.  His 
branch  of  the  family  located  in  Oneida 
County,  New  York,  in  1795.  He  was  next 
to  the  youngest  in  the  family  of  ten  chil- 
dren of  Curtis  and  Lucy  (Duncan)  Miller, 
.the  former  a  native  of  New  York  and  the 
latter  of  Massachusetts.  His  father  was  a 
New  York  State  farmer. 

It  was  the  hard  and  invigorating  dis- 
cipline of  a  farm  that  brought  out  and  de- 
veloped many  of  the  talents  of  Mr.  Miller, 
and  his  character  was  formed  by  opposing 
obstacles  rather  than  avoiding  them.  He 
attended  district  schools  in  his  native 
county,  and  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen  was 
qualified  as  a  teacher.  He  also  attended 
an  academy  at  Whitestown,  New  York,  and 
from  there  entered  Hamilton  College,  where 
he  graduated  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in 
1861.  Hamilton  College,  in  view  of  his  later 
distinctions  and  attainments,  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  LL.  D.  in 
1889.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Delta  Up- 
silon  fraternity. 

For  a  time  he  taught  a  village  school  at 
Maumee  City,  Ohio,  and  in  May,  1862,  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  Eighty-fourth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  was  elected 
lieutenant,  and  served  throughout  the  three 
months  term  of  enlistment,  until  his  hon- 
orable discharge  in  September  of  the  same 
year.  Leaving  the  army  he  took  up  the 

study  of  law  at  Toledo  under  the  eminent 
vol.  m— 1» 


Morrison  R.  Waite,  later  chief  justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States, 
but  the  necessity  of  earning  a  living  com- 
pelled him  to  forego  those  associations.  For 
a  time  he  clerked  in  a  law  office  and  aft.er- 
wards  continued  his  law  studies  privately 
while  serving  as  superintendent  of  public 
schools  at  Peru,  Indiana.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1865  at  Peru  and  handled 
his  first  minor  cases  as  a  lawyer  in  that 
city.  While  there  he  was  elected  county 
school  examiner.  Among  other  facts  that 
distinguished  the  career  of  the  late  Wil- 
liam H.  H.  Miller  is  that  his  reputation 
was  based  almost  entirely  upon  his  attain- 
ments and  brilliant  qualifications  as  a 
lawyer.  In  his  entire  career  he  never 
sought  the  honors  of  public  office.  Thus  his 
record  is  adorned  with  only  two  public  po- 
sitions, that  of  county  school  examiner  in 
Miami  County,  and  many  years  later  as 
attorney  general  for  the  United  States. 

In  1866  he  removed  to  Fort  Wayne,  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  William  H. 
Coombs.  Mr.  Coombs  was  an  old  lawyer 
of  great  ability  but  had  a  limited  practice. 
It  was  left  to  the  junior  partner  to  give 
the  push  and  energy  which  brought  a  rap- 
idly growing  clientage  to  the  firm.  Mr. 
Miller  soon  had  more  than  a  local  prestige 
as  a  lawyer.  In  the  course  of  his  practice 
he  handled  several  cases  before  the  federal 
courts  in  Indianapolis.  There  he  became 
acquainted  with  Gen.  Benjamin  Harrison, 
who  at  that  time  was  one  of  the  foremost 
members  of  the  Indiana  bar.  General  Har- 
rison was  then  practicing  as  a  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Porter,  Harrison  &  Hines. 
In  1874  Albert  G.  Porter,  the  senior  mem- 
ber, and  who  served  as  governor  of  Indiana 
from  1881  to  1885,  withdrew,  and  General 
Harrison  at  once  offered  the  partnership 
to  his  esteemed  young  friend  at  Fort 
Wayne.  This  resulted  in  the  establishment 
of  the  firm  Harrison,  Hines  &  Miller,  and 
from  1874  to  1889  Mr.  Miller  was  the  active 
Ici/al  associate  of  General  Harrison. 

Mr.  Miller,  while  never  a  politician,  was 
always  deeply  concerned  in  politics  as  a 
science,  and  some  of  his  notable  services 
as  a  lawyer  were  rendered  in  handling 
problems  of  a  political-legal  nature.  He 
was  the  leading  counsel  in  a  case  before 
the  courts  as  a  result  of  the  adoption  of  an 
amendment  to  the  State  Constitution  in 
1878.  He  also  appeared  in  the  contest  con- 
cerning the  office  of  lieutenant  governor  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDFANANS 


WILLIAM  II.  II.  MILLKR.  Aside  from  the 
national  reputation  that  came  to  him  as 
t'nited  States  Attorney  General  in  the 
cabinet  of  President  Harrison,  William 
Henry  Harrison  Miller  was  one  of  the 
ablest  advocates  and  most  profound  law- 
yers of  his  generation.  He  was  one  of  the 
last  survivors  of  a  brilliant  coterie  of  legal 
minds  that  adorned  the  Indiana  bar  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century 
and  he  stood  on  the  same  plane  with  such 
eminent  contemporaries  as  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks,  General  Benjamin  Harrison. 
Joseph  E.  McDonald  and  others  whose 
memory  will  always  be  cherished  in  the  an- 
nals of  the  Indiana  bar. 

William  Henry  Harrison  Miller,  who 
was  named  in  honor  of  the  grandfather  of 
General  Harrison,  with  whom  Mr.  Miller 
was  long  associated  in  practice,  was  born 
at  Augusta,  Oneida  County.  New  York. 
September  6,  1840,  and  died,  in  the  fullness 
of  years  and  honors.  May  25,  1917.  His 
Miller  ancestors.  Scotch  and  English,  came 
to  America  in  the  seventeenth  century.  His 
branch  of  the  family  located  in  Oneida 
County,  New  York,  in  1795.  He  was  next 
\o  the  youngest  in  the  family  of  ten  chil- 
dren of  Curtis  and  Lucy  (Duncan)  Miller, 
the  former  a  native  of  New  York  and  the 
latter  of  Massachusetts.  II is  father  was  a 
New  York  State  farmer. 

It  was  the  hard  and  invigorating  dis- 
cipline of  a  farm  that  brought  out  and  de- 
veloped many  of  the  talents  of  Mr.  Miller, 
and  his  character  was  formed  by  opposing 
obstacles  rather  than  avoiding  them.  lie 
attended  district  schools  in  his  native 
county,  and  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen  was 
qualified  as  a  teacher.  He  also  attended 
an  academy  at  Whitestown,  New  York,  and 
from  there  entered  Hamilton  College,  where 
he  graduated  with  the  degree  of  A.  H.  in 
1801.  Hamilton  College,  in  view  of  his  later 
distinctions  and  attainments,  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  LL.  I),  in 
18SD.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Delta  l"p- 
silon  fraternity. 

For  a  time  he  taught  a  village  school  at 
Maumee  City.  Ohio,  and  in  May,  18G2.  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  the  Eighty-fourth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  lie  was  elected 
lieutenant,  and  served  throughout  the  three 
months  term  of  enlistment,  until  his  hon- 
orable discharge  in  September  of  the  same 
year.  Leaving  the  army  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law  at  Toledo  under  the  eminent 

Vol.  Ill— 19 


Morrison  R.  Waite.  later  chief  .justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  I'nited  States, 
but  the  necessity  of  earning  a  living  com- 
pelled him  to  forego  those  associations.  For 
a  time  he  clerked  in  a  law  office  and  after- 
wards continued  his  law  studies  privately 
while  serving  as  superintendent  of  public 
schools  at  Peru.  Indiana.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1865  at  Peru  and  handled 
his  first  minor  cases  as  a  lawyer  in  that 
city.  While  there  he  was  elected  county 
school  examiner.  Among  other  facts  that 
distinguished  the  career  of  the  late  Wil- 
liam II.  II.  Miller  is  that  his  reputation 
was  based  almost  entirely  upon  his  attain- 
ments and  brilliant  qualifications  as  a 
lawyer.  In  his  entire  career  he  never 
sought  the  honors  of  public  office.  Thus  his 
record  is  adorned  with  only  two  public  po- 
sitions, that  of  county  school  examiner  in 
Miami  County,  and  many  years  later  as 
attorney  general  for  the  I'nited  States. 

In  1S66  he  removed  to  Fort  Wayne,  and 
formed  a  partnership  with  William  II. 
Coombs.  Mr.  Coombs  was  an  old  lawyer 
of  great  ability  but  had  a  limited  practice. 
It  was  left  to  the  junior  partner  to  give 
the  push  and  energy  which  brought  a  rap- 
idly growing  clientage  to  the  firm.  Mr. 
Miller  soon  had  more  than  a  local  prestige 
as  a  lawyer.  In  the  course  of  his  practice 
he  handled  several  cases  before  the  federal 
courts  in  Indianapolis.  There  he  became 
acquainted  with  (Jen.  Henjamin  Harrison, 
who  at  that  time  was  one  of  the  foremost 
members  of  the  Indiana  bar.  General  Har- 
rison was  then  practicing  as  a  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Porter,  Harrison  &  Hincs. 
In  1874  Albert  G.  Porter,  the  senior  mem- 
ber, and  who  served  as  governor  of  Indiana 
from  1881  to  1885,  withdrew,  and  General 
Harrison  at  once  offered  the  partnership 
to  his  esteemed  young  friend  at  Fort 
Wayne.  This  resulted  in  the  establishment 
of  the  firm  Harrison.  Ilines  &  Miller,  ami 
from  1874  to  1889  Mr.  Miller  was  the  active 
lc'_r:d  associate  of  General  Harrison. 

Mr.  Miller,  while  never  a  politician,  was 
always  deeply  concerned  in  politics  as  a 
science,  and  some  of  his  notable  services 
as  a  lawyer  were  rendered  in  handling 
problems  of  a  politieal-legal  nature.  He 
was  the  leading  counsel  in  a  case  before 
the  courts  as  a  result  of  the  adoption  of  an 
amendment  to  the  Slate  Constitution  in 
1878.  He  also  appeared  in  the  contest  con- 
cerning the  office  of  lieutenant  irovernor  in 


. 


1502 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1886.  For  many  years  he  was  a  trusted 
adviser  of  many  of  the  leaders  of  the  re- 
publican party,  and  thus  had  become  not 
only  the  professional  associate  but  the  con- 
fidential adviser  of  General  Harrison  prior 
to  the  letter's  campaign  for  the  presidency 
in  1888.  It  was  in  recognition  of  these 
services  and  also  on  the  basis  of  a  fitness 
which  none  better  understood  than  Gen- 
eral Harrison  that  Mr.  Miller  was  called 
into  the  cabinet  of  that  statesman  in  1889 
as  attorney  general. 

While  he  went  to  Washington  practically 
unknown  so  far  as  a  national  reputation 
was  concerned,  there  has  never  been  found 
a  good  reason  for  revising  or  modifying 
the  high  estimate  of  his  services  and  acts 
as  head  of  the  legal  department  of  the  Fed- 
eral Government.  An  estimate  of  these 
services  is  found  in  the  following  language : 
"In  the  administrative  functions  of  his 
office  he  inaugurated  a  vigorous  policy  and 
endeavored  effectively  in  many  instances  to 
correct  the  abuses  in  the  enforcement  of 
the  law  and  to  secure  their  impartial  ad- 
ministration. He  exercised  particular  care 
in  recommendations  to  the  president  for  the 
appointment  of  United  States  judges,  an 
unusual  number  of  whom  were  appointed 
under  President  Harrison's  administra- 
tion, and  the  result  was  that  the  selections 
were  generally  commended  by  members  of 
all  parties. ' '  Many  other  important  matters 
of  the  Harrison  administration  were 
handled  personally  by  Mr.  Miller  as  head 
of  the  law  department,  including  the 
Behring  Sea  litigation,  the  constitutional 
validity  of  the  McKinley  Tariff  Law,  the 
Interstate  Commerce  and  Anti  Lottery 
Laws,  the  International  Copyright  Act,  and 
the  admission  of  some  half  dozen  territories 
to  the  union. 

The  case  which  brought  him  his  chief 
reputation  and  received  most  attention 
from  the  public  press  occurred  early  in  his 
official  career.  The  knowledge  came  to  his 
office  that  a  notorious  California  lawyer 
named  David  S.  Terry  was  planning  per- 
sonal violence  upon  Justice  Field  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court  when  the 
latter  should  appear  on  the  California  cir- 
cuit. Attorney  General  Miller  promptly 
and  without  hesitation  directed  the  United 
States  marshal  of  that  state  to  afford  the 
justice  the  most  careful  protection.  Deputy 
Marshal  Neagle  was  detailed  as  a  personal 
attendant  upon  Justice  Field.  Terry  was 


killed  by  Neagle  in  the  very  act  of  making 
a  deadly  assault  upon  the  venerable  jurist. 
As  a  result  of  the  killing  the  authority 
of  the  deputy  marshal  was  questioned.  An 
attempt  was  made  by  the  state  authorities 
of  California  to  prosecute  him  for  the  mur- 
der of  Terry.  Mr.  Miller  directed  the  de- 
fense of  the  deputy  marshal  on  the  high 
ground  "that  independently  of  all  statutes, 
it  was  a  constitutional  duty  of  the  execu- 
tive branch  of  the  Federal  Government  to 
protect  the  judiciary."  Though  in  laying 
down  that  principle  he  was  unsupported 
by  precedent  or  statutory  authority,  the 
attorney  general  was  sustained  by  decisions 
in  both  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  and 
in  the  Supreme  Court.  He  presented  the 
cause  in  person  before  the  Supreme  Court 
and  with  such  mastery  of  argument  as  to 
add  materially  to  his  already  high  profes- 
sional reputation. 

On  retiring  from  the  cabinet  of  Presi- 
dent Harrison  in  March,  1893,  Mr.  Miller 
returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  from  that 
time  forward  until  almost  the  date  of  his 
death  was  engaged  in  private  -practice.  He 
became  head  of  the  firm  Miller,  Winter  & 
Elam,  and  subsequently  of  Miller,  Shirley 
&  Miller,  the  junior  partner  being  his  son 
Samuel  D.  Miller. 

While  he  possessed  exceptional  natural 
talents  the  position  which  Mr.  Miller  at- 
tained in  his  profession  was  largely  due 
to  his  thorough  preparation  and  his  habits 
or'  thoroughness  and  industry.  He  never 
ceased  to  be  a  student,  and  he  early  trained 
himself  in  that  rare  ability  to  absorb,  as- 
similate and  retain  knowledge,  and  his  field 
of  intellectual  interest  was  broadened  be- 
yond the  law  to  history  and  the  best  in 
literature.  It  was  from  the  resources  thus 
stored  up  in  his  mind  that  caused  a  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
once  to  say  of  him :  ' '  The  great  power  of 
his  arguments  is  largely  due  to  the  mar- 
velous aptness  of  his  illustrations."  And 
he  was  doubtless  referring  to  his  own  ex- 
perience when,  in  answer  to  a  question  as 
to  what  special  trait  was  most  essential  to 
the  success  of  a  lawyer,  he  replied:  "The 
mental  trait  most  essential  to  the  success 
of  a  lawyer  is  the  ability  to  see  resem- 
blances amid  differences  and  differences 
amid  resemblances." 

*Mr.  Miller  served  as  a  trustee  of  his 
alma  mater,  Hamilton  College,  from  1893 
to  1898.  For  many  years  he  was  an  elder 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1503 


of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indi- 
an;ipolis,  was  a  corporator  of  the  Crown 
Hill  Cemetery  Association,  a  director  of 
the  Marion  Trust  Company,  was  once  hon- 
ored with  the  presidency  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Bar  Association,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Columbia  Club  and  the  Military 
Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  On  December 
23,  1863,  he  married  Miss  Gertrude  A. 
Bunce,  who  was  born  in  Ohio  but  was 
reared  in  Vernon,  Oneida  County,  New 
York.  Her  father  was  Sidney  A.  Bunce. 
Of  the  seven  children  born  of  their  mar- 
riage there  survive,  a  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters. Concerning  the  son  more  is  said  on 
other  pages.  The  two  daughters  are  Flo- 
rence, wife  of  Clifford  Arrick,  of  Chicago, 
and  Jessie,  wife  of  A.  M.  Hopper,  of  Eng- 
lewood,  New  Jersey. 

Only  a  short  time  before  his  death  Mr. 
Miller,  in  the  course  of  an  intimate  conver- 
sation, remarked  :  "  I  am  not  conscious  that 
during  my  public  life  in  Washington  I 
ever  did  a  single  official  act  from  a  selfish 
motive."  And  to  those  who  knew  and 
honored  him  and  had  followed  his  career 
from  the  time  he  came  to  Indianapolis  that 
sentence  would  receive  a  broader  applica- 
tion to  his  entire  career  as  a  lawyer  and 
man. 

i 

SAMUEL  D.  MILLER  was  in  Washington 
while  his  father  was  United  States  Attorney 
General,  acquired  part  of  his  legal  educa- 
tion there  and  gained  experience  and  asso- 
ciation with  leading  men  and  affairs  that 
proved  invaluable  to  him  as  a  lawyer.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar 
since  1893,  and  for  many  years  was  actively 
associated  with  his  honored  father,  Wil- 
liam H.  H.  Miller. 

He  was  born  at  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
September  25,  1869,  and  was  five  years  of 
age  when  his  father  came  to  Indianapolis. 
From  early  childhood  he  had  liberal  ad- 
vantages and  grew  up  in  an  environment 
calculated  to  bring  out  the  best  of  his 
native  qualities.  He  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis,  the  Indianapolis 
Classical  School,  and  in  1886  entered  his 
father's  alma  mater,  Hamilton  College  of 
New  York.  He  pursued  the  classical 
course  and  received  the  Bachelor  of  Arts 
degree  with  the  class  of  1890.  The  next 
year  he  spent  in  the  law  department  of 
Columbia  University  at  New  York,  and 
then  entered  the  law  school  of  the  National 


University  at  Washington,  where  he  grad- 
uated LL.  B.  in  1892.  While  at  Wash- 
ington, from  March,  1891,  to  March,  1893, 
he  was  private  secretary  to  Redfield  Proc- 
tor and  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  secretaries  of 
war  under  President  Harrison. 

Mr.  Miller  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
March,  1893,  and  for  two  years  practiced 
as  junior  member  of  the  firm  of  Hord,  Per- 
kins &  Miller  at  Indianapolis.  From  the 
fall  of  1895  to  1899  he  had  his  home  and 
business  as  a  lawyer  at  New  York  City.  On 
returning  to  Indianapolis  he  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Miller,  Elam,  Fesler 
&  Miller.  Later  the  firm  became  Miller, 
Shirley,  Miller  &  Thompson.  Subse- 
quently, upon  the  retirement  of  Mr.  C.  C. 
Shirley  from  the  firm,  it  became  Miller, 
Dailey  &  Thompson  and  still  continues  ac- 
tive in  the  practice.  The  other  members 
are  Mr.  Frank  C.  Dailey,  Mr.  William  H. 
Thompson.  Mr.  Sidney  S.  Miller  and  Mr. 
Albert  L.  Rabb. 

Mr.  Miller  is  an  active  member  of  the 
United  States,  Indiana  and  Indianapolis 
Bar  associations.  In  1910  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Ham- 
ilton College  and  continued  as  such  for 
about  seven  years.  Other  members  of  the 
board  at' the  time  were  the  late  James  S. 
Sherman,  vice  president  of  the  United 
States,  and  Senator  Elihu  Root.  Mr.  Mil- 
ler is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Command- 
ery  of  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  and  belongs  to  the  Hamilton  Col- 
lege Chapter  of  the  Chi  Psi  fraternity,  and 
the  Columbia,  the  University,  the  Country 
and  the  Dramatic  clubs  of  Indianapolis. 
Politically  he  has  rendered  allegiance  and 
much  service  to  the  cause  of  the  republican 
party,  though,  like  his  father,  he  has  never 
put  himself  in  the  way  of  official  prefer- 
ment. 

During  the  war  of  1917  Mr.  Miller  gave 
a  large  part  of  his  time  to  the  patriotic 
activities  of  his  community.  He  was  a 
member  of  Selective  Service  Board  No.  5. 
chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  Indianapolis  Branch  of  the  American 
Protective  League  and  actively  engaged  in 
many  other  of  the  undertakings  brought 
about  by  the  war. 

On  October  23,  1907.  he  married  Miss 
Amelia  Owen.  She  was  born  and  reared  in 
Evansville.  Her  father,  Dr.  A.  M.  Owen, 
was  long  prominent  in  the  profession  of 
medicine  in  that  city.  Three  children  were 


1504 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


born  of  this  marriage,  two  sons  and  one 
daughter,  of  whom  the  daughter,  Laura 
Owen  Miller,  born  April  22,  1914,  alone 
survives.  By  a  former  marriage  Mr.  Miller 
has  one  sou,  Sidney  Stanhope,  born  Sep- 
tember 27,  1893,  who  is  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession and  during  the  war  was  a  major 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth  United 
States  Field  Artillery  in  France. 


D.  MANSON  was  born  in  Piqua, 
Onio,  February  20,  1820,  but  in  early  life 
became  a  resident  of  Crawfordsville,  In- 
diana. He  served  as  a  captain  during  the 
Mexican  war,  was  a  member  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  1851-2,  and  then  entered  the  Civil 
war,  in  which  'he  rose  to  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier general.  After  the  close  of  the  war 
and  his  return  to  civil  life  Mr.  Manson  was 
nominated  as  lieutenant  governor  and  sec- 
retary of  state,  and  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress as  a  democrat,  serving  from  1871 
until  1873. 

CHARLES  PHILLIPS  EMERSON,  M.  D.  Be- 
cause of  his  position  as  dean  and  professor 
of  medicine  in  the  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine,  Bloomington  and  In- 
dianapolis, Doctor  Emerson's  career  is  a 
matter  of  general  interest  to  the  entire 
medical  profession  of  the  state.  His  work 
is  known  not  only  here  but  among  medical 
men  generally  throughout  the  country.  He 
has  been  a  successful  teacher  of  medicine, 
an  author,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
first  authorities  in  his  field. 

Doctor  Emerson  was  born  at  Metheun, 
Massachusetts,  September  4,  1872,  a  son  of 
Jacob  and  Josephine  (Davis)  Emerson. 
His  associations  from  early  youth  have 
brought  him  in  contact  with  prominent 
scholars  and  the  fruits  of  scholarship  and 
culture.  He  graduated  from  Amherst 
College  in  1894,  A.  B.,  and  soon  afterward 
entered  Johns  Hopkins  University  at  Bal- 
timore. from  which  he  received  his  Doctor 
of  Medicine  degree  in  1899.  Doctor  Emer- 
son has  spent  much  time  abroad,  especially 
in  earlier  years.  He  was  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Strassburg  in  1900,  the  University 
of  Basel  in  1901,  and  spent  a  considerable 
part  of  the  year  1903  at  Paris. 

For  several  years  Doctor  Emerson  was 
associate  in  medicine  at  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  resident  physician  of  the 
University  Hospital.  In  1908-11  he  was 
superintendent  of  the  Clifton  Springs  Sani- 


tarium in  New  York,  and  in  1909  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  medicine  in  Cornell 
University.  He  took  up  his  present  work 
as  professor  of  medicine  and  dean  of  the 
University  School  at  Indianapolis  in  1911. 
While  not  in  general  practice  Doctor  Emer- 
son aside  from  his  college  and  literary 
duties  is  a  consulting  physician,  and  his 
services  have  often  been  called  in  by  the 
leading  practitioners  of  the  capital  city. 

As  an  author  Doctor  Emerson  is  widely 
known  through  the  following  works: 
"Pneumothorax,"  published  in  1904; 
"Clinical  Diagnosis,"  published  in  1906; 
"A  Hospital  for  Children,"  1905,  and 
"Essentials  of  Medicine,"  published  in 
1908.  He  is  a  member  of  tfie  Association 
of  American  Physicians,  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  of  various  other 
medical  organizations.  He  is  a  Chi  Psi 
college  fraternity  man,  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  a  republican. 
His  office  is  in  the  Hume-Mansur  Build- 
ing at  Indianapolis.  Doctor  Emerson  mar- 
ried April  14,  1909,  Miss  Effie  Gilmour 
Perry,  of  Toronto,  Canada. 

THE  FRANCIS  FAMILY.  The  ancestors  of 
the  Francis  families  of  America  so  far  as 
evidence  can  be  obtained  were  residents 
of  the  northern  countries  of  France,  and 
are  described  by  historians  as  ' '  hardy  cour- 
ageous, energetic  and  industrious."  Many 
of  these  residents  found  their  way  in  the 
course  of  time  to  Germany,  Austria  and 
Great  Britain,  as  several  of  the  kings,  prel- 
ates and  other  dignitaries  bore  the  name 
of  "Francis." 

The  first  mentioned  was  William  Fran- 
cis, one  of  the  leading  promoters  of  the 
Virginia  Company,  formed  in  London  in 
the  year  1606. 

The  direct  lineage  of  the  Francis  families 
who  settled  in  Indiana  and  Illinois  is 
traced  from  the  settlement  of  Wethersfield, 
Connecticut.  The  Town  of  Wethersfield, 
about  four  miles  south  of  Hartford,  was 
organized  as  a  colony  January  7,  1633. 
Among  its  residents  will  be  found  the 
names  of  Robert  and  Richard  Francis. 
Richard  joined  one  of  the  companies  of 
colonists  who  were  called  upon  to  defend 
themselves  from  the  hostile  Indians  and 
was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  savages. 

(1)  Robert  Francis,  horn  in  1629,  prob- 
ably in  England,  died  January  2,  1712, 
aged  eighty-three.  He  established  a  farm 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1505 


in  Wethersfield  and  became  a  prominent 
member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church  of  that  place.  About  1650  he  mar- 
ried Joan  ,  who  died  January 

29,  1705,  aged  seventy-six.  Their  children, 
the  oldest  born  in  1651  and  the  youngest  in 
1664,  were  named  Susanna,  Robert,  Mary, 
John,  Abigal,  James  and  Sarah. 

(2)  John  Francis,  born  at  Wethersfield, 
Connecticut,  September  4,  1658,  died  De- 
cember 28,  1711.     He  was  a  farmer  and 
served  as  a  sergeant  in  the  Colonial  army. 
February  10,  1680,  he  married  Sarah  Dix, 
who  was  born  in  1658  and  died  April  3, 
1682.    January  16,  1683,  he  married  Mercy 
Chittenden,   who   died   October   13,   1745. 
His  children,  all  by  the  second  wife,  were 
John,    James,    Siberance,    Mary,    Thomas, 
Robert,  Abigal  and  Prudence. 

(3)  John  Francis,  born  at  Wethersfield, 
Connecticut,  October  13,  1684,  died   Sep- 
tember 19,  1749.     He  was  a  man  of  great 
muscular  strength  and  many  stories  have 
been  related  of  his  extraordinary  athletic 
feats.     He  was  the  owner  and  landlord  of 
the  old  Weathersfield  Inn.    He  was  three 
times  married.   His  first  wife,  Mary  Hatch, 
whom  he  married  December  30,  1708,  died 
July  15,  1718,  mother  of  one  child,  John. 
In  1725  he  married  Lydia  Deming,  who 
died  October  18,  1733,  and  on  October  16, 
1735,  he  married  Eunice  Dickinson,  who 
died  May  21,  1770.     The  one  child  of  his 
second  marriage  was  Elisha.    The  children 
of  his  third  wife  were  Mary,  Lydia,  Eunice, 
John  and  Mercy. 

(4)  John    Francis,    son    of    John    and 
Mary,   was  born   September  28,   1710,   at 
Wethersfield,  and  died  May  15,  1738.     In 
1730  he  married  Mary  Dodd,  who  died  in 
1778.     Their  children  were  John,  Josiah, 
Charles  and  Mary. 

(5)  Charles     Francis     was     born     at 
Wethersfield  in  1736,  and  the  date  of  his 
death   is  unknown.     He  was  a  very  suc- 
cessful farmer.     He  was  married  and  had 
children   named   Charles,  Hulda,   Simeon, 
Millicent  and  George. 

(6)  Simeon  Francis,  born  at  Wethers- 
field in  1770,  was  a  prosperous  and  much 
respected  farmer,  deacon  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational  Church,   and  died   September 
7,  1823.     May  26,  1793.  he  married  Mary 
Ann  Adams,  who  died  September  18,  1822. 
Their  children  were  Charles.  Simeon,  Mary 
Ann,     Calvin,     Josiah,     Edwin,     Huldah, 
Allen  and  John. 


(7)  Five  of  the  Francis  brothers  and 
their  two  sisters,  children  of  Simeon  and 
Mary  Ann,  decided  after  the  death  of 
their  parents  to  leave  their  old  home  in 
Wethersfield  and  seek  a  new  home  in  the 
west.  Charles  and  Simeon  left  home  some- 
time previously.  The  others  embarked  on 
the  sloop  Falcon  at  Hartford  September 
17,  1829,  their  journey  being  down  the 
Connecticut  River  and  through  Long 
Island  Sound  to  New  York,  thence  up  the 
Hudson  River  to  Albany  and  across  the 
state  by  the  Erie  Canal  to  Buffalo,  where 
they  were  joined  by  their  brother  Simeon. 
A  sailing  vessel  took  them  over  Lake  Erie 
to  Sandusky,  and  thence  they  procured 
wagons  to  cross  the  State  of  Ohio  to  Cin- 
cinnati. After  a  journey  fraught  with 
much  exposure  and  lack  of  proper  nourish- 
ment they  reached  Cincinnati,  and  were 
thence  borne  by  a  small  steamboat  down 
the  Ohio  and  up  the  Mississippi  to  St. 
Louis,  barely  escaping  with  their  lives 
through  the  wrecking  of  one  of  the  boats. 
They  were  seventy-seven  days  in  making 
the  journey  which  can  now  be  made  with 
comfort  in  less  than  one-third  as  many 
hours. 

In  1831  Simeon,  Josiah  and  John  went 
to  Springfield,  Illinois,  taking  with  them 
a  little  old  printing  press  which  they 
brought  from  Connecticut.  On  November 
10,  1831,  the  first  issue  of  the  Sangamon 
Journal,  now  the  Illinois  State  Journal, 
was  brought  out  by  these  brothers.  Simeon 
and  Allen  Francis  fostered  the  youthful 
ambitions  of  Abraham  Lincoln  by  loaning 
him  a  copy  of  Blackstone  and  all  the  other 
books  possible.  They  also  introduced  Mr. 
Lincoln  to  the  leading  social  and  profes- 
sional figures  of  Springfield.  It  was  at  the 
home  of  Allen  Francis  that  Mr.  Lincoln 
met  Miss  Todd,  whom  he  subsequently  mar- 
ried. Mr.  Lincoln  reciprocated  in  1861 
by  appointing  Simeon  Francis  paymaster 
of  all  the  troops  in  the  Northwest,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  stationed  at  Van- 
couver, Washington.  In  1870  he  was  re- 
tired on  half  pay  and  returned  to  Portland, 
where  he  established  the  Portland  Ore- 
gonian,  still  a  power  in  the  newspaper 
field.  He  was  president  of  the  Oregon 
State  Agricultural  Society.  In  1861  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  appointed  Hon.  Allen  Francis 
first  consul  to  Victoria,  Vancouver's 
Island.  He  resigned  in  1864.  With  his 
sons  he  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  with  the 


1506 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Indians  on  the  Alaska  Coast.  It  was 
through  Hon.  Allen  Francis  that  Secretary 
Seward  gained  the  information  concerning 
the  varied  resources  of  Alaska  which  de- 
termined him  to  enter  into  negotiations 
with  Russia  for  its  purchase. 

Simeon  Francis,  the  first  of  the  brothers 
to  leave  home,  served  an  apprenticeship 
in  a  printing  office  in  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut. Later  forming  a  partnership  un- 
der the  name  of  Clapp  and  Francis,  he 
published  the  Republican  Advocate,  the 
first  number  of  which  appeared  in  1817. 
Volumes  for  the  years  1821,  1822  and  1823 
of  this  publication  are  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Charles  W.  Francis  of  La- 
Porte,  Indiana. 

Charles  Francis,  also  of  the  seventh 
generation,  was  the  pioneer  of  the  family 
in  the  wilds  of  Northern  Indiana.  He  was 
born  in  "VVethersfield,  Connecticut,  March 
19,  1794.  December  14,  1820,  he  married 
Elizabeth  Haskell,  who  died  August  9, 
1856.  They  left  their  old  home  in  1829 
and  settled  in  Cherry  Valley,  New  York. 
Two  years  later  they  determined  to  seek 
a  home  further  west.  With  their  scanty 
belongings  they  were  towed  down  the  Erie 
Canal  to  Buffalo,  and  a  sailing  vessel  took 
them  to  Cleveland,  where  they  lived  nearly 
a  year.  Still  afflicted  with  the  western 
fever,  in  the  early  autumn  of  1834  they 
started  for  Chicago.  At  that  time  emi- 
grants traveled  in  wagons,  camping  where- 
ever  night  overtook  them.  As  a  family 
of  eight,  their  furniture  and  necessities 
were  easily  stored  in  one  wagon,  and  a 
man  was  hired  to  drive  them  through. 
Many  hardships  were  experienced  with 
poor  accommodations,  bad  roads  and  often- 
times want  of  provisions.  In  about  six 
weeks  they  reached  LaPorte,  at  which  time 
winter  had  set  in  with  great  severity.  After 
leaving  LaPorte  they  met  a  party  return- 
ing from  Chicago,  reporting  there  were  no 
provisions  in  that  settlement  or  work  of 
any  kind.  This  news,  together  with  the 
sickness  of  the  youngest  child,  turned  them 
back,  and  they  settled  for  the  winter  in  a 
log  cabin  near  the  present  site  of  Fail's 
schoolhouse  in  LaPorte  County.  During 
the  winter  Charles  Francis  took  up  land 
and  built  a  cabin  in  Galena  Township.  In 
the  spring  he  moved  his  family  to  that 
location  in  the  dense  forest.  Five  families 
had  located  in  the  same  township  in  the 
preceding  year.  A  short  distance  east 


was  an  Indian  settlement,  hence  the  In- 
dians were  as  numerous  a&  the  whites,  but 
were  friendly  and  often  visited  the  settlers, 
bringing  maple  sugar  and  trinkets  to  trade 
for  something  to  eat.  It  was  here  that  the 
Francis  family  endured  those  privations 
and  hardships  common  to  the  lot  of  pio- 
neers. Charles  Francis  long  survived  this 
era  of  pioneer  things  and  died  in  1870. 

A  brief  record  of  his  seven  children  is 
as  follows:  Mary  Ann,  born  in  1821,  died 
August  19,  1826.  Joseph  Haskell  born 
September  23,  1823,  and  died  January  12, 
1900,  married  March  4,  1849,  Catherine  A. 
Martin,  who  died  November  15,  1892,  and 
their  two  children  were  Mary  E.  and 
George  H.  George  H.,  Jr.,  married  Blanche 
Nobel  and  lives  on  the  old  homestead  near 
LaPorte.  Luke,  the  third  child,  was  born 
May  16,  1825,  and  died  in  December  1882. 
June  5,  1848,  he  married  Betsey  Marshall, 
who  died  in  1909.  They  had  no  children. 
The  next  in  age  is  Simeon,  the  record  of 
whom  is  given  below.  William  Wallace, 
born  December  17,  1828.  and  died  in  1912, 
married  March  29,  1851,  Ann  Mariah 
Martin.  Their  six  children  were  Sarah 
B.,  Fred,  Mary  A.,  Charles  W.,  Alice  M. 
and  Frank  J.  Charles,  Jr.,  born  April  4, 
1831,  died  in  February,  1887.  November 
9,  1856,  he  married  Minerva  Weed,  who 
died  childless  April  11,  1865.  June  1, 
1869,  he  married  Rebecca  B.  Hollingsworth, 
who  died  in  1917,  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren, Mary  E.  and  Milton.  Edwin,  the 
youngest  of  the  family,  was  born  in  August 
1833,  and  died  in  1839. 

(8)  Simeon  Francis,  born  April  22, 
1827,  at  Weathersfield,  Connecticut,  was 
about  seven  years  of  age  when  his  parents 
arrived  in  LaPorte  County,  and  as  a  boy 
he  had  some  part  in  the  labors  by  which 
the  family  was  established  in  the  log  cabin 
home  in  the  woods  of  Galena  Township. 
In  that  same  community  he  spent  prac- 
tically all  his  long  and  eventful  life.  Until 
the  land  was  cleared  and  crops  grown  it 
was  difficult  to  get  plenty  to  eat.  The 
Francis  family  home  was  twelve  miles  from 
LaPorte.  Such  groceries  as  could  be  ob- 
tained in  the  market  of  that  day  had  to 
be  carried  home,  as  there  was  no  other 
means  of  conveyance.  Game  was  plenti- 
ful, therefore  meat  was  abundant.  The 
educational  advantages  were  limited  to 
those  of  the  log  schoolhouse.  The  first 
school  which  Simeon  attended  was  held  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1507 


a  two-room  log  cabin,  one  room  occupied  by 
the  John  Morrow  family.  That  was  in 
1835.  As  the  Indians  were  quite  numerous, 
Simeon  spent  many  pleasant  hours  playing 
with  Indian  boys.  The  principal  sport 
in  winter  was  sliding  down  hill  on  impro- 
vised sleds  of  bark  with  one  end  turned 
up,  forming  a  sled.  As  he  grew  to  man- 
hood he  learned  the  carpenter's  trade, 
which  he  followed  in  connection  with  farm- 
ing. 

March  12,  1859,  Simeon  Francis  married 
Mary  Elizabeth  Martin.  She  was  born 
near  Dover,  New  Jersey,  November  12, 
1835,  and  came  with  her  parents  to  LaPorte 
County  in  the  spring  of  1839.  Her  an- 
cestry dates  back  to  the  arrival  of  Isaac 
Martin  in  the  Massachusetts  Colony  in 
1664.  The  heads  of  the  eight  generations 
preceding  her  were  Isaac,  John,  Thomas, 
Isaac,  Isaac,  Isaac,  Isaac,  and  William 
Adams.  The  last  was  often  called  the 
"father"  of  the  Martins,  as  he  was  the  first 
of  the  family  to  settle  in  the  western 
country.  William  Adams  Martin  married 
in  1828  Mary  Apgar,  and  their  seven  chil- 
dren were  Abram,  Catherina  A.,  Ann  Ma- 
riah,  Mary  E.,  Ellen  S.,  Isaac  F.,  and  Hi- 
ram B.  Of  these  Isaac  F.  is  still  living  at 
LaPorte.  As  the  brothers  of  William 
Martin  came  west  they  were  welcomed  to 
the  hospitality  of  his  cabin  until  they  could 
provide  homes  for  themselves.  At  one  time 
there  were  thirteen  persons  in  the  log  cabin 
about  18  by  20  feet  and  no  way  to  prepare 
the  meals  except  over  the  fireplace,  Mary 
Elizabeth  Martin  was  the  third  one  of  the 
Martin  sisters  to  marry  one  of  the  three 
Francis  brothers. 

Simeon  Francis  and  wife  lived  on  a  farm 
until  1871,  when  they  moved  to  Three 
Oaks,  Michigan,  where  for  six  years  he 
was  a  merchant.  He  then  returned  to  the 
farm  and  resumed  his  trade  also.  He  and 
his  wife  were  members  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  October  5,  1899,  he  moved  to  La- 
Porte  and  resided  with  his  son  at  216 
Lincolnway,  West.  The  last  six  years  of 
Simeon's  life  were  lived  in  retirement 
from  all  active  duties,  as  he  was  nearly 
blind,  not  being  able  to  read  a  word  at 
that  time.  He  died  March  23,  1914,  and 
his  wife  passed  away  February  4,  1918. 
Both  are  at  rest  at  Pine  Lake  Cemetery 
near  LaPorte.  Simeon  Francis  and  wife 
had  two  children,  Charles  William  and 
Jessie  Gertrude. 


(9)  Charles  William  Francis  one  of  the 
two  living  representatives  bearing  the  name 
Francis  and  descendants  of  these  families 
who  reside  in  the  State  of  Indiana  at  pres- 
ent. The  other  is  George  Haskell  Francis. 
He  was  born  October  8,  1860,  in  LaPorte 
County,  grew  up  on  a  farm,  and  while  there 
attended  the  common  schools.  Later  he 
attended  the  high  school  at  Three  Oaks, 
Michigan,  and  the  Central  University  at 
Polla,  Iowa.  Mr.  Francis  has  given  prac- 
tically all  his  active  life  to  some  form  of 
public  service.  For  ten  years  he  was  a 
teacher  and  on  November  1,  1897,  entered 
the  postal  service  and  since  then  has  been 
connected  with  the  LaPorte  post  office. 
He  is  a  man  of  wide  and  varied  interests. 
He  recently  published  a  History  and  Gene- 
alogy of  the  Martin  family.  In  the  fall 
of  1912,  in  company  with  Dr.  H.  H.  Martin, 
he  made  a  trip  through  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Holland,  England  and  Scotland.  On 
the  return  trip  the  news  of  President  Wil- 
son 's  election  was  received  by  wireless  while 
sailing  through  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
March  12,  1884,  Mr.  Francis  married  Eva 
Holcomb,  who  was  born  in  LaPorte  County 
July  12,  1864.  They  are  the  parents  of  two 
children,  Ethel  Gertrude  and  Maree  Hol- 
comb, who  represent  the  tenth  generation 
of  the  family.  Ethel  Gertrude  Francis  was 
born  July  8, 1886,  in  Berrien  County,  Mich- 
igan. She  was  married  June  27,  1906,  to 
Frederick  W.  Steigely,  who  is  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  and  retail  meat  business  at 
LaPorte.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Steigely  had  five 
children  representing  the  eleventh  genera- 
tion, Frederick  W.,  Catherine  Evelyn, 
Francis  H.,  Rose  Ethel  and  Ethel  Evelyn. 
Maree  Francis,  the  second  daughter,  was 
born  May  15,  1894,  at  LaPorte,  and  was 
married  June  30, 1917,  to  Clyde  G.  Chancy, 
formerly  city  editor  of  the  LaPorte  Argus, 
who  saw  active  service  in  France  as  cap- 
tain of  Company  B  of  the  151st  Infantry. 
Captain  and  Mrs.  Chancy  have  one  child, 
Robert  Galen  Chaney. 

Jessie  Gertrude  Francis,  sister  of  Charles 
William  Francis,  was  born  November  12, 
1866,  in  LaPorte  County,  and  finished  her 
education  in  the  Three  Oaks  High  School. 
December  24,  1895,  at  LaPorte,  she  was 
married  to  Wendall  Paddock.  Mr.  Pad- 
dock was  born  in  Berrien  County,  Mich- 
igan, July  12,  1866,  a  graduate  of  the 
Michigan  Agricultural  College,  for  several 
years  was  professor  of  Horticulture 


1508 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  the  Colorado  University  and  for  the 
last  nine  years  he  has  held  the  same  posi- 
tion with  the  Ohio  State  University.  He 
and  his  family  reside  at  1077  Westwood 
avenue  in  Columbus,  Ohio. 

The  three  children  of  Professor  and  Mrs. 
Paddock  belong  in  the  tenth  generation  of 
the  Francis  family.  Francis  W.  Paddock, 
born  at  Geneva,  New  York,  September  18, 
1899,  enlisted  April  12,  1918,  in  the  Reg- 
ular Army,  Coast  Artillery  Service,  and 
was  stationed  in  France  when  the  war 
closed.  The  two  younger  children  still 
at  home  with  their  parents,  are  Elizabeth 
Gertrude  Paddock,  born  at  Fort  Collins, 
Colorado,  January  22,  1906,  and  Jessie 
Evelyn  Paddock,  born  April  16,  1908,  also 
at  Fort  Collins. 

As  the  preceding  records  indicate  the 
Francis  family,  while  seldom  producing 
men  of  great  distinction  in  the  ordinary 
sense  of  that  word,  has  in  fact  been  con- 
spicuous for  those  virtues  which  are  funda- 
mental in  the  welfare  and  security  of  the 
human  race.  Charles  Francis  of  the  sev- 
enth generation  was  a  carpenter  and  three 
of  his  sons  learned  the  trade.  They  helped 
to  build  the  first  railroad  stations  in  La- 
Porte  and  Michigan  City,  and  many  res- 
idences of  the  county  still  stand  as  monu- 
ments to  their  handiwork.  At  an  early 
date  they  built  and  owned  three  sawmills 
and  two  flour  mills,  in  addition  to  the 
management  of  their  farms.  The  five  sons 
of  Charles  Francis  all  grew  to  manhood, 
married  and  raised  families,  and  their  de- 
scendants are  now  widely  scattered  from 
coast  to  coast.  The  five  brothers  though 
going  their  separate  ways  always  managed 
to  work  together  and  maintained  for  years 
the  intimate  ties  of  family  relation- 
ships that  made  them  in  all  essential  re- 
spects one  family.  The  three  brothers  who 
were  carpenters  followed  that  trade  when 
the  carpenter  made  and  fitted  every  part 
of  the  house.  Many  of  the  tools  used  at 
that  time  even  as  far  hack  as  1790,  are  care- 
fully preserved  by  Mr.  Charles  W.  Francis 
of  LaPorte.  In  matters  of  religion  these 
families  were  Methodists,  Baptists  and 
Christians,  but  in  politics  they  were  al- 
most without  exception  ardent  republicans. 

CARL  J.  AHIXJREN  was  elected  sheriff  of 
LaPorte  County  in  1914,  and  at  that  time 
was  the  youngest  sheriff  of  Indiana.  He 


was  then  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  and 
has  lived  all  his  life  in  LaPorte  County. 

He  was  born  in  Springfield  Township 
of  that  county.  His  grandfather,  Chris- 
tian Ahlgren,  was  a  native  of  Germany 
and  brought  his  family  to  America  in  1857, 
coming  on  a  sailing  vessel  which  was  six 
weeks  in  making  the  voyage.  He  soon 
located  at  LaPorte,  and  was  a  resident  of 
that  city  twelve  years.  After  that  he 
bought  a  farm  in  Springfield  Township 
on  the  road  that  is  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween the  states  of  Indiana  and  Michigan. 
He  was  a  general  farmer  there  until  1888, 
when  he  retired  to  Michigan  City,  and  died 
when  about  seventy  years  of  age.  He  mar- 
ried Hannah  Steffenhagen,  who  survived 
her  husband  and  died  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
two.  Their  children  were  Fred,  Minnie, 
Charles,  Carriee  and  Fredericka. 

Charles  Ahlgren  was  born  in  Germany 
October  23,  1856,  just  a  year  before  the 
family  came  to  America.  He  first  attended 
school  in  the  city  of  LaPorte,  and  when  the 
family  removed  to  Springfield  Township  he 
employed  his  strength  in  doing  all  manner 
of  farm  labor.  His  independent  career 
began  on  a  rented  farm,  and  soon  after- 
ward he  bought  forty  acres  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  his  father's  homestead.  In  1893 
Charles  Ahlgren  left  the  farm  and  re- 
moved to  Michigan  City,  and  for  the  past 
twenty-five  years  has  been  one  of  the  lead- 
ing contractors  of  brick  and  stone  masonry 
work  in  the  county.  He  married  Catherine 
McAllister.  She  was  born  at  Buffalo,  New 
York.  Her  father,  Charles  McAllister,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  had  a  most  in- 
teresting career.  When  only  a  boy  he  went 
to  sea,  and  his  adventurous  life  as  a  sailor 
took  him  to  all  the  principal  seaports  of 
the  world  and  three  times  around  Cape 
Horn.  Queen  Victoria  personally  pre- 
sented him  with  a  medal  for  bravery  in 
saving  the  lives  of  a  party  of  sailors.  After 
leaving  the  sea  and  coming  to  America  he 
lived  a  time  in  Canada,  afterwards  in  Buf- 
falo, New  York,  then  at  Lakeside,  Mich- 
igan, and  finally  located  at  New  Buffalo. 
Charles  McAllister  married  Janet  McAl- 
lister, a  second  cousin.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Charles  Ahlgren  had  three  children,  Fred 
H.,  Carl  J.  and  Janet. 

Carl  J.  Ahlgren  attended  school  in  Mich- 
igan City,  including  two  years  at  high 
school.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  began 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1509 


learning  the  trade  of  brick  layer  under 
his  father,  and  followed  that  occupation 
steadily  until  he  was  elected  sheriff  in  1914. 
So  satisfactory  was  his  first  term  that  he 
was  reelected  in  1916,  and  throughout 
these  four  years  he  has  been  a  most  capable 
servant  of  the  courts  and  also  a  strong 
factor  in  upholding  the  forces  of  law  and 
order  in  the  county. 

In  1909  Sheriff  Ahlgren  married  Lucy 
Eleanor  Raikes.  She  was  born  at  Boulder, 
Colorado.  Her  father,  Walter  Raikes,  was 
a  native  of  England  and  was  brought  to 
America  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  He  learned 
the  stone  mason's  trade  and  for  several 
years  followed  that  occupation  at  Boulder, 
Colorado,  but  is  now  living  in  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah.  Walter  Raikes  married  Elea- 
nor Hathaway.  She  was  born  in  Fall 
River,  Massachusetts,  a  daughter  of  Charles 
and  Eleanor  Hathaway.  The  Hathaway 
ancestors  came  to  America  at  the  time  of 
the  Mayflower  pilgrims.  Mrs.  Ahlgren  was 
one  of  five  children,  named  Walter,  George, 
Grace,  Horace  and  Lucy  Eleanor.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Ahlgren  are  members  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church.  Fraternally  he  is  affiliated 
with  Acme  Lodge  of  Masons  and  with  La- 
Porte  Lodge  of  Elks. 

CLARENCE  EUGENE  OSBORNE  has  for  many 
years  been  one  of  the  useful  public-spirited 
citizens  of  the  Wanatah  Community  in 
LaPorte  County.  The  family  is  an  old 
and  honored  one  in  northern  Indiana, 
especially  in  Porter  and  LaPorte  Counties. 

His  grandfather  Jonathan  Osborne,  Sr. 
was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  and  mar- 
ried Rachel  Small,  a  native  of  South  Caro- 
lina. Jonathan  was  a  small  boy  when  his 
family  moved  to  Ohio  and  settled  near 
Chillicothe.  From  there  after  his  marriage 
he  moved  to  Wlayne  County,  Indiana,  and 
in  1834  bought  at  a  government  land  sale 
120  acres  in  Clinton  Township  of  La- 
Porte  County.  He  improved  this  property 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  days  there.  He 
and  his  wife  had  a  large  family  of  chil- 
dren, including  David,  Nathan,  John,  Wil- 
liam, Jason,  Jonathan,  Jr.,  and  Eli. 

Jason  Osborne,  father  of  Clarence  E., 
was  born  in  West  Virginia,  but  grew  up 
in  LaPorte  County  and  was  trained  to 
the  life  of  a  farmer.  He  bought  farms  in 
Clinton  Township  and  also  acquired  other 
land  across  the  county  line  in  Essex  Town- 
ship of  Porter  County.  He  was  a  general 


farmer  and  stock  raiser  there  until  about 
fifty  years  of  age,  and  passed  the  last 
three  years  of  his  life  in  Wanatah.  He 
married  Eliza  Graham,  a  native  of 
West  Virginia.  She  is  still  living  in  Wa- 
natah, mother  of  six  children :  Frank  E.,  of 
LaPorte;  Charles  S.,  of  Chicago;  Clarence 
E.,  Carlton  R.,  of  Oklahoma;  William  G., 
of  Gary,  Indiana ;  and  George,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  years. 

Clarence  Eugene  Osborne  was  born  on 
a  farm  in  what  was  then  Essex  but  is  now 
Morgan  Township  in  Porter  County.  He 
attended  the  rural  schools  during  his 
youth,  also  the  LaPorte  Business  College, 
and  was  a  pupil  in  Valparaiso  University. 
For  two  years  after  his  marriage  he  farmed 
a  part  of  the  old  homestead  and  then  re- 
moved to  Wanatah  and  engaged  in  the 
livery  business  for  ten  years.  Since  then 
he  has  conducted  a  well  established  real 
estate  and  insurance  business. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-two  Mr.  Osborne 
married  Dee  N.  Higgins.  Her  father, 
James  H.  Higgins,  was  born  near  Danville, 
Indiana,  and  for  many  years  was  a  mer- 
chant at  New  Winchester,  Indiana,  later  at 
Francisville,  and  then  removed  to  Wana- 
tah and  was  agent  of  the  Monon  Railroad 
for  twenty-five  years,  until  he  was  retired 
on  a  pension  from  the  railroad  company. 
He  died  a  few  weeks  after  giving  up  his 
duties.  He  married  Clara  J.  Dodge,  who 
was  born  near  Coatsville,  Indiana. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Osborne  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Mabel  Florence,  the  wife  of  Oliver 
M.  Bailey.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bailey  have  a 
son  named  Stephen  Eugene.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Osborne  are  members'  of  the  Christian 
Church.  Mr.  Osborne  served  several  years 
as  assessor  of  Cass  Township  and  has  been 
chairman  of  the  Wanatah  Town  Board  and 
for  two  terms  deputy  sheriff.  He  has  used 
all  his  influence  and  resources  to  keep  his 
locality  in  line  with  the  strictest  standards 
of  patriotism  during  the  war.  He  has 
given  his  assistance  to  many  war  activities, 
and  during  1918  was  assistant  deputy  food 
commissioner  of  LaPorte  County. 

HERMAN  J.  BARNARD.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  character  and  environment 
of  man's  ancestors  exert  an  influence  upon 
the  manner  in  which  he  meets  the  issues 
of  life,  and  it  is  curious  to  note  how  sterl- 
ing qualities  of  grit  and  perseverance,  ac- 
quired in  a  strenuous  battle  with  the  forces 


1510 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  nature,  adapt  themselves,  though  still 
easily  recognized,  to  the  problems  of  an 
easier  civilization. 

William  Barnard  was  one  of  those  early 
Quaker  settlers  in  North  Carolina,  where 
his  son,  Barzillia  G.  Barnard  was  born  in 
1817.  When  the  lad  was  two  years  old 
his  father  became  one  of  that  army  of 
hardy  pioneers  who  gathered  together  their 
few  household  possessions  and  assisted  in 
spreading  the  white  man's  empire  west- 
ward. Braving  the  dangers  of  the  un- 
broken and  practically  unexplored  prime- 
val forests,  he  made  his  way  with  his  fam- 
ily into  the  wilderness  and  founded  a 
home  in  the  then  thinly  settled  district 
of  Fayette  County,  Indiana. 

Inheriting  the  adventurous  spirit  of  his 
father,  Barzillia,  when  he  reached  man's 
estate,  sought  a  new  location  on  the  banks 
of  Blue  River,  in  the  western  part  of 
Rush  County,  Indiana.  Here  he  settled, 
cleared  the  ground  and  created  a  thrifty 
farm  where  dense  forests  had  stood.  He 
married  Rachael  Roberts,  daughter  of  a 
neighbor,  and  they  raised  to  maturity  ten 
out  of  eleven  children  born  to  them. 

There  could  be  no  idlers  in  this  large 
family.  With  a  dozen  mouths  to  feed,  a 
dozen  babies  to  clothe  and  shelter,  it  was 
necessary  that  each  individual  assume  la- 
bors suited  to  his  years.  The  consequence 
was  a  group  of  diligent,  hardy,  self-reliant 
young  Hoosiers,  possessing  quiet,  serious 
manners  of  their  Quaker  ancestors,  also 
their  sterling  honesty. 

It  was  among  such  surroundings  that 
Herman  J.  Barnard  grew  to  manhood,  liv- 
ing the  industrious  life  of  the  Indiana 
farmer  boy,  innured  to  the  heavy  labor  of 
those  days  and  toiling  from  daylight  till 
dark  with  the  characteristic  vigor  and  cheer- 
fulness of  the  country-raised  boy.  He  at- 
tended the  district  school  during  the  winter 
months  and  afterward  spent  a  few  terms  in 
the  old  Spiceland  Acadamy,  a  Quaker  in- 
stitution. 

After  reaching  maturity  the  children 
scattered,  as  is  the  manner  of  large  fa- 
milies. One  brother,  David  E.,  served  for 
four  years  in  the  Union  Army  during  the 
civil  war,  and  is  still  alive.  Upon  reaching 
his  majority  Herman  J.  Barnard  joined 
his  brother  Granville  S.  in  the  retail  lumber 
business  in  Franklin,  Indiana,  later  ac- 
quiring a  share  in  a  saw  mill  at  Arlington. 
About  1893  he  sold  his  interest  and  moved 


to  Indianapolis.  In  1889  he  married  Miss 
Mary  Elizabeth  Hyder,  who  was  reared  in 
Franklin. 

At  that  time  Indiana  was  recognized  as 
a  lumber  center  of  importance,  the  state 
producing  great  quantities  of  timber  of 
unequaled  quality.  Having  had  consider- 
able experience  in  buying  timber,  manu- 
facturing it  into  lumber  and  selling  the 
stock,  and  with  a  keen  view  of  the  future, 
Mr.  Barnard  perceived  the  possibilities  of 
veneer  manufacturing  and  in  1907  organ- 
ized the  Central  Veneer  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

Owing  to  his  careful  management  and 
the  quality  of  its  product  the  little  com- 
pany prospered  and  became  known  as  one 
of  the  leaders  in  a  territory  where  there 
were  many  veneer  mills.  Starting  with 
one  slicer  and  establishing  an  enviable 
reputation  on  quartered  oak  veneer,  the 
company  later  installed  both  lathe  and  saw 
and  manufactured  veneers  of  all  kinds, 
cutting  large  quantities  of  imported  ma- 
hogany logs. 

It  was  but  natural  that  a  man  of  Mr. 
Barnard's  integrity  and  business  ability 
should  feel  the  call  and  devote  some  of 
his  energies  to  civic  development.  Though 
of  a  retiring  and  modest  disposition,  a 
direct  heritage  from  his  Quaker  ancestry, 
Herman  J.  Barnard  exercises  a  strong 
and  recognized  influence  on  the  affairs  of 
his  city  and  state,  and  he  is  an  honored 
member  of  such  organizations  as  the  Indi- 
anapolis Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 
Marion  and  Transportation  Clubs ;  endowed 
with  the  confidence  and  respect  of  his 
friends,  business  associates  and  community. 

HILLIS  F.  HACKEDORN,  of  Indianapolis, 
is  one  of  the  men  credited  with  pioneer 
achievement  in  the  field  of  concrete  con- 
struction. Through  his  company  he  has 
erected  some  of  the  largest  and  finest  all- 
concrete  bridges  in  the  Middle  West.  Men 
not  yet  in  middle  life  have  no  difficulty  in 
recalling  a  time  less  than  twenty  years 
ago  when  concrete  street  bridges  and 
other  structures  that  had  to  endure  great 
stress  and  strain  were  regarded  as  ex- 
perimental and  as  worthy  of  justifiable 
suspicion  as  to  permanence  and  useful- 
ness. It  was  in  overcoming  this  preju- 
dice and  in  really  establishing  the  merits 
of  concrete  as  a  bridge  building  material 
that  Mr.  Hackedorn  has  done  his  best 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1511 


work.  He  was  one  of  the  first  in  the  line, 
and  with  years  of  accumulating  experi- 
ence has  become  one  of  the  foremost  men 
in  the  country  in  the  application  of  ce- 
ment and  concrete  as  applied  to  bridge 
construction. 

Mr.  Hackedorn  was  born  at  Cardington, 
Morrow  County,  Ohio,  September  4,  1861. 
His  father,  George  G.  Hackedorn,  was  for 
many  years  in  the  banking  business  at 
Lima,  Ohio,  where  he  died  in  1874.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Lucinda  Shur, 
who  was  of  Scotch-Irish  family  and  whose 
people  were  pioneers  in  and  around  Car- 
dington. The  Hackedorn  ancestry  is  of 
Holland  descent. 

Hillis  F.  Hackedorn  lived  in  Cardington 
until  he  was  five  years  of  age,  when  his 
parents  moved  to  Lima.  He  secured  his 
primary  education  there,  and  in  1878  was 
graduated  from  the  Lima  High  School. 
For  the  next  six  years  he  worked  in  the 
tank  founded  by  his  father  and  its  suc- 
cessor. Mr.  Hackedorn  has  always  mani- 
fested the  enterprise  and  spirit  that  take 
men  out  in  the  wide  fields  of  endeavor 
and  accomplishment.  In  1^84  he  went 
west  to  the  Pacific  Coast  and  became  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  City  and 
Suburban  Railway  Company  of  Portland, 
Oregon.  In  1893  he  returned  east,  locat- 
ing at  Indianapolis  in  the  claim  depart- 
ment of  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Rail- 
•way  Company.  A  year  later  he  organized 
the  State  House  Building  Association,  and 
for  about  five  years  was  its  manager. 

Mr.  Hackedorn  became  interested  in  con- 
crete bridge  construction  in  1897.  Peo- 
ple who  have  reliable  memories  extending 
l)ack  to  that  year  would  have  difficulty  in 
recalling  any  extended  use  of  concrete  be- 
yond sidewalks  and  a  limited  use  of  con- 
crete block.  It  was  with  the  block  form 
of  construction  that  Mr.  Hackedorn  had 
his  early  experience.  He  organized  the 
Block  Bridge  &  Culvert  Company  for  the 
purpose  of  exploiting  a  patented  segmen- 
tal  vitrified  block  for  the  construction  of 
culverts.  As  a  modern  and  most  familiar 
application  of  concrete  through  pouring 
into  forms  was  probably  not  even  consid- 
ered by  Mr.  Hackedorn  and  associates  at 
that  time.  Even  the  use  of  concrete  blocks 
for  culverts  was  found  to  be  a  limited 
field,  and  later  the  company  engaeed  in 
general  concrete  construction,  Mr.  Hacke- 
dorn buying  the  interests  of  his  partners 


and  changing  the  name  of  the  business  to 
Hillis  F.  Hackedorn  &  Company.  In  1907 
this  business  was  succeeded  by  the  Hacke- 
dorn Contracting  Company,  of  which  Mr. 
Hackedorn  has  since  been  president. 

For  several  years  the  business  was  con- 
fined to  the  construction  of  small  concrete 
bridges  and  culverts  in  Marion  and  ad- 
jacent counties.  Even  with  the  knowl- 
edge and  facilities  of  that  time  it  was 
practicable  to  construct  larger  concrete 
bridges,  but  the  chief  obstacle  was  the 
prejudice  of  citizens  and  public  officials 
having  such  work  in  charge.  It  was  to 
combat  this  prejudice  and  educate  the 
public  in  general  to  the  superiority  of  per- 
manent concrete  structures  over  the  ugly 
and  unsafe  wooden  and  steel  bridges  that 
Mr.  Hackedorn  used  up  much  of  his  time 
and  energy  in  earlier  years.  The  Hacke- 
dorn Contracting  Company  confined  itself 
entirely  to  concrete  bridge  building.  It 
has  had  no  connection  with  either  timber 
or  steel  bridge  construction  and  with  the 
passing  of  years  the  concern  has  grown  and 
prospered  and  expanded  and  they  have 
had  a  large  share  of  the  contracts  which 
Mr.  Hackedorn 's  individual  efforts  con- 
tributed toward  educating  the  public  to 
demand. 

The  work  of  the  Hackedorn  Contracting 
Company  can  now  be  found  in  half  a 
dozen  states  and  includes  some  of  the  finest 
structures  of  the  kind  anywhere.  A  few 
of  the  more  notable  bridges  are :  The 
Shawnee  bridge  at  Piqua.  Ohio,  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  in  the  west ;  the  Middle- 
town  bridge  at  Middletown,  Ohio,  2,000 
feet  long,  the  longest  concrete  bridge  in 
Ohio;  the  Washington  Avenue  bridge  at 
Elyria,  Ohio,  which  contains  the  longest 
single  span  (150  feet)  in  Ohio;  the  Brook- 
side  Park  bridge  in  Cleveland,  which  is  the 
flattest  simi-elliptical  bridge  in  the  world, 
with  a  span  of  92  feet  and  an  actual  rise 
of  only  five  feet ;  the  Leonard  Street 
bridge  at  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan :  the 
Broad  Street  and  Second  Avenue  bridges 
at  Rome,  Georgia;  the  Bay  St.  Louis 
bridge  and  Causeway  at  Bay  St.  Louis, 
Mississippi,  10,200  feet  long;  the  Fifth 
Street  bridge  at  Dayton,  Ohio;  the  Mox- 
ham  bridge  at  Johnstown,  Pennsylvania; 
the  Summit  and  South  Main  Street  bridges 
at  Warren.  Ohio ;  the  Adams  Street  bridge 
at  Troy,  Ohio;  the  Music  Court  Bridge  in 
Jackson  Park,  Chicago.  The  bridges  of 


1512 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  Hackedorn  Company  have  been  built 
not  only  with  the  finest  available  material 
now  known  to  the  world  but  also  with  the 
brains  and  character  of  a  company  whose 
reliability  is  beyond  every  question  and 
doubt. 

Mr.  Hackedorn  is  a  charter  member  and 
in  1915  was  president  of  the  American 
Society  of  Engineering  Contractors.  He 
has  done  much  to  extend  the  educational 
work  of  concrete  contractors,  and  has  read 
many  papers  before  organizations  of  con- 
tracting engineers  and  other  public  bodies. 

Mr.  Hackedorn  has  had  his  home  in  In- 
dianapolis for  twenty-five  years  and  is 
well  known  in  social  and  public  affairs. 
He  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lumbia and  Eotary  clubs,  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  the  Marion  Club,  the  Canoe 
Club,  the  Independent  Turnverein,  the 
Hoosier  Motor  Club,  the  Macatawa  Yacht 
Club  at  Macatawa,  Michigan,  and  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  Shriner.  He  and  his  family  are  Uni- 
tarians in  religion  and  he  is  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  All  Souls  Church 
at  Indianapolis. 

In  1888  he  married  Frances  Fee,  of 
Lima,  Ohio,  who-  died  in  Indianapolis  in 
1897.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  children, 
George  G.,  who  died  at  the  age  of  five 
years,  and  Hillis  F.,  Jr.,  who  graduated 
from  Purdue  University  in  1917  as  a  civil 
engineer.  In  1908  Mr.  Hackedorn  married 
Marion  Morrison,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Soon  after  the  United  States  entered 
the  war  in  1916  Mr.  Hackedorn  tendered 
his  services  to  the  government  and  was 
commissioned  a  major  in  the  construction 
division  of  the  United  States  Army.  He 
was  assigned  to  duty  as  officer  in  charge 
of  construction  at  Frankford  Arsenal, 
Philadelphia,  where  he  had  charge  for 
eight  months  of  the  entire  construction  and 
disbursement  of  funds  on  improvements 
costing  about  $5,000,000.  He  was  then 
transferred  to  the  Ordnance  Department 
and  detailed  as  commanding  officer  of  the 
United  States  Picric  Acid  Plant,  a  $12,- 
000,000  project,  at  Brunswick.  Georgia, 
where  he  had  charge  of  the  salvaging  of 
the  big  project.  Hillis  F.  Hackedorn,  Jr., 
also  enlisted  early,  in  the  Aviation  Corps, 
where  he  soon  qualified  as  a  military 
aviator  in  the  combat  section  and  was  sent 
to  France,  where  he  rose  to  be  the  com- 


manding officer  of  the  Three  Hundred  and 
Sixty-Ninth  Aero  Squadron. 

WILMER  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN,  SR.  A 
life  of  most  uncommon  service  and  experi- 
ence has  been  that  ,of  Wilmer  Frederick 
Christian,  Sr.,  who  came  to  Indianapolis 
about  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion, 
and  began  his  career  here  without  friends, 
without  prestige,  without  money,  and  with 
only  a  knowledge  of  skillful  use  of  car- 
penter tools.  He  has  been  successively  a 
contractor  and  builder,  farmer,  stock  man, 
and  has  attained  that  good  fortune  which 
is  not  alone  measured  by  material  circum- 
stances but  by  the  esteem  of  communities. 

Mr.  Christian  was  born  at  Stockton  in 
Worcester  County,  Maryland,  January  4, 
1838,  a  son  of  Job  and  Rachel  (Hill)  Chris- 
tian. His  grandfather  fought  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Job  Christian, 
who  was  born  at  Morristown,  New  Jersey, 
was  for  many  years  a  merchant  tailor,  and 
died  in  1847.  He  and  his  wife  were  mar- 
ried in  Philadelphia,  and  she  died  in  Mary- 
land in  1851. 

Wilmer  Frederick  Christian  was  only 
nine  years  old  when  his  father  died,  and 
his  opportunities  to  secure  schooling  and 
other  adequate  preparation  for  life  were 
\ery  meager.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
bound  himself  out  as  an  apprentice  car- 
penter. In  1863  he  went  to  Philadelphia 
to  study  building  and  contracting,  and  was 
there  until  1865,  when  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis. Some  time  previously  he  had  joined 
the  Odd  Fellows.  His  association  with 
that  order  brought  him  an  introduction 
and  friendship  with  Doctor  Barry  of  In- 
dianapolis, who  was  the  means  of  bringing 
Mr.  Christian  and  J.  E.  Shover  together. 
Mr.  Shover  was  also  a  newcomer  to  Indian- 
apolis, having  recently  arrived  from  Rich 
mond,  Indiana.  Mr.  Shover  soon  employed 
Mr.  Christian  to  do  some  carpenter  work. 
In  1865,  soon  after  peace  was  established 
between  the  North  and  South,  Mr.  Chris- 
tian went  to  Memphis,  Tennessee,  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  for  himself  as  contrac- 
tor some  of  the  opportunities  opened  up  by 
the  restoration  of  peace  and  the  beginning 
of  material  reconstruction  in  the  South. 
He  had  been  there  but  a  short  while  before 
he  was  given  a  contract  to  rebuild  a  home, 
but  left  the  city  due  to  an  outbreak  of  yel- 
low fever.  Returning  to  Indianapolis,  he 


1512 


INDIANA  AM)  IND1ANANS 


tlie  Hackedorn  Company  Imve  been  built 
not  only  with  the  finest  available  material 
now  known  to  the  world  but  also  with  the 
brains  and  character  of  a  company  whose 
reliability  is  beyond  every  question  and 
doubt. 

Mr.  Haekedorn  is  a  charter  member  and 
in  1915  was  president  of  the  American 
Society  of  Engineering  Contractors.  He 
has  done  much  to  extend  the  educational 
work  of  concrete  contractors,  and  has  read 
many  papers  before  organisation*  of  con- 
tracting engineers  and  other  public  bodies. 

Mr.  Haekedorn  has  had  his  home  in  In- 
dianapolis for  twenty-five  years  and  is 
well  known  in  social  and  public  affairs. 
He  is  a  republican,  a  nu'iiiber  of  the  Co- 
lumbia and  Rotary  clubs,  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  the  Marion  Club,  the  Canoe 
Club,  the  Independent  Turnverein,  the 
Hcosier  Motor  Club,  the  Macatawa  Yacht 
Club  at  Macatawa,  Michigan,  and  is  a 
thirty-second  decree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  Shriner.  lie  and  his  family  are  I'ni- 
tarians  in  religion  and  he  is  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  All  Souls  Church 
at  Indianapolis. 

In  1SSS  he  married  Frances  Fee,  of 
Lima.  Ohio,  who  (lied  in  Indianapolis  in 
1S<)7.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  children. 
(Jporge  (!..  who  died  at  the  age  of  live 
years,  and  Ilillis  F..  Jr.,  who  graduated 
from  Purdue  Fniversity  in  1917  as  a  civil 
engineer.  In  1!M)S  Mr.  Haekedorn  married 
Marion  Morrison,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

Soon  after  the  I'nited  States  entered 
the  war  in  l!>Hi  Mr.  IJackcdorn  tendered 
his  services  to  the  government  and  was 
commissioned  a  major  in  the  construction 
division  of  the  I'nited  States  Army.  Hi- 
was  assigned  to  duty  as  officer  in  charge 
of  construction  at  Frankford  Arsenal, 
Philadelphia,  where  he  had  charge  for 
eight  months  of  the  entire  construction  and 
disbursement  of  funds  on  improvements 
costing  about  ^5.000. 00!,.  He  was  then 
transferred  to  the  Ordnance  Department 
and  detailed  as  commanding  officer  of  the 
Tnited  States  Picric  Acid  Plant,  a  .102.- 
( (00.000  project.  ;it  Hrunswick.  (ieorgia. 
where  he  had  charge  of  the  salvaging  of 
the  big  project.  Hillis  F.  Ilackedorn,  Jr., 
also  enlisted  early,  in  the  Aviation  Corps, 
where  he  soon  qualified  as  a  military 
aviator  in  the  combat  section  and  was  sent 
to  France,  where  he  rose  to  be  the  com- 

- 


manding  officer  of  the  Three  Hundred  and 
Sixty-Ninth  Aero  Squadron. 

WILMKR  FREDERICK  CHRISTIAN,  SR.  A 
life  of  most  uncommon  service  and  experi- 
ence has  been  that  of  Wilmer  Frederick 
Christian,  Sr..  who  came  to  Indianapolis 
about  the  close  of  the  war  of  the  rebellion, 
and  began  his  career  here  without  friends, 
without  prestige,  without  money,  and  with 
only  a  knowledge  of  skillful  use  of  car- 
penter tools.  He  has  been  successively  a 
contractor  and  builder,  farmer,  stoek  man, 
and  has  attained  that  good  fortune  which 
is  not  alone  measured  by  material  circum- 
stances but  by  the  esteem  of  communities. 

Mr.  Christian  was  born  at  Stockton  in 
Worcester  County,  Maryland.  January  4. 
1S3S,  a  son  of  Job  and  Rachel  (  Hill )  Chris- 
tian. His  grandfather  fought  as  a  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Job  Christian, 
who  was  born  at  Morristowu,  New  Jersey, 
was  for  many  years  a  merchant  tailor,  and 
died  in  1(->47.  He  and  his  wife  were  mar- 
ried in  Philadelphia,  and  she  died  in  Mary- 
land in  1S51. 

Wilmer  Frederick  Christian  was  only 
nine  years  old  when  his  father  died,  and 
his  opportunities  to  secure  schooling  and 
other  adequate  preparation  for  life  were 
\ery  meager.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  lie 
bound  himself  out  as  an  apprentice  car- 
penter. Iir  lS(i:{  he  went  to  Philadelphia 
to  study  building  and  contracting,  and  was 
there  until  18(>5.  when  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis. Some  time  previously  he  bad  joined 
the  Odd  Fellows.  His  association  with 
that  order  brought  him  an  introduction 
and  friendship  with  Doctor  Harry  of  In- 
dianapolis, who  was  the  means  of  bringing 
Mr.  Christian  and  J.  E.  Shover  together. 
Mr.  Shover  was  also  a  newcomer  to  Indian- 
apolis, having  recently  arrived  from  Rich 
moiid.  Indiana.  Mr.  Shover  soon  employed 
Mr.  Christian  to  do  some  carpenter  work. 
In  1865,  soon  after  peace  was  established 
between  the  North  and  South,  Mr.  Chris- 
tian went  to  Memphis,  Tennessee,  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  for  himself  as  contrac- 
tor some  of  the  opportunities  opened  up  by 
the  restoration  of  peace  and  the  beginning 

of   material    r< nstruetion    in    the   South. 

He  had  been  there  but  a  short  while  before 
be  was  given  a  contract  to  rebuild  a  home, 
but  left  the  city  due  to  an  outbreak  of  yel- 
low fever.  Returning  to  Indianapolis,  he 


• 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILU«0' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1513 


drew  up  articles  of  partnership  with  Mr. 
Shover  in  the  fall  of  1865,  and  the  firm  of 
Shover  and  Christian  began  buisness  Jan- 
uary 1,  1866.  The  partnership  was  con- 
tinued successfully  until  1891,  at  which 
time  Mr.  Christian  sold  his  interests  to  Mr. 
Shover  and  retired.  This  was  one  of  the 
longest  continued  partnerships  and  one  of 
the  principal  building  firms  in  Indianapolis 
during  that  period.  Mr.  Christian  was  con- 
sidered an  expert  in  the  valuation  of  fire 
and  property  losses,  he  was  appointed  ad- 
juster for  the  Home  Insurance  Company  of 
New  York,  to  adjust  the  losses  in  the  Chi- 
cago fire  of  1871  in  policies  held  by  that 
and  other  companies. 

Almost  from  the  time  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis Mr.  Christian  has  been  interested  in 
the  ownership  and  operation  of  a  farm. 
At  one  time  he  owned  ninety-six  acres 
where  Wonderland  now  is,  which  property 
was  inherited  by  Mrs.  Christian.  He  owns 
161  acres  at  Irvington,  known  as  "The 
Pleasant  Run  Stock  Farm,"  which  was. also, 
the  property  of  his  wife.  On  this  farm 
was  one  of  the  finest  herds  of  SfiiirAonis 
in  the  state.  The  breeding  and  raising  of 
Shorthorns  was  a  hobby  and  enthusiasm 
of  Mr.  Christian,  but  it  was  pursued  not 
merely  as  a  recreation  but  was  highly 
profitable  and  it  helped  to  improve  and 
raise  the  standards  of  cattle  in  the  state. 

Mr.  Christian  is  a  democrat  of  long  and 
influential  standing.  He  has  served  as 
delegate  or  alternate  to  several  state  con- 
ventions, and  has  probably  attended  every 
national  convention  of  the  body  for  fifty 
years.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Democratic 
Club  of  Indianapolis  and  is  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  Capital  City  Lodge  of  Masons,  which 
he  joined  in  1866. 

On  his  farm  near  Indianapolis  Mr.  Chris- 
tian married  in  1867  Miss  Margaret  Moore. 
Their  long  companionship  of  thirty-seven 
years  was  broken  by  her  death  in  1904. 
Mrs.  Christian  was  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
and  Catherine  (Moore)  Moore.  Her 
father,  a  native  of  Ireland,  settled  first 
at  Zanesville.  Ohio,  on  coming  to  this  coun- 
try, and  while  there  was  employed  on  the 
National  Road  with  his  father  and  brother 
John  Moore.  Later  he  came  to  Indiana 
and  homesteaded  the  farm  now  owned  by 
Mr.  Christian. 

Mr.  Christian  has  much  reason  to  be 
proud  of  his  children,  six  of  whom  were 
born  and  three  are  still  living.  Their 


names  in  order  of  birth  are  Thomas  J., 
Wilmer  F.,  Henry  E.,  Clara,  who  died  in 
infancy,  Frank,  who  died  in  1895,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two,  and  Grace.  Thomas 
J.  is  in  the  lumber  business  at  New  Albany, 
Indiana,  and  married  Catherine  Bird 
Holmes,  has  a  son  Wilmer,  who  is  'now  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Commissary  Department 
in  France,  and  a  daughter,  Catherine. 
Wilmer  F.  Christian,  who  is  a  graduate  of 
Wabash  College,  and  the  Medical  College 
of  Indianapolis,  is  a  trustee  of  the  Indiana 
Epileptic  Farm,  an  office  to  which  he  was 
appointed  successively  by  Governors  Mar- 
shall, Ralston  and  Goodrich,  and  is  now 
also  serving  on  the  State  Fuel  Administra- 
tion with  Doctor  Jameson.  He  is  a  trus- 
tee of  Wabash  College.  Wilmer  F.  Chris- 
tian married  Edna  McGuilard.  Henry  E. 
Christian,  who  died  in  1912,  married  Mary 
Jeffery,  and  their  son,  Henry  Prentice 
Christian,  is  now  a  student  of  Williams  Col- 
lege. The  daughter  Grace  is  a  graduate 
of  Smith  College  and  in  1910  became  the 
wife,  of  William  Wharton.  Mr.  Wharton 
is  it  -graduate  of  Harvard  University,  was 
formerly  in  the  Federal  service  under 
Doctor  Wiley,  and  is  now  on  the  Food  Com- 
mission, head  of  the  Departmnet  of  West- 
ern Division.  His  home  is  at  University 
City.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wharton  have  two 
children,  Margaret,  born  January  6,  1912, 
and  Lucy,  born  in  December,  1915. 

GEORGE  W.  JONES  was  born  in  Vincennes, 
Indiana,  April  12,  1804.  Removing  to 
Missouri,  he  became  clerk  of  the  United 
States  District  Court,  later  served  in  the 
Black  Hawk  war,  and  afterward  became  a 
resident  of  Sinsinawa  Mound,  Wisconsin, 
where  he  was  judge  of  the  County  Court 
and  general  of  militia.  He  was  a  demo- 
cratic member  of  Congress,  was  a  United 
States  senator  from  Iowa,  and  later  min- 
ister to  New  Grenada.  After  his  return  to 
the  United  States  Senator  Jones  resided  at 
Dubuque,  Iowa. 

CHARLES  B.  MORRISON,  now  deceased, 
was  for  many  years  actively  identified  with 
LaPorte  business  affairs.  The  Morrisons 
as  a  family  settled  in  LaPorte  County 
more  than  eighty  years  ago,  and  were  dis- 
tinguished primarily  as  business  men,  with 
a  special  genius  for  banking. 

Ezekiel  Morrison,  father  of  Charles  B., 
was  born  in  Windsor,  Vermont,  December 


1514 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


28,  1801,  son  of  Robert  and  Hannah  Morri- 
son, of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  Ezekiel 
Morrison  first  came  to  LaPorte  in  1834 
After  some  investigation  he  went  back  east 
and  in  1836  established  his  family  in  the 
county.  He  brought  them  here  by  wagon 
and  lake  boat.  He  invested  heavily  in 
real  estate,  and  later  took  a  contract  to 
build  a  section  of  the  Lake  Shore  Railway. 
Upon  its  completion  he  rode  to  Chicago 
upon  the  first  engine  to  go  over  that  road, 
the  engine  itself  being  named  the  Morri- 
son. He  was  prominent  in  business  affairs, 
and  in  1864  organized  and  established  the 
First  National  Bank  of  LaPorte  and  was 
its  president  for  many  years.  He  died  at 
LaPorte  December  28,  1884.  He  married 
Almira  Bridge,  who  died  in  1880.  For  his 
second  wife  he  married  Mary  Carson.  One 
of  the  sons  of  Ezekiel  Morrison  especially 
prominent  in  LaPorte  banking  history  was 
R.  S.  Morrison. 

Charles  B.  Morrison  grew  up  in  La- 
Porte  and  finished  his  education  at  Wil- 
liams College  in  Massachusetts.  Instead 
of  adopting  a  profession  he  took  up  farm- 
ing and  became  manager  of  a  1,000  acre 
farm  owned  by  his  father  seventeen  miles 
south  of  Valparaiso.  He  gave  his  atten- 
tion to  that  large  property  until  1884, 
when  he  traded  it  for  farms  in  LaPorte 
County,  and  in  the  spring  of  1884  retired 
to  LaPorte,  where  he  died  in  October, 
1885. 

In  1875  Charles  B.  Morrison  married 
Mary  Billings.  She  was  born  in  Val- 
paraiso, a  daughter  of  Enoch  Billings,  who 
was  born  at  Greensburg,  Indiana,  in  1808. 
Enoch  Billings  acquired  a  very  good  edu- 
cation, considering  the  handicaps  of  the 
time  in  which  he  lived,  and  after  reaching 
his  majority  located  near  Valparaiso,  In- 
diana, where  he  bought  and  improved  a 
large  farm.  He  finally  moved  to  Val- 
paraiso and  died  there  in  1888,  at  the  age 
of  eighty  years.  His  wife  was  Maria 
Bundy,  who  was  born  in  Elkhart  County, 
Indiana,  February  2,  1830,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania Dutch  ancestry.  Her  father,  Jacob 
Bundy,  a  native  of  Northumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  was  a  pioneer  in 
Elkhart  County,  Indiana,  establishing  his 
home  there  long  before  railroads  were 
built.  He  made  a  farm  which  he  sold 
later,  and  they  then  bought  a  farm  near 
Valparaiso,  selling  that  and  living  on  an- 
other place  near  Valparaiso  until  his 


death.  Mr.  Bundy  married  Maria  Kauff- 
man,  a  native  of  Northumberland  County, 
Pennsylvania.  She  was  the  mother  of 
eleven  children.  Mrs.  Enoch  Billings  died 
July  9,  1912.  Her  children  were:  George 
W.,  Mary  A.,  Sarah  Louise,  Hollis  P., 
Schuyler  Oolfax,  Terry  E.  and  Frank  N. 

Mrs.  Charles  B.  Morrison  received  her 
education  in  the  Valparaiso  High  School, 
and  lived  with  her  parents  until  her  mar- 
riage. By  her  marriage  to  Mr.  Morrison 
she  had  two  sons:  Harry  Ezekiel  and 
Thomas  Enoch.  In  1895  Mrs.  Morrison 
became  the  wife  of  William  Andrew,  of 
whom  a  brief  sketch  appears  elsewhere. 
Mrs.  Andrew  is  still  living  at  LaPorte. 

Her  son,  Harry  E.,  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  LaPorte  and  had  ad- 
vanced literary  studies  in  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. He  took  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine in  Rush  Medical  College  but  was 
obliged  to  abandon  it  on  account  of  ill 
health.  Later,  in  1900,  he  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  prac- 
ticed for  a  time 'at  LaPorte  with  Doctor 
Wilcox.  Then  after  a  special  course  in  the 
diseases  of  the  eye,  ear  and  throat  he  lo- 
cated at  Michigan  City,  but  in  1904,  on 
account  of  ill  health,  removed  to  Medford, 
Oregon,  where  he  enjoyed  a  large  general 
practice  until  his  death  June  20,  1913.  He 
married  in  1900  and  left  a  wife  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

Thomas  E.  Morrison  also  attended  pub- 
lic school  at  LaPorte,  and  prepared  for 
college  at  St.  John's  Military  Academy  in 
Delafield,  Wisconsin.  He  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  but  did 
not  remain  to  graduate.  For  two  year* 
he  was  a  traveling  salesman  and  later  did 
office  work  in  South  Bend,  and  is  now 
making  his  home  with  his  mother  at  La- 
Porte.  Mrs.  Andrew  is  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

WILLIAM  L.  ANDREW,  who  died  at  La- 
Porte  November  13,  1915,  was  one  of  the 
last  survivors  of  the  older  generation  of 
Andrews  whose  activities  entered  into  the 
very  groundwork  of  LaPorte  and  has  con- 
tinued uninterrupted  to  the  present  time. 

The  late  William  L.  Andrew  was  born 
at  LaPorte  August  28,  1842,  son  of  James 
and  Abigail  (Lane)  Andrew,  a  grandson 
of  James  Andrew  and  a  great-grandson  of 
Dr.  John  Andrew,  who  served  as  a  surgeon 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1515 


with  the  American  forces  during  the  Rev- 
olutionary war.  James  Andrew's  grand- 
father was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio. 

James  Andrew,  father  of  William  L., 
was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  in 
1799,  and  died  at  LaPorte  in  1895,  having 
been  one  of  the  founders  of  that  city, 
which  he  lived  to  see  grow  and  develop 
into  one  of  the  leading  industrial  and  civic 
centers  of  Northern  Indiana.  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  his  brother  Capt.  A.  P.  An- 
drew in  building  a  section  of  the  old  Michi- 
gan Road,  and  these  brothers  took  their 
pay  for  that  work  in  government  land  in 
Northern  Indiana.  Thus  they  acquired 
large  holdings,  upon  which  much  of  the 
present  City  of  LaPorte  has  since  been 
built.  James  Andrew  brought  his  family 
to  LaPorte  in  1832.  In  1823  James  An- 
drew married  Abigail  Lane,  who  died  in 
1842,  at  the  old  home  near  LaPorte.  She 
was  the  mother  of  three  children :  Cath- 
erine, who  married  Dr.  George  L.  An- 
drew, a  grandson  of  the  Revolutionary  sur- 
geon above  noted  in  the  ancestry  of  Wil- 
liam L.  Andrew ;  James,  who  died  in  child- 
hood; and  William  L.  Andrew. 

James  Andrew  improved  a  farm  near 
LaPorte  which  later  his  granddaughter, 
Sara  Andrew  Shafer,  widely  known  as  an 
author  and  living  at  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
called  Oak  Farm.  Mrs.  Shafer  is  author 
of  a  book  entitled  "Day  Before  Yester- 
day. ' '  Several  years  ago  she  wrote  a  poem 
commemorative  of  the  old  Andrew  home- 
stead near  LaPorte.  It  describes  so  many 
of  the  associations  that  linger  around  that 
old  place  that  it  may  be  appropriately 
quoted  herewith: 

"Was  it  always  Spring  in  the  long  ago 

At  Grandfather's? 

Was  the  orchard  hid  always  by  rosy  snow  ? 
In  the  long  grass  did  violets  always  grow, 
While  blackbirds  paced,  their  necks  aglow, 
Under  the  pines — where  softest  winds 
Rocked  the  cradle  of  baby  bird, 
To  tunes  the  sweetest  ever  heard  ? 
Tunes  that  come  to  my  longing  ears 
Over  the  silence  of  many  years. 
Was  it  always  Summer,  there,  of  old, 

At  Grandfather's? 
Were  wheat  fields  ever  a  sea  of  gold  ? 
Were  meadows  but  carpets  gay,  unrolled 
For  the  frolic  winds  to  toss  and  fold? 


'Mid   oat   sheafs  ripe,  did   brown  quails 

pipe, 
While    sunshine    and    shadow    went    and 

came, 
With  a  glory  that  never  was  twice  the 

same? 
On  grateful  leaves  where  the  warm  rains. 

wept, 
While    over   the    prairies   the    dim    dusk 

crept 

To  Grandfather's? 
Was  it  always  Autumn  in  those  fair  days, 

At  Grandfather's? 
Were  the  old  woods  always  one  glorious 

blaze 

Of  light  half  hidden  by  the  amber  haze 
Through  which  we  trod  enchanted   ways 
Over  grasses  green — over  golden  sheen 
Of  fallen  leaves,  where  the  cup-moss  grew, 
And  the  crisp  rime  lay  in  the  place  of  dew  ? 
Were  there  always  scent  of  ripened  stores 
Of  corns  and  fruits  from  the  granary  doors 

At  Grandfather's? 
Was  it  always  Winter,  cold  and  white 

At  Grandfather's? 

Did  the  sun  set  always  in  crimson  light. 
And  the  stars  come,  silent,  and  far,  and 

bright 

To  make  more  fair  the  cloudless  night? 
Where  pine  trees  bold  fenced  out  the  cold. 
Was  ever  a  light  like  the  light  that  glowed 
From   the   ruddy   pane   down   the   snowy 

road, 
Where  the  warm  fire  touched  a  welcoming 

face 
That  gave  old  winter  its  tenderest  grace 

At  Grandfather's? 
Are  those  all  past  or  all  before 

Us — grandfather  ? 
Where     are    you    now — on     the     blessed 

shore — 
Do   they   wait   with   you — those   days  of 

yore — 

For  the  children, — to  vanish  never  more? 
Shall   we  find   them   stored, — that   golden 

hoard, — 

Summers  and  Winters,  Falls  and  Springs, 
Snowfalls,  harvests,  blossomings, 
Babyhood,   childhood,   budding  youth, 
Innocence,  happiness,  love  and  truth, 
And  you,  Grandfather?" 

The  late  William  L.  Andrew  was  edu- 
cated at  Antioch  College  at  Yellow 
Springs,  Ohio.  Instead  of  adopting  a  pro- 
fession he  went  to  farming,  and  succeeded 


1516 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  the  ownership  of  the  Oak  Farm,  now 
called  "Roseland  Garden."  He  was  very 
successful  as  a  farmer  and  at  one  time 
owned  upwards  of  1,000  acres.  In  the 
early  '80s  he  removed  to  LaPorte  and  in 
that  city  spent  his  last  years. 

His  first  wife  was  Mary  Orr.  She  was 
born  in  LaPorte  County,  daughter  of 
Henry  Orr.  At  her  death  she  left  one 
son  Henry  James.  William  L.  Andrew 
married  for  his  second  wife  Mrs.  Mary 
Billings  Morrison,  widow  of  Charles  B. 
Morrison,  whose  career  is  told  on  other 
pages. 

ROBERT  G.  McCujRE,  secretary  of  the 
engineering  department  of  the  City  of  In- 
dianapolis, is  one  of  the  leading  men  of 
affairs  in  Indiana.  His  experience  and  ac- 
tivities have  never  been  provincial  or  local 
in  character.  He  has  promoted  and  di- 
rected the  management  of  several  large  and 
important  industries  and  corporations,  and 
has  long  lived  close  to  those  central  influ- 
ences which  are  most  potent  in  the  world 
of  business. 

Like  many  of  the  leading  men  of  Indian- 
apolis. Mr.  McClure  is  of  southern  an- 
cestry. He  was  born  at  Lewisburg,  Mar- 
shall County,  Tennessee,  May  29,  1862,  son 
of  Dr.  Robert  G.  and  Mary  Elizabeth 
(Ewing)  McClure.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Greeneville,  Tennessee,  was  both  a  farmer 
and  physician,  served  as  an  officer  in  the 
Mexican  war,  was  a  Union  man  in  senti- 
ments but  joined  his  state  when  it  went  in- 
to the  Confederacy,  and  saw  active  service 
as  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  Forty-First 
Tennessee  Regiment.  He  died  at  Lewis- 
burg  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven.  He  was  one 
of  the  promoters  and  the  first  president 
of  the  Duck  River  Valley  Railroad,  now 
part  of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga 
Railroad  from  Columbia  to  Decherd,  Ten- 
nessee. For  a  quarter  of  a  century  he 
served  as  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  His  wife  was  born  in  Marshall 
County,  Tennessee,  October  2,  1828,  and 
died  at  Anniston,  Alabama,  November  20, 
1906.  Her  father,  Lyle  A.  Ewing,  was  of 
old  Virginia  stock  and  became  an  extensive 
land  owner  in  Marshall  County,  Tennes- 
see. A  brother  of  Mrs.  Robert  G.  McClure 
and  one  of  her  sons  became  Presbyterian 
ministers. 

Robert  G.  McClure  began  life  with  a 
good  education,  attained  in  the  public 


schools  of  his  native  town,  also  in  the 
University  of  Mississippi,  and  two  years 
in  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  Univer- 
sity at  Clarksville,  Tennessee.  Ill  health 
compelled  him  to  leave  college  before  grad- 
uating. His  early  enterprise  brought  him 
a  knowledge  of  printing.  He  worked  as  a 
railroad  newsboy  between  St.  Louis  and  In- 
dianapolis, and  showed  from  the  first  un- 
usual business  qualifications.  In  1882-84 
he  was  bookkeeper  for  the  Jesse  French 
Music  Company  of  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
spent  two  years  as  a  piano  salesman  for 
R.  Dorman  &  Company  of  Nashville,  and 
in  1886  located  at  Kansas  City,  where  for 
two  years  he  was  bookkeeper  for  the  Bank 
of  Commerce.  In  the  summer  of  1889  he 
entered  the  service  of  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  as  salesman  for  Northern  Mis- 
souri, with  headquarters  at  Kansas  City. 
His  ability  as  a  salesman  brought  him  three 
successive  prizes  offered  by  the  company 
for  the  best  percentage  of  increased  sales. 
In  1891  he  became  special  salesman  for 
Missouri  and  Kansas,  and  in  1893  auditor 
for  the  same  territory.  In  1894  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  transferred  him  to  New 
Orleans  as  assistant  manager.  He  re- 
signed a  year  later,  and  well  earned  the 
hearty  appreciation  and  best  wishes  that 
were  accorded  him. 

His  active  mind  had  in  the  meantime 
led  him  to  the  law,  and  in  1895  he  was 
admitted  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ten- 
nessee. He  practiced  in  his  native  town 
until  the  summer  of  1897.  During  1896- 
97  he  was  also  owner  and  publisher  of  a 
newspaper  at  Nashville,  and  was  senior 
partner  of  the  firm  McClure  and  Fergu- 
son, insurance  and  loan  agents.  In  1896 
he  was  vice  president  of  the  Tennessee 
State  Sunday  School  Association. 

Mr.  McClure  removed  to  Indianapolis  in 
1897,  as  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
Indiana  branch  of  the  National  Refining 
Company  of  Cleveland.  Between  that  year 
and  1904  the  business  of  the  company  in 
his  territory  increased  seventy  per  cent. 
In  1902-04  he  was  also  president  and  a 
fourth  owner  of  the  American  Oil  and  Re- 
fining Company,  producers  of  oil,  coal  and 
gas  in  Kentucky  fields.  Since  then  Mr. 
McClure  has  owned  many  commercial  in- 
terests in  copper  and  lead  mines  in  Ari- 
zona, and  has  been  connected  with  a  num- 
ber of  industrial  operations  in  Indianap- 
olis and  elsewhere. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1517 


In  1902  Mr.  McClure  became  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  Commercial  Club  and 
in  1904  was  elected  its  secretary.  Being  a 
big  business  man  himself,  his  official  con- 
nection with  the  club  brought  it  increased 
prestige  and  power  and  the  membership 
of  the  club  more  than  doubled  while  he  was 
secretary.  This  is  now  the  Indianapolis 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  After  resigning 
as  secretary  Mr.  McClure  took  up  the  work 
of  organization  and  promotion  of  civic 
organizations  in  different  cities  of  the 
country,  especially  in  Cincinnati  and  Phil- 
adelphia. After  returning  to  Indianapolis 
he  was  engaged  in  local  business,  but  fol- 
lowing the  election  of  Mayor  Jewett  he 
was  appointed  secretary  of  the  City  En- 
gineering Department. 

Mr.  McClure  is  one  of  the  prominent  In- 
diana Masons.  He  took  his  first  degrees 
in  that  order  in  1903  and  has  attained  all 
the  York  and  Scottish  Rite  degrees  and 
orders,  including  the  thirty-second  of  the 
Scottish  Rite.  He  is  a  past  master  of 
Ancient  Landmarks  Lodge  at  Indianapolis, 
member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and  now 
Thrice  Potent  Master  of  Adoniram  Lodge 
of  Perfection.  Mr.  McClure 's  first  frater- 
nal affiliation  was  with  the  Good  Templars, 
which  he  joined  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 
Since  1887  he  has  been  an  Odd  Fellow  and 
was  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
for  many  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Marion  Club,  the  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade,  and  in  many  campaigns  has  wielded 
a  great  influence  on  behalf  of  the  re- 
publican party. 

In  1917  an  enterprising  reporter  of  the 
Indianapolis  Star  published  statistics  and 
data  for  an  article  published  under  the 
title  "Who  Has  the  Widest  Hand-Shaking 
Acquaintance  in  Indianapolis?"  The  re- 
porter reviewed  the  claims  of  a  number 
of  local  citizens  to  this  distinction,  but 
wound  up  with  undubitable  evidence  that 
Mr.  McClure  was  entitled  to  the  palm.  Mr. 
McClure  is  also  a  whist  enthusiast  and  is 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Whist  Club. 

January  2,  1884,  he  married  Miss  Locke 
Ji  Bradford.  They  were  married  at  the 
Madison  Presbyterian  Church  near  Nash- 
ville. Mrs.  McClure  is  a  daughter  of 
George  and  Narcissa  (Brown)  Bradford 
of  Nashville.  Her  father  was  of  a  Massa- 
chusetts family,  was  a  lawyer,  and  Mrs. 

McClure 's    mother    was    a    daughter    of 

vol.  m— 20 


Colonel  Lucien  Brown,  who  was  a  soldier 
in  both  the  Mexican  and  Confederate  wars. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  McClure  had  two  children, 
one  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The  son, 
Robert  Locke  McClure,  born  April  10, 
1894,  is  now  successfully  engaged  in  prac- 
tice as  a  physician  and  surgeon. 

Louis  HOLLWEG,  one  of  the  foremost 
citizens  of  Indiana,  of  German  birth,  has 
had  a  career  that  reflects  vast  credit  upon 
his  initiative  and  industry,  and  also  upon 
the  state  of  his  adoption,  to  whch  he  has 
shown  a  loyalty  that  any  native  born  citi- 
zen might  envy.  His  is  an  inspiring  life. 
He  came  to  this  country  with  no  capital, 
and  under  adverse  conditions  made  a  suc- 
cess such  as  only  few  men  can  expect  to 
attain.  Two  factors  made  this  possible, 
natural  ability  and  industry.  When  the 
land  of  his  nativity  and  the  land  of  his 
adoption  became  involved  in  war  Mr.  Holl- 
weg  did  not  hesitate,  but  cast  his  influence 
with  the  United  States,  where  his  children 
were  born,  where  he  made  his  fortune  and 
where  he  has  his  home,  his  altars  and  his 
flag. 

He  was  born  at  Herdringer,  Westphalia, 
Germany,  where  his  father,  Paul  Hollweg, 
held  a  responsible  position  as  Obberfoerster 
in  the  government  forestry  service.  The 
son  was  born  July  27,  1840,  one  of  the 
three  children  of  Paul  and  Alwine  (Kenz- 
ler)  Hollweg.  When  he  was  seven  years 
of  age  his  father  died  and  a  year  later 
he  was  completely  orphaned  by  the  death 
of  his  mother.  He  and  his  brother  and 
sister  were  reared  by  an  uncle  who  had 
been  a  captain  in  the  artillery  service  and 
at  the  time  held  a  government  position. 
This  period  of  his  boyhood  was  spent  at 
Soest,  and  there  he  attended  public  school 
two  years  and  also  the  collegiate  institu- 
tion known  in  Germany  as  a  Gymnasium. 
He  was  in  school  until  past  sixteen,  then 
for  four  years  was  in  the  family  and  busi- 
ness of  I.  Z.  Koch,  a  dry  goods  merchant 
at  Detmold. 

His  uncle  having  died  Louis  Hollweg 
determined  to  cast  his  fortune  with  the 
United  States.  In  1860  he  crossed  the 
ocean  on  one  of  the  old  slow-going 
steamers,  and  was  seventeen  days  in  mak- 
ing the  passage.  In  the  meantime,  per- 
haps in  preparation  for  his  coming  to 
America,  he  had  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
the  English  language,  and  was  thus  re- 


1518 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lieved  of  one  of  the  embarrassing  handi- 
caps that  foreigners  usually  have  to  bear 
in  a  new  country.  For  about  three  months 
he  lived  with  a  relative,  A.  Hausmann,  at 
Cleveland,  and  while  there  worked  part  of 
the  time  in  a  dry  goods  store.  This  re- 
lative in  1861  came  to  Indianapolis  to 
settle  the  estate  of  a  deceased  brother,  and 
young  Hollweg  came  along.  That  was  the 
beginning  of  his  long  and  influential  con- 
nection with  the  capital  City  of  Indiana, 
where  he  has  been  a  resident  for  over  fifty- 
five  years. 

Until  January,  1868,  he  employed  him- 
self as  a  clerk  in  various  establishments. 
He  had  arrived  in  Indianapolis  on  the 
seventh  of  January  and  was  filling  his 
first  job  three  days  later.  In  January, 
1868,  he  engaged  in  a  very  small  way 
in  wholesale  china  and  glassware  business. 
In  June,  1869,  he  took  in  as  a  partner 
Charles  E.  Reese,  a  brother-in-law.  This 
partnership  was  dissolved  in  1888  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  Reese,  and  after  that  Mr. 
Hollweg  continued  alone. 

In  connection  with  this  business,  and  fol- 
lowing the  discovery  of  natural  gas,  Mr. 
Hollweg  began  the  manufacture  of  fruit 
jars  at  Greenfield,  Indiana.  At  first  these 
jars  were  made  entirely  by  the  manual 
blowing  process,  later  an  improvement  was 
added  by  compressing  the  jars  in  moulds 
as  a  finishing  process,  and  in  time  the  en- 
tire process  was  effected  by  automatic  ma- 
chinery. Mr.  Hollweg  obtained  control  of 
the  rights  of  the  Owens  automatic  glass 
blowing  machines  for  use  in  connection 
with  the  manufacture  of  fruit  jars.  That 
small  industry  was  the  nucleus  of  what  is 
now  one  of  the  most  important  industries 
of  America.  In  1909  Mr.  Hollweg  sold" 
his  large  factory  and  patent  rights  to  the 
Ball  Brothers  of  Muncie.  In  the  meantime 
he  continued  his  china  and  glassware  busi- 
ness at  Indianapolis,  but  in  January,  1915, 
turned  over  the  establishment  to  some  of 
his  old  employees,  the  plan  being  that  he 
be  reimbursed  out  of  the  earnings  of  the 
business.  Later  on,  being  requested  by 
some  of  the  men  to  return,  Mr.  Hollweg 
resumed  a  half  interest,  and  of  his  portion 
he  has  since  given  a  half  interest  to  his 
son,  Ferd  L.  Hollweg,  who  is  president  and 
has  active  charge  of  the  business  at  pres- 
ent. 

In  1891  Mr.  Hollweg  became  a  partner 
with  H.  B.  Hibben,  John  W.  Murphy, 


John  H.  Holliday  and  others  in  the  whole- 
sale dry  goods  business  under  the  firm 
name  of  Murphy,  Hibben  &  Company.  In 
1894  Mr.  Holliday  retired  from  the  enter- 
prise, the  three  others  continuing  until 
1901,  when  Mr.  Murphy  retired.  A  third 
partner  was  then  introduced  in  Mr.  T.  E. 
Hibben,  who  died  July  5,  1915.  H.  B. 
Hibben  and  Mr.  Hollweg  continued  the 
business  until  the  death  of  the  former  on 
March  23,  1916.  Thus  Mr.  Hollweg  is  the 
surviving  partner  and  successor  of  this 
great  and  flourishing  business  of  Indianap- 
olis. On  July  1,  1916,  the  firm  was  incor- 
porated as  Hibben-Hollweg  &  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.  Mr. 
Hollweg  is  its  president.  Other  important 
stockholders  are  H.  J.  Hibben,  A.  M. 
Wiles,  Louis  Weisenberger  and  Hubert 
Heine.  Mr.  Hollweg  still  continues  as  the 
controlling  and  directing  head  of  the  cor- 
poration. He  is  also  one  of  the  charter 
stockholders  and  is  vice  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Telephone  Company.  Be- 
sides this  he  is  interested  in  a  number  of 
other  enterprises.  He  is  also  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Indianapolis  Charity  Organiza- 
tion, the  interest  of  which  society  he  has 
very  much  at  heart. 

In  1874  Mr.  Hollweg  married  Louisa 
Karrmann,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Her  death 
occurred  in  1878.  She  was  the  mother  of 
three  children :  Ferdinand,  Norma  and 
Julia.  Norma  is  the  wife  of  George  C. 
Haerle,  son  of  William  Haerle,  one  of  the 
old  and  prominent  business  men  of  Indian- 
apolis. Julia  married  Niles  Chapman, 
whose  maternal  grandfather  was  the 
founder  of  the  Niles  Tool  Works  at  Ham- 
ilton, Ohio.  In  1884  Mr.  Hollweg  mar- 
ried Louisa  Kuhlmann.  The  only  daugh- 
ter of  this  marriage,  Ina,  is  the  wife  of  An- 
ton Vonnegut,  of  one  of  the  best  known 
families  of  Indianapolis. 

Louis  G.  DESCHLER  has  been  one  of  In- 
dianapolis' successful  business  men  for  the 
past  thirty-six  years,  has  developed  one  of 
the  largest  wholesale  and  retail  cigar  busi- 
nesses in  the  state,  and  in  many  ways  has 
helped  promote  the  material  and  civic  pros- 
perity of  the  capital  city. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  January 
24,  1865,  son  of  Frederick  Joseph  and 
Louise  (Lease)  Deschler.  His  parents  were 
both  born  in  Germany.  His  father  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  1853  and  for  many  years 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1519 


was  active  in  business  and  social  life.  He 
was  a  democrat.  He  and  his  wife  were 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  Fred- 
erick J.  Deschler  died  October  6,  1897. 

Louis  G.  Deschler  as  a  boy  attended 
private  schools  and  the  Catholic  parochial 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  went  to 
work  as  clerk  in  a  cigar  stand.  He  is  a 
past  master  of  every  phase  of  the  tobacco 
business.  Later  he  became  manager  of  the 
cigar  stand  in  the  old  Bates  House,  oc- 
cupying the  present  site  of  the  Claypool 
Hotel.  In  June,  1883,  at  the  age  of  eight- 
een, he  borrowed  money  to  buy  the  cigar 
business  in  the  Bates  House,  and  it  was  his 
alert  business  methods  and  genial  char- 
acter that  enabled  him  to  make. a  success 
of  that  venture  and  acquire  the  nucleus  of 
his  present  prosperity.  He  gradually  ex- 
panded his  enterprise  into  both  the  whole- 
sale and  retail  cigar  business,  and  in  1907 
he  erected  the  Deschler  Building  at  135 
South  Illinois  Street,  a  large  structure 
which  has  since  been  the  home  of  his  whole- 
sale business.  He  also  conducts  ten  retail 
stores  throughout  Indianapolis  and  La- 
Fayette,  Indiana,,  and  Bloomington,  Illi- 
nois. For  the  past  three  years  he  has 
operated  a  cigar  factory,  employing  100 
hands,  and  there  Mr.  Deschler  manufac- 
tures his  leading  brands.  He  is  also  giving 
employment  to  seven  traveling  salesmen. 
He  is  president  of  two  zinc  mine  corpora- 
tions and  a  director  of  two  others,  besides 
being  interested  in  several  other  corpora- 
tions. 

Mr.  Deschler  is  a  stockholder  and  di- 
rector of  the  Indiana  Hotel  Company, 
which  built  and  owned  the  noted  Claypool 
Hotel,  one  of  the  finest  hotels  in  the  middle 
West.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics,  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Marion,  Columbia  and 
Commercial  clubs,  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
is  a  member  of  the  other  local  societies  and 
organizations. 

RICHARD  OTTO  JOHNSON,  M.  A.  If  "he 
is  most  worthy  who  serves  best,"  a  crown 
of  honor  might  fitly  be  bestowed  by  In- 
diana upon  Richard  Otto  Johnson.  Gover- 
nors and  other  conspicuous  men  of  affairs 
have  come  and  gone  since  he  began  to 
serve  the  people  and  the  welfare  of  the 
state  in  connection  with  the  Indiana  State 
School  for  the  Deaf  in  1883,  and  in  all  the 
consecutive  thirty-six  years  his  work  and 
devotion  to  that  institution  have  been  un- 


abating  and  of  increasing  value.  As  this 
publication  is  issued  Mr.  Johnson  com- 
pletes thirty-one  consecutive  years  as  su- 
perintendent of  the  institution  after  having 
served  five  years  as  secretary.  His  has 
been  a  special  field  of  service,  devoted  to 
one  afflicted  class  of  humanity;  but  it  has 
been  a  type  of  service  which  has  untold 
and  multiplied  benefits  for  the  present  and 
all  future  generations,  and  affects  deeply 
and  vitally  the  very  sources  of  human  effi- 
ciency and  welfare. 

Mr.  Johnson,  among  other  distinctions, 
is  the  first  native  son  of  Indiana  to  fill  the 
position  of  superintendent  of  the  Indiana 
State  School  for  the  Deaf.  He  was  born 
January  17,  1858,  at  Lewisville  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  a  town  that  was  founded, 
by  and  named  in  honor  of  one  of  his  ma- 
ternal ancestors.  His  paternal  ancestors 
were  of  splendid  old  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky families  of  English  origin,  first  com- 
ing to  Virginia  in  the  early  1600 's;  while 
through  his  mother  he  is  related  to  some 
of  those  pioneer  English  families  that  es- 
tablished homes  in  Massachusetts  and  New 
Jersey  about  the  same  time  his  paternal 
ancestors  settled  in  Virginia.  He  is  an 
American  of  three  centuries  standing,  and 
glories  in  the  fact. 

His  parents  were  Dr.  Thornton  Aurelius 
and  Mary  (Freeman)  Johnson.  His 
grandfather,  Lawson  William  Johnson, 
was  born  in  Virginia  and  married  Mar- 
garet Anne  Winslow  Stubblefield,  also  a 
native  of  that  state  and  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
Her  maternal  great-grandfather  was 
Thomas  Noble,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  who 
came  to  Maryland  in  1738,  and  had  an 
estate  on  the  Potomac,  opposite  that  of 
Lawrence  Washington  (Mount  Vernon). 
Through  him  she  was  a  first  cousin  of  James 
and  Noah  Noble,  the  former  a  United  States 
senator  (1816-1831),  and  the  latter  gover- 
nor (1831-1837)  of  Indiana.  Lawson  W. 
Johnson  and  wife  were  pioneer  settlers  in 
Johnson  County,  Indiana,  and  his  wife 
was  a  highly  educated  woman  of  literary 
attainments  and  at  one  time  conducted  a 
private  school  in  Indianapolis.  Dr.  Thorn- 
ton A.  Johnson  was  born  at  Hopkinsville, 
Kentucky,  February  22,  1823.  He  was  a 
nephew  of  Edward  Johnson,  a  well-known 
and  prominent  jurist  of  Virginia,  and  a 
cousin  of  General  Marmaduke  Johnson  of 
Missouri.  With  such  family  connections 
he  was  liberally  trained  and  educated  as  a 


1520 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


youth  and  had  a  successful  though  brief 
career  as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  In 
1862  he  moved  to  Indianapolis,  where  he 
died  July  17,  1865,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
two.  He  was  twice  married,  his  wives 
being  sisters,  the  first,  Emeline  Freeman, 
who  died  in  1851,  the  mother  of  Charles, 
Marcella  and  Lucien,  all  of  whom  are  now 
deceased,  and  the  second,  Mary  Freeman, 
the  mother  of  Richard  O.  Johnson,  and  of 
a  daughter  Nellie,  the  wife  of  Charles  M. 
Cooper,  a  prominent  Indianapolis  manu- 
facturer and  capitalist. 

Mary  Freeman  Johnson  was  born  Janu- 
ary 7,  1832,  and  passed  beyond  August  25, 
1910.  She  was  highly  educated,  well-read 
on  all  questions  of  the  times,  and,  pos- 
sessing rare  literary  ability,  found  fre- 
quent expression  in  verse.  Her  father, 
Lewis  Crowell  Freeman,  was  born  in  New 
Jersey  April  13,  1794.  His  ancestor,  Ste- 
phen Freeman,  was  a  native  of  Oxford, 
England,  and  came  to  America  in  1635, 
first  locating  at  Saugus  (Lynn),  Massa- 
chusetts, but  later  migrating  to  Connecti- 
cut and  in  1666  becoming  one  of  the  leaders 
of  the  colony  which  founded  the  Town  of 
Newark  in  New  Jersey,  where  he  died  in 
1675.  Lewis  Crowell  Freeman,  born  in 
Morristown  of  that  state,  was  in  the  battle 
of  New  Orleans  during  the  War  of  1812, 
and  soon  afterward  located  near  Cincin- 
nati, where  he  acquired  extensive  land 
holdings.  April  25,  1822,  he  married 
Susan  Harris,  one  of  a  family  of  twelve 
children,  who  was  born  in  Trenton,  New 
Jersey,  September  28,  1796,  the  daughter 
of  Joseph  Harris  and  Jemima  (Drake) 
Harris,  Joseph  being  a  younger  son  of 
Sir  Robert  Harris  of  Belfast,  Ireland,  and 
his  wife,  Jemima,  a  descendant  of  a  brother 
of  Sir  Francis  Drake,  coming  to  Boston  in 
1630,  and  a  cousin  of  Andrew  Johnson, 
president  of  the  United  States.  Joseph's 
first  wife  was  Rachel,  a  sister  of  Jemima, 
by  whom  he  also  had  two  children.  Not 
long  after  his  marriage  Lewis  C.  Freeman 
moved  to  the  wilds  of  Eastern  Indiana, 
and  in  1829  founded  the  Village  of  Lewis- 
ville  in  Henry  County.  He  also  did  much 
iu  connection  with  the  building  of  the 
Whitewater  Canal,  and  of  that  pioneer 
railway  between  Indianapolis  and  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  which  is  now  part  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania system.  Lewis  C.  Freeman  died 
October  3,  1851.  seventeen  clays  after  the 
death  of  his  wife,  and  theirs  are  names  that 


have  a  proper  place  among  the  prominent 
early  Indianans. 

Such  in  brief  is  the  ancestry  from  which 
Richard  0.  Johnson  has  inherited  some 
of  his  special  characteristics.  He  was  four 
years  old  when  his  parents  moved  to  In- 
dianapolis, and  he  attended  public  schools 
there  to  the  age  of  twelve.  He  was  also  a 
student  for  one  year  at  Wittenberg  Col- 
lege at  Springfield,  Ohio,  and  at  Earlham 
College  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  another 
year,  while  from  1872  to.  1876  he  was  a 
cadet-student  in  the  historic  Virginia  Mili- 
tary Institute  at  Lexington,  the  "West 
Point  of  the  South,"  where  he  had  a 
thorough  classical  scientific  and  military 
training,  serving  as  non-commissioned  and 
commissioned  officer.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  on  July  4,  1876,  the 
centennial  anniversary  of  the  Republic, 
and  was  the  youngest  boy  in  class  of  thirty- 
five.  In  later  years,  because  of  his  success- 
ful educational  experience,  the  institute 
conferred  upon  him  the  master's  degree, 
the  required  thesis,  in  addition  to  his  past 
work,  being  upon  "The  Psychic  Develop- 
ment of  The  Hearing  and  The  Deaf."  In 
the  spring  of  1877  he  took  up  the  stud}r  of 
law  under  former  Supreme  Justice  Samuel 
H.  Buskirk  at  Indianapolis,  with  whom  he 
remained  two  years,  and  on  his  twenty-first 
birthday  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Among 
his  close  and  helpful  friends  of  those  days 
were  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  Joseph  E. 
McDonald,  David  Turpie,  and  Daniel  W. 
Voorhees,  high  in  the  councils  of  the  na- 
tion and  United  States  Senators  from  In- 
diana. Mr.  Johnson  had  the  training  and 
the  talents  which  undoubtedly  would  have 
brought  him  a  high  place  in  the  legal  pro- 
fession, but  from  the  present  point  of  view 
it  seems  extremely  fortunate  that  circum- 
stances and  destiny  directed  him  into  edu- 
cational work,  a  profession  for  which  he 
had  distinctive  qualifications  and  inclina- 
tions, as  his  successful  career  has  demon- 
strated. However,  he  practiced  law  at 
Indianapolis  for  two  years,  and  then  was 
on  the  road  representing  a  law-publishing 
house  for  a  year. 

When  in  1883  he  was  induced  to  become 
secretary  of  the  Indiana  State  School  for 
the  Deaf,  he  regarded  the  position  as  only 
temporary  and  intended  to  resume  the  prac- 
tice of  law  after  a  year.  Instead  of  this, 
however,  he  remained  as  secretary  of  the 
school  until  July,  1889,  at  which  date  he 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1521 


was  appointed  acting  superintendent,  and 
in  March,  1890,  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
the  office  in  which  by  reappointment  he 
has  served  now  nearly  thirty-one  years. 

Indiana  takes  a  great  deal  of  pride  in 
its  school  for  the  deaf  at  Indianapolis,  and 
what  that  school  is  and  has  been  for  a 
number  of  years  in  the  way  of  buildings 
and  grounds,  equipment,  and,  above  all, 
in  the  system  and  efficiency  of  instruction 
and  training  is  largely  the  result  of  his 
creative  genius.  It  is  not  only  local  pride 
but  a  deliberate  judgment  of  competent 
authorities  that  would  claim  for  Indiana 
one  of  the  most  successful  schools  for  the 
deaf  in  the  entire  country. 

During  his  incumbency  as  superintend- 
ent Mr.  Johnson  among  other  things  has 
established  oral  and  kindergarten  depart- 
ments, and  a  normal  class  for  teachers, 
outlined  a  curriculum  which  meets  the  ap- 
proval of  educators  of  the  deaf  everywhere, 
developed  the  industrial  department  and 
placed  it  upon  an  educational  basis, 
created  a  department  of  athletics,  built  up 
a  museum  for  educational  purposes,  and 
established  a  physical  and  athletic  system 
which  has  received  high  commendation. 

Mr.  Johnson  has  long  insisted  that  the 
education  of  the  deaf  by  the  state  is  done 
as  a  matter  of  right  to  them,  not  of  charity, 
and  in  this  contention  he  has  the  endorse- 
ment of  the  three  great  professional  or- 
ganizations having  to  do  with  the  educa- 
tion of  the  deaf,  and  of  the  various  state 
and  national  bodies  of  the  deaf  themselves, 
who  resent  their  association  and  compari- 
son with  mental  and  moral  defectives.  It 
was  through  his  personal  efforts  that  the 
General  Assembly  enacted  a  law  in  1907 
specifically  stating  that  the  State  School 
for  the  Deaf,  and  that  for  the  blind,  should 
not  be  considered  nor  classed  as  benevolent 
or  charitable  institutions,  but  as  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  state.  In  1909, 
and  again  in  1913,  he  also  procured  amend- 
ments whereby  the  deaf  and  blind  are  now 
included  in  the  provisions  of  the  general 
compulsory  education  law  of  the  state. 

Another  feature  of  his  long  superintend- 
ency  has  been  his  own  non-partisanship  and 
a  rigid  extension  of  freedom  from  politics 
to  all  administrative  branches  of  the  insti- 
tution. His  record  on  that  score  stands 
as  an  illuminating  example  of  what  can 
be  accomplished  by  a  man  who  resolutely 
sets  out  to  conduct  an  institution  without 


regard  to  the  many  varied  and  insidious 
influences  of  politics.  When  the  affairs 
of  the  institution  are  not  concerned,  Mr. 
Johnson  is  generally  regarded  as  an  inde- 
pendent democrat  of  southern  inclination, 
and  once,  while  he  was  a  young  practicing 
lawyer  of  Indianapolis,  was  a  candidate 
for  nomination  to  the  State  Senate.  He 
was  also  connected  in  an  official  capacity 
with  city,  county,  and  state  party  com- 
mittees at  different  times  before  entering 
upon  his  present  duties,  since  which  he 
has  carefully  abstained  from  active  polit- 
ical participation  and  requiring  those  un- 
der him  to  do  the  same  regardless  of  party 
affiliations,  believing  that  the  efficiency  and 
good  of  the  institution  will  be  better  con- 
served thereby. 

It  is  in  the  educational  profession,  espe- 
cially that  branch  devoted  to  the  education 
of  the  deaf,  that  Mr.  Johnson  is  most 
widely  known,  in  fact  is  a  national  and 
international  authority.  He  has  served 
nine  years  as  president  of  the  Conference 
of  Superintendents  and  Principals  of 
American  Schools  for  the  Deaf,  twenty- 
three  years  as  member  of  its  executive  com- 
mittee and  eighteen  years  as  its  chairman. 
For  twenty  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  American  As- 
sociation to  Promote  the  Teaching  of 
Speech  to  the  Deaf,  and  has  also  served 
as  a  member  of  the  executive  committee 
and  as  chairman  of  various  sections  of 
the  Convention  of  American  Instructors  of 
the  Deaf.  He  has  served  on  various  pro- 
fessional committees  and  has  been  for  years 
an  active  member  of  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association  as  well  as  connected 
with  various  other  educational  bodies  of 
state  and  national  scope.  In  1904  he  was 
selected  as  one  of  a  committee  of  three 
having  in  charge  the  "Helen  Keller  Day" 
celebration  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition, 
and  served  the  Exposition  as  a  member 
of  the  International  Jury  on  Awards  for 
the  Department  of  Education.  At  the 
hands  of  the  General  Committee  of 
Awards  himself  was  honored  by  two  gold 
medals  and  diplomas  for  research  work 
and  publications  concerning  deafness  and 
the  education  of  the  deaf.  Three  times 
he  has  been  called  upon  by  the  State  of 
Illinois  to  conduct  civil  service  examina- 
tions for  the  educational  department  of  its 
State  School  for  the  Deaf;  and  on  several 
occasions  has  been  called  into  consultation 


1522 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


by  officials  of  other  states  upon  matters 
pertaining  to.  institution  management  and 
the  education  of  the  deaf.  At  present  he 
is  chairman  of  a  national  committee  ap- 
pointed by  his  professional  brethren  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  the  need  of 
standardization  of  methods  in  schools  for 
the  deaf  and  of  measurement  of  efficiency 
therein,  etc. 

His  wide  and  varied  influence  has  not 
been  confined  to  the  institution  over  which 
he  stands  and  his  membership  in  various 
bodies.     He  has  sought  to  reach  the  ears 
of  the  masses  of  people  by  a  general  educa- 
tional campaign  conducted  through  talks 
and  addresses  and  a  number  of  bulletins 
and   pamphlets   which   have   had   a   wide 
circulation.     Some  of  these  are  of  course 
technical,  and  are  transcripts  of  addresses 
made  before  professional  bodies.     Others 
are  of  a  more   popular  nature,  and  Mr. 
Johnson  has  found  an  effective  means  of 
reaching  thousands  of  people  who  should 
be  interested  in  the  distribution  of  small 
printed   cards   that   serve   to   drive   home 
obvious  truths  known  and  recognized  by 
the  medical   profession   but  not  generally 
appreciated  by  the  public  at  large.    Among 
the   titles   of  the  various   pamphlets   and 
addresses  prepared  and  issued  by  Mr.  John- 
son,  are   the   following:   Educational   Ev- 
olution, Psychic  Development  of  the  Hear- 
ing and  the  Deaf,  The  Evils  of  Adenoid 
Growth,  Defects  of  Childhood,  Industrial 
Training,  Kindergarten  Development,  Pho- 
nographic and  Mechanical  Massage  of  the 
Ear,  Fiscal  Affairs  in  Public  Institutions, 
Grade  Development,  Moral  Training,  The 
Education  of  the  Deaf,  etc.     In  treating 
of   the   subject   of   kindergarten   develop- 
ment Mr.  Johnson  antedated  several  feat- 
ures of  the  famous  program  more  recently 
given  such  extensive  publicity  to  the  world 
by  Doctor  Montessori. 

The  United  States  government  taking 
over  the  School  for  the  Deaf  during  the 
summer  and  fall  of  1918  for  the  training 
of  soldiers  for  over-sea  service,  the  regular 
school  for  the  deaf  could  not  be  operated, 
and  the  deaf  children  of  the  state  could  not 
return  after  their  usual  summer  vacation 
period.  Mr.  Johnson  at  once  organized  a 
correspondence  course  through  his  staff  of 
teachers  assembled  at  the  school,  and  suc- 
cessfully carried  on  the  work,  the  first  at- 
tempt of  the  kind  ever  made  anywhere 
•with  deaf  children. 


Mr.  Johnson  is  a  member  of  high  stand- 
ing in  the  Masonic  Order,  being  a  Knight 
Templar,  a  thirty-third  degree  Scottish 
Rite  Mason,  and  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  is  a  member  of  the  college 
fraternity  Phi  Delta  Theta,  and  he  and 
his  family  are  communicants  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church. 

His  wife,  whom  he  married  September 
26,  1889,  was  Miss  Clara  Ethel  McBride, 
daughter  of  James  William  and  Sarah 
(Mock)  McBride  of  Kokomo,  Indiana.  She 
also  is  of  Kentucky  ancestry,  and  her  ma- 
ternal grandmother  was  a  cousin  of  Henry 
Clay.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Johnson  have  two 
children,  Mary  Virginia,  now  wife  of  T. 
Harrison  Grant,  a  young  banker  of  Fulton, 
Missouri,  and  Richard  Kanelm,  who  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and 
who,  as  a  lad  of  twenty-one,  volunteered 
and  served  his  country  for  nearly  two 
years  with  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces  in  France  during  the  great  World 
war. 

HENRY  E.  SCHORTEMEIER  is  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Casket  Company  and 
general  manager  and  treasurer  of  the 
Grocers  Baking  Company.  He  has  numer- 
ous other  financial  and  executive  connec- 
tions with  business  in  Indianapolis,  where 
he  enjoys  a  position  of  special  esteem  and 
where  he  has  been  a  resident  for  about 
a  quarter  of  a  century. 

For  any  young  man  who  has  nothing 
else  beyond  ambition  and  abilty  to  work 
hard  there  is  much  encouragement  and 
inspiration  in  the  life  of  Henry  E.  Schorte- 
meier.  He  was  born  in  the  Province  of 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  Germany,  August  30, 
1847.  Thanks  to  the  compulsory  educa- 
tional system  of  his  native  land  he  at- 
tended common  schools  six  months  a  year 
for  a  period  of  seven  years.  When  he  was 
only  nine  years  of  age  his  parents  put 
him  out  to  work  in  the  neighborhood,  and 
he  thus  earned  his  own  keep  and  living 
and  his  wages  were  regularly  turned  back 
into  the  family  treasury.  From  that  time 
forward  in  fact  he  never  knew  a  home 
except  such  as  he  could  make  for  himself. 

In  the  meantime  some  relatives  and 
friends  had  come  to  America.  In  1866,  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  he  decided  to  follow 
them.  He  made  the  voyage  in  the  steer- 
age of  a  sailing  vessel,  and  was  ten  weeks 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


by  officials  of  other  states  upon  matters 
['.•'•:. IIIHIIL:-  to  institution  management  and 
tin-  education  of  tlie  deaf.  At  present  lie 
is  chairman  of  a  national  committee  up- 
pointed  liy  his  profession*]  lirethren  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  the  need  of 
standardi/ation  of  methods  in  schools  for 
the  deaf  and  of  measurement  of  efficiency 
then-ill,  etc. 

His  wide   and    varied    influence   has   not 
been  confined  to  the  institution  over  which 
he  stands  and  his  membership   in    various 
liodies.      lie   has  sought   to   reach    the   cars 
of  the  masses  of  people  liy  a  ueneral  educa- 
tional   campaign    conducted    through    talks 
and   addresses  ami   a    number  of   bulletins 
and    pamphlets    which    have    had    a    wide 
circulation.      Some  of  these   arc   of  course 
technical,  and  are  transcripts  (>f  addresses 
made    lie  fore    professional    liodies.      Others 
<ire   of   a    more    popular    nature,   and    Mr. 
Johnson   has   found    an   effective   means  of 
reaching   thousands  of  people   who  should 
lie   interested    in    the  distribution   of  small 
printed    cards    that    serve    to    drive    home 
obvious   truths    known    and    recogni/ed    by 
the   medical    profession    but    not    generally 
appreciated  by  the  public  at  larue.     Among 
the    titles    of    the    various    pamphlets    and 
addresses  prepared  and  issued  by  Mr.  .John- 
sou,    are    the    following:    Educational    Inv- 
olution. Psychic  Development  of  the  Hear- 
in  u'   and    the    Deaf.    The    Evils  of    Adenoid 
(irowth.    Defects   of   Childhood,    Industrial 
Training.  Kindergarten  Development.  Pho- 
nographic and    Mechanical   Massage  of   the 
Kar.    Fiscal   Affairs  in   Public   Institution-, 
(irade   Development,    Moral   Training.  The 
Education    of    the    Deaf.   etc.      In    treating 
of    the    subject     of    kindergarten    develop- 
ment   Mr.  Johnson   antedated  several   feat- 
ures of  the  famous  program  more  recently 
uivcii  such  extensive  publicity  to  the  world 
bv   Doctor  Montessori. 

The  1'nited  States  government  taking 
over  the  School  for  the  Deaf  during  the 
summer  and  fall  of  1!lls  for  the  training 
of  soldiers  for  over-sea  service,  the  regular 
school  for  the  deaf  could  not  be  operated, 
and  the  deaf  children  of  the  state  could  not 
return  after  their  usual  summer  vacation 
period.  Mr.  Johnson  at  once  organi/ed  a 
correspondence  i-ourse  through  his  stall'  of 
teachers  assembled  at  the  school,  and  suc- 
cessfully carried  on  the  work,  the  Hrst  at- 
tempt of  the  kind  ever  made  anywhffe 
with  deaf  children. 


• 

. 


Mr.  Johnson  is  a  member  of  high  stand- 
ing in  the  Masonic  Order,  being  a  Knight 
Templar,  a  thirty-third  degree  Scottish 
Kile  Mason,  and  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  is  a  member  of  the  college 
fraternity  1'hi  Delta  Theta,  and  he  and 
his  family  are  communicants  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church. 

His  wife,  whom  he  married  September 
•Jo.  IS*;),  was  Miss  Clara  Ethel  McBride. 
daughter  of  James  William  and  Sarah 
i  Mock  i  McMride  of  Kokomo,  Indiana.  She 
also  is  of  Kentucky  ancestry,  and  her  ma- 
ternal grandmother  was  a  cousin  of  Henry 
Clay.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Johnson  have  two 
children.  Mary  Virginia,  now  wife  of  T. 
Harrison  (iraiit.  a  young  banker  of  Fulton. 
Missouri,  and  Kit-hard  Kanclm.  who  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Kite  Ma-on 
and  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and 
who.  as  a  lad  of  twenty-one,  volunteered 
and  served  his  country  for  nearly  two 
years  with  the  American  Expeditionary 
Forces  in  France  during  the  great  World 
war. 

HI:M;V  E.  SCIKUJTKMMIKK  is  president  of 
the  I  ndianapolis  Casket  Company  and 
general  manager  and  treasurer  of  the 
(Jroeers  Making  Company.  He  has  numer- 
ous other  financial  and  executive  connec- 
tions with  business  in  Indianapolis,  where 
he  en.jo.vs  a  position  of  special  esteem  ami 
where  he  has  been  a  resident  for  about 
a  t|iiarter  of  a  century. 

For  any  yomi«j  man  who  has  nothing 
else  beyond  ambition  and  abilty  to  work 
hard  there  is  much  encouragement  and 
inspiration  in  the  life  of  Henry  E.  Schorte- 
nieier.  lie  was  born  in  the  Province  of 
Westphalia.  Prussia,  (lermany.  August  :{(). 
1*47.  Thanks  to  the  compulsory  educa- 
tional system  of  his  native  land  he  at- 
tended common  schools  six  months  ;i  year 
for  a  period  of  seven  years.  When  he  was 
only  nine  years  of  ane  his  parents  put 
him  out  to  work  in  the  neighborhood,  and 
he  thus  earned  his  own  keep  and  living 
and  his  wages  were  regularly  turned  back 
into  the  family  treasury.  From  that  time 
forward  in  fact  he  never  knew  a  home 
except  such  as  he  could  make  for  himself. 

In  the  meantime  some  relatives  and 
friends  had  come  to  America.  In  lS(ili,  at 
tile  age  of  nineteen,  he  decided  to  follow 
them.  lie  made  the  voyage  in  the  steer- 
aye  of  a  sailing  vessel,  and  was  ten  weeks 


• 


• 


LCRAfff 

OF  TIE 

DIVERSITY  Of  IUINOI 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1523 


and  four  days  en  route.  Landing  at  Bal- 
timore, he  proceeded  westward  to  Cincin- 
nati, and  reached  that  city  practically 
penniless.  In  the  meantime  he  had  learned 
and  become  thoroughly  practiced  in  the 
cardinal  virtues  of  industry  and  thrift, 
and  it  was  these  principles  upon  which  he 
has  chiefly  relied  throughout  his  business 
career.  The  first  two  years  he  spent  at 
Cincinnati  were  made  up  of  the  hardest 
kind  of  toil.  During  the  summer  months 
he  worked  as  a  common  laborer  in  brick 
yards.  During  the  winter  he  obtained 
work  in  harvesting  ice,  in  storing  coal  in 
cellars,  and  he  seldom  allowed  any  day  to 
pass  in  which  he  did  not  do  something  to 
earn  an  honest  dollar.  The  next  four  years 
he  spent  as  a  hard  working  porter  for 
a  wholesale  house.  The  scale  of  wages  paid 
for  such  work  fifty  years  ago  was  much 
lower  than  at  present,  and  for  that  rea- 
son it  is  all  the  more  remarkable  that  Mr. 
Schortemeier  by  1872  managed  to  save  the 
sum  of  $550. 

With  this  capital,  together  wth  an  asso- 
ciate, he  embarked  in  the  retail  grocery, 
business  in  Cincinnati.  The  partnership ' 
continued  until  1877,  and  by  that  time 
Mr.  Schortemeier  had  a  working  capital  of 
about  $1,700.  Selling  out  his  Cincinnati 
business  he  came  to  Indiana,  locating  at 
Shelbyville,  where  he  continued  in  the  gro- 
cery business  for  eight  years.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  made  some  investments  in 
California,  and  on  selling  his  interests  at 
Shelbyville  went  west  to  give  them  his 
personal  supervision.  By  that  time  his 
prosperity  was  such  that  he  might  have 
properly  been  accounted  a  successful  man. 
The  lands  and  other  properties  accumu- 
lated by  him  represented  a  value  of  about 
$17,000.  His  domestic  fortune  was  also 
considerable,  since  he  had  a  good  wife  and 
seven  young  children.  In  California  he 
came  face  to  face  with  material  disaster, 
his  investments  going  wrong  and  wiping 
out  all  his  savings  except  about  $2,000.  A 
man  of  such  steadfast  courage  and  deter- 
mination as  Mr.  Schortemeier  never  loses 
heart  even  when  contending  with  such 
obstacles.  He  returned  to  Shelbyville  and 
once  more  engaged  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness, which  he  continued  until  1893  and 
then  sold  out  at  a  profit. 

In  the  spring  of  1894  Mr.  Schortemeier 
came  to  Indianapolis,  and  this  city  has 
since  been  his  home.  Here  he  resumed  the 


business  in  which  his  experience  had  made 
him  proficient,  the  retail  grocery  trade, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  building 
up  a  chain  of  stores  and  at  one  time  was 
owner  of  five  retail  establishments  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  city.  He  also  became  a 
stockholder  in  the  Grocers  Baking  Com- 
pany, and  his  interests  rapidly  multiplied. 
With  few  exceptions  his  undertakings 
since  coming  to  Indianapolis  have  proved 
profitable.  He  is  now  the  leading  man  in 
the  Grocers  Baking  Company,  as  general 
manager  and  treasurer,  also  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Casket  Company,  which 
he  assisted  in  organizing,  of  the  Sanitary 
Milk  Products  Company,  which  he  also 
helped  organize,  and  is  a  stockholder  and 
director  of  the  Merchants  Ice  Company. 
Mr.  Schortemeier  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Woodland  Ceme- 
tery Company,  the  name  of  which  has  re- 
cently been  changed  to  Memorial  Park. 
He  is  an  active  member  and  an  officer  of 
the  Reformed  Church  and  is  an  independ- 
ent republican  in  politics.  Mr.  Schorte- 
meier married  in  1868  Sophia  Schroer.  and 
on  Augu's't  27,  1918,  they  celebrated  their 
golden  wedding,  in  the  presence  of  200  rela- 
tives and  friends.  Eight  children  were 
born  to  their  union :  Elizabeth,  Anna, 
Henry,  Sophia,  Emma,  William,  who  mar- 
ried Hattie  Windhorst,  Carl,  who  married 
Nettie  Vert,  and  Frederick,  who  married 
Margaret  Boyd.  Henry  died  at  the  age  of 
two  years.  Emma  is  now  Mrs.  Frederick 
Bloemaker. 

EDWARD  A.  HANNEGAN  is  numbered 
among  the  Indianans  who  have  achieved 
fame  in  public  life.  He  was  born  in  Ohio, 
was  educated  and  spent  his  boyhood  in 
Kentucky,  and  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Covington.  Indiana.  He  was  frequently 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  as  a  democrat,  was  a 
United  States  senator  from  Indiana  in 
1843-9.  and  from  1849  until  1850  was  min- 
ister to  Prussia.  Senator  Hannegan  died 
at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  1859. 

CATHERINE  ARMSTRONG  STREETER.  of 
Terre  Haute,  is  an  Indiana  woman  whose 
life  record  possesses  elements  and  factors 
out  of  the  ordinary. 

She  was  born  at  Terre  Haute  July  14. 
1874,  of  a  family  of  substantial  business 
and  social  position.  She  attended  the  com- 


1524 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mon  and  high  schools  of  her  native  city 
and  in  1891  graduated  from  Knickerbocker 
Hall,  a  girls  school  at  Indianapolis.  In 
1896,  when  she  was  twenty-two  years  of 
age,  she  became  the  wife  of  Harry  Win  ton 
Streeter,  of  Muncie,  Indiana.  Mr.  Streeter 
was  connected  with  the  business  of  glass 
manufacture  at  Muncie.  His  affairs  were 
highly  prosperous  and  his  future  was  one 
of  much  promise  at  the  time  of  his  early 
death  in  1903.  In  the  meantime  three 
children  had  been  born  into  the  home,  and 
Mrs.  Streeter  was  left  with  these  as  prac- 
tically her  only  asset. 

Mrs.  Streeter  refused  to  accept  the  com- 
mon lot  of  widowhood.  She  determined  to 
make  herself  independent  and  make  that 
provision  for  her  children  which  the  death 
of  her  husband  had  interrupted.  She  had 
no  special  business  training,  only  determi- 
nation and  resourcefulness.  She  at  once 
came  to  Terre  Haute,  and  here  started  in 
the  insurance  business.  Mrs.  Streeter  con- 
fesses that  she  had  never  seen  a  policy  and 
and  had  absolutely  no  experience  or  knowl- 
edge of  the  insurance  business.  But  she 
applied  herself  to  mastering  its  principles, 
and  despite  early  discouragements  she  was 
soon  turing  in  a  large  monthly  report  of 
business,  and  once  started  that  business 
has  grown  and  accumulated  until  today 
she  is  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  best  agencies 
in  Terre  Haute  and  represents  some  of 
the  largest  and  best  known  companies.  It 
would  be  only  natural  that  she  took  much 
pride  in  her  record  as  a  business  builder, 
but  it  means  most  to  her  because  it  has 
been  the  means  by  which  she  has  reared 
and  educated  her  three  children.  These 
children  are :  Winton,  a  student  in  the  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute  at  Terre  Haute,  was 
in  the  United  States  service,  stationed  at 
Camp  Taylor,  in  the  Field  Artillery, 
Thirty-Seventh  Training  Battery,  with  the 
rank  of  second  lieutenant;  William  Arm- 
strong, a  graduate  of  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Terre  Haute,  was  in  training  for 
army  service  with  the  S.  A.  T.  C.,  and  is 
now  a  student  in  the  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute;  and  Virginia,  still  at  home  and 
in  school.  Besides  keping  up  her  home  and 
providing  for  the  education  of  her  chil- 
dren Mrs.  Streeter  has  always  contributed 
generously  to  all  good  causes. 

Her  father  was  the  late  William  H.  Arm- 
strong, who  was  born  in  England  and  was 
three  years  of  age  when  his  parents  came 


to  the  United  States.  He  had  only  a  com- 
mon school  education  and  as  a  boy  he 
enlisted  as  a  soldier  in  the  Union  army. 
He  was  all  through  the  war  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant.  After  his  military 
service  he  located  at  Terre  Haute,  where 
he  engaged  in  the  drug  business.  He  be- 
came prominent  in  city  affairs,  served 
as  mayor  and  for  thirty  years  was  pres- 
ident of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  State 
Normal  School.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
prominent  members  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  and  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  he 
organized  the  Sons  of  Veterans  in  Indiana. 
In  1890  William  H.  Armstrong  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  surgical  instruments,  a 
business  that  is  still  carried  on  by  members 
of  the  family.  He  died  at  Indianapolis  in 
October,  1914.  William  H.  Armstrong 
married  May  Eldred,  who  was  born  at 
Joliet,  Illinois,  and  finished  her  education 
in  St.  Xavier  Convent  in  Chicago.  She 
is  still  a  resident  of  Indianapolis.  They 
became  the  parents  of  six  children,  three 
sons  and  three  daughters:  May  A.,  wife 
of  Frank  Cleland,  of  Indianapolis;  Mrs. 
Catherine  Armstrong  Streeter ;  Richard  F., 
who  died  at  the  age  of  thirty  years ;  Helen 
A.,  wife  of  Moses  H.  Malone,  of  Indian- 
apolis; Wiliam  C.,  of  Indianapolis;  Eldred 
B.,  who  is  a  commander  in  the  United 
States  Navy. 

WILLIAM  OSCAR  BATES,  journalist  and 
playwright,  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  for 
many  years  active  as  a  newspaper  man. 

He  was  born  at  Harrisburg,  Fayette 
County,  Indiana,  September  19,  1852,  son 
of  John  and  Angeline  W.  (Thomas)  Bates. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  Elder  Minor 
Thomas,  was  a  pioneer  Baptist  evangelist 
of  Central  New  York  and  Eastern  Indiana. 
The  Bates  family  is  of  English  descent, 
and  first  established  a  home  in  the  colony 
of  Virginia.  His  grandparents  were  John 
and  Polly  (Pelly)  Bates.  Grandfather 
John  Bates  was  born  in  1801  in  southern 
Virginia,  and  when  a  boy  of  twelve  years 
ran  away  from  home  and  had  a  rather 
eventful  experience  traveling  through 
Georgia,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  as  a 
teamster  and  as  horse  trader.  In  1822, 
at  Paris,  Kentucky,  he  married  Polly  Pel- 
ly, who  was  born  June  16,  1801.  Soon 
after  their  marriage  they  came  to  Indiana, 
locating  in  Fayette  County,  where  John 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1525 


Bates  became  a  pioneer  farmer.  He  also 
used  his  early  experience  in  the  horse  busi- 
ness to  produce  some  fine  blooded  Norman 
horses  and  pedigreed  cattle,  and  thus 
helped  to  raise  the  standards  of  livestock 
in  his  county.  He  died  in  1871  and  his 
wife  in  1882.  Their  eight  children  are 
all  now  deceased.  Grandfather  Bates  was 
a  democrat  but  took  no  active  part  in 
politics. 

John  Bates,  Jr.,  father  of  William  O., 
was  born  April  7,  1828,  in  Fayette  County, 
grew  up  and  received  his  early  education 
in  the  district  schools,  and  about  1S73 
removed  to  Indianapolis.  Soon  afterward 
he  located  on  a  farm  in  Illinois,  came 
back  to  Indianapolis  in  1888,  but  finally 
retired  and  removed  to  Fort  Worth,  Texas, 
where  he  died  March  11,  1910.  He  mar- 
ried December  4,  1851,  Angeline  Thomas, 
who  died  February  28,  1900.  Their  two 
children  were  William  0.  and  Emma  Lo- 
rena,  the  latter  the  wife  of  James  A.  Buch- 
anan. John  Bates  while  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  became  interested  in  the  de- 
velopment of  Woodruff  Place.  He  was  a 
democrat,  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church,  and  though  of  quiet  and  unas- 
suming nature  was  always  ready  to  do 
his  part  when  called  upon. 

William  0.  Bates  spent  his  early  life 
largely  in  Fayette  County,  where  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools.  For  a  time  he 
was  a  student  in  Northwestern  Christian 
University,  now  Butler  College,  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  in  1875  was  graduated,  Ph.  B., 
from  Cornell  University.  While  at  Cornell 
he  gained  some  degree  of  distinction 
because  of  his  literary  tastes  and  activi- 
ties, and  was  class  poet  of  his  class.  While 
there  he  also  became  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  New  York  Chapter  of  the  Phi  Delta 
Theta  fraternity.  He  also  established  the 
fraternity  publication  known  as  The  Scroll, 
which  is  still  published. 

After  leaving  Cornell  Mr.  Bates  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Gookins-Love  Art  School.  His 
ambition  then  was  to  become  an  illustrator. 
He  was  diverted  from  this  by  work  on  the 
Old  Indianapolis  Sentinel.  In  1876  he  was 
a  participant  in  a  rather  novel  event  for 
that  time,  in  what  was  known  as  a  "bal- 
loon wedding."  Two  player  folk  had  been 
married  and  immediately  after  their  mar- 
riage the  small  wedding  party,  including 
Mr.  Bates,  went  aloft  in  a  balloon. 


For  over  twenty  years  Mr.  Bates  was 
engaged  in  regulation  newspaper  work.  He 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Indianapolis  Jour- 
nal from  1877  to  1881,  with  the  Cincinnati 
News-Journal  from  1882-1884,  the  St.  Paul 
Pioneer  Press  from  1884  to  1886,  with  the 
New  York  World  from  1889  to  1894,  and 
with  the  New  York  Commercial  Advertiser 
from  1897  to  1899.  He  went  to  Europe  in 
1880  and  1889. 

Perhaps  it  was  his  experience  at  the 
balloon  wedding  which  developed  in  Mr. 
Bates  great  interest  in  aeronautics,  and  in 
the  course  of  subsequent  years  he  made 
many  balloon  ascensions  in  different  parts 
of  the  country.  These  he  supplemented 
by  an  aeroplane  trip  in  1919  with  Capt. 
J.  J.  Hammond  of  the  British  Air  Force. 

In  later  years  he  has  divided  his  time 
among  his  real  estate  interests,  trade  jour- 
nalism and  playwriting.  He  is  author  of 
''Recitations  and  How  to  Recite,"  pub- 
lished in  1896;  "Our  Foreign  Cor- 
respondent," a  four-act  comedy  produced 
in  St.  Paul  in  1888;  "Uncle  Rodney," 
a  one-act  comedy  produced  in  the  Em- 
pire Theater  at  New  York  in  1896;  "The 
Black  Bokhara,"  a  one-act  comedy  pro- 
duced in  Indianapolis  in  1907;  "Jacob 
Leisler,"  a  five-act  play  published  in  1913, 
and  "Polly  of  Pogue's  Run,"  "Asaph" 
and  ' '  Tea, ' '  a  satire  on  the  prohibition  cru- 
sade, all  produced  by  the  Little  Theater. 
Mr.  Bates  was  instrumental  in  establish- 
ing the  Little  Theater  Society  of  Indiana, 
and  was  its  first  secretary.  Many  of  his 
interests  run  to  the  collection  of  the  rare 
and  antique,  and  in  his  home  at  Indian- 
apolis he  has  assembled  about  him  almost 
an  arsenal  of  old  guns  and  swords  and  a 
veritable  museum  of  furniture  of  different 
periods,  glass  and  metal  ware,  pottery, 
Indian  relics,  so  that  his  home  seems  to 
radiate  the  spirit  of  antiquity. 

In  1903  Mr.  Bates  took  the  leading  part 
in  establishing  in  Indiana  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars.  The  requirements  for 
membership  in  this  order  is  the  possession 
of  an  ancestor  who  bore  an  active  part 
in  the  wars  of  the  American  colonies  prior 
to  the  Revolution.  Mr.  Bates  traces  back 
to  John  Hawks,  of  Deerfield.  Massachusetts, 
a  soldier  in  King  Philip's  War,  1676.  Mr. 
Bates  is  retiring  governor  of  the  Indiana 
Society.  He  is  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  a 
member  of  the  Shakespeare  Society  of  New 
York.  Politicallv  he  is  a  Wilson  democrat 


1526 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  has  ardently  espoused  the  program 
and  ideals  of  Mr.  Wilson  both  in  the  han- 
dling of  domestic  and  foreign  affairs.  In 
religious  belief  he  is  a  Swedenborgian. 

October  23,  1893,  he  married  Clara  A. 
Nixon.  Mrs.  Bates  was  born  in  County 
Fermanagh,  Ireland,  a  daughter  of  George 
Nixon  and  a  descendant  of  the  Nixons  who 
played  prominent  parts  in  the  making  of 
history  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bates  had  three  children :  John  Nixon, 
deceased,  Angeline  Nixon  and  Lydia  Cres- 
welL 

CARL.  LEO  MEES  has  successfully  directed 
as  president  of  the  Rose  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute at  Terre  Haute  one  of  the  best 
scientific  and  technical  schools  in  Indiana 
for  over  thirty  years.  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute  was  established  a  little  more  than 
thirty-five  years  ago,  and  Doctor  Mees  went 
with  it  as  professor  of  physics  in  1887. 

He  is  a  man  of  the  highest  scientific  and 
educational  attainments  himself,  and  comes 
of  a  family  noted  for  scholarship  and 
artistic  achievements.  Doctor  Mees  was 
born  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  May  20,  1853,  a 
son  of  Conrad  and  Elise  (Adam)  Mees. 
His  father  was  born  in  Germany,  came  to 
America  in  1842,  was  naturalized  in  1853, 
and  as  a  German  Lutheran  minister  had 
charge  of  one  congregation  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,  for  fifty  consecutive  years.  He  was 
a  man  of  broad  scholarship,  possessed  a 
beautiful  and  well  rounded  character,  and 
lived  a  long  life  of  service  to  his  fellow 
men.  His  character  and  deeds  are  con- 
tinued in  the  world  through  his  eminent 
sons.  The  oldest  of  these  sons  is  T.  M.  K. 
Mees,  who  has  been  a  Lutheran  minister 
and  educator  for  over  forty  years,  since 
1903  has  been  a  professor  in  the  Capital 
University  and  Theological  Seminary  at 
Columbus,  and  also  editor  of  the  Theo- 
logical Magazine.  The  second  son,  Arthur 
Mees,  has  probably  achieved  the  largest 
share  of  distinction  among  the  three  broth- 
ers. He  was  at  one  time  associated  with 
Theodore  Thomas  and  has  been  one  of  the 
constructive  factors  in  musical  culture  and 
the  upbuilding  of  musical  organizations  of 
high  character  in  America.  As  a  musical 
director  he  formerly  conducted  the  Cin- 
cinnati May  Festival  Chorus,  was  an  as- 
sistant conductor  of  the  Chicago  Orchestra 
under  Theodore  Thomas,  and  has  directed 
several  of  the  musical  associations  and 


organizations  of  New  York  City,  and  Al- 
bany, New  York,  Worcester,  Massachusetts, 
Litchfield  and  Bridgeport,  Connecticut. 
He  is  a  well  known  author  of  much  music 
for  choirs  and  choruses. 

While  one  of  his  older  brother's  tastes 
ran  to  theology  and  sacred  science  and  the 
other  to  musical  art,  Carl  Leo  Mees  has 
always  been  a  devotee  of  the  practical 
sciences.  He  finished  his  high  school  course 
at  Columbus  in  1869,  was  graduate  student 
of  the  Ohio  State  University  in  1874-75, 
and  during  1873-74  studied  medicine  in 
Starling  Medical  College  at  Columbus, 
where  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1874.  He 
did  post-graduate  work  at  the  University 
of  Berlin  and  South  Kensington,  England, 
at  the  former  in  1880-81,  and  at  the  latter 
in  1881.  His  degree  Ph.  D.  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  1892. 

Doctor  Mees  was  professor  of  Physics 
and  Chemistry  in  the  Male  High  School  of 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  from  1876  to  1880, 
and  after  his  return  from  Europe  was 
professor  of  Physics  and  Chemistry  in  Ohio 
University  at  Athens  from  1882  to  1887. 
In  1887  he  accepted  a  call  to  Rose  Poly- 
technic Institute  at  Terre  Haute  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics,  and  in  1895  became  pres- 
ident and  directing  head  of  the  Institute. 

From  1874  to  1876  Doctor  Mees  was  lec- 
turer in  Starling  Medical  College  and  was 
lecturer  on  Analytical  Chemistry  before 
the  Ohio  Medical  College.  He  is  author 
of  many  scientific  papers  and  addresses 
and  has  enjoyed  many  distinctive  honors 
in  scientific  societies.  He  was  general  se- 
cretary in  1889  and  vice  president  in  1896 
and  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  is 
a  member  of  the  American  Physical  Society, 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Engineer- 
ing Education,  the  American  Geographic 
Society,  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Science, 
the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers, the  Association  of  Science  and 
Mathematic  Teachers,  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Colleges,  and  of  numerous 
other  scientific  and  educational  organiza- 
tions. Doctor  Mees  is  a  republican,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  is  un- 
married. 

MEREDITH  NICHOLSON.  Anything  that 
might  be  said  here  concerning  the  current 
reputation  of  Meredith  Nicholson  as  an 
American  author  would  be  superfluous — 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1527 


and  inept.  He  is  the  author  of  an  imposing 
list  of  titles,  including  several  "best  sel- 
lers" and  one  or  two  books  that  have  had 
a  rare  value  in  influencing  political  and 
social  opinion.  Many  of  the  most  discrimi- 
nating of  Mr.  Nicholson's  admirers  base 
their  hopes  for  his  permanent  recognition 
in  American  literature  not  so  much  upon 
the  popularity  of  his  novels  as  upon  the 
spirit  of  fundamental  democracy  which  is 
manifest  in  his  more  serious  novels  and 
in  his  essays. 

Appreciative  of  the  whims  and  weak- 
nesses of  democracy  as  practically  applied 
to  our  institutions  and  society,  he  is  yet 
confident  of  its  vitality  in  molding  the 
processes  and  destiny  of  the  nation.  Be- 
yond this  brief  reference,  which  will  prob- 
ably be  sustained  in  after  views,  this  brief 
sketch  offers  no  literary  estimate  or  judg- 
ment of  Mr.  Nicholson  and  his  works; 
merely  sets  forth  the  facts  of  formal  bio- 
graphy. 

He  was  born  at  Crawfordsville,  Mont- 
gomery County,  Indiana,  December  9, 
1866.  His  ancestors  were  Celtic-Scotch, 
Irish  and  Welsh,  and  both  the  paternal 
and  maternal  ancestors  came  to  the  Ameri- 
can colonies  prior  to  the  Revolution.  The 
Nicholsons  first  located  in  North  Carolina, 
moving  thence  to  Kentucky,  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  His  grandfather,  James  Nichol- 
son, and  his  father,  Edward  Willis  Nichol- 
son, were  born  in  Kentucky.  As  a  young 
man  Edward  settled  in  Montgomery 
County,  Indiana.  He  was  a  farmer  there, 
and  before  the  Civil  war  was  a  member 
of  the  Montgomery  Guards,  which  became 
the  nucleus  of  the  Eleventh  Indiana  In- 
fantry, commanded  by  Lew  Wallace. 
Three  months  later  he  enlisted  in  the  ar- 
tillery, and  rose  from  private  to  captain 
of  the  Twenty-Second  Indiana  Battery.  It 
is  said  that  he  sighted  and  fired  the  gun 
that  opened  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  He  was 
•with  Sherman  in  the  Atlanta  campaign 
and  the  march  to  the  sea.  Part  of  the 
time  he  did  duties  corresponding  to  those 
of  instructor  in  a  modern  training  camp, 
drilling  batteries  at  Indianapolis.  He  en- 
gaged in  business  in  Crawfordsville  after 
the  war,  but  in  1872  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  in  1888  went  to  Washington 
and  was  employed  in  a  clerical  capacity 
at  the  Treasury  Department.  He  died  at 
Washington  August  19,  1894.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Grand  Armv  of  the  Re- 


public and  the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal 
Legion. 

Edward  Willis  Nicholson  married  Miss 
Emily  Meredith.  She  was  born  at  Ceu- 
terville,  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Her 
grandfather,  John  Wheeler  Meredith,  a 
native  of  the  West  Indies  and  of  Welsh 
parentage,  was  an  American  soldier  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  and  spent  his  last 
years  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  Samuel 
Caldwell  Meredith,  father  of  Emily,  was 
editor  and  publisher  of  one  of  the  early 
papers  at  Centerville,  Indiana.  He  was  a 
California  forty-niner,  and  on  returning  to 
Indiana  in  1852  established  his  home  at 
Indianapolis.  A  brother  of  Emily  Mere- 
dith was  William  Morton  Meredith, '  who 
served  in  the  Seventieth  Indiana  Infantry 
under  General  Benjamin  Harrison,  and 
later  was  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Printing 
and  Engraving  at  Washington  under 
Presidents  Harrison  and  McKinley.  Emily 
Meredith  Nicholson  during  part  of  the 
Civil  war  was  a  nurse  among  the  wounded 
soldiers  in  Southern  hospitals.  Meredith 
Nicholson  has  one  sister,  Margaret,  wife 
of  Robert  Peelle  Noble,  of  Indianapolis. 

Meredith  Nicholson  was  five  years  of 
age  when  the  family  moved  to  Indianap- 
olis. He  attended  public  schools  through 
the  first  year  of  high  school,  then  worked 
in  drug  stores  and  printing  offices,  took 
up  stenography,  and  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen began  the  study  of  law.  His  law 
studies  were  in  the  offices  of  Dye  &  Fish- 
back  and  William  Wallace  of  Indianapolis. 
A  diverging  interest  soon  appeared,  and 
he  was  giving  more  time  to  verse  and  story 
writing  than  to  law  books.  For  a  year  he 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Indianapolis  Sen- 
tinel, and  from  1885  to  1897  was  a  member 
of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Indianapolis 
News.  He  is  one  of  many  American 
writers  who  received  their  training  in 
writing  and  in  knowledge  of  character  in 
the  difficult  school  of  a  newspaper  office. 
Some  of  his  books  betray  a  more  than 
second-hand  knowledge  of  practical  busi- 
ness. After  he  left  the  Indianapolis  News 
he  was  a  stock  broker  at  Indianapolis  for 
a  year,  and  for  three  years  following  was 
auditor  and  treasurer  of  a  coal  mining  cor- 
poration in  Colorado. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  Mr.  Nichol- 
son has  devoted  practically  all  his  time 
to  literature.  His  first  published  work 
was  "Short  Flights,"  a  book  of  poems, 


1528 


•      INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


issued  in  1891.  The  list  of  his  better 
known  works  is  as  follows:  "The 
Hoosiers,"  (historical);  "The  Main 
Chance,"  1903;  "Zelda  Dameron,"  1904; 
"The  House  of  a  Thousand  Candles," 
1905;  "Poems,"  1906;  "The  Port  of  Miss- 
ing Men,"  1907;  "Rosalind  at  Red  Gate," 
1907 ;  ' '  The  Little  Brown  Jug  at  Kildare, ' ' 
1908;  "The  Lords  of  High  Decision," 
1909;  "Siege  of  the  Seven  Suitors,"  1910; 
"A  Hoosier  Chronicle,"  1912;  "The  Pro- 
vincial American,"  (essays),  1913; 
"Otherwise  Phyllis,"  1913;  "The  Poet," 
1914;  "The  Proof  of  the  Pudding,"  1916; 
"The  Madness  of  May,"  1917 ;  "A  Revers- 
ible Santa  Claus,"  1917;  "The  Valley  of 
Democracy,"  a  recently  published  and 
widely  commented  upon  volume  of  essays, 
1918;  "Lady  Larkspur,"  1919. 

Mr.  Nicholson  is  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters,  of  the 
Phi  Gamma  Delta  and  Wabash  Chapter  of 
Phi  Beta  Kappa.  He  is  also  a  member  by 
inheritance  of  the  Military  Order  of  the 
Loyal  Legion  and  the  Society  of  the  Sons 
of  the  Revolution.  He  is  an  Episcopalian. 
Wabash  College  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  Master  of  Arts  in  1897  and  in  1901 
made  him  a  Doctor  of  Letters.  '•'*'"  ''- 

Mr.  Nicholson  has  participated  in  poli- 
tics as  an  independent  democrat,  and  he 
has  spoken  and  written  on  many  phases  of 
American  political  life.  He  was  offered 
but  declined  the  post  of  minister  to  Portu- 
gal in  the  first  Wilson  administration. 

June  16,  1896,  he  married  Miss  Eugenie 
C.  Kountze,  of  Omaha,  Nebraska.  Her  ma- 
ternal grandfather  was  Thomas  Davis,  long 
a  prominent  business  man  of  Indianapolis. 
They  have  three  children:  Elizabeth 
Kountze,  Meredith,  Jr.,  and  Lionel. 

DAVID  B.  SCOGGAN.  A  business  that  has 
been~built  up  quietly  and  has  prospered 
through  many  years  under  the  able  man- 
agement of  one  man  is  the  Newcastle 
Marble  Works,  the  sole  proprietor  of  which 
is  David  B.  Scoggan.  Mr.  Scoggan  as  a 
boy  learned  the  trade  of  marble  cutter,  and 
has  mastered  every  branch  of  the  busi- 
ness. 

He  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1851,  son  of  James  and  Mary  A. 
(Gregg)  Scoggan.  He  is  of  Scotch  an- 
cestry. Two  brothers,  William  W.  and 
James  Scoggan,  came  from  the  highlands 
of  Scotland  to  America  before  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  They  left  home  on  account 


of  political  troubles  and  soon  identified 
themselves  with  the  American  cause  of  in- 
dependence, one  serving  as  a  private  and 
the  other  with  the  rank  of  a  major  in  the 
American  Continental  Army.  Both  settled 
in  Pennsylvania  and  reared  families  there. 

John  Scoggan,  grandfather  of  David  B., 
moved  from  Pennsylvania  to  Noble 
County,  Ohio,  and  reared  his  family  in 
that  locality.  James  Scoggan  was  born  in 
Ohio,  and  acquired  forty  acres  of  land  as 
an  inheritance  from  his  father. 

David  B.  Scoggan  spent  the  first  twenty 
years  of  his  life  in  Beverley  in  Washing- 
ton County,  Ohio.  In  1868  he  began  learn- 
ing the  monument  business  with  William  • 
C.  Townsend  at  Beverley,  and  also  had  a 
three  years'  apprenticeship  at  Zanesville, 
Ohio.  For  four  years  he  worked  as  a 
journeyman  at  Dayton  and  for  ten  years 
was  foreman  in  a  large  shop  at  Lima,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Scoggan  came  to  Newcastle  in  1893, 
buying  the  shop  of  Hipes  &  Kinsey,  lo- 
cated behind  the  Citizens  State  Bank 
Building.  Six  months  later  he  and  two 
partners  opened  the  Newcastle  Marble 
Company,  with  Sol  Myer  and  Neve  Bous- 
log.  Their  business  is  located  on  Broad 
Street.  Mr.  Myer  and  Mr.  Scoggan  bought 
out  the  Bouslog  interests  and  s'even  years 
later  Mr.  Myer  died,  since  which  time  Mr. 
Scoggan  has  been  sole  proprietor. 

September  14,  1875,  Mr.  Scoggan  mar- 
ried Miss  Coloma  E.  Johnston,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Ohio,  daughter  of  Elijah  and  Mary 
C.  Gillet  Johnston.  Mrs.  Scoggan  died  in 
1879,  the  mother  of  one  son,  William  R., 
who  is  now  married  and  living  in  Cincin- 
nati. In  1881,  at  Dayton,  Mr.  Scoggan 
married  Mrs.  Laura  V.  Sollis.  To  this 
union  have  been  born  two  children :  Ben- 
jamin Harrison  Scoggan,  married  and 
living  in  Dayton,  with  two  children;  and 
Victoria  A.,  who  lives  at  home.  Mr.  Scog- 
gan is  a  republican  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Knights  of  the  Maccabees  at  New- 
castle. 

OLIVER  L.  CAKITHERS  is  a  Newcastle 
druggist.  He  has  been  a  pharmacist  for 
many  years,  and  his  experience  also  has 
extended  to  many  other  lines  of  industry. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Princeton 
in  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  in  1868,  son  of 
James  and  Eliza  E.  (Townsend)  Carithers. 
He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  and  English  stock. 
His  grandfather,  Alexander  Carithers, 
came  to  this  country  from  Londonderry, 


. 

- 


.utn 

UNIVERSITY  of 


IE 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1529 


Ireland,  locating  as  a  pioneer  farmer  in 
Gibson  County,  Indiana.  James  Carithers, 
who  also  spent  his  life  in  Southern  In- 
diana, was  a  volunteer  in  Company  A  of 
the  Eightieth  Indiana  Infantry  in  1861, 
and  was  in  active  service  until  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Perryville  in  1862. .  After 
the  war  he  resumed  farming.  He  died  in 
June,  1913,  and  his  widow  is  still  living. 
They  had  eight  children,  four  sons  and 
four  daughters,  and  all  are  still  living  ex- 
cept one  brother  and  one  sister. 

Oliver  L.  Carithers  attended  the  country 
schools  in  winter  and  worked  on  the  farm 
in  summer.  During  1895-96-97  he  was  a 
student  in  the  general  preparatory  course 
in  Valparaiso  University,  and  then  entered 
the  Pharmacy  School  and  graduated  in 
1897.  His  first  business  location  was  at 
Swayzee  in  Grant  County,  where  he  bought 
and  conducted  a  small  store  for  two  years. 
On  selling  out  he  worked  as  a  registered 
pharmacist  in  several  Indiana  towns,  and 
later  went  into  the  oil  fields,  being  em- 
ployed as  a  pumper  at  Marion  two  years 
and  in  other  localities.  On  June  18,  1906, 
Mr.  Carithers  came  to  Newcastle  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  George  F.  Mowrer  at 
the  corner  of  Race  and  Main  Streets.  He 
was  in  that  store  seven  years  and  there  his 
savings  brought  him  the  modest  capital 
with  which  he  entered  business  for  himself 
in  partnership  with  J.  R.  Cpuden.  He  has 
recently  sold  his  interest  in  the  firm  of 
Couden  &  Carithers  to  J.  R.  Couden  and 
bought  the  Kinsey  Drug  Store.  The  store 
is  the  largest  and  best  known  establishment 
of  its  kind  in  Henry  County.  It  was  es- 
tablished by  David  Kinsey  in  1874.  It  is 
located  at  1304  Broad  Street  and  will  be 
continued  as  the  Carithers  Drug  Store. 
Mr.  Carithers  is  now  well  established  in 
business  and  is  a  man  of  influence  and 
high  standing  in  the  Rose  city. 

He  married  Miss  Cora  L.  Coomler, 
daughter  of  John  Coomler  of  Kokomo,  In- 
diana. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carithers  have  le- 
gally adopted  twin  daughters,  Martha  and 
Mary,  who  have  been  at  their  home  since 
1912.  Mr.  Carithers  is  a  republican,  affil- 
iated with  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  Amer- 
ica, the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks,  and  the  Masons,  and  is  an  active  mem- 
ber in  the  Grace  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

FRANK  HILGEMEIER.  Important  as  many 
business  lines  must  be  considered,  none 


perhaps  take  precedence  of  one  that  is  de- 
pended upon  to  feed  the  world,  and  prac- 
tically that  is  the  place  occupied  today 
by  the  pork  packing  industry.  The  prod- 
ucts of  the  packing  plants  have  become 
almost  necessary  elements  in  the  normal 
dietary  of  many  countries.  When  unusual 
conditions  arise  and  great  demands  are 
made  upon  the  capacities  of  both  large  and 
small  business  houses  in  all  lines,  a  notice- 
able shortage  in  this  special  one  brings 
about  vigorous  protest  from  the  people, 
who  find  no  other  food  quite  equal  to  the 
packers'  goods.  A  business  firm  that  was 
founded  here  and  has  done  a  safe  and  pros- 
perous business  at  Indianapolis  for  many 
years  is  that  of  Frank  Hilgemeier  &  Broth- 
ers, pork  packers,  of  which  Frank  Hilge- 
meier, a  substantial  and  respected  citizen 
and  representative  business  man  of  this 
section,  is  the  head. 

Frank  Hilgemeier  was  born  in  January, 
1867,  on  Wyoming  Street,  Indianapolis, 
near  where  the  Schmidt  Brewery  now 
stands.  His  parents  were  Christian  and. 
Maria  (Sudbrock)  Hilgemeier,  both  of 
whom  were  born  in  Germany  and  came 
young  to  the  United  States.  They  were 
married  at  Indianapolis,  and  both  died  in 
this  city,  the  father  in  1893  and  the  mother 
in  1916,  when  aged  seventy-five  years. 
Their  children  were:  Maria,  who  became 
the  wife  of  George  Stumph,  of  Indian- 
apolis; Matilda,  who  is  the  wife  of  Louis 
D.  Schreiber,  of  Julietta,  Indiana;  Frank 
and  George,  pork  packers,  as  noted  above; 
and  Harry,  who  is  associated  with  his 
brothers  in  this  business. 

In  his  native  land,  Christian  Hilgemeier 
was  designed  for  the  milling  business,  but 
he  showed  no  liking  for  the  same  and  while 
yet  a  young  man  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  and  came  to  Indianapolis  because  a 
relative,  Fred  Sanders,  was  already  estab- 
lished here.  It  was  some  time  before  he 
could  definitely  settle  himself  in  a  profit- 
able business  but  in  the  meanwhile  he  was 
not  idle,  always  finding  something  self  sup- 
porting to  do,  on  one  occasion  this  being 
driving  a  city  sprinkling  cart.  It  was 
through  such  persistent  industry  that  he 
became  a  man  of  large  means  and  much  in- 
fluence, and  at  one  time  was  the  owner  of 
half  a  city  block  on  McCarty  and  Delaware 
streets.  For  some  years  he  was  in  partner- 
ship in  the  grocery  business  with  Dick 
Muegge.  It  was  about  forty  years  ago  that 
he  started  in  the  packing  business,  in  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1529 


Ireland,  locating  as  a  pioneer  farmer  in 
Gibson  County,  Indiana.  James  Carithers, 
who  also  spent  his  life  in  Southern  In- 
diana, was  a  volunteer  in  Company  A  of 
the  Eightieth  Indiana  Infantry  in  1861, 
and  was  in  active  service  until  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Perryville  in  1862.  After 
the  war  he  resumed  farming.  He  died  in 
June,  1913,  and  his  widow  is  still  living. 
They  had  eight  children,  four  sons  and 
four  daughters,  and  all  are  still  living  ex- 
cept one  brother  and  one  sister. 

Oliver  L.  Carithers  attended  the  country 
schools  in  winter  and  worked  on  the  farm 
in  summer.  During  1895-96-07  he  was  a 
student  in  the  general  preparatory  course 
in  Valparaiso  University,  and  then  entered 
tho  Pharmacy  School  and  graduated  in 
1897.  His  first  business  location  was  at 
Sway/ce  in  Grant  County,  where  he  bought 
and  conducted  a  small  store  for  two  years. 
On  selling  out  he  worked  as  a  registered 
pharmacist  in  several  Indiana  towns,  and 
later  went  into  the  oil  fields,  being  em- 
ployed as  a  pumper  at  Marion  two  years 
and  in  other  localities.  On  June  18,  1906, 
Mr.  Carithers  came  to  Newcastle  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  George  F.  Mowrer  at 
the  corner  of  Race  and  Main  Streets.  He 
was  in  that  store  seven  years  and  there  his 
savings  brought  him  the  modest  capital 
with  which  he  entered  business  for  himself 
in  partnership  with  J.  R.  Condon.  He  has 
recently  sold  his  interest  in  the  firm  of 
Couden  &  Carithers  to  J.  R.  Couden  and 
bought  the  Kinsey  Drug  Store.  The  store 
is  the  largest  and  best  known  establishment 
of  its  kind  in  Henry  County.  It  was  es- 
tablished by  David  Kinsey  in  1874.  It  is 
located  at  1304  Broad  Street  and  will  be 
continued  as  the  Carithers  Drug  Store. 
Mr.  Carithers  is  now  well  established  in 
business  and  is  a  man  of  influence  and 
high  standing  in  the  Rose  city. 

lie  married  Miss  Cora  L.  Coomler. 
daughter  of  John  Coomler  of  Kokomo,  In- 
diana. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carithers  have  le- 
gally adopted  twin  daughters,  Martha  and 
Mary,  who  have  been  at  their  home  since 
1912.  Mr.  Carithers  is  a  republican,  affil- 
iated with  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  Amer- 
ica, the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks,  and  the  Masons,  and  is  an  active  mem- 
ber in  the  Grace  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

FRANK  HIUJKMKIKK.  Important  as  many 
business  lines  must  be  considered,  none 


perhaps  take  precedence  of  one  that  is  de- 
pended upon  to  feed  the  world,  and  prac- 
tically that  is  the  place  occupied  today 
by  the  pork  packing  industry.  The  prod- 
ucts of  the  packing  plants  have  become 
almost  necessary  elements  in  the  normal 
dietary  of  many  countries.  When  unusual 
conditions  arise  and  great  demands  are 
made  upon  the  capacities  of  both  large  and 
small  business  houses  in  all  lines,  a  notice- 
able shortage  in  this  special  one  brings 
about  vigorous  protest  from  the  people, 
who  find  no  other  food  quite  equal  to  the 
packers'  goods.  A  business  firm  that  was 
founded  here  and  has  done  a  safe  and  pros- 
perous business  at  Indianapolis  for  many 
years  is  that  of  Frank  Hilgemeier  &  Broth- 
ers, pork  packers,  of  which  Frank  Hilge- 
meier, a  substantial  and  respected  citizen 
and  representative  business  man  of  this 
section,  is  the  head. 

Frank  Ililgemeier  was  born  in  January, 
1S67.  on  Wyoming  Street,  Indianapolis, 
near  where  the  Schmidt  Brewery  now 
stands.  His  parents  were  Christian  and 
Maria  (Sudbrock)  Ililgemeier,  both  of 
whom  were  born  in  Germany  and  came 
young  to  the  United  States.  They  were 
married  at  Indianapolis,  and  lx>th  died  in 
this  city,  the  father  in  1893  and  the  mother 
in  1916,  when  aged  seventy-five  years. 
Their  children  were:  Maria,  who  became 
the  wife  of  George  Stumph.  of  Indian- 
apolis: Matilda,  who  is  the  wife  of  Louis 
I).  Schreiber.  of  Julietta.  Indiana :  Frank 
and  George,  pork  packers,  as  noted  above; 
and  Harry,  who  is  associated  with  his 
Ill-others  in  this  business. 

In  his  native  land.  Christian  Hilgemeier 
was  designed  for  the  milling  business,  but 
he  showed  no  liking  for  the  same  and  while 
y;-t  a  young  man  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  and  came  to  Indianapolis  because  a 
relative.  Fred  Sanders,  was  already  estab- 
lished here.  It  was  some  time  before  he 
coiild  definitely  settle  himself  in  a  profit- 
able business  but  in  the  meanwhile  he  was 
not  idle,  always  finding  something  self  sup- 
porting to  do.  on  one  occasion  this  b<  ing 
driving  a  city  sprinkling  cart.  It  was 
through  such  persistent  industry  that  he 
became  a  man  of  large  means  and  much  in- 
Hnence.  and  at  one  time  was  the  owner  of 
half  a  city  block  on  McCarty  and  Delaware 
streets.  For  some  years  he  was  in  partner- 
ship in  the  grocery  business  with  Dick 
Mnegge.  It  was  about  forty  years  ago  that 
he  started  in  the  packing  business,  in  a 


. 


1530 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


small  way,  on  the  corner  of  Prospect  Street 
and  Keystone  Avenue,  and  finding  his  ven- 
ture prospering  in  1885  he  moved  to  Ray- 
mond Street,  opposite  Garfield  Park,  and 
still  later  south  of  the  J.  M.  &  I.  Railroad 
tracks,  the  business  growing  all  the  time. 
After  thirteen  years  at  the  last  location  the 
plant  was  moved  to  its  present  situation, 
West  Raymond  Street  and  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral tracks  by  the  present  firm.  Christian 
Hilgemeier  and  wife  were  members  of  St. 
Paul's  Lutheran  congregation.  He  was 
a  sensible,  practical  business  man  and  pre- 
dicted when  his  sons  were  prepared  to  suc- 
ceed him  that  as  long  as  they  kept  their 
interests  together  as  one  business  they 
would  succeed,  and  that  fatherly  sugges- 
tion has  been  followed  by  the  sons  and  the 
business  was  never  more  prosperous  than 
at  present. 

Frank  Hilgemeier  obtained  his  education 
in  the  Lutheran  School  conducted  in  his 
boyhood  at  McCarty  and  New  Jersey 
streets,  but  as  early  as  his  thirteenth  year 
he  "began  to  help  his  father  and  has  been 
continuously  identified  with  the  business, 
when  his  father  died  taking  over  the  man- 
agement and  in  partnership  with  his 
brother  George  successfully  conducting  it. 
As  general  superintendent  Frank  Hilge- 
meier looks  after  the  operation  of  the  plant, 
and  George  Hilgemeier  attends  to  the  sales 
and  collections.  Their  plant  is  as  complete 
as  science  and  understanding  of  the  busi- 
ness can  make  it  and  absolutely  sanitary. 
Their  products  are  noted  for  their  high 
quality  and  up  to  the  present  time  have 
been  confined  to  the  city  trade. 

Mr.  Hilgemeier  is  a  sound  democrat  in 
his  political  faith  and  a  leading  member  of 
the  democratic  club  of  this  city.  He  is 
held  in  high  regard  as  an  honorable  busi- 
ness man  and  in  every  way  is  an  enterpris- 
ing and  public  spirited  citizen. 

JOHN  HAY,  author,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Indiana,  October  8,  1838.  After  his 
graduation  at  Brown  in  1858  he  studied 
law  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  practice  in  that  state  in  1861,  but 
immediately  afterward  went  to  Washington 
as  assistant  secretary  to  President  Lincoln. 
He  was  first  secretary  of  legation  at  Paris, 
was  also  connected  with  foreign  affairs  at 
Vienna,  was  secretary  of  legation  at 
Madrid,  and  returning  to  New  York  be- 
came connected  with  editorial  work.  Mr. 


Hay  afterward  served  his  country  in  high 
official  positions  and  attained  fame  as  an 
author. 

N.  L.  ARBUCKLE  is  a  prominent  railway 
man  of  Indiana,  being  maintenance  of  way 
engineer  for  the  Big  Four  Railway  Com- 
pany, with  headquarters  at  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  April  20, 
1883,  son  of  A.  H.  and  Florence  (Hoover) 
Arbuckle.  His  father  is  still  living  at  the 
age  of  sixty-four,  and  for  over  forty-two 
years  has  been  one  of  the  faithful  em- 
ployees of  the  Indianapolis  postoffice.  N. 
L.  Arbuckle  was  third  in  a  family  of  six 
children,  being  one  of  twins,  and  five  are 
still  living.  He  was  educated  in  the 
graded  and  high  schools  of  Indianapolis, 
graduating  from  high  school  with  the  class 
of  1903.  Soon  afterward  he  entered  Pur- 
due University,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1906  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  C.  E. 
Three  years  later  he  received  his  advanced 
degree  of  C.  E.  in  civil  engineering.  Mr. 
Arbuckle  on  leaving  Purdue  University 
had  some  valuable  experience  with  the 
United  States  Goedetic  and  Coast  Sur- 
vey, his  principal  work  being  in  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay  district.  Since  leaving  the  gov- 
ernment service  he  has  been  a  railroad  man 
with  the  Big  Four  Company.  In  1909  he 
was  employed  on  the  Engineering  Corps- 
by  this  company,  later  was  promoted  to  as- 
sistant engineer,  and  is  now  engineer  of 
maintenance  of  way  at  the  Indianapolis 
terminal  division  of  the  company.  His 
offices  occupy  the  fourth  floor  of  the  Ma- 
jestic Building  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Arbuckle  is  an  independent  in  poli- 
tics and  a  member  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  January  20,  1907, 
he  married  at  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Miss 
Emily  B.  Helmus.  They  have  one  son, 
Russell  L.,  born  June  3,  1908. 

WILLIAM  L.  HAMILTON,  who  until  he  en- 
tered the  war,  was  manager  of  the  Marion 
County  Lumber  Company  of  Indianapolis, 
a  business  that  was  established  by  his 
father,  William  A.  Hamilton.  The  name 
Hamilton  has  been  identified  with  the  lum- 
ber interests  of  this  city  through  a  long 
period  of  years. 

William  A.  Hamilton  was  born  at  Chilli- 
cothe,  Ohio,  in  1860  and  married  Anna 
Shine,  a  native  of  the  same  city.  During 
his  voiith  William  A.  Hamilton  attended 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1531 


the  common  and  high  schools  of  Chilli- 
cothe,  and  his  business  career  began  as  an 
employe  of  the  Reed  planing  mill  at  Chilli- 
cothe.  After  considerable  experience  he 
moved  from  there  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  was  superintendent  of  the  McGinnis 
Lumber  Company  of  Fountain  Square. 
This  company  had  succeeded  Frazier 
Brothers  and  Van  Huff,  who  were  among 
the  pioneer  lumber  dealers  of  Indiana. 
When  the  McGinnis  Company  failed  the 
late  M.  S.  Huey  was  appointed  receiver  or 
trustee  and  sold  the  stock  to  William  A. 
Hamilton  on  credit.  Mr.  Hamilton  handled 
the  business  very  effectively  and  finally 
sold  the  remnants  of  the  stock  to  Barnet  & 
Lewis  in  1895.  Immediately  after  closing 
up  that  transaction  he  started  in  the  lum- 
ber business  for  himself  on  Southeast 
Street  under  the  name  Hamilton  Lumber 
Company.  In  1910  the  plant  was  moved 
to  its  present  location,  on  Minnesota  and 
Kentucky  avenues,  adjoining  the  Vandalia 
Railroad  tracks.  Here  in  addition  to  the 
large  amount  of  space  taken  up  by  the 
lumber  and  mill  supplies  the  company  op- 
erates a  planing  mill,  and  also  a'  coal  yard. 
They  manufacture  all  kinds  of  building 
material  and  interior  finish,  and  their  coal 
business  has  been  developed  to  a  very  im- 
portant part  of  the  aggregate.  This  firm 
handles  almost  the  entire  output  of 
Powers  coal  mine.  From  Indianapolis  the 
business  has  been  extended  to  include  the 
yards  at  Darlington,  Delphi  and  Monti- 
cello. 

W.  A.  Hamilton  is  not  connected  with 
the  company.  The  Hamilton  Lumber 
Company  sold  its  business  to  the  Marion 
County  Lumber  Company,  but  the  Hamil- 
ton Lumber  Company  still  owns  the  plant, 
but  not  the  business. 

The  Hamilton  family  traces  its  ancestry 
back  to  Scotland.  William  A.  Hamilton, 
who  stands  very  high  both  as  a  business 
man  and  citizen,  is  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bia Club  and  in  politics  a  republican. 

William  L.  Hamilton,  only  child  of  his 
parents,  was  liberally  educated  in  the  local 
schools,  and  after  graduating  from  high 
school  in  1909  became  connected  with  his 
father,  learned  the  business  in  all  details, 
and  became  highly  qualified  for  his  posi- 
tion as  manager,  in  which  office  he  con- 
tinued until  he  was  called  to  war  in  April, 
1918,  and  went  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Lodge  and  is 


also  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Shriner. 
Politically  he  votes  as  a  republican. 

CHARLES  W.  MOUCH.  It  would  add 
nothing  to  the  appreciation  in  which 
Charles  W.  Mouch  is  held  by  his  fellow 
citizens  in  Henry  County  to  note  the  par- 
ticulars of  his  birth  and  ancestry.  The 
outstanding  facts  of  his  life  and  story  of 
achievement  is  the  work  he  does  and  the 
influences  that  radiates  from  his  person- 
ality today. 

He  has  been  called  the  wealthiest  citizen 
of  Newcastle,  is  president  of  the  Farmers 
National  Bank,  owns  1,500  acres  of  farm 
lands,  and  has  been  connected  with  every 
large  forward  movement  and  patriotic  un- 
dertaking in  Henry  County  in  recent 
years.  He  formerly  owned  extensive  in- 
terests in  the  Indiana  Rolling  Mills  and 
the  Indiana  Shovel  Company,  and  is  now 
a  principal  stockholder  in  the  National 
Spring  Company  and  is  a  director  in  the 
Bankers  Trust  Company  of  Indianapolis, 
the  American  Mortgage  Guarantee  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  the  Morland 
Farmers  Bank,  the  Sulphur  Springs  Bank, 
and  has  other  interests  too  numerous  to 
mention.  Mr.  Mouch  is  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  and  the  American  Bankers 
Associations. 

For  four  years  he  represented  the  Fifth 
Ward  in  the  City  Council  of  Newcastle, 
and  was  especially  active  in  the  finance  and 
industrial  committees.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Westwood  Country  Club  of  Newcastle, 
and  belongs  to  the  Democratic  State  Com- 
mittee and  has  been  active  in  democratic 
politics,  though  never  a  candidate  for  im- 
portant office.  Mr.  Mouch  has  been  a 
sterling  admirer  and  supporter  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson  and  his  policies  both  domestic 
and  international.  Mr.  Mouch  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottsh  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner  and  Knight  Templar,  and  for 
eight  years  was  treasurer  of  Newcastle 
Lodge  of  Elks.  He  served  as  county  fuel 
administrator  during  1918,  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  Henry  County  War  Chest  Com- 
mittee which  raised  $175.000  in  the  county 
for  all  war  and  charitable  purposes.  He 
was  also  chairman  of  the  Henry  County 
War  Savings  Stamps  Committee. 

ALFRED  HOGSTON  has  made  a  commend- 
able record  in  two  professions,  education 
and  the  law.  For  the  past  two  years  he 


1532 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


has  been  building  up  an  influential  con- 
nection as  a  lawyer  at  Marion,  and  prior 
to  that  for  ten  years  gave  most  of  his  time 
to  school  work.  At  the  general  election  in 
1918  he  was  elected  a  state  senator  from 
Grant  County  on  the  republican  ticket. 

He  is  a  son  of  one  of  the  old  and  sub- 
stantial farmer  citizens  of  Grant  County, 
James  I.  Hogston.  James  I.  Hogston  was 
born  in  Randolph  County,  Indiana,  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1850,  only  son  of  his  father's 
second  marriage  to  Mary  Lacy.  James' 
father  was  Alfred  Hogston,  a  native  of 
Iredell  County,  North  Carolina.  When  he 
was  three  years  old  his  parents  settled  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  being  a  part  of 
that  migration  which  came  in  large  num- 
bers from  some  of  the  Quaker  colonies 
of  Western  North  Carolina  to  the  old 
Quaker  settlement  in  Wayne  County,  In- 
diana. Alfred  Hogston  spent  most  of  his 
active  career  as  a  farmer  in  Randolph 
County.  James  I.  Hogston  grew  to  man- 
hood on  his  father's  farm,  attended  district 
schools  during  the  winter  and  by  attend- 
ance at  summer  normal  schools  qualified 
for  teaching,  though  he  never  followed 
that  profession.  He  has  been  a  successful 
farmer  for  forty  years,  beginning  with 
practically  only  the  labor  of  his  own  hands. 
November  30,  1878,  he  married  Rebecca 
A.  Mann,  a  native  of  Randolph  County. 
They  started  farming  as  renters,  lived  for 
a  time  in  both  Randolph  and  Adams  coun- 
ties, but  in  1882  moved  to  Franklin  Town- 
ship of  Grant  County.  James  I.  Hogston 
has  developed  one  of  the  large  farms  of 
that  township.  He  and  his  wife  had.  six 
children,  including :  Alfred ;  Anderson,  de- 
ceased; Adaline,  wife  of  John  A.  Patter- 
son ;  Myrtle,  who  married  Earl  Cabe ;  and 
Richard,  who  married  Bertha  Babb. 

Alfred  Hogston  was  born  while  his 
parents  were  living  in  Adams  County,  In- 
diana, February  29,  1880.  His  early  life 
was  that  of  a  typical  Indiana  farm  boy, 
and  while  he  had  a  good  home  and  was  en- 
couraged to  make  the  most  of  his  oppor- 
tunities, the  means  at  hand  did  not  allow 
him  to  secure  a  better  education  than  was 
furnished  by  the  local  schools.  He  ac- 
quired a  liberal  education,  but  paid  for 
most  of  it  by  his  own  work  either  as  a 
farm  boy  or  as  teacher.  He  attended  the 
Marion  Normal  College,  and  during  his  ten 
years  of  school  work  was  at  one  time  prin- 
cipal of  the  Jonesboro  public  schools.  He 


completed  his  higher  education  in  the  In- 
diana State  University,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  A.  B.  degree  in  1914  and  his 
degree  in  law  in  1916.  Since  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar  he  has  acquired  a  good  gen- 
eral practice  at  Marion. 

April  11,  1903,  he  married  Miss  Verna 
Jacqua,  of  Grant  County,  daughter  of 
Caleb  F.  and  Emma  (Small)  Jacqua.  Her 
father  has  been  a  farmer  and  machinist. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hogston  have  two  children, 
Frederick  Landis  and  Lyndall  Lenore. 

Mr.  Hogston  is  a  republican  voter,  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order  and  the 
Elks,  and  while  in  university  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Gamma  Eta  Gamma  fraternity. 

JOHN  D.  OAKES,  founder  and  proprietor 
of  the  LaPorte  County  Abstract  Company, 
spent  many  years  in  the  active  service  of 
railways  prior  to  becoming  a  resident  of 
LaPorte,  where  he  is  one  of  the  most  widely 
known  business  men  and  most  esteemed 
citizens. 

He  was  born  at  Magnolia  in  Putnam 
County,  Illinois,  and  comes  of  old  New 
England  and  Colonial  American  stock. 
His  first  ancestor,  named  John  Oakes,  was 
one  of  four  brothers  who  came  to  America 
in  colonial  times.  The  line  of  descent  from 
him  is  through  David  Oakes,  whose  son, 
John  Oakes,  was  the  grandfather  of  John 
D.  Oakes.  Grandfather  John  Oakes,  born 
at  Bennington,  Vermont,  in  1771,  spent  his 
early  years  close  to  the  famous  battlefield 
of  the  American  Revolution,  and  later  mov- 
ing to  Cambridge,  Vermont,  he  became  one 
of  its  founders  and  first  citizens.  Horatio 
J.  Oakes,  father  of  the  LaPorte  business 
man,  was  born  at  Cambridge,  Vermont, 
January  1,  1830.  He  served  a  three  years' 
apprenticeship  at  the  carpenter  and  cab- 
inetmaker's trade,  and  then  moved  to  Illi- 
nois and  followed  his  trade  in  that  state 
for  a  number  of  years.  In  1867  he  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Blackstone  in  Livingston 
County,  Illinois.  In  1876  he  went  to  Ing- 
ham  County,  Michigan,  and  lived  there 
three  years,  when  he  returned  to  Black- 
stone,  Illinois,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death  in  1893.  He  married  Ann  M. 
Calloway  in  1856.  She  was  born  in  Prince- 
ton. Kentucky,  a  daughter  of  William  D. 
and  Lucy  (Barnard)  Calloway  and  a 
erreat-granddaughter  of  Corporal  Ephraim 
Warren,  who  was  with  Putnam  in  the 
American  Revolution.  The  Galloways 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1533 


were  originally  from  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,  and  some  of  them  went  over  the 
Cumberland  Mountains  into  Kentucky 
with  Daniel  Boone.  Two  of  the  Calloway 
girls  were  stolen  by  Indians  during  the 
frontier  times  of  Kentucky.  Mrs.  Horatio 
Oakes  died  in  Blackstone,  Illinois  in  1914, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  Their  children 
were  Ross  D.  Gregg,  Byron  J.,  John  D., 
Etta  L.,  James  H.,  Mary  Almeda  and 
Fannie  Oakes. 

John  D.  Oakes  as  a  boy  attended  the 
country  schools  in  Livingston  County, 
Illinois  and  later  the  high  school  at  Pon- 
tiac,  Illinois,  and  had  a  practical  experi- 
ence on  the  farm  to  the  age  of  twenty-one. 
He  learned  telegraphy  at  the  railway  sta- 
tion at  Blackstone.  His  first  regular  ap- 
pointment in  the  railway  service  was  as 
the  station  agent  at  Missal,  Illinois,  on 
what  is  now  known  as  the  C.  I.  &  S.  divi- 
sion of  the  New  York  Central  lines.  He 
was  afterwards  station  agent  at  various 
other  points,  and  in  1887  resigned  from 
that  railroad  to  become  an  employee  of  the 
Nickel  Plate  at  Knox,  Indiana.  In  1889 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  joint  rate  in- 
spection bureau,  and  became  a  well  posted 
and  expert  man  in  many  of  the  details  of 
railway  traffic  and  transportation. 

Mr.  Oakes  left  the  railway  service  in 
1904  and  coming  to  LaPorte  founded  the 
LaPorte  County  Abstract  Company,  and 
has  made  this  one  of  the  best  equipped 
organizations  of  the  kind  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state.  He  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers and  charter  members  of  the 
"American  Association  of  Title  Men,"  and 
was  also  the  promoter  of  the  ' '  Indiana  As- 
sociation of  Title  Men,"  and  its  first  presi- 
dent. Until  these  associations  were  or- 
ganized the  title  business  in  Indiana  was 
largely  conducted  by  clerks  in  the  law 
offices  and  deputy  officials  in  the  court 
house.  The  work  was  crude  and  unre- 
liable, but  since  the  organization  of  said 
associations  the  business  has  risen  to  the 
dignity  of  a  profession  and  is  usually  con- 
ducted by  some  of  the  most  respected  men 
in  each  county.  Mr.  Oakes  was  always  an 
ardent  temperance  worker  and  can  claim 
the  distinction  of  being  the  one  man  who 
put  Indiana  in  the  dry  column.  It  was  he 
who  furnished  the  votes  that  elected  the 
man  who  made  the  constitutional  majority, 
and  when  that  man  wavered  it  was  he  who 

obtained   a  statement  from  him  that  he 
vol.  ra— ti 


would  vote  for  prohibition.  In  July,  1917, 
Mr.  Oakes  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
local  exemption  board,  acting  as  its  sec- 
retary until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  is 
affiliated  with  the  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America  and  the  Knights  of  the  Macca- 
bees, and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  On  June  25,  1890,  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Attie  E.  Bender,  daughter 
of  Robert  H.  and  Elvira  J.  Bender,  of 
Knox,  Indiana.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Elvira  M.  Oakes. 

IRA  GEOVER.  Several  generations  of  the 
Grover  family  have  played  successful  roles 
in  manufacturing,  mercantile  and  other 
business  lines  in  Indiana,  chiefly  in  the 
cities  of  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis. 
Arthur  B.  Grover,  of  the  third  generation 
of  the  family  in  Indiana,  is  a  well  known 
real  estate  operator  at  the  capital  city. 

His  grandfather,  Ira  Grover,  was  born 
in  Vermont  in  1799.  The  neighbors  saw 
much  promise  in  the  boy  because  of  his 
unusual  energy  and  ambition.  He  was  al- 
ways busy,  and  from  his  earnings  outside 
the  work  required  of  him  at  home  he  ac- 
cumulated a  sum  which  enabled  him  to 
"buy  his  time"  of  his  father.  It  was  cus- 
tomary for  the  wages  of  boys  to  go  to  their 
parents  until  they  were  twenty-one,  and  he 
secured  release  from  this  moral  obligation 
by  paying  a  stated  sum  in  advance. 

Having  accumulated  a  few  commodities, 
when  about  seventeen  he  set  out  on  horse- 
back peddling  his  wares  along  the  road  as 
he  journeyed  south,  getting  as  far  as  Vir- 
ginia. He  thus  proved  his  ability  to  sup- 
port himslf  and  make  a  living.  Later,  in 
Massachusetts,  he  married  Miss  Lydia 
Hersey.  who  was  in  the  eleventh  genera- 
tion of  the  direct  descendants  of  Governor 
William  Bradford. 

On  leaving  New  England  Ira  Grover 
and  family  came  west  by  stage  and  canal 
boat,  and  after  two  weeks  of  travel  reached 
Columbus,  Ohio,  where  he  became  pro- 
prietor of  a  hotel.  Removing  to  Cincin- 
nati, he  conducted  a  store  for  several  years. 
In  the  meantime  two  of  his  older  brothers. 
Joseph  and  Edmund,  had  located  at  Terre 
Haute,  where  they  were  instrumental  in 
establishing  one  of  the  first  iron  foundries 
in  the  Wabash  Valley.  This  foundry,  it 
may  be  mentioned,  is  still  in  operation, 
and  until  recently  was  known  as  the  Par- 
ker foundry. 


1534 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


About  1848,  upon  representations  and 
inducements  made  by  his  Terre  Haute 
brothers,  Ira  Grover  removed  to  that  city, 
going  by  boat  on  the  Ohio  and  Wabash 
rivers.  For  a  time  he  was  associated  with 
his  brothers  in  their  enterprise,  but  later 
entered  the  agricultural  implement  busi- 
ness, which  he  continued  for  a  long  period 
of  years,  in  fact  until  three  or  four  years 
before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1881. 

He  was  a  man  of  unbounded  energy,  was 
brusk  in  manner  but  kindly  at  heart,  and 
his  industry  and  character  put  him  among 
the  men  whom  a  community  chooses  to  re- 
spect and  esteem.  He  was  a  Baptist.  Five 
children  grew  to  maturity,  three  sons  and 
two  daughters:  Timothy  Cressy;  Ira; 
Abbie,  who  married  Dr.  John  Irons;  Jen- 
nie, who  became  Mrs.  Henry  Rickard ;  and 
George.  Timothy  was  a  soldier  in  an  In- 
diana regiment  during  the  Civil  war. 

Ira  Grover,  Jr.,  who  was  born  in  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  in  1840,  was  reared  at  Terre 
Haute,  and  when  a  young  man  went  to 
Boston,  where  he  clerked  in  a  book  store 
and  formed  some  very  congenial  connec- 
tions. While  there  he  married  Ellen  Davis, 
of  Hingham,  Massachusetts.  The  Civil 
war  had  not  yet  closed.  One  brother  was 
in  the  army,  and  another  had  just  died. 
Responding  to  the  plea  of  his  parents, 
young  Ira  and  his  wife  went  back  to  Terre 
Haute,  where  he  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness. This  business  he  continued  after  his 
removal  to  Indianapolis  in  1883,  and  it  was 
indeed  his  life  occupation.  He  was  sixty- 
four  when  death  took  him  in  1904.  He 
was  unobtrusive,  and  while  successful  from 
a  business  standpoint  had  the  interests  and 
manners  of  a  scholar.  He  was  in  fact  a 
student  of  philosophical  and  religious  sub- 
jects. He  was  generous  to  a  fault,  and 
extremely  kind  and  courteous  to  those  with 
whom  he  was  associated.  His  wife,  who 
survived  him,  was  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren, Arthur  B.  and  Edith. 

Arthur  B.  Grover  was  born  at  Terre 
Haute  in  1867,  and  was  about  sixteen  when 
the  family  removed  to  Indianapolis.  His 
public  schooling  was  supplemented  with  a 
brief  course  at  Harvard  University.  His 
active  career  has  been  chiefly  occupied  with 
the  real  estate  business,  and  he  is  rated  as 
a  specialist  in  subdivision  work,  which  he 
has  handled  in  various  cities  of  the  United 
States.  He  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Grover 


and  Layman.    Mr.  Grover  married  Zerelda 
Wallace  Leathers. 

BURTON  E.  PABROTT.  One  of  the  most 
honored  names  in  Indianapolis)  business 
circles  was  that  of  Burton  E.  Parrott,  who 
became  widely  known  throughout  the  Mid- 
dle West  as  one  of  the  active  heads  of  a 
great  baking  business. 

He  was  a  native  of  Indianapolis,  where 
he  was  born  March  13, 1861.  He  was  a  son 
of  Horace  Parrott,  a  noted  business  man 
of  Indianapolis  at  an  early  day,  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Nickum.  His  son 
Burton  E.  Parrott,  attended  the  public? 
schools  and  later  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  from  which  he 
graduated.  After  his  graduation  he  en- 
tered the  offices  of  Parrott  &  Nickum,  where 
he  remained  until  Horace  Parrott  retired, 
and  also  the  other  member,  Mr.  Nickum^ 
when  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Taggart  was 
formed.  The  bakery  products  of  this  firm 
were  widely  distributed  all  over  the  State 
of  Indiana,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  remem- 
bered of  the  older  combinations  of  industry 
and  business  affairs  at  Indianapolis.  The 
firm  continued  in  existence  for  eighteen 
years,  when  the  business  was  taken  over  by 
the  National  Biscuit  Company. 

Mr.  Parrott  was  also  interested  in  the 
Miller-Parrott  &  Company  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  was  financially  identified  with  various 
other  concerns. 

He  achieved  a  high  prominence  in  busi- 
ness affairs  when  he  was  still  a  compara- 
tively young  man,  and  his  death  occurred 
at  the  age  of  fifty-one  on  August  10,  1912. 
He  left  a  widow  and  three  children :  Mary 
is  the  wife  of  Robert  B.  Failey  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  two  sons,  Robert  B.,  Jr., 
and  James  F.,  2nd;  Josephine  is  the  wife 
of  Capt.  Lew  Wallace,  2nd  now  in  France, 
and  they  have  one  child,  Lew  Wallace, 
3rd;  and  Robert.  Mrs.  Parrott  bore  the 
maiden  name  of  Lusa  Comingore  and  was 
born  in  Indianapolis.  She  still  lives  in  In- 
dianapolis, at  2900  North  Meridian  Street. 

MICHAEL  CRAWFORET  KERR  became  iden- 
tified with  Indiana  in  1852,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five  years,  and  began  the  practice 
of  law  at  New  Albany.  He  afterward  be- 
came prominent  in  the  public  life  of  this 
state  as  a  legislator  and  congressman,  and 
supported  democratic  principles.  Mr.  Kerr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


About  1848,  upon  representations  and 
inducements  made  by  his  Terre  Haute 
brothers,  Ira  Grover  removed  to  that  city, 
going  by  boat  on  the  Ohio  and  \Vabash 
rivers.  For  a  time  he  was  associated  with 
his  lirothers  in  their  enterprise,  but  later 
entered  the  agricultural  implement  busi- 
ness, which  he  continued  for  a  long  period 
of  years,  in  fact  until  three  or  four  years 
before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1881. 

He  was  a  man  of  unbounded  energy,  was 
brusk  in  manner  but  kindly  at  heart,  and 
his  industry  and  character  put  him  among 
the  men  whom  a  community  chooses  to  re- 
spect and  esteem.  Ho  was  a  Baptist.  Five 
children  grew  to  maturity,  three  sons  and 
two  daughters:  Timothy  Cressy;  Ira; 
Abbie.  who  married  Dr.  John  Irons;  Jen- 
nie, who  became  Mrs.  Henry  Kickard;  and 
Grorgf.  Timothy  was  a  soldier  in  an  In- 
diana regiment  (luring  the  Civil  war. 

Ira  (Jrover,  Jr.,  who  was  born  in  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  in  1840,  was  reared  at  Terre 
Haute,  and  when  a  young  man  went  to 
Boston,  whei'e  he  clerked  in  a  book  store 
and  formed  some  very  congenial  connec- 
tions. While  there  he  married  Ellen  Davis, 
of  Ilingham,  Massachusetts.  The  Civil 
war  had  not  yet  closed.  One  brother  was 
in  the  army,  and  another  had  just  died. 
Responding  to  the  plea  of  his  parents, 
young  Ira  and  his  wife  went  back  to  Terre 
Haute,  where  he  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness. This  business  he  continued  after  his 
removal  to  Indianapolis  in  1883,  and  it  was 
indeed  his  life  occupation.  He  was  sixty- 
four  when  death  took  him  in  1!K)4.  He 
was  unobtrusive,  and  while  successful  from 
a  business  standpoint  had  the  interests  and 
manners  of  a  scholar.  He  was  in  fact  a 
student  of  philosophical  and  religious  sub- 
jects. He  was  generous  to  a  fault,  and 
extremely  kind  and  courteous  to  those  with 
whom  he  was  associated.  His  wife,  who 
survived  him,  was  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren, Arthur  B.  and  Edith. 

Arthur  B.  Grover  was  born  at  Terre 
Haute  in  1867,  and  was  about  sixteen  when 
the  family  removed  to  Indianapolis.  His 
public,  schooling  was  supplemented  with  a 
brief  course  at  Harvard  rniversity.  His 
active  career  has  been  chiefly  occupied  with 
the  real  estate  business,  and  he  is  rated  as 
a  specialist  in  subdivision  work,  which  he 
has  handled  in  various  cities  of  the  United 
States.  He  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Grover 


and  Layman.    Mr.  Grover  married  Zerelda 
Wallace  Leathers. 


BURTON  E.  PARROTT.  One  of  the  most 
honored  names  in  Indianapolis!  business 
circles  was  that  of  Burton  E.  Parrott,  who 
became  widely  known  throughout  the  Mid- 
dle West  as  one  of  the  active  heads  of  a 
great  baking  business. 

He  was  a  native  of  Indianapolis,  where 
he  was  born  March  13,  1861.  He  was  a  son 
of  Horace  Parrott,  a  noted  business  man. 
of  Indianapolis  at  an  early  day,  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Nickuin.  His  son, 
Burton  E.  Parrott,  attended  the  public 
schools  and  later  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  from  which  he 
graduated.  After  his  graduation  he  en- 
lered  the  offices  of  Parrott  &  Nickum,  where 
lie  remained  until  Horace  Parrott  retired, 
and  also  the  other  member,  Mr.  Nicking 
when  the  firm  of  Parrott  &  Taggart  was 
formed.  The  bakery  products  of  this  firm 
were  widely  distributed  all  over  the  State 
of  Indiana,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  remein- 
--liered  of  the  older  combinations  of  industry 
and  business  affairs  at  Indianapolis.  The 
firm  continued  in  existence  for  eighteen 
years,  when  the  business  was  taken  over  bv 
the  .National  Biscuit  Company. 

Mr.  Parrott  was  also  interested  in  the 
Miller- Parrott  &  Company  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  was  financially  identified  with  various 
other  concerns. 

He  achieved  a  high  prominence  in  busi- 
ness affairs  when  he  was  still  a  compara- 
tively young  man,  and  his  death  occurred 
at  the  age  of  fifty-one  on  August  10,  1912. 
He  left  a  widow  and  three  children:  Mary 
is  the  wife  of  Robert  B.  Failey  and  they 
are  the  parents  of  two  sons,  Robert  B.,  Ji\, 
and  James  F.,  2nd;  Josephine  is  the  wife 
of  Capt.  Lew  Wallace,  2nd  now  in  France, 
and  they  have  one  child,  Lew  Wallace, 
3rd:  and  Robert.  Mrs.  Parrott  bore  the 
maiden  name  of  Lusa  Comingore  and  was 
born  in  Indianapolis.  She  still  lives  in  In- 
dianapolis, at  2900  North  Meridian  Street. 

MICHAEL  CRAWFORD  KERR  became  iden- 
tified with  Indiana  in  1852,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five  years,  and  began  the  practice 
of  law  at  Xew  Albany.  He  afterward  be- 
came prominent  in  the  public  life  of  this 
state  as  a  legislator  and  congressman,  and 
supported  democratic  principles.  Mr.  Kerr 


OF  ME 
UNIVERSITY  OF  UKMOf 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1535 


was  an  earnest  public  worker,  and  he  per- 
haps owed  his  chief  distinction  to  his  ef- 
forts for  a  revision  of  the  tariff  in  the  direc- 
tion of  free  trade  and  his  opposition  to  the 
inflation  theory.  His  death  occurred  in 
1876. 

ALFRED  R.  HOVEY  has  practiced  law  as 
a  member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  nearly 
forty  years,  and  his  work  and  attainments 
have  brought  him  some  of  the  finest  asso- 
ciations with  the  profession  and  with  pub- 
lic and  business  affairs  of  the  capital  city. 
He  is  now  senior  member  of  the  firm  Hovey 
&  Hovey,  his  partner  being  his  son.  Their 
offices  are  in  the  Law  Building. 

His  Americanism  is  a  product  of  nearly 
three  centuries  of  residence  and  more  than 
normal  prominence  in  business  and  local 
affairs.  He  is  a  direct  descendant  of  Daniel 
Hovey  who  located  in  Massachusetts  about 
1638  and  married  in  1640.  Some  genera- 
tions later  the  family  pioneered  into  Wy- 
oming County,  New  York,  where  .Mr. 
Hovey 's  great-grandfather,  Josiah  Hovey, 
established  a  home  and  became  a  large  land 
owner.  He  was  also  prominent  iiv  military 
affairs  of  the  state  and  served  as  adjutant 
general  of  New  York.  He  reared  a  family 
of  fifteen  children. 

Alfred  Hovey,  grandfather  of  the  In- 
dianapolis lawyer  of  the  same  name,  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Rochester,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  a  successful 
educator.  From  Rochester  he  removed  to 
Binghampton  and  for  fourteen  years  was 
principal  of  the  historic  Binghampton 
Academy.  In  the  meantime  he  had  quali- 
•*ed  as  civil  and  construction  engineer,  and 
n  that  profession  he  won  some  distinctive 
honors.  He  was  one  of  the  engineers  who 
built  the  Saginaw  Canal  in  Michigan.  He 
was  at  other  times  connected  with  different 
waterways  and  their  improvements.  He 
was  also  connected  with  the  engineering 
department  during  the  construction  of  a 
portion  of  the  Erie  Railroad  and  with  the 
road  linking  Binghampton  to  Buffalo.  His 
death  was  the  result  of  an  accident  in  his 
fortieth  year. 

He  was  survived  by  a  family  of  five  chil- 
dren, the  oldest  being  Goodwin  S.  Hovey, 
who  was  born  at  Wyoming,  New  York, 
March  26,  1826.  His  early  activities  were 
as  a  lumberman.  He  became  head  sawyer 
of  a  large  mill  which  he  established  at 


Dalton,  New  York,  and  was  the  leading 
lumber  manufacturer  there  for  nineteen 
years.  Later  he  retired  to  a  farm,  and  was 
engaged  in  agriculture  until  three  years 
before  his  death.  His  success  in  business 
affairs  was  accompanied  by  all  the  activi- 
ties and  influences  of  great  personal  in- 
tegrity and  a  thoroughly  Christian  char- 
acter. One  of  his  chief  interests  was  the 
welfare  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  a  class  leader  for  many  years  and 
also  superintendent  of  the  Sunday  School. 
In  public  affairs  he  served  six  years  as  a 
township  supervisor  in  Allegany  County, 
New  York.  Goodwin  S.  Hovey  married 
Salina  Weed.  The  mother  of  .Goodwin  S. 
Hovey  was  a  member  of  the  Cleveland  fam- 
ily, being  second  cousin  to  Grover  Cleve- 
land, and  while  Goodwin  Hovey  was  a  re- 
publican, he  held  his  kinsman  in  such  es- 
teem that  a  personal  correspondence  was 
maintained  between  them  until  the  death 
of  Mr.  Hovey. 

Alfred  R.  Hovey,  who  was  the  second  of 
his  father's  children,  was  born  at  Portage 
in  Livingston  County,  New  York,  Novem- 
ber &,  1853.  He  attended  the  common 
schools,  also  the  Denominational  College  at 
Alfred  Center,  New  York,  and  at  the  age 
of  nineteen  began  teaching,  a  profession 
he  followed  three  years.  Mr.  Hovey  came 
to  Indianapolis  November  10,  1877.  In 
preparing  for  the  law  he  had  the  good 
fortune  of  having  his  studies  directed  by 
Lucian  Barbour,  who  was  at  one  time  dean 
of  the  Indiana  State  University  Law 
School.  Under  his  preceptorship  he 
rapidly  qualified  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  October  20,  1879.  He  began  practice 
in  partnership  with  William  N.  Harding, 
and  the  firm  of  Harding  &  Hovey  existed 
from  September  15,  1880,  until  September, 
1915,  a  period  of  thirty-five  years.  It  was 
one  of  the  longest  partnerships  in  the 
annals  of  the  Indianapolis  bar.  After  that 
Mr.  Hovey  practiced  alone  until  1917, 
when  he  took  into  partnership  his  son 
Harding  Weed  Hovey. 

Mr.  Hovey  has  not  only  handled  a  large 
legal  business  in  Indianapolis,  but  has 
also  been  identified  with  the  organization 
and  promotion  of  many  business  enter- 
prises. He  held  the  office  of  county  at- 
torney for  Marion  County  from  1896  to 
1898,  was  first  the  president  of  the  Marion 
Club  of  Indiarapolis;  he  was  the  nominee 


1536 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  his  party  for  presidential  elector  for 
the  Seventh  Indiana  District  in  1892,  when 
Benjamin  Harrison  was  a  candidate  for 
the  presidency  for  a  second  term,  and  he 
has,  with  the  exceptions  of  the  campaigns 
of  1912  and  1914,  always  taken  an  active 
interest  in  the  success  of  the  republican 
party.  November  15,  1882,  he  married 
Miss  Sylvia  M.  Wade,  and  has  a  family  of 
six  children. 

ALFRED  HARRISON  was  one  of  the  earliest 
merchants  of  Indianapolis,  and  as  his  life 
was  prolonged  until  1891  many  present 
day  citizens  recall  the  achievements  and 
characteristics  which  made  him  notable. 

He  was  born  in  Sparta,  Tennessee,  in 
1801,  of  Virginia  parentage.  Little  is 
known  of  his  boyhood  days,  but  evidently 
they  were  an  index  to  his  subsequent 
career.  He  possessed,  a  rather  superior 
education  for  men  who  grew  up  in  that 
time  and  under  such  circumstances.  Apart 
from  the  business  position  which  he  long 
enjoyed  he  moved  as  a  man  of  distinction 
in  society  because  of  his  precise  and 
methodical  habits,  his  immaculate  dress, 
his  Chesterfieldean  deportment. 

Coming  to  Indiana  when  a  boy,  he 
worked  as  a  clerk  for  a  Mr.  Gall  ion  at 
Brookville.  In  1821  he  came  to  Indianap- 
olis, practically  at  the  foundation  of  the 
city,  and  was  clerk  in  the  store  of  John 
Conner.  Later  he  engaged  in  merchandis- 
ing for  himself,  his  store  being  at  what  is 
now  the  northwest  corner  of  Washington 
and  Meridian  streets.  Still  later  he  was  in 
the  banking  business. 

He  was  a  true  picture  of  the  gentleman 
of  the  old  school,  courteous,  and  clung 
tenaciously  to  all  old  traditions  and  cus- 
toms. The  only  office  he  ever  held  was 
that  of  city  forester.  This  was  an  office 
in  name  only,  and  was  probably  bestowed 
upon  him  because  of  his  great  love  of  trees 
and  the  outdoors.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  early  landscape  gardening  of  In- 
,  dianapolis.  A  man  who  plants  a  tree  and 
makes  it  grow  is '  entitled  to  the  lasting 
gratitude  of  mankind,  and  Alfred  Harri- 
son on  his  own  initiative  and  through  the 
temporary  vitality  he  gave  to  his  office 
planted  trees  everywhere  about  the  small 
town  of  Indianapolis.  In  a  short  time  the 
small  fund  allotted  for  the  purpose  was 
exhausted,  and  it  is  said  that  he  was  re- 
moved from  office  because  of  this  extrava- 


gance. Many  of  the  trees  planted  by  his 
hands  are  still  standing  and  have  fur- 
nished shade  for  two  generations  of  Indian- 
apolis citizens. 

Alfred  Harrison  has  been  described  as 
almost  painful  in  his  neatness.  He  was  a 
handsome  man,  his  physical  attractiveness 
being  enhanced  by  an  immaculate  dress. 
It  is  related  how  a  lady  once  appeared  at 
his  door,  rang  the  bell,  and  when  answered 
by  the  owner  said  "Mr.  Harrison,  in  pass- 
ing I  saw  a  leaf  upon  your  lawn."  This 
may  be  an  exaggeration  but  it  was  one  of 
many  such  stories  that  grew  up  around 
this  quaint  and  interesting  personality. 
The  fact  to  remember  is  that  these  eccen- 
tricities were  only  the  minor  features  of 
a  "really  big,  strong  and  kindly  character. 

Alfred  Harrison  married  Caroline  Han- 
son. They  had  a  large  family  of  children. 
His  son  James  Henry  Harrison  is  now  sur- 
vived by  two  sons,  Edward  H.  and  Hugh 
H.  Harrison.  There  are  also  numerous 
other  grandchildren. 

MRS.  SARAH  HANSON,  a  widow  with  five 
daughters,  came  to  Indianapolis  in  the 
winter  of  1826,  establishing  a  home  on 
what  is  now  "The  Circle,"  at  the  present 
site  of  the  English  Block.  The  Hanson 
family  were  from  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 
tucky. Both  mother  and  daughters  were 
noted  for  their  physical  beauty,  strength 
of  character  and  many  accomplishments. 
These  daughters  played  a  notable  role  in 
the  social  life  of  Indianapolis.  One  of 
them,  Caroline,  married  Alfred  Harrison 
on  April  1,  1827,  and  died  in  1862  from 
overwork  while  aiding  the  cause  of  the 
Union  in  the  Civil  war.  The  oldest  daugh- 
ter, Pamela,  never  married.  Mahala  mar- 
ried Edward  R.  Ames,  Bishop  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church.  Maria  married 
first  Dr.  Kenneth  Scudder  and  second  Dr. 
Charles  McDougall,  one  of  the  noted  fam- 
ilies of  America.  Julia  became  the  wife 
of  John  Finley,  an  early  Indiana  poet, 
author  of  the  "Hoosier's  Nest,"  whose 
biography  is  found  on  other  pages  of  this 
publication. 

CARL  GUTZWILLER  is  one  of  the  promi- 
nent representatives  of  the  Republic  of 
Switzerland  living  in  Indianapolis.  He 
came  here  more  than  thirty-five  years  ago, 
is  a  progressive  and  successful  business 
man,  and  is  senior  member  of  Carl  Gutz- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1537 


wilier  &  Sons,  operating  the  last  depart- 
ment store  at  1048  South  East  Street, 
handling  bakery  goods,  hardware,  grocer- 
ies, grain,  flour  and  feed. 

Mr.  Gutzwiller  was  born  in  Switzerland 
October  18,  1863,  son  of  Frederick  and 
Anna  Mary  (Dannacher)  Gutzwiller.  His 
parents  spent  all  their  lives  in  the  land 
of"  their  birth,  their  home  being  near  Basel, 
not  far  from  the  border  of  Alsace  Lor- 
raine, from  which  an  earlier  generation 
of  the  Gutzwiller  family  had  migrated. 
Frederick  Gutzwiller  was  a  land  owner 
and  farmer,  was  a  man  above  the  ordinary 
in  intelligence  and  was  devoted  to  his 
home  and  family  and  could  never  be  in- 
duced to  accept  responsibilities  that  would 
take  him  away  from  those  primary  inter- 
ests. He  refused  membership  in  the  local 
council  of  his  province.  His  wife  was  also 
a  highly  educated  and  intelligent  woman, 
was  member  of  a  family  of  educators,  and 
her  special  forte  in  the  field  of  knowledge 
was  astronomy.  They  had  a  family  of 
seven  sons  and  one  daughter.  Three  of 
the  sons  came  to  America.  Theo  was  a 
teacher  in  Switzerland,  also  interested  in 
agriculture,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
with  the  expectation  of  becoming  an  Amer- 
ican farmer.  He  worked  as  a  farm  hand 
and  was  directing  all  his  energies  to  ac- 
quiring a  knowledge  of  American  condi- 
tions preparatory  to  purchasing  a  -farm 
of  his  own,  but  died  before  achieving  that 
ambition.  The  other  brother  who  came  to 
America  is  Paul  Gutzwiller,  who  is  con- 
nected with  The  Outlet  of  Indianapolis. 

Carl  Gutzwiller  attended  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  land,  graduated  from 
high  school,  and  prepared  for  a  business 
career  as  an  apprentice  in  a  local  business 
house.  He  rapidly  acquired  proficiency 
and  pained  a  knowledge  of  languages  that 
would  be  valuable  to  him  in  a  business 
career.  He  learned  French  and  Italian 
as  well  as  German.  Finally  he  went  to 
Paris  and  for  a  year  worked  in  the  Paris 
branch  of  a  Russian  fur  company,  until  a 
business  panic  put  his  employers  out  of 
business.  His  brother  Paul  had  already 
come  to  Indianapolis,  and  advised  Carl  to 
follow  him.  Carl  Gutzwiller  landed  in 
America  October  1,  1883.  and  at  once  pro- 
ceeded to  Indianapolis,  where  his  first  em- 
ployer was  Charles  Mayer.  He  was  with 
various  other  firms,  and  for  fifteen  years 
managed  the  store  of  Robert  Keller,  until 


he  and  his  sons  bought  that  establishment. 
They  have  made  this  one  of  the  growing 
and  prospering  business  establishments  in 
that  part  of  this  city. 

In  1886  Mr.  Gutzwiller  married  Lena 
Miller,  daughter  of  Matthew  Miller  of 
Celestine,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Gutzwiller  died 
May  1,  1913,  leaving  two  sons,  Carl  and 
Leo.  These  are  able  young  business  men 
and  are  now  carrying  most  of  the  active 
responsibilities  of  the  firm. 

Mr.  Gutzwiller  is  a  man  of  many  accom- 
plishments, genial,  whole-hearted  and  has 
friendship  with  hundreds  of  the  best  In- 
dianapolis people.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union  and  a 
member  of  the  executive  board  and  for 
ten  years  was  president  of  the  South  Side 
Turners  Society.  He  is  also  president  of 
the  Swiss  Society  of  Indianapolis,  a  branch 
of  the  national  organization. 

Louis  G.  BUDDENBAUM  is  president  of 
the  Buddenbaum  Lumber  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  and  other  members  of  the 
family,  including  his  father,  have  been 
connected  with  the  lumber  and  manufac- 
turing interests  of  the  capital  city  for  a 
long  period  of  years. 

He  is  a  son  of  Henry  C.  and  Mary  E. 
Buddenbaum  and  was  born  at  Indianap- 
olis. His  father  was  formerly  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Manu- 
facturers and  Carpenters  Union,  a  well 
known  planing  mill  and  lumber  corpora- 
tion. 

The  Buddenbaum  Lumber  Company  as 
a  firm  was  established  March  31,  1893,  and 
was  incorporated  July  1,  1913.  Louis  G. 
Buddenbaum,  who  has  been  connected  with 
the  business  from  the  beginning,  is  presi-  • 
dent  of  the  company.  The  company  oper- 
ates a  planing  mill  and  does  a  general 
lumber  business,  with  plant  and  offices  at 
the  corner  of  Pine  and  New  York  streets. 

May  6,  1908,  in  St.  Paul's  Episcopal 
Church  at  Indianapolis,  Mr.  Buddenbaum 
married  Miss  Helen  C.  Cross,  daughter  of 
Charles  M.  and  Laura  (Lott)  Cross. 

JULIUS  ELWOOD  HIATT,  M.  D.  There  are 
a  number  of  vital  services  in  every  com- 
munity in  which  the  physician  is  the  best 
qualified  leader,  and  their  actual  value  is 
always  proportionate  to  the  enterprise  and 
progressiveness  of  the  local  medical  fra- 
ternity. One  of  the  men  whose  work  has 


1538 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


helped  supply  some  of  the  necessary  facil- 
ities at  Newcastle  in  addition  to  the  serv- 
ice he  has  rendered  privately  as  an  able 
physician  and  surgeon  is  Dr.  Julius  Elwood 
Hiatt,  who  has  been  identified  with  New- 
castle and  Henry  County  for  over  fifteen 
years. 

Doctor  Hiatt  was  born  at  Westfield  in 
Hamilton  County,  Indiana,  June  5,  1869, 
and  is  of  English  Quaker  stock,  son  of 
Isom  and  Asenath  (Tomlinson)  Hiatt. 
The  Hiatts  first  settled  in  Ohio,  and  repre- 
sented some  of  the  first  colonies  of  Quaker 
people  in  that  state.  Doctor  Hiatt 's  grand- 
father moved  from  the  vicinity  of  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  to  Hamilton  County,  Indiana, 
making  this  removal  in  pioneer  times, 
when  there  were  no  railroads  and  when  all 
goods  and  passenger  traffic  was  by  wagon 
road.  Doctor  Hiatt 's  father  lived  the  life 
of  a  farmer  in  Hamilton  County. 

When  Doctor  Hiatt  was  eighteen  months 
old  his  parents  moved  to  the  vicinity  of 
Sheridan  in  Hamilton  County,  and  in  that 
locality  he  grew  up.  He  had  only  ordinary 
opportunities  and  had  to  help  himself  to 
an  education'.  He  worked  on  a  farm,  at- 
tended district  schools,  then  the  Sheridan 
High  School,  taught  in  the  district  school 
at  Union  Grove  and  in  other  localities,  and 
finally  finished  two  more  years  of  high 
school  work. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Agnes  Havens, 
of  Sheridan.  Indiana,  daughter  of  David 
and  Mary  (High)  Havens.  After  his  mar- 
riage he  lived  on  his  father's  farm  three 
years,  and  in  the  fall  of  1893  bought  an 
interest  in  a  furniture  and  undertaking 
interest  from  Clayton  E.  Cox.  This  busi- 
ness was  continued  three  years  under  the 
name  of  Scott  &  Hiatt,  and  was  succeeded 
by  the  firm  Hiatt  and  Cottrill  for  two 
years.  Doctor  Hiatt  then  bought  out  his 
partner  and  continued  the  business  under 
his  personal  supervision  until  1898.  At 
that  date  he  sold  a  half  interest  to  J.  G. 
Antrim,  who  took  the  personal  manage- 
ment, while  Doctor  Hiatt  entered  the 
Medical  College  of  Indiana,  now  the  In- 
diana University  School  of  Medicine,  and 
continued  his  work  there  until  graduating 
in  1902.  Immediately  after  getting  his 
degree  Doctor  Hiatt  located  in  Newcastle 
and  has  been  hard  at  work  in  his  profession 
here  ever  since.  He  has  done  extensive 
post-graduate  work,  including  five  months 
in  the  German  Hospital  at  Chicago,  work 


in  the  Chicago  Polyclinic,  the  New  York 
City  X-Ray  Institute,  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Hospital  and  many  clinics  in 
other  cities. 

It  was  Doctor  Hiatt  who  originated  the 
idea  of  establishing  a  local  clinic  at  New- 
castle as  a  means  of  more  complete  co- 
operation and  better  standards  among  the 
local  medical  fraternity.  In  1916  this  in- 
stitution was  incorporated  as  the  New- 
castle Clinic.  The  co-operating  physicians 
and  members  of  that  clinic  are  Drs. 
G.  H.  Smith,  E.  K.  Westhaven,  D.  S.  Wig- 
gins, H.  W.  McDonald,  Clyde  C.  Bittler, 
G.  A.  Hiatt  and  J.  E.  Hiatt.  The  clinic 
has  erected  a  building  costing  $35,000, 
while  its  complete  modern  equipment  cost 
fully  $50,000.  It  is  now  one  of  the  most 
complete  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the 
state.  Doctor  Hiatt  has  also  worked  for 
a  number  of  years  to  secure  a  public  hos- 
pital for  Newcastle,  though  so  far  without 
success. 

He  served  three  years  as  president  of 
the  Henry  County  Medical  Society  and  is 
a  member  of  the  State  and  American  Medi- 
cal Associations.  For  six  years,  from  1905 
to  1911,  he  was  coroner  of  Henry  County. 
Doctor  Hiatt  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated 
with  the  Newcastle  Lodges  of  Masons,  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men, 
Elks  Lodge  at  Newcastle,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Hiatt  had  three  chil- 
dren. Their  son  Orville  Lester  died  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one  months.  Gerald  A., 
a  dentist  by  profession,  served  with  the 
rank  of  first  lieutenant  at  Camp  Sherman 
at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  is  now  with  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces  in  France, 
stationed  at  Base  Hospital  No.  45  at  Aix- 
les-Bains.  Russell  Lowell  is  a  junior 
medical  student  in  the  Indiana  University 
and  is  also  enrolled  in  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps. 

ALBERT  E.  METZGER.  His  life  of  pur- 
poseful endeavor  Mr.  Metzger  has  ex- 
pressed in  his  native  City  of  Indianapolis 
through  many  active  connections  with  busi- 
ness and  banking  affairs  and  with  several 
of  the  institutional  organizations  which 
have  had  most  to  do  with  the  city's  ad- 
vancement in  civic  and  educational  affairs. 
His  family  have  been  residents  of  Indian- 
apolis nearly  seventy  years,  and  represent 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1539 


that  worthy  people  who  seeking  a  land  in 
which  they  might  better  express  their 
democratic  ideals  left  the  fatherland  about 
the  time  of  the  German  revolution  of  1848. 
Indianapolis  owes  much  to  its  German  set- 
tlers of  that  period,  and  no  name  has  been 
more  prominent  in  this  class  than  Metzger. 

Alexander  Metzger  was  born  and  reared 
in  Germany,  and  married  there  Wilhelmina 
Elbracht,  who  was  born  August  3,  1829. 
In  1847  they  left  Germany  in  a  sailing 
vessel,  were  carried  to  New  Orleans,  and 
from  there  went  by  boat  up  the  Mississippi 
and  Ohio  rivers  to  Cincinnati.  Three  years 
later  Alexander  Metzger  came  to  Indian- 
apolis, then  a  comparatively  small  village. 
He  was  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  and  one 
of  its  splendid  business  men  and  citizens 
nearly  forty  years,  until  his  death  August 
4,  1890.  He  had  learned  the  baker's 
trade,  and  worked  as  a  journeyman 
baker  at  Cincinnati.  On  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis he  established  the  first  steam 
bakery  within  the  borders  of  the  state. 
This  old  business  was  on  North  Pennsyl- 
vania Street,  where  the  Aetna  Building 
was  afterwards  constructed.  Alexander 
Metzger  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fortune 
in  this  business,  conducted  it  with  increas- 
ing patronage  for  a  number  of  years,  until 
1863,  and  the  plant  was  continued  by  the 
old  firm  of  Parrott-Nickum  &  Company  and 
eventually  was  absorbed  by  the  National 
Biscuit  Company.  After  leaving  the 
bakery  business  Alexander  Metzger  found- 
ed a  general  financial  agency,  and  in  his 
later  years  was  best  known  as  a  banker.  In 
1865  he  was  one  of  the  men,  including  also 
August  and  Henry  Schnull,  Volney  T.  Ma- 
lott,  David  Macy  and  Ferdinand  Beck,  who 
comprised  the  first  board  of  directors  of 
the  Merchants  National  Bank  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

It  was  about  the  time  Alexander  Metz- 
ger entered  upon  his  career  as  a  banker 
at  Indianapolis  that  his  son  Albert  E.  was 
born  in  that  city  March  20,  1865.  The  son 
of  a  prosperous  father,  Albert  E.  Metzger 
grew  up  in  a  home  of  substantial  comfort 
and  was  given  a  liberal  education  well 
nixed  with  a  practical  experience  and  the 
application  of  those  time  honored  prin- 
ciples which  have  brought  success  to  many 
men  who  never  entered  college  halls.  He 
graduated  from  the  Indianapolis  High 
School  and  then  took  the  full  course  of 
Cornell  University,  where  he  was  graduated 


in  1888.  Mr.  Metzger  became  very  much 
interested  in  military  affairs  both  in  high 
school  and  in  University,  and  pursued  the 
military  training  at  Cornell  the  full  four 
years  he  was  there,  though  the  course  was 
compulsory  only  for  two  years.  He  was 
promoted  to  major  of  the  university  bat- 
talion. Mr.  Metzger  has  always  been  re- 
garded in  high  honor  at  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, and  a  few  years  ago  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Cornell  Council,  the  gov- 
erning body  of  the  alumni,  and  was  the 
first  president  of  the  Indiana  Cornell 
Alumni  Association. 

The  thirty  years  since  he  left  university 
Mr.  Metzger  has  employed  with  varied  and 
increasing  responsibilities  in  the  financial 
life  of  Indianapolis.  He  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  old  business  known 
as  the  A.  Metzger  Agency,  and  his  thor- 
ough experience  in  handling  financial  af- 
fairs and  in  executive  work  has  brought 
him  several  of  the  prominent  positions 
in  Indianapolis  banking  affairs.  The  A. 
Metzger  Agency  was  the  chief  nucleus 
around  which  was  built  up  the  German- 
American  Trust  Company,  which  was  or- 
ganized in  1906,  with  Mr.  Metzger  as  the 
first  president.  He  had  in  the  meantime 
been  identified  with  two  other  financial  in- 
stitutions of  Indianapolis.  In  1896  he  and 
Herman  Lieber,  Charles  N.  Thompson,  Al- 
lan Fletcher,  Frank  M.  Fauvre  and  others 
organized  and  incorporated  the  Marion 
Trust  Company.  Mr.  Metzger  was  a  di- 
rector and  on  the  executive  committee  of 
this  company  for  several  years.  The 
American  National  Bank  of  Indianapolis 
later  merged  with  the  Fletcher  National 
Bank  and  became  the  Fletcher  American 
National  Bank,  was  founded  in  1900  by 
Mr.  Metzger,  John  Perrin,  Herman  Lieber 
and  others,  and  he  was  one  of  its  directors 
for  five  years.  The  directors  of  the  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  in  accepting  Mr.  Metz- 
ger's  resignation  in  1906,  preliminary  to 
his  taking  executive  control  of  the  German- 
American  Trust  Company,  made  record  in 
their  minutes  of  their  "personal  regret 
of  the  discontinuance  of  this  association 
with  him  and  of  gratitude  on  behalf  of 
the  bank  for  the  zealous  and  efficient  serv- 
ice which  he  has  freely  rendered  from  the 
day  of  its  organization  to  the  present." 

Indianapolis  as  a  community  feels  its 
special  debt  to  Mr.  Metzger  for  the  valuable 
work  he  has  done  through  established  agen- 


1540 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


cies  in  promoting  the  public  welfare.  He 
helped  promote  and  finance  the  corporation 
by  which  natural  gas  was  furnished  to  In- 
dianapolis. When  natural  gas  failed  he 
became  treasurer  of  the  Gas  Consumers' 
League,  which  was  subsequently  reor- 
ganized as  the  Citizens  Gas  Company  and 
through  which  the  people  of  Indianapolis 
secured  artificial  gas  at  reasonable  rates. 
Mr.  Metzger  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Citizens  Company  and  a  member  of 
its  first  directory. 

For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Metzger  was 
a  director  of  the  ' '  Maryland  Street  Manual 
Training  School,"  until  that  was  formally 
taken  over  by  the  city  board  of  education 
and  made  the  nucleus  of  the  Manual  Train- 
ing High  School.  The  introduction  of 
manual  training  as  an  educational  feature 
in  Indianapolis  is  credited  to  several  of  the 
high  minded  citizens  of  that  school,  and 
for  twelve  years  this  training  school  was  a 
department  of  the  old  "Maryland  Street 
School." 

One  of  the  first  public. movements  to  en- 
list the  sympathies  and  support  of  Mr. 
Metzger  was  the  Indianapolis  Boys  Club 
Association,  which  was  established  in  1892 
by  him  and  a  number  of  other  public  spir- 
ited gentlemen.  The  object  of  this  associa- 
tion was  to  furnish  recreation  and  educa- 
tional facilities  for  boys  of  limited  oppor- 
tunities and  resulted  in  the  construction 
of  a  club  house  at  the  corner  of  South  Me- 
ridian and  Madison  Avenue.  Mr.  Metzger 
was  for  many  years  chairman  of  the  Fi- 
nance Committee.  He  is  president  of  the 
Metropolitan  Realty  and  Investment  Com- 
pany, which  owns  as  its  chief  investment 
the  Stewart  Block  at  the  southeast  corner 
of  Illinois  and  Ohio  streets  and  is  treas- 
urer of  the  newly  erected  Lincoln  Hotel  at 
Washington  and  Illinois  streets. 

Mr.  Metzger  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  Commercial  Club,  one  of  its 
first  directors,  afterwards  vice  president, 
and  has  been  chairman  of  some  of  its  most 
important  committees.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  governors  of  the  board 
of  trade.  He  is  active  in  the  Columbia 
Club,  and  both  he  and  Mrs.  Metzger  have 
long  been  prominent  in  Indianapolis  social 
affairs.  Mrs.  Metzger  was  associated  with 
many  charities  and  is  a  director  of  Mrs. 
Blakers  Free  Kindergarten  and  Teachers 
College.  February  6,  1892,  Mr.  Metzger 
married  Miss  Frances  Mueller,  of  New  Ulm, 


Minnesota.  She  was  born  in  Minnesota, 
daughter  of  Jacob  and  Frances  Mueller. 
For  some  years  before  her  marriage  Mrs. 
Metzger  was  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  and 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  super- 
visor of  physical  training  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  city.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Metzger 
have  four  children:  Margaret,  Alexander, 
Norman  and  Louise.  Margaret  is  the  wife 
of  George  A.  Kuhn,  a  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
August  M.  Kuhn.  Alexander  married 
Edna,  the  youngest  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  William  F.  PieL 

JOSEPH  LANE,  a  North  Carolinian  by 
birth,  came  to  Warwick  County,  Indiana, 
in  1816,  at  the  age  of  fifteen.  In  1822  he 
was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  continuing 
in  office  until  1846,  when  he  enlisted  in  the 
Second  Regiment  of  Indiana  Volunteers, 
and  was  soon  commissioned  its  colonel  and 
in  June  following  was  appointed  brigadier 
general,  later  was  made  a  major  general 
for  gallantry  and  became  known  as  the 
' '  Marion  of  the  Mexican  War. ' '  Mr.  Lane 
afterward  moved  to  Oregon,  and  continued 
active  in  the  political  life  of  that  state  and 
in  1860  was  nominated  for  vice  president 
on  the  John  C.  Breckinridge  ticket. 

GIDEON  HUFFMAN,  manager  of  the  Rose 
City  Pharmacy  at  Newcastle,  is  one  of 
the  younger  business  men  of  that  city, 
but  represents  an  old  and  well  known 
family  of  Indiana,  particularly  in  Wells 
County,  where  his  people  settled  in  early 
times. 

Mr.  Huffman  was  born  at  Poneto  in 
Wells  County  in  1890,  son  of  Dr.  D.  C.  and 
Anna  (Landakre)  Huffman.  Mr.  Huff- 
man is  descended  from  German  ancestry 
in  the  person  of  a  Hessian  soldier  who  was 
hired  to  fight  against  the  revolting  colonies 
by  King  George  III,  but  after  his  service 
remained  in  America  and  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania. His  name  was  Jacob  Huffman. 
The  grandfather  of  Gideon  Huffman  came 
from  Pennsylvania  to  Clark  County,  Ohio, 
was  a  farmer  and  miller,  and  settled  there 
fully  100  years  ago,  taking  up  Gov- 
ernment land  and  rearing  a  large  family. 
Dr.  D.  C.  Huffman  was  born  in  Clark 
County,  graduated  in  medicine  from  the 
Miami  Medical  College,  practiced  '  at 
Springfield,  Ohio,  and  in  the  early  days 
moved  to  Wells  County,  Indiana,  where 
he  commanded  a  large  country  practice 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1541 


and  rendered  a  service  of  inestimable  value 
to  the  community  for  forty-three  years. 

Gideon  Huffman,  the  youngest  of  three 
children,  attended  country  schools  and  in 
1909  graduated  from  the  Bluffton  High 
School.  For  two  terms  in  1909-10  he 
taught  a  country  school  in  Union  Town- 
ship of  Wells  County.  He  had  taken  a 
teachers'  training  course  for  four  months 
in  the  Tri-Normal  College.  It  was  at  Bluff- 
ton  that  he  began  learning  the  drug  busi- 
ness as  a  clerk  with  Davenport  and  Ehle. 
He  was  there  six  years,  and  for  a  short 
time  was  at  Muncie,  Indiana,  with  Galliher 
and  Prutzman.  About  that  time,  being 
unable  to  get  into  business  for  himself,  he 
borrowed  money  and  attended  Professor 
Green's  Review  School  of  Pharmacy  at 
Irvington,  Indiana,  four  months.  Follow- 
ing that  he  passed  a  creditable  examination 
in  1916  before  the  State  Board  of  Phar- 
macy, and  after  five  months  at  Kokomo 
with  the  Gearhard  Pharmacy  came  to  New- 
castle in  March,  1917,  and  entered  the  serv- 
ice of  Mr.  Fred  W.  Diederick,  proprietor 
of  the  Rose  City  Pharmacy.  On  October 
1,  1917,  Mr.  Diederick  enlisted  and  is  now 
manager  of  the  Post  Exchange  at  the  Wal- 
ter E.  Reed  General  Hospital  in  Washing- 
ton. Mr.  Huffman  became  general  man- 
ager of  the  pharmacy  and  has  more  than 
made  good  in  that  position  and  is  doing 
much  to  build  up  the  business  of  this  well 
known  store. 

In  February,  1917,  he  married  Miss 
Pauline  Huffman,  daughter  of  J.  G.  and 
Ada  (Perry)  Huffman,  of  Montpelier,  In- 
diana. Mr.  Huffman  is  well  known  fra- 
ternally, being  a  Knight  Templar  Mason, 
a  member  of  the  Bluffton  Lodge  of  Elks, 
belongs  to  the  Phi  Delta  Kappa  college 
fraternity,  is  a  democrat  and  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

AMALIA  AICHER  is  librarian  of  the  Mich- 
igan City  Public  Library,  and  for  many 
years  has  been  connected  with  that  in- 
stitution, at  first  as  assistant  librarian  when 
it  was  opened. 

She  was  born  in  Michigan  City.  Her 
father,  Simon  Aicher,  was  a  native  of 
Frankenburg,  Upper  Austria,  was  well 
educated  and  at  Vienna  learned  the  trade 
of  cabinet  maker.  He  came  to  America  in 
1856  and  soon  afterward  settled  at  Mich- 
igan City,  where  he  worked  at  his  trade 
and  later  engaged  in  the  furniture  business 


until  his  death.  His  wife  was  Magdelena 
Hagler,  also  a  native  of  Frankenburg,  of 
Austria.  Both  were  active  members  of 
the  German  Lutheran  Church  and  Simon 
was  affiliated  with  the  Michigan  City 
Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows.  Miss  Amalia  is 
one  of  six  children. 

HARRY  L.  STANTON,  of  LaPorte,  who 
probably  as  much  as  any  individual  has 
influenced  the  development  of  Northern 
Indiana  as  a  great  fruit  growing  section, 
is  prominently  known  in  horticultural  cir- 
cles throughout  the  Middle  West,  a  member 
of  one  of  the  very  first  white  families  to 
establish  homes  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
present  City  of  LaPorte. 

His  own  birth  occurred  on  a  farm  near 
New  Buffalo  in  LaPorte  County  on  Sep- 
tember 25,  1864.  He  is  of  English  an- 
cestry, and  the  first  Stantons  probably  set- 
tled on  the  Island  of  Nantucket  in  Massa- 
chusetts, and  from  there  went  to  Virginia. 
Mr.  Stanton's  great-grandfather,  Aaron 
Stanton,  was  a  native  of  Virginia  and  son 
of  William  and  Phoebe  Stanton.  Aaron 
Stanton  married  Lydia  Fosdick,  daughter 
of  Capt.  William  and  Mary  (Folger)  Fos- 
dick. 

A  son  of  Aaron  and  Lydia  Stanton  was 
Benajah  Stanton,  who  was  born  near 
Liberty  in  Union  County,  Indiana,  in  1816. 
He  was  fourteen  years  of  age  when  the 
family  came  to  LaPorte  County.  His  first 
home  was  a  log  cabin,  furnished  with  the 
simplest  conveniences,  all  the  cooking  being 
done  by  a  fireplace.  He  became  a  farmer 
on  government  land,  and  in  later  years 
was  prominent  in  business  affairs,  serving 
as  one  of  the  first  directors  and  later  as 
president  of  the  LaPorte  Savings  Bank. 
He  saw  the  county  develop  from  a  wilder- 
ness to  one  of  the  wealthiest  sections  of  the 
state.  He  served  as  a  county  commis- 
sioner ,  and  was  always  faithful  to  the 
Church  of  the  Friends,  in  which  he  was 
reared,  although  his  wife  was  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1837  he  mar- 
ried Cynthia  Clark,  who  was  born  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Clark.  Benajah  Stanton  and  wife 
had  six  children. 

Elwood  Clark  Stanton,  father  of  Harry 
L.,  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Center  Town- 
ship in  LaPorte  County,  and  continued  to 
live  in  that  county  until  1869,  when  he 
went  to  the  new  state  of  Nebraska,  and  for 


1542 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


a  number  of  years  was  actively  identified 
with  the  interesting  affairs  of  a  pioneer. 
At  that  time  Omaha  was  but  a  small  city, 
and  there  were  no  bridges  over  the  Mis- 
souri  River,   all   goods   and   traffic   being 
transported  by  ferry.     He  first  located  at 
Fort  Calhoun,  but  soon  took  a  homestead 
in  the  vicinity  of  West  Point,  Nebraska. 
His  nearest  neighbor  was  a  half  mile  away, 
and  the  next  nearest  was  two  miles  away. 
His  near  neighbor  lived  in  a  dugout,  and 
the  other  neighbor  in  a  sod  house.     The 
latter  had  a  spring  on  his  land,  and  it  was 
to   this   spring   that   the   Stanton   family 
resorted  for  their  supply  of  fresh  water. 
Elwood  C.  Stanton  made  the  improvements 
necessary  to  secure  title  from  the  govern- 
ment, and  then  returned  to  Fort  Calhoun, 
and  was  soon'  appointed  instructor  in  agri- 
culture at  the  Winnebago  Indian  Agency, 
Dakota    County,   Nebraska.      The    Indian 
agent   at  that  time  was  Taylor  Bradley, 
also  from  LaPorte.     Elwood  Stanton  con- 
tinued his  work  at  the  Indian  agency  un- 
til 1881,  when,  returning  to  LaPorte,  he 
engaged   in  the  livery  business  for  some 
years,  and  then  moved  to  Rochester,   In- 
diana, where  he  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
nine.      He    married    Mary    Jane    Seffens. 
She   was   born   in   Center   Township,   La- 
Porte  County  in  1833,  and  was  a  daughter 
of   George   and   Mary    (Belshaw)    Seffens 
(of     English     birth),     who     were     early 
pioneers  of  the  county.    George  Seffens,  a 
son  of  William  and  Mary  Seffens,  arrived 
in  LaPorte   County  in  1833.     He  was  a 
plasterer  by  trade,  having  served  his  four 
years'    apprenticeship    in    England,    and 
worked  for  a  time  in  Chicago  when  that 
city  was  but  a  village.    He  plastered  some 
of  the  first  houses  in  Michigan  City.     He 
married  in  1833  Mary  Belshaw,  a  native 
of  Nottinghamshire,  England.    His  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Elwood  Stanton,  is  still  a  resident 
of  Rochester,  Indiana.     She  has  four  chil- 
dren,  Addie   Clark,   Harry   L.,   Elizabeth 
E.,  and  Mary  E. 

Harry  L.  Stanton  attended  his  first 
school  at  Fort  Calhoun,  Nebraska,  and  later 
was  a  student  at  the  Indian  agency.  After 
he  was  eight  years  old  his  playmates  were 
chiefly  Indians,  and  he  acquired  a  fluent 
knowledge  of  the  Indian  tongue.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  he  began  working  as  a  clerk 
in  the  reservation  store  or  trading  post 
during  vacation  and  for  several  years  was 
thus  employed  in  other  near  by  stores. 


Later  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  rode  an  In- 
dian pony  back  to  LaPorte  County,  In- 
diana, a  distance  of  about  600  miles,  and 
led  another  pony,  being  fourteen  days  en 
route.  He  remained  here  only  a  year,  when 
he  returned  to  Omaha,  Nebraska.  Here  he 
was  employed  in  the  wholesale  and  retail 
hardware  store  of  Milton  Rogers  &  Sons. 
Once  more  he  came  back  to  LaPorte  Coun- 
ty, but  soon  afterwards  was  solicited  to  re- 
turn to  the  Winnebago  Indian  agency  in 
Nebraska,  and  take  charge  of  the  store 
there  in  which  he  had  formerly  been  em- 
ployed. He  accepted  that  responsibility 
for  a  year,  and  then  for  two  years  was  in 
the  grocery  business  at  Omaha,  and  after 
that  was  engaged  in  general  merchandising 
at  Valparaiso,  Nebraska,  in  both  of  which 
places  he  was  associated  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  George  W.  Logan,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Logan  &  Stanton,  general  mer- 
chants and  bankers. 

In  1892  Mr.  Stanton  having  sold  his 
Nebraska  interests  returned  to  LaPorte  and 
became  associated  with  his  father-in-law, 
William  H.  Weller,  in  the  management  of 
the  Weller  estate.  Two  years  later  he 
went  to  Chicago  and  entered  the  great 
mercantile  house  of  Carson,  Pirie,  Scott 
&  Company,  being  employed  as  manager 
and  buyer  of  the  retail  kid  glove  depart- 
ment. He  was  with  that  house  for  nine 
years,  when  he  resigned  and  returned  to 
LaPorte  to  take  up  his  horticultural  pur- 
suits. 

In  the  meantime  Mr.  Stanton  had  suc- 
ceeded by  purchase  to  the  ownership  of 
the  Weller  homestead,  and  at  about  that 
time  started  the  orchard  which  is  now  in 
full  bearing.  He  has  ten  acres  devoted 
to  apples,  pears  and  plums.  The  place 
is  widely  known  as  " Weller 's  Grove," 
which  contains  several  acres  of  natural  oak 
and  shellbark  hickory,  located  on  the  shores 
of  Stone  Lake,  one  mile  north  of  the  court 
house.  It  was  the  original  homestead  of 
Rev.  Henry  Weller,  the  pioneer  minister 
of  the  New  Church  or  Swedenborgian 
Church  of  LaPorte,  whose  history  is  else- 
where related. 

Mr.  Stanton  and  William  M.  Walton 
are  sole  owners  of  a  fifty  acre  orchard 
at  Rochester,  Indiana.  This  was  started 
by  the  Orchard  Developing  Company,  of 
which  Mr.  Walton  is  president  and  Mr. 
Stanton  secretary  and  manager.  Messrs. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1543 


Stanton  and  Walton  were  the  prime  movers 
in  organizing  the  LaPorte  County  Fruit 
Growers  Association,  of  which  Mr.  Stanton 
was  the  first  secretary. 

Mr.  Stanton  married  Zayda  Belle  Weller, 
daughter  of  William  H.  and  Ella  (Thomp- 
son) Weller,  and  granddaughter  of  Rev. 
Henry  Weller,  previously  referred  to.  Her 
father,  William  H.  Weller,  was  born  in 
England  in  1832.  He  came  to  America  with 
his  parents  at  the  age  of  five  years,  and 
in  early  life  learned  the  printer's  trade 
and  took  charge  of  the  mechanical  depart- 
ment of  his  father's  printing  office  at  La- 
Porte.  He  learned  telegraphy  in  1856,  and 
for  more  than  twenty  years  was  chief  train 
dispatcher  on  the  western  division  of  the 
Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Railway. 
In  1872  he  bought  the  interests  of  his 
brothers  in  the  homestead  known  as 
Weller 's  Grove  and  for  some  years  operated 
it  as  a  summer  resort.  He  lived  there  un- 
til his  death  in  1900. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harry  Stanton  are  both 
active  members  of  the  New  Church  at  La- 
Porte. 

J.  F.  NUNER.  The  educational  prob- 
lems that  always  must  be  among  the  im- 
portant subjects  to  be  considered  at  all 
times  and  in  every  community  are  engag- 
ing the  serious  and  conscientious  attention 
of  experienced  educators  in  Indiana,  which 
state,  consequently,  stands  high  among  the 
others  in  its  average  of  general  scholar- 
ship. One  of  these  educators  is  found  in 
John  Franklin  Nuner,  who  is  superintend- 
ent of  the  city  schools  of  South  Bend,  In- 
diana. He  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  in 
Howard  County,  April  27,  1873.  His 
parents  were  William  H.  and  Margaret 
Eleanor  (McClellan)  Nuner. 

The  Nuner  family  came  originally  from 
Germany  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
for  generations  has  been  American.  Wil- 
liam' H.  Nuner,  father  of  Professor  Nuner, 
was  born  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  October,  1823,  and  died  in  How- 
ard County,  Indiana,  in  1892.  His  father, 
James  Nuner,  was  born  in  Franklin  Coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania,  spent  his  life  there  as  a 
general  farmer  and  died  in  that  county  in 
1836.  During  his  earlier  business  life  Wil- 
liam H.  Nuner  was  a  carpenter  and  con- 
tractor in  Franklin  County,  and  from 
there  came  to  Madison  County,  Indiana, 
In  1855,  and  ten  years  later  settled  per- 


manently on  a  farm  in  Howard  County. 
He  became  a  man  of  importance  in  his 
neighborhood  and  naturally  so  because  of 
his  sterling  character,  practical  ideas  and 
good  citizenship.  A  staunch  republican, 
he  was  chosen  for  public  office  on  numer- 
ous occasions  and  served  as  township  trus- 
tee and  as  a  justice  of  the  peace,  in  which 
latter  office  he  was  highly  regarded  be- 
cause of  his  common  sense  understanding 
of  the  cases  brought  into  his  court  and  his 
impartial  rulings  on  the  same.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Christian  Church  and  a 
liberal  contributor  to  its  support. 

William  H.  Nuner  was  married  twice, 
his  wives  being  sisters.  Of  his  first  mar- 
riage but  one  child  survives,  Sarah,  the 
widow  of  Benjamin  F.  Rogers,  who  died 
on  his  farm  in  Michigan,  situated  in  Mid- 
land County,  where  she  lives.  Mr.  Nuner 
was  married,  second,  to  Miss  Margaret 
Eleanor  McClellan,  who  was  born  in 
Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1833, 
and  died  in  Howard  County,  Indiana,  in 
1912.  To  this  marriage  seven  children 
were  born,  three  of  whom  died  young.  The 
others  were:  Anna  Mary,  who  married 
A.  E.  Julow,  who  is  a  farmer  in  Howard 
County.  Indiana,  where  she  died  in  1897: 
Robert,  who  was  a  farmer,  died  in  Howard 
County  in  1892 ;  James  M.,  who  owns  and 
resides  on  the  home  farm  in  Howard  Coun- 
ty; and  John  Franklin,  of  South  Bend. 

John  F.  Nuner  passed  his  early  school 
period  in  the  country  schools  near  his 
father's  farm  but  later  attended  the  Green- 
town  schools  and  in  1892  was  graduated 
from  the  Greentown  High  School.  One 
year  of  study  in  the  Indiana  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Terre  Haute  follo,wed,  and 
then  came  a  year  of  teaching  in  Howard 
County  and  subsequently  two  years  more 
of  study  in  the  normal  school,  from  which 
he  was  creditably  graduated  in  1896. 

It  was  no  accident  or  matter  of  expedi- 
ency that  turned  Mr.  Nuner  into  the  edu- 
cational field,  but  a  deliberate  choice  of 
profession,  for  which  he  thoroughly  pre- 
pared himself.  He  became  an  instructor 
in  the  Montpelier  High  School  and  con- 
tinued to  teach  there  through  four  school- 
year  terms,  in  the  meanwhile,  however, 
during  the  summers  taking  work  in  the 
Indiana  University.  Later  he  spent  a  year 
in  the  University  of  Chicago  and  some 
years  later  took  additional  summer-term 


1544 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


work  in  this  great  university,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1912,  with  the  degree 
of  B.  S.  He  continues  post-graduate  work 
along  various  lines  during  his  summer  va- 
cations, acquiring  knowledge  easily  be- 
cause of  his  love  of  it  and  broadening  his 
vision  so  that  he  may  be  more  helpful  to 
those  who  look  to  him  for  guidance  in  in- 
tellectual things. 

In  1902  Mr.  Nuner  became  assistant 
principal  of  the  Mishawaka  High  School 
in  Saint  Joseph  County,  and  in  1903  was 
elected  superintendent  of  schools  in  that 
city  and  remained  in  that  relation  until 

1916,  when  he  became  superintendent  at 
South  Bend,  where  his  useful  services  con- 
tinue.    He  has  a  large  field  here,  which 
includes  nineteen  schools,  360  teachers  and 
9,500  pupils,  and  the  supervision  of  these 
occupy    his    time    fully    during    working 
hours.     He  is  identified  with  many  edu- 
cational   organizations    and    is    a    valued 
member  of  the  State  Teachers',  the  North- 
ern  Indiana   Teachers'   and  the   National 
Educational  Associations. 

Mr.  Nuner  was  married  at  Mishawaka  in 
1902  to  Miss  Kate  Rebecca  Bingham,  who 
died  in  that  city  December  1,  1910.  She 
was  a  daughter  of  E.  V.  and  Harriet 
(Grimes)  Bingham,  the  former  of  whom 
is  an  attorney.  She  was  the  devoted 
mother  of  three  children:  William,  who 
died  when  aged  four  months;  John  Frank- 
lin, who  was  born  May  27,  1906;  and 
James  Bingham,  who  was  born  July  19, 
1908.  Mr.  Nuner  was  married,  second,  on 
August  7,  1916,  at  Macatawa  Park,  Michi- 
gan to  Miss  Ann  DuShane,  who  is  a  daugh- 
ter of  James  and  Emma  (Chapin)  Du- 
Shane. The  father  of  Mrs.  Nuner,  who 
died  in  the  spring  of  1916,  was  a  lawyer 
by  profession  and  a  former  superintend- 
ent of  the  South  Bend  schools.  The 
mother  of  Mrs.  Nuner  resides  at  South 
Bend.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nuner  have  one  child, 
Robert  DuShane,  who  was  born  July  17, 

1917.  Their  handsome  residence  and  hos- 
pitable   home    is    situated    on    Riverside 
Drive,  South  Bend. 

In  his  political  views  Professor  Nuner  is 
an  independent  republican.  He  is  a  Council 
Mason,  his  membership  being  in  Misha- 
waka Lodge  No.  130,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons;  Mishawaka  Chapter  No. 
83,  Royal  Arch  Masons;  Mishawaka  Com- 
mandery  Knights  Templar;  and  Misha- 
waka Council,  Royal  and  Select  Masters. 


He  has  membership  also  in  various  social 
bodies  at  South  Bend,  finding  pleasant 
companionship  and  relaxation  in  such  or- 
ganizations as  the  Round  Table,  the  Knife 
and  Fork  Club  and  the  Rotary  Club. 
Public  affairs  and  local  improvements  of 
importance  all  claim  his  interest,  and  as 
far  as  his  means  permit  he  gives  freely  in 
the  cause  of  charity,  benevolence  and 
patriotism.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 

DAVID  KAHN.  Through  a  long  period  of 
years  no  name  has  been  more  honored  in 
commercial  affairs  and  citizenship  at  Indi- 
anapolis than  that  of  Kahn.  It  is  a  no- 
table family,  has  been  identified  with  In- 
diana for  more  than  three  quarters  of  a 
century,  and  in  every  generation  has  com- 
prised men  noteworthy  for  their  personal 
integrity  and  the  energies  which  in  a  busi- 
ness way  have  emanated  from  them  and 
gone  to  the  upbuilding  of  commercial  con- 
cerns that  are  mentioned  with  respect 
wherever  known. 

The  founder  of  the  family  in  Indiana 
was  Samuel  Kahn,  whose  early  years  in 
this  countrv  were  identified  with  Bloom- 
ington,  Indiana.  Samuel  Kahn  was  born 
in  Alsace-Lorraine,  France,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  on  board  a  sailing  ves- 
sel in  1840.  Bloomington,  Indiana,  when 
he  located  there  was  little  more  than  a 
frontier  village.  He  went  into  business  as 
a  retail  clothing  merchant,  and  his  strict 
application  to  business  and  his  personal 
honestv  soon  brought  him  success.  He  mar- 
ried Gertrude  Kahn,  who  though  of  the 
same  name  was  not  related.  She  was  born 
at  Frowenberg  in  Alsace-Lorraine.  About 
the  close  of  the  Civil  war  Samuel  Kahn 
and  family  removed  to  Indianapolis,  estab- 
lishing their  home  at  532  East  Market 
Street,  a  property  which  is  still  owned  by 
the  family.  From  that  time  forward  Sam- 
uel Kahn  lived  retired  until  his  death  in 
1879. 

Among  the  six  children  of  this  pioneer 
Indiana  merchant  was  the  late  David  Kahn, 
who  died  at  Indianapolis  March  21,  1903, 
after  a  career  that  was  notable  in  point  of 
business  success  and  as  a  worker  and  con- 
tributor to  the  practical  charities  of  his 
home  city.  He  received  his  primary  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Bloominsrton, 
and  also  attended  Asbury,  now  DePauw 
University,  at  Greencastle.  After  two  years 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1545 


in  university  he  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
engaged  in  trunk  manufacturing  at  the 
corner  of  Washington  and  Meridian 
streets.  His  business  affairs  prospered  and 
about  1887  he  founded  the  Capital  Paper 
Company,  of  which  he  was  the  active  head 
until  1897,  when  he  turned  over  the  man- 
agement of  the  business  to  others,  though 
still  retaining  his  stock.  He  also  founded 
the  firm  David  Kahn  &  Company,  bankers 
and  investment  bankers,  in  1897.  In  1900 
this  business  was  enlarged  to  Kahn,  Fisher 
&  Company,  and  he  remained  a  factor  in 
its  management  until  his  death.  David 
Kahn  was  a  splendid  type  of  business  man. 
But  he  did  not  gain  success  at  the  sacrifice 
of  the  virtues  which  made  him  equally 
notable  as  a  leader  in  charity.  He  was 
a  man  kindly  in  actions,  liberal  in  his  views 
to  both  Jew  and  Gentile,  and  for  many 
years  was  at  the  head  of  the  Jewish  Chari- 
ties of  Indianapolis,  and  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Hebrew  Congregation.  It  was 
largely  through  his  instrumentality  that 
the  Temple  at  Tenth  and  Delaware  streets 
was  erected.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Commercial  Club,  and  many  civic  and  so- 
cial organizations  were  honored  to  have  his 
name  on  the  membership  roles. 

David  Kahn  married  Hannah  Fisher,  of 
Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  who  survives  him. 
There  are  three  children,  sons  who  uphold 
the  high  standards  left  them  by  grand- 
father and  father.  These  three  sons  are 
I.  Ferdinand,  S.  Carroll  and  Charles  F., 
all  of  them  connected  with  the  Capital 
Paper  Company.  Ferdinand  is  president, 
Carroll  is  secretary  and  treasurer,  and 
Charles  F.  is  vice  president.  They  have 
proved  themselves  progressive  Indianapolis 
citizens,  active  and  successful  in  business, 
and  willing  workers  in  every  movement  that 
expresses  the  best  in  American  life.  The 
only  one  of  the  sons  now  married  is  Fer- 
dinand. He  married  Miss  Ann  Berinan, 
of  San  Antonio,  Texas.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Betti  Louise. 

MOE  A.  CUSHMAN  represents  a  family 
that  for  many  years  developed  and  main- 
tained probably  the  largest  establishment 
in  the  Middle  West  for  the  manufacture  of 
all  implements  and  appliances  used  in  the 
butter  and  creamery  factory.  For  the  past 
eight  or  nine  years  Mr.  Cushman  has  been 
identified  with  Michigan  City  as  a  real 
estate  man.  His  wife  is  a  member  of  the 


prominent  Leeds  family  of  Michigan  City. 

Mr.  Cushman  was  born  in  Waterloo, 
Iowa.  His  father  Andrew  Jackson  Cush- 
man, was  born  at  Wilmot,  Wisconsin,  in 
1845,  was  a  direct  descendant  of  Robert 
Cushman,  who  came  to  this  country  with 
his  son  Thomas  Cushman  in  1621.  Thomas 
was  born  in  England  in  1608.  In  the  year 
1635  he  married  Mary  Allerton,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Isaac  Allerton,  who  came  over  in 
the  Mayflower  in  1620. 

From  Thomas  Cushman  and  his  wife, 
Mary  Allerton,  and  their  descendants  have 
come  all  the  Cushmans  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  therefore  of  full  blood  Puritan 
stock,  both  their  paternal  and  maternal 
ancestors  having  been  among  the  Pilgrims 
who  settled  at  Plymouth.  The  grandfather, 
Joseph  Pierce  Cushman,  was  born  in  Wal- 
doboro,  Maine,  March  2,  1811. 

Joseph  Pierce  Cushman,  grandfather  of 
Moe  A.,  was  born  on  a  farm,  and  early 
learned  the  trade  of  cooper.  With  that 
trade  as  his  chief  capital  he  sought  a  home 
in  the  West  during  early  manhood,  lived  at 
Wilmot,  Wisconsin,  for  several  years,  and 
then  went  to  Kansas  and  settled  in  Colum- 
bus. He  conducted  a  cooperage  business 
there  until  his  death.  He  married  Emeline 
Moe,  who  was  a  young  girl  when  her  par- 
ents were  killed  by  the  Indians. 

Andrew  Jackson  Cushman  was  a  boy 
when  his  parents  removed  to  Kansas, 
learned  the  cooper's  trade  from  his  father, 
and  followed  that  business  at  LaPorte, 
Iowa,  and  later  at  Waterloo.  He  estab- 
lished a  cooperage  shop  at  Waterloo,  mak- 
ing a  specialty  of  barrels  and  butter  tubs. 
He  gradually  developed  an  industry  for 
supplying  the  creamery  business  with  im- 
plements and  packing  goods,  and  manu- 
factured and  sold  practically  everything 
used  in  that  business.  The  outgrowth  of 
this  was  the  National  Creamery  Supply 
Company,  which  he  established  and  of 
which  he  was  head  until  1911.  His  busi- 
ness headquarters  were  in  Chicago,  but  he 
always  lived  in  Waterloo,  where  his  death 
occurred  in  1913.  He  married  Cassandra 
Mcllroy.  She  was  born  near  Columbus, 
Ohio,  a  daughter  of  James  and  Cassandra 
(Baker)  Mcllroy.  The  Mcllroy  family 
were  of  Scotch  ancestry  and  the  Bakers  of 
Pennsylvania  Dutch  ancestry. 

Moe  A.  Cushman  graduated  from  the 
Waterloo,  Iowa,  High  School  with  the  class 
of  1902  and  later  attended  the  Iowa  State 


1546 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


University.  From  school  he  went  to  Chi- 
cago to  assist  in  his  father's  business,  and 
upon  the  death  of  his  elder  brother  be- 
came manager.  He  continued  with  the 
business  until  1910,  when  he  closed  out  the 
National  Creamery  Company,  and  in  1911 
came  to  Michigan  City,  where  he  has  con- 
ducted a  large  real  estate  and  insurance 
business  and  is  also  an  investment  banker. 

January  15,  1908,  Mr.  Cushman  mar- 
ried Miss  Caroline  A.  Leeds,  a  native  of 
Michigan  City. 

Her  grandfather  was  Offley  Leeds,  whose 
name  has  been  given  a  first  place  among 
the  pioneer  founders  of  Michigan  City  in 
all  local  histories.  He  was  born  in  New 
Jersey  in  1798,  son  of  a  farmer  in  moderate 
circumstances,  one  of  a  family  of  twelve 
children.  He  was  of  Quaker  ancestry. 
Out  of  the  proceeds  of  his  work  as  a 
teacher  and  as  a  farmer  he  entered  the 
mercantile  business  at  Egg  Harbor,  New 
Jersey,  and  in  spite  of  several  misfortunes 
he  prospered  and  finally  sold  his  business 
for  a  large  valuation.  He  married  Char- 
lotte Ridgeway,  whose  relatives  were  among 
the  honored  families  forming  the  first  set- 
tlement in  LaPorte  County.  Her  father, 
Jeremiah  Ridgeway  was  a  native  of  Eng- 
land and  after  coming  to  America  was  a 
merchant  in  New  Jersey.  During  the  '30s 
Offley  Leeds  came  west  and  after  a  brief 
stay  at  Chicago  sought  as  a  better  location 
for  his  business  enterprise  Michigan  City. 
He  invested  in  thousands  of  acres  of  land 
in  that  vicinity,  buying  at  $1.25  an  acre 
and  established  a  general  store  at  Mich- 
igan City,  which  was  greatly  prospered  and 
which  he  continued  until  1852.  It  is  said 
that  his  enterprise  inaugurated  and  com- 
pleted many  of  the  most  valuable  improve- 
ments in  Michigan  City  in  the  early  days. 
He  became  intensely  interested  in  flour 
mills  and  other  businesses,  and  was  one 
of  the  directors  of  the  old  State  Bank  of 
Indiana.  He  died  in  1877,  and  his  wife 
in  1857. 

Walter  Offley  Leeds  was  born  at  Egg 
Harbor,  New  Jersey,  February  21,  1833, 
and  died  at  Michigan  City  December  13, 
1896.  He  was  reared  and  educated  in 
Michigan  City  and  followed  in  the  foot- 
steps of  his  father  and  handled  the  im- 
mense Leeds  estate  with  consummate  ability 
and  success.  In  1864  he  enlisted  in  the 
Twenty-eight  Indiana  Infantry  and  served 
as  a  private  for  100  days.  He  was  reared 


as  a  Quaker  and  in  politics  was  in  the 
main  independent.  The  only  office  he  ever 
cared  to  hold  was  that  of  city  councilman. 
January  31,  1870,  Walter  0.  Leeds  mar- 
ried Harriet  Amelia  Dysart,  daughter  of 
John  and  Esther  (Turner)  Dysart,  and 
granddaughter  of  John  and  Jane  (Swan) 
Dysart.  John  Dysart,  Sr.,  spent  his  life 
in  Ireland  and  was  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
His  widow  came  to  America  and  spent  her 
last  days  in  Michigan  City.  The  father 
of  Mrs.  W.  0.  Leeds,  John  Dysart,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1808  and  came 
to  America  in  1833.  He  was  an  early 
surveyor  with  the  Erie,  Railroad,  and  in 
1837  located  at  Michigan  City  and  some 
years  later  was  with  a  corps  of  engineers 
locating  the  line  of  the  Lake  Shore  Rail- 
road. He  was  also  prominent  in  politics, 
and  one  of  the  notable  men  of  LaPorte 
County,  where  he  died  in  1899,  at  the  age 
of  ninety-one.  He  married  Esther  Turner, 
who  was  born  in  1814,  daughter  of  James 
Turner,  a  native  of  the  North  of  Ireland. 
She  died  in  1882,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cushman  have  five  chil- 
dren :  Charlotte  A.,  Frances  J.,  Caroline 
Leeds,  Andrew  Leeds  and  Walter  Moe. 

Mr.  Cushman  is  a  director  of  the  Citi- 
zens Bank  of  Michigan  City  and  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  Michigan  City  Building  and 
Loan  Association.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Potawattomie  Country  Club  and  of  Wash- 
ington Lodge  No.  94,  Knights  of  Pythias. 

JOHN  EDWARD  STEPHENSON.  No  family 
in  Indiana  is  more  representatively  Ameri- 
can than  that  of  John  Edward  Stephenson 
— through  his  forefathers  and  later  his- 
three  sons,  all  of  whom  enlisted  in  the  late 
World  war  at  the  beginning. 

Indiana  had  been  a  state  only  fourteen, 
years  when  his  father,  William  Henry  Har- 
rison Stephenson,  a  son  of  John  E.  and 
Jane  (Stallcup)  Stephenson,  was  born  in  • 
Fountain  County  October  6,  1830 — the 
birthplace  also  of  his  mother,  Marzilla 
Hughes,  daughter  of  John  Edward  and 
Mary  Dutro  Hughes. 

The  life  of  William  Henry  Harrison 
Stephenson  brings  the  real  pioneer  epoch 
of  Indiana  into  close  and  living  touch  with 
the  present.  His  grandfather,  after  whom 
he  was  named,  was  a  Scotchman  and' 
founded  the  Stephenson  family  in  America. 
His  father  was  born  in  Greenbrier  County, 
Virginia,  now  West  Virginia,  in  1775,  while- 


OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  IUINOT 


(I 


• 


• 

t    . 


U3RARY 
OF  T  IE 
UWVERSITY  OF  ILLINOf 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1547 


the  first  battles  of  the  Revolutionary  war 
were  being  fought.  He  married  his  first 
wife  in  Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  and 
about  1820  they  went  to  Kentucky  and 
lived  at  La  Grange  for  ten  years.  From 
there  they  came  to  Indiana  in  1827,  driving 
overland  with  ox  teams  and  settling  on  a 
tract  of  land  in  Fountain  County,  for 
which  he  obtained  a  patent  from  the  United 
States  Government,  with  President  Andrew 
Jackson's  name  to  the  document.  For 
ninety  years  the  Stephenson  family  have 
lived  in  that  locality. 

Here  John  Edward  Stephenson  of  In- 
dianapolis was  born  August  11,  1859.  He 
was  educated  in  the  district  schools  and 
the  high  school  of  Attica,  following  which 
he  studied  medicine  for  three  years.  Find- 
ing this  profession  distasteful  he  aban- 
doned it  for  a  commercial  life.  His  earlier 
experience  in  this  work  was  in  Wabash, 
Wabash  County,  and  later  he  was  con- 
nected with  firms  in  Chicago  and  Phila- 
delphia. Mr.  Stephenson  came  t0:  -In- 
dianapolis to  reside  in  1888.  All  this  time 
he  was  a  student  of  opportunities,  and  in 
1898,  with  small  capital  but  unlimited  en- 
ergy and  courage,  he  founded  the  Century 
Garment  Company  of  Indianapolis.  In 
1906  this  company  was  reorganized  as  the 
American  Garment  Company,  now  a  na- 
tionally known  industry  with  headquar- 
ters in  Indianapolis  and  branch  offices  in 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  San  Francisco  and 
New  York. 

On  June  28,  1883,  at  Wabash,  Indiana, 
Mr.  Stephenson  married  Edith  Donner 
MacCrea,  daughter  of  James  and  Susan 
Cissna  MacCrea.  The  three  sons  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Stephenson  are  MacCrea,  Robert 
Houston  and  Edward  Edgerly. 

MacCrea  Stephenson  enlisted  in  the 
United  States  Army  in  May,  1917.  He 
chose  the  aviation  branch  of  the  service 
and  received  his  training  in  ground  work 
at  the  University  of  Ohio,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  July.  From  there  he  went 
to  Dayton,  Ohio,  for  his  work  in  flying  and 
received  his  commission  as  first  lieutenant 
in  September  with  the  first  class  sent  from 
that  field.  Early  in  October  he  was  de- 
tailed to  Mineola,  Long  Island,  for  over- 
seas duty  and  sailed  from  France  in  com- 
mand of  the  One  Hundred  and  Third  Aero 
Sauadron  on  November  22d.  Landing  in 
Liverpool,  he  went  from  there  to  France 
in  January,  1918.  After  a  course  in  ad- 


vanced flying,  bombing  and  gunning  in  the 
various  schools  of  instruction,  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  Seventh  and  later  to  the 
Eleventh  Aero  Squadron.  It  was  with  the 
latter  squadron  he  made  his  last  flight 
on  September  18th.  A  bombing  raid  of 
five  machines  set  out  from  the  field  at 
Amanty,  Meuse,  France,  near  Goudrecourt, 
with  La  Chausse  as  its  objective.  The  for- 
mation was  attacked  by  the  famous  Rich- 
thoven  Circus  of  very  superior  numbers. 
The  five  planes  were  all  shot  down. 

A  Hun  plane  dropped  a  note  near  Toul 
stating  MacCrea  Stephenson  had  died  in 
Germany.  Confirmation  of  his  death  fi- 
nally reached  his  parents  at  Indianapolis 
only  in  February,  1919,  when  his  brother, 
Corp.  Edward  Stephenson,  who  by  special 
order  had  been  detailed  to  establish  the 
facts  of  his  brother's  fate,  sent  a  brief 
cablegram  saying:  "Located  grave  at 
Jarny  Meurthe  Et  Mosell.  Have  erected 
stone."  The  Eleventh  Aero  Squadron  re- 
ceived a.. '.'citation"  for  bravery  and  heroic 
work  under  grave  difficulties. 

Robert  Houston  Stephenson  entered  the 
first  Officers  Training  Camp  at  Fort  Ben- 
jamin Harrison  in  May,  1917,  and  was  grad- 
uated a  second  lieutenant  in  August.  He 
was  assigned  to  duty  at  Camp  Zachary 
Taylor,  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where  he 
went  in  September.  He  was  attached  to 
the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-ninth  Depot 
Brigade,  serving  in  various  branches,  and 
was  recommissioned  first  lieutenant  in 
May,  1918.  In  October  of  that  year  he  was 
assigned  to  Lakehurst,  New  Jersey,  for  in- 
struction in  chemical  warfare,  from  which 
station  he  had  immediate  overseas  orders 
when  the  armistice  was  signed  on  Novem- 
ber llth.  On  May  4,  1918,  he  married 
Elizabeth  Bodine  Hogan,  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

Edward  Edgerly  Stephenson  enlisted  in 
the  aviation  branch  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 
He  was  detailed  for  service  at  the  Speed- 
way, Indianapolis,  whence  he  was  trans- 
ferred in  July  to  Camp  Meade,  Maryland, 
for  immediate  overseas  duty  with  the 
Seventy-ninth  Division  Three  Hundred 
and  Twelfth  Field  Artillery,  Battery  B. 
They  sailed  for  France  from  Philadelphia 
July  14,  1918,  landing  at  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land and  were  moved  at  once  by  easy  stages 
to  the  South  of  England  and  across  to 
France.  At  this  time  he  received  his  cor- 
poral's warrant.  His  division  was  in  the 


1548 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


last  week  of  the  fighting  and  with  the  Sec- 
ond Army  of  Occupation  in  Luxemburg. 

JAMES  HENRY  LANE  was  born  in  Law- 
renceburg,  Indiana,  •  June  22,  1814,  and 
after  a  prominent  public  life  died  near 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  in  1866.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840,  and  in  1846 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment organized  for  the  Mexican  war.  He 
subsequently  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel, 
and  in  1848  was  chosen  lieutenant  governor 
of  Indiana.  Prom  1853  until  1855  James 
H.  Lane  was  a  representative  in  Congress, 
chosen  as  a  democrat.  In  the  latter  year 
he  removed  to  Kansas,  and  was  afterward 
prominent  in  the  political  life  of  that  state 
and  of  the  nation  until  his  death. 

WILLIAM  A.  GUTHRIE,  whose  home  is  at 
Dupont,  Indiana,  but  whose  prominent 
business  and  civic  interests  require  much 
of  his  time  at  Indianapolis,  has  been  more 
than  a  representative  Indianan  for  many 
years  and  is  a  worthy  descendant  of  a 
long  line  of  patriotic  and  substantial  an- 
cestry. The  Guthries  have  resided  in  the 
United  States  for  many  generations  and 
have  taken  high  rank  in  education,  in- 
dustry, material  wealth  and  citizenship. 

The  original  home  of  this  family  was 
in  Scotland.  Thomas  Guthrie,  of  Scot- 
land, was  one  of  the  more  noted  of  the 
name.  He  founded  the  famous  "Raggedy 
Schools"  of  Edinburgh,  and  was  widely 
known  as  a  scholar,  orator  and  philan- 
thropist. Lord  Charles  Guthrie,  present 
owner  of  the  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  home 
at  Edinburgh  and  a  son  of  Thomas  Guthrie 
just  mentioned,  is  probably  the  most  widely 
known  member  of  the  family  in  Europe. 

The  Americans  of  the  name  are  probably 
all  descended  from  William  Guthrie.  He 
was  a  planter  and  slave  owner  in  South 
Carolina,  being  one  of  the  first  settlers 
in  the  Waxhaw  district.  One  of  his  de- 
scendants was  James  Guthrie  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  who  served  his  state  in 
the  United  States  Senate  and  was  also  a 
cabinet  officer.  Another  direct  descend- 
ant of  the  William  Guthrie  of  South  Car- 
olina was  James  Guthrie,  who  served  the 
colonies  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  He 
married  Jane  Games,  daughter  of  Alex- 
ander Carnes. 

William  Brown  Guthrie,  son  of  James 
and  Jane  (Carnes)  Guthrie,  was  born  in 


South  Carolina  and  moved  to  Kentucky 
during  the  time  of  Daniel  Boone.  He 
there  married  Polly  Crawford,  daughter 
of  James  and  Rebecca  (Anderson)  Craw- 
ford. The  Andersons  were  also  from  Scot- 
land, but  on  coming  to  America  settled 
in  old  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  where 
their  names  occur  frequently  among  the 
old  records  and  deeds.  Rev.  James  Ander- 
son, a  Presbyterian  minister,  was  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  family  in  America.  He,  too, 
served  in  the  Revolution. 

William  Brown  Guthrie  had  an  interest- 
ing career.  While  serving  the  colonies  in 
their  second  struggle  with  Great  Britain, 
his  wife,  then  living  in  Jefferson  County, 
Indiana,  was  compelled  to  flee  from  home 
to  escape  an  Indian  raid.  She  carried  one 
small  child  in  her  arms  and  led  another 
by  the  hand,  and  after  many  miles  of  travel 
finally  reached  the  safety  of  the  block- 
house. William  Brown  Guthrie  died  and 
is  buried  at  Hanover,  Indiana. 

Anderson  Crawford  Guthrie  is  next  in 
direct  line.  He  was  the  child  carried  in 
arms  by  his  mother  to  escape  the  Indians. 
He  was  born  April  22,  1811,  in  Jefferson 
County,  Indiana.  A  farmer  by  occupa- 
tion, he  also  taught  school,  and  while  in 
that  occupation  met  and  married  Anne 
Wilson.  She  was  born  in  Nottingham, 
England,  in  1815,  and  came  with  her  par- 
ents, Capt.  Samuel  and  Anne  (Orme)  Wil- 
son, to  the  United  States  in  1820.  Captain 
Wilson  was  trained  to  arms  in  England, 
and  because  of  that  experience  drilled  a 
company  of  Americans  and  was  thus  in- 
variably called  captain. 

Anderson  Crawford  Guthrie  was  a  man 
of  superior  mental  attainments.  Politic- 
ally he  was  identified  with  the  republican 
party  from  the  time  of  its  organization, 
and  was  a  man  of  highest  esteem.  He  died 
in  1866,  his  widow  surviving  him  until 
1901.  They  had  six  children:  Mary  Ann, 
Elizabeth  Jane,  Sarah  Lucinda,  •  Samuel 
Wilson,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  Civil 
war,  Ruhamah  and  William  Anderson. 

William  Anderson  Guthrie,  whose  an- 
cestry has  thus  been  briefly  traced,  was 
born  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  May  13, 
1851.  He  grew  up  on  a  farm  and  has  al- 
ways kept  in  touch  with  the  agricultural 
interests  in  the  southern  section  of  the 
state.  He  attended  schools  at  College  Hill 
and  Moore's  Hill.  On  Ocober  28,  1875,  he 
married  Miss  Sarah  Lewis,  daughter  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1549 


Dr.  George  Brown  Lewis,  at  Dupont,  In- 
diana. 

Despite  his  large  business  interests,  cen- 
tered at  Indianapolis,  William  A.  Guthrie 
still  maintains  his  home  at  Dupont  in  Jef- 
ferson County.  In  politics  he  is  a  repub- 
lican. In  1898  he  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  from  Jefferson,  Ripley  and  Switz- 
erland counties,  being  one  of  the  ablest 
members  of  that  body  during  the  sessions 
of  1899  and  1901.  A  distinction  that  will 
long  attach  to  his  name  was  the  credit  for 
introducing  and  bringing  about  the  passage 
of  the  first  and  present  pure  food  law.  This 
law  corresponds  in  all  important  essen- 
tials to  the  national  food  law,  and  both 
measures  were  written  by  the  eminent  Dr. 
Harvey  Wiley.  Mr.  Guthrie  was  delegate 
to  the  Republican  National  Convention 
from  his  home  district  in  1908  and  in  1916 
was  presidential  elector.  He  was  appointed 
by  Governor  Ralston  and  reappointed  by 
Governor  Goodrich  a  member  of  the  state 
forestry  commission,  and  has  been  its 
president  all  the  time  since  a  member. 

Governor  Goodrich  appointed  him  on  the 
Food  Production  and  Conservation  Com- 
mittee. He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine  and  a  member  of  the  Columbia 
Club  of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Guthrie  are  the  parents  of 
two  children,  Dr.  George  Lewis  Guthrie 
and  Lucy  Anne  Guthrie.  Dr.  George  L. 
Guthrie  is  a  graduate  of  the  Indiana  Med- 
ical College,  was  third  vice  president  of 
the  Indiana  State  Medical  Association,  and 
now  holds  a  majors  commission  in  the 
United  States  Medical  Reserve  Corps.  On 
his  return  from  the  war  zone  in  Prance 
he  was  assigned  post  surgeon  at  Fort 
Ethan  Allen,  Vermont.  He  married  Jessie 
Freemont  Bowman,  a  graduate  of  Short- 
ridge  High  School  and  before  her  mar- 
riage a  teacher  in  the  Indianapolis  schools. 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  Guthrie  have  one  son, 
William  Bowman.  Lucy  Anne  Guthrie  is 
a  graduate  of  the  Shortridge  High  School 
and  of  Franklin  College,  and  received  her 
musical  education  in  the  Cincinnati  Col- 
lege of  Music  and  in  New  York.  She  mar- 
ried Dr.  E.  W.  Crecraft,  and  their  three 
children  are  named  Lucy  Anne,  Jane  Willis 
and  Richard  Guthrie.  Doctor  Crecraft  is 
a  graduate  of  Franklin  College  and  of 
Columbia  University,  attaining  his  Doc- 
tor of  Philosophy  degree  from  the  latter 
vol.  m— it 


institution.  He  is  now  a  lecturer  on  in- 
ternational law  and  politics  in  New  York 
University. 

Among  the  prominent  Indiana  women 
of  the  present  generation  Mrs.  William 
A.  Guthrie  is  widely  known.  She  is  the 
Indiana  State  Regent  of  the  Daughters  of 
the  Union,  is  state  secretary  of  the  In- 
diana Daughters  of  the  War  of  1812,  and 
is  honorary  state  regent  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution,  having  served 
as  state  regent  three  years  and  is  now  one 
of  the  vice  president  generals,  National 
Society,  Daughters  of  the  American  Rev- 
olution. 

GEORGE  B.  LEWIS  M.  D.  Tributes  and 
memorials  to  many  of  the  hard  working 
and  self  sacrificing  physicians  of  both  the 
older  and  present  generations  are  found  in 
these  pages.  The  best  work  of  the  pains- 
taking and  careful  physician  does  not  flaunt 
itself  to  public  recognition,  and  it  is  not 
strange  that  many  of  the  noblest  char- 
acters who  have  adorned  the  profession  in 
the  past  are  almost  buried  in  obscurity. 

It  is  to  redeem  one  of  the  splendid  men 
who  practiced  medicine  for  long  years  in 
Southern  Indiana  that  this  brief  article 
is  written.  Throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  Jefferson  County  the  name  of 
Dr.  George  B.  Lewis  was  spoken  with  es- 
teem and  veneration  not  only  during  his 
active  life  but  ever  since.  Doctor  Lewis 
was  born  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  July 
18,  1826,  a  son  of  Ezekiel  and  Charity 
(Archer)  Lewis.  His  paternal  grandfather 
was  a  native  of  France,  and  coming  to  the 
United  States  at  the  age  of  sixteen  set- 
tled near  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

The  early  boyhood  of  Doctor  Lewis  was 
one  of  privation  and  hardship.  He  ac- 
quired his  primary  schooling  in  such 
schools  as  were  maintained  in  his  country 
district,  and  until  manhood  was  engaged 
in  various  occupations.  As  a  boy  he  drove 
a  horse  on  the  old  canal  running  into 
Cincinnati.  He  also  frequently  appeared 
in  the  streets  of  that  city  peddling  paw 
paws  and  buying  and  selling  other  prod- 
ucts. As  a  peddler  he  saved  enough  money 
to  buy  his  mother  the  first  cook  stove  she 
ever  had  and  the  first  one  in  that  vicinity. 
This  was  only  one  instance  of  an  unselfish- 
ness and  family  affection  that  were  endur- 
ing traits  of  his  character.  He  was  also 
noted  for  his  industry.  When  he  was 


1550 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


about  fifteen  his  mother  died,  and  thence- 
forth he  contributed  much  to  the  care  and 
education  of  the  younger  children.  At 
sixteen  he  taught  his  first  term  of  district 
school.  When  about  eighteen  Doctor  Lewis 
entered  the  State  University  at  Blooming- 
ton,  but  did  not  graduate.  After  two 
years  he  entered  the  Evansville  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  received  his  degree 
in  1850. 

Doctor  Lewis  at  once  located  at  Dupont 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  Jefferson 
County.  As  a  physician  he  rode  horse- 
back in  discomforts  through  mud,  sleet, 
snow,  winds,  storms,  bitter  cold  and  in- 
tense heat  to  relieve  suffering  humanity 
whenever  he  was  called  upon,  and  though 
he  enjoyed  a  comfortable  degree  of  ma- 
terial prosperity  it  was  hardly  to  be 
reckoned  as  any  adequate  or  proper  re- 
numeration  for  the  unselfish  services  he 
rendered  in  the  profession. 

His  skill  as  a  physician  was  equalled 
by  the  rectitude  of  his  character,  and  he 
became  widely  known  all  over  that  part  of 
the  state.  He  never  ceased  to  be  a  student, 
and  came  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  educated  men  of  Indiana.  He  pos- 
sessed extreme  modesty  and  a  retiring  dis- 
position, and  while  this  did  not  interfere 
with  the  prosecution  of  his  regular  work 
it  did  prevent  him  from  receiving  the  rec- 
ognition that  was  his  due  from  a  wider 
appreciation  of  men.  He  was  a  personal 
friend  and  advisor  to  scores  of  families  in 
his  section  of  the  state,  and  his  practical 
wisdom  was  often  sought  by  men  high  in 
office  and  statecraft.  He  was  the  soul  of 
honesty,  and  there  is  every  reason  why 
his  name  should  be  remembered  gratefully 
by  future  generations  in  Indiana. 

Doctor  Lewis  was  peculiarly  fortunate  in 
the  choice  of  a  life  companion.  His  wife 
has  been  described  as  in  many  ways  an 
exact  complement  to  his  own  nature  and 
disposition,  and  her  influence  was  one  of 
the  important  factors  in  the  achievement 
of  his  success.  She  was  distinguished  for 
her  gentleness,  her  kindness,  was  acclaimed 
as  the  best  of  mothers  and  in  an  unosten- 
tatious way  she  was  noted  for  her  many 
benefactions.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Lewis  were 
members  of  no  church,  but  in  their  daily 
lives  they  practiced  the  true  Christianity. 

The  maiden  name  of  Mrs.  Lewis  was 
Patience  McGannon,  of  direct  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry.  She  died  March  19,  1894,  while 


Doctor  Lewis  passed  away  November  5, 
1899,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three.  They 
had  six  children:  Byford,  Sarah  (Mrs.  Wil- 
liam A.  Guthrie),  Dr.  J.  Frank,  Mary, 
George  B.,  and  Zachary  Morton. 

SCHLOSSER  BROTHERS.  The  attention  of 
the  world  is  now  as  never  before  directed 
upon  the  men  and  activities  involved  in 
the  production  and  distribution  of  food 
supplies.  Indiana  is  such  a  completely 
diversified  state  in  its  many  productive 
activities  that  the  individual  factors  en- 
tering into  the  whole  are  often  underesti- 
mated and  slighted.  It  is  a  well  known  fact 
that  in  the  production  of  dairy  goods  In- 
diana ranks  as  one  of  the  leading  states 
in  the  Middle  West.  It  is  with  dairying 
and  general  produce  business  that  the  firm 
of  Schlosser  Brothers  has  earned  its  en- 
viable distinction,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  regarded  as  transacting  the 
largest  business  of  any  one  firm  in  the 
entire  state. 

The  business  had  its  point  of  origin  in 
Marshall  County,  where  the  Schlosser 
brothers  grew  up  as  sturdy  young  farmers. 
Their  father  was  Jacob  Schlosser,  a  native 
of  Germany,  who  came  to  the  United  States 
when  nineteen  years  of  age.  The  principal 
reason  that  brought  him  to  the  New  World 
was  to  avoid  compulsory  military  service 
and  also  to  take  advantage  of  the  better 
opportunities  to  acquire  independence  and 
a  hpme  of  his  own.  For  some  years  he 
lived  in  New  York  City,  where  he  learned 
the  trade  of  baker,  and  about  nine  years 
later,  in  1855,  came  to  Indiana,  where  one 
of  his  uncles  was  living  at  the  time.  Jacob 
Schlosser  bought  160  acres  of  raw  timber 
land  in  German  Township  of  Marshall 
County,  near  Bremen,  and  there  under- 
took the  heavy  task  awaiting  a  pioneer.  In 
New  York  City  he  had  married  Eva  Mar- 
garet Karror,  also  a  native  of  Germany. 
They  began  housekeeping  in  an  old  log 
cabin  that  stood  on  the  land,  surrounding 
which  about  one  acre  had  been  cleared. 
Jacob  Schlosser  had  the  typical  German 
virtues  of  diligence  and  thrift,  was  always 
superior  to  the  obstacles  that  stood  in  his 
way,  and  in  the  course  of  time  he  became 
one  of  the  leading  farmers  of  Marshall 
County.  He  never  took  any  part  in  poli- 
tics, though  he  was  well  known  and  respec- 
ed  for  his  many  good  qualities.  He  died 
in  1906,  and  his  wife  in  1892.  In  their 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1551 


family  were  eight  sons  and  one  daughter, 
all  now  living  except  two  sons. 

All  the  Schlosser  brothers  grew  up  on 
the  homestead  farm  in  Marshall  County, 
and  characteristically  enough  they  re- 
mained at  home  until  reaching  their  ma- 
jority and  had  in  addition  to  the  training 
of  the  local  schools  a  thorough  practice  in 
working  and  cultivating  the  land.  The 
beginning  of  their  creamery  and  produce 
interests  was  made  when  Philip  and  Henry 
Schlosser  began  the  business  on  a  small 
scale  near  Bremen  in  1884,  at  one  corner 
of  their  father's  farm.  The  creamery 
which  they  set  in  operation  there  con- 
tinued doing  business  at  the  old  stand  until 
January  1919,  when  they  moved  in  to  their 
new  building  in  Bremen.  As  other  sons 
came  to  maturity  they  also  entered  into 
partnership,  so  that  eventually  there  were 
the  following  brothers  in  the  business, 
Philip,  Henry,  Jacob,  Gustav  Frederick, 
Samuel  and  William.  About  1890  their 
early  success  enabled  them  to  expand,  and 
they  established  a  factory  at  Wanatah,  and 
about  1891  bought  a  plant  at  Hanna. 
Both  these  creameries  have  since  been  dis- 
continued. In  1893,  in  order  to  get  an 
outlet  for  their  three  plants,  they  opened 
a  wholesale  produce  house  at  South  Chi- 
cago, Illinois.  In  the  spring  of  1901  they 
bought  property  at  Plymouth,  Indiana,  and 
established  a  plant  large  enough  to  con- 
solidate the  Wanatah,  Hanna,  and  North 
Liberty  plants.  In  1909  the  brothers  estab- 
lished their  plant  at  Indianapolis,  at  Sen- 
nate  and  South  streets,  but  in  1915  built  a 
fine  modern  plant  at  705-11  East  Market 
Street.  The  largest  plant  of  all  was  erected 
in  1912  at  Frankfort,  where  their  general 
office  is  located.  In  1916  the  brothers 
bought  the  Maumee  Dairy  Company  at 
Fort  Wayne.  Thus  they  have  established 
in  the  course  of  thirty-five  years  connec- 
tions with  the  sources  of  supply  and  have 
developed  facilities  for  distribution  and 
handling  of  dairy  products  at  many  points 
in  the  state  of  Indiana,  and  have  made  good 
their  ambition  to  build  up  a  business  second 
to  none  of  its  kind  within  the  state.  Every 
advanced  method  of  pasteurization,  sterili- 
zation and  sanitary  precautions  have  been 
introduced,  and  the  business  furnishes  em- 
ployment altogether  to  about  550  persons. 
Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  business  can 
be  had  from  the  statement  that  every  year 
they  manufacture  and  distribute  approxi- 


mately 10,000,000  pounds  of  butter,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  great  quantities  of  eggs  and 
other  produce  gathered  in  through  their 
various  plants.  In  perfecting  modern  fa- 
cilities for  the  handling  of  dairy  and  pro- 
duce business  the  Schlosser  Brothers  have 
done  much  for  Indiana  and  adjacent 
states. 

The  Schlosser  Brothers  are  not  only  ex- 
cellent business  men,  but  are  thorough 
Americans,  public  spirited  and  loyal,  and 
the  business  that  has  grown  up  under  their 
care  and  management  of  itself  constitutes 
a  big  public  service  at  this  time  of  national 
and  international  demand. 

Mr.  Henry  Schlosser,  who  is  the  active 
man  at  Indianapolis  for  the  firm,  was  born 
on  the  farm  in  Marshall  County,  March  28, 
1863,  the  fourth  child  and  fourth  son  of 
his  parents.  He  attended  district  school 
until  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  after  that 
lived  at  home  on  the  farm  and  also  worked 
at  the  carpenter's  trade,  but  as  was  the 
family  custom,  turned  over  all  his  wages 
to  his  father.  Besides  being  identified  with 
the  creamery  and  produce  business  at  its 
beginning  in  1884  he  has  given  more  or 
less  active  superintendence  to  farming,  and 
has  also  interested  himself  in  public  af- 
fairs. He  was  elected  as  a  republican  in  a 
democratic  township  to  the  office  of  trustee 
in  Marshall  County.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Evangelical  association  and  has  served 
his  church  as  steward.  His  first  wife  Mary 
A.  Dugan,  died  soon  after  their  marriage. 
In  1893  he  married  Mrs.  Emma  Martin, 
of  Marshall  County.  She  had  one  daugh- 
ter, Lottie  D.  Martin,  by  her  first  marriage. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Schlosser  have  one  daughter, 
Lulu  E. 

FRANK  C.  HUSTON,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  native  Indianan  and  has  become  widely 
known  throughout  the  nation  as  an  Evan- 
gelist and  a  minister  of  the  Church  of 
Christ.  In  recent  years  he  has  also  es- 
tablished and  built  up  a  large  business 
as  a  music  publisher. 

He  was  born  September  12,  1871,  at 
Orange,  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  son  of 
Thomas  M.  and  Mary  E.  (Harris)  Hus- 
ton. His  grandfather,  William  Huston, 
came  from  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  and 
after  a  brief  sojourn  in  Pennsylvania 
moved  to  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  where 
he  was  an  early  settler  and  a  farmer  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  located  twelve  miles 


1552 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


southeast  of  Connersville.  He  was  a  very 
strict  Presbyterian,  exceedingly  loyal  to 
his  religion,  and  an  exemplar  of  all  the 
good  moral  and  substantial  virtues.  He 
married  Jane  Ramsey,  of  Scotch  Presby- 
terian parentage,  who  was  the  first  white 
child  born  in  Preble  County,  Ohio.  She 
was  a  woman  of  splendid  character,  and 
in  her  community  enjoyed  an  affectionate 
regard  based  upon  a  constant  service  and 
influence  for  good  continued  through 
many  years,  not  only  in  behalf  of  her 
own  family  but  all  her  neighbors. 

Thomas  M.  Huston  was  one  of  a  family 
of  eleven  children,  and  is  still  living  at 
Knightstown  in  Henry  County,  Indiana, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-nine.  He  served 
as  a  Union  soldier  in  Company  L  of  the 
Third  Indiana  Cavalry,  and  he  had  two 
brothers  and  four  brothers-in-law  who 
were  in  the  same  war.  His  wife,  Mary  E. 
Harris,  was  of  English  ancestry,  her 
father,  William  Harris,  being  of  the  fam- 
ily who  founded  Harrisburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  became  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers in  Fayette  County,  Indiana*.,. and. 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years, 
after  a  long  and  honored  life  in  the 
county. 

Mr.  Frank  C.  Huston  is  the  younger 
of  two  children.  He  attended  the  dis- 
trict and  high  schools  of  Fayette  County, 
and  later  was  a  student  of  the  Moody 
Bible  Institute  of  Chicago.  For  one  year 
he  taught  common  schools,  and  then  be- 
came an  evangelistic  singer,  a  vocation 
he  followed  for  nineteen  years  in  many 
states.  He  is  also  a  regularly  ordained 
minister  of  the  Church  of  Christ,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  has  served  as  local 
minister  in  towns  and  districts  around 
Indianapolis.  He  is  now  pastor  of  a 
congregation  near  Indianapolis.  While 
still  in  the  ministry  he  founded  the  music 
publishing  business,  and  especially  in  re- 
cent war  times  his  house  has  published 
and  circulated  some  of  the  most  popular 
patriotic  songs.  He  is  himself  the  author 
of  the  words  and  music  of  many  of  these 
stirring  compositions.  Among  these  are: 
"When  Our  Boys  Come  Home  Again," 
"I  Tried  to  Raise  My  Boy  to  Be  a  Man," 
"America,  the  Land  of  Liberty,"  "My 
Indiana  Home,"  and  scores  of  others 
written  even  before  a  state  of  war  was 
declared  against  Germany.  Mr.  Huston 
offered  his  services  to  his  country  and  he 


was  recommended  and  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Goodrich  as  chaplain  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Field  Artillery, 
Rainbow  Division,  but  through  some  mis- 
take somehow  he  was  never  called  upon  to 
join  the  regiment  before  the  signing  of 
the  armistice.  His  services,  however, 
were  in  great  demand  in  his  home  state 
and  city,  and  he  became  widely  known  as 
"The  Singing  Chaplain." 

Mr.  Huston  is  a  republican  in  politics. 
He  is  commander  of  the  Ben  Harrison 
Camp  No.  356  of  the  Sons  of  Veterans. 
May  13,  1894,  he  married  Miss  Bertha  E. 
Martin.  They  have  seven  children:  An- 
nie Jane  (Mrs.  H.  B.  Henderson),  Ruth 
LoReign,  Mary  Rebecca,  Nelle  Katheryn, 
Thomas  Weldon,  Frank  Albert  and  Eliza- 
beth Jean. 

W.  W.  POOL,  wholesale  tobacconist  at 
Anderson,  is  sole  proprietor  of  the  An- 
derson Tobacco  Company.  He  has  had  a 
large  experience  in  the  tobacco  business 
and  is  one  of  the  best  known  men  to  the 
trade  io  the  state  as  a  result  of  his  many 
years  of  'travel  over  Indiana  representing 
the  American  Tobacco  Company. 

Mr.  Pool,  who  is  rated  as  one  of  the 
successful  business  men  of  Anderson,  was 
born  at  Degraff,  Logan  County,  Ohio,  in 
December,  1886.  His  parents,  Isaac  A. 
and  Rebecca  L.  (Dailey)  Pool,  were  Ohio 
farmers.  They  were  of  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestry. W.  W.  Pool  attended  district 
schools,  the  high  school  at  Degraff  for  two 
years,  and  had  one  term  of  instruction  in 
business  college  at  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  education 
he  went  to  Decatur,  Indiana,  and  for  two 
years  worked  as  a  motorman  and  con- 
ductor on  the  interurban  line  between 
Fort  Wayne  and  Springfield.  Seeking 
something  that  promised  a  bigger  future, 
Mr.  Pool  next  became  connected  with  the 
American  Tobacco  Company  at  Indianap- 
olis as  a  traveling  salesman.  He  proved  so 
valuable  as  a  business  getter  that  in  a 
few  years  he  had  the  general  sales  super- 
vision of  half  of  the  entire  state,  and  di- 
rected the  operations  of  seven  men.  He 
was  a  tobacco  salesman  and  sales  manager 
for  eight  years,  and  then,  on  June  7,  1917, 
established  a  strictly  wholesale  tobacco 
business  of  his  own  at  18  West  Eighth 
Street  in  Anderson.  He  handles  a  general 
line  of  tobacco,  cigars,  chewing  gum  and 


• 


. 


- 


U2RARII 

OF  T  IE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  IUHW 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1553 


other  commodities  and  has  already  built  up 
profitable  trade  connections  throughout  the 
territory  surrounding  Anderson.  Mr.  Pool 
is  a  successful  young  business  man  and  the 
future  ahead  of  him  is  one  of  greatest 
promise. 

February  18,  1913,  he  married  Margaret 
C.  Clarke,  daughter  of  Dr.  D.  D.  Clarke, 
of  Decatur,  Indiana.  Politically  Mr.  Pool 
is  independent.  He  is  a  member  of  St. 
Mary's  Catholic  Church  at  Anderson  and 
of  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 

JOHN  0.  SPAHB.  The  record  of  John  0. 
Spahr  is  the  record  of  a  successful  lawyer 
of  high  standing  at  Indianapolis,  where  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  bar  for  over 
a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Some  of  his  people  have  lived  in  Indiana 
nearly  a  hundred  years.  He  was  himself 
born  in  Marion  County,  January  19,  1866, 
son  of  John  H.  and  Sarah  (Newhouse) 
Spahr.  The  Spahr  family  in  earlier  gen- 
erations lived  in  Pennsylvania.  John  H. 
Spahr  after  the  death  of  his  father  in  that 
state  came  as  a  youth  to  Marion  County, 
Indiana,  at  the  invitation  of  an  uncle  who 
had  settled  there  many  years  before.  This 
uncle  was  a  farmer  and  miller  and  founded 
the  Town  of  Millersville  in  Marion  County. 
John  H.  Spahr  located  at  the  home  of  his 
uncle  and  was  soon  engaged  in  farming 
and  later  in  the  milling  business.  In  1860 
he  married  Sarah  A.  Newhouse,  who  rep- 
resented a  prominent  Virginia  family. 
The  Newhouses  had  come  from  Virginia  to 
Indiana  as  early  as  1823,  establishing 
homes  in  Marion  County.  The  father  of 
Sarah  was  one  of  the  prosperous  farmers 
of  that  locality.  John  H.  Spahr  after  his 
marriage  lived  for  several  years  at  the  old 
Newhouse  homestead,  and  that  residence 
is  still  owned  by  a  member  of  the  family. 
In  1866  he  transferred  his  home  to  Boone 
County,  Indiana,  and  there  became  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  farming  and  stock 
buying.  At  one  time  he  was  the  chief 
buyer  of  hogs  all  over  Boone  County  and 
part  of  Hamilton  County.  He  served  as 
sheriff  of  Boone  County  from  1878  to  1880. 
He  also  bought  up  large  numbers  of  horses 
and  mules.  He  finally  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  from  1886  to  1894  was  manager 
and  owner  of  the  Grand  Opera  Livery 
Stable.  He  then  went  back  to  the  old  New- 
house  homestead  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
days  in  the  quiet  vocation  of  farming.  He 


was  the  father  of  five  children,  all  of  whom 
are  still  living,  John  0.  being  the  fourth  in 
age. 

John  O.  Spahr  received  most  of  his  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Boone 
County.  Later  he  attended  Purdue  Uni- 
versity at  Lafayette,  and  after  an  extensive 
course  of  reading  law  entered  upon  the 
formal  practice  of  that  profession  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1890.  He  has  had  a  large 
general  practice,  and  undoubtedly  more 
than  his  individual  share  of  litigation  in 
Marion  County.  Besides  the  handling  of 
many  civil  cases  he  has  conducted  the  de- 
fense in  many  leading  criminal  cases,  and 
some  of  these  have  brought  him  a  repu- 
tation far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  his 
native  state.  Mr.  Spahr  is  a  republican, 
and  was  one  of  the  planners  and  leaders 
in  the  campaign  which  brought  a  second 
term  to  Mayor  Bookwalter  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

Mr.  Spahr  married  October  18,  1886, 
Misjs  Emma  Sangston,  daughter  of  Hamil- 
ton Sangston  of  Boone  County.  Mrs. 
Spahr  was  well  educated,  and  had  oppor- 
tunity and  by  much  practice  developed  her 
talents  as  an  artist.  She  was  a  painter  of 
landscapes  and  portraits,  and  did  a  great 
deal  of  splendid  work.  Most  of  her  paint- 
ings were  destroyed  by  fire  after  her  mar- 
riage. 

THOMAS  B.  HARVEY,  M.  D.  One  of  the 
most  familiar  pictures  in  Indiana  is  the 
engraving  from  Lord  Frederick  Leighton's 
painting  known  as  "The  Doctor."  It  por- 
trays the  family  doctor  sitting  at  the  bed- 
side of  a  sick  child,  chin  in  hand,  gazing 
with  anxious  face  at  the  young  patient. 
In  it  the  artist  idealized  the  type  of  the 
kindly  family  physician.  In  some  remark- 
able manner  he  presented  almost  a  perfect 
likeness  of  the  late  Dr.  T.  B.  Harvey. 
Hundreds  of  friends  and  associates  of  that 
eminent  Indiana  physician  have  admired 
and  commented  on  the  identity  of  the  ideal 
presentment  and  the  well  remembered  fea- 
tures of  Doctor  Harvey.  Doctor  Harvey 
was  loved  by  hundreds  of  families,  in  whose 
homes  he  was  ever  a  welcome  figure  in  both 
health  and  sickness. 

Thomas  B.  Harvey  was  born  in  Clinton 
County,  Ohio,  November  29,  1827,  and 
died  at  Indianapolis,  in  which  city  he  had 
practiced  for  many  years,  on  December  5, 
1889.  Many  tributes  have  been  published, 


- 


. 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1553 


other  commodities  and  has  already  built  up 
profitable  trade  connections  throughout  the 
territory  surrounding:  Anderson.  Mr.  Pool 
is  a  successful  young  business  man  and  the 
future  ahead  of  him  is  one  of  greatest 
promise. 

February  18,  1913,  he  married  Margaret 
0.  Clarke,' daughter  of  Dr.  D.  D.  Clarke, 
of  Decatur,  Indiana.  Politically  Mr.  Pool 
is  independent.  He  is  a  member  of  St. 
Mary's  Catholic  Church  at  Anderson  and 
of  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 

JOHN  0.  Si'AHR.  The  record  of  John  O. 
Spahr  is  the  record  of  a  successful  lawyer 
of  high  standing  at  Indianapolis,  where  he 
has  been  a  member  of  the  bar  for  over 
a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Some  of  his  people  have  lived  in  Indiana 
nearly  a  hundred  years.  He  was  himself 
born  in  Marion  County.  January  1!(.  1866, 
son  of  John  II.  and  Sarah  (Newhouse) 
Spahr.  The  Spahr  family  in  earlier  gen- 
erations lived  in  Pennsylvania.  John  II. 
Spahr  after  the  death  of  his  father  in  that 
state  came  as  a  youth  to  Marion  County, 
Indiana,  at  the  invitation  of  an  uncle  who 
had  settled  there  many  years  before.  This 
uncle  was  a  farmer  and  miller  and  founded 
the  Town  of  .Millersville  in  Marion  County. 
John  II.  Spahr  located  at  the  home  of  his 
uncle  and  was  soon  engaged  in  farming 
and  later  in  the  milling  business.  In  1860 
he  married  Sarah  A.  Newhouse,  who  rep- 
resented a  prominent  Virginia  family. 
The  Newhouses  had  come  from  Virginia  to 
Indiana  as  early  as  1823.  establishing 
homes  in  Marion  County.  The  father  of 
Sai'.di  was  one  of  the  prosperous  farmers 
of  that  locality.  John  II.  Spahr  after  his 
marriage  lived  for  several  years  at  the  old 
Newhouse  homestead,  and  that  residence 
is  still  owned  by  a  member  of  the  family. 
In  1866  he  transferred  his  home  to  Hoone 
County.  Indiana,  and  there  became  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  fanning  and  stock 
buying.  At  one  time  he  was  the  chief 
buyer  of  hogs  all  over  Hoone  County  and 
part  of  Hamilton  County.  He  served  as 
sheriff  of  Hoone  County  from  1878  to  1880. 
He  also  bought  up  large  numbers  of  horses 
and  mules.  He  finally  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  from  1886  to  18!)4  was  manager 
and  owner  of  the  Grand  Opera  Livery 
Stable.  He  then  went  back  to  the  old  New- 
house  homestead  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
days  in  the  quiet  vocation  of  farming.  lie 


was  the  father  of  five  children,  all  of  whom 
are  still  living,  John  O.  being  the  fourth  in 
age. 

John  O.  Spahr  received  most  of  his  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Hoone 
County.  Later  he  attended  Purdue  Uni- 
versity at  Lafayette,  and  after  an  extensive 
course  of  reading  law  entered  upon  the 
formal  practice  of  that  profession  at  In- 
dianapolis in  18!M).  lie  has  had  a  large 
general  practice,  and  undoubtedly  more 
than  his  individual  share  of  litigation  in 
Marion  County.  Hesides  the  handling  of 
many  civil  cases  he  has  conducted  the  de- 
fense in  many  leading  criminal  cases,  and 
some  of  these  have  brought  him  a  repu- 
tation far  beyond  the  boundaries  of  his 
native  state.  Mr.  Spahr  is  a  republican, 
and  was  one  of  the  planners  and  leaders 
in  the  campaign  which  brought  a  second 
term  to  Mayor  Hookwalter  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

Mr.  Spahr  married  October  18.  1886, 
Miss  Emma  Sangston,  daughter  of  Hamil- 
ton Sangston  of  Hoone  County.  Mrs. 
Spahr  was  well  educated,  and  had  oppor- 
tunity and  by  much  practice  developed  her 
talents  as  an  artist.  She  was  a  painter  of 
landscapes  and  portraits,  and  did  a  great 
deal  of  splendid  work.  Most  of  her  paint- 
ings were  destroyed  by  tire  after  her  mar- 
riage. 

THOMAS  H.  HARVKY.  M.  D.  One  of  the 
most  familiar  pictures  in  Indiana  is  the 
engraving  from  Lord  Frederick  Lcighton's 
painting  known  as  "The  Doctor."  It  por- 
trays the  family  doctor  sitting  at  the  bed- 
side of  a  sick  child,  chin  in  hand,  gazing 
with  anxious  face  at  the  young  patient. 
In  it  the  artist  idealized  the  type  of  the 
kindly  family  physician.  In  some  remark- 
able manner  he  presented  almost  a  perfect 
likeness  of  the  late  Dr.  T.  B.  Harvey. 
Hundreds  of  friends  and  associates  of  that 
eminent  Indiana  physician  have  admired 
and  commented  on  the  identity  of  the  ideal 
presentment  and  the  well  remembered  fea- 
tures of  Doctor  Harvey.  Doctor  Harvey 
was  loved  by  hundreds  of  families,  in  whose 
homes  he  was  ever  a  welcome  figure  in  both 
health  and  sickness. 

Thomas  R.  Harvey  was  born  in  Clinton 
County.  Ohio.  November  29,  1827.  and 
died  at  Indianapolis,  in  which  city  he  had 
practiced  for  many  years,  on  December  5, 
1889.  Many  tributes  have  been  published, 


1554 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  estimates  of  his  work  and  influences, 
and  the  material  for  this  sketch,  which 
finds  an  appropriate  place  in  the  new  His- 
tory of  Indiana,  is  largely  taken  from  an 
article  written  by  Dr.  A.  W.  Brayton,  one 
of  his  old  friends  and  associates. 

Doctor  Harvey  was  of  English  descent. 
His  family  were  members  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  and  Doctor  Harvey's  wife  was 
of  the  same  faith.  His  father,  Dr.  Jesse 
Harvey  was  a  noted  abolitionist,  philan- 
thropist and  educator.  He  taught  the  first 
school  in  Ohio  in  which  colored  children 
were  admitted.  He  gave  liberally  of  all 
he  had  and  much  of  his  time  to  establish- 
ing and  keeping  up  the  academy  at  Har- 
veysburg,  Ohio.  Later  he  went  as  a  mis- 
sionary among  the  Indians  of  Kansas,  and 
died  there  in  1848,  leaving  his  wife  and 
children  practically  without  income.  Doc- 
tor Harvey's  grandmother,  Mrs.  Burgess, 
was  a  Virginian  who  took  her  share  of  her 
father's  estate  in  slaves  and  brought  them 
to  Ohio  and  gave  them  liberty  on  free  soil. 

Dr.  T.  B.  Harvey  was  twenty-one  years 
of  age  when  his  father  died,  and  was  com- 
pelled to  practice  strict  economy  and  to 
acquire  his  education  largely  through  his 
own  efforts.  Through  the  influence  of  his 
mother  he  had  acquired  the  habit  early  in 
life  of  evening  reading,  and  that  practice 
he  persisted  in  to  the  end  of  his  life.  The 
night  before  his  death  he  had  devoted  to 
revising  and  arranging  the  notes  of  a  lec- 
ture to  be  delivered  the  following  day. 
From  his  father  he  inherited  a  bent  toward 
science,  particularly  natural  science  and 
medicine. 

Doctor  Harvey  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine in  1846,  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  Ohio  Medical  Col- 
lege in  the  spring  of  1851.  He  then  lo- 
cated at  Plainfield,  Indiana,  where  he  and 
Dr.  Levi  Bitter  were  for  eight  years  the 
only  physicians  in  the  locality.  Of  Doc- 
tor Harvey  his  associate,  Doctor  Ritter, 
said :  "A  more  perfect  gentleman  profes- 
sionally I  have  never  met  in  either  law 
or  medicine.  An  ardent  student  himself, 
he  demanded  of  his  compeers  what  he  gave 
himself — his  time,  his  thought  and  his 
labor  of  his  professional  duties.  In  the 
sick  room  he  was  the  model  physician ;  he 
studied  to  gain  the  confidence  of  patients, 
nurses  and  friends,  and  his  presence  was 
a  healing  balm  in  those  many  cases  where 
the  mind  and  disposition  required  treat- 


ment as  much  as  the  body.  Doctor  Harvey 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hendricks 
County  Medical  Society;  he  was  its  first 
president,  and  did  much  to  make  the  society 
harmonious,  studious  and  progressive.  He 
established  a  winter  course  of  lectures,  one 
each  week,  for  the  benefit  of  our  students 
and  neighboring  physicians  *  *  *  Dr. 
Harvey  excelled  in  sympathy,  and  this  was 
one  of  his  strong  holds  on  his  patients. 
*  *  *  In  politics,  like  his-  father  be- 
fore him,  he  was  a  Free  Soiler;  when  he 
allied  himself  to  the  republican  party  it 
was  not  as  a  partisan,  and  even  less  so  af- 
ter this  party  was  in  control  of  the  gov- 
ernment. Dr.  Harvey  was  a  part  of  the 
social  and  educational  life  of  Plainfield, 
organizing  a  literary  society,  which  was 
maintained  with  weekly  meetings  during 
his  ten  years  of  residence  there." 

There  is  one  feature  of  Doctor  Harvey's 
life  at  Plainfield  that  has  never  been  writ- 
ten, and  can  never  be  written.  The  "op- 
erators of  the  Underground  Railway" 
listed  for  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  are 
"Dr.  T.  B.  Harvey,  Harlan  Harvey,  Dr. 
William  F.  Harvey  and  Elisha  Hobbs." 
(Note,  Siebert's  Underground  Railway,  p. 
407.)  Dr.  William  F.  Harvey  was  a 
brother,  and  Harlan  Harvey  a  distant 
cousin  of  Dr.  T.  B.  Harvey,  and  Elisha 
Hobbs  was  a  brother  of  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs. 
Elisha  lived  on  a  farm  just  south  of  Plain- 
field,  on  White  Lick  Creek.  Doctor  Har- 
vey had  been  initiated  in  "railroad"  work 
by  his  father,  and  occasionally  conducted 
"night  coaches"  in  the  vicinity  of  Har- 
veysburg,  Ohio.  The  activities  of  the  "op- 
erators" at  Plainfield  have  been  left  un- 
recorded, but  they  may  be  imagined,  for 
Plainfield  was  on  the  main  line. 

Doctor  Harvey's  ten  years  in  Plainfield 
were  not  without  fruit.  In  the  long  rides 
over  Hendricks  County  his  mind  was  ripen- 
ing and  those  mental  qualities,  self  reliance, 
simplicity,  presence  of  mind  and  ready 
resource,  that  can  only  grow  where  a  man 
must  be  self  centered,  his  own  counsel  in 
extreme  cases,  were  fully  developed.  Here 
was  Doctor  Harvey's  apprenticeship 
served.  The  city,  at  least  in  the  United 
States,  is,  as  Emerson  says,  always  re- 
cruited from  the  country.  "The  men  in 
cities,  who  are  the  center's  of  energy,  the 
driving  wheels  of  trade,  politics  or  prac- 
tical arts,  and  the  women  of  beauty  and 
genius,  are  the  children  or  grandchildren  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1555 


farmers,  and  are  spending  the  energies 
which  their  fathers'  hardy,  silent  life  ac- 
cumulates in  frosty  furrows,  in  poverty, 
necessity  and  darkness." 

Doctor  Harvey  had  inherited  and  devel- 
oped those  sterling  qualities  of  body,  mind 
and  heart  which  come  with  the  exigencies 
and  rough  experiences  of  country  medical 
practice.  The  crisis  came  with  the  Civil 
war.  The  pity  and  sentiment  which  had 
led  his  grandmother  to  free  her  slaves  and 
his  father  to  spend  his  strength  and  sub- 
stance for  the  poor  and  downtrodden  of 
all  races,  was  alive  and  quickened  in  Doc- 
tor Harvey.  His  first  call  was  to  the  cap- 
ital city  of  his  state,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed examining  surgeon  for  the  In- 
dianapolis district,  a  position  he  held  to 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  which  led  him  to 
bring  his  family  to  the  city,  where  he  re- 
sided without  intermission  to  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Doctor  Harvey  performed  another  war 
service  that  has  never  been  recorded  to 
his  credit,  although  the  following  is  a 
matter  of  history :  "It  was  after  this  bat- 
tle at  Shiloh  that  Governor  Morton  ap- 
pealed to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  per- 
mission to  appoint  two  additional  surgeons 
for  each  Indiana  regiment.  As  usual  this 
appeal  was  at  first  refused,  but  the  Gov- 
ernor persisted  until  his  efforts  were 
crowned  with  success.  At  this  point  may 
be  recorded  his  'battle  royal'  with  Sec- 
retary Stanton,  which  took  place  just  after 
the  s'urrender  of  Vicksburg.  His  agents 
had  reported  to  him  that  the  hospitals  were 
insufficient,  and  that  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers  could  not  receive  the  care  they 
needed.  He  went  to  Washington  and 
asked  the  Secretary  to  have  all  the  sick 
and  wounded  that  could  be  moved  sent 
North  for  care  and  treatment.  The  medi- 
cal authorities  objected,  declaring  the 
scheme  impracticable,  and  that  the  hos- 
pitals were  able  to  properly  care  for  them. 

"Governor  Morton  denied  the  reports  of 
the  medical  authorities,  and  insisted  on 
his  request,  saying  it  would  be  best  for 
the  soldiers,  and  for  the  government,  as 
it  would  save  hundreds  of  lives  and  re- 
store thousands  of  soldiers  more  speedily 
to  serviceable  duty.  But  the  Secretary 
was  obstinate.  The  Governor  appealed  to 
the  President,  who  could  not,  or  would  not, 
interfere  with  Stanton.  Finally  the  Gov- 
ernor declared  he  would  publish  the  whole 


matter  to  the  world,  that  the  people  might 
know  who  stood  in  the  way  of  relieving  the 
sick  and  wounded.  This  threat  brought 
the  Secretary  to  terms,  and  the  order  was 
at  once  issued."  (Smith's  History  of  In- 
diana, Vol.  2,  p.  57;  see  also  Foulke's  Life 
of  Morton,  Vol.  1,  pp.  162-6.) 

Doctor  Harvey  was  one  of  the  agents 
that  Morton  sent  to  look  after  the  wounded, 
and  it  was  his  recommendation  that  they 
be  sent  home  as  speedily  as  possible.  Col. 
W.  R.  Holloway,  Morton's  private  secre- 
tary, said  that  Morton  always  declared  that 
Doctor  Harvey  was  the  means  of  saving 
the  lives  of  hundreds  of  soldiers  by  his 
advice.  A  part  of  this  advice  was  that  as 
convalescents  about  the  hospitals  had 
nothing  to  interest  or  occupy  their  minds 
they  became  homesick  and  were  unable  to 
overcome  its  depressing  effect,  whereas  if 
permitted  to  be  at  their  homes  they  might 
speedily  recover.  On  the  same  principle 
is  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  and  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  in  this  latter 
day. 

The  war  swept  by,  but  before  its  close 
none  of  the  hundreds  who  had  been  called 
to  the  military  center  were  better  known 
than  Doctor  Harvey.  His  was  a  com- 
manding presence,  his  personal  appearance 
an  exponent  of  the  man  within,  as  perfect 
physically  and  as  handsome  as  the  typical 
Greek,  his  frame  was  large,  his  face  ex- 
pressed kindness,  strength  and  intelligence. 
He  attracted  attention  in  any  audience 
without  speaking,  and  when  he  spoke  all 
ears  were  strained  to  hear  the  cadence  that 
fell  as  music  on  the  air.  And  with  all 
these  natural  gifts  he  was  always  a  modest 
man,  wholly  without  ostentation,  and  with- 
out the  least  admixture  of  pride  or  profes- 
sional jealousy. 

Following  the  war  came  the  revival  in 
literary  and  professional  education.  The 
American  people  had  developed  uncon- 
scious powers  during  the  war,  and  all 
these  awakened  energies  were  now  to  be 
expended  in  the  pursuits  of  peace.  Doc- 
tor Harvey  was  by  nature  and  inheritance 
a  teacher.  When  in  1869  the  Indiana  Med- 
ical College  was  organized  Doctor  Harvey 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Medical  and 
Surgical  Diseases  of  Women,  which  he  held 
to  the  day  of  his  death.  For  twenty  years 
he  lectured  in  his  chosen  specialty.  His 
work  for  twelve  years  included  also  that 
of  a  clinical  teacher  of  general  medicine. 


1556 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


In  the  palmy  days  of  the  old  Indiana  Med- 
ical College  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  for 
Doctor  Harvey  to  hold  a  clinic  for  hours, 
comprising  the  whole  range  of  medical  dis- 
eases. His  clinics  at  the  City  Dispensary 
for  Women  were  never  neglected  nor  at 
the  City  Hospital,  where  every  Wednesday 
for  twenty-five  years  he  was  in  attendance, 
attracting  always  a  large  concourse  of 
students  from  all  the  medical  schools  of 
the  city  as  well  as  many  practitioners. 

Doctor  Harvey  was  an  all  around  prac- 
titioner. «He  was  frequently  called  as  a 
consultant  in  general  practice,  which  con- 
tinued to  the  time  of  his  death.  It  was 
his  custom  to  see  his  worst  cases  between 
bedtime  and  midnight.  His  office  hours  for 
chronic  cases  were  only  twice  a  week.  His 
patients  on  these  days  would  come  as  early 
as  11  o'clock  and  would  frequently  bring 
lunch  and  light  fancy  work  to  beguile  the 
time  until  1  o'clock,  and  so  be  first  for  his 
treatment.  Except  these  days  there  was 
no  certainty  of  finding  him  in  his  office. 
He  would  frequently  make  midnight  calls 
to  remote  suburbs,  return  and  take  a  lunch 
of  milk  and  crackers,  read  the  headings  of 
the  morning  papers  and  go  to  bed  at  five, 
while  his  devoted  wife  and  daughter  kept 
guard  until  midday  lest  his  slumbers  be 
disturbed. 

And  so  his  life  ran  on :  Tuesday  at  St. 
Vincent's  and  the  City  Dispensary;  Wed- 
nesday at  the  City  Hospital  for  a  two 
hour's  clinic  before  the  medical  class ; 
Thursday  his  didactic  lecture,  followed  by 
an  hour's  clinic  at  the  college;  Tuesday 
night  at  the  Marion  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, which  he  called  his  church  and  which 
he  always  attended  regardless  of  the  topic 
or  the  author  of  the  paper,  even  insisting 
that  the  society  would  take  no  summer  va- 
cation. He  would  never  allow  a  faculty 
meeting  to  be  held  on  Society  night,  nor 
consultation  at  those  sacred  hours.  This, 
with  the  exigencies  of  a  general  practice, 
consultations  and  operations  in  his  special 
field,  involving  long  drives  and  railroad 
journeys,  filled  his  time.  And  yet  he  al- 
ways had  time  to  talk  to  his  professional 
brethren.  Did  he  see  a  doctor  waiting  with 
the  patients  in  the  ante-room,  business  was 
stopped  at  once,  for  his  constant  rule  of 
practice  was  in  receiving  ' '  doctors  first  and 
patients  afterwards."  So,  the  honor  in 
which  he  held  the  profession  was  impressed 
upon  his  patients  and  attached  physicians 


to  him.  While  he  had  no  formal  partner, 
his  invaluable  assistant  and  student  was 
Dr.  L.  M.  Rowe,  who  relieved  Doctor  Har- 
vey of  an  infinite  amount  of  drudgery  and 
gave  anaesthetics  for  his  patients  in  nearly 
a  thousand  cases  and  never  with  an  acci- 
dent. 

It  was  Doctor  Harvey's  ambition  to  fin- 
ish his  twentieth  year  with  the  college.  He 
realized  that  his  time  was  short  and  he 
made  joking  comment  upon  it  just  before 
entering  the  lecture  room.  Then  a  brief 
half  hour  later  he  lay  unconscious  in  the 
arms  of  his  loved  son  and  fellow  students, 
and  a  few  hours  later  on  the  same  day  he 
died.  Thus  he  passed  away  doing  the  very 
work  in  which  he  took  the  greatest  delight 
and  pride. 

A  brief  statement  of  his  professional  ac- 
tivities appeared  in  the  Indiana  Medical 
Journal  after  his  death.  It  is  as  follows: 
"Dr.  Harvey  was  the  chief  spirit  in  the 
organization  of  the  Hendricks  County  Med- 
ical Society,  read  the  first  paper  before 
that  body,  and  was  subsequently  its  presi- 
dent. He  also  aided  in  the  organization 
and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Academy  of  Medicine,  which  was 
afterwards  merged  into  the  Marion  County 
Medical  Society.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  and  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Medical  Society.  In  1880  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society.  In  1886  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  In- 
diana State  University.  In  1888  he  was 
a  delegate  from  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society  to  the  International  Medical  Con- 
gress, held  at  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was 
permanent  dean  of  the  faculty  of  the  In- 
diana Medical  College. 

"Dr.  Harvey  made  many  contributions 
to  the  Marion  County  Medical  Society,  but 
few  of  them  have  been  published.  Among 
the  papers  contributed  to  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society  and  published  in  its  Trans- 
actions are  the  following :  In  1861  he  made 
a  report  on  New  Remedies.  In  1863  he 
read  a  paper  on  Puerperal  Eclampsia.  In 
1871,  a  paper  on  the  Prevention  of  Lacera- 
tion of  the  Perineum.  In  1881  the  sub- 
ject of  his  presidential  address  was  The 
Advance  in  Medicine.  In  1883  he  read  a 
paper  on  Lacerations  of  the  Cervix  Uteri ; 
and  in  1887  one  on  Ovarian  Disease  Com- 
plicated with  Pregnancy.  The  last  paper 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1557 


he  read  before  that  body  was  in  1888,  the 
subject,  Conditions  Rendering  Diagnosis 
Difficult  in  Pelvic  and  Abdominal  Diseases. 
Dr.  Harvey  rarely  read  his  paper,  he  held 
it  as  a  text  and  discussed  the  topic  off- 
hand. A  shorthand  report  of  his  dvcus- 
sions  would  be  a  valuable  addition  to  our 
medical  literature." 

While  practicing  at  Plainfield,  Indiana, 
Doctor  Harvey  married  Miss  Delitha  But- 
ler. He  was  survived  by  his  wife,  two  sons 
and  a  daughter,  Lawson,  Jesse  and  Eliza- 
beth. His  son  Frank  was  drowned  while 
skating  on  Fresh  Pond  during  his  sopho- 
more year  at  Harvard  College.  This  was 
a  terrible  blow  to  Doctor  Harvey,  since 
this  son  had  determined  on  a  medical  ca- 
reer, and  his  life  promised  much  in  that 
field,  since  he  possessed  the  temperament 
and  physique  of  his  father. 

In  conclusion  there  should  be  quoted 
an  editorial  tribute  to  Doctor  Harvey  by 
John  H.  Holliday,  which  appeared  in  the 
Indianapolis  News.  This  was  quoted  by 
Doctor  Brayton  in  the  article  above  re- 
ferred to,  and  which  was  indorsed  as  the 
sentiments  of  a  meeting  of  the  Marion 
County  Medical  Society  called  after  Doc- 
tor Harvey's  death.  "The  death  of  Dr. 
Thomas  B.  Harvey  removes  the  acknowl- 
edged head  of  the  medical  profession  in 
Indiana,  and  one  of  the  foremost  phy- 
sicians of  the  land.  He  was  a  prince  among 
them.  His  professional  attainments  and 
skill  gave  him  a  wide  and  honored  repu- 
tation in  his  beloved  calling,  and  his  many 
noble  and  lovely  qualities  won  him  the  sin- 
cere affection  of  hundreds  of  households. 
Death  in  striking  this  shining  mark  has 
left  a  void,  which  with  those  who  knew  him 
can  never  be  filled.  He  was  the  ideal  phy- 
sician. In  any  walk  of  life  he  would  have 
been  conspicuous;  his  ability  compelled 
that.  But  as  a  physician  he  combined  all 
the  qualities  that  go  to  make  up  the  high- 
est professional  type  that  we  can  conceive 
of.  No  man  ever  rated  his  profession  more 
highly.  He  loved  his  work  with  an  un- 
sparing and  unceasing  devotion,  and  more 
than  forty  years  of  labor  in  it  found  him 
as  full  of  enthusiasm  and  anxiety  to  im- 
prove as  when  he  began  it.  He  loved  his 
work  for  itself  and  not  for  any  pecuniary 
reward  or  honor  it  might  bring  him.  He 
regarded  it  as  a  sacred  trust,  ennobled  it 
in  his  own  mind  and  gave  the  utmost  pow- 
ers of  his  heart  and  brain  to  it.  He  was 


filled  with  the  spirit  of  the  Divine  Healer, 
and  to  relieve  pain  and  disease  was  to  him 
a  holy  calling. 

"To  uphold  the  dignity  of  the  profes- 
sion, to  enhance  its  character  and  to  widen 
its  scope  and  grasp,  was  a  burden  always 
borne  upon  his  heart.  He  was  an  en- 
thusiast in  all  that  pertained  to  its  ad- 
vancement. In  the  cause  of  education  he 
was  tireless.  Ever  since  the  foundation 
of  the  Indiana  Medical  College  he  has  been 
one  of  the  teachers,  and  the  training  of 
young  men  was  a  delight  to  him.  Nothing 
could  induce  him  to  forego  his  lectures  and 
clinics,  though  often  he  was  worn  out  with 
overwork  and  should  have  been  in  bed 
or  recreating  away  from  business.  To 
produce  educated  physicians  with  noble  as- 
pirations and  broad  culture,  to  raise  the 
standard  of  professional  requirement,  was 
an  object  that  appealed  to  his  whole  na- 
ture and  he  counted  no  personal  cost  too 
dear  that  aided  it.  His  ardor  seems  phe- 
nomenal now.  The  deep  interest  he  took 
in  the  progress  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
his  alertness  to  all  new  theories  and  dis- 
coveries, his  keeping  up  with  the  day  when 
age  and  health  almost  dictated  a  slacken- 
ing, was  in  marked  contrast  with  the  habit 
of  most  men  who,  with  a  weakening  of 
the  powers  or  a  passing  of  necessity,  are 
ready  enough  to  diminish  activity. 

"H,e  was  the  beloved  physician.  Rarely 
gifted  in  personal  attractiveness,  a  kindly 
man  in  form  and  feature,  every  attribute 
of  heart  and  mind  comported  with  the 
noble  presence  nature  gave  him.  To  see 
him  inspired  confidence ;  to  know  him  cre- 
ated love.  His  politeness,  his  gentleness, 
his  tenderness  of  word  and  touch,  his  sin- 
cere and  earnest  sympathy,  his  considerate- 
ness  and  carefulness  made  him  the  friend 
and  confident  of  his  patients,  and  he  never 
betrayed  their  trusts  nor  disappointed  their 
expectations.  His  self  sacrifice  knew  no 
bounds,  no  effort  was  too  great  for  him, 
and  no  inconvenience  or  discomfort  ever 
weighed  for  a  moment  in  conflict  with  serv- 
ice to  others.  Naturally  such  a  man  in- 
spired his  students,  and  doubtless  the  best 
of  his  life  work  was  done  in  the  influence 
exerted  upon  a  generation  of  physicians 
now  scattered  all  over  the  land.  To  them 
he  must  always  be  a  hero  and  an  example, 
and  his  influence  communicated  to  others 
will  go  on  for  centuries.  He  has  done  a 
great  work  and  done  it  nobly.  It  is  his 


1558 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


enduring  monument  that  will  defy  the  rav- 
ages of  time.  Very  happy  has  been  In- 
dianapolis in  the  possession  of  such  a  well- 
rounded,  complete  and  noble  man,  and 
while  mourning  his  loss,  into  the  bitterness 
of  grief  comes  the  great  thankfulness  that 
such  a  life  was  possible  and  for  the  inspira- 
tion it  should  be  to  all." 

LAWSON  M.  HARVEY,  who  in  1916  was 
elected  to  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  State 
of  Indiana  and  is  now  chief  justice  thereof, 
began  the  practice  of  law  at  Indianapolis 
thirty-seven  years  ago  and  has  enjoyed 
most  of  the  honors  and  dignity  that  go 
with  the  career  of  the  able  and  successful 
lawyer.  The  people  of  Indiana  appreciate 
the  experience  and  the  mature  wisdom 
which  Judge  Harvey  brings  to  the  Supreme 
Bench,  and  he  himself  has  doubtless  ac- 
cepted the  position  as  an  opportunity  to 
round  out  and  crown  a  long  and  worthy 
period  of  activity. 

Judge  Harvey  was  born  at  Plainfield  in 
Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  December  5, 
1856,  a  son  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  B.  Har- 
vey. 

He  was  brought  to  Indianapolis  by  his 
parents  at  the  age  of  eight  years.  He  at- 
tended the  public  schools,  the  Indianapolis 
Classical  School,  was  a  student  in  Butler 
College  and  also  in  Harverford  College  near 
Philadelphia.  He  graduated  LL.  B.  from 
the  Central  Law  School  of  Indianapolis  in 
1882  and  at  once  began  general  practice  at 
Indianapolis.  Judge  Harvey  during  the 
greater  part  of  his  career  as  an  attorney 
gave  his  chief  attention  to  civil  practice, 
and  in  that  field  he  was  easily  a  leader. 
In  1884  he  became  a  partner  of  Edgar  A. 
Brown,  when  the  firm  of  Ayers  &  Brown 
was  dissolved  owing  to  the  elevation  of 
Judge  Ayers  to  the  bench.  Three  years 
later  the  judge  retired  from  the  judicial 
office  and  the  firm  became  Ayers,  Brown  & 
Harvey.  Mr.  Brown  of  this  firm  was 
elected  to  the  bench  of  the  same  circuit  in 
1890,  and  after  that  Judge  Harvey  prac- 
ticed alone  until  1894. 

In  that  year  he  was  elected  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Marion  County.  At  the 
end  of  four  years  he  declined  renomina- 
tion  and  formed  a  professional  partnership 
with  William  A.  Pickens,  Linton  A.  Cox 
and  Sylvan  W.  Kahn.  The  firm  of  Har- 
vey, Pickens,  Cox  &  Kahn  was  continued 
until  1907,  when  Judge  Harvey  was  ap- 


pointed one  of  the  judges  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Marion  County,  where  he  served 
until  November,  1908.  Before  his  election 
to  the  Supreme  Court  Judge  Harvey  was 
counsel  for  a  number  of  large  industrial 
and  .  commercial  corporations  in  Indian- 
apolis and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was 
and  is  a  stockholder  and  director  of  the 
Sinker-Davis  Company,  one  of  the  large 
Indianapolis  manufacturing  concerns,  and 
was  also  one  of  the  trustees  holding  the  vot- 
ing power  of  the  stockholders  in  the  Con- 
sumers Gas  Company. 

He  has  been  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Bertha 
Esther  Ballard  Home  Association,  an  In- 
dianapolis institution  for  working  girls  and 
of  the  Home  for  Friendless  Colored  Chil- 
dren, both  institutions  being  maintained 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends  in  Indiana.  Judge  Har- 
vey is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
Marion  Club,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  the  Columbia  Club,  and  served  four 
years  as  secretary,  from  1888,  and  in  1907 
was  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Bar  As- 
sociation. For  several  years  he  was  a  lec- 
turer in  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  on 
the  subject  of  medical  jurisprudence. 

In  October,  1882,  Judge  Harvey  married 
Miss  Kate  M.  Parrott.  Her  father,  Horace 
Parrott,  was  for  many  years  an  Indian- 
apolis merchant.  Mrs.  Harvey  was  born 
and  reared  in  Indianapolis.  Their  children 
are  Thomas  P.,  Horace  F.  and  Jeanette  P. 

HENRY  DODGE  who  was  born  in  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  October  12,  1782,  and  died 
at  Burlington,  Iowa,  in  1867,  attained  fame 
as  a  soldier.  He  became  the  first  colonel 
of  the  First  Dragoons  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1833,  and  in  the  following  year  was  suc- 
cessful in  making  peace  with  the  frontier 
Indians.  General  Dodge  was  unsurpassed 
as  an  Indian  fighter,  and  a  sword  was  voted 
him  by  Congress.  He  resigned  from  the 
army  ito  accept  the  appointment  as  gover- 
nor of  Wisconsin  territory  and  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs,  later  serving  two 
terms  as  a  democratic  congressman.  Gen- 
eral Dodge  was  again  made  governor  of 
Wisconsin,  and  after  the  admission  of  the 
state  to  the  Union  was  one  of  its  first 
United  States  senators. 

BENJAMIN  B.  MINOR,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  veteran  grain  merchant,  undoubtedly  one 


1 .")."» 


IXDfAXA  AND  IXDIAXAXS 


enduring  monument  that  will  defy  the  rav- 
ages cit'  tinit1.  Very  happy  has  been  In- 
dianapolis in  the  possession  ol'  such  a  well- 
rounded,  complete  Illlil  noble  Illilll.  illld 

while  mourning  liis  IONS,  into  the  bitterness 
of  grief  comes  the  great  thankfulness  that 
Mich  a  life  was  possible  and  for  the  inspira- 
tion it  should  be  to  all/' 

L\\vso\  M.  HAKVKV,  who  in  15IKJ  was 
elected  to  the  Supreme  Bench  ot'  tin-  State 
of  Indiana  and  is  now  chief  justice  thereof, 
began  the  practice  of  law  at  lndiana|iolis 
thirty-seven  years  ago  and  has  enjoyed 
most  df  the  honors  and  dignity  that  go 
with  the  career  of  the  alile  and  sin-cessful 
hiwyer.  The  people  of  Indiana  appreciate 

the     exp'Tiei and     the     mature     wisdom 

which  -Jnd'jv  Harvey  brings  to  the  Supreme 
Bench,  and  he  himself  lias  doubtless  ac- 
cepted the  position  as  an  opportunity  to 
round  out  and  crown  a  long  and  worthy 
period  of  activity. 

Judge  Harvey  was  bom  at  Plaintield  in 
Ilendricks  County.  Indiana.  December  f>. 
lS">li.  a  sun  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  B.  Har- 
vey. 

He  was  brought  to  Indianapolis  by  his 
parents  at  the  age  of  eight  years.  He  at- 
tended the  public  schools,  the  Indianapolis 
Classical  School,  was  a  student  in  Butler 
Colhge  and  also  in  Ilarverford  College  near 
Phila<lelpliia.  He  graduated  LL.  B.  from 
the  Central  Law  School  of  Indianapolis  in 
1s-*.!  and  at  once  began  general  practice  at 
Indianapolis.  Judge  Harvey  (luring  the 
greater  part  of  his  career  as  an  attorney 
gave  his  chief  attention  to  civil  practice, 
and  in  that  field  he  was  easily  a  leader. 
In  1>*4  he'  became  a  partner  of  Kdgar  A. 
Brown,  when  the  firm  of  Avers  &  Brown 
was  dissolved  owing  to  the  elevation  of 
Judge  Avers  to  the  bench.  Three  years 
later  the  judge  retired  from  the  judicial 
office  and  the  firm  became  Avers.  Brown  & 
Harvey.  .Mr.  Brown  of  this  firm  was 
elected  to  the  bench  of  the  same  circuit  in 
Isiio.  and  after  that  Judge  Harvey  prac- 
ticed alone  until  Isnj. 

In  that  year  he  was  elected  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  .Marion  County.  At  the 
e:>  I  of  four  years  he  declined  renomina- 
tio'i  and  formed  a  professional  partnership 
wi;h  William  A.  Piekens.  Linton  A.  Cox 
jiiid  Sylvan  \V.  Kalni.  The  firm  of  Har- 
vey. I'iekens.  Cox  &  Kahn  was  continued 
until  1!'()7.  when  Judge  Harvey  was  ap- 


pointed one  of  the  judges  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  .Marion  County,  where  he  served 
until  Xovember.  IJHiS.  'Before  his  election 
to  the  Supreme  Court  Judge  Harvey  was 
counsel  for  a  number  of  large  industrial 
and  commercial  corporations  in  Indian- 
apolis and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was 
and  is  a  stockholder  and  director  of  the 
Sinker-Davis  Company,  one  of  the  large 
Indianapolis  manufacturing  concerns,  and 
was  also  one  of  the  trustees  holding  the  vot- 
ing (tower  of  the  stockholders  in  the  Con- 
sumers (Jas  ( 'ompaiiy. 

lie  has  been  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Bertha 
Esther  Ballard  Home  Association,  an  In- 
dianapolis institution  for  working  girls  and 
of  the  Home  for  Friendless  Colored  Chil- 
dren, both  institutions  being  maintained 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends  in  Indiana.  Judge  Har- 
vey is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
Marion  Club,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  the  Columbia  Club,  and  served  four 
years  as  secretary,  from  !>>*.  and  in  1!M)7 
was  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Bar  As- 
sociation. For  several  years  he  was  a  lec- 
turer in  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  on 
the  subject  of  medical  jurisprudence. 

In  October.  !»•_>.  Judire  Harvey  married 
Mi.ss  Kate  M.  Parrott.  Her  father-.  Horace 
Parrott.  was  for  many  years  an  Indian- 
apolis merchant.  Mrs.  Harvey  was  born 
and  reared  in  Indianapolis.  Their  children 
are  Thomas  P..  Horace  F.  and  Jeanette  P. 

HKM;V  DIIIM;K  who  was  born  in  Vin- 
cennes.  Indiana.  October  12.  17^'J.  and  died 
at  Burlington.  Iowa,  in  1867.  attained  fame 
as  a  soldier.  lie  became  the  first  colonel 
of  the  First  Dragoons  on  the  4th  of  March. 
1s:i:l.  and  in  the  following  year  was  suc- 
cessful in  making  peace  with  the  frontier 
Indians.  General  Dodge  was  unsurpassed 
as  an  Indian  tighter,  and  a  sword  was  voted 
him  by  Congress.  He  resigned  from  the 
army  to  accept  the  appointment  as  gover- 
nor of  Wisconsin  territory  and  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs,  later  serving  two 
terms  as  a  democratic  congressman.  Gen- 
eral Dodge  was  again  made  governor  of 
Wisconsin,  and  after  the  admission  of  the 
state  to  the  1'nion  was  one  of  its  first 
I'nited  States  senators. 

PiKN.ivMlx  B.  MiN'nK.  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  veteran  grain  merchant,  undoubtedly  one 


. 


• 


OF  T  IE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1559 


of  the  oldest  in  the  business  and  for  twenty 
years  has  been  one  of  the  governors  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  of  Indianapolis.  It  is 
doubtful  if  any  grain  man  or  any  other 
citizen  of  Indiana  could  tell  offhand  and 
from  personal  recollection  and  experience 
more  of  the  pertinent  facts  regarding  the 
history  of  the  grain  business  in  the  Central 
West  than  Mr.  Minor.  He  did  his  first 
work  around  the  grain  elevator  and  local 
market  during  Civil  war  times.  He  is 
therefore  personally  familiar  with  two  eras 
of  war  time  prices  and  conditions  in  this 
country. 

Mr.  Minor  was  born  on  a  farm  at  Lodi, 
Seneca  County,  New  York,  October  20, 
1840.  His  parents  were  Stephen  Voorhees 
and  Eliza  Anne  (Mundy)  Minor,  the  for- 
mer a  native  of  New  Jersey.  His  father 
was  taken  when  a  small  boy  to  New  York 
State  in  1812,  grew  up  on  a  farm,  learned 
the  trade  of  blacksmith,  and  followed  farm- 
ing and  blacksmithing  all  his  life.  There 
is  one  special  distinction  associated  with 
his  work  as  a  blacksmith.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  the  first  man  to  fasten  a  wheel  on 
an  axle  by  means  of  a  nut.  Up  to  that 
time  wheels  were  secured  to  the  axles  by 
means  of  linchpins.  He  was  one  of  the 
highly  esteemed  men  of  his  community^ 
and  for  years  a  deacon  in  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed Church.  Stephen  Minor  was  born 
February  8,  1806,  and  died  in  February, 
1888,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two.  February 
22,  1832,  he  married  Eliza  Anne  Mundy, 
who  died  October  29,  1843.  Of  their  four 
children  two  are  still  living. 

Benjamin  B.  Minor  was  only  three  years 
of  age  when  his  mother  died.  For  several 
years  he  had  nothing  of  a  mother's  care 
and  interest,  but  when  about  nine  years 
of  age  his  father  married  again  and  he 
remained  with  his  father  and  stepmother 
until  he  was  about  twenty-three.  The  rou- 
tine of  these  years  was  working  on  a  farm 
during  the  summer  and  attending  country 
schools  until  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
•qualified  as  a  teacher.  Altogether  he  put 
in  six  years  as  a  teacher,  most  of  it  in  the 
country  schools  of  New  York  State. 

In  1863,  when  the  Civil  war  was  at  its 
"height,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  Mr. 
Minor  came  west,  and  at  Champaign.  Illi- 
nois, found  work  in  a  grain  elevator.  From 
that  time  forward  his  experience  in  the 
•grain  business  has  been  practically  con- 
tinuous. But  when  the  grain  buying  sea- 


son was  over  he  was  employed  during  the 
winter  of  1863  as  principal  of  the  East 
Side  public  school  in  Champaign.  Early 
the  next  spring  he  went  south  to  Vicks- 
burg,  Mississippi,  which  had  fallen  before 
the  Union  armies  in  the  previous  year,  and 
for  a  time  was  employed  in  a  sutler 's  store. 
He  then  returned  to  Champaign,  and  as  an 
employee  of  Jonathan  Bacon  bought  grain 
on  the  streets.  The  winter  of  1864  he 
worked  out  in  the  country  sewing  corn 
sacks,  much  of  the  time  being  exposed  to 
zero  temperature.  At  that  time  a  large 
proportion  of  the  corn  raised  in  the  Middle 
West  went  south,  and  it  had  to  be  shipped 
in  sacks. 

While  at  Champaign  on  July  10,  1866, 
Mr.  Minor  married  Alice  J.  Page.  Her 
parents  were  Dr.  S.  K.  and  Mary  (Waldo) 
Page.  Her  father  was  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  her  mother  of  Connecticut, 
and  they  were  married  in  Kentucky,  in 
which  state,  at  Port  Royal,  Mrs.  Minor  was 
born  December  3,  1846. 

Mr.  Minor  continued  to  make  his  home 
at  Champaign  until  1867,  in  which  year  he 
took  charge  of  the  branch  grain  house  at 
Effingham,  Illinois,  for  E.  and  I.  Jennings, 
a  'grain  firm  of  Mattoon,  Illinois.  Mr. 
Minor's  home. was  at  Effinghara  until  1885. 
After  two  years  he  acquired  a  half  in- 
terest in  the  Jennings  business  in  Southern 
Illinois,  beginning  operations  under  the 
firm  name  of  Jennings  &  Minor.  With  the 
extension  of  the  Vandalia  railroad  this  firm 
established  new  stations  until  they  were 
operating  eight  on  four  different  lines. 
Mr.  Minor  recalls  the  fact  that  in  those 
days  most  of  the  grain  was  handled  with 
scoop  shovels,  which  not  only  took  a  great 
deal  of  time  but  entailed  back-breaking 
labor,  in  which  Mr.  Minor  had  his  full 
share  of  experience.  His  interests  rapidly 
extended  and  he  became  one  of  the  best 
known  grain  buyers  in  Southern  Illinois, 
and  in  1883  he  acquired  the  Jennings  in- 
terests in  that  section  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Minor  removed  to  Indianapolis  in 
1885,  and  has  since  continued  in  the  grain 
business,  still  having  some  interests  in  Illi- 
nois. At  one  time  he  operated  six  differ- 
ent stations  in  that  state,  but  now  operates 
only  two,  one  at  Oakwood  and  one  at  Mun- 
cie.  On  coming  to  Indianapolis  he  fonned 
a  partnership  under  the  name  of  Minor  & 
Cooper.  This  firm  was  in  existence  until 
April,  1891,  and  did  a  general  grain  and 


1560 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAN8 


commission  business.  At  that  date  Mr. 
Minor  bought  a  half  interest  in  the  Union 
Flour  and  Linseed  Oil  Mills  at  Detroit. 
That  business  did  not  prove  congenial, 
however,  and  at  the  end  of  three  months 
he  sold  out  and  reopened  his  grain  office 
in  Indianapolis. 

Naturally  Mr.  Minor  has  had  experience 
with  all  the  vicissitudes  and  ups  and 
downs  of  the  grain  dealer.  A  few  years 
ago,  in  1911,  The  Grain  Dealers  Journal 
in  recounting  some  of  Mr.  Minor's  fifty 
years'  experience  in  the  grain  trade  re- 
corded some  special  incidents  which  may 
properly  be  woven  into  this  sketch.  "In 
1893  he  built  an  elevator  at  Muncie,  Illi- 
nois, which  soon  mysteriously  went  up  in 
flames  at  a  considerable  loss  to  its  builder. 
This  was  soon  replaced  with  another,  and 
things  ran  along  smoothly  until  1899,  when 
another  fire  burned  the  elevator  and  some 
20,000  bushels  of  oats.  Nothing  daunted, 
he  again  went  to  work  and  built  a  still 
better  house,  which  he  is  still  running. 
In,  the  meantime  he  built  an  elevator  at 
Oakwood,  Illinois,  on  the  same  railroad. 
He  has  been  operating  country  stations  for 
half  a  century  and  has  maintained  an 
office  in  the  Board  of  Trade  Building  in 
Indianapolis  for  over  thirty  years.  He 
has  managed  to  make  a  living  but  has  not 
gotten  rich  and  never  expects  to  in  the 
grain  business.  He  has  made  it  a  practice 
not  to  hedge  anything  to  cover  purchases 
in  the  country,  and  in  this  way  has  saved 
a  great  deal  of  worry  and  trouble." 

The  Grain  Dealers  Journal  also  quoted 
him  as  saying:  "I  do  not  know  of  any 
merchant  who  works  on  as  small  a  margin 
as  the  average  country  grain  shipper  has 
been  working  on  for  the  past  few  years. 
In  former  years  when  we  bought  a  farmer 's 
crop  of  corn  it  was  a  very  rare  thing  to 
have  a  car  that  would  fail  to  grade  con- 
tract ;  now  it  is  quite  as  rare  to  have  one 
that  will  grade  even  No.  3,  and  in  most 
cases  it  is  not  the  fault  of  the  farmer.  In 
the  past  five  years  we  have  had  good  crops 
of  corn,  but  not  one  crop  of  good  corn." 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Minor  are  the  parents  of 
seven  children.  George  Page,  born  August 
5.  1868,  died  November  5,  1885.  Eugene 
Voorhees,  born  September  5,  1872,  lives  at 
Muncie,  Illinois,  and  by  his  marriage  on 
January  21,  1897,  to  Laura  S.  Willard 
has  one  son.  Willard.  Gertrude  Emeline, 
the  third  child,  was  born  December  5,  1874. 


Mary  Josephine,  born  March  27,  1878,  mar- 
ried April  28,  1908,  Dr.  George  Lincoln 
Chapman,  and  has  three  living  children. 
Benjamin  B.,  Jr.,  born  October  10,  1880, 
married  May  24,  1906,  Grace  Pendleton 
and  has  one  son,  Gray  Pendleton.  Ben- 
jamin, Jr.,  and  wife  live  in  San  Francisco, 
California.  Samuel  Earl,  born  December 
26,  1882,  is  now  a  first  lieutenant  in  the 
Engineers  "somewhere  in  France."  He 
married  September  27,  1909,  Margaret 
Wishard,  and  has  one  son.  Freddie,  the 
seventh  child,  was  born  December  22,  1888, 
and  died  in  December,  1889. 

OLNA  HUTCHINS  BBADWAY.  While  his 
business  headquarters  now  and  for  several 
years  past  have  been  at  Newcastle,  where 
he  directs  the  sales  of  several  well  known 
motor  cars  and  motor  accessories  over 
Henry  County,  Mr.  Bradway  has  been 
known  as  a  commercial  figure  in  a  number 
of  Indiana  towns.  The  facts  of  his  career 
speak  for  themselves  and  indicate  his  won- 
derful energy  and  enterprise  in  the  han- 
dling of  business  situations.  He  started 
life  with  no  special  fortune  or  capital,  and 
has  always  shown  a  willingness  and  an 
ability  to  meet  emergencies  as  they  came 
up. 

Mr.  Bradway  was  born  in  Henry  County 
May  31,  1870,  a  son  of  William  L.  and 
Angelina  (Cartwright)  Bradway.  His 
father  was  a  farmer,  had  eighty  acres  of 
land  in  Henry  County,  and  was  also  a 
Civil  war  veteran,  having  served  with  the 
Thirty-Sixth  Indiana  Infantry. 

0.  H.  Bradway  attended  the  Black 
Swamp  country  school  and  later  the  Dub- 
lin public  school  in  Wayne  County.  His 
commercial  experience  began  when  he  was 
only  fourteen  years  of  age  as  clerk  in  a 
dry  goods  store,  selling  merchandise  at 
Dublin.  He  was  paid  $7  a  month  and 
board,  and  managed  to  save  half  of  his 
salary  for  two  years.  In  1886,  going  to 
Indianapolis,  he  secured  a  position  that 
offered  him  larger  experience  but  hardly 
more  actual  money.  As  a  worker  in  the 
New  York  store  he  was  paid  $5  a  week, 
but  out  of  that  sum  had  to  pay  $4.50 
board.  He  was  there  two  years  in  the 
prints  department  and  then  went  as  a 
salesman  in  the  prints  department  of  the 
Boston  Dry  Goods  Company,  now  the  Tay- 
lor Carpet  Company,  at  $10  a  week.  He 
was  there  about  three  years,  and  was  ad- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1561 


vanced  to  $15  a  week.  Besides  selling  silks 
and  black  dress  goods  he  was  also  em- 
ployed as  a  window  trimmer.  Mr.  Brad- 
way  on  leaving  this  establishment  went  on 
the  road  as  a  traveling  salesman  represent- 
ing the  Price  &  Lucas  Cider  and  Vinegar 
Company  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  distri- 
buting their  goods  over  Indiana  and  Illi- 
nois. He  was  on  the  road  thirteen  years. 
His  starting  salary  was  $20  a  month  and 
expenses.  Sixty  days  later  the  firm,  with- 
out consulting  him,  advanced  his  salary  to 
$50  a  month,  and  he  was  finally  made  gen- 
eral managing  salesman  with  seventeen 
men  under  his  direction,  and  had  a  salary 
of  $3,000  a  year,  while  a  side  line  netted 
him  $75  a  month.  In  1905,  on  leaving  the 
road,  Mr.  Bradway  bought  out  the  furni- 
ture store  of  John  F.  Yates  on  West  Broad 
Street  in  Newcastle,  borrowing  the  money 
to  buy  the  stock  valued  at  $3,000.  At  the 
end  of  three  years  he  sold  out  for  $6,500, 
and  also  sold  his  home  for  $6,500  in  cash. 
With  these  accumulations  he  went  west 
and  remained  six  months  in  Los  Angeles. 
After  this  brief  period  of  recuperation  and 
rest  he  returned  to  Indiana  and  for  six 
months  was  a  salesman  for  the  Badger 
Furniture  Company.  Resigning,  he  went 
to  Rushville,  Indiana,  and  paid  $2,700  for 
the  furniture  stock  of  C.  F.  Edgerton  & 
Son.  Four  years  later  he  sold  that  store 
to  take  larger  quarters,  and  installed  a 
stock  valued  at  $15,000  in  a  building  con- 
taining three  floors  and  40  by  165  feet. 
After  four  years  Mr.  Bradway  closed  out 
the  business  at  auction,  on  account  of  the 
building  being  sold,  selling  $13,000  worth 
of  stock  in  six  weeks,  and  netting  a  profit 
of  about  $1,200  from  the  transaction. 

His  next  field  of  work  was  at  Newcastle, 
where  he  ensaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness under  the  firm  name  of  Bradway  & 
Wilson.  The  firm  handles  both  real  estate 
and  insurance.  Mr.  Bradway  began  selling 
automobiles  in  1912  in  Rush  County, 
handling  the  Marion  car  for  two  years. 
In  1915  he  opened  a  salesroom  at  1217 
Race  Street,  selling  the  Lexington  and  In- 
terstate cars  for  two  years.  For  a  short 
time  he  had  a  partner  in  the  same  location, 
and  after  dissolution  of  the  partnership 
moved  to  his  present  headquarters  on  Cen- 
tral Avenue  and  Main  Street  in  1917,  and 
now  has  the  exclusive  selling  agencies  in 
Henry  County  for  the  Oldsmobile  and 
Chevrolet  cars,  also  represents  the  Miller 


and  Brunswick  tires,  and  has  a  large  stock 
of  general  motor  accessories.  Mr.  BraJ- 
way  has  various  interests,  including  much 
local  real  estate. 

In  1895  Mr.  Bradway  married  Miss 
Bertha  Brookshire,  daughter  of  Eli  and 
Edith  (Draper)  Brookshire,  a  well  known 
family  of  farmers  in  Henry  County.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Bradway  have  two  children : 
Pauline,  the  daughter,  is  the  wife  of  Carl 
McQuinn,  who  is  advertising  manager  of 
the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet  Company  of 
Newcastle.  The  son,  Otis  Brookshire  Brad- 
way,  was  born  in  1903  and  is  a  schoolboy. 
Mr.  Bradway  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and 
has  always  been  too  busy  to  affiliate  with 
fraternal  organizations. 

JOHN  C.  LIVEZEY  has  been  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Henry  County  through- 
out a  long  and  useful  life.  He  was  one  of 
the  brave  soldiers  and  officers  of  a  regi- 
ment of  Union  troops  partly  raised  and 
recruited  in  Henry  County,  and  for  nearly 
half  a  century  since  the  war  has  been  in 
business  at  Newcastle  as  a  hardware  mer- 
chant. He  is  now  head  of  the  hardware 
house  of  Livezey  &  Son. 

He  was  born  at  Newcastle  in  August, 
1842,  a  son  of  Nathan  and  Abi  (Piast) 
Livezey.  His  English  Quaker  ancestors 
came  to  Pennsylvania  at  the  same  time  as 
William  Penn.  His  grandfather.  Nathan 
Livezey  was  born  in  Philadelphia  April 
5,  1775,  and  married  Rebecca  Jones,  who 
was  born  in  Maryland  June  11,  1780.  John 
C.  Livezey 's  father,  Nathan,  Jr.,  was  born 
September  4,  1813,  and  came  to  Henry 
County  from  Pennsylvania  in  1839. 

John  C.  Livezey  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Newcastle  until  the  age  of  six- 
teen, and  then  learned  the  carpenter's 
trade  with  his  father,  who  was  a  well 
known  contractor  and  builder.  He  was 
not  yet  nineteen  when  Indiana  and  the 
entire  North  plunged  into  the  struggle  of 
the  Civil  war,  and  he  was  one  of  the  most 
ardent  among  the  youths  of  Newcastle  in 
serving  the  cause  of  freedom  both  by  in- 
fluence and  individual  service.  He  took 
such  a  lively  interest  in  the  recruiting  of 
what  became  Companv  C,  Thirtv-Sixth  In- 
diana Infantry,  and  showed  such  practical 
ability  in  military  technique  that  he  was 
mustered  in  as  sergeant  of  the  company 
September  16,  1861.  He  was  steadily  pro- 


1562 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


moted,  becoming  second  lieutenant,  later 
captain,  and  on  March  2,  1864,  was  made 
captain  and  commissary  of  subsistence.  In 
that  capacity  he  was  attached  to  the  staff 
of  General  William  Grose,  commanding  a 
brigade  in  the  First  Division,  Fourth 
Corps,  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  Later 
he  was  transferred  to  the  staff  of  General 
Joseph  G.  Knipe,  commanding  a  brigade 
in  the  First  Division,  Twentieth  Army 
Corps,  then  operating  in  front  of  Atlanta. 
After  the  fall  of  Atlanta  he  was  made 
division  commissary  of  subsistence  and 
placed  on  the  staff  of  General  Alpheus  C. 
Williams,  commanding  a  division  of  the 
Twentieth  Corps  under  General  Henry  W. 
Slocum.  In  this  position  he  went  through 
with  Sherman  to  the  sea,  and  continued 
the  victorious  march  north  from  Savannah 
through  the  Carolinas  and  Virginia  to 
Washington,  where  he  took  part  in  the 
Grand  Review  of  the  Federal  Army.  His 
was  a  most  varied  and  useful  service,  and 
in  the  three  and  a  half  years  from  the  date 
of  his  enlistment  until  the  Confederate 
armies  under  Johnston  surrendered  April 
26,  1865,  he  performed  every  duty  with 
credit  and  on  March  13,  1865,  was  made  a 
brevet  major.  United  States  Volunteers,  for 
"gallant  and  meritorious  service."  He 
resigned  from  the  army  July  7,  1865,  and 
of  the  veterans  of  that  war  still  living  in 


Indiana  more  than  fifty  years  later  Major 
Livezey  has  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
records.  The  honors  of  the  soldier  have 
been  accompanied  by  useful  work  and  val- 
ued dignities  in  times  of  peace.  After  the 
war  he  entered  the  hardware  business  at 
Newcastle,  and  for  many  years  had  his 
store  in  one  location  on  Main  Street.  In 
1900  the  business  was  moved  to  Main  and 
Center  streets,  and  the  active  details  of  the 
management  are  largely  in  the  hands  of 
his  son. 

August  27,  1866,  Major  Livezey  married 
Mary  McCall,  of  Newcastle.  She  died 
March  22,  1900,  the  mother  of  two  chil- 
dren. The  daughter,  Gertrude,  is  the  wife 
of  Charles  H.  Johnson,  of  Newcastle. 
Frank,  his  father's  business  partner,  mar- 
ried Mary  Pickering,  of  Anderson,  In- 
diana, and  they  have  one  daughter,  Mary 
Alice.  In  1902  Major  Livezey  married 
Mary  P.  Waldron,  daughter  of  Holman  W. 
Waldron,  a  Maine  soldier.  Major  Livezey 
is  a  republican,  an  active  member  of  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  served  as  trustee  of 
South  Mound  Cemetery.  He  is  a  grand 
lodge  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  of  Indiana,  and  a  member 
of  George  W.  Lennard  Post,  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  of  Newcastle,  Indiana. 


• 


' 


-'  >  •*"  -r  I 

••-,'-,  ^vA*!i*.«2*'; 


f*  »i  *.^M 


. 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 

University  of  Illinois  Library 


L161— H41 


:;-.*  \'£r*  --\".   .*    *A.«- 

m* 

*  ?t  ••      •  .<  *  •'<•'. 

.„*«.>,  '.#;« 

<«K.t     •.•«••.••-.      -It:          .1* 


••M  1  8  19 

;o 

i$i 

k 

JUL  -8  1965 

^1-71W 

IPRA  m 

iP«  0  3  I9H' 

mi8i0 

LJUL  2  8  W 

PR  1  1  199* 

•/.  s-  •«« 

' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 


JACOB  PIATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME   IV 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


-     :•;  . 
Copyright,   1919 

by 
THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


• 


917.2. 
1)9Z 

V-4- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


GEN.  JEFFERSON  C.  DAVIS.  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  Indianans  who  made 
military  life  his  profession  was  Gen.  Jef- 
ferson C.  Davis,  who  first  volunteered  his 
services  to  the  profession  of  arms  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  regular  army  thereafter 
for  thirty  years. 

He  was  born  in  Clark  County,  Indiana, 
March  2,  1827.  He  was  of  an  old  Ken- 
tucky family.  His  grandparents,  William 
and  Charlotte  Davis,  died  in  Kentucky, 
the  former  in  1840,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven,  and  the  latter  on  May  6,  1851.  Wil- 
liam Davis,  Jr.,  father  of  General  Davis, 
was  born  July  29,  1800,  and  died  March  21, 
1879.  He  married  Mary  Drummond,  who 
was  born  June  24,  1801,  and  died  Novem- 
ber 24,  1881.  Their  children  were:  Jef- 
ferson C. ;  James  W.,  born  February  24, 
1829,  died  October  12,  1906;  John,  born 
December  27,  1830,  died  May  6,  1859 ;  Jo- 
seph, born  November  14,  1832,  died  Au- 
gust 6,  1867 ;  George,  born  November  21, 
1834,  died  in  March,  1901;  William,  born 
March  5,  1838,  died  November  25,  1910; 
Matilda  Anne,  born  September  5,  1841, 
died  July  19,  1890 ;  Thomas  Benton,  born 
August  22,  1844,  died  in  October,  1911. 
Joseph,  George  and  William  all  also  served 
in  the  Civil  war,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Davis 
was  contract  surgeon  in  the  regular  army. 

Jefferson  C.  Davis  spent  his  boyhood 
days  near  Charleston  in  Clark  County,  In- 
diana, on  his  father's  farm.  His  military- 
genius  was  inherited  from  a  military  an- 
cestry, some  of  his  forefathers  having 
fought  in  the  Indian  wars  of  Kentucky. 
While  a  school  boy  in  Clark  County  attend- 
ing a  seminary  he  heard  of  the  declaration 
of  war  with  Mexico,  and  enlisted  in  Colo- 
nel Lane's  Indiana  Regiment.  For  gal- 
lant conduct  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista 
he  was  made  second  lieutenant  of  the  First 


Artillery  June  17,  1848.  He  became  a  first 
lieutenant  in  the  regular  army  in  1852. 
In  1858  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
garrison  at  Fort  Sumter,  South  Carolina. 
About  three  years  later  he  was  with  that 
garrison  when  Major  Anderson  consoli- 
dated the  forces  in  Charleston  Harbor  at 
Fort  Sumter,  and  General  Davis  was  of- 
ficer of  the  guard  when  the  first  shot  whis- 
tled over  the  fort  April  12,  1861,  this  be- 
ing the  first  shot  fired  by  the  Confederates, 
the  act  that  precipitated  the  long  and 
costly  Civil  war.  For  this  service  he  re- 
ceived a  medal  from  the  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  one  of  these  medallions 
being  presented  to  each  of  the  defenders. 
In  May,  1861,  General  Davis  was  pro- 
moted to  a  captaincy  and  was  given  leave 
of  absence  to  raise  the  Twenty-second  In- 
diana Volunteers.  As  colonel  of  the  regi- 
ment he  saw  active  service  in  the  Missouri 
campaign,  participating  in  the  battles  of 
Lexington,  Boonville  and  Blackwater,  and 
later  at  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1861,  he  was  promoted  to  command  of 
a  brigade,  and  was  under  General  Fremont 
and  later  under  Generals  Hunter  and 
Pope.  For  services  rendered  at  Milford, 
Missouri,  December  18, 1861,  when  he  aided 
in  capturing  a  supe-ior  force  of  the  enemy 
and  a  large  quantity  of  military  supplies, 
he  was  made  brigadier  general  of  volun- 
teers. At  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  he  com- 
manded one  of  the  four  divisions  of  Gen- 
eral Curtis '  army.  He  was  also  at  the  siege 
of  Corinth,  and  was  then  assigned  to  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee.  He  led  his  old 
division  of  the  Twentieth  Army  Corps  into 
the  fight  at  Stone  River,  and  for  his  bravery 
was  recommended  by  General  Rosecrans 
for  major  general.  In  1864  he  commanded 
the  Fourteenth  Corps  of  Sherman's  army 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  the  march 
from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  In  1865  a  brevet 


1563 


• 


i    . 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


GEX.  JEFFERSON  C.  DAVIS.  One  of  the 
most  distinguished  Indianans  who  made 
military  life  his  profession  was  Gen.  Jef- 
ferson C.  Davis,  who  first  volunteered  his 
services  to  the  profession  of  arms  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  regular  army  thereafter 
for  thirty  years. 

He  was  born  in  Clark  County,  Indiana, 
March  2,  1827.  He  was  of  an  old  Ken- 
tucky family.  His  grandparents,  William 
and  "Charlotte  Davis,  died  in  Kentucky, 
the  former  in  1840,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven,  and  the  latter  on  May  6,  1851.  Wil- 
liam Davis,  Jr.,  father  of  General  Davis, 
was  born  July  29,  1800,  and  died  March  21, 
1879.  He  married  Mary  Drummond,  who 
was  born  June  24,  1801,  and  died  Novem- 
ber 24,  1881.  Their  children  were:  Jef- 
ferson C. ;  James  W.,  born  February  24, 
1829,  died  October  12,  1906;  John, 'born 
December  27.  1830.  died  May  6,  1859 ;  Jo- 
seph, born  November  14,  1832,  died  Au- 
gust 6,  1867 ;  George,  born  November  21, 
1834,  died  in  March,  1901 ;  William,  born 
March  5,  1838,  died  November  25,  1910; 
Matilda  Anne,  born  September  5,  1841, 
died  July  19,  1890;  Thomas  Benton,  born 
August  22,  1844,  died  in  October,  1911. 
Joseph,  George  and  William  all  also  served 
in  the  Civil  war,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Davis 
was  contract  surgeon  in  the  regular  army. 

Jefferson  C.  Davis  spent  his  boyhood 
days  near  Charleston  in  Clark  County,  In- 
diana, on  his  father's  farm.  His  military 
genius  was  inherited  from  a  military  an- 
cestry, some  of  his  forefathers  having 
fought  in  the  Indian  wars  of  Kentucky. 
While  a  school  boy  in  Clark  County  attend- 
ing a  seminary  he  heard  of  the  declaration 
of  war  with  Mexico,  and  enlisted  in  Colo- 
nel Lane's  Indiana  Regiment.  For  gal- 
lant conduct  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista 
he  was  made  second  lieutenant  of  the  First 


Artillery  June  17,  1848.  He  became  a  first 
lieutenant  in  the  regular  army  in  1852. 
In  1858  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
garrison  at  Fort  Sumter,  South  Carolina. 
About  three  years  later  he  was  with  that 
garrison  when  Major  Anderson  consoli- 
dated the  forces  in  Charleston  Harbor  at 
Fort  Sumter,  and  General  Davis  was  of- 
ficer of  the  guard  when  the  first  shot  whis- 
tled over  the  fort  April  12,  1861,  this  be- 
ing the  first  shot  fired  by  the  Confederates, 
the  act  that  precipitated  the  long  and 
costly  Civil  war.  For  this  service  he  re- 
ceived a  medal  from  the  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  one  of  these  medallions 
being  presented  to  each  of  the  defenders. 
In  May,  1861,  General  Davis  was  pro- 
moted to  a  captaincy  and  was  given  leave 
of  absence  to  raise  the  Twenty-second  In- 
diana Volunteers.  As  colonel  of  the  regi- 
ment he  saw  active  service  in  the  Missouri 
campaign,  participating  in  the  battles  of 
Lexington.  Boonville  and  Blaekwater,  and 
later  at  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1861.  he  was  promoted  to  command  of 
a  brigade,  and  was  under  General  Fremont 
and  later  under  Generals  Hunter  and 
Pope.  For  services  rendered  at  Milford. 
Missouri,  December  18,  1861,  when  he  aided 
in  capturing  a  supfior  force  of  the  enemy 
and  a  large  quantity  of  military  supplies, 
he  was  made  brigadier  general  of  volun- 
teers. At  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge  he  com- 
manded one  of  the  four  divisions  of  Gen- 
eral Curtis'  army.  He  was  also  at  the  siege 
of  Corinth,  and  was  then  assigned  to  the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee.  He  led  his  old 
division  of  the  Twentieth  Army  Corps  into 
the  fight  at  Stone  River,  and  for  his  bravery 
was  recommended  by  General  Rosecrans 
for  major  general.  In  1864  he  commanded 
the  Fourteenth  Corps  of  Sherman's  army 
in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  the  march 
from  Atlanta  to  the  sea.  In  1865  a  brevet 


1563 


5    <0i 


1564 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


major  generalship  was  given  him,  and  he 
was  made  colonel  of  the  Twenty-third  In- 
fantry in  the  regular  army  July  23,  1866. 

After  the  war  he  was  employed  as  an 
army  reorganizer,  and  was  sent  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  from  1868  to  1871  was 
commander  of  the  military  forces  in  the 
newly  purchased  Territory  of  Alaska. 
While  in  Alaska  he  resided  with  Price 
Maksutoff,  who  gave  him  valuable  aid  in 
understanding  characteristics  of  that 
country.  On  several  occasions  General 
Davis  was  consulted  by  Governor  Seward, 
who  left  everything  to  General  Davis' 
judgment. 

In  1873,  after  the  murder  of  General 
Canby  by  the  Modoc  Indians  in  the  lava 
beds  of  northern  California,  General  Davis 
took  command  of  the  forces  operating 
against  them  and  in  a  remarkably  short 
time  compelled  the  Modocs  to  surrender. 
During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  was  in 
command  of  the  Twenty-third  Infantry 
and  he  died  in  Chicago  while  in  line  of 
duty  November  30,  1879. 

General  Davis  married  Miss  Mariette 
Woodson  Athon,  of  Indianapolis,  daughter 
of  Dr.  James  S.  Athon.  A  niece,  Ida 
Davis  Pinley,  resides  at  2038  New  Jersey 
Street,  Indianapolis. 

JOHN  CARLISLE  DAVIS,  M.  D.,  is  a  suc- 
cessful physician  and  surgeon  and  has  been 
in  active  practice  at  Logansport  for  the 
past  eight  years. 

He  was  born  in  Jefferson  Township,  Cass 
County,  Indiana,  September  22,  1884,  son 
of  George  B.  and  Minnie  (Cullen)  Davis. 
His  parents  are  both  natives  of  Indiana 
and  are  still  living.  Doctor  Davis,  one  of 
four  children,  received  most  of  his  literary 
education  in  the  Anderson  High  School. 
In  1909  he  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  Indiana  University,  and 
during  the  following  year  served  as  an 
interne  in  the  Deaconess  Hospital.  He  lo- 
cated at  Logansport  in  1910  and  rapidly 
won  his  way  to  favor  and  the  enjoyment 
of  a  large  general  practice.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  Medical  Society  and  is 
very  prominent  in  Masonry,  being  affiliated 
with  the  Lodge,  Chapter,  Council,  Knights 
Templar  and  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  also 
an  Odd  Felow,  is  a  democratic  voter  and 
a  member  of  the  Logansport  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  February  22,  1911,  Doctor 


Davis    married    Georgia    Masters. 
David  died  March  4,  1917. 


Mrs. 


REV.  JOHN  CAVANAUGH,  C.  S.  C.,  D.  D. 
Appreciation  of  Dr.  John  Cavanaugh's 
many  graceful  and  eminent  qualities  is  by 
no  means  confined  to  the  Catholic  people 
or  that  great  body  of  students  who  have 
known  him  as  teacher  and  administrative 
head  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  As 
preacher  and  lecturer  and  speaker  at  num- 
berless formal  and  informal  occasions  Dr. 
Cavanaugh  has  probably  been  heard  in 
every  important  town  and  city  of  America. 

Doctor  Cavanaugh  was  born  at  Leetonia, 
Ohio,  May  23,  1870,  son  of  Patrick  and 
Elizabeth  (O'Connor)  Cavanaugh.  Twen- 
ty years  later,  in  1890,  he  was  graduated 
with  his  Bachelor's  degree  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  attended  parochial  schools  at  Lee- 
tonia and  entered  Notre  Dame  in  1886,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen.  He  continued  at  the 
university  as  a  student  of  theology,  and 
was  ordained  priest  April  21,  1894,  and 
said  his  first  mass  in  his  native  town  of 
Leetonia.  The  degree  Doctor  of  Divinity 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Ottawa  Uni- 
versity. 

Since  1894  Doctor  Cavanaugh's  primary 
interests  have  been  identified  with  his  alma 
mater.  He  was  associate  editor  of  the  Ave 
Maria  Magazine  from  1894  to  1905,  and  at 
the  same  time  was  professor  of  Freshmen 
English.  He  was  promoted  to  professor 
of  Senior  English  and  had  that  work  until 
1898.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  rec- 
tor of  Holy  Cross  Seminary  at  Notre  Dame, 
where  the  priests  of  his  order  are  trained. 
He  was  rector  and  superior  of  the  semi- 
nary from  1898  to  1905.  In  July,  1905, 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  university. 

His  big  work  in  the  past  fourteen  years 
has  of  course  been  directing  and  adminis- 
tering the  affairs  of  this  institution,  one 
of  the  foremost  universities  of  Indiana 
and  the  Middle  West.  His  great  capacity 
for  work  and  energy  have,  however,  en- 
abled him  to  do  much  of  a  formal  literary 
character  and  as  a  public  speaker.  He 
has  written  a  number  of  magazine  articles 
and  is  author  of  ' '  The  Priests  of  the  Holy 
Cross,"  published  in  1905.  Many  of  his 
speeches  cover  patriotic  subjects.  Doctor 
Cavanaugh  has  long  been  regarded  as  one 
of  the  indispensable  guests  at  the  annual 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1565 


banquet  of  the  Indiana  Society  of  Chicago. 
He  was  preacher  at  the  Pan-American 
mass.  Doctor  Cavanaugh  is  a  member  of 
the  Rotary,  Indiana,  University,  Knife  and 
Fork  and  the  Bound  Table  clubs  of  South 
Bend.  In  politics  he  is  independent  and 
has  often  exercised  an  important  influence 
toward  the  amelioration  of  political  and 
social  conditions.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Rhodes  Scholarship  Commission  for  In- 
diana and  also  of  the  Indiana  Historical 
Commission. 

WALTER  QUINTON  GRESHAM  was  born 
near  Lanesville,  Indiana,  March  17,  1832. 
Admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853,  he  became  a 
successful  lawyer,  was  elected  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  1860,  resigning  in  the  following 
year  to  become  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
Thirty-eighth  Indiana  Regiment.  He  was 
afterward  brevetted  major  general  of  vol- 
unteers for  his  gallantry  at  Atlanta. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  Judge  Gresham 
resumed  practice  at  New  Albany,  Indiana. 
In  1869  he  was  made  United  States  judge 
for  the  District  of  Indiana,  resigning  that 
office  to  accept  the  place  of  postmaster  gen- 
eral in  President  Arthur's  cabinet,  and  in 
1884  was  transferred  to  the  treasury  port- 
folio. In  October  of  the  same  year  "Judge 
Gresham  was  appointed  United  States 
judge  for  the  Seventh  Judicial  Circuit. 

EDWARD  A.  SMITH.  No  city  of  its  size  in 
the  country  can  claim  better  qualified  or 
more  honorable  business  men  than  Ander- 
son, where  may  be  found  prospering  en- 
terprises in  every  line,  and  in  the  lead  of 
these  are  some  that  have  been  established 
within  the  past  few  years.  An  example 
to  which  attention  may  be  called  is  the 
"Store  for  Men,"  a  thoroughly  modern, 
metropolitan  concern  owned  and  con- 
ducted by  Edward  A.  Smith,  a  leading 
citizen  of  Anderson  and  alderman  of  the 
Second  Ward.  Mr.  Smith  has  had  wide 
mercantile  experience  here  and  at  other 
points,  is  acquainted  all  over  the  state, 
conducts  his  large  business  with  energy 
and  efficiency  and  has  reason  to  be  proud 
of  the  stable  reputation  he  has  built  up 
through  honorable  methods. 

Edward  A.  Smith  was  born  on  his 
father's  farm  in  Monroe  Township,  Madi- 
son County,  Indiana,  not  far  from  Alex- 
andria, September  11,  1872.  His  parents 


were  William  and  Amanda  (Eppard) 
Smith.  This  branch  of  the  Smith  family 
came  many  generations  ago  from  England 
and  settled  first  in  North  Carolina  and, 
with  pioneering  spirit,  later  became  identi- 
fied with  the  settlement  of  Indiana.  The 
main  business  of  the  family  as  far  back 
as  records  have  been  preserved  show  it  to 
have  been  largely  agricultural,  law-abiding 
and  patriotic. 

In  boyhood  Edward  A.  Smith  attended 
the  country  schools  but  later  attended 
school  at  Alexandria,  four  miles  distant 
from  his  home,  where  he  took  a  special 
teacher's  course  and  was  only  eighteen 
years  old  when  he  received  his  certificate 
entitling  him  to  teach  school.  Mr.  Smith, 
however,  never  entered  the  educational  field 
but  continued  to  assist  his  father  for  sev- 
eral years  longer  and  then  came  to  An- 
derson with  an  ambition  to  enter  business. 
In  1892  he  secured  a  position  with  the 
Lion  store,  then  owned  by  the  firm  of 
Kaufman  &  Davis,  and  during  the  eight- 
een months  that  he  worked  there  picked 
up  quite  a  bit  of  business  knowledge  and 
when  he  entered  the  employ  of  the  firm  of 
Blank  Brothers,  Anderson,  was  accepted 
as  a  salesman  in  their  clothing  establish- 
ment, and  two  years  of  mutual  satisfac- 
tion followed.  During  the  next  three  years 
he  was  a  salesman  with  a  clothing  com- 
pany of  Anderson  and  made  such  an  ex- 
cellent business  record  that  the  company 
made  him  manager  of  their  branch  store 
at  Elwood,  and  he  continued  there  for 
two  years. 

Mr.  Smith  returned  then  to  Anderson 
and  for  the  next  fifteen  months  managed 
the  home  store  of  the  above  company.  In 
the  meanwhile  he  had  been  cherishing  an 
ambition  to  go  into  business  for  himself, 
and  when  the  opportunity  came,  on  June 
22,  1903,  in  partnership  with  Harry  M. 
Adams  he  purchased  a  bankrupt  stock  as 
a  beginning,  and  the  firm  of  Smith  & 
Adams  opened  their  clothing  store  at  No. 
911  Main  Street,  where  they  remained 
until  March,  1904,  when  removal  was 
made  to  the  west  side  of  the  Square,  where 
the  firm  secured  more  commodious  quar- 
ters. On  January  9,  1912,  Mr.  Smith  pur- 
chased Mr.  Adams'  interest  and  has  been 
sole  proprietor  since  that  time.  In  March, 
1915,  he  took  possession  of  his  present 
store  building,  and  has  one  of  the  most  de- 


1566 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sirable  business  locations  in  the  city.  Mr. 
Smith  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  city's 
progressive  business  men,  and  the  thor- 
oughly modern  stock  of  goods  he  carries 
not  only  proves  his  good  taste  but  his  de- 
termination to  provide  suitable  and  up-to- 
date  apparel  for  men  residing  at  Ander- 
son and  in  the  vicinity,  offering  so  wide  a 
choice  that  particular  people  have  learned 
to  rely  upon  his  taste  and  good  judgment 
in  this  line.  His  goods  include  a  full  line 
of  men's  wear  exclusive  of  shoes.  He  is 
the  sole  agent  for  the  Standard  line  of 
men's  wear,  and  his  stock  is  so  large  that 
he  occupies  two  whole  floors  and  employs 
a  large  force  of  salesmen.  His  is  the 
leading  business  of  its  kind  at  Anderson. 
Mr.  Smith  was  married  in  September, 

1895,  to  Miss  Lura  W.  Welker,  who  is  a 
daughter  of  George  W.  and  Mrs.  (Hurst) 
Welker.     The  father  of  Mrs.  Smith,  who 
is  now  deceased,  was  for  many  years  chief 
of    police    at    Anderson.      Mr.    and    Mrs. 
Smith  have  two  children,  a  son  and  daugh- 
ter, namely :  George  W.,  who  was  born  in 

1896,  is  a  student  in  De  Pauw  University, 
and  Colleen  Jane,  who  is  attending  school 
at  Greencastle,  Indiana.     Mr.  Smith  and 
his  family  belong  to  the  Central  Christian 
Church,  Anderson.     In  politics  Mr.  Smith 
is  a  republican  and  since  youth  has  been 
an   active   and   loyal   party   worker.     He 
was    elected    alderman    from    the    Second 
Ward  with  a  handsome  majority,  performs 
his  public  duties  carefully  and  is  a  valued 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.   He 
belongs  to  Anderson  Lodge  No.  77,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  and  at  Mt.  Moriah 
Commandery,  and  also  to  the  Elks. 

HORACE  ANSON  COMSTOCK.  It  would 
scarcely  be  possible  to  do  justice  to  the 
success  and  good  citizenship  of  Horace  An- 
son  Comstock  in  a  few  sentences  or  a  few 
paragraphs.  Mr.  Comstock  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  over  forty  years, 
and  his  part  as  a  good  and  trustworthy 
citizen  has  been  as  conspicuous  as  the 
energy  and  success  with  which  he  has  di- 
rected his  private  business. 

Mr.  Comstock  was  born  at  Dayton,  Ohio, 
September  29,  1856,  a  son  of  Thomas  C. 
and  Margaret  J.  (Watson)  Comstock.  His 
father  was  born  in  New  York  State,  and 
in  1857,  soon  after  the  birth  of  his  son 
Horace,  moved  from  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  Har- 


rodsburg,  Kentucky.  He  lived  there,  or 
did  his  best  to  maintain  his  residence  in 
that  community,  until  after  the  close  of 
the  Civil  war.  He  was  a  manufacturing 
jeweler.  When  the  war  came  on  he  was 
one  of  the  nineteen  Union  men  in  Harrods- 
burg,  and  it  is  needless  to  recount  the 
many  persecutions  imposed  upon  them  and 
the  constant  threatenings  of  danger  to 
which  they  were  exposed  on  account  of 
their  loyalty  to  the  old  flag.  Though  Hor- 
ace A.  Comstock  was  then  a  boy  of  six  or 
seven  years  he  has  some  vivid  memories  of 
war  times.  He  recalls  how  his  father  took 
part  in  some  raids  to  repel  the  notorious 
brigade  of  John  Morgan.  His  father  took 
several  shots  at  General  Morgan  during  his 
raid.  After  the  war  the  activities  of  the 
Ku  Klux  Klan  drove  the  Comstock  family 
away  from  Harrodsburg,  and  they  made 
the  journey  suddenly  and  by  means  of  a 
stage  coach  to  Covington.  Horace  Com- 
stock has  himself  seen  the  Ku  Klux  Klan 
riding  in  a  force  more  than  300  strong. 
Thomas  C.  Comstock  was  a  witness  at  the 
trial  of  General  John  Morgan  at  Frank- 
fort, Kentucky. 

In  1873  the  Comstock  family  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  Thomas  Comstock  re- 
sumed his  business  as  a  manufacturer  of 
jewelry  until  his  death  in  1886.  His  widow 
is  still  living,  now  aged  eighty-five,  and  re- 
sides with  her  daughter,  Mrs.  James  M. 
Blythe,  in  Springfield,  Missouri. 

Horace  A.  Comstock  attended  common 
schools  in  Covington,  Kentucky,  up  to  the 
age  of  fifteen.  He  then  went  to  work  on 
the  bench  as  an  apprentice  jeweler  with 
William  Wilson  MeGrew  at  Cincinnati. 
In  1873  he  came  to  Indianapolis,  worked 
for  a  time  with  W.  P.  Bingham  as  a 
jeweler,  but  from  1878  to  1884  was  a  part- 
ner with  his  father.  In  the  latter  year 
Mr.  Horace  A.  Comstock  established  a 
jewelry  store  on  Illinois  Street  opposite 
the  Bates  House,  and  was  afterwards  for 
over  twenty-five  years  on  Washington 
Street,  between  Pennsylvania  and  Meri- 
dian streets.  This  business  was  discon- 
tinued April  1,  1915,  and  on  the  first  of 
August  of  the  same  year  Mr.  Comstock 
organized  the  Auto  Equipment  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000.  This  is 
now  one  of  the  successful  concerns  of  its 
kind  in  the  city,  located  at  the  corner  of 
Illinois  and  New  York  streets.  Mr.  Com- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1567 


stock  is  president  and  general  manager,  and 
Mr.  Charles  B.  Fletcher  is  secretary  and 
treasurer. 

Mr.  Comstock  is  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club  and  is  a  republican  in  politics.  He 
has  the  honor  of  twenty-five  years  of  con- 
tinuous membership  in  Indianapolis  Lodge 
No.  56,  Knights  of  Pythias.  During  the 
drive  for  both  the  Red  Cross  and  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  campaigns  for 
funds  he  was  a  member  of  the  local  solicit- 
ing teams. 

Mr.  Comstock  is  a  splendid  example  of 
the  virile  young  old  men  active  in  business 
and  taking  a  large  and  genuine  interest  in 
all  affairs  that  may  develop  lasting  good 
to  the  community.  In  September  of  1918 
Mr.  Comstock  motored  to  his  old  home  in 
Harrodsburg,  just  fifty  years  from  the 
time  he  left  there.  He  saw  the  same 
house,  in  good  order,  as  though  it  had 
only  been  a  few  years.  From  the  house  he 
heard  the  booming  of  cannon  at  the  battle 
of  Perryville,  Kentucky,  only  ten  miles 
away,  and  was  over  this  battlefield  three 
weeks  afterward. 

WILJJAM  A.  RUBUSH  has  played  an  ac- 
tive role  in  business  affairs  in  and  around 
Indianapolis  for  many  years,  and  is  still 
in  the  harness  as  a  business  man,  being 
associated  with  his  son  in  the  manage- 
ment of  a  successful  grocery  house  at 
2702  East  Washington  Street. 

Mr.  Rubush  was  born  at  Indianapolis  in 
1856.  His  birthplace  was  a  house  built  by 
his  father  on  what  was  then  known  as 
the  National  Road,  now  Washington 
Street,  at  the  corner  of  La  Salle  Street. 
He  is  a  son  of  Jacob  and  Elizabeth  (Joyce) 
Rubush  and  a  grandson  of  Alexander 
Rubush,  who  was  a  minister  of  the  United 
Brethren  Church.  Jacob  Rubush  was  born 
in  Virginia  in  1823  and  was  about  nine 
years  old  when  the  family  came  from  that 
state  to  what  is  now  Clark  Township  of 
Johnson  County,  Indiana.  The  Rubush 
family  settled  here  in  1832.  Jacob  Rubush 
had  very  slight  educational  advantages, 
since  Indiana  had  no  real  public  school 
system  when  he  was  a  boy.  His  success  in 
life  was  a  matter  of  self  achievement.  He 
early  learned  brick  making  and  brick  lay- 
ing, and  his  brick  yard  was  the  source 
of  manufacture  for  much  of  the  brick  used 
in  the  construction  of  many  of  the  old 


buildings  at  Indianapolis.  He  developed 
an  extensive  business  as  a  contractor,  and 
his  specialty  was  the  erection  of  gas  plants. 
Indianapolis  was  a  small  town  when  he 
located  on  the  National  Road  and  built  his 
home,  and  as  a  contractor  he  built  the  old 
Union  Station  at  Indianapolis,  and  at  one 
time  was  manager  of  the  local  gas  plant. 
His  work  as  a  contractor  was  confined  to 
no  local  bounds,  and  really  extended  all 
over  the  country.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  war  he  lost  his  modest  fortune 
and  in  1863  accepted  an  opportunity  prof- 
fered him  by  the  pioneer  Indianapolis 
banker,  Stoughton  Fletcher,  who  owned 
160  acres  of  land  that  is  now  within  the 
city  limits,  to  clear  away  the  heavy  timber 
from  this  land.  Mr.  Jacob  Rubush  oper- 
ated a  saw  mill  for  this  purpose,  and  made 
much  of  the  timber  up  into  lumber  and  the 
rest  of  it  into  cordwood.  It  proved  a  very 
profitable  contract  and  started  him  anew 
on  a  successful  business  career.  He  be- 
came owner  of  a  fine  farm  at  Acton,  and 
he  always  took  a  great  deal  of  pride  in  this 
property.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a  county 
commissioner,  and  that  was  his  chief  polit- 
ical connection  with  the  county,  and  it 
came  without  solicitation  on  his  part.  He 
was  a  strong  abolitionist  before  the  war, 
and  when  the  war  came  on  offered  his 
services  to  the  United  States  Government, 
but  they  were  not  accepted.  Jacob  Rub- 
ush died  in  1886,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  holding  the  office  of  deacon  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  Elizabeth 
Joyce,  his  wife,  was  born  in  North  Caro- 
lina in  1825  and  was  a  small  girl  when 
her  people  moved  to  Johnson  County,  In- 
diana. She  died  in  1895. 

William  A.  Rubush  attended  the  old 
First  Ward  school  of  Indianapolis  and  also 
some  private  schools  and  the  public  schools 
of  Acton.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  went 
to  work,  taking  charge  of  the  home  farm 
at  Acton.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three  Mr. 
Rubush  married  Alice  N.  Fry,  daughter 
of  Shepler  Fry.  Mrs.  Rubush  was  born  in 
Marion  County. 

Soon  after  his  marriage  Mr.  Rubush 
moved  west  to  Winfield,  Cowley  County, 
Kansas,  which  was  then  almost  out  on  the 
frontier.  For  two  years  he  was  engaged 
in  business  as  a  sheep  rancher.  On  re- 
turning to  Indiana  he  drove  overland  with 
a  mule  team.  Near  Acton  he  set  up  a 


1568 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tile  factory  and  out  of  the  profis  of  that 
business  bought  his  fine  farm  and  for  a 
number  of  seasons  also  operated  a  thresh- 
ing machine  and  shredder.  In  1904  Mr. 
Rubush  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  at 
that  time  established  his  grocery  store  at 
2218  East  Washington  Street,  and  soon 
afterward  bought  his  present  location.  Mr. 
Rubush  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Acton,  is  a  republican  and  a 
worker  in  behalf  of  his  party,  and  in  the 
course  of  his  active  lifetime  has  acquired 
many  substantial  interests.  He  was  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Indianapolis  Bak- 
ing Company,  is  a  director  of  the  Sanitary 
Cake  Company,  and  owns  a  fine  orange 
grove  in  Polk  County,  Florida. 

Five  children  have  been  born  to  the 
marriage  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rubush :  G.  W., 
who  is  a  successful  physician  at  Indianap- 
olis; Blanche,  wife  of  Charles  Francis,  of 
Adrian,  Michigan;  Gary  E.,  partner  with 
his  father  in  the  grocery  business;  Fern 
and  Only,  both  at  home. 

DICK  MILJLER,  a  prominent  figure  in  In- 
dianapolis financial  circles,  being  president 
of  the  City  Trust  Company,  is  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  and  represents  families  that 
have  been  identified  with  Indiana  for  over 
a  century. 

He  was  born  in  Parke  County,  Indiana, 
January  12,  1871,  son  of  James  N.  and 
Sarah  A.  (Snow)  Miller.  His  grandfather 
was  Tobias  A.  Miller,  of  Butler  County, 
Ohio.  Located  in  Franklin  County,  In- 
diana, in  1803  and  moved  to  Parke  County, 
Indiana,  in  1817.  Mr.  Dick  Miller's 
father  was  born  in  1827  and  his  mother 
in  1826.  They  lived  together  on  the  same 
farm  in  Parke  County  for  fifty-eight  years. 
James  N.  Miller  died  in  1908.  He  was  a 
Methodist,  was  a  greenbacker  and  later  a 
Bryan  democrat,  and  he  took  the  keenest 
interest  in  politics  and  in  all  public  ques- 
tions. 

Dick  Miller  is  the  youngest  of  fourteen 
children,  seven  of  whom  are  still  living. 
He  attended  the  common  schools  near  the 
old  farm  when  a  boy,  also  a  graded  local 
school,  and  the  Friends  Academy  at  Bloom- 
ingdale.  Later  he  graduated  from  Indiana 
University  and  took  his  law  course  in  the 
Indianapolis  University  Law  School.  He 
practiced  law  in  Terre  Haute  from  April, 
1897,  to  1901.  In  1897  he  served  as  a  mem- 


ber of  the  State  Legislature  one  term. 
Since  1901  his  home  has  been  in  Indianap- 
olis, where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in 
buying  and  selling  of  investment  securi- 
ties. He  was  formerly  a  member  of  the 
firm  Miller  &  Company,  and  on  January 
1,  1918,  this  business  was  absorbed  by  the 
City  Trust  Company,  Mr.  Miller  going 
with  the  company  as  president  and  general 
manager  of  the  investment  department.  He 
is  also  chief  owner  of  the  Hogen  Transfer 
and  Storage  Company,  which  has  a  capital 
investment  of  $200,000.  He  is  president 
of  the  Business  Men's  Indemnity  Com- 
pany. This  is  a  company  writing  health 
and  accident  insurance.  Mr.  Miller  is  a 
Knight  of  Pythias  and  a  Mason. 

June  28,  1906,  he  married  Miss  Cather- 
ine Trimble,  of  Indianapolis. 

FRED  J.  STIMSON,  one  of  the  prominent 
operating  officials  of  the  Pennsylvania  lines 
west  of  Pittsburg,  is  a  veteran  in  railroad 
work,  having  begun  as  a  chainman  with 
a  surveying  party,  and  the  greater  part  of 
his  service  was  given  the  Grand  Rapids 
and  Indiana  Railroad  Company.  He  is 
now  division  superintendent  at  Richmond 
for  the  P.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Railroad. 

Mr.  Stimson  was  born  at  Kalamazoo, 
Michigan,  October  30,  1868,  son  of  M.  M. 
and  Susan  (Evans)  Stimson.  In  the  pa- 
ternal line  his  first  American  ancestor  was 
George  Stimson,  who  in  1676  settled  in 
Massachusetts.  His  great-grandfather  was 
a  pioneer  in  Monroe  County  near  Roches- 
ter, New  York.  M.  M.  Stimson  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one  went  to  Michigan  and 
was  an  axe  man  with  the  surveying  party 
which  laid  out  the  route  of  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad.  After  the  Michigan 
Central  was  completed  to  Chicago  he  did 
civil  engineering  work  for  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  served  as  county  surveyor 
of  Kalamazoo  County,  and  was  division 
engineer  of  the  Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana 
Railroad  and  eventually  chief  engineer  un- 
til 1884,  when  on  account  of  failing  health 
he  retired  to  his  farm  and  died  there  in 
1888. 

Fred  J.  Stimson  was  the  youngest  of  a 
family  of  seven  children.  •  He  was  born 
on  a  farm,  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Kalamazoo,  graduated  from  high  school  in 
1886,  and  then  entered  the  Kalamazoo  Bap- 
tist College.  Before  graduating  he  left 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1569 


college  to  take  up  railroad  work  as  rear 
chainman,  and  was  thus  employed  on  dif- 
ferent surveys,  being  advanced  in  responsi- 
bility to  chainman,  rodman  and  in  1889 
was  employed  as  clerk  and  rodman  by  the 
Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana.  "In  1890  went  to 
Colorado  and  was  assistant  engineer  for  the 
Colorado  Midland  Railroad  with  head- 
quarters at  Colorado  Springs,  for  two  and 
a  half  years.  In  March,  1893,  Mr.  Stim- 
son  became  assistant  roadmaster  and  later 
roadmaster  on  the  Grand  Rapids  &  In- 
diana, being  located  at  Petoskey,  Michigan, 
for  six  years.  He  was  then  transferred  to 
Grand  Rapids  as  roadmaster  and  remained 
in  that  position  until  1904,  in  which  year 
he  became  division  engineer  of  the  North- 
ern Division  of  the  Grand  Rapids  &  In- 
diana. On  July  1,  1915,  he  was  transfer- 
red to  Zanesville,  Ohio,  as  superintendent 
of  the  Zanesville  Division  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania lines  west  of  Pittsburg,  and  was 
transferred  to  his  present  post  as  division 
superintendent  at  Richmond  in  1917. 

JEFFERSON  HELM  CLAYPOOL.  Three  years 
before  Indiana  Territory  was  admitted  to 
the  Union  Newton  Claypool,  a  native  of 
Virginia,  settled  at  Connersville,  after  a 
previous  residence  in  Ross  County,  Ohio. 
With  a  residence  in  his  state  of  more  than 
a  century  the  Claypool  family  has  been 
represented  chiefly  in  two  of  the  oldest 
cities,  Connersville  and  Indianapolis,  but 
the  distinguished  talents  of  individual 
members  in  law,  politics  and  business  have 
made  the  name  generally  valued  and  known 
throughout  the  state. 

Newton  Claypool,  the  founder  of  the 
family  in  Indiana,  was  a  man  of  liberal 
education  for  his  day,  and  possessing  a 
remarkable  degree  of  strong  common  sense 
he  was  naturally  a  leader  in  the  pioneer 
community  of  Connersville,  where  he  lo- 
cated in  1813.  Several  times  he  was 
honored  with  a  seat  in  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives. 

The  second  generation  of  the  family  was 
represented  by  Benjamin  F.  Claypool,  who 
was  born  at  Connersville  in  Fayette  County 
December  12,  1825,  and  lived  there  until 
his  death  December  11,  1888.  His  instruc- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  Connersville 
was  supplemented  by  private  instruction 
under  Professor  Nutting,  a  prominent  edu- 
cator who  came  from  Massachusetts  to  In- 


diana in  the  early  days  of  the  state.  From 
Professor  Nutting  he  acquired  a  general 
knowledge  of  the  branches  usually  taught 
in  the  seminaries  of  that  time,  including 
an  acquaintance  with  the  Latin  and  French 
languages.  In  the  fall  of  1843  he  entered 
as  a  student  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle,  and  remained  until 
the  spring  of  1845,  leaving  college  before 
graduation.  Among  his  fellow  citizens  he 
was  especially  known  for  his  ability  as  a 
writer  and  speaker.  He  was  peculiarly 
fortunate  in  the  choice  of  his  instructor  in 
the  law,  Hon.  O.  H.  Smith,  then  the  rec- 
ognized leader  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  and 
one  of  the  eminent  pioneer  lawyers  of  In- 
diana who  are  best  remembered  by  the 
present  generation.  Benjamin  F.  Claypool 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  March,  1847, 
and  soon  afterward  opened  an  office  in  his 
native  town  of  Connersville.  The  Fayette 
County  bar  at  that  time  contained  some 
of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  state,  and  it 
was  in  competition  with  them  that  his  in- 
dividual talents  were  developed,  and  in  a 
few  years  his  study,  industry  and  close 
attention  to  business  gave  him  rank  among 
the  foremost  civil  and  criminal  lawyers  of 
Indiana.  Most  of  the  important  cases  in 
the  surrounding  counties  had  him  engaged 
on  one  side  or  the  other,  and  the  opinion 
of  his  contemporaries  that  he  was  one  of 
the  ablest  lawyers  of  the  state  has  been 
reenforced  by  the  perspective  of  years. 
During  the  last  century  it  was  almost  in- 
evitable that  the  able  lawyer  should  wield 
a  great  influence  in  public  affairs.  Benja- 
min F.  Claypool  not  only  had  the  native 
talent  of  public  leader  but  was  a  student 
of  politics  and  of  government  all  his  life. 
He  was  a  man  of  most  emphatic  convic- 
tions, fearless  in  their  expression,  always 
advocated  whatever  he  thought  was  right 
regardless  of  consequences,  and  had  none 
of  the  qualities  and  always  refused  to  ex- 
ercise any  of  the  arts  of  the  demagogue. 
It  is  consistent  with  this  character  that  he 
seldom  sought  an  office.  His  original  po- 
litical affiliations  were  with  the  whig  party. 
He  was  one  of  the  men  who  organized  the 
republican  party  in  Indiana,  and  in  1856 
served  as  a  delegate  to  the  Philadelphia 
Convention  which  nominated  John  C.  Fre- 
mont for  president.  In  1864  he  was  a  pres- 
idential elector  in  the  Fifth  Congressional 
District,  and  in  1868  one  of  the  electors 


1570 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


for  the  state  at  large,  canvassing  the  entire 
state  in  the  interests  of  the  republican 
party  that  year.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
State  Senator  from  the  counties  of  Fayette 
and  Union,  and  proved  one  of  the  invalu- 
able men  to  the  state  government  in  up- 
holding the  names  and  purposes  of  its  ex- 
ecutive administration  and  in  favoring  a 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war.  The 
emergencies  of  the  times  called  into  the 
Legislature  many  able  men,  but  even  so 
Benjamin  F.  Claypool  was  conspicuous  in 
the  Senate.  In  1874  Mr.  Claypool  became 
republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
old  Fifth  Congressional  District.  His  op- 
ponent on  the  democratic  side  was  the 
Hon.  W.  S.  Holman.  Mr.  Claypool  made 
a  brilliant  canvass  of  his  district,  charac- 
terized by  a  series  of  joint  debates  with 
his  distinguished  adversary.  In  that  year 
the  democrats  swept  almost  everything 
before  them  in  the  congressional  election, 
and  it  was  one  of  those  familiar  reversions 
of  public  opinion  in  Indiana  which  was 
chiefly  responsible  for  the  defeat  of  Mr. 
Claypool.  He  was  never  again  a  candi- 
date for  office,  but  was  steadfast  in  his 
devotion  to  the  principles  and  success  of 
his  party. 

As  his  work  in  this  last  campaign  proved 
he  was  an  especially  ready  debater,  and  an 
earnest,  impassioned  and  logical  speaker 
whether  before  a  jury  or  in  a  political 
campaign.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were 
divided  between  his  profession  and  agri- 
culture. He  owned  a  large  body  of  im- 
proved land  in  Delaware  County,  and 
under  his  supervision  it  became  noted  as 
the  home  of  many  fine  cattle.  Benjamin 
F.  Claypool  was  a  highly  successful  man, 
whether  measured  from  the  viewpoint  of 
his  profession  or  as  a  financier  and  public 
leader. 

August  4,  1853,  he  married  Miss  Alice 
Helm,  daughter  of  Dr.  Jefferson  Helm  of 
Rushville,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Claypool  was  a 
highly  educated  woman  and  contributed 
much  to  the  successful  career  of  her  hus- 
band. She  died  in  August,  1882. 

Of  their  four  children  the  last  survivor 
was  the  late  Jefferson  Helm  Claypool  of 
Indianapolis,  distinguished  as  an  attorney 
and  capitalist,  who  died  after  a  brief  ill- 
ness January  22,  1919.  He  was  born  at 
Connersville  August  15,  1856,  was  pre- 


pared for  college  in  the  public  schools  and 
under  private  teachers,  and  in  1870  en- 
tered Miami  University  at  Oxford,  Ohio. 
He  was  a  student  there  three  years  and 
later  was  a  member  of  the  class  of  1875  in 
the  University  of  Virginia  at  Charlottes- 
ville.  In  1912  Miami  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  Master  of  Arts 
degree.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  and  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  college 
fraternities. 

He  prepared  for  the  bar  under  the  direc- 
tion of  his  gifted  father  at  Connersville 
and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1887.  Dur- 
ing the  next  ten  years  he  and  his  father 
were  in  partnership,  and  with  increasing 
experience  the  son  handled  the  bulk  of  the 
great  volume  of  practice  committed  to  their 
care.  In  1893  Mr.  Claypool  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  chiefly  in  order  to  keep  in 
close  touch  with  his  real  estate  interests 
in  the  city.  After  that  his  activities  were 
less  professional  and  more  connected  with 
banking,  farming  and  real  estate  develop- 
ment. 

Under  the  inspiration  of  his  honored 
father  he  readily  accepted  the  allegiance 
of  the  republican  party  and  had  several 
merited  distinctions  in  politics.  In  1889 
and  1891  he  represented  Fayette  and  Henry 
Counties  in  the  General  Assembly.  For 
fourteen  years  he  served  on  the  State 
Board  of  Election  Commissioners,  and  in 
the  noted  campaign  of  1896  was  chairman 
of  the  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Central  Committee.  The  late 
Mr.  Claypool  also  had  literary  abilities,  and 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  newspapers 
and  magazines  on  public  questions.  Some 
of  his  articles  on  account  of  their  force 
and  clearness  of  expression  have  been  wide- 
ly copied. 

In  1893  he  married  Mary  Buckner  Ross 
of  Connersville.  He  was  survived  by  Mrs. 
Claypool  and  their  only  son,  Benjamin 
F.,  who  graduated  with  the  class  of  1916 
from  Miami  University.  This  son  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death  was  with  the 
American  armies  in  France.  By  instruc- 
tions of  the  War  Department  General 
Pershing  had  him  released  from  duty,  and 
he  returned  to  Indianapolis. 

JOSEPH  GATES,  who  was  a  resident  of 
Anderson  from  1892  until  his  death,  was 
a  veteran  business  man  of  Indiana.  His 


1570 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


for  the  state  at  large,  canvassing  the  entire 
state  in  the  interests  of  the  republican 
party  that  year.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
State  Senator  from  the  counties  of  Fayette 
and  Union,  and  proved  one  of  the  invalu- 
able men  to  the  state  government  in  up- 
holding tlie  names  and  purposes  of  its  ex- 
ecutive administration  and  in  favoring  a 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war.  The 
emergencies  of  the  times  called  into  the 
Legislature  many  able  men,  but  even  so 
Benjamin  F.  Claypool  was  conspicuous  in 
the  Senate.  In  1S74  Mr.  Claypool  became 
republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
old  Fifth  Congressional  District.  His  op- 
ponent on  the  democratic  side  was  the 
lion.  "NV.  S.  Ilolman.  Mr.  Claypool  made 
a  brilliant  canvass  of  his  district,  charac- 
terized by  a  series  of  joint  debates  with 
his  distinguished  adversary.  In  that  year 
the  democrats  swept  almost  everything 
before  thorn  in  the  congressional  election, 
and  it  was  one  of  those  familiar  reversions 
of  public  opinion  in  Indiana  which  was 
chiefly  responsible  for  the  defeat  of  Mr. 
Claypool.  lie  was  never  again  a  candi- 
date for  office,  but  was  steadfast  in  his 
devotion  to  the  principles  and  success  of 
his  party. 

As  his  work  in  this  last  campaign  proved 
he  was  an  especially  ready  debater,  and  an 
earnest,  impassioned  and  logical  speaker 
whether  before  a  jury  or  in  a  political 
campaign.  The  later  years  of  his  life  were 
divided  between  his  profession  and  agri- 
culture, lie  owned  a  large  body  of  im- 
proved land  in  Delaware  County,  and 
under  his  supervision  it  became  noted  as 
the  home  of  many  Hue  cattle.  Benjamin 
F.  Claypool  was  a  highly  successful  man, 
whether  measured  from  the  viewpoint  of 
his  profession  or  as  a  financier  and  public 
leader. 

August  4,  1853,  he  married  Miss  Alice 
Helm,  daughter  of  Dr.  Jefferson  Helm  of 
Rnshville.  Indiana.  Mrs.  Claypool  was  a 
highly  educated  woman  and  contributed 
much  to  the  successful  career  of  her  hus- 
band. She  died  in  August,  1882. 

Of  their  four  children  the  last  survivor 
was  the  late  Jefferson  Helm  Claypool  of 
Indianapolis,  distinguished  as  an  attorney 
and  capitalist,  who  died  after  a  brief  ill- 
ness January  22.  1910.  He  was  born  at 
Connersville  August  15,  1856,  was  pre- 


pared for  cojlege  in  the  public  schools  and 
under  private  teachers,  and  in  1870  en- 
tered Miami  University  at  Oxford,  Ohio. 
He  was  a  student  there  three  years  and 
later  was  a  member  of  the  class  of  1875  in 
the  University  of  Virginia  at  Charlottes- 
ville.  In  1912  Miami  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  Master  of  Arts 
degree.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  and  Delta  Kappa  Kpsilon  college 
fraternities. 

He  prepared  for  the  bar  under  the  direc- 
tion of  his  gifted  father  at  Connersville 
and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1887.  Dur- 
ing the  next  ten  years  he  and  his  father 
were  in  partnership,  and  with  increasing 
experience  the  son  handled  the  bulk  of  the 
great  volume  of  practice  committed  to  their 
care.  In  189:5  Mr.  Claypool  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  chiefly  in  order  to  keep  in 
dose  touch  with  his  real  estate  interests 
in  the  city.  After  that  his  activities  were 
less  professional  and  more  connected  with 
banking,  farming  and  real  estate  develop- 
ment. 

Under  the  inspiration  of  his  honored 
father  he  readily  accepted  the  allegiance 
of  the  republican  party  and  had  several 
merited  distinctions  in  politics.  In  1889 
and  1891  he  represented  Fayette  and  Henry 
Counties  in  the  General  Assembly.  For 
fourteen  years  he  served  on  the  State 
Board  of  Election  Commissioners,  and  in 
the  noted  campaign  of  1896  was  chairman 
of  the  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Repub- 
lican State  Central  Committee.  The  late 
Mr.  Claypool  also  had  literary  abilities,  and 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  newspapers 
and  magazines  on  public  questions.  Some 
of  his  articles  on  account  of  their  force 
and  clearness  of  expression  have  been  wide- 
ly copied. 

In  1893  he  married  Mary  Buckncr  Ross 
of  Connersville.  He  was  survived  by  Mrs. 
Claypool  and  their  only  son,  Benjamin 
F.,  who  graduated  with  the  class  of  1916 
from  Miami  University.  This  son  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death  was  with  the 
American  armies  in  France.  By  instruc- 
tions of  the  War  Department  General 
Pershing  had  him  released  from  duty,  and 
he  returned  to  Indianapolis. 

Josi-:pir  CATKS,  who  was  a  resident  of 
Anderson  from  1892  until  his  death,  was 
a  veteran  business  man  of  Indiana.  His 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1571 


career  covered  more  than  half  a  century 
of  activity  along  varied  lines.  He  began 
with  a  mechanical  trade,  developed  from  a 
cabinet  maker  into  a  contractor  and 
builder,  and  from  that  into  a  furniture 
merchant.  Mr.  Cates  was  in  the  furniture 
business  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
time  he  lived  at  Anderson,  though  with  a 
man  of  his  capacity  it  was  only  natural 
that  his  interests  should  become  wide- 
spread. In  his  time  he  handled  many 
acres  of  land  in  different  states,  was  a 
large  land  owner,  and  had  extensive  prop- 
erty interests  in  Chicago  and  elsewhere. 
His  business  position  at  Anderson  was  as 
senior  partner  in  Cates  &  Son,  furniture 
merchants. 

Mr.  Cates  was  born  in  1849  at  New  Al- 
bany in  Floyd  County,  Indiana,  a  son  of 
Barney  and  Deliah  (MrCormack)  Cates. 
He  was  of  Welsh  and  Irish  ancestry.  Mr. 
Cates  had  four  brothers  who  served  in  the 
Civil  war.  Some  of  his  ancestors  fought 
as  soldiers  in  the  War  of  1812  and  also 
in  the  war  of  American  independence.  His 
people  were  pioneers  in  the  Middle  West. 
His  great-grandfather,  Albert  Cates,  do- 
nated the  land  on  which  was  built  the  Vil- 
lage of  Catestown  in  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee. 

Joseph  Cates  had  very  limited  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  a  liberal  education  when  a 
boy.  At  the  age  of  three  he  was  left  an 
orphan,  and  his  total  school  attendance 
was  hardly  more  than  thirty  days.  He 
was  the  adopted  child  of  John  and  Sarah 
Cosgrove  at  Orleans  in  Orange  County, 
Indiana,  but  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  began 
learning  the  trade  of  cabinet  maker  with 
John  Oakes,  with  whom  he  remained  two 
years.  He  was  practically  master  of  that 
mechanical  art  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  He 
developed  his  skill  in  this  special  line  into 
a  general  knowledge  of  contracting  and 
building.  He  spent  a  year  and  a  half  in 
that  work  with  Joseph  Morris,  and  a  simi- 
lar time  with  Jacob  Stephens.  He  was 
an  industrious  and  skillful  worker,  thrifty 
in  handling  his  financial  affairs,  and  finally 
had  enough  capital  to  enable  him  to  start 
in  business  for  himself.  One  of  the  secrets 
of  his  success  is  revealed  in  the  fact  that 
very  early  in  life  he  made  a  rule  to  save 
part  of  what  he  made  every  day,  and  as 
seldom  a  day  went  by  that  he  did  not 
make  something,  this  rule  in  time  brought 
him  considerable  capital.  As  a  building 


contractor  Mr.  Cates  continued  his  work 
for  a  number  of  years,  and  most  of  his 
contracts  were  executed  at  Orleans  in 
Orange  county,  at  Bloomington  in  Monroe 
County,  at  Washington  in  Daviess  County, 
and  at  Crawfordsville  in  Montgomery 
County. 

In  1868,  during  his  young  manhood, 
Mr.  Cates  went  to  the  far  West,  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  spent  a  year  as  a  contractor  at 
Webb  Landing  in  Tulare  County.  He 
then  returned  to  Indiana  and  located  at 
Crawfordsville  for  eighteen  months  and 
after  several  other  locations  he  came  to 
Anderson  in  December,  1892.  Here  he  es- 
tablished a  furniture  store  on  North  Main 
Street  and  six  months  later  formed  a  part- 
nership with  J.  W.  Johnson  under  the 
name  Cates  &  Johnson.  Their  store  was 
on  Meridian  Street  for  three  and  a  half 
years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  Mr.  Cates 
bought  his  partner's  interest  and  for  six 
months  was  in  business  as  Cates  &  Canaday. 
Later  he  re-established  a  new  store  on 
Meridian  Street,  but  after  about  three 
and  a  half  years  traded  the  store  for 
407  acres  of  land  in  Union  County 
near  Marysville,  Ohio.  His  next  store  was 
at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Eleventh  streets, 
and  after  building  it  up  to  profitable  pro- 
portions he  traded  it  for  710  acres 
in  Orange  County.  Mr.  Cates  repeated 
this  experience  several  times,  and  his 
success  in  building  up  a  growing  and 
prosperous  business  has  enabled  him  to 
sell  out  or  trade  to  advantage,  and  in  that, 
way  he  acquired  extensive  land  interests 
both  in  Indiana  and  in  other  states,  includ- 
ing Arkansas. 

In  1908  Mr.  Cates  started  in  the  furni- 
ture business  at  the  present  location,  and 
carried  on  the  store  largely  with  the  energy 
and  assistance  supplied  by  his  son.  At 
the  same  time  he  continued  his  operations 
in  the  buying  and  trading  of  lands.  Among 
his  holdings  at  the  time  of  his  death  were 
a  thirtv-six  apartment  building  known  as 
the  "Glencader"  on  Ellis  Avenue  near 
Fortieth  Street  in  Chicago.  He  also  had 
considerable  farm  lands  and  city  property 
at  Anderson,  and  he  owned  the  largest 
house  furnishing  store  in  Madison  County. 

Mr.  Cates  was  affiliated  with  the  lodges 
of  various  fraternities  at  Anderson,  includ- 
ing the  Masons,  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,  the  Tribe  of  Ben  Hur  and  the  Forest- 


1572 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ers.  Politically  he  was  a  republican  and 
a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

On  May  16,  1877,  he  married  Miss 
Caroline  Ratcliffe,  and  they  enjoyed  a 
happy  married  companionship  of  over 
forty  years.  Mrs.  Gates  is  a  daughter  of 
Stephen  and  Mary  Ratcliffe.  Three  chil- 
dren were  born  to  their  marriage,  Oscar  A., 
business  partner  with  his  father,  married 
in  1905  Emma  Clark,  and  they  have  two 
daughters,  granddaughters  of  Mr.  Cates, 
Caroline,  born  in  1907,  and  Geraldine,  born 
in  1909.  The  daughter  of  Mr.  Cates  is 
Miss  Dora  Jane  Cates.  Another  daughter, 
Mary,  born  in  June,  1883,  died  in  in- 
fancy. 

"In  the  midst  of  life  we  are  in  death," 
is  a  sentence  that  applies  peculiarly  to  the 
sudden  end  of  this  well  known  Anderson 
merchant.  Enjoying  extraordinary  health 
for  a  man  of  his  years,  busy  with  affairs 
and  the  interests  of  his  home,  on  March  8, 
1919,  he  fell  on  a  snow  and  ice  covered 
street  in  Anderson  and  sustained  injuries 
from  which  he  died  the  following  Monday, 
March  10th.  He  was  buried  in  the  Maple- 
wood  cemetery  at  Anderson  on  March  13th. 
What  his  life  and  his  death  meant  to  the 
community  was  well  expressed  in  the  edi- 
torial columns  of  the  Anderson  Herald : 
"In  the  death  of  Joseph  Cates  one  of  the 
very  interesting  as  well  as  one  of  the  very 
successful  merchants  of  the  city  passes 
away.  Mr.  Cates  was  a  furniture  mer- 
chant here  for  upwards  of  a  score  of  years. 
In  that  time  he  built  up  a  very  large  busi- 
ness, and  through  this  and  trading  in  real 
estate  accumulated  a  considerable  fortune. 
Mr.  Gates'  life  was  in  his  business  and  in 
his  home.  He  was  rarely  at  public  gather- 
ings and  when  in  the  city  was  all  the  time 
about  his  store.  In  his  merchandising  work 
he  came  in  contact  with  a  great  mass  of 
people,  and  there  were  thousands  who  re- 
posed full  confidence  in  him.  They  recog- 
nized in  him  an  unchanging  sympathy  with 
the  working  classes  and  success  did  not 
'change  his  head.' 

' '  Those  who  knew  Joseph  Cates  best  will 
miss  him  most.  To  all  our  people  he  was 
an  interesting  and  a  forcible  character, 
and  his  place  will  be  difficult  to  fill." 

THOMAS  "W.  BENNETT,  a  soldier,  lawyer 
and  prominent  public  official,  was  born  in 
Union  County,  Indiana,  February  16,  1831. 


In  1854  he  graduated  from  the  Law  School 
of  Indiana,  Asbury  University,  and  began 
practice.  In  1858  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate,  but  resigned  in  1861  to  enter 
the  national  service  and  became  succes- 
sively captain,  major,  colonel  and  brigadier 
general.  In  October,  1864,  Mr.  Bennett 
was  again  chosen  to  the  Senate,  serving 
until  March,  1867.  He  also  served  as 
mayor  of  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  was 
afterward  appointed  governor  of  Idaho 
Territory,  resigning  the  latter  office. 

! 

JAMES  M.  PROPST.  An  Indiana  man, 
native  of  Vigo  County,  where  he  has  spent 
practically  all  the  years  of  his  life,  James 
M.  Propst  has  made  an  enviable  record  as 
an  educator,  and  is  now  upon  his  second 
consecutive  term  as  county  superintendent 
of  schools  for  Vigo  County. 

Mr.  Propst  was  born  May  26,  1882,  at 
Riley  in  Vigo  County,  son  of  Charles  and 
Duella  Propst.  Mr.  Propst  had  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  local  schools  near  his  fath- 
er 's  home  and  completed  his  technical  edu- 
cation in  the  Indiana  State  Normal  School 
at  Terre  Haute.  He  has  been  teaching 
for  many  years,  and  his  record  as  a  teacher 
and  as  a  school  administrator  was  at  the 
basis  of  his  first  election  to  the  office  of 
county  schools  superintendent  in  1911.  He 
was  reelected  in  1917,  and  now  has  the 
complete  administration  over  the  school 
system  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  pop- 
ulous counties  in  the  state. 

Mr.  Propst  is  affiliated  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks 
of  Terre  Haute  and  the  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Lodge  No.  86  of  Terre  Haute.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Fort  Harrison  Country- 
Club  and  the  Terre  Haute  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church. 

December  23,  1908,  at  Prairieton,  In- 
diana, he  married  Mary  Ethel  Hanley, 
daughter  of  James  and  Emma  Hanley  and 
of  a  pioneer  Vigo  County  family.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Propst  have  one  daughter,  Mil- 
dren  Blanche. 

FRANK  S.  FISHBACK.  The  name  Fish- 
back  has  an  honorable  part  in  the  records 
of  Indianapolis  covering  a  period  of  over 
sixty  years.  As  a  family  the  Fishbacks 
have  been  prominent  in  business  and  also 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1573 


in  the  larger  and  broader  activities  and 
movements  connected  with  the  welfare  and 
progress  of  the  city. 

The  late  John  Fishback  was  at  one  time 
proprietor  of  the  old  Indianapolis  Sentinel 
and  gave  to  that  paper  some  of  the  distinc- 
tive qualities  which  made  it  an  influential 
factor  in  Indiana  journalism.  John  Fish- 
back  was  born  in  Batavia,  Ohio,  in  1825 
and  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1855,  at  the 
age  of  thirty.  In  this  city  he  established 
a  tannery,  also  developed  a  wholesale 
leather  business,  and  for  many  years  these 
enterprises  required  his  time  and  energy 
and  brought  him  the  foundation  of  a 
generous  fortune.  John  Fishback  was 
owner  and  publisher  of  the  Indianapolis 
Sentinel  from  1872  to  1875.  Many  old 
time  newspaper  men  of  Indiana  recall  his 
work  as  an  editor  and  publisher,  and  the 
Sentinel  never  had  a  more  prosperous  nor 
influential  period  in  its  history  than  when 
under  the  Fishback  ownership. 

John  Fishback  was  a  strong  democrat 
in  politics  and  while  working  always  for 
the  interests  of  his  party  he  was  first  and 
last  concerned  with  the  real  vital  welfare 
of  his  home  city.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  His  death  occurred 
in  1884.  He  married  Sarah  E.  Riddle, 
who  was  born  at  Kingston,  Ohio,  July  27, 
1832.  They  were  the  parents  of  five  chil- 
dren, the  youngest  being  Mr.  Frank  S. 
Fishback. 

Frank  S.  Fishback  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis May  14,  1866.  After  leaving  the 
public  schools  he  went  to  work  for  the  old 
Indianapolis  Times,  being  assistant  book- 
keeper in  its  office  two  years.  In  1887  he 
entered  a  new  field  as  a  merchandise  broker, 
and  that  is  the  business  upon  which  he  has 
concentrated  his  best  energies  for  thirty 
years  and  through  which  he  has  gained 
his  prominence  and  success  in  Indianapo- 
lis. His  business  for  many  years  has  been 
conducted  under  the  name  The  Fishback 
Company,  Importers  and  Roasters  of  Cof- 
fee. He  is  also  head  of  The  Fishback- 
Launne  Brokerage  Company. 

Prominent  like  his  father  in  the  demo- 
cratic party,  Mr.  Fishback  has  made  a  most 
creditable  record  in  handling  the  affairs 
of  several  important  offices  entrusted  to 
his  management.  In  1903  he  was  the  only 
democrat  elected  to  the  City  Council,  be- 
ing elected  as  councilman  at  large.  He 
gave  valuable  service  to  the  city  during 


the  administration  of  Mayor  John  W. 
Holtzman.  In  1908  he  was  elected  county 
treasurer,  and  filled  that  office  until  De- 
cember 31,  1911.  Mr.  Fishback  is  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club,  the  In- 
dianapolis Board  of  Trade,  the  Commercial 
Club  and  is  affiliated  with  Landmarks 
Lodge  No.  319,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  with  Lodge  No.  7  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church. 

June  12,  1889,  he  married  Miss  Mary 
E.  Stone.  She  was  born  in  the  city  of 
Washington,  the  oldest  of  the  six  children 
of  Daniel  E.  and  Abbie  (Stoker)  Stone. 
Her  father  was  a  native  of  Vermont,  of 
New  England  colonial  stock,  and  for  many 
years  was  president  of  a  company  manu- 
facturing veneer  at  Baltimore.  The  three 
children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fishback  are 
John  S.,  Frank  C.  and  Martha  L. 

JACOB  L.  BIELER,  who  served  with  the 
rank  of  captain  in  the  famous  Sixth  In- 
diana Light  Artillery  during  the  Civil  war, 
was  for  nearly  half  a  century  closely  iden- 
tified with  the  business  history  and  the 
enlightened  progress  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  in  Baden,  Germany,  and 
died  at  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  in  Indian- 
apolis following  an  operation  for  appendi- 
citis on  October  5,  1913,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-four.  Though  he  came  to  Amer- 
ica at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  acquired  a 
liberal  education  in  the  Fatherland.  His 
father  was  a  man  of  considerable  influence 
in  Baden,  and  his  family  were  of  that 
high  class  of  Germans  that  characterize 
the  early  emigration  to  American  shore 
following  the  Revolution  of  1848.  While 
Captain  Bieler  was  not  a  participant  in 
the  revolutionary  troubles  which  drove 
thousands  of  the  German  youth  beyond  the 
sea,  he  measured  up  the  same  social  class 
and  standards.  It  was  these  Germans,  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  leaders  among 
them  being  Carl  Schurz,  who  brought  with 
them  their  thrift  and  industry,  their  bind- 
ing sense  of  individual  and  civic  duty,  their 
moral  fervor  and  love  of  home,  and  in 
America,  both  in  peace  and  in  war,  in 
every  branch  of  human  endeavor  and  hu- 
man achievement,  by  brave  and  honest 
service  made  compensation  to  the  land  of 
their  adoption. 

Jacob  L.  Bieler  finished  his  education 


1574 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


at  Stuttgart.  He  inherited  the  political 
independence  and  love  of  liberty  of  his 
father,  and  he  embraced  with  zeal  the  life 
and  principles  of  America  and  his  Amer- 
icanism was  of  the  most  robust  type.  It 
is  said  that  he  never  liked  the  term  Ger- 
man-American. 

Coming  to  this  country  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  he  made  his  home  for  a  time  with 
an  uncle  at  Selma,  Alabama.  While  there 
he  became  a  sergeant  in  the  local  fire  de- 
partment, and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
war  with  the  rest  of  his  command  was 
drafted  into  the  rebel  army.  Through  his 
uncle  and  aunt  he  got  away  and  came 
north.  Before  he  left  Germany  his  father 
had  given  him  as  his  parting  injunction 
the  phrase  "Stick  to  your  flag,"  and  he 
interpreted  that  as  meaning  a  steadfast 
loyalty  to  the  flag  and  principles  of  the 
Union.  He  made  his  way  not  without 
considerable  risk  and  danger  to  Indiana, 
arriving  at  Indianapolis  in  1861.  Here  he 
joined  the  army  and  was  the  first  man 
to  erect  a  tent  of  the  famous  Morton  Bat- 
tery, afterward  the  Sixth  Indiana  Light 
Artillery.  He  not  only  became  one  of  the 
officers  in  this  battery,  but  supplied  much 
of  the  funds  for  its  equipment.  He  served 
loyally  all  through  the  war,  rose  to  the 
rank  of  captain,  and  was  in  many  of  the 
notable  campaigns  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley. His  battery  did  splendid  service  in 
the  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing  and  Cor- 
inth. 

After  the  war  Captain  Bieler  returned 
to  Indianapolis  and  engaged  in  the  harness 
business  as  a  partner  with  Rudolph  Frauer 
on  Washington  Street  opposite  the  Court 
House.  In  later  years  he  was  in  the  com- 
mission business,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  vice  president  and  had  long 
been  active  in  the  management  of  the 
American  Foundry  Company. 

In  politics  he  was  a  strict  republican, 
but  his  interest  in  the  progress  of  his  home 
city  transcended  all  his  party  affiliations. 
He  was  the  first  republican  councilman 
ever  elected  from  the  old  Thirteenth  Ward. 
While  in  the  Council  he  fought  the  grant- 
ing of  a  francise  to  the  Belt  Railway.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  City  Council  from 
1878  to  1880  and  in  1880  was  elected 
county  recorder,  filling  that  office  until 
1884. 

Of  his  record  in  public  affairs  one  of  the 
most  important  responsibilities  he  ever  held 


was  as  government  agent  to  open  the  Sho- 
shone  Indian  Reservation  in  the  far  north- 
west. He  became  greatly  attached  to  that 
country,  and  he  carried  out  his  official 
duties  without  fear  or  favor,  and  at  the 
risk  of  his  own  life  drove  away  the  gam- 
blers and  illicit  liquor  sellers  from  the 
reservation.  Captain  Bieler  was  selected  by 
the  United  German  American  Alliance  to 
go  to  Washington  to  oppose  the  Hepburn- 
Dolliver  Bill.  It  was  his  testimony  that 
helped  establish  the  contention  of  Gen.  Lew 
Wallace  in  regard  to  the  latter 's  attitude 
at  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  Captain  Bieler  was 
always  fond  of  old  army  comrades  and  of 
every  meeting  where  old  soldiers  congre- 
gated and  where  patriotism  abounded.  He 
was  a  most  lovable  character,  democratic 
in  manner,  an  excellent  speaker  and  was 
often  chosen  to  address  local  gatherings. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  the  Indian- 
apolis Star  editorially  gave  a  very  fine 
tribute  to  the  life,  and  in  reading  the  fol- 
lowing quotation  from  that  editorial  it  is 
well  to  bear  in  mind  that  it  was  written 
in  1913,  before  the  opening  of  the  Euro- 
pean war.  The  editorial  reads  as  follows: 

"Unpleasant  criticisms  of  Americans 
who  go  to  the  other  countries  for  extended 
stays  often  drift  back  from  foreign  shores, 
the  chief  faults  complained  of  being  two 
that  are  diametrically  opposed  to  each 
other.  It  is  asserted  of  one  class  of  these 
exiles  that  they  refuse  to  adjust  them- 
selves to  their  new  environment,  that  they 
can  see  no  good  in  the  institutions  and 
prevailing  conditions  of  the  new  home  com- 
pared to  those  of  their  native  land  and  are 
continually  drawing  invidious  and  offensive 
comparisons  in  favor  of  the  latter.  The 
other  class  of  Americans,  on  the  contrary, 
are  effusive  in  their  praise  of  the  adopted 
country  and  correspondingly  deprecatory 
of  their  own.  They  seem  to  feel  it  neces- 
sary constantly  to  apologize  for  the  United 
States  in  order  to  ingratiate  themselves 
with  their  new  associates,  not  realizing 
that  their  course  arouses  the  contempt  even 
of  the  foreigners. 

"How  different  is  the  attitude  of  for- 
eigners who  come  to  this  country  to  seek 
a  home,  especially  that  of  certain  nation- 
alities. Take  the  Germans,  by  way  of  il- 
lustration, and  Captain  Bieler  of  Indian- 
apolis, who  died  on  Sunday,  as  a  type.  He 
came  from  Germany  in  the  late  fifties,  with- 
in five  years  was  a  volunteer  soldier,  fight- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1575 


ing  to  save  the  Union  of  which  he  had 
become  a  citizen.  His  citizenship  was  not 
an  empty  thing ;  it  involved  love  of  liberty 
and  love  of  free  institutions  and  a  deep 
feeling  of  patriotism.  The  war  over,  this 
patriotic  sense  led  him,  together  with  other 
German- American  veterans,  to  establish  the 
custom  of  firing  a  salute  on  the  Court 
House  lawn  each  anniversary  of  Washing- 
ton's birth.  It  is  a  significant  thing  that 
it  remained  not  for  native  Americans,  who 
proudly  trace  their  lineage  to  colonial  fam- 
ilies, but  for  newcomers,  to  originate  this 
tribute  to  the  first  president." 

Captain  Bieler  married  Caroline  M. 
Heun,  also  a  native  of  Germany,  who  sur- 
vived him,  together  with  a  son,  Charles  L. 
Biejer,  and  two  daughters,  Mrs.  S.  H. 
Malpas  and  Miss  Bertha  Bieler. 

Captain  Bieler  was  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  was  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  Order,  the  Odd  Fellows,  Im- 
proved Order  Knights  of  Pythias ,  the 
Knights  of  Cosmos,  the  Maennerchor  and 
Musikverein.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  Liederkranz,  organized  at  Indian- 
apolis during  the  eighties. 

Charles  L.  Bieler,  his  only  son,  was  born 
at  Indianapolis  June  14,  1867,  and  was 
educated  in  the  grammar  and  high  schools. 
He  is  now  president  of  The  American 
Foundry  Company,  a  business  in  which 
his  father  was  actively  interested  until  his 
death.  The  American  Foundry  Company 
is  one  of  the  largest  industries  of  Indian- 
apolis and  gives  employment  to  about  650 
hands.  September  20,  1893,  Charles  L. 
Bieler  married  Miss  Effie  Henley.  Her 
father,  William  F.  Henley,  was  a  promi- 
nent wholesale  merchant  of  Indianapolis. 
Charles  L.  Bieler  and  wife  had  one  son, 
Louis  Henley,  who  is  now  a  first  lieu- 
tenant and  has  been  assigned  as  personal 
aide  on  the  staff  of  Brigadier-General  Ed- 
ward M.  Lewis.  He  was  attending  Prince- 
ton University  as  a  junior,  but  gave  up  his 
'4k  college  career  to  fight  for  his  country. 

Mrs.  Effie  H.  Bieler,  the  mother  of  this 
American  soldier,  died  October  6,  1917, 
at  her  home  3104  North  Pennsylvania 
Street.  Besides  her  son  and  husband  she 
was  survived  by  her  mother,  Mrs.  William 
F.  Henley,  and  by  two  sisters,  Martha 
Henley  and  Mrs.  Stoughton  A.  Fletcher. 
She  was  laid  to  rest  at  Crown  Hill  ceme- 
tery. 


Charles  L.  Bieler  has  a  splendid  record 
as  a  member  of  the  National  Guard,  and 
his  son  makes  the  third  successive  genera- 
tion to  fight  for  Uncle  Sam.  Charles  L. 
Bieler  joined  the  National  Guard  in  1882 
as  a  member  of  the  Gatling  Squad  of  In- 
dianapolis Light  Artillery.  He  retired  in 
1910  with  the  rank  of  captain.  For  four 
years  he  was  a  member  of  Governor  Dur- 
bin's  staff  with  the  rank  of  major. 

ROSCOE  KIPER,  a  present  valued  member 
of  the  State  Senate  of  Indiana,  has  been 
a  lawyer  at  Boonville  in  active  practice 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  is  also  a 
former  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  his 
district. 

Mr.  Kiper  was  born  at  Litchfield,  Ken- 
tucky, June  2,  1874,  son  of  Rev.  J.  D. 
and  Louisa  (Fuller)  Kiper.  His  father, 
who  is  still  living  at  the  advanced  age 
of  eighty-three,  is  one  of  the  oldest  min- 
isters of  the  Indiana  Methodist  Conference. 
He  entered  the  ministry  in  1863  and  con- 
tinued active  for  nearly  half  a  century, 
until  he  retired.  The  family  came  to  In- 
diana in  1884,  locating  at  Cannelton. 

Judge  Kiper,  the  seventh  in  a  large 
family  of  children,  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  of  Indiana  and  received 
his  legal  education  in  the  Indiana  Law 
School.  He  began  practice  at  Boonville  in 
1893.  He  was  deputy  prosecuting  attorney 
and  held  the  office  of  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  six  years.  He  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate  on  the  republican  ticket,  rep- 
resenting the  district  of  Warrick  and  Van- 
derburg  Counties. 

HOWARD  W.  BECKMAN  AND  ELMER  KREI- 
MEIER.  Senior  member  of  Beckman- 
Kreimeier  Shoe  Company  of  Richmond, 
Howard  W.  Beckman  has  been  in  the  shoe 
business  the  greater  part  of  his  career, 
and  his  knowledge  and  long  experience 
have  brought  the  present  firm  a  most  en- 
viable success. 

Mr.  Beckman  is  a  son  of  Willtam  F. 
and  Anna  Elizabeth  (Lindermann)  Beck- 
man. He  was  educated  in  the  common 
and  high  schools  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
went  to  work  as  a  wagon  driver  for  Adam 
H.  Bartel  &  Company.  After  a  year  he 
went  to  work  as  salesman  for  the  Hoosier 
Mercantile  Company  of  Richmond,  shoe 
merchants,  and  during  the  next  year  and 
a  half  acquired  much  experience  which 


1576 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


has  been  valuable  to  him  all  the  rest  of  his 
career.  For  two  years  he  was  a  shoe  sales- 
man for  Harry  S.  Clone  in  Shelbyville,  then 
a  year  and  a  half  with  the  Curme-Felt- 
man  Shoe  Company,  four  years  with  the 
Kahn-Williams  Shoe  Company  at  Conners- 
ville,  and  in  1919  formed  a  partnership 
with  Elmer  Kreimeier  and  bought  the 
Walk-Over  shop  on  Main  Street  in  Rich- 
mond. 

Mr.  Beckman  married  in  1917  Irene 
Smith,  daughter  of  W.  J.  Smith  of  Con- 
nersville.  In  politics  he  is  independent 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Fraternal  Order  of 
Eagles. 

Elmer  Kreimeier,  junior  member  in  the 
Beckman-Kreimeier  Shoe  Company,  was 
born  in  Richmond  in  1881,  son  of  Edward 
and  Catherine  (Eggelman)  Kreimeier.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen,  leaving  public  school, 
he  went  to  work  with  the  Nickolson  book 
bindery,  and  spent  more  than  three  years 
with  that  concern,  being  employed  in  cut- 
ting paper  boxes  and  in  delivery  work. 
His  longest  business  experience  was  with 
the  Starr  piano  factory,  working  on  piano 
actions.  He  became  an  action  regulator 
and  had  charge  of  that  branch  of  the  fac- 
tory for  ten  years,  also  being  connected  in 
other  capacities  for  a  total  of  eighteen 
years.  In  July,  1918,  Mr.  Kreimeier  went 
to  the  Curme-Feltman  Shoe  Company  as  a 
salesman  to  learn  the  business,  and  in  1919 
formed  •  his  present  partnership  with  Mr. 
Howard  Beckman. 

In  1908  he  married  Alice  Lichtenfels, 
daughter  of  Jacob  and  Anna  (Coon)  Lich- 
tenfels of  Richmond.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Kreimeier  is  an  independent 
in  politics,  is  affiliated  with  the  Lodge  of 
Masons,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
and  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  has  held 
numerous  offices  in  St.  Paul's  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church. 

HOWARD  ALBERT  DILL,  treasurer  and 
superintendent  of  the  Richmond  City 
Waterworks,  is  a  civil  engineer  of  wide 
technical  experience  and  for  many  years 
has  been  engaged  in  business  where  his 
profession  serves  him  well.  . 

Mr.  Dill  was  born  at  Richmond  August 
7,  1869,  son  of  Matthew  H.  and  Emily 
(Hutton)  Dill.  He  attended  the  grade 
schools  of  Richmond  and  in  1884  became 
a  student  in  Swarthmore  College  and 
graduated  in  1889.  From  Swarthmore  he 


entered  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  and  was  graduated  with  the 
degree  S.  B.  in  1891.  During  1893-94 
Mr.  Dill  was  connected  with  the  City  En- 
gineering Department  of  Indianapolis,  and 
on  returning  to  Richmond  in  1895  became 
treasurer  of  the  Richmond  Bicycle  Com- 
pany. In  1898  he  joined  the  Richmond 
City  Water  Works,  becoming  its  treasurer 
in  1899.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  and 
director  of  the  J.  M.  Hutton  &  Company. 
In  the  meantime  Mr.  Dill  had  found  many 
opportunities  for  valuable  public  service 
and  has  a  wide  range  of  interests.  He 
was  president  of  the  Richmond  Commer- 
cial Club  in  1918-19,  is  president  of  the 
Social  Service  Bureau  of  Richmond  a 
member  of  the  Richmond  Country  Club, 
the  Richmond  Tourist  Club  and  the  Rotary 
Club.  He  is  an  elder  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  a  member  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  an 
independent  republican  in  politics. 

In  1892  he  married  Miss  Camilla  L. 
Walker,  daughter  of  Judge  L.  C.  and  Ca- 
milla (Farquhar)  Walker.  Mrs.  Dill  died 
in  April,  1910,  the  mother  of  two  children : 
Dorothy  and  Malcolm  Howard.  The  son 
was  born  in  1899,  and  at  the  close  of  1918 
was  in  the  artillery  service  at  Camp  Tay- 
lor, Louisville,  Kentucky.  In  December, 
1911,  Mr.  Dill  married  Mary  Kinsey  Ham- 
mond, daughter  of  Thaddeus  Wright. 

HENRY  C.  SMITHER,  who  is  head  of  the 
oldest  gravel  roofing  and  modern  fireproof 
roofing  enterprise  in  Indianapolis,  has  been 
an  active  business  man  in  that  city  for 
half  a  century.  He  is  a  veteran  of  the  Civil 
war  and  member  of  a  family  that  was 
established  in  the  capital  of  Indiana  more 
than  ninety  years  ago. 

Some  of  the  most  interesting  memories 
of  the  old  days  in  and  around  Indianapolis 
have  been  preserved  by  Mr.  Smither,  and 
no  one  has  studied  early  conditions  more 
carefully  and  can  speak  with  more  author- 
ity on  the  persons  and  ewnts  of  the  times. 

The  Smither  family  in  all  generations' 
have  been  distinguished  by  sturdy  Ameri- 
can characteristics,  including  a  patriotism 
that  has  never  required  propaganda  or  spe- 
cial urging  to  respond  to  every  call  by 
their  country.  Mr.  Smitber  's  grandparents 
were  James  and  Nancy  Smither,  and  their 
home  was  in  Owen  County,  Kentucky, 
where  they  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  Nancy 


:.7t; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


has  been  valuable  to  liim  all  the  rest  of  his 
career.  For  two  years  lie  was  a  shoe  sales- 
man for  Harry  8.  Cone  iu  Shelby ville,  then 
a  year  and  a  half  with  the  Curme-Felt- 
inaii  Shoe  Company,  four  years  with  the 
Kahn- Williams  Shoe  Company  at  Conners- 
ville,  and  in  1919  formed  a  partnership 
with  Klmer  Kreimeicr  and  bought  the 
Walk-Over  shop  on  .Main  Street  in  Rich- 
mond. 

.Mi1.  Beckman  married  in  1917  Irene 
Smith,  daughter  of  W.  .1.  Smith  of  Con- 
nersville.  In  polities  he  is  independent 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Fraternal  Order  of 
Kagles. 

Klmer  Kreimeier,  junior  member  in  flu1 
Beckman-Kreiineier  Shoe  Company,  was 
born  in  Richmond  in  1881,  son  of  Edward 
and  Catherine  I  Kggclman  )  Kivimeier.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen,  leaving  public  school, 
lie  went  to  work  with  the  Nickolson  book 
bindery,  and  spent  more  than  three  years 
with  that  concern,  being  employed  in  cut- 
ting paper  boxes  and  in  delivery  work. 
His  longest  business  experience  was  with 
the  Starr  piano  factory,  working  on  piano 
actions.  He  became  an  act  inn  regulator 
and  had  charge  of  that  branch  of  the  fac- 
tory for  ten  years,  also  beinjr  connected  in 
other  capacities  for  a  total  of  eighteen 
years.  In  July.  1918.  .Mr.  Kreimeier  went 
to  the  Curine-l'Yltman  Shoe  Company  as  a 
salesman  to  learn  the  business,  and  in  1919 
formed  his  present  partnership  with  Mr. 
Howard  Bcckman. 

In  1908  he  married  Alice  Lichtenfels. 
daughter  of  Jacob  and  Anna  cCoom  Lich- 
tenfels  of  Richmond.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Kreimeier  is  an  independent 
in  politics,  is  affiliated  with  the  Lodge  of 
Masons,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
and  Kni'_rhts  of  Pythias,  and  has  held 
numerous  offices  in  St.  Paul's  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church. 

HOWARD  AI.UKIJT  DILI.,  treasurer  and 
superintendent  of  the  Richmond  City 
Waterworks,  is  a  civil  engineer  of  wide 
technical  experience  and  for  many  years 
has  been  engaged  in  business  where  his 
profession  serves  him  well. 

.Mr.  Dill  was  born  at  Richmond  August 
7.  1S(>9.  son  of  Matthew  II.  and  Emily 
iHntton'i  Dill.  lie  attended  the  grade 
schools  of  Richmond  and  in  18s4  became 
a  student  in  Swarthmore  College  and 
graduated  in  1889.  From  Swarthmore  he 


entered  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology,  and  was  graduated  with  the 
degree  S.  B.  in  1891.  During  1893-94 
Mr.  Dill  was  connected  with  the  City  En- 
gineering Department  of  Indianapolis,  and 
on  returning  to  Richmond  in  189.">  became 
treasurer  of  the  Richmond  Bicycle  Com- 
pany. In  1898  he  joined  the  Richmond 
City  Water  Works,  becoming  its  treasurer 
in  1*99.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  and 
director  of  the  J.  M.  Huttoii  &  Company. 
In  the  meantime  Mr.  Dill  had  found  many 
opportunities  for  valuable  public  service 
and  has  a  wide  range  of  interests.  He 
was  president  of  the  Richmond  Commer- 
cial Club  in  1918-19,  is  president  of  the 
Social  Service  Bureau  of  Richmond  a 
member  of  the  Richmond  Country  Club, 
the  Richmond  Tourist  Club  and  the  Rotary 
Club.  He  is  an  elder  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  a  member  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  an 
independent  republican  in  politics. 

In  1892  he  married  Miss  Camilla  L. 
Walker,  daughter  of  .fudge  L.  C.  and  Ca- 
milla <Far<|uhar>  Walker.  Mrs.  Dill  died 
in  April.  1910,  the  mother  of  two  children  : 
Dorothy  and  Malcolm  Howard.  The  son 
was  born  in  189!).  and  at  the  dose  of  191> 
was  in  the  artillery  service  at  ('amp  Tay- 
lor. Louisville,  Kentucky.  In  December. 
1911.  Mr.  Dill  married  Mary  Kinsey  Ham- 
mond, daughter  of  Thaddcus  Wright. 

HKNIM'  C.  SMITHER,  who  is  head  of  the 
oldest  gravel  rooting  and  modern  fireproof 
roofing  enterprise  in  Indianapolis,  has  been 
an  active  business  man  in  that  city  for 
half  a  century.  He  is  a  veteran  of  the  Civil 
war  and  member  of  a  family  that  was 
established  in  the  capital  of  Indiana  more 
than  ninety  years  ago. 

Some  of  the  most  interesting  memories 
of  the  old  days  in  and  around  Indianapolis 
have  been  preserved  by  Mr.  Smither,  and 
no  one  has  studied  early  conditions  more 
'•arefnlly  and  can  speak  with  more  author- 
ity on  the  persons  and  events  of  the  times. 

The  Smither  family  in  all  generations 
have  been  distinguished  by  sturdy  Ameri- 
can characteristics,  including  a  patriotism 
that  has  never  required  propaganda  or  spe- 
cial uririnu  to  respond  to  every  call  by 
their  country.  Air.  Smithcr's  grandparents 
were  .lames  and  Nancy  Smilher.  and  their 
home  was  in  Owen  County.  Kentucky. 
where  they  lived  to  a  good  old  age.  Xancy 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1577 


passing  the  century  mark.  Nine  of  their 
sons  and  one  daughter  grew  to  mature 
years,  namely:  Robert,  William,  Sarah, 
Lewis,  James,  John,  Ezekiel,  Willis,  Wyatt 
and  Coalman. 

John  and  Elizabeth  Smither,  parents  of 
Henry  C.,  were  natives  of  Kentucky  and 
came  to  Indiana  about  the  year  1825,  set- 
tling in  what  is  now  Indianapolis.  John 
Smither  once  owned  the  property  where 
now  stands  the  Claypool  Hotel,  also  part 
of  the  State  House  grounds,  the  land  at 
the  corner  of  Indiana  Avenue  and  Illinois 
Street  for  half  a  square  or  more  on  the 
avenue,  and  constructed  the  first  little  one- 
story  brick  house  on  the  avenue.  He  owned 
several  other  valuable  properties  in  the 
city.  He  was  a  gunsmith  by  trade  and 
even  after  he  sold  his  shop  and  tools  his 
services  were  sought  to  make  some  rifle? 
for  special  customers,  and  these  rifles  stood 
every  test  of  accuracy  and  fine  workman- 
ship. After  selling  his  Indianapolis  prop- 
erty John  Smither  moved  to  a  farm  on  the 
old  Michigan  Road  near  New  Bethel,  eight 
miles  southeast  of  Indianapolis.  The  pres- 
ent Village  of  New  Bethel  is  located  on 
ground  once  owned  by  him.  John  Smither 
was  typical  of  the  hardy,  rugged,  resource- 
ful pioneer,  had  a  high  order  of  business 
ability  and  conducted  to  enviable  success 
many  large  affairs.  His  name  in  fact  de- 
serves a  permanent  place  among  the  found- 
ers and  upbuilders  of  the  city  of  Indianap- 
olis and  Marion  County.  He  cleared  away 
a  large  amount  of  land  of  its  timber,  and 
as  was  the  custom  of  the  time  had  to  roll 
together  and  burn  immense  logs  of  the 
finest  hardwood  timber  which  would  now 
constitute  a  fortune  for  a  practical  lum- 
berman. In  those  days  the  woods  were 
filled  with  game,  and  Henry  C.  Smither 
during  his  boyhood  was  regaled  with  many 
interesting  stories  of  the  exploits  of  his 
father  and  other  nimrods  in  shooting  and 
trapping  such  wild  game  as  deer,  bear  and 
turkeys.  The  first  country  home  of  the 
Smither  family  in  Marion  County  was  a 
log  house  with  a  big  fireplace,  a  blanket 
over  the  door  opening,  but  in  course  of 
years  by  hard  efforts  John  Smither  de- 
veloped not  only  a  fine  farm  but  erected 
a  most  substantial  home.  This  home  was 
on  the  old  Michigan  Road,  the  famous 
thoroughfare  that  stretched  north  and 
south  through  Indiana  from  the  Ohio  River 
to  Michigan  City,  passing  through  In- 
voi.  rv— » 


dianapolis.  After  erecting  a  large  and 
commodious  house  John  Smither  turned  it 
to  good  account  as  a  tavern,  known  as  the 
Smither  Tavern.  The  nine  room  house 
was  situated  on  a  pleasant  knoll,  sur- 
rounded with  blue  grass  lawn,  shade,  fruit 
and  flower  trees.  The  Smither  Tavern  was 
one  of  the  points  in  the  old  time  civiliza- 
tion of  Indiana  which  could  furnish  count- 
less themes  for  romance  and  history.  The 
hospitality  and  good  cheer  were  unbounded. 
The  Smithers  set  a  table  that  would  make 
the  good  living  of  modern  time  seem  poor 
indeed.  The  house  was  filled  with  travelers 
night  and  day,  and  many  of  the  foremost 
celebrities  of  the  time  stopped  there,  in- 
cluding especially  the  statesman  journey- 
ing back  and  forth.  In  fact  the  Smither 
station,  being  the  last  public  house  on  the 
road  before  entering  Indianapolis  from  the 
South,  was  well  called  the  "primping  sta- 
tion." Travel-worn  legislators  and  others 
who  desired  to  make  the  best  appearance 
on  reaching  the  streets  of  Indianapolis 
would  spend  the  night  or  at  least  several 
hours  at  the  Smither  Tavern,  getting  their 
boots  greased,  their  linen  changed,  and  all 
the  niceties  of  good  dress  arranged. 

Besides  the  politicians  and  regular  trav- 
elers who  stopped  there,  the  Smither 
Tavern  was  the  headquarters  for  the 
preachers  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  and 
every  Sunday  particularly  the  neighbors 
for  miles  around  would  gather  at  the 
Smither  home  to  partake  of  the  bountiful 
provisions  of  the  table  and  enjoy  the  so- 
ciety of  their  fellows.  To  their  neighbors 
Uncle  John  and  Aunt  Betsey,  as  they  were 
known,  opened  the  privilege  of  their  house 
and  table  without  jpay,  and  there  was 
never  a  case  of  the  poor  or  hungry  being 
turned  away  from  their  door.  They  were 
active  members  of  the  Baptist  Church  at 
New  Bethel,  and  nearly  all  their  children 
were  also  affiliated  with  that  church.  The 
old  church  so  well  remembered  has  long 
since  disappeared  and  has  been  replaced  by 
a  substantial  brick  edifice  a  short  distance 
east  of  the  old  site. 

The  old  Michigan  Road  is  today  one  of 
the  fine  modern  thoroughfares  of  Indiana, 
and  only  those  historically  inclined  have 
any  knowledge  as  they  ride  along  in  their 
automobiles  of  the  historical  significance  of 
the  highway.  Of  the  old  time  landmarks 
still  standing  along  the  road  the  old 
Smither  house  was  one  of  the  most  inter- 


1578 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


esting.  It  is  as  firm  as  a  rock  today, 
having  been  constructed  of  heavy  poplar 
logs  grown  on  the  land.  Many  years  ago 
the  house  was  sold  to  the  McGauhey  family, 
former  County  Commissioner  John  Mc- 
Gauhey having  owned  it,  and  it  is  now 
the  property  of  McGauhey 's  son-in-law, 
J.  E.  "Wheatley.  John  Smither  also  erected 
a  saw  mill  on  his  land  and  worked  up  much 
of  the  timber  into  lumber.  There  is  no 
person  now  living  who  has  witnessed  as 
many  changes  brought  by  civilization  in 
central  Indiana  as  the  old  Smither  house. 
It  was  built  before  there  were  any  rail- 
roads, when  all  travel  in  this  section  was 
by  stage  coach  or  wagon  over  the  dirt  and 
corduroy  roads.  Its  windows  have  looked 
out  upon  statesmen  going  by  on  horseback 
with  their  high  hats  and  old  fashioned 
stocks,  upon  stage  and  mail  coaches  drawn 
by  four  and  six  horses,  until  gradually  the 
conditions  which  made  the  Smither  Tavern 
prosperous  have  yielded  to  the  railroad, 
the  automobile  and  the  electric  railway,  a 
line  of  which  is  just  across  the  road  from 
the  old  house.  Today  there  are  telephone 
wires  bearing  intelligence  instead  of  the 
mail  cart  and  post  rider.  Henry  C.  Smither 
when  a  small  boy,  holding  his  father's 
hand,  had  the  privilege  of  witnessing  the 
first  railroad  train  over  the  Madison  Rail- 
road as  it  entered  Indianapolis. 

John  and  Elizabeth  Smither  had  thirteen 
children,  four  daughters  and  nine  sons, 
four  of  the  sons  dying  in  infancy.  Those 
who  grew  up  were  all  happily  married. 
Their  names  were:  Sarah  Catherine, 
Nancy  Jane,  Mary  Frances,  James  Wil- 
liam, Henry  Clay,  Elizabeth  Helen,  Theo- 
dore Freelinghyson,  Robert  G.  and  John  W. 
John  Smither  was  a  whig  in  early  life  and 
gave  the  name  of  the  great  whig  states- 
man to  the  son  mentioned  above.  Later 
he  was  a  republican  and  was  a  ma.n  of 
exalted  patriotism  during  the  Civil  war. 
He  furnished  his  four  oldest  sons  to  the 
Government.  James  W.  was  in  the  railway 
mail  service  during  the  war.  The  record 
of  Henry  C.  is  given  below.  Theodore  F. 
was  a  member  of  the  Twenty-sixth  Indiana 
Infantry  and  served  faithfully  until  hon- 
orably discharged  for  disability.  The 
youngest  son,  John  "W.,  was  too  young 
to  get  into  the  Civil  war  and  too  old  for 
the  European  conflict,  but  his  son,  Dr.  J. 
A.  Smither,  at  Jamestown,  California,  did 
some  work  in  examining  recruits  for  the 


recent  war.  John  W.  Smither  is  now  in 
the  insurance  and  brokerage  business  at 
Burlington,  Iowa. 

The  best  and  most  faithful  soldier  of  all 
the  Smither  brothers  was  Robert  G.  He 
enlisted  at  the  same  time  with  his  brother 
Theodore  in  the  Twenty-sixth  Indiana 
Regiment  and  was  called  the  baby  of  the 
regiment,  being  only  a  little  over  fourteen 
when  he  went  in.  The  boys  used  to  carry 
him  around  all  over  camp  on  their  shoul- 
ders. He  finally  was  badly  wounded  in 
the  right  leg,  the  bone  being  shattered.  He 
remained  out  only  about  six  months  after 
being  discharged,  and  then  again  enlisted, 
at  the  time  of  the  first  Morgan  raid,  in 
Company  E  of  the  107th  Indiana.  Later 
he  became  first  sergeant  of  Troop  H,  Sev- 
enth Indiana  Cavalry,  on  August  9,  1863, 
was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  in 
1864,  and  afterward  promoted  to  first 
lieutenant  March  7,  1865,  and  to  captain 
on  June  1, 1865.  He  was  wounded  through 
the  base  of  the  neck  and  was  complimented 
for  soldierly  bearing  and  conduct  at  Rip- 
ley,  Mississippi,  and  was  finally  discharged 
at  Indianapolis  March  16,  1866.  He  then 
made  application  to  the  regular  army,  was 
appointed  first  lieutenant  of  the  Tenth 
United  States  Cavalry  June  12,  1867 ;  ad- 
jutant, January  27,  1877,  to  November, 
1881;  captain,  November  18,  1881.  He 
saw  much  service  in  the  West  when  the 
Indians  were  still  hostile,  being  stationed 
at  Fort  Riley,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory 
and  New  Mexico,  and  many  other  places. 
After  many  years  of  service  he  attained  the 
rank  of  major,  and  finally,  on  account  of 
trouble  from  his  old  wound,  he  had  to 
retire  on  April  23,  1904,  but  for  several 
years  afterward  continued  on  duty  as  a 
recruiting  officer.  He  is  now  living  at 
Pasadena,  California.  Major  Smither 's 
army  record  is  highly  commended  not  only 
by  his  comrades  who  served  with  him  but 
by  his  superior  officers  in  official  publica- 
tions. 

Another  military  member  of  the  family 
is  Col.  Henry  C.  Smither,  a  son  of 
Major  Smither  and  a  nephew  of  Mr.  Henry 
C.  Smither  of  Indianapolis.  Col.  Henry 
C.  Smither  was  born  while  his  father  was 
in  the  regular  army,  was  admitted  to  the 
West  Point  Military  Academy  during  the 
administration  of  President  Harrison,  and 
for  three  years  after  his  graduation  re- 
mained an  instructor  in  the  Academy.  He 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1579 


was  assigned  to  a  regiment  in  the  West, 
was  twice  sent  to  the  Philippines,  holding 
the  rank  of  captain,  was  promoted  to  major, 
and  after  General  Pershing  went  to  France 
was  ordered  to  return  to  Washington  and 
was  assigned  to  Pershing 's  staff  with  the 
rank  of  colonel.  High  praise  has  been 
given  him  as  one  of  the  officers  in  com- 
mand of  the  American  army's  supply  serv- 
ice in  France,  and  he  was  especially  cited 
by  one  of  his  commanding  generals  in 
France.  In  the  spring  of  1919  he  rejoined 
his  wife  and  three  children  at  Washington. 
Mr.  Henry  C.  Smither  of  Indianapolis  is 
greatly  interested  in  and  proud  of  his 
nephew  and  namesake.  Colonel  Smither 
and  wife  have  two  daughters  and  one  son. 
The  second  child  was  named  after  its  uncle 
before  it  was  born,  and  when  it  proved  a 
girl  the  name  was  changed  from  Henry  to 
Henry-Etta.  The  third  child  was  a  son 
and  was  given  the  full  name  of  his  great- 
uncle,  Henry  C.  Smither. 

A  significant  fact  in  the  patriotic  rec- 
ord of  the  Smither  family  is  that  both  in 
the  Civil  and  in  the  World  wars  all  the 
soldier  participants  volunteered,  none  of 
them  being  drafted.  In  the  Civil  war  be- 
sides the  four  brothers  above  noted  there 
were  two  brothers-in-law,  Wharton  K. 
Clinton  of  the  Thirteenth  Indiana  Volun- 
teers and  Mexican  war  veteran,  and  George 
E.  Tiffany  of  the  Volunteers.  Mr.  Smither 
of  Indianapolis  besides  his  famous  nephew, 
Colonel  Smither,  had  four  grand-nephews 
in  the  World  war,  Charles  Wharton  Eich- 
rodt,  a  first  lieutenant  still  in  France; 
Frederick  C.  Wright,  troop  sergeant  in 
the  Motor  Truck  Service ;  William  S.  Gard- 
ner of  the  Seventeenth  Iowa  Cavalry;  arid 
Emory  Tiffany  in  the  navy. 

Mr.  Henry  C.  Smither  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1840.  His  first  military- 
service  was  with  the  Home  Guards,  Zou- 
aves, and  he  drilled  under  Gen.  Dan 
Macauley,  who  afterwards  entered  the  mili- 
tary service,  and  then  the  drill  master  and 
captain  was  Col.  Nicolas  Ruckle.  Mr. 
Smither  in  1863  gave  up  a  good  position 
to  enlist  in  Company  D  of  the  Seventy- 
ninth  Indiana  Infantry,  and  served  until 
honorably  discharged  for  disability.  After 
recuperating  he  ran  away  from  home  and 
tried  to  rejoin  his  regiment,  but  got  only 
as  far  as  Chattanooga,  which  was  then  in 
ruins,  and  after  a  very  lonely  time  in  the 
mountains  he  boarded  a  freight  train  and 


returned  to  Nashville.  There  he  tooi  a 
place  in  the  quartermaster's  department 
vacated  by  a  man  on  the  sick  list,  and  when 
he  was  relieved  of  that  duty  he  sought  a 
new  job  in  the  Old  Hoss  freight  depart- 
ment for  the  Express  Company.  He  was 
promoted  over  a  hundred  persons  to  as- 
sistant cashier,  but  declined  the  promotion 
in  view  of  his  approaching  wedding,  which 
was  to  be  celebrated  in  Indianapolis  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1865,  Miss  Emma  Barnitt  becom- 
ing his  bride. 

Before  the  adventure  above  noted  in 
seeking  to  rejoin  his  regiment,  there  oc- 
curred the  John  Morgan  raid  through 
Southern  Indiana.  Companies  were  quickly 
formed  in  Indianapolis,  and  Capt.  Whar- 
ton R.  Clinton,  a  retired  soldier  of  the 
Thirteenth  Indiana,  was  made  captain  of 
a  company,  with  Henry  C.  Smither  as 
second  lieutenant.  Chancrps  wpre  quickly 
made  and  upon  the  promotion  of  Clinton  to 
colonel  Henry  C.  Smither  was  promoted 
to  captain.  While  the  company  was  in 
instant  readiness  to  march,  a  telegram 
came  that  Morgan  had  been  captured,  and 
Mr.  Smither  recalls  this  incident  rather 
humorously  and  says  that  he  was  captain 
for  about  half  an  hour  altogether. 

In  1868  he  entered  the  business  which 
he  has  continued  for  half  a  century,  gravel 
roofing,  and  in  subsequent  years  he  has 
handled  other  forms  of  modern  fireproof 
material  for  roofing.  At  first  he  was  in 
partnership  with  the  late  J.  M.  Sims,  whose 
interests  he  bought.  His  house  is  widely 
known  to  the  trade  as  one  of  the  highest 
honor  and  reliability,  and  his  own  name 
is  a  guarantee  of  the  high  quality  of  every- 
thing sold  and  handled. 

Mr.  Smither  has  also  at  various  times 
been  engaged  in  a  number  of  business  and 
industrial  enterprises  at  Indianapolis.  He 
has  used  his  means  and  influence  liberally 
for  making  Indianapolis  a  progressive  me- 
tropolis. Many  people  recall  that  he  built 
the  old  Virginia  Avenue  Rink  in  the  day 
when  roller  skating  was  a  great  craze. 
Later  he  was  in  the  bicycle  business  ^when 
that  was  an  important  industry  at  In- 
dianapolis. Mr.  H.  C.  Smither  served  as 
city  councilman  for  four  years  during  the 
Bookwalter  administration.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Baptist  Church,  is  affil- 
iated with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No.  398,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and  is 
past  master,  is  a  Knight  Templar  and 


1580 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Scottish  Rite  Mason,  and  Shriner,  also  a 
member  of  George  H.  Thomas  Post,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic.  He  is  a  republican 
in  politics  and  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smither  had  a  most 
happy  married  life  of  nearly  half  a  cen- 
tury until  the  death  of  Mrs.  Smither  on 
July  6,  1914. 

SCHUYLER  COLFAX  was  born  in  New 
York  City  March  23,  1823,  and  died  in 
Mankato,  Minnesota  January  13,  1885.  He 
was  a  statesman  and  was  identified  with  the 
public  life  of  Indiana  for  many  years.  He 
came  to  this  state  in  1836,  settling  with  the 
family  in  New  Carlisle. 

In  subsequent  years  Vice  President  Col- 
fax  was  a  successful  candidate  of  the 
newly  formed  Republican  party  for  Con- 
gress, serving  by  successive  reelections 
from  1854  until  1869.  In  May,  1868,  the 
Republican  National  Convention  at  Chi- 
cago nominated  him  for  vice  president  of 
the  United  States,  General  Grant  being  the 
nominee  for  president,  and  he  took  his  seat 
as  president  of  the  Senate  on  March  4, 
1869.  The  later  years  of  Mr.  Colfax  were 
spent  mainly  in  retirement  at  his  home  in 
South  Bend  although  he  delivered  public 
lectures.  Mr.  Colfax  was  twice  married. 

FRANK  IRVIN  REED.  Of  the  firm  Irvin 
Reed  &  Son,  dealers  in  hardware,  imple- 
ments and  automobiles,  Frank  Irvin  Reed 
is  a  merchant  of  long  and  varied  business 
activities  and  experience.  His  father  was 
one  of  the  first  merchants  of  Richmond, 
and  sixty-five  years  ago  established  a  hard- 
ware business  in  that  city,  which  through 
his  son  has  been  continued  to  the  present 
time.  The  business  is  still  known  as  Irvin 
Reed  &  Son  and  is  the  largest  house  of 
its  kind  in  eastern  Indiana. 

Frank  Irvin  Reed  was  born  in  1854, 
son  of  Irvin  and  Mary  (Evens)  Reed.  He 
represents  an  old  American  family  of  Eng- 
lish, Scotch  and  Irish  origin.  His  father 
was  about  twenty-one  years  old  when  he 
came  to  Richmond  in  1831  and  established 
the  first  drug  store  in  what  was  then  the 
largest  town  in  the  state.  As  the  pioneer 
druggist  his  methods  of  doing  business  were 
in  great  contrast  to  those  of  the  present 
time.  He  went  around  on  horseback  with 
his  saddle  bags,  visiting  such  cities  as  In- 
dianapolis, Fort  Wayne  and  many  smaller 
towns,  and  took  orders  for  drugs,  which  he 


filled  in  his  laboratory  at  Richmond.  He 
continued  in  the  drug  business  until  1854, 
when  he  removed  to  Cincinnati  and  estab- 
lished a  wholesale  drug  house.  That  was 
a  very  successful  enterprise,  but  eventually 
he  returned  to  Richmond  and  on  account 
of  failing  health  sold  out  his  business.  In 
1857  he  started  a  hardware  store  on  Main 
Street  between  Fifth  and  Sixth  streets.  In 
1865  the  business  was  removed  to  where  it 
is  today,  in  a  three-story  and  basement 
building. 

In  1834  Irvin  Reed  married  at  Rich- 
mond Mary  Evens,  and  their  son  Frank 
I.  is  the  youngest  of  nine  brothers  and 
two  sisters.  His  father  died  in  1891,  at 
the  age  of  eighty-one,  and  his  mother  in 
1898,  aged  eighty-six. 

Frank  Irvin  Reed  grew  up  in  Richmond, 
attended  the  public  schools  and  Richmond 
Business  College,  and  even  as  a  boy  was 
associated  with  his  father  in  business.  He 
became  an  active  factor  in  the  manage- 
ment in  1876,  at  which  time  the  firm  used 
only  one  floor,  but  today  all  three  floors 
and  basement  are  crowded  with  the  stock 
handled  by  this  firm.  The  business  employs 
many  people,  and  the  trade  is  extended 
over  the  city  and  surrounding  country  for 
a  radius  of  thirty-five  miles.  Mr.  Reed  is 
now  the  sole  proprietor. 

In  1892  Mr.  Reed  married  Miss  Tessa 
Irene  Cooper,  daughter  of  H.  B.  Cooper  of 
Richmond.  Mr.  Reed  is  affiliated  with  the 
Masonic  bodies  including  the  Knights 
Templar,  and  politically  is  a  republican. 
His  father  was  a  subscriber  in  1831  to  the 
Richmond  Palladium,  and  Mr.  Reed  is 
still  on  the  subscription  list,  the  paper  hav- 
ing come  regularly  into  the  Reed  house- 
hold for  nearly  ninety  years. 

WILLIAM  E.  STEVENSON,  who  died  in 
1913,  was  for  many  years  a  commanding 
figure  in  the  commercial  life  and  affairs 
of  Greencastle  and  of  Indianapolis.  He 
was  successively  merchant,  banker  and 
operator  and  controller  of  many  activities 
and  interests  represented  in  the  real  es- 
tate field.  His  name  will  always  have  a 
special  significance  in  Indianapolis  as 
that  of  the  man  who  had  the  faith  to  pro- 
mote and  build  the  first  steel  skyscraper 
in  the  city. 

He  was  born  at  Greencastle,  Indiana, 
October  2,  1850,  son  of  James  D.  and 
Sarah  E.  (Wood)  Stevenson.  His  father, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1581 


a  native  of  Kentucky,  was  of  Scotch- 
Irish  lineage.  His  mother  was  born  in 
Vermont  and  belonged  to  a  New  England 
family.  James  D.  Stevenson  for  over 
thirty  years  was  a  hardware  merchant  at 
Greencastle.  His  wife  died  in  that  city 
at  the  age  of  seventy-five,  and  he  spent 
his  last  years  at  the  home  of  his  son  in 
Indianapolis,  where  he  passed  away  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three. 

The  formal  education  of  William  E. 
Stevenson  was  finished  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen. He  then  went  to  work  for  his  father, 
and  remained  active  in  the  business  for 
fifteen  years,  including  the  period  of  his 
apprenticeship  and  learning  as  well  as  of 
his  active  management.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  business  and  finally  selling 
out  his  interests  in  that  line  became  cashier 
in  the  Putnam  County  Bank  at  Green- 
castle.  He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers 
and  directors  of  the  Central  National  Bank 
of  Greencastle. 

Mr.  Stevenson  came  to  Indianapolis  in 
1888  as  a  field  better  fitted  for  his  expand- 
ing interests  and  business  ability.  For  a 
quarter  of  a  century  he  was  prominent  in 
the  real  estate  field,  and  head  of  the  firm 
W.  E.  Stevenson  &  Company,  which  rep- 
resented a  highly  specialized  organization 
for  the  handling  of  city  property.  It  was 
more  than  twenty  years  ago,  in  1896,  that 
Mr.  Stevenson  matured  his  plans  and  in 
the  face  of  many  obstacles  began  and  com- 
pleted the  Stevenson  Building  on  Wash- 
ington Street.  It  was  the  first  modern 
steel  construction  office  building  in  the 
city,  and  was  a  pioneer  of  the  type  of 
construction  which  is  now  practically  uni- 
versal in  American  cities.  It  is  twelve 
stories  high,  and  while  it  no  longer  domi- 
nates the  sky  line  of  Indianapolis  it  is  a 
particularly  significant  landmark  to  all  the 
older  business  men  of  Indianapolis  who  ap- 
preciate the  wonderful  forward  strides 
made  by  this  city  during  the  year  this 
building  has  been  standing.  The  structure 
continued  to  bear  the  name  of  Stevenson 
Building  until  1905,  when  Mr.  Stevenson 
practically  withdrew  his  interests  and  it 
has  since  been  the  State  Life  Building. 

While  this  was  the  largest  single  enter- 
prise undertaken  by  Mr.  Stevenson,  it  was 
in  many  ways  typical  of  his  initiative,  far 
sightedness,  and  progressive  character  as 
an  Indianapolis  builder  and  citizen.  He 
came  to  be  looked  upon  as  a  man  whose 


judgment  was  accepted  as  authority  on  ac- 
count of  his  experience  and  keen  insight. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  active  in  the 
promotion  of  railway  lands,  particularly 
the  work  of  interurban  electric  roads  cen- 
tering at  Indianapolis. 

The  big  values  and  interests  of  his  life 
were  represented  in  his  business  achieve- 
ments. He  was  a  republican  but  never  an 
office  seeker,  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mercial and  Columbian  Clubs,  the  Board  of 
Trade  and  the  Marion  Club.  October  22, 
1872,  he  married  Miss  Margaret  W.  Wirth, 
who  was  born  and  reared  in  Cincinnati, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Wirth.  Mr.  Steven- 
son is  survived  by  one  child,  Edna  W., 
wife  of  Louis  F.  Smith. 

The  late  Mr.  Stevenson  has  a  grateful 
memory  among  the  many  whom  he  be- 
friended. He  assisted  a  number  of  young 
men  to  get  an  education  and  start  in  busi- 
ness, and  in  a  quiet,  unostentatious  way 
was  always  giving  something,  either  of  his 
money  or  the  other  means  at  his  command. 
Generosity  was  one  of  his  most  dominant 
personal  traits. 

MRS.  ANNA  WEISS  is  the  widow  of  the 
late  Siegfried  Weiss  of  Richmond.  Sieg- 
fried Weiss  established  an  antique  furni- 
ture store  on  Fourth  and  Main  streets  in 
1906,  and  had  the  business  fairly  under 
way  when  death  intervened  and  inter- 
rupted his  career  on  June  4,  1907. 

Mrs.  Weiss  has  proved  herself  a  most 
capable  business  woman.  She  has  kept 
the  business  up,  moved  it  to  larger  quar- 
ters at  519  Main  Street,  and  in  1912  en- 
tered the  present  quarters  at  505-511 
Main  Street,  where  with  the  assistance  of 
her  son  Leo  H.  she  conducts  one  of  the 
leading  house  furnishing  enterprises  in 
Wayne  County. 

Leo  H.  Weiss,  son  of  Siegfried  and 
Anna  (Puthoff)  Weiss,  was  born  at  Rich- 
mond June  28,  1891.  He  attended  the 
parochial  schools  only  until  he  was 
twelve  years  old,  and  then  spent  one  year 
working  in  a  casket  factory,  and  after 
that  put  in  his  time  largely  with  his 
father's  business.  His  mother  was  again 
left  with  the  chief  responsibilities  of  the 
concern  when  her  son  on  May  1,  1918,  en- 
tered the  government  service  at  Camp 
Forrest,  Chattanooga.  A  few  weeks  later 
he  was  transferred  to  Camp  Wadsworth 
at  Spartanburg,  South  Carolina,  and  ten 


1582 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


days  later  was  sent  to  the  target  range 
at  Landrum  in  the  same  vicinity.  He 
was  again  returned  to  Camp  Wadsworth, 
from  there  to  Camp  Mills,  Long  Island, 
and  on  July  7,  1918,  was  sent  overseas 
as  member  of  the  Seventeenth  Machine 
Gun  Battalion  with  the  Sixth  Division. 
They  landed  at  Le  Havre,  and  after  a 
time  in  the  rest  camp  was  sent  to  the 
fighting  zone,  and  Mr.  Weiss  was  on  duty 
there  from  July  22,  1918,  to  March  17, 
1919.  Mrs.  Wleiss  is  a  member  of  St. 
Andrew's  Catholic  Church. 

LLOYD  D.  CLAYOOMBE  is  one  of  the 
younger  lawyers  of  the  Indianapolis  bar 
and  has  enjoyed  a  successful  practice  there 
for  the  past  four  years.  He  represents 
an  old  and  honored  family  of  Crawford 
County,  and  was  born  at  Marengo  in  that 
county  February  7,  1889.  His  maternal 
grandfather,  John  M.  Johnson,  was  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  Crawford  County,  and 
was  widely  and  favorably  known  all  over 
that  section  of  the  state.  He  was  an  edu- 
cator, minister  and  farmer,  and  was  a 
visible  example  to  an  entire  community 
for  good  works  and  good  influence.  He 
was  a  man  of  education,  having  attended 
the  State  University  of  Indiana  when  its 
building  equipment  was  merely  one  frame 
building,  as  elsewhere  illustrated  in  this 
publication. 

Lloyd  D.  Claycom.be  is  the  only  son  and 
child  of  Victor  E.  and  Roma  A.  (Johnson) 
Claycombe,  and  a  grandson  of  Samuel  A. 
Claycombe,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  Union 
Army.  He  enlisted  in  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment, was  wounded  and  captured,  and 
died  in  Andersonville  Prison.  Victor 
Claycombe  was  born  at  Alton,  Indiana,  and 
is  now  fifty-seven  years  of  age.  For  thirty- 
five  years  or  more  he  has  been  a  station 
agent  with  the  Southern  Indiana  Railroad 
Company. 

Lloyd  D.  Claycombe  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Jasper, 
Indiana.  He  took  his  law  course  in  the 
Indiana  State  University.  On  July  1, 
1914,  he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  has  made  rapid  progress 
in  achieving  a  substantial  reputation  in 
that  field.  He  served  as  deputy  prosecut- 
ing attorney  of  Marion  County  in  1917- 
18.  In  1915  he  was  appointed  receiver  in 
trustee  in  bankruptcy  for  the  Winona  As- 
sembly at  Winona  Lake,  Indiana.  He  suc- 


cessfully reorganized  this  institution,  with 
William  J.  Byan  president  of  the  new  cor- 
poration and  Mr.  Claycombe  as  membor 
of  the  board  of  directors  and  an  officer. 

Mr.  Claycombe  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar Mason  and  Shriner,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Lambda  Chi  Alpha  and  Gamma 
Eta  Gamma  college  fraternities,  September 
14,  1918,  he  married  Miss  Jenetta  Wuille, 
daughter  of  Louis  Wuille,  of  Hamilton, 
Ohio. 

FRED  C.  GARDNER.  Something  concern- 
ing the  monumental  character  and  impor- 
tance of  the  great  Indianapolis  industry 
conducted  under  the  name  E.  C.  Atkins  & 
Company  is  a  matter  of  record  on  other 
pages  of  this  publication.  A  position  of 
executive  responsibility  in  such  a  business 
is  sufficient  of  itself  as  a  proof  that  the 
holder  has  the  experience  and  qualifica- 
tions of  a  successful  business  man. 

About  thirty-five  years  ago  Fred  C. 
Gardner  entered  the  plant  of  the  Atkins 
Company  in  the  capacity  of  an  office  boy. 
Fidelity,  hard  work,  concentration  of  ef- 
fort, study  of  his  surroundings  and  oppor- 
tunity to  improve  his  usefulness  were, the 
main  reasons  that  started  him  on  his  up- 
ward climb  from  one  position  to  another 
until  in  1900  he  was  elected  assistant  treas- 
urer and  then  in  1912  was  promoted  to 
treasurer. 

Mr.  Gardner,  who  has  otherwise  been 
prominent  in  civic  affairs  at  Indianapolis 
as  well  as  a  factor  in  its  business  life,  has 
lived  here  since  early  boyhood.  He  was 
born  in  DeWitt  County,  Illinois,  August 
23,  1863,  a  son  of  Anson  J.  and  Mary 
Elizabeth  (Watson)  Gardner.  Anson  J. 
Gardner  was  born  in  Ohio  September  13, 
1831,  and  as  a  young  man  removed  to  De- 
Witt  County,  Illinois.  He  secured  govern- 
ment land,  and  in  the  course  of  time  had 
about  3,000  acres  and  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing farmers  and  stock  growers  in  the  state. 
He  made  a  specialty  of  breeding  high-grade 
Shorthorn  cattle.  In  1875  he  sold  his  farm 
and  stock  interests,  and  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis established  himself  in  business 
as  a  buyer  and  shipper  of  grain.  He  was 
one  of  the  leading  grain  merchants  of  In- 
dianapolis until  1901,  at  which  date  he  re- 
tired. He  died  January  8,  1906,  and  his 
wife  followed  him  in  death  on  the  next 
day.  Anson  Gardner  was  an  active  re- 


1582 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


days  later  was  sent  to  the  target  range 
at  Landrum  in  the  same  vicinity.  He 
was  again  returned  to  Camp  Wadsworth, 
from  there  to  (/amp  Mills.  Long  Island, 
and  on  July  7,  191.S,  was  sent  overseas 
as  member  of  the  Seventeenth  Machine 
(Jun  Battalion  with  the  Sixth  Division. 
They  landed  at  Le  Havre,  and  after  a 
time  in  the  rest  camp  was  sent  to  the 
fighting  /.one,  and  Mr.  Weiss  was  on  duty 
there  from  .July  22.  1!>1S.  to  March  17, 
1919.  Mrs.  Weiss  is  a  member  of  St. 
Andrew's  Catholic  Church. 

Li/)Yi>  1).  CLAYCOMUE  is  one  of  tho 
younger  lawyers  of  the  Indianapolis  bar 
and  has  enjoyed  a  successful  practice  there 
for  the  past  four  years.  He  represents 
an  old  and  honored  family  of  Crawford 
County,  and  was  born  at  Marengo  in  that 
county  February  7.  1H89.  His  maternal 
grandfather.  John  M.  Johnson,  was  one  of 
tin-  early  settlers  of  Crawford  County,  and 
was  widely  and  favorably  known  all  over 
that  section  of  the  state.  lie  was  an  edu- 
cator, minister  and  farmer,  and  was  a 
visible  example  to  an  entire  community 
for  good  works  and  good  influence.  He 
was  a  man  of  education,  having  attended 
the  State  I'liiversity  of  Indiana  when  its 
building  equipment  was  merely  one  frame 
building,  as  elsewhere  illustrated  in  this 
publication. 

Lloyd  1).  Claycombe  is  the  only  son  and 
child  of  Victor  E.  and  Roma  A.  (Johnson) 
Claycombe,  and  a  grandson  of  Samuel  A. 
Claycombe,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  t'niou 
Aniiy.  He  enlisted  in  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment, was  wounded  and  captured,  and 
died  in  Andersonville  Prison.  Victor 
Claycombe  was  born  at  Alton.  Indiana,  and 
is  now  fifty-seven  years  of  age.  For  thirty- 
five  years  or  more  he  has  been  a  station 
agent  with  the  Southern  Indiana  Railroad 
Company. 

Lloyd  IX  Claycombe  received  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Jasper, 
Indiana.  He  took  his  law  course  in  the 
Indiana  State  I'niversity.  On  July  1. 
1014,  he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  has  made  rapid  progress 
in  achieving  a  substantial  reputation  in 
that  field.  He  served  as  deputy  prosef.it- 
ing  attorney  of  Marion  County  in  1917- 
18.  Tn  191.~>  he  was  appointed  receiver  in 
trustee  in  bankruptcy  for  the  Winona  As- 
sembly at  Winona  Lake.  Indiana.  He  suc- 

. 


cessfully  reorganized  this  institution,  with 
William  J.  Byan  president  of  the  new  cor- 
poration and  Mr.  Claycombe  as  member 
of  the  board  of  directors  and  an  officer. 

Mr.  Claycombe  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar Mason  and  Shriner,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Lambda  Chi  Alpha  and  Gamma 
Eta  (iamma  college  fraternities,  September 
14,  1918,  he  married  Miss  Jenetta  Wnille. 
daughter  of  Louis  Wuille.  of  Hamilton, 
Ohio. 

FRED  ('.  GARDXER.  Something  concern- 
ing the  monumental  character  and  impor- 
tance of  the  great  Indianapolis  industry 
conducted  under  the  name  E.  C.  Atkins  & 
Company  is  a  matter  of  record  on  other 
pages  of  this  publication.  A  position  of 
executive  responsibility  in  such  a  business 
is  sufficient  of  itself  as  a  proof  that  the 
holder  has  the  experience  and  qualifica- 
tions of  a  successful  business  man. 

About  thirty-five  years  ago  Fred  C. 
Gardner  entered  the  plant  of  the  Atkins 
Company  in  the  capacity  of  an  office  boy. 
Fidelity,  hard  work,  concentration  of  ef- 
fort, study  of  his  surroundings  and  oppor- 
tunity to  improve  his  usefulness  were  the 
main  reasons  that  started  him  on  his  up- 
ward climb  from  one  position  to  another 
until  in  1900  he  was  elected  assistant  treas- 
urer and  then  in  1912  was  promoted  to 
treasurer. 

Mr.  Gardner,  who  has  otherwise  been 
prominent  in  civic  affairs  at  Indianapolis 
as  well  as  a  factor  in  its  business  life,  has 
lived  here  since  early  boyhood.  He  was 
born  in  DeWitt  County,  Illinois,  August 
2M.  1Sfi:{.  a  son  of  Anson  J.  and  .Mary 
Elizabeth  (Watson)  Gardner.  Anson  .1. 
Gardner  was  born  in  Ohio  September  13. 
1831.  and  as  a  young  man  removed  to  De- 
Witt  County,  Illinois.  He  secured  govern- 
ment land,  and  in  the  course  of  time  had 
about  3,000  acres  and  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing farmers  and  stock  growers  in  the  state. 
He  made  a  specialty  of  breeding  high-grade 
Shorthorn  cattle.  Tn  187.")  he  sold  his  farm 
and  stock  interests,  and  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis established  himself  in  business 
as  a  buyer  and  shipper  of  grain.  lie  was 
one  of  the  leading  grain  merchants  of  In- 
dianapolis until  1901.  ;it  which  date  he  re- 
tired, lie  died  January  8.  1906.  and  his 
wife  followed  him  in  death  on  the  next 
dav.  Anson  Gardner  was  an  active  re- 


PKV 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANAXS 


1583 


publican,  was  affiliated  with  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  with  his 
wife  was  a  member  of  the  Second  Presby- 
terian Church.  Mary  Elizabeth  Watson 
was  born  in  Illinois  January  24, 1845.  Her 
father,  James  G.  Watson,  was  a  large  plaji- 
tation  and  slave  owner  in  Kentucky.  It 
was  a  station  to  which  he  was  in  part  born, 
but  he  had  no  sympathy  with  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  slave  holding  class,  and  as  he 
could  not  free  his  slaves  and  live  in  har- 
mony with  his  neighbors  in  the  South  his 
antagonism  finally  reached  a  point  where 
at  a  heavy  financial  loss  he  gave  liberty  to 
his  negroes,  sold  his  real  estate,  and  moved 
across  the  Ohio  River  into  DeWitt  County, 
Illinois. 

Fred  C.  Gardner,  who  was  second  in  the 
family  of  four  children,  gained  his  first 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Illinois, 
and  after  he  was  twelve  years  of  age  at- 
tended the  city  schools  of  Indianapolis. 
When  he  was  about  seventeen  years  old 
he  began  his  business  career  as  a  clerk  in 
the  auditor's  office  of  the  I.  B.  &  W.  Kail- 
way,  now  a  part  of  the  Big  Four  system. 
From  that  position  about  six  months  later 
he  went  into  the  E.  C.  Atkins  &  Company 
as  office  boy,  and  since  then  his  career  has 
been  fixed  so  far  as  his  business  sphere  is 
concerned,  though  his  own  progress  has 
been  one  of  constantly  changing  and  im- 
proving status. 

However,  a  number  of  other  interests 
and  activities  are  part  of  his  record.  He 
has  served  as  treasurer  of  the  Marion 
County  Republican  Club  and  of  the  Re- 
publican City  Committee,  and  was  one 
of  the  republicans  appointed  as  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Park  Commissioners  by 
Mayor  Bell,  and  is  now  serving  in  that 
capacity.  He  was  at  one  time  treasurer  of 
Butler  College  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Columbia, 
Marion  and  Woodstock  clubs,  the  Turn- 
verein,  the  Maennerchor,  and  of  the 
Christian  Church.  In  Masonry  he  is  affil- 
iated with  Oriental  Lodge  No.  500,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Keystone 
Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Raper 
Commandery  No.  1,  Knights  Templar,  In- 
diana Consistory  of  the  Scottish  Rite  and 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

November  28,  1883,  Mr.  Gardner  mar- 
ried Miss  Cara  E.  Davis.  She  was  born  in 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  October  1, 
1862,  daughter  of  William  M.  and  Mary 


Jane  (Jones)  Davis.  Her  father  was  born 
in  Kentucky  October  14,  1837,  and  her 
mother  in  Johnson  County,  Indiana,  March 
6,  1837.  William  M.  Davis  on  moving  to 
Indiana  engaged  in  general  merchandising 
at  Franklin  and  then  came  to  Indianapolis, 
where  as  senior  member  of  the  firm  Davis 
&  Cole  he  was  for  many  years  prominent 
in  the  dry  goods  trade.  He  died  July  9, 
1882.  He  is  well  remembered  by  the  old 
time  citizens  of  Indianapolis,  was  past 
master  of  Capital  City  Lodge  No.  312,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  member  of  Raper 
Commandery,  Knights  Templar,  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  and 
also  an  Odd  Fellow  and  Knight  of  Pythias. 
He  and  his  family  were  members  of  the 
Central  Christian  Church.  To  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Gardner  were  born  three  children, 
Mary  Elizabeth,  Margaret  Lucy  and  Fred 
C.  The  only  son  died  in  infancy. 

JOHN  PALMER  USHER  was  born  in  Brook- 
field,  New  York,  January  9,  1816.  After 
coming  to  Indiana  he  studied  and  practiced 
law,  and  after  a  service  as  a  legislator  was 
made  attorney  general  of  the  state.  In 
1862  Mr.  Usher  was  appointed  first  assist- 
ant secretary  of  the  interior,  later  becom- 
ing head  of  the  interior  department,  and 
resigned  that  office  in  1865  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  law,  also  becoming  consult- 
ing attorney  for  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road. The  death  of  this  prominent  Indiana 
lawyer  occurred  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

H.  L.  NOWLIN  is  secretary  of  the  Indiana 
Mutual  Cyclone  Insurance  Company  and 
has  held  that  office  continuously  since  the 
company  was  established  in  1907.  In 
eleven  years  this  has  become  one  of  the 
largest  insurance  organizations  in  the 
state,  with  almost  17,000  patrons  or  mem- 
bers, and  with  nearly  $25,000,000  insur- 
ance in  force. 

Until  recently  Mr.  Nowlin  had  his  offi- 
cial headquarters  in  his  old  home  county 
of  Dearborn,  but  in  order  the  better  to  look 
after  the  affairs  of  his  company  he  moved 
to  Indianapolis  in  June,  1918,  and  the 
company 's  office  is  now  at  148  East  Market 
Street  in  that  city.  The  other  officers  of 
the  company  are :  A.  H.  Myers,  of  Nobles- 
ville,  president ;  Emmett  Moore,  of  Hagers- 
town,  vice  president;  E.  C.  Mercer,  of  Ro- 
chester, treasurer;  while  the  directors  are 


1584 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


N.  A.  McClung,  of  Rochester,  Philip  S. 
Carper,  of  Auburn,  I.  M.  Miller,  of  Up- 
land, Harry  P.  Cooper,  of  Crawfordsville, 
J.  N.  Gullefer,  of  New  Augusta,  Clinton 
Goodpasture,  of  Muncie,  I.  H.  Day,  of 
Greenfield,  C.  M.  Nonweiler,  of  Boonville, 
and  Frank  C.  Dam,  of  Lawrenceburg. 

The  Nowlin  family  is  one  of  the  oldest  in 
the  history  of  Dearborn  County.  The  Now- 
lins  originally  are  of  Irish  stock,  but  Mr. 
Nowlin 's  great-grandfather,  however,  was 
born  in  Vermont  and  came  west  in  pioneer 
times  to  locate  in  Dearborn  County.  The 
grandfather,  Jeremiah  Nowlin,  lived  and 
died  in  Dearborn  County,  and  though  he 
began  life  with  comparatively  no  capital 
his  success  as  a  farmer  and  business  man 
enabled  him  to  accumulate  several  well  im- 
proved places  in  the  county.  His  wife's 
people  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  in 
that  county.  Jeremiah  Nowlin  had  his 
home  and  residence  near  Lawrenceburg. 
Of  his  seven  or  eight  children  the  oldest 
was  Enoch  B.  Nowlin,  who  was  born  in 
Miller  Township  of  Dearborn  County 
April  17,  1832,  and  died  in  1900.  He  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools,  also  in 
a  business  school  at  Indianapolis,  and  gave 
practically  all  his  life  to  farming.  He 
was  never  a  member  of  any  church  and  in 
politics  was  a  republican.  He  married 
Jane  H.  Langdale,  and  of  their  four  chil- 
dren the  oldest  is  H.  L.  Nowlin  and  the 
only  other  survivor  is  R.  J.  Nowlin,  who 
still  lives  in  Dearborn  County. 

H.  L.  Nowlin,  who  was  born  February 
12,  1860,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  county,  also  attended 
college  at  Ladoga  and  Danville,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two  took  up  a  farming  career 
independently.  He  rented  at  first,  but 
about  1897  bought  a  place  of  his  own, 
and  continued  its  operation  until  he  left 
the  farm  in  1907  because  of  the  various 
business  connections  he  had  formed  in  the 
meantime.  For  about  two  years  he  was  a 
merchant,  a  business  he  carried  on  in  addi- 
tion to  his  responsibilities  as  secretary  of 
the  insurance  company. 

Mr.  Nowlin  is  widely  known  among  the 
agricultural  interests  of  the  state,  es- 
pecially because  of  his  service  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  dur- 
ing his  residence  in  Dearborn  County.  He 
was  president  of  the  board  one  year,  was 
superintendent  of  the  swine  department 
three  years  and  of  the  concession  depart- 


ment twelve  years,  having  charge  of  the 
swine  exhibits  and  of  the  sale  of  all  con- 
cessions. His  membership  on  the  board 
was  contemporary  with  a  period  of  great 
progress  and  prosperity  in  the  State  Fair. 
The  receipts  of  the  concession  department 
were  increased  from  $2,100  to  $13,000,  and 
other  departments  were  also  enlarged  and 
developed. 

Mr.  Nowlin  has  been  a  lifelong  repub- 
lican. He  was  once  a  candidate  for  county 
surveyor  and  was  formerly  a  member  of 
the  school  board  of  Moores  Hill,  for  two 
years  was  trustee  of  Moores  Hill  Village, 
and  for  a  similar  period  was  connected 
with  the  town  government  of  Greendale. 
He  is  secretary  of  the  Dearborn  Concrete 
Tile  Company  of  Aurora,  Indiana,  and  for 
seventeen  years  was  secretary  of  the  Pat- 
rons Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company. 
During  that  time  this  company  increased 
its  business  from  $180,000  to  $4,200,000. 
Mr.  Nowlin  is  affiliated  with  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Lawrence- 
burg. 

December  25,  1882,  he  married  Miss 
Lana  Martha  Smith,  daughter  of  David 
and  Martha  Smith.  Her  people  came  from 
England  and  the  centennial  of  their  resi- 
dence in  Indiana  was  observed  with  prop- 
er ceremonies  in  1918.  Mrs.  Nowlin  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  of  Dear- 
born County  and  has  made  the  supreme 
object  of  her  life  her  home  and  children. 
Of  the  five  children  born  to  their  marriage 
four  are  living:  Archy  E.,  born  October 
6,  1884;  J.  Gertrude,  born  May  31,  1886; 
Ama  Lana,  born  August  11,  1893;  and 
Martha  Belle,  born  March  6,  1901.  The 
son  Archy  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Dearborn  County,  is  a  graduate 
of  the  Lawrenceburg  High  School,  attended 
college  at  Danville,  Indiana,  and  is  now  a 
farmer  in  Dearborn  County.  He  married 
Elizabeth  Huddleston.  The  daughter 
Gertrude  was  educated  in  the  schools  of 
Dearborn  County  and  a  private  school  at 
Lawrenceburg,  and  is  now  the  wife  of  Mil- 
ton L.  Taylor  of  Indianapolis.  Ama  Lana 
has  had  a  liberal  education,  beginning  with 
the  schools  of  Dearborn  County  and  the 
Academy  of  Moores  Hill  College,  and  sub- 
sequently took  special  work  in  voice  and 
elocution  in  Moores  Hill  College.  The 
youngest  of  the  family,  Martha  Belle,  at- 
tended school  in  Dearborn  County,  high 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1585 


school  at  Lawrenceburg,  and  in  1918  en- 
tered the  Manual  Training  High  School 
of  Indianapolis. 

OLIVER  P.  NUSBAUM  has  been  a  factor  in 
business  affairs  at  Richmond  for  upwards 
of  thirty  years,  was  formerly  an  aggres- 
sive insurance  salesman  and  agent,  but  for 
many  years  has  been  a  member  of  the 
firm  Neff  &  Nusbaum,  shoe  merchants. 

Mr.  Nusbaum  was  born  in  Olive  Town- 
ship of  Elkhart  County,  Indiana,  in  1867, 
son  of  C.  W.  and  Elizabeth  (Bechtel) 
Nusbaum.  He  grew  up  in  that  section  of 
Indiana,  attended  the  district  schools  in 
the  winter  terms  and  during  the  summer 
worked  on  the  farm  until  he  was  sixteen 
years  old.  He  also  attended  high  school 
and  taught  country  school  from  the  age 
of  sixteen  to  twenty-one.  He  taught  one 
term  in  Harrison  Township  of  his  native 
county,  and  then  removed  to  Marion 
County,  Kansas,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
teaching  until  1889.  In  that  year  he  came 
to  Richmond  and  became  bookkeeper  for 
Robinson  &  Company,  dealers  in  agricul- 
tural machinery.  He  was  thus  employed 
for  five  years,  and  then  took  up  insur- 
ance. He  held  an  agency  for  the  State 
Life  of  Indianapolis  and  for  the  Mutual 
Life  of  New  York.  In  1895  he  did  much 
to  promote  the  interests  of  the  State  Life 
in  Wayne,  Randolph,  Jay  and  Blackford 
counties,  Indiana. 

Mr.  Nusbaum  left  the  insurance  business 
to  become  associated  with  E.  D.  Neff,  who 
was  formerly  associated  in  the  shoe  busi- 
ness with  J.  W.  Cunningham,  under  the 
name  Neff  &  Nusbaum  as  shoe  merchants. 
For  31/2  years  their  place  of  business  was 
at  710  Main  Street,  and  when  they  then 
bought  the  shoe  stock  of  J.  W.  Cunning- 
ham and  later  the  building  at  the  corner 
of  Seventh  and  Main,  where  their  business 
has  been  a  landmark  in  the  retail  district 
for  the  past  twenty  years.  Mr.  Nusbaum 
in  1915  was  elected  vice  president  of  the 
American  Trust  &  Savings  Bank  and  has 
other  local  interests. 

In  1899  he  married  Mayme  Neff,  daugh- 
ter of  E.  D.  and  Alice  (Compton)  Neff,  of 
Richmond.  They  are  the  parents  of  two 
children,  Mildred  and  Edward.  Mr.  Nus- 
baum is  an  independent  republican  in  poli- 
tics, a  member  of  the  First  English 
Lutheran  Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
Commercial  Club  and  the  Rotary  Club, 


and  is  interested  in  Sunday  School  and 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  work 
and  local  musical  and  charitable  work. 

Mr.  Nusbaum  does  not  claim  all  the 
credit  for  the  wonderful  success  of  the 
business  with  which  he  is  associated,  but 
prefers  to  give  much  of  it  to  those  asso- 
ciated with  him,  whose  knowledge  of  and 
devotion  to  the  business  have  been  large 
factors  in  making  it  a  success. 

RAYMOND  H.  WICKEMEYEE  is  one  of  the 
younger  business  men  of  Richmond,  but  is 
one  of  the  veterans  in  the  Curme-Feltman 
Shoe  Company,  and  has  progressed  from 
errand  boy,  his  first  place  on  the  pay  roll, 
to  manager  of  that  well  known  Richmond 
establishment. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond  November  8, 
1892,  son  of  August  and  Emma  (Flore) 
Wickemeyer.  He  attended  public  school 
at  Richmond,  including  Garfield  High 
School,  and  after  working  six  months  as 
errand  boy  for  Charles  H.  Feltman  took 
a  course  in  the  Richmond  Business  College 
to  better  fit  himself  for  advancement  in 
his  chosen  field.  He  was  then  floor  sales 
man  for  the  company,  which  was  incor- 
porated in  1913,  and  from  that  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  assistant  manager. 

He  resigned  his  place  as  assistant  man- 
ager and  on  March  1,  1918,  enlisted  as  a 
soldier  in  Casual  Company  No.  452  of  the 
Eighth  Provisional  Regiment  in  the  State 
of  Washington.  He  was  on  duty  in  Wash- 
ington and  later  at  Vancouver  barracks, 
and  after  some  months  of  intensive  train- 
ing was  mustered  out  January  16,  1919. 
On  the  same  date  of  his  muster  out  he  was 
appointed  manager  of  the  Curme-Feltir.an 
Shoe  Company.  Mr.  Wickemeyer  is  un- 
married, is  an  independent  in  politics  and 
is  a  member  of  St.  John's  Lutheran 
Church. 

VOLNEY  THOMAS  MALOTT  was  born  in 
Jefferson  County,  Kentucky.  His  ancestry 
combines  the  blood  of  the  French  Huge- 
not  and  Scotch-Irish.  His  father's  ma- 
ternal grandfather  and  his  mother's  pater- 
nal grandfather  performed  distinguished 
services  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  (See 
Pennsylvania  archives).  His  grandfather, 
Hiram  Malott,  a  native  of  Maryland,  re- 
moved between  1785  and  1790  to"  the  State 
of  Kentucky,  and  was  a  pioneer  planter 
in  Jefferson  County,  near  Louisville.  He 


1586 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


died  in  that  county  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
three.  During  the  War  of  1812  he  was  a 
captain  of  the  Kentucky  Militia,  and  after 
the  war  was  made  a  major.  William  H. 
Malott,  son  of  Hiram  Malott  and  father  of 
Volney  Thomas  Malott,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky about  1813,  and  lived  the  life  of  a 
farmer  in  his  native  state  until  1841,  when 
he  came  to  Indiana.  Here  associated  with 
his  brother,  Major  Eli  W.  Malott,  he  en- 
gaged in  the  "lower  river  trade,"  trans- 
porting breadstuffs  and  other  provisions 
from  the  upper  Ohio  to  the  planters  of 
Louisiana.  This  was  a  profitable  business, 
but  William  H.  Malott  engaged  in  it  only 
a  few  years,  when  his  activities  were  ter- 
minated by  his  early  death  at  the  age  of 
thirty-two,  in  November,  1845. 

The  mother  of  Volney  Thomas  Malott 
was  Leah  Patterson  McKeown.  Her  father 
was  John  McKeown,  who  served  under 
Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  in  the  In- 
dian war.  After  the  close  of  the  war  Mr. 
McKeown  removed  from  Kentucky  and 
settled  in  Corydon,  Indiana,  where  Leah 
was  born  June  8,  1816.  After  her  father's 
death,  which  occurred  soon  after  her  birth, 
the  family  returned  to  Kentucky.  In  1837 
she  was  married  to  William  H.  Malott, 
and  in  1841  went  with  him  to  make  their 
home  in  Salem,  Indiana.  Two  years  after 
the  death  of  William  H.  Malott  his  widow 
married  John  F.  Ramsay,  and  in  1847  she 
came  with  her  two  small  children  to  live 
with  him  in  Indianapolis. 

The  first  schooling  of  Volney  Thomas 
Malott  was  received  in  Salem,  Indiana, 
when  at  the  age  of  3Vo  years  he  was  sent 
to  the  private  school  kept  by  Mr.  Thomas 
May.  Later  he  attended  the  Washington 
County  Seminary,  kept  by  Mr.  John  I. 
Morrison.  After  coming  to  Indianapolis 
he  attended  the  private  school  of  Rev. 
William  A.  Holliday,  the  Marion  County 
Seminary  and  the  Indianapolis  High 
School. 

During  his  vacations  he  worked.  He 
early  realized  that  he  would  have  his  own 
way  to  make,  and  sought  every  oppor- 
tunity .to  gain  a  knowledge  of  business 
methods  that  would  prepare  him  for  a 
business  career.  First  he  was  employed 
during  school  vacation  in  Roberts'  Drug 
Store;  the  next  vacation  in  Wilmot's  Hat 
Store.  The  year  he  was  fifteen  his  vacation 
was  spent  in  the  Traders'  Bank,  one  of  th« 
state's  "free"  banks,  where  he  learned 


to  count  money  and  become  a  judge  of 
spurious  and  counterfeit  money,  in  which 
he  became  an  expert  under  the  tutelage  of 
late  Chief  Justice  Byron  K.  Elliott,  whom 
he  later  succeeded  as  teller  in  the  Woolley 
Banking  House. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the 
banking  house  of  John  Woolley  &  Com- 
pany, subsequently  the  Bank  of  the  Capi- 
tol, having  been  pre-engaged  to  enter  the 
bank  when  he  should  leave  school. 

In  1857  he  was  offered,  and  accepted 
the  position  of  teller  of  the  Indianapolis 
Branch  Bank  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
which  had  been  recently  organized,  the 
predecessor  of  the  Indiana  National  Bank. 
He  served  five  years  as  teller,  until  in 
1862  he  resigned  the  office  upon  being 
elected  a  director,  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  the  Peru  &  Indianapolis  Railroad.  Al- 
though offered  the  position  of  cashier  of 
the  bank  at  a  better  salary  than  he  would 
receive  from  the  railroad  company,  he  de- 
clined for  the  reason  that  the  railroad  work 
would  give  him  a  wider  experience  in  the 
business  world,  having  in  mind,  however, 
to  later  reenter  the  banking  business.  In 
fact,  he  did  not  quit  banking  entirely,  as, 
following  his  resignation  as  teller  and  his 
refusal  to  be  cashier,  he  was  elected  a  di- 
rector of  the  Indianapolis  Branch  Bank 
of  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  served  until 
1865. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  he  obtained  from 
Hon.  Hugh  McCullough,  then  secretary  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  a  char- 
ter for  the  Merchants  National  Bank,  as- 
sociating himself  with  Messrs.  Henry  and 
August  Schnull,  Alexander  Metzger  and 
David  Macy,  and  opening  the  bank  for 
business  on  the  7th  of  June  of  that  year, 
and  tendering  his  resignation  as  treasurer 
of  the  railroad,  which  had  then  become 
the  Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago  Rail- 
road Company,  which  resignation  was  not 
accepted.  Consequently  he  continued  until 
1905  to  be  actively  engaged  both  in  operat- 
ing railroads  and  in  banking. 

In  1870  the  strenuous  work  Mr.  Malott 
had  been  called  upon  to  perform  so  affected 
his  health  that  he  found  it  necessary  to 
retire  from  the  bank,  and  he  was  then 
asked  to  build  an  extension  of  the  Indian- 
apolis, Peru  and  Chicago  Railroad  to 
Michigan  City,  Indiana,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  the  spring  of  1871.  Thereafter 
he  took  more  active  interest  in  the  manage- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1587 


ment  of  the  railroad,  becoming  later  vice 
president  and  manager,  which  office  he  re- 
tained until  1883,  the  Indianapolis,  Peru  & 
Chicago  Railroad  having  in  the  meantime 
gone  into  the  control  of  the  Wabash  Rail- 
road Company  in  1881,  when  he  resigned 
to  become  vice  president  and  manager  of 
the  Indianapolis  Union  Railway  Company, 
operating  the  Belt. 

In  1889  Mr.  Malott  was  appointed  by 
Judge  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  of  the  United 
States  District  Court,  receiver  of  the  Chi- 
cago and  Atlantic  Railway  Company,  now 
the  Chicago  &  Erie  Railroad  Company. 
In  1890  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Chicago  &  Western  Indiana  Railway  Com- 
pany, operating  the  Chicago  Belt  Railroad. 
Later  he  became  chairman  of  the  board  of 
directors  of  that  company,  having  charge 
of  the  principal  financial  matters  of  these 
roads.  Upon  the  close  of  the  receivership 
of  the  Chicago  &  Atlantic  Railway  Com- 
pany, in  1891,  Mr.  Malott  was  elected  a 
director  in  the  reorganized  company, 
known  as  the  Chicago  &  Erie  Railroad 
Company.  In  1892  he  was  elected  a  di- 
rector of  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  & 
Chicago  Railroad  Company  (Monon)  and 
served  during  the  period  that  road  was 
under  the  control  of  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Com- 
pany. In  1895  he  resigned  his  positions  as 
chairman  of  the  board  of  the  Chicago  & 
Western  Indiana  Railway  Company  and  of 
the  Chicago  Belt  Railroad  Company,  to 
take  a  much  needed  rest  with  his  family 
in  Europe. 

In  1896  Mr.  Malott  was  appointed  by 
Judge  William  A.  Woods,  of  the  United 
States  District  Court,  receiver  of  the  Terre 
Haute  &  Indianapolis  Railroad  Company 
and  its  leased  lines,  known  as  the  Vandalia 
System  of  Railroads,  and  operating  the 
East  St.  Louis  &  Carondolet  Railroad,  and 
later  the  Detroit  &  Eel  River  Railroad  as 
trustee,  closing  his  receivership  of  these 
lines  in  1905,  when  the  system  passed  un- 
der the  control  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Company.  He  remained  as  a  director 
of  the  Vandalia  System,  and  represented  it 
on  the  board  of  the  Indianapolis  Union 
Railway  until  January  1,  1917. 

In  1879  Mr.  Malott  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Merchants  National  Bank  of 
Indianapolis,  serving  until  1882,  when  he 
sold  his  interest  in  that  bank,  having  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  the  Indiana  National 


Bank  of  Indianapolis,  of  which  he  was 
elected  president.  He  filled  that  office  un- 
til July  1,  1912,  when  the  Capital  National 
Bank  and  the  Indiana  National  Bank  were 
consolidated,  and  he  became  chairman  of 
the  board,  which  position  he  still  holds. 

In  1893  Mr.  Malott,  with  Mr.  John  H. 
Holliday,  organized  the  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous financial  institutions  of  the  state. 
He  is  now,  and  has  been  continuously,  a 
director  and  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee. 

Mr.  Malott 's  ability  to  organize  and  his 
strict  adherence  to  correct  business  prin- 
ciples have  enabled  him  to  reconstruct  and 
place  on  a  sound  financial  basis  the  vari- 
ous corporations  which  he  has  been  called 
upon  to  manage.  During  his  long  resi- 
dence in  Indianapolis  he  has  been  identi- 
fied with  nearly  all  the  important  civic 
and  commercial  organizations,  being  a  cor- 
porator and  president  of  the  board  of 
managers  of  Crown  Hill  Cemetery  Asso- 
ciation, a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Columbia 
Club,  the  University  Club,  which  he  served 
as  president  several  years,  the  Indianapolis 
Art  Association,  in  which  he  has  been  a 
director  for  years,  and  he  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Meridian  Street  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  of  which  he  is  president 
of  the  board  of  trustees.  He  is  also  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Bankers  Club  of 
Chicago.  He  was  a  member  of  an  associa- 
tion of  gentlemen  in  Indianapolis  who 
started  a  library,  and  when  their  accumu- 
lation of  books  reached  8,000  volumes  they 
contracted  with  the  city  to  take  it  over  and 
increase  the  number  of  volumes  to  20,000. 
This  was  the  foundation  of  the  new  mag- 
nificent City  Library  of  Indianapolis. 

In  1862  Volney  Thomas  Malott  was  mar- 
ried to  Caroline  M.,  daughter  of  Hon. 
David  and  Mary  (Patterson)  Macy,  of 
Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malott  be- 
came the  parents  of  the  following  children : 
Mary  Florence,  wife  of  Woodbury  T.  Mor- 
ris, Indianapolis ;  Macy  W.,  now  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  National  Bank  of  In- 
dianapolis; Caroline  Grace,  wife  of  Ed- 
win H.  Forry,  Indianapolis ;  Katharine  F., 
wife  of  Arthur  V.  Brown,  Indianapolis ; 
Ella  L.,  wife  of  Edgar  H.  Evans,  Indian- 
apolis; and  Margaret  P.,  wife  of  Paul  H. 
White,  Indianapolis. 


1588 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


EMSLEY  W.  JOHNSON,  who  has  been  in 
the  active  practice  of  law  at  Indianapolis 
for  fifteen  years,  has  a  well  won  position 
as  a  lawyer  and  a  no  less  worthy  distinc- 
tion as  a  business  man  and  citizen. 

Apart  from  the  interest  attaching  to  his 
individual  career  it  is  an  appropriate  rec- 
ord for  a  publication  designed  to  cover  the 
leading  old  families  of  Indiana  that  some 
mention  should  be  made  of  his,  ancestors, 
which  include  some  of  the  very  earliest 
settlers  of  Marion  County  and  represents 
old  American  stock,  some  of  whom  were 
participants  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

Mr.  Johnson's  paternal  ancestor  came 
from  England  about  1745  and  settled  in 
Virginia.  He  was  one  of  the  colonial 
farmers  or  planters  of  that  old  common- 
wealth, spent  his  life  there,  and  reared  a 
large  family.  His  son,  Thomas  Johnson, 
of  the  next  generation,  moved  from  Vir- 
ginia to  Ohio  in  1806.  Through  him  the 
family  vocation  of  farmer  was  continued, 
and  he  acquired  a  considerable  tract  of 
land  in  Preble  County.  The  founder  of 
the  family  in  Indiana  was  his  son,  Jesse 
Johnson,  who  was  born  in  June,  1785,  and 
accompanied  his  father  from  Virginia  to 
Ohio.  During  the  War  of  1812  he  served 
with  an  Ohio  regiment  throughout  the 
period  of  hostilities.  Jesse  Johnson  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Clermont  in  Marion  County 
in  1823,  and  thus  constituted  one  of  the 
scattered  settlements  in  this  locality  when 
the  state  capital  was  moved  from  Corydon 
and  the  new  City  of  Indianapolis  estab- 
lished. On  his  homestead  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life  and  died  July  9,  1878,  a  few 
weeks  after  the  birth  of  his  great-grandson, 
the  Indianapolis  lawyer  above  mentioned. 

Of  the  eight  children  of  Jesse  Johnson, 
one  was  William  K.  Johnson,  who  was  born 
March  20,  1819,  in  Ohio,  and  was  four 
years  old  when  the  family  moved  to  Marion 
County.  He  acquired  a  large  farm  near 
the  line  between  Hendricks  and  Marion 
counties  and  was  a  resident  there  until  his 
death  April  2,  1906. 

Joseph  McClung  Johnson,  son  of  Wil- 
liam K.,  was  born  April  1,  1843,  on  the 
Rockville  Road  in  Marion  County.  His 
early  education  was  a  product  of  the  com- 
mon schools  of  Marion  County  and  later 
of  the  Danville  Normal  School.  His  de- 
scendants have  every  reason  to  be  proud 
of  his  record  as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war. 
He  enlisted  in  1862  as  a  private  in  the 


Fifth  Indiana  Cavalry,  Ninetieth  Regi- 
ment, Indiana  Volunteers,  and  served  three 
years  from  the  date  of  his  enlistment  in 
August.  During  the  early  part  of  his 
service  he  was  in  the  campaign  against 
John  Morgan's  Cavalry  in  Indiana  and 
Kentucky.  The  chief  battles  in  which  he 
participated  were  those  of  Glasgow, 
Jonesboro,  Blountsville,  Bulls  Gap,  Dan- 
dridge,  Strawberry  Plains,  Atlanta,  Stone- 
man's  raid  toward  Macon,  and  at  Macon, 
Georgia,  he  was  captured  and  sent  to  An- 
dersonville  Prison,  where  he  was  confined 
for  a  period  of  seven  months.  Altogether 
he  took  part  in  twenty-two  battles  and  skir- 
mishes. In  the  month  of  June,  1864,  in 
Georgia,  he  was  engaged  in  a  battle  al- 
most every  day. 

Near  New  Augusta;  Indiana,  March  21, 
1867,  Joseph  McClung  Johnson  married 
Mary  Wright.  Concerning  their  family 
and  ancestry  many  interesting  facts  can 
be  told. 

Richard  Wright,  Sr.,  her  paternal  ances- 
tor, came  from  Scotland  to  the  State  of 
Maryland  in  1742.  His  four  sons  were 
William,  Amos,  Richard,  Jr.,  and  Phil- 
burd. 

Philburd  Wright,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land, saw  active  service  as.a  Revolutionary 
soldier  with  a  Maryland  regiment.  About 
the  close  of  that  war  he  moved  to  Ran- 
dolph County,  North  Carolina,  and  for 
forty  years  served  as  a  justice  of  the  peace 
in  that  community.  In  advanced  years  he 
came  west  and  settled  at  Brownsville, 
Union  County,  Indiana,  May  12,  1813.  He 
died  in  1833.  He  was  the  father  of  eleven 
children. 

Joel  Wright,  one  of  his  sons,  was  born 
in  Randolph  County,  North  Carolina,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1795,  and  was  still  a  youth  when 
his  parents  came  to  Indiana  territory.  In 
November,  1815,  he  moved  to  the  west  fork 
of  White  River,  in  what  is  now  known  as 
Wayne  County.  December  22,  1821,  he 
brought  his  family  to  the  Broad  Ripple 
north  of  Indianapolis,  and  thus  was  an 
even  earlier  resident  in  this  pioneer  com- 
munity than  the  Johnson  family.  He 
owned  a  large  tract  of  land  which  is  now 
a  part  of  Meridian  Heights. 

Emsley  Wright,  for  whom  the  Indian- 
apolis lawyer  was  named,  was  one  of  the 
eight  children  of  Joel  Wright,  and  was 
born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  February 
18,  1820.  He  was  not  two  years  old  when 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1589 


his  parents  removed  to  Washington  Town- 
ship of  Marion  County,  and  there  he  spent 
his  entire  life.  He  died  January  11,  1897. 
He  owned  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Wash- 
ington Township  and  cleared  up  several 
farms  in  the  county.  He  also  helped  build 
the  canal  reaching  from  Broad  Ripple  to 
Indianapolis.  For  several  years  he  served 
as  justice  of  the  peace  and  for  thirty  years 
practiced  law  in  this  county.  His  name- 
sake therefore  had  a  family  precedence  to 
guide  him  in  the  choice  of  a  profession. 
Emsley  Wright  had  two  children,  Mary 
and  John. 

Mary  Wright  was  born  on  the  old  home- 
stead in  Marion  County  November  23, 
1848.  By  her  marriage  to  Joseph  Mc- 
Clung  Johnson  she  was  the  mother  of  three 
children,  Cora  Josephine,  Emsley  W.  and 
William  F.  Cora  Josephine  was  born  July 
21,  1868,  has  never  married  and  now  lives 
with  her  parents  on  the  old  farm  in  Marion 
County.  The  son  William  F.  Johnson  was 
educated  in  the  Marion  County  schools 
and  took  the  degree  Doctor  of  Medicine  at 
the  Indiana  Medical  College  in  1904.  He 
has  practiced  medicine  at  Indianapolis 
since  his  graduation  and  has  enjoyed  much 
success  as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  He  is 
now  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  United  States 
army  at  Fort  McPherson,  Atlanta,  Geor- 
gia. 

Emsley  W.  Johnson  was  born  on  his 
father's  farm  in  Marion  County  May  8, 
1878.  He  attended  the  new  Augusta  High 
School,  received  the  degree  Bachelor  of 
Arts  from  Butler  College,  Bachelor  of  Phil- 
osophy at  the  University  of  Chicago,  and 
the  degree  Bachelor  of  Laws  at  the  Indiana 
Law  School  in  1903.  During  his  practice 
Mr.  Johnson  has  appeared  as  an  attorney 
in  many  important  trials  in  the  county 
courts.  His  practice  is  of  a  general  nature 
and  has  included  the  defense  of  a  num- 
ber of  important  murder  trials,  and  he 
has  also  been  attorney  in  many  will  contest 
cases  involving  large  estates.  For  two 
years  he  was  deputy  prosecutor  of  Marion 
County  and  for  four  years  county  attor- 
ney. His  professional  service  in  the  latter 
capacity  was  especially  notable  in  the  ac- 
tive part  he  took  with  the  board  of  county 
commissioners  in  the  elimination  of  law- 
less saloons  and  dives.  For  the  past  two 
years  he  has  also  devoted  much  time  to 
the  building  of  permanent  improved  high- 
ways in  Marion  County. 


Mr.  Johnson  is  vice  president  of  the  New 
Augusta  State  Bank,  a  director  in  the 
Broad  Ripple  State  Bank,  and  the  People's 
State  Bank  of  Indianapolis,  and  is  also  en- 
gaged to  some  extent  in  agriculture  on  a 
farm  which  he  owns  in  Marion  County. 

As  a  republican  Mr.  Johnson  has  been 
one  of  the  leaders  in  his  local  party  for 
many  years.  As  a  speaker  he  has  cam- 
paigned not  only  in  his  home  county  but 
gave  his  services  several  weeks  to  the  state 
republican  committee  in  different  cam- 
paigns. During  the  last  year  or  so  his 
services  have  been  availed  by  the  various 
war  causes.  He  is  a  member  of  one  of  the 
conscription  boards  of  Indianapolis  and 
chairman  of  the  general  conscription  board 
of  the  city.  Among  the  war  relief  cam- 
paigns he  was  an  organizer  of  the  Liberty 
Loan  drive  and  chairman  of  the  War 
Chest  organization  for  Marion  County. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Bar  Association,  the  Indiana  State 
Bar  Association,  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  Indianapolis,  Marion  Club,  and 
several  minor  civic  organizations.  He  is  a 
Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  an  Odd  Fellow,  belongs  to  the  Sons 
of  Veterans,  and  is  a  past  sachem  of  the 
Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

August  8,  1906,  Mr.  Johnson  married 
Katherine  Griffin.  Her  parents  are  Dr. 
Loyal  B.  and  Denny  Griffin  of  Greenfield, 
Indiana.  Mrs.  Johnson  was  educated  in  the 
Greenfield  common  schools  and  the  Green- 
field High  School,  and  afterward  received 
the  degree  Bachelor  of  Arts  at  Butler  Col- 
lege, and  the  degree  Bachelor  of  Phil- 
osophy at  the  University  of  Chicago.  For 
a  number  of  years  before  her  marriage  she 
taught  in  the  Hancock  County  schools  and 
the  Greenfield  High  School.  Mrs.  Johnson 
was  active  in  several  literary  clubs,  and 
at  the  time  of  her  death  January  29,  1918, 
was  president  of  the  Zataphia  Club.  With 
all  her  home  interests  and  activities  she 
was  an  accomplished  musician  and  was 
skilled  in  china  painting. 

Mr.  Johnson  is  left  with  two  children, 
Mardenna,  born  June  23,  1910,  and 
Emsley  Wright,  Jr.,  born  August  11,  1913. 

HERBERT  WILL.ARD  Foi/rz.  Through  his 
profession  as  an  architect  Herbert  Willard 
Foltz  has  done  much  work  that  would 
serve  to  identify  his  name  for  many  years 
with  his  native  city  of  Indianapolis  and 


1590 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


over  the  state  at  large.  He  is  a  man  of 
great  technical  ability,  sound  taste  and 
judgment,  and  the  profession  has  come  to 
recognize  him  as  one  of  its  real  leaders. 

Mr.  Foltz  is  a  descendant  of  Indiana 
pioneers.  His  grandfather,  Frederic,  bore 
the  family  name  of  Von  Foltz.  His 
parents  were  born  in  Holland.  Frederic 
von  Foltz  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1799. 
He  finally  dropped  the  "von"  and  spelled 
his  name  simply  Foltz.  He  had  an  ordi- 
nary education  and  when  a  young  lad  went 
to  Ohio,  where  he  married  Sabina  Willard, 
a  native  of  Highgates,  Vermont,  and  at  the 
time  of  her  marriage  a  teacher  in  Ohio. 
In  1833  Frederic  Foltz  came  to  Indian- 
apolis and  made  his  home  on  what  is  now 
West  Washington  Street.  He  established 
a  wagon,  coach  and  carriage  factory,  and 
also  operated  a  blacksmith  shop  where  the 
American  National  Bank  Building  now 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Market  streets.  He  continued  business  un- 
til 1853,  when  he  sold  out.  His  industrial 
property  subsequently  became  the  site  of 
the  old  postomce  building.  His  private 
affairs  absorbed  his  attention  after  he  re- 
tired from  business,  and  he  died  in  1863. 
Though  he  was  the  type  of  man  who  looks 
strictly  after  his  own  affairs,  he  was  rec- 
ognized as  a  strong  and  virile  personality 
in  the  early  days  of  Indianapolis.  He 
voted  the  whig  ticket  and  afterwards  was 
a  democrat.  He  and  his  wife  had  five  chil- 
dren, two  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The 
others  were:  Henry,  who  died  in  1854; 
Mary  Isabel,  born  in  1843  and  now  de- 
ceased, married  George  Carter;  and 
Howard  M. 

Howard  M.  Foltz  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis January  17,  1845.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  old  Northwestern  Chris- 
tian (now  Butler)  University.  In  1864, 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  enlisted  in  the 
Union  Navy  and  was  assigned  to  duty  ou 
Admiral  Porter's  flagship  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  He  was  on  duty  on  this  vs- 
sel  when  it  was  burned.  Later  he  was  ou 
a  receiving  ship  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
After  his  return  to  Indianapolis  he  was 
for  six  years  representative  of  the  Howe 
Sewing  Machine  Company,  and  then  for 
thirteen  years  developed  an  extensive  In- 
diana business  for  the  D.  H.  Baldwin 
Piane  Company.  For  the  last  twenty-one 
years  he  has  been  connected  with  the 
Union  Trust  Company,  of  which  he  is  now 


one  of  the  vice  presidents.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Columbia  and  Commercial  clubs, 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic.  He  also  belongs  to  the 
Navy  League.  In  1866  Howard  M.  Foltz 
married  Mary  Virginia  Jones.  Two  chil- 
dren were  born  to  them,  Herbert  W.  and 
Anna  Louise.  The  daughter  died  in  1890, 
at  the  age  of  twenty. 

Herbert  Willard  Foltz  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis February  23,  1867.  This  city 
has  always  been  his  home.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  city  schools  and  in  1886  gradu- 
ated from  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Terre  Haute.  With  this  specialized  and 
technical  training  he  served  what  amounted 
to  a  practical  apprenticeship  in  structural 
engineering  with  the  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany for  four  years.  In  1891  Mr.  Foltz 
established  himself  as  an  architect  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  has  been  busy  with  his 
professional  engagements  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century.  Some  of  the  con- 
spicuous buildings  of  Indianapolis  attest 
his  architectural  ideas.  He  planned  both 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
buildings,  the  Bobbs-Merrill  building,  and 
many  others  less  well  known,  and  outside 
of  Indianapolis  he  was  architect  for  the 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Madison,  the 
Epileptic  Village  buildings  at  Newcastle, 
the  Indiana  Masonic  Home  at  Franklin, 
and  a  number  of  other  buildings  for  state 
institutions. 

Mr.  Foltz  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Architects  and  of  various  local 
technical  societies.  In  1918  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Century  Club  of  Indianapolis, 
and  is  also  president  of  the  Indianapolis 
School  Board  and  is  deeply  interested  in 
all  matters  affecting  education.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  Shriner  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 
In  1893  he  married  Louise  Bowen,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Horatio  F.  and  Ann  Amy  (Mowry) 
Bowen,  of  Joliet,  Illinois.  They  have  three 
children,  Bertina  Louise,  Howard  Frank- 
lin and  Barbara  Louise.  Bertina  Louise 
is  now  a  student  in  Vassar  College. 

VINCENT  A.  LAPENTA,  M.  D.  Profession- 
ally Doctor  Lapenta  is  one  of  the  able  sur- 
geons of  Indianapolis,  a  skilled  specialist 
in  abdominal  surgery.  But  his  range  of 
influence  and  service  is  not  confined  within 
the  strict  limits  of  his  profession. 

Doctor  Lapenta  is  a  native  of  Italy,  and 


1 .-)!! 


INDIANA  AND   LNDIANANS 


< 


over  the  state  at  large.  lie  is  a  man  of 
great  technical  ability,  sound  taste  and 
judgment,  and  the  profession  has  come  to 
recognixe  him  as  one  of  its  real  leaders. 

Mr.  Foltx  is  a  descendant  of  Indiana, 
pioneers.  His  grandfather,  Frederic,  bore 
the  family  name  of  Von  Foltx.  His 
parents  were  born  in  Holland.  Frederic 
von  Koltx  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1799. 
He  finally  dropped  the  "von"  and  spelled 
his  name  simply  Koltx.  lie  had  an  ordi- 
nary education  and  when  a  young  lad  went 
to  Ohio,  where  he  married  Sabiua  Willard. 
a  native  of  Highgates.  Vermont,  ami  at  the 
time  of  her  marriage  a  teacher  in  Ohio. 
In  !*:!.'{  Krederie  Koltx  came  to  Indian- 
apolis and  made  his  home  on  what  is  now 
West  Washington  Street.  lie  established 
a  wagon,  coach  and  carriage  factory,  and 
also  operated  a  blacksmith  shop  where  the 
American  National  Bank  Building  now 
stands  at  the  corner  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Market  streets.  He  continued  business  un- 
til 1  *.">:{,  when  he  sold  out.  His  industrial 
property  subsequently  became  the  site  of 
the  old  postoftice  building.  His  private 
affairs  absorbed  his  attention  after  he  re- 
tired from  business,  and  he  died  in  It-ifi^. 
Though  he  was  the  type  of  man  who  looks 
strictly  after  his  own  affairs,  he  was  rec- 
ognixed  as  a  strong  and  virile  personality 
in  the  early  days  of  Indianapolis.  He 
voted  the  whig  ticket  and  afterwards  was 
a  democrat.  He  and  his  wife  had  five  chil- 
dren, two  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The 
others  were:  Henry,  who  died  in  1Hf>4; 
Mary  Isabel,  horn  in  ll>:4l}  and  now  de- 
l-eased, married  (Jeorge  Carter:  and 
Howard  M. 

Howard  M.  Koltx  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis January  17.  1S4.">.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  old  Northwestern  Chris- 
tian i  now  Butler  i  Cniversity.  In  lS(j4, 
at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  enlisted  in  the. 
I'nion  Navy  and  was  assigned  to  duty  on 
Admiral  Porter's  flagship  on  the  Missis- 
sippi Ki.-cr.  lie  w;is  on  duty  on  this  vs- 
sel  when  it  was  burned.  Later  he  was  on 
a  receiving  ship  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
After  his  return  to  Indianapolis  lie  was 
for  six  years  representative  of  the  Howe 
Scwinir  Machine  Company,  and  then  for 
thirteen  vears  developed  an  extensive  In- 
diana business  for  the  D.  II.  Baldwin 
Piano  Company.  For  the  last  twenty-one 
years  he  has  been  connected  with  the 
I'nion  Trust  Company,  of  which  he  is  now 


one  of  the  vice  presidents.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Columbia  and  Commercial  clubs, 
the  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic.  He  also  belongs  to  the 
Navy  League.  In  lf<6(J  Howard  M.  Koltx 
married  Mary  Virginia  Jones.  Two  chil- 
dren were  horn  to  them,  Herbert  W.  and 
Anna  Louise.  The  daughter  died  in  1890. 
at  the  age  of  twenty. 

Herbert  Willard  Koltx  was  horn  at  In- 
dianapolis Kebruary  L':!.  1S(>7.  This  city 
has  always  been  his  home.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  city  schools  and  in  lSS(j  gradu- 
ated from  Ixose  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Terre  Haute.  With  this  specialixed  and 
technical  training  he  served  what  amounted 
to  a  practical  apprenticeship  in  structural 
engineering  with  the  Illinois  Steel  Com- 
pany for  four  years.  In  1S91  Mr.  Koltx 
established  himself  as  an  architect  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  has  been  busy  with  his 
professional  engagements  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century.  Some  of  the  con- 
spicuous buildings  of  I  ndianapolis  attest 
his  architectural  ideas,  lie  planned  both 
the  Voung  Men's  Christian  Association 
buildings,  the  Bobbs-Merrill  building,  and 
many  others  less  well  known,  and  outside 
of  Indianapolis  he  was  architect  for  the 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Madison,  the 
Kpileptic  Village  buildings  at  Newcastle, 
the  Indiana  Masonic  Home  at  Kranklin. 
and  a  number  of  other  buildings  for  stats' 
institutions. 

Mr.  Koltx  is  a  Kellow  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Architects  and  of  various  local 
technical  societies.  In  191 S  he  \\as  presi- 
dent of  the  Century  Cluh  of  Indianapolis, 
and  is  also  president  of  the  Indianapolis 
School  Board  and  is  deeply  interested  in 
all  matters  affecting  education.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Kite  Mason 
and  Shriner  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 
In  1S9U  he  married  Louise  Bowen.  a  daugh- 
ter of  Horatio  K.  and  Ann  Amy  (Mowry) 
Howen,  of  Joliet,  Illinois.  They  have  three 
children.  Bertina  Louise.  Howard  Frank- 
lin and  Barbara  Louise.  Bertina  Louise 
is  now  a  student  in  Vassar  College. 

Vi\<  I:\T  A.  L.\|'I:NT\.  M.  D.  Profession- 
allv  Doctor  Lapenta  is  one  of  the  aide  sur- 
geons nl'  Indianapolis,  a  skilled  specialist 
in  abdominal  surgery.  But  his  range  of 
influence  and  service  is  not  confined  within 
the  strict  limits  of  his  profession. 

Doctor  Lapenta  is  a  native  of  Italy,  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1591 


was  educated  in  the  Royal  University  of 
Naples,  from  which  he  graduated  with  the 
degree  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1906.  His 
home  in  Naples  where  he  was  reared  was 
in  the  midst  of  a  colony  of  English  people. 
He  early  learned  to  speak  English  fluently 
and  with  the  Englishman's  accent.  After 
leaving  the  University  of  Naples  he  came 
to  America,  and  did  post-graduate  work 
in  Harvard  Medical  School  and  in  the 
Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois at  Chicago,  specializing  in  abdominal 
surgery. 

Doctor  Lapenta  located  at  Indianapolis 
in  1912.  That  city  has  since  been  his  home, 
and  his  practice  is  confined  to  abdominal 
surgery.  He  is  a  member  of  the  County 
and  State  Medical  societies  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  the  Clinical 
Congress  of  Surgeons,  and  all  other  organ- 
izations relating  to  the  profession.  In  1916 
Doctor  Lapenta  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  and  in  1918  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Italian  government  a  dele- 
gate of  the  Italian  Red  Cross. 

Demands  upon  his  professional  services 
frequently  call  him  to  other  cities  and 
communities.  Among  the  thousands  of 
Italians  in  Indiana  he  is  generally  regarded 
as  a  great  and  good  man,  a  reputation 
which  his  attainments  and  character  thor- 
oughly justify. 

It  is  among  the  people  of  his  own  racial 
origin  that  his  influence  has  been  most 
widespread.  He  takes  an  unselfish  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  his  people.  There  are 
many  thousands  of  people  of  Italian  origin 
now  American  citizens  engaged  in  the 
great  industries  of  Indianapolis  and  Marion 
County,  and  also  in  the  great  industrial 
centers  of  Gary  and  the  Calumet  region, 
in  the  coal  mines  of  the  state,  in  mer- 
chandising and  in  the  various  professions. 
Most  of  these  are  home  owners,  thrifty,  in- 
dustrious and  altogether  ideal  citizens. 

Doctor  Lapenta  is  a  prominent  member 
of  the  King  Humbert  Society,  a  social  and 
beneficial  organization  that  was  formed  in 
1884.  His  far  reaching  influence  has  been 
exercised  as  president  of  the  Italian  Propa- 
ganda Committee  of  Indiana.  This  organ- 
ization is  engaged  in  the  educational  work 
of  making  good  American  citizens  of 
Italians  who  have  come  here  and  become 
naturalized  or  who  though  natives  of  Amer- 
ica have  never  received  sufficient  enlighten- 


ment on  the  principles  and  ideals  of  our 
democratic  citizenship.  There  are  no  spe- 
cial obstacles  or  complicated  problems  in- 
volved in  this  propaganda,  since  the  Italian 
race  are  the  heirs  of  the  oldest  civilization 
we  have  and  by  nature  and  early  training 
are  thoroughly  democratic. 

After  coming  to  America  Doctor  •  La- 
penta married  Miss  Rose  Mangeri.  She 
was  born  in  Southern  Italy.  They  have 
two  children,  Catharine  and  Blase. 

JOHN  TIPTON  who  was  born  in  Tennessee 
in  1786,  and  died  at  Logansport,  Indiana, 
in  1830,  became  a  resident  of  this  state  in 
1807  and  was  one  of  the  fearless  early  ex- 
ponents of  law  and  order.  He  joined  the 
''Yellow  Jackets,"  and  subsequently  at- 
tained the  rank  of  brigadier  general  of 
militia.  In  1819  General  Tipton  was  sent 
to  the  Legislature,  and  was  appointed  by 
that  body  in  1820  to  select  a  site  for  a  new 
capital  for  Indiana,  and  it  was  on  his  mo- 
tion that  Fall  Creek  was  chosen.  He  was 
later  a  commissioner  to  determine  with  an- 
other commissioner  from  Illinois  the  boun- 
dary line  between  the  two  states. 

After  a  further  service  as  Indian  agent 
General  Tipton  was  made  a  United  States 
senator  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  1831  and  was 
reelected  for  that  office.  He  was  always 
intensely  interested  in  the  progress  of  In- 
diana and  an  efficient  worker  for  its  insti- 
tutions. He  also  held  high  office  in  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  becoming  finally  grand 
master. 

W.  H.  DISHER  is  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  the  Thomas  Moffat  Company,  Incor- 
porated, one  of  the  important  jobbing  con- 
cerns located  at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Disher 
represented  this  firm  on  the  road  for  many 
years,  and  is  now  the  chief  executive  in 
its  management.  The  Thomas  Moffat  Com- 
pany, Incorporated,  are  dealers  in  heavy 
chemicals,  laundry  supplies,  and  a  varied 
line  of  kindred  products. 

Mr.  Disher  was  born  in  Preble  County, 
Ohio,  March  13,  1877,  son  of  Peter  L.  and 
Catherine  (Allen)  Disher,  natives  of  the 
same  county.  His  father  came  to  Indian- 
apolis in,  1888,  becoming  foreman  in  a 
local  lumber  company,  and  was  in  the  lum- 
ber business  for  twenty  years. 

W.  H.  Disher  was  the  oldest  of  five 
children,  four  of  whom  are  still  living. 
After  his  education  in  the  public  schools 


1592 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Indianapolis  he  went  to  work  in  a  fur- 
niture factory  for  two  years,  also  at  plumb- 
ing and  gas  fitting  two  years,  and  for  a 
year  and  a  half  was  with  the  Udell  Manu- 
facturing Company.  In  1899  he  entered 
the  service  of  the  Moffat  Chemical  Com- 
pany and  for  fourteen  years  was  the  com- 
pany's traveling  representative  carrying 
their  goods  and  products  over  practically 
the  entire  United  States.  Mr.  Disher  is  a 
preeminent  salesman,  and  the  great  volume 
of  business  he  turned  in  annually  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  steady  growth 
and  development  of  the  Thomas  Moffat 
Company.  In  1913  he  acquired  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  the  business,  and  has 
since  been  its  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Mr.  Disher  is  affiliated  with  Lodge  No. 
319,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythas  and  Loyal 
Order  of  Moose,  and  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral social  clubs.  October  5,  1903,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Bessie  F.  Coddy.  Mrs.  Disher 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Rush  County,  Indiana. 

GEORGE  C.  FORREY,  JR.  Few  young  men 
have  gone  so  far  and  so  rapidly  toward 
high  standing  and  successful  position  in 
the  financial  circles  of  Indianapolis  as 
George  C.  Forrey,  Jr. 

Mr.  Forrey,  who  was  born  at  Anderson, 
Indiana,  January  31,  1882,  is  the  only  son 
of  the  late  George  C.  and  Mary  (Baxter) 
Forrey.  His  father,  who  died  in  1918, 
was  a  successful  and  well  known  business 
man  of  Anderson.  He  retired  from  busi- 
ness activities  in  1908. 

George  C.  Forrey,  Jr.,  attended  public 
schools  at  Anderson  until  1898,  and  then 
entered  Culver  Military  Academy,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1899.  He  is  an 
alumnus  of  Williams  College  in  Massa- 
chusetts, from  which  he  received  his  Bach- 
elor of  Arts  degree  in  June,  1903. 

His  business  experience  has  been  con- 
tained within  the  fifteen  years  since  he 
left  Williams  College.  At  first  he  was  a 
bond  salesman  with  E.  M.  Campbell  & 
Company,  an  Indianapolis  investment  con- 
cern. In  1905  he  became  associated  with 
Breed  &  Harrison  of  Cincinnati,  a  firm 
which  rewarded  him  for  his  efficient  and 
productive  service  by  making  him  a  part- 
ner in  the  business  in  1912.  The  following 
year  Mr.  Forrey  assisted  in  organizing  the 
firm  of  Breed,  Elliot  &  Harrison  of  In- 


dianapolis, Cincinnati  and  Chicago.  He 
was  elected  vice  president  of  the  company 
and  has  active  charge  of  the  Indianapolis 
branch  of  the  business.  Mr.  Forrey  has 
also  been  honored  with  the  offices  of  sec- 
retary, vice  president  and  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Stock  Exchange.  He  was 
one  of  the  three  members  of  the  committee 
for  the  State  of  Indiana  promoting  the 
sale  of  the  first  two  issues  of  Liberty 
bonds.  In  the  last  two  issues  of  .Liberty 
bonds,  in  addition  to  being  a  member  of 
the  state  committee  he  was  director  of  the 
State  Speakers'  Bureau.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed during  the  latter  part  of  the  war 
as  assistant  chief  of  the  Educational  In- 
dustrial Section  for  Indiana  of  the  United 
States  Ordnance  Department,  and  was 
offered  a  commission  as  captain  and  de- 
clined for  the  reason  that  he  felt  he  could 
more  effectively  conduct  the  department 
as  a  civilian.  Fraternally  he  is  an  active 
Mason,  having  affiliated  with  the  blue 
lodge  at  Anderson,  and  with  the  Scottish 
Rite  Consistory  at  Indianapolis. 

April  23,  1913,  Mr.  Forrey  married  Miss 
Lucia  Hurst,  of  Anderson,  Indiana,  daugh- 
ter of  Alfred  D.  and  Iva  (Bridges)  Hurst. 
Mrs.  Forrey  graduated  from  DePauw  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle,  Indiana,  with  the 
class  of  1904,  and  before  her  marriage  was 
teacher  of  German  and  mathematics  in  the 
public  schools  of  Crown  Point,  Indiana, 
and  Bryan,  Ohio.  Mr.  Forrey  has  two> 
children:  George  C.,  third,  born  May  8, 
1907 ;  and  Elheurah  J.,  born  February  19, 
1906. 

COLUMBUS  HORATIO  HALL,  D.  D.,  A.  M. 
The  deepest  appreciation  of  the  scholarly 
services  of  Doctor  Hall  is  cherished  by 
that  great  body  of  former  students, .  both 
men  and  women,  who  at  different  times  in 
the  past  forty  years  have  prepared  for  the 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  life  within 
the  walls  of  old  Franklin  College.  Doctor 
Hall  has  never  achieved  wealth  and  high 
business  station  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 
He  has  done  that  which  mature  judgment 
of  men  at  all  times  has  pronounced  greater 
and  better,  has  devoted  his  talents  and 
years  to  the  education  and  training  of 
young  men  and  women  and  has  lived  the 
simple  life  of  the  scholar  and  is  one  of 
the  finest  examples  of  the  old  time  college 
professor. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1593 


Doctor  Hall  was  born  at  the  little  Town 
of  Chili  in  Miami  County,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 17,  1846'.  His  grandfather, 
Horace  Hall,  was  a  New  York  State  man, 
settled  at  Perrysburg,  Ohio,  owned  a  black- 
smith and  forge  in  the  town  and  was  a 
deacon  of  the  Baptist  Church.  Nelson 
Columbus  Hall,  father  of  Doctor  Hall,  was 
born  in  New  York  State,  grew  up  in  Ohio, 
and  after  coming  to  Indiana  established 
himself  in  the  dry  goods  business  at  Peru, 
where  he  was  in  partnership  with  his  only 
brother,  Horatio  Hall.  They  afterward 
established  a  branch  of  their  store  at  Chili, 
where  Nelson  C.  Hall  spent  his  most  ac- 
tive years.  He  was  a  highly  influential 
citizen  in  the  community,  was  a  pioneer  of 
that  locality,  a  deacon  in  the  Baptist 
Church,  and  ever  ready  to  support  any 
movement  that  meant  increased  good.  He 
died  at  Chili  in  February,  1889.  The  first 
church  established  in  that  locality  was  of 
the  Methodist  denomination.  It  was  con- 
sidered a  guarantee  of  the  success  of  any 
meeting  for  any  cause  whatsoever  if  Nel- 
son C.  Hall  could  be  persuaded  to  act  as 
leader.  While  a  man  of  special  talent  in 
this  direction,  he  preferred  the  simple, 
quiet  life  and  never  sought  public  office 
of  any  kind. 

Columbus  H.  Hall  spent  his  early  days 
at  Chili.  When  he  was  eleven  years  old 
the  family  moved  to  Akron,  Indiana,  living: 
there  for  seven  years,  until  the  close  of 
the  Civil  war.  They  then  returned  to 
Chili.  Doctor  Hall  spent  a  year  in  the 
Peru  High  School  and  was  also  given  a 
business  training  as  clerk  in  his  father's 
store.  When  about  nineteen  years  old  he 
was  a  student  for  one  year  in  the  Ladoga 
Seminary.  He  prepared  there  to  teach 
school,  and  at  that  time  his  ambition  was 
for  the  medical  profession.  In  1866  Doctor 
Hall  entered  Franklin  College  at  Frank- 
lin, finishing  his  preparatory  work  and 
remaining  a  student  until  February,  1872, 
when  the  college  was  temporarily  sus- 
pended. He  then  entered  the  old  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  in  June,  1872.  In  1895  the 
University  of  Chicago  under  its  present 
incorporation  conferred  upon  him  the 
honorary  degree  B.  A.  He  prepared  for 
the  ministry  by  three  years  in  the  Baptist 
Union  Theological  Seminary  of  Chicago, 
graduating  B.  D.  in  1875. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  been  invited  by 


Vol.  IV— S 


Doctor  Stott,  president  of  Franklin  Col- 
lege, to  accept  a  professorship  in  that 
school  in  the  science  department.  This 
gave  Doctor  Hall  an  opportunity  to  do 
special  work,  and  he  afterward  filled  the 
chairs  of  Latin,  rhetoric  and  history.  In 
1879,  when  Professor  J.  W.  Moncreith  re- 
tired from  the  chair  of  Greek,  Doctor  Hall 
at  his  own  request  was  made  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin.  For  over  thirty  years 
he  was  head  of  the  department  of  these 
classical  languages  and  retired  from  the 
Greek  professorship  in  1912.  For. twenty- 
five  years  he  also  served  as  vice  president 
of  Franklin  College,  and  during  an  illness 
of  Doctor  Stott  was  acting  president  in 
the  spring  of  1885. 

Doctor  Hall  is  one  of  the  leading  Greek 
scholars  of  the  country.  He  has  written 
a  number  of  lectures  on  the  tragedies  of 
Sophocles  and  other  Greek  writers,  and  has 
read  the  Greek  Testament  from  beginning 
to  end  107  times.  As  a  teacher  Doctor 
Hall  always  sought  to  infect  his  pupils  with 
his  own  enthusiasm  and  do  much  more 
than  merely  inspect  them.  How  well  he 
succeeded  in  this  aim  needs  no  testimony 
beyond  the  grateful  acknowledgment  of 
his  older  students.  He  has  carried  his 
scholarship  abroad,  has  frequently  ad- 
dressed graduating  classes  at  high  schools, 
has  lectured  throughout  Indiana  and  also 
at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  Many 
times  he  appeared  in  formal  addresses  be- 
fore the  Baptist  Association.  Doctor  Hall 
has  reinforced  his  scholarship  with  ex- 
tensive travel,  especially  in  the  tropical 
countries  of  Greece  and  Italy,  the  Holy 
Land  and  Egypt.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
old  Classical  Association  of  Indiana  Col- 
leges. He  represents  Franklin  College  at 
the  present  time  on  the  war  safety  pro- 
gramme. He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta 
Theta  and  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason  and  has  taken  all  the 
York  Rite  degrees.  He  has  been  a  pre- 
late of  Franklin  Commandery  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  for  thirty-four  consecutive  years, 
and  in  1913-15  was  grand  prelate  and  for 
four  years  was  grand  chaplain  in  the 
Grand  Council. 

There  is  a  proverb  that  "The  Glory  of 
Children  are  Their  Fathers, ' '  and  it  is  also 
true  that  the  glory  of  fathers  is  in  their 
children.  With  all  the  wide  range  of 
achievement  and  experience  to  his  credit, 
Doctor  Hall  doubtless  finds  his  greatest 


1594 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


comfort  in  his  declining  years  in  the  noble 
sons  and  daughters  who  have  come  to  man- 
hood and  womanhood  at  his  old  home  in 
Franklin.  Doctor  Hall  married,  June  15, 
1875,  Theodosia  Parks.  They  were  mar- 
ried in  the  house  where  Doctor  and  Mrs. 
Hall  still  reside.  She  was  born  at  Bedford, 
Indiana,  and  graduated  from  Franklin  Col- 
lege in  1874  and  for  a  time  was  a  tutor  in 
Latin  at  Franklin.  For  many  years  she 
was  president  of  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Society  and  also  its  general  director  and 
finally  became  its  honorary  president.  Her 
parents  were  Rev.  R.  M.  and  Jane  T. 
(Short)  Parks,  both  of  Bedford  and  now 
deceased.  Her  father  was  a  Baptist  mi- 
nister of  that  city.  Of  the  children  born  to 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  Hall  two  are  deceased.  Zoe 
Parks  Hall,  the  eldest,  who  was  born  in  1876 
and  died  in  December,  1907,  married  John 
Hall,  of  Johnson  County,  and  was  the 
mother  of  one  daughter,  Catherine  Zoe, 
born  in  July,  1907.  Her  husband  is  a 
farmer  in  Johnson  County. 

The  second  child,  Mary  Griswold  Hall, 
born  in  October,  1878,  is  the  wife  of  Dr. 
G.  M.  Selby,  of  Redkey,  Indiana,  and  has 
one  son,  Horace  Hall  Selby,  born  in  July, 
1906. 

Arnold  Albert  Bennett  Hall,  a  son  who 
inherits  many  of  the  scholarly  talents  of 
his  father,  was  born  in  July,  1881.  He 
graduated  from  Franklin  College  and  from 
the  law  department  of  the  University  of 
Chicago.  While  at  University  he  was  as- 
sistant to  President  Judson  and  also  an 
instructor.  He  is  now  assistant  professor 
of  the  department  of  political  science  and 
law  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He 
has  had  a  wide  range  of  work,  having 
taught  one  year  at  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, was  employed  by  the  Carnegie  Foun- 
dation of  Peace,  and  for  two  years  was  an 
instructor  at  Dartmouth  College.  He  has 
lectured  at  institutions  throughout  the  va- 
rious states  and  his'  work  as  lecturer  is  in 
great  demand.  He  has  high  qualifications 
as  a  speaker,  but  these  qualifications  serve 
only  to  enlarge  the  breadth  of  his  scholar- 
ship, and  he  is  today  recognized  as  one 
of  the  men  most  gifted  in  educating  and 
influencing  popular  opinion.  He  wrote 
and  revised  ' '  Fishback  's  Elementary  Law, ' ' 
and  is  author  of  ' '  Outline  of  International 
Law"  He  is  now  serving  on  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  Lasalle  Extension  Univer- 


sity of  Chicago.     He  married  Grace  Car- 
ney, of  Franklin,  in  June,  1911. 

Doctor  Hall's  fourth  child,  Theodore,  was 
born  in  1883  and  died  in  infancy. 

Letitia  Theodora  Hall,  born  in  Sep- 
tember, 1886,  married  Prof.  R.  E.  Carter, 
of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Warren  Short  Hall,  born  in  January, 
1889,  is  now  a  sergeant  major  in  the 
Fourth  Battalion  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty-Ninth  Depot  Brigade  at  Camp  Tay- 
lor. 

Nelson  Clarence  Hall,  born  in  January, 
1891,  is  a  sergeant  in  Camp  Custer.  Esther 
Marguerite  Hall,  born  in  September,  1895, 
is  now  a  teacher  at  Lawrence,  Kansas. 
Florence  Christine  Hall,  born  in  June, 
1903,  is  a  student  in  high  school.  All 
the  children  except  the  youngest  and  oldest 
are  graduates  of  Franklin  College.  The 
service  flag  in  the  home  of  Doctor  Hall  at 
Franklin  has  two  stars,  indicating  that  he 
has  given  two  of  his  sons  to  the  world-wide 
war  for  freedom. 

D.  L.  SEYBERT.  Perhaps  no  subject  of 
the  present  time  comes  oftener  into  con- 
versation than  that  of  saving,  or,  in  other 
words,  thrift,  for  saving  is  the  child  of 
thrift.  There  are,  undoubtedly,  many  ways 
to  be  frugal  with  an  eye  to  the  future,  and 
people,  according  to  their  training,  knowl- 
edge and  intelligence,  probably  conscien- 
tiously carry  out  their  own  ideas,  more  or 
less  successfully.  Under  the  head  of  thrift 
no  well  informed  individual  would  hes- 
itate to  place  life  insurance,  for  noth- 
ing in  the  way  of  saving  can  be  more  prac- 
tical. It  offers  not  only  an  easy  way  to 
save,  but  in  its  many  advantages  as  pro- 
vided not  only  by  the  sound  and  stable 
insurance  companies  of  the  country,  but 
in  these  days  as  a  recognized  government 
measure,  it  means  a  safe  investment  of 
funds  and  the  assurance  that  old  age  and 
unprotected  childhood,  alike,  will  be  saved 
from  suffering  and  disaster.  To  bring  these 
facts  to  the  attention  of  the  public  has  been 
the  business  for  a  number  of  years  of 
D.  L.  Seybert,  who  is  the  able  superin- 
tendent of  the  Conservative  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  America,  with  offices  at  Ander- 
son, Indiana. 

D.  L.  Seybert  was  born  in  Anderson 
Township,  Madison  County,  Indiana,  Julv 
11,  1873.  His  parents  were  Joseph  W.  and 
Zoa  (Harrison)  Seybert,  who  have  many 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1595 


generations  of  good  American  ancestors 
back  of  them.  The  father  has  always  been 
a  farmer,  the  Seyberts  as  a  family  having 
always  followed  agricultural  pursuits.  D. 
L.  Seybert  obtained  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  and  was  graduated  from  the 
Anderson  High  School  in  1902.  He  then 
went  to  work  with  the  Anderson  Carriage 
Company,  contracting  to  oversee  and  build 
the  running  gear  for  carriages.  Mr.  Sey- 
bert displayed  great  executive  ability  in 
the  management  of  the  men,  and  during 
the  five  years  he  continued  with  that  com- 
pany proved  satisfactory  and  efficient  and 
was  able  to  lay  aside  some  capital.  Subse- 
quently Mr.  Seybert  entered  the  employ 
of  the  Art  Mirror  Company,  of  Anderson, 
with  which  concern  he  remained  for  three 
years,  and  during  that  time  was  foreman 
of  the  polishing  department. 

Mr.  Seybert  then  embarked  in  the  gro- 
cery business  at  Anderson,  and  successfully 
conducted  this  enterprise  for  two  years  and 
then  sold  advantageously.  In  the  mean- 
while he  became  interested  to  some  extent 
in  investments  in  southern  land  which, 
however,  did  not  prove  profitable,  although 
he  spent  a  year  in  looking  after  his  interests 
in  the  Delta  Farms  proposition  near  New 
Orleans,  Louisiana.  Finding  his  usual  good 
business  judgment  somewhat  at  fault  in 
relation  to  this  land,  Mr.  Seybert  returned 
then  to  Anderson  and  subsequently  ac- 
cepted the  superintendency  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  Anderson  turnpike,  one 
of  the  concrete  highways  of  which  the  city 
is  justly  proud.  About  this  time  Mr.  Sey- 
bert became  interested  in  the  insurance 
business  and  entered  the  Prudential  Life 
Insurance  Company  as  an  agent  and  sold 
insurance  for  that  company  until  1915  and 
then  transferred  to  the  Conservative  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  America,  and  after 
one  year  as  an  agent,  on  December  28, 1916, 
was  made  superintendent. 

Mr.  Seybert  was  married  in  1909  to  Miss 
Grace  Smelser,  who  is  a  daughter  of  Solon 
and  Mattie  (Wood)  Smelser.  The  father 
of  Mrs.  Seybert  is  a  man  of  prominence 
in  Madison  County  and  served  as  sheriff 
from  1905  to  1909.  During  this  time  Mr. 
Seybert  served  under  Sheriff  Smelser  as 
deputy  sheriff.  He  has  always  been  a  re- 
publican and  very  loyal  to  his  party,  but 
with  the  exception  of  the  above  public  posi- 
tion has  accepted  no  political  preferment. 
He  was  reared  in  the  faith  of  the  Baptist 


Church  and  has  continued  a  member  of 
that  body,  but  is  liberal-minded  and  con- 
tributes to  the  support  of  other  religious 
organizations  and  to  benevolent  movements 
generally.  In  the  many  calls  on  personal 
generosity  in  these  weary  days  of  world 
conflict  Mr.  Seybert  has  been  as  helpful 
as  his  means  will  permit  and  has  lent  his 
influence  to  the  support  of  law  and  order 
in  recognition  of  his  responsibility  as  a 
representative  citizen.  He  is  identified 
fraternally  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  the  Red  Men. 

JOHN  T.  BEASLEY,  a  lawyer  whose  ad- 
mission to  the  Indiana  bar  was  chronicled 
in  1881,  has  enjoyed  many  of  the  finest 
honors  of  his  profession,  and  while  his 
home  has  nearly  always  been  in  Terre 
Haute  he  is  also  equally  known  in  Indian- 
apolis and  other  cities  of  the  state.  He 
is  also  prominent  as  a  banker. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  Mr.  Beasley  was 
born  in  Sullivan  County  May  29/1860, 
son  of  Ephraim  and  Sarah  (Williams) 
Beasley.  He  grew  up  in  Sullivan  County, 
attended  the  common  schools  and  in  1880, 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  began  reading  law 
with  the  firm  of  Buff  &  Patten  at  Sullivan. 
He  had  the  type  of  mind  which  assimilates 
knowledge  without  difficulty  and  in  1881 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Sullivan 
and  began  practice  with  his  preceptors 
as  member  of  the  firm  Buff,  Patton  &  Beas- 
ley. Two  years  later  he  bought  the  in- 
terests of  his  partners  and  formed  with 
a  partnership  with  A.  B.  Williams  under 
the  name  Beasley  &  Williams.  They  main- 
tained offices  both  at  Sullivan  and  at  In- 
dianapolis until  November,  1893,  at  which 
time  Mr.  Beasley  removed  to  Terre  Haute 
and  became  associated  with  Hon.  John 
E.  Lamb.  The  firm  of  Lamb  &  Beasley 
gained  prominence  all  over  the  state. 

Mr.  Beasley  has  been  more  or  less  active 
in  politics  for  many  years.  He  was  three 
times  elected  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
General  Assembly.  His  first  election 
came  in  1886,  when  he  represented  Sul- 
livan, Vigo  and  Vermilion  Counties.  Dur- 
ing the  sessions  of  1889  and  1891  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Judiciary  House  Com- 
mittee. 

Mr.  Beasley  was  the  first  president  of 
the  Commercial  Club  of  Terre  Haute. 
Much  of  his  time  and  attention  is  now 
given  to  his  duties  as  president  of  the 


1596 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


United  States  Trust  Company  of  Terre 
Haute.  November  5,  1895,  he  married 
Cora  Hoke.  They  have  one  son,  John 
Hoke  Beasley,  born  April  7,  1897. 

FRANCIS  M.  WILLIAMS.  Apart  from  the 
faithful  and  splendid  service  he  has 
rendered  as  county  auditor  of  Delaware 
County,  the  fact  that  gives  the  career  of 
Francis  M.  "Williams  special  interest  is  the 
enthusiasm  and  almost  unanimity  on  the 
part  of  his  fellow  citizens  regardless  of 
party  affiliations  in  supporting  him  for  a 
second  term  in  that  office.  At  a  time 
when  the  old  division  in  the  republican 
party  was  rapidly  healing  and  Delaware 
County  was  resuming  its  normal  complex- 
ion as  a  republican  stronghold,  Mr.  Wil- 
liams' personal  popularity  and  signal  abil- 
ity he  had  shown  through  his  previous 
incumbency  caused  his  candidacy  to  be 
looked  upon  as  a  non-partisan  matter,  and 
as  such  deserving  of  renewed  support. 
Thus  it  was  that  he  came  into  his  second 
term  of  office  with  what  amounted  to  a 
non-partisan  vote. 

Mr.  Williams  has  long  been  a  resident  of 
Muncie  and  went  into  county  office  after 
many  years  of  service  with  local  banks 
and  financial  institutions.  He  was  born 
in  Grant  County,  Indiana,  on  a  farm,  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1872,  son  of  E.  B.  and  Catherine 
M.  (Nesbitt)  Williams.  His  father  was  of 
Scotch  and  English  parentage  and  a  na- 
tive of  Ohio,  while  the  mother  was  of  an- 
cestry that  goes  back  to  England  and  to 
very  early  colonial  times  in  America.  Mr. 
Williams'  grandfather  was  a  pioneer  in 
Adams  County,  Ohio,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life  as  a  farmer.  Besides  operat- 
ing a  farm  he  also  operated  a  flour  mill  in 
the  county  for  many  years.  E.  B.  Wil- 
liams, a  native  of  Adams  County,  practi- 
cally grew  up  at  his  father's  mill  and 
learned  the  trade  of  millwright  and  mill 
manager.  He  was  a  very  expert  mechani- 
cal engineer,  but  after  removing  to  Grant 
County,  Indiana,  engaged  in  farming  on 
a  place  twelve  miles  west  of  Marion,  the 
county  seat.  That  was  his  home  for  more 
than  half  a  century.  He  died  there  in 
1882.  He  was  an  exemplary  citizen,  had 
the  confidence  of  the  entire .  community, 
and  for  many  years  served  as  justice  of 
the  peace.  He  was  a  sterling  democrat, 
and  did  much  to  build  up  the  party  in  his 
county.  He  was  affiliated  with  the  In- 


dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  was 
one  of  the  early  members  of  the  Church 
of  Christ  in  his  community.  He  was  a 
close  student  of  the  Bible,  and  having  the 
ability  to  express  himself  in  a  manner 
that  was  at  once  convincing  and  pleasing, 
he  used  this  faculty  to  do  good  in  many 
ways. 

Francis  M.  Williams  was  the  youngest 
in  a  family  of  six  children,  four  sons  and 
two  daughters.  He  grew  up  in  Grant 
County,  had  a  country  school  education, 
and  in  1889,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  sought 
the  larger  opportunities  of  the  then  grow- 
ing oil  center  city  of  Muncie.  For  six 
years  he  was  connected  with  the  Standard 
Oil  Company.  He  then  entered  the  Mer- 
chants National  Bank  of  Muncie  as  book- 
keeper, held  that  position  over  five  years, 
and  then  joined  the  Muncie  Savings  and 
Loan  Company  in  charge  of  its  books,  and 
was  only  called  from  its  duties  there  when 
he  was  first  elected  auditor  of  Delaware 
County  in  1910.  His  first  term  ran  until 
1914.  In  that  year,  nominated  again  on 
the  democratic  ticket,  he  succeeded  in  over- 
coming a  normal  republican  majority  in 
a  county  of  4,000,  and  received  a  large 
percentage  of  republican  votes. 

Throughout  his  career  at  Muncie  Mr. 
Williams  has  been  greatly  attached  to  the 
city,  has  worked  in  harmony  with  the  move- 
ments calculated  to  bring  it  larger  growth 
and  better  facilities,  and  whether  in  official 
or  in  private  life  his  career  is  one  that 
will  reflect  honor  oh  any  community.  As 
a  county  official  he  has  looked  upon  him- 
self as  the  servant  of  the  people,  and  has 
conducted  his  office  to  the  best  interests 
of  all. 

Mr.  Williams  was  one  of  the  progressive 
workers  at  Muncie  who  sustained  the  long 
campaign  which  resulted  in  the  erection 
of  the  handsome  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  building,  and  he  has  been  iden- 
tified with  that  institution  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  is  one  of  the  leading  laymen 
of  the  Church  of  Christ,  has  been  a  church 
official,  and-  for  over  twenty -eight  years 
served  as  superintendent  of  its  Sunday 
School.  In  a  period  of  a  quarter  of  a 
century  Mr.  Williams  missed  attending  the 
services  of  his  home  church  only  twelve 
Sundays.  In  Masonry  he  has  filled  all 
the  chairs  of  his  local  lodge  and  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1597 


September  3,  1892,  he  married  Ada 
Spradling,  daughter  of  J.  F.  Spradling, 
who  for  many  years  was  a  well  known 
hardware  merchant  at  Quincy.  Mrs.  Wil- 
liams' ancestors  on  both  sides  were  soldiers 
of  the  Revolutionary  war.  They  have  three 
children,  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 

JOHN  E.  McGETTiGAN  during  his  forty- 
five  years'  residence  in  Indianapolis  has 
contributed  materially  to  the  civic  and  in- 
dustrial advancement  of  the  community. 
For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in  the 
promotion  and  building  of  railroads  and 
other  industrial  enterprises.  He  has  been 
identified  with  the  development  of  a  num- 
ber of  the  best  known  industrial  and  trans- 
portation enterprises  in  the  states  of  In- 
diana, Illinois  and  Ohio. 

Mr.  McGettigan  was  born  in  Ireland, 
and  when  he  was  four  years  of  age  his 
parents  came  to  this  country  and  settled 
on  Kelley's  Island  in  Lake  Erie,  Ohio.  On 
that  island,  and  near  Sandusky,  he  spent 
his  youth.  At  the  age  of  about  fifteen  he 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  private  freight  car  line 
known  as  the  Great  Eastern  Dispatgh. 
When  he  was  about  twenty-three  years  old 
Mr.  McGettigan  formed  a  partnership  with 
Col.  E.  C.  Dawes,  of  Cincinnati.  Col- 
onel Dawes  held  his  official  rank  and  title 
from  service  in  the  Civil  war.  The  part- 
nership was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
contracting  for  the  construction  and  op- 
eration of  railroads  under  the  name  E.  C. 
Dawes  &  Company.  They  were  engaged 
in  business  a  short  time  before  the  panic 
of  1873,  when  railroad  building  and  other 
industries  were  at  a  boom  period  of  de- 
velopment. E.  C.  Dawes  &  Company  han- 
dled the  financing  and  construction  of  hun- 
dreds of  miles  of  railroads  in  Illinois, 
Indiana  and  Ohio — lines  which  are. now 
part  of  several  great  railroad  systems. 

Mr.  McGettigan  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  1874  and  has  been  a  resident  of  this 
city  since  that  time.  In  Indianapolis  the 
partnership  name  of  E.  C.  Dawes  &  Com- 
pany was  changed  to  Dawes  &  McGettigan, 
and  the  range  of  operations  included  not 
only  railroad  building  but  also  dealing  in 
railroad  supplies  and  promoting  coal  mines. 
In  coal  development  their  chief  exploit  was 
opening  in  1900  the  famous  St.  Louis  &  Big 
Muddy  coal  mine  at  Cartersville  in  Wil- 
liamson County,  Illinois,  with  a  capital 


stock  of  $300,000.  E.  C.  Dawes  was  presi- 
dent and  Mr.  McGettigan  was  treasurer. 
Williamson  County  coal  has  long  had  a 
special  significance  in  coal  trade  circles. 
For  the  past  year  or  so  Williamson  County 
coal  has  become  recognized  almost  as  the 
highest  standard  of  soft  coal  among 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  householders 
throughout  the  middle  West.  Thus  the 
firm  of  Dawes  &  McGettigan  were  pioneers 
in  developing  what  has  since  become  the 
largest  coal  mine  district  in  Illinois. 
Sometime  afterward  this  coal  company 
was  sold  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

In  1888  this  firm  also  organized  the  In- 
dianapolis Switch  &  Frog  Company,  one 
of  their  associates  being  the  late  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  United  States,  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  who  was  also  interested  in  some 
of  their  railroad  enterprises.  It  is  per- 
haps unnecessary  to  state  that  this  was 
one  of  the  large  and  conspicuous  manufac- 
turing industries  of  Indianapolis,  and 
since  its  removal  to  Springfield,  Ohio,  has 
become  one  of  the  biggest  concerns  of  its 
kind  in  the  country. 

In  1893  Mr.  McGettigan  was  appointed 
receiver  for  the  Premier  Steel  Company,  a 
large  beam  and  Bessemer  steel  plant  located 
in  Indianapolis. 

Colonel  Dawes  died  in  1895,  and  the 
partnership  was  dissolved,  after  which  Mr. 
McGettigan  continued  his  operations  indi- 
vidually. His  most  important  achieve- 
ment after  that  time  was  the  promotion  of 
the  Indianapolis  Southern  Railroad,  which 
is  now  the  Indianapolis  Division  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad. 

Mr.  McGettigan  has  been  prominent  in 
the  civic  affairs  of  Indianapolis  for  many 
years.  He  has  served  as  chairman  of  the 
local  finance  committees  for  many  conven- 
tions and  public  movements,  including  the 
following:  The  Gold  Democratic  Conven- 
tion in  1896,  the  Monetary  Conventions  in 
1897  and  1898,  the  public  reception  to 
President  McKinley  in  1898,  the  dedication 
of  the  General  Lawton  monument  in  1900, 
the  dedication  of  the  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
monument  in  1902.  He  was  general  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  arrangements  for 
entertaining  the  Japanese  Commission  in 
1909.  Since  March,  1911,  Mr.  McGetti- 
gan has  been  secretary  of  the  Greater  In- 
dianapolis Industrial  Association,  and  his 
associates  freely  credit  his  efforts,  business 
skill  and  experience  with  much  of  the  sue- 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1597 


September  3.  1892.  lie  married  Ada 
Spradling,  daughter  of  •].  F.  Spradling. 
who  for  many  years  was  a  well  known 
hardware  merchant  at  Quincy.  'Mrs.  Wil- 
liams' ancestors  on  both  sides  were  soldiers 
of  the  Revolutionary  war.  They  have  three 
children,  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 

JOHN  K.  McGKTTiGAX  during  his  forty  - 
h've  years'  residence  in  Indianapolis  has 
contributed  materially  to  the  civic  and  in- 
dustrial advancement  of  the  community. 
For  many  years  he  was  engaged  in  the 
promotion  and  building  of  railroads  and 
other  industrial  enterprises.  He  has  been 
identified  with  the  development  of  a  num- 
ber of  the  best  known  industrial  and  trans- 
portation enterprises  in  the  states  of  In- 
diana. Illinois  and  Ohio. 

Mr.  McGettigan  \vas  born  in  Ireland, 
and  when  lie  was  four  years  of  ape  his 
parents  came  to  this  country  and  settled 
on  K  el  ley's  Island  in  Lake  Erie.  Ohio.  On 
that  island,  and  near  Sandusky.  he  spent 
his  youth.  At  the  ago  of  about  fifteen  he 
went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  private  freight  car  line 
known  as  the  Great  Eastern  Dispatch. 
When  lie  was  about  twenty-three  years  old 
Mr.  McGettigan  formed  a  partnership  with 
Col.  E.  C.  Dawes,  of  Cincinnati.  Col- 
onel  Dawes  held  his  official  rank  and  title 
from  service  in  the  Civil  war.  The  part- 
nership was  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
contracting  for  the  construction  and  op- 
eration of  railroads  under  the  name  E.  C. 
Dawes  &  Company.  They  were  engaged 
in  business  a  short  time  before  the  panic 
of  1873.  when  railroad  building  and  other 
industries  were  at  a  boom  period  of  de- 
velopment. E.  C.  Dawes  &  Company  han- 
dled the  financing  and  construction  of  hun- 
dreds of  miles  of  railroads  in  Illinois. 
Indiana  and  Ohio — lines  which  are. now 
part  of  several  great  railroad  systems. 

Mr.  MeGettigan  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  1874  and  has  been  a  resident  of  this 
city  since  that  time.  In  Indianapolis  the 
partnership  name  of  E.  C.  Dawes  &  Com- 
pany was  changed  to  Dawes  &  MeGettigan. 
and  the  range  of  operations  included  not 
only  railroad  building  but  also  dealing  in 
railroad  supplies  and  promoting  coal  mines. 
In  coal  development  their  chief  exploit  was 
opening  in  1900  the  famous  St.  Lonis  &  Big 
Muddy  coal  mine  at  Cartersville  in  "Wil- 
liamson County.  Illinois,  with  a  capital 


stock  of  *:100.000.  E.  C.  Daw.-s  was  presi- 
dent  and  Mr.  McGettigan  was  treasurer. 
Williamson  County  coal  has  long  had  a 
special  significance  in  eoal  trade  circles. 
For  the  past  year  or  so  Williamson  County 
coal  has  become  reeogni/ed  almost  as  the 
highest  standard  of  soft  coal  among 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  householders 
throughout  the  middle  West.  Thus  the 
firm  of  Dawes  &  McGettigan  were  pioneers 
in  developing  what  has  since  become  the 
largest  coal  mine  district  in  Illinois. 
Sometime  afterward  this  coal  company 
was  sold  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

In  1888  this  firm  also  organi/cd  the  In- 
dianapolis Switch  &  Frog  Company,  one 
of  their  associates  being  the  late  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  I'nited  States.  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  who  was  also  interested  in  some 
of  their  railroad  enterprises.  It  is  per- 
haps unnecessary  to  state  that  this  was 
one  of  the  large  and  conspicuous  manufac- 
turing industries  of  Indianapolis,  and 
since  its  removal  to  Springfield.  Ohio,  has 
become  one  of  the  biggest  concerns  of  its 
kind  in  the  country. 

In  189M  Mr.  Mc(Jettigan  was  appointed 
receiver  for  the  Premier  Steel  Company,  a 
large  beam  and  Bessemer  steel  plant  located 
in  Indianapolis. 

Colonel  Dawes  died  in  1895.  and  the 
partnership  was  dissolved,  after  which  Mr. 
McGcttigan  continued  his  operations  indi- 
vidually. His  most  important  achieve- 
ment after  that  time  was  the  promotion  of 
the  Indianapolis  Southern  Railroad,  which 
is  now  the  Indianapolis  Division  of  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad. 

Mr.  MeGettigan  has  been  prominent  in 
the  civic  affairs  of  Indianapolis  for  many 
years.  He  has  served  as  chairman  of  the 
local  finance  committees  for  many  conven- 
tions and  public  movements,  including  the 
following:  The  Gold  Democratic  Conven- 
tion in  1S96.  the  Monetary  Conventions  in 
1897  and  1898,  the  public  reception  to 
President  McKinley  in  1898,  the  dedication 
of  the  General  Lawton  monument  in  1900, 
the  dedication  of  the  Soldiers  and  Sailors 
monument  in  1902.  lie  was  general  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  arrangements  for 
entertaining  the  .Japanese  Commission  in 
1909.  Since  March.  1911.  Mr.  MeGetti- 
gan has  been  secretary  of  the  Greater  In- 
dianapolis Industrial  Association,  and  his 
associates  freely  credit  his  efforts,  business 
skill  and  experience  with  much  of  the  sue- 


1598 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


cess  of  the  Association.  This  Association 
was  organized  in  November,  1910,  for  the 
purpose  of  developing  a  tract  of  land  com- 
prising approximately  900  acres  as  an  in- 
dustrial suburb  of  Indianapolis.  Besides 
a  large  number  of  lots  for  business  and  in- 
dividual homes  218  acres  were  held  for 
free  sites  for  factories.  One  of  the  greatest 
obstacles  to  carrying  out  the  plans  of  the 
executives  of  the  Association  was  the  ab- 
sence of  ready  transportation  to  and  from 
Indianapolis.  Though  a  franchise  and 
right  of  way  were  secured  the  street  rail- 
way interests  were  not  disposed  to  hazard 
the  investment  required  to  construct  the 
line.  To  overcome  this  difficulty  the  di- 
rectors of  the  Association,  believing  that 
street  car  service  was  essential  to  the  de- 
velopment of  "Mars  Hill,"  paid  out  of 
their  own  treasury  over  forty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  construction  of  the  track 
and  its  equipment  with  poles  and  trolley 
wire,  and  then  leased  the  line  to  the  In- 
dianapolis Traction  &  Terminal  Company 
for  operating  purposes.  Operation  of 
street  car  service  began  in  November,  1914, 
and  though  the  first  ten  months  showed  a 
small  deficit,  the  net  income  is  steadily  in- 
creasing, and  during  1918  it  was  reported 
that  the  net  earnings  to  the  Association 
from  the  line  averaged  over  $900  a  month, 
or  approximately  $11,500  for  the  year 
1918. 

With  good  transportation  assured  the 
progress  of  "Mars  Hill"  has  been  steadily 
forward,  and  the  suburb  has  now  a  popula- 
tion of  over  five  hundred  and  the  directors 
of  the  Association  firmly  believe  that  within 
a  few  years  the  population  will  be  in- 
creased to  several  thousand. 

The  Association  made  contracts  with  the 
Indianapolis  Water  Company  to  extend  its 
water  mains  to  the  suburb,  sewers  have 
been  constructed,  and  the  Indianapolis 
Light  &  Heat  Company  and  the  Merchants 
Light  &  Heat  Company  have  also  extended 
their  service  to  this  community. 

The  Greater  Indianapolis  Industrial  As- 
sociation is  by  no  means  a  close  corpora- 
tion, since  more  than  800  persons  own 
stock,  and  the  lot  owners  in  the  suburb  are 
also  stockholders  in  the  Association  and 
have  a  direct  voice  in  the  management  of 
its  affairs.  The  executive  officials,  elected 
by  the  board  of  directors,  for  the  year 
1918-1919  are :  O.  D.  Haskett,  president ; 
John  P.  Darmody,  vice-president;.  John  R. 


Welch,  treasurer;  and  John  E.  MeGetti- 
gan,  secretary. 

Mr.  McGettigan,  in  addition  to  the  work 
he  does  as  secretary  of  the  Association,  is 
also  secretary  of  the  Advance  Realty  Com- 
pany, which  is  composed  of  a  number  of 
stockholders  of  the  Association  and  is  em- 
ploying its  capital  stock  for  the  purpose 
of  improving  vacant  real  estate  in  "Mars 
Hill ' ' — most  of  these  houses  being  retained 
by  the  company  for  rental  purposes. 

MAURICE  THOMPSON,  one  of  Indiana's 
noted  authors  and  public  men,  was  born 
in  Fairfield,  Indiana,  in  1844.  His  parents, 
who  were  Southerners,  moved  to  Kentucky 
and  later  to  Northern  Georgia.  Maurice 
Thompson  was  educated  by  private  tutors, 
and  early  became  interested  in  nature 
study.  During  the  Civil  war  he  was  a 
soldier  in  the  Confederate  army,  and  after 
the  close  of  the  struggle  he  returned  to 
his  native  State  of  Indiana  and  became  a 
civil  engineer  on  a  railway  survey  and 
later  became  chief  engineer.  Mr.  Thomp- 
son then  studied  law  and  began  practice 
at  Crawfordsville.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Legislature  in  1879,  and  in  1885  was  ap- 
pointed state  geologist  of  Indiana  and  chief 
of  the  department  of  natural  history.  He 
is  the  author  of  many  noted  works. 

EDWARD  CONSTANTINE  MILLER.  When 
Mr.  Miller  was  made  postmaster  of  Fort 
Wayne  three  years  ago  his  appointment 
was  justified  by  a  host  of  reasons  besides 
political  allegiance.  He  is  a  man  of  long 
and  thorough  business  experience  and 
training,  and  the  postoffice  has  responded 
to  the  efficiency  with  which  he  formerly 
conducted  his  private  affairs. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  in  Allen  County, 
Indiana,  November  30,  1872,  son  of  Sam- 
uel and  Louisa  M.  (Null)  Miller.  Samuel 
Miller  is  still  well  remembered  at  Fort 
Wayne.  He  was  born  in  Wells  County, 
Indiana,  January  14,  1850,  and  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  removed  to  Fort  Wayne, 
and  in  a  few  years  had  made  his  mark 
in  local  journalism.  He  died  in  1887,  at 
the  age  of  thirty-seven,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  proprietor  of  the  Fort 
Wayne  Journal.  His  wife,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  born  in  1856,  removed  to  Fort  Wayne 
with  her  parents  in  1863  and  is  still  living 
in  that  city.  There  were  three  children : 
Edward  C. ;  August,  a  resident  of  Wash- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1599 


ington  D.  C.;  and  Glo  D.,  wife  of  E.  J. 
Ricke,  of  Fort  Wayne. 

Edward  C.  Miller  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city  and  after 
his  father's  death  worked  as  a  paper  car- 
rier, also  as  bookkeeper  and  from  1893 
for  ten  years  was  a  traveling  salesman. 
He  represented  the  Mclntosh-Huntington 
Company,  wholesale  hardware,  of  Cleve- 
land, and  also  the  Bassett-Presley  Steel 
and  Iron  Company  of  Cleveland. 

In  1903  Mr.  Miller  became  local  manager 
for  the  Fort  Wayne  Brick  Company,  and 
was  the  responsible  director  of  that  im- 
portant industry  for  twelve  years.  On 
May  15,  1915,  President  Wilson  appointed 
him  postmaster  of  Fort  Wayne,  and  he 
entered  upon  his  duties  in  the  following 
June. 

Mr.  Miller  is  secretary  and  treasurer  of 
the  Fort  Wayne  Concrete  Tile  Company 
and  a  director  of  the  Morris  Plan  Bank. 
He  is  now  serving  his  second  term  as  pres- 
ident of  the  Fort  Wayne  Commercial  Club 
and  is  member  of  the  State  Board  of  the 
American  Red  Cross.  There  are  many 
proofs  of  his  leadership  in  community  af- 
fairs. At  the  age  of  twenty-six  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  City  Council  and 
held  that  office  until  1903.  In  1916  he 
was  general  chairman  of  the  Executive 
Committee  for  the  Fort  Wayne  Centennial 
Celebration. 

Mr.  Miller  is  one  of  the  best  known  Ma- 
sons in  Indiana  and  has  been  honored  with 
the  thirty-third,  Supreme,  degree  in  the 
Scottish  Rite.  He  is  also  affiliated  with 
Fort  Wayne  Lodge  of  Elks  and  the  Royal 
Order  of  Moose,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Rotary  Club  and  Quest  Club.  March  12, 
1893,  Mr.  Miller  married  Miss  Nellie  H. 
Fahlsing,  daughter  of  Charles  W.  and  Hen- 
rietta E.  (Zollars)  Fahlsing.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Miller  have  one  daughter,  Ednell. 

PAUL  BAKER  is  a  well  known  young 
business  man  of  Anderson  and  his  record 
has  been  one  of  consistent  hard  work  ever 
since  he  started  life  on  his  own  responsi- 
bility. 

He  was  born  in  Indianapolis  in  1888, 
son  of  Manville  and  Johanna  (Butterfield) 
Baker.  The  Bakers  are  an  old  Vermont 
family,  moving  from  there  to  Ohio,  where 
Manville  Baker  was  born,  one  of  seven 
sons.  Manville  died  in  Ohio  in  1915. 

Paul  Baker  only  child  of  his  parents, 


was  educated  in  the  Indianapolis  public 
schools.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  it  became 
necessary  for  him  to  leave  school  and  find 
means  of  self  support.  For  a  time  he 
worked  in  the  old  Park  Theater  of  Indian- 
apolis, then  for  three  years  was  stock  boy 
for  Levi  Brothers  &  Company,  and  also 
learned  the  paper  cutting  trade.  For  six 
months  he  was  night  clerk  with  the  In- 
dianapolis Sentinel. 

Moving  to  Anderson  in  1903,  he  was 
for  six  years  in  the  Anderson  Carriage 
Works,  learning  the  trade  of  carriage 
painter,  later  for  a  year,  and  a  half  was 
driver  for  the  United  States  Express  Com- 
pany, spent  three  months  as  a  traveling 
messenger  for  the  same  company  between 
Fort  Wayne  and  Indianapolis,  resumed 
his  old  job  at  Anderson  as  driver,  and 
after  three  years  was  appointed  bill  clerk, 
then  cashier,  and  in  September,  1917,  be- 
came manager  of  the  company's  business 
at  Anderson. 

December  25,  1908,  Mr.  Baker  married 
Miss  Fannie  Cornelia  Raison,  daughter  of 
John  and  Delia  (Speaker)  Raison  of 
Anderson.  They  have  one  daughter,  Jua- 
nita,  born  January  10,  1910.  Mr.  Baker 
is  an  independent  republican  and  is  affili- 
ated with  Anderson  Lodge  No.  209,  Benev- 
olent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and 
has  filled  all  the  offices  in  the  Anderson 
Chapter  of  the  Order  of  Moose. 

ERNEST  L.  TIPTON  has  been  a  factor  in 
the  life  and  business  enterprise  of  El- 
wood  for  the  past  fourteen  years  as  a 
cigar  manufacturer,  and  as  president  of 
the  Tipton  &  Berry  Cigar  Company  he  is 
head  of  one  of  the  important  industries 
of  the  city,  one  whose  products  are  widely 
distributed  and  equally  appreciated,  not 
only  in  that  locality  but  over  several 
states. 

Mr.  Tipton  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  born 
at  Bethseda  in  Belmont  County  in  1869, 
son  of  James  E.  and  Clara  (Carpenter) 
Tipton.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  stock,  and 
his  people  as  far  back  as  the  record  goes 
have  been  agriculturists.  They  settled  in 
Ohio  from  Pennsylvania.  Mr.  E.  L.  Tip- 
ton  spent  his  early  life  on  his  father's 
farm  and  worked  in  the  fields  except  for 
the  winter  terms  he  attended  school.  That 
was  his  experience  and  environment  to  the 
age  of  seventeen.  Seeking  something  bet- 
ter than  a  farmer's  life  he  learned  the 


1600 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


cigar  maker's  trade  at  Bethseda,  spending 
four  years  with  Phillip  Hunt,  whose 
daughter  he  afterwards  married.  For 
seven  years  he  was  with  the  James  Lucas 
Cigar  Company  at  Bethseda.  On  the  death 
of  Mr.  Lucas  the  business  was  reorganized 
and  he  continued  with  the  new  firm  for 
three  years. 

In  1904  Mr.  Tipton  removed  to  Elwood, 
Indiana,  and  in  partnership  with  White- 
ford  Berry  began  the  manufacture  of  a 
line  of  stogies,  gradually  expanding  the 
industry  to  include  the  better  grades  of 
domestic  and  Havana  cigars.  Their  prim- 
ary lines  were  ' '  Spanish  Cuban ' '  and  ' '  El- 
wood"  stogies.  Besides  these  standard 
makes  they  now  manufacture  "Hoosier 
Maid,"  "Gray  Bonnet,"  "Big  Havana," 
and  "  Tipton-Berry  All  Havana."  These 
are  very  superior  goods,  and  through 
brokers  the  output  is  sold  all  over  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois  and  Michigan.  The  cigar 
factory  is  a  modern  plant  employing 
eighty-five  hands. 

Mr.  Tipton  married  in  1900  Miss  Lilly 
B.  Hunt,  of  Bethseda,  Ohio,  daughter  of 
Phillip  and  Emma  (Buehler)  Hunt.  They 
have  two  children,  Donald  H.  born  in  1902, 
and  Lottie  Lorel,  born  in  1903.  Mr.  Tip- 
ton  is  a  republican  in  politics.  He  was 
a  few  years  ago  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  councilman  from  the  Third  Ward  of 
Elwood.  He  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  served  as 
treasurer  in  1916  of  Elwood  Lodge  of 
Eagles. 

W.  EDWIN  SMITH.  One  of  the  largest 
corporations  manufacturing  standard  food 
products  in  the  middle  west  is  the  Blue 
Valley  Creamery  Company.  When  this 
corporation  came  in  to  establish  a  branch 
house  and  factory  at  Indianapolis  they  sent 
one  of  their  most  expert  and  experienced 
men  to  take  charge,  W.  Edwin  Smith, 
under  whose  direction  the  factory  was  com- 
pleted in  1910.  Thus  Mr.  Smith  became 
a  factor  in  Indianapolis  business  and  social 
life  and  has  been  one  of  the  live  and  enter- 
prising men  of  the  capital. 

Mr.  Smith  has  had  a  wide  and  varied 
training  in  the  law,  banking  and  partic- 
ularly in  the  dairy  and  food  business.  He 
was  born  at  Storm  Lake,  Iowa,  in  1877. 
His  mother  is  still  living.  He  spent  his 
boyhood  at  Storm  Lake,  and  from  school 
became  a  stenographer  in  the  office  of 


Judge  Bailie  of  Storm  Lake,  one  of  Iowa's 
distinguished  lawyers  and  jurists.  While 
there  he  studied  law  under  the  Judge, 
and  passed  a  creditable  examination  for 
admission  to  the  bar.  However,  he  never 
took  up  the  formal  practice  of  this  pro- 
fession. 

For  several  years  he  was  assistant  cashier 
in  the  Commercial  State  Bank  at  Storm 
Lake.  Then  came  an  opportunity  to  iden- 
tify himself  with  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant departments  in  the  State  Government 
of  Iowa.  For  five  years  he  was  assistant 
dairy  and  food  commissioner  at  Des  Moines, 
and  in  that  time  accumulated  a  vast  amount 
of  technical  knowledge  and  experience,  as 
a  result  of  which  he  was  called  to  Chicago 
to  the  general  offices  of  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Creamery  Butter  Manufactur- 
ers. A  year  later  he  became  identified  with 
the  Blue  Valley  Creamery  Company  of 
Chicago,  and  from  there  came  to  Indian- 
apolis for  the  purpose  above  noted. 

The  Indianapolis  plant  of  this  company 
began  operations  in  1910,  and  its  business 
has  been  growing  steadily  until  it  ranks 
high  among  the  twelve  other  factories  of 
the  company  throughout  the  middle  west. 

So  many  thousands  of  households  in  In- 
diana and  other  central  states  have  used 
and  appreciated  the  quality  of  the  Blue 
Valley  Creamery 's  products  that  little  need 
be  said  on  that  score.  The  factory  is  en- 
gaged exclusively  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  highest  grades  of  butter  known.  It 
is  a  corporation  of  large  resources.  While 
its  principal  function  is  of  course  a  com- 
mercial one,  its  interest  in  the  dairy  in- 
dustry as  a  whole  has  been  stimulated  by 
a  broad  and  enlightened  policy  and  has  led 
it  into  wide  fields  of  usefulness  to  the 
general  public.  The  company  employs  the 
finest  talent,  college  professors  as  well  as 
practical  men,  who  are  recognized  authori- 
ties in  the  science  of  milk  and  butter  pro- 
duction. The  company  maintains  exten- 
sive laboratories  through  which  their  ex- 
perts maintain  a  close  watch  upon  every 
process  from  the  original  point  of  supply 
to  the  ultimate  consumer.  The  company 
has  freely  used  the  results  of  the  investiga- 
tions and  discoveries  made  in  their  labora- 
tories to  promote  the  welfare  of  butter 
making  in  general.  The  vice  president  of 
the  corporation  is  Mr.  J.  A.  Walker  of 
Chicago.  He  is  a  man  of  broad  public 
spirit,  and  spends  much  time  in  efforts  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1601 


advance  the  dairy  industry  as  a  whole, 
without  regard  to  his  own  personal  con- 
nection with  it.  The  company  freely  co- 
operates with  dairy  associations,  indivi- 
dual farmers,  and  all  who  have  an  interest 
in  the  dairy  industry. 

Mr.  Smith  has  been  in  complete  sympa- 
thy with  this  broader  policy  of  the  com- 
pany, and  in  Indiana  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  that  raised  $18,000  to  co- 
operate with  the  dairy  section  of  Purdue 
University  to  increase  the  number  of  dairy 
cows  in  the  state.  The  result  of  that  cam- 
paign has  already  brought  beneficial  re- 
sults, and  a  number  of  statements  have 
been  made  in  the  public  press  in  the  last 
two  or  three  years  including  the  enor- 
mous increase  of  dairy  production,  so  that 
Indiana,  while  not  claiming  preeminence 
in  that  respect,  is  really  one  of  the  first 
states  in  the  Union  as  a  dairy  center. 

Aside  from  his  immediate  work  Mr. 
Smith  has  found  many  opportunities  to 
cooperate  with  the  general  business  and 
public  welfare  of  Indianapolis.  In  No- 
vember, 1918,  he  was  honored  by  election 
to  the  presidency  of  the  Optimists  Club 
of  Indianapolis.  This  is  the  original  of 
the  Optimists  Club  which  are  now  being 
rapidly  established  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  country.  The  club  is  composed  of 
active  business  men,  one  representative 
from  each  line  of  business  or  profession, 
and  is  an  exceedingly  interesting  and  use- 
ful ^  organization,  both  to  themselves  and 
their  community.  Mr.  Smith  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
the  Columbia  Club.  He  married  Miss 
Estelle  Hicks,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  Their 
children  are:  Madeline,  Lucille  and 
Walker. 

CHARLES  BRIGHT  VAWTER.  The  family 
of  Vawter  has  been  prominent  at  Franklin 
and  in  Johnson  County  since  pioneer  days. 
Charles  Bright  Vawter  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing merchants  of  Franklin  and  has  been  in 
business  there  as  a  hardware  merchant  for 
over  twenty  years. 

His  uncle,  the  late  John  T.  Vawter,  was 
one  of  the  county's  wealthiest  and  most 
generous  citizens.  John  T.  Vawter  was 
born  at  Vernon,  Indiana,  son  of  Smith  and 
Jane  (Terrill)  Vawter,  and  in  1859  estab- 
lished the  Indiana  Farmers  Bank,  of 
which  he  was  president  for  twenty  years. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Sec- 


ond National  Bank  of  Franklin,  which  has 
since  become  the  Franklin  National.  John 
T.  Vawter  among  other  acts  which  deserve 
mention  and  the  grateful  memory  of  the 
present  generation  donated  the  Soldiers 
Monument  at  Franklin. 

Charles  Bright  Vawter  was  born  April 
29,  1862.  His  father,  Samuel  L.  Vawter, 
gained  his  chief  distinctions  in  business  on 
what  was  then  the  Northwestern  frontier 
in  territory  and  state  of  Minnesota.  He 
had  the  distinction  of  establishing  the  first 
wholesale  drug  house  in  that  state,  and  the 
business  is  continued  today  under  the  name 
Noyes  Brothers  &  Cutler.  Samuel  L. 
Vawter  died  at  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  in. 
1868.  He  married  Maria  Bright,  who  was 
born  at  Franklin,  Indiana,  and  died  in, 
1880.  Her  father  was ,  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Franklin. 

Charles  Bright  Vawter  came  to  Frank- 
lin with  his  mother  after  his  father 's  death 
and  was  here  reared  and  educated.  He 
attended  the  common  schools,  had  two 
years  of  high  school  work,  and  in  1880  en- 
tered Butler  College,  where  he  took  a  gen- 
eral course  for  two  years.  On  returning 
to  Franklin  he  entered  upon  his  business 
career  as  clerk  in  the  hardware  store  of 
J.  M.  Storey.  He  remained  with  Mr. 
Storey  until  1896,  when  he  bought  the 
business  of  Duncan  &  Stewart,  which  was 
then  a  general  farm  implement  concern. 
Mr.  Vawter  has  since  enlarged  it  to  a 
general  hardware  and  stove  business,  and 
has  made  it  one  of  the  best  business  houses 
in  the  city.  Mr.  Vawter  is  also  a  director 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Franklin. 

Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks 
and  with  Hesperian  Lodge  No.  12  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  On  April  18,  1888, 
he  married  Leila  Hunter  Holman,  of 
Franklin,  daughter  of  A.  B.  Hunter,  who 
was  one  of  the  leading  attorneys  of  the 
Johnson  County  bar.  Mrs.  Vawter 's 
mother  was  a  member  of  the  Donald  fam- 
ily. Mrs.  Vawter  died  June  7,  1901,  with- 
out children. 

CHARLES  ROWIN  HUNTER.  In  1916  the 
people  of  Terre  Haute  determined  to  re- 
deem their  city  and  place  it  in  the  front 
rank  of  Indiana  municipalities  both  on 
the  score  of  political  cleanliness  and  ma- 
terial improvement.  The  leader  of  the 
ticket  they  selected  was  Charles  Rowin 


1602 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN ANS 


Hunter.  Mr.  Hunter  was  elected  mayor 
nominally  as  a  republican  and  by  a  major- 
ity of  2,750  votes,  the  largest  majority 
ever  given  a  candidate  for  that  office  in 
the  history  of  the  city.  He  was  elected 
and  went  into  office  on  the  slogan  "bigger, 
cleaner,  better  Terre  Haute,"  and  in  three 
years  his  administration  has  served  to  ex- 
press and  realize  the  essential  planks  of  his 
platform.  He  was  head  of  the  city  ad- 
ministration during  the  critical  war  period, 
when  so  large  a  share  of  private  and  public 
resources  were  diverted  to  the  aid  of  the 
government  and  nation.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  has  led  in  the  inauguration  of 
the  new  period  of  public  improvements, 
and  the  plans  for  1919  contemplate  the 
expenditure  of  upwards  of  $500,000,  for 
streets,  new  city  hall,  and  other  civic  enter- 
prises. 

Mayor  Hunter  has  been  a  resident  of 
Terre  Haute  since  early  boyhood.  He  was 
born  at  Farmersburg  in  Sullivan  County, 
Indiana,  January  19,  1855.  His  grand- 
father, Samuel  C.  Hunter,  came  from  Ken- 
tucky and  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Vigo 
County.  Mayor  Hunter  is  a  son  of  Eli- 
phalet  and  Sarah  C.  (All)  Hunter,  both 
of  whom  were  born  at  Bardstown,  Ken- 
tucky. Eliphalet  Hunter  was  a  farmer  and 
merchant  and  business  man  and  located  at 
Terre  Haute  in  1871,  where  he  was  in  the 
teaming  and  transfer  business  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  died  in  December  1896,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-three.  His  wife  passed 
away  in  1895,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two. 
They  were  the  parents  of  nine  children. 
Those  now  deceased  are  Sarah  C.,  Ben- 
jamin F.,  James  T.,  William  L.,  Elizabeth 
and  Nancy  M.  The  living  children, 
are  Samuel  W.,  Charles  B.  and  Martin  W. 
Charles  R.  Hunter  was  fifteen  years  old 
when  he  came  to  Terre  Haute.  He  ob- 
tained his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Farmersburg  and  also  attended 
Ascension  Seminary  in  that  town.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  went  to  work  at  Terre 
Haute  as  a  driver,  later  was  with  a  firm 
of  agricultural  implement  dealers,  and  for 
a  year  was  with  the  Star  Union  Transfer 
Company.  He  was  also  with  a  local  flour 
milling  concern,  but  his  longest  connection 
was  with  the  wholesale  dry  goods  house  of 
H.  Robinson  &  Company.  He  learned  the 
business,  and  finally  the  company  sent  him 
on  the  road  as  sales  representative.  For 
over  thirty  years  Mr.  Hunter  was  a  travel- 


ing salesman,  and  developed  a  business  for 
several  large  wholesale  houses  in  the  state. 
In  1905  he  engaged  in  the  dry  goods  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  now  has  one  of  the  best  equipped  and 
stocked  stores  of  its  kind  in  western  In- 
diana. 

Mr.  Hunter  has  served  as  vice  president 
of  the  Indiana  Division. of  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association,  is  a  member  of  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  the  Tribe 
of  Ben  Hur,  the  Terre  Haute  Commercial 
Club,  and  has  been  a  steadfast  republican 
ever  since  casting  his  first  ballot.  At  dif- 
ferent times  he  has  given  his  time  to  the 
benefit  of  his  party  in  primaries  and  other 
elections,  but  never  sought  an  important 
office  for  himself  until  he  became  candi- 
date for  mayor. 

In  1877  Mr.  Hunter  married  Miss  Mary 
S.  Hagerdon,  daughter  of  Henry  Hager- 
don  of  Terre  Haute.  She  died  five  years 
later,  the  mother  of  one  daughter,  Ger- 
trude May,  who  died  in  infancy.  Mr.  Hun- 
ter married  for  his  second  wife  Miss  Grace 
E.  King,  daughter  of  Robert  C.  and  Re- 
becca J.  King,  natives  of  Carroll  County, 
Ohio.  Mrs.  Hunter  was  born  at  Spencer, 
Indiana,  June  22,  1876. 

CHARLES  WALTER  ROLAND  is  senior  part- 
ner of  the  firm  Roland  &  Beach,  heating 
contractors  and  sheet  metal  works  in  Rich- 
mond. He  is  an  expert  in  this  line  of  busi- 
ness and  has  followed  it  most  of  his  active 
life. 

He  was  born  in  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, in  1873,  son  of  J.  J.  and  Chrizella 
(Snyder)  Roland.  He  attended  public 
school  at  Greenville,  Ohio,  and  Lynn,  In- 
diana, and  when  only  twelve  years  of  age 
began  learning  the  printing  trade  at  Union 
Citv,  Indiana.  Later  he  worked  for  his 
father,  who  had  a  sheet  metal  business  at 
Lynn,  and  continued  there  until  he  was 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

In  1894  Mr.  Roland  married  Mary 
Chenowith,  daughter  of  Murray  and  Sep- 
reta  (Cadwallader)  Chenowith,  of  Ran- 
dolph County.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roland  have 
four  children :  Frances  Leta,  who  is  mar- 
ried and  has  a  daughter  named  Mary  El- 
len ;  Robert  J.,  born  in  1900,  who  in  1918 
was  a  member  of  the  Students  Army 
Training  Corps  at  Purdue  University; 
Helen,  born  in  1905 ;  and  Ruth,  born  in 
1908. 


1602 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


Hunter.  Mr.  Hunter  was  elected  mayor 
nominally  as  a  republican  and  by  a  major- 
ity of  2,750  votes,  the  largest  majority 
ever  given  a  candidate  for  that  office  in 
the  history  of  the  city.  lie  was  elected 
and  went  into  office  on  the  slogan  "bigger, 
cleaner,  better  Terrc  Haute,"  and  in  three 
years  his  administration  has  served  to  ex- 
press and  realize  the  essential  planks  of  his 
platform.  He  was  head  of  the  city  ad- 
ministration during  the  critical  war  period, 
when  so  large  a  share  of  private  and  public 
resources  Avere  diverted  to  the  aid  of  the 
gOA-ernment  and  nation.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  lie  has  led  in  the  inauguration  of 
the  new  period  of  public  improvements, 
and  the  plans  for  1!)19  contemplate  the 
expenditure  of  upwards  of  $500,000,  for 
streets,  new  city  hall,  and  other  civic  enter- 
prises. 

Mayor  Hunter  has  been  a  resident  of 
Terre  Haute  since  early  boyhood.  He  was 
born  at  Farmersburg  in  Sullivan  County. 
Indiana,  .January  1!),  18").").  His  grand- 
father, Samuel  ('.  Hunter,  came  from  Ken- 
tucky and  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Vigo 
County.  Mayor  Hunter  is  a  son  of  Eli- 
phalet  and  Sarah  (.'.  (All)  Hunter,  both 
of  whom  were  born  at  Hardstown,  Ken- 
tucky. Eliphalet  Hunter  was  a  farmer  and 
merchant  and  business  man  and  located  at 
Terre  Haute  in  1871,  where  he  was  in  the 
teaming  and  transfer  business  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  died  in  December  1896,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-three.  His  Avife  passed 
away  in  1895,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two. 
They  were  the  parents  of  nine  children. 
Those  now  deceased  are  Sarah  C.,  Ben- 
jamin F.,  James  T.,  William  L.,  Elizabeth 
and  Nancy  M.  The  living  children 
are  Samuel  W.,  Charles  R.  and  Martin  \V. 
Charles  R.  Hunter  was  fifteen  years  old 
Avhen  ho  i-a mo  to  Terre  Haute.  He  ob- 
tained his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Farmersburg  and  also  attended 
Ascension  Seminary  in  that  toAvn.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  went  to  work  at  Terre 
Haute  as  a  driver,  later  Avas  Avith  a  firm 
of  agricultural  implement  dealers,  and  for 
a  year  Avas  with  the  Star  Union  Transfer 
Company.  lie  was  also  with  a  local  flour 
milling  concern,  but  his  longest  connection 
Avas  with  the  Avholesale  dry  goods  house  of 
II.  Robinson  &  Company.  He  learned  the 
business,  and  finally  the  company  sent  him 
on  the  road  as  sales  representative.  For 
oA'er  thirtA-  Arears  Mr.  Hunter  was  a  travel- 


ing salesman,  and  developed  a  business  for 
several  large  wholesale  houses  in  the  state. 
In  1905  he  engaged  in  the  dry  goods  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  now  has  one  of  the  best  equipped  and 
stocked  stores  of  its  kind  in  western  In- 
diana. 

Mr.  Hunter  has  served  as  vice  president 
of  the  Indiana  Division  of  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association,  is  a  member  of  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  the  Tribe 
of  Hen  Hnr,  the  Terre  Haute  Commercial 
Club,  and  has  boen  a  steadfast  republican 
ever  since  casting  his  first  ballot.  At  dif- 
ferent times  he  has  given  his  time  to  the 
benefit  of  his  party  in  primaries  and  other 
elections,  but  never  sought  an  important 
office  for  himself  until  he  became  candi- 
date for  mayor. 

In  1877  Mr.  Hunter  married  Miss  Mary 
R.  Ilagerdon.  daughter  of  Henry  Hager- 
don  of  Terre  Haute.  She  died  five  years 
later,  the  mother  of  one  daughter,  Ger- 
trude May,  Avho  died  in  infancy.  Mr.  Hun- 
ter married  for  his  second  wife  Miss  Grace 
E.  King,  daughter  of  Robert  C.  and  Re- 
becca J.  King,  natives  of  Carroll  County. 
Ohio.  Mrs.  Hunter  was  born  at  Spencer, 
Indiana,  June  22,  1876. 

CHARLES  WALTER  ROLAND  is  senior  part- 
ner of  the  firm  Roland  &  Beach,  heating 
contractors  and  sheet  metal  Avorks  in  Rich- 
mond. He  is  an  expert  in  this  line  of  busi- 
ness and  has  folloAved  it  most  of  his  active 
life. 

He  Avas  born  in  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, in  1873,  son  of  J.  J.  and  Chrixella 
(Snyder)  Roland.  lie  attended  public 
school  at  GreeiiA'ille,  Ohio,  and  Lynn,  In- 
diana, and  when  only  tweh'e  years  of  age 
began  learning  the  printing  trade  at  Union 
CitA-,  Indiana.  Later  he  Avorked  for  his 
father,  who  had  a  sheet  metal  business  at 
Lynn,  and  continued  there-  until  he  Avas 
twenty-one  years  of  age. 

In  1894  Mr.  Roland  married  Mary 
Chenowith.  daughter  of  Murray  and  Sep- 
reta  (Cadwallader)  Chenowith.  of  Ran- 
dolph County.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roland  have 
four  children:  Frances  Leta,  who  is  mar- 
ried and  has  a  daughter  named  Mary  El- 
leu  :  Robert  J.,  born  in  1900.  who  in' 1918 
Avas  a  member  of  the  Students  Army 
Training  Corps  at  Purdue  UniA'ersity ; 
Helen,  born  in  1905:  and  Ruth,  born  in 
1908. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1603 


After  his  marriage  Mr.  Roland  engaged 
in  the  sheet  metal  business  at  Union  City 
en  his  own  account.  In  1898  he  moved  to 
Richmond,  and  for  four  years  worked  at 
his  trade  for  Miller  Brothers,  then  for  a 
year  and  a  half  was  manager  of  the  stove 
department  of  the  Jones  Hardware  Com- 
pany, and  for  two  years  owned  a  half  in- 
terest in  the  firm  of  Johnson  &  Roland. 
He  then  bought  a  hardware  store  at  Win- 
chester, Indiana,  conducted  it  two  years, 
and  continued  a  sheet  metal  shop  at  that 
town  until  he  returned  to  Richmond  in 
1911.  Here  he  engaged  in  the  sheet  metal 
business  with  H.  E.  Morrman,  the  part- 
nership continuing  three  years  and  for 
about  a  year  his  partner  was  R.  J.  Behr- 
inger,  under  the  name  of  Roland  &  Behr- 
inger.  He  bought  his  partner's  interests, 
and  after  being  alone  in  the  business  for 
four  years  sold  a  half  interest  to  L.  W. 
Beach,  which  made  the  present  firm  of 
Roland  &  Beach.  Mr.  Roland  is  a  repub- 
lican and  a  member  of  the  First  Christian 
Church. 

LESLIE  W.  BEACH,  of  the  firm  Roland  & 
Beach,  heating  and  sheet  metal  works  con- 
tractors at  Richmond,  has  been  in  busi- 
ness in  Indiana  in  different  lines  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  life,  and  is  well  known 
in  several  communities  of  the  state. 

He  was  born  at  Norborne  in  Carroll 
County,  Missouri,  in  1875,  son  of  George 
P.  and  Alice  (Shaw)  Beach.  He  is  of 
English  ancestry,  and  most  of  the  Beach 
family  have  been  professional  men.  His 
father,  however,  was  a  farmer  and  had 
eighty  acres  in  central  Missouri.  He  died 
January  10,  1919,  and  the  mother  is  still 
living  at  the  old  home. 

Leslie  W.  Beach  was  the  youngest  in  a 
family  of  six  children,  four  sisters  and 
two  brothers.  He  attended  country 
schools,  worked  on  the  farm  in  summers, 
and  spent  three  months  in  the  high  school 
at  Spiceland,  in  Henry  County,  Indiana. 
Then  after  another  year  on  the  home  farm 
he  engaged  in  the  livery  business  at  Spice- 
land  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Beach  & 
Pierson.  This  was  a  profitable  experience 
but  at  the  end  of  three  years  he  sold  out 
to  his  partner,  and  the  next  eight  months 
lived  at  El  wood,  Indiana,  and  wrote  in- 
surance for  the  Prudential  Life  Assurance 
Company.  In  the  meantime  he  took  a  busi- 
ness course  in  the  Elwood  Business  College, 


pfter  which  for  ten  months  he  was  book- 
keeper for  the  Elwood  Furniture  Com- 
pany, then  for  three  years  was  bookkeeper 
and  cashier  with  the  Elwood  Lumber  Com- 
pany. 

In  1903  Mr.  Beach  married  Miss  Leonora 
Griffin,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Mary 
(Brenneman)  Griffin,  of  Spiceland.  They 
have  one  child,  Corwin,  born  in  1908.  After 
his  marriage  Mr.  Beach  moved  to  New- 
castle and  was  employed  as  bookkeeper  and 
cashier  for  the  C.  C.  Thompson  Lumber 
Company  six  years.  The  next  three  years 
lie  spent  as  sales  representative  in  north- 
ern Indiana  and  southern  Michigan  for 
the  South  Bend  Sash  and  Door  Company. 
Mr.  Beach  removed  to  Richmond  in  1915, 
bud  for  two  years  was  estimator  for  the 
Richmond  Lumber  Company.  He  then 
bought  a  half  interest  in  the  Charles  W. 
Roland  Plumbing  and  Heating  Company, 
at  which  time  the  firm  was  organized  as 
Roland  &  Beach,  heating  contractors  and 
Siicet  metal  works.  They  do  an  extensive 
business  over  western  Ohio  and  Indiana, 
and  have  installed  many  large  contracts. 
The  firm  are  agents  for  the  Front  Rank 
Steel  Furnace  Company  of  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Beach  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Christian  Church  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Lodge  of  Masons  at  Spiceland.  In 
politics  he  is  a  republican. 

OLIVER  HAMPTON  SMITH  became  a  resi- 
dent of  Indiana  in  1817,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  practice  of  law  in  1820.  He  attained 
high  rank  in  his  profession,  and  after  rep- 
resenting the  state  in  the  Legislature  and 
Congress  he  was  chosen  a  United  States 
senator  in  1836,  as  a  whig.  On  retiring 
from  that  office  he  located  at  Indianapolis, 
and  was  afterward  largely  engaged  in  rail- 
road enterprises,  he  having  been  the  chief 
factor  in  the  construction  of  the  Indian- 
apolis and  Bellefontaine  road. 

Mr.  Smith,  who  was  born  on  Smith's  Is- 
land, near  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  in  1794, 
died  in  Indianapolis  in  1859. 

CHARLES  P.  LESH  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  1878,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  his 
first  business  experience,  with  the  old  In- 
dianapolis Sentinel  and  later  with  a  book 
and  stationery  house,  doubtless  gave  him 
his  insight  into  and  prepared  the  way  for 
his  permanent  career,  which  has  been  as  a 
paper  merchant  and  dealer.  Mr.  Lesh  is 


1604 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


founder  and  for  many  years  has  been  presi- 
dent of  the  C.  P.  Lesh  Paper  Company. 

He  was  born  at  Kankakee,  Illinois,  May 
13,  1859,  son  of  Dr.  Daniel  and  Charlotte 
(Perry)  Lesh.  His  father,  who  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  was  one  of  the  representative 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  Indianapolis, 
was  born  on  a  farm  near  Eaton,  Ohio, 
February  23,  1828.  He  acquired  a  good 
education  and  sound  training  in  prepara- 
tion for  his  career,  and  in  1855  he  married 
Charlotte  Perry,  a  native  of  Butler  Coun- 
ty, Ohio.  They  had  only  two  children, 
Carrie  C.  and  Charles  P.  In  1857  Doctor 
Lesh  removed  to  Kankakee,  Illinois,  but 
about  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  re- 
turned to  Ohio.  In  August,  1862,  he  en- 
listed for  three  years  in  Company  C  of 
the  Fiftieth  Regular  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. He  was  promoted  to  sergeant  in 
October,  1862,  and  was  on  detached  duty 
in  Cincinnati  until  his  honorable  discharge 
on  account  of  physical  disability  in  1864. 
In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  removed  to  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  practiced  there  until  1870, 
then  at  New  Paris,  Ohio,  and  in  1878  came 
to  Indianapolis,  where  he  .handled  a  grow- 
ing business  as  a  physician  until  1894. 
Impaired  health  then  caused  him  to  move 
to  California,  but  eventually  he  returned 
to  Richmond,  Indiana,  where  he  died  De- 
cember 18,  1901.  He  had  high  ability  in 
his  profession,  and  won  the  love  and  re- 
spect of  several  communities  because  of  his 
self-sacrificing  work  among  his  patients. 
He  was  a  friend  of  humanity,  an  active 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  after  retiring  from  professional  work 
gave  much  of  his  time  to  the  church.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  and  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows.  His  wife  died  October  16, 
1881,  at  Indianapolis,  and  both  were  laid 
to  rest  in  the  cemetery  at  Eaton,  Ohio. 

Charles  P.  Lesh  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  New 
Paris,  Ohio.  On  coming  to  Indianapolis 
in  1878  he  spent  two  years  with  the  Sen- 
tinel Publishing  Company,  following  which 
he  was  a  clerk  with  the  book  and  stationery 
firm  of  Merrill,  Hubbard  &  Company,  and 
from  that  entered  the  employ  of  the  In- 
diana Paper  Company.  During  the  nine 
years  of  his  service  with  this  company  he 
studied  every  detail  of  the  business,  and 
laid  a  careful  and  well  considered  founda- 
tion for  his  permanent  business  career. 


Later  for  a  time  he  was  the  Indianapolis 
representative  of  the  Lewis  Snyder's  Sons 
Paper  Company  of  Cincinnati. 

In  May,  1896,  Mr.  Lesh  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  paper  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, organizing  and  incorporating  the 
C.  P.  Lesh  Paper  Company.  He  has  been 
president  of  this  concern  ever  since.  The 
company  is  one  of  the  largest  distributors 
of  paper  throughout  the  State  of  Indiana, 
and  occupies  main  offices  and  warehouse 
quarters  in  Indianapolis,  the  offices  being 
at  121  to  125  Kentucky  Avenue. 

While  essentially  a  business  man,  Mr. 
Lesh  has  been  generous  of  his  influence  and 
means  in  promoting  everything  that  is 
helpful  to  Indianapolis  as  a  civic  and  social 
center.  He  and  his  family  are  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Meridian  Street  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  in  politics  he  is  a  re- 
publican, and  is  one  of  the  honored  Masons 
of  the  city,  being  affiliated  with  Mystic 
Tie  Lodge  No.  398,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  of  which  he  is  past  master, 
Keystone  Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch 
Masons,  Raper  Commandery  No.  1, 
Knights  Templars,  and  Indiana  Consis- 
tory of  the  Scottish  Rite. 

June  15,  1892,  Mr.  Lesh  married  Miss 
Ora  Wilkins.  Three  children  have  been 
born  to  their  marriage,  Charlotte  B.,  Perry 
W.  and  Helen  L.  Perry  W.  Lesh  enlisted 
July  26,  1917,  in  Battery  A,  One  Hundred 
and  Fiftieth  Field  Artillery,  Rainbow 
Division.  He  landed  in  France  October 
31,  1917,  and  spent  nine  months  with  that 
division  at  the  front.  He  fought  in  Cham- 
pagne, second  battle  of  the  Marne;  St. 
Mihiel  and  in  Argonne  and  is  now  in  Army 
of  the  Occupation  at  Neuenahr,  Germany. 

Mrs.  Lesh  is  a  daughter  of  John  A.  and 
Lavina  (King)  Wilkms.  Her  father  was 
born  at  Indianapolis  May  6,  1836,  and  her 
mother  in  Washington  County,  Indiana, 
January  1,  1840.  Her  paternal  grand- 
parents were  John  and  Eleanor  (Brouse) 
Wilkins.  John  Wilkins  was  born  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia  in  1797, 
and  in  May,  1821,  came  from  Ohio  to 
Marion  County,  Indiana,  and  established 
his  home  here  at  the  very  beginning  of  the 
history  of  Indianapolis  as  the  capital  city. 
He  was  well  known  in  pioneer  business  ac- 
tivities, and  for  years  was  associated  with 
Daniel  Yandes  in  the  operation  of  the  first 
tannery  in  the  city.  He  and  his  wife 
were  charter  members  of  the  Roberts 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1605 


Chapel  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  Asbury, 
now  DePauw  University,  serving  from 
1839  until  1868.  John  Wilkins  died  in 
July,  1868, "and  his  wife  in  1889. 

John  A.  Wilkins,  father  of  Mrs.  Lesh, 
was  as  prominent  in  his  generation  in  In- 
dianapolis business  affairs  as  his  father  had 
been  in  the  pioneer  epoch.  For  many 
years  he  was  senior  member  of  the  firm  of 
Wilkins  &  Hall,  furniture  manufacturers. 
He  was  a  stockholder  and  for  a  number  of 
years  before  his  death  secretary  of  the 
National  Accident  Association.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis  December  26,  1906.  He 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Ames  In- 
stitute, which  afterwards  became  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  became  well  known  in 
army  circles.  September  6,  1861,  he  en- 
listed in  the  Thirty-Third  Indiana  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  was  made  quartermaster's 
sergeant  and  November  23,  1863,  was  com- 
missioned first  lieutenant  and  regimental 
quartermaster  of  the  Thirty-Third  Regi- 
ment. He  resigned  October  4,  1864.  More 
than  thirty  years  later,  when  the  Spanish- 
American  War  was  in  progress,  he  was 
appointed  chief  clerk  in  the  Quarter- 
master's Department  at  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks in  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  He  was  offi- 
cially honored  in  the  George  H.  Thomas 
Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He 
was  a  charter  member  of  the  Robert  Chapel 
Sunday  School  and  for  twenty-eight  years 
was  steward  of  Robert  Park  Methodist 
Church. 

i 

LILBURN  HOWARD  VAN  BRIGGL.E,  of  In- 
dianapolis, is  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but 
on  the  basis  of  his  achievements  to  date 
and  the  promise  for  the  future  is  likely 
to  be  better  known  as  an  inventor  and 
manufacturer.  He  had  two  brothers  in 
the  great  war  and  his  own  inventive  genius 
supplied  the  government  with  some  of  the 
most  perfect  appliances  to  airplane  manu- 
facture. Mr.  Van  Briggle  is  president 
of  the  Van  Briggle  Motor  Device  Com- 
pany, manufacturers  of  the  Van  Briggle 
Carburetor  and  other  motor  devices,  Tn- 
cluding  a  shock  absorber. 

Mr.  Van  Briggle  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Tipton  County.  Indiana,  in  1880,  son  of 
Ira  and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Cox)  Van  Brig- 
gle. His  mother  is  still  living.  Both 
parents  were  born  in  Indiana.  The  Van 


Briggles  are  of  Holland  Dutch  and  French 
ancestry.  Mr.  Van  Briggle 's  paternal 
grandfather,  Rev.  Joseph  D.  Van  Briggle, 
is  a  venerable  Baptist  minister,  now  living 
at  Helena,  Arkansas,  more  than  ninety 
years  of  age.  The  maternal  grandmother 
of  Mr.  Van  Briggle  was  a  first  cousin  of 
the  late  vice  president  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Van  Briggle 's 
two  brothers  who  were  in  the  army  are 
Elza  D.,  with  the  Twentieth  Engineers 
and  Joseph  W.,  with  the  Forty-First  En- 
gineers. 

Lilburn  H.  Van  Briggle  acquired  his 
early  education  in  district  schools.  After 
leaving  the  farm  he  worked  for  several 
years  in  his  father's  machine  shop.  Later 
in  Arkansas  he  learned  the  brass  and  iron 
molding  trade.  For  a  time  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Fairbanks-Morse  Company 
in  installing  gasoline  engines. 

In  the  intervals  of  this  work  and  ex- 
perience he  secured  a  higher  education. 
He  worked  his  way  through  the  Short- 
ridge  High  School  at  Indianapolis  and  for 
eight  years  he  attended  night  school.  Mr. 
Van  Briggle  graduated  from  the  Indianap- 
olis Law  College  in  1907,  and  in  the  same 
year  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  is 
still  a  member  of  the  bar  of  the  city, 
having  office  with  Judge  U.  Z.  Wiley  in 
the  Fletcher  Savings  &  Trust  Building. 
However,  he  has  about  given  up  his  prac- 
tice to  devote  his  entire  time  to  building 
up  the  great  industry  in  the  manufacture 
of  the  Van  Briggle  carburetor  and  other 
motor  devices  of  his  own  invention. 

Mr.  Van  Briggle  became  interested  in 
carburetors  in  the  fall  of  1914.  He  per- 
fected a  carburetor  which  is  still  one  of 
the  models  manufactured  by  his  company, 
and  applied  for  patent  June  23,  1915,  the 
patent  being  granted  June  20,  1916.  A 
second  patent  on  carburetors  was  granted 
July  23,  1918.  The  Van  Briggle  Motor 
Device  Company  was  incorporated  August 
14,  1915,  with  an  authorized  capital  of 
$300,000.  The  factory  and  office  are  in 
Indianapolis.  While  there  were  many 
types  of  carburetor  on  the  market  before 
Mr.  Van  Briggle  entered  the  field,  he  dis- 
covered and  adapted  and  perfected  en- 
tirely new  principles  of  carburetion,  and 
the  carburetors  have  had  wide  applica- 
tion to  all  types  of  motor  vehicles.  But 
the  culminating  test  of  efficiency  came  when 
the  Van  Briggle  carburetor  was  adapted 


1606 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


for  several  types  of  the  war  planes  manu- 
factured for  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. 

Mr.  Van  Briggle  has  also  been  connected 
with  the  business  and  civic  affairs  in  In- 
dianapolis. He  helped  organize  and  is  a 
director  of  the  E.  G.  Spink  Building  Com- 
pany, builders  of  several  large  flat  build- 
ings in  Indianapolis.  He  is  vice  president 
of  the  John  H.  Larrison  Brick  Company. 
At  one  time  he  took  a  prominent  part  in 
politics.  In  1912  he  was  candidate  for 
state  senator  on  the  progressive  ticket, 
and  in  1913  was  candidate  of  the  same 
party  for  city  judge.  He  is  a  republican, 
and  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  the 
Optimist  Club  and  the  Columbia  Club. 

Mr.  Van  Briggle  married  Miss  Frances 
Mary  Stephenson,  of  Indianapolis.  They 
have  three  children:  Elizabeth  Jane,  Tur- 
ley  Frank  and  Howard  Henry. 

i 

JOHN  N.  HURTY,  M.  D.  In  any  conven- 
tion of  American  public  health  officials  and 
workers  a  place  of  special  distinction  is 
accorded  to  Dr.  John  N.  Hurty  by  reason 
of  his  long  and  enviable  service  as  State 
Health  Commissioner  of  Indiana.  Long 
before  the  public  health  movement  received 
such  general  approbation  and  recognition 
as  is  now  accorded  it  Doctor  Hurty  was 
quietly  and  efficiently  going  ahead  with  his 
duties  in  his  home  state  at  safeguarding 
the  health  and  welfare  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens. He  has  done  much  to  break  down 
the  barriers  of  prejudice  which  have  inter- 
fered with  regulations  for  health  and  sani- 
tation, and  has  seriously  discharged  his 
duties  whenever  and  wherever  occasion  re- 
quired and  has  constantly  exercised  his 
personal  influence  and  his  official  prestige 
to  spread  the  campaign  for  better  sanitary 
conditions  and  educate  the  people  in  gen- 
eral to  the  necessity  of  such  precautions. 

Doctor  Hurty  has  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  Indiana  but  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Ohio, 
February  21,  1852.  He  was  the  fourth 
among  the  five  children  of  Professor  Josiah 
and  Anne  I.  (Walker)  Hurty.  His  father 
was  of  German  and  his  mother  of  English 
lineage,  and  both  were  born  in  New  York 
and  were  married  at  Rochester.  Josiah 
Hurty  was  an  educator  by  profession  and 
for  many  years  carried  on  his  worthy  work 
in  Indiana.  He  first  moved  to  Ohio  but  in 
1855  located  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  and 
was  the  first  superintendent  of  the  public 


schools  in  that  city.  He  was  afterwards 
successively  superintendent  of  schools  at 
Liberty,  North  Madison,  Rising  Sun  and 
Lawrenceburg.  For  the  purpose  of  re- 
cuperating his  health  he  finally  went  to 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  where  he  died  at 
the  age  of  seventy-five.  His  wife  passed 
away  at  seventy-nine  in  1881.  Josiah. 
Hurty  was  a  Mason,  a  republican,  and  he 
and  his  wife  were  active  in  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 

In  the  several  towns  where  his  father's 
vocation  identified;  the  family  residence 
Doctor  Hurty  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools.  In  1872  he  completed  one  year  of 
study  in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Phar- 
macy and  Chemistry.  He  became  founder 
of  the  School  of  Pharmacy  of  Purdue  Uni- 
versity at  Lafayette,  and  was  its  head  for 
two  years.  Doctor  Hurty  was  honored 
with  the  degree  Doctor  of  Pharamacy  by 
Purdue  in  1881. 

From  pharmacy  he  turned  his  attention 
to  the  study  of  medicine,  at  first  at  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  at  Philadelphia  and 
later  in  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  at 
Indianapolis,  where  he  graduated  M.  D. 
in  1891.  Since  1897  he  has  occupied  the 
Chair  of  Hygiene  and  Sanitary  Science  in 
the  Medical  College  of  Indiana,  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Indiana  University.  In 
1894,  without  solicitation  or  suggestion  on 
his  part,  Doctor  Hurty  was  appointed  sec- 
retary of  the  Indiana  State  Board  of 
Health.  The  position  at  the  time  he  was 
appointed  was  regarded  as  one  of  pre- 
functory  duties  and  performance,  and  it 
was  left  to  Doctor  Hurty  to  vitalize  the 
office  and  make  it  a  medium  of  effective 
service  to  the  entire  state.  Doctor  Hurty 
superintended  the  hygienic  exhibits  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  St.  Louis, 
and  was  largely  responsible  for  making 
that  exhibit  a  source  of  education  and  in- 
struction to  the  many  thousands  of  people 
who  attended  the  exposition. 

Doctor  Hurty  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  the  American 
Public  Health  Association,  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  the  American  Pharmaceutical  As- 
sociation, the  Indiana  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, which  he  served  as  vice  president 
in  1911,  and  the  Indianapolis  Medical  So- 
ciety. Every  school  in  Indiana  is  familiar 
with  his  hygienic  text  book  entitled  "Life 
with  Health."  He  has  contributed  many 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1607 


articles,  particularly  on  his  special  field,  to 
medical  journals  and  other  periodicals. 

Doctor  Hurty  is  a  republican  in  his 
political  affiliations,  but  he  has  never  re- 
garded his  public  services  as  political  or 
in  any  way  connected  with  parties. 

October  25,  1877,  he  married  Miss  Ethel 
Johnstone,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  F.  John- 
stone.  She  was  born  and  reared  in  Indian- 
apolis. Their  two  children  are  Gilbert  J. 
and  Anne  M.  Hurty. 

WILLIAM  D.  ALLISON'S  prominent  part 
in  Indiana  business  affairs  has  been  taken 
as  a  manufacturer  of  furniture  specially 
designed  to  equip  physicians'  offices,  and 
he  has  built  up  one  of  the  major  industries 
of  Indianapolis  in  that  line.  His  services 
in  various  appointive  and  illustrative 
offices  of  trust  have  also  kept  his  name  be- 
fore public  attention. 

William  David  Allison  was  born  in  Coles 
County,  Illinois,  February  10,  1854.  His 
ancestors  came  from  County  Donegal,  Ire- 
land. Some  time  after  the  Revolution 
they  came  to  America  and  in  1785  settled 
in  Mecklenberg  County,  North  Carolina. 
Mr.  Allison 's  grandfather  left  North  Caro- 
lina in  1825,  moved  over  the  mountains  in- 
to Tennessee,  and  in  1834  located  with  his 
family  in  Coles  County,  Illinois.  William 
David  Allison  is  a  son  of  Andrew  H.  and 
Hannah  E.  Allison.  His  father  died  in 
November,  1864,  but  his  mother  is  still  liv- 
ing and  is  now  past  ninety-five,  and  at  this 
writing  was  in  fairly  good  health  and, 
more  remarkable '  still,  has  perfect  use  of 
all  her  faculties. 

William  D.  Allison  was  educated  at  Lees 
Academy  in  Coles  County  and  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  at  Madison.  His  first 
business  experience  was  selling  pianos  and 
organs,  but  in  1884  he  set  up  a  shop  and 
began  in  a  small  and  somewhat  experi- 
mental way  the  manufacture  of  physicians' 
furniture.  He  has  kept  the  business  grow- 
ing, its  facilities  enlarging,  the  standard 
of  his  product  at  a  high  point,  and  today 
the  Allison  special  furniture  is  recognized 
for  its  quality  and  is  in  demand  as  part  of 
the  necessary  equipment  of  all  up-to-date 
physician's  offices. 

Mr.  Allison  is  a  republican,  has  served 
as  a  director  of  the  Indianapolis  Com- 
mercial Club  and  is  now  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Council  of  Defense.  In  1907 
Governor  Hanley  appointed  him  a  trustee 


of  the  Indiana  Reformatory  at  Jefferson- 
ville,  and  he  filled  that  office  four  years. 
In  November,  1917,  he  was  elected  to  the 
office  of  school  commissioner  for  four  years 
beginning  January  1,  1920.  ' 

Mr.  Allison  is  a  member  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  the  Board  of  Trade,  the 
Hoosier  Motor  Club,  the  Rotary  Club,  the 
Columbia  Club,  is  a  Scottish  and  York 
Rite  Mason,  a  member  of  Oriental  Lodge, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  and  his  fam- 
ily worship  at  the  Memorial  Presbyterian 
Church.  October  11,  1882,  at  Charleston, 
Illinois,  Mr.  Allison  married  Mary  Mar- 
garet Robbins.  They  have  five  children: 
Frances  L.,  wife  of  F.  A.  Preston ;  Lila  E., 
wife  of  Dr.  C.  D.  Humes ;  Charles  W.,  who 
married  Hazel  Lathrop ;  Ruth  H.,  and 
Mary  Aline. 

JOHN  G.  WOOD  since  he  graduated  with 
the  degree  Mechanical  Engineer  from  Pur- 
due University  ten  years  ago  has  been  one 
of  the  very  busy  professional  men  of  In- 
diana, and  while  he  began  at  the  very 
bottom  in  a  workman 's  overalls,  his  present 
position  and  responsibilities  are  such  as 
to  place  him  high  among  the  industrial  en- 
gineers of  the  country. 

For  the  past  five  years  Mr.  Wood  has 
been  identified  with  the  Remy  Electric 
Company  of  Anderson,  and  is  now  general 
manager  of  that  nationally  known  corpora- 
tion. He  was  born  in  Indianapolis  August 
6,  1883,  and  is  of  Scotch-English  stock  and 
comes  of  a  family  of  business  men.  His 
parents  were  Horace  F.  and  Rose  A. 
(Graham)  Wood.  His  great-grandfather, 
John  Wood,  was  a  pioneer  Indianapolis 
business  man.  At  one  time  he  operated  a 
stage  line  over  the  old  National  Road  be- 
tween Greenville  and  Indianapolis.  He 
also  had  in  connection  a  livery  barn  located 
on  the  "Circle"  at  Indianapolis.  His  son, 
John  Wood,  followed  the  same  business, 
and  spent  his  life  at  Indianapolis,  where  he 
died  in  1898.  Horace  F.  Wood  followed 
in  the  footsteps  of  his  father  and  grand- 
father, but  in  his  time  the  automobile  in- 
vaded the  province  formerly  occupied  by 
horse  drawn  vehicles,  and  he  is  now  in 
the  automobile  business  at  Indianapolis. 

John  G.  Wood  attended  grammar  and 
high  school  at  Indianapolis,  also  the  In- 
dianapolis Academy,  and  for  his  profes- 
sional and  technical  training  entered  Le- 


1608 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


land  Stanford  University  in  California.  He 
pursued  the  course  towards  the  degree  of 
Mechanical  Engineer  from  1902  to  1906, 
and  in  the  latter  year  his  university  work 
was  interrupted  by  the  great  San  Fran- 
cisco fire  and  earthquake.  Returning  to 
Indiana,  he  continued  his  studies  in  Pur- 
due University,  and  in  1907  graduated 
with  the  degrees  A.  B.  and  M.  E.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  college 
fraternity. 

While  he  possessed  a  college  degree  and 
had  several  years  of  practical  and  theoret- 
ical experience  in  shops  and  laboratories, 
Mr.  Wood  chose  to  enter  industry  at  the 
very  bottom.  During  the  first  year  he 
carried  a  dinner  pail  and  worked  at  17  */£ 
cents  an  hour  with  the  National  Motor 
Vehicle  Company  at  Indianapolis.  He  was 
then  promoted  to  the  drafting  room  and 
subsequently  for  three  years  was  chief  en- 
gineer with  the  Empire  Motor  Company 
and  for  another  period  of  three  years  was 
general  manager  of  the  Indiana  Die  Cast- 
ings Company. 

Mr.  Wood's  services  were  acquired  by 
the  Remy  Electric  Company  of  Anderson 
in  1913.  He  served  as  assistant  to  the 
president,  S.  A.  Fletcher,  until  1917,  since 
which  time  he  has  been  general  manager. 
He  is  also  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
Die  Casting  Company  of  Indianapolis  and 
is  one  of  the  directors  of  the  National 
Motor  Vehicle  Company  and  is  consulting 
engineer  for  the  Stenotype  Company  of 
Indianapolis.  In  August,  1918,  he  became 
the  president  of  the  Midwest  Engine  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  the  new  company 
having  been  formed  by  a  merger  of  the 
Lyons  Atlas  Company  of  Indianapolis  and 
the  Hill  Pump  Company  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Wood  is  not  only  a  thorough  tech- 
nical man  but  has  given  much  attention 
to  the  scientific  side  of  business  manage- 
ment and  especially  to  the  chart  system 
of  factory  management.  He  is  unmarried. 
At  Anderson  he  holds  membership  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Anderson 
Country  Club,  is  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bia Club  of  Indianapolis,  of  the  Society 
of  Automotive  Engineers  of  America,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
and  a  republican  voter. 

EDGAR  H.  EVANS.  For  upwards  of  half 
a  century  the  name  of  Evans  in  Indianap- 
olis has  been  prominently  associated  with 


the  milling  industry,  and  some  of  the  big- 
gest and  best  flour  mills  in  the  state  have 
been  developed  through  the  activities  of 
these  masters  of  flour  manufacture. 

George  T.  Evans  was  in  the  milling  busi- 
ness at  Indianapolis  for  nearly  fifty  years. 
In  1861  he  managed  the  Capitol  Mills  on 
Market  Street  west  of  the  State  House. 
In  1878  he  became  associated  with  the 
Hoosier  Flour  Mills,  the  logical  successor 
of  the  first  flouring  mill  established  in  In- 
dianapolis, which  was  a  grist  mill  built 
by  Isaac  Wilson  in  1821.  It  was  a  water 
mill,  situated  on  Walnut  Street  near  the 
present  site  of  the  City  Hospital.  In  the 
early  '50s  Samuel  J.  Patterson,  a  son-in- 
law  of  Isaac  Wilson,  associated  with  James 
Blake  and  James  M.  Ray,  moved  the  busi- 
ness of  the  old  grist  mill  to  the  National 
Road  and  White  River,  building  a  new 
mill,  also  a  water  mill,  known  as  the 
Hoosier  State  Flour  Mill.  In  1864  this 
was  torn  down  anfl  the  present  brick  struc- 
ture erected  in  its  place,  steam  power  being 
later  added.  At  that  time  its  owners  were 
C.  E.  and  J.  C.  Geisendorff,  who  were 
succeeded  in  the  Seventies  by  D.  A.  Rich- 
ardson &  Company,  and  in  1881  by  Rich- 
ardson &  Evans. 

In  1893  the  business  became  George  T. 
Evans  &  Son.  This  firm  developed  the 
Hoosier  Mill  from  a  200  barrel  mill  to  a 
1,000  barrel  daily  capacity.  This  partner- 
ship was  consolidated  in  1909  with  the 
Acme  Milling  Company,  owning  two  large 
flour  mills,  under  the  name  of  Acme-Evans 
Company,  the  president  being  George  T. 
Evans,  who  was  then  recognized  as  In- 
diana's foremost  miller. 

Edgar  H.  Evans  succeeded  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Acme-Evans  Company  on  the 
death  of  his  father  in  the  latter  part  of 
1909.  A  new  era  in  the  milling  business 
was  gradually  developed,  Mill  B  being  con- 
verted into  a  corn,  meal  and  stock  feed 
mill,  and  the  flour  mills  being  gradually 
improved  and  enlarged. 

In  October,  1917,  the  largest  mill,  Mill 
A,  was  completely  destroyed  by  fire.  It 
was  immediately  decided  to  rebuild  and 
about  a  year  later  Mill  C  was  completed. 
It  is  a  concrete  structure,  nine  stories  high, 
with  a  capacity  of  2,000  barrels  of  flour 
daily,  and  a  concrete  grain  storage  for 
nearly  300,000  bushels,  all  representing  the 
last  word  in  milling  construction.  It  is 
not  only  the  largest  and  best  mill  in  In- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1609 


diana,  but  has  been  called  the  best  mill  in 
the  world. 

Edgar  H.  Evans  was  born  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  New  York,  July  18,  1870.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  In- 
dianapolis, graduating  from  the  City  High 
School  in  1888  and  from  Wabash  College 
with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1892.  His  alma 
mater  conferred  upon  him  the  Masters  of 
Arts  degree  in  1906.  Mr.  Evans  has  de- 
voted himself  largely  to  milling,  in  which 
he  is  everywhere  recognized  as  a  past 
master.  He  is  also  president  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Elevator  Company,  and  is  in- 
terested in  the  management  of  two  other 
companies.  For  one  year  he  was  presi- 
dent and  two  years  vice  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  being  now  a  member  of 
its  board  of  governors.  He  was  also  a 
director  for  a  term  in  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Trade,  the  St.  Louis  Merchants 
Exchange,  and  the  National  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 

Mr.  Evans  is  a  republican  of  progressive 
tendencies,  is  an  elder  of  the  Tabernacle 
Presbyterian  Church,  a  trustee  of  Wabash 
College,  a  director  of  the  Indianapolis 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and 
a  trustee  of  the  Indianapolis  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association.  He  be- 
longs to  the  University,  Country  and 
Woodstock  clubs,  the  Dramatic  Club  and 
the  Contemporary  Club.  In  1899  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Ella  L.  Malott.  They  have  two 
daughters,  Eleanor  and  Mary. 

HON.  CHARLES  MONROE  FORTUNE,  whose 
services  both  as  a  lawyer  and  former  cir- 
cuit judge  at  Terre  Haute  have  made  his 
name  familiar  throughout  the  state,  is  an 
Indianan  whose  distinctions  have  been  in 
every  case  worthily  earned.  As  a  young 
man  he  was  not  unacquainted  with  hard- 
ship and  with  honest  manual  toil,  and  he 
knows  how  to  appreciate  and  sympathize 
with  all  classes  and  conditions  of  men. 

Judge  Fortune  was  born  in  Vigo  Connty, 
Indiana,  on  a  farm,  November  25,  1870. 
His  grandfather,  Zachariah  Fortune,  was 
an  early  settler  in  Meigs  County,  Ohio, 
where  Henry  Cole  Fortune,  father  of 
Judge  Fortune,  was  born  in  1831.  Henry 
Cole  Fortune  married  in  Mason  County, 
West  Virginia,  Frances  Howell,  who  was 

born  in  that  county  in  1838.    Her  father, 
vol.  rv— 4 


Nelson  Howell,  went  as  a  soldier  in  the 
Civil  war  and  lost  his  life  in  battle. 

Henry  C.  Fortune  came  into  the  Wabash 
Valley  during  the  '50s,  and  while  the  Civil 
war  was  in  progress  he  operated  as  a  con- 
tractor a  ferry  on  the  Wabash  River  at 
Darwin,  Illinois.  In  1869  he  bought  a 
farm  of  170  acres  in  Prairie  Creek  Town- 
ship of  Vigo  County,  and  subsequently  op- 
erated another  farm  which  he  owned  in 
Clark  County,  Illinois.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Clark  County  in  July,  1883.  His 
widow  survived  him  until  February  28, 
1907.  They  were  the  parents  of  nine  chil- 
dren, seven  of  whom  reached  maturity  and 
two  are  now  living,  DeKalb,  a  farmer  in 
Prairie  Creek  Township  of  Vigo  County, 
and  Judge  Fortune. 

Judge  Fortune  was  the  youngest  of 
seven  sons.  He  was  only  twelve  years  of 
age  when  his  father  died,  and  that  event 
in  the  family  history  caused  him  to  come 
face  to  face  with  the  serious  responsibili- 
ties of  life,  and  he  had  to  do  his  own 
thinking  and  at  an  early  age  was  earning 
his  own  living.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
left  the  home  farm,  where  he  had  acquired 
most  of  his  schooling,  and  for  two  years 
he  worked  as  a  hand  in  a  factory  at  Terre 
Haute.  Later  as  a  clerk  he  worked  at  the 
watchmaker's  trade,  and  while  that  gave 
him  employment  for  his  daylight  hours  he 
spent  the  evenings  in  the  study  of  law.  In 
1898  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Cox  & 
Davis  at  Terre  Haute,  and  after  three 
years  passed  a  successful  examination  be- 
fore the  examining  committee  of  the  local 
bar  association.  Forthwith  he  entered 
upon  an  active  practice  in  1901,  and  for 
three  years  was  associated  with  Judge 
.lames  H.  Swango.  In  November,  1905, 
Mr.  Fortune  accepted  the  democratic  nom- 
ination for  the  office  of  city  judge.  It  was 
popularly  understood  that  this  was  only 
a  nominal  honor,  since  Terre  Haute  was  a 
stronghold  of  republicanism,  and  it  was 
with  gratified  surprise  on  the  part  of  his 
friends  and  party  associates  and  with  con- 
siderable consternation  in  the  opposite 
camp  that  he  was  elected  by  a  majority  of 
seventy  votes.  Judge  Fortune  entered  upon 
his  duties  as  city  judge  in  January,  1906, 
and  served  thirty-three  months.  He  re- 
signed to  take  up  his  duties  as  judge  of 
the  Vigo  Circuit  Court,  to  which  he  was 
elected  on  the  democratic  ticket  by  the 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1609 


diana,  but  has  been  called  the  best  mill  in 
the  world. 

Edgar  H.  Evans  was  born  at  Saratoga 
Springs,  New  York,  July  18,  1870.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  In- 
dianapolis, graduating  from  the  City  High 
School  in  1888  and  from  Wabash  College 
with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1892.  His  alma 
mater  conferred  upon  him  the  Masters  of 
Arts  degree  in  1906.  Mr.  Evans  has  de- 
voted himself  largely  to  milling,  in  which 
he  is  everywhere  recognized  as  a  past 
master.  He  is  also  president  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Elevator  Company,  and  is  in- 
terested in  the  management  of  two  other 
companies.  For  one  year  he  was  presi- 
dent and  two  years  vice  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  being  now  a  member  of 
its  board  of  governors.  He  was  also  a 
director  for  a  term  in  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Trade,  the  St.  Louis  Merchants 
Exchange,  and  the  National  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 

Mr.  Evans  is  a  republican  of  progressive 
fendencies,  is  an  elder  of  the  Tahernacle 
Presbyterian  Church,  a  trustee  of  "Walmsh 
College,  a  director  of  the  Indianapolis 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and 
a  trustee  of  the  Indianapolis  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association.  He  be- 
longs to  the  University,  Country  and 
Woodstock  clubs,  the  Dramatic  Club  and 
the  Contemporary  Club.  In  1899  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Ella  L.  Malott.  They  have  two 
daughters.  Eleanor  and  Mary. 

HON.  CHARLES  MONROE  FORTUNE,  whose 
services  both  as  a  lawyer  and  former  cir- 
cuit judge  at  Terre  Haute  have  made  his 
name  familiar  throughout  the  state,  is  an 
Indianan  whose  distinctions  have  been  in 
every  case  worthily  earned.  As  a  young 
man  he  was  not  unacquainted  with  hard- 
ship and  with  honest  manual  toil,  and  he 
knows  how  to  appreciate  and  sympathize 
with  all  classes  and  conditions  of  men. 

Judge  Fortune  was  born  in  Vigo  County. 
Indiana,  on  a  farm,  November  25,  1870. 
His  grandfather.  Zachariah  Fortune,  was 
an  early  settler  in  Meigs  County,  Ohio, 
where  Henry  Cole  Fortune,  father  of 
Judge  Fortune,  was  born  in  1831.  Henry 
Cole  Fortune  married  in  Mason  County, 
West  Virginia,  Frances  Ilowell,  who  was 
born  in  that  county  in  1838.  Her  father, 

Vol.  IV—  4 


Nelson   Ilowell,  went  as  a  soldier  in  the 
Civil  war  and  lost  his  life  in  battle. 

Henry  C.  Fortune  came  into  the  Wabash 
Valley  during  the  '50s.  and  while  the  Civil 
war  was  in  progress  he  operated  as  a  con- 
tractor a  ferry  on  the  Wabash  River  at 
Darwin.  Illinois.  In  1869  he  bought  a 
farm  of  170  acres  in  Prairie  Creek  Town- 
ship of  Vigo  County,  and  subsequently  op- 
erated another  farm  which  he  owned  in 
Clark  County.  Illinois.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Clark  County  in  July,  1883.  His 
widow  survived  him  until  February  28. 
1907.  They  were  the  parents  of  nine  chil- 
dren, seven  of  whom  reached  maturity  and 
two  are  now  living.  DeKalb.  a  farmer  in 
Prairie  Creek  Township  of  Vigo  County, 
and  Judge  Fortune. 

Judge  Fortune  was  the  youngest  of 
seven  sons.  lie  was  only  twelve  years  of 
age  when  his  father  died,  and  that  event 
in  the  family  history  caused  him  to  come 
face  to  face  with  the  serious  responsibili- 
ties of  life,  and  be  had  to  do  his  own 
thinking  and  at  an  early  age  was  earning 
his  own  living.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
left  the  home  farm,  where  he  had  acquired 
;;iost  of  his  schooling,  and  for  two  years 
he  worked  as  a  hand  in  a  factory  at  Terre 
Haute.  Later  as  a  clerk  he  worked  at  the 
Matchmaker's  trade,  and  while  that  gave 
him  employment  for  his  daylight  hours  he 
spent  the  evenings  in  the  study  of  law.  In 
1S98  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Cox  & 
Davis  at  Terre  Haute,  and  after  three 
years  passed  a  successful  examination  be- 
fore the  examining  committee  of  the  local 
bar  association.  Forthwith  he  entered 
upon  an  active  practice  in  1901.  and  for 
i  hree  years  was  associated  with  Judge 
James  II.  Swango.  In  November.  1905. 
Mr.  Fortune  accepted  the  democratic  nom- 
ination for  the  office  of  city  judge.  It  was 
popularly  understood  that  this  was  only 
a  nominal  honor,  since  T.erre  Haute  was  a 
stronghold  of  republicanism,  and  it  was 
with  gratified  surprise  on  the  part  of  his 
friends  and  party  associates  and  with  con- 
siderable consternation  in  the  opposite 
camp  that  he  was  elected  by  a  majority  of 
seventy  votes.  Judge  Fortune  entered  upon 
his  duties  as  city  judge  in  January.  1906. 
and  served  thirty-three  months.  He  re- 
signed to  take  up  his  duties  as  judge  of 
the  Vigo  Circuit  Court,  to  which  he  was 
elected  on  the  democratic  ticket  bv  the 


1610 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


largest  majority  ever  given  a  circuit  judge 
in  that  district. 

Judge  Fortune  was  on  the  Circuit  bench 
six  years.  In  that  time  he  handled  on  the 
average  1,500  cases  every  year,  and  with- 
out reviewing  his  judicial  career  here  it  is 
sufficient  to  say  that  among  all  that  great 
number  of  decisions  which  he  rendered  only 
five  cases  were  appealed,  and  there  was 
only  one  reversal  by  higher  courts.  It  was 
Judge  Fortune  who  more  than  any  other 
individual  led  the  movement  in  Terre 
Haute  which  brought  about  not  only  re- 
form in  local  politics  but  gave  a  decided 
impetus  to  political  reform  throughout  the 
nation,  when  a  large  group  of  prominent 
Terre  Haute  men  were  indicted  and  tried 
in  the  Federal  Courts. 

Judge  Fortune  has  long  been  prominent 
in  local  fraternities  at  Terre  Haute,  being 
a  member  of  the  Young  Men's  Institute 
and  Knights  of  Columbus  No.  541,  is  a 
member  of  the  Commercial  and  the  Young 
Men 's  Business  clubs,  and  in  his  profession 
and  in  his  capacity  as  a  private  citizen  has 
found  many  ways  to  indulge  a  practical 
philanthropy  in  behalf  of  many  worthy 
persons  and  causes. 

Judge  Fortune  first  married,  March  18, 
1897,  Myrtle  L.  Sparks,  who  died  the  same 
year.  She  was  well  known  in  literary 
circles  in  Terre  Haute  and  a  number  of 
her  verses  which  were  first  published  in 
the  old  Terre  Haute  Express  were  after- 
ward put  into  book  form.  In  July,  1911, 
Judge  Fortune  married  Gertrude  Maison, 
a  native  of  Terre  Haute  and  a  daughter  of 
A.  W.  and  Caroline  (Myer)  Maison. 

CALEB  BLOOD  SMITH  was  a  native  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  born  April  16,  1808, 
but  at  the  early  age  of  six  years  he  went 
with  his  parents  to  Ohio.  He  received  his 
professional  training  in  Cincinnati,  and  in 
Connersville,  Indiana,  being  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1828,  and  he  began  practice  at 
Connersville. 

Mr.  Smith  served  several  terms  in  the 
Indiana  Legislature,  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress as  a  whig  in  1843-9,  and  he  returned 
to  the  practice  of  law  in  1850,  first  in  Con- 
nersville and  later  in  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Smith  was  influential  in  securing  the  nomi- 
nation of  Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  was  appointed  by  him  secretary 
of  the  interior  in  1861.  He  resigned  that 
office  to  become  United  States  circuit  judge 


for  Indiana.    The  death  of  Caleb  B.  Smith 
occurred  in  Indianapolis  in  1864. 

JOHN  JENNINGS.  For  nearly  a  century 
the  family  of  Jennings  have  lived  in 
Marion  County,  where  in  an  unobtrusive 
way  they  have  been  identified  with  the  ma- 
terial welfare  of  the  community  and  with 
its  best  civic  interests  and  ideals.  Many 
of  the  older  citizens  of  Indianapolis  still 
remember  kindly  and  gratefully  the  late 
John  Jennings,  who  died  at  his  winter 
home  in  Mobile,  Alabama,  in  November 
30,  1907. 

He  was  a  son  of  Allen  Jennings,  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia,  who  first  came  to  In- 
diana the  same  year  the  state  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union,  in  1816.  His  pur- 
pose in  coming  into  this  trackless  wilder- 
ness was  to  seek  a  home  where  land  was 
abundant  and  cheap  and  where  practically 
unlimited  opportunities  existed  for  the 
future.  The  place  he  selected  was  at 
Bridgeport  in  Marion  County.  The  capital 
of  Indianapolis  had  not  yet  been  selected 
and  Marion  County  was  far  out  on  the 
very  frontier  of  civilization.  Having  made 
his  tour  of  Indiana  Allen  Jennings  re- 
turned to  Virginia,  where  in  1818  he  mar- 
ried Eleanor  Thornbrough.  In  1820  he 
brought  his  bride  and  took  up  his  per- 
manent home  at  Bridgeport.  The  work  of 
the  pioneer  is  often  unappreciated  because 
of  the  very  fact  it  must  necessarily  be  done 
somewhat  remote  from  other  human  so- 
ciety and  in  a  quiet,  inconspicuous  way 
that  does  not  lend  itself  readily  to  the  field 
of  heroic  description.  It  was  the  life  of 
the  pioneer,  filled  with  all  its  adversities 
and  wild  attractiveness,  that  Allen  Jen- 
nings lived  for  over  forty  years  in  Indiana. 
He  died  in  1864.  His  wife  passed  away 
in  1849.  They  were  the  parents  of  five 
sons  and  five  daughters. 

John  Jennings  was  born  on  the  old  Jen- 
nings homestead  in  Pike  Township  of 
Marion  County  June  27,  1837.  He  lived  to 
be  a  little  more  than  three  score  and  ten 
years  of  age.  As  a  boy  he  helped  grub, 
clear,  plant  and  reap,  as  was  customary 
for  the  farmer's  son  of  that  time.  As  op- 
portunity afforded  he  attended  the  neigh- 
boring district  school.  In  young  manhood 
he  began  an  extremely  active  career  by  be- 
coming a  merchant  at  Augusta.  Later  he 
was  a  merchant  at  Trader's  Point  in  Pike 
Township,  where  with  an  associate  he  built 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1611 


and  operated  a  burr  water  power  flour 
mill.  He  also  bought  livestock  extensively. 
These  activities  made  him  widely  known. 
In  the  livestock  business  he  was  associated 
with  the  well  known  Indiana  packers  Kin- 
gan  &  Company.  In  1870  Mr.  Jennings 
moved  to  Oswego,  Kansas,  where  for  five 
years  he  operated  a  pork  packing  estab- 
lishment. Later,  on  his  return  to  Indian- 
apolis, he  was  in  the  general  contracting 
business  and  finally  moved  to  Grand 
Tower,  Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
where  he  operated  a  general  store  and 
bought  livestock.  In  a  business  way  he 
was  fairly  successful,  and  personally  pos- 
sessed many  sterling  qualities  that  made 
him  an  object  of  universal  esteem.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and 
a  republican  voter. 

His  first  wife,  whom  he  married  March 
31,  1859,  was  Martha  McCurdy.  David 
McCurdy,  her  father,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
was  brought  to  America  when  young,  and 
from  New  York  State  moved  to  Marion 
•  County,  Indiana,  in  1818,  being  one  of  the 
very  first  settlers  there.  John  and  Martha 
Jennings  had  five  children:  David,  now 
a  resident  of  Arizona ;  Albert,  deceased ; 
Conrad  and  Augustus,  who  constitute  the 
present  real  estate  firm  of  Jennings 
Brothers  of  Indianapolis;  and  Martha, 
wife  of  John  P.  Howard,  of  Marion  Coun- 
ty. Of  the  Jennings  brothers  Augustus 
is  the  only  one  who  married.  June  12, 
1895,  he  married  Miss  Katherine  Broun- 
ley,  who  died  June  11,  1918.  John  Jen- 
nings married  for  his  second  wife  Mrs. 
Laura  (Reagan)  Wallace. 

HUGH  ALVIN  COWING,  M.  D.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  medical  professional  in  Dela- 
ware County  since  1890,  the  name  of  Doc- 
tor Cowing  is  sufficiently  associated  with 
able  and  skillful  service  and  with  high 
attainments  to  give  him  rank  among  the 
foremost  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the 
state.  Apart  from  his  own  valuable  work 
and  citizenship  he  represents  a  family 
name  that  everywhere  is  spoken  with  the 
respect  it  deserves  in  this  part  of  Indiana. 

He  is  a  grandson  of  Joseph  and  Rachel 
(Homer)  Cowing  and  is  a  son  of  Gran- 
ville  and  Lucy  (Moran)  Cowing.  The  life 
of  Granville  Cowing  covered  nearly  a  cen- 
tury. He  was  born  near  the  Town  of 
"Weston  in  Lewis  County,  in  what  is  now 
West  Virginia,  March  1,  1824,  and  he  was 


taken  in  1830  by  his  parents  to  Fairfield, 
Ohio.  It  indicates  something  of  his  in- 
tellectual gifts  when  it  is  stated  that  before 
this  removal  he  had  learned  to  read  under 
private  instruction  at  home.  During  his 
youthful  days  he  served  an  apprenticeship 
at  the  printing  and  newspaper  business,  and 
came  to  the  maturity  of  his  powers  as  a 
journalist  in  the  critical  period  of  the  na- 
tion's history  covering  the  growing  hostil- 
ity to  the  institutions  of  slavery.  In  1849 
he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  spent 
a  year  with  the  National  Era,  at  that 
time  one  of  the  strongest  anti-slavery 
papers  of  the  country.  In  the  fall  of  1850 
he  was  appointed  to  a  position  in  the  sec- 
ond auditor's  office  of  the  treasury  depart- 
ment, and  remained  in  the  national  capi- 
tal for  six  years.  On  account  of  failing 
health  in  the  beginning  of  1857  he  returned 
to  Indiana,  and  soon  afterward  settled  up- 
on a  farm  close  to  the  City  of  Muncie, 
where  he  lived  until  his  death,  December 
20,  1917.  Though  his  later  years  were 
spent  in  the  modest  occupation  of  farm- 
ing and  fruit  culture,  he  always  mani- 
fested a  keen  interest  in  politics  and  great 
social  questions,  and  frequently  contrib- 
uted articles  from  his  forceful  pen  to  mag- 
azines and  newspapers. 

On  the  old  home  farm  near  Muncie,  a 
place  originally  acquired  by  his  grand- 
father and  so  long  occupied  by  his  father, 
Doctor  Cowing  was  born  July  28,  1860. 
He  was  educated  in  the  common  schools, 
graduated  from  the  Muncie  High  School 
in  1882,  and  had  already  begun  teaching, 
a  vocation  he  followed  for  eight  years,  un- 
til 1887.  In  1886  Doctor  Cowing  took  up 
the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  G.  W.  H. 
Kemper  of  Muncie.  Later  he  attended  lec- 
tures at  the  Miami  Medical  College  in 
Cincinnati  and  was  granted  his  M.  D.  de- 
gree March  11,  1890.  On  the  24th  of  the 
same  month  he  began  a  partnership  with 
Doctor  Kemper  at  Muncie,  and  they  were 
associated  until  1897. 

Doctor  Cowing  served  as  secretary  in 
1893  and  president  in  1906  of  the  Dela- 
ware County  Medical  Society.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  leader  in  medical  organiza- 
tions and  in  public  health  movements.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  the  American  Public  Health 
Association.  In  1908  was  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Committee  of  the  Inter- 


1612 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


national  Congress  on  Tuberculosis,  and  for 
twenty-three  years  served  as  secretary  of 
the  Delaware  County  Board  of  Health. 

In  April,  1917,  Doctor  Cowing  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Goodrich  to  serve  as 
a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health 
of  Indiana,  and  the  board  then  elected  him 
vice  president.  He  was  elected  president 
of  the  board  in  April,  1919.  He  has  also 
been  president  of  the  Delaware  County 
Children's  Home  Association  and  of  the 
Delaware  County  Board  of  Children's 
Guardians. 

His  individual  experience  and  his  serv- 
ices to  the  medical  profession  at  large  are 
well  indicated  by  the  following  list  of  his 
contributions  to  literature:  Tobacco;  Its 
Effect  upon  the  Health  and  Morals  of  a 
Community ;  Diseases  of  the  Cornea ;  Para- 
centesis  Thoracis  published  in  the  Indiana 
Medical  Journal  of  May,  1892;  A  Case 
of  Tetanus;  Recovery,  in  the  same  journal 
January  1893;  Fracture  of  the  Skull;  re- 
port of  two  cases  with  operation  and  re- 
covery, June,  1894;  report  of  a  case  of 
Purpura,  Cincinnati  Lancet  Clinic,  Janu- 
ary 27,  1894;  history  of  a  smallpox  epi- 
demic at  Muncie  in  1893,  and  management 
of  an  outbreak  of  smallpox,  Twelfth  An- 
nual Report  of  the  Indiana  State  Board 
of  Health,  1893;  How  Shall  we  Solve  the 
Tuberculosis  Problem?  1905;  The  Adul- 
teration of  Food  and  Drugs,  read  before 
the  Delaware  County  Medical  Society; 
Twins,  and  their  Relation  to  Obstetric 
Procedures,  1901 ;  The  Modern  Sanatorium 
Treatment  of  Tuberculosis,  1906,  before 
the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society;  Shall 
Indiana  Improve  her  Laws  to  Regulate 
the  Practice  of  Medicine?  1906;  The 
Tuberculosis  Sanatorium,  1905,  read  be- 
fore the  Health  Officers  School  at  Indian- 
apolis; The  Relation  of  the  Physician  to 
the  Tuberculosis  Problem,  1906,  before  the 
American  Public  Health  Association  at 
Asheville,  North  Carolina;  The  Hospital 
and  the  Sanatorium  a  Necessity  in  the; 
Combat  of  Tuberculosis,  1906;  and  Six 
Hundred  Cases  of  Labor  in  Private  Prac- 
tice, 1907,  before  the  Indiana  State  Medi- 
cal Society;  Need  for  the  Whole-Time 
Health  Officer,  read  before  the  Annual 
Health  Officers  Conference,  Indiana  State 
Board  of  Health,  1914. 

Doctor  Cowing  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  June  23, 
1892,  he  married  Miss  Alice  B.  Frey,  of 


Cincinnati.  They  have  two  children,  Kera- 
per  Frey  Cowing  and  Rachel  Cowing.  His 
son  Kemper  recently  a  corporal  in  the 
Marine  Corps,  resides  in  Washington,  D. 
C.,  and  is  a  successful  writer.  His  recent 
book,  "Dear  Folks  at  Home,"  the  story 
of  the  Marines  in  France,  was  published 
by  Houghton  Mifflin  Company,  Boston,  in' 
January,  1919.  His  poem,  "When  Peace 
Comes,"  published  in  The  Educator- 
Journal,  Indianapolis,  January,  1919,  has 

received  very  favorable  criticism. 

< 

REV.  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  PETERS.  One 
of  the  fine  old  church  congregations  of 
Indianapolis  is  Zion's  Evangelical  Church, 
around  which  the  spiritual  aspirations  of 
a  large  community  have  rallied  for  three 
quarters  of  a  century.  For  almost  half 
of  this  time,  since  1883,  the  pastor  and 
spiritual  leader  has  been  Rev.  John  Chris- 
topher Peters. 

He  has  been  a  resident  of  America  and 
an  American  in  thought  and  action  since 
young  manhood.  His  birth  occurred  near 
Halberstadt  in  Saxony,  Germany,  Janu- 
ary 21,  1854.  His  parents  were  Andreas 
and  Sophia  (Rohrbeck)  Peters. 

The  only  child  of  his  parents  still  living, 
John  Christopher  Peters  in  early  youth 
determined  upon  a  ministerial  career,  and 
thus,  though  he  was  a  resident  of  Ger- 
many, through  his  twentieth  year  he  was 
exempted  from  military  duty.  He  attend- 
ed the  Mission  Seminary  in  Berlin,  and 
after  coming  to  the  United  States  in  1874 
he  entered  the  Pro-seminary  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Synod  of  North  America  at  Elm- 
hurst,  Illinois.  From  there  he  entered 
Eden  College,  then  located  about  fifty 
miles  west  of  St.  Louis,  to  which  city  it  has 
been  removed.  Through  these  advantages 
and  having  made  a  favorable  impression 
upon  the  church  authorities  by  his  zeal 
and  readiness  to  assume  obligation,  he  was 
sent  as  a  missionary  to  Pawnee  County, 
Nebraska,  and  Nemaha  County,  Kansas. 
Among  the  German  families  of  those  coun- 
ties he  organized  the  Salem  Evangelical 
Church  at  Steinauer.  His  next  field  of 
labors  was  at  Creston,  Iowa,  where  he  or- 
ganized St.  John's  Evangelical  Church. 

His  work  at  Creston  has  been  further 
memorable  to  him  because  there  he  took 
out  his  first  papers  in  the  process  of 
qualifying  as  an  American  citizen.  He 
had  been  in  Indianapolis  about  three  years 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1613 


when,  in  February,  1886,  the  last  paper 
and  proof  of  his  naturalization  was  made. 

Zion's  Evangelical  Church,  to  which  Mr. 
Peters  came  in  1883,  was  organized  in 
1841.  The  first  church  edifice  was  erected 
at  32  West  Ohio  Street  in  1845.  The 
ground  cost  $750.  The  second  church  was 
built  on  the  same  lot,  but  in  1912,  when 
the  growth  of  the  congregation  necessi- 
tated another  location  and  a  larger  build- 
ing, it  was  determined  to  sell  the  original 
site,  which  had  become  valuable  for  busi- 
ness purposes  and  brought  a  price  of 
$105,000.  Having  bought  new  ground  at 
their  present  location,  the  congregation 
erected  a  church  costing  $138,000,  which  is 
still  one  of  the  better  examples  of  ecclesi- 
astical architecture  in  the  city. 

When  Rev.  Mr.  Peters  took  charge  of 
Zion's  Church  its  membership  consisted 
of  only  sixty-eight  souls.  Of  these  six  are 
still  living.  Today  this  congregation  com- 
prises 500  members  and  is  one  of  the  large 
and  flourishing  churches  and  an  effective 
instrument  of  good,  doing  much  to  build 
and  support  orphanages  and  other  insti- 
tutions and  all  causes  of  worthy  benev- 
olence. 

In  the  thirty-six  years  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Peters'  pastorate  he  has  officiated  at  2,700 
funerals.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Deacons' 
Society  and  is  vice  president  of  the  Ger- 
man Home  for  the  Aged.  He  is  a  pro- 
nounced believer  in  democratic  institu- 
tions, and  though  he  had  to  learn  the 
English  language  after  coming  to  this 
country  he  has  been  more  than  satisfied 
with  the  choice  which  led  him  here. 

In  1880  Mr.  Peters  married  Marie  Nes- 
tel,  daughter  of  Rev.  C.  Nestel,  of  Her- 
man, Missouri.  Their  married  companion- 
ship continued  for  twenty-seven  years,  un- 
til interrupted  by  her  death  in  1907.  By 
this  marriage  Mr.  Peters  has  one  child, 
who  is  now  the  wife  of  Rev.  P.  S.  Meyer 
of  Bethel  Evangelical  Church  in  St. 
Louis.  In  1908  Rev.  Mr.  Peters  married 
Elizabeth  Unger,  who  was  born  in  Ger- 
many, daughter  of  Rev.  Herman  Unger, 
who  during  the  boyhood  of  Mr.  Peters  had 
befriended  him  in  many  ways  and  did 
much  to  encourage  him  and  direct  his 
efforts  toward  a  higher  education. 

ARTHUR  A.  ALEXANDER.  For  over  fifty 
year  Alexander  has  been  one  of  the  promi- 
nent names  in  the  business,  financial  and 


civic  life  of  Franklin  and  Johnson  County. 
The  late  Robert  A.  Alexander  was  a  busi- 
ness man  and  banker  of  this  city  until  a 
few  years  ago,  and  his  son  Arthur  A.  has 
been  active  both  in  general  business  and 
banking  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

The  late  Robert  A.  Alexander,  who  died 
November  21,  1915,  established  a  hardware 
store  at  Franklin  in  1855.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  was  vice  president  of  the 
Franklin  National  Bank,  and  finally  be- 
came president  of  the  Citizens  National 
Bank  of  Franklin,  holding  that  office  until 
he  was  succeeded  by  his  son.  He  also 
served  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors of  Franklin  College  for  a  number  of 
years.  Robert  A.  Alexander,  while  promi- 
nent in  business  and  a  man  of  large  affairs, 
resided  in  the  State  of  Indiana  his  entire 
life,  where  he  was  born  and  where  he  died, 
but  he  traveled  extensively.  He  married 
Serepta  E.  Riley,  who  died  August  30, 
1915.  They  had  only  two  children,  Ar- 
thur A.  and  Clara  A.,  now  deceased. 
Clara  married  Rev.  T.  N.  Todd,  a  minister 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

Arthur  A.  Alexander  was  born  at  Frank- 
lin in  Johnson  County  July  1,  1870.  He 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  and 
in  1883  entered  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment of  Franklin  College,  taking  the  scien- 
tific course  and  graduating  in  1890  with 
the  degree  Bachelor  of  Science.  He  is 
now  on  the  board  of  trustees  of  Franklin 
College. 

In  1891,  when  only  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  Mr.  Alexander  organized  the  Frank- 
lin Canning  Company  and  was  its  secre- 
tary for  a  number  of  years  and  also  a 
director.  For  several  years  he  was  located 
at  Campbellville,  Kentucky,  in  the  inter- 
ests of  the  Franklin  Lumber  Company,  of 
which  he  was  secretary,  treasurer  and  di- 
rector. In  1900,  returning  to  Franklin, 
he  resumed  his  active  connection  with  the 
business  life  of  this  city  and  in  1903  was 
appointed  vice  president  of  the  Citizens 
National  Bank.  In  1909  he  was  elected  his 
father's  successor  as  president  of  that  in- 
stitution. Mr.  Alexander  is  a  successful 
but  very  unassuming  business  man,  has 
associated  himself  with  the  best  things  in 
community  life,  and  has  always  been  gen- 
erous of  his  time  and  efforts  in  behalf 
of  those  who  are  deserving. 

As  a  banker  he  served  as  chairman  of 
both  the  first  and  second  campaigns  for 


1614 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  sale  of  liberty  bonds  in  Johnson  Coun- 
ty, and  he  has  also  added  to  the  gratifying 
results  of  this  county 's  contribution  to  war 
causes  as  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Red  Cross.  Mr.  Alexander  is 
vice  president  of  the  Franklin  Building  & 
Loan  Company,  was  master  and  treasurer 
of  the  Masonic  Lodge  ten  years  and  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason. 

December  18,  1902,  he  married  Rose 
Willis  Tyner,  of  Fairfield,  Indiana,  daugh- 
ter of  Richard  H.  and  Anna  (Miller)  Ty- 
ner. Mrs.  Alexander  is  the  only  sister  of 
Mrs.  Albert  N.  Crecraft,  under  which 
name  on  other  pages  will  be  found  an  ex- 
tended account  of  the  prominent  Tyner 
family  and  its  connections.  Mrs.  Alexan- 
der is  chairman  of  the  woman's  commit- 
tee for  the  Third  Liberty  Loan  campaign 
in  Johnson  County.  Both  she  and  her  hus- 
band are  active  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  Mr.  Alexander  being  a  member  of 

the  board  of  deacons. 

» 

HARMON  H.  FBIEDLEY.  No  one  appoint- 
ment of  Governor  Goodrich  since  he  took 
office  has  done  more  to  strengthen  the  con- 
fidence of  the  people  in  the  efficiency  of 
his  administration  than  when  he  selected 
Harmon  H.  Friedley  as  state  fire  marshal. 
Mr.  Friedley  is  not  a  politician,  and  has 
never  been  in  politics  more  than  any  good 
citizen  is.  The  field  of  his  work  for  many 
years,  and  that  in  which  he  has  gained 
special  distinction,  has  been  fire  insurance, 
and  it  was  as  an  expert  and  on  account 
of  his  long  and  honorable  record  in  in- 
surance circles  that  he  was  selected  for  the 
important  responsibilities  of  his  present 
office. 

Mr.  Friedley  is  a  native  of  Indiana, 
born  on  a  farm  in  Harrison  County  and 
reared  in  the  rural  districts  of  that  section 
of  the  state.  His  father,  Jacob  D.  Fried- 
ley,  was  born  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky, 
in  1816.  In  1820,  when  four  years  of 
age,  he  was  brought  to  Indiana  by  his 
parents,  who  settled  on  what  was  known 
as  the  "Barrens"  in  Harrison  County, 
when  Corydon  was  still  the  state  capital. 
Henry  Friedley,  the  grandfather  of  the 
state  fire  marshal,  and  his  wife  spent  the 
rest  of  their  days  in  Harrison  County. 

Jacob  Friedlev  followed  farming  all  his 
active  career.  He  was  a  sturdy  character, 
in  keeping  with  his  Swiss  ancestry,  and 
was  a  man  of  powerful  physique.  He  was 


a  Methodist  class  leader  for  half  a  century 
and  noted  for  his  strict  probity  and  high 
standing  in  his  community.  He  married 
Elizabeth  Ann  Evans,  who  died  in  1844, 
the  mother  of  twelve  children.  The  oldest 
of  these  children  was  Francis  A.  Friedley, 
who  became  a  noted  Methodist  minister 
and  widely  known  over  practically  the  en- 
tire state  of  Indiana.  Jacob  Friedley  mar- 
ried a  second  wife  and  lived  until  1884. 
Most  of  the  men  of  the  Friedley  family 
have  been  farmers. 

Harmon  H.  Friedley  grew  up  on  the 
home  farm,  attended  school  during  the 
winter  months,  and  acquired  sufficient  edu- 
cation to  enable  him  to  pass  the  county 
superintendent's  examination  and  secure  a 
teacher's  certificate.  For  about  ten  terms 
he  taught  school,  and  with  the  means  thus 
secured  attended  higher  institutions  of 
learning.  He  put  in  two  terms  at  work  in 
the  old  Muncie  Central  Academy,  where 
he  came  under  the  instruction  of  those 
noted  educators,  Hamilton  S.  McCrea  and 
his  wife,  Emma  Mont  McCrea.  In  the 
fall  of  1872  he  entered  the  freshman  class 
of  the  Indiana  State  University  at  Bloom- 
ington,  and  was  there  through  the  junior 
year.  From  the  age  of  sixteen  Mr.  Fried- 
ley  had  to  make  his  own  way  in  the  world. 
In  the  fall  of  1875,  leaving  university,  he 
bought  the  Bedford  Gazette,  and  operated 
that  paper  until  after  the  fall  election  of 
1876.  He  then  sold  out  and  the  material 
was  later  moved  to  Oskaloosa,  Iowa.  On 
leaving  newspaper  work  Mr.  Friedley  en- 
tered the  law  office  of  Putnam  &  Friedley, 
the  junior  member  being  his  cousin,  George 
W.  Friedley,  one  of  Indiana's  foremost 
lawyers.  He  was  clerk  in  this  office  and 
had  charge  of  some  of  the  minor  prac- 
tice of  the  firm  until  the  spring  of  1879. 
He  then  became  the  junior  member  in 
charge  of  the  Bloomington  branch  office 
of  the  firm  of  Friedley  &  Friedley.  While 
there  he  took  up  fire  insurance,  represent- 
ing the  Royal  Insurance  Company  of 
Liverpool. 

In  the  summer  of  1884  Mr.  Friedley 
was  made  special  agent  for  Indiana  of  this 
company,  and  a  few  months  later  removed 
to  Indianapolis.  With  the  exception  of 
five  years  Indianapolis  has  been  his  home 
ever  since.  This  period  of  five  years,  un- 
til 1901,  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
loss  department  of  his  company  at  Chi- 
cago. After  returning  from  Chicago  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1615 


1901  he  represented  the  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  North  America  as  state  agent  and 
adjuster,  and  finally  as  general  adjuster. 
Insurance  men  generally  look  upon  him 
as  an  expert,  and  his  appointment  as  state 
fire  marshal  on  March  24,  1917,  had  the 
complete  support  of  the  insurance  frater- 
nity, which  in  itself  is  the  highest  testi- 
monial to  Mr.  Friedley's  qualifications. 

In  politics  Mr.  Friedley  is  a  republican. 
He  married  in  1881  Miss  Sybil  Hines. 
Her  father,  Jesse  Hines,  was  a  brick  con- 
tractor and  ,  constructed  the  old  brick 
Union  Depot  at  Indianapolis.  Later  he 
moved  to  Bloomington.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Friedley  have  one  child,  Jesse  Durr,  who 
is  a  graduate  of  Harvard  University  and 
in  the  development  of  his  special  talents 
attended  Kensington  Art  Schools  in  Lon- 
don, England.  He  is  now  assistant  cura- 
tor of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  New 
York  City. 

ORLANDO  D.  HASKETT  is  head  of  the  0. 
D.  Haskett  Lumber  Company,  one  of  the 
larger  wholesale  and  retail  lumber  plants 
in  Indianapolis,  situated  on  Twenty-fifth 
Street  at  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western  Rail- 
way. Mr.  Haskett  is  an  old  and  tried 
man  in  the  lumber  business,  both  in  the 
manufacturing  and  distribution  ends,  and 
is  also  representative  of  a  very  old  and 
honored  name  in  Indiana. 

He  was  born  in  Hamilton  County  of  this 
state  October  30,  1868.  His  father,  Daniel 
Y.  Haskett,  was  born  in  North  Carolina 
and  was  one  of  the  many  Quakers  of  that 
state  who  sought  homes  in  Indiana.  He 
came  to  this  state  at  the  age  of  twenty, 
first  locating  at  Germantown  in  Wayne 
County,  where  a  larger  part  of  the  popula- 
tion were  former  North  Carolinans.  Not 
long  afterward  he  bought  a  large  tract  of 
land  where  Tipton  is  now  located.  The 
entire  population  of  Tipton  at  that  time 
was  housed  in  a  single  small  log  cabin. 
After  a  few  years  he  moved  to  Hamilton 
County.  In  North  Carolina  he  was  an  ap- 
prenticed coach  maker,  but  in  Indiana  fol- 
lowed the  business  of  farming,  and  very 
profitably,  and  was  an  influential  citizen 
of  his  locality.  He  held  the  office  of  town- 
ship trustee,  and  as  a  young  man  voted 
with  the  whigs  and  later  was  an  active 
republican.  During  the  Civil  war  he  broke 
with  the  Quaker  Church,  in  which  he  had 
been  reared  and  to  which  he  had  always 


given  his  faithful  allegiance,  because  the 
church  would  not  endorse  the  active  war 
against  slavery.  During  that  period  he 
affiliated  with  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church.  Later  he  resumed  his  member- 
ship in  the  Quaker  faith,  but  did  not  break 
his  bond  with  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
which  he  had  also  joined  during  the  period 
of  the  war.  Daniel  Y.  Haskett  died  in 

1902,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six  years.     He 
was  three  times  married.     His  first  wife 
was   Elizabeth  Godfrey,   and  two  of  the 
sons  of  that  marriage,    Caswell  W.   and 
Albert    A.,    were    soldiers    in    the    Union 
army.     Albert  is  still  living,  a  resident  of 
Hamilton    County,    Indiana.    Daniel    Y. 
Haskett  married  for  his  second  wife  Han- 
nah Lowry.    His  third  wife  and  the  mother 
of   Orlando  D.   Haskett   was   Hannah   B. 
Day,   who  was  born   near  Mooresville   in 
Morgan  County,  Indiana,  and  died  in  1892, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-eight. 

Orlando  D.  Haskett  spent  his  boyhood 
days  on  a  farm  in  Hamilton  County  and 
was  reared  under  the  influences  of  the 
Quaker  religion,  attending  the  Quaker 
Academy  at  Westfield.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  quit  school  and  went  out  on  the 
plains  of  Nebraska,  where  he  spent  a  year 
on  a  cattle  and  corn  ranch.  That  gave  him 
a  sufficiency  of  western  life  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Indiana  he  lived  as  a  farmer  until 
his  marriage  on  May  8,  1890.  His  bride 
was  Elma  Talbert,  daughter  of  Milo  Tal- 
bert.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Haskett  have  one 
daughter,  Reba  E. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Haskett  became 
associated  with  his  brother-in-law,  0.  E. 
Talbert,  in  the  lumber  business  at  West- 
field.  That  was  the  beginning  of  an  active 
business  relation  which  has  continued  now 
for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century.  In  March, 
1893,  Mr.  Haskett  became  manager  of  the 
Cicero  Lumber  Company  and  in  1902  he 
went  to  Mississippi  to  become  president 
and  manager  of  the  Mount  Olive  Lumber 
Company  and  had  charge  of  the  three  saw 
mills  of  the  company  in  that  state.  In 

1903,  returning  to  Indiana,  he  located  at 
Indianapolis,  where  he  had  charge  of  the 
wholesale  department  of  the  Greer-Wilkin- 
son  Lumber  Company  for  two  years.     He 
then  organized  the  Adams-Carr  Company, 
of  which  he  was  treasurer  and  manager, 
and  in  1909  became  vice  president  of  the 
Burnet-Lewis  Company.     His  last  change 
was  made  in  1914,  when  he  organized  the 


1616 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


O.  D.  Haskett  Lumber  Company  and  is 
now  head  of  a  business  which  represents  a 
large  investment  of  capital  and  has  a  very 
pleasing  volume  of  business  throughout 
the  territory  served  by  Indianapolis  as  a 
lumber  center. 

Mr.  Haskett  has  been  a  man  of  affairs 
in  Indianapolis,  was  formerly  president  of 
its  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  president 
of  the  Greater  Indianapolis  Association. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Associated  Em- 
ployers and  a  director  of  the  Commercial 
National  Bank.  He  also  belongs  to  the 
Marion  and  Columbia  clubs,  is  a  repub- 
lican, a  member  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 
terian Church,  and  in  Masonry  is  affil- 
iated with  Ancient  Landmarks  Lodge, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
Reaper  Commandery,  Knights  Templars, 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  and  retains 
his  membership  in  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
Lodge  at  Cicero,  of  which  he  is  past  chan- 
cellor. For  ten  years  he  has  been  a  deacon 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

ARTHUR  WYLIE,  secretary  and  manager 
of  the  Elwood  Lumber  Company,  has  com- 
pressed a  great  volume  of  substantial  ac- 
tivity into  his  comparatively  brief  career. 
He  enjoys  the  responsibilities  of  several 
official  connections  with  business  affairs  at 
Elwood,  and  is  also)  a  man  of  trusted 
leadership  in  civic  affairs. 

Mr.  Wylie  was  born  at  Stellarton.  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1873,  a  son  of  William  and  Mar- 
garet (McKenzie)  Wylie.  The  original 
home  of  the  Wylies  was  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland.  His  grandfather,  Andrew  Wylie, 
was  born  there,  married  Agnes  Pollock, 
and  later  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Nova  Scotia,  and  settled  at  Stellarton.  He 
had  five  children,  all  born  in  Scotland  ex- 
cept William,  who  was  born  at  Stellarton. 
William  Wylie  spent  his  life  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  for  many  years  conducted  a 
mercantile  business  at  Stellarton  and 
Spring  Hill.  He  died  at  Spring  Hill  in 
1897,  and  his  widow  is  still  livng  at  Stel- 
larton. They  had  six  children,  four  sons 
and  two  daughters. 

Fifth  in  age  among  the  family,  Arthur 
Wylie  grew  up  in  his  native  province,  and 
attended  school  at  Stellarton  and  Spring 
Hill.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he  went  to 
work,  being  the  handy  boy  in  a  general 
store  for  a  year  and  a  half.  He  then 


clerked  in  a  drug  store,  and  practical  ex- 
perience enabled  him  to  pass  a  Board  of 
Provincial  Examiners  in  pharmacy,  and 
for  several  years  he  was  a  registered  phar- 
macist at  Amherst,  Nova  Scotia. 

Mr.  Wylie  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1896,  and  for  a  year  attended  the  Lincoln 
Business  College  at  Lincoln,  Illinois.  Then, 
in  1897,  he  came  to  Elwood  to  join  his 
uncle,  Alexander  McKenzie,  in  the  latter 's 
lumber  business.  He  worked  as  yard  man 
and  bookkeeper,  and  mastered  successively 
the  various  details  of  the  lumber  business, 
and  in  1904,  when  the  business  was  reor- 
ganized as  the  Elwood  Lumber  Company, 
he  became  a  stockholder  and  manager  and 
secretary.  This  is  one  of  the  important 
firms  of  its  kind  in  Madison  County,  has 
twelve  employes  on  the  pay  roll,  and  does 
a  large  business  throughout  the  surround- 
ing district  in  lumber,  planing  mill  work, 
building  hardware  and  coal. 

Mr.  Wyle  also  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder in  the  Elwood  Rural  Savings  and 
Loan  Association.  In  1916-17  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Elwood  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, and  has  been  elected  to  again  serve 
in  that  capacity  during  the  present  year. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce.  He  is  also  secretary 
and  director  of  the  Powell  Traction  Com- 
pany of  Elwood.  He  is  president  of  the 
Public  Library  Board  of  Elwood,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis, 
and  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason  chancellor 
commander  of  Elwood  Lodge  No.  166, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  a  member  of  the  Bene- 
volent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  at  El- 
wood. Politically  he  votes  his  sentiments 
as  a  republican  and  is  a  trustee  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

In  1908  he  married  Miss  Laura  Belle 
Brown,  daughter  of  Dr.  H.  M.  and  Metta 
(Dowds)  Brown  of  Elwood.  Mrs.  Wylie 
is  prominent  in  social  and  civic  affairs  at 
Elwood,  especially  in  those  activities  de- 
signed to  promote  the  success  of  the  great 
war.  Since  April,  1917,  she  has  been  chair- 
man of  the  Woman's  Executive  Board  of 
the  Elwood  Chapter  of  the  Red  Cross.  She 
is  also  president  of  the  Department  Club, 
a  civic  organization  of  Elwood. 

Mr.  Wylie  has  been  active  in  all  war 
activities  and  was  chairman  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  drive.  At  the 


1616 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


0.  D.  Haskett  Lumber  Company  and  is 
now  head  of  a  business  which  represents  a 
large  investment  of  capital  and  has  a  very 
pleasing  volume  of  business  throughout 
the  territory  served  by  Indianapolis  as  a 
lumber  center. 

Mr.  Haskott  has  been  a  man  of  affairs 
in  Indianapolis,  was  formerly  president  of 
its  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  president 
of  the  Greater  Indianapolis  Association. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Associated  Em- 
ployers and  a  director  of  the  Commercial 
National  Hank.  lie  also  belongs  to  the 
Marion  and  Columbia  clubs,  is  a  repub- 
lican, a  member  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 


terian   Church,    and 
iated     with     Ancient 
Ancient      Free     and 
Reaper    ( 'ommandery 


in  Masonry  is  aftil- 
Landmarks  Lodge, 
Accepted  Masons, 
Knights  Templars, 


Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  and  retains 
his  membership  in  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
Lodge  at  Cicero,  of  which  he  is  past  chan- 
cellor. For  ten  years  he  has  been  a  deacon 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

ARTIITR  WYLIK.  secretary  and  manager 
of  the  Elwood  Lumber  Company,  has  com- 
pressed a  great  volume  of  substantial  ac- 
tivity into  his  comparatively  brief  career. 
He  enjoys  the  responsibilities  of  several 
official  connections  with  business  affairs  at 
Elwood,  and  is  also)  a  man  of  trusted 
leadership  in  civic  affairs. 

Mr.  Wylie  was  born  at  Stellarton.  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1873,  a  son  of  William  and  Mar- 
garet (McKcnzic)  Wylie.  The  original 
home  of  the  Wylies  was  in  Renfrewshire, 
Scotland.  His  grandfather,  Andrew  Wylie, 
was  born  there,  married  Agnes  Pollock, 
and  later  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Nova  Seotia,  and  settled  at  Stellarton.  He 
had  five  children,  all  born  in  Scotland  ex- 
cept William,  who  was  born  at  Stellarton. 
William  Wylie  spent  his  life  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  for  many  years  conducted  a 
mercantile  business  at  .Stellarton  and 
Spring  Hill.  He  died  at  Spring  Hill  in 
1897.  and  his  widow  is  still  livng  at  Stel- 
larton. They  had  six  children,  four  sons 
and  two  daughters. 

Fifth  in  age  among  the  family,  Arthur 
Wylie  grew  np  in  his  native  province,  and 
attended  school  at  Stellarton  and  Spring 
Hill.  At'  the  age  of  twelve  he  went  to 
work,  being  the  handy  boy  in  a  general 
store  for  a  vear  and  a  half.  He  then 


clerked  in  a  drug  store,  and  practical  ex- 
perience enabled  him  to  pass  a  Board  of 
Provincial  Examiners  in  pharmacy,  and 
for  several  years  he  was  a  registered  phar- 
macist at  Ainhcrst,  Nova  Seotia. 

Mr.  AVylie  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1896.  and  for  a  year  attended  the  Lincoln 
Business  College  at  Lincoln,  Illinois.  Then, 
in  1897,  he  came  to  Elwood  to  join  his 
uncle,  Alexander  McKenzie,  in  the  latter 's 
lumber  business.  He  worked  as  yard  man 
and  bookkeeper,  and  mastered  successively 
the  various  details  of  the  lumber  business, 
and  in  1904,  when  the  business  was  reor- 
ganized as  the  Elwood  Lumber  Company, 
he  became  a  stockholder  and  manager  and 
secretary.  This  is  one  of  the  important 
firms  of  its  kind  in  Madison  County,  has 
twelve  employes  on  the  pay  roll,  and  does 
a  large  business  throughout  the  surround- 
ing district  in  lumber,  planing  mill  work, 
building  hardware  and  coal. 

Mr.  Wyle  also  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder in  the  Elwood  Rural  Savings  and 
Loan  Association.  In  1916-17  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Elwood  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, and  has  been  elected  to  again  serve 
in  that  capacity  during  the  present  year, 
lie  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce.  He  is  also  secretary 
and  director  of  the  Powell  Traction  Com- 
pany of  Elwood.  He  is  president  of  the 
Public  Library  Board  of  Elwood.  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis, 
and  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason  chancellor 
commander  of  Elwood  Lodge  No.  166, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  a  member  of  the  Bene- 
volent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  at  El- 
wood. Politically  he  votes  his  sentiments 
as  a  republican  and  is  a  trustee  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

In  1908  he  married  Miss  Laura  Belle 
Brown,  daughter  of  Dr.  II.  M.  and  Metta 
i  Dowds'l  Brown  of  Elwood.  Mrs.  Wylie 
is  prominent  in  social  and  civic  affairs  at 
Elwood,  especially  in  those  activities  de- 
signed to  promote  the  success  of  the  great 
war.  Since  April,  1917,  she  has  been  chair- 
man of  the  Woman's  Executive  Board  of 
the  Elwood  Chapter  of  the  Red  Cross.  She 
is  also  president  of  the  Department  Club, 
a  civic  organization  of  Elwood. 

Mr.  Wylie  has  been  active  in  all  war 
activities  and  was  chairman  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  drive.  At  the 


. 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1617 


organization  of  the  first  company  of  In- 
diana Liberty  Guards  at  Elwood  he  was 
elected  captain,  and  was  later  commis- 
sioned lieutenant  colonel  of  the  Fifth  Regi- 
ment. 

JAMES  NOBLE  TYNER,  prominent  in  the 
public  life  of  Indiana  for  many  years,  was 
born  in  Brookville  of  this  state  in  1826. 
He  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Peru,  and 
a  few  years  later  was  chosen  to  Congress 
as  a  republican  to  fill  a  vacancy,  After  re- 
tiring from  that  office  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Grant  second  assistant  postmas- 
ter general,  and  from  the  resignation  of 
Marshall  Jewell  until  the  close  of  Grant's 
administration  he  was  postmaster  general. 
In  April,  1877,  he  became  first  assistant 
postmaster  general,  serving  in  that  office 
until  his  resignation  in  1881.  Mr.  Tyner 
was  the  delegate  from  the  United  States 
to  the  International  Postal  Congress  at 
Paris  in  1878. 

'  CHARLES  J.  WAITS  is  now  rounding  out 
nine  years  of  consecutive  service  as  super- 
intendent of  the  city  school  system  of 
Terre  Haute.  Mr.  Waits  is  a  veteran  in 
the  educational  field,  and  has  filled  all 
grades  in  the  service  from  a  country  school 
teacher  to  head  of  a  big  independent  city 
school  system. 

Mr.  Waits  was  born  in  Jennings  County, 
Indiana,  March  5,  1863,  a  son  of  Reuben 
and  Nancy  (McGannon)  Waits,  the  former 
a  native  of  Ohio  and  the  latter  of  Indiana. 
He  was  the  third  child  and  second  son  in  a 
family  of  seven,  five  of  whom  reached  ma- 
turity. 

Professor  Waits  as  a  boy  attended  com- 
mon school  in  Jennings  County.  In  1884 
he  graduated  from  a  Quaker  Academy  at 
Azalia,  and  since  then  his  service  has  been 
almost  continuous  in  school  work,  though 
several  years  have  been  spent  in  higher 
institutions  of  learning  as  a  student.  In 
1889  he  graduated  from  the  Indiana  State 
Normal  School.  From  1889  to  1891  he  was 
principal  of  the  Prairie  Creek  School,  and 
then  entered  the  Indiana  State  University 
at  Bloomington  for  a  year.  During  1892-93 
he  was  principal  of  the  high  school  at 
Centerville  in  Wayne  County  and  then  re- 
entered  Indiana  University,  where  he 
graduated  A.  B.  in  1894.  From  that 
year  until  1898  he  was  superintendent 
of  schools  at  Carlisle  in  Sullivan  County. 


During  1898-99  he  was  a  graduate  student 
in  the  University  of  Illinois,  from  which 
he  has  his  Master  of  Arts  degree.  In 
1899  Professor  Waits  came  to  Terre  Haute, 
was  head  of  the  mathematics  department 
of  the  high  school  for  five  years,  was 
principal  from  1904  to  1910,  and  in  the 
latter  year  became  superintendent.  He 
has  done  much  to  vitalize  and  build  up  the 
local  schools,  and  is  one  of  the  broad 
minded  and  progressive  educators  of  the 
state  today. 

Professor  Waits  has  been  affiliated  with 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
since  1887.  In  1894  he  married  Minnie  B. 
Rundell  of  Owen  County,  Indiana.  They 
have  three  children,  Alice,  Agnes  and 
Charles. 

THEODORE  STEMPFEL,,  vice  president  of 
the  Fletcher-American  National  Bank  of 
Indianapolis,  has  been  a  resident  of  the 
capital  city  for  over  thirty  years,  and  came 
to  Indiana  with  a  thorough  training  in 
banking  acquired  during  his  early  youth 
in  Germany.  Mr.  Stempfel  has  had  many 
associations  with  the  business  life  of  his 
home  etiy,  and  has  always  shown  the  in- 
clination to  make  his  business  position  a 
source  of  benefit  to  those  movements  and 
interests  which  constitute  the  community. 

Mr.  Stempfel  was  born  at  Ulm,  Wuer- 
temberg,  Germany,  September  20,  1863. 
When  he  was  seven  years  of  age  he  lost 
both  his  parents.  He  turned  to  a  business 
career  and  for  two  years  worked  as  clerk  in 
one  of  the  leading  banking  houses  of  his 
native  city.  He  served  in  the  German 
army,  as  a  one  year  volunteer.  He  was 
then  nineteen  years  old,  and  on  being  let 
out  of  the  ranks  he  was  offered  an  assist- 
ant cashiership  in  the  bank  where  he  had 
formerly  served.  However,  just  at  that 
point  he  had,  as  he  says,  an  inspiration  to 
come  to  America.  Acting  on  this  inspira- 
tion he  came  direct  to  Indianapolis, 
whither  he  was  attracted  by  the  fact  that  a 
distant  relative  lived  here. 

His  first  experience  in  Indianapolis  was 
as  an  employe  of  the  wholesale  department 
of  Charles  Mayer  &  Company.  In  this 
establishment  many  of  the  German  Amer- 
ican citizens  of  Indianapolis  gained  their 
early  business  training.  Later  Mr.  Stemp- 
fel began  work  as  a  bookkeeper  with  the  H. 
Lieber  Company,  and  was  with  that  firm 
seven  years.  He  then  joined  other  local 


1618 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


men  in  organizing  the  Western  Chemical 
Company,  manufacturers  of  medicinal  tar 
products.  Within  one  year  three  dis- 
astrous fires  occurred  and  destroyed  the 
factory,  and  as  a  result  Mr.  Stempfel  lost 
all  the  savings  and  accumulations  of  eight 
years '  work  in  Indianapolis. 

Undismayed  by  temporary  adversity, 
Mr.  Stempfel  in  1893  went  to  work  as 
clerk  in  the  trust  department  of  the  In- 
diana Trust  Company.  He  remained  with 
that  prominent  financial  house  until  1900. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  American 
National  Bank  in  that  year  he  was  made 
assistant  cashier,  and  filled  that  office  for 
ten  years  or  more.  With  the  consolidation 
of  the  American  National  with  the  Fletcher 
Bank  as  the  Fletcher-American  National 
Bank  Mr.  Stempfel  became  vice  president, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  executive  officers 
in  the  handling  of  one  of  the  largest,  if  not 
the  largest,  banks  of  Indiana,  an  institu- 
tion with  two  million  dollars  of  capital 
and  resources  of  upwards  of  twenty  mil- 
lions. In  1914  he  was  elected  as  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  School  Board. 

In  politics  Mr.  Stempfel  has  rigidly  ad- 
hered to  the  principle  of  independent  vot- 
ing, looking  to  the  qualifications  of  the  man 
and  the  principles  at  issue  rather  than 
party  affiliations.  He  is  well  known  in 
civic  and  social  affairs  of  Indianapolis,  and 
has  had  many  pleasant  relations  with  the 
literary  circles  of  the  city.  A  number 
of  years  ago  he  wrote  a  book  on  the  subject 
of  the  German-Americans  of  Indianapolis, 
which  was  published.  Mr.  Stempfel  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Herman  Lieber,  one  of 
the  best  known  of  the  old  time  citizens  and 
business  men  of  Indianapolis. 

WILLIAM  F.  FISHER  is  active  head  and 
organizer  of  the  Capital  Contractors  Sup- 
ply Company  of  Indianapolis.  This  busi- 
ness was  organized  April  19,  1918,  but  had 
been  in  existence  under  another  name  for 
a  number  of  years.  It  handles  a  large 
volume  of  business  supplying  machinery 
and  other  materials  to  contractors,  and  its 
trade  relations  cover  practically  the  entire 
state  of  Indiana.  • 

Mr.  Fisher  was  born  at  Peru,  Indiana, 
December  19,  1885,  son  of  Frank  and 
Bridget  (Carr)  Fisher.  His  father,  who 
was  born  in  county  Donegal,  Ireland,  in 
1849,  came  alone  to  the  United  States  in 
1863  and  located  at  Indianapolis.  In  1875 


he  located  at  Peru,  Indiana,  and  was  con- 
nected with  the  Peru  Water  Works  Com- 
pany and  was  later  foreman  in  a  lumber 
yard  there  for  fifteen  years.  He  was  a 
man  of  successful  achievement,  of  honor- 
able character,  and  was  recognized  as  one 
of  Peru's  leading  citizens.  He  and  his  wife 
had  a  family  of  seven  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter, all  living  but  one  son. 

William  F.  Fisher,  fifth  in  age  among 
the  children,  attended  parochial  schools  at 
Peru  and  also  St.  Joseph's  College  at 
Rensselaer.  For  one  year  he  was  in  the 
service  of  the  Northwestern  Railroad  Com- 
pany, was  for  three  years  traveling  auditor 
with  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railway,  and 
then  returned  to  Indiana  and  was  ap- 
pointed Pure  Food  Inspector  in  1909  by 
William  J.  Jones,  who  was  then  the  In- 
diana state  chemist.  After  a  short  time  he 
located  at  Indianapolis,  engaged  in  general 
railroad  work,  and  finally  took  over  the 
business  of  the  Albert  Zearing  Supply 
Company,  which  was  an  organization  fur- 
nishing supplies  and  machinery  to  all 
classes  of  contractors.  The  offices  of  the 
Capital  Contractors  Supply  Company  is  in 
the  Castle  Gall  Building  at  230  East  Ohio 
Street. 

Mr.  Fisher  is  a  Catholic,  a  Knight  of 
Columbus,  an  Elk  and  a  democrat.  His 
name  was  prominently  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  the  candidacy  for  the  office 
of  county  sheriff  recently.  Mr.  Fisher 
married  April  7,  1910,  Miss  Mary  E. 
Walker. 

HON.  WILLIAM  A.  ROACH.  Throughout 
the  past  twenty  years  the  name  William 
A.  Roach  has  been  one  of  growing  signifi- 
cance and  influence,  first  in  the  Town  of 
Delphi,  extending  from  that  over  Carroll 
County,  gradually  over  the  district,  and 
now  it  is  identified  with  one  of  the  strongest 
personalities  in  the  state,  every  Indianan 
recognizing  it  as  the  name  of  the  present 
secretary  of  state.  Mr.  Roach  is  a  lawyer 
by  profession,  and  his  ability  as  a  public 
leader  in  his  county  and  district  and  his 
efficient  business  methods  were  the  causes 
that  operated  most  powerfully  in  produc- 
ing his  appointment  to  the  office  of  sec- 
retary of  state  by  Governor  Goodrich  as 
successor  to  Ed  Jackson. 

Secretary  of  State  Roach  was  born  at 
Delphi,  Indiana,  December  24,  1874,  one  of 
four  children,  two  now  living,  born  to  Wil- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1619 


liam  and  Anna  (Morgan)  Roach.  William 
Roach,  a  native  of  Canada,  came  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  nineteen  and  located 
at  Delphi,  Indiana,  in  1865.  There  for 
a  time  he  drove  a  team  for  a  local  con- 
tractor, and  afterwards  for  about  fourteen 
years  was  in  the  ice  business.  For  five 
years  he  lived  on  a  farm,  and  in  1888 
bought  an  interest  in  the  City  Flouring 
Mills  at  Delphi,  a  business  with  which  he 
is  still  identified.  His  life  has  been  one- 
of  industry  and  integrity  and  he  is  one  ot 
Delphi's  most  honored  citizens.  His  first 
wife  died  in  1880,  and  he  afterward  mar- 
ried Lavma  Roach,  and  their  three  chil- 
dren are  still  living. 

William  A.  Roach  grew  up  at  Delphi, 
and  that  has  been  his  home  all  his  life. 
He  attended  the  Delphi  High  School,  and 
read  law  in  the  office  of  Michael  A.  Ryan. 
In  1895  he  entered  the  Indiana  Law 
School,  graduating  in  1896  as  a  member 
of  the  second  graduating  class  from  that 
school.  He  gained  his  first  experience  and 
won  his  first  cases  at  Delphi  while  prac- 
ticing in  the  office  of  his  preceptor,  and 
when  Mr.  Ryan  moved  to  Indianapolis  in 
1900  Mr.  Roach  succeeded  to  the  vacated 
offices.  In  the  same  year  he  was  made 
city  attorney  of  Delphi,  and  handled  all 
the  legal  business  of  the  city  for  five  years. 

Practically  from  the  time  he  began  prac- 
ticing law  he  has  been  a  figure  of  rising 
prominence  in  the  republican  party.  He 
served  as  secretary  of  the  Republican 
County  Central  Committee  in  1902  and 
1904,  was  chairman  of  the  County  Commit- 
tee in  1910  and  1912,  was  republican  chair- 
man of  the  Ninth  Congressional  District  in 
1914  and  1916,  and  had  much  to  do  with 
bringing  about  some  of  the  results  which 
were  so  noteworthy  in  the  republican  suc- 
cess in  Indiana  in  1916.  In  December, 
1917,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state 
by  Governor  Goodrich  as  successor  to  Ed 
Jackson,  who  had  been  elected  to  that 
office  in  1916. 

Mr.  Roach  is  affiliated  with  Delphi  Lodge 
No.  80.  Knights  of  Pythias,  Mount  Olive 
Lodge  No.  48,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  with  Red  Cross  Chapter  No.  21, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Delphi  Commandery 
No.  40,  Knights  Templar,  and  is  a  member 
of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at 
Indianapolis.  He  also  belongs  to  the  Co- 
lumbia Club  and  Marion  Club  of  Indian- 


apolis and  is  well  known  socially  in  both 
cities. 

October  6,  1897,  he  married  Miss  Georgia 
Newell,  of  Chicago.  Mrs.  Roach  was  born 
at  Rockfield  in  Carroll  County,  Indiana, 
a  daughter  of  Henry  M.  and  Julia  (Van 
Gundy)  Newell.  Her  maternal  grand- 
father, Adam  Van  Gundy,  was  one  of  the 
early  pioneers  of  Carroll  County. 

WILLIAM  WHEELER  THORNTON,  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court  of  Marion  County  and 
an  Indiana  lawyer  of  more  than  forty  years 
active  experience,  has  long  been  regarded 
both  at  home  and  abroad  as  one  of  the 
foremost  authorities  on  many  and  diverse 
subjects  of  jurisprudence.  Few  active 
members  of  the  profession  are  not  familiar 
with  his  work  as  an  author  and  editor,  and 
his  enduring  reputation  will  no  doubt  rest 
upon  his  extensive  contributions  to  legal 
literature,  though  his  active  services  on 
the  bench  and  bar  have  been  of  no  ordinary 
calibre. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  William  Wheeler 
Thornton  was  born  at  Logansport  June  27, 
1851.  He  has  behind  him  an  American 
ancestry  dating  back  to  colonial  days.  His 
great-grandfather,  James  Thornton,  was  a 
resident  of  North  Carolina  but  moved 
across  the  Allegheny  Mountains  to  High- 
land County,  Ohio, "about  1805.  In  1835 
he  came  with  his  family  to  a  farm  in  Cass 
County,  Indiana.  Judge  Thornton's  fore- 
fathers were  all  farmers,  and  he  inherited 
from  them  both  the  physical  and  mental 
attainments  that  are  associated  and  in- 
herent in  agricultural  pursuits.  His  grand- 
father was  William  Thornton.  Judge 
Thornton's  parents,  John  Allen  and  Ellen 
B.  (Thomas)  Thornton,  were  married  at 
Logansport,  his  father  being  a  native  of 
Ohio. 

Judge  Thornton  grew  up  on  a  farm  in 
Cass  County,  attended  district  schools,  the 
high  school  or  seminary  at  Logansport,  and 
also  the  old  Smithson  College,  a  Univer- 
salist  educational  institution  of  Cass  Coun- 
ty. He  read  law  with  an  uncle,  Henry  C. 
Thornton,  whose  son,  Henry  W.  Thornton, 
is  now  general  manager  of  the  Great  East- 
ern Railway  of  England.  Judge  Thornton 
began  the  study  of  law  at  Logansport  in 
1874,  and  in  October,  1875,  entered  the  law 
department  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
at  Ann  Arbor,  where  he  was  graduated 


1620 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


LL.B.  in  March,  1876.  He  opened  his  first 
office  at  Logansport,  but  in  November,  1880, 
came  to  Indianapolis  as  deputy  attorney 
general  under  Daniel  P.  Baldwin.  He 
served  under  Mr.  Baldwin  and  Francis 
T.  Hord  until  January  1,  1883,  when  he 
resumed  private  practice  at  Crawfords- 
ville.  While  there  he  served  two  years  as 
city  attorney,  and  was  at  Crawfordsville 
until  August  1,  1889.  On  September  1  of 
that  year  he  was  appointed  librarian  of 
the  State  Supreme  Court.  In  February, 
1893,  he  resumed  private  practice  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  continued  to  handle  the 
diverse  litigation  entrusted  to  him  until 
he  became  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Marion  County  November  20,  1914. 

At  one  time  it  was  claimed  for  Judge 
Thornton  that  he  had  written  more  ar- 
ticles for  legal  periodicals  than  any  other 
one  man  in  America  or  England  except- 
ing only  two.  These  articles  appeared 
chiefly  in  the  Central  Law  Journal,  Al- 
bany Law  Journal,  American  Law  Reg- 
ister, Green  Bag,  Southern  Law  Review 
and  the  American  Law  Review.  Outside 
the  field  of  authorship  his  life  has  been 
an  extremely  busy  one,  and  at  one  time  he 
was  a  lecturer  in  the  Indiana  Law  School 
at  Indianapolis. 

The  works  of  authorship  by  which  he 
is  best  known  to  the  legal  profession  are 
noted  briefly  as  follows.  In  1887  he  pub- 
lished "Statutory  Construction,"  a  com- 
plement to  the  revised  statutes  of  1881. 
A  supplement  to  this  was  published  in 
1890.  Still  earlier,  1883,  he  edited  the 
Universal  Encyclopedia,  and  wrote  more 
than  half  of  its  articles.  This  work,  as  is 
generally  known,  consists  of  over  1,400 
pages  in  two  volumes  and  formed  the  basis 
for  the  American  and  English  Law  Ency- 
clopedia. That  was  followed  by  several 
articles  which  were  published  in  the 
American  and  English  Encyclopedia  of 
Law.  In  1888  appeared  his  book  "Juries 
and  Instruction. ' '  In  1889,  associated  with 
others,  he  published  "Indiana  Practice 
Code,  Annotated."  His  small  volume  en- 
titled "Lost  Wills,"  appeared  in  1890.  In 
1891  his  "Indiana  Municipal  Law"  first 
appeared,  a  second  edition  being  issued  in 
1893,  while  a  sixth  edition  of  this  monu- 
mental work  was  published  in  1914.  In 
1893  was  published  "Railroad  Fences  and 
Private  Crossings,"  and  in  1893  two  vol- 
umes on  "Indiana  Practice  Forms  for  Civil 


Proceedings."  Judge  Thornton  did  pioneer 
work  when  he  published  in  1893  "Gifts 
and  Advancements. ' '  In  1893  he  prepared 
a  new  edition  of  the  "Annotated  Code" 
and  in  1907  a  third  edition.  Other  succes- 
sive works  are:  "Decedents'  Estates," 
1895;  "Revised  Statutes  of  Indiana," 
1897;  "Indiana  Township  Guide,"  1898; 
assisted  in  the  production  "Building  and, 
Loan  Associations,"  1898;  "Government 
of  Indiana,"  1898;  "Oil  and  Gas,"  1904; 
Indiana  Negligence,  a  two  volume  work, 
1908 ;  prepared  a  treatise  on  "The  Statutes 
of  Congress  Concerning  the  Liability  of  In- 
terstate Railroads  to  their  Employes  En- 
gaged in  Interstate  Commerce,"  1911;  and 
this  reached  the  third  edition  in  1915;  "In- 
toxicating Liquors,"  1910;  "Pure  Food 
and  Drugs  Act,"  a  treatise  on  the  "Sher- 
man Anti-Trust  Statute, ' '  1912,  and  a  two 
volume  work,  "Indiana  Instruction  to 
Juries,"  1914.  His  work  on  "Indiana 
Township  Guide, ' '  reached  its  sixth  edition 
in  1919.  He  has  edited  several  editions  of 
the  school  laws  and  numerous  other  pam- 
phlets and  booklets  on  legal  subjects  in  ad- 
dition to  the  formal  treatises  above  named. 
Judge  Thornton  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis and  Indiana  State  Bar  Associ- 
ations, is  a  republican,  a  Royal  Arch  and 
a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  Jan- 
uary 25,  1882,  he  married  Miss  Mary  F. 
Groves,  of  Logansport,  who  died  July  22, 
1905.  June  20,  1911,  he  married  Irene  F. 
Blackledge,  of  Indianapolis. 

CAPT.  DAVID  D.  NEGLEY.  One  of  the 
by-products,  as  it  were,  of  the  present 
great  world  conflict  is  the  increased  esteem 
paid  to  the  gallant  old  soldiers  of  our 
own  Civil  war,  whose  sacrifices  are  better 
understood  and  appreciated  in  the  light 
of  the  trials  and  .sufferings  of  the  present 
generation.  One  of  the  oldest  survivors  at 
Indianapolis  of  that  four  year  war  in  which 
the  divided  states  were  again  joined  in  a 
complete  and  efficient  nation  is  Capt. 
David  D.  Negley,  who  recently  passed  his 
eighty-fourth  birthday.  Captain  Negley  is 
the  central  figure  in  a  family  that  has  been 
prominent  in  Marion  County  for  a  full 
century  even  before  Indianapolis  came 
into  being  a  city,  and  there  are  a  few  of 
the  older  Indiana  families  whose  records 
can  be  more  worthly  recalled  at  this  time. 

It  was  nearly  a  century  before  Captain 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1621 


Negley's  birth  in  Marion  County  that  his 
ancestors  found  a  home  in  America.  He 
is  descended  from  Jacob  Negley,  a  native 
of  Switzerland  and  a  zealous  follower  of 
the  teachings  of  the  Protestant  Reformer 
Zwingli.  It  was  largely  on  account  of 
religious  differences  that  he  left  Switzer- 
land and  went  to  Germany,  where  he  mar- 
ried in  1734  a  good  woman  whose  Christian, 
name  was  Elizabeth.  In  Germany  he  be- 
came a  teacher  of  the  Protestant  religion, 
but  in  1739,  with  his  wife  and  three  chil- 
dren, set  sail  for  America.  He  died  while 
on  the  voyage  and  was  buried  at  sea.  The 
rest  of  the  family  continued  on  their  waj* 
and  established  a  home  in  Bucks  County, 
Pennsylvania.  The  three  children  were 
named  Alexander,  Caspar  and  Elizabeth. 
Alexander  became  the  founder  of  a  promi- 
nent family  in  and  around  Pittsburgh,  to 
which  locality  he  moved  in  1778  and  took 
part  in  the  organization  cf  the  first  Ger- 
man United  Evangelical  Church,  the  first 
church  organization  of  the  city.  Among 
his  descendants  was  Gen.  James  S.  Negley. 
Alexander's  brother  Caspar  moved  from 
Pennsylvania  to  the  wilderness  of  Ohio  and 
settled  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
From  him  are  descended  various  families 
of  the  name  now  found  in  the  central  and 
western  states. 

Peter  Negley,  a  grandson  of  Caspar  and 
grandfather  of  Captain  Negley,  under  the 
promptings  of  the  pioneer  spirit  finally 
came  from  Butler  County,  Ohio,  to  Marion 
County,  Indiana,  and  in  1819,  two  years 
before  Indianapolis  was  established  as  a 
capital  of  the  state,  took  up  his  home  at  the 
little  town  of  Millersville.  His  old  log 
cabin  home  was  still  used  as  a  dwelling 
until  about  1905  and  was  probably  the 
oldest  structure  in  actual  use  for  any  pur- 
pose in  the  county.  Millersville  was  a 
rather  important  stopping  place  between 
the  settlements  of  Upper  Fall  Creek  and 
Lower  White  River.  In  that  community 
Peter  Negley  was  a  farmer,  miller  and 
distiller,  and  altogether  one  of  the  historic 
characters  of  the  pioneer  epoch  of  Marion 
County. 

His  son  George  married  Elizabeth  Lud- 
wie  and  acquired  and  developed  a  sub- 
stantial farm  along  Fall  Creek.  He  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  preachers  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  and  made  his  in- 
fluence count  for  good  in  both  the  social 
and  material  development  of  Marion 


County.    He  and  his  wife  were  the  parents 
of  twelve  children. 

One  of  these  children  was  David  Dun- 
can Negley,  who  was  born  at  the  old  home- 
stead in  Lawrence  Township  of  Marion 
County  September  22,  1835.  He  had  only 
the  advantages  of  the  primitive  schools  of 
his  locality,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen, 
when  his  father  died,  took  upon  himself 
heavy  responsibilities  in  aiding  his  mother 
to  manage  the  farm  and  provide  necessi- 
ties for  the  younger  children.  To  these 
duties  he  devoted  himself  until  at  the  age 
of  twenty-five  the  great  war  broke  out  be- 
tween the  states. 

In  the  first  summer  of  the  rebellion  he 
and  his  two  brothers  Peter  L.  and  John 
W.  left  the  home  farm  in  charge  of  their 
mother  and  another  brother,  George  W., 
and  on  August  31,  1861,  David  D.  Negley 
was  mustered  into  Company  H  of  the 
Eleventh  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry,  com- 
manded by  Col.  Lew  Wallace.  His  captain 
was  Frederick  Knefler,  afterward  General 
Knefler,  and  under  his  strict  discipline 
he  rose  to  the  rank  of  orderly  sergeant.  He 
was  with  his  command  at  Fort  Donelson, 
Fort  Henry  and  Pittsburgh  Landing  or 
Shiloh.  In  the  second  day's  fighting  at 
Shiloh  he  was  seriously  wounded  and  with 
other  wounded  men  was  brought  home  by 
a  party  personally  conducted  by  Governor 
Morton.  As  soon  as  he  had  recovered  his 
strength  he  was  assigned  to  duties  at  home 
in  recruiting  and  was  also  made  provost 
marshal.  Early  in  the  war  he  had  become 
a  personal  friend  of  Governor  Morton,  who 
appointed  him  to  the  duties  of  provost 
marshal.  This  was  an  office  exposing  him 
to  constant  danger  since,  as  is  well  known, 
Indiana  had  large  numbers  of  the  Tory 
element  and  his  vigilance  and  determined 
course  in  ferreting  out  the  Knights  of 
the  Golden  Circle  and  suppressing  their 
nefarious  activities  made  him  a  marked 
man  and  daily  exposed  to  personal  injury 
and  insult.  The  responsibilities  of  such 
a  position  can  be  better  appreciated  at  the 
present  time  than  at  any  period  since  the 
close  of  the  Civil  war.  Eventually  Cap- 
tain Negley  recruited  a  new  company  of 
volunteers,  and  on  January  16,  1864,  was 
commissioned  captain  of  Company  C  of 
the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-fourth  In- 
diana Volunteer  Infantry.  With  this  or- 
ganization he  went  to  the  front  and  led 
his  men  until  at  the  battle  of  Franklin, 


1622 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Tennessee,  toward  the  close  of  that  year, 
he  and  his  company  were  sacrificed  at 
Franklin  Ford  in  order  to  enable  the  re- 
mainder of  the  army  to  make  good  their 
retirement  from  that  section  of  a  hotly  con 
tested  battle  ground.  He  was  captured  by 
the  enemy  and  was  soon  sent  to  Ander- 
sonville  Prison,  where  he  endured  all  the 
terrible  hardships  of  starvation  fare  and 
the  cruelties  imposed  upon  the  unfortunate 
Union  men  who  were  kept  in  that  notorious 
stockade.  He  was  not  exchanged  until 
shortly  before  the  closei  of  the  war  and 
was  so  weakened  by  prison  life  that  he 
did  not  enter  active  service. 

With  the  close  of  the  war  Captain  Neg- 
ley  returned  to  farming  and  stock  raising 
in  Marion  County  and  became  one  of  the 
local  leaders  in  that  business.  A  number 
of  years  ago  he  retired  to  a  home  in  In- 
dianapolis. He  has  long  been  one  of  the 
prominent  and  influential  republicans  of 
Marion  County,  at  one  time  served  as  pres- 
ident of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  subur- 
ban town  of  Wrightwood,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Masonic  order  and  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic. 

March  10,  1864,  in  one  of  the  intervals 
of  his  service  to  the  state  and  government, 
he  married  Miss  Margaret  Ann  Hildebrand. 
She  was  born  and  reared  in  Marion  County, 
daughter  of  Uriah  and  Delilah  (O'Rourke) 
Hildebrand,  early  settlers  in  this  part  of 
Indiana.  Her  mother  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land. Captain  Negley  and  wife  became  the 
parents  of  nine  children,  three  of  whom 
died  in  infancy. 

Harry  Elliott  Negley,  one  of  the  sons  of 
Captain  Negley,  has  attained  distinctive 
prominence  and  success  as  a  lawyer  and 
is  one  of  the  well  known  public  men  of 
Indiana.  He  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Lawrence  Township  of  Marion 
County  August  31,  1866,  the  oldest  of  his 
father's  children.  His  mother  died  in 
1893.  Though  his  active  life  has  been 
largely  spent  in  the  City  of  Indianapolis, 
he  has  always  regarded  it  as  fortunate  that 
his  early  environment  was  a  farm  with  all 
its  wholesome  atmosphere  and  its  incentive 
to  good,  honest  toil.  He  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools,  the  high  school  at  Brightwood, 
studied  law  privately  and  in  1890  entered 
the  law  office  of  Harding  &  Hovey  at  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
November  of  the  same  year  and  opened  his 
first  office  at  Indianapolis  in  November, 


1894.  For  over  twenty  years  Mr.  Negley 
has 'been  recognized  as  one  of  the  strong 
and  resourceful  attorneys  of  Indiana, 
has  conducted  a  general  practice,  and 
has  become  especially  well  known  as  an 
authority  on  real  estate  titles.  At  one  time 
he  was  associated  in  practice  with  the  late 
Judge  William  Irvin,  former  judge  of  the 
Criminal  Court,  and  until  1906  he  shared 
offices  with  Judge  James  A.  Pritchard,  who 
in  the  latter  year  was  elected  to  the  Crim- 
inal Court  bench. 

Mr.  Negley  has  been  prominent  in  city 
affairs  and  in  local  republican  politics.  In 
1899  he  was  elected  from  the  First  Ward 
to  the  Common  Council  and  was  chosen 
by  a  greatly  increased  majority  as  his  own 
successor  in  1901.  Throughout  his  term 
in  the  council  he  was  the  only  lawyer 
member,  and  his  colleagues  naturally  re- 
ferred to  him  nearly  every  question  in- 
volving legal  phases  of  municipal  legisla- 
tion. During  his  second  term  he  was 
elected  secretary  of  the  Marion  County 
Republican  Central  Committee.  Mr.  Neg- 
ley is  now  one  of  the  state  senators  of  In- 
diana, having  been  elected  from  Marion 
County  in  1916.  In  the  session  of  1917 
he  was  made  chairman  of  the  committees 
on  prison  and  of  soldier  and  sailors  monu- 
ments. In  the  Legislature  he  chose  the  role 
of  a  vigilant  and  uncompromising  oppon- 
ent of  bad  and  ill  advised  legislation  and 
performed  a  more  valuable  service  in  that 
respect  than  if  he  had  exerted  himself  to 
introduce  a  number  of  inconsequential 
measures.  In  the  Senate  he  had  charge  of 
the  bill  calling  for  a  new  state  constitu- 
tional convention,  a  non-partisan  measure 
which  passed  with  the  votes  of  seventeen 
republicans  and  seventeen  democrats.  Mr. 
Negley  has  always  been  a  great  admirer 
of  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  a  special  honor 
was  given  him  when  he  was  chosen  to  de- 
liver the  eulogy  on  the  great  emancipator 
in  the  State  Senate  on  Lincoln's  birthday, 
February  12,  1917.  In  passing  it  should 
be  noted  that  this  memorial  address  called 
out  a  grateful  letter  of  appreciation  from 
Hon.  Robert  T.  Lincoln.  The  address  was 
widely  published  and  read  all  over  Indiana, 
and  without  attempting  to  give  any  idea  as 
to  its  merits  or  contents  the  following 
sentences  are  interesting  as  indicating  some 
of  Mr.  Negley 's  individual  ideals  in  poli- 
tics. Analyzing  Mr.  Lincoln's  political 
character,  he  says :  ' '  His  manhood  was  de- 


\ 


ac&LL 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1623 


veloped  in  a  period  when  statesmanship 
was  a  dignified  honor  and  not  a  trade. 
When  the  only  known  method  of  swaying 
the  minds  of  others  was  by  earnest  and 
honest  argument  and  not  by  studied  sub- 
terfuge and  deception.  It  was  only  natural 
that  in  any  community  in  which  he  might 
be  found  he  should  rise  to  a  prominent 
place,  for  his  every  thought  was  for  cleaner, 
bigger  and  better  things  than  then  sur- 
rounded him;  and  the  thought  that  they 
might  be  attained  by  the  political  tricks 
of  the  unscrupulous  politician  never  found 
lodgment  in  his  brain.  He  was  astute  in 
the  analyzing  of  a  political  situation,  but 
he  met  it  always  face  to  face  with  argu- 
ments which  all  could  understand. ' '  Upon 
the  organization  of  the  Session  of  1919  of 
the  Indiana  State  Senate  Mr.  Negley  was 
elected  by  the  other  members  as  president 
pro  tempore,  which  position  carried  with 
it  the  floor  leadership  of  the  republican 
majority  during  that  session. 

Mr.  Negley  has  been  quite  active  in 
fraternal  affairs,  is  affiliated  with  Millers- 
ville  Lodge  No  126,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  Clifton  Lodge  No.  544, 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  a  past  sachem 
of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

On  June  1,  1895,  Mr.  Negley  married 
Miss  Edith  Lee  Grandy,  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Ira  B.  and  Julia  (Lee)  Grandy. 
Mrs.  Negley  was  born  at  Mount  Cannel, 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  November  14, 
1869.  Her  father  was  a  clergyman  of  the 
Universalist  Church.  Her  mother  was  a 
descendant  of  the  Lee  family  of  Virginia. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Negley  have  one  child,  Mar- 
garet Lee  Negley,  born  December  29,  1902, 
who  has  the  distinction  of  having  an  an- 
cestral line  on  her  paternal  side  of  one 
hundred  years  continuous  legal  residence 
in  Marion  County. 

A.  A.  CHARLES  is  a  prominent  Kokomo 
manufacturer,  president  of  the  Kokomo 
Steel  and  Wire  Company,  and  a  man 
whose  experience  in  American  industry 
covers  more  than  forty  years.  He  is  one 
of  the  men  properly  credited  with  a  large 
share  of  KoJJomo  's  present  prosperity  as  a 
manufacturing  and  civic  center. 

Mr.  Charles  was  born  in  New  Jersey  De- 
cember 3,  1852,  son  of  John  and  Amanda 
(Loper)  Charles.  He  is  of  English  an- 
cestry, and  the  Charles  family  has  been  in 
New  Jersey  since  colonial  times.  His 


grandfather  spent  his  life  in  that  state  as 
a  farmer.  He  was  a  very  fine  type  of  citi- 
zen and  was  extremely  interested  in  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  that  religious  affil- 
iation has  continued  to  be  a  characteristic 
of  his  descendants.  Of  his  ten  children 
John  Charles  was  the  second  in  age,  was 
educated  in  public  schools  of  New  Jersey, 
and  for  many  years  was  connected  with  a 
canned  goods  packing  house.  After  re- 
tiring from  that  business  he  spent  twenty 
years  of  his  life  on  a  farm  in  Bridgton, 
New  Jersey.  He  was  also  a  devout  Meth- 
odist, was  a  class  leader  and  always  prom- 
inent in  the  musical  activities  of  his 
church.  He  was  a  democrat  in  politics. 
John  and  Amanda  Charles  had  five  chil- 
dren, four  sons  and  one  daughter.  The 
daughter  is  now  deceased,  but  the  sons  are 
all  living. 

A.  A.  Charles  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  state,  and  as  a  boy 
went  to  work  to  earn  his  living  in  a  pack- 
ing house.  For  thirty  years  he  continued 
to  live  in  New  Jersey,  and  on  coming  west 
located  in  Howard  County,  Indiana,  bring- 
ing with  him  a  wife  and  daughter.  He  set 
up  the  machinery  to  make  tin  cans  for 
Jim  Polk,  of  Greenwood,  Indiana,  but  soon 
resumed  his  business  in  food  packing,  and 
with  N.  S.  Martz  organized  and  promoted 
the  Brookside  Canning  Works,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Charles  &  March.  Three 
years  later  G.  W.  Charles,  a  brother  of 
A.  A.,  bought  the  interest  of  Mr.  Martz, 
and  the  business  was  continued  by  the 
Charles  Brothers  for  a  number  of  years. 
A.  A.  Charles  also  erected  a  large  packing 
can  goods  factory  at  Warsaw.  Indiana,  and 
operated  it  for  five  years.  Mr.  Charles  on 
returning  to  Kokomo  became  interested  in 
the  Globe  Steel  Range  Company.  Later 
he  organized  the  Kokomo  Steel  &  Wire 
Company,  which  company  occupies  the  en- 
tire fifth  floor  of  the  Citizens  Bank  Build- 
ing for  offices.  They  built  the  North  End 
Wire  Mill,  a  rod  mill,  a  galvanizing  mill 
and  nail  mill,  and  the  company  now  has 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  plants 
of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  The 
business  was  started  in  1895,  and  the  first 
year  the  volume  of  sales  aggregated  $100,- 
000,  whereas  now  the  yearly  aggregate  is 
more  than  $8,000,000.  Mr.  A.  A.  Charles 
is  president  of  the  company,  G.  W.  Charles 
is  treasurer,  and  J.  E.  Frederick  is  sec- 
retary. 


G.G&UL 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1623 


veloped  in  a  period  when  statesmanship 
was  a  dignified  honor  and  not  a  trade. 
When  the  only  known  method  of  swaying 
the  minds  of  others  was  by  earnest  and 
honest  argument  and  not  by  studied  sub- 
terfuge and  deception.  It  was  only  natural 
that  in  any  community  in  which  he  might 
be  found  he  should  rise  to  a  prominent 
place,  for  his  every  thought  was  for  cleaner, 
bigger  and  better  things  than  then  sur- 
rounded him ;  and  the  thought  that  they 
might  be  attained  by  the  political  tricks 
of  the  unscrupulous  politician  never  found 
lodgment  in  his  brain.  He  was  astute  in 
the  analyzing  of  a  political  situation,  but 
he  met  it  always  face  to  face  with  argu- 
ments which  all  could  understand."  Upon 
the  organization  of  the  Session  of  1919  of 
the  Indiana  State  Senate  Mr.  Negley  was 
elected  by  the  other  members  as  president 
pro  tempore,  which  position  carried  with 
it  the  floor  leadership  of  the  republican 
majority  during  that  session. 

Mr.  Negley  has  been  quite  active  in 
fraternal  affairs,  is  affiliated  with  Millers- 
ville  Lodge  No  126,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  Clifton  Lodge  No.  544. 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  a  past  sachem 
of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

On  June  1,  1895,  Mr.  Negley  married 
Miss  Edith  Lee  Grandy,  youngest  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  Ira  H.  and  Julia  (Lee)  Grandy. 
Mrs.  Negley  was  born  at  Mount  Carmel, 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  November  14, 
1869.  Her  father  was  a  clergyman  of  the 
Universal ist  Church.  Her  mother  was  a 
descendant  of  the  Lee  family  of  Virginia. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Negley  have  one  child,  Mar- 
garet Lee  Negley,  born  December  29,  1902, 
who  has  the  distinction  of  having  an  an- 
cestral line  on  her  paternal  side  of  one 
hundred  years  continuous  legal  residence 
in  Marion  County. 

A.  A.  CHARLES  is  a  prominent  Kokomo 
manufacturer,  president  of  the  Kokomo 
Steel  and  Wire  Company,  and  a  man 
whose  experience  in  American  industry 
covers  more  than  forty  years.  He  is  one 
of  the  men  properly  credited  with  a  large 
share  of  Kokomo 's  present  prosperity  as  a 
manufacturing  and  civic  center. 

Mr.  Charles  was  born  in  New  Jersey  De- 
cember 3.  1852.  son  of  John  and  Amanda 
(Loper)  Charles.  He  is  of  English  an- 
cestry, and  the  Charles  family  has  been  in 
New  Jersey  since  colonial  times.  His 


grandfather  spent  his  life  in  that  state  as 
a  farmer.  He  was  a  very  tine  type  of  citi- 
zen and  was  extremely  interested  in  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  that  religious  affil- 
iation has  continued  to  be  a  characteristic 
of  his  descendants.  Of  his  ten  children 
John  Charles  was  the  second  in  age.  was 
educated  in  public  schools  of  New  Jersey, 
and  for  many  years  was  connected  with  a 
canned  goods  packing  house.  After  re- 
tiring from  that  business  he  spent  twenty 
years  of  his  life  on  a  farm  in  Bridgton, 
New  Jersey.  He  was  also  a  devout  Meth- 
odist, was  a  class  leader  and  always  prom- 
inent in  the  musical  activities  of  his 
church.  He  was  a  democrat  in  politics. 
John  and  Amanda  Charles  had  five  chil- 
dren, four  sons  and  one  daughter.  The 
daughter  is  now  deceased,  but  the  sons  are 
all  living. 

A.  A.  Charles  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  state,  and  as  a  boy 
went  to  work  to  earn  his  living  in  a  pack- 
ing house.  For  thirty  years  he  continued 
to  live  in  New  Jersey,  and  on  coming  west 
located  in  Howard  County,  Indiana,  bring- 
ing with  him  a  wife  and  daughter.  He  set 
up  the  machinery  to  make  tin  cans  for 
Jim  Polk,  of  Greenwood,  Indiana,  but  soon 
resumed  his  business  in  food  packing,  and 
with  N.  S.  Martz  organized  and  promoted 
the  Brookside  Canning  Works,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Charles  &  March.  Three 
years  later  G.  W.  Charles,  a  brother  of 
A.  A.,  bought  the  interest  of  Mr.  Martz, 
and  the  business  was  continued  by  the 
Charles  Brothers  for  a  number  of  years. 
A.  A.  Charles  also  erected  a  large  packing 
can  goods  factory  at  Warsaw.  Indiana,  and 
operated  it  for  five  years.  Mr.  Charles  on 
returning  to  Kokomo  became  interested  in 
the  Globe  Steel  Range  Company.  Later 
he  organized  the  Kokomo  Steel  &  Wire 
Company,  which  company  occupies  the  en- 
tire fifth  floor  of  the  Citizens  Bank  Build- 
ing for  offices.  They  built  the  North  End 
Wire  Mill,  a  rod  mill,  a  galvanizing  mill 
and  nail  mill,  and  the  company  now  has 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  plants 
of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  The 
business  was  started  in  1895,  and  the  first 
year  the  volume  of  sales  aggregated  $100.- 
000,  whereas  now  the  yearly  aggregate  is 
more  than  $8.000,000.  Mr.  A.  A.  Charles 
is  president  of  the  company.  G.  W.  Charles 
is  treasurer,  and  J.  E.  Frederick  is  sec- 
retary. 


1624 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A.  A.  Charles  is  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Great  American  Refining  Company  at 
Jennings,  Oklahoma,  and  is  one  of  its  di- 
rectors. He  is  also  heavily  interested  in 
Haytian  American  Corporation  Syndicate 
of  New  York,  is  a  stockholder  and  director 
in  Haynes  Automobile  Company  and  the 
Sedan  Body  Company  of  Union  City,  In- 
diana, and  he  has  been  connected  with 
the  Citizens  National  Bank  and  has  been 
on  its  board  of  directors  since  its  organiza- 
tion. 

Mr.  Charles  during  his  long  residence 
at  Kokomo  has  identified  himself  with  a 
number  of  other  business  and  civic  enter- 
prises. He  has  given  much  of  his  time  to 
the  Methodist  Church,  and  out  of  his  in- 
dividual contributions  one  church  of  that 
denomination  in  Kokomo  was  largely 
built.  Mr.  Charles  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
He  married  Miss  Lydia  Riley,  of  New  Jer- 
sey. Their  daughter,  Edna,  is  now  Mrs. 
R.  Conrad,  of  Warsaw,  Indiana. 

DR.  HUBBARD  M.  SMITH,  a  well  known 
physician,  writer  and  educator,  located  in 
Vincennes,  Indiana,  in  1847,  following  his 
graduation,  and  in  Vincennes  he  began  the 
practice  of  medicine,  and  there  he  con- 
tinued its  work  until  his  death  in  1907.  He 
was  the  first  physician  in  that  city  to  recog- 
nize the  presence  of  .cholera  in  1849. 

Doctor  Smith  was  patriotic  in  the  in- 
terests of  his  city,  state  and  nation,  and 
outside  the  work  of  his  chosen  profession 
he  was  also  a  poet  and  author  of  recognized 
ability. 

HENRY  W.  KLAUSMANN.  Considering  his 
achievements  and  experience  of  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century  Henry  W.  Klaus- 
mann  deserves  to  rank  among  Indiana's 
leading  civil  and  construction  engineers. 
Much  of  his  service  has  been  of  a  public 
nature,  in  connection  with  the  county  sur- 
veyor's office  and  the  city  engineer's  re- 
sponsibilities at  Indianapolis,  though  he 
has  also  handled  a  large  and  extensive 
private  practice. 

Mr.  Klausmann  was  born  at  Centralia. 
Marion  County,  Illinois,  September  2,  1868, 
son  of  Henry  and  Ernestina  (Hansslar) 
Klausmann.  Both  parents  were  natives  of 
Germany,  the  father  a  cabinet  maker  by 
profession,  and  in  1878  they  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  Henry  Klausmann 


died  November  21,  1909.  They  were  the 
parents  of  three  children,  the  two  now 
living  being  Henry  W.  and  Lena,  wife  of 
Rudolph  H.  Henning  of  Indianapolis. 

Henry  W.  Klausmann  received  most  of 
his  education  in  the  Indianapolis  public 
schools,  and  he  showed  a  decided  inclina- 
tion for  mathematics  as  a  boy  and  per- 
fected his  knowledge  in  that  science  largely 
by  self  application  and  by  instruction 
under  private  tutors.  He  also  served  an 
apprenticeship  at  the  wood  carving  trade, 
that  being  while  he  was  still  in  school,  and 
study  and  experience  have  developed  in 
him  a  high  proficiency  in  architecture  as 
well  as  in  civil  engineering.  Mr.  Klausmann 
has  been  steadily  engaged  in  his  profession 
as  a  civil  engineer  since  1891.  For  six 
years  he  served  as  deputy  county  surveyor 
of  Marion  county  and  in  1901  was  ap- 
pointed county  surveyor  and  filled  that 
office  by  three  successive  elections  until 
January,  1910.  At  that  date  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  mayor  of  Indianapolis  to 
the  office  of  city  engineer.  After  return- 
ing from  this  office  Mr.  Klausmann  Was 
engaged  until  1918  in  engineering  and  con- 
struction work.  Among  other  buildings 
that  attest  his  skill  may  be  mentioned  the 
City  Trust  and  Occidental  buildings  at 
Indianapolis,  the  Coliseum  at  Evansville, 
a  large  addition  to  the  French  Lick  Hotel 
at  French  Lick,  and  the  Marion  National 
Bank  building  at  Marion. 

In  January,  1918,  by  appointment  from 
Mayor  Charles  W.  Jewett,  Mr.  Klausmann 
returned  to  the  public  service  as  city  civil 
engineer  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  already 
thoroughly  familiar  with  many  of  the  tech- 
nical problems  connected  with  municipal 
engineering  in  Indianapolis,  and  his  pre- 
vious experience  gives  him  the  highest 
qualifications  for  effective  and  valuable 
service  to  his  home  city. 

Mr.  Klausmann  is  in  fact  one  of  the  men 
of  broad  and  exceptional  interests  and  most 
varied  associations  with  the  life  and  affairs 
of  the  capital  city.  He  is  well  known  in 
musical  circles,  and  for  many  years  was 
musical  director  of  the  Indianapolis  Mili- 
tary Band.  He  has  also  done  much  or- 
chestral work.  In  republican*  politics  he 
has  served  as  chairman  of  the  Republican 
City  Committee  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Commercial 
Club,  the  Marion  Club,  the  Turnverein,  and 
the  Indianapolis  Liederkranz. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1625 


Mr.  Klausmann  has  an  interesting  Ma- 
sonic record,  his  affiliations  being  with  the 
Oriental  Lodge  No.  500,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  Keystone  Chapter  No.  6, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Raper  Commandery 
No.  1  Knights  Templar,  Indiana  Consis- 
tory of  the  Scottish  Rite,  in  which  he  has 
attained  the  thirty-second  degree,  and 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In 
December,  1916,  he  was  elected  illustrious 
potentate  of  Murat  Temple,  and  for  one 
year  under  trying  circumstances  accept- 
ably and  efficiently  served  as  executive 
head  of  that  organization.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  Indianapolis  Lodge  No.  56, 
Knights  of  Pythias. 

Mr.  Klausmann  married  September  27, 
1893,  Miss  Jessie  Coyner,  who  was  born 
and  reared  in  Indianapolis,  daughter  of 
John  V.  and  Anna  (Anderson)  Coyner. 
Her  grandfather,  Martin  M.  Coyner,  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  contractors  of  Indian- 
apolis. John  V.  Coyner  was  a  civil  en- 
gineer and  for  a  number  of  years  he  and 
Mr.  Klausmann  were  associated  together 
professionally.  Mr.  Coyner  was  for  six 
years  county  surveyor  of  Marion  County. 
He  died  at  Indianapolis  in  1905.  Of  the 
two  children  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Klaus- 
mann the  older,  Catherine,  died  in  infancy. 
The  other  is  Berthelda  E. 

M.  H.  CAMDEN.  During  the  last  ten 
years  some  of  those  transactions  that  have 
made  history  in  Indianapolis  real  estate 
have  been  arranged,  negotiated  for  and 
transacted  by  M.  H.  Camden.  Mr.  Cam- 
den  is  now  senior  member  of  the  firm  Cam- 
den  &  Foster,  real  estate,  with  offices  in  the 
Hume-Mansur  Building. 

His  home  has  been  in  Indianapolis  for 
a  number  of  years,  but  his  boyhood  was 
spent  in  the  rural  districts  of  Decatur 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  Oc- 
tober 12,  1870,  a  son  of  James  Oscar  and 
Margaret  A.  (Hooten)  Camden.  The 
father  was  a  native  of  Virginia.  When  a 
young  man  he  was  enrolled  in  the  service 
of  the  Confederate  army,  but  had  no  taste 
for  service  with  the  secession  forces,  and 
finally  deserted  from  the  ranks  and  reached 
the  Union  State  of  Ohio.  At  Jackson, 
Ohio,  he  regularly  enlisted  in  the  Union 
army,  and  saw  active  service  with  an  in- 
fantry regiment  and  was  on  the  firing  line 
most  of  the  time  until  discharged.  After 
leavine  the  military  service  he  came  to  In- 

Vol.  IV— 5 


diana  and  located  in  Decatur  County, 
where  he  became  a  farmer.  Later  he  lived 
in  Shelbyville,  and  in  1893  came  to  In- 
dianapolis, where  for  a  time  he  owned 
and  operated  a  dairy.  Later  he  sold  this 
property  and  lived  retired  until  his  death 
on  February  22,  1898. 

M.  H.  Camden  was  second  in  a  family 
of  three  children.  He  obtained  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Decatur 
County,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen  began 
earning  his  first  money  as  a  farm  laborer 
at  50  cents  a  day.  When  he  left  the  farm 
in  1889  he  went  to  Newport  and  worked 
in  a  sawmill.  He  was  also  clerk  in  a  gen- 
eral store  at  Batesville,  Indiana,  and 
through  these  various  experiences  laid  the 
foundation  of  knowledge  and  skill  in  men 
and  affairs  that  has  served  him  so  well 
in  later  years.  For  a  time  he  was  work- 
ing in  a  furniture  factory  and  was  assist- 
ant foreman  for  three  years.  He  also 
operated  a  general  store  at  Batesville  as 
assistant  manager  for  one  year,  and  then 
again  entered  the  furniture  business  in 
Decatur  County.  He  traveled  7V2  years 
representing  a  firm  of  furniture  manufac- 
turers, and  did  much  to  build  up  the  trade 
of  the  company  over  a  wide  territory. 

On  July  4,  1897,  Mr.  Camden  came  to 
Indianapolis  and  formed  a  partnership 
with  Mr.  Ralston  under  the  firm  name  of 
Ralston  &  Camden,  real  estate.  In  the  fall 
of  1902  Mr.  Camden  entered  business  for 
himself.  Among  the  large  deals  which  he 
has  carried  out  may  be  mentioned  the  sale 
of  the  lot  on  which  the  city  hall  was  built. 
He  negotiated  the  sale  of  this  propertv  in 
1907  for  the  sum  of  $115,000.  He  also 
sold  the  old  Rink  property  owned  by  Ster- 
ling R.  Hill  to  Captain  Hayworth  for  the 
sum  of  $100,000.  A  number  of  other  trans- 
actions of  similar  magnitude  have  passed 
through  his  firm.  The  sales  of  real  estate 
have  often  reached  a  figure  upwards  of 
$200,000  a  year.  He  also  deals  extensively 
in  Chicago  apartment  properties  and  Illi- 
nois farm  lands. 

Mr.  Camden  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Shriner  and  a 
republican  voter.  November  14,  1890,  he 
married  Miss  Pearl  E.  Vincent,  of  Ripley 
County,  Indiana.  Her  father  was  one  of 
the  prominent  physicians  of  that  county. 

ESTLE  C.  ROUTH  has  been  a  business  man 
in  Richmond  for  a  long  period  of  years, 


1626 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  his  expert  services  as  a  carriage  maker 
he  has  capitalized  until  he  is  now  pro- 
prietor of  a  flourishing  business  for  the 
manufacture  of  automobile  bodies  at  158- 
60  Wayne  Avenue. 

Mr.  Routh  was  born  in  Economy,  In- 
diana, September  6,  1876,  son  of  R.  W. 
and  Martitia  (Edwards)  Routh.  He  is  of 
Scotch  ancestry.  Estle  attended  the  pub- 
.  lie  schools  of  Richmond  and  at  the  age 
of  fifteen  went  to  work  for  L.  A.  Mote,  a 
carriage  maker,  whose  shop  was  on  the 
same  ground  now  occupied  by  the  Routh 
establishment.  He  learned  the  trade  of 
carriage  maker  and  blacksmith  during 
four  or  five  years  of  earnest  apprentice- 
ship and  then  tried  to  buy  out  his  em- 
ployer. Failing  in  that  he  started  a  small 
shop  of  his  own  in  a  room  at  176  Fort 
Wayne  Avenue.  He  was  there  two  years, 
and  during  that  time  got  the  contract  for 
doing  all  the  city  work,  especially  for  the 
fire  department.  In  1899  he  was  able  to 
buy  out  his  old  employer's  stock,  and  for 
twenty  years  that  has  been  the  home  of 
his  growing  business.  In  early  years  prac- 
tically all  the  facilities  of  his  shop  were 
devoted  to  carriage  making,  but  in  1906 
he  began  specializing  in  the  manufacture 
of  automobile  bodies.  He  has  designed  and 
built  every  kind  of  vehicle  body  and  he 
was  designer  of  the  New  City  ambulance. 
His  business  covers  a  territory  forty  miles 
in  extent  around  Richmond.  Mr.  Routh 
has  also  made  some  judicious  investments 
in  local  real  estate. 

In  1899  he  married  Mary  K.  Collett, 
daughter  of  Nicholas  and  Anna  (Mackey) 
Collett  of  Richmond.  They  are  the  parents 
of  two  children :  Frank  A.,  born  in  1900, 
and  Wayne  G.,  born  in  1911.  The  older 
son  was  in  the  United  States  Marines  for 
two  years,  part  of  the  time  being  stationed 
at  Hayti  and  was  sent  to  France  on  the 
battleship  Hancock.  He  lost  his  health 
in  the  service  and  the  government  is  now, 
in  pursuance  of  its  regular  policy,  giving 
him  re-training  for  civilian  career,  and  he 
is  pursuing  a  course  in  commercial  ac- 
counting at  Valparaiso  University. 

Mr.  Routh  is  a  republican  in  politics  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

ULRIC  Z.  WILEY.  Forty-five  years  of 
continuous  membership  and  activity  at  the 
Indiana  bar  have  brought  Ulric  Z.  Wiley 
some  of  the  most  substantial  honors  and 


achievements  of  his  profession.  For  many 
years  he  practiced  in  Benton  County,  and 
was  first  elected  judge  of  the  Circuit  Court 
while  living  at  Fowler.  The  service  which 
makes  him  most  widely  known  among  In- 
diana lawyers  was  his  twelve  years  work 
on  the  Appellate  Court  Bench.  Judge 
Wiley  since  retiring  from  practice  has  been 
a  resident  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  In- 
diana,   November   14,    1847,   youngest   of 
the  five  children  of  Preston  P.  and  Lucin- 
da   Weir    (Maxwell)    Wiley.     The   Wiley 
family  came  to  Indiana  when  the  country 
was  a  territory,  more  than  a  century  ago. 
His  grandfather,  Joseph  Wiley,  on  leaving 
Pennsylvania     first      settled     in     Brown 
County,  Ohio,  where  he  developed  a  farm, 
and  in  1811  pioneered  to  Jefferson  County, 
Indiana,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  de- 
velop the  agricultural  lines  around  Kent, 
where  he  lived  until  his  death.    Preston  P. 
Wiley  was  born  in  Brown  County,  Ohio, 
November  25,  1809,  and  was  two  years  old 
when   the  family  came  to   Indiana.     He 
spent  about  fifty  years  of  his  life  on   a 
farm  in  Jefferson  County,  and  died  there 
August  21,  1895.     For  several  years  after 
his  marriage  he  taught  school  in  winter 
terms,  and  spent  the  summers  at  farming. 
His  early  education  was  very  limited,  but 
after  his  marriage  he  set  himself  to  dili- 
gent study  and  not  only  mastered  the  com- 
mon English  branches  but  became  a  thor- 
ough Greek  scholar.   He  eagerly  read  every 
book  he  could  secure  in  a  time  when  cir- 
culating  libraries   were  almost   unknown. 
Along  with  farming  he  became  a  preacher 
of  the  Gospel,   and  continued   that  work 
for  about  fifty  years.    He  also  assisted  his 
children  as  far  as  possible  to  secure  good 
educations.     In  politics  he  was  an  early 
whig,  a  strong  abolitionist  and  anti-slavery 
man,  and  afterwards  an  equally  ardent  re- 
publican.    He  was  the  first  man  in  Jeffer- 
son  County,   Indiana,   to  respond   to   the 
call  for  troops  in  the  Civil  war,  but  was 
too  old  to  be  accepted  for  field  service, 
though  he  rendered  the  Union  his  hearty 
support   in  every  other  way.     He  was  a 
member  of  the  Home  Guards  in  Southern 
Indiana,  and  was  called  out  during  the 
Morgan  raid. 

Judge  Wiley  and  a  brother  are  the  only 
surviving  members  of  his  father's  family. 
During  his  youth  he  was  privileged  to  at- 
tend school  only  three  months  each  year, 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1627 


but  at  the  age  of  nineteen  entered  Hanover 
College  at  Hanover,  Indiana,  and  gradu- 
ated with  the  class  of  1867.  At  that  time 
the  degrees  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  were  con- 
ferred upon  him  and  subsequently  he  was 
honored  with  the  degree  LL.  D.  Teaching 
furnished  part  of  the  funds  by  which  he 
educated  himself.  He  also  had  charge  of 
his  father's  farm  for  one  year  while  his 
parents  were  visiting  a  daughter  in  Cali- 
fornia. Judge  Wiley  began  the  study  of 
Jaw  with  William  Wallace,  son  of  Ex- 
Governor  Wallace  and  a  brother  of  Gen. 
Lew  Wallace.  He  was  a  student  in  Wal- 
lace's office  at  Indianapolis  two  years,  and 
then  entered  the  law  department  of  old 
Northwestern  College,  now  Butler  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  received  his  degree 
in  May,  1873.  In  October,  1874,  Judge 
Wiley  located  at  Fowler,  where  his  abilities 
brought  him  all  the  practice  he  could 
handle  in  a  few  years.  In  March,  1875, 
he  was  appointed  county  attorney,  serv- 
ing two  years,  and  in  1882  was  elected  to 
the  Lower  House  of  the  State  Legislature. 
In  1892  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
Thirtieth  Judicial  Circuit,  composed  of 
Benton,  Jasper  and  Newton  counties,  to 
fill  a  vacancy.  Later  he  was  nominated 
and  elected  and  served  from  1892  to  Oc- 
tober, 1896.  On  the  latter  date  he  re- 
signed from  the  Circuit  Bench  to  become 
a  candidate  for  judge  of  the  Appellate 
Court  of  the  Fifth  District,  and  was  elected 
and  was  a  member  of  that  tribunal  far 
three  terms  of  four  years  each. 

Judge  Wiley  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Bite  Mason.  He  has  long  been 
prominent  in  Odd  Fellowship  and  was 
grand  master  in  1891-92  and  four  terms 
was  grand  representative  to  the  Sovereign 
Lodge'  of  the  World.  He  is  also  a  Knight 
of  Pythias,  and  is  an  active  republican. 
Judge  Wiley  is  an  elder  of  the  Christian 
Church  and  has  filled  that  office  for  two 
years,  and  for  eight  years  has  taught  the 
Business  Men's  Bible  Class. 

May  6,  1874,  he  married  Miss  Mary  A. 
Cole,  of  Indianapolis.  They  are  the 
parents  of  four  children:  Carl  C.,  Nellie 
E.,  Maxwell  H.  and  Ulric  Weir. 

WILLIAM  H.  WISHABD,  M.  D.  Among 
the  men  who  made  the  history  of  medicine 
in  Indiana  doubtless  none  occupied  a 
higher  place  consequent  upon  his  services 
and  in  the  esteem  of  his  fellow  practi- 


tioners than  the  late  William  H.  Wishard. 
The  quality  and  value  of  his  service  was 
not  less  remarkable  than  the  sustained 
power  which  enabled  him  to  continue  his 
work  longer  than  the  average  length  of 
human  existence. 

While  it  is  not  possible  in  so  brief  a 
sketch  as  this  to  estimate  from  the  pro- 
fessional point  of  view  the  extent  and  na- 
ture of  his  services  to  the  profession,  it 
is  permitted  to  quote  what  his  old  personal 
and  professional  friend,  Dr.  Nathan  S. 
Davis,  the  founder  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Society,  said  of  him  some  years  ago: 
"Dr.  William  H.  Wishard  of  Indianapolis 
is  one  of  the  oldest,  most  intelligent,  use- 
ful and  patriotic  general  practitioners  of 
medicine  in  that  state.  Rendered  strong 
and  self  reliant  by  abundance  of  physical 
labor  in  his  youth,  with  educational  ad- 
vantages limited  to  the  public  or  district 
schools  of  his  neighborhood,  he  is  in  the 
best  sense  of  the  word  a  self-made  man. 
Though  contributing  but  little  to  the  pages 
of  medical  literature,  he  has  for  sixty- 
three  years  efficiently  sustained  the  regular 
medical  organizations,  both  state  and  na- 
tional, and  as  surgeon  in  a  volunteer  regi- 
ment from  Indiana  during  the  Civil  war, 
especially  during  the  siege  of  Vicksburg, 
his  services  were  more  than  ordinarily  effi- 
cient and  valuable  in  the  removal  and  care 
of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  many  of 
whom  had  to  be  removed  to  Northern  hos- 
pitals. He  is  one  of  the  pioneers  whose 
integrity,  industry  and  efficiency  have 
been  his  prominent  characteristics  in  every 
position  he  has  been  called  upon  to  oc- 
cupy." 

As  a  family  the  Wishards  have  given 
more  than  one  prominent  character  to 
American  life  and  affairs.  Outside  of 
their  services  the  distinguishing  character- 
istic is  longevity.  Old  age  with  them  is 
apparently  a  natural  prerogative.  Dr. 
William  H.  Wishard  was  born  January 
17,  1816,  and  died  when  near  the  century 
mark,  on  December  9,  1913.  His  brother, 
Rev.  Samuel  E.  Wishard,  D.  D.,  who  made 
a  distinguished  record  as  a  Presbyterian 
minister  and  scholar,  reached  the  age  of 
ninety.  Doctor  Wishard 's  father  died  at 
eighty-six,  and  one  of  his  uncles  lived  to 
be  ninety,  and  an  aunt  to  the  age  of  ninety- 
five  years  and  seven  davs. 

The  paternal  grandfather  of  Doctor 
Wishard  was  William  Wishard,  a  native  of 


1628 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  who  emigrated  to 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  and  was  of 
Scotch  Covenanter  stock.  William  Wish- 
ard  came  to  America  in  1774,  locating  in 
Delaware,  later  going  to  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  joined  the  American  forces  in 
the  war  of  the  Revolution.  He  fought  at 
the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town  and  later  saw  service  on  the  Western 
frontier  of  Pennsylvania.  At  the  close  of 
the  Eevolution  he  moved  into  South- 
western Pennsylvania,  locating  at  Red- 
stone Fort,  now  Brownsville,  and  in  1794 
penetrated  still  further  into  the  Western 
wilderness  to  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky. 
He  spent  his  last  years  there  on  his  farm, 
and  died  from  apoplexy  at  advanced  age. 
He  was  the  father  of  lifteen  children. 

Col.  John  Wishard,  father  of  Doctor 
Wishard,  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  was  taken  to  Kentucky  at  the  age  of 
two  years,  and  grew  up  in  that  then  far 
western  district.  Farming  was  his  steady 
vocation  throughout  his  active  years.  In 
1825  he  followed  the  wave  of  migration 
close  up  to  the  limits  of  the  newly  estab- 
lished city  of  Indianapolis,  and  located 
about  ten  miles  away,  near  Glenn's  Valley, 
on  the  edge  of  Johnson  County,  where  his 
labors  reclaimed  a  heavily  timbered  tract 
of  land.  He  was  member  of  a  company  of 
riflemen  in  the  Black  Hawk  war,  and  later 
was  a  colonel  in  the  Fifty-Ninth  Indiana 
Militia.  He  died  at  Greenwood,  Indiana, 
September  8,  1878.  John  Wishard  married 
Agnes  H.  Oliver,  who  died  in  August, 
1849,  in  her  fifty-eighth  year.  Her  parents 
were  John  and  Martha  (Henderson)  Oli- 
ver, her  father  of  English  descent,  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia  and  a  settler  in  Kentucky 
as  early  as  1782.  He  was  a  friend  and 
companion  of  Daniel  Boone.  John  Oliver 
assisted  in  building  the  blockhouse  at  Lex- 
ington, in  which  his  oldest  child  was  born. 

Of  such  sturdy  ancestry,  William  Henry 
Wishard  was  born  at  the  home  of  his 
parents  in  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky, 
January  17,  1816,  and  was  about  ten  years 
old  when  the  family  moved  to  Central  In- 
diana. With  only  the  opportunities  of  a 
log  cabin  schoolhouse  he  managed  by  self 
application  to  acquire  much  more  than  the 
ordinary  education  of  a  youth  of  that  time 
and  gained  much  of  it  in  the  intervals  of 
hard  labor  on  his  father's  farm.  He  be- 
gan reading  medicine  in  the  winter  of 
1837-38  under  Dr.  Benjamin  S.  Noble.  He 


afterwards  took  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
Ohio  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati,  and 
received  his  Doctor  of  Medicine  degree 
from  the  old  Indiana  Medical  College  at 
LaPorte,  Indiana.  He  did  post-graduate 
work  in  the  Ohio  Medical  College  and  be- 
gan practice  in  Johnson  County  April  22, 
1840. 

For  many  years  he  carried  on  the  ardu- 
ous and  self -sacrificing  labors  of  the  coun- 
try practitioner,  riding  far  and  wide  over 
the  country  in  Johnson  and  adjoining 
counties.  Altogether  his  work  as  a  prac- 
ticing physician  covered  a  period  of  sixty- 
six  years,  not  ending  until  January,  1906. 

Early  in  the  Civil  war  he  became  a 
volunteer  surgeon  in  the  Fifty-Ninth  In- 
diana Infantry  and  later  with  the  Eighty- 
Third  Indiana  Regiment.  The  words  of 
Doctor  Davis  above  quoted  indicate  one 
splendid  service  which  he  rendered  during 
the  war.  It  should  be  noted  here  that  it 
was  as  a  direct  result  of  his  investigations, 
reports  and  vigorous  presentation  of  the 
condition  of  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers 
on  Southern  battlefields  that  the  govern- 
ment after  much  delay  on  the  part  of 
bureau  and  cabinet  officials  was  moved,  by 
the  direct  order  of  President  Lincoln  him- 
self, to  bring  about  the  general  removal 
of  the  sick  and  wounded  from  the  South 
to  the  more  healthful  environment  of  the 
Northern  states.  His  services  in  this  par- 
ticular were  especially  directed  to  the  re- 
moval of  the  wounded  after  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  into  which  city  he  marched 
with  General  Grant's  army  the  morning 
of  July  4,  1863.  He  was  the  first  surgeon 
to  make  a  trip  with  a  river  steamboat  in 
carrying  out  the  order  issued  by  President 
Lincoln  for  the  transportation  to  the  North 
of  the  sick  and  wounded.  Many  prominent 
army  men,  including  Gen.  Lew  Wallace, 
repeatedly  stated  that  the  entire  credit  for 
this  service,  which  brought  untold  relief 
to  the  suffering,  was  due  to  Doctor  Wish- 
ard. All  the  time  and  services  Doctor 
Wishard  gave  to  his  country  during  the 
war,  a  period  of  over  2y2  years,  were  given 
without  any  compensation  except  for  his 
personal  expenses. 

In  the  spring  of  1864  Doctor  Wishard 
left  his  former  residence  at  Glenn's  Val- 
ley •  on  the  old  homestead,  which  he  had 
bought  from  his  father,  and  removed  to 
Southport,  Marion  County.  He  practiced 
there  until  the  fall  of  1876,  when  he  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1629 


elected  county  coroner  and  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis. There  his  work  went  on  un- 
til after  celebrating  his  ninetieth  birthday 
he  formally  retired  from  practice.  His 
remarkable  vitality,  both  in  mind  and 
body,  has  an  interesting  proof  in  what 
was  written  concerning  him  in  1908 :  ' '  To- 
day Doctor  Wishard  occupies  a  unique 
position  in  the  medical  and  social  life  of 
Indianapolis.  He  .  has  frequently  been 
called  a  walking  historical  encyclopedia. 
His  remarkable  memory  enables  him  to  re- 
call quickly  and  perfectly  events  and  dates, 
even  the  days  of  the  week  upon  which  they 
occurred.  This  marked  characteristic  has 
not  lessened  his  interest  in  current  events, 
as  is  often  the  case  with  elderly  persons, 
but  he  manifests  an  interest  in  religious, 
professional  and  political  questions  of  the 
day  equal  to  that  of  a  man  in  the  prime 
of  life." 

Doctor  Wishard  was  long  a  prominent 
figure  in  Indiana  medical  organizations. 
He  was  the  last  survivor  of  the  first  Medi- 
cal Convention  of  1849  and  therefore  a 
charter  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Medi- 
cal Society,  was  its  president  at  the  time 
of  its  fortieth  anniversary  and  at  the  fif- 
tieth anniversary  gave  the  address  of  wel- 
come, which  included  a  history  of  the  so- 
ciety. Doctor  Kemper's  Medical  History 
of  Indiana  quotes  Doctor  Wishard 's 
papers  on  the  early  history  of  the  medical 
profession  of  the  state.  He  also  wrote  an 
interesting  account  of  his  experiences  as 
an  army  surgeon.  He  was  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  the  Marion  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, was  its  president  in  1905,  and  on 
his  eighty-ninth  birthday,  the  day  his  serv- 
ices ended,  the  members  of  the  society  pre- 
sented him  with  a  parchment  testimonial, 
appropriately  dedicated  and  inscribed. 
For  many  years  he  was  active  in  the  mem- 
bership of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. Doctor  Wishard  became  a  repub- 
lican upon  the  organization  of  the  party 
and  was  one  of  its  oldest  and  most  constant 
voters.  He  was  a  Presbyterian,  and  reli- 
gion was  always  a  large  factor  in  his  life. 
Except  in  emergencies,  he  did  not  allow  his 
professional  work  to  interfere  with  his 
church  and  religious  duties.  For  over 
sixty  years  he  was  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
church  and  served  as  commissioner  in  six 
meetings  of  the  General  Assembly,  the  last 
time  at  Winona  Lake  in  May,  1905,  just 
fifty-nine  years  from  the  time  he  first  rep- 


resented the  Indianapolis  Presbytery  in 
that  capacity.  He  was  for  many  years  a 
member  and  for  fifteen  years  surgeon  of 
George  H.  Chapman  Post  No.  209,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic.  Doctor  Wishard 
lived  well  into  the  twentieth  century,  and 
the  remarkable  era  of  invention  and  im- 
provement covered  by  his  career  is  well 
indicated  in  the  fact  that  he  was  a  pas- 
senger on  the  first  through  train  which' 
came  from  Madison  to  Indianapolis.  He 
often  told  the  fact  that  on  his  return 
trip  he  sat  beside  Rev.  Henry  Ward 
Beecher,  who  on  that  day  left  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianapolis  to 
take  the  pastorate  of  Plymouth  Church  at 
Brooklyn. 

On  December  17,  1840,  the  same  year 
that  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine, 
Doctor  Wishard  married  Miss  Harriet  N. 
Moreland.  She  was  to  him  the  ideal  wife 
and  companion  both  in  the  early  days  of 
struggle  and  the  later  years  of  prosperity 
and  honor,  and  their  companionship  was 
prolonged  for  more  than  sixtv-one  years. 
Mrs.  Wishard  died  April  28,  1902.  She 
was  the  youngest  daughter  of  Rev.  John 
R.  and  Rachel  (McGohon)  Moreland.  Her 
father  was  an  early  Presbyterian  minister 
in  Indiana  and  at  one  time  the  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Indian- 
apolis. Doctor  and  Mrs.  Wishard  were  the 
parents  of  nine  children.  The  first  four 
died  in  infancy  or  early  childhood.  Those 
to  grow  up  were :  William  N. ;  Albert  W., 
who  became  a  prominent  Indianapolis  law- 
yer; George  W.,  a  Minneapolis  business 
man :  Harriet  J.,  who  married  Dr.  John 
G.  Wishard ;  and  Elizabeth  M. 

WILLIAM  N.  WISHARD,  M.  D.  Putting 
the  services  of  father  and  son  together, 
the  name  Wishard  has  been  continuously 
prominent  in  Indiana  medical  circles  for 
over  three  quarters  of  a  century,  the  ac- 
tivities of  the  two  being  a  large  measure 
contemporaneous.  Dr.  William  N.  Wish- 
ard began  practice  over  forty  years  ago, 
and  while  his  father  was  one  of  the  most 
useful  of  the  old  time  general  practitioners, 
his  own  work  has  been  largely  as  a  special- 
ist. 

He  was  born  at  his  father's  home  in 
Greenwood,  Johnson  County,  October  10, 
1851,  and  at  the  age  of  nine  his  parents 
removed  to  Glenn's  Valley,  Marion  Coun- 
ty. As  a  boy  he  attended  local  public 


1630 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


schools,  spent  one  year  in  a  private  school 
at  Tecumseh,  Michigan,  and  finished  a  high 
school  course  at  Southport,  Indiana.  From 
there  he  entered  Wabash  College  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  but  was  unable  to  complete  his 
literary  course  on  account  of  ill  health. 
In  view  of  his  subsequent  attainments  that 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  well  meri- 
ted degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1891.  In 
1871  he  entered  the  Indiana  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Indianapolis,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  1)874,  and  for  a  brief  time  he 
was  with  his  father  in  practice  at  South- 
port  and  during  1875-76  continued  his 
medical  education  in  the  Miami  Medical 
College  at  Cincinnati,  which  also  awarded 
him  the  degree  Doctor  of  Medicine  in 
1876.  Since  that  year  his  home  and  ac- 
tivities have  been  centered  at  Indianapolis. 

Among  other  distinctions  connected  with 
his  service  Doctor  Wishard  has  long  been 
known  as  the  "father"  of  the  Indianapolis 
City  Hospital,  of  which  for  7y2  years  he 
was  superintendent.  He  not  only  super- 
vised the  technique  and  efficiency  of  the 
hospital,  but  had  much  to  do  with  the  con- 
struction of  the  buildings  and  the  equip- 
ment. As  an  auxiliary  to  the  hospital  he 
brought  about  the  founding  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Training  School  for  Nurses,  the  first 
institution  of  its  kind  in  Indiana  and  the 
second  in  the  entire  west.  After  retiring 
from  the  superintendence'  in  1887  Doctor 
Wishard  continued  for  many  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  consulting  staff  of  surgeons. 
While  hospital  superintendent  he  was  also 
lecturer  on  clinical  medicine  in  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  Indiana.  Doctor  Wishard 
has  also  served  on  the  consulting  staff  of 
the  St.  Vincent  Hospital,  the  Protestant 
Deaconess  Hospital,  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Hospital,  the  Bobbs  Dispensary,  and 
the  Indianapolis  City  Dispensary. 

After  leaving  the  management  of  the 
hospital  he  spent  a  period  of  post-graduate 
study  in  New  York  City,  and  since  then 
has  specialized  almost  entirely  in  genito- 
urinary and  venereal  diseases.  On  return- 
ing to  Indianapolis  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  the  chair  of  those  diseases  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Indiana.  Doctor  Wish- 
ard has  also  spent  much  time  abroad,  and 
has  improved  his  own  technique  by  exten- 
sive associations  with  the  most  eminent 
specialists  in  his  field  in  the  world.  For 
upwards  of  thirty  years  he  has  been  one 
of  Indiana's  foremost  specialists  in  this 


field,  and  patients  have  come  to  him  from 
all  over  the  state  and  outside  the  state. 
He  is  credited  with  having  performed  the 
first,  or  one  of  the  very  first  operations 
on  record  for  removal  of  the  lateral  lobes 
of  the  prostate  gland  through  a  perineal 
opening.  He  also  invented  an  instrument 
for  use  of  the  galvanic  cautery  on  the 
prostate  gland  through  perineal  opening. 

Besides  his  individual  work  and  promi- 
nence as  an  authority,  Doctor  Wishard, 
like  his  father,  has  rendered  an  invaluable 
service  to  the  medical  profession  in  general 
and  especially  through  its  organizations. 
It  was  largely  under  his  leadership  that 
the  three  schools  of  medicine,  the  Medical 
College  of  Indiana,  the  Central  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Indianapolis, 
and  the  Fort  Wayne  Medical  College  were 
merged  into  one  complete  and  adequate 
school.  For  a  number  of  years  he  served 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  medical 
legislation  for  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society.  In  that  capacity  he  wrote  the 
larger  part  of  the  Indiana  law  governing 
the  practice  of  medicine  as  passed  by  the 
Legislature  in  1897.  He  is  an  honored 
member  of  the  Marion  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society, 
which  he  served  as  president  in  1898,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Sur- 
geons, the  American  Urological  Associa- 
tion and  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical 
Association,  having  served  as  president  of 
the  last  two  associations.  As  president  of 
these  organizations  he  showed  unusual 
ability  as  an  executive  officer.  His  work 
in  this  connection  brought  forth  the  fol- 
lowing admiring  comment :  ' '  Considerate 
of  the  opinions  of  others,  courteous  to 
those  who  hold  views  different  from  his 
own,  forceful  and  clear  in  argument,  calm 
in  judgment,  energetic  and  persevering  in 
whatever  he  undertakes,  his  marked  char- 
acteristics of  leadership  have  gained  for 
him  a  notable  record  in  the  profession  of 
medicine.  In  medical  legislation,  college 
and  hospital  management,  his  counsel  and 
advice  are  sought,  and  to  their  advance- 
ment he  has  given  his  time  at  the  sacrifice 
of  his  own  personal  interest.  Selfishness 
has  no  part  in  his  nature." 

A  concise  survey  of  his  influence  and 
work  in  the  medical  profession  was  made 
some  years  ago  by  Doctor  Brayton,  editor 
of  the  Indiana  Medical  Journal,  in  these 


• 


& 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1631 


words:  "Dr.  W.  X.  Wishard  has  practiced 
medicine  continuously  in  Indianapolis  for 
over  thirty  years.  He  was  deputy  coroner 
of  Marion  County  two  years,  and  for  over 
seven  years  superintendent  of  the  City 
Hospital,  changing  it  from  a  rude  barrack 
into  a  modern  hospital  with  a  full-fledged 
training  school  for  nurses,  making  it  a 
model  for  all  the  hospitals  since  estab- 
lished in  Indianapolis.  For  twenty  years 
Doctor  Wishard  has  confined  his  medical 
work  to  genito-urinary  surgery,  and  stands 
in  the  front  rank  in  the  country  in  this 
department  of  surgery.  He  has  been  a 
leader  in  Indianapolis  in  establishing  the 
Medical  Registration  and  Examination 
Board,  and  the  Indiana  State  Health 
Board,  of  which  he  was  president.  Doctor 
Wishard  has  also  been  a  leader  in  medical 
education  as  well  as  in  medical  legisla- 
tion. He  belongs  to  the  middle  group  of 
Indiana  physicians — those  who  were  in 
touch  with  the  great  physicans  and  sur- 
geons of  the  Civil  war  period,  and  who 
have  also  taken  an  active  part  in  the  medi- 
cal and  surgical  renaissance  which  is  the 
chief  glory  and  beneficence  of  modern  bio- 
logical research.  In  all  of  Doctor  Wish- 
ard '&  relations,  in  medical,  sanitary  and 
civic  life,  he  has  been  a  wise  and  conserva- 
tive counsellor,  but  whenever  the  occasion 
required  an  aggressive  and  successful  ac- 
tor, serving  as  conditions  demanded,  either 
as  the  watchman  at  the  bow  or  the  helms- 
man at  the  wheel.  He  is  now  only  in  the 
height  of  his  medical  and  civic  usefulness 
and  has  a  large  fund  of  acquired  knowl- 
edge and  experience  upon  which  he  draws 
readily  in  surgical  and  general  discussions 
and  lectures." 

Doctor  Wishard  is  a  republican  voter 
and  an  active  member  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Indianapolis,  in  which 
he  holds  the  position  of  elder  and  has 
served  as  commissioner  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  church.  May  20,  1880.  he 
married  Miss  Alice  M.  Woollen,  daughter 
of  William  Wesley  Woollen  and  Sarah 
(Young)  Woollen,  of  Indianapolis.  Mrs. 
Wishard  died  December  9,  1880.  June  17, 
1896,  he  married  Miss  Frances  C.  Scoville, 
who  was  reared  and  educated  at  Evans- 
ville,  Indiana,  daughter  of  Charles  E.  and 
Frances  (Howell)  Scoville.  Doctor  and 
Mrs.  Wishard  had  five  children,  three 
dying  in  infancy,  the  other  two  being 
William  Niles,  Jr.,  and  Charles  Scoville. 


HON.  EMMET  H.  SCOTT.  While  the 
greater  part  of  half  a  century  a  resident  of 
LaPorte,  Emmet  H.  Scott  by  his  interests, 
his  work  and  experience  is  a  man  of  broad 
affairs  upon  whom  the  enviable  title  of  big 
American  business  man  might  well  be  be- 
stowed. How  fitting  this  description  is 
can  best  be  told  by  reciting  the  larger  ex- 
periences and  achievements  of  his  active 
career. 

He  was  born  in  Broome  County,  New 
York,  in  1842,  son  of  Wiley  H.  and  Aseneth 
(Locke)  Scott.  His  father  was  born  on 
the  Unadilla  River  in  Otsego  County,  New 
York,  and  was  an  early  settler  in  the  town 
of  Nineveh  on  the  "Susquehanna,  where  he 
owned  and  operated  a  hotel  for  twenty- 
seven  years  and  carried  on  a  large  farm 
of  more  than  four  hundred  acres.  His 
death  occurred  in  1872.  His  wife  was  a 
native  of  Xew  York  and  of  Revolutionary 
ancestry.  Several  members  of  the  Locke 
family  had  already  joined  the  patriotic 
9rmy  as  soldiers  under  Washington  when, 
the  colonists  being  sorely  oppressed  and 
in  great  need  of  others  to  enlist,  a  younger 
member  of  the  Locke  family  was  singled 
out  for  immediate  urgent  duty,  and  in 
order  to  get  him  ready  in  time  the  women 
of  -the  household  sheared  a  sheep,  carded 
and  spun  the  wool,  and  made  a  pair  of 
trousers  for  him  all  within  twenty-four 
hours. 

There  is  probably  some  significance  in 
the  fact  that  the  early  life  of  Emmet  H. 
Scott  was  spent  on  his  father's  farm. 
This  environment  gave  him  a  sturdy  dis- 
cipline in  addition  to  the  advantages  he 
had  in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
village  and  in  the  Blakesley  School,  a  select 
school  at  Harpersville,  two  miles  away.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  taught  school  for  one 
winter  in  Tioga  County,  New  York.  In 
February,  1863,  he  went  to  work  in  the 
joint  express  office  of  the  Adams  and 
American  Express  Companies  at  Centralia, 
Illinois.  That  was  in  the  midst  of  the 
Civil  war.  Vicksburg  was  in  a  state  of 
siege  and  the  only  railroad  outlet  and  inlet 
to  the  Mississippi  Valley  was  over  the 
single  track  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road. When  Mr.  Scott  went  into  the  of- 
fice in  February  he  was  the  second  clerk 
to  be  employed.  The  express  business  in- 
creased so  tremendously  that  when  he  left 
in  October  the  same  year,  on  account  of 
poor  health,  there  were  twenty-seven 


A< 


- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1631 


words:  "Dr.  \V.  N.  Wishard  has  practiced 
medicine  continuously  in  Indianapolis  for 
over  thirty  years.  He  was  deputy  coroner 
of  Marion  County  two  years,  and  for  over 
seven  years  superintendent  of  the  City 
Hospital,  changing  it  from  a  rude  barrack 
into  a  modern  hospital  with  a  full-fledged 
training  school  for  nilrses,  making  it  a 
model  for  all  the  hospitals  since  estab- 
lished in  Indianapolis.  For  twenty  years 
Doctor  Wishard  has  confined  his  medical 
work  to  genito-urinary  surgery,  and  stands 
in  the  front  rank  in  the  country  in  this 
department  of  surgery.  He  has  been  a 
leader  in  Indianapolis  in  establishing  the 
Medical  Registration  and  Examination 
Hoard,  and  the  Indiana  State  Health 
Hoard,  of  which  he  was  president.  Doctor 
Wishard  lias  also  been  a  leader  in  medical 
education  as  well  as  in  medical  legisla- 
tion. He  belongs  to  the  middle  group  of 
Indiana  physicians — those  who  were  in 
touch  with  the  great  physicans  and  sur- 
geons of  the  Civil  war  period,  and  who 
have  also  taken  an  active  part  in  the  medi- 
cal and  surgical  renaissance  which  is  the 
chief  glory  and  beneficence  of  modern  bio- 
logical research.  In  all  of  Doctor  Wish- 
ard 's  relations,  in  medical,  sanitary  and 
civic  life,  he  has  been  a  wise  and  conserva- 
tive counsellor,  but  whenever  the  occasion 
required  an  aggressive  and  successful  ac- 
tor, serving  as  conditions  demanded,  either 
as  the  watchman  at  the  bow  or  the  helms- 
man at  the  wheel.  He  is  now  only  in  the 
height  of  his  medical  and  civic  usefulness 
and  has  a  large  fund  of  acquired  knowl- 
edge and  experience  upon  which  he  draws 
readily  in  sursrical  and  general  discussions 
and  lectures." 

Doctor  Wishard  is  a  republican  voter 
and  an  active  member  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Indianapolis,  in  which 
he  holds  the  position  of  older  and  has 
served  as  commissioner  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  the  church.  May  20,  1880.  he 
married  Miss  Alice  M.  Woollen,  daughter 
of  William  Wesley  Woolleji  and  Sarah 
(Young)  Woollen,  of  Indianapolis.  -Mrs. 
Wishard  died  December  0,  1880.  June  17. 
1806,  he  married  Miss  Frances  C.  Scoville, 
who  was  reared  and  educated  at  Evans- 
ville.  Indiana,  daughter  of  Charles  E.  and 
Frances  (Unwell)  Scoville.  Doctor  and 
Mrs:  Wishard  had  five  children,  three 
•lying  in  infancy,  the  other  two  being 
William  Niles.  Jr.,  and  Charles  Scoville. 


Hox.  EMMET  II.  SCOTT.  While  the 
greater  part  of  half  a  century  a  resident  of 
LaPorte,  Emmet  II.  Scott  by  his  interests, 
his  work  and  experience  is  a  man  of  broad 
affairs  upon  whom  the  enviable  title  of  big 
American  business  man  inight  well  be  be- 
stowed. How  fitting  this  description  is 
can  best  be  told  by  reciting  the  larger  ex- 
periences (Hid  achievements  of  his  active 
career. 

He  was  born  in  IJroome  County.  New 
York,  in  1S42.  son  of  Wiley  II.  and  Aseiieth 
(Locke)  Scott.  His  father  was  horn  on 
the  I'nadilla  River  in  Otsego  County.  New 
York,  and  was  an  early  settler  in  the  town 
of  Nineveh  on  the  ~Sus<|uehanna.  where  he 
owned  and  operated  a  hotel  for  twenty- 
seven  years  and  carried  on  a  large  farm 
of  more  than  four  hundred  acres.  His 
death  occurred  in  1S72.  His  wife  was  a 
native  of  Xew  York  and  of  Revolutionary 
ancestry.  Several  members  of  the  Locke 
family  had  already  joined  the  patriotic 
army  as  soldiers  under  Washington  when, 
the  colonists  being  sorely  oppressed  and 
in  great  need  of  others  to  enlist,  a  younger 
member  of  the  Locke  family  was  singled 
out  for  immediate  urgent  duty,  and  in 
order  to  get  him  ready  in  time  the  women 
of  the  household  sheared  a  sheep,  carded 
and  spun  the  wool,  and  made  a  pair  of 
trousers  for  him  all  within  twenty-four 
hours. 

There  is  probably  some  significance  in 
the  fact  that  the  early  life  of  Emmet  H. 
Scott  was  spent  on  his  father's  farm. 
This  environment  gave  him  a  sturdy  dis- 
cipline in  addition  to  the  advantages  he 
had  in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
village  and  in  the  P>Iakesley  School,  a  select 
school  at  Harpcrsville.  two  miles  away.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  taught  school  for  one 
winter  in  Tioga  County.  New  York.  In 
February.  1863.  he  went  to  work  in  the 
joint  express  office  of  the  Adams  and 
American  Express  Companies  at  Centralia. 
Illinois.  That  was  in  the  midst  of  the 
Civil  war.  Yicksburg  was  in  a  state  of 
siege  and  the  only  railnvid  outlet  and  inlet 
to  the  Mississippi  Valley  was  over  the 
single  track  of  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road. When  Mr.  Scott  went  into  the  of- 
fice in  February  he  was  the  second  clerk 
to  be  employed.  The  express  business  in- 
creased so  tremendously  that  when  he  left 
in  October  the  same  year,  on  account  of 
poor  health,  there  were  twenty-seven 


1632 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


clerks  employed  in  the  same  office  to  take 
care  of  the  business. 

The  following  winter  he  spent  recuperat- 
ing on  the  home  farm  in  New  York.  In 
1864  he  was  employed  by  George  S.  Marsh, 
a  railroad  contractor  building  the  Albany 
and  Susquehanna  Railroad  between  Cen- 
tral Bridge  and  Cobleskill,  New  York,  and 
between  Oneanta  and  Unadilla,  New  York. 
This  work  was  completed  in  the  latter  part 
of  1866. 

A  college  or  university  is  supposed  to 
give  a  young  man  preparedness  for  the 
serious  responsibilities  of  life.  Mr.  Scott 
never  went  to  college,  but  he  found  in  these 
early  experiences  just  noted  the  kind  of 
preparation  he  needed  for  his  future 
career.  In  February,  1867,  he  arrived  at 
LaPorte,  Indiana,  to  become  superintendent 
of  the  Chicago,  Cincinnati  &  Louisville 
Railroad  Company.  That  company  owned 
the  wornout  track  between  LaPorte  and 
Plymouth,  and  was  incorporated  to  build 
between  Plymouth  and  Peru  to  connect 
with  the  Peru  &  Indianapolis  Railroad. 
During  1867-68  the  road  between  LaPorte 
and  Plymouth  was  rebuilt,  including  the 
filling  in  of  several  miles  of  trestles  over 
the  Kankakee  marshes.  Between  Ply- 
mouth and  Peru  the  road  was  finished  and 
opened  July  1,  1869.  During  1867  Elisha 
C.  Litchfield  was  president  of  the  C.,  C.  & 
L.  Railroad,  and  Mr.  Scott  became  well 
acquainted  with  him.  Mr.  Litchfield  had 
two  large  sawmills  and  a  large  salt  works 
upon  the  Saginaw  River  in  Michigan. 
Having  observed  closely  the  young  rail- 
road superintendent  and  taken  measure  of 
his  abilities,  Mr.  Litchfield  engaged  Mr. 
Scott  to  go  to  Saginaw  and  take  charge  of 
the  Litchfield  properties  and  operate  them. 
Mr.  Scott  accordingly  resigned  from  the 
railroad  company  in  October,  1869,  and 
went  to  Saginaw.  The  following  year  he 
returned  to  LaPorte  and  married  Miss 
Mary  R.  Niles.  Mrs.  Scott  was  born  on 
the  same  block  of  ground  on  which  the 
Scott  residence  now  stands  in  LaPorte. 
She  is  a  sister  of  Mr.  William  Niles,  a  dis- 
tinguished citizen  of  northern  Indiana 
whose  life  career  is  sketched  on  other  pages. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Scott  have  two  living  chil- 
dren, Emmet  Scott  and  Fanny.  The 
daughter  was  married  to  Dr.  E.  A.  Rumely 
in  1909. 

During  1872-73  Mr.  Litchfield  was  en- 
gaged in  trying  to  build  the  New  York, 


Rondout  &  Oswego  Railroad.  Railroad 
building  at  that  time  was  exceedingly  ex- 
pensive. Steel  rails  cost  more  than  $100 
a  ton  and  iron  rails  eighty-five  to  ninety 
per  ton.  Moreover  there  was  a  dearth  of 
capital.  When  bonds  were  issued  they  gen- 
erally bore  1%  and  if  sold  to  English  in- 
vestors they  had  to  be  disposed  of  at  much 
less  than  par  value.  Besides  the  mills  and 
salt  works  on  the  Saginaw,  Mr.  Litchfield 
had  43,000  acres  of  timberland  on  the  Flint, 
Cass,  Bad  and  Tittabawassee  rivers  in 
Michigan.  When  the  Jay  Cook  panic 
came  in  September,  1873,  and  gold  went  to 
280,  Mr.  Litchfield  was  sick.  His  liabili- 
ties for  railroad  building  were  so  large 
that  early  in  November  followng  he  was 
adjudged  a  bankrupt.  He  died  within 
twenty  days  after  the  adjudication.  There 
was  much  difficulty  in  the  appointment  of 
a  receiver,  as  the  railroad  creditors  were 
firm  creditors,  and  others  were  individual 
creditors.  The  latter  claimed  that  the  in- 
dividual creditors  were  first  entitled  to 
the  share  of  his  individual  estate  and  if 
there  was  any  surplus  it  should  be  paid 
over  to  the  assignees  of  the  bankrupt  rail- 
road firm.  The  individual  creditors  won 
out  and  the  court  held  that  the  individual 
estate  should  be  disposed  of  to  pay  the 
individual  creditors. 

Jesse  Oakley  of  New  York  was  appointed 
the  assignee,  and  he  employed  Mr.  Scott 
to  take  charge  of  the  estate  in  Michigan 
and  to  manage  it,  this  employment  being 
approved  by  the  court.  Within  a  few 
months  after  the  assignee  was  appointed 
a  suit  in  chancery  was  brought,  covering 
the  larger  part  of  the  property  in  the  State 
of  Michigan  on  the  theory  that  the  Litch- 
field title  was  only  that  of  mortgage  secur- 
ity. This  prevented  the  disposal  of  any 
real  estate  covered  by  the  chancery  suit 
until  the  claims  of  the  petitioners  had 
been  heard  and  decided  in  the  courts. 

About  15,000  acres  of  the  lands  in  Tus- 
cola  and  Saginaw  counties  not  included 
in  the  suit  were  valuable  for  farming  pur- 
poses, and  Mr.  Scott  disposed  of  a  great 
quantity  of  those  lands.  One  of  the  saw 
mills  and  salt  works  were  taken  over  by 
the  holders  of  a  mortgage  and  the  other 
saw  mill,  opposite  Bay  City,  was  leased 
by  Mr.  Scott  from  year  to  year  while  this 
suit  was  in  progress.  In  the  meantime,  in 
the  fall  of  1876,  Mr.  Scott  returned  with 
his  family  to  LaPorte.  He  had  bought 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1633 


an  interest  in  the  LaPorte  Wheel  Com- 
pany, which  was  being  managed  and  con- 
trolled by  his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  William 
Niles.  They  acquired  all  the  stock  of  the 
company,  and  business  was  then  carried  on 
by  the  firm  of  Niles  and  Scott  until  1881, 
when  they  organized  a  corporation  known 
as  the  Niles  &  Scott  Company,  of  which 
Mr.  Scott  was  vice  president  and  general 
manager.  He  and  Mr.  Niles  remained  in 
active  control  until  January,  1902,  when 
they  sold  their  entire  interests.  Their 
management  had  been  so  successful  and 
so  honorable  that  the  firm  title  was  con- 
sidered a  valuable  asset  in  itself,  and  there- 
fore the  business  has,  since  been  conducted 
as  the  Niles  &  Scott  Company.  It  has  been 
one  of  the  chief  industries  in  making  La- 
Porte  a  great  manufacturing  center. 

At  the  same  time  Mr.  Scott  retained  his 
authority  and  control  of  the  Litchfield  es- 
tate in  Michigan  and  made  frequent  visits 
to  Saginaw.  In  1880  the  long  pending 
chancery  suit  was  settled  by  Mr.  Scott  be- 
fore it  came  to  trial  by  the  payment  of 
$17,000.  The  creditors  were  then  called 
together  and  Mr.  Scott  was  authorized  by 
them  to  cut  the  logs,  drive  them  down  the 
rivers  and  have  them  sawed  and  sell  the 
lumber.  After  three  or  four  camps  were 
established  another  set  of  litigants  ap- 
peared and  sought  an  injunction  to  prevent 
the  cutting  of  the  timber.  This  injunc- 
tion was  denied  by  the  Federal  Court.  The 
following  summer,  when  the  logs  began 
to  come  out,  notices  were  filed  with  the 
Boom  companies  so  that  bonds  had  to  be 
given  to  the  companies  for  the  value  of 
all  the  logs  delivered.  After  several  mil- 
lion feet  was  sawed  and  had  been  sold  by 
Mr.  Scott  and  when  the  lumber  came  to 
be  shipped  the  same  parties  replevined.  In 
three  years  they  brought  over  thirty  suits 
of  various  kinds,  and  Mr.  Scott  was  the 
acting,  vital  defendant  in  each  of  them. 
He  was  almost  continuously  harassed. 
Finally  he  filed  a  plenary  bill  in  the  name 
of  the  assignee,  making  each  of  these  ten 
or  twelve  parties  who  had  been  bringing 
suits  as  defendant.  An  injunction  was 
granted  and  issued  immediately  upon  the 
filing  of  the  bill.  The  court  also  ordered 
that  all  the  claims  should  be  consolidated 
and  decided  in  one  action.  Testimony  was 
taken  and  submitted  within  a  year  and  the 
verdict  made  for  the  plaintiff.  One  of  the 
principal  defendants  took  an  appeal  to  the 


Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  but 
before  the  time  elapsed  for  perfecting  the 
appeal  he  settled  with  Mr.  Scott  and  paid 
$22,000  and  all  the  costs  of  this  principal 
suit  and  dismissed  all  the  twenty-nine 
smaller  suits  and  paid  costs.  Thus  after 
trials  and  difficulties  that  might  furnish 
material  for  an  interesting  business  ro- 
mance Mr.  Scott  found  his  hands  free  to 
finish  the  lumbering  of  the  property.  He 
realized  very  large  net  sums  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  creditors,  and  in  1886  the  estate 
was  wound  up  and  closed.  The  Litchfield 
creditors  got  eighty-four  cents  on  the  dol- 
lar, more  than  any  bankrupt  estate  had 
paid  in  the  City  of  New  York  up  to  that 
time.  All  this  was  largely  due  to  Mr. 
Scott's  efforts. 

During  these  years  Mr.  Scott  had  been 
acquiring  timber  lands  in  Michigan  of 
his  own.  In  1894  he  organized  at  LaPorte 
the  Lac  La  Belle  Company  and  bought 
100,000  acres  of  timber  lands  in  Alger  and 
two  adjoining  counties.  The  purchase  was 
made  from  the  North  of  England  Trustee 
Debenture  &  Assets  Corporation.  Oppo- 
site Grand  Island  on  the  south  shore  of 
Lake  Superior  in  Alger  County  is  a  most 
beautiful  bay,  furnishing  a  great  and  nat- 
ural harbor  of  refuge  for  all  the  vessels 
sailing  on  Lake  Superior.  Mr.  Scott  con- 
ceived the  idea  that  the  location  on  the 
Bay  would  be  unrivaled  for  the  building 
of  a  town  and  the  establishment  of  a  great 
lumber  manufacturing  center.  He  bought 
nearly  500  acres  on  the  shore,  organized  a 
railroad  company  which  built  a  line  thirty- 
seven  miles  long  from  Munising  out  to 
Little  Lake  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwest- 
ern Railroad.  The  town  site  was  conveyed 
to  the  railroad  company,  and  in  a  short 
time  a  tannery,  stave  and  lumber  mill  and 
other  industrial  enterprises  were  built. 
Largely  due  to  this  development  Alger 
County  during  the  decade  from  1890  to 
1900  had  the  largest  growth  in  population 
in  its  history. 

Something  should  now  be  said  about  Mr. 
Scott's  connection  with  his  first  railroad 
enterprise  in  Indiana.  The  Chicago,  Cincin- 
nati &  Louisville  Railroad  Company  was 
leased  to  the  Indianapolis,  Peru  &  Chicago 
Railroad  Company  for  a  long  term  of  years. 
It  was  operated  by  the  last  company,  but 
about  1882  the  latter  company  leased  the 
line  from  Michigan  City  to  Peru  and  to 
Indianapolis  to  the  Wabash  Railroad  Com- 


1634 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pany.  In  1884  the  Wabash  Company  hav- 
ing failed  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  re- 
ceiver. The  trustees  of  the  mortgage  bonds 
got  an  order  of  the  court  compelling  the 
receivers  of  the  Wabash  Company  to  turn 
over  the  lines  of  the  railroad  between 
Michigan  City  and  Indianapolis  to  the  two 
trustees,  one  of  whom  was  Gen.  Wager 
Swayne  and  the  other  Col.  George  T.  M. 
Davis  of  New  York,  according  to  the  con- 
ditions in  the  mortgages.  These  two  trus- 
tees deputized  Mr.  Scott  to  take  charge 
and  operate  the  line  of  railroad  between 
Michigan  City  and  Indianapolis.  Thus  for 
several  years  he  had  a  new  responsibility. 
During  1885-86  the  mortgages  were  fore- 
closed and  the  ralroads  were  bid  off  by 
purchasing  committees  representing  each 
of  the  two  companies.  These  purchasing 
committees  sold  the  line  outright  to  the 
Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railroad  Company, 
and  Mr.  Scott  turned  over  the  lines  and 
took  a  receipt  from  Mr.  Bradbury,  the  gen- 
eral manager,  in  April,  1887. 

In  1886  Mr.  Scott  became  interested  in 
the  mining  of  coal  in  Greene  and  Sullivan 
counties,  Indiana.  He  bought  884  acres, 
composing  all  of  seven  adjoining  farms, 
for  the  most  part  on  the  westerly  side  of 
the  Dugger  and  Neal  Coal  Company 's  mine. 
He  then  organized  the  Superior  Coal  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  owned  all  the  stock  ex- 
cept a  few  shares  owned  by  the  officers  of 
the  Island  Coal  Company.  This  latter  com- 
pany was  operating  extensively  at  and 
near  Linton.  After  building  some  miners' 
houses  and  getting  a  shaft  sunk  Mr.  Scott 
was  so  harassed  by  the  conduct  of  the  coal 
miners  that  he  concluded  it  was  best  for 
him  to  consolidate  with  the  Island  Coal 
Company.  When  this  was  done  the  Island 
Coal  Company  spread  out  and  operated 
coal  mines  over  a  large  territory.  In  1903 
the  Island  Company  sold  this  property  to 
the  Vandalia  Coal  Company  for  more  than 
$250  per  acre. 

Much  of  this  interesting  business  experi- 
ence is  hardly  known  even  to  Mr.  Scott's 
close  friends.  A  large  number  of  people 
know  him  chiefly  for  his  extensive  opera- 
tions in  the  development  and  reclamation 
of  agricultural  lands  in  Northern  Indiana. 
Mrs.  Scott,  his  wife,  had  some  2,200  acres 
of  land  bequeathed  to  her  by  her  father,  in 
1879.  One  farm  on  the  Tippecanoe  river 
was  upland,  but  about  1,900  acres  in  four 
different  tracts  were  swamp  land,  being 


located  in  the  Mud  Creek  region  of  Fulton 
County.  Mr.  Scott  sold  500  acres  of  the 
swamp  lands  for  $15  per  acre,  but  he  sub- 
•divided  the  remaining  1,400  acres  into  five 
farms,  erected  barns  and  houses  and  other 
buildings,  spent  many  thousands  of  dollars 
in  open  drains  and  tile  drains,  and  after- 
ward sold  the  lands,  some  as  high  as  $70 
an  acre. 

In  1884  he  bought  1,387  acres  of  marsh 
land  for  himself  in  the  same  county.  This 
he  subdivided  into  four  farms,  and  again 
undertook  extensive  drainage  work  and  im- 
provement. Today  these  four  farms  are 
worth  much  more  than  $100  an  acre.  On 
the  four  farms  he  has  laid  more  than  a 
hundred  miles  of  tile  drains,  has  caused 
four  miles  of  big  dredge  ditches  to  be  dug, 
and  the  example  and  work  of  this  one  in- 
dividual owner  has  been  a  great  factor  of 
benefit  to  the  improvement  of  swamp  lands 
and  all  lands  generally  in  Fulton  County. 
Since  selling  his  interest  in  the  wheel 
factory  in  1902  Mr.  Scott  has  given  most 
of  his  time  to  looking  after  his  farms.  He 
was  a  pioneer  in  the  modern  reclamation 
work  in  Northern  Indiana.  That  work  re- 
quired courage  and  foresight  as  well  as  a 
large  amount  of  capital.  The  entire  region 
where  his  operations  have  been  centered 
is  now  under  cultivation,  and  is  no  longer 
known  as  a  marsh,  but  as  a  prairie. 

Only  a  broader  outline  of  the  career  of 
Mr.  Scott  can  be  attempted  here,  since  that 
broader  outline  constitutes  real  history. 
Mr.  Scott  has  been  a  history  maker  in  both 
Indiana  and  Michigan,  and  the  public  has 
an  interest  in  what  he  has  done.  He  is  a 
keen  and  forceful  American  business  man, 
and  through  it  all  has  pervaded  a  public 
spirit  that  in  many  ways  has  inured  to  the 
progress  and  development  of  his  home  city 
of  LaPorte.  Mr.  Scott  was  for  five  years 
mavor  of  LaPorte,  serving  from  May,  1889, 
to  September,  1894.  Of  larger  constructive 
enterprises  credited  to  his  administration 
should  be  mentioned  the  improvement  of 
the  channels  between  Lily,  Stone  and  Pine 
lakes,  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  the 
city  a  permanent  water  supply.  The  first 
brick  pavement  in  LaPorte  is  also  attrib- 
uted to  his  administration.  In  politics  Mr. 
Scott  is  a  democrat. 

I 

DR.  THEOPHILTIS  PARVIN  was  born  Janu- 
ary 9,  1829,  at  Buenos  Aires,  South 
America,  where  his  parents  were  residing  as 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1635 


missionaries.  After  receiving  his  medical 
degree  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
he  located  in  Indianapolis  as  a  medical 
practitioner  in  1853,  and  except  for  the 
year  he  resided  in  Cincinnati  made  Indian- 
apolis his  home  until  the  fall  of  1883,  when 
he  removed  to  Philadelphia.  To  Doctor 
Parvin  belongs  the  honor  of  being  the  first 
physician  of  Indiana  to  write  a  medical 
text  book, ' '  Science  and  Art  of  Obstetrics, ' ' 
and  he  was  also  honored  with  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society 
in  1862. 

Doctor  Parvin  excelled  as  a  lecturer  and 
teacher.  His  death  occurred  in  Philadel- 
phia January  29,  1898. 

EARL  E.  STAFFORD  is  owner  and  head  of 
"The  House  of  Ideas,"  as  he  calls  the  Staf- 
ford Engraving  Company  of  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  Stafford  has  been  himself  a  house  of 
ideas  ever  since  he  started  his  career,  and 
it  was  his  ambition  to  do  things  in  the 
engraving  and  illustrative  field  much  bet- 
ter and  along  new  lines  that  led  him  into 
founding  a  business  which  now  has  a  his- 
tory of  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

Mr.  Stafford  belongs  to  one  of  the  old 
and  honored  families  of  Eastern  Indiana, 
being  a  descendant  of  some  of  the  Quakers 
who  have  been  most  conspicuous  in  the 
development  of  Wayne  and  Henry  coun- 
ties. 

His  grandfather,  Dr.  Daniel  H.  Stafford, 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  Aug- 
ust 30,  1818,  son  of  Samuel  and  Nancy 
(Hastings)  Stafford,  and  a  grandson  of 
Daniel  and  Abigail  Stafford,  who  came 
from  North  Carolina  and  settled  in  Wayne 
County,  Indiana,  in  1812.  Nancy  Hast- 
ings was  a  daughter  of  William  and  Sarah 
(Evans)  Hastings.  William  Hastings  was 
a  native  of  New  Jersey  but  went  south 
to  Western  North  Carolina,  and  in  1807 
moved  to  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  where 
he  was  a  school  teacher  in  the  first  colony 
that  settled  in  Eastern  Indiana.  Dr. 
Daniel  H.  Stafford  was  only  six  months 
old  when  his  mother  died.  In  1822  his 
father  moved  to  Henry  County  and  thir- 
teen years  later  to  Hamilton  County.  His 
father  was  a  minister  of  the  Society  of 
Friends.  Doctor  Stafford  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship of  four  years  at  the  carpen- 
ter's trade,  and  while  working  at  the  trade 
in  Henry  County  studied  medicine.  In 
1843  he  began  practice,  and  while  the  Civil 


war  was  in  progress  he  took  post-graduate 
work  in  the  Physio-Medical  Institute  at 
Cincinnati.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  agriculture, 
but  eventually  found  his  time  fully  oc- 
cupied by  his  profession.  He  married  in 
1838  Sarah  G.  Stretch,  whose  parents  set- 
tled in  Wayne  County  in  1823. 

Dr.  James  A.  Stafford,  father  of  Earl 
E.,  was  oldest  of  the  nine  children  of  his 
parents.  He  was  born  in  Henry  County 
September  28,  1839.  He  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  and  in  Earlham  Col- 
lege at  Richmond,  was  a  teacher  for  sev- 
eral terms,  and  in  1864  began  reading 
medicine  with  his  father.  In  1867  he 
graduated  from  the  Physio-Medical  Insti- 
tute at  Cincinnati,  and  during  succeeding 
years  built  up  a  large  practice  at  Millville. 
He  also  owned  a  large  farm  there  and  was 
especially  successful  in  bee  culture.  He 
was  also  a  merchant  at  Millville.  He  con- 
tinued the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Millville  until  1907,  when  he  moved  to 
Newcastle,  and  there  established  a  home 
hospital,  which  he  has  successfully  con- 
ducted ever  since.  Though  now  in  his 
eightieth  year,  he  has  the  vigor  of  many 
men  years  younger,  and  spends  part  of  his 
time  on  his  large  farm  near  Millville.  He 
is  a  faithful  member  of  the  Friends 
Church,  has  been  active  in  medical  so- 
cieties, and  is  a  republican  in  politics.  For 
a  long  period  of  years  he  has  given  his 
advocacy  to  prohibition.  In  1860  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Martha  Payne,  who  died  in  1866, 
leaving  two  sons,  Horace  and  Charles.  In 
1868  he  married  Elizabeth  C.  Worl,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Worl,  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Henry  County. 

Earl  E.  Stafford,  only  child  of  his 
father's  second  marriage,  was  born  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  December  25, 
1870.  He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Millville  and  as  an  amateur  had  made  con- 
siderable progress  in  the  printing  art  be- 
fore he  was  thirteen  years  old.  In  1887 
he  entered  Purdue  University,  and  after 
leaving  college  he  went  to  work  at  Indian- 
apolis in  the  advertising  department  of  the 
Sun.  He  left  the  Sun  in  1891  to  engage 
in  the  advertising  business  for  himself,  and 
for  a  time  conducted  an  advertising  trade 
paper.  Then,  in  March,  1893,  he  organized 
the  Stafford  Engraving  Company,  and  has 
built  a  business  which  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  foremost  exponents  of  artistic  en- 


1636 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


graving  in  the  Middle  West.  It  is  now  a 
large  organization,  with  a  great  plant  and 
equipment  and  with  a  staff  of  expert  men 
in  all  lines  of  commercial  art  and  engrav- 
ing. This  is  the  only  engraving  establish- 
ment in  Indiana  making  process  color 
plates.  Mr.  Stafford  has  devoted  consid- 
erable time  to  agriculture  and  owns  a  farm 
of  139  acres  in  the  suburbs  of  Indianapolis, 
which  is  devoted  to  the  growing  of  small 
grains  and  live  stock. 

Mr.  Stafford  is  a  republican  and  has  been 
quite  active  in  his  party.  October  20, 
1897,  at  Indianapolis,  he  married  Miss 
Laura  Coulon.  They  are  the  parents  of 
two  children,  Robert  E.  and  Dorothy  Staf- 
ford. 

HON.  RICHARD  LOWE,  representative  from 
Montgomery  County  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ture is  widely  known  in  many  parts  of  the 
state  besides  his  home  county,  and  his  rec- 
ord from  young  manhood  to  the  present 
time  has  been  marked  by  great  efficiency 
and  ability  in  every  undertaking. 

He  was  born  April  6,  1860,  in  the  Vil- 
lage of  Newton,  Richland  Township,  Foun- 
tain County,  Indiana.  When  he  was  six 
years  of  age  he  removed  to  Tippecanoe 
County,  where  he  grew  to  manhood  on  a 
farm.  He  gained  a  higher  education 
largely  by  his  earnings  as  a  farm  laborer 
and  as  a  teacher.  He  attended  the  North- 
western Normal  University  of  Indiana  at 
Valparaiso  and  also  the  Normal  University 
of  Lebanon,  Ohio.  For  ten  years  he  taught 
school,  his  work  in  that  profession  being 
in  the  states  of  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  In- 
diana. Mr.  Lowe  in  1889  was  appointed 
a  special  agent  for  the  United  States  Pen- 
sion Bureau.  It  was  in  that  work  that 
his  experience  and  abilities  brought  out  his 
finest  service.  His  duties  took  him  to 
many  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  he 
was  more  and  more  appointed  to  difficult 
cases  requiring  the  services  of  an  expert 
examiner.  He  held  his  office  until  1910, 
and  from  that  year  until  1915  was  dili- 
gently engaged  as  a  farmer  and  stock 
raiser  in  Tippecanoe  County.  On  retiring 
from  his  farm  Mr.  Lowe  located  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  and  has  since  conducted  a  pen- 
sion office  with  branch  offices  at  Indianap- 
olis and  Lafayette.  He  has  successfully 
prosecuted  and  adjusted  many  important 
claims  for  old  soldiers  and  their  repre- 
sentatives. During  our  war  with  the  Cen- 


tral Powers  of  Europe  Mr.  Lowe  as  an 
attorney  assisted  gratuitously  hundreds  of 
soldiers  and  their  heirs  with  their  claims 
for  allotment,  compensation  and  insurance, 
and  is  yet  engaged  in  this  field  of  active 
usefulness. 

He  was  elected  to  represent  Montgomery 
County  in  the  legislature  November  5, 
1918,  on  the  republican  ticket,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  Seventy-First  General  As- 
sembly of  Indiana  achieved  the  reputation 
of  being  a  hard  working,  painstaking  legis- 
lator. He  is  affiliated  with  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  has 
always  been  a  student  and  lover  of  books 
and  has  a  large  private  library  in  his  com- 
fortable home  at  209  East  Pike  Street  in 
Crawfordsville. 

July  30,  1885,  Mr.  Lowe  married  Miss 
Gelesse  Louella  Jeffery,  a  native  of  Ohio. 
She  died  September  16,  1903,  mother  of 
one  son,  Sylvan  Russell  Lowe,  born  August 
14,  1886,  and  now  a  resident  of  Rochester, 
New  York.  October  19,  1905,  Mr.  Lowe 
married  for  his  present  wife  Mrs.  Olive 
Riggs,  a  native  of  Putnam  County,  In- 
diana. 

JOHN  GLASSCOTT.  The  Glasscott  family 
has  had  an  active  part  in  the  history  of 
Michigan  City  for  many  years.  It  was 
founded  here  by  the  late  John  Glasscott, 
and  two  of  his  sons  continue  the  prestige 
of  the  name  in  business  and  civic  affairs. 

John  Glasscott  was  born  in  New  Ross, 
County  Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1838,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Anastasia  (Cullerton)  Glass- 
cott, who  were  lifelong  residents  of  County 
Wexford.  Four  of  their  sons,  Thomas, 
James,  John  and  Nicholas,  came  to  Amer- 
ica, also  two  daughters,  Margaret  Glasscott 
of  Chicago  and  Eliza  Glasscott  Howard  of 
Detroit,  Michigan,  while  two  sons,  William 
and  Robert,  remained  in  Ireland. 

John  Glasscott  left  the  home  of  his 
parents  when  only  nine  years  of  age,  and 
came  to  America  on  a  sailing  vessel,  being 
five  weeks  on  the  ocean.  Landing  at  New 
York,  he  went  on  west  to  Chicago,  where  he 
joined  an  uncle  named  John  Redmond. 
He  was  employed  in  various  lines  until  he 
reached  manhood  and  then  moved  to  Mich- 
igan City  and  learned  the  trade  of  brass 
moulder  in  the  car  shops.  After  a  short 
time  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Michigan 
Central  Railway  Company,  and  continued 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1637 


that  employment  until  late  in  life,  when  he 
resigned  and  engaged  in  the  coal  business. 
He  died  in  March,  1917,  and  left  a  good 
name  in  the  community.  He  married 
Mary  Olvaney,  who  was  born  in  Defiance, 
Ohio.  Her  father,  John  Olvaney,  was  a 
native  of  Dublin,  Ireland,  and  he  and  his 
brother  Patrick  were  the  only  members  of 
the  family  to  come  to  America.  John  Ol- 
vaney was  a  young  man  when  he  reached 
this  country,  and  in  New  York  he  met  and 
married  Mary  Frazier.  They  started  west 
with  a  team  and  wagon,  and  having  limited 
means  they  had  to  stop  at  different  times 
along  the  road  to  earn  sufficient  money  to 
keep  them  in  supplies,  and  thus  by  stages 
they  continued  westward  until  they  ar- 
rived in  Michigan  City,  then  a  small  town. 
John  Olvaney  died  there  a  few  years  later, 
leaving  his  widow  and  several  small  chil- 
dren. One  son,  named  John,  served  four 
years  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Civil 
war.  About  a  year  after  the  war  he  met 
his  death  by  drowning  in  the  lake  while 
attempting  to  save  the  life  of  another.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Glasscott  had  four  children,  Alex- 
ander, who  died  at  the  age  of  seven  years, 
John,  Thomas  and  Matie,  the  latter  the 
wife  of  Rudolph  Krueger. 

Thomas  Glasscott  attended  the  parochial 
schools  and  public  schools  of  Michigan 
City,  and  after  finishing  his  education  took 
up  clerical  work.  For  the  past  six  years 
he  has  discharged  the  responsibilities  of 
savings  teller  in  the  Citizens  Bank.  He  is 
a  member  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  as  were 
his  parents,  and  is  affiliated  with  Council 
No.  837  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  and 
with  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

His  brother,  John  J.  Glasscott,  was  also 
born  in  Michigan  City,  was  educated  in  the 
parochial  schools,  and  as  a  young  man 
entered  the  retail  coal  business.  After  sev- 
eral years  he  broadened  his  enterprise  to 
include  real  estate  and  insurance  and  also* 
the  wholesale  coal  trade,  and  he  is  now 
at  the  head  of  a  large  and  successful 
enterprise.  In  1894  he  married  Evan- 
geline  McCrory,  a  native  of  Michigan  City 
and  a  daughter  of  John  and  Catherine  Mc- 
Crory. They  have  four  children :  Eulalia, 
Lorenzo  A.,  Robert  and  Evangeline.  Eul- 
alia is  a  teacher  of  domestic  science  in  the 
Michigan  City  schools  and  Lorenzo  gradu- 
ated from  the  law  department  of  Notre 
Dame  University  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one.  The  family  are  members  of  St. 
Mary's  Church  and  John  Glasscott  is  affil- 


iated with  Michigan  City,  Council  No.  837, 
Knights  of  Columbus,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

i 

EUGENE  C.  DOLMETSCH.  This  is  one  of 
the  honored  names  in  wholesale  circles  at 
Indianapolis,  and  also  suggests  the  career 
of  a  man  who  coming  to  America  compara- 
tively poor  and  unknown  has  carved  his 
destiny  as  a  substantial  citizen  of  Indiana 
and  has  a  record  which  his  own  children 
and  every  other  citizen  may  read  with  in- 
spiration and  encouragement. 

He  was  born  in  Wuertemberg,  Germany, 
September  11,  1855,  one  of  the  nine  chil- 
dren of  Christian  and  Maria  (Haueisen) 
Dolmetsch.  The  first  fourteen  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  Germany.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools,  and  before 
beginning  the  second  period  of  a  German 
youth,  that  of  a  practical  apprenticeship  at 
some  trade,  he  accompanied  an  uncle,  Wil- 
liam Haueisen,  to  the  United  States.  They 
came  direct  to  Indianapolis,  where  Mr. 
Dolmetsch  arrived  with  a  very  imperfect 
knowledge  of  the  English  language  or 
American  customs.  It  was  his  purpose  to 
make  this  country  his  future  home  and  to 
win  success  if  perseverance  and  industry 
would  accomplish  that  end.  For  several 
years  he  attended  night  school  in  Indian- 
apolis, and  therein  perfected  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  language  and  gained  other 
qualifications  for  worthy  and  useful  citi- 
zenship. 

It  was  nearly  fifty  years  ago  that  Mr. 
Dolmetsch  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  in 
all  those  years  his  interest  and  employ- 
ment have  been  practically  along  one  line. 
His  first  experience  was  as  clerk  in  the 
wholesale  and  retail  toy  establishment  of 
Charles  Mayer  &  Company.  He  remained 
with  that  firm,  giving  the  best  that  was  in 
him  of  faithful  service  and  hard  work,  for 
a  period  of  thirty-four  years.  In  1902 
the  original  firm  retired  and  was  succeeded 
by  five  of  the  older  employes,  Eugene  C. 
Dolmetsch,  John  G.  Ohleyer,  Herman  H. 
Sielken,  Otto  Keller  and  George  Hofman. 
These  five  men  organized  and  incorporated 
the  E.  C.  Dolmetsch  Company.  Since  that 
time  Mr.  Dolmetsch  has  been  the  active 
president  of  the  corporation.  The 
specialty  of  the  company  is  wholesaling 
druggists  sundries,  toys  and  fancy  goods. 
It  is  a  large  and  important  firm,  and  one 
that  has  added  not  a  little  to  the  prestige 
of  Indianapolis  as  a  wholesale  center. 


1638 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Besides  his  business  affairs  Mr.  Dol- 
metsch  has  always  entered  fully  into  the 
responsibilities  of  American  citizenship. 
He  is  independent  in  politics,  is  a  member 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  is  identified 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  Many  times 
his  name  has  appeared  in  connection  with 
some  movements  which  have  brought  im- 
portant institutions  into  the  life  of  In- 
dianapolis. Since  America  entered  into 
war  with  Germany  his  patriotism  has  been 
signally  demonstrated,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  proud  American  fathers  who  welcomed 
the  fact  that  his  youngest  son,  Walter  K., 
volunteered  as  a  soldier  in  the  National 
Army.  His  only  other  son;  Eugene  C. 
Dolmetsch,  Jr.,  is  actively  associated  with 
him  in  business. 

May  26,  1886,  Mr.  Dolmetsch  married 
Miss  Ida  Kevers.  She  was  born  in  Ohio  of 
German  parentage. 

CLARA  MARGARET  SWEITZER.  Of  Indiana 
women  who  have  chosen  independent  voca- 
tions in  spheres  and  fields  outside  the  rou- 
tine of  woman's  labors,  Clara  Margaret 
Sweitzer  of  Richmond  has  the  distinction 
of  success  and  professional  attainments  as 
an  optometrist.  She  has  a  large  and  pros- 
perous clientage  and  business  in  the  West- 
cott  Hotel  Building. 

She  was  born  at  Shakopee,  Minnesota, 
daughter  of  Nicholas  and  Christine  (Hoe- 
ing) Sweitzer,  both  of  whom  were  born  in 
Bavaria,  Germany.  Miss  Sweitzer  was 
educated  in  parochial  schools  and  also  in 
the  Notre  Dame  Convent.  After  some 
business  experience  in  different  lines  she 
entered  the  Rochester  School  of  Opto- 
metry,  graduated,  and  in  1905  located  at 
Richmond,  opening  an  office  and  consulting 
rooms  at  927%  Main  Street.  She  soon 
had  a  growing  business  and  on  December 
16,  1918,  opened  a  newly  appointed  office 
in  the  Westcott  Hotel.  Hers  is  one  of 
the  largest  business  of  its  kind  in  Wayne 
County.  She  carries  a  complete  stock  of 
optical  goods  and  has  all  the  facilities  for 
perfect  adjustment  and  fitting  for  indivi- 
dual use.  Much  of  her  business  comes 
from  outside  towns,  and  no  small  share  of 
it  from  outside  the  state. 

Miss  Sweitzer  is  a  member  of  the  State 
and  National  Associations  of  Optometrists. 
She  has  been  actively  engaged  in  state  as- 
sociation work  and  has  served  on  various 
committees  for  several  years.  She  has  also 


represented  the  state  as  a  delegate  in  na- 
tional conventions.  She  believes  in  suf- 
frage for  women  but  is  rather  averse  to 
office  holding  for  the  sex.  She  is  a  mem- 
ber of  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church  and  is 
an  independent  in  politics. 

JOHN  J.  HARRINGTON,  JR.,  is  an  execu- 
tive of  one  of  the  old  established  business 
concerns  of  Richmond,  the  John  J.  Har- 
rington Wholesale  Accessories,  Saddlery 
and  other  supplies  house. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  in  September, 
1882,  a  son  of  John  J.  and  Anna  (Ross) 
Harrington.  As  a  boy  he  attended  paro- 
chial schools,  also  the  Garfield  School,  and 
was  an  honor  graduate  from  the  Richmond 
High  School  in  1900.  In  September  of 
that  year  he  entered  Notre  Dame  Univer- 
sity, and  took  the  two  years '  course  leading 
to  the  degree  Master  of  Accounts  in  one 
year,  graduating  in  1901.  He  at  once  re- 
turned to  Richmond  and  entered  his 
father's  business,  and  has  been  given  in- 
creasing responsibilities  in  that  concern 
with  passing  years. 

In  1907  he  married  Henrietta  Luken, 
daughter  of  A.  G.  Luken,  a  pioneer  drug- 
gist of  Richmond.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Har- 
rington have  four  children.  Mr.  Harring- 
ton is  a  republican  and  was  elected  un- 
animously Grand  Knight  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus,  and  had  charge  of  all  their 
war  work  drives  in  Richmond.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
is  a  member  of  the  National  Association  of 
Wholesale  Saddlery  Dealers,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  St.  Mary's  Church. 

CAPT.  SILAS  E.  TAYLOR,  who  was  a  cap- 
tain of  engineers  in  the  Civil  war,  earning 
promotion  from  the  ranks  to  a  captaincy, 
has  been  a  resident  of  LaPorte  for  over 
half  a  century,  and  for  many  years  was 
head  of  one  of  the  largest  printing  concerns 
of  that  city.  He  learned  the  printing  trade 
when  a  boy  and  followed  it  steadily  with 
the  exception  of  the  Civil  war  period  until 
he  retired  quite  recently. 

Captain  Taylor  was  born  at  Bath  in 
Steuben  County,  New  York,  July  16,  1837. 
His  great-grandfather,  Nathan  Taylor,  wa? 
a  native  of  Connecticut  and  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  After  that  war  he 
became  a  pioneer  settler  in  Washington 
County,  New  York.  John  Taylor,  grand- 


sd 


X 

o 


DO 


cc 


1638 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


Besides  his  business  affairs  Mr.  Dol- 
metsch has  always  entered  fully  into  the 
responsibilities  of  American  citizenship. 
He  is  independent  in  politics,  is  a  member 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  is  identified 
with  the  Knights  of  I'ythias.  Many  times 
his  name  has  appeared  in  connection  with 
some  movements  which  have  brought  im- 
portant institutions  into  the  life  of  In- 
dianapolis. Since  America  entered  into 
war  with  Germany  his  patriotism  has  been 
signally  demonstrated,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  proud  American  fathers  who  welcomed 
tho  fact  that  his  youngest  son,  Walter  K., 
volunteered  as  a  soldier  in  the  National 
Army.  His  only  other  son,  Eugene  ('. 
Dolmetsch,  .Jr.,  is  actively  associated  with 
him  in  business. 

.May  26,  1886,  Mr.  Dolmetsch  married 
Miss  Ida  Kevers.  She  was  born  in  Ohio  of 
German  parentage. 

i 

CLARA  MARGARKT  SWEITZER.  Of  Indiana 
women  who  have  chosen  independent  voca- 
tions in  spheres  and  fields  outside  the  rou- 
tine of  woman's  labors,  Clara  Margaret 
Sweitxer  of  Richmond  has  the  distinction 
of  success  and  professional  attainments  as 
an  optometrist.  She  has  a  large  and  pros- 
perous clientage  and  business  in  tho  \Vest- 
cott  Hotel  Building. 

She  was  born  at  Shakopee,  Minnesota, 
daughter  of  Nicholas  and  Christine  (Hoe- 
ing) Sweitxer,  both  of  whom  were  born  in 
Bavaria,  Germany.  Miss  Sweitxer  was 
educated  in  parochial  schools  and  also  in 
the  Notre  Dame  Convent.  After  some 
business  experience  in  different  lines  she 
entered  the  Rochester  School  of  Opto- 
metry,  graduated,  and  in  190.1  located  at 
Richmond,  opening  an  office  and  consulting 
rooms  at  927  VL.  Main  Street.  She  soon 
had  a  growing  business  and  on  December 
16,  1918,  opened  a  newly  appointed  office 
in  the  Westcott  Hotel.  Hers  is  one  of 
the  largest  business  of  its  kind  in  Wayne 
County.  She  carries  a  complete  stock  of 
optical  goods  and  has  all  the  facilities  for 
perfect  adjustment  and  fitting  for  indivi- 
dual use.  Much  of  her  business  comes 
from  outside  towns,  and  no  small  share  of 
it  from  outside  the  state. 

Miss  Sweitxer  is  a  member  of  the  State 
and  National  Associations  of  Optometrists. 
She  has  been  actively  engaged  in  state  as- 
sociation work  and  has  served  on  various 
committees  for  several  vears.  She  has  also 


represented  the  state  as  a  delegate  in  na- 
tional conventions.  She  believes  in  suf- 
frage for  women  but  is  rather  averse  to 
office  holding  for  the  sex.  She  is  a  mem- 
ber of  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church  and  is 
an  independent  in  politics. 

JOHN  J.  HARRINGTON.  JR.,  is  an  execu- 
tive of  one  of  the  old  established  business 
concerns  of  Richmond,  the  John  J.  Har- 
rington Wholesale  Accessories,  Saddlery 
ami  other  supplies  house. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  in  September, 
1882,  a  son  of  John  J.  and  Anna  (Ross) 
Harrington.  As  a  boy  he  attended  paro- 
chial schools,  also  the  Garfield  School,  and 
was  an  honor  graduate  from  the  Richmond 
High  School  in  1900.  In  September  of 
that  year  he  entered  Notre  Dame  Univer- 
sity, and  took  the  two  years'  course  leading 
to  the  degree  Master  of  Accounts  in  one 
year,  graduating  in  1901.  He  at  once  re- 
turned to  Richmond  and  entered  his 
father's  business,  and  has  been  given  in- 
creasing responsibilities  in  that  concern 
with  passing  years. 

In  1907  he  married  Henrietta  Luken, 
daughter  of  A.  G.  Luken,  a  pioneer  drug- 
gist of  Richmond.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Har- 
rington have  four  children.  Mr.  Harring- 
ton is  a  republican  and  was  elected  un- 
animously Grand  Knight  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus,  and  had  charge  of  all  their 
war  work  drives  in  Richmond.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
is  a  member  of  the  National  Association  of 
Wholesale  Saddlery  Dealers,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  St.  Mary's  Church. 

CAPT.  SILAS  E.  TAYLOR,  who  was  a  cap- 
tain of  engineers  in  the  Civil  war,  earning 
promotion  from  tho  ranks  to  a  captaincy, 
lias  been  a  resident  of  LaPorte  for  over 
half  a  century,  and  for  many  years  was 
bead  of  one  of  the  largest  printing  concerns 
of  that  city.  He  learned  the  printing  trade 
when  a  boy  and  followed  it  steadily  with 
the  exception  of  the  Civil  war  period  until 
he  retired  quite  recently. 

Captain  Taylor  was  born  at  Bath  in 
Steuben  Comity.  New  York,  July  16,  1837. 
His  <rreat-grand1'ather,  Nathan  Taylor,  was 
a  native  of  Connecticut  and  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  After  that  war  he 
became  a  pioneer  settler  in  Washington 
County,  New  York.  John  Taylor,  grand- 


- 


X 


so 


at 

* 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1639 


father  of  Captain  Taylor,  was  born  in 
Washington  County,  New  York,  learned 
the  trade  of  millwright,  and  established 
one  of  the  early  homes  in  Steuben  County, 
traveling  from  Washington  to  Steuben 
County  with  wagon  and  team.  He  bought 
a  tract  of  timber  land  at  $1  an  acre,  sup- 
plied his  family  and  home  with  the  necessi- 
ties of  life  by  working  at  his  trade,  and 
also  superintended  the  management  of  the 
farm,  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  when 
upwards  of  ninety  years  of  age.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Baker. 

Daniel  Bacon  Taylor,  father  of  Captain 
Taylor,  was  born  at  Fort  Ann  in  Washing- 
ton County,  New  York,  in  1805.  He  also 
learned  the  trade  of  millwright,  and  fol- 
lowed it  all  his  active  career  in  New  York 
State.  He  married  Dorcas  Cothrell,  a  life- 
long resident  of  New  York  State. 

Captain  Taylor  is  the  only  surviving 
child  of  the  seven  born  to  his  parents.  At 
the  age  of  fourteen,  having  had  some  for- 
mal instruction  in  the  schools  of  that  time, 
he  began  learning  the  printer's  trade  in 
the  office  of  the  Steuben  Courier.  He 
worked  at  this  occupation  steadily  until 
1860,  when  he  went  west  to  Port  Clinton, 
Ohio,  and  established  a  newspaper.  He 
did  not  long  remain  connected  with  that 
enterprise,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  Civil 
war  broke  out  and  he  responded  to  the 
call  for  his  services  by  returning  to.  New 
York  State  and  enlisting  in  the  Fiftieth 
Regiment  of  New  York  Engineers.  The 
first  year  he  served  as  a  private,  then  for 
one  day  as  first  sergeant,  later  as  second 
lieutenant,  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant, 
and  finally  as  captain  commanded  the 
company  and  in  many  ways  distinguished 
himself  by  the  enterprise  and  intrepidity  of 
his  organization  during  several  of  the  im- 
portant campaigns  of  the  war.  The  war 
over,  he  returned  to  New  York  and  resumed 
employment  in  a  printing  office  at  Hornell. 

Captain  Taylor  came  to  LaPorte  in.  1867 
for  the  purpose  of  accepting  a  position  in 
the  office  of  the  LaPorte  Herald.  At  that 
time  the  principal  machine  for  printing  in 
the  office  was  a  hand  press.  With  the 
growth  of  the  city  the  facilities  of  the  office 
were  increased,  and  for  many  years  Captain 
Taylor  was  connected  with  one  of  the  larg- 
est printing  establishments  in  Northern 
Indiana.  This  company  also  published  for 
some  years  the  LaPorte  Herald,  and  at  one 
time  Captain  Taylor  owned  a  half  interest 


in  that  publication.  He  became  president 
of  the  printing  company  and  held  that 
office  until  he  retired  February  4,  1916. 

DR.  JAMES  F.  HIBBARD  is  one  of  the  noted 
and  well  remembered  Indiana  physicians 
who  have  been  called  to  the  life  beyond. 
He  was  long  prominent  in  the  medical  socie- 
ties of  the  state,  and  as  early  as  1862  was 
elected  president  of  the  State  Medical  'So- 
ciety, and  in  1893  was  chosen  president  of 
the  American  Medical  Association.  His 
contributions  to  the  former  were  numerous 
and  valuable.  Indiana  claims  Doctor  Hib- 
bard  among  the  eminent  men  who  graced 
her  medical  profession.  His  home  was  at 
Richmond. 

WILLIAM  M.  FERREE.  The  Ferree  fam- 
ily has  been  in  Indiana  since  pioneer  times 
and  are  well  known  in  several  different 
counties  of  the  state.  William  M.  Ferree 
has  been  in  the  lumber  business  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  active  career,  and  is 
now  a  partner  in  one  of  the  large  retail 
lumber  establishments  of  Indianapolis. 

The  first  member  of  the  Ferree  family 
in  America  was  a  Huguenot  who  came 
from  France  for  the  purpose  of  seeking 
freedom  of  religious  worship.  Through 
the  influence  of  William  Penn  he  received 
a  land  grant  in  what  is  now  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania.  The  family  thus 
established  became  numerous,  produced 
many  estimable  men  and  women,  and  one 
branch  of  it  subsequently  moved  to  Vir- 
ginia. From  Virginia  in  the  early  part  of 
the  last  century  the  Ferrees  came  to  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  where  Oliver  S.  Ferree, 
father  of  the  Indianapolis  merchant  and 
son  of  William,  who  was  the  son  of  John, 
was  born  April  9,  1836.  Oliver  Ferree 
when  a  boy  was  thrown  from  a  horse  and 
was  a  cripple  all  the  rest  of  his  life.  De- 
spite this  handicap  he  developed  sterling 
business  qualities  and  for  many  years  was 
one  of  the  prosperous  merchants  at  Somer- 
set in  Wabash  County.  He  spent  his  later 
years  on  his  old  farm  in  that  county.  In 
the  days  when  Indiana  still  furnished  a 
large  quantity  of  the  finest  of  hard  wood 
timber  he  built  a  home  which  was  finished 
throughout  with  walnut,  a  timber  now  al- 
most priceless  and  as  valuable  as  ma- 
hogany. This  fine  old  home  was  only  re- 
cently destroyed  by  fire.  Oliver  Ferree 
was  active  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 


16-40 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Church,  served  as  a  church  official,  and  in 
politics  was  a  republican.  His  first  wife 
was  Mary  L.  Miles,  who  was  born  at 
Marion,  Grant  County,  Indiana.  She  died 
in  1878,  the  mother  of  two  sons,  Francis 
M.,  and  William  M.,  the  former  a  farmer 
occupying  the  old  homestead  in  Wabash 
County.  Oliver  Ferree  married  for  his 
second  wife  Annie  White,  who  now  lives  at 
Thorntown,  Indiana. 

William  M.  Ferree  was  born  on  Wash- 
ington's birthday,  February  22,  1870,  at 
Somerset  in  Wabash  County,  Indiana.  In 
that  locality  he  spent  the  years  preceding 
manhood,  and  finished  his  education  in  the 
Somerset  High  School.  His  energies  were 
employed  on  the  home  farm  until  the  age 
of  twenty,  at  which  date  he  removed  to 
Elwood,  and  there  gained  his  first  experi- 
ence in  the  lumber  trade.  For  eleven  years 
he  was  connected  with  the  Elwood  Planing 
Mill,  most  of  the  time  as  yard  foreman. 
From  Elwood  he  removed  to  Indianapolis, 
and  entered  the  service  of  the  Kies  Lum- 
ber Company.  The  Kies  lumber  plant  is 
now  operated  by  the  Brannurn  &  Keeneler 
Lumber  Company,  situated  on  East  Wash- 
ington Street.  Mr.  Ferree  was  connected 
with  these  two  organizations  for  ten  years 
and  for  two  years  was  with  the  Fayette 
Lumber  Company  at  Connersville.  Sell- 
ing his  interests  there  he  returned  to  In- 
dianapolis and  in  1914  organized  the  Fer- 
ree-Case  Lumber  Company,  of  which  he  is 
secretary  and  treasurer.  This  company 
conducts  a  general  lumber  supply  business 
at  State  Street  and  the  Big  Four  Railway 
tracks,  and  they  also  have  a  business  con- 
nection with  the  Case  Lumber  Company  of 
Rushville,  Indiana. 

September  15,  1892,  Mr.  Ferree  married 
Miss  Jeanette  A.  Seward,  daughter  of  Jack 
and  Margaret  Seward.  Six  children  have 
been  born  to  their  marriage.  Two  of  them, 
Dale  Oliver  and  Mary,  are  deceased,  the 
former  at  the  age  of  three  and  the  latter 
at  eight  years.  John  R.,  the  oldest  child, 
senior  at  Butler  College,  Indianapolis,  is 
now  in  the  uniform  of  a  soldier,  member 
of  the  Three  Hundred  and  Twenty- 
Seventh  Field  Artillery,  American  Ex- 
peditionary Forces  in  France.  The  son 
Paul  is  a  student  in  the  Technical  High 
School  of  Indianapolis.  The  two  younger 
children  are  Elizabeth  and  Jeanette. 

Mr.  Ferree  is  affiliated  with  the  Lodgre, 
Royal  Arch  Chapter  and  Council  of  Ma- 


sonry, with  the  A.  A.  Scottish  Rite,  thirty- 
second  degree,  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men  and  the  Modern  Woodmen.  Politir 
cally  he  casts  his  vote  as  a  democrat. 

CHARLES  A.  KORBLY,  SR.,  was  one  of  the 
very  able  members  of  the  Indiana  bar  dur- 
ing the  last  third  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
He  was  never  prominent  in  politics  and 
his  reputation  rests  most  soundly  upon  the 
work  he  did  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  such  his 
reputation  was  not  confined  to  any  one 
county  of  the  state.  The  honored  name 
he  made  as  a  lawyer  has  been  sustained  by 
the  splendid  abilities  of  his  two  sons, 
Charles  A.,  Jr.,  and  Bernard,  both  promi- 
nent members  of  the  Indianapolis  bar.  In 
public  affairs  the  member  of  the  family 
known  is  Charles  A.  Korbly,  Jr.,  former 
congressman  from  Indiana. 

Charles  A.  Korbly,  Sr.,  was  born  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  January  16,  1842. 
His  father,  Charles  Korbly,  was  a  native  of 
Bavaria  but  married  in  France.  From 
there  he  came  to  the  United  States  and 
lived  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  for  some 
years.  He  was  a  man  of  adventurous  dis- 
position and  in  1849  with  others  started 
overland  for  California.  The  last  word 
received  from  him  was  at  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri, and  whether  he  lost  his  life  on  the 
way  or  after  reaching  California  has  never 
been  known.  His  widow  then  took  her 
family  to  Ripley  County,  Indiana,  where 
Charles  A.  Korbly,  Sr.,  was  reared.  He  re- 
ceived some  education  at  home,  also  taught 
school  during  his  youth,  and  began  the 
study  of  medicine,  but  turned  from  the 
preparation  for  that  profession  to  the  law. 
The  man  who  directed  and  inspired  most 
of  his  researches  in  the  law  was  Wiliiam 
Henrv  Harrington,  then  a  prominent  law- 
yer of  Madison  and  later  at  Indianapolis. 

Charles  A.  Korbly  became  a  partner 
with  Mr.  Harrington  and  for  nearly  thirty 
years  practiced  law  in  Jefferson  County 
and  surrounding  counties.  In  1895  he 
removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  Alonzo  Green  Smith,  a 
former  attorney  general  of  Indiana.  This 
partnership  continued  until  the  death  of 
Mr.  Korbly. 

As  a  lawyer  Mr.  Korbly  was  known  not 
as  a  brilliant  advocate  nor  for  his  forensic 
ability,  but  rather  for  his  deep  and  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  law  and  its  appli- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1641 


cation.  He  would  not  take  a  case  unless 
it  had  merit.  When  once  employed  his 
clients  could  rest  assured  that  their  in- 
terests were  sacred  and  that  he  would  be 
indefatigable  in  conserving  them.  This 
was  the  basis  of  the  reputation  which  be- 
came widespread  over  Indiana.  He  was 
in  every  sense  a  safe  counsellor,  and  well 
deserved  the  high  position  he  gained  at  the 
bar.  Though  an  ardent  democrat  in  polit- 
ical belief  he  never  showed  an  inclina- 
tion for  official  honors.  About  his  only 
official  work  was  several  years  as  United 
States  commissioner.  He  served  in  the 
Union  army  during  the  Civil  war  until  in- 
jured. He  was  a  member  of  the  Catholic 
Church. 

Charles  A.  Korbly,  Sr.,  died  June  13, 
1900.  He  married  Mary  B.  Bright,  who  sur- 
vived him.  Her  father,  Michael  G.  Bright, 
was  a  native  of  New  York  State  and  of  Re- 
volutionary American  stock.  For  many 
years  he  was  a  successful  lawyer  at  Madi- 
son and  finally  came  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  continued  in  practice  for  a  number  of 
years.  Charles  A  Korbly,  Sr.,  and  wife 
had  five  children.  The  three  still  living 
are  Charles  A.,  Jr. ;  Mary  B.,  Mrs.  John  G. 
McNutt ;  and  Bernard. 

Charles  A.  Korbly,  Jr.,  was  born  at  Madi- 
son, Indiana,  March  24,  1871,  and  he  was 
educated  in  the  parochial  schools  of  that 
city,  attended  St.  Joseph's  College  in  Illi- 
nois for  two  terms  and  studied  law  under 
his  father.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1892,  and  in  1895  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
became  connected  with  his  father's  firm, 
Smith  &  Korbly.  After  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1900  he  practiced  with  Alonzo 
Green  Smith  and  with  his  brother  Bernard 
until  1902.  Since  then  he  has  practiced 
alone.  Mr.  Korbly  has  a  number  of  busi- 
ness interests  at  Indianapolis,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1908  he  was  nominated  on  the 
democratic  ticket  for  congressman  from  the 
Seventh  District.  He  was  elected  on  that 
ticket  against  a  laree  normal  republican 
majority  and  was  one  of  the  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  Indiana  delegation  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  during  the  Sixty-first, 
Sixty-second  and  Sixty-third  congresses, 
from  1909  to  1915. 

Mr.  Korbly  is  a  recognized  student  of 
politics  and  affairs  and  a  number  of  years 
ago  prepared  some  articles  on  currency 
and  banking  for  the  Indianapolis  News. 
These  articles  were  widely  copied,  and 

Vol.  IV— « 


had  much  to  do  with  molding  opinion  and 
educating  the  public  on  these  great  issues. 
Mr.  Korbly  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
State  Historical  Society,  the  Hoosier  His- 
torical Society  at  Madison,  the  Indian- 
apolis Board  of  Trade  and  Commercial 
Club,  the  Indiana  Bar  Association,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Catholic  Church.  June 
10,  1902,  he  married  Isabel  Stephens  Pal- 
mer, daughter  of  Edward  and  Elizabeth 
(Stephens)  Palmer  and  granddaughter  of 
Hon.  Nathan  B.  Palmer,  speaker  of  the 
Indiana  House  of  Representatives  in  1832 
and  later  was  treasurer  of  the  state.  Mrs. 
Korbly  is  of  a  family  containing  Revolu- 
tionary ancestors. 

Bernard  Korbly  has  had  a  highly  suc- 
cessful career  as  an  Indianapolis  lawyer. 
He  was  born  at  Madison  June  29,  1875,  and 
was  educated  in  the  schools  of  that  city 
and  at  St.  Joseph's  College  at  Teutopolis, 
Illinois.  He  read  law  with  the  firm  of 
Smith  &  Korbly  at  Indianapolis  and  since 
1896  has  been  one  of  the  leading  members 
of  the  bar.  Mr.  Korbly  has  also  been  prom- 
inent in  democratic  politics  and  was  dem- 
ocratic state  chairman  of  Indiana  from 
the  spring  of  1912  until  January,  1918.  He 
is  a  member  of  a  number  of  clubs  and  or- 
ganizations. He  married  Margaret  E. 
Grim. 

JOSEPH  DOTY  OLIVER.  Were  it  not  that 
invention,  expansion  and  accomplishment 
have  marked  so  many  lines  of  industry  in 
these  modern  days  all  over  the  world,  still 
greater  attention  than  ever  would  have 
been  given  to*  the  amazing  growth  and  un- 
paralleled success  of- one  of  Indiana's  larg- 
est industries,  which  the  name  of  Oliver  has 
been  identified  since  its  birth.  In  the  long 
years  of  national  peace,  as  well  as  in  world 
war  times,  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  has  been 
recognized  as  a  necessary  adjunct  to  agri- 
cultural production.  South  Bend  has  al- 
ways been  the  home  of  this  manufacturing 
plant,  which  now  covers  seventy-five  acres, 
and  South  Bend  is  the  home  of  Joseph 
Doty  Oliver,  who  is  president  of  the  Oliver 
Chilled  Plow  Works. 

Joseph  Doty  Oliver  was  born  at  Mish- 
awaka,  Saint  Joseph  County,  Indiana, 
August  2,  1850.  His  parents  were  James 
and  Susan  (Doty)  Oliver.  James  Oliver 
was  born  in  Roxburyshire,  Scotland,  and 
died  at  South  Bend,  Indiana,  March  2, 
1908,  surviving  his  wife  six  years,  her 


1642 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


death  occurring  September  13,  1902.  The 
Olivers  came  to  Indiana  in  1836  and  settled 
at  Mishawaka  in  Saint  Joseph  County. 
Mr.  James  Oliver  remained  there  for  sev- 
eral decades,  and  in  1855  moved  to  South 
Bend,  where  he  found  a  chance  to  invest 
in  an  established  foundry,  paying  $88.76 
of  his  sole  cash  capital  of  $100  for  a  one- 
fourth  interest.  Among  the  products  of 
the  foundry  were  cast  iron  plows,  con- 
sidered by  farmers  a  decided  advance  over 
the  old  wood  mold^board  plows  of  earlier 
days.  James  Oliver's  judgment  convinced 
him  that  the  cast  iron  plows  were  too  heavy 
and  not  adapted  to  many  soils,  and  he  be- 
gan experimenting  and  for  twelve  years 
put  his  inventive  genius  into  the  work,  and 
finally  evolved  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow, 
which  remains  to  this  day  the  accepted 
implement  of  its  kind  the  world  over,  and 
at  the  same  time  is  a  lasting  testimonial 
to  the  perseverance,  patience  and  construc- 
tive skill  of  its  inventor. 

The  plant  of  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow 
"Works  is  the  most  extensive  of  its  char- 
acter in  the  world,  with  a  manufacturing 
capacity  of  more  than  half  a  million  plows 
annually,  besides  other  implements  and  re- 
cently patented  devices.  The  plant  is  situ- 
ated along  the  New  York  Central  Rail- 
road tracks  south  for  a  distance  approxi- 
mately six  city  blocks,  and  from  Chapin 
Street  over  four  city  blocks  to  Arnold 
Street.  There  are  twenty-six  different 
buildings,  including  a  six-story  warehouse, 
and  its  offices  are  at  533  Chapin  Street. 
Employment  is  given  3,000  hands  and  the 
products  are  shipped  all  over  the  world. 

An  interesting  example  of  what  is  being 
carried  on  at  the  plant  in  the  way  of  ad- 
ding to  the  industrial  power  of  the  agri- 
culturists in  the  present  situation,  when  the 
world  is  looking  to  the  United  States  for 
bread,  is  the  hastening  up  of  the  manu- 
facture of  one  of  the  company's  inventions 
of  1914.  Its  description,  without  technica- 
lities, stamps  it  as  a  combined  rolling  colter 
and  jointer  device,  to  be  used  with  many 
patterns  of  Oliver  plows.  A  feature 
of  the  utility  of  this  device  is  that  it  will 
thoroughly  cover  under  weeds  as  high  as 
a  man 's  head  and  bury  them  at  the  bottom 
of  the  furrow,  and  when  it  comes  into  uni- 
versal use,  as  it  will,  there  will  be  no  more 
trouble  for  the  farmers  from  such  destruc- 
tive pests  as  grasshoppers,  bollweevil,  white 
grubs  or  Hessian  fly.  This  is  but  one  of 


the  many  inventions  completed  and  under 
way  of  this  company,  and  all  of  them,  in 
order  to  satisfy  the  present  head  of  the 
company,  Joseph  Doty  Oliver,  must  have 
specific  value  for  the  farmer,  and  he  ac- 
cepts no  other  under  the  name  of  improve- 
ments. 

Joseph  Doty  Oliver  since  leaving  Notre 
Dame  Academy  and  De  Pauw  University 
has  been  closely  identified  with  the  man- 
ufacturing business  above  described,  enter- 
ing the  factory  and  obtaining  thereby  a 
practical  working  knowledge  in  which  he 
has  never  lost  interest.  He  is  not  only  the 
nominal  but  actual  head  of  the  Oliver  Chil- 
led Plow  Works,  taking  pride  in  its  success 
and  intelligently  assisting  in  working  out 
its  problems.  In  his  devotion  to  business 
sometimes  his  friends  have  declared  that 
he  has  not  taken  time  to  accept  political 
and  other  preferments,  but  business  first 
has  always  appealed  to  him.  However, 
Mr.  Oliver  has  never  shirked  responsibil- 
ities and  as  an  ardent  republican  has  been 
ready  to  respond  to  the  legitimate  calls  of 
his  party,  but  in  large  measure  he  has 
preferred  to  loyally  support  others  and 
advance  their  ambitions  rather  than  to  en- 
joy their  fruits  for  himself.  He  has  served 
on  several  occasions  as  a  delegate  to  state 
and  national  conventions,  and  is  an  active 
member  of  the  South  Bend  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  He  is  also  a  trustee  of  Purdue 
University  and  at  this  time  president  of 
the  board. 

When  the  affairs  of  this  nation  became 
critical  Mr.  Oliver  put  aside  his  reluctance 
to  assume  heavy  public  responsibility,  sub- 
ordinating all  private  interests  when  called 
upon  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  of 
.the  United  States  to  accept  the  office  of 
state  director  for  Indiana  of  the  savings 
certificate  plan  of  the  government.  He  is 
president  of  the  Saint  Joseph  County 
Council  of  Defense,  and  in  every  way  is 
working  for  the  patriotic  objects  that  are 
the  heart  and  soul  of  Americanism. 

Mr.  Oliver  was  married  at  Johnstown, 
New  York,  December  10,  1884,  to  Miss 
Anna  Gertrude  Wells,  and  they  have  four 
children :  James  Oliver,  who  is  vice  pres- 
ident of  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works; 
Gertrude  Wells,  who  is  the  wife  of  Charles 
Frederick  Cunningham,  secretary  of  the 
company;  Joseph  D.,  of  South  Bend,  who 
is  treasurer  of  the  Oliver  Chilled  Plow 
Works,  was  married  April  30,  1917,  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1643 


Miss  Ellinor  F.  McMillin,  who  is  a  daugh- 
ter of.  Hon.  Benton  McMillin,  present 
United  States  minister  to  Peru,  South 
America,  and  formerly  governor  of  Ten- 
nessee; and  Susan  Catherine,  who  resides 
with  her  parents.  The  family  residence, 
one  of  the  finest  private  homes  in  the  state, 
stands  on  Washington  Avenue,  South 
Bend. 

Mr.  Oliver  is  a  director  of  the  National 
Park  Bank  of  New  York  City ;  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Chicago,  and  of  the  P.  C. 
C.  &  St.  L.  Railroad  Company.  While 
his  home  training  and  personal  beliefs  have 
made  him  a  Presbyterian  in  religious  faith, 
Mr.  Oliver  in  this  as  in  other  attitudes  is 
liberal  minded  and  he  gives  generous  sup- 
port to  many  church  bodies.  Personally 
he  is  very  approachable,  and  a  visitor  soon 
senses  the  sincerity  that  is  in  the  genial 
smile  and  hearty  hand-shake,  and  finds 
no  difficulty  in  understanding  his  popular- 
ity with  his  army  of  employes  as  well  as 
his  fellow  citizens. 

GEORGE  H.  WILCOX,  senior  partner  of 
Wilcox  Brothers,  men's  furnishing  goods 
merchants  of  Newcastle,  has  been  more  or 
less  identified  with  business  at  Newcastle 
for  the  past  nine  years,  and  his  career  as 
a  traveling  man  and  merchant  covers  a 
number  of  localities  in  Ohio  and  Indiana. 

George  H.  Wilcox  was  born  at  Allens- 
ville  in  Vinton  County,  Ohio,  December 
3, 1874,  a  son  of  N.  C.  and  Margaret  (Culy) 
Wilcox.  The  Wilcox  family  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  His  maternal  grandfather, 
David  Culy,  came  from  London,  England, 
and  at  Lebanon  Ohio,  served  an  apprentice- 
ship at  the  cooper's  trade.  Later  he  stud- 
ied medicine  and  became  one  of  the  capa- 
ble old  time  country  practitioners  in  the 
vicinity  of  Good  Hope  and  Jeffersonville, 
Fayette  County,  Ohio.  He  practiced  in 
true  pioneer  style,  riding  horseback  and 
carrying  medicines  in  a  saddlebag.  He 
continued  his  profession  until  about  five 
years  before  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
1908.  Of  his  four  children  three  are  still 
living,  the  second  in  age  being  Margaret 
Culy  who  was  married  at  Allensville,  Ohio, 
to  N.  C.  Wilcox.  They  have  four  children, 
all  living. 

George  H.  Wilcox  acquired  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  at  Jefferson- 
ville, Ohio,  graduating  from  high  school 
in  1891.  His  initial  experience  in  mer- 


chandising was  acquired  by  work  in  his 
father's  dry  goods  store.  In  1895  he  went 
to  Cincinnati,  and  traveled  out  of  that  city 
representing  the  Meyer,  Wise  &  Karchen 
Company,  wholesale  furnishing  goods  and 
notions.  His  territory  was  Southern  Ohio, 
Kentucky  and  West  Virginia,  including 
most  of  the  Ohio  river  towns  as  far  east  as 
Charleston,  West  Virginia.  He  was  on  the 
road  fifteen  years.  In  the  meantime  he 
was  acquiring  interests  in  several  local 
establishments.  In  1906  he  bought  his 
father's  dry  goods  business  at  Continental, 
Ohio,  and  put  his  brother,  Leo  D.,  in 
charge.  In  1909  this  business  was  moved 
to  Crooksville,  Perry  County,  Ohio,  where 
it  was  continued  until  1915.  At  that  time 
the  dry  goods  and  women's  furnishings 
were  sold  over  the  counter,  while  the  men's 
clothing  department  was  moved  to  Elkhart, 
Indiana,  and  continued  there  until  July  1, 
1918. 

After  leaving  the  road  in  1909  Mr.  Wil- 
cox moved  to  Newcastle  in  1910  and  bought 
the  Campbell  Brothers'  dry  goods  store. 
He  proceeded  to  sell  that  stock  over  the 
counter  and  then  established  a  new  and 
complete  stock  of  furnishing  goods,  cloth- 
ing and  shoes  on  March  10,  1910;  and  to 
this  business  he  has  given  his  personal 
attention  and  has  built  up  a  trade  that 
satisfied  all  the  demands  of  the  city  trade 
and  much  of  the  country  district  surround- 
ing. His  stock  is  complete  in  men's  fur- 
nishings and  shoes,  and  his  long  experience 
enables  him  to  furnish  the  highest  quality 
consistent  with  the  price. 

In  August,  1904,  Mr.  Wilcox  married 
Viola  Schath,  daughter  of  George  and  Min- 
nie Schath,  of  Cincinnati.  Mr.  Wilcox 
is  a  republican,  a  York  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner,  having  affiliations  with  Syrian 
Temple  at  Cincinnati,  is  a  member  of  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  has  filled  all 
the  chairs  in  Cincinnati  Council,  of  which 
he  is  still  a  member  and  is  a  member  of 
Cincinnati  Lodge  No.  5,  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  has  also 
identified  himself  in  a  public  spirited  man- 
ner with  all  movements  affecting  the  local 
welfare  of  his  home  city  of  Newcastle. 

GUSTAVE  G.  SCHMIDT  has  known  Indian- 
apolis as  a  resident  for  a  half  a  century,  is 
a  native  of  the  city  and  represents  one  of 
the  familiar  and  honored  names  there.  He 
has  himself  been  one  of  the  valuable  in- 


1644 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


fluence  in  the  upbuilding  and  progress  of 
the  city.  He  has  had  many  interesting 
experiences  and  achievements,  and  some  of 
the  more  important  details  of  his  career 
are  a  real  contribution  to  local  history. 

Mr.  Schmidt  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in 
introducing  to  Indianapolis  the  most  mod- 
ern of  amusements,  the  moving  picture 
show.  He  is  now  president  of  the  Atlas 
Amusement  Corporation,  which  owns  and 
operates  three  of  the  best  known  moving 
picture  houses  in  the  city,  the  Crystal,  the 
Atlas  and  the  Stratford. 

Mr.  Schmidt  was  born  December  27, 
1865,  son  of  Adolf  and  Elizabeth  (Voss) 
Schmidt.  His  father  was  a  native  of  Ger- 
many and  his  mother  of  Alsace.  Adolf 
Schmidt  grew  up  and  was  educated  in  the 
fine  old  university  city  of  Heidelberg.  One 
of  his  college  mates  was  the  strenuous 
American  citizen  and  patriot  Carl  Schurz, 
and  both  of  them  shared  in  the  enlightened 
liberalism  and  ideals  of  political  freedom 
which  threw  Germany  into  the  throes  of 
revolution  in  1848,  and  it  was  an  aftermath 
of  that  struggle  that  Schurz  and  many  of 
his  compatriots,  including  Adolf  Schmidt, 
had  to  leave  the  fatherland  and  transplant 
their  lives  and  their  ideas  to  the  New 
World.  Adolf  Schmidt  possessed  consider- 
able property  and  enjoyed  a  good  social 
position  in  his  home  city,  but  the  property 
was  confiscated  and  he  barely  made  escape 
with  his  life  through  France  to  America. 
The  presence  of  friends  and  relatives  led 
him  to  Indianapolis,  and  ever  afterward 
he  was  a  true  lover  of  American  institu- 
tions. His  first  employment  in  this  city 
was  as  a  baker,  and  he  afterward  opened 
a  shop  of  his  own  on  Massachusetts  near 
N«w  Jersey  Street,  and  later  on  East  Wash- 
ington Street,  and  here  built  up  an  ex- 
tensive news  business,  handling  all  foreign 
periodicals,  and  was  Indiana  representa- 
tive of  the  International  News  Service.  At 
one  time  he  contributed  to  the  numerous 
pages  of  Puck  and  Judge.  He  was  also 
interested  in  the  publication  of  the  In- 
diana Tribune,  a  German  paper,  and  was 
financially  identified  with  other  Indian- 
apolis publications. 

It  was  in  a  home  that  radiated  the 
atmosphere  of  political  freedom  and  the 
best  American  ideals  that  Gustave  G. 
Schmidt  grew  to  manhood.  After  getting 
his  education  his  first  occupation  was 
in  the  news  service  selling  papers, 


and  subsequently  he  worked  as  a  messenger 
for  the  Western  Union.  He  rapidly  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  the  telegraph  key, 
and  was  employed  at  the  old  central  office 
taking  press  reports  and  handling  the  wire 
for  the  Indiana  State  Journal  when  John 
C.  New  was  its  editor.  During  the  big 
strike  of  the  commercial  telegraphers  in 
1883  he  lost  his  position  and  then  sought 
work  as  a  railroad  telegrapher.  He  was 
operator  and  dispatcher  on  the  I.  B.  &  W. 
road  before  he  was  twenty-one  years  of 
age.  Not  long  afterward  an  accident  oc- 
curred through  the  mistake  of  another  op- 
erator, but  which  involved  him  in  the  in- 
vestigation and  caused  him  to  throw  up 
his  job.  During  the  interval  that  followed 
he  put  in  ninety  days  as  an  employe  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  at  Dickinson, 
North  Dakota.  He  also  worked  as  dis- 
patcher and  operator  with  the  T.  St.  L. 
and  K.  C.  afad  the  Monon  Railroad,  being 
at  Bloomington,  Indiana,  for  the  latter. 
While  there  he  took  up  the  study  of  law 
but  did  not  continue  it  to  the  point  of 
admission  to  the  bar.  When  the  Schmidt 
brewery  installed  a  telegraph  and  cable 
line  Mr.  Schmidt  went  to  work  as  operator 
and  bookkeeper  for  the  plant.  Subse- 
quently the  firm  sent  him  out  as  salesman 
and  southern  representative  with  an  office 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where  he  had 
charge  of  their  extensive  interests  and  ju- 
risdiction over  the  southern  trade  of  the 
company  for  six  years.  Returning  to  In- 
dianapolis, Mr.  Schmidt  was  local  repre- 
sentative of  the  Pabst  Brewing  Company, 
and  afterwards  of  the  Schmidt  brewery. 
It  was  while  in  this  business  that  he  fur- 
nished some  financial  resources  to  establish- 
ing the  Airdome  near  the  Atlas  Engine 
Company  plant.  That  was  his  introduc- 
tion to  the  picture  show  business,  and  in 
later  years  the  promotion  of  this  amuse- 
ment has  occupied  most  of  his  time  and 
energies.  Mr.  Schmidt  is  an  active  repub- 
lican in  politics. 

Mr.  Schmidt's  first  wife  was  Carrie  Wil- 
lings.  She  died  in  1895,  leaving  one  son, 
Raymond  Voss.  This  son  possesses  the 
patriotic  ardor  of  his  father  and  grand- 
father, and  has  made  strenuous  efforts  to 
get  his  services  accepted  by  the  United 
States  government  in  the  present  war.  He 
has  volunteered  four  times,  and  attended 
the  officers  training  camp,  but  on  account 
of  slightly  defective  eyesight  was  barred 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1645 


from  the  service.  A  special  trip  by  his 
father  to  Washington  and  the  exercise  of 
political  influence  has  so  far  failed  to  se- 
cure him  the  opportunity  of  any  service. 
Mr.  Schmidt  married  for  his  present  wife 
Elnore  Hartman.  Her  father,  Fred  Hart- 
man,  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war 
with  the  Union  army,  and  for  fifty  years 
was  a  well  known  wagon  manufacturer  in 
Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Schmidt  have 
one  daughter,  Catherine. 

ROBERT  J.  MEUSER  has  spent  his  life  in 
the  meat  business,  as  a  stock  buyer,  packer 
and  retailer,  and  represents  a  family 
through  whose  record  the  history  of  pork 
and  general  meat  packing  in  Indiana  might 
easily  be  told.  The  Meusers  for  three 
generations  have  been  identified  with  the 
packing  industry  in  this  state.  Robert 
J.  Meuser  is  now  conducting  a  high  class 
market  at  440  East  Washington  Street,  and 
is  a  pioneer  in  establishing  the  now  fa- 
miliar "cash  and  carry"  system  of  selling 
food  products. 

Mr.  Meuser  was  born  in  Madison,  In- 
diana, May  25,  1875,  a  son  of  John  R.  and 
Wilhelmina  (Dietz)  Meuser.  His  grand- 
father, George  Meuser,  was  one  of  the  first 
if  not  the  first  pork  packers  at  Madison, 
Indiana.  That  was  in  the  days  of  river 
transportation,  when  meat  packing  was 
confined  almost  entirely  to  the  salt  curing 
of  pork  and  long  before  refrigerator  cars 
were  even  dreamed  of.  John  R.  Meuser 
was  born  at  Madison  December  25,  1849, 
and  when  a  boy  helped  carry  the  brick 
which  entered  into  the  construction  of  the 
Meuser  Packing  House.  This  business  did 
a  large  export  trade.  Most  of  their  prod- 
ucts were  packed  on  barges  in  the  river 
and  meat  was  cured  as  it  floated  down  the 
river  to  New  Orleans.  John  R.  Meuser 
succeeded  his  father  in  business,  and  in 
1888  moved  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  re- 
sumed his  work  with  the  Indianapolis  ab- 
batoir,  the  public  slaughter  house.  Later 
he  built  the  packing  house  which  now  be- 
longs to  Brown  Brothers,  packers.  For 
two  years  before  his  death  he  retired.  He 
passed  away  February  2,  1912,  and  his 
wife  died  in  1914.  Her  people  were  from 
Germany.  John  R.  Meuser  was  a  repub- 
lican and  stood  high  in  Masonry,  filling 
all  the  chairs  in  Lodge  No.  2,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Madison  and  be- 
ing member  of  the  Scottish  Rite  and  Shrine 


at  Indianapolis.  His  wife  was  active  in 
the  English  Lutheran  Church.  They  have 
six  children:  George  E.,  who  is  in  the 
United  States  Navy ;  Alice,  a  trained  nurse 
living  at  Indianapolis;  Robert  J. ;  Mary 
R.,  wife  of  James  Badorf ,  of  Kansas  City ; 
G.  R.  wife  of  Captain  Ralph,  who  is  now 
in  the  United  States  service;  and  William 
H.,  connected  with  the  automobile  business 
at  Indianapolis. 

Robert  J.  Meuser  received  his  education 
in  Madison  and  in  early  life  became  his 
father's  assistant  in  the  packing  business. 
He  has  had  experience  in  every  detail  of 
that  work.  He  has  bought  livestock  on  the 
hoof,  has  studied  and  worked  at  every 
phase  of  the  slaughter  and  packing  of 
meat  products,  and  has  also  supervised  the 
sale  and  distribution  both  as  a  jobber  and 
retailer.  In  1901  he  was  at  the  Indianap- 
olis stockyards  as  a  commission  man,  and 
his  ability  enabled  him  to  make  money 
very  rapidly.  He  finally  financed  a  pack- 
ing business  at  'the  old  Reiffel  packing 
house.  This  began  on  a  small  scale,  and 
gradually  increased  until  it  was  one  of  the 
leading  concerns  of  its  kind  at  Indianap- 
olis, conducted  under  the  name  Meyer- 
Meuser  Packing  Company.  Mr.  Meuser 
remained  a  factor  in  that  business  until 
1911,  when  he  retired  to  establish  his 
present  retail  market  at  440  East  Wash- 
ington Street.  From  the  very  first  this  has 
been  a  "cash  and  carry"  business. 

Mr.  Meuser  and  family  reside  at  Edge- 
wood  on  the  Madison  road  in  Perry  Town- 
ship. In  1900  he  married  Lena  R.  Sum- 
mers, who  died  in  1903,  leaving  two  daugh- 
ters, Margaret  and  Ruth.  In  1913  Mr. 
Meuser  married  Ruby  R.  Hester. 

Mr.  Meuser  is  affiliated  with  Capital 
City  Lodge  No.  97,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons  and  Pentalpha  Chapter  No. 
564,  Royal  Arch  Masons.  He  has  always 
been  an  earnest  worker  for  the  success  of 
the  republican  party. 

WILLIAM  MARSHALL  WALTON,  of  La- 
Porte,  is  known  all  over  the -State  of  In- 
diana in  horticultural  circles  and  is  a  rec- 
ognized authority  on  every  phase  of  the 
fruit  industry  in  the  northern  counties  of 
the  state  in  particular.  Mr.  Walton  was 
the  youngest  man  ever  elected  as  president 
of  the  Indiana  State  Horticultural  Society. 

He  was  born  at  LaPorte.  His  father, 
William  Marshall  Walton,  Sr.,  was  born 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1645 


from  the  service.  A  special  trip  by  his 
father  to  Washington  and  the  exercise  of 
political  influence  has  so  far  failed  to  se- 
cure him  the  opportunity  of  any  service. 
Mr.  Schmidt  married  for  his  present  wife 
Elnore  Hartman.  Her  father,  Fred  Hart- 
man,  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war 
with  the  Union  army,  and  for  fifty  years 
was  a  well  known  wagon  manufacturer  in 
Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Schmidt  have 
one  daughter,  Catherine. 

ROBERT  J.  MEUSER  has  spent  his  life  in 
the  meat  business,  as  a  stock  buyer,  packer 
and  retailer,  and  represents  a  family 
through  whose  record  the  history  of  pork 
and  general  meat  packing  in  Indiana  might 
easily  be  told.  The  Meusers  for  three 
generations  have  been  identified  with  the 
packing  industry  in  this  state.  Robert 
J.  Meuser  is  now  conducting  a  high  class 
market  at  440  East  Washington  Street,  and 
is  a  pioneer  in  establishing  the  now  fa- 
miliar "cash  and  carry"  system  of  selling 
food  products. 

Mr.  .Meuser  was  born  in  Madison,  In- 
diana, May  25,  1875,  a  son  of  John  R.  and 
Wilhelmina  (Diet/.)  Meuser.  His  grand- 
father, George  Meuser,  was  one  of  the  first 
if  not  the  first  pork  packers  at  Madison, 
Indiana.  That  was  in  the  days  of  river 
transportation,  when  meat  packing  was 
confined  almost  entirely  to  the  salt  curing 
of  pork  and  long  liefore  refrigerator  cars 
were  even  dreamed  of.  John  R.  Meuser 
was  born  at  Madison  December  25,  1849, 
and  when  a  boy  helped  carry  the  brick 
which  entered  into  the  construction  of  the 
Meuser  Packing  House.  This  business  did 
a  large  export  trade.  Most  of  their  prod- 
ucts were  packed  on  barges  in  the  river 
and  meat  was  cured  as  it  floated  down  the 
river  to  New  Orleans.  John  R.  Meuser 
succeeded  his  father  in  business,  and  in 
ISMS  moved  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  re- 
sumed his  work  with  the  Indianapolis  ab- 
batoir.  the  public  slaughter  house.  Later 
lie  built  the  packing  house  which  now  be- 
longs to  Hrown  Brothers,  packers.  For 
two  years  before  his  death  he  retired.  lie 
passed  away  February  2,  1912,  and  his 
wife  died  in  1914.  Her  people  were  from 
Germany.  John  R.  Meuser  was  a  repub- 
lican and  stood  high  in  Masonry,  filling 
all  the  chairs  in  Lodge  No.  2,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Madison  and  be- 
ing mi'inhiT  <>f  the  Scottish  Rite  and  Shrine 


at  Indianapolis.  His  wife  was  active  in 
the  English  Lutheran  Church.  They  have 
six  children :  George  E.,  who  is  in  the 
United  States  Navy ;  Alice,  a  trained  nurse 
living  at  Indianapolis ;  Robert  J. ;  Mary 
R.,  wife  of  James  Badorf ,  of  Kansas  City ; 
G.  R.  wife  of  Captain  Ralph,  who  is  now 
in  the  United  States  service;  and  William 
H.,  connected  with  the  automobile  business 
at  Indianapolis. 

Robert  J.  Meuser  received  his  education 
in  Madison  and  in  early  life  became  his 
father's  assistant  in  the  packing  business. 
He  has  had  experience  in  every  detail  of 
that  work.  He  has  bought  livestock  on  the 
hoof,  has  studied  and  worked  at  every 
phase  of  the  slaughter  and  packing  of 
meat  products,  and  lias  also  supervised  the 
sale  and  distribution  both  as  a  jobber  and 
retailer.  In  1901  he  was  at  the  Indianap- 
olis stockyards  as  a  commission  man,  and 
his  ability  enabled  him  to  make  money 
very  rapidly.  He  finally  financed  a  pack- 
ing business  at  the  old  Reiffel  packing 
house.  This  began  on  a  small  scale,  and 
gradually  increased  until  it  was  one  of  the 
leading  concerns  of  its  kind  at  Indianap- 
olis, conducted  under  the  name  Meyer- 
Meuser  Packing  Company.  Mr.  Menser 
remained  a  factor  in  that  business  until 
1911.  when  he  retired  to  establish  his 
present  retail  market  at  440  East  Wasb- 
ington  Street.  From  the  very  first  this  has 
been  a  ''cash  and  carry"  business. 

Mr.  Meuser  and  family  reside  at  Edge- 
wood  on  the  Madison  road  in  Perry  Town- 
ship. In  1900  lie  married  Lena  R.  Sum- 
mers, who  died  in  1908.  leaving  two  daugh- 
ters, Margaret  and  Ruth.  In  1913  Mr. 
Meuser  married  Ruby  R.  Hester. 

Mr.  Meuser  is  affiliated  with  Capital 
City  Lodge  No.  97,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons  and  Pentalpha  Chapter  No. 
•~>64,  Royal  Arch  Masons.  lie  has  always 
been  an  earnest  worker  for  the  success  of 
the  republican  party. 

WILLIAM  MARSHALL  WALTOV.  of  La- 
Porte,  is  known  all  over  the -State  of  In- 
diana in  horticultural  circles  and  is  a  rec- 
oirni/.ed  authority  on  every  phase  of  the 
fruit  industry  in  the  northern  counties  of 
the  state  in  particular.  Mr.  Walton  was 
the  youngest  man  ever  elected  as  president 
of  the  Indiana  State  Horticultural  Society. 

lie  was  born  at  LaPorte.  His  father. 
William  Marshall  Walton,  Sr.,  was  born 


1646 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


at  Kingston,  New  York,  February  4,  1844. 
His  grandfather  James  Walton,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Lincolnshire,  England,  grew  up 
and  married  there,  and  on  coming  to  the 
United  States  located  at  Kingston,  New 
York,  and  later  moved  to  Hurley  in  Ulster 
County  of  that  state,  where  he  died  April 
1,  1888.  He  married  Ann  Phoenix,  also  a 
native  of  Lincolnshire.  She  was  born 
March  31,  1815,  and  died  March  26,  1884. 
Her  four  sons  were  named  George,  James, 
John  and  William  Marshall. 

William  Marshall  Walton,  Sr.,  as  a 
youth  learned  the  trade  of  cigar  maker  and 
followed  that  occupation  in  New  York 
State  until  the  early  '70s.  He  then  came 
west  to  LaPorte  and  continued  as  a  cigar 
manufacturer  there  until  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  seek  a  change  of  occupa- 
tion. At  the  same  time  he  had  bought  a 
tract  of  land  in  the  southeast  part  of  La- 
Porte,  and  there  made  his  primary  efforts 
as  a  fruit  raiser.  He  planted  a  variety  of 
trees,  including  nearly  il  not  all  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  fruit  species  suitable  to 
that  climate  in  addition  to  a  large  variety 
of  small  fruits.  He  made  a  close  study  of 
the  business,  and  in  a  few  years  had  a 
highly  developed  orchard  of  twenty  acres. 
He  improved  his  land  with  good  buildings 
and  lived  there  until  his  death  December 
20,  1912.  He  married  Anna  E.  Polly,  who 
was  born  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  and 
died  January  15,  1914.  Her  children  be- 
sides William  Marshall  were  Bessie,  Grace, 
Mary,  Rose  and  Nell  Gordon,  who  was  born 
in  1888  and  died  in  1897. 

William  Marshall  Walton,  Jr.,  gradu- 
ated from  the  LaPorte  High  School  in 
1906.  As  a  boy  he  helped  his  father  in 
the  orchard,  and  took  naturally  to  the  busi- 
ness of  fruit  growing.  Horticulture  is  a 
business  in  which  experience  and  practice 
counts  for  more  than  anything  that  can 
be  learned  from  books,  and  Mr.  Walton 
knows  the  industry  in  every  practical  de- 
tail. For  three  winter  terms  he.  also  at- 
tended Purdue  University,  where  he  made 
a  special  study  of  horticulure,  and  at  dif- 
ferent times  represented  the  university  as 
orchard  demonstrator. 

In  1914  Mr.  Walton  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Harry  L.  Stanton  of  LaPorte, 
and  with  two  other  parties  bought  the 
Spawn  orchard  at  Rochester,  Indiana. 
They  reorganized  as  the  Orchard  Develop- 
ment Company,  of  which  Mr.  Walton  is 


president.  Later  he  and  Mr.  Stanton 
bought  the  other  interests  are  now  sole 
owners  of  that  property,  which  constitutes 
the  finest  orchard  in  Indiana,  and  it  has 
produced  many  thousands  of  dollars  worth 
of  fruit. 

Mr.  Walton  is  now  president  of  the  In- 
diana Fruit  Growers  Association  and  also 
one  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Inter- 
national Apple  Show  Association. 

September  16,  1915,  Mr.  Walton  mar- 
ried Margaret  Leona  Wright.  She  was 
born  at  LaPorte,  daughter  of  George  and 
Theresa  (O'Reilly)  Wright.  Her  mater- 
nal grandparents,  Thomas  and  Ann 
(Gillam)  O'Reilly,  were  born  in  County 
Leitrim,  Ireland,  and  are  still  living  at 
LaPorte. 

Grandfather  Edward  Wright  was  born 
at  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  a  son  of  Samuel 
and  Amelia  (Whartell)  Wright.  Edward 
Wright  came  to  LaPorte  County  in  early 
days  and  later  removed  to  Bangor^  Michi- 
gan, where  he  followed  the  trade  of  brick 
mason.  Mrs.  Walton's  parents  have  been 
lifelong  residents  of  LaPorte.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Walton  have  two  children :  Mary  Mar- 
guerite and  William  Marshall  III. 

DR.  JOSEPH  EASTMAN  was  born  in  Fulton 
County,  New  York,  January  29,  1842. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Seventy-seventh  New  York  Volunteers, 
served  in  actual  battle,  and  later  wag  ap- 
pointed hospital  steward  in  the  United 
States  Army  and  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgetown  in  1865.  Until  1866 
he  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Volunteers. 

Doctor  Eastman  engaged  in  the  general 
practice  of  medicine  at  Clermont  first  and 
later  in  Brownsburg,  Indiana,  and  in  1875 
located  in  Indianapolis,  where  he  became 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  has,  since 
become  noted  in  abdominal  surgery,  and 
for  many  years  has  been  a  contributor  to 
the  more  prominent  medical  journals  of 
the  United  States. 

WILLIAM  R.  SECKER,  general  manager  of 
the  Hotel  Lincoln  at  Indianapolis,  went 
into  the  hotel  business  in  New  York  City 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  has  shown 
an  aptitude  amounting  to  genius  in  the 
management  of  every  phase  of  the  com- 
plicated business.  He  has  been  manager 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1647 


of  some  of  the  largest  and  best  patronized 
hostelries  both  north  and  south. 

Mr.  Seeker  was  born  August  14,  1869, 
at  Guelph,  Ontario,  Canada,  son  of  Robert 
and  Sarah  (Marshall)  Seeker.  His  par- 
ents were  both  born  in  England.  His 
father  was  an  Ontario  farmer,  and  died 
in  1880. 

William  R.  Seeker  was  the  second  of 
three  children,  two  of  whom  are  still  liv- 
ing. He  attended  public  schools  and  also 
the  Upper  Canada  University,  and  from 
school  went  to  Detroit  and  was  employed 
as  a  clerk  there  for  a  year.  "When  about 
twenty-one  he  went  to  New  *ork  City, 
and  had  seven  years  of  practical  training 
and  experience  in  the  Imperial  Hotel. 
Later  he  opened  three  summer  resort  hotels 
in  Canada,  and  there  showed  his  versa- 
tility and  ability  as  a  hotel  man.  After 
disposing  of  his  leases  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis and  took  management  of  the  Uni- 
versity Club.  He  was  there  four  years  and 
for' two  years  was  manager  of  the  Columbia 
Club.  Later  Mr.  Seeker  was  for  five  years 
manager  of  the  Ainsley  Hotel  of  Atlanta, 
Georgia,  one  of  the  largest  hotels  in  the 
South. 

Mr.  Seeker  returned  to  Indianapolis 
January  29,  1918,  and  has  since  been  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Hotel  Lincoln.  Under 
his  management  this  hotel  has  been  taxed 
to  its  capacity  and  there  is  now  under 
contemplation  a  large  addition  to  existing 
facilities.  Mr.  Seeker  is  affiliated  with  a 
lodge  of  Masons  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
is  an  Elk  and  republican.  In  1902  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Evelyn  Sheffield,  of  Virginia. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seeker  have  two  sons. 

HILTON  U.  BROWN  by  reason  of  nearly 
forty  years  active  and  continuous  connec- 
tion with  the  Indianapolis  News,  of  which 
he  is  now  general  manager,  is  an  Indiana 
man  by  birth,  education  and  occupation. 

His  father,  Philip  A.  Brown,  was  a  suc- 
cessful business  man  of  Indianapolis,  where 
he  located  in  1855.  He  was  a  native  of 
Ohio  and  on  moving  to  Indianapolis  estab- 
lished one  of  the  pioneer  lumber  yards. 
This  yard  was  at  the  corner  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Bellefontaine  avenues.  A  private 
switch  known  as  Brown's  Switch  was  ex- 
tended from  the  old  Peru  railroad  to  his 
yard,  and  it  is  said  this  switch  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  railroad  station  on 
Massachusetts  Avenue.  He  was  a  man  of 


scholarly  attainments  and  one  of  the 
friends  of  early  education  in  this  city.  He 
died  in  1864,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four.  Be- 
ing beyond  the  age  limit  for  duty  as  a 
soldier  he  served  as  enrolling  clerk  of  the 
Home  Guards  and  as  a  member  of  the 
draft  boards  during  the  Civil  war.  In  his 
political  career  he  was  successively  a  dem- 
ocrat, whig  and  finally  a  republican.  He 
married  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  Julia  A. 
Troester,  who  was  born  in  Germany  and 
came  to  America  with  her  parents,  who 
left  Germany  with  Carl  Schurz  and  other 
revolutionary  Germans.  She  died  in  1874, 
at  the  age  of  forty-four.  Of  their  children 
only  two  attained  maturity,  Demarchus  C., 
present  state  librarian  in  Indiana,  and  Hil- 
ton U. 

Hilton  U.  Brown  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis February  20,  1859,  was  educated  in 
the  local  public  schools  and  then  entered 
Butler  College  at  Irvington,  where  he  was 
graduated  A.  B.  in  1880.  He  has  since 
had  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  de- 
gree Master  of  Arts.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  spent  a  year  at  the  head  of  what 
was  known  as  Oaktown  Academy,  a  public 
school  at  Oaktown  in  Knox  County.  In 
the  meantime  he  had  made  application  to 
John  H.  Holliday  for  work  as  a  reporter 
on  the  Indianapolis  News.  The  opportu- 
nity came  following  the  assassination  of 
President  Garfield  in  the  summer  of  1881, 
when  the  News  required  extra  men,  and 
Mr.  Brown  was  given  a  humble  position 
on  the  payroll.  He  began  as  market  re- 
porter, and  since  then  has  served  in  prac- 
tically every  capacity  and  position  in  both 
the  news  and  business  departments.  In 
1890  he  was  made  city  editor.  In  1898  he 
was  appointed  receiver  during  the  litiga- 
tion growing  out  of  a  dissolution  of  part- 
nership proceedings.  As  receiver  he  sold 
the  paper  for  the  litigants  for  nearly  a 
million  dollars,  a  big  price  for  a  newspaper 
at  that  time.  The  purchasers  of  the  News 
at  once  made  him  general  manager,  and  he 
has  retained  this  responsibility  for  nearly 
twenty  years,  deserving  much  of  the  credit 
for  the  high  position  the  Indianapolis  News 
now  enjoys  among  the  metropolitan  jour- 
nals of  the  nation.  Mr.  Brown  also  ne- 
gotiated the  purchase  for  the  owners  of  the 
News  of  the  Indianapolis  Press  and  the 
Indianapolis  Sentinel.  He  has  long  been 
one  of  the  directors  of  the  American  News- 
papers Publishers  Association. 


1648 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Mr.  Brown  is  a  progressive  republican 
in  politics.  He  is  affiliated  with  Irving- 
ton  Lodge  No.  666,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church.  He  has  been  a  trustee 
of  Butler  College  for  a  number  of  years 
and  in  1903  was  elected  president  of  the 
college  board  of  directors. 

Mr.  Brown  married  in  1883  Miss  Jennie 
Hannah,  daughter  of  Capt.  Archibald  A. 
Hannah,  of  Paris,  Illinois.  Ten  children 
have  been  born  to  their  marriage:  Mark 
H.,  Philip,  now  deceased,  Louise,  Mrs. 
John  W.  Atherton,  of  Indianapolis;  Mary, 
Hilton,  Jr.,  Jean,  Archibald,  Paul,  Jessie 
and  Julia.  The  daughter  Mary  is  the  wife 
of  George  A.  Stewart  and  lives  in  Indian- 
apolis. Three  sons  Hilton  Jr.,  Arch 
A.  and  Paul  entered  the  army  when  war 
was  declared  against  Germany.  All  three 
became  lieutenants  in  artillery.  Hilton, 
Jr.,  was  killed  in  action  in  the  Argonne 
Forest  while  serving  in  the  Seventh  Field 
Artillery,  First  Division.  His  brother 
Paul  was  in  the  same  regiment  and  was 
cited  for  efficiency.  Arch  was  discharged 
into  the  reserves  when  the  war  closed. 

AHTHUR  H.  JONES  is  senior  member  of 
the  firm  Jones  &  Call,  attorneys  in  the 
Pythian  Building  at  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Jones  is  a  lawyer  of  wide  experience  and 
demonstrated  ability,  and  has  been  en- 
gaged in  practice  and  other  affairs  for  over 
twenty  years,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  and  convincing  cam- 
paign orators  the  democratic  party  has  in 
the  state. 

Mr.  Jones  was  born  in  Franklin  County, 
Indiana,  April  27,  1873,  a  son  of  Phillip 
Tenley  and  Lydia  (Goff)  Jones.  His 
grandfather,  Abraham  Jones,  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  and  on  coming  west  first  set- 
tled in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  but  after- 
ward removed  to  Franklin  County,  In- 
diana, where  as  a  pioneer  he  bought  land 
in  Bath  Township  and  was  busied  with 
the  work  of  clearing  and  developing  a  farm 
there  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  his  family 
were  six  children,  three  sons  and  three 
daughters.  Phillip  Tenley  Jones,  the  old- 
est son,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  was 
educated  in  the  local  schools  there  and  the 
Brookville  Academy,  and  put  his  education 
to  use  as  a  teacher.  He  had  a  keen  mind 
for  mathematics,  acquired  an  expert  knowl- 
edge of  surveying,  and  was  widely  known 


as  a  civil  engineer.  Surveying  occupied 
much  of  his  time  apart  from  that  he  gave 
to  the  management  of  his  farm.  It  is  said 
that  he  surveyed  and  laid  out  more  than 
half  of  the  land  in  Franklin  County.  His 
life  was  one  of  long  and  consecutive  use- 
fulness and  service,  and  he  gained  the 
esteem  of  many  friends.  He  was  a  devout 
Christian,  leader  in  the  Baptist  Church, 
and  was  largely  responsible  for  the  up- 
building of  the  Pittman  Creek  Baptist 
Church,  located  about  ten  miles  east  of 
Brookville.  He  lived  and  practiced  Christi- 
anity, and  had  a  knowledge  of  the  Bible 
and  theology  such  as  few  ministers  of  the 
Gospel  possess.  He  was  also  given  to  the 
old  time  hospitality,  and  his  home  was 
filled  with  his  many  friends  whenever  the 
opportunity  presented,  and  the  talk  inva- 
riably turned  around  religious  themes.  He 
was  a  democrat  in  politics,  but  never  be- 
came over  enthusiastic  on  that  subject.  He 
was  twice  married.  His  first  wife  was 
Miss  Girton,  who  became  the  mothe^  of 
one  son,  Benjamin  Jones.  By  his  second 
marriage,  to  Miss  Lydia  Goff,  he  had  five 
children  Arthur  H.  being  the  youngest. 

Arthur  H.  Jones  attended  public  schools 
in  Franklin  County,  took  his  higher  literary 
education  in  Miami  University  at  Oxford, 
Ohio,  also  attended  Lebanon  Normal 
School  in  Ohio  and  is  a  graduate  of  Cincin- 
nati Law  School.  In  1894  he  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Summitville  in 
Madison  County,  subsequently  removed  to 
Alexandria  in  the  same  county,  and  four 
years  later  opened  his  office  in  the  county1 
seat  at  Anderson.  Mr.  Jones  was  at  Ander- 
son about  five  years.  Later  he  came  to 
Indianapolis  to  take  up  work  as  an  organ- 
izer for  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose,  and 
is  credited  with  having  largely  built  up 
and  strengthened  that  order  in  the  state. 
He  held  every  office  in  its  jurisdiction  ex- 
cept one.  In  1911  he  was  elected  supreme 
dictator  and  general  counsel,  and  per- 
formed the  duties  of  general  counsel  until 
1,915.  After  a  year  or  so  in  Chicago  Mr. 
Jones  returned  to  Indianapolis  in  1917, 
and  is  now  once  more  identified  with  a 
large  and  growing  legal  practice. 

He  has  been  a  strenuous  worker  in  the 
democratic  party,  though  not  an  aspirant 
for  official  honors  himself.  His  services 
as  an  orator  have  been  in  great  demand, 
and  in  some  campaigns  he  has  been  called 
beyond  the  borders  of  his  home  state.  Mr. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1649 


Jones'  first  wife  was  Daisy  E.  Baker,  who 
died  leaving  two  children,  Harry  S.  and 
Nellie  E.  For  his  present  wife  Mr.  Jones 
married  Maude  E.  Gortner,  of  Cincinnati. 
Her  people  came  from  Canada. 

CROEL  P.  CONDER  is  a  member  of  the 
firm  Conder  &  Culberston,  general  contrac- 
tors, with  offices  in  the  Odd  Fellow  Build- 
ing at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Conder  is  a 
graduate  civil  engineer,  and  with  his  firm 
has  had  an  extensive  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  many  high  grade  dwelling 
and  apartment  houses  in  Indianapolis,  this 
being  their  chief  specialty  as  builders. 

Mr.  Conder  probably  inherited  some  of 
his  tastes  and  inclinations  as  a  builder  and 
engineer  from  his  grandfather,  Shadrach 
Conder,  who  at  the  time  of  his  death  in 
November,  1918,  had  reached  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety  years,  and  during  his  active 
career  was  a  bridge  builder  of  more  than 
ordinary  note.  He  also  served  as  a  soldier 
of  the  Civil  war  throughout  that  struggle 
and  was  promoted  to  captain  of  his  com- 
pany. He  had  as  a  boy  volunteered  in  the 
American  army  for  service  in  the  Mexican 
war. 

Croel  P.  Conder  was  born  July  5,  1888, 
at  Orleans  in  Orange  County,  Indiana,  son 
of  Charles  A.  and  Kate  (Richards)  Con- 
der. His  father  was  born  in  Orange  Coun- 
ty in  1854,  and  took  up  the  business  of 
lumberman.  He  was  in  the  lumber  busi- 
ness for  a  number  of  years  at  Orleans  and 
was  also  active  in  a  sand  and  gravel  com- 
pany in  Indianapolis.  On  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis he  entered  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness, and  built  and  had  the  management  of 
a  number  of  residences  and.  apartment 
houses.  He  died  in  1909.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  attended  worship  at  Cen- 
tral Avenue  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  a  republican  and  affiliated  with  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  He 
and  his  wife  had  two  children:  Earl  R., 
born  March  31,  1877,  and  Croel  P. 

Croel  P.  Conder  began  his  education  in 
the  Orleans  public  schools,  later  attended 
the  Manual  Training '  School  of  Indiana, 
and  took  his  professional  training  in  Pur- 
due University,  from  which  he  graduated 
with  the  class  of  1911  and  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  and  Civil  Engineer. 
The  year  following  his  graduation  from 
Purdue  Mr.  Conder  spent  in  a  technical 


position  at  the  Toledo  branch  of  the  Ameri- 
can Creosoting  Company.  In  1912  he  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  engaged  in  the 
contracting  business,  and  he  and  his  part- 
ner Mr.  Culberston,  has  supplied  the  tech- 
nical skill  and  the  equipment  and  facili- 
ties of  a  perfect  organization  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  large  number  of  fine  resi- 
dences and  apartment  houses  in  the  state. 
Mr.  Conder  is  treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Screw  Products  Company,  located 
at  31  East  Georgia  Street.  This  company 
furnished  parts  for  the  Liberty  Motor  used 
in  aeroplanes  for  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment during  the  great  European  war, 
and  is  still  manufacturing  parts  for  the 
general  trade. 

Mr.  Conder  is  a  member  of  the  Civil 
Engineering  Society,  the  Purdue  Athletic 
and  Alumni  Association,  the  Phi  Delta 
Kappa  and  Triangle  fraternities,  the  In- 
dianapolis Canoe  Club,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, and  Hoosier  Motor  Club.  He  is  a 
republican  in  politics. 

August  25,  1907,  he  married  at  Lebanon, 
Indiana,  Miss  Sarah  H.  Scott,  of  Craw- 
fordsville,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Conder  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Shortridge  High  School  of 
Indianapolis.  They  have  two  children: 
Richard,  born  October  20,  1911,  and  Eliza- 
beth, born  March  25,  1913. 

NATHAN  RIDGWAY  is  sole  proprietor  and 
president  of  the  Nathan  Ridgway  Com- 
pany of  Newcastle,  but  many  other  in- 
terests in  that  city  know  him,  and  his 
name  is  one  that  has  been  held  in  esteem 
in  Henry  County  for  eighty  years  or  more. 
His  grandfather,  Elihu  Ridgway.  was  des- 
cended from  one  of  three  brothers  who 
came  from  England  to  America  and  were 
colonial  settlers  in  Pennsylvania.  Elihu 
Ridgway  was  born  in  West  Virginia,  or  in 
what  is  now  the  State  of  West  Virginia, 
June  6,  1799.  He  married  there  Nancy 
Cornwell,  a  native  of  East  Virginia-  In 
1835  they  came  to  Henry  County,  Indiana, 
and  made  their  home  in  that  county  about 
ten  years  and  then  went  to  Jay  County. 
Elihu  Ridgway  died  in  1873. 

Mr.  Nathan  Ridgway  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Newcastle  in  Prairie  Township 
March  22,  1865.  His  father,  Allen  Ridg- 
way, was  born  in  Henry  County  April 
23,  1837,  but  was  reared  in  Jay  County 
and  remained  at  home  until  the  age  of 
twenty-two.  He  then  started  farming  for 


1650 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


himself,  and  acquired  a  fine  place  of  185 
acres  in  Prairie  Township  and  lived  there 
until  his  death  in  1908.  Allen  Ridgway 
married  February  28,  1862,  Eveline 
Frazier,  a  daughter  of  Solomon  and  Mary 
A.  Frazier,  also  natives  of  Henry  County. 
Mrs.  Allen  Ridgway  is  still  living.  She 
was  the  mother  of  two  children,  Emma, 
now  deceased,  and  Nathan. 

Nathan  Ridgway  attended  country  school 
during  the  winter  terms  and  early  assumed 
some  share  of  the  responsibilities  on  the 
home  farm.  He  also  attended  school  at 
Newcastle  two  years.  When  eighteen 
years  of  age  much  of  the  management  of 
the  home  farm  greatly  depended  upon 
him.  He  lived  there  and  directed  the  pro- 
duction and  the  management  of  the  place 
until  1889.  In  that  year  he  married  Miss 
Ollie  Bouslog,  a  daughter  of  Enoch  and 
Sarah  (Kauffmann)  Bouslog.  The  Bous- 
log family  settled  in  Prairie  Township  of 
Henry  County  from  Virginia  in  1835,  and 
Enoch  Bouslog  was  born  there  and  during 
his  lifetime  was  a  prominent  farmer  and 
stock  raiser. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Ridgway  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  of  the  $3,000 
mortgage  resting  on  the  old  homestead, 
and  with  the  help  of  his  good  wife  turned 
himself  to  the  task  of  making  the  farm 
pay  a  living  and  also  his  debts.  He  worked 
hard,  gradually  reduced  his  obligations, 
and  continued  with  the  farm  until  about  fif- 
teen years  ago.  Then  on  account  of  failing 
health  he  sold  his  stock  and  rented  the  farm 
and  spent  one  year  in  the  South.  On  return- 
ing to  Newcastle  he  became  agent  for  the 
American  Express  Company  and  filled  that 
office  twelve  years.  August  7,  1913,  he  en- 
tered the  business  by  which  his  name  is 
now  best  known  as  a  five  and  ten  cent 
store  proprietor  at  1328  Broad  Street.  Mr. 
Ridgway  knew  nothing  of  this  particular 
business,  and  confesses  that  he  has  made 
his  way  to  practical  knowledge  and  suc- 
cess as  a  result  of  numerous  hard  knocks. 
His  business  has  been  growing  every  month 
and  it  is  now  one  of  the  largest  variety 
stores  selling  five,  ten  and  twenty-five  cent 
goods  in  Henry  County,  much  of  its  trade 
coming  even  from  adjoining  counties.  The 
motto  of  the  store  is  service,  courtesy,  qual- 
ity. 

Mr.  Ridgway  has  a  number  of  other 
local  interests.  He  is  a  stockholder  in  the 
Farmers  National  Bank  of  Newcastle  and 


of  the  Central  Trust  and  Savings  Bank. 
He  is  one  of  the  prominent  members  of 
the  prohibition  party  in  Henry  County. 
At  one  time  he  was  defeated  by  a  small 
margin  as  candidate  on  the  citizens  ticket 
for  city  treasurer.  He  is  an  elder  in  the 
Church  of  Christ. 

i 

WAYMAN  ADAMS.  Indiana  is  not  Paris 
or  New  York,  and  yet  while  without  the 
traditions  and  the  age  of  the  old  world 
and  hardly  competing  numerically  with 
older  and  larger  centers  of  artistic  effort, 
the  quality  of  its  literary  and  artistic  pro- 
duction needs  no  apology.  Already  the 
names  of  a  dozen  first  rate  men  and  women 
in  literature  and  painting  have  a  ready 
and  current  acceptance  among  those  who 
are  conventionally  informed  on  matters  of 
culture,  and  recently  through  recognition 
paid  him  in  the  east  as  much  as  through 
what  he  has  done  in  his  studio  at  Indian- 
apolis the  name  of  Wayman  Adams  is  ris- 
ing rapidly  and  high  into  the  firmament 
of  Indiana  celebrities. 

This  young  portrait  painter  was  born 
in  the  City  of  Muncie  in  1883,  a  son 
of  Nelson  and  Mary  Elizabeth  (Justice) 
Adams.  His  parents  are  also  natives  of 
Indiana.  Wayman  was  educated  in  the 
schools  of  Muncie,  and  for  three  or  four 
years  studied  art  in  the  Herron  Art  In- 
stitute at  Indianapolis.  Going  abroad,  he 
was  a  student  of  portrait  painting  under 
those  well  known  masters  William  N.  Chase 
at  Florence  and  Robert  Henri  (American) 
at  Madrid. 

Returning  to  this  country  Mr.  Adams 
established  his  studio  at  Indianapolis  in 
1909,  where  for  nine  years  he  has  been 
doing  serious  portrait  work,  and  he  has 
also  studios  in  both  Philadelphia  and  New 
York,  where  he  spends  some  of  his  time. 

Of  his  position  as  an  artist  and  his 
growing  fame  the  records  of  fact  speak 
more  eloquently  than  could  rhetorical  ap- 
preciation and  praise.  In  1914  his  por- 
trait of  Alexander  Ernestinoff  of  Indian- 
apolis won  the  Thomas  R.  Proctor  prize 
at  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Design  in  New  York.  In  1915 
his  portrait  of  Caroline  Hendricks  won 
first  prize  at  the  Indiana  Artists'  Exhibi- 
tion in  Richmond,  Indiana.  In  1916  his 
portrait  of  Alexander  Ernestinoff,  above 
mentioned,  won  the  J.  I.  Holcomb  prize 
at  the  Indiana  Artists  Exhibition  in  In- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1651 


dianapolis.  In  August,  1918,  his  portrait 
of  John  McClure  Hamilton,  the  Philadel- 
phia artist,  won  first  prize  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  the  annual  exhibition  of 
the  Art  Association  of  that  city.  Portrait 
of  Joseph  Pennell,  well  known  etcher  and 
lithographer,  won  the  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank 
G.  Logan  medal  and  $1,500,  Chicago  Art 
Institute,  1918. 

Among  Indiana  celebrities  he  has  painted 
the  best  known  are  Governor  Frank  Hanly, 
Governor  Ralston,  the  late  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  Booth  Tarkington,  Meredith 
Nicholson,  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  Henry 
Douglas  Pierce,  Henry  Talbott,  Elias 
Jacoby,  Theodore  C.  Steele  and  Charles 
Dennis. 

Besides  the  portrait  of  John  McClure 
Hamilton,  mentioned  above,  Mr.  Adams 
has  within  the  past  year  or  two  painted  at 
his  Philadelphia  studio  the  portraits  of 
Charles  M.  Burns  and  Joseph  Pennell.  Of 
these  three  pictures,  which  were  exhibited 
at  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Academy  in  February,  1918,  the  fol- 
lowing remarks  were  made  by  the  art  critic 
of  the  Nation  (New  York)  in  its  issue  of 
March  7,  1918: 

"Nothing  could  be  in  stranger  contrast 
to  Sargent's  portraits  of  President  Wilson 
and  Mr.  Rockefeller  than  the  three  por- 
traits of  McClure  Hamilton,  Charles  M. 
Burns  and  Joseph  Pennell  by  Wayman 
Adams,  a  painter  whose  work  I  now  see 
for  the  first  time.  The  men  in  his  por- 
traits are  alive,  they  fairly  bristle  with 
character.  Indeed,  if  a  criticism  must  be 
made,  it  is  that  Adams  is  too  engrossed  in 
character  to  bother  about  anything  else. 
He  appears  to  be  indifferent  to  atmosphere, 
troubles  little  about  the  subtleties  of  color, 
has  no  particular  use  for  a  background. 
But  it  is  his  interest,  not  his  art,  that  is 
limited.  "When  he  does  suggest  a  back- 
ground, as  in  the  portrait  of  Pennell,  he 
does  it  admirably,  the  tower  of  the  city 
hall  and  the  surrounding  tall  buildings 
grouping  and  losing  themselves  in  the  Phil- 
adelphia smoke  and  mist  as  he  has  seen 
them  from  the  window  of  his  high  studio. 
There  is  here  no  lack  of  atmosphere.  But 
he  seems  to  detach  his  sitter  entirely  from 
the  background,  the  figure  is  like  a  black 
silhouette  set  against  it,  tower  and  sky- 
scrapers and  smoke  forgotten  in  his  intent 
search  after  the  character  in  the  pose, 


the  long  legs  and  long  arms  of  the  artist 
extended  as  he  sits  on  his  sketching  stool, 
holding  his  sketch  block;  in  the  hang  of 
the  coat,  the  bulging  of  the  pocket  full  of 
papers,  and  still  more  in  the  character  of 
the  face,  the  serious  face  of  a  man  at 
work,  the  eyes  concentrated  on  their  sub- 
ject under  the  soft  gray  felt  hat  drawn 
down  to  shade  them — the  hat  alone  an 
amazing  study.  In  the  McClure  Hamil- 
ton portrait  there  is  no  background  at  all. 
He  stands,  with  long  black  overcoat  drawn 
close  round  him,  his  gloved  hands  folded, 
one  holding  a  silk  hat,  his  head  finely 
modeled,  face  full  of  vivacity,  eyes  look- 
ing out  with  frank  amusement  as  if  at  the 
joke  of  finding  himself  for  once  the  model 
and  not  the  painter — a  portrait  cynical, 
gay,  vivid.  But  the  most  astonishing 
study  of  character  is  the  third,  the  por- 
trait of  Professor  Charles  M.  Burns,  Phil- 
adelphia's most  distinguished  architect, 
though  Philadelphia,  in  Philadelphia's 
fashion,  may  be  chary  to  admit  it.  The 
portrait,  a  half  length,  is  smaller  than  the 
other  two,  and  is  badly  placed  on  the  walls, 
but  there  is  nothing  better  in  the  Academy. 
It  is  marvelous  in  the  rendering  of  the 
strong,  old  fac«,  of  the  lines  marked  by 
age  and  experience,  of  the  keen,  humorous 
eyes  under  the  bushy  eyebrows,  of  the 
droop  of  the  white  mustache.  And  how 
the  clothes  are  a  part  of  the  man,  how 
they  help  to  explain  him ! — the  round, 
brown  felt  hat,  the  scarf,  the  overcoat  open 
and  thrown  back,  the  very  gloves!  No 
model  could  have  sat  for  these,  no  model 
could  have  worn  them,  could  have  been  as 
unmistakably  at  home  in  them  as  the  man 
to  whom  they  belong.  Adams  has  not  at- 
tempted more  than  a  study,  but  from  a 
painter  who  can  make  a  study  of  such 
breadth  and  such  vitality  one  has  a  right 
to  expect  even  greater  things." 

HARRY  EDMUND  JENNINGS.  Many  of 
Henry  County's  most  important  activities, 
whether  concerned  with  patriotic  and  war 
endeavor  or  with  business  affairs,  concen- 
trate and  center  around  the  personality  of 
Harry  Edmund  Jennings.  Mr.  Jennings 
represents  a  type  of  citizenship  that  has 
been  especially  brought  out)  during  the 
present  war.  He  has  stood  ready  and  will- 
ing to  sacrifice  every  immediate  advantage 
and  his  private  business  to  promote  that 


, 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1651 


dianapolis.  In  August,  191S,  his  portrait 
of  John  McClure  Hamilton,  the  Philadel- 
phia artist,  won  first  prize  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  the  annual  exhibition  of 
the  Art  Association  of  that  city.  Portrait 
of  Joseph  Pennell,  well  known  etcher  and 
lithographer,  won  the  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank 
G.  Logan  medal  and  $1.500,  Chicago  Art 
Institute,  1918. 

Among  Indiana  celebrities  he  has  painted 
the  best  known  are  Governor  Frank  Hanly, 
Governor  Ralston,  the  late  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  Booth  Tarkington,  Meredith 
Nicholson,  James  \Vhitcomb  Rilcy,  Henry 
Douglas  Pierce.  Henry  Talbott,  Klias 
Jacoby,  Theodore  C.  Steele  and  Charles 
Dennis. 

Besides  the  portrait  of  John  MeClure 
Hamilton,  mentioned  above,  Mr.  Adams 
has  within  the  past  year  or  two  painted  at 
his  Philadelphia  studio  the  portraits  of 
( 'liarles  M.  Burns  and  Joseph  Pennell.  Of 
these  three  pictures,  which  were  exhibited 
at  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Academy  in  February.  1018.  the  fol- 
lowing remarks  were  made  by  the  art  critic 
of  the  Nation  (New  York)  in  its  issue  of 
March  7,  1918: 

"Nothing  could  be  in  stranger  contrast 
to  Sargent's  portraits  of  President  Wilson 
and  Mr.  Rockefeller  than  the  three  por- 
traits of  MeClure  Hamilton.  Charles  M. 
Burns  and  Joseph  Pennell  by  Waymaii 
Adams,  a  painter  whose  work  I  now  see 
for  the  first  time.  The  men  in  his  por- 
traits are  alive,  they  fairly  bristle  with 
character.  Indeed,  if  a  criticism  must  be 
made,  it  is  that  Adams  is  too  engrossed  in 
character  to  bother  about  anything  else. 
He  appears  to  be  indifferent  to  atmosphere, 
troubles  little  about  the  subtleties  of  color, 
has  no  particular  use  for  a  background. 
But  it  is  his  interest,  not  his  art.  that  is 
limited.  When  he  does  suggest  a  back- 
ground, as  in  the  portrait  of  Pennell,  he 
does  it  admirably,  the  tower  of  the  city 
hall  and  the  surrounding  tall  buildings 
grouping  and  losing  themselves  in  the  Phil- 
adelphia smoke  and  mist  as  he  has  seen 
them  from  the  window  of  his  high  studio. 
There  is  here  no  lack  of  atmosphere.  But 
he  seems  to  detach  his  sitter  entirely  from 
the  background,  the  figure  is  like  a  black 
silhouette  set  against  it.  tower  and  sky- 
scrapers and  smoke  forgotten  in  his  intent 
search  after  the  character  in  the  pose. 


the  long  legs  and  long  arms  of  the  artist 
extended  as  he  sits  on  his  sketching  stool, 
holding  his  sketch  block :  in  the  hang  of 
the  coat,  the  bulging  of  the  pocket  full  of 
papers,  and  still  more  in  the  character  of 
the  face,  the  serious  face  of  a  man  at 
work,  the  eyes  concentrated  on  their  sub- 
ject under  the  soft  gray  felt  hat  drawn 
down  to  shade  them — the  hat  alone  an 
amazing  study.  In  the  MeClure  Hamil- 
ton portrait  there  is  no  background  at  all. 
He  stands,  with  long  black  overcoat  drawn 
close  round  him.  his  gloved  hands  folded, 
one  holding  a  silk  hat.  his  head  finely 
modeled,  face  full  of  vivacity,  eyes  look- 
ing out  with  frank  amusement  as  if  at  the 
joke  of  finding  himself  for  once  the  model 
and  not  the  painter — a  portrait  cynical, 
gay,  vivid.  But  the  most  astonishing 
study  of  character  is  the  third,  the  por- 
trait of  Professor  Charles  M.  Burns.  Phil- 
adelphia's most  distinguished  architect, 
though  Philadelphia,  in  Philadelphia's 
fashion,  may  be  diary  to  admit  it.  The 
portrait,  a  half  length,  is  smaller  than  the 
other  two.  and  is  badly  placed  on  the  walls, 
but  there  is  nothing  better  in  the  Academy, 
ll  is  marvelous  in  the  rendering  of  the 
strong,  old  face,  of  the  lines  marked  by 
age  and  experience,  of  the  keen,  humorous 
eyes  under  the  bushy  eyebrows,  of  the 
droop  of  the  white  mustache.  And  how 
the  clothes  are  a  part  of  the  man,  how 
they  help  to  explain  him! — the  round, 
brown  felt  hat.  the  scarf,  the  oven-oat  open 
and  thrown  back,  the  very  gloves!  No 
model  could  have  sat  for  tlwse.  no  model 
could  have  worn  them,  could  have  been  as 
unmistakably  at  home  in  them  as  the  man 
to  whom  they  belong.  Adams  has  not  at- 
tempted more  than  a  study,  but  from  a 
painter  who  can  make  a  study  of  sudi 
breadth  and  sudi  vitality  one  h;is  a  riirlit 
to  expect  even  greater  things." 

HARRY  Eimrxn  JKXXI.VGS.  Many  of 
Henry  County's  most  important  activities. 
whether  concerned  with  patriotic  and  war 
riidenvor  or  with  business  affairs,  concen- 
trate and  center  around  the  personality  of 
Harry  Kdmund  Jennings.  Mr.  Jennings 
represents  a  type  of  citi/cnship  that  has 
been  especially  brought  out  during  the 
present  war.  lie  lias  stood  ready  and  will- 
ing to  sacrifice  every  immediate  advantage 
and  his  private  business  to  promote  that 


1652 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


broader  success  of  the  nation  at  war,  and 
assist  in  every  movement  for  the  welfare 
of  the  soldiers  and  their  families. 

Mr.  Jennings  was  born  in  Newcastle 
March  1,  1874,  son  of  Simon  P.  and  Ange- 
line  (Pickering)  Jennings.  The  Jennings 
family  is  of  English  nationality.  His 
grandparents,  Obadiah  and  Mary  Jennings, 
were  natives  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  pio- 
neer times  left  that  state  and  with  all 'their 
possessions  in  a  wagon  drawn  by  a  single 
horse  moved  over  the  mountains  into  Ohio. 
Among  their  two  children  were  two  sons, 
Levi  A.  and  Simon  P.  Jennings,  both  of 
whom  made  history  in  Newcastle,  the  for- 
mer being  known  as  "father  of  Henry 
County's  industries"  and  the  latter  hardly 
less  prominent  as  a  manufacturer,  business 
man  and  citizen. 

Simon  P.  Jennings  was  born  in  Wayne 
County,  Ohio,  August  11,  1840,  and  grew 
up  on  a  farm.  He  attended  the  country 
schools,  Otterbein  University  for  two 
years,  and  on  leaving  the  farm  taught 
school.  He  came  to  Indiana  as  instructor 
in  the  high  school  at  Auburn,  and  was 
also  in  the  grocery  business  there  for  two 
years.  He  then  joined  his  brother,  Levi 
A.,  and  his  father  at  Newcastle,  becoming 
a  resident  of  this  city  in  1867.  In  1875  he 
erected  a  two-story  brick  building  which  for 
many  years  was  the  home  of  his  mercantile 
activities.  He  was  associated  with  his 
brother  in  the  hardware  business,  but  later 
Levi  sold  his  interest  to  his  father,  Oba- 
diah, and  the  latter  and  Simon  conducted 
business  here  for  many  years.  In  the  mean- 
time Simon  Jennings  entered  the  lumber 
and  builders  supplies  industry,  and  begin- 
ning about  1886  established  saw  and  plan- 
ing mills,  sash,  door  and  blind  machinery, 
and  developed  one  of  Newcastle's  chief  in- 
dustries. One  of  its  largest  departments 
was  the  manufacture  of  tool  handles.  He 
and  his  associates  also  extended  their  inter- 
ests to  other  states  for  source  of  raw  mate- 
rial. Through  this  and  related  interests 
Simon  Jennings  was  one  of  the  monumen- 
tal fisrures  in  Newcastle's  life  and  prosper- 
ity for  many  years.  During  1896-97  he 
also  served  as  president  of  the  Town  Coun- 
cil, but  his  best  public  service  was  doubt- 
less through  establishing  and  maintaining 
for  forty  years  an  industry  which  em- 
ployed many  hands  and  brought  much 
wealth  to  the  entire  community.  Simon 
Jennings  died  in  November,  1914,  and  his 


brother,  Levi,  died  in  April  of  the  same 
year. 

Simon  P.  Jennings  married  March  23, 
1870,  Angeline  Pickering,  who  was  born 
in  Henry  County  December  2,  1846,  daugh- 
ter of  Jacob  J.  and  Mary  Pickering.  Her 
people  were  Quakers  and  she  was  a  birth- 
right member  of  that  faith  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  old  Spiceland  Academy. 
Simon  Jennings  was  reared  as  a  member 
of  the  United  Brethren  in  Christ,  but  after 
their  marriage  he  and  his  wife  were  iden- 
tified with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
at  Newcastle.  Mrs.  Simon  Jennings  died 
December  31,  1903.  They  had  lived  since 
1871  in  a  fine  old  home  at  the  corner  of 
Broad  and  Twenty-first  streets,  where  all 
their  children  were  born,  and  their  children 
were  one  daughter  and  three  sons:  Mary 
Ada,  who  died  November  9,  1901 ;  Harry 
Edmund ;  Charles  Wesley  and  Walter  Pick- 
ering. 

Harry  Edmund  Jennings  grew  up  in 
Newcastle  at  the  old  home,  graduated  from 
high  school,  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  hav- 
ing already  had  much  experience  in  his 
father's  industry,  he  established  a  factory 
for  the  manufacture  of  barrel  hoops.  He 
conducted  this  general  cooperage  business 
for  sixteen  years  and  closed  it  out  only 
after  the  sources  of  raw  material  had  gone 
so  far  toward  exhaustion  as  to  make  the 
further  continuance  of  the  plant  at  New- 
castle unprofitable.  He  has  also  been  inter- 
ested in  cooperage  mills  at  Reynoldsville 
in  Union  County,  Illinois,  at  Maiden,  Mis- 
souri, and  various  other  points  in  hardwood 
districts.  In  1912  Mr.  Jennings  entered 
the  real  estate  and  farm  loan  business,  but 
has  many  other  business  interests  that  di- 
vide his  time. 

He  is  president  of  the  Pan-American 
Bridge  Company  of  Newcastle,  a  structural 
steel  works  requiring  the  employment  of 
sixty  men.  He  is  president  of  the  Citizens 
State  Bank  of  Newcastle  and  a  director  and 
stockholder  in  the  Farmers  Bank  of  New 
Lisbon,  Indiana,  the  Mount  Summit  Bank 
of  Mount  Summit,  the  Bank  of  Blounts- 
ville,  the  Farmers  Bank  of  Losantville,  the 
Kennard  Bank  of  Kennard,  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Hagerstown,  the  Mooreland 
State  Bank,  the  People's  Bank  of  Sulphur 
Springs,  in  the  organization  of  which  he 
took  an  active  part. 

In  any  case  and  under  any  circumstances 
Mr.  Jennings  would  have  entered  heartily 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS. 


1653 


into  every  patriotic  endeavor,  but  his  co- 
operation with  war  activities  has  a  doable 
inspiration  in  the  fact  that  his  older  son  is 
wearing  a  uniform  in  the  American  army. 
Mr.  Jennings  married  January  1,  1896, 
Miss  Edna  Kinsey.  She  was  born  July  1, 
1874,  daughter  of  David  W.  and  Sophia 
J.  (Shirk)  Kinsey  at  Newcastle.  Their 
son  David  Harry,  was  born  June  22,  1897, 
was  liberally  educated,  and  soon  after  the 
war  with  Germany  broke  out  entered  the 
officers  training  camp  at  Fort  Benjamin 
Harrison  and  was  commissioned  second 
lieutenant  in  June,  1917.  He  is  now  first 
lieutenant  in  Battery  C  of  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Thirty-seventh  Field  Artillery. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jennings  have  a  younger  son, 
Harry  E.  Jr.,  born  in  1909. 

Mr.  Jennings  is  a  republican  and  has 
been  a  delegate  to  various  conventions.  He 
has  been  a  leader  at  Newcastle  and  in 
Henry  County  in  the  promotion  of  all  the 
Liberty  Loans,  has  served  as  county  chair- 
man of  the  War  Savings  Committee,  and 
under  his  leadership  the  county  raised 
$660,000  in  sales  of  stamps  in  two  weeks' 
time.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Red 
Cross  Committee,  and  is  county  chairman 
of  the  Relief  Civilian  Committee,  looking 
after  the  families  and  dependents  of  absent 
soldiers.  Mr.  Jennings  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  he  is  member  of 
the  Methodist  Church. 

DR.  WILLIAM  LOMAX  was  born  in  Guil- 
ford  County,  North  Carolina,  March  15, 
1813,  and  his  death  occurred  at  Marion, 
Indiana,  in  1893.  He  was  a  graduate  of  the 
University  of  New  York,  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  war  was  appointed  sur- 
geon of  the  Twelfth  Indiana  Infantry  and 
was  later  medical  director  of  the  Fifteenth 
Army  Corps. 

As  early  as  1855  Doctor  Lomax  was 
elected  president  of  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society,  presiding  until  1856,  and 
ten  years  later,  in  1866,  when  the  society 
was  changed  into  a  delegated  body,  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  plan  of  reorgani- 
zation. For  a  time  he  held  the  chair  of 
surgeon  in  the  Fort  Wayne  Medical 
College,  for  several  years  was  president  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Medical  College 
of  Indiana,  and  he  contributed  many  val- 
uable articles  to  the  medical  profession. 


JOHN  DAY  DEPREZ.  The  work  that 
gratifies  every  ambition  for  service  and 
his  modest  desires  as  a  business  man  John 
Day  DePrez  has  found  in  publishing  a 
daily  and  weekly  newspaper,  and  in  the 
almost  innumerable  responsibilities  and 
opportunities  which  come  to  a  publisher, 
whether  he  is  willing  or  not,  bring  him  in- 
to active  and  vital  relationship  with  every- 
thing of  concern  in  the  community. 

Mr.  DePrez  is  the  chief  man  and  chief 
owner  of  the  Democrat  Publishing  Com- 
pany, publishers  of  the  Daily  and  Weekly 
Democrat  at  Shelbyville.  These  are  among 
the  oldest  newspapers  of  Northern  In- 
diana, the  weekly  edition  having  been  es- 
tablished in  1848  and  the  daily  in  1880. 

Mr.  DePrez  was  born  on  the  edge  of 
Shelbyville  in  Shelby  County,  October  1, 
1872,  oldest  son  of  John  C.  and  Zora  L. 
DePrez.  After  getting  his  education  in 
the  Shelbyville  High  School  and  two  years 
at  Hanover  College,  he  entered  the  Shelby 
Bank  and  ten  years  in  its  employ  would 
also  classify  him  as  a  banker.  On  leav- 
ing the  bank  he  formed  the  company  which 
bought  the  Daily  and  Weekly  Democrat, 
and  he  is  chief  owner  of  these  publications. 

While  America  was  engaged  in  the  war 
with  Germany  Mr.  DePrez  served  as  coun- 
ty publicity  agent  for  all  the  Liberty  Loan 
drives,  was  chairman  of  the  Shelbyville 
Council  of  Defense,  chairman  of  the  Shel- 
byville War  Chest,  and  on  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  State  Allied  War  Ac- 
tivities drive.  If  a  busy  man  like  Mr.  De- 
Prez can  be  said  to  have  a  fad,  his  is1 
boosting  Shelbyville.  He  is  a  democrat, 
has  served  on  the  Executive  Committee  of 
the  State  Democratic  Committee  and  as 
a  director  of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club 
of  Indianapolis.  Fraternally  he  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Phi  Delta  Theta,  Masons, 
Elks,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Red  Men  and 
Ben-Hur,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Shelbyville.  Oc- 
tober 28,  1902,  he  married  Miss  Emma 
Senour. 

0.  L.  BROWN.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1898,  0.  L.  Brown's  abilities  have  brought 
him  many  of  the  larger  opportunities  of 
the  law  and  of  related  business  affairs. 
For  many  years  he  has  been  in  practice  at 
Indianapolis,  where  his  offices  are  in  the 
Hume-Mansur  Building. 


1654 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Mr.  Brown  was  born  at  Jewett,  Illinois, 
November  2,  1874,  son  of  Bazil  and  Laura 
Brown.  His  father,  a  native  of  Ohio,  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  that 
state  and  in  early  life  followed  farming 
and  the  lumber  business.  He  settled  in 
Cumberland  County,  Illinois,  at  an  early 
date  and  finally  gave  up  a  business  career 
to  study  law.  His  is  an  example  of  those 
successful  professional  careers  won  after 
most  men  are  practically  ready  to  retire. 
He  moved  from  Illinois  to  Terre  Haute, 
Indiana,  in  1890  and  has  since  conducted 
a  general  practice.  He  is  now  living  at 
Terre  Haute  at  the  venerable  age  of  eighty- 
three. 

0.  L.  Brown  was  a  twin  in  a  family  of 
seven  children,  four  of  whom  are  still  liv- 
ing. He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools,  attended  the  State  Normal  at 
Terre  Haute,  and  for  three  years  taught 
a  district  school.  He  read  law  in  the 
office  of  McHamill  at  Terre  Haute  and  be- 
gan practice  alone  in  1898.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Indiana  Supreme  Court  in 
1901,  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  in 
1903,  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in 
1907,  and  in  1909  was  also  admitted  to  the 
Illinois  Supreme  Court.  After  ten  years  of 
private  practice  Mr.  Brown  temporarily 
left  his  profession  to  promote  and  organize 
interurban  electric  lines  in  Chicago  and 
Kansas  City,  Kansas.  Later  he  returned 
to  Indiana  and  located  at  Indianapolis, 
where  he  has  since  enjoyed  a  large  prac- 
tice. 

Mr.  Brown  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias.  A 
stanch  republican,  he  did  much  political 
work  while  in  Terre  Haute,  organizing 
a  strong  and  efficient  republican  club  of 
300  members.  Many  times  he  was  called 
by  the  State  Central  Committee  to  do 
campaign  work,  and  has  always  had  the 
ability  to  influence  and  instruct  large 
audiences  for  political  discussion. 

Mr.  Brown  married  for  his  present  wife 
Miss  Margaret  Brainard.  By  his  first  mar- 
riage he  had  one  son,  now  sixteen  years 
of  age  and  a  student  in  the  public  schools 
of  Indianapolis. 

RICHARD  HENRY  SCHWEITZER  is  secre- 
tary, treasurer  and  general  manager  of  the 
Parish  Alford  Fence  and  Machine  Com- 
pany at  Knightstown.  About  the  first  ex- 
perience he  had  in  the  business  world  was 
as  a  minor  employe  with  a  wire  fence  fac- 


tory. Working  hard  along  one  line,  and 
with  ability  increasing  in  proportion  to 
his  experience,  Mr.  Schweitzer  has  been 
able  to  give  Knightstown  one  of  its  most 
flourishing  and  important  industries,  the 
product  of  which  is  distributed  all  over 
the  central  states,  thus  serving  to  adver- 
tise Knightstown  and  its  resources  to  the 
outside  world. 

Mr.  Schweitzer  was  born  at  Crawfords- 
ville,  Indiana,  October  25,  1877,  son 
of  Christian  and  Theresa  (Hermann) 
Schweitzer.  His  grandfather,  Frederick 
Schweitzer,  came  from  Bavaria  about 
seventy  years  ago,  locating  at  Columbus, 
Ohio.  He  was  a  professional  musician 
and  reared  his  family  and  died  in  Colum- 
bus. Christian  Schweitzer  was  reared  in 
Columbus,  and  afterwards  moved  to  Craw- 
fordsville,  Indiana,  where  he  died  in  1916. 
His  widow  was  born  at  Beading,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  is  still  living  in  that  state. 

Richard  Henry  Schweitzer  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Crawfordsville,  was  at 
high  school  until  his  senior  year,  and  first 
went  to  work  for  the  Indiana  Wire  Fence 
Company  under  0.  M.  Gregg  of  Craw- 
fordsville. For  a  short  time  he  was  ship- 
ping clerk,  later  general  traffic  manager, 
and  subsequently  was  secretary  of  the 
Crawfordsville  Wire  Company  for  a  year 
and  a  half.  He  next  became  associated 
with  C.  D.  Voris  of  Crawfordsville  in  or- 
ganizing the  Crawfordsville  Wire  and  Nail 
Company,  and  was  its  secretary  and  sales 
manager  from  1901  to  1906. 

Mr.  Schweitzer  then  became  associated 
with  Sears,  Roebuck  &  Company  of  Chi- 
cago in  purchasing  in  1906  the  wire  fence 
factory  at  Knightstown,  and  has  since  been 
secretary,  treasurer  and  general  manager 
of  the  company.  This  plant  at  Knights- 
town, employing  100  hands  and  manufac- 
turing several  substantial  grades  of  wire 
fencing,  supplies  a  large  part  of  the  great 
volume  of  wire  fencing  sold  and  distrib- 
uted by  the  Sears,  Roebuck  &  Company 
organization. 

Mr.  Schweitzer  is  also  a  stockholder  and 
director  of  the  First  National  Bank  and  a 
director  of  the  Citizens  National  Bank  of 
Knightstown.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  in 
the  Crawfordsville  Wire  and  Nail  Com- 
pany, and  has  an  interest  in  the  One  Piece 
Bi-Focal  Lens  Company  at  Indianapolis. 

In  1899  he  married  Miss  Effa  Strauss, 
daughter  of  Charles  and  Sarah  (Schooley) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1655 


Strauss  of  Crawfordsville.  They  are  the 
parents  of  two  children :  Elizabeth  Kather- 
ine  and  Richard  Karl,  the  latter  born  in 
1902.  In  politics  he  is  a  republican.  He 
is  a  past  master  of  Golden  Rule  Lodge  No. 
16,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Knights- 
town,  is  past  commander  of  the  Knights 
Templar  Commandery  No.  9,  and  is 
present  senior  grand  warden  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Masons.  He  also  belongs  to 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at  In- 
dianapolis. He  has  been  deeply  interested 
in  Masonry,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
building  committee  and  secretary  when  the 
Indiana  Masonic  Home  was  built  at  Frank- 
lin, Indiana.  He  is  now  a  member  and 
secretary  of  the  board  of  directors  of  that 
home. 

MEYER  LERMAN,  of  Newcastle,  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  young  citizens  of  that 
city,  being  a  former  member  of  the  United 
States  navy,  an  organization  that  has  cov- 
ered itself  with  glory  in  the  present  war. 
Mr.  Lerman's  service  was  marked  by  par- 
ticipation in  the  noted  exploit  when  the 
navy  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  and 
took  possession  of  that  town  for  the  Ameri- 
can forces. 

Mr.  Lerman  was  born  at  Cincinnati 
March  14,  1890,  a  son  of  Joseph  and  Clara 
(Spielberg)  Lerman.  He  is  of  Hebrew 
ancestry.  His  father  was  born  near  War- 
saw in  Russian  Poland,  and  in  1887,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  came  to  Cincinnati.  He 
had  married  in  the  old  country.  In 
America  he  spent  four  years  peddling 
with  a  pack  of  granite  ware,  using  Cin- 
cinnati as  his  headquarters  and  traveling 
all  over  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  Later  he 
learned  the  cigar  trade  and  opened  a  fac- 
tory at  Cincinnati.  He  was  a  very  suc- 
cessful business  man,  and  continued  in 
the  cigar  business  until  February  10,  1911. 
Having  lost  his  health,  he  was  for  over 
six  years  an  invalid  and  died  in  June, 
1917.  His  widow  is  still  living  at  Cin- 
cinnati. They  had  six  children,  Meyer 
being  the  second  in  age. 

Meyer  Lerman  finished  the  work  of  the 
public  schools  at  Cincinnati  when  fifteen, 
and  then  for  two  years  was  messenger  boy 
with  the  Postal  Telegraph  Company.  He 
had  various  other  employments  and  for  a 
time  worked  on  a  farm  in  South  Dakota. 
He  also  managed  his  father's  branch  es- 
tablishment at  Mer  Rouge,  Louisiana. 


While  living  in  Ohio  he  had  joined  Com- 
pany M  of  the  First  Regiment,  National 
Guard,  and  had  the  rank  of  corporal.  At 
Birmingham,  Alabama,  he  clerked  in  a 
store  two  years  and  while  there  enlisted  in 
the  navy  for  a  four  years  cruise.  His  en- 
listment was  dated  September  11,  1911, 
and  he  was  mustered  out  September  10, 
1915.  Part  of  his  service  was  on  the 
United  States  mine  layer  San  Francisco, 
and  also  the  Prairie.  During  those  four 
years  he  covered  90,000  miles.  The  crown- 
ing event  of  his  service  came  in  April, 
1914,  when  forces  from  a  United  States 
warship  landed  at  and  captured  the  City 
of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  from  Huerta's  gov- 
ernment. He  participated  in  the  three 
days  fighting,  during  which  time  nineteen 
Americans  were  killed  and  seventy-one 
wounded.  Mr.  Lerman  while  with  the 
navy  visited  all  the  ports  of  England  and 
the  Americas.  After  his  honorable  dis- 
charge he  lived  at  home  in  Cincinnati  for 
one  year. 

October  29,  1916,  he  married  Miss  Fan- 
nie Watelsky,  daughter  of  Nathan  Watel- 
sky  of  Newcastle  and  Cincinnati.  He  was 
in  the  service  of  Mr.  Watelsky  at  New- 
castle and  a  year  later  was  made  manager 
of  the  Newcastle  establishment  of  that 
business,  later  becoming  proprietor.  Mr. 
Lerman  is  a  member  of  the  B'nai  B'rith 
of  Muncie  and  has  his  membership  in  the 
Orthodox  Synagogue  at  Cincinnati. 

I 

HARRY  E.  RAITANO.  With  a  knowledge 
and  experience  acquired  by  many  years  of 
work  for  law  firms  as  well  as  by  concen- 
trated individual  study,  Mr.  Raitano  was 
well  qualified  to  achieve  success  in  the 
legal  profession  when  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis six  years  ago,  and  his  record  since 
then  has  justified  his  most  sanguine  ex- 
pectations. 

Mr.  Raitano  drew  his  first  conscious 
breath  on  American  soil  and  is  an  Ameri- 
can citizen  in  every  sense  of  the  word, 
though  he  was  born  January  17,  1879,  in 
Naples,  Italy,  just  previous  to  the  immi- 
gration of  his  parents,  Bart  Raitano  and 
Anna  (Valestra)  Raitano,  to  America  in 
the  same  year.  His  parents  have  since 
lived  in  New  York,  where  his  father  is  still 
a  resident  and  hatter  by  trade.  Harry  E. 
Raitano  was  the  fourth  among  sixteen  chil- 
dren. 

His  early  education  was  acquired  in  the 


1656 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


grade  and  high  schools  of  New  York  City, 
and  at  a  later  date  he  was  a  student  in 
the  Chicago  Law  School.  For  about  fif- 
teen years  he  worked  as  clerk  in  different 
law  offices,  and  it  would  be  difficult  to 
conceive  of  a  better  preparation  for  the 
legal  profession  and  one  that  could  confer 
more  ability  to  meet  the  exigencies  and 
problems  which  continually  confront  the 
lawyer.  Mr.  Raitano  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  July,  1912,  taking  up  his  residence  in 
this  city  with  his  family,  consisting  of 
wife  and  three  children.  After  the  six 
months  required  to  establish  his  residence 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Marion  County 
Bar,  and  since  then  has  been  engaged  in 
general  practice. 

That  part  of  his  professional  career 
which  has  received  most  attention  from 
the  general  public  has  been  his  service  as 
city  prosecuting  attorney,  an  office  to  which 
he  was  appointed  January  5,  1914,  and 
in  which  he  served  four  years.  During 
that  time  he  has  given  his  personal  atten- 
tion to  the  prosecution  of  thousands  of  city 
cases,  including  the  prosecution  of  a  large 
number  of  offenders  against  the  city  or- 
dinances. He  has  also  handled  a  number 
of  murder  cases,  and  several  very  import- 
ant civil  litigations.  This  work  and  the 
ability  he  has  displayed  in  his  private  prac- 
tice are  the  basis  for  the  very  excellent 
reputation  he  now  enjoys  as  an  Indianap- 
olis lawyer. 

In  1914  Mr.  Raitano  formed  the  Colum- 
bian Savings  and  Loan  Association  of  In- 
dianapolis, with  a  capitalization  of  $250,- 
000.  He  was  its  president  three  years.  In- 
cidentally it  may  be  stated  that  the  cor- 
poration is  doing  a  large  and  successful 
business  and  is  one  of  the  leading  insti- 
tutions of  its  kind. 

In  politics  Mr.  Raitano  has  been  a  demo- 
crat by  conviction  and  allegiance  since  he 
attained  the  qualifications  of  manhood 
suffrage.  He  has  been  deeply  interested  in 
the  success  of  his  party,  both  at  Indian- 
apolis and  in  the  East,  and  in  different 
campaigns  has  done  much  to  discuss  and 
clarify  the  political  questions  of  the  day. 
In  1914  the  State  Democratic  Committee 
of  Indiana  appointed  him  a  member  to 
travel  over  the  state  organizing  democratic 
clubs  and  meetings.  Mr.  Raitano  resides 
at  2237  Park  Avenue,  in  the  third  precinct 
of  the  Second  Ward,  and  is  democratic 
precinct  committeeman  of  the  ward.  As 


native  of  one  of  the  allied  countries  en- 
gaged in  the  present  great  war  against 
Germany,  but  especially  as  an  American, 
Mr.  Raitano  has  sought  to  use  his  influence 
for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  war, 
is  a  member  of  Company  H  of  the  In- 
diana State  Militia,  and  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Italian  Executive  Committee  of 
Propaganda.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
King  Humbert  Mutual  Aid  Society,  of  the 
Democratic  Club,  of  Aerie  No.  211  Fra- 
ternal Order  of  Eagles,  the  Italian  Red 
Cross  Society  and  the  American  Red  Cross. 
In  church  affiliation  he  is  a  member  of  Sts. 
Peter  and  Paul  Cathedral. 

July  9,  1902,  at  Jersey  City,  New  Jer- 
sey, Mr.  Raitano  married  Miss  Frances  di 
Mauro.  Her  people  were  also  Italians. 
They  have  four  children,  all  living:  Anna 
L.,  born  April  21,  1904 ;  Arthur  B.,  born 
July  28,  1905 ;  B.  Alfred,  born  October  3, 
1907;  and  Henrietta,  born  May  5,  1914. 
Mr.  Raitano 's  office  is  in  the  Indiana  Trust 
Building. 

WILLIAM  ROLLIN  ZION.  Though  he  has 
had  a  wide  and  varied  business  experience 
Mr.  Zion  has  given  most  of  his  time  and 
energies  to  the  sawmill  and  lumber  in- 
dustry, and  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Wood- 
ard  &  Zion,  a  successful  organization  at 
Knightstown  operating  a  general  sawmill 
industry,  also  manufacturing  hard  wood 
and  a  special  line  of  poultry  coops. 

Mr.  Zion  was  born  in  Rush  County,  In- 
diana, on  a  farm,  January  31,  1859,  son 
of  John  Quincy  and  Maria  (Pickering) 
Zion.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  As 
a  boy  he  attended  country  schools  and  also 
Spiceland  Academy.  Up  to  the  age  of 
twenty-seven  he  lived  on  his  grandfather's 
farm  of  110  acres.  He  then  went  to  Carth- 
age, and  there  had  his  first  experience  in 
the  sawmill  industry,  working  for  two 
years.  Moving  to  Knightstown,  he  was  for 
six  years  clerk  in  a  hardware  house  and 
was  a  butcher  one  year.  On  returning  to 
Carthage  Mr.  Zion  bought  a  sawmill,  and 
for  four  years  operated  it  successfully  un- 
der his  individual  name.  He  then  bought 
a  mill  in  Knightstown  and  conducted  it  as 
a  partnership  under  the  name  Zion  and 
Applegate  four  years.  He  then  bought  out 
his  partner  and  conducted  it  alone  for  two 
years.  The  following  year  Mr.  Zion  spent 
in  the  gas  business.  At  that  time  he  be- 
came associated  with  Mr.  H.  G.  Woodard, 


• 


1 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1657 


buying  the  sawmill  of  J.  T.  Barnes,  which 
they  conducted  under  the  name  Zion  & 
Woodard  from  1903  to  1911.  At  that  date 
Mr.  Zion  sold  out  to  his  partner.  He  was 
appointed  postmaster  of  Knightstown  un- 
der President  Taft,  and  filled  that  office  to 
the  eminent  satisfaction  of  all  concerned 
four  years.  On  leaving  the  postoffice  Mr. 
Zion  rejoined  Mr.  Wopdard  under  the  new 
firm  of  Woodard  &  Zion,  and  they  built  a 
mill  and  plant  at  their  present  location 
and  they  sell  the  output  of  this  plant  to 
many  of  the  large  centers  in  Indiana  and 
Ohio,  and  have  built  up  a  specially  large 
trade  in  poultry  coops.  Mr.  Zion  also  has 
a  fire  insurance  agency  for  the  American 
Company  of  New  Jersey. 

He  first  married  October  20,  1883,  Miss 
Mary  Kitley,  daughter  of  John  Kitley  of 
Marion  County.  Mrs.  Zion  was  the  mother 
of  one  child,  Herbert,  who  died  when  three 
months  old,  and  she  died  September  15, 
1885.  For  his  second  wife  Mr.  Zion  mar- 
ried on  October  20,  1887,  Laura  Newby, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Oliver  and  Margaret 
(Macey)  Newby  of  Carthage,  Indiana. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Ruby  M.,  wife 
of  Mark  A.  Wilson,  of  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Wilson  have  one  child,  George 
William. 

Mr.  Zion  has  been  very  deeply  inter- 
ested in  republican  politics  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Indiana  State  Convention  in 
1918.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  is  a  member  of  the  Friends 
Church. 

A.  G.  SEIBERLINO,  of  Kokomo,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  a  prominent  family  of  manufacturers 
and  business  executives  known  all  over  the 
middle  west,  but  especially  at  Akron,  Ohio, 
where  the  name  Seiberling  is  synonymous 
with  a  large  part  of  the  great  rubber  and 
other  industrial  enterprises  which  give  that 
city  its  unique  fame. 

It  was  on  a  farm  in  Summit  County, 
Ohio,  not  far  from  Akron,  that  A.  G.  Sieb- 
erling  was  born  January  4,  1865.  His  par- 
ents were  Monroe  and  Sarah  L.  (Miller) 
Seiberling,  both  now  deceased.  Monroe 
Seiberling  lived  on  a  farm  in  Summit 
County  until  his  thirtieth  year,  and  after 
that  took  an  active  part  in  some  of  the 
large  business  enterprises  controlled  and 
directed  by  his  family  and  associated  in 
Akron.  The  Seiberlings  had  among  other 
interests  a  controlling  share  in  several 

Vol.  IT— 7 


strawboard  factories,  and  it  was  for  the 
purpose  of  organizing  the  Kokomo  Straw- 
board  Company  that  Monroe  Seiberling 
came  to  Kokomo  in  1888.  He  was  here  two 
years  in  that  business,  and  then  promoted 
and  organized  the  Diamond  Plate  Glass 
Company.  In  1895,  when  this  was  ab- 
sorbed by  the  Pittsburg  Glass  Company,  he 
removed  to  Peoria  and  built  the  plant  of 
the  Peoria  Plate  Glass  Company.  Five 
years  later  he  established  a  similar  plant 
at  Ottawa,  Illinois.  For  many  years  he 
was  widely  known  for  his  enterprise  in  pro- 
moting and  building  large  industrial  con- 
cerns. Thus  his  name  belongs  in  a  group 
of  manufacturers  and  business  organizers 
in  which  men  of  the  Seiberling  name  have 
long  been  so  prominent.  Monroe  Seiber- 
ling was  a  republican,  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  and  had  a  family  of  ten  children, 
eight  of  whom  are  living. 

A.  G.  Seiberling  grew  up  at  Akron,  at- 
tended public  school  there,  and  spent  one 
term  in  Buchtel  College.  His  first  business 
service  was  as  office  boy  with  the  Akron 
Strawboard  Company.  He  was  bookkeeper 
of  that  concern  one  year,  and  then  was  ap- 
pointed manager  and  treasurer  of  the  Ohio 
Strawboard  Company  at  Upper  Sandusky. 
In  1887  he  came  to  Kokomo,  and  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Diamond  Plate  Glass  Company 
until  1895.  For  a  time  he  was  connected 
with  the  Pittsburg  Glass  Company  as  gen- 
eral purchasing  agent  and  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  promoting  and  establish- 
ing the  Peoria  Rubber  Company,  and  was 
its  manager  and  treasurer  five  years.  He 
was  similarly  connected  with  the  plate  glass 
plant  at  Ottawa,  Illinois,  but  in  1905  re- 
turned to  Kokomo  and  became  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Apperson  Brothers 
Automobile  Company.  He  was  with  that 
company  51/?  years.  Since  then  Mr.  Seih- 
erling  has  been  general  manager  of  the 
Haynes  Automobile  Company,  one  of  the 
largest  industries  of  its  kind  in  Indiana. 

He  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  member 
of  Mohamed  Temple  of  Peoria.  Illinojs,  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Elks.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association, 
and  a  director  of  the  Kokomo  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  Mr.  Seiberling  is  a  republican 
and  affiliated  with  the  Lutheran  Church. 
July  3,  1889,  he  married  Miss  Anna  Tate, 
of  Kokomo. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lb'57 


buying  the  sawmill  of  J.  T.  Barnes,  which 
they  conducted  under  the  name  Zion  & 
Woodard  from  1903  to  1911.  At  that  date 
Mr.  Zion  sold  out  to  his  partner.  He  was 
appointed  postmaster  of  Knightstown  un- 
der President  Taft,  and  filled  that  office  to 
the  eminent  satisfaction  of  all  concerned 
four  years.  On  leaving  the  postoffice  Mr. 
Zion  rejoined  Mr.  Woodard  under  the  new 
firm  of  Woodard  &  Zion,  and  they  built  a 
mill  and  plant  at  their  present  location 
and  they  sell  the  output  of  this  plant  to 
many  of  the  large  centers  in  Indiana  and 
Ohio,  and  have  built  up  a  specially  large 
trade  in  poultry  coops.  Mr.  Zion  also  has 
a  fire  insurance  agency  for  the  American 
Company  of  New  Jersey. 

He  first  married  October  20,  1883.  Miss 
Mary  Kitley,  daughter  of  John  Kitley  of 
Marion  County.  Mrs.  Zion  was  the  mother 
of  one  child,  Herbert,  who  died  when  three 
months  old,  and  she  died  September  15, 
1885.  For  his  second  wife  Mr.  Zion  mar- 
ried on  October  '20.  1887.  Laura  Newby, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Oliver  and  Margaret 
(Macey)  Newby  of  Carthage,  Indiana. 
They  have  one  daughter.  Ruby  M.,  wife 
of  .Mark  A.  Wilson,  of  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
and  .Mrs.  Wilson  have  one  child.  George 
William. 

Mr.  Zion  has  been  very  deeply  inter- 
ested in  republican  politics  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Indiana  State  Convention  in 
1!>18.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  is  a  member  of  the  Friends 
Church. 

A.  G.  SEIBERLIXG,  of  Kokomo,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  a  prominent  family  of  manufacturers 
and  business  executives  known  all  over  the 
middle  west,  but  especially  at  Akron,  Ohio, 
where  the  name  Seiberling  is  synonymous 
with  a  large  part  of  the  great  rubber  and 
other  industrial  enterprises  which  give  that 
city  its  unique  fame. 

It  was  on  a  farm  in  Summit  County, 
Ohio,  not  far  from  Akron,  that  A.  G.  Sieb- 
erling  was  born  January  4,  1865.  His  par- 
cuts  were  Monroe  and  Sarah  L.  (Miller) 
Seiberling,  both  now  deceased.  Monroe 
Seiberling  lived  on  a  farm  in  Summit 
County  until  his  thirtieth  year,  and  after 
that  took  an  active  part  in  some  of  the 
large  business  enterprises  controlled  and 
directed  by  his  family  and  associated  in 
Akron.  The  Seiberlings  had  among  other 
interests  a  controlling  share  in  several 

Vol.  IV— 7 


strawboard  factories,  and  it  was  for  the 
purpose  of  organizing  the  Kokomo  Straw- 
board  Company  that  Monroe  Seiberling 
came  to  Kokomo  in  1888.  He  was  here  two 
years  in  that  business,  and  then  promoted 
and  organized  the  Diamond  Plate  Glass 
Company.  In  1895,  when  this  was  ab- 
sorbed by  the  Pittsburg  Glass  Company,  he 
removed  to  Peoria  and  built  the  plant  of 
the  Peoria  Plate  Glass  Company.  Five 
years  later  he  established  a  similar  plant 
at  Ottawa,  Illinois.  For  many  years  he 
was  widely  known  for  his  enterprise  in  pro- 
moting and  building  large  industrial  con- 
cerns. Thus  his  name  belongs  in  a  group 
of  manufacturers  and  business  organi/.ers 
in  which  men  of  the  Seiberling  name  have 
long  been  so  prominent.  Monroe  Seiber- 
ling was  a  republican,  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  ami  had  a  family  of  ten  children, 
eight  of  whom  are  living. 

A.  G.  Seiberling  grew  up  at  Akron,  at- 
tended public  school  there,  and  spent  one 
term  in  Buchtel  College.  His  first  business 
service  was  as  office  boy  with  the  Akron 
Strawboard  Company.  He  was  bookkeeper 
of  that  concern  one  year,  and  then  was  ap- 
pointed manager  and  treasurer  of  the  Ohio 
Strawboard  Company  at  I'pper  Sandusky. 
In  1887  he  came  to  Kokomo.  and  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Diamond  Plate  Glass  Company 
until  1895.  For  a  time  he  was  connected 
with  the  Pittsburg  Glass  Company  as  gen- 
eral purchasing  agent  and  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  promoting  and  establish- 
ing the  Peoria  Rubber  Company,  and  was 
its  manager  and  treasurer  five  veal's.  He 
was  similarly  connected  with  the  plate  glass 
plant  at  Ottawa.  Illinois,  but  in  1905  re- 
turned to  Kokomo  and  became  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Apperson  Brothers 
Automobile  Company.  He  was  witli  that 
company  51  L>  years.  Since  then  Mr.  Seih- 
erling  has  been  general  manager  of  the 
Haynes  Automobile  Company,  one  of  the 
largest  industries  of  its  kind  in  Indiana. 

He  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  member 
of  Mobamed  Temple  of  Peoria.  Illinois,  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Elks.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Association, 
and  a  director  of  the  Kokomo  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  Mr.  Seiberling  is  a  republican 
and  affiliated  with  the  Lutheran  Church. 
July  3,  1889.  he  married  Miss  Anna  Tate. 
of  Kokomo. 


1658 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


DR.  WILLIAM  B.  FLETCHER,  of  Indian- 
apolis, was  a  man  of  varied  attainments 
both  as  a  physician  and  scientist.  His  life 's 
work  encompassed  the  experience  of  a  sol- 
dier, physician,  teacher,  author  and  spe- 
cialist, and  in  every  relation  he  bore  his 
part  well  and  placed  his  name  in  the  front 
rank. 

Doctor  Fletcher  was  a  valuable  contribu- 
tor to  the  State  Medical  Society.  He  re- 
ceived a  high  compliment  in  the  poem  "The 
Doctor"  by  James  Whitcomb  Riley. 

HORACE  GREELEY  WOODARD  is  a  veteran 
in  the  sawmill  and  lumber  industry,  being 
senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Woodard  & 
Zion  with  a  plant  for  the  manufacture  of 
hardwood  lumber  and  poultry  coops  at 
Knightstown. 

Mr.  Woodard  was  born  at  Ogden,  Henry 
County,  December  10,  1857,  son  of  Thomas 
Cox  and  Anna  (Reynolds)  Woodard.  He 
is  of  English  ancestry.  His  father  was  a 
flour  miller  at  Ogden,  and  later  was  con- 
nected with  the  Eagle  Mill  in  Henry 
County.  Horace  Greeley  Woodard  at- 
tended the  public  schools  at  Raysville  and 
also  the  Knightstown  Academy.  He  had 
earned  his  living  by  farm  labor  from  an 
early  age,  and  after  leaving  school  worked 
as  a  farm  hand  for  a  year  or  so.  Later 
for  three  years  he  had  his  headquarters 
at  St.  Louis  and  was  employed  as  a  freight 
brakeman  and;  conductor  with  -the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railroad.  Upon  returning  to 
Indiana  he  became  a  laborer  in  the  saw- 
mill of  Watts  &  Parker  near  Knightstown 
and  was  advanced  to  bookkeeper  and  fore- 
man, remaining  with  that  mill  three  years. 
He  then  became  head  sawyer  for  a  mill  at 
Fairfield,  Indiana,  for  a  year.  Returning 
to  Knightstown,  Mr.  Woodard  became 
member  of  the  firm  Parker  &  Woodard, 
and  a  year  later  formed  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  W.  R.  Zion.  They  bought  the  local 
mill  of  J.  T.  Barnes  and  conducted  it  un- 
der the  name  Zion  &  Woodard.  Mr.  Zion 
left  the  firm  to  become  the  Knightstown 
postmaster,  but  after  four  years  he  re- 
joined Mr.  Woodard  and  the  firm  was  reor- 
ganized as  Woodard  &  Zion.  Mr.  Woodard 
also  has  local  real  estate  interests.  He  is 
an  active  republican,  served  one  term  as 
supervisor  of  Wayne  Township  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Knightstown  City  Council 
from  1914  to  1917.  He  is  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  Knightstown  Camp,  Modern  Wood- 


men of  America,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Friends  Church. 

In  1879  Mr.  Woodard  married  Eliza- 
beth Newby,  daughter  of  John  T.  Newby 
and  Martha  W.  (White)  Newby,  of  Rays- 
ville, Indiana,  who  later  went  to  Iowa, 
where  they  both  died.  The  Woodard  chil- 
dren are:  Minnie  Era,  now  deceased; 
Edith  Anna  and  John  Earl.  Edith  Anna 
married  Reginald  Bell  and  they  have  two 
children,  Miriam  and  Barbara.  John  Earl 
is  by  profession  an  architect,  and  is  at 
present  in  the  employ  of  the  government. 

CHARLES  MYRON  RISK  is  proprietor  of 
the  largest  fancy  grocery  establishment 
in  Knightstown,  and  has  been  a  progressive 
factor  in  business  affairs  for  many  years. 

He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  son  of 
Joseph  and  Virginia  (Purcell)  Risk.  His 
grandfather,  John  Risk,  came  from  Great 
Britain  to  America  when  a  young  man  and 
located  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Vir- 
ginia. There  he  reared  his  family.  He 
was  an  all  around  mechanic.  Joseph  Risk, 
youngest  of  ten  children,  came  to  Indiana 
and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Rush  County. 
He  married  at  Newark,  Ohio. 

Charles  Myron  Risk  was  born  on  a  farm 
February  16,  1864.  He  attended  country 
schools  in  winter  and  in  summer  helped  on 
the  farm.  As  his  years  increased  he  bore 
larger  responsibilities  in  handling  a  large 
farm  of  160  or  200  acres.  In  1890  Mr. 
Risk  came  to  Knightstown  and  went  to 
work  driving  a  wagon  for  the  wholesale 
grocery  house  of  A.  O.  Morris.  He  after- 
wards was  wagon  driver  for  other  firms 
and  in  1893  became  clerk  for  Frank  E. 
Tritt.  In  1899  he  bought  an  interest  in 
a  grocery  house  and  since  then  has  been 
extending  and  expanding  his  business,  now 
under  his  sole  proprietorship,  until  he  has 
one  of  the  best  appointed  grocery  stores 
in  Eastern  Indiana. 

In  1893  Mr.  Risk  married  Miss  Susan 
McClammer,  daughter  of  William  and 
Nancy  (Beeman)  McClammer  of  Spice- 
land,  Henry  County.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Risk 
have  no  children  of  their  own,  but  they 
reared  a  nephew,  W.  H.  McClammer,  who 
since  the  spring  of  1918  has  been  in  the 
army  in  the  Ordnance  Department.  Mr. 
Risk  is  a  member  of  the  Knightstown 
Lodge  of  Masons,  having  filled  all  its 
chairs  and  is  also  a  Knight  Templar.  He 
is  a  democrat,  and  for  many  years  has 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1659 


been  an  elder  in  the  Bethel  Presbyterian 
Church  at  Knightstown. 

REGINALD  L.  BELL,  cashier  of  the  Citi- 
zens National  Bank  of  Knightstown,  repre- 
sents an  old  and  prominent  family  of  that 
locality.  His  grandfather,  Harvey  Bell, 
was  born  in  Virginia  in  1806  and  came  to 
Indiana  in  1832.  He  and  his  family  first 
located  in  Rush  County,  but  in  1840  moved 
to  Knightstown,  where  for  many  years 
Harvey  Bell  was  a  prominent  business 
man  and  hardware  merchant.  He  died  in 
1886.  His  wife,  Nancy,  was  born  in  1809 
and  died  in  1842. 

Reginald  L.  Bell  is  a  son  of  William  M. 
and  Adeline  (Noble)  Bell.  His  father  was 
also  in  the  hardware  business  at  Knights- 
town, and  died  there  an  honored  citizen 
in  1910.  His  wife  passed  away  in  1912. 

Reginald  L.  Bell  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Knightstown  and  for  two  years 
studied  electrical  engineering  at  Purdue 
University.  After  leaving  college  he  as- 
sisted his  father  in  the  hardware  business 
until  1908,  when  he  entered  the  services 
of  the  Citizens  National  Bank  as  a  clerk  for 
one  year  and  then  for  seven  years  was  as- 
sistant cashier,  and  since  1916  has  been 
cashier  of  that  old  and  substantial  insti- 
tution. He  is  also  one  of  the  bank 's  stock- 
holders and  has  considerable  real  estate  in- 
terests in  and  around  Knightstown. 

In  1908  Mr.  Bell  married  Miss  Edith 
Woodard,  daughter  of  Horace  G.  and 
Elizabeth  (Newby)  Woodard.  To  their 
marriage  have  been  born  two  children, 
Miriam  and  Barbara.  Mr.  Bell  is  a  re- 
publican, a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Sigma  Nu  fraternity 
of  Purdue  University. 

BERNARD  GERNSTEIN.  Now  proprietor 
of  the  Gernstein  Grocery  Company  of  New- 
castle, Bernard  Gernstein  is  one  of  the 
interesting  American  citizens  of  Indiana, 
coming  here  from  a  foreign  land,  without 
money  or  influence,  and  gradually  working 
into  a  position  where  he  might  be  inde- 
pendent and  by  his  service  as  a  merchant 
command  the  respect  and  esteem  of  an  en- 
tire community. 

Mr.  Gernstein  was  born  in  Russia  April 
18,  1890.  He  attended  Hebrew  schools 
and  some  Russian  schools,  and  at  the  age 
of  seventeen  came  to  America.  From  New 


York  City  he  came  west  to  Indianapolis, 
where  a  brother  was  living.  He  arrived  at 
Indianapolis  with  only  three  cents,  and 
the  first  week  his  salary  was  $3.40,  and  out 
of  that  he  paid  $3  for  board.  Since  then 
he  has  made  rapid  progress  up  the  ladder 
of  success.  He  first  worked  at  Indianap- 
olis in  the  cabinet  making  trade  at  a  glue 
machine,  and  learned  cabinet  making  in 
all  its  details.  After  six  years,  having 
saved  his  money,  he  opened  a  grocery  store 
at  1205  Kentucky  Avenue,  and  was  in 
business  in  Indianapolis  four  years.  Then 
selling  out  he  came  to  Newcastle  and 
bought  the  Green  Grocery  Company  at 
1704  I  Avenue.  He  has  made  this  a  first 
class  grocery  store,  and  he  also  owns  real 
estate  both  in  Indianapolis  and  Newcastle. 
Mr.  Gernstein  is  independent  in  politics, 
is  an  orthodox  Jewish  Zionist,  and  has  con- 
tributed liberally  to  his  church  and  other 
causes. 

Louis  DAWSON  is  an  expert  florist,  one 
of  the  men  who  have  contributed  to  the 
well  deserved  fame  of  Newcastle  as  "The 
Rose  City"  of  Indiana.  He  has  been  iden- 
tified with  that  typical  industry  of  New- 
castle for  a  number  of  years,  and  is  now 
member  of  the  firm  Lindey  &  Dawson,  one 
of  the  most  progressive  younger  organiza- 
tions for  the  growing  of  flowers  and  vege- 
tables under  glass. 

Mr.  Dawson  was  born  in  County  Kent, 
Ontario,  Canada,  May  22,  1867,  son  of 
Albert  and  Harriet  (Coatsworth)  Dawson. 
He  is  of  English  and  French  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  John  Dawson,  came  from 
England  and  established  the  family  in 
Canada.  Mr.  Dawson  had  the  advantages 
of  the  country  schools  UDtil  he  was  four- 
teen years  of  age.  After  that  he  worked 
on  the  farm  in  summers  and  spent  his  win- 
ters in  the  lumber  camps.  This  was  his 
routine  of  life  until  about  1904,  when  he 
came  to  Newcastle  and  went  to  work  for 
his  uncle  in  the  firm  of  Benthe  &  Com- 
pany and  learned  the  florist  business  in 
every  detail.  He  was  with  that  firm  ten 
years,  and  then  established  himself  in  busi- 
ness with  Carl  Lindey  under  the  name 
Lindey  &  Dawson  at  1519  South  Seven- 
teenth Street.  Both  were  practical  men 
in  greenhouse  work,  and  they  built  their 
first  greenhouse,  40  by  80  feet,  with  their 
own  hands.  The  following  year  they  put 
up  another  house  18  by  52  feet,  and  in 


1660 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1917  their  third  structure,  22  by  52  feet. 
They  now  have  5,000  square  feet  under 
glass.  While  they  specialize  in  flowers, 
they  also  have  some  part  of  their  estab- 
lishment devoted  to  tomatoes,  lettuce  and 
spring  plants.  Mr.  Dawson  since  coming 
to  Newcastle  has  acquired  some  real  es- 
tate interests,  and  is  looked  upon  as  one 
of  the  substantial  citizens. 

In  1888  he  married  Miss  Anna  Eliza 
Cottingham,  daughter  of  William  and  An- 
nie (Perkins)  Cottingham  of  Kent,  Can- 
ada. Nine  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage,  seven  of  whom  are  still  living. 
Ruby  is  Mrs.  Woolums,  of  Fort  Wayne, 
Indiana,  and  has  four  children.  Cleo 
Dawson  is  at  home.  Clarence  is  married 
and  lives  at  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  Earl, 
of  Newcastle,  is  married  and  has  one  child. 
Bertha  and  Carmen  are  still  at  home.  Mr. 
Dawson  is  a  socialist  in  politics. 

WALTER  ALBAN  TAPSCOTT,  of  Newcastle, 
is  a  young  business  man  of  varied  and  suc- 
cessful experience,  and  has  made  an  envi- 
able record  during  the  past  few  years  as 
manager  of  the  Morris  Five  and  Ten  Cent 
Store  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Tapscott  was  born  at  New  Decatur, 
Alabama,  November  1,  1892,  son  of  Wiley 
William  and  Ella  (Kennedy)  Tapscott. 
He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  He  ac- 
quired his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  New  Decatur,  finishing  the 
eighth  grade  at  luka  in  Marion  County, 
Illinois.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  came  to 
Newcastle  and  for  a  year  was  employed  in 
the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet  Company. 
For  2y»  years  he  worked  with  the  Max- 
well-Briscoe  Company,  and  then  for  a  year 
and  a  half  was  yard  clerk  with  the  Lake 
Erie  Railway.  In  1914  Mr.  Tapscott  be- 
came assistant  manager  of  the  Morris  Five 
and  Ten  Cent  Store  at  Newcastle,  and  on 
January  1,  1915,  was  promoted  to  man- 
ager. He  is  a  very  capable  executive, 
master  of  detail,  and  has  not  only  carried 
out  the  general  policy  of  the  company  but 
has  done  much  to  increase  the  volume  of 
annual  sales  through  his  own  ideas  and 
systematic  efficiency. 

In  1913  Mr.  Tapscott  married  Miss 
Helen  Shaw,  daughter  of  Daniel  Franklin 
and  Fannie  (Utterbach)  Shaw  of  New- 
castle. They  have  two  children :  Joseph 
Walter,  born  in  1914,  and  Mary  Alice, 
born  in  1916.  Mr.  Tapscott  is  an  inde- 


pendent voter,   and  he  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 

RT.  REV.  HERMAN  JOSEPH  ALERDINO. 
Many  Catholic  clergymen  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  have  reverted  with  pleasure 
to  the  fact  that  they  received  their  Holy 
Orders  at  the  hands  of  the  Bishop  of  the 
Fort  Wayne  diocese,  Bishop  Aldering, 
whose  work  has  been  that  of  a  great  con- 
structive force  in  the  Catholic  Church  of 
the  middle  west,  both  as  a  priest  and  in 
larger  responsibilities  for  upwards  of  half 
a  century. 

Bishop  Alerding  was  born  in  Westphalia, 
Germany,  April  13,  1845,  a  son  of  B.  Her- 
man and  Theresa  (Schrameier)  Alerding. 
He  was  too  young  to  remember  the  voyage 
which  brought  his  parents  to  America  and 
to  a  new  home  at  Newport,  Kentucky.  At 
Newport  he  attended  the  parochial  school 
of  Corpus  Christi  Church.  This  school 
was  taught  in  one  room  by  one  teacher,  but 
there  were  150  pupils.  Bishop  Alerding  in 
preparation  for  his  chosen  career  was  given 
his  first  instruction  in  Latin  by  Rev.  John 
Voll,  pastor  of  Corpus  Christi  Church,  and 
from  1858  until  1859  attended  the  Dio- 
cesan Seminary  at  Vincennes.  The  next 
year  he  was  a  student  in  the  old  St.  Thomas 
Seminary  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  and  in 
the  fall'  of  1860  entered  St.  Meinrad's 
Abbey  of  the  Benedictine  Fathers  in  Spen- 
cer County,  Indiana.  There  under  Bishop 
de  St.  Palais  he  received  his  Holy  Orders, 
the  tonsure  and  minor  orders  on  September 
18,  1865,  sub  deacpnship  on  June  18,  1867, 
deaconship  June  21,  1§67,  and  priesthood 
September  22,  1868.  Following  that  for 
three  years  he  was  assistant  at  St.  Joseph 's 
Church  at  Terre  Haute  and  also  had  charge 
of  neighboring  missions.  October  18,  1871, 
he  became  pastor  of  St.  Elizabeth 's  Church 
at  Cambridge  City,  where  he  remained 
until  August,  1874.  Here  he  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  organizer  and 
builder.  He  rehabilitated  a  practically  dis- 
organized parish,  started  it  toward  renewed 
prosperity,  and  also  built  churches  at 
Knightstown  and  Newcastle,  which  were 
also  under  his  charge. 

In  the  summer  of  1874  Father  Alerding 
was  transferred  to  Indianapolis  as  procu- 
rator for  the  newly-established  St.  Joseph's 
Seminary,  and  was  also  pastor  of  the  con- 
gregation that  worshiped  in  the  Seminary 
chapel.  After  a  year  the  Seminary  was 


1660 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1917  their  third  structure,  22  by  52  feet. 
They  now  have  5,000  square  feot  under 
glass.  While  tliey  specialize  in  flowers, 
they  also  have  some  part  of  their  estab- 
lishment devoted  to  tomatoes,  lettuce  and 
spring  plants.  Mr.  Dawson  since  coining: 
to  Newcastle  has  acquired  some  real  es- 
tate interests,  and  is  looked  upon  as  one 
of  the  substantial  citizens. 

In  1888  he  married  Miss  Anna  Eliza 
Cottingham,  daughter  of  William  and  An- 
nie (Perkins)  Cottingham  of  Kent,  Can- 
ada. Nine  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage,  seven  of  whom  are  still  living. 
Ruby  is  Mrs.  Woolums.  of  Fort  Wayne, 
Indiana,  and  has  four  children.  Cleo 
Dawson  is  at  home.  Clarence  is  married 
and  lives  at  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  Earl, 
of  Newcastle,  is  married  and  has  one  child. 
Hertha  and  Carmen  are  still  at  home.  Mr. 
Dawson  is  a  socialist  in  politics. 

WALTER  ALBAN  TAI-SCOTT.  of  Newcastle, 
is  a  young  business  man  of  varied  and  suc- 
cessful experience,  and  has  made  an  envi- 
able record  during  the  past  few  years  as 
manager  of  the  Morris  Five  and  Ten  Cent 
Store  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Tapscott  was  born  at  New  Decatur, 
Alabama,  November  1,  1892,  son  of  Wiley 
William  and  Ella  (Kennedy)  Tapscott. 
lie  is  of  Scotch- Irish  ancestry.  He  ac- 
quired his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  New  Decatnr,  finishing  the 
eighth  grade  at  luka  in  Marion  County. 
Illinois.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  came  to 
Newcastle  and  for  a  year  was  employed  in 
the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet  Company. 
For  21  -j  years  he  worked  with  the  Max- 
well-Hriscoc  Company,  and  then  for  a  year 
and  a  half  was  yard  clerk  with  the  Lake 
Erie  Railway.  In  1!»14  Mr.  Tapscott  be- 
came assistant  manager  of  the  Morris  Five 
and  Ten  Cent  Store  at  Newcastle,  and  on 
•January  1,  1915,  was  promoted  to  man- 
ager, lie  is  a  very  capable  executive, 
master  of  detail,  and  has  not  only  carried 
out  the  general  policy  of  the  company  but 
has  done  much  to  increase  the  volume  of 
annual  sales  through  his  own  ideas  and 
systematic  efficiency. 

'  In  1913  Mr.  Tapscott  married  Miss 
Helen  Shaw,  daughter  of  Daniel  Franklin 
and  Fannie  (I'tterbach)  Shaw  of  New- 
castle. They  have  two  children :  Joseph 
Walter,  l>orii  in  1914,  and  Mary  Alice, 
born  in  1916.  Mr.  Tapscott  is  an  inde- 


pendent   voter,   and   he  and   his   wife  are 
members  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 

RT.  REV.  HERMAN-  JOSEPH  ALERDINO. 
Many  Catholic  clergymen  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  have  reverted  with  pleasure 
to  the  faet  that  they  received  their  Holy 
Orders  at  the  hands  of  the  Bishop  of  the 
Fort  Wayne  diocese,  Bishop  Aldering, 
whose  work  has  been  that  of  a  great  con- 
structive force  in  the  Catholic  Church  of 
the  middle  west,  both  as  a  priest  and  in 
larger  responsibilities  for  upwards  of  half 
a  century. 

Bishop  Alerding  was  horn  in  Westphalia, 
Germany,  April  13,  1845,  a  son  of  B.  Her- 
man and  Theresa  (Schrameier)  Alerding. 
He  was  too  young  to  remember  the  voyage 
which  brought  his  parents  to  America  and 
to  a  new  home  at  Newport,  Kentucky.  At 
Newport  he  attended  the  parochial  school 
of  Corpus  Christi  Church.  This  school 
was  taught  in  one  room  by  one  teacher,  but 
there  were  150  pupils.  Bishop  Alerding  in 
preparation  for  his  chosen  career  was  given 
his  first  instruction  in  Latin  by  Rev.  John 
Voll,  pastor  of  Corpus  Christi  Church,  and 
from  1858  until  1859  attended  the  Dio- 
cesan Seminary  at  Vincenncs.  The  next 
year  he  was  a  student  in  the  old  St.  Thomas 
Seminary  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  and  in 
the  fall  of  1860  entered  St.  Meinrad's 
Abbey  of  the  Benedictine  Fathers  in  Spen- 
cer County,  Indiana.  There  under  Bishop 
de  St.  Palais  he  received  his  Holy  Orders, 
the  tonsure  and  minor  orders  on  September 
18,  1865,  sub  deaconship  on  June  18,  1867. 
deaconship  June  21,  1867,  and  priesthood 
September  22,  1868.  Following  that  for 
three  years  he  was  assistant  at  St.  Joseph's 
Church  at  Terre  Haute  and  also  had  charge 
of  neighboring  missions.  October  18,  1871, 
he  became  pastor  of  St.  Elizabeth's  Church 
at  Cambridge  City,  where  he  remained 
until  August,  1874.  Here  he  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  organixer  and 
builder.  He  rehabilitated  a  practically  dis- 
organized parish,  started  it  toward  renewed 
prosperity,  and  also  built  churches  at 
Knightstown  and  Newcastle,  which  were 
also  under  his  charge. 

In  the  summer  of  1874  Father  Alerding 
was  transferred  to  Indianapolis  as  procu- 
rator for  the  newly  established  St.  Joseph's 
Seminary,  and  was  also  pastor  of  the  con- 
gregation that  Worshiped  in  the  Seminary 
chapel.  After  a  year  the  Seminary  was 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1661 


abandoned  and  Father  Alerding  was  di- 
rected to  build  a  new  church.  St.  Joseph 's 
Church  of  Indianapolis  was  dedicated  July 
4,  1880,  and  he  remained  as  its  first  and 
beloved  pastor  until  1900. 

Father  Alerding  was  consecrated  Bishop 
of  the  Diocese  of  Fort  Wayne  November  30, 
1901,  as  the  successor  of  the  late  lamented 
Bishop  Rademacher.  As  administrative 
head  of  this  diocese  he  has  carried  forward 
the  work  of  building  and  extension  of 
church  causes,  and  both  his  work  and  per- 
sonal character  have  earned  him  a  high 
place  among  the  Catholic  dignitaries  of 
America. 

Bishop  Alerding  is  also  well  known  as 
a  writer,  and  much  of  the  history  of  the 
church  in  Indiana  has  been  recorded  by  his 
pen.  In  1883  he  published  "A  History  of 
the  Catholic  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  Vin- 
cennes."  In  1907  was  published  his  "His- 
tory of  the  Diocese  of  Fort  Wayne,  a  Book 
of  Historical  Reference."  He  is  also 
author  of  "Plymouth  Rock  and  Mary- 
land," published  in  1886. 

DR.  ROBERT  N.  TODD.  Prominent  among 
the  early  Indiana  physicians  was  Dr.  Rob- 
ert N.  Todd,  of  Indianapolis.  Although 
born  in  Kentucky,  he  came  with  his  parents 
to  Indiana  in  1834,  and  in  1850  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Indiana  Central  Medical  Col- 
lege, afterward  practicing  for  a  time  at 
Southport.  In  1869  he  was  chosen  teacher 
of  theory  and  practice,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued until  the  spring  of  1874,  when  he 
was  assigned  to  the  same  department  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  prin- 
ciple and  practice  of  medicine,  which  he 
continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  In  1870 
Doctor  Todd  was  elected  president  of  the 
State  Medical  Society. 

JOSEPHUS  WILLIAMS  is  a  member  of  the 
well  known  mercantile  house  of  Stout  & 
Williams  on  Broad  Street  in  Newcastle, 
and  has  been  identified  with  the  commer- 
cial life  of  the  county  seat  for  many  years. 

Mr.  Williams  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Dudley  Township  of  Henry  County  in 
1858,  son  of  Levi  and  Barbara  (Bennett) 
Williams.  His  birth  occurred  in  a  log 
cabin.  His  grandfather,  Israel,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Bedford  County,  Pennsylvania,  and 
married  in  Montgomery  County,  Ohio, 
Susanna  Ritter,  a  native  of  North  Caro- 


lina. In  the  fall  of  1836  they  moved  to 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  where  Israel 
Williams  followed  farming  until  1859,  and 
after  that  was  keeper  of  a  toll  gate.  He 
died  July  3,  1863,  and  his  wife  in  1878. 
Levi  Williams,  father  of  Josephus,  was 
born  in  Ohio  October  27,  1832,  and  mar- 
ried in  1857  Miss  Barbara  Bennett.  They 
had  five  children,  three  of  whom  grew  up, 
Josephus,  Benjamin  F.  and  Ida  L. 

Josephus  Williams  lived  on  his  father's 
farm  to  the  age  of  fifteen.  His  parents 
having  been  in  ill  health  he  had  to  put  his 
effort  to  good  use  in  helping  support  his 
brother  and  sisters,  and  he  worked  out  on 
a  farm  and  contributed  his  wages  to  the 
family  until  he  was  twenty-five  years  of 
age.  His  first  experience  in  merchandiz- 
ing was  as  an  employe  in  the  general  store 
of  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Stafford  at  Millville. 

Mr.  Williams  then  married  Martha  A. 
Young,  daughter  of  William  and  Fannie 
(Stamm)  Young  of  Blue  River  Township, 
Henry  County.  They  were  married  in 
1885.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Williams  have  one 
daughter,  Olive  Louise,  at  home. 

In  March,  1886,  Mr.  Williams  moved  to 
Newcastle  and  went  to  work  for  Bowman 
Brothers  at  1549  Broad  Street.  He  was 
with  this  old  grocery  and  hardware  house 
for  ten  months,  and  then  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Mark  Davis  under  the  name 
Davis  &  Williams,  and  bought  the  Bow- 
man store.  At  the  end  of  four  years  Mr. 
Davis  sold  his  interest  to  F.  W.  Stout,  thus 
forming  the  present  firm  of  Stout  &  Wil- 
liams. They  have  a  large  business  and 
trade  in  groceries,  clothing  and  notions. 
Mr.  Williams  is  also  interested  in  real  es- 
tate and  has  been  a  man  of  affairs  at  New- 
castle for  many  years.  He  served  two 
terms  on  the  City  Council,  from  1906  to 
1908,  and  1916  to  1918.  He  is  a  repub- 
lican, and  an  active  member  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  which  he  has 

served  as  recording  steward. 

i 
/ 

CARL  S.  LINDEY.  Newcastle's  reputa- 
tion as  "The  Rose  City"  is  not  only  upon 
the  extent  of  its  floral  industry  but  also 
upon  the  high  quality  of  the  men  who  have 
been  attracted  to  that  industry.  There  is 
no  city  in  America  that  has  men  of  more 
authoritative  knowledge  and  skill  as  flor- 
ists, and  one  of  them  is  Carl  S.  Lindey, 
who  received  his  expert  training  in  his 
native  country  of  Sweden,  and  is  now  as- 


1662 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sociated  with  the  firm  of  Lindey  &  Daw- 
son  in  building  up  one  of  the  fine  green- 
houses of  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Lindey  was  born  twenty  miles  from 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  February  7,  1881,  son 
of  Gustave  and  Clara  (Janson)  Lindey. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 
tive land  to  the  age  of  fourteen  and  spent 
one  year  in  a  Lutheran  Academy.  After 
that  he  worked  at  home,  and  served  his 
apprenticeship  in  the  florist  business  for 
four  or  five  years  on  the  large  estate  and 
in  the  greenhouses  of  Baron  Hamilton. 
In  1907  he  came  to  America  alone,  lived 
at  Boston  two  years,  and  in  1909  located 
at  Newcastle,  where  for  four  years  he 
worked  at  his  trade  with  the  firm  of  Weil- 
and  &  Oelinger,  florists.  Two  years  were 
then  spent  in  Chicago,  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  Newcastle  and  with  Mr.  Dawson 
established  a  florist  business  of  his  own 
under  the  firm  name  of  Lindey  &  Dawson. 

RAY  MAY  is  a  member  of -the  Newcastle 
firm  of  Compton  &  May,  wholesale  and  re- 
tail meat  merchants  at  1557  Broad  Street. 
Mr.  May  has  lived  in  Henry  County  most 
of  his  life  and  has  had  a  varied  and  alto- 
gether successful  experience  as  a  farmer, 
merchant  and  citizen. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  Newcastle  in  1882,  one  of  the  five  sons 
of  James  F.  and  Mary  (Whittingen)  May. 
He  grew  up  on  the  farm  and  attended 
the  country  schools  in  winter  and  worked 
on  the  old  homestead  in  the  summer.  In 
this  way  he  spent  the  first  twenty-five 
years  of  his  life.  In  1906  Mr.  May  came 
to  Newcastle  and  for  one  year  conducted 
a  butcher  shop  on  Broad  and  Twelfth 
streets.  Illness  compelled  him  to  sell  out 
his  business  and  he  recuperated  by  man- 
aging a  small  farm  which  he  bought.  On 
returning  to  Newcastle  he  and  Earl  May 
entered  the  hardware  business  under  the 
name  May  Brothers  on  Broad  Street.  They 
were  partners  in  this  enterprise  five  years, 
and  Mr.  May  then  resumed  the  butcher 
business  as  a  salesman  for  H.  A.  Compton. 
After  three  years  he  bought  an  interest, 
and  since  May,  1918,  the  business  has  been 
Compton  &  May. 

In  1903  Mr.  May  married  Miss  Jessie 
Keever,  daughter  of  Levi  and  Nancy 
(Hoover)  Keever  of  Henry  County.  They 
have  two  children:  Harry  A.,  born  in  1905, 
and  Howard,  born  in  1907.  Mr.  May  is  a 


democrat,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Eagles, 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

WILLIAM  CLEMENT  BOND.  While  Mr. 
Bond  is  best  known  in  Newcastle  as  a 
manufacturer,  it  would  not  be  fair  to  him 
to  speak  of  him  solely  through  any  one  in- 
terest. He  has  been  identified  with  every- 
thing in  recent  years  for  the  betterment 
and  upbuilding  of  that  city,  making  it  an 
industrial  center,  a  city  of  good  homes,  and 
more  recently  a  source  of  enlightened  pa- 
triotism in  national  affairs. 

Mr.  Bond,  who  is  proprietor  of  the  New- 
castle D-Handle  Company,  was  born  in 
Henry  County,  son  of  Calvin  and  Mary 
(Murphy)  Bond.  The  Bonds  are  of 
English  stock  and  have  been  in  America 
for  many  generations.  The  Bonds  were 
settlers  in  Henry  County  100  years  ago. 
William  C.  is  the  second  of  three  children. 
His  father  served  as  railroad  agent  of  the 
Pennsylvania  lines  in  Newcastle  from 
1858  to  1883.  He  died  in  1897.  The 
widowed  mother  is  still  living. 

William  Clement  Bond  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Newcastle  under  Profes- 
sor Hufford.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
went  to  work  with  the  Pennsylvania  Bail- 
road  Company  under  his  father  and  for 
seven  years  was  an  operator  and  ticket 
clerk.  Following  that  for  sixteen  years  he 
was  in  the  grocery  business  on  Broad 
Street.  Selling  out  his  store,  he  organized 
a  shovel  factory,  known  as  the  Newcastle 
Shovel  Company.  Less  than  a  year  later 
he  sold  his  interest  to  his  partners,  and 
then  established  a  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count known  as  the  Newcastle  D-Handle 
Company.  He  manufactures  one  type  of 
handle  and  altogether  of  ash.  These 
handles  are  shipped  all  over  the  country. 

Aside  from  this  successful  business  Mr. 
Bond  is  stockholder  and  vice  president  of 
the  Pan-American  Bridge  Company,  is 
president  of  the  Greater  Newcastle  Build- 
ing Company,  an  organization  for  the  pur- 
pose of  constructing  better  buildings  for 
factory  and  other  industrial  purposes,  and 
is  a  director  of  the  First  National  Bank. 
He  is  also  interested  in  local  real  estate  and 
several  business  blocks.  Mr.  Bond  served 
as  food  controller  for  Henry  County  dur- 
ing 1917,  resigning  that  office. 

He  married  Miss  Mary  Elliott,  daughter 
of  Stephen  and  Caroline  Elliott  of  New- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1663 


castle.  The  Elliotts  located  at  Newcastle 
about  1820,  and  one  of  her  ancestors  helped 
clear  away  the  brush  and  woods  from  the 
Public  Square.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bond  have 
one  child,  Jean  Elliott,  who  attended  In- 
diana University. 

Mr.  Bond  is  a  republican  and  was  one 
of  the  five  republican  members  of  the  City 
Council  from  1910  to  1913.  During  that 
time  he  gave  valuable  service  as  chairman 
of  the  Finance  Committee  and  the  Public 
Health  Committee.  He  is  prominent  in 
Masonry,  having  held  all  the  chairs  of 
the  Lodge,  is  a  member  of  the  Council  and 
Commandery,  and  also  belongs  to  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  Consistory  and  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  is  a  past  chancellor  commander  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias. 

HARRY  BURRIS  is  owner  and  active  di- 
rector of  one  of  Newcastle's  larger  manu- 
facturing establishments,  the  Newcastle 
Casket  Company,  a  business  which  has 
served  to  make  Newcastle  widely  known 
all  over  the  United  States  as  an  industrial 
center. 

Mr.  Burris  has  had  a  varied  and  suc- 
cessful career.  He  is  of  old  English  and 
American  ancestry.  His  grandfather,  Dan- 
iel Burris,  settled  in  Fayette  County,  In- 
diana. His  maternal  grandfather  Cole  was 
one  of  the  early  day  pork  packers  and  also 
operated  a  woolen  mill  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. 

Harry  Burris  was  born  in  Fayette 
County,  Indiana,  September  21,  1865,  son 
of  John  and  Sallie  (Cole)  Burris.  To  the 
age  of  fourteen  he  attended  country  schools 
in  Fayette  County.  The  family  then  moved 
to  Henry  County,  and  here  he  continued 
attending  the  public  schools  and  later  spent 
one  year  in  the  State  Normal  School  at 
Terre  Haute.  Mr.  Burris  did  his  first  work 
as  a  teacher,  and  for  five  years  was  con- 
nected with  the  graded  schools  of  Jefferson 
Township .  He  also  farmed  for  several 
years  in  that  township.  In  1904  he  located 
at  Newcastle,  and  for  two  years  traveled 
over  this  and  other  states  as  the  represen- 
tative of  the  Pan-American  Bridge  Com- 
pany of  Newcastle.  He  then  formed  a 
partnership  with  W.  D.  Williams  and  es- 
tablished the  Newcastle  Casket  Company. 
This  business,  of  which  Mr.  Burris  is  now 
sole  owner,  manufactures  a  line  of  caskets 
and  linings  which  find  distribution  over  all 
the  states  except  New  England.  Mr.  Bur- 


ris is  also  president  and  treasurer  and  a 
director  of  the  New  Process  File  Company 
of  Newcastle  and  has  various  other  inter- 
ests. 

In  1895  he  married  Miss  Addie  J.  Gar- 
man,  daughter  of  George  and  Kate  (Bal- 
lard)  Garman  of  Henry  County.  They 
have  two  children,  Mary  Pauline  and 
Joseph  C.,  the  latter  born  in  1901.  The 
daughter  is  now  a  student  in  the  Indiana 
State  University  at  Bloomington. 

Mr.  Burris  served  as  a  member  of  the 
City  Council  of  Newcastle  two  terms,  from 
1898  to  1902.  He  is  a  democrat,  and.  has 
been  a  member  of  various  state  conventions. 
For  four  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Jeffer- 
son Township.  Fraternally  his  affiliations 
are  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Be- 
nevolent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks  and 
the  Masons.  He  and  his  family  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Christian  Church. 

JESSE  D.  SMITH  is  general  manager  and 
stockholder  in  the  Pan-American  Bridge 
Company  of  Newcastle.  He  has  been  con- 
nected with  bridge  constructing  and  gen- 
eral iron  and  steel  contracting  for  many 
years,  and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  force- 
ful citizens  who  have  much  to  do  with  the 
commercial  and  general  civic  prosperity  of 
Newcastle. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  at  Brownsville,  In- 
diana, August  29,  1871.  He  is  of  an  old 
American  family.  His  grandfather,  Ebe- 
nezer  Smith,  came  from  Abbeville  County, 
South  Carolina,  about  1836  and  was  a  pio- 
neer in  Rush  County,  Indiana.  He  ac- 
quired and  owned  a  farm  of  a  half  section 
there.  Dr.  J.  A.  Smith,  father  of  Jesse 
D.,  was  one  of  eleven  children.  He  gradu- 
ated from  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine 
at  Louisville,  practiced  two  years  at  Laurel, 
Indiana,  and  later  established  his  home  at 
Brownsville.  He  practiced  medicine  for 
over  half  a  century  in  Union  and  Fayette 
counties,  and  is  now  living  retired  on  his 
farm  in  Union  County.  He  is  one  of  the 
highly  esteemed  men  in  that  section  of  the 
state,  not  least  for  his  long  and  conscien- 
tious service  as  a  physician.  Doctor  Smith 
married  Abigail  McVicker.  They  had  three 
children.  Jesse  D.  and  two  daughters. 

Jesse  D.  Smith  attended  public  school  at 
Brownsville,  for  two  years  was  a  student 
in  the  Central  Normal  College,  and  began 
his  active  career  as  a  teacher.  For  three 
years  he  was  principal  of  the  Brownsville 


1664 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


schools.  In  1897  he  removed  to  Newcastle 
and  for  two  years  was  connected  with  the 
school  'supply  house  of  Eugene  Runyan. 
Later  he  and  Mr.  Runyan  and  T.  J.  Burk 
established  the  Newcastle  Bridge  Company. 
This  was  in  1900,  and  Mr.  Smith  became  its 
general  sales  agent.  In  1902  he  moved  to 
Indianapolis  and  was  with  the  Central 
States  Bridge  Company  until  1905.  Since 
then  he  has  been  general  manager  of  the 
Pan-American  Bridge  Company  of  New- 
castle, and  has  much  to.  do  with  the  ex- 
panding success  of  that  concern  during  the 
past  thirteen  years.  This  company  are  fab- 
ricators of  structural  steel  for  bridge  and 
general  building  construction.  They  fur- 
nished the  steel  for  the  Second  National 
Bank  Building  at  Cincinnati  and  for  many 
other  large  structures.  As  contractors  the 
firm  put  up  the  Avery  Building  at  Peoria, 
Illinois,  the  plants  of  the  Haynes  Automo- 
bile Company  and  the  Kokomo  Steel  and 
Wire  Company  at  Kokomo,  also  the  Max- 
well automobile  plant  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Smith  is  a  director  in  the  Citizens 
State  Bank  and  a  stockholder  in  the  First 
National  Bank.  He  owns  some  Newcastle 
real  estate  and  has  neglected  no  opportu- 
nity to  identify  himself  with  every  forward 
and  constructive  movement  in  his  city. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Elvia  Idella 
Coffman,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Eliza- 
beth (West)  Coffman  of  Union  County. 
Mr.  Smith  is  a  democrat  in  politics.  In 
1904  he  was  candidate  for  state  statistician. 
For  four  years,  from  1909  to  1913,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  City  Council.  He  still  re- 
tains his  church  membership  in  the  Chris- 
tian Union  Church  at  Brownsville.  Mr. 
Smith  is  affiliated  with  the  Newcastle 
Lodge  of  Masons  and  with  the  Loyal  Order 
of  Moose. 

GEORGE  W.  LANDON  is  a  veteran  figure 
in  the  business  and  industrial  life  of  Ko- 
komo. During  the  past  forty  years  he  has 
carried  some  of  the  heaviest  responsibili- 
ties, whether  constructive  or  administra- 
tive, and  it  is  not  strange  therefore  that 
his  fellow  citizens  and  associates  should 
regard  his  approval  and  cooperation  as 
practically  indispensable  in  any  collective 
forward  movement  affecting  the  city 's  wel- 
fare or  its  relationship  with  the  nation  at 
large. 

Mr.  Landon's  first  connection  with  In- 
diana citizenship  was  as  a  teacher,  an  oc- 


cupation he  followed  both  before  and  after 
the  Civil  war,  in  which  he  had  a  brief  but 
gallant  service  as  a  soldier  of  the  Union. 
He  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  near 
Columbus,  Ohio,  February  6,  1847,  son  of 
Oren  and  Delilah  (Triplett)  Landon.  His 
father  and  grandfather  were  of  English 
descent  and  were  natives  of  New  York 
State.  His  grandfather  was  a  farmer  and 
a  local  preacher  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
He  died  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  at  the  age 
of  eighty-three.  Oren  Landon,  one  of  a 
family  of  fourteen  children,  was  reared  in 
Franklin  County,  Ohio,  and  married  there 
Delilah  Triplett.  She  was  born  in  Virginia 
and  was  brought  as  a  child  to  Ohio,  where 
her  father  was  a  Franklin  County  farmer 
for  many  years  and  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-three.  Delilah  was  one  of  three 
children.  In  1866  Oren  Landon  and  fam- 
ily removed  to  Ligonier,  Indiana,  where  he 
followed  farming,  contracting  and  build- 
ing. In  1884  he  moved  his  home  to  Ko- 
komo, and  died  in  that  city  in  1890,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-six.  His  wife  passed  away 
in  1889,  aged  seventy-two.  They  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church.  Their 
children  were  Hannibal,  •  Imogene,  George 
W.  and  Eugene. 

George  W.  Landon  received  his  primary 
education  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  was  a 
student  during  the  early  part  of  the  war 
in  Otterbein  University  at  Westerville, 
Ohio.  He  had  also  taught  school  a  year. 
In  1864  he  enlisted  in  Company  B  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Thirty-third  Ohio  In- 
fantry. Though  he  was  in  the  army  only 
five  months  until  discharged  for  disability, 
his  service  was  practically  one  continuous 
battle.  His  regiment  at  that  time  was  sta- 
tioned in  front  of  Petersburg  during  the 
siege  of  that  city. 

On  leaving  the  army  Mr.  Landon  taught 
school  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  Muscatine,  Iowa,  and  Lafayette, 
Indiana.  For  several  years  he  was  em- 
ployed as  collector  over  different  states 
by  the  Buckeye  Reaper  &  Mowing  Machine 
Company. 

In  March,  1874,  Mr.  Landon  came  to 
Kokomo  and  formed  a  business  connection 
that  has  been  continuous  since  that  date. 
Nearly  twenty  years  before,  in  1855,  A.  F. 
Armstrong,  associated  with  Dr.  J.  A.  James 
and  Horace  Armstrong,  both  physicians, 
had  engaged  in  the  hardware  business  at 
Kokomo.  In  subsequent  years  there  were 


1664 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIAXAXS 


schools.  In  1897  he  removed  to  Newcastle 
and  for  two  years  was  connected  with  the 
school  supply  house  of  Eugene  Runyan. 
Later  he  and  Mr.  Runyan  and  T.  J.  Burk 
established  the  Newcastle  Bridge  Company. 
This  was  in  1900.  and  Mr.  Smith  became  its 
general  sales  agent.  In  1902  he  moved  to 
Indianapolis  and  was  with  the  Central 
States  Bridge  Company  until  190.").  Since 
then  he  has  been  general  manager  of  the 
Pan-American  Bridge  Company  of  New- 
castle, and  has  much  to.  do  with  the  ex- 
panding success  of  that  concern  during  the 
past  thirteen  years.  This  company  are  fab- 
ricators of  structural  steel  for  bridge  and 
general  building  construction.  They  fur- 
nished the  steel  for  the  Second  National 
Bank  Building  at  Cincinnati  and  for  many 
other  large  structures.  As  contractors  the 
firm  put  up  the  A  very  Building  at  Peoria, 
Illinois,  the  plants  of  the  Ilaynes  Automo- 
bile Company  and  the  Kokomo  Steel  and 
Wire  Company  at  Kokomo.  also  the  Max- 
well automobile  plant  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Smith  is  a  director  in  the  Citizens 
State  Bank  and  a  stockholder  in  the  First 
National  Bank.  He  owns  some  Newcastle 
real  estate  and  has  neglected  no  opportu- 
nity to  identify  himself  with  every  forward 
and  constructive  movement  in  his  city. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Elvia  'idella 
Coffman,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Elixa- 
heth  (West)  Coffman  of  1'nion  County. 
Mr.  Smith  is  a  democrat  in  politics.  In 
1904  he  was  candidate  for  state  statistician. 
For  four  years,  from  1909  to  191:3.  he  was 
a  member  of  the  City  Council.  He  still  re- 
tains his  church  membership  in  the  Chris- 
tian I'nion  Church  at  Brownsville.  Mr. 
Smith  is  affiliated  with  the  Newcastle 
Lodge  of  Masons  and  with  the  Loyal  Order 
of  Moose. 

GEOKUI:  W.  LAXDOX  is  a  veteran  figure 
iu  the  business  and  industrial  life  of  Ko- 
komo. During  the  past  forty  years  he  has 
carried  some  of  the  heaviest  responsibili- 
ties, whether  constructive  or  administra- 
tive, and  it  is  not  strange  therefore  that 
his  fellow  citizens  and  associates  should 
regard  his  approval  and  cooperation  as 
practically  indispensable  in  any  collective 
forward  movement  affecting  the  city's  wel- 
fare or  its  relationship  with  the  nation  at 
large. 

Mr.  Landon's  first  connection  with  In- 
diana citizenship  was  as  a  teacher,  an  oc- 


cupation he  followed  both  before  and  after 
the  Civil  war,  in  which  he  had  a  brief  but 
gallant  service  as  a  soldier  of  the  Unioiij 
He  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  ueart 
Columbus,  Ohio,  February  6,  1847,  son  of 
Oren  and  Delilah  (Triplett)  Landon.  His 
father  and  grandfather  were  of  English 
descent  and  were  natives  of  New  York 
State.  His  grandfather  was  a  farmer  and 
a  local  preacher  of  the  Methodist  Church. 
He  died  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  at  the  age 
of  eighty-three.  Oren  Landon,  one  of  a 
family  of  fourteen  children,  was  reared  in 
Franklin  County,  Ohio,  and  married  there 
Delilah  Triplctt.  She  was  born  in  Virginia 
and  was  brought  as  a  child  to  Ohio,  where 
her  father  was  a  Franklin  County  farmer 
for  many  years  and  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-time  Delilah  was  one  of  three 
children.  In  1866  Oren  Landon  and  fam- 
ily removed  to  Ligonier,  Indiana,  where  he 
followed  farming,  contracting  and  build- 
ing. In  1884  he  moved  his  home  to  Ko- 
komo, and  died  in  that  city  in  1890,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-six.  His  wife  passed  away 
in  1889,  aged  seventy-two.  They  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church.  Their 
children  were  Hannibal,  Imogene.  George 
W.  aiid  Eugene. 

George  W.  Landon  received  his  primary 
education  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  was  a 
student  during  the  early  part  of  the  war 
in  Otterbein  I'niversity  at  Westerville, 
Ohio.  He  had  also  taught  school  a  year. 
In  1864  he  enlisted  in  Company  B  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Thirty-third  Ohio  In- 
fantry. Though  he  was  in  the  army  only 
five  months  until  discharged  for  disability, 
his  service  was  practically  one  continuous 
battle.  Ills  regiment  at  that  time  was  sta- 
tioned in  front  of  Petersburg  during  the 
siege  of  that  city. 

On  leaving  the  army  Mr.  Laudon  taught 
school  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  Muscatine,  Iowa,  and  Lafayette, 
Indiana.  For  several  years  he  was  em- 
ployed as  collector  over  different  states 
by  the  Buckeye  Reaper  &  Mowing  Machine 
Company. 

In  March,  1874,  Mr.  Laudon  came  to 
Kokomo  and  formed  a  business  connection 
that  has  been  continuous  since  that  date. 
Nearly  twenty  years  before,  in  1855,  A.  F. 
Armstrong,  associated  with  Dr.  J.  A.  James 
and  Horace  Armstrong,  both  physicians, 
had  engaged  in  the  hardware  business  at 
Kokomo.  In  subsequent  years  there  were 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1665 


various  changes  in  the  firm,  and  just  be- 
fore Mr.  Landon  arrived  in  Kokomo  the 
business  was  known  as  Armstrong,  Nixon 
&  Company.  Zimri  Nixon  died  in  March, 
1874,  and  George  W.  Landon  brought  part 
of  A.  P.  Armstrong's  interest.  The  re- 
organized name  of  the  firm  became  Arm- 
strong, Pickett  &  Company,  the  partners 
being  A.  F.  and  Edward  A.  Armstrong, 
Nathan  Pickett  and  George  W.  Landon. 
January  1, 1883,  Mr.  Pickett  having  retired 
and  E.  S.  Hunt  joining  the  firm,  the  name 
was  changed  to  Armstrong,  Landon  &  Com- 
pany. On  January  1,  1888,  the  Armstrong. 
Landon  &  Hunt  Company  was  incorporated 
with  A.  F.  Armstrong  as  president,  E.  A. 
Armstrong,  vice  president,  George  W.  Lan- 
don, secretary,  and  E.  S.  Hunt,  treasurer. 
January  1,  1898,  another  change  occurred 
and  the  present  corporate  name  was 
adopted,  The  Armstrong-Landon  Company, 
with  A.  F.  Armstrong,  president,  A.  B. 
Armstrong,  vice  president,  and  George  W. 
Landon,  secretary  and  treasurer.  On  the 
death  of  A.  F.  Armstrong  Mr.  Landon  was 
elected  president.  The  other  officers  at  the 
present  time  are  Thomas  C.  Howe,  vice 
president,  W.  A.  Easter,  vice  president,  H. 
McK.  Landon,  secretary,  and  H.  L.  Moul- 
der, treasurer. 

The  Armstrong-Landon  Company  is  one 
of  the  largest  as  well  as  one  of  the  oldest 
corporations  engaged  in  hardware  and 
lumber  business  in  Northern  Indiana. 
They  have  sold  hardware  and  implements 
to  two  generations  in  Howard  County,  and 
have  also  operated  large  planing  and  saw 
mills,  manufacturing  special  lines  of  build- 
ing products,  especially  interior  finishings, 
church  seats  and  chairs  and  bank  furniture. 

While  this  business  has  commanded  the 
utmost  fidelity  of  Mr.  Landon  for  a  period 
of  two  score  years,  he  has  been  identified 
with  a  number  of  other  achievements  and 
undertakings  in  local  business  history. 
When  natural  gas  was  discovered  in 
Howard  County  Mr.  Landon  was  president 
of  the  Kokomo  Natural  Gas  Company  and 
was  a  liberal  subscriber  to  the  fund  which 
was  used  to  sink  the  first  gas  well  in  the 
county.  He  continued  as  president  of  the 
gas  company  until  the  production  of  nat- 
ural gas  became  unprofitable.  He  is  secre- 
tary of  the  Kokomo  Rubber  Company, 
which  manufactures  bicycle  and  auto  tires 
and  also  vice  president  for  the  past  twenty- 
five  years  of  the  Citizens  National  Bank, 


one  of  the  largest  and  strongest  banks  in 
Northern  Indiana.  Of  his  interests  in 
benevolences  and  broader  citizenship,  the 
most  notable  is  perhaps  his  active  connec- 
tion with  Y.  M.  C.  A.  work.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  association  of  Howard  County, 
and  is  now  president  of  the  State  of  In- 
diana Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 
For  many  years  he  has  been  an  official 
member  of  the  Congregational  Church  of 
Kokomo,  is  a  republican  in  politics,  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks. 

October  2,  1866,  he  married  at  Leaven- 
worth,  Kansas,  Miss  Emma  Alice  Reeves, 
daughter  of  William  and  Mary  (McLane) 
Reeves.  Her  father  was  at  one  time  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  Legislature.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Landon  have  one  son  and  one  daughter, 
Hugh  McKennan  and  Maud.  Hugh  is  a 
prominent  business  man  of  Indianapolis, 
was  secretary  of  the  Manufacturers  Nat- 
ural Gas  Company  and  a  director  and 
treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Waterworks, 
and  is  now  secretary  of  the  Armstrong-Lan- 
don Company.  He  is  a  graduate  of  And- 
over  Academy  and  of  Harvard  University. 
He  married  Miss  Susette  Davis,  of  Indian- 
apolis. Maud  Landon  married  Oscar  Wat- 
son, of  Peru,  Indiana,  and  now  of  Ko- 
komo, Indiana. 

DR.  THADDEUS  M.  STEVENS  was  born, 
reared  and  died  in  Indianapolis,  and  in  this 
city  he  also  attained  prominence  in  the 
medical  profession.  In  1870  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  toxicology,  medical  jurisprudence 
and  chemistry  in  the  Indiana  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  four  years  later  occupied  the 
same  chair  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  was  the  first  secretary 
and  executive  officer  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health,  was  prominent  in  all  reforms 
for  the  advancement  of  the  profession  in 
the  state,  and  contributed  a  number  of 
papers  to  the  State  Medical  Society. 


MENDENHALL  is  one  of  the 
most  energetic  and  successful  insurance 
men  in  Indiana.  He  is  now  head  of  a  large 
general  agency,  handling  fire,  life  and  other 
branches  of  insurance,  and  also  has  the  dis- 
tinction of  having  organized  the  first  local 
association  to  work  in  co-operation  with  the 
Federal  Farm  Loan  Act.  Mr.  Mendenhall 
is  also  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 


1666 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Henry  County  Farm  Loan  Association,  and 
has  his  general  office  and  headquarters  in 
the  March  Building  at  Newcastle.  He  was 
born  near  Unionport  in  Randolph  County, 
Indiana,  December  31,  1874,  son  of  Nathan 
J.  and  Anna  (Denton)  Mendenhall.  He 
is  of  Quaker  English  ancestry.  His  early 
education  was  acquired  in  the  public 
schools  of  Unionport,  Winchester  and 
Trenton,  Indiana,  and  for  two  year*  he 
studied  the  teachers'  course  in  the  Eastern 
Indiana  Normal  University.  His  father 
was  a  carpenter,  and  the  son  took  up  that 
trade  and  became  a  building  contractor, 
doing  work  all  over  Randolph  and  Dela- 
ware counties  in  town  and  country  for  a 
period  of  fourteen  years. 

He  first  entered  the  insurance  field  at 
Modoc,  Randolph  County,  establishing 
agencies  for  fire  and  life,  representing  the 
German-American  Insurance  Company  of 
New  York,  the  Aetna  Company  of  Hart- 
ford, and  the  North  British  of  London  and 
Edinburgh.  He  represented  these  com- 
panies at  Modoc  nine  years.  As  the  insur- 
ance company  increased  he  gradually  aban- 
doned his  active  connections  with  the  con- 
tracting business,  and  also  took  up  the  han- 
dling of  farm  loans  and  mortgages.  In 
August,  1915,  Mr.  Mendenhall  came  to 
Newcastle. 

In  1916,  after  the  passage  of  the  Federal 
Farm  Loan  Act,  Mr.  Mendenhall  made  a 
careful  study  of  its  provisions,  and  in  1917 
organized  the  first  Federal  Farm  Loan 
Association  in  District  No.  4,  including  the 
states  of  Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee. Through  his  agency  was  effected 
the  first  loan  in  this  district  and  also  the 
first  interest  payment  to  the  Federal  Land 
Bank  at  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Since  the 
organization  was  completed  and  up  to  Sep- 
tember, 1918,  this  local  association  has 
secured  $400,000  in  farm  loans.  Mr.  Men- 
denhall in  the  insurance  business  represents 
the  Aetna  Fire  of  Hartford,  the  Colonial 
Fire,  the  Underwriters,  the  Scottish  Union, 
the  National  Fire  Insurance  of  Hartford. 
Every  year  his  volume  of  business  entitled 
him  to  membership  in  the  Pan-American 
Convention  of  Pan-American  Agents  at 
New  Orleans. 

In  1903  he  married  Miss  Maud  Hanscom, 
daughter  of  James  and  Elizabeth  (Stump) 
Hanscom.  They  have  two  children :  Eliza- 
beth A.,  born  in  1904,  and  Paul  William, 
born  in  1907.  Mr.  Mendenhall  is  a  re- 


publican, is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Christian  Church. 

FRANK  DUNCAN  BREBUER.  As  one  of  the 
largest  complete  industrial  plants  in  In- 
diana the  Maxwell  Motor  Company  has 
become  one  of  the  cornerstones  of  New- 
castle's prosperity  and  progress,  and  the 
general  superintendent  of  the  plant,  Frank 
Duncan  Brebuer,  occupies  a  corresponding 
position  of  power  and  influence  among  the 
industrial  leaders  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Brebuer  is  of  Scotch  ancestry,  of 
a  family  established  several  generations 
ago  in  America,  and  was  born  at  Alpena, 
Michigan,  September  2,  1880.  As  a  boy  he 
attended  school  at  Port  Huron,  Michigan, 
and  was  only  fourteen  years  of  age  when 
he  went  to  work  to  earn  his  living  as  a 
call  boy  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  at 
Port  Huron.  He  was  with  the  railway 
company  three  and  a  half  years,  and  then 
spent  three  years  and  three  months  learn- 
ing the  machinist's  trade  with  the  Jenks 
Shipbuilding  Company,  Mr.  Brebuer  occu- 
pies his  present  position  because  he  is  an 
expert  in  many  lines  of  mechanical  indus- 
try, and  though  a  young  man  has  a  vast 
fund  of  experience  and  successful  executive 
work  to  his  credit.  He  was  employed  as 
a  journeyman  machinist,  was  machinist 
with  the  Great  Lakes  Shipbuilding  Com- 
pany and  with  other  enterprises,  and  en- 
tered the  automobile  business  at  Port 
Huron  as  foreman  of  the  axle-housing  de- 
partment for  the  E.  M.  F.  Automobile  Com- 
pany. Later  he  was  made  general  foreman 
of  the  entire  plant,  and  was  then  assigned 
as  assistant  superintendent  of  Plant  No.  3 
in  the  Flanders  "20"  Automobile  Com- 
pany at  Detroit.  A  year  later  he  became 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  United 
Motor  Company  at  Detroit,  and  from  that 
entered  the  service  of  the  Maxwell  Com- 
pany, being  made  superintendent  of  the 
assembly  plant  on  Oakland  Avenue  in  De- 
troit. He  had  charge  of  all  the  automobile 
assembling  plants  for  a  year  and  a  half, 
and  was  then  transferred  and  made  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  the  plant  on  Mil- 
waukee Avenue  seven  months.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1916,  Mr.  Brebuer  came  to  Newcastle 
as  general  superintendent  of  the  entire 
factory,  with  2,500  men  under  his  super- 
vision. 

In  October,  1902,  at  Port  Huron,  Michi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1667 


gan,  he  married  Miss  Stella  May  Brown, 
daughter  of  George  W.  and  Meada  Brown. 
They  have  one  son,  George  Brown  Brebuer, 
born  in  1904.  Mr.  Brebuer  is  a  republican, 
is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
at  Indianapolis,  and  is  an  Odd  Fellow.  His 
family  attended  the  Methodist  Church. 

BENJAMIN  F.  NETZ  is  a  man  of  wide  ex- 
perience in  foundry  and  general  machine 
work  and  is  assistant  manager  and  is  a 
stockholder  in  the  Davis  Foundry  Com- 
pany at  Newcastle,  one  of  the  many  indus- 
tries which  give  character  to  that  city. 

Mr.  Netz  was  born  at  Ashland,  Indiana, 
April  3,  1871,  son  of  Peter  and  Phoebe 
(Pickets)  Netz.  He  is  of  German  and 
Welsh  ancestry.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Sulphur  Springs,  In- 
diana, but  at  the  age  of  fourteen  went  to 
work  for  his  father,  a  sawmill  man.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-eight  Mr.  Netz  went  into 
the  Southwest,  Oklahoma  and  other  sec- 
tions, and  for  one  year  worked  as  a  jour- 
neyman carpenter.  Later  he  was  employed 
as  an  expert  machinist  with  the  Safety 
Shredder  Company  at  Newcastle.  After 
four  years  he  joined  the  Newcastle 
Foundry  Company  in  1904,  and  served 
that  business  in  different  capacities,  as 
timekeeper  and  foreman,  until  the  com- 
pany was  sold  and  reorganized  as  the  Davis 
Foundry  Company.  Since  then  Mr.  Netz 
has  been  assistant  manager  and  one  of  the 
stockholders  of  the  business.  He  has  also 
acquired  some  real  estate  interests  and 
is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  substantial 
men  of  this  city. 

In  1903  he  married  Miss  Catherine  So- 
wash  daughter  of  John  and  Susan  (Mc- 
Clelland) Sowash  of  Sulphur  Springs,  In- 
diana. They  have  three  children :  John 
Richard,  born  in  1907 ;  Phoebe  Anna,  born 
in  1909 ;  and  Charles  Gibson,  born  in  1912. 
Mr.  Netz  is  a  democrat  and  has  been  quite 
active  in  the  ranks  of  his  party.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Indianapolis  State  Con- 
vention of  1892.  Fraternally  he  is  affil- 
iated with  Newcastle  Lodge  of  Masons,  and 
with  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  at 
Sulphur  Springs.  He  and  his  family  are 
members  of  the  Christian  Church. 

JAMES  CLARENCE  RICHEY,  of  Newcastle, 
one  of  the  able  younger  business  men  of 
that  city,  is  manager  of  the  Consumers  Ice 


and  Fuel  Company,  and  has  been  active 
and  closely  connected  with  that  line  of 
business  for  over  eight  years. 

Mr.  Richey  is  a  member  of  an  old  family 
in  Henry  County,  and  was  born  on  a  farm 
in  Prairie  Township  September  14,  1878, 
son  of  Wilson  W.  and  Lucinda  V.  (Stigle- 
man)  Richey.  His  grandfather  was  James 
Richey,  who  was  born  in  Bedford  County, 
Pennsylvania,  November  20,  1815,  son  of 
George  and  Mary  (Walker)  Richey,  the 
former  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  of  Irish 
parentage,  and  the  latter  a  native  of  Ire- 
land. George  Richey  died  in  1841  and  his 
wife  in  1847.  James  Richey  was  one  of 
seven  children,  had  a  limited  education, 
learned  the  cabinet  making  trade  but  never 
followed  it,  and  about  1851  came  to  Henry 
County  and  bought  160  acres  in  Prairie 
Township.  He  became  one  of  the  pros- 
perous and  successful  farmers  of  that  local- 
ity. In  1838  he  married  Ann  Beam,  who 
was  born  in  1818.  To  their  marriage  were 
born  nine  children,  Wilson  W.  having  been 
born  October  2,  1844. 

James  Clarence  Richey  grew  up  on  his 
father 's  farm  in  Prairie  Township,  attended 
the  country  schools  in  winter  and  worked 
at  home  during  the  summer.  He  was  also 
a  student  for  one  year  in  the  Springport 
High  School.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he 
went  to  work  for  the  Starr  Piano  Company 
at  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  had  charge  of 
the  assembling  room  for  two  years.  In 
1901  he  married  Miss  Lottie  Courtney, 
daughter  of  Jacob  J.  and  Hannah  E. 
(Pugh)  Courtney  of  Prairie  Township. 

On  coming  to  Newcastle  in  1902  Mr. 
Richey  went  to  work  at  $1  a  day  with 
the  Murphy  grocery  house.  He  was  there 
three  years,  spent  one  year  with  the  Good- 
win Clothing  Store  and  a  year  and  a  half 
with  the  Hub  Clothing  Company.  Then 
as  partner  with  Omer  Berry,  he  established 
the  Berry-Richey  Grocery  Company,  con- 
ducting the  business  on  the  present  site  of 
the  Farmers  Bank.  At  the  end  of  six 
months  he  sold  out,  and  then  went  into  the 
ice  and  coal  business  as  bookkeeper  for 
James  M.  Loer.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Loer 
in  January,  1912,  he  continued  with  the 
reorganized  business  under  the  name  of  the 
Consumers  Ice  and  Fuel  Company,  and  in 
May,  1918,  was  promoted  to  manager  of 
that  important  concern.  It  is  the  largest 
artificial  ice  plant  in  Henry  County,  a 
forty-one  ton  capacity  plant.  They  are  also 


1668 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


among  the  leading  fuel  distributors  of  the 
county.  Mr.  Richey  is  a  democratic  voter, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
Loyal  Order  of  Moose,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Christian  Church. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  RUFF,  well  known, 
in  Henry  County  business  circles,  is  a 
member  of  the  firm  Ruff  &  Son,  wholesale 
and  retail  flour,  feed  and  grain  merchants 
at  Newcastle.  Mr.  Ruff  has  an  interesting 
experience  since  he  left  the  home  farm 
in  Ohio  when  a  young  man,  and  has  made 
a  success  of  nearly  every  undertaking. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  of  100  acres  in 
Rush  Creek  Township,  Fairfield  County, 
Ohio,  October  18,  1873.  He  is  of  remote 
German  ancestry.  His  grandfather,  George 
Ruff,  was  born  in  Hamburg,  Germany. 
George  W.  Ruff  is  a  son  of  John  and  Sophia 
(Strock)  Ruff.  His  mother  was  also  born 
in  Germany  and  was  brought  to  America 
when  a  child.  Nearly  all  the  members  of 
the  family  in  America  have  been  farmers. 
G.  W.  Ruff  had  three  brothers  and  four 
sisters. 

During  winter  times  he  attended  country 
schools  and  worked  on  his  father's  farm 
to  the  age  of  twenty-two.  Then  came  his 
first  business  venture.  Buying  a  hay  baler, 
he  baled  hay  all  over  Fairfield  County, 
and  for  one  season 's  operation  made  $2,100. 
He  invested  that  capital  in  a  grain  elevator 
at  Rushville,  Ohio,  and  managed  it  success- 
fully for  two  years,  selling  out  and  associ- 
ating himself  with  his  brother  Louis  in 
building  a  flour  mill.  Ruff  Brothers  con- 
tinued this  business  four  years,  and  selling 
out  Mr.  Ruff  then  bought  an  elevator  at 
Amanda,  Ohio,  conducted  it  three  years, 
and  put  much  of  his  capital  into  stocking 
a  large  ranch  of  4,000  acres  at  North  Platte, 
Nebraska.  There  followed  two  years  of 
continuous  drought  and  practically  all  his 
investment  was  swept  away.  Returning 
east  Mr.  Ruff  then  engaged  in  the  opera- 
tion of  a  flour  mill  at  Springport,  Indiana, 
for  several  years,  and  then  traded  the  mill 
for  a  farm  of  160  acres  in  Ripley  County. 
He  still  owns  that  farm.  In  June,  1914, 
Mr.  Ruff  and  his  only  son,  Herschell,  estab- 
lished the  present  business  at  Newcastle 
under  the  name  of  Ruff  &  Son.  They  buy 
large  quantities  of  grain  all  over  Henry 
County  and  have  done  a  very  extensive 
business  during  the  last  four  years. 


In  1895  Mr.  Ruff  married  Margaret 
Huston,  daughter  of  Alexander  and  Sallie 
(Murphy)  Huston  of  Fairfleld,  Ohio,  Their 
only  child,  Herschell,  was  born  in  1896. 
Mr.  Ruff  is  an  independent  democrat  in 
politics  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  at  Fairfield, 
Ohio.  He  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

VAUGHN  WIMMER  is  one  of  the  leading 
business  men  of  Newcastle,  for  a  number 
of  years  was  a  building  contractor,  and  is 
still  interested  in  the  development  and  im- 
provement of  several  important  additions 
to  Newcastle.  His  chief  business  at  pres- 
ent is  as  a  manufacturer  of  concrete  pro- 
ducts and  the  handling  of  all  classes  of 
building  supplies. 

Mr.  Wimmer  represents  an  old  and  well 
known  family  of  Liberty  township,  Henry 
County.  His  grandfather,  William  Wim- 
mer, was  born  in  Liberty  Township  in 
1829,  a  son  of  William  and  Susan  (Mul- 
len) Wimmer,  both  of  whom  are  natives  of 
Ohio  and  coming  to  Indiana  in  1820  en- 
tered Government  land  near  the  site  of 
Ashland  and  later  acquired  a  farm  in 
Liberty  Township.  Susan  Wimmer  died  in 
1840.  In  1820,  when  the  Wimmer  family 
came  to  Liberty  Township,  there  were  only 
four  other  families  in  that  locality.  Wil- 
liam Wimmer,  Sr.,  died  in  1894.  William 
Wimmer,  Jr.,  grandfather  of  Vaughn, 
grew  up  in  pioneer  days  and  had  a  limited 
education.  He  farmed  for  many  years  in 
Henry  County  and  also  for  a  time  in  How- 
ard County.  In  1851  he  married  Eve 
Evans,  daughter  of  George  and  Catherine 
Evans,  the  former  a  native  of  Virginia  and 
the  latter  of  Ohio.  They  had  ten  chil- 
dren. 

George  Wimmer,  father  of  Vaughn,  was 
born  in  Liberty  Township  in  1856,  had  a 
good  common  school  education,  and  became 
a  farmer,  acquiring  a  fine  tract  of  160 
acres  of  land.  In  1876  he  married  Izetta 
A.  Sowash,  daughter  of  John  and  Mmerva 
Sowash.  They  had  five  children,  Vaughn, 
May,  Pearl,  William  C.,  and  Donnetta. 

Vaughn  Wimmer  was  born  in  a  log  cabin 
on  a  farm  in  Liberty  Township,  attended 
the  local  schools  when  a  boy,  worked  on 
the  farm  in  summer,  and  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  entered  Spiceland  Academy  and 
later  spent  four  months  in  the  Tri-State 
Normal  School  at  Angola,  Indiana.  After 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1669 


this  preparation  he  taught  school  in  Liberty 
Township  four  terms,  from  1897  to  1901. 
He  also  spent  three  years  learning  the  car- 
penter 's  trade  with  Michael  Lockwood,  and 
following  that  for  seven  or  eight  years  was 
a  carpenter  contractor  on  his  own  account. 
He  erected  a  number  of  high  grade  resi- 
dences. About  that  time  he  became  inter- 
ested in  concrete  manufacture  and  erected 
a  modern  plant  33  by  132  feet  in  New- 
castle, where  he  had  facilities  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  all  types  of  concrete  work  and 
made  somewhat  of  a  specialty  of  concrete 
burial  vaults.  He  also  handles  a  large  line 
of  building  supplies  and  is  utilizing  his  ex- 
perience for  the  improvement  of  several 
real  estate  tracts.  His  important  division 
comprises  thirteen  acres  in  Newcastle,  and 
he  is  interested  in  Gilbert's  Addition  of 
twenty  acres  adjoining  the  corporation. 

In  1898  Mr.  Wimmer  married  Veleda 
Lawell,  daughter  of  A.  T.  and  Emma 
(Goldsbury)  Lawell  of  Liberty  Township. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Marcella.  Mr. 
Wimmer  is  a  democrat  in  political  affilia- 
tions. He  served  as  city  councilman  from 
the  Second  Ward  during  1914-15-16,  re- 
signing during  his  last  year.  He  also 
served  on  the  Public  Utilities,  Health  and 
Charities  committees.  Mr.  Wimmer  is  a 
member  of  the  Quaker  Church. 

EDWARD  CAMPBELL  DEHORITY.  During 
many  years  of  residence  in  Madison  County 
Edward  Campbell  DeHority  has  reached 
that  enviable  position  where  his  word  is 
accepted  in  business  matters  the  same  as  a 
bond,  and  all  his  friends  and  acquaintances 
repose  the  utmost  confidence  in  his  judg- 
ment and  integrity.  Mr.  DeHority  repre- 
sents a  family  long  prominent  in  business 
affairs  at  Elwood,  and  is  now  serving  as 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank,  an 
institution  in  the  founding  of  which  both 
his  father  and  grandfather  had  an  active 
part  and  responsibility. 

Elwood  is  the  native  home  of  Edward 
Campbell  DeHority.  He  was  born  there 
June  23,  1874,  and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestry. His  people  first  settled  in  Delaware 
on  coming  to  America.  His  grandfather 
was  James  Madison  DeHority,  who  was  a 
man  of  varied  talents  and  had  ability  and 
skill  as  a  physician,  lawyer  and  minister 
of  the  Methodist  Church.  He  came  from 
Delaware  and  died  in  Elwood  in  July,  1890. 
His  first  location  was  a  few  miles  below 


Elwood.  The  parents  of  Edward  C.  De- 
Hority were  James  H.  and  Jane  Hannah 
DeHority.  The  former  was  a  general  mer- 
chant at  Elwood,  and  in  1882  he  and  his 
father  established  the  first  Farmers  Bank 
at  the  corner  of  Main  and  Anderson 
streets,  and  in  1892  this  was  reorganized 
under  a  national  charter  as  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank.  James  H.  DeHority  was  the 
first  cashier  and  subsequently  was  presi- 
dent. He  died  April  30,  1899. 

Edward  C.  DeHority  grew  up  at  El- 
wood, attended  the  public  schools,  and 
from  high  school  spent  a  year  in  Earlham 
College  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  was  also  a 
student  in  De  Pauw  University  at  Green- 
castle,  and  finally  for  one  year  in  Michi- 
gan University  Law  School  at  Ann  Arbor. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  began  work 
in  his  father's  bank  as  collection  clerk. 
Thus  he  has  had  the  practical  and  routine 
experience  in  every  position.  Later  he  was 
made  assistant  cashier  and  in  January, 
1899,  was  promoted  to  cashier  and  since 
1908  has  been  president  as  well  as  one  of 
the  large  stockholders  and  directors.  This 
bank  is  an  institution  patronized  by  de- 
positors and  other  users  living  in  three 
counties.  Mr.  DeHority  is  president  of  the 
Elwood  Rural  Savings  &  Loan  Associa- 
tion, also  president  and  director  of  the 
Home  Ice  and  Coal  Company  of  Elwood, 
and  has  varied  investments  in  farms,  local 
real  estate  and  other  business  affairs. 

In  1898  he  married  Miss  Myrtle  Powell, 
daughter  of  James  M.  and  Mary  Powell  of 
Lebanon,  Indiana.  Her  father  was  a  drug- 
gist at  Lebanon.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  DeHority 
have  a  family  of  six  vigorous  and  whole- 
some young  people,  the  youngest  not  yet 
out  of  infancy  while  the  oldest  is  a  college 
boy.  Edward  H.  was  born  in  1899  and  is  a 
sophomore  in  the  Indiana  State  University. 
Morris  M.  was  born  in  1901,  Mary  Jane,  in 
1905,  Martha  Ellen,  in  1906,  Dorothy  Jean, 
in  1913,  and  Doris,  in  July,  1916. 

While  so  many  interests  in  a  business 
way  have  absorbed  Mr.  DeHority 's  time 
he  has  not  neglected  the  public  welfare. 
He  served  one  term  as  school  trustee  and 
in  1904  was  democratic  candidate  in  the 
Eighth  District  for  Congress.  He  led  his 
ticket,  but  that  year  was  not  favorable  to 
democratic  party  successes  anywhere  in  In- 
diana. Mr.  DeHority  is  affiliated  with 
Elwood  Lodge,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 


1670 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Pythias,  a  charter  member  of  Lodge  No. 
368,  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks,  and  a  member  of  the  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men.  He  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
diana Democratic  Club  at  Indianapolis. 

DR.  G.  W.  H.  KEMPER.  The  professional 
life  of  Doctor  Kemper  has  covered  a  period 
of  fifty  years,  years  devoted  to  the  uphold- 
ing of  the  ideals  of  the  profession.  He 
was  born  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  De- 
cember 16,  1839,  and  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  his  twenty-first  year.  But 
after  only  a  few  weeks  of  study  he  was 
called  to  the  colors  and  had  the  distinction 
of  being  present  at  the  first  battle  of  the 
Civil  war.  In  1865  he  located  in  Muncie, 
his  present  home. 

Doctor  Kemper  in  the  long  number  of 
years  of  his  practice  has  gained  success  and 
distinction  in  the  different  fields  of  obstet- 
rics, medicine  and  surgery,  and  is  also 
known  as  the  historian  of  the  Indiana  medi- 
cal profession.  He  has  served  as  treasurer 
and  president  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society,  as  professor  of  the  history  of  medi- 
cine in  the  Indiana  Medical  College  and 
in  the  Medical  School  of  Indiana  Univer- 
sity. It  has  been  well  said  that  Doctor 
Kemper  may  be  regarded  as  a  section  of 
the  great  arch  which  unites  the  medicine 
of  the  early  fathers  with  that  of  the  pres- 
ent century. 

HARRY  A.  MARTIN,  of  Newcastle,  is  one 
of  the  veterans  among  Indiana  grain  mer- 
chants and  feed  and  food  manufacturers. 
He  has  been  at  Newcastle  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century  and  has  built  up  a  business 
in  grain,  flour  manufacture,  coal  and  other 
products  that  now  constitutes  a  service  for 
all  of  Henry  County. 

Mr.  Martin  is  a  son  of  George  R.  and 
Agnes  P.  (Shipley)  Martin,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  stock,  his  ancestors  having  come  out 
of  County  Down,  Ireland.  He  is  of  Revo- 
lutionary ancestry  on  both  sides.  One  an- 
cestor, Allen  Randolph,  served  as  a  soldier 
on  Washington's  staff.  There  were  three 
Martin  brothers  who  came  out  of  Ireland 
and  settled  in  Philadelphia.  Jacob  Mar- 
tin, grandfather  of  Harry  A.,  was  a  son 
of  one  of  these  original  settlers,  and  he 
served  this  country  in  the  War  of  1812. 

Harry  A.  Martin  was  born  at  Mount 
Vernon,  Ohio,  October  20,  1858.  He  at- 
tended school  there,  graduated  from  high 


school  in  1877,  then  entered  the  Ohio  State 
University  and  spent  three  years  in  the 
scientific  course.  He  paid  his  way  through 
college.  After  leaving  school  he  went  west 
to  Colorado  and  was  connected  with  a 
smelter  company  for  a  time.  Returning 
to  Mount  Vernon  he  engaged  in  the  mill- 
wright business  under  his  uncle,  Albert  T. 
Martin,  and  in  that  capacity  helped  build 
flour  mills  all  over  the  country.  He  is 
thoroughly  experienced  in  the  technical  as 
well  as  the  business  side  of  flour  manufac- 
ture. 

In  1887  Mr.  Martin  married  Miss  Laura 
K.  Brittain,  daughter  of  Dr.  S.  H.  Brit- 
tain,  of  Loogootee,  Indiana.  They  have 
two  children,  both  sons.  Clarence  S.  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Ohio  State  University  with 
the  Bachelor  of  Science  degree  and  a  di- 
ploma in  forestry.  He  is  now  a  teacher 
of  chemistry  in  the  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  High 
School.  He  married  Hazel  Breese,  of  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  and  they  have  one  daughter, 
Dorothy  Phyllis.  The  second  son,  Dean 
Arthur,  born  in  1891,  graduated  in  law 
from  the  Colorado  State  University  in 
Boulder,  practiced  two  years  at  Castle 
Rock,  and  early  in  the  war  entered  actively 
upon  Red  Cross  work,  later  was  with  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and 
finally  enlisted  in  a  cavalry  troop  in  Col- 
orado sent  for  training  to  Camp  Kearney, 
California.  He  is  now  a  member  of  Com- 
pany L  of  the  One  Hundred  Fifty-Seventh 
Infantry  Regiment,  Fortieth  Division,  and 
is  sergeant  and  company  clerk.  He  is  with 
the  colors  in  France. 

In  1889,  on  leaving  the  mill  building 
business,  Mr.  Martin  entered  milling  with 
Chase  T.  Dawson.  They  built  their  mill 
at  Odon  in  Daviess  County,  Indiana,  and 
for  five  years  conducted  the  Odon  Milling 
Company.  Mr.  Martin  then  sold  his  in- 
terest in  that  enterprise  and  in  1895  came 
to  Newcastle  and  with  his  uncle,  Albert  T. 
Martin,  'built  the  present  mill.  The  firm 
of  Martin  and  Martin  was  in  existence 
until  1912,  since  which  time  Albert  T.  Mar- 
tin has  retired  and  left  all  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  business  to  Harry  A.  The 
business  now  consists  of  several  depart- 
ments. They  manufacture  the  well  known 
"White  Heather"  brand  of  wheat  flour, 
also  manufacture  corn  meal  and  a  varied 
line  of  feeds.  Formerly  they  shipped  large 
quantities  of  flour  to  the  foreign  trade  in 
Liverpool  and  Ireland.  The  mill  is  100 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1671 


barrel  capacity.  They  also  have  a  retail 
coal  yard,  and  Mr.  Martin  is  half  owner 
of  the  Newcastle  Elevator  Company.  He 
has  acquired  some  real  estate  interests  in 
Newcastle,  and  is  a  well  recognized  man 
of  affairs  in  that  city.  He  votes  as  a  re- 
publican, and  has  filled  all  the  chairs  in 
the  local  Masonic  Lodge,  is  a  member  of 
the  Knight  Templar  Commandery  and  a 
good  student  of  Masonry  in  general.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men, 'and  for  fifteen  years  has  been 
clerk  of  the  session  and  elder  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church. 

RAYMAN  H.  BAKER.  Youth  is  no  bar  to 
successful  and  substantial  business  achieve- 
ment, and  some  of  the  most  forceful  men 
in  every  community  have  not  yet  passed 
their  thirtieth  birthday.  One  of  these  at 
Newcastle  is  Rayman  H.  Baker,  who  has 
had  a  wide  experience  in  different  lines  of 
business,  but  is  now  concentrating  his  en- 
tire attention  upon  automobile  salesman- 
ship and  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Baker 
Auto  Company. 

Mr.  Baker  was  born  August  11,  1890,  in 
Monroe  township,  Madison  County,  In- 
diana, son  of  William  and  Eunice  A. 
(Hunt)  Baker.  The  Bakers  have  been 
Americans  for  many  generations,  and  in 
earlier  times  they  lived .  along  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains  in  North  Carolina.  To 
the  occupations  they  have  furnished  chiefly 
farmers  and  professional  men. 

Rayman  H.  Baker  secured  his  early  edu- 
cation in  his  home  district  in  Madison 
County,  and  in  1906  graduated  from  the 
commercial  course  of  the  Fairmount  Acad- 
emy in  Grant  County.  He  put  his  special 
talents  and  inclinations  to  work  when  he 
began  trading,  and  in  a  few  years  had  cov- 
ered a  large  territory  in  different  counties 
of  Indiana  as  a  buyer  and  seller  of  live 
stock.  This  was  his  means  of  business 
service  and  earning  a  living  until  about 
1913,  when  he  took  the  agency  of  the  Max- 
well motor  car  for  four  townships  in  the 
northern  half  of  Madison  County.  At  first 
this  was  in  the  nature  of  a  side  line  to  his 
chief  business  as  an  implement  dealer  and 
hardware  merchant  at  Alexandria,  under 
the  name  of  the  Alexandria  Implement  and 
Auto  Company.  Mr.  Baker  was  in  busi- 
ness at  Alexandria  three  years,  and  on  sell- 
ing out  turned  his  exclusive  attention  to 
automobile  salesmanship.  November  25, 


1917,  he  bought  the  old  established  auto- 
mobile agency  at  Newcastle  from  James  C. 
Newby  on  Race  Street,  and  with  his  brother 
W.  T.  Baker  organized  the  present  Baker 
Auto  Company.  This  company  has  the  ex- 
clusive selling  agency  for  the  Chalmers 
and  Maxwell  cars  over  Henry  County,  and 
also  in  three  townships  on  the  western  side 
of  Wayne  County. 

In  1908  Mr.  Baker  married  Nellie  R. 
Little,  daughter  of  James  and  Elizabeth 
(Abbott)  Little  of  Buck  Creek  township, 
Madison  County.  Mrs.  Baker,  who  died 
May  16,  1915,  was  the  mother  of  three 
children,  Opal,  Ethel  and  Irene.  On  Feb- 
ruary 16,  1916,  Mr.  Baker  married  Grace 
Jackson,  of  Delaware  County,  daughter  of 
J.  F.  and  Laura  (Williams)  Jackson.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Baker  have  two  children,  Cath- 
erine and  Myrtle  Eunice. 

Fraternally  Mr.  Baker  is  affiliated  with 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
the  Masonic  Lodges  at  Alexandria.  He 
belongs  to  the  Christian  Church  and  in  pol- 
itics votes  as  a  republican. 

JOSEPH  ELMER  CALLAND  has  been  a  resi- 
dent and  business  man  of  Newcastle  for  a 
number  of  years.  The  people  of  that  city 
now  when  bicycle,  clock,  gun  or  almost 
any  other  implement  refuses  to  work  satis- 
factorily take  it  to  129  North  Main  Street 
and  turn  it  over  to  Mr.  Calland,  who  is 
proprietor  of  the  "Everything  Fixer" 
shop. 

Mr.  Calland  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Cen- 
ter township  of  Greene  County,  Indiana, 
March  11,  1882,  a  son  of  John  H.  and  Ce- 
lestia  E.  (Resler)  Calland.  He  is  of  Scotch 
and  German  ancestry.  His  grandfather, 
Robert  Calland,  came  from  Scotland  when 
a  boy,  settled  in  Ohio  and  later  moved  to 
Indiana  and  farm  in  Greene  County.  John 
H.  Calland  was  a  mechanic  and  a  wagon 
maker,  and  died  when  his  son  Joseph  E. 
was  only  ten  years  old.  The  latter  because 
of  the  early  death  of  his  father  had  heavy 
responsibilities  thrust  upon  him  when  un- 
der normal  circumstances  he  would  have 
been  attending  school.  He  received  his 
education  at  Worthington,  Indiana,  to  the 
eighth  grade,  but  in  the  meantime  had 
helped  support  the  family  by  driving  a  de- 
livery wagon.  He  drove  a  delivery  wagon 
for  two  years  after  school  work,  but  being 
naturally  of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind  he 
opened  a  small  repair  shop  at  Worthing- 


1672 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


ton  and  was  in  business  there  for  eight 
years,  repairing  bicycles  and  other  imple- 
ments and  tools. 

In  1908  he  came  to  Newcastle  and 
opened  a  shop  at  1516  East  Broad  Street. 
Here  in  addition  to  a  repair  'business  he 
carried  a  stock  of  general  sporting  goods. 
A  year  later  came  a  fire  which  entailed  a 
loss  of  $1,500,  and  after  that  setback  he  be- 
came a  journeyman  repair  man  for  two 
years.  He  spent  most  of  his  time  driving 
about  the  country  for  a  radius  of  seventy- 
five  miles  around  Newcastle,  and  was  prin- 
cipally employed  in  repairing  slot  ma- 
chines. Mr.  Calland  invented  a  very  suc- 
cessful device  used  in  automatic  vending 
machines.  In  1912  he  established  his  pres- 
ent store  at  129  North  Main  Street,  and 
has  a  very  successful  and  growing  busi- 
ness, with  facilities  for  repair  work  of  every 
kind,  and  also  carrying  a  general  line  of 
bicycle  supplies.  He  also  owns  a  half  in- 
terest in  the  Lester  and  Calland  Transfer 
Company,  one  of  the  largest  establishments 
of  its  kind  at  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Calland  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  Loyal  Order  of  Moose  and 
has  filled  all  the  chairs  in  the  Worthingtpn 
Camp  of  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 
In  politics  he  is  a  republican. 

JOSEPH  R.  LEAKEY  is  the  present  county 
treasurer  of  Henry  County,  and  has  been 
identified  with  official  affairs  and  with  pub- 
lic school  education  in  that  part  of  the 
county  most  of  his  life. 

Mr.  Leakey  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Dud- 
ley Township  of  Henry  County  July  9, 
1858.  The  Leakey  family  were  among  the 
first  to  enter  land  in  that  township,  this 
transaction  identifying  them  with  the 
county  in  1821.  The  Leakeys  are  of  Eng- 
lish and  German  ancestry,  and  many  gen- 
erations of  the  family  have  lived  in 
America.  Joseph  R.  Leakey  is  a  son  of 
Ephraim  and  Catherine  (Stombaugh) 
Leakey.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm,  at- 
tended country  school,  also  Spiceland 
Academy,  and  spent  the  summer  seasons 
of  his  boyhood  working  for  his  father.  He 
began  teaching  in  the  country  at  an  early 
age,  and  was  in  that  profession  steadily 
for  thirty-five  years,  part  of  the  time  in 
the  country  and  part  of  the  time  in  village 
schools.  He  was  principal  of  schools  at 
Blountsville  six  years,  and  also  at  Lisbon 
and  Spiceland.  In  1908  Mr.  Leakey  was 


appointed  deputy  county  treasurer  by  Max 
P.  Gaddis,  serving  two  years  under  him 
and  during  1910-11  was  deputy  treasurer 
under  0.  P.  Hatfield.  In  1912  the  repub- 
licans nominated  him  for  the  office  of 
county  treasurer,  but  he  was  defeated  by 
seventy-two  votes.  During  the  succeeding 
years  Mr.  Leaky  was  assistant  cashier  in 
the  Farmers  Bank  at  Newcastle  most  of  the 
period  and  also  looked  after  his  farm  until 
November  1,  1914,  when  he  was  elected 
county  treasurer  and  was  re-elected  for  a 
second  term  in  November,  1916.  He  has 
the  unique  distinction  of  being  the  only 
county  treasurer  re-elected  in  Henry 
County  during  a  period  of  seventy-five 
years.  His  present  term  expires  Decem- 
ber 31,  1919.  Mr.  Leakey  also  owns  a  val- 
uable farm  of  eighty-seven  acres  and  is  in- 
terested in  other  business  affairs. 

His  first  official  service  was  as  assessor 
of  Liberty  Township  for  two  years,  serving 
in  that  office  by  appointment.  He  is  a  re- 
publican, is  an  active  member  and  elder 
of  the  Christian  Church,  and  is  affiliated 
with  Newcastle  Lodge  No.  91,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  and  the  Improved 
Order  of  Red  Men. 

In  August,  1893,  he  married  Miss  Ger- 
trude Hollinger,  daughter  of  Doctor  and 
Caturah  (Hetsler)  Hollinger  of  Blounts- 
ville. Their  only  son  is  Newton  E.,  born 
in  1895.  He  was  in  his  junior  year  in  the 
chemical  engineering  department  of  Pur- 
due University  when  the  war  broke  out. 
February  1,  1918,  he  enlisted  in  the  avia- 
tion division  in  the  spruce  department,  and 
was  sent  to  Vancouver,  Washington.  In 
July,  1918,  he  was  transferred  to  the  quar- 
termaster's department,  and  on  July  23, 
1918,  was  transferred  to  Camp  Johnson, 
Florida,  and  commissioned  as  second  lieu- 
tenant in  charge  of  Supply  Company  333. 
In  September  he  was  transferred  to  Camp 
Merritt,  New  Jersey,  and  embarked  for 
France  October  5,  1918.  He  was  stationed 
at  St.  Nazaire,  in  the  quartermaster's  serv- 
ice, effects  bureau  department.  It  was 
optional  with  him  at  the  signing  of  the 
peace  negotiations  whether  or  not  he  was 
to  be  discharged,  and  he  choose  to  serve 
the  Government  as  long  as  his  service  was 
required. 

J.  J.  CARROLL  is  proprietor  of  the  larg- 
est plumbing  and  heating  establishment  at 
Newcastle,  a  business  which  he  has  rapidly 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1673 


developed  and  built  up,  and  which  now 
furnishes  a  service  not  only  all  over  the 
city  but  throughout  a  surrounding  terri- 
tory for  a  radius  of  thirty  miles. 

Mr.  Carroll  has  been  in  this  line  of  work 
since  early  boyhood.  He  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis October  23,  1887,  son  of  Charles 
W.  and  Annabelle  (Oakey)  Carroll.  He 
is  of  Irish  and  English  stock.  Mr.  Carroll 
attended  the  public  schools  of  Indianapolis 
to  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  later  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  mechanical  drawing  by 
study  in  night  school.  At  fourteen  he  be- 
gan his  apprenticeship  in  the  plumbing 
shop  of  Foley  Brothers  at  Indianapolis.  A 
year  later  he  went  on  the  road  as  a  travel- 
ing worker  in  plumbing  shops  in  different 
towns  of  Colorado,  Oklahoma  and  Texas, 
seeing  a  great  deal  of  life  in  the  West  and 
Southwest.  At  the  end  of  two  years  he 
returned  to  Indianapolis  and  resumed  his 
employment  with  Foley  Brothers  for  a 
year,  and  for  one  year  was  with  Thomas 
Barker.  Out  of  this  experience  he  gained 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  his  trade  and 
business,  and  in  1908  he  first  came  to  New- 
castle. Here  in  1909  he  married  Miss 
Ethel  McConnick,  daughter  of  Richard 
and  May  (Stout)  McCormick  of  Anderson. 
After  his  marriage  Mr.  Carroll  went  south, 
first  located  at  Houston,  Texas,  for  eight 
months,  again  worked  at  Indianapolis,  and 
in  1911  returned  to  Newcastle,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1916,  opened  his  shop  at  1309  Li- 
berty Street.  A  year  later  he  located  at 
109  North  Fourteenth  Street,  and  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1918,  came  to  his  present  location 
at  220  South  Main  Street. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carroll  have  three  chil- 
dren :  Marie  Jean,  Annabelle  and  Jesse  W. 
Mr.  Carroll  is  an  independent  voter.  He 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church. 

ERNEST  H.  BENDER.  The  place  of  Mr. 
Bender  in  business  circles  at  Newcastle  is 
as  manager  of  the  local  branch  of  Dilling 
&  Company,  the  well  known  candy  manu- 
facturers of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Bender 
has  been  a  worker  since  he  was  a  boy  and 
has  promoted  himself  through  his  own 
abilities  and  industry  to  the  responsibili- 
ties and  achievements  of  a  business  man. 

He  was  born  at  Chicago,  Illinois,  in  1893, 
son  of  Ernest  and  Anna  (Hoffman) 
Bender.  His  parents  were  natives  of  Ger- 


many, married  there,  and  came  to  America 
with  one  child,  Mary.  They  first  located 
at  Detroit.  Ernest  Bender,  Sr.,  was  a 
florist  by  trade,  and  for  several  years  was 
identified  with  that  business  at  Chicago. 
Later  he  became  manager  of  a  large  busi- 
ness at  Newcastle,  where  the  family  lo- 
cated in  1899. 

Ernest  H.  Bender  began  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Newcastle,  but  left 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  to  work  as  veneer 
inspector  with  the  Hoosier  Kitchen  Cabinet 
Company.  He  was  there  three  years,  then 
for  a  short  time  was  operator  of  a  drill 
press  with  Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Company 
at  Indianapolis,  for  two  years  drove  a 
grocery  delivery  wagon,  and  in  1915  en- 
tered the  service  of  Dilling  &  Company, 
candy  manufacturers.  His  first  job  was 
molding  chocolate  bars.  He  was  soon 
transferred  to  the  shipping  room,  then  to 
the  office,  and  in  October,  1916,  was  sent 
to  Newcastle  to  take  charge  of  the  New- 
castle branch  and  office. 

Mr.  Bender  married  in  1915  Velera 
Cain,  daughter  of  J.  D.  and  Mamie  (Jack- 
son) Cain.  Her  mother  is  related  to  the 
Gen.  Stonewall  Jackson  family.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bender  have  two  children:  Loren 
Ernest,  born  in  1916,  and  Dorothy  Eliza- 
beth, born  in  1918.  Mr.  Bender  is  an  in- 
dependent in  politics,  a  member  of  the 
Travelers'  Protective  Association,  and  he 
and  his  wife  belong  to  the  Christian 
Church. 

CHARLES  BRUCE  THOMPSON,  whose  name 
has  been  identified  with  Newcastle  as  one 
of  the  leading  men  engaged  in  the  real 
estate,  loan  and  fire  insurance  business, 
has  many  interesting  family  ties  to  connect 
him  with  Henry  County. 

He  was  born  at  Sulphur5  Springs  in 
Henry  County  in  1869,  a  son  of  Joseph  H. 
and  Sarah  Ann  (Yost)  Thompson.  His 
maternal  grandfather,  William  S.  Yost, 
was  born  in  Rockingham  County,  Virginia, 
in  1802,  and  married  in  1824  Mary  Cath- 
erine Weaver,  who  was  born  in  the  same 
Virginia  county  in  1800.  In  order  to  es- 
cape conditions  of  slavery  William  S.  Yost 
left  his  native  state  and  moved  to  Ohio  in 
1840,  and  soon  afterward  came  to  Henry 
County  and  was  the  most  influential  man 
in  establishing  the  Village  of  Sulphur 
Springs.  He  served  as  the  first  postmas- 


Vol.  IV— I 


1674 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ter  there,  from  1844  until  1848,  and  held 
the  office  again  for  six  years.  He  also 
started  the  first  country  store.  William 
S.  Yost  died  in  1863  and  his  wife  in  1870. 

Joseph  H.  Thompson,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  William  S.  Yost,  was  born  at 
Middletown  in  Henry  County  April  17, 
1841,  and  died  October  18,  1893.  During 
the  Civil  war  he  enlisted  in  Company  G 
of  the  Eighty-Fourth  Indiana  Infantry, 
having  assisted  in  raising  the  company,  and 
became  a  private  in  the  ranks  August  21, 
1862.  Later  he  was  made  quartermaster 
sergeant  and  was  with  his  regiment  until 
mustered  out  June  14,  1865.  He  was  once 
taken  prisoner,  but  was  soon  paroled.  It 
was  during  his  army  service  that  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Yost  on  December  27,  1863.  For 
many  years  after  the  war  Joseph  H. 
Thompson  was  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness at  Sulphur  Springs.  He  was  a  good 
business  man  and  a  respected  leader  in  his 
community.  He  and  his  wife  had  five 
children :  William  E.,  George  C.,  Charles 
B.,  Claudia  M.  and  John  R. 

Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Thompson  is  still  living 
and  enjoying  good  health. 

Charles  Bruce  Thompson  received  his 
early  education  at  Sulphur  Springs  and  in 
the  Spiceland  Academy.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  went  to  work  for  his  father,  and 
when  the  latter  died  in  1893  he  took  over 
the  business  and  continued  it  until  1906. 
Selling  out  he  then  came  to  Newcastle  and 
established  his  first  office  in  the  Burr  Build- 
ing, where  he  is  today.  Since  then  he  has 
successfully  handled  real  estate  and  loans, 
and  represents  some  of  the  best  known 
fire  insurance  companies  and  has  extended 
their  business  to  a  large  volume  all  over 
Henry  County.  Mr.  Thompson  is  greatly 
interested  in  everything  that  makes  for 
the  betterment  and  upbuilding  of  New- 
castle and  vicinity.  He  does  a  large  busi- 
ness in  buying  and  selling  town  property. 

In  1890  he  married  Miss  Maude  Edle- 
man,  daughter  of  Richard  Johnson  and 
Eleanor  (Griffith)  Edleman.  Their  son 
Ivan  Elaine,  born  in  1892,  married  in  1914 
Grolla  Norton,  daughter  of  William  and 
Josephine  (Smith)  Norton  of  Alexandria, 
Indiana.  They  have  one  child,  Mary 
Louise,  born  in  1915.  Joseph  Richard,  born 
August  16,  1895,  married  in  1917  Grace 
M.  Sweeney,  of  Los  Angeles,  California. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  an  active  republican. 
He  has  served  as  secretary  of  the  County 


Republican  Committee.  He  is  a  Knight 
of  Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

BEN  HAVENS  was  first  elected  to  the  office 
of  city  clerk  of  Kokomo  on  the  score  of 
his  business  qualifications  and  knowledge 
and  experience  as  an  expert  accountant. 
He  has  been  elected  three  consecutive  terms, 
and  today  no  one  has  a  more  thorough  and 
accurate  knowledge  of  municipal  affairs 
of  Kokomo  than  Mr.  Havens.  He  has  made 
his  office  a  model  of  efficiency,  has  that 
courtesy  and  sense  of  obligation  which 
eliminates  the  conventional  official  atmos- 
phere and  makes  transactions  in  the 
clerk's  office  a  matter  of  convenience  and 
pleasure.  The  people  have  seen  fit  to  con- 
tinue Mr.  Havens  in  office  so  long  that  his 
tenure  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  party  suc- 
cess but  is  to  be  decided  entirely  by  his 
personal  wishes  in  the  matter. 

Mr.  Havens  was  born  July  28,  1878,  in 
Rush  County,  Indiana,  son  of  Henry  C. 
and  Ann  R.  (Grewell)  Havens.  His  father 
and  his  grandfather  were  both  natives  of 
Rush  County  and  both  were  farmers  by 
occupation.  They  were  men  of  model  citi- 
zenship, and  contributed  much  from  their 
lives  to  the  advancement  of  their  locality. 
Henry  C.  Havens  lived  for  many  years  in 
Howard  County. 

Ben  Havens  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Kokomo,  graduat- 
ing with  the  class  of  1897.  He  began  his 
career  in  the  lumber  business,  and  for  ten 
years  was  connected  with  the  firm  of 
Blanchard,  Carlisle  &  Company.  For  three 
years  he  was  also  bookkeeper  for  the  Pa- 
troleum  Hoop  Company.  It  was  from  those 
business  duties  that  he  was  called  when 
elected  city  clerk  of  Kokomo.  Mr.  Havens 
is  a  loyal  member  of  the  republican  party, 
has  served  eight  years  as  county  chairnjan, 
but  his  citizenship  is  by  no  means  based 
on  party  loyalty,  but  makes  him  a  cooper- 
ating factor  in  every  movement  for  the  gen- 
eral welfare. 

MARY  WRIGHT  PLUMMER.  As  a  contribu- 
tor to  various  periodicals  and  as  an  author 
and  librarian  Mary  Wright  Plummer  has 
won  distinction  among  Indianans.  She  was 
born  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  a  daughter  of 
Jonathan  W.  and  Hannah  A.  Plummer. 
She  was  a  student  at  Wellesley  and  Colum- 
bia, and  has  since  been  prominently  asso- 


1674 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ter  there,  from  1844  until  1848,  and  held 
the  office  again  for  six  years.  He  also 
started  the  first  country  store.  William 
S.  Yost  died  in  1863  and  his  wife  in  1870. 

Joseph  II.  Thompson,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  William  S.  Yost,  was  horn  at 
Middletown  in  Henry  County  April  17, 
1841,  and  died  October  18,  1893.  During 
the  Civil  war  he  enlisted  in  Company  G 
of  the  Eighty-Fourth  Indiana  Infantry, 
having  assisted  in  raising  the  company,  and 
hecame  a  private  in  the  ranks  August  21, 
1862.  Later  he  was  made  quartermaster 
sergeant  and  was  with  his  regiment  until 
mustered  out  June  14,  1865.  He  was  once 
taken  prisoner,  but  was  soon  paroled.  It 
was  during  his  army  service  that  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Yost  on  December  27,  1863.  For 
many  years  after  the  war  Joseph  H. 
Thompson  was  engaged  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness at  Sulphur  Springs.  He  was  a  good 
business  man  and  a  respected  leader  in  his 
community.  He  and  his  wife  had  five 
children :  William  E.,  George  C.,  Charles 
H.,  Claudia  M.  and  John  R. 

Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Thompson  is  still  living 
and  en.ioying  good  health. 

Charles  Bruce  Thompson  received  his 
early  education  at  Sulphur  Springs  and  in 
the  Spiceland  Academy.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  went  to  work  for  his  father,  and 
when  the  latter  died  in  1893  he  took  over 
the  business  and  continued  it  until  1906. 
Selling  out  he  then  came  to  Newcastle  and 
established  his  first  office  in  the  Burr  Build- 
ing, where  he  is  today.  Since  then  he  has 
successfully  handled  real  estate  and  loans, 
and  represents  sonic  of  the  best  known 
fire  insurance  companies  and  has  extended 
their  business  to  a  large  volume  all  over 
Henry  County.  Mr.  Thompson  is  greatly 
interested  in  everything  that  makes  for 
the  betterment  and  upbuilding  of  New- 
castle and  vicinity.  He  does  a  large  busi- 
ness in  buying  and  selling  town  property. 

In  1890  he  married  Miss  Maude  Edle- 
man,  daughter  of  Richard  Johnson  and 
Eleanor  (Griffith)  Edleman.  Their  son 
Ivan  Bhiine.  born  in  1892.  married  in  1914 
Grolla  Norton,  daughter  of  William  and 
Josephine  (Smith)  Norton  of  Alexandria, 
Indiana.  They  have  one  child,  Mary 
Louise,  born  in  191;").  Joseph  Richard,  born 
August  16.  189"),  married  in  1917  Grace 
M.  Sweeney,  of  Los  Angeles,  California. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  an  active  republican. 
He  has  served  as  secretarv  of  the  County 


Republican  Committee.  He  is  a  Knight 
of  Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

BEX  HAVENS  was  first  elected  to  the  office 
of  city  clerk  of  Kokomo  on  the  score  of 
his  business  qualifications  and  knowledge 
and  experience  as  an  expert  accountant. 
He  has  been  elected  three  consecutive  terms, 
and  today  no  one  has  a  more  thorough  and 
accurate  knowledge  of  municipal  affairs 
of  Kokomo  than  Mr.  Havens.  He  has  made 
his  office  a  model  of  efficiency,  hasvthat 
courtesy  and  sense  of  obligation  which 
eliminates  the  conventional  official  atmos- 
phere and  makes  transactions  in  the 
clerk's  office  a  matter  of  convenience  and 
pleasure.  The  people  have  seen  fit  to  con- 
tinue Mr.  Havens  in  office  so  long  that  his 
tenure  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  party  suc- 
cess but  is  to  be  decided  entirely  by  his 
personal  wishes  in  the  matter. 

Mr.  Havens  was  born  July  28,  1878,  in 
Rush  County,  Indiana,  son  of  Henry  C. 
and  Ann  R.  (Grewell)  Havens.  His  father 
and  his  grandfather  were  both  natives  of 
Rush  County  and  both  were  farmers  by 
occupation.  They  were  men  of  model  citi- 
zenship, and  contributed  much  from  their 
lives  to  the  advancement  of  their  locality. 
Henry  C.  Havens  lived  for  many  years  in 
Howard  County. 

Ben  Havens  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Kokomo.  graduat- 
ing with  the  class  of  1897.  He  began  his 
career  in  the  lumber  business,  and  for  ten 
years  was  connected  with  the  firm  of 
Blanchard,  Carlisle  &  Company.  For  three 
years  he  was  also  bookkeeper  for  the  Pa- 
trolenm  Hoop  Company.  It  was  from  those 
business  duties  that  he  was  called  when 
elected  city  clerk  of  Kokomo.  Mr.  Havens 
is  a  loyal  member  of  the  republican  party, 
has  served  eight  years  as  county  chairnjan, 
but  his  citizenship  is  by  no  means  based 
on  party  loyalty,  but  makes  him  a  cooper- 
ating factor  in  every  movement  for  the  gen- 
eral welfare. 

MARY  WKIGHT  PLI-MMI:K.  As  a  contribu- 
tor to  various  periodicals  and  as  an  author 
and  librarian  Mary  Wright  Plummer  has 
won  distinction  among  Indianans.  She  was 
born  at  Richmond,  Indiana,  a  daughter  of 
Jonathan  WT.  and  Hannah  A.  Plummer. 
She  was  a  student  at  Wellesley  and  Colum- 
bia, and  has  since  been  prominently  asso- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1675 


ciated  with  library  and  literary  work.  She 
served  as  a  United  States  delegate  to  the 
International  Congress  of  Libraries,  Paris, 
1900,  and  is  a  member  of  the  prominent 
library  clubs  and  associations.  Since  1911 
she  has  been  principal  of  the  Library 
School  of  the  New  York  Public  Library. 

HIRAM  LYMAN  SMITH  has  been  a  New- 
castle business  man  for  a  number  of  years 
and  is  proprietor  and  head  of  a  large  pro- 
vision house  at  202  South  Fourteenth 
Street. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  at  Eyota,  Minnesota, 
April  4,  1875,  a  son  of  J.  C.  and  Leila 
May  (Wright)  Smith.  He  is  of  English 
stock,  his  ancestors  having  first  located  in 
New  York  State.  His  parents  moved  out 
to  the  Minnesota  frontier,  but  subsequently 
returned  east,  and  when  Hiram  L.  Smith 
was  ten  years  of  age  located  at  Cleveland, 
Tennessee.  The  latter  acquired  his  edu- 
cation in  the  common  and  high  schools, 
and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  entered  busi- 
ness. He  also  went  to  work  for  his  father 
in  a  dry  goods  store,  and  for  seveu  years 
was  employed  in  that  capacity  at  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Tennessee.  About  twenty  years 
ago  the  family  removed  to  Newcastle,  In- 
diana, where  his  father  opened  a  dry  goods 
store  on  Broad  Street.  After  two  years 
with  his  father  Hiram  L.  Smith  entered 
the  grocery  business  for  himself  on  North 
Fourteenth  Street.  Two  years  later  he 
moved  to  1426  Broad  Street,  and  was  there 
until  1912.  During  the  next  two  seasons 
he  represented  the  distribution  of  the  Max- 
well Automobile  at  Newcastle  and  Ander- 
son, but  then  returned  to  the  grocery  busi- 
ness at  802  South  Fourteenth  Street,  where 
he  had  his  store  until  July  1,  1918,  when 
he  moved  to  his  present  location  at  202 
South  Fourteenth  Street. 

Mr.  Smith  married  at  Anderson  in  1900 
Leotta  May  Hudson,  daughter  of  Reville 
and  May  Hudson.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  dem- 
ocrat, is  affiliated  with  the  Royal  Arch  and 
Council  degree  of  Masonry,  and  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men 
and  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 

FREDERICK  JOHN  POPE  is  not  an  old  man 
but  he  is  a  veteran  in  the  service  of  the 
express  business,  and  it  was  his  long  stand- 
ing and  successful  and  efficient  record  that 
retained  him  under  the  new  dispensation 
by  which  the  larger  express  companies  have 
been  consolidated  under  the  direction  of 


the  Federal  Government  and  now  operated 
as  the  American  Railway  Express  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Pope  has  the  management  of 
this  company  at  Newcastle,  and  came  to 
this  city  after  a  number  of  years  of  serv- 
ice at  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  November 
8, 1882,  a  son  of  Christian  V.  and  Elizabeth 
(Laatz)  Pope.  He  is  of  German  ancestry. 
His  grandfather  Pope  came  from  Germany 
and  settled  on  a  farm  near  Mohawk,  In- 
diana, and  spent  the  rest  of  his  days  there. 
Christian  F.  Pope  was  born  on  that  farm, 
but  at  the  age  of  eighteen  moved  to  In- 
dianapolis and  entered  business  as  a  mer- 
chant. He  developed  and  built  up  the 
Pope  dry  goods  business  of  that  city,  but 
he  is  now  retired  and  he  and  his  wife  re- 
side at  Indianapolis.  F.  J.  Pope  has  a 
younger  brother,  Raymond  W.,  who  is  mar- 
ried and  lives  in  Indianapolis. 

Frederick  John  Pope  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Indianapolis,  graduat- 
ing from  the  Manual  Training  High  School 
in  1902.  Since  then  his  service  has  been 
continuous  with  the  express  business.  He 
first  was  a  wagon  driver  four  years  with 
the  Adams  Express  Company  at  35  South 
Meridian  Street,  Indianapolis.  He  was  then 
promoted  to  assistant  cashier  in  the  Union 
Station  office  of  that  company  for  two 
years,  following  which  he  accepted  a  posi- 
tion with  the  American  Express  Company 
as  clerk  in  the  uptown  office  one  year.  For 
three  years  he  was  assistant  cashier  of 
this  company  at  the  Union  Station,  and  was 
then  returned  to  the  uptown  office  as  gen- 
eral correspondent.  With  those  duties  he 
was  identified  until  May  1,  1918,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  Newcastle  as  agent  and 
manager  of  the  American  Express  Com- 
pany's business  in  that  city.  Two  months 
later  he  was  appointed  manager  of  the 
Newcastle  business  of  the  American  Rail- 
way Express  Company. 

In  1904  Mr.  Pope  married  Clara  Brink- 
man,  daughter  of  Frank  and  Wilma  (Hol- 
ler) Brinkman  of  Indianapolis.  .They  have 
one  son,  Kenneth  Frank,  born  in  1905. 
Mr.  Pope  is  a  republican  and  is  affiliated 
with  Ancient  Landmark  Lodge  No.  319, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  In- 
dianapolis. He  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

TREVOR  D.  WRIGHT  is  the  responsible 
executive  carrying  on  a  business  that  was 
established  at  Newcastle  more  than  thirty 


1676 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


years  ago  under  the  name  of  Wright  Broth- 
ers, grocers. 

The  Wright  family  is  of  English  ancestry 
and  they  were  early  settlers  in  South- 
ern Ohio.  The  grandfather  of  the  present 
generation  was  at  one  time  a  dry  goods 
merchant  at  Cincinnati.  John  D.  and  Tre- 
vor Wright  came  to  Newcastle  in  1885, 
and  under  the  name  of  Wright  Brothers 
bought  out  the  old  established  grocery  house 
of  Samuel  Arnold  on  Broad  Street.  They 
occupied  that  old  location  for  a  number 
of  years,  and  the  site  is  now  where  the 
Citizens  State  Bank  stands.  From  that 
location  they  moved  to  1200  Broad  Street, 
where  the  business  is  today.  From  that 
Wright  died  some  years  ago,  and  his 
brother  Trevor  F.  conducted  the  store  for 
several  years  and  then  sold  his  share  to 
Mrs.  Cora  Davis  Wright,  widow  of  John 
D.  Wright. 

Trevor  D.  Wright  was  born  February 
6,  1885,  son  of  John  D.  and  Cora  Davis 
Wright,  and  during  his  boyhood  attended 
the  grammar  and  high  schools  at  Newcastle. 
In  1898  he  went  to  work  as  errand  boy  in 
his  father's  store,  and  his  experience  com- 
prises every  detail  of  the  business.  At 
the  death  of  his  father  he  took  the  manage- 
ment, and  is  handling  the  enterprise  very 
successfully.  The  firm  does  a  large  busi- 
ness both  in  country  and  town,  some  of 
its  custom  coming  from  a  distance  of 
twelve  miles  from  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Wright  is  a  bachelor.  He  is  one  of 
six  children.  His  sister  Barbara  Alma  is 
bookkeeper  and  cashier  of  the  store.  Mr. 
Wright  is  affiliated  with  the  Elks,  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  Masonic  Lodge  at  Newcastle, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

MARTIN  L.  KOONS,  president  of  the  Henry 
County  Building  and  Loan  Association,  is 
a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  is  a  descend- 
ant of  one  of  the  old  and  prominent  Quaker 
families  of  Eastern  Indiana. 

His  American  ancestry  goes  back  to  Da- 
vault  Koons,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
married  Susan  Dicks,  a  native  of  Germany. 
One  of  their  three  sons  was  Gasper  Koons, 
who  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  November 
8,  1759.  He  was  twice  married,  his  second 
wife  being  Abigail,  a  school  teacher,  and 
a  daughter  of  Jeremiah  and  Rachel  Pickett. 
The  Picketts  were  devout  Friends  or 
Quakers. 


About  1800  Gasper  Koons  took  his  family 
from  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina,  and 
in  the  fall  of  1808  they  led  the  way  from 
North  Carolina  and  after  six  weeks  of 
travel  by  pioneer  routes  and  conveyances 
arrived  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Here 
Gasper  Koons  and  family  found  them- 
selves in  congenial  surroundings,  since 
many  of  the  first  settlers  there  were  active 
Friends.  Gasper  Koons  died  November 
8,  1820,  and  his  widow  in  1850,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-eight.  They  had  twelve  chil- 
dren, nine  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Joseph  Koons,  seventh  son  of  Gasper 
and  Abigail  (Pickett)  Koons,  was  born  on 
a  farm  southeast  of  Richmond,  Indiana, 
February  17,  1811.  He  was  a  farmer  but 
was  also  widely  known  as  an  expert  ax 
maker.  He  died  November  10,  1878. 
Joseph  Koons  married  Lucinda  Ray  in 
1834.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Thomas  and 
Martha  Ray,  a  family  that  came  from  Vir- 
ginia and  were  identified  with  the  early 
settlement  of  Henry  County.  Lucinda  Ray 
Koons  died  November  21,  1880.  Both 
were  lifelong  adherents  of  the  Quaker 
Church.  They  had  ten  children. 

Joseph  Koons  was  the  grandfather  of 
Martin  L.  Koons.  The  latter  was  born  on 
a  farm  in  Henry  County  June  2,  1875,  son 
of  Pleasant  M.  and  Louisa  (Bookout) 
Koons.  Martin  L.  Koons  grew  up  on  a 
farm,  attended  country  schools,  also  school 
at  Mooreland,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
took  up  the  study  of  law  with  James  and 
William  A.  Brown,  composing  the  firm  of 
Brown  &  Brown  at  Newcastle.  He  was 
with  that  firm  diligently  studying  for  three 
and  a  half  years.  For  one  year  he  was 
with  Meredith  &  Meredith,  attorneys  and 
abstractors,  at  Muncie.  On  September  6, 
1897,  Mr.  Koons  returned  to  Newcastle, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  for  ten  years 
carried  on  a  large  practice  in  probate  and 
real  estate  title  law.  On  April  1,  1903,  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  Henry  County 
Building  and  Loan  Association,  at  first  per- 
forming his  duties  in  his  own  law  office. 
Later  he  was  with  the  company  in  the 
Koons-Bond  Building  for  three  years,  and 
then  erected  the  building  in  which  the  com- 
pany has  its  headquarters,  and  he  has  been 
located  there  since  1910.  Mr.  Koons  was 
elected  president  of  the  company  April 
1,  1917. 

He  is  also  a  stockholder  and  director 
in  the  First  National  Bank  and  the  Central 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1677 


Trust  Company  of  Newcastle,  and  looks 
after  a  large  volume  of  real  estate.  He 
handles  the  local  interests  of  Ma j. -Gen. 
Omar  Bundy  at  Newcastle,  and  also  man- 
ages a  number  of  trust  funds. 

February  3,  1897,  Mr.  Koons  married 
Nora  B.  Moore,  daughter  of  Cornelius  M. 
and  Elizabeth  (Shonk)  Moore  of  New- 
castle. They  had  four  children:  Fred  M., 
born  December  1,  1897;  Paul  M.,  born 
October  6,  1900;  Mabel  Louise  and  Ann 
Claire. 

Mr.  Koons  has  accepted  those  duties  and 
responsibilities  that  come  to  the  public  spir- 
ited citizen.  In  1913,  at  the  urging  of  his 
friends,  he  accepted  a  place  on  the  repub- 
lican ticket  as  candidate  for  mayor  of  New- 
castle, and  lost  the  election  by  only  seventy- 
two  votes.  In  1914  he  was  elected  by  the 
City  Council  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
School  Trustees,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1917.  Mr.  Koons  is  affiliated  with  the 
Masonic  Order,  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  and  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  attends  worship  in  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

GEORGE  HASTY  SMITH,  M.  D.,  a  specialist 
whose  work  is  limited  to  the  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat,  is  one  of  the  progressive  group 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Newcastle 
who  organized  and  incorporated  the  New- 
castle Clinic,  an  institution  that  serves 
many  of  the  purposes  of  the  public  hos- 
pital and  is  housed  in  a  modern  building 
of  its  own,  with  equipment  and  facilities 
that  are  the  equal  of  any  found  in  the 
largest  hospitals  of  the  country.  Doctor 
Smith  is  secretary  of  the  clinic  and  has 
an  active  part  in  its  work  in  addition  to 
his  private  practice. 

Doctor  Smith  is  a  son  of  Dr.  Kobert  An- 
derson and  Mary  Jane  (Evans)  Smith.  His 
grandparent  were  Isaac  M.  and  Catherine 
Smith,  both  natives  of  Ohio.  His  grand- 
father migrated  from  Preble  County,  Ohio, 
to  Hancock  County,  Indiana,  in  1830  and 
cleared  up  a  tract  of  land  in  Brown  Town- 
ship. At  the  age  of  seventy  years  he  sold 
his  farm  and  moved  to  Garnett,  Kansas, 
where  he  bought  another  farm  and  lived 
until  his  death  in  1890,  at  the  age  of  eighty 
years. 

The  late  Robert  A.  Smith  was  one  of  the 
prominent  physicians  of  Henry  County  for 
many  years.  He  was  born  in  Hancock 
County,  Indiana,  April  13,  1843,  and  his 


early  life  was  spent  on  a  farm.  He  missed 
many  of  the  advantages  given  even  to 
country  boys  of  this  generation.  In  1861, 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  he  enlisted 
in  Company  A  of  the  Fifty-seventh  In- 
diana Infantry,  under  Capt.  Robert  Alli- 
son. He  was  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh,  Stone 
River,  Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge, 
Resaca,  Kenesaw  Mountain  and  many  oth- 
ers, including  the  battle  of  Nashville  in. 
December,  1864.  He  was  wounded  and 
disabled,  and  recommended  for  discharge, 
but  refused  to  accept  this  discharge  and 
spent  the  last  months  of  the  war  as  an 
orderly  for  General  Wood.  He  was  mus- 
tered out  with  the  rank  of  color  sergeant 
in  1865.  In  the  fall  of  1866  he  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  H.  S.  Cun- 
ningham at  Indianapolis,  and  two  years 
later  entered  the  Physio-Medical  Institute 
of  Cincinnati,  where  he  graduated  in  1870. 
He  began  practice  in  Henry  County  at 
Grant  City,  and  seven  years  later  moved 
to  Greensboro,  where  he  was  accorded  all 
the  business  his  time  and  energies  allowed 
him  to  handle,  and  remained  an  honored 
resident  and  physician  of  that  locality  until 
his  death  in  1913.  He  was  a  member  of  all 
the  leading  medical  societies,  was  a  repub- 
lican in  politics  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  April  9,  1868,  he  mar- 
ried Mary  J.  Evans,  daughter  of  Thomas 
J.  and  Jane  Evans,  who  were  of  Welsh 
ancestry.  Mrs.  R.  A.  Smith,  who  died  in 
1900,  was  also  a  physician  of  many  years 
experience  and  had  been  educated  in  Doc- 
tor Traul's  School  of  New  York.  Dr.  R. 
A.  Smith  and  wife  had  three  children : 
Katie  E.,  George  H.  and  Nettie  E. 

George  Hasty  Smith  was  born  at  Grant 
City,  Indiana,  in  1873,  and  received  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Greensboro,  spent  three  years  and  gradu- 
ated in  1893  from  the  Spiceland  Academy, 
and  during  1894-95  was  a  student  in  Val- 
paraiso University  and  in  the  latter  year 
entered  the  Physo-Medical  College  of  In- 
dianpolis,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1898. 
The  following  four  years  he  practiced  medi- 
cine at  Greensboro  with  his  father.  In  1902 
he  entered  the  Illinois  Medical  College  at 
Chicago  from  which  he  received  his  M.  D. 
degree  in  1,903.  Doctor  Smith  was  a  res- 
ident physician  of  Knightstown  for  eight 
years,  handling  a  general  practice.  With  a 
view  to  relieving  himself  of  some  of  the 
heavy  and  continuous  burdens  of  general 


1678 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


practice  he  went  to  New  York  City,  took 
work  in  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary and  in  Knapp's  Ophthalmic  and 
Aural  Institute,  and  part  of  the  time  was 
clinical  assistant  there.  In  1914  he  re- 
turned to  Newcastle  and  has  since  been  giv- 
ing all  his  time  to  practice  as  ear,  eye  and 
throat  specialist.  He  was  associated  with 
the  other  local  physicians  in  establishing 
and  in  corporating  the  Newcastle  Clinic,  of 
which  he  is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Doctor  Smith  is  a  member  of  the  County 
Medical  Society,  which  he  has  served  as 
secretary,  for  two  years  was  secretary  of 
the  District  Medical  Association,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  and  American  Med- 
ical associations.  He  was  elected  and 
served  from  1898  to  1900  as  coroner  of 
Henry  County,  but  declined  to  become  a 
candidate  for  re-election.  He  is  a  repub- 
lican, a  Knight  Templar  Mason  at  New- 
castle, is  also  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  is  a  member  of  the  New- 
castle Country  Club  and  the  Friends 
Church. 

In  1895  Doctor  Smith  married  Laura 
Cook,  daughter  of  Seth  and  Minerva 
(Hiatt)  Cook  of  Greensboro.  Mrs.  Smith 
died  in  1905,  leaving  three  children,  who 
are  still  living.  In  1908  Doctor  Smith 
married  Anne  Cunningham,  daughter  of 
Dr.  John  C.  Cunningham  of  Crawfords- 
ville,  Indiana.  By  his  second  marriage 
Doctor  Smith  has  one  child. 

HENRY  KAHN  is  the  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Kahn  Tailoring  Company  of 
Indianapolis,  a  business  that  has  been  de- 
veloped under  his  personal  supervision  now 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  and  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  substantial  establish- 
ments of  its  kind  in  Indiana. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  and  of  a  family  of 
business  men,  Henry  Kahn  was  born  at 
Bloomington  March  31,  1860.  His  father, 
Isaac  Kahn,  was  born  in  Alsace,  France, 
in  October  1829,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
in  1844,  came  to  the  United  States  and  lo- 
cated at  Bloomington,  Indiana.  He  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  merchants  of  that  city, 
developed  a  large  and  extensive  trade,  and 
remained  there  on  the  active  list  until  1866. 
That  year  he  brought  his  family  to  Indian- 
apolis and  lived  retired  until  his  death  in 
September,  1887.  In  1856  Isaac  Kahn  mar- 
ried Miss  Belle  Hirsch.  She  was  born  in 


Paris,  France,  a  daughter  of  Nathan  and 
Clara  Hirsch.  There  were  three  children 
of  this  union,  Clementine,  Cora  and  Henry. 
The  mother  died  in  1886,  and  both  parents 
are  now  at  rest  in  Indianapolis. 

Henry  Kahn  was  six  years  old  when  his 
parents  c«une  to  Indianapolis,  and  in  this 
city  he  grew  to  manhood  and  gained  his 
education.  His  work  in  the  public  schools 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  in  Butler 
College.  Then  followed  a  varied  routine 
of  employment  giving  him  much  expe- 
rience, so  that  he  was  well  qualified  for 
executive  responsibilities  when  in  1886  he 
entered  merchandising.  He  has  given  the 
closest  attention  to  all  the  details  of  a  pros- 
pering enterprise,  and  is  thoroughly 
skilled  in  all  departments  of  merchant  tail- 
oring and  many  of  his  oldest  and  most 
regular  customers  are  also  among  his  clos- 
est friends. 

June  4,  1884,  Mr.  Kahn  married  Miss 
Sara  Lang,  daughter  of  Abraham  and 
Rosa  (Guggenheim)  Lang.  Her  parents 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1870.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Kahn  have  one  daughter,  Claribel. 
She  is  a  cultured  young  woman,  a  grad- 
uate of  Vassar  College,  and  is  now  the 
wife  of  Mortimer  C.  Furscott,  secretary 
of  the  Kahn  Tailoring  Company,  of  In- 
dianapolis. In  politics  Mr.  Kahn  is  a  re- 
publican but  has  never  manifested  any  de- 
sire to  hold  public  office. 

CASSELMAN  LEE  BRUCE  came  to  Elwood 
when  this  was  one  of  the  important  indus- 
trial centers  of  the  natural  gas  district  in 
Eastern  Indiana,  and  his  first  service  here 
was  with  one  of  the  old  glass  companies. 
For  the  past  twenty  years,  however,  he  has 
been  in  the  lumber  business  and  is  proprie- 
tor of  the  Heffner  Lumber  &  Coal  Com- 
pany, with  which  he  began  a  number  of 
years  ago  as  an  employe. 

Mr.  Bruce  was  born  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1874.  He  is  of 
Scotch  ancestry,  and  a  son  of  Charles  J. 
and  Phoebe  (Shrodes)  Bruce.  His  people 
during  the  many  generations  they  have 
been  in  America  have  been  chiefly  farmers 
and  merchants.  His  father  died  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1885  and  his  mother  in  1887. 
Mr.  C.  L.  Bruce  had  one  brother  and  five 
sisters. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  and  as  a  farm 
boy  attended  a  country  school  at  Sheffield, 
Pennsylvania.  At  a  very  early  age  he 


1678 


x 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


practice  ho  wont  in  Now  York  City,  took 
work  in  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary and  in  Knapp's  Ophthalmic  and 
Aural  Institute,  and  part  of  the  time  was 
clinical  assistant  there.  In  1914  he  re- 
turned to  Newcastle  and  has  since  been  giv- 
ing all  his  time  to  practice  as  oar,  eye  and 
throat  specialist.  He  was  associated  with 
the  other  local  physicians  in  establishing 
and  in  corporating  the  Newcastle  Clinic,  of 
which  he  is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Doctor  Smith  is  a  member  of  the  County 
Medical  Society,  which  lie  has  served  as 
secretary,  for  two  years  was  secretary  of 
the  District  Medical  Association,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  and  American  Med- 
ical associations.  He  was  elected  and 
served  from  1898  to  1900  as  coroner  of 
Henry  County,  but  declined  to  l>ecome  a 
candidate  for  re-election.  He  is  a  repub- 
lican, a  Knight  Templar  Mason  at  New- 
castle, is  also  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  is  a  member  of  the  New- 
castle Country  Club  and  the  Friends 
Church. 

In  1895  Doctor  Smith  married  Laura 
Cook,  daughter  of  Seth  and  Minerva 
(Hiatt)  Cook  of  Greensboro.  Mrs.  Smith 
died  in  !!)();"),  leaving  three  children,  who 
are  still  living.  In  1908  Doctor  Smith 
married  Anne  Cunningham,  daughter  of 
Dr.  John  C.  Cunningham  of  Crawfords- 
ville,  Indiana.  By  his  second  marriage 
Doctor  Smith  has  one  child. 

HK.VRY  K.uiv  is  the  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Kahn  Tailoring  Company  of 
Indianapolis,  a  business  that  has  been  de- 
veloped under  his  personal  supervision  now 
for  more  than  thirty  years,  and  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  substantial  establish- 
ments of  its  kind  in  Indiana. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  and  of  a  family  of 
business  men,  Henry  Kahn  was  born  at 
Bloomington  March  31,  18f>0.  His  father, 
Isaac  Kahn,  was  born  in  Alsace,  France, 
in  October  1829.  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
in  1844,  came  to  the  I'nited  States  and  lo- 
cated at  Bloomington,  Indiana.  lie  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  merchants  of  that  city, 
developed  a  large  and  extensive  trade,  and 
remained  there  on  the  active  list  until  1866. 
That  year  lie  brought  his  family  to  Indian- 
apolis and  lived  retired  until  his  death  in 
September.  1887.  In  18f)6  Isaac  Kahn  mar- 
ried Miss  Belle  Hirscli.  She  was  born  in 


Paris,  France,  a  daughter  of  Nathan  and 
Clara  Hirsch.  There  wore  three  children 
of  this  union,  Clementine,  Cora  and  Henry. 
The  mother  died  in  1886,  and  both  parents 
are  now  at  rest  in  Indianapolis. 

Henry  Kahn  was  six  years  old  when  his 
parents  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  in  this 
city  he  grew  to  manhood  and  gained  his 
education.  His  work  in  the  public  schools 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  in  Butler 
College.  Then  followed  a  varied  routine 
of  employment  giving  him  much  expe- 
rience, so  that  he  was  well  qualified  for 
executive  responsibilities  when  in  1886  he 
entered  merchandising.  He  has  given  the 
closest  attention  to  all  the  details  of  a  pros- 
pering enterprise,  and  is  thoroughly 
skilled  in  all  departments  of  merchant  tail- 
oring and  many  of  his  oldest  and  most 
regular  customers  are  also  among  his  clos- 
est friends. 

June  4,  1884.  Mr.  Kahn  married  Miss 
Sara  Lang,  daughter  of  Abraham  and 
Rosa  (Guggenheim^  Lang.  Her  parents 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1870.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Kahn  have  one  daughter,  Clarihel. 
She  is  a  cultured  young  woman,  a  grad- 
uate of  Yassar  College,  and  is  now  the 
wife  of  Mortimer  C.  Furscott.  secretary 
of  the  Kahn  Tailoring  Company,  of  In- 
dianapolis. In  politics  Mr.  Kahn  is  a  re- 
publican but  has  never  manifested  any  de- 
sire to  hold  public  office. 

C. \SSKL MAX  LEI:  Burn-:  came  to  Klwood 
when  this  was  one  of  the  important  indus- 
trial centers  of  the  natural  gas  district  in 
Eastern  Indiana,  and  his  first  service  here 
was  with  one  of  the  old  glass  companies. 
For  the  past  twenty  years,  however,  he  has 
been  in  the  lumber  business  and  is  proprie- 
tor of  the  ITeffner  Lumber  &  Coal  Com- 
pany, with  which  ho  began  a  number  of 
years  ago  as  an  employe. 

Mr.  Bruce  was  born  in  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1874.  He  is  of 
Scotch  ancestry,  and  a  son  of  Charles  J. 
iind  Phoebe  (Shrodes)  Bruce.  His  people 
during  the  many  generations  they  have 
been  in  America  have  been  chiefly  farmers 
and  merchants.  His  father  died  in  Penn- 
svlvania  in  188")  and  his  mother  in  1887. 
Mr.  C.  L.  Bruce  had  one  brother  and  five 
sisters. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  and  as  a  farm 
boy  attended  a  country  school  at  Sheffield. 
Pennsylvania.  At  a  very  early  age  he 


' 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1679 


began  working  during  the  summer  vaca- 
tions, and  at  the  age  of  nine  years  was  a 
boy  laborer  with  the  Phoenix  Glass  Com- 
pany at  Atonaca,  Pennsylvania.  His  first 
position  was  as  "carrying  boy,"  and  when 
he  left  that  firm  in  1891  he  had  advanced 
several  degrees  in  the  art  and  trade  of  glass 
making.  Coming  to  Elwood  in  1891,  Mr. 
Bruce  went  to  work  for  the  McBeth  Glass 
Company  as  "gathering  boy,"  and  re- 
mained with  the  glass  works  there  until 
1899.  He  gave  up  the  trade  and  occu- 
pation of  glass  worker  to  operate  a  rip  saw 
with  the  lumber  yard  and  saw  mill  of  Lewis 
Heffner.  He  was  promoted  to  yard  fore- 
man and  finally  took  over  the  entire  busi- 
ness for  Mr.  Heffner,  and  under  his  man- 
agement it  has  grown  and  prospered  and  is 
one  of  the  largest  businesses  of  its  kind  in 
Madison  County.  Mr.  Heffner  lived  re- 
tired for  several  years  and  died  in  1916. 
The  business  is  now  lumber  and  coal,  build- 
ing supplies  and  material,  and  the  trade 
comes  from  all  the  country  ten  miles 
around  Elwood. 

Mr.  Bruce  also  owns  two  farms  aggregat- 
ing 340  acres,  and  is  thus  one  of  the  very 
substantial  citizens  of  Elwood.  In  1914 
he  was  republican  candidate  for  mayor  of 
that  city,  being  defeated  by  a  small  mar- 
gin. He  is  affiliated  with  Elwood  Lodge  of 
Masons,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  all  the  auxiliaries  of  these 
orders.  He  was  state  treasurer  or  state 
keeper  of  wampum  for  the  order  of  Red 
Men  five  years,  1912  to  1917.  He  and  his 
family  are  members  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  and  for  ten  years  he  was 
an  elder  in  the  church  and  for  the  past 
fifteen  years  has  been  superintendent  of 
its  Sunday  school.  Thus  he  is  more  than  a 
successful  business  man,  and  his  interests 
go  out  to  all  institutions  and  movements 
that  affect  his  home  community  and  the 
nation. 

June  26,  1895,  Mr.  Bruce  married  Miss 
Abbie  Heffner,  daughter  of  Lewis,  and 
Emaline  (Ferguson)  Heffner  of  Elwood. 
They  have  a  family  of  nine  children,  five 
daughters  and  four  sons:  Vinnetta  Clair, 
born  June  26,  1896;  Charles  Lewis,  born 
August  21,  1899 ;  Harper  Glenn,  born  May 
8,  1901 ;  Margaret  Lillian,  born  June  15, 
1903;  James  Samuel,  born  September  10, 
1904;  Emma  Esther,  born  June  5,  1906, 
and  died  December  12,  1914;  Roberta 


Olivia,  born  August  2,  1907 ;  Dorotha  Ruth, 
born  November  24,  1911;  and  Robert  Lee, 
born  August  26,  1913. 

Charles  Lewis  soon  after  graduating 
from  the  Elwood  High  School  enlisted  No- 
vember 24,  1917,  became  a  member  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  army  at  Camp 
Greenleaf  and  June  8,  1918,  landed  in  Eng- 
land and  in  a  few  days  was  transferred  to 
the  Forty-Second  Division,  or  Rainbow 
Division,  and  was  at  the  front  when  the 
armistice  was  signed.  He  is  at  Coblenz 
at  this  writing.  Vinetta  Clare,  the  oldest 
daughter,  spent  six  months  in  the  service 
of  the  Government  at  Washington,  from 
June  to  December,  1918.  Mr.  Bruce  is  a 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
Elwood. 

MARY  WRIGHT  SEWALL,  lecturer,  author 
and  prominent  in  the  cause  of  woman  suf- 
frage and  the  education  of  women,  is  promi- 
nently associated  with  the  National  Ameri- 
can Woman  Suffrage  Association  and  a 
former  and  honorary  president  of  the  In- 
ternational Council  of  Women  and  the 
National  Council  of  Women.  She  served 
as  a  United  States  delegate  to  the  Univer- 
sal Congress  of  Women  at  Paris,  in  1889, 
and  traveled  over  many  countries  of 
Europe  in  the  interest  of  the  Congress  of 
Representative  Women,  Chicago  Exposi- 
tion, of  which  she  was  the  chairman.  She 
also  served  as  delegate  to  congresses  meet- 
ing at  the  Halifax,  Ottawa,  London,  The 
Hague,  and  was  president  of  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Women  Workers  for 
Permanent  Peace,  San  Francisco. 

Mrs.  Sewall  was  born  in  Milwaukee  May 
27,  1844,  a  daughter  of  Philander  and 
Mary  (Brackett)  Wright.  On  the  30th  of 
October,  1880,  she  was  married  to  Theodore 
L.  Sewall,  who  died  in  1895. 

REV.  LEWIS  BROWN,  rector  of  St.  Paul's 
Episcopal  Church  at  Indianapolis,  has 
been  active  in  the  ministry  of  his  church 
more  than  thirty  years.  His  work  has 
been  distinguished  by  a  high  degree  of  con- 
structive efficiency  and  also  by  scholarship 
and  an  influence  by  no  means  confined  to 
his  own  church  and  parish. 

Doctor  Brown  was  born  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  June  4,  1855.  He  was  one  of  the 
five  children  of  David  Meeker  and  Lucy 
(Atwater)  Brown.  His  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  the  noted  Judge  Caleb  At- 


1680 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


water,  distinguished  as  an  archaeologist, 
educator,  and  historian.  Judge  Atwater 
was  author  of  the  first  comprehensive  his- 
tory of  Ohio,  and  was  also  known  as  the 
father  of  the  public  school  system  of  that 
state. 

Lewis  Brown  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  city,  attended  the 
classical  department  of  Ottawa  University 
in  Kansas,  and  then  after  his  father's  death 
entered  the  'banking  business  in  Cincinnati. 
He  finally  resumed  his  studies  in  prepa- 
ration for  the  ministry  at  Kenyon  Lollege, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Divinity,  and  later 
he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Phil- 
osophy from  the  Northern  College  of  Illi- 
nois. In  his  active  ministry  he  spent 
eleven  years  in  Cincinnati,  six  years  at 
Battle  Creek,  Michigan,  and  in  1900  be- 
came rector  of  St.  Paul 's  church  in  Indian- 
apolis. Doctor  Brown  is  independent  in 
politics  and  is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution  and  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  and  has  occupied  a  high 
place  in  Masonry.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Standing  Committee  of  the  Diocese 
of  Indianapolis  and  a  deputy  to  the  gen- 
eral conventions  of  the  church  in  this 
country. 

ROBERT  GEDDES,  vice  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  wholesale  drygoods  firm 
of  Havens  &  Geddes  Company,  of  Indian- 
apolis, is  one  of  the  oldest  active  business 
men  in  Indiana,  with  a  continuous  record 
as  a  salesman  and  merchant  of  more  than 
half  a  century.  For  many  years  his  home 
and  business  headquarters  were  at  Terre 
Haute. 

The  immediate  occasion  of  Mr.  Geddes' 
entrance  into  the  commercial  field  was  one 
of  those  circumstances  that  so  often  affect 
and  change  the  destinies  of  men.  In  the 
summer  of  1865,  then  a  young  man  of 
twenty-one,  Mr.  Geddes  was  working  hard 
to  raise  a  crop  on  the  homestead  farm  west 
of  Terre  Haute  in  Illinois.  In  Avigust  of 
that  year  came  an  unprecedented  period 
of  cold,  followed  by  a  frost  which  blighted 
vegetation  and  spread  ruin  and  discour- 
agement among  all  the  farmers  of  that 
section.  There  was  no  immediate  remedy 
for  the  heavy  loss,  and  to  the  Geddes  fam- 
ily it  came  as  a  real  calamity. 

Robert  Geddes  lost  little  time  in  bewail- 
ing his  misfortune,  and  in  September  of 


the  same  year  went  to  work  as  a  salesman 
for  the  wholesale  dry  goods  house  of  Jef- 
fers  &  Miller  at  Terre  Haute.  From  that 
day  to  this  the  dry  goods  trade  has  ab- 
sorbed the  best  of  his  time  and  energies. 

Mr.  Geddes  is  a  native  of  Illinois,  born 
about  forty  miles  west  of  Terre  Haute  on 
December  24,  1844.  His  grandfather,  John 
Geddes,  was  a  Scotchman  and  came  to 
America  from  the  city  of  Edinburgh.  The 
father  of  the  Indianapolis  merchant  was 
James  R.  Geddes,  a  farmer  and  stockraiser 
and  later  a  merchant  at  Casey,  Illinois. 
Robert  Geddes,  the  oldest  son  among  seven 
children,  was  very  young  when  brought 
face  to  face  with  the  heavy  responsibilities 
of  life,  and  before  he  was  fifteen,  owing 
to  the  death  of  his  father,  was  taking  his 
part  with  his  mother  in  managing  the 
home  farm.  He  lived  in  his  native  county 
until  he  was  eighteen,  attending  the  com- 
mon schools  and  also  a  college  at  Marshall 
in  Clark  County,  Illinois.  Before  he  was 
eighteen  he  was  teaching,  and  he  spent 
two  years  in  the  graded  schools  of  Casey. 

The  organization  of  Jeffers  &  Miller  at 
Terre  Haute,  with  which  he  became  con- 
nected as  a  salesman  in  1865,  was  one  of 
the  notable  business  firms  of  that  city. 
Its  senior  proprietor,  U.  R.  Jeffers,  made 
a  fortune  as  a  merchant  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  was  the  pioneer  in 
developing  the  notion  trade  and  stocked  a 
number  of  large  covered  wagons  with 
goods  which  he  sold  throughout  a  large 
territory.  For  nine  years  Mr.  Geddes  re- 
mained on  the  staff  of  salesmen  of  the 
firm.  Then,  on  January  1,  1874,  he  and 
Elisha  Havens  bought  the  business  of  Jef- 
fers &  Miller  and  re-established  it  under 
the  name  Havens  &  Geddes.  They  were 
worthy  successors  of  the  old  firm  and 
rapidly  developed  a  large  jobbing  trade 
with  connections  throughout  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  The  firm,  continued  in  business 
at  Terre  H,aute  until  a  fire  in  December, 
1898,  destroyed  the  wholesale  and  retail 
plants,  which  were  located  at  the  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Wabash  avenue.  After  that 
they  traded  their  ground  interest  for  the 
wholesale  house  of  D.  P.  Irwin  &  Com- 
pany on  South  Meridian  Street  in  Indian- 
apolis. On  February  6.  1899,  the  Indian- 
apolis house  of  Havens  &  Geddes  Company 
began  business,  and  for  nearly  twenty 
years  it  has  occupied  a  place  of  prominence 
in  the  Indianapolis  wholesale  district. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1681 


While  living  at  Terre  Haute  Mr.  Geddes 
helped  organize  the  first  Board  of  Trade, 
was  its  first  president  and  for  a  number  of 
years  a  director.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Columbia  and  Country  clubs,  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  the  Woodstock  Club,  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  in  politics  is 
a  republican. 

December  19,  1878,  he  married  Miss  Ger- 
trude Parker.  They  have  three  children, 
Robert  Parker,  Felix  R.  and  R.  Went- 
worth.  The  youngest  died  at  the  age  of 
four  years.  The  other  sons  are  both  iden- 
tified with  the  business  house  of  their 
father,  and  Felix  was  a  member  of  the 
State  Legislature  of  1917. 

JOSEPH  ALLERDICE  has  been  a  figure  in 
the  commercial  history  of  Indianapolis  and 
Indiana  for  over  forty  years.  Largely 
through  him  the  Indianapolis  Abattoir 
Company  was  established,  and  his  efforts 
and  those  of  the  associates  whom  he  called 
to  his  assistance  developed  and  made  that 
business  prosper  for  thirty-five  years. 

Born  in  Glammis,  Forfarshire,  Scotland, 
June  4,  1846,  he  is  a  son  of  William  and 
Esther  M.  (McDonald)  Allerdice,  being 
one  of  their  nine  children,  six  still  living. 
His  father  was  a  tanner,  and  it  was  in  the 
leather  business  that  Joseph  Allerdice  had 
his  first  experience,  and  he  was  in  the  hide 
business  some  years  after  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis. 

In  the  latter  part  of  June,  1852,  when 
he  was  six  years  of  age,  he  and  his  parents 
sailed  from  Glasgow  for  New  York  in  the 
ship  George  Washington,  reaching  New 
York  after  a  voyage  of  forty-two  days. 
After  living  in  Lansingburg,  New  York, 
with  his  parents  for  about  five  years,  the 
family  moved  to  Saratoga  County,  New 
York. 

In  1863  Joseph  Allerdice  left  home  and 
accepted  a  position  with  a  leather  and 
findings  store  in  Saratoga.  He  remained 
there  about  two  years,  then  removed  to 
Toledo,  Ohio,  where  he  worked  in  a  leather 
store  about  three  years,  and  then  entered 
the  hide  business  on  his  own  account.  On 
December  23,  1869,  he  married  Miss  Mar- 
tha A.  McEnally,  who  was  a  school  teacher 
of  Indianapolis,  having  gone  there  from 
Clyde,  Ohio. 

In  1874  Mr.  Allerdice  came  to  Indian- 
apolis and  engaged  in  the  hide  business. 
In  1882  he  and  the  late  Edmund  Mooney 


and  the  latter 's  brother,  Thomas  Mooney, 
organized  the  Indianapolis  Abattoir  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Allerdice  was  elected  its  pres- 
ident and  general  manager  and  continued 
to  hold  that  office  until  May  20,  1917,  for 
a  period  of  about  thirty-five  years.  He 
retired  on  account  of  ill  health.  In  the 
meantime  the  business  had  a  remarkable 
growth.  During  1882-83  it  employed  about 
fifteen  men,  while  in  1917  it  is  one  of  the 
largest  concerns  of  its  kind  in  Indiana  and 
employs  about  600  men. 

SAMUEL  0.  PICKENS.  A  member  of  the 
Indiana  bar  forty-four  years,  Samuel  O. 
Pickens  has  practiced  law  at  Indianapolis 
for  over  thirty  of  these  years,  and  his  long 
and  honorable  connection  with  the  law 
and  with  the  civic  life  of  his  home  com- 
munity and  state  makes  his  record  note- 
worthy among  Indianans. 

He  was  born  in  Owen  County,  Indiana, 
April  26,  1846,  a  son  of  Samuel  and  Eliza 
(Baldon)  Pickens,  both  natives  of  Ken- 
tucky. His  father  was  a  farmer.  Samuel 
0.  Pickens  grew  up  on  a  farm,  attended 
the  common  schools  of  Owen  County  and 
the  Academy  at  Spencer,  and  studied  in 
the  Indiana  State  University,  graduating 
LL.  B.  in  1873.  He  at  once  opened  his 
office  in  Spencer.  He  was  twice  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Fifteenth  Ju- 
dicial Circuit,  composed  of  Morgan,  Owen 
and  Green  counties,  holding  the  office 
from  1877  to  1881. 

In  November,  1886,  Mr.  Pickens  became 
a  resident  of  Indianapolis,  and  has  de- 
voted himself  to  the  practice  of  law  and 
to  several  benevolent  institutions  reflecting 
the  religious  and  moral  enlightenment  of 
the  city  and  state.  He  is  senior  member 
of  the  law  firm  Pickens,  Moores,  Davidson 
and  Pickens. 

Mr.  Pickens  has  served  as  chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Crawford 
Baptist  School  of  Zionsville,  Indiana,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  state  executive  commit- 
tee of  the  Indiana  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association.  Both  he  and  his  wife  are 
active  members  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church,  which  for  many  years  he  served 
as  trustee.  He  belongs  to  the  University 
and  Country  clubs.  Since  leaving  the  of- 
fice of  prosecuting  attorney  he  has  sought 
no  official  honors,  though  always  active  in 
behalf  of  the  democratic  organization. 

In  1872  Mr.  Pickens  married  Miss  Vir- 


1682 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ginia  Franklin,  daughter  of  Judge  Wil- 
liam M.  Franklin,  of  Spencer.  Five  chil- 
dren were  born  to  their  marriage:  Vir- 
ginia, deceased,  Rush  F.,  Mary,  Owen 
and  Marguerite.  The  son  Rush  is  a  civil 
engineer  at  Indianapolis,  while  Owen  is  a 
lawyer  and  junior  member  of  the  firm  of 
his  father. 

t 

MEBRITT  A.  POTTER  is  one  of  the  older 
active  business  men  of  Indianapolis,  and 
for  forty  years  has  been  identified  with 
E.  C.  Atkins  &  Company,  beginning  as  an 
employe  and  achieving  partnership  and 
executive"  responsibility  through  the  con- 
spicuous business  merits  he  possessed. 

Mr.  Potter  was  born  at  Clarkston,  Mich- 
igan, August  1,  1855,  a  son  of  Rev.  Aaron 
and  Frances  A.  (Shaw)  Potter.  His 
father  was  born  in  Waterford,  New  York, 
April  9,  1820,  was  liberally  educated,  at- 
tending Union  College  at  Schenectady  and 
the  Theological  School  at  Hamilton,  now 
a  department  of  Colgate  University.  In 
1851  he  married  Miss  Frances  A.  Shaw, 
who  was  born  at  Fort  Edward,  New  York, 
May  31,  1830.  In  the  same  year  they 
moved  to  Michigan,  where  he  entered  upon 
his  career  as  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church. 
Later  he  had  a  pastorate  at  Sheboygan,  ' 
Wisconsin,  and  finally  removed  to  Cham- 
paign, Illinois,  where  he  became  identified 
with  the  State  University  at  its  opening. 
He  died  in  1873.  Both  he  and  his  wife 
were  cultured  and  highly  educated  people, 
and  were  greatly  loved  for  their  nobility 
and  integrity  of  character.  They  had  a 
family  of  eight  children. 

Merritt  A.  Potter  received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin,  and  the 
University  of  Illinois.  His  business  career 
began  very  early,  when  only  fourteen  years 
of  age.  For  several  years  he  was  book- 
keeper in  a  dry  goods  store,  and  in  1873 
was  made  a  traveling  salesman  for  a  paper 
house  and  blank  book  concern.  Mr.  Pot- 
ter came  to  Indianapolis  in  1874,  was  a 
teacher  during  the  winter  of  1874-75,  and 
then  for  a  time  clerked  in  a  local  carpet 
house. 

In  the  fall  of  1878  he  entered  the  service 
of  E.  C.  Atkins  &  Company,  won  a  part- 
nership in  the  business  in  1881,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-six,  and  since  1885  has  been 
treasurer  of  the  company.  The  years  have 
been  devoted  to  business  affairs  and  with 
well  earned  success.  Mr.  Potter  is  a  mem- 


ber of  the  Woodstock  Club,  the  Contempo- 
rary Club,  the  Art  Association,  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  and  the  Board  of  Trade,  the 
First  Baptist  Church  and  in  politics  is  a 
republican.  On  October  17,  1881,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Dora  A.  Butterfield.  She  was 
born  at  LaPorte,  Indiana,  December  15, 
1858,  and  died  June  26,  1890.  The  three 
children  of  this  marriage  are:  Helen 
Frances,  who  died  October  3,  1918 ;  Justin 
Albert,  who  married  Alice  Buckmaster,  of 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  they 
have  one  child,  Grace  Frances;  and  Laura 
Agnes,  who  died  November  29,  1918,  was 
the  wife  of  Leslie  A.  Perry,  a  native  of 
Athol,  Massachusetts.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Perry 
were  the  parents  of  one  child,  Daura  Helen. 
June  29,  1909,  Mr.  Potter  married  Miss 
Mary  Katharine  Stiemmel,  a  native  of  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio.  Mrs.  Potter  is  treasurer  of 
the  Indianapolis  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association,  is  Regent  of  Caroline  Scott 
Harrison  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  and  Miss  Helen  Frances 
Potter  was  also  a  member  of  the  same  or- 
ganization. 

HENRY  W.  BENNETT  since  1877,  a  period 
of  forty  years,  has  occupied  a  conspicuous 
position  in  the  business  administration  and 
the  civic  and  political  life  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  August 
26,  1858,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  early  youth  entered  the  es- 
tablishment of  D.  Root  &  Company,  with 
which  his  father  was  identified.  This  man- 
ufacturing firm  was  succeeded  by  the  In- 
dianapolis Stove  Company,  organized  and 
incorporated  in  1877.  Henry  W.  Bennett, 
then  only  nineteen  years  of  age,  became 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  company. 
With  the  passing  years  this  company  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  manufacturing  in- 
dustries of  its  kind  in  the  United  States, 
with  an  output  distributed  to  practically 
every  section  of  the  Union.  The  success 
and  development  of  the  company  was  in 
no  small  degree  due  to  the  initiative  and 
progressive  ideas  of  Mr.  Bennett. 

Having  laid  the  foundation  of  a  success- 
ful business  career  Mr.  Bennett  manifested 
that  tendency  so  wholesome  in  America  to 
make  his  influence  felt  in  civic  and  politi- 
cal life.  He  has  been  an  active  leader  in 
the  republican  party  of  Indiana  since 
1890,  and  from  1898  to  1906  was  treasurer 
of  the  Indiana  Republican  State  Central 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1683 


Committee.  While  his  position  and  influ- 
ence have  always  made  him  something  of 
a  public  character,  his  chief  official  dis- 
tinction was  as  postmaster  of  Indianapolis. 
He  was  appointed  postmaster  January  25, 
1905,  upon  the  recommendation  of  Senator 
Beveridge.  He  administered  the  postmas- 
tership  until  May  15,  1908.  During  his 
term  the  handsome  Federal  building  of  In- 
dianapolis was  completed  and  occupied. 

Mr.  Bennett  resigned  from  the  Jocal 
postoffice  in  order  to  devote  himself  unre- 
servedly to  the  affairs  of  the  State  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  Indianapolis,  of 
which  he  had  been  elected  president  in 
1907.  This  is  one  of  the  strongest  and 
best  supported  life  insurance  organizations 
in  Indiana,  and  for  ten  years  its  affairs 
have  been  ably  directed  by  Mr.  Bennett. 

October  8,  1890,  he  married  Miss  Ariana 
Holliday.  She  was  born  and  reared  in  In- 
dianapolis, daughter  of  William  J.  and 
Lucy  (Redd)  Holliday.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Bennett  have  two  children,  Edward 
Jacquelin  and  Louise. 

JOHN  FRANCIS  SERAMUR,  vice  president 
and  manager  of  the  Stein-Canaday  Com- 
pany, largest  and  best  known  furniture 
house  in  Anderson,  is  an  expert  in  the  fur- 
niture trade  and  manufacturing  circles, 
having  learned  the  business  in  all  its  details 
when  a  youth.  Mr.  Seramur  has  a  position 
as  a  business  man  in  Indiana  which  is  well 
reflected  in  the  fact  that  he  was  elected 
first  vice  president  of  the  Indiana  Retail 
Furniture  Dealers'  Association  in  the  La- 
fayette Convention  in  June,  1917,  while 
on  June  4,  1918,  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  association. 

Mr.  Seramur  was  born  at  Fayetteville, 
Ohio.  July  23,  1884.  His  parents,  John  W. 
and  Margaret  (Meighan)  Seramur,  are  now 
living  retired  on  their  old  homestead  farm. 
Mr.  Seramur  is  of  French  and  Irish  stock, 
and  the  family  has  been  in  America  at  least 
three  generations.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  graduated  with  honors 
from  the  Fayetteville  High  School. 

His  first  work  was  a  job  in  the  shipping 
room  of  Steinman  &  Myers,  furniture 
manufacturers  of  Cincinnati.  He  worked 
for  them  four  years,  and  neglected  no  op- 
portunity to  acquire  a  definite  and  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  furniture  manufactur- 
ing in  every  department.  He  then  became 
shipping  clerk  for  P.  Dine  &  Company  of 


Cincinnati,  and  was  subsequently  promoted 
to  salesman  and  for  nine  years  managed 
the  business. 

On  leaving  Cincinnati  Mr.  Seramur 
moved  to  Hartford  City,  Indiana,  and  for 
two  years  had  charge  of  the  furniture  de- 
partment of  A.  A.  Weiler  &  Company.  In 
1914  he  came  to  Anderson  as  manager  of 
the  Stein-Canaday  Company,  and  three 
years  later,  on  January  1,  1918,  was  also 
elected  vice  president  of  the  company. 
This  company  handles  the  best  grades  of 
furniture  and  is  one  of  the  leading  houses 
of  its  kind  in  eastern  Indiana. 

In  1906  Mr.  Seramur  married  Bertha 
Bomkamp,  daughter  of  Augustus  and 
Mary  (Neimeyer)  Bomkamp,  of  Cincinnati. 
They  are  the  parents  of  six  children,  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  Mr.  Seramur  is 
affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks,  the  Knights  of  Colum- 
bus, the  Rotary  Club  and  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association,  and  he  and  his  fam- 
ily worship  in  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church. 

JAMES  WHITCOMB  RILEY.  The  loved 
"Hoosier  Poet,"  James  Whitcomb  Riley, 
was  a  native  Indianan  and  Indiana  contin- 
ued his  home,  its  capital  city  claiming  him 
among  her  celebrated  residents.  He  was 
born  at  Greenfield  in  1853,  a  son  of  Reuben 
A.  and  Elizabeth  Riley.  As  early  as  1873 
Mr.  Riley  began  contributing  poems  to 
Indiana  papers,  and  his  facile  pen  since 
gave  to  the  world  many  contributions. 
Much  of  his  verse  is  in  the  Hoosier  dialect. 
Mr.  Riley  held  the  Honorary  A.  M.  de- 
gree from  Yale,  1902,  the  Litt.  D.,  degree, 
Wabash  College,  1903,  and  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  1904,  and  the  LL.  D.  de- 
gree, Indiana  University,  1907.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Letters. 

HOWARD  SHAW  RUDDY,  editor,  was  born 
August  22,  1856,  at  Bridgeport,  in  Law- 
rence County,  Illinois,  just  across  the 
Wabash  from  Vincennes,  Indiana.  His 
early  education  was  in  the  public  schools 
of  Lawrenceville  in  the  same  county.  He 
is  a  son  of  Matthew  Ruddy,  an  Irish  im- 
migrant farmer,  and  Elizabeth  Ann 
(Wheat)  Ruddy.  He  went  to  Vincennes 
in  1870,  and  was  successively  newspaper 
carrier,  chair  factory  .worker,  grocery 
clerk,  and  billposter.  In  the  latter  work 
he  made  many  valuable  friends  among  the 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1683 


Committee.  "While  his  position  and  influ- 
ence have  always  made  him  something  of 
a  public  character,  his  chief  official  dis- 
tinction was  as  postmaster  of  Indianapolis. 
He  was  appointed  postmaster  January  25, 
1905.  upon  the  recommendation  of  Senator 
Beveridge.  He  administered  the  postmas- 
tership  until  -May  15.  1908.  During  his 
term  the  handsome  Federal  building  of  In- 
dianapolis was  completed  and  occupied. 

Mr.  Bennett  resigned  from  the  Jocal 
post  office  in  order  to  devote  himself  unre- 
servedly to  the  affairs  of  the  State  Life 
Insurance  Company  of  Indianapolis,  of 
which  he  had  been  elected  president  in 
1907.  This  is  one  of  the  strongest  and 
best  supported  life  insurance  organizations 
in  Indiana,  and  for  ten  years  its  affairs 
have  been  ably  directed  by  Mr.  Bennett. 

October  8.  1890.  he  married  Miss  Ariana 
Holliday.  She  was  born  and  reared  in  In- 
dianapolis, daughter  of  William  J.  and 
Lucy  (Redd)  Ilolliday.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Bennett  have  two  children.  Edward 
Jaccjuclin  and  Louise. 

JOHN  FRANCIS  SKRAMPR,  vice  president 
juid  manager  of  the  Stein-Canaday  Com- 
pany, largest  and  best  known  furniture 
house  in  Anderson,  is  an  expert  in  the  fur- 
niture trade  and  manufacturing  circles, 
having  learned  the  business  in  all  its  details 
when  a  youth.  Mr.  Seramur  has  a  position 
as  a  business  man  in  Indiana  which  is  well 
reflected  in  tin-  fact  that  he  was  elected 
first  vice  president  of  the  Indiana  Retail 
Furniture  Dealers'  Association  in  the  La- 
fayette Convention  in  June.  1917,  while 
on  June  4.  1918.  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  association. 

Mr.  Seramur  was  born  at  Favettcville, 
Ohio.  July  23,  1884.  Ills  parents',  John  W. 
and  .Margaret  ( Meighan )  Seramur,  are  now 
living  retired  on  their  old  homestead  farm. 
Mr.  Seramur  is  of  French  and  Irish  stock, 
and  the  family  has  been  in  America  at  least 
three  generations.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  graduated  with  honors 
from  the  Fayetteville  High  School. 

His  first  work  was  a  job  in  the  shipping 
room  of  Steinman  &  Myers,  furniture 
manufacturers  of  Cincinnati.  He  worked 
for  them  four  years,  and  neglected  no  op- 
portunity to  acquire  a  definite  and  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  furniture  manufactur- 
ing in  every  department.  He  then  became 
shipping  clerk  for  P.  Dine  &  Company  of 


Cincinnati,  and  was  subsequently  promoted 
to  salesman  and  for  nine  years  managed 
the  business. 

On  leaving  Cincinnati  Mr.  Seramur 
moved  to  Hartford  City.  Indiana,  ami  for 
two  years  had  charge  of  the  furniture  de- 
partment of  A.  A.  Weileff  &  Company.  In 
1914  he  came  to  Anderson  as  manager  of 
the  Stein-Canaday  Company,  and  three 
years  later,  on  January  1,  1918,  was  also 
elected  vice  president  of  the  company. 
This  company  handles  the  best  grades  of 
furniture  and  is  one  of  the  leading  houses 
of  its  kind  in  eastern  Indiana. 

In  1906  Mr.  Seramur  married  Bertha 
Bomkamp.  daughter  of  Augustus  and 
Mary  (Ncimeyer)  Bomkamp,  of  Cincinnati. 
They  are  the  parents  of  six  children,  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  Mr.  Seramur  is 
affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks,  the  Knights  of  Colum- 
bus, the  Rotary  Club  and  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association,  and  he  and  his  fam- 
ily worship  in  St.  Mary's  Catholic  Church. 

JAMES  WIIITCOJIB  RILEY.  The  loved 
"Iloosier  Poet,"  James  Whiteomh  Riley. 
was  a  native  Indianan  and  Indiana  contin- 
ued his  home,  its  capital  city  claiming  him 
among  her  celebrated  residents.  He  was 
born  at  Greenfield  in  185:{.  a  son  of  Reuben 
A.  and  Eli/abeth  Riley.  As  early  as  1S73 
Mr.  Riley  began  contributing  poems  to 
Indiana  papers,  and  his  facile  pen  since 
gave  to  the  world  many  contributions. 
Much  of  his  verse  is  in  the  Iloosier  dialect. 
Mr.  Riley  held  the  Honorary  A.  M.  de- 
gree from  Yale,  1902.  the  Lit't. 

1903,  and  the 

1904.  and  the 


"\Vabash  College, 
of  Pennsvlvania, 


gree,  Indiana  University.  1907. 
member  of  the  American  Academy 
and  Letters. 


D.,  degree. 
1'niversitv 
LL.  D.  de- 
He  was  a 

of  Arts 


HOWARD  SHAW  Rrnnv,  editor,  was  born 
August  22,  1856.  at  Bridgeport,  in  Law- 
rence County,  Illinois,  just  across  the 
\Vabash  from  Vincennes.  Indiana.  His 
early  education  was  in  the  public  schools 
of  Lawrcnceville  in  the  same  county.  He 
is  a  son  of  Matthew  Ruddy,  an  Irish  im- 
migrant farmer,  and  Eli/abeth  Ann 
(Wfce«t)  Ruddy.  He  went  to  Vincennes 
in  1870,  and  was  successively  newspaper 
carrier,  chair  factory  worker,  grocery 
clerk,  and  billposter.  In  the  latter  work 
he  made  many  valuable  friends  among  the 


1684 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


business  section  of  the  theatrical  profes- 
sion in  the  '70s. 

Mr.  Ruddy  began  newspaper  work  in 
1876,  and  was  city  editor  of  the  Vincennes 
Sun  from  1878  to  1888,  during  which  time 
he  developed  an  interest  in  Indiana  his- 
tory that  still  abides.  He  made  a  depar- 
ture in  journalism  by  preparing  a  chro- 
nological record  of  the  year  1878,  which 
was  published  in  the  Western  Sun  Almanac 
and  Local  Register  of  1879,  and  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  Maj.  Orlando 
Jay  Smith,  one  of  the  notable  Indiana  edi- 
tors. Smith  was  born  near  Terre  Haute, 
June  14,  1842.  He  graduated  at  DePauw, 
enlisted  in  the  Sixteenth  Indiana  Regiment 
in  1861  and  served  during  the  war,  after 
which  he  was  successively  editor  of  the 
Mail,  Gazette  and  Express  at  Terre  Haute. 
From  there  he  went  to  New  York  City, 
where  he  founded  the  American  Press  As- 
sociation, of  which  he  was  president  after 
1881.  He  introduced  the  chronological 
record  into  his  press  plate  matter,  and 
gave  it  its  widespread  popularity. 

Mr.  Ruddy  went  east  in  1889,  locating 
at  Rochester,  New  York,  where  he  was 
employed  as  exchange  editor  on  the  Roch- 
ester Herald.  In  1893  he  was  given  the 
literary  department,  which  he  continues  to 
hold.  In  1905  he  was  appointed  and  con- 
tinues to  fill  the  position  of  associate  edi- 
tor. He  also  edited  a  volume,  ' '  Book  Lov- 
ers'  Verse"  in  1899.  One  evening  while 
calling  at  Mr.  Ruddy's  Rochester  home, 
Mr.  Lee  Burns — then  with  the  Bobbs- 
Merrill  Company — mentioned  the  desire  of 
the  house  for  a  new  romance.  Mr.  Ruddy 
handed  him  Law's  History  of  Vincennes, 
and  suggested  a  novel  based  on  it.  Mr. 
Burns  was  interested,  and  a  discussion  of 
the  possibilities  ensued.  The  idea  was  pre- 
sented to  the  house,  which  promptly  in- 
dorsed it,  and  after  consideration  proposed 
to  Maurice  Thompson  to  write  it. 

Mr.  Thompson,  who  at  the  time  was  in 
Florida,  had  just  finished  his  "Stories  of 
Indiana"  for  the  American  Book  Com- 
pany, and  accepted  the  proposition  with 
enthusiasm.  The  contract  was  soon  closed, 
and  the  result  was  "Alice  of  Old  Vin- 
cennes." Mr.  Ruddy  was  advised  of  the 
success  of  the  project,  and  made  several 
suggestions  for  the  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject, particularly  giving  belated  justice  to 
Francis  Vigo.  In  recognition  of  his  serv- 
ices the  heroine  was  named  for  his  wife, 


Alice  (Gosnell)  Ruddy,  whom  he  married 
at  Lawrenceville,  February  14,  1877.  She 
is  a  daughter  of  Allen  C.  and  Mary  I.  Gos- 
nell, long  since  deceased.  The  only  fruits 
of  this  union  was  a  daughter,  Wanda  Alice, 
born  May  8,  1886,  now  Mrs.  Chester  A. 
Haak. 

CHARLES  F.  KOEHLER  is  a  well  known 
Indianapolis  merchant  whose  career  has 
been  out  of  the  ordinary,  both  with  respect 
to  its  experiences  and  its  accomplishments. 

He  was  born  in  Saxony,  Germany,  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1871,  son  of  Charles  F.  and  Car- 
oline (Wirrgang)  Koehler.  In  the -old 
country  his  father  was  a  miller.  In  1885, 
when  Charles  F.,  Jr.,  was  fourteen  years 
old,  the  family  came  to  America  and  lo- 
cated at  Indianapolis.  Here  the  father 
learned  the  trade  of  carpenter,  and  he  con- 
tinued to  follow  that  vocation  as  long  as 
he  was  physically  able.  He  is  still  living 
in  Indianapolis.  His  wife  died  here  in 
1908. 

The  second  in  a  family  of  ten  children, 
Charles  F.  Koehler  had  a  common  school 
education  during  his  life  in  Germany. 
When  the  family  came  to  Indianapolis 
they  were  in  humble  circumstances  and 
Charles  had  to  assume  some  of  the  respon- 
sibilities of  providing  for  his  own  way  and 
keeping  the  household  in  food  and  cloth- 
ing. The  day  after  his  arrival  in  the  city 
he  was  sent  into  the  country  and  secured 
employment  on  a  farm  for  a  man  named 
Lucas.  This  farm  where  he  had  his  pre- 
liminary labor  experience  in  America  is 
located  on  the  Churchman  Pike.  This  and 
other  work  busied  him  for  two  years,  and 
then  came  the  opportunity  which  he  made 
the  opening  for  his  real  life  work. 

Mr.  Koehler  was  put  on  the  payroll  of 
the  Queiser  Grocery  House  on  Virginia 
Avenue  as  delivery  boy  and  clerk.  There 
was  nothing  about  the  store  in  form  of 
work  which  did  not  come  within  the  scope 
of  his  experience  and  his  assignment  dur- 
ing the  next  few  months.  But  busy  as  he 
was  in  the  day  he  helped  to  improve  his 
education  by  attending  a  night  school. 

Thirty  years  ago  Mr.  Koehler  with  his 
brother  William  opened  the  store  at  2122 
East  Tenth  Street,  and  in  that  locality  he 
has  been  ever  since.  His  entire  personal 
capital  at  the  beginning  was  only  six  dol- 
lars. Having  ability  and  some  friends  he 
borrowed  two  hundred  dollars,  and  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1685 


was  the  foundation  of  a  rapidly  increasing 
enterprise  which  was  soon  more  than  pay- 
ing its  own  way  and  giving  the  brothers 
opportunity  to  discount  their  bills.  They 
continued  the  partnership  twenty-two 
years,  when  William  withdrew.  Since 
then  Mr.  C.  F.  Koehler  has  continued  busi- 
ness alone  and  has  a  large  and  well 
equipped  grocery  store  and  meat  market. 
His  success  is  due  to  the  application  of 
fundamental  business  principles  and  eth- 
ics, and  it  stands  out  the  more  remarkable 
because  at  the  start  he  was  little  more 
than  a  green  German  boy  without  even 
the  ability  to  express  himself  in  the  Eng- 
lish language. 

In  1900  Mr.  Koehler  married  Miss  Con- 
stance Grauel,  who  was  'born  in  Wisconsin, 
daughter  of  Julius  Grauel.  They  have 
four  young  sons,  Arthur,  Carl,  Herbert  and 
Harold.  Mr.  Koehler  and  wife  are  active 
members  of  the  Butler  Memorial  Reformed 
Church.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Grocers 
Association,  and  fraternally  he  has  affilia- 
tions with  Brookside  Lodge  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  with  Lodge  No.  18  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  A 
few  years  ago  Mr.  Koehler  bought  a  farm 
of  eighteen  acres  near  the  city  on  Pendle- 
ton  Pike,  and  this  is  the  summer  home  of 
the  family.  Mr.  Koehler  is  extremely 
loyal  to  the  land  of  his  adoption,  where  his 
opportunities  developed  themselves,  and 
recently  he  has  responded  generously  to 
the  cause  of  this  country's  prosperity  by 
investing  heavily  in  Liberty  Loan  Bonds 
and  Thrift  Stamps. 

JOHN  A.  SOLTAU  has  been  a  merchant 
and  business  man  of  Indianapolis  thirty- 
six  years.  He  is  one  of  those  fortunate 
men  who  as  they  reach  their  declining 
years  find  themselves  relieved  of  their 
heaviest  responsibilities  through  the  coop- 
eration of  their  sons.  Mr.  Soltau  has  five 
vigorous  sons,  all  good  business  men,  and 
handling  most  of  the  actual  work  of  the 
two  grocery  stores  of  which  he  is  proprie- 
tor, one  at  2133  East  Michigan  Street  and 
the  other  at  301  Sherman  Drive. 

Mr.  Soltau  was  born  in  Holstein,  Ger- 
many, November  17,  1847,  son  of  Jergen 
and  Rebecca  (Schumacher)  Soltau.  His 
grandfather  Soltau  was  a  native  of  France. 
Jergen  Soltau,  leaving  his  family  behind, 
came  to  America  in  1854  and  joined  an 
uncle  in  the  gold  fields  of  California.  After 


three  years  of  western  life  and  experience 
he  returned  to  the  middle  west  by  way  of 
the  Panama  Canal  and  then  as  a  pioneer 
penetrated  the  woods  and  prairies  of  Min- 
nesota, which  was  still  a  territory.  In  Le- 
Seuer  County  he  pre-empted  160  acres  of 
government  land.  After  getting  this  land 
and  making  some  provisions  for  their  com- 
fort he  had  his  wife  and  three  children 
come  on  in  1857.  They  embarked  on  the 
sailing  vessel  Bertrand,  and  after  twenty- 
eight  days  at  sea  landed  in  New  York. 
John  A.  Soltau  was  ten  years  old  when  he 
made  that  eventful  journey  to  the  New 
World.  Jergen  Soltau  developed  a  good 
farm  in  Minnesota  and  was  quite  active 
in  local  politics  in  LeSeuer  County  as  a  re- 
publican. A  few  years  before  his  death 
he  sold  his  Minnesota  property  and  came 
to  Indianapolis.  He  died  in  1895,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-five,  and  his  wife  passed 
away  in  1880*  aged  fifty-five.  They  had 
six  children :  John  A. ;  Henry,  who  resides 
in  Minnesota ;  Lena  Theis ;  Bertha,  wife  of 
A.  H.  Seebeck,  of  Redwood  Falls,  Minne- 
sota ;  George,  of  Minnesota ;  and  Peter  W., 
superintendent  of  Oakwood  Park,  Wa- 
wasee  Lake  at  Syracuse,  Indiana. 

John  A.  Sollau  after  coming  to  America 
spent  most  of  his  time  working  with  his 
father  on  the  pioneer  Minnesota  home- 
stead, and  consequently  his  school  days 
were  limited.  In  1868,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  he  went  to  St.  Paul,  learned 
the  carpenter's  trade  and  worked  at  it  dil- 
igently until  1871. 

Mr.  Soltau  has  been  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis since  1871,  and  his  first  employment 
here  was  as  foreman  for  the  building  con- 
tractor Conrad  Bender.  He  was  a  good 
workman,  was  also  thrifty  and  looked 
ahead  to  the  future,  and  about  ten  years 
after  coming  to  this  city  he  used  his  capi- 
tal to  open  his  first  grocery  store  at  David- 
son and  Ohio  streets.  That  was  his  place 
of  business  for  thirty  consecutive  years. 
He  closed  out  his  store  there  and  became 
established  in  a  better  location  at  2133 
East  Michigan  Street,  and  subsequently 
opened  his  other  store  on  Sherman  Drive. 

Soon  after  coming  to  Indianapolis,  in 
1873,  Mr.  Soltau  married  Elizabeth  Koeh- 
ler, daughter  of  William  Koehler.  Mrs. 
Soltau  was  born  in  Indianapolis,  her  birth- 
place being  not  far  from  the  present  Union 
Station.  She  was  born  April  7,  1851.  Her 
father,  William  Koehler,  was  a  native  of 


1686 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Germany  and  for  a  number  of  years  con- 
ducted a  restaurant  in  the  old  Market 
House.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Soltau's  five  sons, 
all  associated  with  their  father  in  the  gro- 
cery business,  are  named  William,  Edward, 
John,  Garfield,  and  Benjamin. 

For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Soltau  took 
an  active  part  in  local  politics,  voting  and 
working  for  the  success  of  the  republican 
party.  Of  recent  years  he  has  been  a  pro- 
hibitionist. He  is  one  of  the  prominent 
members  of  the  Evangelical  Association 
Church  at  New  York  and  North  East 
streets,  has  served  twenty-five  years  as  a 
member  of  its  board  of  trustees,  and  was 
also  a  teacher  in  its  Sunday  school.  The 
Soltau  family  reside  at  604  Jefferson  Ave- 
nue. This  comfortable  home,  now  in  one 
of  the  attractive  residential  districts  of 
the  city,  was  when  built  at  the  very  edge 
of  the  city  and  surrounded  by  cornfields. 

CHARLES  C.  PERRY,  president  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Light  and  Heat  Company,  has 
an  interesting  personal  record.  His  father 
was  one  of  the  substantial  men  of  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  but  the  son  early  showed 
an  independence  and  self  reliance  which 
prompted  him  to  earn  his  own  spending 
money.  He  carried  a  city  newspaper 
route  while  attending  school,  worked  as  a 
messenger  boy  for  the  Pittsburg,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  and 
applied  all  his  spare  hours  to  the  diligent 
use  of  a  borrowed  telegraph  instrument 
and  mastered  telegraphy.  Once  on  the 
pay  roll  as  a  regular  operator,  he  showed 
a  skill  in  handling  the  key  and  also  an 
ability  to  take  increasing  responsibilities. 
He  was  eventually  made  manager  of  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  at 
Richmond,  a  position  he  filled  from  1880 
to  1884. 

Mr.  Perry  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1886 
to  represent  the  Jenny  Electric  Company, 
and  his  principal  field  of  business  activity 
has  always  been  with  something  connected 
with  electrical  or  public  utility  plants.  In 
1888  he  became  one  of  the  financiers  of  the 
Marmon-Perry  Light  Company,  and  in 
1892  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  Indianapolis  Light  &  Power  Company, 
which  since  1904  has  been  the  Indianapolis 
Light  &  Heat  Company.  Of  this  import- 
ant local  public  utility  Mr.  Perry  has  been 
president  and  treasurer  for  a  number  of 
years. 


He  was  born  at  Richmond  in  Wayne 
County  December  15,  1857.  His  father, 
Dr.  Joseph  James  Perry,  was  born  and 
reared  and  received  his  professional  edu- 
cation in  Somersetshire,  England,  where  the 
family  had  lived  for  many  generations.  He 
came  to  America  in  1840,  practiced  for  ten 
years  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  in  1850 
removed  to  Richmond,  Indiana,  which  was 
his  home  until  his  death  in  1872.  During 
the  Civil  war  he  was  appointed  a  surgeon 
of  the  Forty-second  United  States  Infantry 
in  1864  and  was  with  the  command  until 
mustered  out.  He  was  a  very  capable 
physician  and  surgeon  and  highly  honored 
citizen  of  Richmond.  He  was  prominent  in 
religious  affairs  and  was  founder  of  Grace 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Richmond 
and  filled  some  office  in  the  organization 
until  his  death.  His  second  wife  was  Miss 
Ruth  Moffitt,  who  was  born  at  Richmond  in 
1821.  Their  only  child  is  Charles  C.  Perry. 
The  latter  in  addition  to  the  advantages  of 
the  Richmond  public  schools  attended  Earl- 
ham  College  for  a  time.  Mr.  Perry  is  a 
republican  in  politics.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Commercial 
Club,  the  Columbia  Club  and  has  served 
as  a  trustee  of  the  Indianapolis  Young 
Woman's  Christian  Association.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Capitola  Adams,  daughter  of  T. 
J.  Adams,  of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Perry  is  a  patriotic  American,  and 
a  local  publication  recently  paid  him  honor 
in  its  columns  in  commenting  on  his  mil- 
itary work.  The  article  was  as  follows: 

"When  Company  C  of  the  Indiana  State 
Militia  was  organized  recently,  Charles  C. 
Perry,  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Light 
and  Heat  Company,  entered  the  ranks  as 
a  private  in  order  that  he  might  make  an 
indelible  impression  upon  the  minds  of  his 
associates  of  the  great  necessity  of  obtain- 
ing a  military  education,  especially  at  a 
time  when  this  country  is  an  epoch-mak- 
ing period. 

"Upon  being  asked,  at  a  meeting  last 
week,  why  a  man  engaged  actively  in  busi- 
ness and  with  pressing  duties  should  desire 
to  take  up  military  duty,  he  said:  'I'll  tell 
you,  I  am  60  years  old,  but  the  man  doesn't 
live  in  this  country,  if  he  is  every  inch 
an  American,  whose  blood  doesn't  boil  in 
these  days.  No  matter  his  age,  he  wants 
to  fight.  He  should  fight.  I  feel  too,  that 
no  man's  affairs  are  too  big,  too  important 
that  he  can  afford  to  stand  aside  when  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1687 


country  needs  him.  The  head  of  the  big- 
gest corporation  mustn't  shirk  responsibil- 
ity when  the  boys  under  him  aren't  trying 
to.'  " 

FRANK  D.  STALNAKER.  It  is  as  a  banker 
that  this  name  is  most  widely  known 
throughout  the  central  west.  Mr.  Stal- 
naker  is  now  president  of  the  Indiana  Na- 
tional Bank,  and  is  the  fourth  man  to 
succeed  to  the  responsibilities  of  that  office 
during  the  half  century  this  institution 
has  been  in  existence.  One  of  the  largest 
banks  in  the  central  west,  Mr.  Stalnaker's 
responsibilities  are  correspondingly  great, 
and  the  honor  is  befitting  one  who  has  been 
identified  with  local  banking  in  practically 
every  capacity  and  stage  of  service  from 
clerk  to  executive  head. 

Mr.  Stalnaker  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indiana  the  greater  part  of  his  life,  and 
his  mother  was  born  in  this  state.  His 
own  birth  occurred  at  Bloomfield,  Davis 
County,  Iowa,  December  31,  1859.  His 
father,  Lemuel  E.  Stalnaker,  was  born  at 
Parkersburg,  West  Virginia,  was  reared 
and  educated  in  that  state,  and  became 
a  pioneer  of  Iowa.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  engaged  in  business  as  contractor 
and  builder  at  Sioux  City,  and  then 
removed  to  Cambridge  City,  Indiana,  where 
as  superintendent  of  the  Car  Works  he 
remained  until  1879.  In  that  year  he 
brought  his  family  to  Indianapolis  and  was 
superintendent  of  the  old  Car  Works  on 
the  site  later  occupied  by  the  Atlas  Engine 
Works.  When  the  manufacture  of  cars 
was  abandoned  in  this  plant  he  removed  to 
Tennessee,  and  he  died  at  McMinnville  at 
the  age  of  sixty-eight.  He  married  at 
Sioux  City,  Iowa,  Miss  Martha  J.  Jamie- 
son.  After  his  death  she  returned  to  In- 
diana and  lived  at  Indianapolis  until  her 
death  at  the  age  of  sixty-five.  They  were 
the  parents  of  three  children :  Frank  D., 
William  E.  and  Olive,  who  married  Charles 
Faulkner. 

With  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  and  Cambridge 
City,  Indiana,  Frank  D.  Stalnaker  was 
twenty  years  old  when  he  came  with  the 
family  to  Indianapolis.  Here  he  completed 
a  course  in  a  business  college,  and  from 
that  went  into  clerkship  in  a  local  bank. 
It  is  evident  that  Mr.  Stalnaker  made  no 
mistake  in  his  choice  of  a  business  career. 
He  early  earned  the  confidence  of  his  sen- 


iors and  made  every  item  of  his  growing 
experience  a  factor  in  further  advance- 
ment. One  of  his  first  important  promo- 
tions in  the  banking  field  was  when  he  suc- 
ceeded William  Wallace  at  his  death  as  re- 
ceiver for  the  Fletcher  &  Sharpe  Bank. 
Though  a  comparatively  young  man,  he 
handled  the  affairs  of  this  institution  with 
such  ability  and  discrimination  that  when 
the  receivership  ended  in  1893  he  had  ac- 
complished all  that  could  have  been  ex- 
pected and  as  a  result  was  in  a  position 
to  connect  himself  with  still  higher  honors 
and  responsibilities.  After  that  he  was 
actively  connected  with  other  local  banks 
until  June,  1906,  when  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  old  Capital  National  Bank. 
Then  a  few  years  ago  he  succeeded  the 
venerable  Volney  T.  Malott  as  president 
of  the  Indiana  National  Bank,  a  position 
which  in  itself  is  one  of  the  highest  honors 
to  which  a  financier  could  attain. 

Along  with  banking  Mr.  Stalnaker  has 
over  thirty  years  been  a  factor  in  other 
commercial  affairs  in  Indianapolis.  In 
1885,  at  the  age  of  twenty-six,  he  became 
associated  with  James  W.  Lilly  under  the 
name  Lilly  and  Stalnaker  in  the  hardware 
business.  Beginning  as  a  modest  enter- 
prise, the  two  partners  carried  it  forward 
until  it  came  to  rank  as  one  of  the  leading 
wholesale  and  retail  hardware  houses  of 
the  state. 

Outside  of  his  private  business  affairs 
Mr.  Stalnaker  has  been  a  willing  coworker 
in  many  of  those  movements  and  organiza- 
tions which  have  created  the  Greater  In- 
dianapolis. He  has  served  as  president  of 
the  Merchants  Association,  for  two  years 
was  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Board 
of  Trade  and  the  Board  of  Trade  Build- 
ing was  completed  during  his  administra- 
tion, was  one  of  the  first  Board  of  Direc- 
tors of  the  Commercial  Club,  was  secretary 
for  two  years  and  in  1903  president  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  and  has  membership  in 
the  University  Club  and  the  Country  Club. 
He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason,  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and 
for  many  years  has  been  a  leader  in  the 
republican  party  in  the  state.  At  one 
time  he  was  treasurer  of  the  Republican 
State  Central  Committee.  Mr.  Stalnaker 
married  October  8,  1890,  Miss  Maude  Hill, 
who  died  in  1910.  She  was  a  native  of 
Indianapolis,  but  was  reared  in  Milwaukee 
and  Chicago.  Her  father,  James  B.  Hill, 


1688 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  at  one  time  general  freight  agent  for 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroads  west  of  Pitts- 
burg.  Mr.  Stalnaker  has  one  daughter, 
by  that  marriage,  Marjorie.  On  August 
25,  1914,  he  married  Mrs.  Cecilia  Mausun 
Wulsin. 

ANDREW  SMITH.  As  the  happiest  na- 
tions are  those  shorn  of  annals,  so  perhaps 
the  individuals  are  those  whose  lives  pre- 
sent none  of  the  abnormal  eventfulness  and 
experience  which  is  found  in  works  of  fic- 
tion. Uneventfulness  has  perhaps  no  di- 
rect or  vital  connection  with  real  substan- 
tial achievement,  as  the  career  of  Mr.  An- 
drew Smith  of  Indianapolis  abundantly 
proves. 

Mr.  Smith  has  spent  all  his  life  in  In- 
dianapolis and  is  a  son  of  Andrew  Smith, 
Sr.,  who  came  from  near  Belfast,  Ireland, 
to  the  United  States.  He  was  of  Scotch 
parentage.  Andrew  Smith,  Sr.,  located  at 
Indianapolis,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
locomotive  engineers  on  the  I.  &  C.  Rail- 
road. In  1865  he  transferred  his  service 
to  the  Indianapolis,  Peru  and  Chicago 
Railroad,  and  remained  faithful,  compe- 
tent and  diligent  in  its  service  until  his 
death  in  1893.  Andrew  Smith,  Sr.,  is  re- 
membered as  a  man  of  practical  education 
and  particularly  for  his  great  love  of 
Scotch  poetry.  He  knew  Bobby  Burns  al- 
most by  heart,  and  could  recite  that  fa- 
mous bard's  works  and  others  of  Scotland 
seemingly  without  end.  He  was  a  hard 
worker,  though  he  was  an  equally  liberal 
provider  for  his  children  and  family,  and 
never  accumulated  what  would  have  suf- 
ficed for  a  competency.  About  1855  he 
married  Catherine  Kennington.  Of  their 
eight  children  five  are  still  living. 

Andrew  Smith,  Jr.,  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis November  8, 1860.  He  was  educated 
in  public  schools  and  in  1875,  at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  went  to  work  as  a  messenger 
boy  for  the  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company.  In  the  intervals  of  carrying 
messages  he  was  diligent  in  his  practice  at 
the  telegraph  key  and  mastered  the  art  so 
rapidly  that  in  a  few  months  he  was  work- 
ing as  telegrapher  for  the  grain  firm  of 
Fred  P.  Rush  &  Company.  He  remained 
with  them  one  year,  and  in  1877  found  a 
more  promising  opening  as  an  employe  in 
the  Fletcher  Bank.  He  was  with  that  in- 
stitution twenty-two  years,  and  for  sixteen 
of  those  years  was  paying  teller. 


In  1900,  upon  the  organization  of  the 
American  National  Bank,  Mr.  Smith  be- 
came assistant  cashier.  In  1904  he  was 
made  vice  president  of  the  Capitol  Na- 
tional Bank.  In  1912,  when  the  Capitol 
consolidated  with  the  Indiana  National 
Bank,  Mr.  Smith  joined  the  latter  institu- 
tion and  has  since  been  its  vice  president. 

Continuous  since  1903  Mr.  Smith  has  be- 
come well  known  among  Indiana  bankers 
as  secretary  of  the  Indiana  Bankers  Asso- 
ciation. He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Bankers  Association,  was  for  several  years 
treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  is  a  member  of  the  German 
House,  the  Maennerchor,  and  fraternally 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  in  Masonry  has  attained  the  thirty- 
second  degree  of  Scottish  Rite  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  Mr.  Smith 
is  a  republican. 

Away  from  business  his  chief  interest 
and  hobby  is  music.  He  was  director  and 
treasurer  for  a  time  of  the  old  May  Music 
Festival  Association.  He  has  sung  in  va- 
rious church  choirs  of  the  city  and  at 
present  has  charge  of  the  choir  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church.  September 
15,  1886,  Mr.  Smith  married  Miss  Katie 
Wenger,  daughter  of  Michael  and  Cath- 
erine Wenger.  They  have  one  son,  George 
Andrew  Smith. 

GEORGE  J.  EBERHARDT,  who  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  since  March,  1875, 
is  a  prominent  and  well  known  manu- 
facturer of  the  city.  Mr.  Eberhardt  ,is  an 
American  citizen  whose  loyalty  was  ex- 
pressed as  a  Union  soldier  during  the  days 
of  the  Civil  war,  and  one  of  his  grandsons 
is  now  doing  duty  with  the  American 
armies  in  the  World  war.  • 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Butler  County, 
Ohio,  May  14,  1843,  one  of  a  large  family 
of  seventeen  children,  ten  of  whom  reached 
maturity.  His  parents,  John  George  and 
Louisa  '(Bieler)  Eberhardt,  were  both  na- 
tives of  Wurtemberg,  Germany,  where  they 
were  married.  The  father  was  involved  in 
some  of  the  early  revolutionary  troubles 
of  Germany  and  finally  left  that  country 
altogether  and  brought  his  family  to  the 
United  States.  He  located  in  Butler 
County,  and  he  and  his  wife  spent  the  rest 
of  their  years  on  a  farm  there. 

Mr.  George  J.  Eberhardt  grew  up  on  a 
farm  in  that  county,  attended  district 


f 


.  -.'-: 


1688 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  at  one  time  general  freight  agent  for 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroads  west  of  Pitts- 
burg.  Mr.  Stalnaker  has  one  daughter, 
by  that  marriage,  Marjorie.  On  August 
25,  1914,  lie  married  Mrs.  Cecilia  Mausun 
Wulsin. 

AXORKW  SMITH.  As  the  happiest  na- 
tions are  those  shorn  of  annals,  so  perhaps 
the  individuals  are  those  whose  lives  pre- 
sent none  of  the  abnormal  eventfulness  and 
experience  which  is  found  in  works  of  fic- 
tion, rneventt'ulness  lias  perhaps  no  di- 
rect or  vital  connection  with  real  substan- 
tial achievement,  as  the  career  of  Mr.  An- 
drew Smith  of  Indianapolis  abundantly 
proves. 

Mr.  Smith  has  spent  all  his  life  in  In- 
dianapolis and  is  a  son  of  Andrew  Smith, 
Sr.,  who  came  from  near  Belfast.  Ireland, 
to  the  I'nitcd  States.  He  was  of  Scotch 
parentage.  Andrew  Smith,  Sr.,  located  at 
Indianapolis,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
locomotive  engineers  on  the  I.  &  C.  Rail- 
road. In  1863  lit>  transferred  his  service 
to  the  Indianapolis,  Peru  and  Chicago 
Railroad,  and  remained  faithful,  compe- 
tent and  diligent  in  its  service  until  his 
death  in  1893.  Andrew  Smith,  Sr.,  is  re- 
membered as  a  man  of  practical  education 
and  particularly  for  his  great  love  of 
Scotch  poetry.  He  knew  Bobby  Burns  al- 
most by  heart,  and  could  recite  that  fa- 
mous bard's  works  and  others  of  Scotland 
seemingly  without  end.  He  was  a  hard 
worker,  though  he  was  an  equally  li'beral 
provider  for  his  children  and  family,  and 
never  accumulated  what  would  have  suf- 
ficed for  a  competency.  About  1855  he 
married  Catherine  Kennington.  Of  their 
eight  children  five  are  still  living. 

Andrew  Smith,  Jr..  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis November  8,  1860.  He  was  educated 
in  public  schools  and  in  1875,  at  the  age 
of  fifteen,  went  to  work  as  a  messenger 
boy  for  the  Western  I'nion  Telegraph 
Company.  In  the  intervals  of  carrying 
messages  he  was  diligent  in  his  practice  at 
the  telegraph  key  and  mastered  the  art  so 
rapidly  that  in  a  few  months  he  was  work- 
ing as  telegrapher  for  the  grain  firm  of 
Fred  P.  Rush  &  Company.  He  remained 
with  them  one  year,  and  in  1877  found  a 
more  promising  opening  as  an  employe  in 
the  Fletcher  Bank.  He  was  with  that  in- 
stitution twenty-two  years,  and  for  sixteen 
of  those  years  was  paying  teller. 


In  1900.  upon  the  organization  of  the 
American  National  Bank,  Mr.  Smith  be- 
came assistant  cashier.  In  1904  he  was 
made  vice  president  of  the  Capitol  Na- 
tional Bank.  In  1912,  when  the  Capitol 
consolidated  with  the  Indiana  National 
Bank.  Mr.  Smith  joined  the  latter  institu- 
tion and  has  since  been  its  vice  president. 

Continuous  since  1903  Mr.  Smith  has  be- 
come well  known  among  Indiana  bankers 
as  secretary  of  the  Indiana  Bankers  Asso- 
ciation, lie  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Bankers  Association,  was  for  several  veal's 
treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
( 'ommerce,  is  a  member  of  the  German 
House,  the  Maennerchor,  and  fraternally 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  in  Masonry  has  attained  the  thirty- 
second  degree  of  Scottish  Rite  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  Mr.  Smith 
is  a  republican. 

Away  from  business  his  chief  interest 
and  hobby  is  music.  He  was  director  and 
treasurer  for  a  time  of  the  old  May  Music 
Festival  Association.  He  has  sung  in  va- 
rious church  choirs  of  the  city  and  at 
present  has  charge  of  the  choir  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church.  September 
15.  1886,  Mr.  Smith  married  Miss  Katie 
Wenger.  daughter  of  Michael  and  Cath- 
erine Wenger.  They  have  one  son,  George 
Andrew  Smith. 

GEORGE  J.  EBERHARDT,  who  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  since  March,  1875, 
is  a  prominent  and  well  known  manu- 
facturer of  the  city.  Mr.  Eberhardt  js  an 
American  citix.cn  whose  loyalty  was  ex- 
pressed as  a  Union  soldier  during  the  days 
of  the  Civil  war.  and  one  of  his  grandsons 
is  now  doing  duty  with  the  American 
armies  in  the  World  war.  • 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Butler  County, 
Ohio,  May  14.  1843,  one  of  a  large  family 
of  seventeen  children,  ten  of  whom  reached 
maturity.  His  parents.  John  George  and 
Louisa  (Bieler)  Eberhardt,  were  both  na- 
tives of  Wurtemberg,  Germany,  where  they 
were  married.  The  father  was  involved  in 
some  of  the  early  revolutionary  troubles 
of  Germany  and  'finally  left  that  country 
altogether  and  brought  his  family  to  the 
United  States.  He  located  in  Butler 
County,  and  he  and  his  wife  spent  the  rest 
of  their  years  on  a  farm  there. 

Mr.  George  J.  Eberhardt  grew  up  on  a 
farm  in  that  county,  attended  district 


• 


0 


• 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1689 


school  in  a  limited  way,  and  as  soon  as 
old  enough  developed  his  strength  by  the 
duties  of  the  home.  He  was  only  eighteen 
when  on  October  17,  1861,  he  enlisted  in 
the  Union  army  in  Company  I  of  the  Fifth 
Ohio  Cavalry.  He  served  continuously  un- 
til his  honorable  discharge  November  29, 
1864.  He  was  appointed  corporal  Septem- 
ber 30,  1864,  and  was  discharged  with  that 
rank.  He  first  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  then  at  Corinth,  then  went  to  Chat- 
tanooga, and  was  in  Lew  Wallace's  Brigade 
during  the  charge  up  Lookout  Mountain. 
He  was  under  Sherman  at  Missionary 
Ridge,  and  was  in  the  continuous  fighting 
from  that  time  until  the  final  reduction  of 
Atlanta.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Chat- 
tanooga campaign  he  was  orderly  for  Gen- 
eral Sherman,  and  subsequently  served  in 
the  same  position  for  General  Logan.  At 
Resaca  he  was  injured  by  the  fall  of  a 
horse. 

His  patriotic  duty  done  after  the  war 
Mr.  Eberhardt  returned  to  Ohio  and  for 
several  years  was  a  farmer  and  also  oper- 
ated a  threshing  machine.  Going  to  Ham- 
ilton, Ohio,  he  spent  five  years  employed 
in  a  brewery,  and  was  similarly  employed 
at  Indianapolis  the  first  five  years  after  he 
came  to  this  city.  Later  he  worked  for  the 
old  wholesale  dry  goods  house  of  Murphy 
&  Hibben.  In  1890  Mr.  Eberhardt  bought 
a  tent  and  awning  manufacturing  business. 
He  has  kept  that  business  growing  and 
prospering,  and  has  made  it  one  of  the  suc- 
cessful industries  of  the  city.  Mr.  Eber- 
hardt is  a  member  of  the  St.  John  Evan- 
gelical Reformed  Church  and  in  politics  is 
a  republican. 

May  19,  1868,  half  a  century  ago,  he 
married  Miss  Emma  Theis.  She  was  born 
at  Hamilton,  Butler  County,  Ohio,  Ajsril  3, 
1848,  daughter  of  Seibert  and  Elizabeth 
(Metz)  Theis.  Her  parents  were  natives 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1842.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Eberhardt  became  the  parents  of  seven 
children:  Ferdinand,  Elizabeth,  Frank 
George,  one  that  died  in  infancy,  Ida 
Marie,  Arthur  W.  and  Caroline,  the  latter 
a  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of  Indian- 
apolis. Ferdinand,  who  is  president  of  the 
Compac  Tent  Company  of  Indianapolis, 
married  Minnie  Weller,  and  their  son 
Frank  George  is  now  a  sergeant  major  in 
the  United  States  Army  in  France,  con- 
nected with  the  aviation  department.  The 

Vol.  IV— 9 


son  Frank  George  died  in  April,  1912,  and 
by  his  marriage  to  Stella  Bash  had  one 
daughter,  Alice  Emma.  The  daughter  Ida 
Marie  is  the  wife  of  Eugene  Bottke,  and 
has  a  son  named  Carl.  Arthur  W.  is  asso- 
ciated with  his  father  in  business,  and 
has  a  daughter,  Janet,  by  his  marriage  to 
Ora  Elder. 

ADDISON  C.  HARRIS,  a  lawyer  of  note  and 
president  of  the  Indiana  Bar  Association, 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  Oc- 
tober 1,  1840.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1865,  and  engaged  in  practice  in 
Indianapolis,  which  city  is  still  his  home. 
During  1877-79  Mr.  Harris  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  Senate,  and  a  few 
years  later,  in  1888,  was  a  candidate  for 
Congress,  while  in  1899-1901  he  was 'Con- 
nected with  foreign  affairs  in  Austria-Hun- 
gary. His  political  affiliations  are  with 
the  republican  party. 

On  the  8th  of  May,  1868,  Mr.  Harris 
married  India  C.  Crago,  of  Connersville, 
Indiana. 

FRANK  R.  MANNING  is  one  of  the  alert 
and  progressive  business  men  of  Newcastle, 
member  of  the  firm  Manning  and  Arm- 
strong, plumbing,  heating  and  electrical 
contracting. 

Mr.  Manning  was  born  near  Maysville, 
Kentucky,  in  1889,  son  of  B.  P.  and  Lettie 
(Horton)  Manning.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry,  and  most  of  his  ancestors  have 
been  identified  with  agriculture.  As  a  boy  in 
Kentucky  he  attended  the  country  schools 
and  helped  on  the  farm.  In  1903,  when 
he  was  fourteen  years  old,  his  parents 
moved  to  Knightstown,  Indiana,  where  soon 
afterward  he  obtained  work  in  a  buggy 
factory.  Later  for  two  years  he  was  in  the 
Action  Department  of  the  French  &  Sons 
Piano  Company.  He  acquired  a  practical 
knowledge  of  gasfitting  with  the  Indiana 
Public  Service  Company  for  a  year  and  a 
half,  and  with  other  firms  gained  an  expert 
knowledge  of  plumbing  and  heating.  Fin- 
ally he  capitalized  his  experience  and  pro- 
ficiency by  joining  Mr.  R.  J.  Armstrong 
under  the  name  Manning  &  Armstrong, 
and  they  have  developed  a  business  of  sub- 
stantial proportions  reaching  far  out  in  the 
country  districts  of  Henry  County. 

In  1913  Mr.  Manning  married .  Miss 
Eugene  Poindexter,  daughter  of  J.  J.  Poin- 
dexter.  They  have  one  son,  Richard 


1690 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Eugene,  born  in  1914.  Mr.  Manning  votes 
independently  in  local  affairs  but  is  a  strong 
supporter  of  President  Wilson  in  the  na- 
tional and  international  policies  of  the  pres- 
ent administration.  He  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  Mr.  Manning  has  depended  upon 
his  own  efforts  to  advance  him  in  life, 
and  with  good  ability,  honest  intentions 
and  straightforward  performance  has  gone 
far  along  the  road  to  success. 

CHARLES  Ons  DODSON  was  a  successful 
merchant  and  business  man  of  Indianap- 
olis before  his  name  was  associated  with 
any  important  public  office.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  fill  an  unexpired  term  as  sheriff 
of  Marion  County,  and  the  courts  of  jus- 
tice never  had  a  more  prompt  and  effi- 
cient administrative  officer. 

His  home  has  been  in  Indianapolis  since 
early  childhood,  but  he  was  born  in  Coles 
County,  Illinois,  September  10,  1878.  His 
grandfather  Dodson  was  a  Civil  war 
soldier.  His  father  is  AVilliam  T.  Dodson, 
who  for  many  years  has  been  a  salesman 
representing  furniture  stores  and  factories. 
Sheriff  Dodson 's  mother  was  a  Robinson, 
of  the  noted  family  of  that  name  long  con- 
spicuous in  the  circus  and  show  business. 

The  schools  Sheriff  Dodson  attended 
when  a  boy  were  schools  Nos.  5  and  15  in 
Indianapolis.  He  was  only  a  lad  when 
he  entered  the  grocery  establishment  of 
O.  F.  Calvin  on  West  Washington  Street. 
He  drove  a  delivery  wagon  for  that  firm 
several  years,  was  promoted  to  salesman, 
and  twelve  years  from  the  time  he  began 
work  he  was  in  a  position  to  buy  out  the 
business.  He  became  proprietor  in  June, 
1903,  the  store  having  in  the  meantime 
been  moved  to  545  Indiana  Avenue.  Mr. 
Dodson  was  one  of  the  enterprising  grocers 
of  the  city  until  1915,  when  he  retired  from 
business  to  accept  the  position  of  inspector 
of  weights  and  measures  for  Marion  Coun- 
ty. Then  when  Sheriff  Coffin  left  the 
county  government  to  become  chief  of 
police  of  the  city  Mr.  Dodson  was  appointed 
his  successor,  holding  the  office  until  Janu- 
ary 1,  1919. 

He  has  been  a  factor  in  republican  party 
affairs  through  a  number  of  state  and  local 
campaigns.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club,  is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Shriner, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 
thias and  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles. 


November  4,  1903,  Mr.  Dodson  married 
Miss  Minnie  T.  Carpenter,  who  was  born 
at  Madison,  Indiana.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Lida  Elizabeth  and  Howard  Otis. 

WILLIAM  N.  PICKEN.  The  name  Picken 
has  had  honorable  associations  with  the 
life  of  Indiana  for  the  past  seventy  years, 
and  particularly  with  banking  and  busi- 
ness affairs  at  Tipton  and  latterly  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

The  older  generation  of  the  family  was 
represented  by  the  late  William  Picken. 
He  was  born  in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Nov- 
ember 21,  1833.  At  the  age  of  fourteen, 
with  his  widowed  mother  and  two  sisters 
and  two  brothers,  he  crossed  the  ocean  to 
America  on  an  old  slow  going  sailing  ves- 
sel. The  family  came  on  to  Indiana  and 
located  on  a  tract  of  land  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Tipton  County.  The  three 
sons,  Robert,  John  and  William,  always 
continued  as  partners  in  business  and  they 
grew  up  on  the  farm  with  their  widowed 
mother.  Too  much  cannot  be  said  of  the' 
courage  and  fortitude  of  the  mother  of 
these  sons.  She  did  not  hesitate  to  brave 
the  uncertainties  of  American  pioneer  life 
in  order  that  those  near  and  dear  to  her 
might  have  opportunities  beyond  those  ob- 
tainable in  the  old  world  conditions.  She 
reared  her  children  through  adversities, 
molded  them  into  good  citizenship,  and 
they  became  a  credit  to  her  name  and  to 
her  sacrifices. 

From  the  farm  the  Picken  brothers  fin- 
ally removed  to  Tipton,  where  they  en- 
gaged in  merchandising  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  that  city.  Prosperity  came  to  them, 
for  they  were  thoroughly  honorable  and 
had  the  thrift  that  is  proverbial  with  the 
Scottish  people.  In  1881  the  Picken 
brothers  founded  the  Union  Bank  at  Tip- 
ton.  This  was  continued  in  successful 
operation  until  1906,  when,  owing  to  the 
death  of  members  of  the  firm,  the  bank 
liquidated  all  its  obligations  and  went  out 
of  business. 

While  William  Picken  had  no  more  than 
an  ordinary  education  he  was  a  close  stu- 
dent and  observer,  knew  and  appreciated 
the  importance  of  current  events,  and  came 
to  be  recognized  as  an  authority  on  many 
matters  connected  with  the  conduct 
of  banking  and  business  affairs.  In  poli- 
tics he  was  a  republican,  but  never  ap- 
peared as  a  candidate  for  public  office.  In 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1691 


religion  he  was  a  strict  Presbyterian.  He 
was  a  man  of  charity,  took  broad  and  lib- 
eral views  toward  his  fellow  men  and  in  an 
unostentatious  way  contributed  to  worthy 
benevolent  objects.  William  Picken  mar- 
ried Alzena  Campbell.  She  was  born  in 
Rush  County,  Indiana,  daughter  of  Na- 
thaniel Campbell.  In  1901  William  Picken 
and  his  family  removed  to  Indianapolis, 
where  he  died  April  26,  1907.  His  widow, 
Mrs.  Picken,  is  still  living. 

Their  only  son  is  William  N.  Picken, 
widely  known  in  business  circles  at  the 
capital.  He  was  born  at  Tipton,  Indiana, 
January  28,  1869,  was  reared  and  educated 
in  his  native  city,  and  from  boyhood  had 
a  thorough  training  in  the  work  of  a  mer- 
chant. After  coming  to  Indianapolis  in 
1901  he  became  interested  in  the  United 
States  Encaustic  Tile  Works,  and  is  new 
vice  president  of  that  large  and  important 
corporation.  He  has  various  other  priv- 
ate business  interests  to  which  he  gives  his 
attention,  is  a  republican  and  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  February  8, 
1893,  Mr.  Picken  married  Annie  G.  Mc- 
Colley,  daughter  of  Henry  B.  McColley, 
of  Tipton.  They  have  one  daughter,  Ag- 
nes. 

ULYSSES  G.  LEEDY  is  an  Indianapolis 
manufacturer.  The  point  in  significance 
to  his  career  is  that  he  has  been  content 
not  merely  with  the  manufacture  of  a 
standard  line  of  goods,  which  might  be 
duplicated  by  other  factories,  but  has  gone 
forward  in  his  specialization  until  his  prod- 
uct is  now  probably  the  premier  of  its  kind 
in  the  entire  world,  and  the  patronage  is 
enough  to  convince  and  demonstrate  this 
unique  standing. 

Mr.  Leedy,  who  is  president  of  the 
Leedy  Manufacturing  Company,  manufac- 
turers of  "everything  for  the  band  and 
orchestra  drummer,"  was  born  in  Han- 
cock County,  Ohio,  in  1867,  a  son  of  Isaac 
B.  and  Mary  (Struble)  Leedy.  When  he 
was  four  years  old  his  parents  removed  to 
Fostoria,  Ohio,  where  he  grew  up  and  re- 
ceived his  education. 

The  beginning  of  his  career  as  a  drum 
manufacturer  was  not  by  the  simple  pro- 
cess of  following  an  ambition  to  become  a 
manufacturer  of  some  article  and  deliber- 
ately choosing  to  manufacture  drums. 
The  making  of  drums  was  in  fact  a  grad- 
ual development  from  a  previous  experi- 


ence as  a  drummer,  and  he  was  called  one 
of  the  most  expert  professional  drummers 
long  before  his  name  was  thought  of  in 
connection  with  manufacturing.  Probably 
every  drummer  is  a  boy  drummer,  since 
the  art  does  not  lend  itself  readily  to  mas- 
tery after  the  period  of  boyhood  is  past. 
His  first  regular  engagement  as  a  drum- 
mer was  with  the  Great  Western  Band  at 
Cedar  Point,  Ohio,  and  he  was  with  that 
organization  for  three  years.  For  several 
years  he  also  traveled  on  the  road  with 
theatrical  organizations.  These  wander- 
ings brought  him  to  Indianapolis,  and  for 
ten  years  he  was  trap  drummer  of  the 
English  Opera  House  Orchestra. 

His  father  was  a  proficient  mechanic, 
and  probably  from  him  he  inherited  me- 
chanical traits.  Thus  while  traveling  about 
the  road  he  made  drums  for  himself  and 
other  performers,  and  it  was  his  success 
as  an  amateur  drum  maker  that  brought 
him  into  the  manufacturing  field  in  earnest. 

His  present  industry  began  in  1898, 
when  he  established  a  small  shop  in  the 
old  Cyclorama  Building  at  Indianapolis. 
There  was  a  gradual  but  steady  growth  to 
the  business.  In  1903  this  was  incorpor- 
ated as  the  Leedy  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. Altogether  twenty  years  of  experi- 
ence have  gone  into  this  industry,  and  the 
organization  today  represents  and  reflects 
the  experience,  the  study,  personal  skill 
and  organizing  ability  of  Mr.  U.  G.  Leedy. 
The  company  has  had  several  locations  and 
plants,  but  the  greatest  period  of  expan- 
sion has  come  within  the  last  decade.  At 
present  the  Leedy  plant  on  Palmer  Street 
comprises  several  large  modern  factories 
and  warehouses  and  offices,  and  the  liter- 
ature of  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce  mentions  it  as  one  of  the  largest 
musical  instrument  factories  in  the  world. 
About  sixty  people  are  employed,  most  of 
them  skilled  specialists,  who  received  their 
training  directly  from  Mr.  Leedy  himself, 
who  is  accorded  the  position  by  competent 
authorities  of  being  a  master  drum  maker. 
The  principal  product  is  the  drum,  though 
numerous  accessories  for  the  band  and  or- 
chestra are  manufactured,  chiefly  those  be- 
longing to  the  trap  drummer's  extensive 
equipment.  It  is  of  necessity  a  highly 
specialized  industry,  and  is  from  first  to 
last  the  product  of  the  genius  and  industry 
of  Mr.  Leedy. 

Mr.  Leedy  married  Miss  Zoa  I.  Hachet. 


1692 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Her  father  was  a  native  of  Alsace  Lor- 
raine. They  are  the  parents  of  four  chil- 
dren, Eugene  Bradford,  Mary  Isabel,  Ed- 
win Hollis  and  Dorothy  May. 

(' 

MARK  STOREN  is  a  lawyer  by  profession, 
with  about  thirty -five  years  of  membership 
in  the  Indiana  bar.  He  has  filled  many 
places  of  trust  and  honor  in  local  and  state 
politics,  and  in  recent  years  is  most  widely 
known  through  his  incumbency  of  the  office 
of  United  States  marshal  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Storen  has  spent  most  of  his  life  in 
Indiana,  but  was  born  in  Columbia  County, 
New  York,  April  12,  1857.  His  parents, 
Michael  and  Mrs.  (Whalen)  Storen,  were 
both  natives  of  Ireland.  His  father  came 
to  the  United  States  when  about  thirty 
years  of  age  and  married  in  New  York. 
A  farmer  by  occupation,  he  lived  in  Scott 
County,  Indiana,  from  1865  until  his 
death. 

Mark  Storen  was  eight  years  old  when 
his  parents  came  to  Scott  County,  Indiana, 
and  he  grew  up  on  the  home  farm  near 
Lexington.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  and  also  spent  two  years  in 
the  State  Normal  School  at  Terre  Haute. 
To  pay  his  tuition  in  the  State  Normal  he 
taught,  and  continued  that  work  for  a 
time  after  leaving  school.  Mr.  Storen  took 
up  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Judge 
Jeptha  D.  New  at  Vernon,  Indiana,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882.  For  a 
year  before  beginning  active  law  practice 
he  served  as  a  railway  mail  clerk  between 
Indianapolis  and  Louisville. 

Mr.  Storen  was  a  practicing  lawyer  of 
Scottsburg,  Indiana,  until  July,  1914. 
However,  he  had  in  the  meantime  many 
other  responsibilities.  In  December,  1884, 
with  Charles  C.  Foster  he  founded  the 
Scott  County  Journal,  a  democratic  organ. 
This  paper  is  still  in  existence.  In  1889 
Mr.  Storen  relinquished  his  newspaper, 
having  been  elected  county  clerk  of  Scott 
County.  He  served  in  that  position  eight 
years,  having  been  reelected  in  1892.  In 
1912  Mr.  Storen  was  elected  to  represent 
his  home  county  in  the  State  Legislature, 
and  during  the  following  session  was  chair- 
man of  the  judiciary  committee,  a  member 
of  the  committee  of  ways  and  means,  rail- 
roads committee  and  others.  He  has  the 
distinction  of  being  author  of  the  irst  reg- 
istration law  in  Indiana  and  also  was 
author  of  the  law  compelling  interurban 


railways  to  carry  freight,  and  introduced 
a  number  of  other  well  advised  measures. 

In  July,  1914,  Mr.  Storen  was  appointed 
by  President  Wilson  United  States  marshal 
of  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  in  the  dis- 
charge of  those  duties  has  had  his  home  at 
the  capital  city.  As  the  executive  officer 
of  the  United  States  courts  in  Indiana  it 
has  been  Mr.  Storen 's  disagreeable  duty 
to  carry  out  the  orders  of  those  court's 
during  the  recent  election  fraud  cases  of 
the  state.  As  a  result  of  these  trials  there 
followed  a  wholesale  arrest  of  many  promi- 
nent men  of  the  state  involved  in  the  elec- 
tion frauds,  and  it  has  been  stated  that 
Mr.  Storen  as  United  States  marshal  was 
called  upon  to  arrest  more  individuals  than 
any  other  previous  incumbent  of  that 
office. 

He  is  a  loyal  democrat,  is  active  in  Ma- 
sonry, in  the  Lodge,  Chapter  and  Council 
of  the  York  Rite  and  in  the  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite,  also  belongs  to  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  to  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks,  and  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  In  1888  Mr.  Storen  married 
Minerva  E.  Cravens,  of  Scottsburg.  They 
have  one  daughter,  Merle,  now  Mrs.  Law- 
rence E.  Reeves,  of  Indianapolis. 

OLIVER  T.  BYRAM,  president  of  the  By- 
ram  Foundry  and  also  president  of  the 
Byram  Estate,  both  institutions  that  have 
solid  standing  among  Indianapolis  business 
men,  has  doubtless  found  one  of  his  great- 
est satisfaction  in  his  ability  to  continue 
the  business  and  in  some  important  respects 
the  influences  that  emanated  from  the  char- 
acter of  his  honored  father,  the  late  Nor- 
man S.  Byram. 

Norman  S.  Byram,  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis from  1842  until  his  death  in  1902, 
was  born  in  New  York  State  and  was  a 
small  child  when  his  parents  came  to  In- 
diana and  located  at  Brookville.  There  he 
attended  school  for  a  brief  time,  but  at  the 
age  of  twelve  came  to  Indianapolis.  His 
own  exertions  gave  him  his  education,  and 
he  had  to  look  to  the  same  source  for  his 
success  in  business.  His  first  employer  was 
Oliver  Tousey,  a  pioneer  merchant  of  In- 
dianapolis, who  found  in  young  Byram  an 
assistant  whose  value  was  not  measured  by 
his  salary  alone.  In  time  the  firm  of  Oli- 
ver Tousey  became  the  Tousey-Byram  Com- 
pany, later  was  conducted  as  Byram,  Cor- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1693 


nelius  &  Company,  and  the  great  business 
of  this  firm  was  finally  sold  to  D.  P.  Irwin 
&  Company.  Norman  S.  Byram  among 
other  important  financial  interests  was 
president  of  the  Capital  National  Bank. 

His  contemporaries  say  he  was  always 
seeking  some  opportunity  to  better  condi- 
tions in  the  city.  Once  he  frankly  sought 
the  office  of  councilman,  was  elected  and 
became  president  of  the  board,  and  in  that 
capacity  personally  conducted  raids  on  the 
vice  and  gambling  places,  and  probably 
cleaned  up  the  city  as  effectually  for  the 
time  as  ever  in  its  history.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  county  council  one  term. 
His  contributions  to  charity  were  many, 
but  given  quietly.  During  one  of  the  worst 
floods  in  the  Ohio  Valley  he  was  a  member 
of  the  committee  representing  the  local 
board  of  trade  and  worked  unremittingly 
for  days  until  hundreds  of  cases  of  real 
distress  were  provided  for.  He  was  a  Ma- 
son and  in  politics  a  republican. 

He  was  seventy-two  when  he  died  in 
1902.  He  married  Isabel  Pursel,  from  Har- 
rison, Ohio.  They  were  the  parents  of  four 
children :  Henry  G.,  who  for  a  number  of 
years  was  connected  with  the  Byram  Foun- 
dry, died  in  1909 ;  Mrs.  William  Gates,  of 
Indianapolis ;  Oliver  T. ;  and  Norman  S. 

Oliver  T.  Byram  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis in  1869.  The  business  and  civic  posi- 
tion of  his  father  naturally  lent  favorable 
auspices  to  his  own  youth.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  city  high  school,  and. ac- 
quired his  business  training  in  his  father's 
store.  In  1892  he  went  to  work  for  the 
Cleveland  Fence  Company,  which  after  a 
few  years  was  changed  to  the  Byram  Foun- 
dry. This  is  one  of  the  industries  that 
give  character  to  the  city.  Its  plant  covers 
nearly  two  acres,  located  at  the  intersection 
of  Biddle  Street  with  the  railroad  tracks. 
The  principal  output  is  grey-iron  castings, 
and  at  this  writing  fully  90%  of  the  work 
is  directly  or  indirectly  for  the  United 
States  or  the  Allies. 

A  very  active  business  man,  Mr.  Byram 
is  also  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Warehouse  Company,  is  treasurer  of 
the  Grocers  Coffee  Company,  and  is  execu- 
tive head  of  the  Byram  Estate.  He  is  a 
republican,  member  of  the  University  Club, 
Marion  Club,  Country  Club,  Canoe  Club, 
German  House  and  Turnverein,  and  has 
Masonic  connections  with  Mystic  Tie 
Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 


the  Scottish  Rite  bodies  and  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  Religiously  he  is  a  member  of  All 
Souls  Unitarian  Church. 

Mr.  Byram  married  Miss  Natalie  Driggs, 
daughter  of  N.  S.  Driggs  of  Indianapolis. 
Mrs.  Byram  died  in  1915,  leaving  one 
daughter,  Betsy. 

F.  G.  HELLER.  The  spirit  of  initiative 
and  enterprise  has  been  moving  in  the 
career  of  F.  G.  Heller  from  early  boyhood, 
and  accounts  for  his  various  rapid  promo- 
tions and  his  achievements  in  business  af- 
fairs. He  is  now  widely  known  in  amuse- 
ment circles  in  Indiana  and  is  secretary  and 
managing  director  of  the  Meridian  Amuse- 
ment Company  of  Anderson,  where  he  re- 
sides. 

He  was  born  at  Washburn,  Illinois,  in 
1885,  and  when  he  was  two  years  of  age 
his  parents,  George  F.  and  Emma  (Beyer) 
Heller,  moved  to  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
where  they  still  reside.  His  father  has 
been  a  traveling  salesman  and  has  repre- 
sented different  houses  in  his  day.  The 
ancestry  is  a  mixture  of  French  and  Ger- 
man, and  Mr.  F.  G.  Heller's  grandfather, 
George  Heller,  came  from  Alsace-Lorraine 
when  a  young  man  and  settled  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  cleared  up  a  fine 
farm  of  260  acres.  He  lived  there  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  ninety-two.  It  was 
on  that  farm  that  George  F.  Heller  was 
born,  the  second  in  a  family  of  eight  chil- 
dren. 

At  Fort  Wayne  F.  G.  Heller  attended 
the  public  schools  and  for  three  months 
was  in  high  school.  He  left  school  to  begin 
work  as  rate  clerk  and  inspector  with  the 
Fort  Wayne  Electric  Company,  n$w  a 
branch  of  the  General  Electric  Company 
of  America.  While  he  was  working  there 
he  was  improving  his  advantages  by  at- 
tending a  night  commercial  college,  and  he 
paid  his  tuition  in  that  school  by  solicit- 
ing pupils  for  the  college.  Thus  Mr.  Hel- 
ler devised  a  practical  system  of  vocational 
education  himself,  making  his  education  fit 
into  the  needs  of  his  growing  experience. 
After  his  work  in  the  Fort  Wayne  Com- 
mercial School  he  took  correspondence 
courses  with  the  International  Correspond- 
ence School.  In  the  meantime  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  position  of  time  and  cost 
clerk  in  the  Electric  Company,  and  was 
given  those  responsibilities  when  only 
twenty  years  of  age.  From  that  he  was 


' 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1693 


nelius  &  Company,  and  the  great  business 
of  this  firm  was  finally  sold  to  D.  P.  Irwin 
&  Company.  Norman  S.  Byram  among 
other  important  financial  interests  was 
president  of  the  Capital  National  Bank. 

His  contemporaries  say  he  was  always 
seeking  some  opportunity  to  better  condi- 
tions in  the  city.  Once  he  frankly  sought 
the  office  of  councilman,  was  elected  and 
became  president  of  the  board,  and  in  that 
capacity  personally  conducted  raids  on  the 
vice  and  gambling  places,  and  probably 
cleaned  up  the  city  as  effectually  for  the 
time  as  ever  in  its  history.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  county  council  one  term. 
His  contributions  to  charity  were  many, 
but  given  quietly.  During  one  of  the  worst 
floods  in  the  Ohio  Valley  he  was  a  member 
of  the  committee  representing  the  local 
board  of  trade  and  worked  unremittingly 
for  days  until  hundreds  of  cases  of  real 
distress  were  provided  for.  He  was  a  Ma- 
son and  in  politics  a  republican. 

He  was  seventy-two  when  lie  died  in 
1902.  He  married  Isabel  Pursel,  from  Har- 
rison, Ohio.  They  were  the  parents  of  four 
children :  Henry  G.,  who  for  a  number  of 
vears  was  connected  with  the  Byram  Foun- 
dry, died  in  1909;  Mrs.  William  Gates,  of 
Indianapolis;  Oliver  T.;  and  Norman  S. 

Oliver  T.  Byram  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis in  1869.  The  business  and  civic  posi- 
tion of  his  father  naturally  lent  favorable 
auspices  to  his  own  youth.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  city  high  school,  and  .ac- 
quired his  business  training  in  his  father's 
store.  In  1892  he  went  to  work  for  the 
Cleveland  Fence  Company,  which  after  a 
few  years  was  changed  to  the  Byram  Foun- 
dry. This  is  one  of  the  industries  that 
give  character  to  the  city.  Its  plant  covers 
nearly  two  acres,  located  at  the  intersection 
of  Biddle  Street  with  the  railroad  tracks. 
The  principal  output  is  grey-iron  castings, 
and  at  this  writing  fully  90%  of  the  work 
is  directly  or  indirectly  for  the  United 
States  or  the  Allies. 

A  very  active  business  man,  Mr.  Byram 
is  also  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Warehouse  Company,  is  treasurer  of 
the  Grocers  Coffee  Company,  and  is  execu- 
tive head  of  the  Byram  Estate.  He  is  a 
republican,  member  of  the  University  Club, 
Marion  Club,  Country  Club,  Canoe  Club, 
German  House  and  Turnverein,  and  has 
Masonic  connections  with  Mystic  Tie 
Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 


the  Scottish  Rite  bodies  and  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  Religiously  he  is  a  member  of  All 
Souls  Unitarian  Church. 

Mr.  Byram  married  Miss  Natalie  Driggs, 
daughter  of  N.  S.  Driggs  of  Indianapolis. 
Mrs.  Byram  died  in  1915,  leaving  one 
daughter,  Betsy. 

F.  G.  HELLER.  The  spirit  of  initiative 
and  enterprise  has  been  moving  in  the 
career  of  F.  G.  Heller  from  early  boyhood, 
and  accounts  for  his  various  rapid  promo- 
tions and  his  achievements  in  business  af- 
fairs. He  is  now  widely  known  in  amuse- 
ment circles  in  Indiana  and  is  secretary  and 
managing  director  of  the  Meridian  Amuse- 
ment Company  of  Anderson,  where  he  re- 
sides. 

He  was  born  at  Washburn,  Illinois,  in 
1885,  and  when  he  was  two  years  of  age 
his  parents,  George  F.  and  Emma  (Beyer) 
Heller,  moved  to  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
where  they  still  reside.  His  father  has 
been  a  traveling  salesman  and  has  repre- 
sented different  houses  in  his  day.  The 
ancestry  is  a  mixture  of  French  and  Ger- 
man, and  Mr.  F.  G.  Heller's  grandfather, 
George  Heller,  came  from  Alsace-Lorraine 
when  a  young  man  and  settled  in  Henry 
County.  Indiana,  where  he  cleared  up  a  fine 
farm  of  260  acres.  He  lived  there  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  ninety-two.  It  was 
on  that  farm  that  George  F.  Heller  was 
born,  the  second  in  a  family  of  eight  chil- 
dren. 

At  Fort  Wayne  F.  G.  Heller  attended 
the  public  schools  and  for  three  months 
was  in  high  school.  He  left  school  to  begin 
work  as  rate  clerk  and  inspector  with  the 
Fort  Wayne  Electric  Company,  ngw  a 
branch  of  the  General  Electric  Company 
of  America.  While  he  was  working  there 
he  was  improving  his  advantages  by  at- 
tending a  night  commercial  college,  and  he 
paid  his  tuition  in  that  school  by  solicit- 
ing pupils  for  the  college.  Thus  Mr.  Hel- 
ler devised  a  practical  system  of  vocational 
education  himself,  making  his  education  fit 
into  the  needs  of  his  growing  experience. 
After  his  work  in  the  Fort  Wayne  Com- 
mercial School  he  took  correspondence 
courses  with  the  International  Correspond- 
ence School.  In  the  meantime  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  position  of  time  and  cost 
clerk  in  the  Electric  Company,  and  was 
given  those  responsibilities  when  only 
twenty  years  of  age.  From  that  he  was 


1694 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


promoted  to  stock  clerk  and  assistant  to 
the  purchasing  agent  and  continued  with 
the  company  until  1913. 

In  the  meantime  his  energies  had  sought 
other  outlets.  In  such  spare  time  as  he 
had  from  his  main  employment  he  con- 
structed a  moving  picture  house,  seating 
a  hundred  twenty-five  people.  He  did  the 
actual  work,  even  to  putting  in  the  seats 
and  making  his  own  screens.  He  operated 
this  little  theater  at  a  profit  and  sold  the 
business  in  September,  1912.  During  those 
years  in  business  at  Fort  Wayne  Mr.  Hel- 
ler had  his  home  at  Monroeville,  traveling 
back  and  forth  every  day. 

Coming  to  Anderson,  Mr.  Heller  went 
to  work  for  G.  H.  Heine  in  the  Meridian 
Amusement  Company,  a  Fort  Wayne  con- 
cern. This  company  built  the  present 
Meridian  Theater  at  1035  Meridian  Street, 
and  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Heller 
this  has  proved  one  of  the  most  profitable 
amusement  houses  in  Madison  County.  He 
is  an  equal  stockholder  in  the  company. 
Later  he  bought  the  Starland  Theater,  the 
largest  in  Anderson,  and  has  put  this  on 
a  paying  basis.  He  is  also  managing  di- 
rector of  the  Fischer  Theater  at  Danville, 
Illinois,  the  largest  amusement  house  in 
that  city,  and  in  March,  1918,  he  bought 
the  Washington  Theater  at  Richmond,  In- 
diana. He  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Madison 
Motor  Company  of  Anderson. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-two  Mr.  Heller 
married  Miss  Maud  Lackey,  daughter  of 
Aloysius  and  Martha  (Westover)  Lackey 
of  Fort  Wayne.  Her  father  was  a  con- 
tractor and  builder.  The  Westovers  are 
an  old  English  family,  and  on  coming  to 
this  country  first  settled  in  Massachusetts. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Heller  have  one  child,  Milton 
Frank,  born  in  1913. 

Outside  of  his  business  Mr.  Heller  has 
many  interests.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
National  Organization  of  the  Advertising 
Club,  is  active  as  a  democrat,  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  belongs  to  the 
American  Exhibitors'  Association,  and  in 
Masonry .  is  affiliated  with  S.  B.  Bayless 
Lodge  No.  359,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  at  Fort  Wayne,  and  with  the 
Anderson  Grotto  of  Master  Masons.  He 
also  belongs  to  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks, 
Anderson  Lodge  No.  747,  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Phi  Delta  Kappa  of  Anderson. 


JOHN  JAMES  PIATT,  famous  as  an  author, 
poet  and  editor,  was  born  at  James  Mills 
in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  March  1, 
1835,  a  son  of  John  Bear  and  Emily 
(Scott)  Piatt.  His  early  connections  with 
industrial  life  were  as  a  clerk  in  the  United 
States  treasury  department,  later  as  lib- 
rarian in  the  United  States  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, and  as  a  United  States  Con- 
sul at  Cork,  Ireland,  and  later  at  Dublin. 
His  many  contributions  of  prose  and  poetry 
have  won  him  renown. 

Mr.  Piatt  on  the  18th  of  June,  1861,  was 
married  to  Sarah  Morgan  Bryan.  They 
reside  at  North  Bend,  Hamilton  County. 
Ohio. 

CHARITY  DYE  is  an  Indianan  who  by  rea- 
son of  her  long  and  valuable  service  could 
not  be  denied  a  place  among  the  notable 
women  of  the  state.  The  service  by  which 
her  name  is  now  best  known  to  the  people 
of  Indiana  is  as  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Commission,  to  which  she  was 
appointed  in  1915  and  reappointed  in  1917. 

She  was  born  of  Huguenot-Dutch  and 
English  ancestry  in  Mason  County,  Ken- 
tucky, October  15,  1849,  was  educated  in 
country  schools,  in  Mayslick  Academy  and 
in  McClain  Institute  at  Indianapolis.  She 
is  also  a  graduate  of  the  Normal  School  of 
fiidianapolis,  has  taken  advanced  work  in 
the  summer  schools  of  Cleveland  and  of 
Harvard  University,  and  in  1900  received 
her  degree  Ph.  B.  from  the  University  of 
Chicago. 

For  over  thirty-seven  years  Charity  Dye 
was  a  teacher  in  the  graded  and  high 
schools  of  Indianapolis,  and  when  all  is 
said  doubtless  that  is  the  work  for  which 
she  will  longest  deserve  the  gratitude  of 
the  people  of  that  city.  She  has  always 
been  prominent  in  suffrage  and  club  work, 
and  as  an  author  she  is  known  by  the  fol- 
lowing titles:  "The  Story  Tellers  Art," 
"Letters  and  Letter  Writing,"  "Once 
Upon  a  Time  in  Indiana,"  and  "Some 
Torch  Bearers  in  Indiana. ' '  She  also  wrote 
"The  Word  Book"  of  the  New  Harmony 
Pageant  for  the  Centennial  in  1914.  She 
resides  at  1134  Broadway,  Indianapolis. 

ANTHONY  PBANGE.  One  of  the  substan- 
tial business  men  and  highly  respected  citi- 
zens of  Indianapolis,  with  the  interests  of 
which  city  he  has  been  honorably  identified 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1695 


for  many  years,  was  born  February  24, 
1841,  in  Cammaer,  Westphalia,  Schaum- 
berg-Lippe,  Germany.  His  parents  were 
Henry  and  Christiana  (Meier)  Prange. 

Henry  Prange  spent  his  entire  life  in 
Germany  and  died  there  in  1861,  when 
aged  fifty-eight  years.  He  was  a  farmer 
and  also  a  public  official,  for  a  number 
of  years  being  the  revenue  collector  in  his 
district.  He  married  Christiana  Meier, 
who  was  born  in  the  same  neighborhood, 
and  died  in  Germany  in  1865,  at  the  age 
of  sixty-five  years.  Both  were  lifelong 
members  of  the  Lutheran  Church.  To 
their  marriage  one  daughter  and  five  sons 
were  born,  and  of  the  latter  three  came 
to  the  United  States :  William,  Charles 
and  Anthony. 

William  Prange,  the  eldest,  left  Ger- 
many in  early  manhood  and  after  reach- 
ing the  United  States  located  first  in 
Rhode  Island,  where  he  found  employment 
in  the  woollen  mills,  and  from  there  went 
to  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  finally  died 
there.  Charles  Prange  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1854  and  embarked  in  the  grocery 
business  at  Cumberland,  Indiana,  which  is 
not  far  distant  from  Indianapolis,  and 
afterward  came  to  this  city  and  entered 
the  employ  of  Henry  and  Gus  Schnull,  and 
continued  with  them  during  the  period  of 
the  Civil  war  and  so  engaged  their  confi- 
dence that  he  frequently  was  entrusted 
with  the  shipment  and  delivery  of  poultry 
even  as  far  south  as  New  Orleans.  After- 
ward he  was  in  partnership  with  Frederick 
Ostermeyer  in  a  grocery  business  on  East 
Washington  Street,  Indianapolis. 

Anthony  Prange  was  given  the  usual 
educational  advantages  of  his  class  in  Ger- 
many, and  afterward  during  the  summer 
seasons  worked  at  the  carpenter  trade  and 
in  the  winters  in  the  sugar  mills.  In  1864, 
when  twenty-three  years  old,  he  followed 
his  two  brothers,  William  and  Charles,  to 
the  United  States.  His  first  work  here  was 
done  as  an  employe  of  the  Big  Four  Rail- 
road, as  a  carpenter.  Later  on,  when  Mr. 
Ostermeyer  and  his  brother,  Charles 
Prange,  dissolved  partnership,  the  former 
going  into  the  wholesale  business,  Charles 
Prange  continued  in  the  retail  line  and  em- 
ployed Anthony  in  his  store  for  one  year 
as  a  clerk  and  later  admitted  him  to  a 
partnership.  The  brothers  continued  to- 
gether on  Washington  Street  for  ten  years 
and  then  Anthony  sold  his  interest  to  his 


brother  Charles  and  moved  to  Massachu- 
setts Avenue  and  St.  Clair  Street,  where 
he  opened  a  general  store.  Three  years 
later  he  erected  the  commodious  and  con- 
venient store  building  at  No.  812  Massa- 
chusetts Avenue. 

Mr.  Prange  continued  active  in  business 
in  this  city  for  forty-five  years.  He  came 
with  but  little  capital  but  has  accumulated 
a  comfortable  fortune  through  persistent 
industry  and  honorable  business  methods. 
Very  soon  after  reaching  the  United  States 
Mr.  Prange  indicated  his  intention  of  mak- 
ing this  land  his  permanent  home  and  in 
1865  took  out  his  first  citizenship  papers 
and  in  1870  received  his  final  papers.  He 
is  a  loyal  and  patriotic  citizen  and  is  hon- 
ored and  respected  wherever  known. 

At  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  on  March  10, 
1865,  Mr.  Prange  was  married  to  Miss 
Caroline  Schwier,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
August  Schwier.  She  was  born  July  13, 
1845.  in  Todhenhausen,  Prussia,  about  ten 
miles  distant  from  the  birthplace  of  Mr. 
Prange.  She  was  a  passenger  on  the  same 
ship  that  brought  Mr.  Prange  to  the 
United  States  jn  1864.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Prange  have  had  nine  children,  the  sur- 
vivors being:  Edward,  who  is  secretary  of 
the  Indiana  Dry  Goods  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis ;  Caroline  M.,  who  resides  at 
home;  Bertha,  who  is  the  wife  of  Oscar 
Theobald,  of  Peru,  Indiana;  and  Walter 
C.  Those  deceased  were  Anthony,  Mary, 
Theodore,  Frank  and  John. 

On  coming  to  Indianapolis  Mr.  Prang 
identified  himself  with  St.  Paul's  Lutheran 
Church.  In  1875  he  became  one  of  eighty- 
one  charter  members  of  Trinity  Lutheran 
Church  and  for  five  years  served  as  treas- 
urer of  the  organization  and  for  twelve 
years  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees. He  has  been  earnest  and  consistent 
in  his  religious  activities  and  has  given 
substantial  assistance  to  the  'building  of 
four  churches  in  this  city  and  has  been 
very  helpful  in  the  matter  of  Lutheran 
schools  and  the  maintenance  of  the  Luth- 
eran Orphans'  Home.  In  summing  up 
the  men  who  have  contributed  to  the  up- 
building of  Indianapolis  as  a  great  trade 
center  and  a  prosperous  city  the  name  of 
Anthony  Prange  must  be  included  in  the 
list. 

GEORGE  A.  WEIDELY.  This  is  a  name 
that  probably  stands  for  as  much  in  the 


1696 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


modern  industrial  Indianapolis  as  any 
that  might  be  spoken.  Weidely  motors 
now  lend  efficiency  to  both  national  and 
international  industry,  and  it  is  his 
achievement  in  developing  one  of  the 
highest  types  of  motors  that  probably  will 
give  Mr.  Weidely  his  permanent  fame. 

All  the  real  experiences  and  achieve- 
ments of  his  life  have  identified  him  with 
America.  However,  he  was  born  in  Switz- 
erland, December  19,  1870,  and  his  parents 
were  also  natives  of  that  Republic.  His 
work  at  high  school  in  Switzerland  was  of 
such  grade  that  he  was  given  a  scholarship 
in  one  of  the  national  technical  schools, 
where  he  spent  two  years.  That  scholar- 
ship is  equivalent  in  this  country  to  an 
appointment  to  West  Point,  since  the 
technical  training  thus  afforded  was  in  lieu 
of  a  more  formal  military  discipline.  At 
the  end  of  two  years  of  hard  study  the 
spirit  of  adventure  which  could  no  longer 
be  repressed  brought  Mr.  Weidely  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  to  America.  He*  reached 
this  country  in  1887  and  was  soon  working 
at  the  machinist's  trade  at  Akron,  Ohio. 
He  also  acquired  in  that  city  a  practical 
knowledge  of  the  rubber  industry,  and  for 
a  time  was  with  the  B.  F.  Goodrich  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Weidely  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  October,  1897,  and  for  a  time  was  master 
mechanic  and  later  superintendent  of  the 
G.  &  J.  Tire  Company.  He  was  associated 
with  H.  0.  Smith  in  giving  the  G.  &  J. 
tire  its  wonderful  success. 

Recently  the  Horseless  Age,  the  oldest 
automobile  journal  in  the  world,  published 
a  brief  sketch  of  Mr.  Weidely,  two  para- 
graphs from  which  will  serve  to  describe 
his  later  achievements: 

"On  the  day  before  Christmas,  1902, 
these  two  men  (Mr.  Smith  and  Mr.  Weid- 
ely) were  instrumental  in  organizing  the 
Premier  Motor  Manufacturing  Company, 
with  Mr.  Weidely  in  charge  of  engineer- 
ing, and  the  splendid,  sterling  worth  of 
that  car  in  the  hands  of  the  public,  in 
Glidden  tours  and  record  runs  demon- 
strated that  George  Weidely  was  not  only 
a  successful  tire  manufacturer  but  an  auto- 
mobile designer  above  the  ordinary. 

"Finally,  after  fourteen  years,  the 
disintegration  of  the  old  Premier  Company 
paved  the  way  for  the  realization  of  a  long 
cherished  dream — the  exclusive  manufac- 
ture of  a  '  Weidely '  motor.  And  though  the 
Weidely  Motors  Company,  with  George  A. 


Weidely  as  vice  president  and  general  man- 
ager, was  organized  late  in  the  spring  of 
1915,  twice  in  this  short  time  has  it  had 
to  seek  more  commodious  quarters,  and 
the  busy  hum  of  machines  in  its  present 
modern  factory  building,  covering  128,000 
feet  of  floor  space  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  manufacture  of  motors,  tell  its  own 
story  of  a  dream  materialized." 

As  this  quotation  indicates  Mr.  Weidely 
really  made  the  Premier  Motor  car  famous, 
but  the  motor  designed  by  him  and  which 
bears  his  name  has  overshadowed  his  earlier 
accomplishments  as  an  automobile  designer. 
Mr.  Weidely  has  various  mechanical  de- 
vices which  he  has  patented.  He  had  the 
first  patent  on  the  Q.  D.  rim  now  univer- 
sally used.  All  his  inventions  are  applied 
to  the  automobile  industry. 

Mr.  Weidely  is  justly  proud  of  his 
American  citizenship  and  America  is 
justly  proud  of  him  as  a  citizen.  His  work 
is  really  one  of  the  chapters  in  the  history 
of  American  industrialism. 

Mr.  Weidely  is  a  Protestant  in  religion, 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  belongs 
to  the  Columbia  and  other  social  and 
benevolent  organizations  and  has  affilia- 
tions with  many  automobile  societies  and 
clubs.  In  1893  he  married  Miss  Jennie 
Long.  They  have  one  son,  in  whom  they 
take  a  great  deal  of  pride,  Walter  A. 
Weidely,  service  manager  of  the  Stutz  Mo- 
tor Company  of  Indianapolis.  He  married 
Miss  Helen  Link. 

HON.  WILLIAM  D.  WOODS,  a  member  of 
the  State  Legislature  from  Marion  County, 
and  for  the  past  seven  years  practicing 
law  in  the  capital  city,  belongs  to  a  family 
that  has  been  in  Indiana  for  a  full  cen- 
tury. 

John  Woods,  his  great-grandfather,  came 
from  Pennsylvania  and  settled  on  a  virgin 
tract  of  land  in  what  was  then  Dearborn, 
now  Ohio  County  in  1817.  John  Woods 
spent  the  rest  of  his  days  reclaiming  his 
share  of  the  wilderness  and  was  one  of  the 
men  who  bore  the  hardships  and  burdens 
of  pioneer  life  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  William  Woods,  one  of  his  children, 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1816  and  was 
just  a  year  old  when  the  family  came  to 
Indiana.  He  married  Lydia  Downey  of  a 
family  long  prominent  in  the  affairs  of 
the  nation.  One  of  the  children  born  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1697 


this  union  was  Robert  E.  Woods,  father  of 
the  Indianapolis  lawyer. 

The  Woods  family  for  the  most  part  has 
not  attained  to  nor  sought  the  distinctions 
which  are  out  of  the  ordinary.  As  a  rule 
they  have  followed  agricultural  pursuits, 
have  lived  clean,  upright  lives,  paid  their 
honest  debts,  worshiped  as  Methodists  and 
voted  the  democratic  ticket.  That  to  a 
large  degree  was  the  experience  of  Robert 
E.  Woods,  who  grew  up  as  a  farmer  boy 
and  during  his  early  manhood  taught 
school  about  ten  years.  Later  he  was 
elected  and  served  a  term  as  county  super- 
intendent of  schools.  He  married  Ruth  A. 
Armstrong,  and  they  now  reside  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

Mr.  William  D.  Woods  was  born  Febru- 
ary 5,  1883.  He  had  only  the  usual  ex- 
periences of  an  Indiana  boy,  and  acquired 
his  education  beyond  the  common  schools 
as  a  result  of  his  own  earnings  and  ambi- 
tion. In  1904  he  went  to  work  as  a  clerk 
for  the  Big  Four  Railroad  Company.  In 
1907  he  was  made  freight  claim  investi- 
gator for  the  Illinois  Central  Railway  Com- 
pany, with  headquarters  in  Chicago,  and 
had  his  home  in  that  city  until  1910.  In 
the  meantime  he  was  employing  all  the 
time  he  could  get  for  the  study  of  law,  and 
in  June,  1910,  was  graduated  from  the  Chi- 
cago Law  School.  Since  that  date  he  has 
followed  his  chosen  calling  in  Indianapolis, 
where  he  is  now  looked  upon  as  one  of  the 
abler  members  of  the  younger  contingent 
in  the  local  bar. 

He  has  always  taken  a  keen  interest  in 
public  affairs,  and  during  the  administra- 
tion of  Mayor  Shank  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Safety.  Mr.  Woods  has  departed 
from  the  political  customs  and  precedence 
of  his  forefathers  and  is  a  republican.  In 
1916  he  was  elected  to  represent  Marion 
County  in  the  State  Legislature,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  seventieth  session. 
In  that  session  he  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  corporations,  and  he  introduced 
three  bills  which  became  laws.  One  of  these 
is  for  simplifying  appellate  court  proced- 
ure, another  defines  and  relates  to  second 
degree  arson,  and  a  third  is  a  law  affecting 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  Probate  Court. 

Mr.  Woods  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  and  is  a  past  master  of  Logan 
Lodge  No.  575,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
is  present  high  priest  of  Indianapolis 
Chapter  No.  5,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  is  mas- 


ter of  Indianapolis  Council  No.  2,  Royal 
and  Select  Masons,  and  is  a  member  of 
Indiana  Consistory,  Valley  of  Indianapolis, 
of  the  Scottish  Rite  and  of  Murat  Temple 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  October  10,  1916, 
Mr.  Woods  married  Miss  Lillian  Clinger. 

i 

HERVEY  BATES.  Ninety-five  years  ago 
every  person  then  living  within  the  limits 
of  Marion  County  knew  Hervey  Bates, 
most  of  them  personally.  If  the  same 
name  is  not  known  so  universally  in  the 
county  at  the  present  time  it  is  merely 
due  to  the  physical  impossibility  of  any 
cue  man  to  have  a  personal  acquaintance 
uith  several  hundred  thousand  people.  At 
the  present  time  there  are  living  in  In- 
dianapolis three  men  named  Hervey  Bates, 
grandfather,  father  and  son. 

The  original  Hervey  Bates  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  sheriff  of  Marion  County 
by  Governor  Jennings  in  1822.  His  ap- 
pointment came  before  he  had  taken  up  his 
residence  in  Marion  County.  Hervey 
Bates  was  born  at  old  Fort  Washington, 
now  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1795.  He  was 
given  his  father's  name,  so  that  the  name 
Hervey  has  persisted  through  at  least  five 
successive  generations  of  the  family. 
Hervey  Bates,  Sr.,  served  under  Generals 
Wayne  and  Harmer  as  "Master  of  Trans- 
portation" during  the  Indian  wars  in  the 
Northwest.  His  duties  were  to  forward 
provisions  and  munitions  of  war  from  the 
frontier  posts  to  the  soldiers  at  the  front. 
Sheriff  Bates  through  the  early  death  of 
his  mother  and  the  remarriage  of  his  father 
went  to  Warren,  Ohio,  where  he  grew  up 
and  received  his  early  education.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  went  to  Brookville, 
Indiana,  and  there  met  and  fell  in  love 
with  Miss  Sidney  Sedgwick,  a  cousin  of 
Gen.  James  Noble,  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous early  characters  in  Indiana  his- 
tory. Owing  to  parental  objections  the 
young  couple  ran  away  and  were  married. 
In  1816,  at  Brookville,  Hervey  Bates 
cast  his  first  vote.  This  was  for  a  delegate 
to  form  a  constitution  for  the  new  state 
of  Indiana.  A  short  time  later  he  re- 
moved with  his  young  wife  to  Conners- 
ville,  and  from  there  in  1822  came  to  In- 
dianapolis, which  was  then  a  mere  site  in 
the  wilderness,  deriving  its  importance 
from  the  fact  that  it  had  been  established 
as  the  future  capital  of  Indiana.  The 
town  consisted  of  only  a  small  collection 


1698 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  log  cabins.  As  the  first  sheriff  of 
Marion  County  Hervey  Bates  issued  a 
proclamation  calling  for  an  election  on 
April  1,  1822.  This  was  the  first  election 
in  the  county.  Hervey  Bates  was  not  so 
much  of  a  politician  as  he  was  a  business 
man,  and  for  many  years  he  was  prominent 
as  a  pioneer  merchant  of  Indianapolis,  a 
business  which  gave  him  a  substantial 
fortune. 

His  name  is  associated  with  many  of  the 
first  undertakings  and  institutions  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  "Branch  of  the  State  Bank"  at  In- 
dianapolis and  filled  that  office  ten  years. 
He  was  also  instrumental  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  earliest  insurance  company, 
was  a  stockholder  in  the  first  hotel  cor- 
poration, and  in  the  first  railroad  finished 
to  the  capital.  He  was  identified  with  the 
first  Gas,  Light  &  Coke  Company  and  in 
many  other  enterprises  having  for  their 
object  the  public  welfare.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  Lodge  of  Indianapolis. 
In  1852  Hervey  Bates  began  the  erection 
of  what  became  known  far  and  wide  as  the 
Bates  House,  one  of  the  foremost  hotels 
of  its  day.  Hervey  Bates  possessed  a  vast 
amount  of  energy,  mental  and  physical, 
and  with  it  came  the  rugged  honesty  that 
made  his  name  as  long  as  he  lived  a 
synonym  of  integrity.  His  death  occurred 
July  6,  1876,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one.  He 
and  his  wife  had  three  children,  their  only 
son  being  Hervey  Bates. 

Hervey  Bates,  the  second  of  the  name 
to  have  lived  in  Indianapolis,  was  born  in 
this  city  in  1834.  He  inherited  many  of 
the  characteristics  that  made  his  father  a 
man  of  note.  He  grew  up  in  Indianapolis 
and  it  has  always  been  his  home.  For 
many  years  he  was  connected  with  one  of 
the  first  wholesale  grocery  houses  and  was 
also  an  active  banker.  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  American  Hominy  Com- 
pany. Of  late  years  he  has  been  retired 
and  has  attained  the  age  of  eighty-three. 
As  a  matter  of  personal  recollection  he 
has  practically  witnessed  every  phase  in 
the  growth  and  development  of  his  native 
city.  He  married  Charlotte  Cathcart,  and 
they  were  the  parents  of  a  son  and  a 
daughter. 

Harvey  Bates  III  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis in  October,  1858.  He  was  educated 
in  the  city  public  schools,  in  the  Phillips 
Exeter  Academy  and  in  Harvard  Univer- 


sity. He  began  his  career  through  experi- 
ence as  an  apprentice  at  the  machinist's 
trade  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
connected  with  the  Atlas  Engine  Works. 
Mr.  Bates  has  served  almost  from  the  be- 
ginning as  president  of  the  American  Hom- 
iny Company,  one  of  the  large  and  im- 
portant industries  of  Indianapolis.  In 
1884  he  married  Susan  Martingale.  Of 
their  two  children  the  only  survivor  is  Her- 
vey Bates,  representing  the  fourth  genera- 
tion of  the  name  in  Indiana. 

AUGUST  TAMM.  As  an  old  time  disciple 
of  the  printer's  art  August  Tamm  found 
his  sphere  of  usefulness  by  which  he  is 
best  known  in  Indianapolis,  and  for  many 
years  he  has  been  a  printer  and  publisher 
of  some  of  the  oldest  and  most  influential 
newspapers  of  Indiana  published  in  the 
German  language.  Mr.  Tamm  has  also 
been  a  figure  in  public  affairs  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

Most  of  his  life  since  early  childhood 
has  been  spent  in  Indianapolis.  He  was 
born  at  Essen  in  the  Rhine  valley  of  Ger- 
many July  2,  1857,  one  of  the  ten  children 
of  August  and  Caroline  (Michel)  Tamm. 
Of  their  children  seven  are  still  living. 
August  Tamm,  Sr.,  was  a  blacksmith  and 
for  eleven  years  worked  in  some  of  the 
great  factories  at  Essen.  Having  a  large 
family  to  provide  for  he  sought  improve- 
ment of  the  conditions  of  life  and  prospects 
for  them  by  coming  to  the  United  States 
on  board  a  sailing  vessel  in  1868.  He  left 
his  family  behind,  and  as  opportunity  of- 
fered he  worked  at  his  trade  in  Pittsburg, 
Logansport  and  Chicago,  and  in  1869  lo- 
cated permanently  at  Indianapolis.  Soon 
afterward  his  wife  and  children  joined  him 
in  this  country.  At  Indianapolis  August 
Tamm,  Sr.,  had  his  first  employment  at  the 
old  Washington  foundry,  subsequently 
known  as  the  Eagle  foundry  and  also  as 
the  Hasselman  foundry.  He  was  one  of 
the  industrial  workmen  of  Indianapolis 
for  many  years,  but  his  later  years  were 
spent  in  dairying.  He  took  little  active 
part  in  public  affairs,  was  a  lover  of  home 
and  domestic  environment,  and  there  spent 
his  happiest  hours.  He  died  in  1899. 

August  Tamm,  Jr.,  grew  to  manhood  at 
Indianapolis  and  was  educated  both  in  the 
parochial  and  the  business  schools  of  the 
city.  On  coming  of  age  he  began  the 
process  which  as  soon  as  possible  made  him 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1699 


a  naturalized  American  citizen.  Largely 
due  to  a  fault  in  American  public  opinion 
and  education  naturalization  has  been 
thought  of  lightly  and  consequently  has 
been  entered  into  by  the  foreign  born  with 
little  more  consideration  than  would  be 
given  to  the  most  trivial  routine.  Mr. 
Tamm  is  an  honorable  exception  to  the  rule 
and  from  the  first  assumed  the  responsi- 
bilities of  citizenship  seriously.  Then  and 
ever  since  he  has  entertained  lofty  ideals 
as  to  what  constitutes  American  citizenship 
and  has  lived  up  to  those  ideals  himself 
and  in  many  ways  has  wielded  a  wide  in- 
fluence in  promoting  them  through  Ms 
writings  and  through  the  medium  of  his 
newspapers. 

His  life  career  began  as  a  printer  on  the 
Daily  Telegraph,  a  German  paper.  He 
completed  a  thorough  apprenticeship  at 
the  printer's  trade,  and  with  the  exception 
of  nine  months  while  a  grocery  clerk  and 
during  the  period  he  was  in  public  office 
has  always  been  connected  with  the  print- 
ing or  publishing  business.  From  a  posi- 
tion as  apprentice  on  the  Daily  Telegraph, 
one  of  the  German  papers  published  at 
Indianapolis,  he  was  advanced  to  foreman 
in  the  office.  For  six  years  during  Tag- 
gart's  administration  Mr.  Tamm  was  chief 
deputy  clerk.  The  democratic  party  also 
honored  him  by  making  him  its  candidate 
for  city  clerk  and  once  for  state  represen- 
tative. 

While  in  the  city  clerk '&  office  Mr.  Tamm 
bought  from  Philip  Rappaport  in  1900  the 
Daily  Indiana  Tribune,  a  German  daily 
paper.  In  1902  this  paper  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Daily  Telegraph,  the  lat- 
ter being  issued  as  a  morning  and  the 
Tribune  as  an  evening  paper.  The  two 
were  consolidated  as  one  paper  in  1907  and 
conducted  as  the  Telegraph  Tribune  until 
June  3,  1918,  when  for  patriotic  reasons 
Mr.  Tamm  suspended  publication.  Mr. 
Tamm  was  best  known  as  the  owner  and 
publisher  of  the  Telegraph-Tribune  and  of 
the  Sunday  Spottvogel.  He  had  really 
made  these  papers  what  they  were,  a  me- 
dium of  news  and  an  instrument  of  whole- 
some citizenship. 

Mr.  Tamm  is  of  the  Protestant  faith. 
He  married  in  1879  Miss  Minnie  Schmidt. 
They  had  two  sons,  August  Carl  and  Otto 
E.,  who  were  associated  with  their  father 
in  business.  August  Carl  died  April  27, 


1918,  leaving  a  wife,  who  before  marriage 
was  Clara  Youngman,  of  Indianapolis. 

*> 

DR.  LEONARD  E.  NORTHRUP.  Indiana  in 
line  with  its  normal  progressiveness  among 
the  states  has  recently  established  a  Re- 
organized State  Veterinary  Department, 
of  which  the  head  is  Dr.  Leonard  E. 
Northrup,  a  prominent  veterinarian  who 
has  given  most  of  his  time  for  the  past  ten 
or  twelve  years  to  veterinary  work  under 
the  Indiana  state  government  auspices. 

Indianans  are  justly  proud  of  the  work 
that  is  being  accomplished  by  Doctor 
Northrup  in  his  department.  It  is  a  de- 
partment vitally  connected  with  the  wel- 
fare and  prosperity  of  the  state.  In  order 
to  meet  the  increasing  demand  for  more 
livestock  and  better  livestock  one  of  the 
first  essentials  is  to  eliminate  as  far  as 
possible  disease,  and  consequently  healthy 
livestock  is  a  prerequisite  to  more  and  bet- 
ter livestock.  Since  the  creation  of  this 
department  it  has  been  the  'means  of  greatly 
increasing  the  production  of  pork  and 
beef  in  Indiana,  and  for  that  reason  In- 
diana has  increased  its  quota  of  food  sup- 
plies for  the  great  war.  In  fact  the  war 
has  influenced  the  State  Veterinary  De- 
partment in  so  many  ways  that  its  service 
and  its  personnel  are  four  times  what  they 
were  before  the  war.  The  state  has  been 
divided  into  seventeen  districts,  each  in 
charge  of  a  veterinarian  working  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  Department,  and 
giving  help  to  the  local  practitioners  of 
his  district  when  it  becomes  apparent  that 
such  help  is  needed.  There  are  also  spe- 
cial men  located  at  the  great  stockyards 
centers  of  Evansville,  Indianapolis,  Fort 
Wayne  and  other  places.  The  State  De- 
partment also  has  the  co-operation  of  a 
large  force  of  trained  Federal  veterinari- 
ans from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
A  recent  booklet  sent  out  by  the  State 
Veterinary  Department  gives  statistics 
showing  that  livestock  valuation  in  Indiana 
is  second  to  real  estate  only,  and  from  this 
fact  it  is  obvious  that  next  to  the  safe- 
guarding of  human  health  there  is  nothing 
that  calls  for  more  scientific  and  expert 
care  than  the  safeguarding  of  livestock  in- 
terests from  disease  and  consequent  loss. 

Leonard  E.  Northrup  is  a  native  of  New 
York  State.  He  was  born  in  Schuyler 
County  in  1872.  His  parents.  F.  W.  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1699 


a  natural ized  American  citizen.  Largely 
due  to  a  fault  in  American  public  opinion 
and  education  naturalization  has  been 
thought  of  lightly  and  consequently  has 
been  entered  into  by  the  foreign  born  with 
little  more  consideration  than  would  be 
given  to  the  most  trivial  routine.  Mr. 
Tamin  is  an  honorable  exception  to  the  rule 
and  from  the  first  assumed  the  responsi- 
bilities of  citi/enship  seriously.  Then  and 
ever  since  he  has  entertained  lofty  ideals 
as  to  what  constitutes  American  citizenship 
and  has  lived  up  to  those  ideals  himself 
and  in  many  ways  has  wielded  a  wide  in- 
fluence in  promoting  them  through  his 
writings  and  through  the  medium  of  his 
newspapers. 

His  life  career  began  as  a  printer  on  the 
Daily  Telegraph,  a  German  paper.  He 
completed  a  thorough  apprenticeship  at 
the  printer's  trade,  and  with  the  exception 
of  nine  months  while  a  grocery  clerk  and 
during  the  period  he  was  in  public  office 
has  always  been  connected  with  the  print- 
ing or  publishing  business.  From  a  posi- 
tion as  apprentice  on  the  Daily  Telegraph. 
one  of  the  German  papers  published  at 
Indianapolis,  he  was  advanced  to  foreman 
in  the  office.  For  six  years  during  Tag- 
gart's  administration  Mr.  Tamm  was  chief 
deputy  clerk.  The  democratic  party  also 
honored  him  by  making  him  its  candidate 
for  city  clerk  and  once  for  state  represen- 
tative. 

While  in  the  city  clerk's  office  Mr.  Tamm 
bought  from  Philip  Kappaport  in  1900  the 
Daily  Indiana  Tribune,  a  German  daily 
paper.  In  1902  this  paper  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Daily  Telegraph,  the  lat- 
ter being  issued  as  a  morning  and  the 
Tribune  as  an  evening  paper.  The  two 
were  consolidated  as  one  paper  in  1907  and 
conducted  as  the  Telegraph  Tribune  until 
•I une  3,  191S,  when  for  patriotic  reasons 
Mr.  Tamm  suspended  publication.  Mr. 
Tamm  was  best  known  as  the  owner  and 
publisher  of  the  Telegraph-Tribune  and  of 
the  Sunday  Spottvogel.  He  had  really 
made  these  papers  what  they  were,  a  me- 
dium of  news  and  an  instrument  of  whole- 
some citi/enship. 

Mr.  Tamm  is  of  the  Protestant  faith. 
lie  married  in  1S79  Miss  Minnie  Schmidt. 
They  had  two  sons,  August  Carl  and  Otto 
E.,  who  were  associated  with  their  father 
in  business.  August  Carl  died  April  27. 


1918.  leaving  a  wife,  who  before  marriage 

was  Clara  Youngman.  of  Indianapolis. 

•i 

DR.  LKOXARD  E.  NoRTiiRrp.  Indiana  in 
line  with  its  normal  progressiveness  among 
the  states  has  recently  established  a  He- 
organized  State  Veterinary  Department, 
of  which  the  head  is  Dr.  Leonard  E. 
Xorthrup.  a  prominent  veterinarian  who 
has  given  most  of  his  time  for  the  past  ten 
or  twelve  years  to  veterinary  work  under 
the  Indiana  state  government  auspices. 

Indianans  are  justly  proud  of  the  work 
that  is  being  accomplished  by  Doctor 
Northrup  in  his  department.  It  is  a  de- 
partment vitally  connected  with  the  wel- 
fare and  prosperity  of  the  state.  In  order 
to  meet  the  increasing  demand  for  more 
livestock  and  better  livestock  one  of  the 
first  essentials  is  to  eliminate  as  far  as 
possible  disease,  and  consequently  l.ealthy 
livestock  is  a  prerequisite  to  more  and  bet- 
ter livestock.  Since  the  creation  of  this 
department  it  has  been  the  means  of  greatly 
increasing  the  production  of  pork  and 
beef  in  Indiana,  and  for  that  reason  In- 
diana has  increased  its  quota  of  food  sup- 
plies for  the  great  war.  In  fact  the  war 
has  influenced  the  State  Veterinary  De- 
partment in  so  many  ways  that  its  service 
and  its  personnel  are  four  times  what  they 
were  before  the  war.  The  state  has  been 
divided  into  seventeen  districts,  each  in 
charge  of  a  veterinarian  working  under 
the  direction  of  the  State  Department,  and 
giving  help  to  the  local  practitioners  of 
his  district  when  it  becomes  apparent  that 
such  help  is  needed.  There  are  also  spe- 
cial men  located  at  the  great  stockyards 
centers  of  Evansville,  Indianapolis,  Fort 
Wayne  and  other  places.  The  State  De- 
partment also  has  the  co-operation  of  a 
large  force  of  trained  Federal  veterinari- 
ans from  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 
A  recent  booklet  sent  out  by  the  State 
Veterinary  Department  gives  statistics 
showing  that  livestock  valuation  in  Indiana 
is  second  to  real  estate  only,  and  from  this 
fact  it  is  obvious  that  next  to  the  safe- 
guarding of  human  health  there  is  nothing 
that  calls  for  more  scientific  and  expert 
care  than  the  safeguarding  of  livestock  in- 
terests from  disease  and  consequent  loss. 

Leonard  E.  Northrup  is  a  native  of  New 
York  State.  He  was  born  in  Schnyler 
County  in  1872.  His  parents.  F.  W.  and 


1700 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Josephine  (Seaman)  Northrup,  are  still 
living  at  the  old  home  at  Beaver  Dams  in 
Schuyler  County.  His  father  is  of  English 
lineage.  The  first  ancestors  came  to 
America  early  in  the  sixteen  hundreds  and 
settled  on  the  Hudson  River.  Doctor 
Northrup 's  direct  ancestor  came  over  with 
a  brother  who  many  years  previously  had 
gone  to,  Normandy,  Franfce,  with  King* 
George  II,  and  remained  there  until  com- 
ing with  his  English  brothers  to  America, 
and  reared  a  family.  Doctor  Northrup 's 
great-grandfather,  John  Northrup,  joined 
Lafayette's  army  upon  the  latter 's  land- 
ing in  America  and  fought  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. Doctor  Northrup 's  mother  on  her 
maternal  side  was  a  member  of  the  famous 
Holland  Dutch  Van  "Wagner  family.  Her 
great  -  great  -  grandmother,  Annaka  Jans 
Van  Wagner,  who  lived  in  New  York  City 
when  it  was  called  New  Amsterdam,  owned 
the  land  on  which  Trinity  Church  now 
stands.  F.  W.  Northrup  was  formerly  a 
merchant  but  has  always  been  a  farmer 
and  stockman. 

Doctor  Northrup  grew  up  at  Beaver 
Dams  in  Schuyler  County  and  attended 
the  Cook  Academy  at  Montour  Falls.  His 
first  ambition  was  to  become  a  physician, 
and  he  studied  in  New  York  City.  Per- 
haps due  to  early  associations  on  his  fath- 
er's farm  he  subsequently  abandoned  this 
in  favor  of  becoming  a  veterinarian.  He 
therefore  entered  the  Toronto  Veterinary 
College  in  Ontario,  graduated,  and  after 
that  for  several  years  was  in  the  govern- 
ment veterinarian  service  in  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  Doctor  Northrup  came  to 
Indianapolis  in  1908,  and  resumed  veter- 
inary work  under  Dr.  "W.  E.  Coover,  who 
at  that  time  held  a  position  in  the  state 
government  corresponding  to  the  present 
head  of  the  State  Veterinary  Department. 

The  office  was  reorganized  by  Doctor 
Northrup  and  March  23,  1917,  Governor 
Goodrich  appointed  him  to  the  office  of 
state  veterinarian.  He  entered  upon  the 
enlarged  scope  and  program  of  his  depart- 
ment with  great  enthusiasm,  and,  as  al- 
ready noted,  has  thoroughly  organized  the 
department  all  over  the  state  until  today 
there  is  not  a  stockman  in  any  section  who 
cannot  obtain  the  expert  services  offered 
by  the  department  within  a  few  hours. 

Doctor  Northrup  is  a  thirty-second  de- 
gree Scottish  Rite  Mason.  He  married 
Miss  Margaret  Couden,  a  native  of  Colum- 


bus, Georgia,  and  a  *ery  accomplished 
woman  formerly  prominent  in  educational 
affairs.  She  was  educated  in  Cedar  Ra- 
pids, Iowa,  and  for  several  years  was  a 
teacher  in  the  city  schools  of  Indianapolis. 

TIMOTHY  EDWARD  HOWARD.  Soldier, 
lawyer,  judge  and  senator,  these  are  some 
of  the  distinctions  which  entitle  Timothy 
Edward  Howard  to  rank  with  the  promi- 
nent Indianans.  He  was  born  on  a  farm 
near  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  January  27, 
1837,  and  after  a  military  service  in  the 
Civil  war,  in  which  he  was  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  and  after  a  thorough 
literary  and  professional  training,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1883.  He  subse- 
quently served  as  a  member  of  the  South 
Bend  Common  Council  and  in  other  offi- 
cial positions,  and  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Indiana  Senate  in  1886-92,  and  ele- 
vated to  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Indiana  in  1893.  In  addition  to  his  many 
distinctions  in  the  line  of  his  profession 
Judge  Howard  is  also  a  writer  of  both 
prose  and  poetry. 

He  married  Julia  A.  Redmond,  of  De- 
troit. 

I 

ALFRED  B.  GATES,  who  died  at  his  home 
in  Indianapolis  in  1901,  was  for  many 
years  one  of  the  men  of  distinction  in  the 
commercial  and  civic  life  of  that  city.  A 
great  many  people  entertain  most  kindly 
memory  of  this  Indianapolis  merchant,  and 
the  worthy  place  he  enjoyed  in  business 
and  civic  life  is  now  being  filled  by  his  sons. 

A  period  of  almost  eight  decades  sep- 
arated his  death  from  his  birth.  He  was 
born  in  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  in  1822, 
a  son  of  Avery  Gates  and  a  grandson  of 
Joshua  Gates.  Joshua  Gates  spent  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  in  the  State  of 
New  York.  Avery  Gates,  who  was  born 
in  that  state  May  22,  1780,  married  Polly 
Toby.  Together  they  came  West,  traveling 
by  flatboats  down  the  Ohio  river  and  locat- 
ing near  Connersville  in  Fayette  County, 
Indiana.  The  date  of  their  settlement  was 
about  1807.  Those  familiar  with  the  his- 
tory of  Indiana  need  not  be  reminded  of 
the  wilderness  and  desolate  conditions 
which  then  prevailed  over  practically  all 
of  Indiana  from  the  Ohio  river  to  the  Great 
Lakes.  Indiana  had  been  a  territory  but  a 
few  years,  and  nearly  ten  years  passed  be- 
fore it  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  Fay- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1701 


ette  County  was  sparsely  settled  and  much 
of  it  unexplored,  and  its  dense  woods  had 
been  broken  only  here  and  there  by  the 
work  of  the  axe  man,  and  was  filled  with 
Indians  and  wild  game.  Aveiy  Gates 
lived  the  life  of  a  typical  pioneer,  and  died 
honored  and  respected  January  4,  1865. 
His  widow  passed  away  September  9,  1873. 

It  was  in  the  stimulating  period  of  pio- 
neer things  in  Indiana  that  Alfred  B. 
Gates  spent  his  early  youth  and  manhood. 
Though  country  born  and  country  bred 
he  made  his  abilities  count  in  a  larger 
business  way.  He  was  a  resident  of  Indi- 
ana practically  all  his  life  except  four 
years  from  1864  to  1868,  during  which  time 
he  was  engaged  in  business  in  Philadel- 
phia. In  the  latter  year  he  took  up  the 
grocery  business  at  Indianapolis,  and  now 
for  fully  half  a  century  the  name  Gates  has 
been  identified  with  that  department  of 
commerce.  His  retail  establishment  he 
built  up  and  broadened  out  into  a  whole- 
sale concern,  and  remained  active  in  its 
management  until  he  retired  in  1894. 
Alfred  B.  Gates  was  a  stanch  republican 
and  was  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 

Aside  from  the  success  he  won  in  busi- 
ness he  is  remembered  and  deserves  to  be 
remembered  especially  for  his  predominant 
characteristic  of  an  unfailing  good  humor. 
He  had  a  pleasant  smile  and  word  for 
everyone,  was  generous  to  a  fault,  was  al- 
ways helpful  to  the  needy  and  believed  in 
and  practiced  the  Golden  Rule.  Through- 
out a  long  and  busy  life  he  never  lost  his 
faith  in  humanity. 

Alfred  B.  Gates  married  Elizabeth  M. 
Murdock,  who  was  born  in  Kentucky  in 
1838.  She  survived  her  husband.  They 
were  the  parents  of  five  children :  Charles 
M.,  who  was  born  at  Connersville,  was  edu- 
cated at  Butler  College  at  Indianapolis, 
and  after  graduation  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  business.  He  married 
Maria  Frazee  and  died  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-eight, when  success  was  coming  rapidly 
to  him.  The  next  two  in  age  are  Harry 
B.,  who  died  October  10,  1916,  and  Wil- 
liam N.  Gates.  The  daughter,  Mary  Alice, 
born  at  Philadelphia,  is  Mrs.  William  H. 
Lee,  of  Minneapolis.  The  youngest  son  is 
Edward  E.  Gates. 

HARRY  B.  GATES,  a  son  of  the  late  Alfred 
B.  Gates,  was  an  active  business  man  at 
Indianapolis  thirty-five  years  and  had 


many  associations  with  the  larger  life  and 
affairs  of  this  city. 

He  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  In- 
diana, September  5,  1858,  and  when  he  was 
six  years  of  age  his  parents  moved  to  Phil- 
adelphia, where  he  received  his  early  in- 
struction in  the  public  schools.  After 
1868  he  attended  school  at  Indianapolis 
and  in  1871,  at  the  age  of  thirten,  went  to 
work  in  his  father's  grocery  and  coffee 
store.  He  was  admitted  to  a  partnership 
in  1882  under  the  name  A.  B.  Gates  & 
Company.  He  continued  to  be  associated 
with  his  father  until  1894,  when  the  latter 
retired.  Mr.  Harry  Gates  then  organized 
the  Climax  Coffee  &  Baking  Powder  Com- 
pany. As  its  president  he  built  up  the 
manufacturing  and  wholesale  branches  of 
this  business  to  extensive  proportions  and 
made  it  one  of  the  largest  concerns  of  its 
kind  in  Indiana.  Harry  B.  Gates  was  also 
largely  responsible  for  organizing  the  New 
Telephone  Company  and  the  New  Long 
Distance  Telephone  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis in  1897.  He  was  secretary  of  both 
companies  until  1893,  and  before  selling 
his  interests  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  see- 
ing the  plants  thoroughly  organized  and 
modernized  and  the  business  firmly  estab- 
lished. Among  other  business  interests  he 
was  president  of  the  American  Color  Com- 
pany, manufacturing  dyes,  was  a  director 
of  the  Columbia  National  Bank  and  other 
corporations.  He  promoted,  owned  and 
operated  before  his  death  the  Hotel  Sev- 
erin,  Indianapolis,  and  the  Hotel  Miami,  of 
Dayton,  Ohio.  He  was  succeeded  upon  his 
death,  by  his  son,  A.  Bennett  Gates,  who 
is  now  president  of  both  these  well  known 
hotels. 

As  a  republican  Mr.  Harry  B.  Gates 
was  quite  active  in  local  affairs,  and  was 
a  delegate  to  the  National  Convention  of 
1900.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Columbia, 
Commercial,  Marion  and  Country  Clubs, 
the  German  House,  and  was  affiliated  with 
Pentalpha  Lodge  No.  564,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons. 

Harry  B.  Gates  died  at  Indianapolis  Oc- 
tober 10,  1916,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight  and 
when  still  in  the  high  tide  of  his  powers 
and  usefulness.  November  6,  1881,  he 
married  Miss  Carrie  E.  Patrick,  daughter 
of  E.  W.  Patrick  of  Evansville,  Indiana. 
Mrs.  Gates  died  in  1901,  leaving  one  son. 
This  son,  A.  Bennett  Gates,  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  coffee  and  baking 


1702 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


powder  business.  He  married  Lena  Hem- 
mingway,  daughter  of  James  A.  Hemming- 
way,  United  States  Senator  from  Indiana. 

WILLIAM  N.  GATES,  one  of  the  promi- 
nent wholesale  merchants  of  Indianapolis, 
has  been  a  resident  of  that  city  half  a  cen- 
tury, and  his  own  career  has  served  to 
make  a  well  known  family  still  better 
known  and  honored  in  this  state. 

He  was  born  October  31,  1862,  and  at 
the  age  of  six  years  came  to  Indianapolis 
with  his  parents.  Here  he  attended  the 
public  schools  and  also  Butler  University. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  went  to  work  in 
his  father's  wholesale  grocery  house,  and 
his  entire  career  has  been  identified  with 
the  activities  and  interests  of  the  whole- 
sale business  at  Indianapolis.  In  1895  he 
embarked  in  the  wholesale  coffee  and  bak- 
ing powder  business,  and  has  built  up  one 
of  the  largest  concerns  of  its  kind  in  In- 
dianapolis. 

Mr.  Gates  is  a  republican  and  is  a  char- 
ter member  of  the  Columbia  Club.  In 
1886  he  married  Miss  Alberta  Byram.  Her 
father,  N.  S.  Byram,  was  in  his  day  one 
of  the  prominent  men  of  Indianapolis. 
Three  children  have  been  born  to  their 
marriage,  Isabel,  William  Byram  and 
Alfred  Gerald.  The  daughter  is  Mrs.  Kelly 
R.  Jacoby.  Both  sons  are  actively  asso- 
ciated with  their  father  in  business. 

EDWARD  E.  GATES  is  member  of  the  law 
firm  Myers,  Gates  &  Ralston  of  Indianap- 
olis. The  name  of  this  firm  is  sufficient  to 
indicate  his  standing  as  a  lawyer  apart 
from  several  individual  achievements  in 
the  law  which  stand  to  his  high  credit.  He 
has  always  been  active  in  Indianapolis  citi- 
zenship, and  also  enjoys  the  distinction 
of  having  been  an  actual  campaigner  in 
the  brief  war  with  Spain. 

Mr.  Gates  represents  one  of  the  earliest 
families  of  Indiana  pioneers.  His  grand- 
father, Avery  Gates,  located  in  Fayette 
County  as  early  as  1807,  considerably  more 
than  a  century  ago.  This  is  one  of  the 
few  families  of  the  state  who  have  more 
than  a  century  of  residence  to  their  credit. 
Edward  E.  Gates  is  a  son  of  the  late  Alfred 
B.  Gates,  whose  career  is  told  briefly  on 
other  pages. 

Edward  E.  Gates  was  born  at  Indianap- 
olis August  23,  1871.  He  was  educated  in 
local  schools,  graduated  Ph.  B.  in  1891 


from  Yale  College,  and  in  1894  completed 
his-  studies  in  the  New  York  Law  School. 
In  1895  he  also  graduated  from  the  In- 
diana Law  School,  and  his  actual  career 
as  a  lawyer  covers  a  period  of  over  twenty 
years.  During  the  greater  part  of  this 
time  he  has  enjoyed  a  most  enviable  repu- 
tation as  a  lawyer.  Out  of  his  large  and 
varied  practice  one  particular  case  can  be 
recited  as  one  of  public  interest  and  which 
redounded  much  to  his  credit. 

Prior  to  1906  railroads  had  generally 
discriminated  against  the  citizens  of  In- 
dianapolis, giving  to  neighboring  cities 
special  rates  and  privileges  that  consti- 
tuted a  heavy  if  not  prohibitive  burden 
upon  this  city.  Protests  and  formal  pro- 
cedure seemed  unavailing  to  bring  redress. 
Then  Mr.  Gates  was  employed  as  chief 
counsel  by  the  Indianapolis  Freight 
Bureau  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  to 
effect  an  equitable  adjustment.  He  entered 
the  cause  with  a  determination  to  leave  no 
stone  unturned  in  the  accomplishment  of 
the  object  in  view.  When  he  appeared  be- 
fore the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
he  was  fortified  with  an  array  of  testimony 
and  evidence  and  facts  which  were  indis- 
putable, and  after  an  extended  and  bitterly 
fought  trial  before  that  commission  the 
decision  was  rendered  in  favor  of  the  com- 
plainant in  1907.  The  result  of  this  de- 
cision has  saved  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
dollars  to  the  shippers  of  Indianapolis  and 
has  also  acquired  the  value  of  a  precedent 
from  which  equal  shipping  treatment  has 
since  been  extended  to  other  cities. 

Mr.  Gates  is  widely  known  in  civic  and 
social  affairs.  While  at  Yale  College  he 
was  identified  with  the  Berzelius  Society. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Columbian  and 
Marion  clubs  of  Indianapolis,  the  Ki- 
wanis  Club,  of  which  he  is  president,  of 
the  Athletic  and  Canoe  clubs,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  Board  of  Trade,  the  Turn- 
verein,  the  Maennerchor,  the  Royal  Ar- 
canum, Knights  of  Pythias,  Mystic  Shrine, 
Spanish  War  Veterans  and  the  Christian 
Church. 

During  the  war  between  our  country 
and  Spain  Mr.  Gates  volunteered  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  famous  Indianapolis 
Field  Artillery,  known  as  the  Twenty- 
Seventh  Light  Battery,  Indiana  Volun- 
teers. This  battery  was  called  into  actual 
service  and  was  assigned  to  duties  in  the 
Porto  Rican  campaign.  Its  service  closed 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1703 


with  a  rather  dramatic  incident.  The  bat- 
tery had  been  unlimbered  and  was  on  the 
point  of  firing  upon  Spanish  posts  when 
hostilities  were  halted  by  a  truce  pending 
the  final  conclusion  of  the  war. 

As  a  republican  in  politics  Mr.  Gates  has 
been  quite  active  in  his  party  and  for  two 
terras  served  as  president  of  the  Lincoln 
League.  His  wife  was  formerly  Miss  Dor- 
othy Fay  Odoms.  He  has  three  children, 
Virginia,  Edward  and  Elizabeth. 

FRED  PBANGE  came  to  Indianapolis  from 
Germany  over  thirty  years  ago,  poor  and 
all  but  friendless  in  this  new  world,  and 
has  achieved  a  degree  of  definite  success 
which  makes  him  one  of  the  honored  busi- 
ness men  and  citizens  of  Indianapolis  to- 
day. He  is  member  of  the  well  known 
business  firm  of  Prange  Brothers,  his  ac- 
tive associate  now  and  for  many  years  be- 
ing his  brother  Anton. 

Mr.  Prange  was  born  at  Minden,  West- 
phalia, Germany,  August  6,  1863,  son  of 
Fred  and  Christinia  (Roesener)  Prange. 
His  father  was  a  man  of  considerable  prop- 
erty and  of  substantial  position  in  his  na- 
tive country,  owned  land,  did  an  extensive 
business  as  a  contracting  carpenter,  and 
was  also  revenue  collector  for  his  district. 
Fred  Prange  and  wife  spent  all  their  lives 
in  Germany,  and  were  active  members  of 
the  German  Lutheran  Church.  A  brother 
of  Fred  Prange,  Sr.,  is  Anthony  Prange, 
a  prominent  old  time  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis elsewhere  referred  to.  Fred  Prange, 
Sr.,  and  wife  had  a  large  family,  and  five 
of  them  came  to  the  United  States.  Chris- 
tina is  the  wife  of  Mr.  Fred  Stahlhut,  of 
Indianapolis.  The  second  among  those 
that  came  to  this  country  is  Mr.  Fred 
Prange.  His  brother  Anton  H.  was  born 
February  19,  1870.  Mary  was  the  first 
wife  of  Mr.  Fred  Stahlhut.  They  were 
married  in  Germany,  and  she  died  soon 
after  they  came  to  this  country,  and  Mr. 
Stahlhut  then  married  her  sister  Christina. 
The  other  member  of  the  family  in  Amer- 
ica is  Louis,  a  machinist  with  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railway  Company. 

Fred  Prange  attended  the  schools  of  his 
native  town  and  district,  and  as  a  boy 
served  an  apprenticeship  which  gave  him 
a  practical  knowledge  of  the  carpenter's 
trade  and  also  of  the  butcher  trade.  In 
1883,  when  he  was  twenty  years  of  age,  he 
came  to  the  United  States.  Having  rela- 


tives in  Indianapolis,  he  sought  this  city 
as  his  first  destination  and  there  secured 
the  opportunities  which  gradually  by  the 
exercise  of  his  industry  and  independent 
judgment  brought  him  -a  secure  business 
position.  For  a  time  he  worked  at  the 
carpenter  trade,  was  in  the  employ  of 
Charles  Nuerge,  and  for  five  years  was  in 
the  grocery  store  of  his  uncle,  Anthony 
Prange.  Having  during  this  time  gained 
experience  and  some  small  means  of  his 
own  he  bought  a  meat  market  where  the 
Idle  Hour  Theater  is  now  located.  This 
he  sold  in  1893  and  for  the  next  twelve 
years  managed  a  store  on  Michigan  Street 
for  H.  E.  Shortemeyer.  In  1908  Mr.  Prange 
became  associated  with  his  brother  Anton 
H.  in  the  purchase  of  a  stock  of  goods  on 
Massachusetts  Avenue  belonging  to  their 
uncle  Anthony.  They  conducted  a  very 
satisfactory  business  as  grocery  merchants 
for  ten  years,  selling  out  their  grocery 
stock  in  1918  and  now  giving  most  of  their 
time  and  attention  to  the  operation  of  a 
meat  market  in  the  City  Market. 

Anton  Prange  was  an  employe  in  the 
grocery  business  for  William  Peak  for 
eleven  years  after  coming  to  this  country. 

Fred  Prange  married  in  1886  Mary 
Meusing,  daughter  of  Charles  Muesing. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Clara,  wife  of 
William  F.  Rathert,  a  well  known  gro- 
cery merchant  on  South  Meridian  Street 
in  Indianapolis. 

Anton  H.  Prange  was  married  in  1897, 
and  he  and  his  wife  have  a  daughter, 
Emma,  and  a  son,  Frank.  Both  families 
are  members  of  the  Trinity  Lutheran 
Church. 

WILLIAM  A.  UMPHREY  is  one  of  the 
prominent  factors  in  the  development  of 
the  Indianapolis  modern  industrial  pro- 
gram, a  program  which  is  rapidly  bring- 
ing this  city  to  a  place  ranking  with  the 
other  large  manufacturing  centers  of  the 
Middle  West.  Most  of  the  men  who  fur- 
nish the  spirit  and  enterprise  to  this  move- 
ment are  comparatively  young  men,  and 
Mr.  Umphrey  is  no  exception  to  that  rule. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  December 
26,  1877,  forty  years  ago,  a  son  of  Louis 
and  Emma  Umphrey.  His  parents  still 
live  in  Indianapolis,  having  come  here 
many  years  ago  from  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
The  father  was  born  June  8,  1842,  and 
spent  three  years  and  three  months  of  his 


1704 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


early  manhood  as  an  enlisted  soldier  in  the 
Union  army.  Seven  months  of  that  time 
he  endured  the  frightful  hardships  of  An- 
dersonville  prison.  Until  he  retired  Louis 
Umphrey  was  for  a  long  period  of  years 
superintendent  of  the  Piel  Starch  Works 
at  Indianapolis.  His  wife  is  now  seventy- 
one  years  of  age.  William  A.  Umphrey 
fiinshed  his  early  education  in  the  Manual 
Training  High  School  of  Indianapolis. 
Then,  while  still  a  boy,  he  began  working 
in  a  seed  store  and  then  followed  another 
line  of  experience  with  an  insurance 
agency  at  Indianapolis. 

But  the  work  which  has  taken  his  chief 
time  and  attention  for  many  years  has 
been  furniture  manufacturing.  He  is  now 
at  the  head  of  two  companies,  one  with  a 
plant  at  Morgantown,  Indiana,  and  the 
other  located  at  Crawfordsville.  He  is 
president  of  one  and  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  other.  The  plant  at  Morgan- 
town  makes  a  specialty  of  chairs,  while  the 
Umphrey  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Crawfordsville  concentrates  its  output  up- 
on library  tables.  Mr.  Umphrey  is  also 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Glover 
Equipment  Company  at  412  Capitol  Ave- 
nue, Indianapolis.  His  business  associa- 
tion which  is  of  most  interest  at  this  par- 
ticular time  is  as  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  The  Weidley  Motor  Company.  He  is 
one  of  the  three  active  men  in  this  busi- 
ness, the  other  two  being  the  inventor,  Mr. 
Weidley,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Showers.  The 
Weidley  motor  is  an  American  invention 
with  a  performance  which  has  astonished 
the  entire  world.  The  Weidley  motor  is  a 
four-,  six-  and  twelve-cylinder  motor,  de- 
signed and  manufactured  for  strictly  high 
class  cars,  but  in  the  last  year  or  so  the 
four-cylinder  has  been  used  extensively  on 
the  caterpillar  tractors  of  the  Cleveland 
Tractor  Company.  The  motors  are  manu- 
factured in  the  company's  plant  at  Geor- 
gia and  Shelby  streets,  where  the  concern 
now  occupies  an  entire  block.  Three  years 
ago  the  company  employed  less  than  ten 
men,  but  now  650  contribute  their  labors 
in  the  different  departments  and  offices, 
and  the  industry  is  rapidly  becoming  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  important  of  its 
kind  in  America.  The  company  now  has 
a  three  year  contract  to  supply  motors  to 
the  value  of  $20,000,000.  Hardly  a  month 
passes  that  some  addition  and  extension  is 
not  made  to  the  company 's  plant  and  busi- 


ness, and  the  men  connected  with  it  com- 
prise such  a  group  of  organizing  and  orig- 
inal genius  that  they  are  never  satisfied  for 
a  moment  with  present  achievement,  how- 
ever great  it  may  be,  and  are  constantly 
experimenting  toward  a  future  goal  of  per- 
fection. 

Mr.  Umphrey  therefore  has  a  decidedly 
active  executive  part  in  several  different 
organizations,  and  finds  his  time  and  ener- 
gies so  completely  engaged  by  them  that 
he  has  never  felt  justified1  in  accepting 
directorship  with  various  other  organiza- 
tions offered  to  him.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Columbia  Club,  the  Turnverein,  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason  and  also  belongs 
to  the  Scottish  Rite  of  that  order  and  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  In  politics  he  is  a  repub- 
lican, and  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Mr.  Umphrey  has  one  son,  Law- 
rence Louis. 

HARRY  T.  HEARSEV,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  man  who  has  participated  in  and  has 
made  history  in  one  of  the  greatest  indus- 
tries of  the  age.  Forty  years  ago  he  was 
doing  practical  mechanics  in  the  limited 
and  meager  bicycle  industry.  He  has  never 
relaxed  his  attention  to  the  bicycle,  and 
knows  probably  more  about  that  business 
that  any  other  man  in  America.  He  was 
the  pioneer  in  the  industry  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  at  a  later  date  had  a  similar  re- 
lationship to  the  automobile  business.  He 
is  president  of  the  H.  T.  Hearsey  Com- 
pany at  408  Capitol  Avenue. 

Mr.  Hearsey  is  a  native  Englishman, 
born  in  London  February  11,  1863,  son 
of  H.  T.  and  Flora  Hearsey.  His  mother 
is  still  living.  Both  parents  were  born  in 
London,  and  when  he  was  a  boy  they  came 
to  America  and  located  at  Boston.  Harry 
T.  Hearsey  grew  up  and  attended  school 
at  Boston,  and  had  a  training  in  the  me- 
chanical trades  in  several  shops  of  that 
city. 

The  facts  of  his  early  experience-  of 
greatest  interest  here  is  found  in  the  year 
1878,  when  he  became  connected  with  the 
bicycle  industry  as  a  bicycle  mechanic  and 
repair  man.  There  has  been  no  interrup- 
tion to  his  connection  with  the  bicycle  busi- 
ness since  that  day.  He  was  first  em- 
ployed by  the  Cunningham-Heath  Com- 
pany of  Boston,  manufacturers  and  im- 
porters of  bicycles.  He  was  with  them 
seven  years  as  a  machinist  and  was  a  rac- 


- 


. 


1704 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


early  manhood  as  an  enlisted  soldier  in  the 
Union  army.  Seven  months  of  that  time 
he  endured  the  frightful  hardships  of  An- 
dersonville  prison.  Until  he  retired  Louis 
Umphrey  was  for  a  long  period  of  years 
superintendent  of  the  Piel  Starch  Works 
at  Indianapolis.  His  wife  is  now  seveuty- 
one  years  of  age.  William  A.  Umphrey 
finished  his  early  education  in  the  Manual 
Training  High  School  of  Indianapolis. 
Then,  while  still  a  boy,  he  began  working 
in  a  seed  store  and  then  followed  another 
line  of  experience  with  an  insurance 
agency  at  Indianapolis. 

But  the  work  which  has  taken  his  chief 
time  and  attention  for  many  years  has 
been  furniture  manufacturing.  lie  is  now 
at  the  head  of  two  companies,  one  with  a 
plant  at  Morgantown,  Indiana,  and  the 
other  located  at  Crawfordsville.  He  is 
president  of  one  and  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  other.  The  plant  at  Morgan- 
town  makes  a  specialty  of  chairs,  while  the 
Umphrey  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Crawfordsville  concentrates  its  output  up- 
on library  tables.  Mr.  Umphrey  is  also 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Glover 
Equipment  Company  at  412  Capitol  Ave- 
nue, Indianapolis.  Ilis  business  associa- 
tion which  is  of  most  interest  at  this  par- 
ticular time  is  as  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  The  Weidley  Motor  Company.  He  is 
one  of  the  three  active  men  in  this  busi- 
ness, the  other  two  being  the  inventor,  Mr. 
Weidley,  and  Mr.  W.  E.  Showers.  The 
Weidley  motor  is  an  American  invention 
with  a  performance  which  has  astonished 
the  entire  world.  The  Weidley  motor  is  a 
four-,  six-  and  twelve-cylinder  motor,  de- 
signed and  manufactured  for  strictly  high 
class  cars,  but  in  the  last  year  or  so  the 
four-cylinder  has  been  used  extensively  on 
the  caterpillar  tractors  of  the  Cleveland 
Tractor  Company.  The  motors  are  manu- 
factured in  the  company's  plant  at  Geor- 
gia and  Shelby  streets,  where  the  concern 
now  occupies  an  entire  block.  Three  years 
ago  the  company  employed  less  than  ten 
men.  but  now  ()•">()  contribute  their  labors 
in  the  different  departments  and  offices, 
and  the  industry  is  rapidly  becoming  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  important  of  its 
kind  in  America.  The  company  now  has 
a  three  year  contract  to  supply  motors  to 
the  value  of  $20.000.000.  Hardly  a  month 
passes  that  some  addition  and  extension  is 
not  made  to  the  company's  plant  and  busi- 


ness, and  the  men  connected  with  it  com- 
prise such  a  group  of  organizing  and  orig- 
inal genius  that  they  are  never  satisfied  for 
a  moment  with  present  achievement,  how- 
ever great  it  may  be,  and  are  constantly 
experimenting  toward  a  future  goal  of  per- 
fection. 

Mr.  Umphrey  therefore  has  a  decidedly 
active  executive  part  in  several  different 
organizations,  and  finds  his  time  and  ener- 
gies so  completely  engaged  by  them  that 
he  has  never  felt  justified'  in  accepting 
directorship  with  various  other  organiza- 
tions offered  to  him.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Columbia  Club,  the  Turnverein,  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason  and  also  belongs 
to  the  Scottish  Rite  of  that  order  and  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  In  politics  he  is  a  repub- 
lican, and  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Mr.  Umphrey  lias  one  son,  Law- 
rence Louis. 

HARKV  T.  IIi:\i<si:v.  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  man  who  lias  participated  in  and  has 
made  history  in  one  of  the  greatest  indus- 
tries of  the  age.  Forty  years  ago  he  was 
doing  practical  mechanics  in  the  limited 
and  meager  bicycle  industry.  lie  has  never 
relaxed  his  attention  to  the  bicycle,  and 
knows  probably  more  about  that  business 
that  any  other  man  in  America.  He  was 
the  pioneer  in  the  industry  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  at  a  later  date  had  a  similar  re- 
lationship to  the  automobile  business.  He 
is  president  of  the  11.  T.  Hearscy  Com- 
pany at  40S  Capitol  Avenue. 

Mr.  Hearsey  is  a  native  Englishman, 
born  in  London  February  11,  ISO:},  son 
of  H.  T.  and  Flora  Hearsey.  His  mother 
is  still  living.  Both  parents  were  born  in 
London,  and  when  lie  was  a  boy  they  came 
to  America  and  located  at  Boston.  Harry 
T.  Hearsey  grew  up  and  attended  school 
at  Boston,  and  had  a  training  in  the  me- 
chanical trades  in  several  shops  of  that 
city. 

The  facts  of  his  early  experience-  of 
greatest  interest  here  is  found  in  the  year 
1S7S.  when  lie  became  connected  with  the 
bicycle  industry  as  a  bicycle  mechanic  and 
repair  man.  There  has  been  no  interrup- 
tion to  his  connection  witli  the  bicycle  busi- 
ness since  that  day.  He  was  iirst  em- 
ployed by  the  Cumiinirham-Hcath  ( 'om- 
pany  of  Boston,  manufacturers  and  im- 
porters of  bicycles,  lie  was  with  them 
seven  vears  as  a  machinist  and  was  a  rac- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1705 


ing  expert.  Mr.  Hearsey  could  ride  a  bi- 
cycle as  well  as  make  one,  and  when  it  is 
recalled  that  thirty  or  forty  years  ago 
the  only  type  of  bicycle  was  the  high 
wheel  or  ordinary,  the  riding  was  a  matter 
of  much  more  expert  performance  than 
what  is  required  today. 

As  a  rider  Mr.  Hearsey  gave  exhibitions 
for  his  company  in  various  cities  of  the 
United  States.  In  1885  he  came  to  In- 
dianapolis, the  city  that  has  been  his  home 
now  for  over  thirty  years.  After  coming 
here  he  was  for  a  time  connected  with  the 
business  of  Charles  Finley  Smith  of  Wav- 
erly  bicycle  fame.  In  1886  he  established 
a  shop  of  his  own  in  a  little  room  at  New 
York  and  Delaware  streets.  Here  he  ?old 
and  repaired  bicycles  of  the  old  type,  hav- 
ing the  shop  at  one  end  of  the  room  and 
operating  a  coal  office  at  the  other.  A 
year  or  two  later  he  moved  to  a  somewhat 
larger  building  on  Pennsylvania  Street 
near  Ohio,  occupying  a  site  that  is  now 
taken  up  by  the  east  portion  of  the  new 
Federal  Building.  Here  he  conducted  be- 
sides a  repair  shop  a  salesroom  and  riding 
academy.  This  was  probably  the  first 
salesroom  and  riding  academy  in  the  mid- 
dle west,  and  certainly  the  first  in  Indian- 
apolis. It  was  about  1890  that  the  first 
form  of  the  "safety"  bicycle  was  intro- 
duced, and  in  two  or  three  years  its  devel- 
opment rendered  the  old  "ordinary"  prac- 
tically obsolete,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
no  one  has  seen  the  high  wheel  except  in 
museums  and  circuses.  The  safety  bicycle 
grew  in  popularity,  especially  after  the 
introduction  of  pneumatic  tires,  and  Mr. 
Hearsey  was  in  a  position  to  become  the 
central  figure  around  which  the  bicycle 
activities  of  Indianapolis  revolved.  His 
shop  was  headquarters  for  all  the  famous 
racing  men  of  fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago, 
and  he  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the  great 
meet  which  were  as  much  events  in  the 
'90s  as  automobile  races  have  been  since. 

With  the  advent  of  the  automobile  and 
the  decline  in  popularity  of  the  bicycle 
Mr.  Hearsey  naturally  gravitated  into  the 
automobile  business.  Thus  he  became  the 
first  automobile  dealer  in  Indianapolis.  In 
a  historical  article  on  the  bicycle  and  kin- 
dred industries  in  a  recent  number  of  the 
Bicycle  News  of  New  York,  this  paper 
credits  Mr.  Hearsey  with  being  the  oldest 
dealer  and  jobber  of  bicycles  in  the  United 
States ;  while  his  record  for  being  the  pio- 

Vol.  IV— 10 


neer  dealer  in  automobiles  at  Indianapolis 
is  well  known  to  all.  Carl  Fisher,  Indian- 
apolis' widely  known  automobile  magnate, 
worked  as  a  youth  in  Mr.  Hearsey 's  plant. 
Mr.  Fisher  calls  Mr.  Hearsey  "daddy" 
and  freely  gives  him  credit  for  his  start 
in  the  automobile  industry.  The  history 
of  Mr.  Hearsey 's  connection  with  the 
automobile  business  is  in  fact  the  history 
of  the  beginning  and  early  years  of  the 
industry  in  Indianapolis,  a  city  that  now 
ranks  second  in  automobile  trade  and  man- 
ufacture in  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Hearsey  has  done  his  part  as  an 
originator  and  inventor.  He  devised  and 
put  on  the  market  the  famous  Hearsey  bi- 
cycle tires,  known  from  coast  to  coast.  He 
was  also  the  originator  of  the  interchange- 
able tire  tube  for  Ford  cars,  a  tube  that 
has  come  into  universal  use.  Mr.  Hear- 
sey discontinued  the  automobile  end  of  his 
business  in  1915,  but  has  never  discontin- 
ued handling  bicycles,  even  during  the 
slackest  years.  He  is  now  jobbing  bicy- 
cles, bicycle  parts  and  automobile  acces- 
sories, and  in  August,  1918,  moved  his 
plant  to  its  splendid  modern  building  at 
408-410  Capitol  Avenue.  There  he  has 
spacious  and  well  arranged  quarters,  con- 
stituting an  ideal  location.  Mr.  Hearsey 's 
continuance  in  the  business  has  been  well 
justified,  since,  as  he  foresaw,  the  bicycle 
in  recent  years  has  again  found  favor  and 
place  in  the  world  of  trade  and  industry, 
fulfilling  a  need  that  cannot  be  filled  in 
any  other  way.  This  has  been  well  recog- 
nized by  its  classification  as  an  essential 
war  industry.  Mr.  Hearsey  is  president 
of  the  H.  T.  Hearsey  Company,  and  also 
active  manager  of  the  business. 

Mr.  Hearsey  was  also  very  active  in  In- 
dianapolis civic  life,  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  having  served  eleven 
years  as  a  governor;  a  member  of  the 
Marion  Club,  having  served  as  director 
and  treasurer;  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Music;  a  member  of  the  Automobile 
Trade  Association  and  Hoosier  Motor 
Club ;  prominent  in  Masonic  life,  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  also  a 
Knight  Templar  and  a  Shriner  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Centre  Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons ;  also  a  member  of  Christ 
Episcopal  Church.  In  politics  he  is  a  re- 
publican. He  served  four  years  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Advisory  Board  of  Centre 
Township,  Marion  County,  and  while  he 


1706 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


always  took  an  active  part  in  politics  as  a 
republican  he  never  aspired  to  any  other 
office,  preferring  his  business  career. 

He  married  Miss  Nellie  Kirk,  of  Mun- 
cie,  Indiana,  where  she  was  born  and 
reared.  They  have  four  daughters :  Nellie, 
wife  of  B.  H.  Colburn,  and  they  have  two 
children,  Harry  Hearsey  and  Mariadna; 
Vivian ;  Edith,  wife  of  Herbert  Jose,  and 
they  have  one  child,  Joanna  Jose;  and 
Kathryn,  wife  of  Robert  R.  Adams. 

IDA  HUSTED  HARPER,  a  well  known 
writer  and  lecturer,  was  born  near  Brook- 
ville,  Indiana,  a  daughter  of  John  Arthur 
and  Cassandra  (Stpddard)  Husted.  Her 
early  literary  training  was  secured  in  the 
high  school  of  Muncie,  Indiana,  of  which 
she  is  a  graduate.  She  was  also  a  student 
in  the  Indiana  University  two  years,  spent 
two  years  in  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Uni- 
versity, and  afterward  became  principal  of 
the  high  school  of  Peru,  Indiana.  She  also 
spent  a  number  of  years  in  literary  work 
in  Terre  Haute,  and  since  her  writings 
and  work  have  identified  her  with  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  this  country  and  Europe. 
Among  her  many  contributions  may  be 
mentioned  the  "History  of  Woman  Suf- 
frage to  Close  of  Nineteenth  Century" 
(with  Susan  B.  Anthony).  Her  home  is 
in  New  York  City. 

WILLIAM  BUTTLER  was  for  many  years 
until  his  death  prominently  identified  with 
the  glass  manufacturing  industry  of  In- 
diana, and  the  City  of  Indianapolis  today 
has  as  one  of  its  important  industries  a 
business  which  he  established  and  built 
up  from  small  beginnings. 

He  was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  His 
father,  Christopher  F.  Buttler,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Germany,  coming  to  America  after 
his  marriage  and  living  for  many  years  at 
Pittsburg.  Late  in  life  he  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis, and  is  still  living  there  at  an 
advanced  age. 

One  of  a  family  of  seven  children,  Wil- 
liam Buttler  grew  iip  in  a  home  marked 
by  great  simplicity  of  comforts  and  living 
conditions.  His  parents  were  quite  poor, 
and  from  the  age  of  nine  years  he  had  no 
scholastic  advantages  and  had  to  get  out 
and  make  his  own  living.  He  became  a  l.'oy 
worker  in  the  glass  industry.  By  the  slow 
and  arduous  apprenticeship  then  in  vogue 
he  learned  every  detail  of  glass  making, 


and  in  time  was  promoted  to  the  responsi- 
bilities of  manager  for  Dithridge  &  Com- 
pany. He  was  an  apt  student,  and  pos- 
sessing an  original  mind  he  invented  -when 
still  not  more  than  a  boy  a  machine  for 
putting  a  "crimp"  in  the  top  of  lamp 
chimneys.  The  sale  of  this  invention 
brought  him  enough  money  to  embark  in 
business  for  himself. 

At  Fostoria,  Ohio,  he  began  the  manu- 
facture of  what  is  known  as  Cathedral 
glass,  but  after  about  a  year  his  plant 
burned.  About  that  time  the  natural  gas  dis- 
coveries in  Eastern  Indiana  had  made  that 
field  an  attractive  one  for  glass  manufac- 
turers, and  Mr.  Buttler  removing  to  Red- 
key  built  a  plant  which  he  continued  to 
operate  for  some  thirteen  or  fourteen  years, 
until  the  natural  gas  supply  failed.  In 
1903  he  removed  his  plant  to  Indianapolis, 
and  there  continued  the  Marietta  Glass 
Company  which  was  founded  at  Redkey. 
At  first  the  Indianapolis  business  was  a 
small  one,  but  it  prospered  under  William 
Buttler,  and  at  one  time  he  owned  some 
four  or  five  factories.  These  factories 
turned  out  Cathedral  glass,  lamp  chim- 
neys, tumblers,  fruit  jars,  window  glass, 
and  he  also  operated  the  old  Eureka  Re- 
frigerator Company. 

William  Buttler  was  a  keen  business  man, 
an  indomitable  worker,  clean  in  his  rela- 
tions with  his  fellow  man  and  a  credit  in 
the  community  in  which  he  lived.  He  built 
up  the  Marietta  Glass  Works  until  it  now 
gives  employment  to  nearly  a  hundred  peo- 
ple. While  a  Protestant  in  belief,  he  was 
not  a  church  member,  and  in  politics  was 
a  republican.  Socially  he  was  identified 
with  the  Columbia  and  Marion  clubs  and 
was  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason. 

William  Buttler  died  at  his  home  in  In- 
dianapolis February  14,  1916.  He  married 
Mary  Russner,  who  passed  away  in  March, 
1904.  They  had  seven  children :  William, 
who  died  in  early  childhood;  Clara,  Mrs. 
George  Greenwood ;  Edna,  Mrs.  Zedock  At- 
kinson ;  Arthur,  now  president  of  the  Mari- 
etta Glass  Company ;  Mamie,  Mrs.  Charles 
Ertle ;  Howard,  who  died  in  infancy ;  and 
Stella. 

Arthur  Buttler,  the  only  living  male  rep- 
resentative of  his  father's  family,  was  born 
at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  July  7,  1887. 
He  received  his  education  at  Redkey,  In- 
diana, and  from  boyhood  has  been  identi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1707 


fied  with  the  glass  business,  working 
through  all  the  different  departments  and 
was  well  qualified  to  assume  the  responsi- 
bilities devolving  upon  him  at  his  father's 
death  as  president  of  the  company.  June 
9,  1909,  he  married  Miss  Essie  H.  Green- 
wood. They  have  one  son,  John  David. 
Mr.  Buttler  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Order  and  in  politics  a  republican. 

HON.  AARON  WOLPSON  has  been  a  suc- 
cessful Indianapolis  business  man  since 
1903,  and  is  widely  known  and  his  services 
appreciated  as  a  factor  in  civic  affairs.  He 
is  now  serving  his  first  term  as  state  sen- 
ator. 

He  has  come  to  be  valued  as  one  of  the 
most  useful  members  of  the  Senate,  and  be- 
sides his  routine  duties  has  used  his  prac- 
tical good  sense  many  times  in  helping 
shape  wise  legislation  and  also  to  defeat 
the  many  bills  introduced  every  session 
which  eventually  encumber  the  statute 
books  of  the  state.  Mr.  Wolfson  above 
everything  else  is  an  American  citizen, 
proud  of  his  native  country,  and  there  is 
nothing  he  leaves  undone  which  will  con- 
tribute in  any  way  to  the  betterment  and 
welfare  of  his  country. 

Mr.  Wolfson  was  born  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, July  24,  1871,  son  of  Leopold 
and  Emily  (Tentler)  Wolfson.  His  father 
was  born  in  the  free  city  of  Hamburg, 
Germany,  while  his  mother  was  a  native 
of  New  England.  Leopold  Wolfson  came 
to  America  when  a  small  lad,  and  for 
many  years  was  in  business  at  Boston, 
where  he  died.  The  mother  is  still  living 
in  that  city. 

Aaron  Wolfson  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Boston,  including  the  English 
High  School,  and  had  prepared  for  en- 
trance to  Harvard  University.  He  was 
dissuaded  from  a  college  career  by  oppor- 
tunities that  enabled  him  to  engage  in  busi- 
ness, and  for  some  years  was  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  manufacture  of 
athletic  garments.  He  became  quite  well 
known  in  Massachusetts  and  in  Boston, 
being  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Division  of  League  of  American 
Wheelmen.  About  1897  he  was  an  asses- 
sor of  the  City  of  Boston.  While  there 
he  was  an  officer  in  the  Ancient  and  Honor- 
able Artillery  Company,  the  oldest  mili- 
tary organization  in  America. 

On  coming  to  Indianapolis  in  1903  Mr. 


Wolfson  engaged  in  business  and  is  now 
treasurer  of  the  Kahn  Tailoring  Company 
at  the  southwest  corner  of  Capitol  and 
St.  Clair  streets,  and  is  also  president  of 
the  Kahn  Realty  Company  and  vice  presi- 
dent of  Washington  Meridian  Realty  Com- 
pany, also  vice  president  of  the  Horner 
McKee  Company. 

In  1916  he  was  nominated  and  elected 
as  a  republican  to  the  State  Senate.  Dur- 
ing the  first  session  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committees  on  insurance  and  natural 
resources  and  was  member  of  the  commit- 
tees on  railroads,  reformatories  and  manu- 
factures. Senator  Wolfson  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  staff  of  Governor  Goodrich  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.  He  has  always  been 
active  in  republican  circles,  but  his  elec- 
tion to  the  State  Senate  was  his  first  polit- 
ical office. 

Senator  Wolfson  is  a  thirty-second  de- 
gree Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
various  civic,  social  and  charitable  organi- 
zations. He  has  served  as  vice  president 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  former  pres- 
ident of  the  Indianapolis  Association  of 
Credit  Men,  president  of  the  Jovian 
League,  vice  president  of  the  Optimists 
Club,  is  a  former  member  of  the  Sales- 
manship Club,  and  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bia, Marion,  Indianapolis  Canoe  and  In- 
dependence Turnverein. 

December  16,  1908,  Mr.  Wolfson  married 
Florence  Swope,  of  Dallas,  Texas.  They 
have  one  daughter,  Emily. 

ALLEN  W.  CONDUITT.  The  name  Con- 
duitt  has  been  a  familiar  one  in  commer- 
cial and  civic  affairs  of  Indianapolis  for 
more  than  half  a  century.  For  about  thirty 
years  the  interests  of  the  Conduitts  were 
chiefly  centered  in  the  wholesale  district, 
and  several  of  the  old  and  substantial 
houses  today  owe  some  of  their  original 
spirit  and  enterprise  to  this  family. 

To  the  business  of  wholesale  and  retail 
merchandising  Allen  W.  Conduitt  gave 
many  years  of  his  energies,  but  in  later 
years  has  been  chiefly  known  as  a  con- 
tractor, and  with  the  leisure  achieved  by 
successful  business  has  also  been  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  Indianapolis  public  affairs. 
He  was  born  at  Mooresville  in  Morgan 
County,  Indiana,  August  28,  1849,  son  of 
Alexander  B.  and  Melissa  R.  (Hardwick) 
Conduitt.  His  parents  were  both  natives 


1708 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Kentucky  and  of  English  descent.  The 
Conduitts  and  Hardwicks  came  from  Ken- 
tucky to  Indiana  in  pioneer  times. 

The  late  Alexander  B.  Conduitt  grew  up 
in  Morgan  County,  attended  the  primitive 
schools  and  gained  his  first  knowledge  of 
business  as  clerk  in  the  general  store  of 
Samuel  Moore,  founder  of  Mooresville.  He 
and  his  brothers  later  bought  this  busi- 
ness, and  he  continued  a  participant  in  it 
until  failing  health  obliged  him  to  retire  to 
a  farm  in  Morgan  County.  Having  recov- 
ered his  physical  vigor,  he  removed  with 
his  family  in  1864  to  Indianapolis,  and 
here  entered  the  wholesale  dry  goods  busi- 
ness. His  associates  were  Willis  S.  Webb, 
Capt.  W.  H.  Tarkington  and  Frank  Lan- 
ders. The  busines  was  known  as  Webb, 
Tarkington  &  Company.  Later  it  became 
Webb,  Conduitt  &  Company,  and  finally 
Mr.  Conduitt  retired.  A  later  generation 
of  Indianapolis  people  know  the  old  firm 
chiefly  through  the  title  of  Hibben,  Hollweg 
&  Company.  Prom  the  wholesale  dry  goods 
business  Alexander  B.  Conduitt  entered  the 
wholesale  grocery  trade  in  1870  as  senior 
member  of  Conduitt,  Daugherty  &  Com- 
pany. In  1875  his  son  Allen  entered  the 
partnership  and  the  title  was  changed  to 
Conduitt  &  Son.  This  business  was  con- 
ducted on  a  prosperous  scale  until  1893, 
when  it  was  sold  to  Schnull  &  Company. 
After  that  Alexander  B.  Conduitt  lived 
retired  until  his  death  in  July,  1903,  when 
nearly  eighty-five  years  old.  In  the  middle 
years  of  the  last  century,  he  was  a  promi- 
nent leader  in  the  democratic  party  of  In- 
diana. He  served  as  a  member  of  the 
State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1852, 
represented  Morgan  County  two  terms  in 
the  Legislature,  and  in  1862  was  demo- 
cratic nominee  for  Congress  and  made  a 
most  creditable  race  in  a  heavily  repub- 
lican district.  He  is  remembered  as  a  busi- 
ness man  of  the  highest  principles,  and 
through  his  business  he  gave  an  important 
service  to  his  state  and  never  held  himself 
aloof  from  those  public  spirited  movements 
which  are  vital  to  the  progress  of  any  com- 
munity. Both  he  and  his  wife  were  active 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church.  His 
wife  died  in  1898,  at  the  age  of  eighty. 
They  had  nine  children,  seven  of  whom 
reached  maturity. 

Allen  W.  Conduitt  grew  up  in  Morgan 
County  and  was  sixteen  years  old  when  the 
family  removed  to  Indianapolis.  In  addi- 


tion to  the  common  schools  he  attended 
old  Northwestern  Christian,  now  Butler, 
College  for  two  years.  He  learned  busi- 
ness in  the  wholesale  dry  goods  establish- 
ment in  which  his  father  was  a  partner  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  1868  became  asso- 
ciated with  his  brother  Henry  in  a  general 
merchandise  store  at  Switz  City,  Indiana. 
Later  they  moved  their  store  to  Moores- 
ville, their  native  town.  Then,  in  1875, 
Allen  W.  Conduitt  returned  to  Indianap- 
olis and  became  junior  member  of  the 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  Conduitt  & 
Son.  When  this  business  was  sold  in  1893 
Mr.  Conduitt  spent  some  years  contracting 
for  street  improvement  work.  In  1903  he 
entered  the  wholesale  coal  business,  and  has 
since  been  a  member  of  the  Cochrane  Coal 
Company.  He  was  also  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers aod  incorporators  of  the  Conduitt 
Automobile  Company,'  one  of  the  leading 
automobile  sales  agencies  of  Indianapolis. 
Politically  Mr.  Conduitt  has  given  al- 
legiance to  the  same  principles  as  his 
father.  He  has  the  distinction  of  being 
chosen  the  first  president  of  the  Indianap- 
olis Board  of  Public  Works.  He  filled  that 
office  during  the  administration  of  Mayor 
Thomas  L.  Sullivan,  and  the  responsibility 
largely  devolved  upon  him  of  instituting 
and  formulating  the  early  policies  of  the 
department.  He  is  a  prominent  Mason, 
both  in  York  and  Scottish  Rite,  is  affiliated 
with  Raper  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights 
Templars,  with  Indianapolis  Consistory  of 
the  Scottish  Rite  and  Murat  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  Mr.  Conduitt  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  and  was 
its  first  vice  president.  He  and  his  wife 
are  members  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal 
Church.  January  11,  1870,  he  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  Thornburg,  who  was  born 
and  reared  in  Morgan  County.  Her  father, 
John  H.  Thornburg,  was  a  substantial 
Morgan  County  farmer.  Two  children  have 
been  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Conduitt : 
Mabel,  wife  of  John  A.  Boyd.  and  Harold 
A.,  a  real  estate  dealer  in  Los  Angeles, 
California. 

t 

JOHN  F.  WALLICK,  who  still  observes 
with  unclouded  mind  the  current  life  of 
his  home  city  of  Indianapolis  and  the 
events  of  a  great  world,  serves  as  a  re- 
minder to  the  people  of  the  State  of  In- 
diana of  the  marvelous  achievements  in  the 
span  of  one  man's  life. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1709 


What  gives  special  significance  to  Mr. 
Wallick's  career  is  that  he  is  a  pioneer 
telegrapher,  having  entered  that  profession 
or  art  only  about  six  years  after  the  first 
triumph  of  telegraphy  and  its  first  applica- 
tion as  a  practical  form  of  communica- 
tion. Mr.  Wallick  has  been  identified  with 
and  could  recite  from  personal  memory  the 
history  of  the  telegraph  in  Indianapolis 
since  1852.  For  a  long  period  of  years  he 
was  manager  of  the  Western  Union  Com- 
pany in  Indianapolis,  but  is  now  retired. 
When  Mr.  Wallick  was  a  youth  Europe  was 
six  weeks  removed  from  Indianapolis.  To- 
day the  space  of  a  breath  serves  to  bring 
this  city  into  touch  with  remote  continents. 
With  the  crude  and  uncertain  instruments 
of  sixty-five  years  ago  he  helped  establish 
verbal  communication  between  the.  towns 
and  cities  of  the  Middle  West,  and  since 
then  has  been  a  factor  in  and  has  lived 
to  see  transportation  communication  de- 
veloped from  steam  railroad  trains  to  elec- 
tric motors  of  land,  the  joining  of  conti- 
nents by  telegraph  wires  under  the  sea, 
and  the  electric  spark  which  he  often  had 
so  much  difficulty  in  controlling  when  a 
youth  now  flashes  incontinently  through  all 
the  elements  of  air,  land  and  water  and 
brings  the  news  of  a  war  3,000  miles  away 
in  the  space  of  a  few  hours. 

Mr.  Wallick  was  born  in  Juniata  County, 
Pennsylvania,  March  2,  1830,  a  son  of 
Samuel  and  Mary  (Glenn)  Wallick.  His 
maternal  grandfather,  William  Glenn, 
spent  his  life  in  Pennsylvania  as  a  farmer 
and  was  the  father  of  twelve  children.  The 
paternal  grandfather,  John  W.  Wallick, 
was  born  in  Germany,  but  came  to  America 
in  early  youth  and  was  one  of  the  rugged 
and  prosperous  farmers  of  Juniata  County, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  died  when  past 
three  score  and  ten  years  of  age.  Samuel 
Wallick  was  a  farmer  and  merchant  in 
Tuscarora  Valley  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
died  there  in  1841  at  the  age  of  fifty  years. 
His  widow  survived  him  more  than  half  a 
century,  and  died  in  1891  at  Seville,  Ohio, 
aged  eighty-four.  She  and  her  husband 
were  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
Of  their  children  to  reach  maturity  there 
were  six:  Margaret,  who  married  Stewart 
McCulloch;  John  F. ;  Mary,  widow  of 
James  Stokes;  Samuel;  Amanda;  and  Al- 
fred R. 

John  F.  Wallick  during  his  youth  in 
Pennsylvania  had  a  common  school  educa- 


tion, taught  one  winter  term,  and  at  the 
age  of  nineteen  moved  to  Fredericksburg, 
Ohio,  and  worked  in  a  dry  goods  store  and 
in  the  local  postoffice  at  Wooster.  In  the 
meantime  the  practical  success  of  the  pio- 
neer telegraph  instrument  was  being  re- 
flected in  the  rapid  extension  of  wires 
across  the  Middle  West  and  was  calling 
into  being  a  new  profession  of  operators. 
In  1851  Mr.  Wallick  did  his  first  work  in 
handling  a  telegraph  key  with  the  Wade 
Telegraph  Company  at  Wooster,  Ohio.  His 
principal  instructor  in  the  art  was  General 
Eckert,  who  later  was  chairman  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company.  In  1852  the  Wade 
Telegraph  Company  sent  Mr.  Wallick  to  its 
office  at  Indianapolis.  This  old  telegraph 
company  was  later  merged  with  the  Ohio, 
Indiana  and  Illinois  Telegraph  Company, 
and  that  in  turn  in  1856  became  a  part 
of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company. 
Mr.  Wallick  was  manager  at  Indianpolis 
until  1864,  and  then  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  Indianapolis  office,  and  was  a 
faithful  and  efficient  incumbent  of  that 
post  for  nearly  half  a  century  until  he  re- 
tired, serving  from  April  1,  1864,  until 
November,  1911. 

His  ambition  might  well  have  been  satis- 
fied by  his  business  and  professional  work 
and  service,  and  it  constitutes  for  him  a 
most  honorable  record.  In  politics  he  has 
been  affiliated  with  the  republican  party, 
is  an  Odd  Fellow  and  Scottish  Rite  Mason, 
and  has  been  especially  interested  in  Odd 
Fellowship  and  has  sat  in  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  the  state  and  the  United  States.  He 
has  long  been  a  faithful  member  of  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church,  and  his  wife 
was  equally  devoted  with  him  in  attend- 
ing to  their  religious  duties. 

June  10,  1862,  Mr.  Wallick  married  Miss 
Mary  A.  Martin,  who  was  born  and  reared 
at  Rahway,  New  Jersey,  daughter  of  Dr. 
John  and  Mary  A.  (Brockfield)  Martin. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallick  had  a  most  happy 
home  life,  and  their  companionship  not 
only  endured  so  as  to  allow  them  the  pleas- 
ure of  celebrating  their  golden  wedding 
anniversary,  but  for  six  years  longer,  un- 
til it  was  terminated  by  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Wallick  June  15,  1918,  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-eight. Mrs.  Wallick  was  a  home 
woman,  devoted  to  her  intimate  friends 
and  family,  but  during  a  residence  of  more 
than*  half  a  century  in  Indianapolis  had 


1710 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


also  gained  a  wide  acquaintance  in  the 
social  circles  of  the  city.  The  children  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallick  were :  Martin  Henry, 
Edward,  Mary  A.,  Adele,  Catherine  P., 
John  G.,  Edith,  Frederick  W.,  and  Edwin 
E.  Martin  and  Frederick  are  both  resi- 
dents of  Indianapolis.  Edward  died  in  in- 
fancy. Edwin  E.  is  now  in  the  Red  Cross 
service  in  France.  John  G.  is  a  resident 
of  New  York  City.  Mary  A.,  the  wife  of 
John  A.  Butler,  and  Mrs.  Fred  I.  Tone 
also  live  in  Indianapolis,  while  the  other 
surviving  daughter,  Mrs.  Winfield  Dean 
Loudon,  resides  at  Scarsdale,  New  York. 
Catherine,  deceased,  was  the  wife  of  Louis 
E.  Lathrop. 

HARVEY  COONSE  in  the  early  '90s  was 
performing  a  useful  though  not  distinctive 
service  as  conductor  on  one  of  the  lines 
of  street  railway  in  Indianapolis.  It  is  the 
purpose  of  this  article  to  tell  briefly  the 
successive  steps  by  which  he  has  found 
success  and  prominence  in  the  life  of  the 
state's  capital.  Mr.  Coonse  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  East  Tenth  Street  State  Bank, 
secretary-treasurer  of  the  Coonse-Caylor 
Ice  Company  and  has  other  business  and 
civic  relations  by  which  he  is  well  known. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Scott  County, 
Indiana,  March  24,  1870.  His  father,  Tay- 
lor Coonse,  was  for  a  number  of  years  a 
farmer  in  that  county,  but  for  more  than 
twenty  years  was  manager  for  Gentry 
Brothers  Dog  and  Pony  Shows.  The 
mother,  now  deceased,  was  Mary  Ridge. 
Her  father  was  killed  while  a  Union  soldier 
in  the  Civil  war. 

The  early  boyhood  of  Harvey  Coonse 
was  spent  near  Lexington  in  Scott  County. 
He  attended  the  country  school  there  and 
had  such  discipline  and  environment  as  the 
average  farm  boy  of  that  time.  He  left 
the  farm  for  a  time  and  worked  in  car 
shops  at  Jeffersonville,  later  did  farming, 
and  in  1889,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  arrived 
in  Indianapolis.  Here  for  seven  years  he 
was  an  employe  of  the  street  railway  serv- 
ice. For  six  months  he  drove  a  mule  team 
that  in  those  antiquated  days  hauled  a 
clumsy  street  car  back  and  forth  over  the 
tracks  from  downtown  to  the  outskirts. 
Later  he  was  promoted  to  conductor,  and 
he  continued  to  ring  up  fares  for  nearly 
seven  years.  He  had  only  a  few  dollars 
when  he  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  it  was 
as  a  result  of  a  purposeful  campaign  of 


thrift  that  brought  him  his  first  real  capi- 
tal. In  1896  he  invested  his  slender  means 
in  a  dairy  business.  Incident  to  the  con- 
duct of  this  business  he  began  handling 
ice  to  the  retail  trade,  and  as  the  oppor- 
tunities of  the  ice  business  seemed  greater 
than  dairying  he  finally  disposed  of  his 
herd  and  gave  all  his  attention  to  the  ice 
industry,  a  work  which  he  has  continued 
to  the  present  time.  Mr.  Coonse  also  oper- 
ates a  small  truck  farm  nine  miles  east  of 
Monument  Circle. 

Soon  after  the  organization  of  the  East 
Tenth  Street  State  Bank  in  1913  Mr. 
Coonse  became  one  of  its  stockholders,  and 
by  increase  of  his  holdings  was  elected  a 
director,  then  vice  president,  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 1918,  became  president  of  an  insti- 
tution which  is  one  of  the  substantial 
smaller  banks  of  Indianapolis,  with  a  capi- 
tal stock  of  $25,000.  Mr.  Coonse  is  also 
president  of  the  Crescent  Packing  Com- 
pany, a  small  independent  meat  packing 
concern. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
a  republican  voter,  is  a  Knight  Templar 
and  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason  and  Mystic  Shriner.  He  is  identi- 
fied by  membership  with  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  the  Marion  Club.  In  1896 
Mr.  Coonse  married  Miss  Mary  B.  Caylor. 
Their  only  daughter,  June,  is  the  wife  of 
James  M.  Breeding,  and  Mr.  Coonse 's  only 
grandson  is  Harvey  James  Breeding. 

HARRY  D.  KRAMM  is  treasurer  and  man- 
ager of  the  Kramm  Foundry  Company  at 
Indianapolis.  This  is  a  highly  distinctive 
industry  and  one  which  has  brought  not  a 
little  fame  to  Indianapolis  as  the  center  of 
modern  progressiveness  in  the  line  of 
manufactures. 

The  special  output  of  this  foundry  is 
aluminum  castings,  which  largely  supply 
the  automobile  industry.  It  is  probably 
the  only  concern  in  the  State  of  Indiana 
that  has  complete  facilities  for  the  manu- 
facture of  aluminum  castings  of  different 
types,  sizes  and  other  specifications.  But 
the  unique  honor  of  this  business  is  that 
it  is  the  only  establishment  in  the  world 
making  casting  of  maluminum.  This  word, 
like  the  product  it  describes,  is  of  recent 
coinage  but  among  metal  manufacturers  it 
has  exrited  much  interest  and  the  product 
itself  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  new  creations.  Maluminum  is, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1711 


as  the  name  indicates,  derived  from  the  two 
words,  malleable  and  aluminum,  and  it  is 
a  combination  or  an  alloy  which  is  chiefly 
distinguished  by  its  great  tensile  strength 
and  malleability,  a  quality  which  natural 
forms  of  aluminum  do  not  present.  The 
creator  of  maluminum  is  Mr.  Harry  D. 
Kramm,  who  for  a  long  time  carried  on 
experimental  work  in  the  cellar  of  his  In- 
dianapolis home,  until  he  had  satisfied  him- 
self of  the  thoroughly  practical  value  of 
the  product  which  bears  the  name  malu- 
minum. Maluminum  is  gaining  special 
favor  as  one  of  the  materials  that  enter 
into  the  construction  of  automobiles,  and 
the  product  is  now  shipped  to  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

The  Kramm  Foundry  Company  is  lo- 
cated at  1116-1130  East  Georgia  Street. 
While  Mr.  Kramm  is  the  builder  and  the 
active  head  of  the  business,  the  other  offi- 
cers of  the  company  are  W.  S.  "Wilson, 
president,  and  B.  F.  Kelley,  secretary. 

Mr.  Kramm  was  born  at  Peoria,  Illinois, 
May  22,  1871,  son  of  Erhart  and  Emily 
(Caquelin)  Kramm.  The  father  was  born 
in  Germany  and  was  fifteen  years  old  when 
he  sougnt  the  opportunities  of  the  New 
World.  His  wife  was  born  in  France  and 
was  about  seven  or  eight  years  old  when 
her  people  came  to  this  country  and  lo- 
cated in  Ohio.  Erhart  Kramm  and  wife 
married  in  Ohio,  moved  from  there  to  Illi- 
nois ;  the  latter  is  still  living,  being  about 
eighty  years  of  age.  The  father  died  aged 
about  eighty-five.  The  following  incident 
possesses  significance  and  much  interest  at 
the  present  time.  In  1875  Erhart  Kramm 
and  wife,  having  gained  a  considerable 
measure  of  material  success,  went  back  to 
Europe  to  vist  the  lands  of  their  birth. 
This  was  only  a  few  years  after  the  close 
of  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  and  in  Ger- 
many Erhart  Kramm 's  friends  and  rela- 
tives several  times  asked  him  how  it  was 
that  he  could  marry  a  French  woman. 
His  simple  reply,  which  spoke  a  volume  in 
three  words,  was:  "We  are  Americans." 
He  had  in  fact  come  to  America  to  become 
an  American,  and  in  all  the  years  remained 
truly  and  sincerely  devoted  to  the  land 
of  his  adoption. 

Erhart  Kramm  early,  in  life  became  in- 
terested in  coal  mining  in  Illinois,  was  an 
operator  and  later  built  up  a  large  busi- 
ness as  a  real  estate  man  at  Peoria.  He 
has  always  been  a  republican.  Of  the  five 


sous  born  to  him  and  his  wife  four  are 
still  living,  Charles  B.,  Harry  D.,  E.  and 
William. 

Harry  D.  Kramm  grew  up  in  his  native 
city,  attended  the  local  schools  there  and 
gained  a  technical  education  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  and  the  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute  at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana.  Hav- 
ing taken  a  course  in  mining  engineering 
and  having  considerable  experience  in  that 
line,  he  spent  some  time  operating  coal 
mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Peoria,  and  after- 
ward was  in  Colorado,  superintendent  of 
the  Humboldt  and  Hudson  gold  mines  in 
Boulder  County.  Returning  to  Illinois,  he 
was  for  a  time  a  merchant  selling  dry 
goods  and  shoes  at  London  Mills,  Illinois. 

Mr.  Kramm  came  to  Indianapolis  twenty 
years  ago  and  at  first  was  an  employe  of 
the  Pioneer  Brass  Works.  He  remained 
with  that  firm  until  he  organized  the  com- 
pany which  now  bears  his  name  and  of 
which  he  is  the  active  head.  This  is  a 
rapidly  growing  business,  and  during  the 
great  European  war  the  company  filled 
some  extensive  and  important  orders  for 
war  material  for  the  Government. 

Mr.  Kramm  married  at  Terre  Haute,  In- 
diana, Ada  Shewmaker,  daughter  of  Abra- 
ham and  Annie  S.  Shewmaker,  of  Marion 
County,  Indiana.  The  old  Shewmaker 
farm  is  now  a  part  of  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis, at  Forty-Second  and  Central  Ave- 
nues. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kramm  have  one  sou, 
H.  Wayne,  who  is  a  graduate  of  a  college 
at  Manassas,  Virginia,  and  is  now  giving 
a  measure  of  his  patriotism  as  an  Ameri- 
can by  training  in  the  aviation  camp  at 
Fort  Leavenworth. 

Mr.  Kramm  is  well  known  both  in  social 
and  technical  organization  in  Indianapolis. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Association  of  Auto 
Motive  Engineers,  is  a  member  of  the  Ro- 
tary Club,  Columbia  Club  and  the  Inde- 
pendent Athletic  Club,  the  Canoe  Club  and 
the  Motor  Club.  Politically  he  votes  as  a 
republican. 

WILLIAM  P.  JUXGCLAUS  has  been  a  resi- 
dent of  Indianapolis  more  than  forty  years 
and  during  that  time  has  built  up  a  busi- 
ness widely  known  as  a  contractor  and 
builder.  With  a  big  business  organization 
to  his  credit,  and  enjoying  the  universal 
esteem  of  all  who  know  him,  Mr.  Jung- 
claus  is  one  of  the  prominent  Indianans 
of  the  present  time. 


. 

. 


. 
_ 


. 


T 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1711 


as  the  name  indicates,  derived  from  the  two 
words,  malleable  and  aluminum,  and  it  is 
a  combination  or  an  alloy  which  is  chiefly 
distinguished  hy  its  great  tensile  strength 
and  malleability,  a  quality  which  natural 
forms  of  aluminum  do  not  present.  The 
creator  of  maluminum  is  Mr.  Harry  D. 
Kramin,  who  for  a  long  time  carried  on 
experimental  work  in  the  cellar  of  his  In- 
dianapolis home,  until  he  had  satisfied  him- 
self of  the  thoroughly  practical  value  of 
the  product  which  bears  the  name  malu- 
minum. Maluminum  is  gaining  special 
favor  as  one  of  the  materials  that  enter 
into  the  construction  of  automobiles,  and 
the  product  is  now  shipped  to  all  parts  of 
the  country. 

The  Kramm  Foundry  Company  is  lo- 
cated at  1116-1130  East  Georgia  Street. 
While  Mr.  Kramm  is  the  builder  and  the 
active  head  of  the  business,  the  other  offi- 
cers of  the  company  are  W.  S.  Wilson, 
president,  and  B.  F.  Kelley,  secretary. 

Mr.  Kramm  was  born  at  Peoria,  Illinois, 
.May  2'2,  1871,  son  of  Krhart  and  Emily 
(Caquelin)  Kramm.  The  father  was  born 
in  Germany  and  was  fifteen  years  old  when 
he  sought  the  opportunities  of  the  New 
World.  His  wife  was  born  in  France  and 
was  about  seven  or  eight  years  old  when 
her  people  came  to  this  country  and  lo- 
cated in  Ohio.  Erhart  Kramm  and  wife 
married  in  Ohio,  moved  from  there  to  Illi- 
nois: the  latter  is  still  living,  being  about 
eighty  years  of  age.  The  father  died  aged 
about  eighty-five.  The  following  incident 
possesses  significance  and  much  interest  at 
the  present  time.  In  187")  Erhart  Kramm 
and  wife,  having  gained  a  considerable 
measure  of  material  success,  went  back  to 
Europe  to  vist  the  lands  of  their  birth. 
This  was  only  a  few  years  after  the  close 
of  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  and  in  Ger- 
many Erhart  Kramm 's  friends  and  rela- 
tives several  times  asked  him  how  it  was 
that  he  could  marry  a  French  woman. 
His  simple  reply,  which  spoke  a  volume  in 
three  words.  \vas :  i-\Ve  are  Americans." 
lie  had  in  fact  come  to  America  to  become 
an  American,  and  in  all  the  years  remained 
truly  and  sincerely  devoted  to  the  land 
of  his  adoption. 

Erhart  Kramm  early  in  life  became  in- 
terested in  coal  mining  in  Illinois,  was  an 
operator  and  later  built  up  a  large  busi- 
ness as  a  real  estate  man  at  Peoria.  He 
has  always  been  a  republican.  Of  the  five 


sons  born  to  him  and  his  wife  four  are 
still  living,  Charles  B.,  Harry  1)..  E.  ami 
William. 

Harry  1).  Kramm  grew  up  in  his  native 
city,  attended  the  local  schools  there  and 
gained  a  technical  education  in  the  I'ni- 
versity  of  Illinois  and  the  Hose  Polytechnic 
Institute  at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana.  Hav- 
ing taken  a  course  in  mining  engineering 
and  having  considerable  experience  in  that 
line,  he  spent  some  time  operating  coal 
mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Peoria.  and  after- 
ward was  in  Colorado,  superintendent  of 
the  Humboldt  and  Hudson  gold  mines  in 
Boulder  County.  Keturning  to  Illinois,  he 
was  for  a  time  a  merchant  selling  dry 
goods  and  shoes  at  London  Mills,  Illinois. 

Mr.  Kramm  came  to  Indianapolis  twenty 
years  ago  and  at  first  was  an  employe  of 
the  Pioneer  Brass  Works.  He  remained 
with  that  firm  until  he  organi/cd  the  com- 
pany which  now  bears  his  name  and  of 
which  he  is  the  active  head.  This  is  a 
rapidly  growing  business,  and  during  the 
great  European  war  the  company  filled 
some  extensive  and  important  orders  for 
war  material  for  the  Government. 

Mr.  Kramm  married  at  Terre  Haute.  In- 
diana. Ada  Shewmaker.  daughter  of  Abra- 
ham and  Annie  S.  Shewmaker.  of  Marion 
County,  Indiana.  The  old  Shewmaker 
farm  is  now  a  part  of  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis, at  Forty-Second  and  Central  Ave- 
nues. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kramm  have  one  son, 
II.  Wayne,  who  is  a  graduate  of  a  college 
at  Manassas.  Virginia,  and  is  now  giving 
a  measure  of  his  patriotism  as  an  Ameri- 
can by  training  in  the  aviation  camp  at 
Fort  Lea ven worth. 

Mr.  Kramm  is  well  known  both  in  social 
and  technical  organization  in  Indianapolis, 
lie  is  a  member  of  the  Association  of  Auto 
Motive  Engineers,  is  a  member  of  the  Ro- 
tary Club.  Columbia  Club  and  the  Inde- 
pendent Athletic  Club,  the  Canoe  Club  and 
the  Motor  Club.  Politically  he  votes  as  a 
republican. 

WII.UAM  P.  Jrx»;rr..\rs  has  been  a  resi- 
dent of  Indianapolis  more  than  forty  years 
;i:nl  during  that  time  lias  built  up  a  IHIM- 
ness  widclv  known  as  a  contractor  and 
builder.  With  a  big  business  organization 
to  his  credit,  and  enjoyinir  the  universal 
esteem  of  all  who  know  him.  Mr.  .Tunsr- 
elatis  is  one  of  the  prominent  Indianans 
of  the  present  time. 


_ 
- 


1712 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


However,  comparatively  few  people 
know  that  this  substantial  business  man 
is  one  of  the  most  widely  traveled  and 
world  experienced  residents  of  the  state. 
His  early  life  reads  like  romance  or  a 
tale  of  travel.  He  roamed  over  all  the 
seven  seas,  went  to  nearly  every  civilized 
port  on  the  globe,  and,  oddly  enough,  when 
he  left  seafaring  he  came  to  a  remote  in- 
land city  and  only  occasionally  during  the 
last  forty  years  has  smelled  or  tasted  salt 
water. 

Mr.  Jungclaus  was  born  near  Hamburg, 
Germany,  February  22,  1849.  His  father, 
Peter  Henry  Jungclaus,  was  a  sea  captain 
and  for  thirty-five  years  took  his  ships 
out  of  the  port  of  Hamburg.  He  was  a 
veteran  mariner  of  long  and  arduous  ex- 
perience, and  lived  to  the  venerable  age 
of  ninety-seven. 

At  fourteen,  after  completing  his  com- 
mon school  education,  William  P.  Jung- 
claus started  out  to  see  the  world  and  taste 
of  adventure,  perhaps  hoping  to  emulate 
the  example  of  his  father.  For  seven 
years  he  was  a  sailor,  visiting  every  for- 
eign land,  and  during  that  time  acquired 
a  fluent  knowledge  of  English,  French  and 
German  and  also  of  other  languages  suffi- 
ciently for  business  purposes.  Beginning 
as  a  deck  boy  he  was  acting  second  mate 
when  he  quit  the  sea.  Mr.  Jungclaus  was 
not  only  an  efficient  sailor  but  had  an  ap- 
preciation of  all  that  he  saw  and  expe- 
rienced, and  penetrated  through  the  ro- 
mance and  wonder  of  the  countries  and 
lands  which  he  visited  on  his  many  voy- 
ages. He  was  twice  around  the  world, 
rounded  Cape  Horn  four  times,  was  in  all 
the  principal  seaports  of  southern  coun- 
tries, and  north  72°  to  the  north  cape  of 
Sweden  and  Norway  in  the  Arctic  ocean, 
was  up  and  down  both  east  and  west  coast 
of  South  America,  and  also  coasted  the 
shores  of  Africa.  He  was  in  South  Africa 
when  the  great  diamond  fields  were  dis- 
covered, and  he  knew  Capetown  in  _its 
palmiest  days.  Mr.  Jungclaus  visited  Na- 
poleon's tomb  at  St.  Helena  in  1868.  In 
1867  he  was  at  Hongkong  and  Nagasaki 
and  saw  both  of  these  great  oriental  ports 
about  the  time  China  and  Japan  were 
awakening  to  touch  with  the  western 
world.  In  1867  he  also  visited  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  and  altogether  he  made  two 
trips  to  Australia.  He  had  perhaps  an 
inherited  talent  for  keen  observation,  and 


wherever  he  went  scenes  impressed  them- 
selves indelibly  upon  his  memory,  and  to- 
day he  knows  more  about  many  foreign 
countries  than  most  of  the  tourists  who 
travel  primarily  to  see  and  observe. 

In  1870  Mr.  Jungclaus  came  with  a 
load  of  whale  oil  from  Oakland,  New  Zea- 
land, to  Bedford,  Massachusetts.  That 
was  the  end  of  his  experience  as  a  sailor. 
Quitting  the  sea,  he  met  his  father  at.  New 
York,  and  together  they  came  west  to  In- 
dianapolis. The  father  later  returned  to 
Germany. 

William  P.  Jungclaus  began  his  career 
in  Indianapolis  in  a  sufficiently  humble 
and  inconspicuous  manner.  He  ,worked 
as  a  laborer  in  construction,  but  being  a 
sailor  born  and  trained  and  naturally 
handy  with  tools,  he  was  in  a  few  days 
pronounced  a  master  workman.  About 
1875  he  began  contracting  on  his  own  ac- 
count, and  has  been  steadily  in  that  line 
now  for  more  than  forty  years.  He  has 
handled  not  only  small  but  many  large 
and  important  contracts.  To  mention  only 
a  few  there  should  be  noted  the  Masonic 
Temple  of  Indianapolis,  several  of  the 
theaters,  the  New  York  Store,  and  Mer- 
chants National  Bank  Building.  His  bus- 
iness grew  and  prospered  and  for  the  last 
twenty-two  years  has  been  conducted  as 
an  incorporated  company. 

Mr.  Jungclaus  is  a  Lutheran  and  in  pol- 
itics votes  for  the  man  rather  than  the 
party.  He  has  long  been  active  in  Ma- 
sonry and  in  1889  attained  the  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  of  the  Scottish  Rite.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

In  1872  he  married  Miss  Marie  Schu- 
macher. They  have  four  living  children: 
Fred  W. ;  Dorothea,  wife  of  Dr.  Clarence 
Ihle,  of  Dayton,  Ohio;  Henry  P.;  and 
Marie  S.,  Mrs.  Samuel  L.  Patterson.  Both 
the  sons  are  associated  with  their  father 
in  business. 

STRICKLAND  W.  GILLILAN,  journalist, 
was  born  in  Jackson,  Ohio,  and  began  his 
newspaper  work  on  the  Jackson  Herald. 
He  subsequently  became  city  editor  of  the 
Daily  Telegram  of  Richmond,  Indiana, 
1892-95 ;  city  editor  of  the  Richmond  Daily 
Palladium,  1895-1901 ;  reporter  and  editor 
of  the  Marion,  Indiana,  Daily  Tribune, 
1901 ;  and  on  leaving  Indiana  was  identi- 
fied with  newspaper  work  in  a  number  of 
the  principal  cities  of  this  country. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1713 


Mr.  Gillilan  was  first  married  to  Alice 
Hendricks,  of  Springfield,  Ohio,  who  died 
in  1901.  He  was  subsequently  married  to 
Harriet  Nettleton,  of  Baltimore. 

Mr.  Gillilan  is  also  a  well  known  writer 
of  humorous  stories  and  verse. 

MICHAEL,  O'CONNOR.  A  noble  old-time 
citizen  and  business  man  of  Indianapolis 
was  the  late  Michael  O'Connor.  He  had 
been  a  resident  of  the  capital  city  nearly 
half  a  century,  and  in  that  time  his  works 
and  character  had  given  his  name  many 
substantial  associations,  not  least  among 
them  being  the  M.  O'Connor  Company, 
which  during  his  lifetime  and  since  has 
been  one  of  the  larger  wholesale  organiza- 
tions in  the  state. 

Nearly  fourscore  years  were  allotted  him 
for  his  life  and  achievements.  He  was 
born  in  Ireland  May  18,  1838,  and  died  at 
the  home  of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  M.  J. 
Ready,  in  Indianapolis,  November  1,  1916. 
In  1850,  when  he  was  eleven  years  old,- 
his  parents  came  to  America  and  settled 
in  Pendleton  County,  Kentucky.  The  voy- 
age was  made  in  a  three-masted  vessel, 
and  for  that  type  of  ship  the  trip  was 
executed  in  the  rather  brief  time  of  twen- 
ty-three days.  The  life  of  a  Kentucky 
farm  was  not  congenial  to  Michael  O'Con- 
nor. At  thirteen  he  went  to  Madison, 
Indiana,  where  he  found  a  place  as  clerk 
at  $15  a  month  in  the  wholesale  grocery 
house  of  Connell  &  Johnson.  Part  of  what 
he  made  he  sent  back  home  to  sustain  and 
encourage  the  O'Connors  in  their  difficult 
struggles  to  get  a  living  in  the  new  world. 
Later  he  worked  as  shipping  and  bill  clerk 
in  Francis  Prenatt's  wholesale  grocery 
house,  and  remained  with  him  three  years, 
until  1859,  when  he  went  into  business  for 
himself  as  head  of  the  wholesale  grocery 
firm  O'Connor,  Clark  &  Company.  From 
this  he  retired  in  1862,  and  was  again 
with  Francis  Prenatt  &  Company  until 
1867. 

After  the  Civil  war,  in  which  Mr.  0  'Con- 
nor had  done  his  part  as  a  home  guard 
to  protect  the  Town  of  Madison  from 
threatened  incursions  from  the  rebels  south 
of  the  river,  it  seemed  that  Indianapolis 
offered  better  business  opportunities  than 
any  other  town  in  the  state.  Therefore, 
in  March,  1867,  Mr.  O'Connor  and  family 
arrived  at  the  capital,  and  for  several  years 
he  was  in  the  employ  of  Thomas  F.  Ryan, 


a  wholesale  liquor  merchant.  Then  Fran- 
cis Prenatt,  Jr.,  a  son  of  his  old  employer 
in  Madison,  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  to- 
gether they  took  up  the  wholesale  liquor 
trade  under  the  name  Prenatt  and  O'Con- 
nor. 

Retiring  from  this  business  in  1875,  Mr. 
O'Connor  in  February,  1876,  bought  the 
interest  of  John  Caldwell  in  Landis,  Cald- 
well  &  Company,  wholesale  grocers.  After 
another  year  Mr.  O'Connor  bought  the 
other  parties,  and  the  name,  then  changed 
to  M.  O'Connor  &  Company,  has  been  re- 
tained to  the  present  time,  with  offices 
and  warerooms  at  47-49  South  Meridian 
Street.  Forty  years  ago  when  it  was  es- 
tablished only  two  or  three  salesmen  were 
evangels  of  the  firm  and  its  goods  over  the 
state.  Now  a  staff  of  fifteen  or  more  dis- 
tribute the  goods  of  this  old  house  over 
a  large  section  of  the  Middle  West. 

Michael  O'Connor,  though  at  his  offices 
nearly  every  day,  had  been  only  nominally 
at  the  head  of  the  business  for  some  twelve 
years  or  more  before  his  death.  He  had 
been  well  satisfied  to  turn  the  business 
over  to  his  competent  sons,  five  in  number, 
who  continue  the  business  institution 
founded  by  their  honored  father. 

The  late  Michael  O'Connor  was  a  man 
of  importance  to  Indianapolis  for  more 
reasons  than  one.  For  a  time  he  served  as 
president  of  the  Capital  National  Bank 
and  of  the  Marion  Trust  Company,  and 
was  a  stockholder  in  the  Fletcher  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  and  in  various  other 
corporations.  Church  and  charity  had 
long  learned  to  depend  upon  his  generous 
gifts  and  support.  When  the  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul  Cathedral  was  built  he  contrib- 
uted the  three  marble  altars,  and  gave  even 
more  to  the  general  building  fund  of  the 
church,  his  total  contributions  being  esti- 
mated at  more  than  $25,000.  His  funeral 
was  preached  in  the  cathedral  where  he 
had  worshiped  so  many  years,  and  he  was 
laid  to  rest  in  the  Holy  Cross  Cemetery. 

On  September  1,  1859,  Mr.  O'Connor 
married  Miss  Caroline  Pfau,  of  Madison. 
Her  father,  Sylvester  Pfau,  was  a  retail 
grocer.  The  family  of  seven  children  who 
survived  them  are  Charles  M.,  William  L., 
Joseph  S.,  Maurice,  Bernard  E.,  Mrs.  M. 
J.  Ready  and  Teresa.  Their  mother  died 
in  September,  1913. 

William  L.  O'Connor,  president  of  the 
M.  O'Connor  &  Company,  was  born  at 


1714 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Madison,  Indiana,  July  26,  1866,  and  was 
educated  in  Indianapolis  and  went  to  work 
for  his  father  in  the  wholesale  grocery 
business  in  1881.  He  has  been  president 
of  the  company  since  1903.  Politically  he 
is  a  democrat,  and  is  a  faithful  Catholic. 
In  1904  he  married  Miss  Nellie  Carr,  who 
came  from  Ireland.  Their  children,  seven 
in  number,  are  named  Eileen,  William  S., 
Thomas  J.,  Patricia,  Michael,  John  and 
Richard. 

OLIVER  J.  DELLETT,  M.  D.  For  a  quarter 
of  a  century,  Doctor  Dellett  has  been  a 
member  of  the  medical  profession  in  In- 
dianapolis. He  enjoys  a  large  practice,  an 
honorable  station  in  the  profession,  and 
by  training  and  experience  has  worthily 
filled  his  niche  in  the  world. 

Doctor  Dellett  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  September  30,  1851,  and  is  the  only 
survivor  of  the  two  children  of  Jacob  and 
Ann  Jane  (Kincannon)  Dellett.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Harrisburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  early  life  learned  the  butcher's 
trade.  At  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  lo- 
cated at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  established 
a  retail  meat  business  in  that  city,  con- 
ducting it  until  his  death  in  1855.  He  was 
a  good  business  man,  and  was  widely 
known  and  esteemed  because  of  his  strict 
integrity,  his  thorough  honesty  and  his 
genial  personality.  He  had  many  promi- 
nent friends  in  Cincinnati,  one  of  them 
being  his  neighbor  Nicholas  Longworth, 
father  of  the  present  Ohio  congressman. 
He  conducted  a  model  place  of  business, 
and  made  it  a  point  to  supply  his  patrons 
not  only  with  the  standard  qualities  of 
meat  but  also  game  of  all  kinds  in  season. 
It  was  perhaps  the  only  place  in  Cincin- 
nati in  those  early  days  where  customers 
could  secure  supplies  of  venison,  buffalo 
steak,  and  various  kinds  of  small  game. 
He  made  his  market  a  medium  of  service 
and  it  was  correspondingly  appreciated 
and  patronized.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order  and  lived  and  practiced 
the  Golden  Rule. 

Doctor  Dellett  was  four  years  old  when 
his  father  died  and  he  grew  up  in  the 
home  of  his  mother  in  Jefferson  and  Switz- 
erland counties  in  Indiana.  He  acquired  a 
district  school  education  there  and  in  1873 
came  to  Indianapolis.  He  read  medicine 
in  the  office  of  Dr.  T.  M.  Culver,  one  of  the 
notable  physicans  and  surgeons  of  the  city 


at  that  time.  Later  he  pursued  a  course 
of  studies  in  the  Indiana  Eclectic  School 
of  Physicans  and  Surgeons,  and  was  gradu- 
ated M.  D.  with  the  class  of  1893.  For 
twenty  years  Doctor  Dellett  had  his  offices 
in  the  Commercial  Block,  and  his  profes- 
sional headquarters  are  now  in  the  Saks 
Building. 

Doctor  Dellett  is  a  charter  member  of 
Monument  Lodge  No.  657,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons.  He  married  Miss  Laura 
Tilford,  of  Madison,  Indiana,  and  they  be- 
came the  parents  of  two  daughters  and  one 
son.  The  daughters,  Edna  and  Etella, 
are  both  married.  Etella  married  Howard 
E.  Wagner,  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  and 
lives  in  New  York  City.  They  have  no 
children.  Edna  married  Bert  Ward  and 
has  five  children,  Lois  V.,  Charlotte,  How- 
ard, Gaine  and  Deborah.  The  son,  Bruce 
J.,  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Indianapolis  and  was  formerly  publicity 
manager  of  the  West  Coast  Florida  Asso- 
ciation in  New  York  City.  He  left  this  re- 
sponsible position  to  qualify  for  army  serv- 
ice. He  attended  a  training  camp,  and 
was  the  only  member  of  his  class  without 
previous  attendance  at  military  school  who 
received  the  commission  of  lieutenant.  As 
an  armj"  officer  he  has  been  assigned  to 
the  commissary  department,  and  is  now  in 
active  service. 

GUSTAV  A.  RECKER  is  a  member  of  a 
family  that  has  been  prominent  in  furni- 
ture manufacture  and  a  wholesale  and  re- 
tail dealers  for  two  generations  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

He  is  a  son  of  the  late  Gottfried  Recker, 
who  came  from  Germany  in  1849,  landing 
at  New  Orleans  and  coming  to  Indianap- 
olis by  way  of  Cincinnati  and  Madison,  In- 
diana. At  Indianapolis  he  married  Lina 
Kuntz,  of  Madison,  Indiana.  She  was  born 
at  Karlsruhe,  Germany.  For  many  years 
Gottfried  Recker  was  in  the  employ  of  H. 
Lieber  &  Company  of  Indianapolis,  and 
subsequently  became  associated  with  Theo- 
dore Sander  in  the  Western  Furniture 
Company,  of  which  he  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  and  Mr.  Sander,  president.  This 
company  was  one  of  the  pioneer  firms  of 
Indianapolis  manufacturing  furniture,  and 
also  conducted  a  retail  store.  Later  the 
firm  dissolved  and  Sander  &  Recker  took 
over  complete  control  of  the  retail  store, 
which  has  existed  at  its  present  location 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1715 


in  Indianapolis  for  forty  years,  including 
five  years  under  the  old  regime. 

In  1901  the  Sander  &  Recker  Furniture 
Company  was  incorporated,  the  leading 
spirit  in  that  corporation  being  Gustav 
A.  Recker,  who  became  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  corporation.  Carl  Sander, 
son  of  Theodore  Sander,  is  vice  president, 
and  Carlos  Recker  is  secretary. 

Gottfried  Recker  died  in  1900  and  his 
wife  in  1914.  He  was  the  organizer  and  for 
many  years  president  of  the  Indianapolis 
Academy  of  Music,  and  was  musically 
talented  himself  and  interested  in  the  pro- 
motion of  good  music  in  this  city. 

Gustave  A.  Recker  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis July  19,  1866.  He  attended  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  and  from  his 
studies  went  into  his  father's  business  as  a 
salesman  and  collector.  Long  and  thorough 
experience  qualified  him  to  take  charge  of 
the  business  at  the  time  of  his  father's 
death.  The  Sander  &  Recker  Furniture 
Company  now  occupies  the  building  con- 
structed for  and  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Dan  Stewart  Drug  Company. 

Mr.  Recker  is  a  member  of  thq  Merchants 
Association,  the  Board  of  Trade,  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  and  the  Columbia  Club 
and  has  always  been  active  on  various  com- 
mittes  of  these  organizations.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Kiwanis,  and  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Better  Business  Bureau. 
To  these  institutions  and  movements  he 
has  always  given  freely  of  his  time,  and 
his  entire  career  has  been  an  asset  in  In- 
dianapolis citizenship. 

June  30,  1893,  Mr.  Recker  married  Miss 
Estelle  Rogers,  of  Indianapolis.  Her  father, 
J.  N.  Rogers,  is  a  well  known  figure  in  the 
wholesale  lumber  business  at  Indianapolis. 
Her  mother,  Florence  Walingford  Rogers, 
died  in  1914.  Mrs.  Recker  is  a  graduate 
of  Mrs.  Sewall  's  Classical  School  of  Indian- 
apolis. She  takes  an  active  part  in  Red 
Cross  work.  They  have  a  daughter  and 
a  son.  The  daughter,  Margaret  Recker,  is 
an  art  student,  but  is  now  giving  most  of 
her  time  to  the  Red  Cross  work  and  is 
stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C.  The  son, 
Max  Rogers  Recker,  was  a  student  in  a 
military  institute  for  a  commission  in  the 
army,  and  was  honorably  discharged  De- 
cember 2,  1918. 

FREDERICK  J.  MEYER  is  a  veteran  busi- 
ness man  of  Indianapolis,  having  come  here 


nearly  half  a  century  ago,  and  for  over 
forty  years  has  been  a  merchant  at  one 
stand,  802  South  East  Street.  He  is 
founder  of  the  well  known  firm  of  F.  J. 
Meyer  &  Company. 

Mr.  Meyer  was  born  in  Minden,  Ger- 
many, January  2,  1847,  a  son  of  Henry 
and  Mary  (Schakel)  Meyer.  His  father 
was  a  well-to-do  citizen  of  the  old  country, 
had  a  large  farm  and  was  the  leading  man 
of  his  community,  serving  at  one  time  as 
burgomaster  or  mayor.  He  died  two  months 
before  his  son  Frederick  was  born.  The 
widowed  mother  lived  to  be  eighty-one. 
Frederick  J.  Meyer  was  one  of  a  family 
of  five  sons  and  three  daughters. 

His  older  brother,  Christian,  came  to 
America  when  Frederick  was  still  a  school 
boy  in  Germany.  Christian  during  the 
American  Civil  war  served  as  a  Union 
soldier  and  was  quartermaster  at  Fort  Lar- 
amie  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Afterward 
he  was  a  leading  citizen  of  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri,  and  for  many  years  was  financial 
reporter  and  was  prominent  in  Masonic 
circles. 

Frederick  J.  Meyer  attended  the  Luther- 
an schools  of  Germany,  also  a  high  school, 
and  continued  his  education  quite  regular- 
ly until  he  was  seventeen  years  old.  In 
1867,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  he  came  to 
America.  The  presence  of  a  friend,  Andrew 
Prange,  at  Indianapolis  caused  him  to  lo- 
cate in  that  city,  and  he  made  his  home 
with  Mr.  Prange  for  some  time.  His  first 
employment  was  with  Doctor  Funkhouser, 
with  whom  he  remained  a  year,  and  for 
another  year  was  employed  in  the  whole- 
sale house  of  Holland  &  Austemeyer.  Later 
he  took  a  contract  to  sprinkle  Washington 
Street  west  of  Meridian.  In  October,  1875, 
Mr.  Meyer  started  in  business  at  his  present 
location.  At  first  he  had  a  general  store, 
selling  all  kinds  of  merchandise  to  meet  the 
demands  of  his  patronage.  For  a  number 
of  years  now  Mr.  Meyer  has  confined  his 
business  to  the  grocery  and  meat  trade. 

During  his  long  residence  in  Indianap- 
olis he  has  been  identified  with  both  public 
and  private  interests.  He  served  as  the 
democratic  member  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Works  during  Mayor  Denny's  administra- 
tion, and  his  work  in  that  capacity  was 
highly  creditable.  For  many  years  he  has 
had  a  helpful  part  in  church  maintenance 
and  e>  tension,  and  helped  to  build  the 
Trinity  Lutheran  Church  in  Indianapolis. 


1716 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


For  eighteen  years  he  has  been  president 
of  St.  Paul's  Congregation,  and  for  thirty- 
two  years  trustee  of  the  Orphans  Home. 
Mr.  Meyer  has  been  an  honored  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade  since 
1893,  practically  throughout  its  entire 
existence. 

October  31,  1871,  Mr.  Meyer  married 
Mary  Buddenbaum.  She  was  born  in  Ger- 
many August  12,  1847.  Their  only  child 
died  in  infancy,  but  their  home  has  been 
a  haven  and  refuge  for  many  children 
who  have  spent  part  of  their  boyhood  or 
girlhood  under  the  kindly  care  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Meyer.  One  daughter  they  adopted, 
Addie,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  H.  E.  Bud- 
denbaum, a  partner  in  business  with  Mr. 
Meyer. 

SOL  H.  ESAREY.  There  are  few  law  firms 
in  Indianapolis  that  enjoy  as  good  a  pres- 
tige and  more  select  practice  than  that  of 
"Watson  &  Esarey,  whose  offices  are  in  the 
Pythian  Building.  The  members  of  this 
firm  are  Ward  H.  Watson,  James  E.  Wat- 
son and  Sol  H.  Esarey. 

The  junior  member  of  the  firm  was  for 
a  number  of  years  assistant  reporter  for 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  and  is  a 
man  of  wide  legal  training  and  experience. 
He  was  born  in  Perry  County,  Indiana, 
May  17,  1866.  No  other  family  has  been 
known  so  long  or  so  prominently  in  Perry 
County  as  the  Esareys.  It  is  said  that  his 
great-great-grandfather,  John  Esarey  was 
either  the  first  or  the  second  permanent 
white  settler  in  that  part  of  the  state.  The 
grandfather,  Jesse  Esarey,  lived  his  entire 
life  in  Perry  County.  Associated  with  his 
name  are  a  long  list  of  pioneer  activities. 
He  was  a  miller,  owning  and  operating  the 
first  grist  mill  in  Perry  County,  the  machin- 
ery of  which  was  operated  by  horse  power. 
He  also  had  the  first  lumber  and  saw  mill 
in  the  county,  and  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce steam  power  in  the  operation  of  such 
a  mill.  He  was  also  a  man  of  affairs 
viewed  from  a  public  standpoint.  He  was 
a  whig  and  later  a  republican,  a  strong 
temperance  man  when  temperance  advo- 
cates were  few,  and  served  as  captain  of 
the  Home  Guards  of  Perry  County.  He 
reared  a  large  family  of  twelve  children, 
all  of  whom  grew  to  manhood  and  woman- 
hood. One  of  them  was  John  C.  Esarey, 
father  of  the  Indianapolis  lawyer.  John 
C.  was  born  in  Perry  County  in  1842  and 


made  his  life  occupation  farming.  He  is 
still  living,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five,  and 
enjoying  the  best  of  health.  He  has  done 
much  to  develop  Perry  County's  life  in 
religious  and  educational  affairs.  As  a 
republican  he  served  two  terms  as  town- 
ship trustee  and  one  term  as  county  com- 
missioner and  has  been  deeply  interested 
in  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1864  he  en- 
listed in  Company  G  of  the  Fifty-third 
Indiana  Infantry,  and  joined  his  regiment 
at  Atlanta,  Georgia,  participating  in  Sher- 
man 's  March  to  the  sea  and  thence  through 
the  Carolinas  until  the  surrender  of  Johns- 
ton's army  after  the  battle  at  Benton- 
ville,  North  Carolina.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  received  his  honorable  discharge 
at  Indianapolis,  and  going  back  to  Perry 
County  took  up  the  vocation  which  has 
busied  him  to  the  present  time.  He  mar- 
ried Barbara  Ewing,  and  they  had  nine 
children,  eight  of  whom  are  still  living. 

The  second  oldest  of  the  family,  Sol  H. 
Esarey  was  born  in  Perry  County  May 
17,  1866,  and  largely  through  his  own  exer- 
tions acquired  a  liberal  education.  He  at- 
tended the  Academy  at  Rome,  Indiana, 
the  Central  Indiana  Normal  School  at  Dan- 
ville, where  he  was  graduated  with  the 
class  of  1890,  and  had  his  legal  education 
in  Boston  University  Law  School,  gradu- 
ating LL.  B.  in  1902.  Mr.  Esarey  practiced 
law  at  Cannelton,  Indiana,  and  was  one 
of  the  leading  lawyers  of  that  locality  un- 
til 1905.  In  the  latter  year  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis  to  take  up  his  duties  as  as- 
sistant reporter  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
was  chiefly  known  to  the  local  profession 
of  the  capital  city  in  that  capacity  until 
1913.  Mr.  Esarey  is  a  stanch  republican, 
and  during  his  residence  at  Cannelton  he 
served  as  a  member  of  the  School  Board 
and  was  a  leader  in  establishing  and  build- 
ing the  Cannelton  Public  Library,  the  first 
institution  of  that  kind  between  Evansville 
and  New  Albany.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity,  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America  and  other  orders. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Church  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  the  last  two  years  has  taught 
a  large  Bible  class  of  young  ladies.  Dur- 
ing his  practice  at  Cannelton  Mr.  Esarey 
established  the  principle  affirmed  by  deci- 
sion of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  right  of 
a  tax  payer  to  compel  a  public  official  to 
return  money  unlawfully  obtained. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1717 


April  8,  1893,  at  Cannelton,  he  married 
Miss  Emma  L.  Clark. 

SIDNEY  L.  AUGHINBAUGH  is  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Spencer  Aughinbaugh 
Company,  an  incorporated  firm  that  has 
handled  a  number  of  the  most  important 
transactions  in  Indianapolis  suburban  real 
estate  in  recent  years,  and  also  covers  a 
large  field  as  dealers  and  brokers  in  farm 
lands. 

Mr.  Aughinbaugh  is  a  real  estate  expert 
largely  through  self  training  and  experi- 
ence. He  was  born  in  Marion  County  June 
29,  1882,  a  son  of  Edward  L.  and  Mary 
(Lewis)  Aughinbaugh.  His  father,  a  na- 
tive of  Pennsylvania,  came  west  about  the 
close  of  the  Civil  war  and  located  in  In- 
dianapolis. He  is  now  one  of  the  capital 
city's  oldest  and  best  known  merchants. 
His  first  experience  here  was  as  a  clerk  in 
the  old  Browning  &  Sloan  wholesale  drug 
house.  He  has  now  been  in  business  for 
himself  as  retail  druggist  for  fully  half  a 
century,  and  is  owner  of  one  of  the  best 
known  drug  stores  in  the  city,  at  the  corner 
of  Michigan  Street  and  Emmerson  Ave- 
nue. Probably  no  druggist  in  the  city  has 
a  larger  acquaintance  with  the  medical 
profession  of  Indianapolis,  and  a  number 
of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  physi- 
cians have  regularly  for  many  years  had 
most  of  their  prescriptions  filled  at  the 
Aughinbaugh  store.  Edward  L.  Aughin- 
baugh is  an  independent  in  politics  and 
has  always  thrown  the  weight  of  his  in- 
fluence to  assist  any  worthy  movement  in 
the  city. 

Sidney  L.  Aughinbaugh  is  the  second  in 
a  family  of  three  children,  all  of  whom 
are  living.  He  was  educated  in  the  gram- 
mar and  high  schools  of  Indianapolis,  and 
began  his  career  as  clerk  in  a  grocery  store. 
After  two  years  he  took  up  the  real  estate 
business,  and  with  no  special  capital  he 
worked  alone  for  eight  years,  and  showed 
the  value  of  his  service  to  a  number  of 
clients  and  thus  opened  the  way  for  the 
larger  success  which  has  come  to  his  com- 
pany. He  then  became  associated  with 
Mr.  Spencer  and  organized  the  Spencer- 
Aughinbaugh  Company,  of  which  Mr. 
Spencer  is  president  and  Mr.  Aughinbaugh 
secretary  and  treasurer.  While  their  work 
has  especially  featured  suburban  tracts 
around  Indianapolis  in  recent  years,  they 
are  now  more  and  more  pinning  their  re- 


sources to  the  handling  of  Indiana  farm 
property. 

Mr.  Aughinbaugh  married,  June  3,  1911, 
Miss  Sue  E.  Hare.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Susan  and  Sidney,  Jr.  Mr.  Aughin- 
baugh  is  a  member  of  Indianapolis  Lodge 
No.  56,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indianapolis  Real  Estate  Board. 

STANLEY  WYCKOFF  is  a  specialist  in  busi- 
ness. During  twenty  years  of  residence 
in  Indianapolis  he  has  both  as  a  matter  of 
business  routine  and  by  personal  inclina- 
tion kept  his  energies  and  his  studies 
largely  directed  along  the  line  of  food 
supply  and  distribution.  The  fact  that 
he  knows  all  the  ins  and  outs  of  food  sup- 
ply, its  principal  local  sources,  the  man- 
ner of  its  handling,  its  conservation,  and 
the  problems  affecting  its  distribution  was 
the  reason  he  was  appointed  in  the  fall 
of  1917  as  Federal  Food  Administrator 
for  Marion  County.  It  was  also  his  va- 
ried knowledge  and  experience  that  has 
made  his  administration  of  that  difficult 
public  service  so  strikingly  successful.  Mr. 
Wyckoff  himself,  ascribes  his  measure  of 
accomplishment  in  this  position  merely  to 
the  application  of  good  business  methods. 

Mr.  Wyckoff  was  born  at  Oxford  in 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  November  22,  1874. 
He  is  of  Dutch  ancestry.  His  ancestors 
located  at  New  Amsterdam  or  New  York 
City  about  1700  and  some  later  members 
of  the  family  took  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  as  patriot  soldiers.  His 
grandfather,  Peter  C.  Wyckoff,  moved  to 
Ohio  in  1837  and  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state.  At  Darr- 
town,  on  the  stage  route  to  Cincinnati,  he 
was  proprietor  of  a  hotel.  Alfred  G. 
Wyckoff,  father  of  Stanley,  is  still  living 
at  Oxford,  Ohio.  He  is  an  honored  old 
soldier  of  the  Civil  war,  having  gone 
through  all  that  struggle  with  the  47th 
Ohio  Infantry.  He  was  present  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Chickamauga,  Missionary  Ridge, 
in  the  hundred  days  Atlanta  campaign, 
on  the  march  to  the  sea  and  up  through 
the  Carolinas,  and  hardly  had  the  climax 
of  fighting  been  ended  between  the  North 
and  South  when  with  his  comrades  he  was 
hurried  to  the  Mexican  border  to  check 
the  threatened  uprising  on  the  part  of 
Maximilian.  In  business  affairs  he  has 
been  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  and  has  al- 
ways kept  blooded  stock,  particularly  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


1717 


April  8,  1893,  at  Cannelton,  he  married 
Miss  Emma  L.  Clark. 

SIDNEY  L.  AUGHINBAUGH  is  secretary  aiid 
treasurer  of  the  Spencer  Aughinbaugh 
Company,  an  incorporated  firm  that  has 
handled  a  number  of  the  most  important 
transactions  in  Indianapolis  suburban  real 
estate  in  recent  years,  and  also  covers  a 
large  field  as  dealers  and  brokers  in  farm 
lands. 

Mr.  Aughinbaugh  is  a  real  estate  expert 
largely  through  self  training  and  experi- 
ence, lie  was  born  in  Marion  County  June 
29,  1882,  a  sou  of  Edward  L.  and  Mary 
(Lewis)  Aughinbaugh.  His  father,  a  na- 
tive of  Pennsylvania,  came  west  about  the 
close  of  the  Civil  war  and  located  in  In- 
dianapolis, lie  is  now  one  of  the  capital 
city's  oldest  and  best  known  merchants. 
His  first  experience  here  was  as  a  clerk  in 
the  old  Browning  &  Sloan  wholesale  drug 
house.  He  has  now  been  in  business  for 
himself  as  retail  druggist  for  fully  half  a 
century,  and  is  owner  of  one  of  the  best 
known  drug  stores  in  the  city,  at  the  corner 
of  Michigan  Street  and  Emmerson  Ave- 
nue. Probably  no  druggist  in  the  city  has 
a  larger  acquaintance  with  the  medical 
profession  of  Indianapolis,  and  a  number 
of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  physi- 
cians have  regularly  for  many  years  had 
most  of  their  prescriptions  filled  at  the 
Aughinbaugh  store.  Edward  L.  Aughin- 
baugh is  an  independent  in  politics  and 
has  always  thrown  the  weight  of  his  in- 
fluence to  assist  any  worthy  movement  in 
the  city. 

Sidney  L.  Aughinbaugh  is  the  second  in 
a  family  of  three  children,  all  of  whom 
are  living.  He  was  educated  in  the  gram- 
mar and  high  schools  of  Indianapolis,  and 
began  his  career  as  clerk  in  a  grocery  store. 
After  two  years  he  took  up  the  real  estate 
business,  and  with  no  special  capital  he 
worked  alone  for  eight  years,  and  showed 
the  value  of  his  service  to  a  number  of 
clients  and  thus  opened  the  way  for  the 
larger  success  which  has  come  to  his  com- 
pany. He  then  became  associated  with 
Mr.  Spencer  and  organized  the  Spencer- 
Aughinbaugh  Company,  of  which  Mr. 
Spencer  is  president  and  Mr.  Aughinbaugh 
secretary  and  treasurer.  While  their  work 
has  especially  featured  suburban  tracts 
around  Indianapolis  in  recent  years,  they 
are  now  more  and  more  pinning  their  re- 


sources to  the  handling  of  Indiana  farm 
property. 

Mr.  Aughinbaugh  married,  June  3.  1911, 
Miss  Sue  E.  Hare.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Susan  and  Sidney,  Jr.  Mr.  Aughin- 
baugh is  a  member  of  Indianapolis  Lodge 
No.  56,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indianapolis  Real  Estate  Board. 

STANLEY  WYCKOFF  is  a  specialist  in  busi- 
ness. During  twenty  years  of  residence 
in  Indianapolis  he  has  both  as  a  matter  of 
business  routine  and  by  personal  inclina- 
tion kept  his  energies  and  his  studies 
largely  directed  along  the  line  of  food 
supply  and  distribution.  The  fact  that 
lie  knows  all  the  ins  and  outs  of  food  sup- 
ply, its  principal  local  sources,  the  man- 
ner of  its  handling,  its  conservation,  and 
the  problems  affecting  its  distribution  was 
the  reason  he  was  appointed  in  the  fall 
of  1917  as  Federal  Food  Administrator 
for  Marion  County.  It  was  also  his  va- 
ried knowledge  and  experience  that  has 
made  his  administration  of  that  difficult 
public  service  so  strikingly  successful.  Mr. 
Wyckoff  himself,  ascribes  his  measure  of 
accomplishment  in  this  position  merely  to 
the  application  of  good  business  methods. 

Mr.  Wyckoff  was  born  at  Oxford  in 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  November  22,  1874. 
He  is  of  Dutch  ancestry.  His  ancestors 
located  at  New  Amsterdam  or  New  York 
City  about  1700  and  some  later  members 
of  the  family  took  part  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  as  patriot  soldiers.  His 
grandfather.  Peter  C.  Wyckoff,  moved  to 
Ohio  in  1837  and  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state.  At  Darr- 
town,  on  the  stage  route  to  Cincinnati,  he 
was  proprietor  of  a  hotel.  Alfred  G. 
Wyckoff,  father  of  Stanley,  is  still  living 
at  Oxford,  Ohio.  lie  is  an  honored  old 
•soldier  of  the  Civil  war.  having  gone 
through  all  that  struggle  with  the  47th 
Ohio  Infantry.  lie  was  present  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Chiekamauga.  Missionary  Ridge, 
in  the  hundred  days  Atlanta  campaign, 
on  the  inarch  to  the  sea  and  up  through 
the  Carolinas.  and  hardly  had  the  climax 
of  fighting  been  ended  between  the  North 
and  South  when  with  his  comrades  lie  was 
hurried  to  the  Mexican  border  to  check 
the  threatened  uprising  on  the  part  of 
Maximilian.  In  business  affairs  he  has 
been  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  and  has  al- 
ways kept  blooded  stock,  particularly  the 


1718 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Poland  China  hogs.  Alfred  G.  Wyckoff 
married  Elizabeth  Hancock,  and  they 
were  the  parents  of  three  children,  two  of 
whom  are  living. 

Stanley  Wyckoff  grew  up  on  his  father's 
Ohio  farm  and  had  a  public  school  educa- 
tion. In  1895  he  arrived  in  Indianapolis. 
Having  only  fifteen  cents  in  his  pocket, 
he  necessarily  connected  himself  with  em- 
ployment at  the  earliest  possible  moment 
and  was  enrolled  in  the  commission  house 
of  Arthur  Jordan  at  a  wage  of  six  dollars 
a  week.  That  was  his  apprenticeship  in 
the  commission  business,  and  from  the 
first  he  thoroughly  studied  every  detail 
and  promising  opportunity  in  addition  to 
the  performance  of  his  routine  tasks. 
Subsequently  he  became  interested  in  the 
firm  of  the  Glossbrenner-Dodge  Company. 
In  1910  Mr.  Wyckoff  bought  the  Indian- 
apolis Poultry  Company,  of  which  he  has 
since  been  president  and  manager.  As 
head  of  this  concern  his  first  day's  busi- 
ness brought  him  fifty-four  dollars.  As 
an  indication  of  the  business  today  the 
receipts  for  January  24,  1918,  may  be 
cited  as  over  eight  thousand  dollars.  It  is 
a  business  that  employs  about  thirty 
people. 

As  already  noted,  Mr.  Wyckoff  has  made 
a  study  of  food  products  for  years,  not 
alone  from  the  business  standpoint  but 
from  a  scientific  view  as  well.  He  was  in- 
strumental in  having  established  at  In- 
dianapolis a  field  experiment  station  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  the  Agri- 
culture Bureau  of  Chemistry.  Conserva- 
tive estimates  are  that  this  station  in  1917 
saved  to  Indiana  alone  more  than  a  million 
dollars,  and  has  also  been  an  important 
source  of  education  and  information  to 
thousands  of  people. 

Mr.  Wyckoff  was  appointed  federal 
food  administrator  of  Marion  County 
November  22,  1917.  He  is  well  known  in 
Indianapolis  life,  is  identified  with  various 
clubs  and  social  organizations,  and  is  a 
republican  in  politics.  May  29,  1893,  he 
married  Gertrude  Pottinger.  Three,  chil- 
dren were  born  to  their  marriage :  Mildred, 
Rees  and  Elizabeth.  Mildred  is  deceased. 

ALBERT  EUGENE  STERNE,  M.  D.  The 
annals  of  the  Indiana  medical  profession 
during  the  past  twenty  years  indicate  a 
number  of  distinguished  honors  paid  to 


the  Indianapolis  specialist,  Doctor  Sterne, 
and  any  one  of  these  special  marks  of 
honor  would  be  ordinarily  deemed  a  suffi- 
cient reward  in  itself  for  almost  a  life- 
time of  conscientious  effort  and  attainment 
in  the  profession.  His  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  big  outstanding  names  of  American 
medicine  and  surgery. 

He  was  born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April 
28,  1866,  son  of  Charles  F.  and  Eugenia 
(Fries)  Sterne,  the  former  a  native  of 
Wuertemberg  and  the  latter  of  Furth, 
Bavaria.  His  maternal  grandfather  was 
a  great  scientist  and  scholar,  was  professor 
of  physiology  in  a  German  University,  and 
a  member  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  Both  he 
and  his  son  were  knighted  by  the  King  of 
Spain  for  certain  discoveries  in  chemistry. 

Charles  F.  Sterne,  father  of  Doctor 
Sterne,  came  to  Indiana  about  1842  and 
became  one  of  the  wealthy  and  influential 
business  men  of  Peru.  He  founded  and 
owned  the  Peru  Woolen  Mills,  which  at  one 
time  manufactured  all  the  woolen  blankets 
used  by  the  Pullman  Car  Company.  He  also 
established  a  gas  plant  at  Peru,  and  his  in- 
vestments in  business  interests  were  widely 
diversified.  At  one  time  he  was  an  Indian 
trader.  He  died  at  Peru  August  28,  1880, 
at  the  age  of  fifty -two,  and  his  wife  passed 
away  six  months  later,  in  1881. 

Son  of  a  wealthy  father,  Doctor  Sterne 
was  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  ample 
means  to  prepare  himself  adequately  for 
his  chosen  career,  and  was  even  more  for- 
tunate in  the  possession  of  energy  and  am- 
bition to  strive  for  the  highest  attainments 
and  the  complete  use  of  his  talents  and 
opportunities.  His  early  education  was  ac- 
quired in  the  public  schools  of  Peru,  Cin- 
cinnati and  Indianapolis.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  he  was  placed  in  the  Cornell  School 
under  Professor  Kinney  at  Ithaca,  New 
York.  After  a  year  he  entered  Mount  Plea- 
sant Military  Academy  at  Sing  Sing,  New 
York,  where  he  studied  five  years,  and  in 
1883,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  entered  Har- 
vard University.  He  graduated  in  1887 
with  the  degree  A.  B.  cum  laude. 

The  six  years  following  his  graduation 
from  Harvard  College  he  spent  abroad, 
studying  medicine  at  Strassburg,  Heidel- 
berg, Berlin,  Vienna  and  Paris,  and  also  at 
Dublin,  Edinburgh  and  London.  In  1891 
the  University  of  Berlin  awarded  him  the 
degree  Doctor  of  Medicine  magna  cum 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1719 


laude.  He  also  had  extensive  clinical  ex- 
perience, and  was  the  assistant  in  such 
institutions  as  the  Charity  Hospital  in  Ber- 
lin, the  Salpetriere  in  Paris,  the  Rotunda 
in  Dublin  and  the  Queen's  Square  London. 
He  helped  promote  and  found  a  Society  of 
American  Physicians  in  Berlin. 

Returning  to  America  in  1893,  Doctor 
Sterne  soon  established  himself  in  practice 
at  Indianapolis.  For  a  number  of  years 
his  work  was  in  the  general  field  of  med- 
icine and  surgery,  but  more  and  more  his 
talents  have  been  concentrated  upon  the 
special  field  in  which  his  attainments  rank 
highest,  nervous  and  mental  diseases  and 
brain  surgery.  Indiana  is  indebted  to 
Doctor  Sterne's  initiative  for  one  of  the 
highest  class  sanatoriums  for  the  treatment 
of  mental  and  nervous  disorders  in  the 
Middle  West.  This  is  "Norways"  San- 
atorium, the  original  building  of  which 
was  the  old  Fletcher  homestead  opposite 
Woodruff  Park.  The  buildings  have  been 
extensively  enlarged  and  remodeled,  and 
occupy  a  beautiful  location  in  the  midst 
of  four  and  a  half  acres  of  ground.  From 
year  to  year  the  staff  has  been  increased 
by  associated  consultants  in  every  depart- 
ment of  medicine  and  surgery,  though  the 
requirements  of  the  war  have  seriously  de- 
pleted the  staff  organization,  as  has  been 
true  of  practically  every  other  big  hospital 
in  the  country.  The  Norways  Sanatorium 
is  normally  devoted  to  research  diagnosis 
and  intensive  study. 

In  1894  Doctor  Sterne  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  mental  and  nervous  diseases 
in  the  Central  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  subsequently  was  given  a 
similar  chair  in  the  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine.  Nearly  all  of  his  in- 
dividual work  at  present  is  in  consultation 
on  nervous  diseases  and  diagnosis.  He  is 
connected  unofficially  with  clinics  at  Cen- 
tral Hospital  and  has  held  clinics  on  mental 
diseases  there  continuously  every  year 
since  they  were  inaugurated.  His  con- 
nection with  the  City  Hospital  and  Univer- 
sity has  also  been  unbroken  from  the  begin- 
ning, and  he  is  one  of  the  few  men  whose 
official  record  has  been  so  continuous. 
Doctor  Sterne  has  witnessed  all  the  changes 
in  amalgamation  of  state  medical  schools  in 
Indiana.  He  has  served  as  consulting 
neurologist  to  the  City  Hospital  and  dis- 


pensary, to  the  Deaconess  Hospital,  Flower 
Mission  and  other  local  institutions.  He 
was  at  one  time  associate  editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Mental  Nervous  Diseases  at  New 
York  City  and  also  of  the  Medical  Monitor. 

Some  of  his  most  valuable  work  has  been 
in  the  educational  side  of  the  profession. 
Many  able  physicians  all  over  the  country 
speak  of  him  as  their  authority,  and  many 
of  the  results  of  his  personal  experience 
and  observation  have  been  co-ordinated  and 
reduced  to  writing  in  the  form  of  mono- 
graphs on  nervous  diseases  and  diagnosis. 
These  monographs  have  been  published  and 
extensively  incorporated  in  various  text 
books. 

Doctor  Sterne  is  a  member  of  the  med- 
ical section  of  the  National  Council  of 
Defense,  and  is  chairman  of  the  Medical 
Defense  Committee  of  the  State  Medical 
Association,  and  prepared  the  by-laws  of 
that  committee.  He  was  honored  with  the 
presidency  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Medical  As- 
sociation in  1911  and  in  1913  was  president 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  also  a  member  of  the  various 
local  medical  societies,  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  and  the  Medico-Legal  So- 
ciety of  New  York. 

In  a  business  way  Doctor  Sterne  is  pres- 
ident of  the  Indiana  Oaxaca  Mining  Com- 
pany, of  which  he  was  organizer.  This 
company  controls  gold  mining  properties 
in  Mexico.  He  is  interested  in  other  in- 
dustrial concerns  in  Indianapolis.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  University,  Columbia, 
Highland,  German  House,  and  Independ- 
ent Athletic  Clubs  at  Indianapolis,  and 
takes  his  recreation  chiefly  in  golf  and 
hunting.  In  politics  he  is  republican. 

March  4,  1905,  Doctor  Sterne  married 
Miss  Laura  Mercy  Laughlin,  daughter  of 
James  A.  and  Mary  (Carty)  Laughlin  of 
Cincinnati.  Mrs.  Sterne  was  an  accom- 
plished musician.  She  died  May  25,  1909, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-five.  October  18,  1913, 
Doctor  Sterne  married  Stella  Gallup, 
daughter  of  John  Gallup  of  Evanston, 
Illinois.  Doctor  Sterne  is  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  and  from  1901  to 
1905  served  as  assistant  surgeon  general 
on  the  staff  of  Governor  W.  T.  Durbin, 
and  holds  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel 
in  the  Indiana  National  Guards. 


1720 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Louis  Koss.  A  genius  for  machinery 
and  mechanical  enterprise  has  been  the 
actuating  principle  in  the  life  and  career 
of  Louis  Koss,  president  of  the  Capital 
Machine  Company  of  Indianapolis.  This 
business  has  grown  and  developed  almost 
entirely  upon  the  basis  of  the  inventive 
originality  and  energy  supplied  by  Mr. 
Koss,  and  is  now  one  of  the  important  com- 
panies in  the  United  States  manufacturing 
veneer  machinery.  It  is  one  of  Indianap- 
olis' most  distinguished  industries. 

As  a  boy  Louis  Koss  entered  the  old 
Eagle  machine  shops.  These  shops  were 
then  located  where  the  Union  Station  now 
stands.  Here  for  five  years  he  accepted 
every  opportunity  to  cultivate  his  natural 
aptitude  for  machinery  and  inventions,  and 
in  that  time  he  also  became  a  finished 
workman.  With  this  experience  though 
with  limited  capital  he  opened  a  shop  of 
his  own  on  Biddle  Street.  At  that  time 
he  began  manufacturing  machinery  for  the 
making  of  veneer.  It  was  about  that  pe- 
riod that  Indianapolis  became  one  of  the 
large  centers  of  the  veneer  industry  in 
the  Middle  West,  and  there  was  much  local 
demand  for  machines  capable  of  making 
materials  used  in  nail  kegs  and  barrels. 
His  business  grew  and  prospered,  and  he 
next  moved  to  a  better  location  on  Ala- 
bama Street,  opposite  the  Marion  County 
Jail.  When  these  quarters  were  outgrown 
he  moved  the  plant  to  502  South  Penn- 
sylvania Street,  where  the  Coil  Heating 
Plant  is  now  located.  The  final  move  was 
made  in  1908  to  the  present  extensive  plant 
of  the  Capital  Manufacturing  Company  at 
2801  Roosevelt  Avenue.  Mr.  Koss  has 
from  the  first  been  the  guiding  spirit  in 
the  development  of  this  industry.  The 
firm  now  manufactures  all  kinds  of  ma- 
chines and  appliances  for  making  veneer. 
This  machinery  has  three  distinct  classifi- 
cations, depending  upon  the  general 
method  used  in  manufacture,  and  com- 
prises what  may  be  described  as  rotary 
cutting  machines,  sliceing  machines  and 
saws.  The  Koss  veneer  making  machines 
have  been  distributed  to  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  are  now  being  more  extensively 
used  than  ever. 

/ 

HON.  FRED  A.  SIMS.  While  essentially 
a  business  man  and  banker,  no  man  has 
done  more  in  recent  years  to  infuse  vitality 
and  strength  into  the  republican  party  of 


Indiana  than  Hon.  Fred  A.  Sims  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  is  president  of  the  Bank- 
ers Investment  Company  of  that  city,  and 
during  the  Goodrich  administration  has 
also  served  as  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
State  Board  of  Tax  Commissioners. 

From  pioneer  times  the  Sims  family 
has  been  a  prominent  one  in  Clinton 
County,  Indiana.  Fred  A.  Sims  was  born 
at  Frankfort,  county  seat  of  that  county, 
October  8,  1867,  son  of  James  N.  and  Mar- 
garet (Allen)  Sims.  He  was  reared »and 
educated  at  Frankfort,  and  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  year  in  1887-88  spent  in  Chi- 
cago, was  a  resident  of  Frankfort  until  he 
removed  to  Indianapolis.  He  served  four 
years  as  mayor  of  that  city  and  his  grow- 
ing strength  in  the  republican  party  of 
that  section  gradually  brought  him  a  state- 
wide leadership.  For  eleven  years,  begin- 
ning in  1896,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Re- 
publican State  Executive  Committee  from 
the  Ninth  District.  In  1904  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

Mr.  Sims  came  to  Indianapolis  in  March, 
1906,  to  become  secretary  of  state  of  In- 
diana by  appointment  from  the  governor. 
He  filled  that  office  five  years  lacking  three 
months.  In  December,  1910,  the  demo- 
cratic governor,  Marshall,  appointed  him 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Southeastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 
Early  in  1911  Governor  Marshall  also  ap- 
pointed him  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Tax  Commissioners  of  Indiana,  but  he 
resigned  after  serving  a  year. 

Mr.  Sims  was  chairman  of  the  Republi- 
can State  Committee  in  1912,  and  led  his 
party  in  a  campaign  that  was  strenuous 
even  in  the  annals  of  Indiana  politics.  He 
continued  as  state  chairman  until  1914. 
In  that  year  Mr.  Sims  reorganized  and  be- 
came president  of  the  company,  which  is 
now  his  principal  business  connection. 

September  1,  1917,  Governor  Goodrich 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Tax  Commissioners.  This  honor 
was  fittingly  bestowed  since  Mr.  Sims 
was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  present 
tax  commission  law  and  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  having  it  enacted.  Because  of 
his  wide  business  and  financial  experience 
he  is  able  to  give  the  state  useful  and  ex- 
ceedingly valuable  services.  June  6,  1918, 
Mr.  Sims  married  Miss  Elsa  A.  Dickson. 
She  was  born  and  reared  in  Indianapolis, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1721 


and  is  a  member  of  the  city's  most  promi- 
nent families. 

HENRY  LANE  WILSON.  In  the  last  quar- 
ter of  a  century  probably  no  Indianan  has 
played  a  larger  and  more  important  role 
in  the  complexities  of  modern  diplomacy 
and  the  adjustment  of  international  rela- 
tions than  Henry  Lane  Wilson,  who  for 
nearly  a  score  of  years  had  front  rank 
among  American  diplomats  abroad.  For 
several  years  he  was  United  States  minister 
to  Belgium,  but  the  work  which  brought 
him  his  chief  fame  was  as  minister  to  Chile 
and  later  to  Mexico,  where  he  remained  at 
his  post  of  duty  until  the  disruption  of  that 
republic  through  revolution.  His  long 
residence  in  Latin  America  has  brought 
him  a  knowledge  of  the  people  and  the 
economic  and  political  affairs  of  those  coun- 
tries such  as  probably  no  other  living 
American  possesses. 

His  diplomatic  services  constitute  only 
one  phase  of  a  notable  family  record  in 
Indiana,  and  through  several  generations 
the  Wilsons  of  Indiana  have  been  men  of 
prominence  in  their  own  state  and  in  the 
nation. 

The  founder  of  the  family  in  Indiana 
was  John  Wilson,  who  was  born  November 
29,  1796,  at  Lancaster,  Lincoln  County, 
Kentucky.  His  father,  Rev.  James  Wil- 
son, D.  D.,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  with 
his  wife  Agnes  (McKee)  Wilson,  came 
from  Staunton,  Augusta  County,  Virginia, 
to  Lincoln  County,  Kentucky,  when  the 
latter  commonwealth  was  on  the  frontier 
and  the  scene  of  active  conflict  between 
advancing  civilization  and  the  barbarous 
red  men  and  forest  conditions.  The  fam- 
ily ancestry  goes  back  to  County  Down, 
Ireland.  One  of  the  name,  James  Wilson, 
attained  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  colonial 
armies  of  the  Revolution.  Another  served 
in  Congress  for  a  number  of  years  from 
Virginia.  Agnes  (McKee)  Wilson  was  a 
daughter  of  Col.  William  McKee,  a  prom- 
inent figure  in  the  early  history  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  a  native  of  County 
Down,  Ireland,  and  came  to  America  as  a 
colonel  in  the  British  army,  taking  part  in 
the  war  in  Canada  agaitist  the  French. 
Later  he  settled  in  Virginia,  married,  and 
•when  the  Revolutionary  war  came  on  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  colonies  and  at- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel.  He  was  also 
on  the  border  during  the  Indian  wars. 


He  commanded  the  fort  at  Point  Pleasant, 
and  that  place  today  is  known  as  McKees- 
port,  Pennsylvania,  named  in  his  honor. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  Virginia,  and  for  valiant 
services  in  war  was  awarded  4,000  acres 
of  land  in  Kentucky,  and  moved  west  to 
occupy  these  possessions. 

Such  ancestry  constituted  John  Wilson 
a  man  of  sturdiest  mold,  of  keen  intellect, 
and  of  unusual  force  of  character.  On  ac- 
count of  his  dislike  of  slavery  he  left  Ken- 
tucky, spent  a  year  in  Illinois  and  in  1822 
settled  at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.  In 
1823  he  married  Margaret  Cochran.  John 
Wilson  was  Crawfordsville 's  first  postmas- 
ter, keeping  the  office  in  a  log  cabin.  In 
1823  he  was  elected  the  first  Circuit  Court 
clerk  of  Montgomery  County,  a  position  he 
held  continuously  for  fourteen  years.  At 
this  election  the  total  voting  population  of 
the  county  was  only  sixty.  In  1825,  with 
two  others,  he  laid  out  the  town  of  La- 
fayette. In  1840  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature  and  served  one  term. 
John  Wilson  became  a  wealthy  man  for 
those  days,  his  possessions  comprising 
farms,  stores  and  other  properties.  In 
1857  he  retired  from  the  more  active  cares 
of  life,  and  moving  to  a  large  tract  of  land 
he  had  bought  in  Tippecanoe  County  lived 
there  until  1863.  when  he.  returned  to 
Crawfordsville  and  died  in  that  city  the 
following  year. 

Among  his  large  and  interesting  family 
probably  the  best  known  was  James  Wil- 
son. He  was  born  at  Crawfordsville,  April 
9,  1825.  In  1842,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
he  erraduated  from  Wabash  College.  He 
read  law  with  Gen.  Tilghman  H.  Howard 
at  Rockville,  but  though  qualified  was  not 
admitted  to  the  bar  on  account  of  his  youth. 
He  volunteered  his  services  in  the  war 
against  Mexico,  and  was  in  all  the  engage- 
ments of  the  campaign  under  General 
Scott.  Thus  as  a  boy  Henry  Lane  Wilson 
heard  from  his  father's  lips  many  facts 
concerning  the  people  of  the  republic  to 
which  years  afterward  he  was  sent  as  a 
minister.  After  the  war  James  Wilson 
practiced  law  in  Crawfordsville  until  1856. 
In  that  year  he  was  elected  to  Congress, 
defeating  the  "Sycamore  of  the  Wabash" 
Dan  Voorhees.  He  was  re-elected,  but 
declined  a  third  nomination.  His  con- 
gressional career  fell  in  the  stormiest  pe- 


Tol.  IV— H 


1722 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


riod  of  national  destiny,  and  he  went  to 
Congress  as  an  ardent  republican  and  stood 
consistently  on  the  platform  of  his  party 
and  was  an  avowed  enemy  of  slavery. 
Both  in  Congress  and  at  home  he  helped 
to  bring  those  forces  together  which  were 
gaining  momentum  and  eventually  saved 
the  Union  from  destruction.  At  the  close 
of  his  Congressional  career  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war  he  was  made  post  quarter- 
master by  President  Lincoln.  Later  he 
rendered  active  service  in  the  ranks  as 
major  and  lieutenant-colonel,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  war  was  honorably  mustered 
out  as  colonel  A.  D.  C. 

Again  he  resumed  his  legal  practice  at 
Crawfordsville,  but  in  a  short  time  was  in- 
duced to  become  minister  to  Venezuela  at 
a  time  when  gravely  important  matters 
were  pending  between  that  country  and  the 
United  States.  He  was  suddenly  stricken 
with  a  fatal  illness  and  died  at  Caracas  in 
1867,  at  the  age  of  forty-two.  While  fully 
ten  years  of  his  brief  active  life  had  been 
given  to  public  affairs,  he  attained  rank  as 
one  of  the  ablest  members  of  the  Indiana 
bar,  and  was  a  splendid  type  of  the  unself- 
ish, high-minded  and  energetic  citizen. 
James  Wilson  married  Emma  Ingersoll. 
Their  three  sons  were  John  Lockwood, 
Tilghman  Howard,  and  Henry  Lane. 
Tilghman  H.  died  in  early  manhood. 

Space  should  be  given  here  for  a  brief 
record  of  the  career  of  John  Lockwood 
Wilson,  oldest  brother  of  Henry  L.  Wil- 
son. He  was  born  August  7,  1850,  grad- 
uated in  the  classical  course  from  Wabash 
College  in  1874,  and  for  a  time  was  em- 
ployed in  a  department  at  Washington. 
Later  he  practiced  law  at  Crawfordsville. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Legis- 
lature from  his  native  county.  President 
Harrison  appointed  him  land  agent  at 
Colfax  in  Washington  Territory,  and  while 
there  he  became  actively  interested  in  ter- 
ritorial affairs.  He  was  sent  as  a  delegate 
to  Congress  from  the  territory,  and  when 
Washington  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
was  one  of  the  first  congressmen  elected 
from  the  state.  For  four  years  he  repre- 
sented Washington  State  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  Senator  Wilson  died  No- 
vember 6,  1912.  He  married  Edna  Hart- 
man  Sweet,  of  Crawfordsville,  and  their 
only  child  is  Mrs.  H.  Clay  Goodloe,  of  Lex- 
ington, Kentucky. 


Henry  Lane  Wilson,  only  surviving 
member  of  his  father's  family,  was  born 
at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana,  November  3, 
1856.  He  graduated  from  Wabash  Col- 
lege A.  B.  in  1879,  and  subsequently  was 
honored  with  the  degree  Master  of  Arts 
from  the  same  institution.  Mr.  Wilson 
studied  law  with  the  firm  of  McDonald  & 
Butler  at  Indianapolis.  But  after  a  brief 
experience  as  a  practicing  lawyer  he  took 
up  journalism  as  owner  and  editor  of  the 
Lafayette  Daily  Journal.  He  was  a  citizen 
of  Lafayette  from  1882  to  1885,  and  on 
selling  the  newspaper  went  west  to  Spo- 
kane, Washington,  where  he  built  up  a 
highly  successful  and  remunerative  law 
practice  and  also  engaged  in  banking. 
Washington  Territory  was  then  rapidly 
developing  and  Mr.  Wilson  gradually 
abandoned  law  for  the  more  profitable  busi- 
ness of  real  estate.  He  organized  several 
trust  companies,  banks  and  other  corpora- 
tions, and  acquired  a  considerable  private 
fortune,  most  of  which,  however,  was  lost 
in  the  panic  of  1893.  Mr.  Wilson;  re- 
mained a  resident  of  Washington  until 
1896.  In  the  meantime  he  had  become 
identified  with  politics  not  as  a  candidate 
for  office  but  as  a  man  interested  in  good 
government.  Upon  the  election  of  Benja- 
min Harrison  as  president  he  was  offered 
the  post  of  minister  to  Venezuela  in  1899. 
but  declined.  In  1896  he  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  campaign  through  Wash- 
ington, Idaho  and  Montana  in  the  election 
of  William  McKinley  as  president.  Mr. 
McKinley  tendered  him  the  post  of  min- 
.  ister  to  Chile  and  he  remained  in  that 
South  American  country  in  that  mission 
for  eight  years,  from  1897  to  1905. 

Mr.  Wilson  never  regarded  any  of  his 
diplomatic  honors  as  a  sinecure.  He  was 
an  indefatigable  worker,  and  during  his 
ministry  to  Chile  he  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing cordial  relations  between  that  gov- 
ernment and  that  of  the  United  States,  and 
gained  the  unlimited  confidence  of  the  Chil- 
ean people.  He  was  credited  on  two  occa- 
sions with  being  chiefly  responsible  for  pre- 
venting the  outbreak  of  war  between  Chile 
and  the  Argentine  Republic.  An  unusual 
mark  of  regard  and  appreciation  of  his 
valued  services  was  paid  in  1911  when  the 
National  University  of  Chile  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  Doctor  of  Philosophy, 
Philology  and  Fine  Arts.  This  distinction 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1723 


comes  from  the  oldest  university  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere,  and.  is  an  honor  that 
was  never  before  conferred  upon  a  North 
American. 

While  Mr.  Wilson  was  at  Chile  he  was 
twice  transferred  to  other  posts,  to  Portu- 
gal and  Greece,  but  at  his  own  request  he 
was  permitted  to  retain  the  Chilean  post 
In  1903,  in  recognition  of  his  important 
work  in  preventing  war  between  Chile  and 
Argentine,  President  Roosevelt  appointed 
him  minister  to  Greece,  but  at  his  own  re- 
quest he  was  permitted  to  remain  in  Chile. 

In  1904  President  Roosevelt  appointed 
him  minister  to  Belgium.  In  announcing 
this  appointment  to  the  Associated  Press 
Mr.  Roosevelt  said:  "This  appointment  is 
not  made  for  political  consideration,  but 
solely  for  meritorious  service  performed."- 
As  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  Mr.  Wilson  remained  in 
that  now  unhappy  and  stricken  country 
of  Belgium  from  1905  to  1910.  When 
President  Taft  came  into  the  White  House 
he  was  offered  first  the  Russian  and  then 
the  Austrian  ambassadorship,  but  declined 
each.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
Turkey,  but  before  he  qualified  this  ap- 
pointment was  changed  to  ambassador  to 
Mexico.  His  appointment  was  confirmed 
by  the  Senate  within  one  hour  after  his 
name  had  been  submitted. 

During  the  period  from  1909  to  1913  no 
American  ambassadorship  involved  more 
complexing  and  delicate  responsibilities 
than  that  of  minister  to  Mexico.  Mr.  Wil- 
son was  head  of  the  American  embassy 
in  Mexico  during  the  various  successive 
waves  of  revolution  which  eventually 
plunged  that  country  into  anarchy  and 
brought  about  the  first  steps  of  interven- 
tion on  the  part  of  the  armed  forces  of 
the  United  States.  Mr.  Wilson  continued 
his  work  as  ambassador  until  July,  1913, 
when  he  was  summoned  to  Washington  by 
President  Wilson  and  resigned  the  post, 
his  resignation  taking  effect  in  October, 
1913.  That  closed  a  diplomatic  career  of 
seventeen  years,  the  longest  consecutive 
service  by  an  American  as  chief  of  foreign 
missions. 

Since  that  time  Mr.  Wilson  has  remained 
a  resident  of  Indianapolis,  and  has  spent 
much  of  his  time  on  the  lecture  platform. 
In  the  presidential  campaign  of  1916  he 
was  one  of  the  leading  speakers  in  pro- 


moting the  candidacy  of  Mr.  Hughes. 
Among  other  honors  he  was  special  am- 
bassador from  the  United  States  at  the 
crowning  of  King  Albert  of  Belgium,  and 
was  American  delegate  to  the  Brussels  Con- 
ference on  Collisions  at  Sea  and  also  to  a 
conference  to  regulate  the  use  of  arms  in 
Africa.  Mr.  Wilson  has  served  as  vice 
president  of  the  World  Court  League,  of 
the  Security  League  and  the  League  to 
Enforce  Peace.  He  has  written  extensively 
for  magazines  and  periodicals  on  political, 
scientific,  and  fictional  themes,  his  work  as 
a  fiction  writer  being  under  a  nome  de 
plume.  Mr.  Wilson  is  a  member  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  Society 
of  Colonial  Wars,  of  the  Columbia  Club 
at  Indianapolis,  of  the  Masonic  Order,  and 
the  Theta  Delta  Chi  college  fraternity. 

In  October,  1885,  he  married  Miss  Alice 
Vajen,  daughter  of  John  H.  Vajen,  a  citi- 
zen of  wide  prominence  in  Indiana.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Wilson  have  three  children. 
John  Vajen,  the  oldest,  is  a  graduate  of 
Wabash  College  and  a  practicing  lawyer 
at  Indianapolis.  Warden  McKee,  the  sec- 
ond son,  is  a  graduate  of  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, was  formerly  attache  of  the  Foreign 
Department  of  the  Guarantee  Trust  Com- 
pany of  New  York  City,  and  is  now  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Interpreters  Corps  of  the 
General  Staff  of  the  United  States  Army. 
The  youngest  son,  Stewart  C.,  also  a  grad- 
uate of  Cornell  University,  is  serving  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  One  Hundred 
and  Thirteenth  United  States  Engineers 
in  France. 

MEDFORD  B.  WILSON,  more  than  forty 
years  active  in  banking  circles  in  Indiana. 
is  an  honored  figure  in  the  business  life  of 
this  state,  and  though  he  has  been  nomi- 
nally retired  since  attaining  the  age  of 
three  score  and  ten,  is  still  an  executive 
officer  in  one  or  two  business  institutions 
and  still  occupies  a  place  of  usefulness  and 
influence  in  his  home  city. 

Though  a  resident  of  Indiana  since  early 
manhood  Mr.  Wilson  was  born  at  Pales- 
tine, Crawford  County,  Illinois,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1845.  He  was  the  seventh  among 
nine  sons  and  one  daughter  born  to  Isaac 
X.  and  Hannah  Harness  (Decker)  Wilson. 
This  branch  of  the  Wilson  family  is  Scotch- 
Irish,  and  was  founded  in  America  by  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman  who  came  from 


1724 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Belfast  before  the  Revolutionary  war.  In 
the  maternal  line  the  Deckers  were  Hol- 
land Dutch.  Mrs.  Isaac  Wilson  had 
some  uncles  by  the  name  of  Decker,  who 
were  very  prominent,  one  of  them  serving 
on  the  first  Grand  Jury  ever  held  in  the 
Territory  of  Indiana,  and  two  others  by 
the  name  of  Mullady  being  founders  of 
the  Catholic  University  in  Washington. 
Isaac  N.  Wilson  and  wife  were  both  born 
in  the  same  section  of  what  is  now  West 
Virginia,  the  former  at  Moorefield  and 
the  latter  at  Romney.  Isaac  Wilson  when 
a  young  man  went  to  Illinois  in  1816  with 
his  parents,  and  Miss  Decker  went  to  that 
state  with  her  parents  the  following  year. 
Isaac  Wilson  was  a  successful  .business 
man  and  honored  citizen  of  Crawford 
County,  Illinois,  until  his  death. 

Reared  in  a  home  of  substantial  char- 
acter, Medford  B.  Wilson  received  an  edu- 
cation to  those  of  most  boys  and  girls  of 
his  day.  He  attended  the  public  schools 
and  an  academy  in  his  native  town,  spent 
two  years  in  Vincennes  University  at  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  and  then  went  abroad 
and  completed  a  four  years'  course  in  com- 
mercial law  and  other  subjects  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Marburg,  Hesse  Cassel,  Ger- 
many. Mr.  Wilson  was  one  of  the  few 
young  men  of  the  Middle  West  of  his  gen- 
eration who  went  abroad  to  finish  their 
education. 

On  returning  to  the  United  States  in 
1870  he  established  the  first  bank  at 
Sullivan,  Indiana,  known  as  the  Sulli- 
van County  Bank,  incorporated  under  the 
state  banking  laws.  This  was  subsequently 
reorganized  as  the  First  National  Bank, 
and  Mr.  Wilson  continued  its  president  for 
more  than  twenty  years.  His  experience 
and  success  as  a  country  banker  opened 
up  a  still  larger  field  for  him  at  Indian- 
apolis, of  which  city  he  has  been  a  resident 
since  1889.  Here  he  brought  about  the 
organization  of  the  Capital  National  Bank, 
which  was  incorporated  in  December,  1889, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $300,000.  He  was 
president  of  the  Capital  National  until 
January,  1904,  when  he  resigned  and  dis- 
posed of  his  stock  to  become  president  of 
the  Columbia  National  Bank.  At  the 
time  of  the  consolidation  of  the  Columbia 
National  and  the  Union  National  banks 
Mr.  Wilson  retired  from  direct  participa- 
tion in  banking,  and  has  since  devoted  him- 


self to  his  private  business  interests.  He 
is  now  vice  president  of  the  American 
Buncher  Manufacturing  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis and  is  treasurer  of  the  Crown 
Potteries  Company  of  Evansville. 

It  is  as  a  successful  financier  and  busi- 
ness man  that  Mr.  Wilson  is  best  known 
throughout  the  state,  and  through  these 
lines  he  has  contributed  his  chief  services. 
He  has  always  been  a  democrat  but  with- 
out political  ambition,  is  a  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  mem- 
ber of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  has  been  a  working  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade,  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  the  University  and  Country 
clubs,  and  he  and  his  wife  are  active  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church. 

In  1872  he  married  Miss  Nettie  A.  Ames. 
She  was  born  at  Geneva,  Ohio,  but  was 
reared  in  Detroit  and  Cleveland,  being 
a  resident  of  the  latter  city  at  the  time 
of  her  marriage.  The  five  daughters  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilson  are:  Daisey,  who 
married  Frank  F.  Churchman,  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  they  have  two  sons,  Wilson 
and  Frank  L. ;  Sarah,  wife  of  James  L. 
Floyd,  of  Indianapolis;  Ruth,  who  mar- 
ried George  M.  B.  Hawley ;  Edith,  wife  of 
William  H.  Stafford,  and.  their  four  chil- 
dren are:  Edith  Ann,  William  H.,  Sybil, 
and  Barbara;  and  Clare,  who  married 
Capt.  Reginald  W.  Hughes,  of  the  Eighty- 
Ninth  Division  U.  S.  A.,  and  now  in  the 
Army  of  Occupation  in  Germany. 

GEORGE  S.  SCHAUER.  For  a  quarter  of 
a  century  George  S.  Schauer  has  been  one 
of  the  quiet,  hard  working,  successful  busi- 
ness men  of  Indianapolis,  an  expert  ma- 
chinist by  trade,  gradually  promoting 
himself  to  successful  business  as  a  con- 
tractor. 

Mr.  Schauer  was  born  in  Germany, 
though  for  years  an  American  citizen. 
His  birth  occurred  at  Roettingen  on  the 
Tauber,  Bavaria,  January  20,  1869.  He 
is  thus  of  the  South  German  people,  which 
more  than  any  other  class  h.as  distin- 
guished itself  as  followers  of  the  flame  of 
liberty  and  furnished  perhaps  a  bulk  of 
the  patriots  to  the  German  revolution  of 
1848.  His  own  father  was  a  participant 
in  that  revolution,  and  after  it  failed  fled 
to  Switzerland.  Later  he  was  allowed  to 
return  to  his  native  Bavaria. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1725 


George  S.  Schauer  was  educated  in  the 
common  school  system  of  his  native  city, 
and  was  apprenticed  to  and  learned  the 
trade  of  machinist.  That  has  been  his 
lifelong  occupation.  His  apprenticeship 
over,  he  traveled  as  a  journeyman  through 
various  cities  of  Germany,  and  on  reach- 
ing the  prescribed  age  also  answered  the 
call  to  military  service.  On  account  of  a 
physical  disability  he  served  only  a  year 
and  a  half  .instead  of  the  required  three 
years. 

Early  in  his  vigorous  young  manhood 
Mr.  Schauer  came  to  America  and  arrived 
at  Indianapolis  May  5,  1893.  This  city 
has  since  been  his  home,  and  here  he  mar- 
ried and  brought  up  a  family.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  employed  at  his 
trade  of  machinist,  but  finally  took  up  con- 
tracting and  built  up  a  good  and  substan- 
tial business.  He  is  a  democrat  in  politics, 
and  for  years  has  been  identified  with  those 
various  movements  which  have  sought  the 
welfare  and  advancement  of  people  and 
institutions  of  his  home  city  and  state. 
Mr.  Schauer  married  Miss  Margreth  Kun- 
kel.  She  is  of  German  ancestry,  .a  native 
of  Franklin  County,  Indiana.  Twelve 
children  were  born  to  their  marriage,  and 
the  seven  now  living  are:  Harry  G., 
Helena,  Marguerite,  Amelia,  Marie,  Paul 
and  Francis. 

While  this  record  constitutes  Mr. 
Schauer  a  representative  and  useful  citi- 
zen of  his  home  state,  and  as  such  entitled 
to  special  recognition,  it  is  his  part  in  the 
larger  program  of  national  affairs  that 
makes  his  name  of  special  interest  at  the 
present.  He  followed  with  the  keenest  in- 
terest and  appreciation  the  early  phases 
of  the  great  World  war,  and  after  America 
was  drawn  into  the  vortex  he  felt  that  he 
had  an  individual  part  to  play  above  the 
normal  and  routine  sacrifices  of  an  Amer- 
ican citizen.  He  is  a  man  of  education, 
and  his  long  practice  of  reading  and  ob- 
servation has  given  him  a  more  than  ordi- 
nary knowledge  of  German  history  and 
American  institutions.  He  knows  the  Ger- 
man character  thoroughly,  and  offered 
some  interesting  commentaries  that  serve 
to  explain  to  the  American  some  of  the  ap- 
parent anomalies  existing  between  the 
German  people  and  its  military  and  gov- 
ernmental system.  Mr.  Schauer  says  that 
the  Prussian  military  caste,  as  represented 


by  the  Kaiser,  plays  upon  two  of  the  most 
noble  of  human  traits — obedience  and  loy- 
alty— which  are  thoroughly  grounded  in 
German  character,  in  order  to  further  its 
terrible  ambitions.  This  German  military 
system,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Schauer, 
serves  to  debase  and  brutalize  the  soldier 
and  make  him  a  ready  tool  to  do  any  act 
of  atrocity,  no  matter  how  inhuman.  In 
America  the  average  German's  love  and 
reverence  for  the  Fatherland  is  directed 
not  toward  the  peculiar  military  institu- 
tions, but  is  based  on  happy  memories  and 
traditions  and  the  beauties  of  home  life. 
Many  Germans  in  their  own  country  as 
well  as  in  America  have  been  brought  to 
believe  that  these  institutions  are  at  stake 
in  the  war,  and  not  the  military  system. 
This  view  has,  of  course,  been  carefully 
cultivated  by  the  German  ruling  class,  who 
have  in  effect  exploited  the  German  masses 
and  deluded  them  into  believing  that  their 
very  life  and  existence  were  threatened, 
carefully  concealing  the  head  and  front  of 
offense,  German  militarism. 

Realizing  these  distinctions  himself,  Mr. 
Schauer  has  felt  it  his  duty  to  educate 
others  of  German  birth  and  descent  and 
convince  them  of  the  actual  condition  of 
affairs  in  Germany  of  today.  Therefore, 
at  a  great  sacrifice  of  his  own  business, 
he  has  taken  up  work  that  deserves  to  be 
better  known  by  the  nation  at  large. 
Without  realizing  that  an  organization  had 
been  perfected  in  New  York  known  as  the 
Friends  of  German  Democracy,  Mr. 
Schauer  in  February,  1918,  called  a  meet- 
ing of  German  people  in  Indianapolis,  for 
which  he  prepared  resolutions  setting  forth 
•his  principles  and  his  ideas  of  an  organi- 
zation. About  that  time  he  received  some 
literature  from  the  national  headquarters 
from  the  Friends  of  German  Democracy 
at  New  York,  and  at  once  allied  himself 
with  this  organization,  giving  it  his  enthu- 
siastic support.  The  expressed  purpose  of 
the  national  organization  is  "to  further 
democracy  by  aiding  the  people  of  Ger- 
many to  establish  in  Germany  a  govern- 
ment responsible  to  the  people,"  in  line 
with  President  Wilson's  oft  repeated  dis- 
tinctions between  the  German  people  and 
their  rulers,  and  to  require  of  all  society 
members  that  they  "favor  a  vigorous  pros- 
ecution of  the  war  until  the  aims  of  the 


1726 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


United    States    Government    shall    be    at- 
tained." 

Mr.  Schauer  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Indiana  branch  of  this  society  and 
was  made  its  secretary.  Since  then  he  has 
been  appointed  to  his  present  position  as 
state  organizer  for  Indiana  of  the  Friends 
of  German  Democracy,  and  as  such  he  is 
constantly  busy  lecturing  through  the 
state,  distributing  literature,  writing  let- 
ters, etc.  Before  he  was  appointed  to  this 
position  he  gave  up  his  own  business  and 
devoted  several  weeks  at  his  own  expense 
to  teaching  and  spreading  the  principles 
of  the  society.  He  lectured  to  the  German 
people  in  their  own  language,  and  his  work 
is  converting  thousands  of  them  from  their 
former  views.  Thus  he  is  one  of  the  indi- 
viduals whose  influence  is  of  the  greatest 
value  to  our  government  in  these  times. 
The  object  and  activities  of  the  Friends  of 
German  Democracy  have  received  the  sanc- 
tion and  encouragement  of  the  authorities 
at  Washington.  The  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Society  is  Franz  Sigel,  a  son  of  Gen. 
Franz  Sigel,  who  was  one  of  the  famous 
Union  commanders  in  our  Civil  war. 

FRED  J.  SCHLEGEL.  From  an  appren- 
ticeship in  a  furniture  factory  at  wages 
of  two  dollars  and  a  half  a  week  Fred  J. 
Schlegel  has  laboriously  improved  his  abil- 
ities and  his  opportunities,  and  is  now  one 
of  the  leading  building  contractors  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

Born  in  Germany  April  4,  1876,  son  of 
Frederick  and  Margaret  (Rieder)  Schle- 
gel. he  was  only  six  years  old  when  his 
father  died  in  Germany  in  1882.  In  1891, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  accompanied  his 
widowed  mother  to  America  and  located 
at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Schlegel  is  an  Amer- 
ican citizen,  and  since  early  youth  has 
been  devoted  to  the  institutions  and  ideals 
of  this  country. 

It  was  soon  after  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis that  he  went  to  work  in  a  furniture 
factory  at  the  small  compensation  named. 
Though  it  hardly  provided  him  with  a 
bare  living,  he  determined  to  serve  out 
his  time  in  order  to  have  a  mechanical 
trade  upon  which  he  could  depend  in  the 
future.  He  worked  as  an  apprentice  five 
years,  and  later  for  eight  months  was  in 
the  employ  of  Brown  &  Ketcham,  but  is 
indebted  for  his  best  training  as  a  carpen- 


ter and  general  contractor  to  William  P. 
Jungclaus  of  the  William  P.  Junjcclaus 
Company.  He  was  in  his  service  for  eigh- 
teen years,  and  during  that  time  was 
made  familiar  with  every  detail  of  the 
building  business.  For  eight  years  he  was 
the  firm's  superintendent,  and  for  three 
years  was  estimator  of  contracts. 

In  1914  Mr.  Schlegel  utilized  and  cap- 
italized his  long  experience  and  training 
by  engaging  in  business  for. himself  in 
partnership  with  Frank  E.  Roehm.  under 
the  name  Schlegel  &  Roehm.  They  are 
general  contractors  of  buildings,  with 
offices  in  the  Lombard  Building,  and  have 
a  complete  organization  and  service  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  construction  of  large 
buildings,  many  examples  of  their  work 
being  in  evidence  in  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Schlegel  is  affiliated  with  Pentalpha 
Lodge  No.  564,  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons,_with  Keystone  Chapter,  Royal  Arch 
Maso"ns,  with  Scottish  Rite  Consistory, 
thirty-second  degree,  and  with  Murat  Tem- 
ple of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  also  an 
Odd  Fellow  and  Red  Man  and  votes  as  a 
republican. 

In  December,  1901,  Mr.  Schlegel  mar- 
ried at  Indianapolis  Miss  Margaret  Staen- 
del.  They  have  one  son,  Frederick  G., 
born  December  16,  1909. 

I 

JANET  SCUDDER.  Terre  Haute  claims 
the  well  known  sculptor,  Janet  Scudder, 
among  her  native  daughters.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  afterward  attended  some  of  the  most 
celebrated  art  institutes  of  this  country 
and  Europe.  She  was  awarded  the  Bronze 
Medal  in  the  Chicago  Exposition  in  1893, 
the  prize  medal  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion in  1904,  received  honorary  mention 
in  the  Salon,  Paris,  and  her  works  are 
now  exhibited  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

IRA  A.  MINNICK.  Twenty  years  ago  Ira 
A.  Minnick  selected  Indianapolis  as  the 
center  of  his  business  activities.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  occupied  a  very  inconspic- 
uous role,  quietly  and  industriously  per- 
forming his  duties,  but  he  has  made  a 
steady  climb  to  the  heights  of  achievement 
and  is  now  widely  known  as  president  of 
the  National  Dry  Kiln  Company  of  that 
city. 


- 


1726 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


Tinted    States    Government    shall    be    at- 
tained." 

Mr.  Schaner  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Indiana  branch  of  this  society  and 
was  made  its  secretary.  Since  then  he  has 
been  appointed  to  his  present  position  as 
state  organizer  for  Indiana  of  the  Friends 
of  German  Democracy,  and  as  such  he  is 
constantly  busy  lecturing:  through  the 
state,  distributing  literature,  writing  let- 
ters, etc.  l>efore  he  was  appointed  to  this 
position  he  gave  up  his  own  business  and 
devoted  several  weeks  at  his  own  expense 
to  teaching  and  spreading  the  principles 
of  the  society.  lie  lectured  to  the  German 
people  in  their  own  language,  and  his  work 
is  converting  thousands  of  them  from  their 
former  views.  Thus  he  is  one  of  the  indi- 
viduals whose  influence  is  of  the  greatest 
value  to  our  government  in  these  times. 
The  object  and  activities  of  the  Friends  of 
German  Democracy  have  received  the  sanc- 
tion and  encouragement  of  the  authorities 
at  Washington.  The  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Society  is  Franz  Sigel,  a  son  of  Gen. 
Franz  Sigel,  who  was  one  of  the  famous 
I'nion  commanders  in  our  Civil  war. 

FRKD  •!.  SCIILICGKL.  From  an  appren- 
ticeship in  a  furniture  factory  at  wages 
of  two  dollars  and  a  half  a  week  Fred  J. 
Schlcgel  has  laboriously  improved  his  abil- 
ities and  his  opportunities,  and  is  now  one 
of  the  leading  building  contractors  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

Horn  in  Germany  April  4,  1876,  son  of 
Frederick  and  Margaret  (Rieder)  Schle- 
gel.  he  was  only  six  years  old  when  his 
father  died  in  Germany  in  1882.  In  1891, 
at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  accompanied  his 
widowed  mother  to  America  and  located 
at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Schlegel  is  an  Amer- 
ican citizen,  and  since  early  youth  has 
been  devoted  to  the  institutions  and  ideals 
of  this  country. 

It  was  soon  after  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis that  he  went  to  work  in  a  furniture 
factory  at  the  small  compensation  named. 
Though  it  hardly  provided  him  with  a 
bare  living,  he  determined  to  serve  out 
his  time  in  order  to  have  a  mechanical 
trade  upon  which  he  could  depend  in  the 
future,  lie  worked  as  an  apprentice  five 
years,  and  later  for  eight  months  was  in 
the  employ  of  Brown  &  Ketcham.  but  is 
indebted  for  his  best  training  as  a  carpen- 


ter and  general  contractor  to  William  P. 
.lungclaus  of  the  William  P.  Jnnjrclaus 
Company.  He  was  in  his  service  for  eigh- 
teen years,  and  during  that  time  was 
made  familiar  witli  every  detail  of  the 
building  business.  For  eight  years  he  was 
the  firm's  superintendent,  and  for  three 
years  was  estimator  of  contracts. 

In  1914  Mr.  Schlegel  utilized  and  cap- 
italized his  long  experience  and  training 
by  engaging  in  business  for  himself  in 
partnership  with  Frank  E.  Roehm  under 
the  name  Schlegel  &  Roehm.  They  are 
general  contractors  of  buildings,  with 
offices  in  the  Lombard  Huilding,  and  have 
a  complete  organization  and  service  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  construction  of  large 
buildings,  many  examples  of  their  work 
being  in  evidence  in  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Schlegol  is  affiliated  with  Pentalpha 
Lodge  No.  564.  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, jivith  Keystone  Chapter.  Royal  Arch 
MasoTis,  with  Scottish  Rite  Consistory, 
thirty-second  degree,  and  with  Murat  Tem- 
ple of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  lie  is  also  an 
Odd  Fellow  and  Red  Man  and  votes  as  a 
republican. 

In  December,  1901,  Mr.  Schlegel  mar- 
ried at  Indianapolis  Miss  Margaret  Staen- 
del.  Thev  have  one  son,  Frederick  G., 
born  December  16,  1909. 

JANET  SCI'DDER.  Terre  Haute  claims 
the  well  known  sculptor,  Janet  Scudder, 
among  her  native  daughters.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  afterward  attended  some  of  the  most 
celebrated  art  institutes  of  this  country 
and  Europe.  She  was  awarded  the  Bronze 
Medal  in  the  Chicago  Exposition  in  1893, 
the  prize  medal  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion in  1904,  received  honorary  mention 
in  the  Salon.  Paris,  and  her  works  are 
now  exhibited  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
She  resides  in  New  York  City. 

IRA  A.  MixxifK.  Twenty  years  ago  Ira 
A.  Minnick  selected  Indianapolis  as  the 
center  of  his  business  activities.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  occupied  a  very  inconspic- 
uous role,  quietly  and  industriously  per- 
forming his  duties,  but  he  has  made  a 
steady  climb  to  the  heights  of  achievement 
and  is  now  widely  known  as  president  of 
the  National  Dry  Kiln  Company  of  that 
city. 


^w 

/    ^^ 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1727 


He  belongs  to  a  pioneer  Indiana  family. 
His  great-grandfather  was  born  in  Ger- 
many and  founded  the  family  in  this  coun- 
try. The  first  two  generations  retained 
the  old  spelling  of  the  family  name  as  Min- 
nich.  The  grandfather  of  Ira  A.  Minnick, 
William  Minnick,  a  native  of  Virginia, 
moved  from  that  state  to  Pennsylvania  and 
then  brought  his  family  to  Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  when  this  was  one  vast  wilder- 
ness inhabited  mostly  by  Indians  and  wild 
animals.  William  Minnick  finally  located 
near  Somerset  in  Wabash  County,  where 
he  had  his  home  the  rest  of  his  life.  He 
was  the  father  of  seven  children. 

Jacob  Minnick,  father  of  Ira,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  but  grew  up  in  Indiana 
in  close  touch  with  pioneer  scenes.  As  a 
boy  he  helped  denude  the  land  of  its  heavy 
growth  of  timber,  to  grub  stumps,  to  plant 
the  grain  by  hand,  to  reap  and  thresh  in 
the  old  fashioned  way,  and  thus  had  a  part 
in  making  Indiana  what  it  is  today.  He 
was  a  man  highly  esteemed  for  his  up- 
right life  and  sterling  qualities.  In  the 
latter  part  of  1840  he  located  in  Richland 
Township  of  Grant  County,  and  on  his 
farm  there  pursued  its  quiet  vocation  until 
his  death  in  May,  1900.  He  reared  his 
children  to  useful  lives  and  to  good  Amer- 
ican citizenship.  Jacob  Minnick  married 
Sarah  G.  Lawshe,  a  daughter  of  Peter 
Lawshe,  who  was  a  pioneer  Dunkard  of 
Northeastern  Indiana.  She  died  in  May, 
1909.  Jacob  Minnick  was  well  known  in 
Grant  County  in  a  public  way,  served  as 
county  commissioner  and  in  other  positions. 
He  and  his  wife  had  eight  children,  and 
the  six  to  reach  mature  years  were:  Hor- 
ace R.,  Charles  S.,  Henry  F.,  Gary  F., 
who  married  Rev.  Henry  Neff,  Amanda, 
wife  of  Oscar  E.  Haynes,  and  Ira  A. 

Ira  A.  Minnick  is  an  example  of  what 
a  young  American  can  accomplish  through 
his  own  unaided  efforts.  He  was  born  on 
his  father's  farm  in  Grant  County,  Octo- 
ber 23,  1878,  and  there  grew  to  man's  es- 
tate. While  he  had  no  particular  liking 
for  school  work,  he  managed  to  secure 
the  foundation  of  a  practical  education  in 
spelling  and  mathematics.  In  1897,  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  he  came  to  Indianap- 
olis as  a  student  in  a  business  college.  In 
the  fall  of  1898  soon  after  leaving  college, 
he  became  a  bookkeeper  for  the  Standard 
Dry  Kiln  Company.  While  connected 
with  that  corporation  in  the  above  capac- 


ity, he  gained  much  valuable  knowledge 
of  general  business  routine  and  a  thor- 
oughh'  practical  and  detailed  acquaint- 
ance with  the  dry  kiln  industry.  Then, 
in  1905,  he  became  a  salesman  for  the  Na- 
tional Dry  Kiln  Company,  and  with  that 
business  his  connection  has  since  been  con- 
tinuous. He  soon  acquired  a  stock  inter- 
est in  the  company  and  since  1914  has 
been  its  president  and  active  head. 

Mr.  Minnick  is  essentially  a  progressive 
business  man  with  modern  ideas  and  char- 
acteristic American  push.  He  is  a  Mason, 
being  a  member  of  Oriental  Lodge,  No. 
500,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  a  mem- 
ber of  Adoniram  Grand  Lodge  of  Perfec- 
tion of  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  has  attained 
the  thirty-second  degree  of  Scottish  Rite 
and  is  a  member  of  Murat  Temple,  An- 
cient Arabic  Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine. 

June  22,  1904,  he  married  Miss  Clara 
C.  McLaughlin,  daughter  of  Thomas  Mc- 
Laughlin,  of  Indianapolis.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Mary  Louise. 

ALIC  J.  LUPEAR.  One  of  the  most  im- 
pressive and  at  the  same  time  simplest  cere- 
monies that  ever  marked  an  Independence 
Day  celebration  in  America  occurred  July 
4,  1918,  when  at  Mount  Vernon  before 
President  Wilson  and  a  host  of  visitors 
the  representatives  of  thirty-three  differ- 
ent nations  of  the  world,  but  all  Americans 
in  citizenship,  filed  before  the  tomb  of  the 
immortal  Washington  and  quietly  laid 
their  tribute  of  flowers  and  pledged  their 
loyalty  and  allegiance  to  America  and  the 
principles  and  ideals  for  which  this  coun- 
try and  its  government  have  stood. 

Of  the  thirty-three  representatives  in 
that  delegation  perhaps  none  emphasized 
more  perfectly  the  forces  and  influences 
which  mold  the  emigrant  received  from 
foreign  lands  than  the  man  who  stood  for 
the  race  of  the  Roumanian  people.  This 
Roumanian  representative  was  Alic  J.  Lu- 
pear,  a  well  known  Indianapolis  lawyer 
who  had  come  to  America  from  Roumania 
about  fifteen  years  ago,  poor  and  friend- 
less, without  knowledge  of  the  English  lan- 
guage, but  has  achieved  a  place  of  success 
and  dignity  as  an  American  citizen,  and 
upon  selection  and  request  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Public  Information,  of  which 
Mr.  George  Creel  is  chairman,  was  chosen 
to  represent  his  entire  race  at  the  historic 


1728 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


occasion  above  noted.  The  dignity  and 
honor  were  especially  appreciated  by  Mr. 
Lupear  since  it  is  estimated  that  about 
300,000  Americans  are  of  Roumanian 
race  and  ancestry,  about  25,000  of  whom 
are  in  Indiana. 

Mr.  Lupear  was  born  in  1886  in  the 
town  of  Lucia,  Roumania,  son  of  John 
and  Anna  (Buhoi)  Lxipear.  When  he 
was  a  small  child  his  parents  moved  to  the 
town  of  Mereurea,  Transylvania,  which  is 
the  Roumanian  section  of  Austria-Hun- 
gary, and  there  Mr.  Lupear  grew  up  and 
attended  school.  Papers  which  he  still 
preserves,  issued  by  his  professors,  show 
that  he  made  excellent  grades  in  school. 
His  parents  were  communicants  of  the 
Greek  Orthodox  Church  and  the  son  was 
baptized  in  that  faith. 

At  the  age  of  seventeen,  in  1903,  he 
came  to  America,  first  going  to  Youngs- 
town,  Ohio,  whither  an  older  brother  had 
preceded  him.  For  about  six  months  he 
worked  in  a  rolling  mill  in  that  city.  He 
was  later  employed  in  the  Ohio  coal  mines. 
Since  1906  Mr.  Lupear  has  had  his  home 
in  Indianapolis.  The  first  day  of  his  ar- 
rival he  found  employment  as  a  laborer  on 
the  construction  of  the  New  York  Store. 
Later  for  a  time  he  was  in  the  sausage  de- 
partment of  Kingan  &  Company,  meat 
packers. 

Even  without  the  influences  which  have 
been  recently  set  in  motion  for  the  educa- 
tion and  training  of  foreign  born  residents 
for  utilization  of  the  opportunities  of 
American  citizenship,  this  young  Rouman- 
ian set  himself  seriously  to  work  to  adapt 
himself  to  American  life  and  traditions, 
and  put  himself  upon  the  plane  of  equal 
opportunity  with  those  of  native  birth 
and  parentage.  It  was  largely  an  indi- 
vidual process,  one  of  the  instruments  of 
which  was  the  night  schools  of  Indiana- 
polis, which  he  attended  altogether  for 
eight  years,  including  his  course  in  the 
Benjamin  Harrison  Law  School.  He  at- 
tended a  business  college  for  six  months. 
Through  those  schools  and  his  work  he  ac- 
quired a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Eng- 
lish language,  so  that  when  he  was  grad- 
uated from  the  law  school  in  the  class  of 
1916  he  was  enabled  to  enter  at  once  into 
practice.  He  is  a  graceful  and  accom- 
plished speaker  and  writer.  He  carries  on 
a  general  practice  of  law  in  the  County, 
State,  and  Federal  Courts. 


Mr.  Lupear  in  addition  to  the  signal 
honor  recently  paid  him  was  also  one  of 
the  six  delegates  who  drew  up  the  resolu- 
tions and  eloquent  address  which  was  de- 
livered by  Felix  J.  Streyckmans  of  Chi- 
cago, a  native  Belgium,  at  the  time  of  the 
Mount  Yemen  gathering.  Mr.  Lupear  is 
a  prominent  leader  among  his  people  for 
the  union  of  Roumanian  beneficial  socie- 
ties. He  is  one  of  the  leaders  active  in 
marshalling  the  forces  of  Roumanians  in 
America  to  aid  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
present  war  for  democracy. 

At  Chicago  October  23,  1914,  Mr.  Lu- 
pear married  Miss  Ellen  Hanes,  of  In- 
dianapolis. Mrs.  Lupear  was  born  at  Vin- 
cennes,  Indiana,  and  is  a  young  woman  of 
the  highest  attainments.  She  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Teachers  College  of  Indiana- 
polis and  was  at  one  time  a  kindergarten 
teacher  in  the  city  schools,  and  then  took 
up  educational  work  in  connection  with 
the  Foreigners'  House  at  617  Pearl  Street. 
She  became  prominent  in  settlement  work 
in  the  foreign  colony  of  Indianapolis,  and 
her  quiet  and  unostentatious  manner  and 
the  vital  service  which  she  rendered 
among  the  Roumanians,  Servians,  and 
Hungarians  brought  her  the  title  in  that 
quarter  of  the  city  of  "The  Little  Angel." 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lupear  have  two  little  daugh- 
ters, Elana  Marie  and  Jannette  Frosina 
Lupear. 

Mr.  Lupear  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Order  having  joined  Oriental  Lodge,  No. 
500,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Oriental 
Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Indianapolis 
Council  Royal  and  Select  Masons,  and  Ra- 
per  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights  Templar 
and  also  member  of  Murat  Temple  Ancient 
Arabic  Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

LEWIS  MEIER.  Indianapolis  has  known 
two  men  by  the  name  Lewis  Meier,  father 
and  son,  and  both  of  them  have  contrib- 
uted in  notable  measure  to  the  business 
upbuilding  of  the  city. 

The  senior  Lewis  Meier  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  manufacturers  of  garments  in  In- 
dianapolis. During  the  Civil  war  he  was 
in  the  dry  goods  business  with  William 
Buschman.  His  store  was  located  just 
north  of  where  the  Thornburg  drug  store 
now  is.  About  thirty-two  years  ago,  Mr. 
Meier  began  the  manufacture  of  overalls 
and  various  other  garments,  and  gradually 
built  up  a  business  and  extended  the  plant 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN ANS 


1729 


until  its  present  successor  is  one  of  the 
large  institutions  of  the  city,  located  at 
Central  and  Fort  Wayne  avenue.  The 
products  of  this  plant  now  go  all  over  the 
world.  Its  most  familiar  output  is  the 
Auto  brand  of  overalls. 

Lewis  Meier,  Sr.,  was  born  in  Germany 
in  1841  and  died  in  February,  1901.  He 
came  to  Indianapolis  when  a  youth  of 
eighteen  and  his  first  work  here  was  in 
the  shipping  room  of  Schnull  &  Company. 
At  the  same  time  he  attended  night  school 
in  order  to  perfect  his  knowledge  of  Eng- 
lish. He  is  remembered  as  a  very  strong 
and  resourceful  man,  one  who  was,  never- 
theless, slow  to  anger,  but  when  thoroughly 
aroused  was  a  match  for  several  men  of 
ordinary  size.  During  Civil  war  times 
there  were  many  tough  characters  who 
threatened  peace  and  order.  Mr.  Meier 
had  considerable  money  about  his  prem- 
ises, concealed  there  rather  than  entrust  it 
to  the  banks,  which  were  not  so  reliable  in 
those  days  as  now.  Some  drunken  pests 
attempted  to  break  into  the  store,  and  Mr. 
Meier  met  them  on  their  own  ground  and 
after  a  brief  but  severe  conflict  routed  the 
entire  lot.  His  business  character  was 
that  of  a  sturdy,  honest  and  upright  man, 
who  had  no  great  desire  for  wealth  or  its 
accumulation,  valuing  money  merely  for 
the  benefit  it  would  bring  his  family. 

He  married  Caroline  Finke,  who  was 
born  in  Germany  and  came  with  her  par- 
ents to  America,  first  locating  at  Musca- 
tine,  Iowa.  She  died  in  September,  1916, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  She  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Zion  Evangelical  Church.  Lewis 
Meier,  Sr.,  was  affiliated  with  the  Maen- 
nerchor,  the  Turn  Verein  and  other  Ger- 
man societies.  He  and  his  wife  had  four 
children,  Lewis,  Charlotte,  Elsie  and  Anna. 

Lewis  Meier,  Jr.,  has  been  conspicuous 
in  Indianapolis  business  affairs  as  a  meat 
packer.  Some  years  ago  he  organized  the 
Meier  Packing  Company,  of  which  he  is 
the  active  manager.  This  plant  was  for- 
merly conducted  as  the  Reiffel  Packing 
and  Provision  Company.  It  has  become  the 
instrument  of  a  large  and  extensive  busi- 
ness, and  its  products  are  sold  all  over 
Indianapolis  and  surrounding  territory. 
He  is  active  in  the  Board  of  Trade.  Mr. 
Meier  is  a  member  of  Oriental  Lodge, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  of  Indianapolis, 
and  the  Scottish  Rite  bodies. 


HENRY  ZWICK.  Some  of  the  finest  char- 
acters in  American  life  are  often  hidden 
and  fail  to  receive  the  attention  and  the 
tributes  which  they  deserve  because  they 
never  sought  nor  attained  to  the  honors 
of  politics  and  those  positions  which  are 
popularly  considered  the  distinctions  of 
life.  One  of  these  unassuming  men  whose 
work  nevertheless  contributed  to  the  well 
being  of  humanity  and  whose  worth  is 
appreciated  by  his  many  friends  as  well 
as  by  his  family  and  descendants,  was  the 
late  Henry  Zwick  of  Indianapolis,  who  died 
in  that  city  April  7,  1916. 

He  was  born  December  23,  1836,  in  West- 
phalia, Germany,  and  had  lived  to  be  al- 
most fourscore.  He  was  one  of  the  five 
children  of  Henry  and  Carlotta  (Myer) 
Zwick.  His  mother  died  in  Germany  about 
the  time  he  had  completed  his  education 
in  the  common  schools.  Then  in  1851 
Henry  Zwick,  Sr.,  emigrated  alone  to  the 
United  States,  and  locating  at  Fort  Wayne, 
Indiana,  established  himself  in  his  trade 
as  a  tailor.  In  those  years  it  was  custom- 
ary for  a  tailor  to  go  from  house  to  house 
cutting  and  fitting  garments  for  his  patrons 
instead  of  having  a  shop  at  which  his  cus- 
tomers sought  him.  After  thus  getting 
established  in  business  his  two  sons,  in- 
cluding Henry,  joined  him  in  1852. 

The  late  Henry  Zwick  rapidly  took  up 
American  ways  and  proved  himself  reliant 
and  sturdy,  and  became  skilled  and  well 
versed  in  the  carpenter's  trade.  Before 
reaching  his  majority  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  many  houses  and  barns  still 
in  use  in  this  city  were  erected  by  him. 

When  the  Civil  war  came  on  he  displayed 
his  patriotism  by  offering  his  services  to 
the  government,  and  on  June  22,  1861,  was 
enrolled  in  the  Bracken  Rangers,  a  cavalry 
organization.  He  was  in  the  army  three 
years.  He  was  in  the  early  West  Virginia 
campaigns,  participating  in  the  battles  of 
Beverly,  Blue  Ridge  and  Cheat  Mountain. 
Later  he  was  captured  and  spent  five 
months  in  Libby  Prison  at  Richmond.  At 
the  end  of  his  military  career  after  receiv- 
ing his  honorable  discharge  he  participated 
in  the  Grand  Review  at  Washington. 

After  the  Civil  war  Henry  Zwick  came 
to  Indianapolis  and  for  thirty-five  conse- 
cutive years  was  employed  as  a  carpenter 
by  the  Pennsylvania  Railway  Company. 
These  long  continued  services  finally  re- 


1730 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ceived  recognition  and  he  was  granted  a 
life  pension  and  given  an  honorable  retire- 
ment. 

Thus  Henry  Zwick  attained  no  distinc- 
tion in  letters  or  politics,  and  yet  in  the 
everyday  sphere  of  life  he  was  a  part  of 
all  that  stood  for  good  citizenship,  as  meas- 
ured by  skillful  performance  of  duty  and 
the  bearing  of  all  obligations  imposed  upon 
him.  He  lived  unostentatiously,  and  when 
his  day's  work  was  done  he  found  his 
greatest  happiness  in  the  quietude  of  his 
home  surrounded  by  those  who  knew  and 
loved  him  best.  His  counsel  and  advice 
are  cherished  in  the  hearts  of  his  descend- 
ants. 

He  married  Caroline  Vogt,  and  they  be- 
came parents  of  five  children :  Henry  F., 
Charles  F.,  Fred  C.,  Caroline,  now  Mrs. 
Luther  W.  Yancey,  and  Emma.  All  are 
living  except  Emma  who  died  at  the  age 
of  five  years. 

Charles  F.  Zwick,  son  of  the  late  Henry 
Zwick,  is  one  of  Indianapolis'  prominent 
manufacturers,  and,  in  fact,  as  head  of 
the  Indianapolis  Glove  Company  is  direct- 
ing one  of  the  important  industries  of  the 
middle  west. 

He  was  born  at  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
February  7,  1869,  but  from  early  child- 
hood has  lived  in  Indianapolis.  He  was 
educated  here  in  the  local  schools  and 
learned  the  machinist's  trade  with  Nor- 
dyke  &  Marmon,  and  subsequently  was 
employed  by  C.  F.  Smith,  a  pioneer  manu- 
facturer of  "Safety"  bicycles.  For  eight 
years  he  was  also  in  the  employ  of  the 
United  States  Playing  Card  Company,  at 
first  at  Indianapolis  and  later  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

For  about  a  year  Mr.  Zwick  conducted 
a  hat  store  in  Indianapolis,  and  then,  as- 
sociated with  Brodehurst  Elsey  and  M.  E. 
Reagan,  he  founded  the  Indianapolis  Glove 
Company.  For  a  year  or  so  the  industry 
was  not  sufficient  to  attract  much  atten- 
tion and  it  was  one  of  the  smallest  con- 
cerns of  its  kind.  However,  it  had  within 
it  the  possibilities  of  growth  and  it  did 
grow  under  the  efficient  direction  of  Mr. 
Zwick  and  his  associates  until  it  is  today 
one  of  the  largest  commercial  establish- 
ments of  Indianapolis.  In  1907  a  branch 
factory  was  established  at  Eaton,  Ohio,  one 
at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in  1912,  and  in  1914 
another  branch  was  opened  at  Richmond, 
Indiana.  Today  the  corporation  in  these 


various  cities  furnishes  employment  to 
about  a  thousand  individuals.  Charles  F. 
Zwick  is  president  of  the  company,  M.  E. 
Reagan  is  vice  president,  and  Brodehurst 
Elsey  is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Mr.  Zwick  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason  and  Mystic  Shriner,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club  and  the 
Hoosier  Motor  Club.  He  also  belongs  to 
the  Athenaeum  and  the  Indianapolis  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce.  Mr.  Zwick  has  been 
especially  fortunate  in  his  life  companion. 
Her  maiden  name  name  was  Corinne  Free- 
man, and  they  were  married  in  1896. 

EDMUND  ROBERT  STILSON  is  a  lawyer  by 
profession,  but  left  a  successful  practice 
in  Ohio  a  number  of  years  ago  to  engage 
in  a  special  line  of  manufacturing,  making 
costumes  and  other  paraphernalia  used  in 
fraternal  organizations.  A  few  years  ago 
Mr.  Stilson  moved  the  business  to  Ander- 
son, Indiana,  and  is  now  president  of  the 
Ward-Stilson  Company,  probably  the  larg- 
est concern  of  its  kind  in  the  state  of  In- 
diana. 

Mr.  Stilson  was  born  in  Ruggles,  Ash- 
land County,  Ohio,  October  5,  1866,  son 
of  Frederick  H.  and  Anna  (Potter)  Stil- 
son. He  is  of  English  and  Scotch  ancestry, 
and  the  first  of  his  family  located  in  Con- 
necticut many  generations  ago.  Mr.  Stil- 
son while  a  boy  lived  on  a  farm  and  at- 
tended district  schools,  and  afterward 
graduated  from  the  high  school  of  New 
London,  Ohio.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
went  to  work  to  earn  his  living  and  fol- 
lowed different  occupations,  for  two  terms 
teaching  school  in  Ruggles  Township.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  he  worked  at  wages  of 
seventy-five  cents  a  day  in  a  butter  tub 
factory,  and  walked  night  and  morning 
two  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  between 
his  home  and  the  factory. 

For  two  years  he  diligently  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  law  in  the  offices  of 
Dirlew  &  Leyman  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1890.  During 
the  next  five  years  he  built  up  a  good 
business  as  a  lawyer  at  New  London.  The 
cause  of  his  leaving  the  legal  profession 
was  an  opportunity  which  he  and  his 
brother-in-law,  C.  E.  Ward,  accepted  at 
New  London  to  buy  a  previously  estab- 
lished regalia  business.  They  acquired  this 
in  1895,  and  continued  it  under  the  name 
Ward  &  Stilson.  At  that  time  they  manu- 


" 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1731 


factured  robes,  collars  and  other  regalia 
used  by  the  Junior  Order  of  United  Amer- 
ican Mechanics.  In  1905  Mr.  Stilson  ac- 
quired the  other  interest  of  the  business  at 
New  London  and  incorporated  as  the  Ward- 
Stilson  Company,  with  himself  as  pres- 
ident. Business  was  conducted  with  a  satis- 
fying degree  of  prosperity  at  New  London 
until  1913,  when  it  was  moved  to  Ander- 
son. 

Here  the  industry  has  assumed  much 
wider  proportions  and  is  a  general  costume 
regalia  and  uniform  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment, employing  250  work  people  and 
now  handling  some  large  and  important 
contracts  from  the  government  for  uni- 
forms. The  company  still  puts  out  a  large 
line  of  regular  and  costume  work  in  the 
line  of  regalia,  paraphernalia  and  costumes 
for  secret  societies  and  ceremonial  pur- 
poses. Three  or  four  buildings  are  oc- 
cupied by  the  various  branches  of  the  busi- 
ness at  Anderson. 

In  1893  Mr.  Stilson  married  Rose  C. 
Ward,  daughter  of  Jacob  Ward  of  New 
London,  Ohio.  She  died  in  1905  leaving 
one  child,  Ward  K.  Stilson,  who  was  born 
in  1896.  In  1907  Mr.  Stilson  married 
Victoria  Sackett,  daughter  of  Justice  H. 
and  Irene  (Beach)  Sackett,  of  New  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Stilson  is  a  republican  in  politics. 

FRANKLIN  R.  CARSON,  present  mayor  of 
South  Bend,  is  one  of  the  veteran  members 
of  the  dental  profession,  and  has  been  an 
interested  student  and  practitioner  of  his 
calling  for  thirty-five  years. 

He  was  born  at  Kewanee,  Henry  County, 
Illinois,  in  1861,  son  of  Hugh  G.  and  Emily 
(Doty)  Carson.  His  father  was  one  of 
the  very  successful  citizens  of  central  Illi- 
nois, a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  and  also 
a  banker.  He  died  at  Kewanee  at  the  age 
of  eighty-five  and  his  wife  at  eighty. 

Franklin  R.  Carson,  one  of  their  seven 
children,  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Kewanee  and  in  1884  took  his  degree  from 
the  dental  school  of  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan. For  a  short  time  he  practiced  at 
Shenandoah,  Iowa,  one  year  in  Kewanee 
and  then  joined  the  ranks  of  his  profession, 
in  LaPorte,  Indiana.  In  1898  Doctor  Car- 
son moved  to  South  Bend,  and  for  the 
past  twenty  years  has  had  a  busy  practice 
in  that  city. 

So  far  as  professional  responsibilities 
would  permit  he  has  always  been  interested 


in  city  affairs.  While  in  LaPorte  he  served 
four  years  as  mayor,  and  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  South  Bend  for  the  term  of  four 
years  beginning  January  1,  1918.  Since 
college  days  he  has  been  interested  in  ath- 
letics. For  ten  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Board  of  Arbitration,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  South  Bend  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, of  the  Kiwanis  Club,  of  the  South 
Bend  Country  Club  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  fraternity. 

In  1882  Doctor  Carson  married  Carrie 
Belle  Rogers,  a  native  of  LaPorte  and  a 
daughter  of  Joshua  R.  and  Louisa  A.  Rog- 
ers. The  only  son  of  Doctor  Carson  is 
Capt.  Clark  R.  Carson,  who  was  captain 
of  Battery  A  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-Seventh  Field  Artillery  in  the 
World  War.  Since  leaving  the  army  he 
has  been  engaged  in  the  dental  supplies 
business. 

JAMES  H.  TAYLOR,  M.  D.  For  nearly 
forty  years  a  resident  physician  and  sur- 
geon at  Indianapolis,  Doctor  Taylor's  posi- 
tion as  a  citizen  of  the  state  rests  upon  a 
long  and  successful  professional  career  and 
also  through  notable  humanitarian  serv- 
ices rendered  partly  through  his  profes- 
sion and  partly  as  a  citizen  and  well  wisher 
of  mankind.  It  is  indicative  of  the  gen- 
eral esteem  that  he  enjoys  in  his  home  city 
that  he  is  now  serving  as  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade,  an  office  to 
which  he  was  chosen  at  the  last  annual 
election. 

Doctor  Taylor  has  been  identified  as  a 
founder  of  and  one  of  the  most  constant 
workers  in  the  noted  summer  missions  for 
sick  children.  His  prominence  in  that 
work  makes  this  an  appropriate  place  in 
which  to  consider  the  history  of  the  mis- 
sion and  its  work,  than  which  nothing  is 
more  worthy  of  a  place  in  this  publication. 

The  Indianapolis  Summer  Mission  for 
Sick  Children,  of  which  Doctor  Taylor  is 
now  president,  began  its  work  in  1890. 
For  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  this  mis- 
sion has  fulfilled  its  purpose  of  affording 
an  ideal  summer  home  and  proper  care 
and  environment  for  sick  babies,  and  also 
has  been  conducted  as  a  sort  of  intensive  ' 
training  school  for  mothers,  who  have  fre- 
quently needed  care  as  much  as  their 
babies.  This  mission  was  one  of  the  first 
to  put  into  concrete  practice  the  fact  long 
known  to  the  medical  profession  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1731 


factured  robes,  collars  and  other  regalia 
used  by  the  Junior  Order  of  United  Amer- 
ican Mechanics.  In  1905  Mr.  Stilson  ac- 
quired the  other  interest  of  the  business  at 
New  London  and  incorporated  as  the  Ward- 
•Stilsou  Company,  with  himself  as  pres- 
ident. Business  was  conducted  with  a  satis- 
fying degree  of  prosperity  at  New  London 
until  1913.  when  it  was  moved  to  Ander- 
son. 

Here  the  industry  has  assumed  much 
wider  proportions  and  is  a  general  costume 
regalia  and  uniform  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment, employing  2.~>0  work  people  and 
now  handling  some  large  and  important 
contracts  from  the  government  for  uni- 
forms. The  company  still  puts  out  a  large 
line  of  regular  and  costume  work  in  t In- 
line of  regalia,  paraphernalia  and  costumes 
for  secret  societies  and  ceremonial  pur- 
poses. Three  or  four  buildings  are  oc- 
cupied by  the  various  branches  of  the  busi- 
ness at  Anderson. 

In  1893  Mr.  Stilson  married  Rose  C. 
Ward,  daughter  of  Jacob  Ward  of  New 
London.  Ohio.  She  dieil  in  190')  leaving 
one  child,  Ward  K.  Stilson,  who  was  born 
in  1896.  In  1907  Mr.  Stilson  married 
Victoria  Sackett,  daughter  of  Justice  H. 
and  Irene  (Beach)  Sackett,  of  New  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Stilson  is  a  republican  in  politics. 

FRANKLIN*  R.  CARSON,  present  mayor  of 
South  Bend,  is  one  of  the  veteran  memliers 
of  the  dental  profession,  and  has  been  an 
interested  student  and  practitioner  of  his 
calling  for  thirty-five  years. 

He  was  born  at  Kewanee.  Henry  County, 
Illinois,  in  1861,  son  of  Hugh  G.  and  Emily 
(Doty)  Carson.  His  father  was  one  of 
the  very  successful  citizens  of  central  Illi- 
nois, a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  and  also 
a  banker.  He  died  at  Kewanee  at  the  age 
of  eighty-five  and  his  wife  at  eighty. 

Franklin  R.  Carson,  one  of  their  seven 
children,  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Kewanee  and  in  1884  took  his  degree  from 
the  dental  school  of  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan. For  a  short  time  he  practiced  at 
Shenandoah,  Iowa,  one  year  in  Kewanee 
and  then  joined  the  ranks  of  his  profession 
in  LaPorte.  Indiana.  In  1898  Doctor  Car- 
son moved  to  South  Bend,  and  for  the 
past  twenty  years  has  had  a  busy  practice 
in  that  city. 

So  far  as  professional  responsibilities 
would  permit  he  has  always  been  interested 


in  city  affairs.  While  in  LaPorte  he  served 
four  years  as  mayor,  and  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  South  Bend  for  the  term  of  four 
years  beginning  January  1.  191S.  Since 
college  days  he  has  been  interested  in  ath- 
letics. For  ten  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Board  of  Arbitration,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  South  Bend  Chamlwn-  of  Com- 
merce, of  the  Kiwanis  Club,  of  the  South 
Bend  Country  Club  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  fraternity. 

In  1882  Doctor  Carson  married  Carrie 
Belle  Rogers,  a  native  of  LaPorte  and  a 
daughter  of  Joshua  R.  and  Louisa  A.  Rog- 
ers. The  only  son  of  Doctor  Carson  is 
('apt.  Clark  R.  Carson,  who  was  captain 
of  Battery  A  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-Seventh  Field  Artillery  in  the 
World  War.  Since  leaving  the  army  he 
has  been  engaged  in  the  dental  supplies 
business. 

JAMES  II.  TAYLOR.  M.  I).  For  nearly 
forty  years  a  resident  physician  and  sur- 
geon at  Indianapolis.  Doctor  Taylor's  posi- 
tion as  a  citixen  of  the  state  rests  upon  a 
long  and  successful  professional  career  and 
also  through  notable  humanitarian  serv- 
ices rendered  partly  through  his  profes- 
sion and  partly  as  a  citizen  and  well  wisher 
of  mankind.  It  is  indicative  of  the  gen- 
eral esteem  that  he  enjoys  in  his  home  city 
that  he  is  now  serving  as  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade,  an  office  to 
which  he  was  chosen  at  the  last  annual 
election. 

Doctor  Taylor  has  been  identified  as  a 
founder  of  and  one  of  the  most  constant 
workers  in  the  noted  summer  missions  for 
siek  children.  His  prominence  in  that 
work  makes  this  an  appropriate  place  in 
which  to  consider  the  history  of  the  mis- 
sion and  its  work,  than  which  nothing  is 
more  worthy  of  a  place  in  this  publication. 

The  Indianapolis  Summer  Mission  for 
Sick  Children,  of  which  Doctor  Taylor  is 
now  president,  began  its  work  in  1890. 
For  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  this  mis- 
sion has  fulfilled  its  purpose  of  affording 
an  ideal  summer  home  and  proper  care, 
and  environment  for  sick  babies,  and  also 
has  been  conducted  as  a  sort  of  intensive 
training  school  for  mothers,  who  have  fre- 
quently needed  care  as  much  as  their 
babies.  This  mission  was  one  of  the  first 
to  put  into  concrete  practice  the  fact  long 
known  to  the  medical  profession  of  the 


1732 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


close  relationship  and  mutual  dependence 
between  the  welfare  of  the  mother  and 
her  child.  Thus  besides  furnishing  fresh 
air,  sunshine,  careful  nursing,  regulated 
diet  for  the  infant,  the  mission  has  fur- 
nished similar  facilities  to  the  mother,  and 
has  instructed  her  in  methods  of  how  to 
care  for  her  baby,  and  this  instruction  of 
itself  has  doubtless  borne  a  continually 
accumulating  fruit  in  the  better  educa- 
tion of  mothers  as  to  their  responsibilities. 
The  first  suggestion  as  to  such  an  insti- 
tution as  the  Summer  Mission  is  said  to 
have  been  given  by  John  H.  Holliday  in 
an  editorial  he  wrote  for  the  Indianapolis 
News,  of  which  he  was  then  editor.  It 
was  a  suggestion  originating  from  his  own 
experience  in  watching  his  sick  child  toss 
about  in  illness  in  his  own  comfortable 
and  liberally  provided  home,  a  condition 
which  contrasted  in  his  fertile  mind  with 
what  he  knew  sick  babies  must  be  suffer- 
ing in  the  restricted  environment  of  poorer 
districts.  The  editorial  was  put  to  good 
use  and  served  as  an  inspiration  to  Rev. 
Oscar  C.  McCullogh,  then  pastor  of  Ply- 
mouth Church  and  president  of  the  Char- 
ity Organization  Society.  After  confer- 
ring with  Mr.  Holliday  Rev.  Mr.  McCul- 
logh brought  about  an  organization,  and 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  make  inves- 
tigation and  report.  In  an  address  which 
he  made  some  time  ago  before  a  charitable 
organization  of  Indianapolis,  Doctor  Tay- 
lor described  what  this  committee  did  and 
how  the  first  summer  mission  was  opened 
on  July  14,  1890:  "Twenty-five  years  ago 
in  company  with  the  Rev.  Oscar  C.  Mc- 
Cullogh I  made  my  first  visit  to  this  place 
now  known  as  the  Summer  Mission.  It 
was  filled  with  tall  grass,  weeds,  rocks, 
limbs  from  dead  trees,  dead  leaves,  all  of 
which  reminded  one  of  the  wild  and  wooly 
west.  We  were  in  search  of  a  summer 
home  for  the  child  of  the  tenement.  '  This 
is  ideal,'  said  Dr.  McCullogh  'and  I 
wish  it  were  possible  to  leave  these  dead 
limbs,  their  snapping  noise  under  our  feet 
is  a  song  of  nature.'  Our  recommenda- 
tion of  this  site  was  approved  and  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century  the  Summer  Mission 
has  sheltered  and  cared  for  thousands  of 
sick  babies  and  tired  and  worn  out  moth- 
ers. The  fresh  air,  the  restful  environ- 
ment among  the  trees,  the  well  selected 
diet,  the  tender  care  of  a  trained  nurse, 
the  daily  medical  observation,  the  whole- 


some advice,  sympathetic  aid  and  ma- 
ternal influence  so  carefully  bestowed  by 
the  visiting  committees — all  combined — 
have  made  thousands  comfortable  and 
happy  and  have  saved  the  lives  of  many." 

The  first  season  of  its  work  proved  so 
beneficial  that  it  was  decided  to  continue 
the  camp  through  succeeding  summers. 
Mr.  McCullogh  died  a  few  years  later  and 
then  Charles  S.  Grout;  secretary  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society,  conceived 
the  plan  of  erecting  permanent  buildings 
on  the  grounds.  The  first  building  was 
erected  during  the  summer  following  the 
founder's  death  and  was  named  "The  Mc- 
Cullogh Cottage"  in  his  memory.  Other 
permanent  buildings  sprang  up,  some 
built  by  clubs  and  societies  and  some 
erected  as  memorials  to  departed  loved 
ones.  A  generous  bequest  by  A.  Burdsal 
made  possible  the  erection  of  a  modern  dis- 
pensary. Thomas  H.  Spann  erected  a  day 
nursery  in  memory  of  his  little  grand- 
daughter. 

The  work  of  the  Mission  is  dependent 
upon  the  generosity  of  the  citizens  of  In- 
dianapolis, but  there  has  never  been  a  year 
when  its  friends  have  failed  to  respond 
loyally  to  its  needs  and  keep  the  work  go- 
ing. Even  the  panic  of  1907-08  proved 
a  real  boon  to  the  Summer  Mission.  Work 
was  needed  for  hundreds  of  unemployed 
men,  many  of  whom  were  mechanics,  and 
employment  was  given  in  making  concrete 
blocks  and  building  Mission  homes.  The 
large  dining  room,  laundry,  bath  house, 
and  a  number  of  other  buildings  are  mon- 
uments to  the  unemployed  of  that  winter. 

Dr.  James  H.  Taylor  comes  of  an  old 
and  patriotic  American  family.  His  great- 
grandfather, Col.  David  Taylor,  com- 
manded a  regiment  in  the  war  of  the  Rev- 
olution and  was  a  personal  friend  of  Gen- 
eral Washington.  Doctor  Taylor's  father 
was  James  Taylor,  who  was  born  in  Jef- 
ferson County,  Kentucky,  January  14,' 
1822,  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  accom- 
panied his  parents  to  Washington  County, 
Indiana,  where  as  he  grew  up  on  a  farm 
he  learned  the  carpenter's  trade.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  located  at  Salem,  In- 
diana, and  subsequently  became  manager 
of  a  dry  goods  store  of  Bryantville  in 
Lawrence  County.  There  he  married,  De- 
cember 20,  1849,  Miss  Susan  Mahala  Wil- 
liamson. She  was  a  native  of  Indiana, 
daughter  of  Tucker  Woodson  Williamson 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1733 


and  Mrs.  (Martin)  Williamson.  The  lat- 
ter was  a  granddaughter  of  one  of  the 
Earls  of  Warwick,  England,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  lines  of  nobility  in  Great 
Britain.  A  brother  of  James  Taylor, 
Washington  Taylor,  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  army  during  the  war  between 
the  states,  and  practiced  his  profession  in 
the  South  for  forty  years. 

In  1851  James  Taylor  and  wife  removed 
to  Greencastle,  Indiana,  where  he  contin- 
ued in  business  as  a  dry  goods  merchant 
until  1885,  and  remained  in  that  city  re- 
tired the  rest  of  his  years.  He  and  his 
wife  were  active  in  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  and  were  liberal  contributors 
to  church  and  charity  and  also  to  the  sup- 
port of  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University. 

Dr.  James  Henry  Taylor  was  born  at 
Greencastle  November  15,  1852.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools,  under  pri- 
vate tutors,  and  for  a  year  in  the  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  at  Delaware.  He 
graduated  A.  B.  from  DePauw  University 
and  in  1881  received  the  degree  Master  of 
Arts  from  that  institution.  Beginning  the 
study  of  medicine  under  Doctors  Ellis  and 
Smythe  at  Greencastle,  he  finished  his 
course  in  1878  at  the  Indiana  Medical  Col- 
lege at  Indianapolis  and  at  once  .began 
practice  in  the  capital  city.  The  Indiana 
Medical  College  is  now  the  Indiana  Uni- 
versity School  of  Medicine. 

Always  enjoying  a  large  private  practice, 
Doctor  Taylor  has  at  the  same  time  been 
one  of  the  most  devoted  workers  in  behalf 
of  medical  organizations  and  as  a  medical 
teacher.  Many  capable  medical  men  re- 
member him  kindly  for  his  active  connec- 
tions with  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana. 
He  served  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
from  1884  to  1889,  was  elected  to  the  chair 
of  diseases  of  children  in  1889,  and  that 
position  he  now  holds  in  the  Indiana  Uni- 
versity School  of  Medicine.  ,  He  was  as- 
sistant demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Indiana  from  1880  to 
1884.  He  has  presided  over  many  dispen- 
sary and  hospital  clinics  and  is  active 
in  the  Indiana  Medical  Society,  and  the 
Indiana  and  American  Medical  associa- 
tions. In  1880,  the  year  the  office  was 
created,  he  was  appointed  medical  exam- 
iner in  chief  of  Endowment  Rank,  Knights 
of  Pythias  of  the  World.  He  is  also  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason, 


and  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Indianapolis. 

During  1888-89  Doctor  Taylor  was  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Council  of  the  National  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  the  United  States  of  America, 
representing  the  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and 
president  of  the  Arsefnal  Building  and 
Loan  Association — a  million  dollar  con- 
cern. While  not  a  veteran  himself,  Doc- 
tor Taylor  has  always  had  a  warm  spot  in 
his  heart  for  the  old  soldiers  of  the  Civil 
war,  and  on  numberless  occasions  has  sac- 
rificed his  personal  interests  for  their  wel- 
fare and  in  order  to  preserve  the  memory 
of  their  deeds  and  hardships.  During  the 
Great  World  War  Doctor  Taylor  was  ap- 
pointed medical  examiner  for  Trial  Board 
for  Division  4,  and  examined  nearly  1,000 
conscripts. 

Doctor  Taylor  married  September  13, 
1880,  Miss  Lelia  E.  Kern.  Her  father,  the 
late  David  G.  Kern,  was  for  many  years  in 
the  drug  business  at  Milton,  Wayne 
County,  Indiana.  The  two  children  of 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  Taylor  are  Margaret  Ann 
and  John  Moore,  the  former  a  teacher, 
who  resigned  her  position  in  the  profes- 
sion at  Tutor  Hall  to  accept  the  office  of 
manager  of  Jumble  Inn  at  13  West  39th 
Street,  New  York  City.  This  is  a  war  re- 
lief for  stage  women.  She  has  done  much 
in  a  philanthropic  way  and  is  very  patriotic. 
The  son  is  a  student  of  medicine. 

HARVEY  WASHINGTON  WILEY,  the  cele- 
brated chemist,  is  identified  with  Indiana 
through  ties  of  birth  and  early  associations, 
and  the  work  which  he  has  so  splendidly 
carried  forward  was  begun  in  the  State  of 
Indiana.  He  was  born  at  Kent,  Indiana, 
October  18,  1844,  a  son  of  Preston  P.  and 
Lucinda  Weir  (Maxwell)  Wiley.  In  1867 
he  received  the  degree  A.  B.  from  Hano- 
ver, Indiana,  College,  and  that  of  A.  M. 
in  1870,  received  his  M.  D.  degree  from 
the  Indiana  Medical  College  in  1871,  B.  S. 
from  Harvard  in  1873,  also  the  honorary 
Ph.  D.  from  Hanover,  1876,  LL.  D.  in 
1898,  LL.  D.  from  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont, 1911,  D.  SC.,  Lafayette,  1912. 

Doctor  Wiley  since  entering  upon  the 
active  work  of  his  profession  has  won  re- 
nown as  a  chemist  in  both  America  and 


1734 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Europe.     His  name  is  also  prominent  be- 
fore the  public  as  an  author. 

FELIX  T.  MCWHIRTER,  PH.  D.  (Written 
by  Susan  McWhirter  Ostrom.)  Dr.  Fe- 
lix T.  McWhirter,  of  Indianapolis,  gave 
his  best  efforts  to  the  national  prohibition 
movement.  The  breadth  of  his  vision  con- 
cerning the  needs  of  humanity,  especially 
as  affected  by  the  liquor  traffic,  led  him 
early  to  espouse  the  then  very  unpopular 
prohibition  party,  of  which  he  was  a  lead- 
ing figure  and  staunch  supporter  until 
death.  He  bore  the  ridicule,  ostracism, 
and  even  in  a  few  instances  the  insulting 
remarks  from  the  pulpit  which  were  occa- 
sioned by  his  prohibition  principles  with 
the  same  fortitude  and  patience  and  faith 
in  victory  of  the  cause  which  his  ancestors 
had  manifested  in  the  various  persecutions 
which  they  had  suffered  for  the  cause  of 
religious  freedom  and  for  the  cause  of 
abolition  of  slavery. 

Felix  T.  McWhorter  was  born  at  Lynch- 
burg,  Tennessee,  July  17,  1853,  and  died 
at  his  home  in  Indianapolis  June  5,  1915, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-two.     He  was  a  son  of 
Dr.  Samuel  H.  and  Nancy  C.  (Tyree)  Mc- 
Whirter.    He  received  his  early  education 
from  his  mother  who  tutored  him  until  he 
was  ready  to  enter  the  academy.     He  re- 
ceived his  A.  B.  degree  from  the  East  Ten- 
nessee  Wesleyan   University    (now   Grant 
Memorial)   in  1873  and  in  1876  took  his 
Master's   degree.     From    1872-76   he   was 
editor  of  the  "Athens  News"  and  from 
1877-78  he  was  mayor  of  Athens,  Tennes- 
see.    In  the  year  1885-86  he  took  his  post- 
graduate work  in  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity,  and   after   subsequent   work   in   De- 
Pauw  University  he  received  his  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  the  latter  in- 
stitution.    From  1886-87  he  was  instruc- 
tor in  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in 
DePauw  University  and  from  1887-88  he 
was  associate  professor  of  English  litera- 
ture.    Resigning  from  the  faculty  of  De- 
Pauw University,  Doctor  McWhirter  moved 
to   Chattanooga,   Tennessee,  where  he  be- 
came the  owner  and  editor  of  the  ' '  Chatta- 
nooga   Advocate,"    which    paper    is    now 
owned  and  edited  by  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal    Church.     Later,    having    sold    the 
paper,  he  moved  to  Indianapolis,  Indiana, 
to  begin  work  in  mercantile  lines  in  con- 
nection   with    a    large    wholesale    house. 
Later  he  established  his  own  business  in 


1901  in  Indianapolis  real  estate  and  related 
lines.  As  a  real  estate  man  he  was  well 
known  and  he  became  an  expert  in  ap- 
praising property.  He  was  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  selection  of  the  site  of  the 
Robert  W.  Long  Hospital.  His  financial 
success  in  real  estate  was  sufficient  to  war- 
rant his  founding  the  Peoples  State  Bank 
in  Indianapolis  in  1900.  Of  this  institu- 
tion, which  is  the  oldest  state  bank  in 
Marion  County,  he  was  the  first  and  only 
president  until  his  death,  when  his  son 
Felix  M.  McWhirter  succeeded  him  as 
president.  He  was  also  the  first  treasurer 
of  the  Ostrom  Realty  Company,  which  office 
he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  McWhirter  assisted  in  founding  the 
Children's  Home  Finding  Society  of  In- 
diana and  was  vice  president  of  the  organ- 
ization. He  was  a  consistent  and  faithful 
attendant  of  Central  Avenue  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church ;  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Chamber  of  Commerce;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  DePauw  chapter  of  Delta  Kappa 
Epsilon  fraternity ;  and  he  was  also  a  Ma- 
son. But  it  was  in  the  temperance  move- 
ment and  in  the  prohibition  party  that 
Felix  T.  McWhirter  achieved  a  national 
reputation.  He  served  the  party  as  In- 
diana state  chairman  from  1892-98.  At 
the  noted  Pittsburg  National  Prohibition 
Convention  in  1896  out  of  four  hundred 
representative  men  he  was  one  of  the 
twelve  selected  to  debate  the  "Silver  Is- 
sue." He  took  the  negative  and  spoke 
with  power.  For  sixteen  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  national  committee  of  tfie 
prohibition  party,  serving  most  of  the  time 
as  national  treasurer.  In  1904,  as  candi- 
date for  governor  of  Indiana  on  the  pro- 
hibition ticket,  he  with  others  campaigned 
the  state,  speaking  in  every  town  of  any 
size  in  Indiana,  with  the  result  that  his 
party's  vote  was  trebled. 

Mr.  McWhirter's  ability  as  an  analyti- 
cal thinker  and  a  forceful  public  speaker 
gained  for  his  utterances  wide  publicity. 
With  his  command  of  the  English  lan- 
guage, his  keen  insight  into  political  af- 
fairs, his  own  unassailable  integrity,  his 
distinguished  bearing,  he  was  both  elo- 
quent and  convincing.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  leaders  in  the  prohibition  movement 
to  explain  and  to  emphasize  the  economic 
side  of  the  liquor  question  as  opposed  to 
the  purely  moral  or  sentimental  side.  Be- 
sides using  his  power  as  a  public  speaker 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1735 


and  debater  he  wielded  a  big  influence 
with  his  pen,  writing  many  articles  for 
the  public  press,  periodicals  and  for  leaf- 
lets published  by  various  organizations. 
Among  his  old  associates  at  the  several 
universities  with  which  he  had  been  con- 
nected and  among  his  more  intimate 
friends  he  was  regarded  as  an  authority 
on  literature  and  rhetoric,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  a  close  literary  coterie  containing 
the  most  brilliant  lights  of  Indiana  liter- 
ary men  and  women.  Reading  was  one 
of  his  chief  delights,  and  he  was  author 
of  several  unpublished  books  and  com- 
mentaries on  literary  subjects.  Like  many 
students  of  literature,  he  knew  the  Bible. 
To  the  end  of  his  life  he  maintained  a 
deep  interest  in  DePauw  University  and 
for  ten  years  served  as  secretary  of  the 
board  of  trustees.  He  sent  his  four  chil- 
dren, Luella,  Ethel,  Felix,  and  Susan, 
there  to  be  educated. 

Of  the  business  career  of  Felix  T.  Mc- 
Whirter  much  could  be  said  of  the  many 
instances  where  he  helped  the  young  man 
to  save  his  first  dollar  or  to  buy  his  first 
piece  of  property ;  or  of  the  widows  whom 
he  assisted  in  saving  their  homes  or  in 
making  wise  investments;  of  the  business 
men  he  tided  over  stringent  times  by  loan- 
ing them  money.  In  writing  of  him  his 
associates  say:  "He  measured  his  every 
act  by  the  rule  of  his  own  conscience,  and 
having  the  highest  of  ideals  and  a  fine 
sense  of  honor  his  treatment  of  those  who 
entrusted  their  affairs  and  earnings  to  his 
care  were  sure  to  profit  to  the  highest  de- 
gree. He  was  the  embodiment  of  honor 
and  integrity.  To  say  of  him  that  he  was 
an  ideal  citizen  in  every  sense  that  the 
term  implies  is  to  attribute  to  him  the 
highest  compliment  we  can  conceive."  In 
public  utterance  Dr.  John  P.  D.  John  paid 
this  tribute  to  Felix  T.  McWhirter:  "With 
his  vast  ability  as  a  scholar,  a  thinker,  a 
public  speaker,  both  in  debate  and  formal 
oration,  and  his  unquestioned  power  as  a 
leader,  he  could  easily  have  swept  into  high 
positions  in  the  political  world  if  he  had 
been  willing  to  stifle  his  convictions"  (re- 
ferring to  his  prohibition  convictions). 

By  his  marriage  November  18,  1878,  to 
Luella  Frances  Smith,  Doctor  McWhirter 
found  a  noble  companion  and  a  wise  coun- 
sellor in  all  the  activities  and  tastes  which 
adorned  his  useful  career,  for  his  wife  has 
long  been  a  prominent  temperance  worker, 


serving  for  many  years  as  president  of 
the  Indiana  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  and  also  as  editor  of  The  Mes- 
sage, the  state  official  organ.  She  also  is 
a  gifted  public  speaker.  She  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  Federation  of  Clubs, 
1911-13,  and  at  the  same  time  a  director 
of  the  Woman's  Council  of  Indiana 
Women,  of  which  she  was  the  second  pres- 
ident, serving  during  the  1917  legislature 
which  voted  Indiana  dry.  Mrs.  McWhir- 
ter is  the  founder  of  the  Woman 's  Depart- 
ment Club  of  Indianapolis  and  a  member 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution and  many  others  organizations. 
She  is  the  director  from  Indiana  on  the 
board  of  the  General  Federation  of  Wom- 
en's Clubs. 

LEMUEL  ERTUS  SLACK.  Just  twenty 
years  ago  Lemuel  Ertus  Slack  was  qualified 
to  practice  in  Indiana  and  essayed  his  first 
modest  efforts  at  earning  a  fee  from  his 
clients.  Two  decades  have  sufficed  for  the 
evolution  and  development  of  his  charac- 
ter, abilities,  influence  and  reputation,  and 
there  are  none  who  would  dispute  the  as- 
sertion that  he  is  today  one  of  the  best 
qualified  lawyers  in  Indiana  and  one  of 
the  best  known  of  its  public  men.  Mr. 
Slack  is  now  United  States  district  attor- 
ney for  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Johnson 
County,  Indiana,  October  8,  1874.  He 
was  one  of  five  children.  His  parents 
were  Elisha  0.  and  Nancy  A.  (Teeters) 
Slack.  His  father,  a  carpenter  by  trade, 
was  in  moderate  circumstances  and  unable 
to  give  his  children  educational  opportun- 
ities beyond  those  of  the  public  schools. 
This  was  perhaps  fortunate  since  the  pres- 
ent district  attorney  had  to  devise  means 
of  his  own  to  secure  the  higher  education 
which  he  coveted,  and  the  opportunities 
which  he  made  stepping  stones  into  the 
legal  profession  were  largely  of  his  own 
creation.  As  a  boy  he  learned  the  black- 
smith's trade,  and  when  he  was  not  stand- 
ing by  the  anvil  he  was  studying  law. 
His  surplus  capital  grew  very  slowly,  but 
in  1896  he  was  able  to  enter  the  senior 
class  of  the  Indiana  Law  School  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  graduated  LL.  B.  in  1897. 

Returning  to  Franklin,  he  opened  his 
office  and  in  a  short  time  had  a  good  clien- 
tage. Soon  after  his  admission  to  the  bar 
he  was  appointed  deputy  prosecuting  at- 


1736 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


torney  of  Johnson  County  and  eighteen 
months  later  became  county  attorney.  He 
served  Johnson  County  in  that  capacity 
for  six  years.  In  1901  he  was  elected  to 
the  Lower  House  of  the  State  Legislature, 
serving  through  the  session  of  1903,  when 
he  received  the  complimentary  vote  of  his 
party  for  speaker.  He  was  elected  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  State  Senate 
in  1905  and  1907.  While  in  the  Legisla- 
ture Mr.  Slack  attracted  wide  attention  be- 
cause of  his  progressiveness  and  became  a 
leader  of  that  element  of  his  party  in  the 
state.  His  popularity  and  strength  made 
him  a  formidable  candidate  in  1908  for  the 
nomination  for  governor  of  Indiana,  and 
he  yielded  that  honor  to  Hon.  Thomas  R. 
Marshall  by  only  thirty  votes.  In  1909 
Mr.  Slack  extended  his  acquaintance  among 
the  people  of  the  state,  and  attracted  fur- 
ther favorable  attention  during  his  cam- 
paign for  the  office  of  United  States  sen- 
ator. The  successful  candidate  that  year 
was  the  late  B.  F.  Shively  of  South  Bend. 

Even  before  he  attained  his  majority  Mr. 
Slack  showed  an  inclination  and  a  profi- 
ciency for  politics  and  public  affairs.  Thus 
the  foundation  of  his  public  career  was  laid 
even  before  he  was  qualified  for  admis- 
sion to  the  bar.  For  a  time  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  control  of  the  Central 
Insane  Asylum.  Since  1913  Mr.  Slack  hf 
lived  at  Indianapolis,  and  in  1916  he  was 
appointed  United  States  district  attorney 
for  the  state. 

In  religious  belief  he  is  a  Christian  Sci- 
entist, and  is  a  democrat  in  all  that  m 
implies.  He  has  attained  the  thirty-second 
degree  of  Scottish  Rite  in  Masonry,  also 
the  order  of  Knights  Templar  in  the  York 
Rite,  has  served  as  Eminent  Commander 
of  Franklin  Commandery  No.  23,  Knights 
Templars,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  also  belongs  to  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  Knights  of 
Pythias.  October  31,  1897,  he  married  Miss 
Mary  Shields,  of  Columbus,  Indiana. 
Their  only  child  died  in  infancy. 

HERMAN  LIEBER  was  born  in  the  famous 
City  of  Duesseldorf,  Germany,  August  23, 
1832,  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1854,  was  a 
resident  of  the  city  over  half  a  century, 
and  died  March  22,  1908,  while  on  a  pleas- 
ure journey  to  California. 

In  addition  to  building  up  a  large  and 
successful  business  the  activities  and  the 


influences  which  made  Herman  Lieber  so 
greatly  esteemed  and  beloved  in  Indian- 
apolis were  concisely  summarized  by  the 
Indianapolis  News  editorially  at  the  time 
of  his  death  in  the  following  words: 
"While  he  never  had  any  desire  to  serve 
the  city  or  state  in  an  official  capacity 
he  was  long  recognized  as  a  force  in  this 
community  in  all  that  tended  to  build  up 
and  strengthen  good  citizenship.  His 
ideals  of  civic  righteousness  were  high  but 
always  practical,  and  he  was  ever  ready 
to  give  his  best  efforts  in  any  cause  that 
appealed  to  him  on  the  score  of  community 
interests.  Though  a  quiet  man,  cool  and 
collected  in  manner,  he  had  deep  sensibili- 
ties, and  when  these  were  stirred  he  was 
at  his  best.  He  delighted  in  a  good  fight. 
When  the  sixty-cent  gas  movement  began 
he  was  again  at  the  front,  and  to  no  one 
man  was  the  success  of  that  movement  due 
as  much  as  to  Herman  Lieber.  He  was 
perhaps  best  known,  especially  among  the 
German  citizens  of  Indianapolis,  by  the 
name  that  had  been  lovingly  given  him  by 
his  associates,  'the  father  of  the  German 
House.'  "  His  father  was  a  manufacturer 
of  brushes  in  the  City  of  Duesseldorf  and 
also  an  honored  citizen  of  that  community. 
Herman  Lieber  was  well  educated,  finish- 
ing in  a  typical  German  Gymnasium  or 
College.  The  events  of  the  German  revolu- 
tion of  1848  did  not  pass  without  making 
a  strong  impression  upon  his  youthful 
mind,  and  it  especially  affected  him  be- 
cause of  the  prominence  which  America 
assumed  soon  afterward  as  a  haven  of 
refuge  for  so  many  thousands  of  the  high 
class  Germans  who  left  their  fatherland  at 
that  time.  In  1853  Herman  Lieber  also 
came  to  America.  He  brought  with  him 
the  knowledge  gained  by  a  thorough  ap- 
prenticeship at  the  trade  of  bookbinding. 
Unable  to  find  work  in  that  line  at  New 
York  City  he  answered  an  advertisement 
which  took  him  to  Cincinnati,  and  was 
there  employed  at  $7  a  week  as  bookbinder 
and  maker  of  pocket  books.  It  was  a  time 
of  general  business  depression,  and  his 
earnings  were  so  meager  that  he  was  finally 
obliged  to  acknowledge  his  necessities  to 
his  uncle.  In  response  his  uncle  sent  him 
$600.  With  this  capital  he  came  to  In- 
dianapolis in  1854  for  the  purpose  of  set- 
ting up  in  business  for  himself. 

Renting  a  small  room  14  by  25  feet  on 
the  south  side  of  Washington  Street,  just 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS  . 


1737 


east  of  Meridian,  at  $14  a  month,  he  set 
up  with  a  stock  of  stationery,  and  also  set 
aside  one  part  of  the  room  as  a  shop  for 
the  binding  of  books. 

He  once  described  his  business  start  at 
Indianapolis  in  the  following  words:  "I 
spent  $96  of  my  capital  in  tools.  Then  I 
bought  some  shelving  and  applied  the  bal- 
ance to  purchasing  a  stock  of  stationery. 
Although  I  had  lived  in  Cincinnati  but  a 
short  time,  I  found  I  had  more  credit  than 
money,  and  I  purchased  there  a  stock  cost- 
ing about  $2,000,  giving  notes  due  in  six 
months  for  the  principal  part  of  the  pur- 
chase price.  Two  months  before  the  notes 
came  due  I  knew  I  could  not  pay  them, 
and  when  they  matured  I  wrote  to  my 
creditors  stating  that  I  was  unable  to  pay 
the  notes  but  would  return  the  goods. 
They  replied  that  they  did  not  want  the 
goods  but  that  I  could  have  all  the  time  I 
desired  to  pay  the  notes.  The  receipts  in 
my  store  were  very  meager  in  the  early 
days.  If  I  had  from  $1.50  to  $2  of  gross 
receipts  in  the  drawer  at  night  I  felt  that 
I  wasn't  doing  badly.  My  revenue  was 
chiefly  from  the  book  binding  branch  of  my 
business.  I  slept  in  my  store  and  took 
my  meals  at  a  boarding  house  kept  by  Mrs. 
Walk,  mother  of  Julius  Walk.  The  board 
was  excellent  at  $2.50  a  week." 

With  all  his  trials  and  discouragements 
Mr.  Lieber  stuck  to  his  business.  After  a 
time  he  introduced  a  stock  of  pictures,  and 
was  the  pioneer  in  establishing  an  art  busi- 
ness at  Indianapolis  when  its  population 
was  only  12,000.  But  from  a  financial 
standpoint  he  scored  his  first  important 
success  when  he  began  the  manufacture  of 
picture  frames  and  moldings.  This  busi- 
ness, beginning  in  a  small  way,  developed 
until  it  utilized  a  large  plant,  and  the  pic- 
ture frame  factory  together  with  the  art 
store  were  incorporated  in  1892  under  the 
name  the  H.  Lieber  Company.  Mr.  Lieber 
continued  active  head  of  the  concern  until 
his  death,  at  which  time  the  business  was 
giving  employment  to  250  persons  in  the 
factory  and  store.  It  is  said  that  this  com- 
pany has  sold  frames  and  moldings  in 
every  large  city  in  the  United  States,  and 
also  has  handled  a  large  export  trade  to  the 
principal  European  countries. 

Though  not  a  wealthy  man  at  the  time, 
Herman  Lieber  was  one  of  the  most  en- 
thusiastic in  supporting  the  cause  of  the 
Union  during  the  Civil  war  and  did  all  in 

Vol.  IV— 1J 


his  power  to  insure  the  success  of  the  great 
task  which  the  North  had  undertaken.  He 
was  a  republican  at  the  time  of  the  or- 
ganization of  the  party  in  Indiana,  and 
continued  in  its  ranks  until  the  nomina- 
tion of  Cleveland.  Later  he  became  dis- 
satisfied with  the  democratic  party  on  the 
plank  of  free  silver,  and  thus  in  politics 
as  in  other  things  he  showed  a  decided 
liberality  of  opinion  and  an  independence 
quite  free  from  narrow  partisanship.  Her- 
man Lieber  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  noted  German-English  School  at  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  a  member  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union,  of 
which  he  was  president  from  1900  until  his 
death.  In  1882  he  was  president  of  the 
Anti-Prohibition  League  of  Indiana.  It 
was  in  1889  that  he  started  the  movement 
which  resulted  in  the  erection  of  the  Ger- 
man House,  and.  as  already  noted,  has 
been  chiefly  credited  with  the  success  of 
that  Indianapolis  institution  and  especially 
with  the  founding  of  its  beautiful  home. 
He  was  one  of  the  original  incorporators 
of  the  Crown  Hill  Cemetery,  and  helped 
promote  the  Consumers  Gas  Trust  Com- 
pany and  later  the  Citizens  Gas  Company. 
In  1857,  three  years  after  coming  to  In- 
dianapolis, Mr.  Lieber  married  Miss  Mary 
Metzger.  She  was  born  at  Freusburg, 
Germany.  Her  brothers,  Alexander, 
Jacob  and  Engelbert  Metzger,  all  became 
prominent  citizens  of  Indianapolis.  Her- 
man Lieber  and  wife  had  four  sons  and 
two  daughters:  Otto  R.,  Carl  H.,  Robert 
and  Herman  P..  all  of  whom  became  iden- 
tified with  the  H.  Lieber  Company.  The 
daughter  Ida  is  the  widow  of  Henry  Kothe. 
and  Anna  married  Theodore  Stempfel,  the 
Indianapolis  banker. 

OTTO  R.  LIEBER,  a  son  of  the  late  Her- 
man Lieber,  has  done  much  to  typifv  and 
represent  in  the  modern  Indianapolis  the 
spirit  and  the  business  ability  which  char- 
acterized his  honored  father. 

He  was  born  in  Indianapolis  October  1. 
1861,  was  reared  in  this  city,  and  has  al- 
ways made  it  his  home.  Most  of  his  early 
education  was  acquired  in  th«;  German- 
English  School  of  Indianapolis.  Before 
he  was  sixteen  years  old  he  was  working 
in  his  father's  picture  establishment,  and 
nearly  every  year  brought  him  increased 
knowledge  and  new  responsibilities  in  the 
business  until  at  the  death  of  his  father  he 


1738 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  made  his  successor  as  president  of  the 
corporation,  the  H.  Lieber  Company  being 
one  of  the  most  widely  known  of  Indianap- 
olis industries. 

Mr.  Lieber  married  in  1885  Miss  Flora 
Pfaff,  who  died  in  1901,  leaving  three  chil- 
dren :  Otto  H. ;  Marie  Hilda,  wife  of  Harry 
Howe  Bentley;  and  Charlotte.  In  1005 
he  married  a  sister  of  his  first  wife,  Ma- 
tilde  Pfaff  of  Columbus,  Ohio.  They  have 
one  daughter,  Flora  Elizabeth. 

Mr.  Lieber  has  long  been  recognized  as 
one  of  Indiana's  stanchest  citizens  and  is 
actively  interested  and  a  liberal  contributor 
to  all  that  tends  to  the  betterment  of  his 
city,  state  and  nation.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
Board  of  Trade  and  the  Athenaeum. 

JOSEPH  G.  BEANNUM  is  president  of  the 
Brannum-Keene  Lumber  Company,  one  of 
the  largest  firms  of  its  kind  doing  business 
in  the  State  of  Indiana.  Its  plant  is  at 
3506  East  Washington  Street  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

Mr.  Brannum  has  had  a  long  experience 
in  timber  and  lumber  manufacturing  and 
lumber  dealing.  He  was  born  in  Wells 
County,  Indiana,  October  28,  1863,  a  son 
of  Henry  C.  and  Rebecca  Brannum. 
The  father  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight, 
and  the  mother  is  now  eighty-four  years  of 
age.  His  father  was  a  contractor  and 
builder  and  for  a  number  of  years  con- 
ducted a  lumber  business  at  Montpelier, 
Indiana.  Grandfather  Brannum  probably 
built  the  first  saw  mill  in  Union  County, 
Indiana,  and  another  one  of  the  family 
connections  was  the  first  auditor  of  Union 
County.  Joseph  G.  Brannum 's  brother, 
William  S.  Brannum,  is  secretary  of  the 
Brannum-Keene  Lumber  Company  and  a 
resident  of  Chicago. 

FREDERIC  RICH  HENSHAW,  D.  D.  S., 
Dean  of  the  Indiana  Dental  College  since 
1914  and  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State 
Council  of  Defense,  is  through  his  work 
as  an  educator  and  his  long  service  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Dental 
Examiners  one  of  the  best  known  members 
of  his  profession  in  the  state. 

Doctor  Henshaw  was  born  at  Alexan- 
dria, Madison  County,  Indiana,  October  8, 
1872,  a  son  of  Seth  B.  and  Mary  Jane 
(Rich)  Henshaw.  His  parents  were  also 
natives  of  Indiana  and  represented  the  fine 


old  Quaker  stock  that  in  such  numbers 
was  transplanted  to  Eastern  Indiana  from 
Greensboro,  North  Carolina,  in  pioneer 
days. 

Doctor  Henshaw  was  reared  and  edu- 
cated at  Alexandria  and  is  also  a  graduate 
of  the  high  school  at  Anderson,  and  during 
1889-91  was  a  student  of  the  Central  Nor- 
mal College  at  Danville,  Indiana.  He  was 
a  school  teacher  for  several  years,  so  that 
his  experience  as  an  educator  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  dental  profession.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1894,  he  entered  the  Indiana  Den- 
tal College  of  Indianapolis,  from  which  he 
graduated  April  6,  1897.  Doctor  Henshaw 
had  located  at  Middletown,  Indiana,  in 
1895,  and  an  unusual  professional  success 
followed  his  labors  there.  In  1909  he  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis,  and  established  his 
offices  in  the  Pythian  Building,  where  he  is 
still  located. 

As  to  his  work  and  attainments  as  a 
dental  practitioner  it  is  best  to  allow  a 
member  of  his  own  profession  to  speak. 
Dr.  Otto  U.  King,  of  Huntington,  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  State  Dental  Society, 
wrote  for  the  Quarterly  Bulletin  of  that 
society  upon  the  occasion  of  Doctor  Hen- 
shaw's  election  as  Dean  of  the  Dental  Col- 
lege an  appreciation  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing paragraphs  are  fitly  quoted : 

"It  is  fitting  and  wise  that  the  life  long 
friend  of  Doctor  Hunt  should  be  selected 
by  the  trustees  of  the  Indiana  Dental  Col- 
lege to  serve  as  its  Dean.  The  Indiana 
Dental  College  ranks  among  the  best  dental 
colleges  in  the  country.  The  growth  of 
this  institution  and  its  present  efficiency  is 
due  largely  to  the  incessant  hard  work  of 
Doctor  Hunt.  Dr.  Frederic  R.  Henshaw 
on  July  18,  1914,  was  selected  as  Dean  of 
the  Indiana  Dental  College.  He  is  the 
logical  successor  to  Dr.  George  E.  Hunt 
and  it  is  predicted  by  his  friends  in  the 
dental  profession  that  as  Doctor  Henshaw 
possesses  all  the  qualifications  necessary  for 
this  position  to  which  he  has  been  honored 
that  the  Indiana  Dental  College  will  not 
only  maintain  its  high  standard  but  will  be 
a  leader  in  all  educational  lines  pertaining 
to  the  advancement  of  the  dental  profes- 
sion. 

"Doctor  Henshaw  has  been  untiring  in 
his  efforts  to  raise  the  standard  and  effi- 
ciency of  the  dental  profession  ever  since 
he  began  his  practice.  He  has  been  held 
in  the  highest  esteem  by  the  members  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1739 


the  dental  profession  as  witnessed  by  the 
many  honors  bestowed  upon  him.  He  was 
selected  in  1897  vice  president  of  the 
Eastern  Indiana  Dental  Society.  In  1898 
he  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Indiana 
State  Dental  Association,  which  position 
he  held  for  two  years. 

"He  is  probably  better  known  in  In- 
diana as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Dental 
Examiners,  having  served  on  this  board 
for  thirteen  years,  ten  years  of  which, 
1903-14,  he  has  been  its  capable  and  effi- 
cient secretary.  He  was  elected  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Association  of  Dental 
Examiners  in  1907.  He  was  also  elected 
president  of  the  Indianapolis  Dental  So- 
ciety in  1912.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Northern  Indiana  Dental  Society,  Eastern 
Indiana  Dental  Society,  Indiana  State  Den- 
tal Society,  National  Dental  Association 
and  a  member  of  the  National  Association 
of  Dental  Examiners. 

"Doctor  Henshaw  has  contributed  a 
number  of  papers  to  our  dental  literature 
on  a  variety  of  subjects  and  always  takes 
a  leading  part  in  the  review  and  discussion 
of  papers  in  our  society  meetings.  Doc- 
tor Henshaw  has  not  only  the  educational 
qualifications  to  fill  the  position  of  dean- 
ship  in  the  Indiana  Dental  College,  but  he 
also  has  the  business  capacity  to  maintain 
and  increase  the  efficiency  of  the  institu- 
tion. Every  dentist  in  Indiana  should  feel 
proud  of  the  promotion  of  Doctor  Henshaw 
to  this  high  position  of  honor  in  our  state. 
He  possesses  the  necessary  initiative,  en- 
thusiasm and  tact  to  make  a  successful 
Dean." 

The  profession  generally  throughout  the 
state  has  come  to  realize  that  the  predic- 
tions made  by  Doctor  King  concerning  the 
new  dean  have  been  amly  fulfilled.  Besides 
the  responsibilities  of  that  office  he  has 
conducted  a  very  busy  practice  of  his  own. 
It  was  a  special  honor  when  in  July,  1918, 
Governor  Goodrich  appointed  him  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Indiana  State  Council  of  De- 
fense. In  July,  1918,  Doctor  Henshaw, 
who  had  served  as  special  examiner  for 
Indiana  for  the  Surgeon  General's  office 
from  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  obtained 
leave  of  absence  as  Dean  of  the  Dental 
College  and  accepted  a  commission  as  first 
lieutenant  in  the  Dental  Corps,  United 
States  Army,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  in 
the  attending  surgeon's  office  at  "Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  being  promoted  to  the  grade  of 


major  on  September  9,  1918,  serving  as 
such  until  January  1,  1919.  While  a  resi- 
dent of  Middletown  Doctor  Henshaw 
served  nine  years  as  a  member  of  its  school 
board.  He  is  a  member  of  the  John  Her- 
ron  Art  Institute  of  Indianapolis,  is  a 
Delta  Sigma  Delta  college  fraternity  man 
and  a  Knight  Templar  Mason.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Independent  Turnverein 
and  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

September  1,  1897,  Doctor  Henshaw 
married  Mary  Edith  Strickler,  of  Middle- 
town.  They  have  one  son,  Frederic  R. 
Henshaw,  Jr.,  of  whom  his  parents  are 
very  naturally  proud.  This  young  man 
was  a  student  in  the  Virginia  Military  In- 
stitute at  Lexington,  "the  West  Point  of 
the  South, ' '  and  was  sent  from  there  to  the 
Officers  Reserve  Corps  Training  Camp  at 
Plattsburg.  After  the  course  of  training 
he  returned  to  Indianapolis  and  in  July, 
1918,  was  recalled  to  Plattsburg,  where  he 
served  as  instructor  in  the  bayonet  until 
September  16,  1918,  when  he  was  com- 
missioned second  lieutenant  of  infantry 
and  assigned  as  an  instructor  in  the  school 
of  this  line  at  the  University  of  Georgia. 
There  he  served  until  February,  1919, 
when  he  was  discharged.  He  is  now  a  stu- 
dent in  Wabash  College.  Though  only 
nineteen  years  old,  he  is  six  feet  in  height, 
and  in  brain  and  in  character  and  high 
purpose  as  well  as  in  physical  perfection 
is  "every  inch  a  soldier." 

HARRY  WADE.  The  exceptional  business 
and  financial  abilities  of  Mr.  Wade  have 
been  exerted  chiefly  in  behalf  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  Order.  The  member- 
ship of  that  order  throughout  the  Western 
Hemisphere  is  familiar  with  the  work  and 
position  of  Mr.  Wade  as  president  of  the 
Insurance  Department  of  the  Supreme 
Lodge.  In  that  office  he  has  his  business 
headquarters  at  Indianapolis,  where  he  has 
also  had  his  home  for  a  number  of  years. 

He  represents  a  pioneer  family  of  Craw- 
fordsville,  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  in 
1863,  son  of  H.  H.  and  Clara  (McCune) 
Wade.  The  Indiana  pioneer  of  the  family 
was  his  grandfather,  I.  F.  Wade.  A  na- 
tive of  Virginia,  I.  F.  Wade  in  early  life 
moved  to  Middletown,  Ohio,  and  from  there 
in  1831  drove  an  ox  team  and  wagon 
loaded  with  a  printing  press  and  outfit 
across  the  country  to  Crawfordsville,  In- 


1740 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


diana.  There  he  founded  the  Crawfords- 
ville  Record,  one  of  the  few  newspapers 
published  in  Indiana  eighty-five  years  ago. 
He  was  its  editor  and  proprietor  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  some  of  the  early 
flies  are  still  preserved  and  constitute  prac- 
tically the  only  original  sources  of  the 
early  history  of  that  part  of  the  state. 

When  Harry  "Wade  was  fourteen  years 
old  in  1877  his  parents  moved  from  Craw- 
fordsville  to  Lafayette,  where  his  father 
and  mother  still  reside.  His  father  served 
throughout  the  war  with  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment in  the  Union  army.  Harry  Wade  at- 
tended school  both  at  Crawfordsville  and 
Lafayette.  He  was  still  under  age  when 
he  went  into  business  for  himself  at  La- 
fayette. His  first  effort  at  merchandising 
was  with  a  bookstore,  but  gradually  he  en- 
larged a  small  stock  of  jewelry  until  it  be- 
came the  dominating  feature  of  his  busi- 
ness, and  was  also  one  of  the  leading  shops 
for  that  merchandise.  Mr.  Wade  gave  up 
the  role  of  merchant  to  enter  the  life  in- 
surance business.  Therein  he  found  the 
field  where  his  talents  as  salesman  counted 
for  most.  He  won  a  quick  success.  His 
proved  abilities  as  an  insurance  man  were 
called  into  requisition  in  1898  in  connec- 
tion with  the  insurance  department  of  the 
Supreme  Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
headquarters  of  which  are  at  Indianap- 
olis. He  had  many  of  the  responsibilities 
of  the  insurance  department  until  1903, 
when  he  was  elected  grand  keeper  of  rec- 
ords and  seals  for  the  Indiana  Grand 
Lodge,  and  served  faithfully  in  that  ca- 
pacity until  July,  1915.  At  that  date  he 
was  chosen  to  his  present  office  as  president 
of  the  insurance  department  of  the  Su- 
preme Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias.  His 
jurisdiction  embraces  all  of  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Hawaii,  Alaska,  Cuba  and 
the  Philippines.  There  are  few  of  the  old 
line  companies  that  extend  the  benefits  of 
their  organization  over  a  wider  territory. 

Mr.  Wade's  official  work  has  been  dis- 
tinguished by  more  than  routine  perfor- 
mance. One  of  the  achievements  credited 
to  him  is  the  building  of  the  Indiana  Py- 
thian Building,  a  modern  office  building 
at  Indianapolis.  He  originated  the  idea 
for  the  building,  presented  the  plan  to  the 
Grand  Lodge,  and  personally  took  upon 
himself  the  responsibility  of  selling  the 
$450,000  worth  of  bonds  throughout  In- 
diana, the  proceeds  of  which  were  applied 


to  the  construction  of  the  building.  It 
was  begun  in  1905  and  completed  in  1907. 
It  was  one  of  the  first  modern  office  build- 
ings of  the  sky  scraper  type  in  Indianap- 
olis, and  is  an  interesting  and  effective 
monument  to  the  enterprise,  ability  and  in- 
itiative of  Mr.  Wade.  It  is  also  recog- 
nzed  as  the  finest  Pythian  building  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Wade  has  rendered 
similar  services  to  other  cities  in  the  state 
in  the  erection  of  local  Pythian  buildings. 
He  married  Miss  Anna  E.  Fullen wider, 
of  Lafayette.  They  have  two  sons,  Fred- 
erick H.  and  Harry  Lee. 

WILLIAM  L.  SANDAGE.  The  history  of 
Indiana  industry  contains  many  noted 
and  honored  names,  and  there  is  place 
alongside  the  greatest  of  them  for  the 
Sandage  family.  William  L.  Sandage,  one 
of  the  prominent  manufacturers  and  inven- 
tors of  the  state,  undoubtedly  inherits 
some  of  his  ability  at  least  from  his  father, 
the  late  Joshua  Sandage,  who  though  he 
never  achieved  the  fame  that  is  associated 
with  many  of  the  wagon  and  plow  man- 
ufacturers, supplied  much  of  the  inventive 
genius  and  skill  which  has  brought  so  much 
fame  to  several  industrial  centers  of  the 
Middle  West. 

Joshua  Sandage,  now  deceased,  was  born 
in  Indiana  and  from  early  youth  conducted 
a  country  blacksmith  shop  at  his  home  in 
Perry  County.  Even  while  there  he  was 
a  recognized  mechanical  and  inventive 
genius.  His  invention  largely  took  the 
direction  of  the  making  of  plows.  During 
the  war  in  his  home  county  of  Perry  he 
organized  and  was  first  lieutenant  of  a 
company  which  he  hoped  to  take  into  the 
regular  service.  With  that  company  he 
joined  the  troops  that  drove  the  Confed- 
erate raider  Morgan  out  of  Indiana.  How- 
ever, he  was  never  assigned  to  regular 
duty,  but  with  his  company  was  stationed 
at  Indianapolis  and  formed  part  of  the 
Home  Guards  organization  on  duty  at 
Camp  Morton.  This  organization  served 
without  pay. 

During  the  early  '70s  Joshua  Sandage 
took  his  family  to  Moline,  Illinois,  and 
there  became  identified  with  the  great 
plow  manufacturing  industry  which  has 
made  the  names  of  Moline  and  Rock  Is- 
land synonymous  with  plow  manufacture. 
At  that  time  plow  making  was  in  its  in- 
fancy. Joshua  Sandage  was  patentee  of 


1740 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


diana.  There  he  founded  the  Crawfords- 
ville  Record,  one  of  the  few  newspapers 
published  in  Indiana  eighty-five  years  ago. 
He  was  its  editor  and  proprietor  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  some  of  the  early 
files  are  still  preserved  and  constitute  prac- 
tically the  only  original  sources  of  the 
early  history  of  that  part  of  the  state. 

When  Harry  Wade  was  fourteen  years 
old  in  1877  his  parents  moved  from  Craw- 
fordsville  to  Lafayette,  where  his  father 
and  mother  still  reside.  His  father  served 
throughout  the  war  with  an  Indiana  regi- 
ment in  the  1'nion  army.  Harry  Wade  at- 
tended school  both  at  Crawfordsville  and 
Lafayette.  He  was  still  under  age  when 
lie  went  into  business  for  himself  at  La- 
fayette. His  first  effort  at  merchandising 
was  with  a  bookstore,  but  gradually  he  en- 
larged a  small  stock  of  jewelry  until  it  be- 
came the  dominating  feature  of  his  busi- 
ness, and  was  also  one  of  the  leading  shops 
for  that  merchandise.  Mr.  Wade  gave  up 
the  role  of  merchant  to  enter  the  life  in- 
surance business.  Therein  he  found  the 
field  where  his  talents  as  salesman  counted 
for  most.  He  won  a  quick  success.  His 
proved  abilities  as  an  insurance  man  were 
called  into  requisition  in  1898  in  connec- 
tion with  the  insurance  department  of  the 
Supreme  Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
headquarters  of  which  are  at  Indianap- 
olis. He  had  many  of  the  responsibilities 
of  the  insurance  department  until  190:5, 
when  he  was  elected  grand  keeper  of  rec- 
ords and  seals  for  the  Indiana  Grand 
Lodge,  and  served  faithfully  in  that  ca- 
pacity until  July,  1915.  At  that  date  he 
was  chosen  to  his  present  office  as  president 
of  the  insurance  department  of  the  Su- 
preme Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias.  His 
jurisdiction  embraces  all  of  the  United 
States,  Canada,  Hawaii,  Alaska,  Cuba  and 
the  Philippines.  There  are  few  of  the  old 
line  companies  that  extend  the  benefits  of 
their  organization  over  a  wider  territory. 

Mr.  Wade's  official  work  has  been  dis- 
tinguished by  more  than  routine  perfor- 
mance. One  of  the  achievements  credited 
to  him  is  the  building  of  the  Indiana  Py- 
thian Building,  a  modern  office  building 
at  Indianapolis.  He  originated  the  idea 
for  the  building,  presented  the  plan  to  the 
Grand  Lodge,  and  personally  took  upon 
himself  the  responsibility  of  selling  the 
$450,000  worth  of  bonds  throughout  In- 
diana, the  proceeds  of  which  were  applied 


to  the  construction  of  the  building.  It 
was  begun  in  1905  and  completed  in  1907. 
It  was  one  of  the  first  modern  office  build- 
ings of  the  sky  scraper  type  in  Indianap- 
olis, and  is  an  interesting  and  effective 
monument  to  the  enterprise,  ability  and  in- 
itiative of  Mr.  Wade.  It  is  also  reeog- 
nzed  as  the  finest  Pythian  building  in  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Wade  has  rendered 
similar  services  to  other  cities  in  the  state 
in  the  erection  of  local  Pythian  buildings. 
He  married  Miss  Anna  E.  Fullenwider. 
of  Lafayette.  They  have  two  sons,  Fred- 
erick II.  and  Harry  Lee. 

WILLIAM  L.  SAN-DACE.  The  history  of 
Indiana  industry  contains  many  noted 
and  honored  names,  and  there  is  place 
alongside  the  greatest  of  them  for  the 
Sandage  family.  William  L.  Sandage,  one 
of  the  prominent  manufacturers  and  inven- 
tors of  the  state,  undoubtedly  inherits 
some  of  his  ability  at  least  from  his  father, 
the  late  Joshua  Sandage,  who  though  he 
never  achieved  the  fame  that  is  associated 
with  many  of  the  wagon  and  plow  man- 
ufacturers, supplied  much  of  the  inventive 
genius  and  skill  which  has  brought  so  much 
fame  to  several  industrial  centers  of  the 
Middle  West. 

Joshua  Sandage,  now  deceased,  was  born 
in  Indiana  and  from  early  youth  conducted 
a  country  blacksmith  shop  at  his  home  in 
Perry  County.  Even  while  there  he  was 
a  recognized  mechanical  and  inventive 
genius.  His  invention  largely  took  the 
direction  of  the  making  of  plows.  During 
the  war  in  his  home  county  of  Perry  ho 
organized  and  was  first  lieutenant  of  a 
company  which  he  hoped  to  take  into  the 
regular  service.  With  that  company  he 
joined  the  troops  that  drove  the  Confed- 
erate raider  Morgan  out  of  Indiana.  How- 
ever, he  was  never  assigned  to  regular 
duty,  but  with  his  company  was  stationed 
at  Indianapolis  and  formed  part  of  the 
Home  Guards  organization  on  duty  at 
Camp  Morion.  This  organization  served 
without  pay. 

During  the  early  '70s  Joshua  Sandage 
took  his  family  to  Molinc,  Illinois,  and 
there  became  identified  with  the  great 
plow  manufacturing  industry  which  has 
made  the  names  of  Moline  and  Rock  Is- 
land synonymous  with  plow  manufacture. 
At  that  time  plow  making  was  in  its  in- 
fancy. Joshua  Sandage  was  patentee  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1741 


the  first  steel  plow  made  at  Moline.  He 
also  devised  and  was  the  first  to  use  the 
process  of  the  drop  hammer  for  welding 
the  plow.  The  patent  office  also  records 
him  as  the  patentee  of  the  Sandage  steel 
wagon  skein.  On  account  of  his  success 
and  ingenuity  in  the  plow  industry  he  was 
called  to  South  Ben/i,  Indiana,  and  a  short 
time  afterward  organized  what  was  known 
as  the  Sandage  Brothers  Manufacturing 
Company.  He  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
that  city.  His  enthusiasm  and  ambition 
were  contented  with  the  working  out  of 
processes  that  in  his  case  had  their  own  re- 
ward, and  apparently  he  did  not  have  the 
business  ability  to  capitalize  all  the  fruits 
of  his  genius.  His  widow  is  still  living. 

A  son  of  these  parents,  William  L.  San- 
dage was  born  in  Perry  County,  Indiana, 
in  1866.  He  had  the  advantage  of  his 
father's  companionship  and  direction  in 
the  mastery  of  mechanical  trades,  and  was 
an  efficient  journeyman  from  early  youth. 
His  education  was  acquired  in  the  schools 
of  Moline  and  South  Bend.  Mr.  Sandage 
developed  his  ability  along  the  special 
line  of  die  casting.  In  1900  he  came  to 
Indianapolis,  and  that  city  has  been  his 
home  for  nearly  twenty  years.  In  1905 
he  established  the  die  casting  business  that, 
beginning  on  a  small  scale,  has  developed 
into  the  present  Modern  Die  and  Tool 
Company,  the  largest  and  most  successful 
plant  of  its  kind  in  the  Middle  West. 

The  plant  was  a  particularly  valuable 
unit  in  America's  history  because  of  its 
chief  product,  what  is  known  as  the  bronze 
back  bearing,  invented  by  Mr.  Sandage, 
and  known  commercially  as  the  Victor 
bearing.  With  a  normally  large  activity 
and  demand  for  this  product,  the  industry 
was  forced  to  expand  in  every  department 
through  the  exactions  of  the  war,  and  it 
was  a  recognized  war  industry  and  sup- 
plied the  government  under  contract  with 
large  quantities  of  Victor  bearing  for  mil- 
itary trucks,  tractors,  aeroplanes,  automo- 
biles and  other  machinery  used  for  war 
purposes.  That  the  company  is  not  a  big 
manufacturing  corporation  is  due  to  the 
unwillingness  of  Mr.  Sandage  to  accept 
many  tempting  offers  to  use  his  plant  as 
the  basis  of  an  extensive  corporate  stock- 
holding concern,  since  he  has  preferred  to 
continue  his  individual  ownership  on  the 
successful  basis  which  he  established  a 
number  of  years  ago  and  which  is  a  credit 


to  his  name.  Mr.  Sandage  is  now  greatly 
assisted  and  relieved  of  many  of  the  exact- 
ing details  of  the  business  by  his  son-in- 
law  H.  C.  Weist,  a  young  business  man  of 
great  capability  who  has  brought  both 
skill  and  enthusiasm  into  the  business. 

In  the  field  of  invention  and  other 
achievements  to  Mr.  Sandage 's  credit  is 
the  National  Voting  Machine.  With  the 
manufacture  of  this  product  he  is  not  now 
connected,  however.  His  business  for  a 
number  of  years  has  been  an  important 
accessory  of  the  great  automobile  indus- 
try of  America,  and  he  is  himself  an  en- 
thusiast on  the  subject  of  automobiles  and 
understands  practically  every  phase  of 
automobile  manufacture  and  the  business 
in  general.  The  employment  of  automo- 
biles for  pleasure  purposes  has  constituted 
perhaps  his  chief  recreation.  He  was  on? 
of  the  pioneer  members  of  the  Hoosier 
Automobile  Club  and  similar  organizations 
in  various  other  cities  and  states.  He  be- 
longs to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and 
other  Indianapolis  civic  organizations,  in- 
cluding the  Indianapolis  Rotary  Club. 

At  South  Bend  Mr.  Sandage  married 
Miss  Laura  Klingel,  daughter  of  Jacob 
Klingel.  The  Klingel  family  for  over  half 
a  century  have  been  identified  with  the 
show  business  in  South  Bend.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Sandage  have  a  daughter,  Katharine, 
wife  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Weist,  and  they  have  one 
son,  William  H.  Weist. 

In  1917  Mr.  Sandage  bought  a  beauti- 
ful country  home  known  as  Walnut  Hill, 
on  the  Illinois  State  Road  seven  miles  north 
of  the  center  of  Indianapolis.  There  he 
and  Mrs.  Sandage  and  their  daughter  and 
her  husband  have  most  happy  and  restful 
surroundings  for  their  domestic  life.  The 
residence  is  on  an  estate  of  several  acres. 
The  charm  is  enhanced  by  the  beautiful 
floral  and  arboreal  growth  surrounding  the 
residence,  which  is  both  costly  and  com- 
modious, possessing  every  comfort  and  con- 
venience, and  arranged  with  all  that  per- 
fect taste  and  good  artistic  proportions 

could  demand. 

: 

WILLIAM  TEMPLE  HOENADAY,  whose  work 
as  a  zoologist  has  brought  him  renown,  was 
born  in  Plainfield,  Indiana,  December  1, 
1854.  He  studied  zoology  and  muscology 
in  both  the  United  States  and  Europe,  and 
his  work  has  taken  him  to  all  parts  of  the 
world. 


1742 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Mr.  Hornaday  married  Josephine  Cham- 
berlain, of  Battle  Creek,  Michigan.  He 
maintains  his  offices  in  Zoological  Park, 
New  York. 

DANIEL  S.  GOBLE,  M.  D.  A  physician 
and  surgeon  at  Evansville,  where  he  has 
been  in  practice  since  1906,  Doctor  Goble 
is  a  man  of  high  standing  in  his  profession, 
and  the  confidence  of  the  public  and  his  fel- 
low practitioners  in  his  ability  is  attested 
to  by  the  fact  that  he  is  now  serving  as 
president  of  the  Vanderburg  County  Medi- 
cal Society. 

Doctor  Goble  was  born  in  Clark  Town- 
ship of  Perry  County,  Indiana.  His  an- 
cestors were  pioneers  in  Perry  County. 
His  great-grandfather  was  a  native  of 
Massachusetts  and  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war ;  later  removing  to  North 
Carolina.  The  grandfather  Will  Goble 
came  to  Indiana  from  North  Carolina  pos- 
sibly the  state  of  his  birth. 

At  that  time  Ohio  was  the  only  state 
north  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  Indiana  was 
a  territory.  There  was  no  railroads  and 
Will  Goble  followed  one  of  the  pioneer 
trails  over  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and 
across  the  states  of  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky to  Indiana.  He  located  in  what  is 
now  Clark  Township  of  Perry  County. 
This  was  then  a  wilderness,  filled  with  In- 
dians who  claimed  it  as  their  hunting 
srround.  He  acquired  a  tract  of  land  and 
began  the  tremendous  task  of  making  a 
farm.  He  was  in  every  way  fitted  for  pio- 
neer life,  being  of  strong  athletic  build,  a 
tireless  worker,  yet  very  fond  of  sports 
and  hunting.  The  Indians  frequently  pit- 
ted their  fleetest  runners  against  him  in 
foot  races.  He  and  his  wife  spent  their  last 
years  in  Perry  County. 

Daniel  Goble,  father  of  Doctor  Goble, 
was  also  born  in  Clark  Township  and  grew 
up  amid  pioneer  scenes.  He  attended  rural 
schools  when  it  was  the  custom  for  the 
teacher  to  board  around  in  the  families  of 
the  pupils.  Reared  on  a  farm  he  inherited 
land,  and  his  good  judgment  and  ability 
enabled  to  build  up  one  of  the  best  farms 
in  Perry  County.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one  and  was  buried  in  the  Lan- 
man  cemetery,  on  the  farm  where  he  had 
lived  since  his  marriage. 

Daniel  Goble  was  married  to  Louisa  Lan- 
man.  a  native  of  Clark  Township,  daughter 
of  George  Lanman  and  grand-daughter 
of  John  Lanman.  John  Lanman  was  one 


of  the  first  settlers  of  that  township  and 
owned  one  of  the  first  horse  mills  operated 
for  the  public  in  Perry  County.  Mrs. 
Louisa  Goble  died  at  the  age  of  sixty  years, 
the  mother  of  the  following  children: 
George,  John,  Keith,  Daniel  S.,  Susan, 
Martha  and  Sarah. 

Doctor  Goble  spent  his  youth  in  the  en- 
vironment of  his  father's  farm.  He  at- 
tended district  schools,  and  finished  his  lit- 
erary education  in  the  Central  Normal 
College  at  Danville,  Indiana.  He  began 
his  life  of  usefulness  as  a  teacher  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  and  taught  five  terms 'in 
Perry  County. 

In  the  meantime  he  was  diligently  study- 
ing medicine  under  Doctor  Lotnax  of  Bris- 
tow,  Indiana,  and  subsequently  entered  the 
Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  at  Louis- 
ville.' where  he  graduated  with  the  class 
of  1892.  In  1907  he  took  a  post-graduate 
course  in  the  same  institution.  Doctor 
Goble  was  in  practice  at  Chrisney,  Indiana, 
until  he  sought  a  larger  and  better  field  for 
his  skill  and  experience  and  removed  to 
Evansville  in  1906.  Beside  his  official  as- 
sociation with  the  Vanderburg  Medical 
Society,  he  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
State  and  the  Ohio  Valley  Medical  Associa- 
tions and  is  for  1919  Vanderburg  County's 
Health  Commissioner. 

He  is  affiliated  with  Evansville  Lodge, 
No.  64.  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and 
Orion  Lodge  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  and 
wife  are  active  members  of  Olivet  Presby- 
terian Church. 

He  married  in  1893  Oma  R.  Cooper,  a 
native  of  Perry  County.  Her  father, 
Gabriel  Cooper,  for  many  years  was  a 
prominent  and  successful  teacher  in  that 
county. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Goble  have  two  daugh- 
ters, named  Mildred  and  Marjorie. 

H.  R.  PORTER,  though  one  of  the  younger 
men  in  the  industrial  life  of  Indiana,  has 
had  experiences  and  connections  which  are 
important  items  in  industrial  history,  es- 
pecially at  Richmond. 

He  is  superintendent  of  the  Simplex 
Machine  Tool  Company's  Richmond 
branch.  The  head  offices  of  the  Simplex 
Machine  Tool  Company,  one  of  the  largest 
organizations  of  its  kind  in  the  United 
States,  are  at  Cleveland.  It  was  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1917,  that  the  corporation  acquired 
the  Richmond  Adding  and  Listing  Machine 
Company,  a  plant  well  adapted  for  light 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1743 


manufacturing.  It  has  since  been  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  light  tool  machinery, 
especially  12-inch  lathes,  and  under  pres-" 
ent  operating  conditions  it  employs  about 
200  persons. 

Mr.  Porter  was  born  at  Springfield,  Ohio, 
in  October,  1887,  son  of  James  G.  and 
Laura  (Moore)  Porter.  He  attended  gram- 
mar and  high  schools  at  Springfield  and  in 
1901,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  went  to  work 
with  the  Springfield  Metallic  Casket  Com- 
pany, working  two  years  to  learn  the  ma- 
chinist's  trade.  He  spent  another  three 
years  with  the  Kelly-Springfield  Road  Rol- 
ler Company,  then  was  employed  one  year 
at  Indianapolis  by  the  Atlas  Engine  Works 
as  a  machinist,  and  in  1907  came  to  Rich- 
mond and  spent  four  years  as  machinist 
with  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company.  For  another 
four  years  he  was  machine  shop  foreman 
of  the  Pilot  Motor  Car  Company  at  Rich- 
mond, and  another  year  as  tool  maker  for 
the  Teetor,  Hartley  Motor  Company  of 
Hagerstown,  Indiana. 

Mr.  Porter  had  been  a  tool  maker  with 
the  Adding  and  Listing  Machine  Com- 
pany of  Richmond  about  one  year  prior  to 
its  being  taken  over  by  the  Simplex  Ma- 
chine Tool  Company.  On  April  15,  1917, 
under  the  new  ownership,  he  was  made 
foreman  of  the  assembly  department,  and 
since  July  18,  1917,  has  been  general  su- 
perintendent of  the  entire  plant,  having 
especially  heavy  responsibilities  during 
the  rush  of  war  work. 

Mr.  Porter  married  April  15,  1913,  Miss 
Lucile  Polglase,  daughter  of  Peter  and 
Susan  Paxson  Polglase  of  Richmond.  Mr. 
Porter  is  an  independent  in  politics,  is 
affiliated  with  Webb  Lodge  No.  24,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  and  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  First  Lutheran  Church. 

THOMAS  RALPH  AUSTIN,  M.  D.,  LL.  D., 
was  born  in  the  parish  of  Hackney  (origi- 
nallv  Hackenaye),  London,  England,  June 
16,  1810.  He  was  an  uncle  of  Alfred  Aus- 
tin, Poet  Laureate  of  England.  He  grad- 
uated at  Oxford,  and  in  1832  came  to  New 
York,  where  on  May  2d  of  that  year  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Martha  Haigh.  He  went  back 
to  England  and  graduated  in  medicine, 
and  then  returned  to  America.  He  came 
West,  and  located  in  Indiana,  in  Harrison 
County,  where  his  wife  died  in  1841.  On 
November  17,  1847,  he  married  Miss  Jane 
McCauley  in  Harrison  County,  Indiana. 


Mr.  Austin  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  and  served 
at  Jeff ersonvi lie,  Terre  Haute  and  Vin- 
cennes,  coming  on  Easter,  1872,  to  St. 
James  Church  at  the  last  named  place — 
the  historic  building  erected  by  Rev.  B.  B. 
Killikelly  (see  Sarah  Killikelly).  He 
was  an  enthusiastic  Mason,  and  in  May, 
1861,  was  elected  Grand  Master  of  In- 
diana. On  July  29,  1861,  he  enlisted  as 
surgeon  in  the  Twenty-Third  Indiana  Regi- 
ment. He  was  detached  from  the  regiment 
in  February,  and  appointed  acting  medical 
director,  in  which  capacity  he  established 
the  army  hospitals  at  Paducah,  Kentucky, 
and  Bolivar  and  Dunlap  Springs,  Ten- 
nessee. 

Mr.  Austin  resumed  the  ministry  after 
his  military  service,  and  died  at  Vincennes 
February  5,  1884,  highly  honored  in  church 
and  Masonic  circles. 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  TRUEBLOOD.  Out- 
side of  political  life  no  native  of  Indiana 
has  exercised  so  great  an  influence  on 
world  conditions  as  Benjamin  F.  True- 
blood.  He  was  a  descendant  of  John  True- 
blood,  an  Englishman,  born  in  1660,  who 
married  Agnes  Fisher  and  emigrated  to 
Carolina,  where  he  died  in  1692.  His  son 
Amos  married  Elizabeth  Cartwright,  a 
Quakeress,  who  was  disowned  by  the  meet- 
ing for  marrying  outside  of  the  church,  but 
later  she  and  her  husband  were  received 
into  the  meeting,  and  thenceforth  the  fam- 
ily were  Friends. 

Abel  Trueblood,  grandfather  of  Benja- 
min F.,  was  born  in  North  Carolina  De- 
cember 8,  1771.  He  married  Mary  Symons, 
and  removed  in  1816  to  Washington 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  died  in  1840. 
His  son,  Joshua  Abel  Trueblood,  who  was 
born  March  25.  1815,  and  died  November 
7,  1887,  at  El  Modena,  California,  was  mar- 
ried in  1841  to  Esther  Parker,  daughter  of 
William  and  Elizabeth  Parker,  who  died 
in  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  in  1884. 
Their  second  son,  Benjamin  Franklin  True- 
blood,  was  born  at  Salem,  Indiana,  Novem- 
ber 25,  1847. 

There  was  no  lack  of  good  schools  at 
Salem,  and  Benjamin  prepared  for  college 
at  the  Blue  River  Academy,  the  Friends' 
school  near  Salem,  and  entered  Earlham 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1869. 
He  then  studied  theology,  entered  the  min- 
istry, and  became  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin  at  Penn  College,  Oskaloosa,  Iowa. 


1744 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


In  the  fall  of  1871  he  returned  to  Earl- 
ham  as  governor,  remaining  for  two  win- 
ters. In  1874  he  was  made  president  of 
Wilmington  College,  Ohio,  continuing  un- 
til 1879,  when  he  went  to  Penn  College, 
Iowa,  as  president,  and  remained  until 
1890. 

By  this  time  Professor  Trueblood  had 
become  an  accomplished  linguist,  familiar 
with  a  dozen  modern  languages,  and  he  was 
sent  to  Europe  as  representative  of  the 
Christian  Arbitration  Society  of  Philadel- 
phia to  lecture  in  European  cities.  In 
May,  1892,  he  was  elected  general  secre- 
tary of  the  American  Peace  Society.  He 
held  this  position  until  May,  1915,  when  he 
retired  on  account  of  failing  health,  and 
was  elected  honorary  secretary  of  the 
society. 

He  was  practically  "the  publicity  de- 
partment" of  the  American  Peace  Society. 
He  edited  The  Advocate  of  Peace,  its  offi- 
cial organ,  and  The  Angel  of  Peace,  a 
periodical  for  children,  and  in  addition  de- 
livered lectures  and  addresses  throughout 
the  country,  wrote  for  newspapers  and 
magazines,  published  a  book  and  numerous 
pamphlets,  attended  and  took  part  in  all 
the  international  peace  conferences  from 
that  of  London  in  1890  to  that  of  Geneva 
in  1912,  excepting  the  Budapest  conference 
of  1896  and  the  Monaco  conference  of  1902, 
from  which  he  was  kept  by  health  consid- 
erations; he  also  attended  and  addressed 
the  dozen  or  more  peace  congresses  held  in 
this  country. 

An  early  member  of  the  International 
Law  Association,  and  of  its  executive  coun- 
cil from  1905,  he  was  a  recognized  author- 
ity on  international  law  and  a  prominent 
member  of  the  American  Society  of  Inter- 
national Law.  He  was  accorded  private 
interviews  with  President  McKinley  con- 
cerning the  Spanish-American  war,  with 
President  Roosevelt  concerning  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war,  with  President  Taft  con- 
cerning the  arbitration  treaties,  and  with 
President  Wilson  concerning  the  army  and 
navy  program.  Not  even  excepting  his  fel- 
low-townsman, Secretary  John  Hay,  no 
other  American  did  so  much  to  promote 
the  world  peace  doctrine  as  Benjamin 
Trueblood. 

"Federation  of  the  World,"  the  book 
mentioned,  was  published  in  1899,  with  a 
later  edition  in  1907.  Among  his  pamphlets 
were  "A  Stated  International  Congress," 
"Washington's  Anti-Militarism,"  "The 


Christ  of  the  Andes,"  "International  Arbi- 
tration at  the  Opening  of  the  Twentieth 
Century,"  "The  Historic  Development  of 
the  Peace  Idea,"  "History  of  the  American 
Peace  Society  and  Its  Work,"  "A  Periodic 
Congress  of  the  Nations,"  "The  Cost  of 
War,"  "How  the  Sunday  Schools  May  Aid 
the  Peace  Movement,"  "Women  and  the 
Peace  Movement,"  and  accounts  of  the 
two  Hague  conferences. 

On  July  17,  1872,  Mr.  Trueblood  mar- 
ried Sarah  Huff  Terrell,  of  New  Vienna, 
Ohio,  whom  he  had  known  as  a  student 
at  Earlham.  They  had  two  daughters, 
Lyra  Dale  (Mrs.  George  Gregerson  Wolk- 
ins),  and  Florence  Esther  (Mrs.  Jonathan 
Mowry  Steere),  and  a  son,  Irvin  Cuyler, 
who  died  in  1877.  After  giving  up  the 
work  as  active  secretary,  Mr.  Trueblood 
retired  with  his  family  to  his  home  at 
Newton  Highlands,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  died  October  26,  1916. 

DAVID  H.  TEEPLE.  While  not  one  of  the 
oldest  David  H.  Teeple  is  one  of  the  most 
widely  experienced  merchants  and  busi- 
ness men  of  Richmond,  and  is  now  senior 
partner  of  Teeple  &  Wessel,  shoe  mer- 
chants. Since  boyhood  he  has  come  to  know 
nearly  every  line  of  merchandising,  but 
is  an  especial  authority  on  the  shoe  trade, 
and  has  not  only  sold  shoes  at  retail  but 
was  a  traveling  salesman  for  a  number  of 
years. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  St.  Mary's 
Township  of  Adams  County,  Indiana,  in 
1879,  son  of  Isaac  Teeple  and  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  He  lived  on  his  father's 
farm  for  a  number  of  years,  attended 
school  in  winter,  also  spent  three  terms  in 
the  Tri-State  Normal  School  at  Angola, 
and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  was  given  a  cer- 
tificate and  entrusted  with  the  manage- 
ment of  a  country  school  in  Wabash  Town- 
ship of  his  native  county.  He  also  taught 
the  Bunker  Hill  School,  the  Fravel  school 
and  the  Mount  Zion  school,  all  in  Adams 
County. 

Beginning  in  1901  Mr.  Teeple  was  for 
five  years  associated  with  the  clothing  and 
shoe  business  of  his  uncle,  S.  H.  Teeple 
&  Company,  at  Geneva,  Indiana.  His  uncle 
then  sold  to  Samuel  S.  Acker  and  the  firm 
continued  as  Acker  &  Teeple  four  years. 
David  Teeple,  selling  out  to  his  partner, 
bought  a  shoe  store  at  Shelbyville  in  Shelby 
County,  Illinois,  and  was  in  business  there 
for  a  year  and  a  half.  He  first  came  to 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1745 


Richmond  in  1910,  opening  a  shoe  store 
under  the  name  Teeple  Shoe  Company.  He 
developed  this  as  a  very  prosperous  enter- 
prise and  remained  for  seven  and  a  half 
years,  when  he  disposed  of  his  interests  to 
accept  the  post  of  traveling  representative 
of  the  Holland  Shoe  Company  of  Holland, 
Michigan,  with  headquarters  at  Chicago. 
For  a  year  and  a  half  he  interested  the  mer- 
chants of  Chicago  in  his  line,  and  also  trav- 
eled over  the  states  of  Illinois  and  Missouri. 
Mr.  Teeple  then  returned  to  Richmond  and 
bought  a  half  interest  in  his  old  store,  and 
is  now  congenially  and  profitably  located 
as  one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  the  city. 
Mr.  Teeple,  who  is  unmarried,  is  affi- 
liated with  Masonry,  including  the  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  and  Mizpah 
Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  and  in  politics 
is  an  independent  republican. 

HENRY  F.  CAMPBELL,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  typical  representative  of  the  best  type 
of  American  business  men  today,  virile, 
strong,  aggressive,  successful.  His  name 
has  already  been  associated  with  some  of 
the  outstanding  institutions  of  the  state, 
and  even  more  substantial  results  may  be 
expected  from  him  in  the  future. 

Mr.  Campbell  was  born  at  Williamsport, 
Pennsylvania,  February  26,  1882,  son  of 
Eben  B.  Campbell.  In  1904  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  Civil  Engineer  from  Le- 
high  University  and  has  always  had  ex- 
pert technical  qualifications  to  guide  him 
in  his  broad  business  enterprises.  Mr. 
Campbell  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1908  to 
represent  his  father's  and  his  own  finan- 
cial interests  in  the  Overland  Automobile 
Company  and  the  Marion  Motor  Car  Com- 
pany. In  1910  the  Campbell  interests  in 
these  corporations  were  withdrawn,  since 
which  time  Mr.  Eben  B.  Campbell  has  had 
no  financial  investments  in  Indiana. 

About  that  time  Henry  F.  Campbell  be- 
came associated  with  the  organization  of 
the  Stutz  Motor  Car  Company,  and  was 
one  of  the  men  primarily  responsible  for 
the  development  and  success  of  that  Hoos- 
ier  enterprise.  For  a  short  time  he  was 
president  and  later  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  corporation  until  Febru- 
ary, 1917,  at  which  time  he  withdrew  from 
the  management. 

The  chief  direction  of  Mr.  Campbell's 
present  activities  is  in  agriculture  and 
stock  raising.  He  is  owner  of  a  two  hun- 
dred fifty  acre  farm  in  Morgan  County, 


Indiana.  On  that  farm  he  has  developed 
the  nucleus  of  a  herd  of  Poland  'China 
hogs  which  are  unexcelled  in  point  of  se- 
lection, breeding  and  other  points  admired 
by  judges  of  swine.  Conducting  a  hog 
ranch  is  not  merely  a  diversion  or  a  labor 
of  love  with  Mr.  Campbell.  It  is  a  busi- 
ness proposition,  and  incidentally  is  doing 
much  for  the  betterment  of  stock  stand- 
ards throughout  the  state.  He  also  owns 
and  operates  a  large  cattle  ranch  in  Col- 
orado and  Wyoming,  stocked  with  about 
2,400  head  of  choice  white  face  Here.fords. 
With  several  others  Mr.  Campbell  is  in- 
terested in  probably  the  largest  wheat 
ranch  in  the  United  States,  located  in  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  of  California. 

Mr.  Campbell  is  a  man  of  means  who 
is  never  content  to  be  idle.  He  is  always 
working  and  getting  work  done,  and  his 
presence  in  any  community  is  an  invalua- 
ble asset.  As  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  he 
is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  thirty-second  degree  of  Scot- 
tish Rite  Masonry  and  Murat  Temple  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  married  and  has 
two  children. 

DANIEL  WAIT  HOWE,  eminent  lawyer  and 
judge,  was  born  at  Patriot,  Indiana,  Oc- 
tober 24,  1839,  a  son  of  Daniel  Haven  and 
Lucy  (Hicks)  Howe,  and  a  descendant  of 
John  Howe,  the  first  settler  of  Marlbor- 
ough,  Massachusetts.  Judge  Howe  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  from  Franklin  College  in  1857, 
and  is  a  graduate  of  the  Albany  Law 
School,  LL.  B.,  with  the  class  of  1867.  After 
a  service  in  the  Civil  war,  in  which  he  took 
part  in  many  of  its  hard  fought  battles, 
he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Franklin 
in  1867,  where  he  also  served  as  city  at- 
torney and  state  prosecuting  attorney.  In 
1873  he  became  a  resident  of  Indianapolis. 
Here  he  served  as  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  from  1876  until  1890,  when  he  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  the  law,  but  is  now 
retired. 

Judge  Howe  married  Inez  Hamilton,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  A.  and  Susan  Hamil- 
ton, of  Decatur  County,  Indiana. 

CHARLES  E.  COFFIN,  formerly  president 
of  the  Central  Trust  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis and  now  treasurer  of  the  Star  Pub- 
lishing Company,  has  had  an  active  posi- 
tion in  business  and  civic  affairs  at  the 
capital  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

He    was   born    at    Salem,    Washington 


• 


.. 


- 

. 

TV 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1745 


Richmond  in  1910,  opening  a  shoe  store 
under  the  name  Teeple  Shoe  Company.  He 
developed  this  as  a  very  prosperous  enter- 
prise and  remained  for  seven  and  a  half 
years,  when  he  disposed  of  his  interests  to 
accept  the  post  of  traveling  representative 
of  the  Holland  Shoe  Company  of  Holland, 
Michigan,  with  headquarters  at  Chicago. 
For  a  year  and  a  half  he  interested  the  mer- 
chants of  Chicago  in  his  line,  and  also  trav- 
eled over  the  states  of  Illinois  and  Missouri. 
Mr.  Teeple  then  returned  to  Richmond  and 
bought  a  half  interest  in  his  old  store,  and 
is  now  congenially  and  profitably  located 
as  one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  the  city. 
Mr.  Teeple,  who  is  unmarried,  is  affi- 
liated with  Masonry,  including  the  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  and  Mizpah 
Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  and  in  politics 
is  an  independent  republican. 

HENRY  F.  CAMPBELL,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
a  typical  representative  of  the  best  type 
of  American  business  men  today,  virile, 
strong,  aggressive,  successful.  His  name 
has  already  been  associated  with  some  of 
the  outstanding  institutions  of  the  state, 
and  even  more  substantial  results  may  be 
expected  from  him  in  the  future. 

Mr.  Campbell  was  born  at  Williamsport, 
Pennsylvania,  February  26,  1882.  son  of 
Ebcn  H.  Campbell.  In  1904  he  graduated 
with  the  degree  Civil  Engineer  from  Le- 
high  University  and  has  always  had  ex- 
port technical  <|ualifications  to  guide  him 
in  his  broad  business  enterprises.  Mr. 
Campbell  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1908  to 
represent  his  father's  and  his  own  finan- 
cial interests  in  the  Overland  Automobile 
Company  and  the  Marion  Motor  Car  Com- 
pany. In  1910  the  Campbell  interests  in 
these  corporations  were  withdrawn,  since 
which  time  Mr.  Eben  B.  Campbell  has  had 
no  financial  investments  in  Indiana. 

About  that  time  Henry  F.  Campbell  be- 
came associated  with  the  organi/.ation  of 
the  Stutx  Motor  Car  Company,  and  was 
one  of  the  men  primarily  responsible  for 
the  development  and  success  of  that  Hoos- 
ier  enterprise.  For  a  short  time  he  was 
president  and  later  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  corporation  until  Febru- 
ary, 1917,  at  which  time  he  withdrew  from 
the  management. 

The  chief  direction  of  Mr.  Campbell's 
present  activities  is  in  agriculture  and 
stock  raising.  He  is  owner  of  a  two  hun- 
dred fiftv  acre  farm  in  Morgan  County, 


Indiana.  On  that  farm  he  has  developed 
the  nucleus  of  a  herd  of  Poland  'China 
hogs  which  arc  unexcelled  in  point  of  se- 
lection, breeding  and  other  points  admired 
by  judges  of  swine.  Conducting  a  hog 
ranch  is  not  merely  a  diversion  or  a  labor 
of  love  with  -Mr.  Campbell.  It  is  a  busi- 
ness proposition,  and  incidentally  is  doing 
much  for  the  betterment  of  .stock  stand- 
ards throughout  the  state.  lie  also  owns 
and  operates  a  large  cattle  ranch  in  Col- 
orado and  Wyoming,  stocked  with  about 
2,400  head  of  choice  white  face  Hereford*. 
With  several  others  Mr.  Campbell  is  in- 
terested in  probably  the  largest  wheat 
ranch  in  the  ["nited  States,  located  in  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  of  California. 

Mr.  Campbell  is  a  man  of  means  who 
is  never  content  to  be  idle.  He  is  always 
working  and  getting  work  done,  and  his 
presence  in  any  community  is  an  invalua- 
ble asset.  As  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  he 
is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  thirty-second  degree  of  Scot- 
tish Rite  Masonry  and  Murat  Temple  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  married  and  has 
two  children. 

DANIEL  WAIT  HOWE,  eminent  lawyer  and 
judge,  was  born  at  Patriot.  Indiana,  Oc- 
tober 24,  1839,  a  son  of  Daniel  Haven  and 
Lucy  (Hicks)  Howe,  ami  a  descendant  of 
John  Howe,  the  first  settler  of  Marlbor- 
ough,  Massachusetts.  Judge  Howe  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  from  Franklin  College  in  1857. 
and  is  a  graduate  of  the  Albany  Law 
School,  LL.  B..  with  the  class  of  1867.  After 
a  service  in  the  Civil  war.  in  which  he  took 
part  in  many  of  its  hard  fought  battles, 
he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Franklin 
in  1867,  where  he  also  served  as  city  at- 
torney and  state  prosecuting  attorney.  In 
1873  he  became  a  resident  of  Indianapolis. 
Here  he  served  as  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  from  1876  until  1890.  when  he  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  the  law,  but  is  now 
retired. 

Judge  Howe  married  Inez  Hamilton,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  A.  and  Susan  Hamil- 
ton, of  Decatur  County.  Indiana. 

CHARLES  E.  COFFIX.  formerly  president 
of  the  Central  Trust  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis and  now  treasurer  of  the  Slar  Pub- 
lishintr  Company,  has  had  an  active  posi- 
tion in  business  and  civic  affairs  at  the 
capital  for  nearly  half  a  century. 

He    was    born    at    Salem.    Washington 


1746 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


County,  Indiana,  son  of  Zachariah  T.  and 
Caroline  (Armfield)  Coffin.  His  father 
was  a  tanner  by  trade,  and  enjoyed  a 
highly  respected  place  in  his  community 
and  served  as  justice  of  the  peace.  In 
1862  the  family  removed  to  Bloomington, 
Indiana. 

It  was  in  that  university  town  that 
Charles  E.  Coffin  acquired  part  of  his  edu- 
cation. At  the  age  of  twenty  he  came  t^ 
Indianapolis  and  went  to  work  for  the  real 
estate  firm  of  Wylie  &  Martin.  At  the  end 
of  six  years  his  experience  and  other  quali- 
fications justified  him  in  setting  up  a  busi- 
ness of  his  own,  and  for  over  thirty  years 
Mr.  Coffin  was  one  of  the  leading  experts 
in  realty  values  and  in  handling  many  of 
the  larger  operations  involving  real  estate 
in  the  city.  He  was  not  only  a  broker,  but 
has  to  his  credit  the  opening  up  and  placing 
on  the  market  of  a  number  of  subdivisions 
in  and  around  Indianapolis. 

In  1899  Mr.  Coffin  organized  the  Central 
Trust  Company  and  was  its  president  until 
the  company  sold  its  building  and  business 
to  the  Farmers  Trust  Company.  Mr. 
Coffin  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Indianapolis  and  Eastern  Railroad  Com- 
pany, was  one  of  its  first  stockholders  and 
for  a  number  of  years  its  vice  president. 
He  still  has  a  riumber  of  interests  in  busi- 
ness organizations,  but  gives  most  of  his 
time  to  his  duties  as  treasurer  of  the  Star 
Publishing  Company. 

Mr.  Coffin  takes  a  due  degree  of  proper 
pride  in  the  fact  that  he  was  one  of  the 
organizers  and  incorporators  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Commercial  Club  in  1890  and  was 
closely  identified  with  the  organization 
through  its  great  constructive  work  in  the 
making  of  a  modern  municipality.  He 
served  as  president  of  the  club  in  1900.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  incorporators  and  served 
as  a  director  of  the  Country  Club  and 
the  Woodstock  Club,  has  been  a  director 
of  the  Indianapolis  Art  Association,  has 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Gov- 
ernors of  the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade, 
and  is  now  serving  his  twentieth  year  on 
the  City  Board  of  Park  Commissioners. 
He  is  a  charter  member  of  the  Columbia 
Club,  a  member  of  the  Contemporary  Club, 
the  University  Club,  the  Marion  Club,  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and  treasurer  of 
the  Indiana  Historical  Society.  Mr.  Coffin 
is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  is  a  thirty-second  de'gree 


Mason,  and  a  member  of  Murat  Temple 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

JOHN  F.  ACKERMAN  has  been  a  promi- 
nent merchant  of  Richmond  for  over  thirty 
years,  and  is  president  of  the  John  F. 
Ackerman  Company,  the  highest  class  dry 
goods  and  notions  store  in  Eastern  In- 
diana. Mr.  Ackerman  is  a  man  of  the 
highest  standing  in  his  community,  and  his 
successful  record  is  due  to  his  long  and 
close  attention  to  his  steadily  increasing 
business  interest.  He  has  little  of  the  thirst 
for  adventure  and  travel  which  made  of  his 
son,  Carl  Ackerman,  one  of  the  most  fam- 
ous correspondents  developed  by  the  great 
war. 

Mr.  Ackerman  was  born  at  Richmond, 
September  7,  1863,  son  of  Herman  Henry 
and  Caroline  Elizabeth  (Kruval)  Acker- 
man. His  father  came  from  Neuenkirchen 
in  Hanover  when  a  young  man  of  thirty 
years,  while  the  mother  came  from  Osna- 
brueck,  Hanover,  at  the  age  of  fifteen. 
Herman  Henry  Ackerman  settled  at  Rich- 
mond and  was  employed  as  an  engineer  by 
Swayne,  Dunn  &  Companv.  He  died  in 
1867. 

John  F.  Ackerman  was  the  second  in 
a  family  of  four  children.  He  attended 
public  school  very  little  during  his  youth, 
completing  only  the  third  grade.  He  then 
went  to  work  at  wages  of  $4  a  week  stack- 
ing tanbark  for  the  Wiggins  tannery,  and 
in  1878  was  employed  as  errand  boy  and 
cashier  by  Leonard  Haynes  &  Company, 
dry  goods  merchants.  He  worked  along 
through  different  responsibilities,  became 
manager  of  the  calico  stock,  woolens,  hos- 
iery, underwear,  and  every  other  depart- 
ment of  the  store,  until  they  went  out  of 
business  in  1888.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
carefully  saved  his  money  and  after  his 
marriage  he  took  charge  of  the  dry  goods 
department  of  the  L.  M.  Jones  Company  in 
1888,  and  remained  there  until  1892,  build- 
ing up  his  branch  of  the  business  to  very 
successful  proportions.  He  and  W.  F. 
Thomas  bought  the  Railroad  store  at 
Eighth  and  L  streets,  and  the  firm  of 
Ackerman  &  Thomas  were  in  business  until 
1899.  He  then  rejoined  the  L.  M.  Jones 
establishment,  and  was  again  manager  of 
the  drygoods  department  until  1902,  in 
which  year  with  Albert  Gregg,  he  bought 
a  half  interest  in  the  Hoosier  store  and 
was  one  of  the  responsible  managers  of  that 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1747 


drygoods  house  until  1910,  when  he  sold 
his  interest.  He  then  enjoyed  a  well 
earned  rest  for  about  a  year,  and  in  1912 
started  at  his  present  location  on  Main 
Street  the  John  F.  Ackerman  Company, 
which  is  the  premier  store  of  its  kind  han- 
dling dry  goods  and  notions  in  Richmond. 
The  business  is  incorporated  for  $10,000, 
and  has  a  trade  extending  twenty-four 
miles  in  a  radius  around  Richmond.  Mr. 
Ackerman  also  owns  the  building  in  which 
his  store  is  located.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Commercial  Club,  of  which  his  son  Everett 
is  treasurer.  He  is  independent  in  politics, 
and  a  member  of  the  Trinity  Lutheran 
Church. 

In  1887  Mr.  Ackerman  married  Miss  Mary 
Alice  Eggemeyer,  daughter  of  John  and 
Caroline  (Stiens)  Eggemeyer  of  Richmond. 
The  three  children  of  their  marriage  are 
Carl  W.,  aged  twenty-nine;  Everett  J., 
aged  twenty-seven,  and  Rhea  Caroline,  age 
twenty-live.  Everett  married  Charlotte 
Allison,  of  Richmond,  in  1912,  and  their 
two  children  are  Margaret  Ann,  born  in 
1916,  and  Thomas  Fielding,  born  in  1918. 
Rhea  Caroline  is  a  graduate  of  the  Reid 
Memorial  Hospital,  where  she  took  a  three 
years'  course  as  a  nurse,  and  has  served 
as  a  nurse  with  the  Red  Cross. 

Carl  W.  Ackerman,  the  famous  war 
correspondent,  is  twenty-nine  years  old  and 
a  native  of  Richmond.  He  graduated 
from  high  school  and  from  1907  to  1911 
was  a  student  in  Earlham  College.  While 
in  college  he  started  the  Press  Club,  the 
college  paper,  and  successfully  managed 
it.  Earlham  conferred  upon  him  an  hon- 
orary degree  in  June,  1917,  at  the  same 
time  that  Orville  Wright  of  Dayton  was 
similarly  honored.  After  graduating  Carl 
Ackerman  went  to  work  for  the  Sidner- 
Van  Riper  Advertising  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis, serving  nine  months  as  a 
stenographer.  About  that  time  he  heard 
Talcott  Williams  of  the  Columbia  Univer- 
sity School  of  Journalism  talk,  and  nothing 
would  satisfy  him  short  of  a  course  in  that 
newly  established  branch  of  Columbia.  He 
entered  in  1912,  and  after  nine  months 
graduated  as  a  member  of  the  first  class 
of  twelve.  He  soon  received  an  assign- 
ment with  the  United  Press  as  a  detail  and 
office  man,  and  had  two  important  assign- 
ments which  tested  his  mettle  as  a  corres- 
pondent and  reporter.  One  of  these  was  an 
interview  with  President  Wilson.  When 


the  famous  Captain  Becker  of  the  New 
York  police  scandal  was  convicted,  and 
sent  to  Sing  Sing,  Carl  Ackerman  secured 
an  interview  while  Becker  was  on  his  way 
to  prison  and  brought  out  many  facts  not 
before  made  public  concerning  that  re- 
markable conspiracy.  After  three  months 
in  New  York  Carl  Ackerman  was  given 
charge  of  the  Philadelphia  office  of  the 
United  Press,  was  legislative  reporter  at 
Albany,  New  York,  in  the  1913  session,  and 
was  then  sent  to  Washington  to  interview 
all  foreign  embassies,  remaining  there  until 
February,  1915.  He  was  then  given  the 
coveted  honor  of  Berlin  correspondent  for 
the  United  Press,  and  remained  in  Ger- 
many all  through  the  early  years  of  the 
war,  finally  coming  out  with  Mr.  Gerard, 
the  United  States  ambassador,  when 
America  became  involved.  Carl  Acker- 
man's  reports  on  conditions  in  Germany 
have  generally  been  accepted  as  the  clear- 
est and  most  accurate  in  all  the  great  mass 
of  correspondence  that  burdened  the  cables 
during  the  early  years  of  the  war.  Several 
of  his  most  widely  read  articles  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Saturday  Evening  Post,  and 
after  his  return  from  Germany  the  Post 
sent  him  to  Mexico  and  later  to  Switzer- 
land, and  he  'reviewed  conditions  in  both 
countries.  He  is  author  of  two  widely  read 
books,  "Germany  the  Next  Republic,"  and 
"The  Mexican  Dilemma,"  both  published 
by  the  George  H.  Doran  Company.  More 
recently  the  New  York  Times  sent  him  as 
eastern  correspondent  to  Japan,  Siberia 
and  China,  and  he  gave  the  first  authentic 
account  for  American  newspapers  concern- 
ing the  murder  of  the  ex-Czar  and  family 
at  Eketerinburg  in  Siberia  by  the  Bolshe- 
vists. Carl  Ackerman  now  has  his  home 
at  New  Hope,  Pennsylvania.  In  recent 
months  he  has  appeared  before  audiences 
all  over  the  United  States  lecturing  on  his 
war  experiences  and  particularly  on  the 
subject  "The  Menace  of  Bolshevism."  He 
married  Mabel  Van  der  Hoff  of  New  York 
City  in  May,  1913.  They  have  a  son,  Rob- 
ert Van  der  Hoff  Ackerman,  born  in  1914 
in  Germany,  six  months  after  his  parents 
had  gone  to  Berlin.  Carl  Ackerman  is  in- 
dependent in  politics.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Lotus  Club  of  New  York,  and  an  hon- 
orary member  of  the  Rotary  Club  of  Rich- 
mond. He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Wash- 
ington Press  Club. 


1748 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


FRANK  S.  SCHEIBLER.  One  of  the  oldest 
and  best  patronized  establishments  in 
Richmond  for  retail  meats  is  under  the 
present  proprietorship  of  Frank  S. 
Scheibler,  and  it  was  founded  many  years 
ago  by  his  father. 

The  present  proprietor  was  born  at 
Richmond  December  19,  1877,  son  of  Frank 
and  Caroline  (Minner)  Scheibler.  His 
father  came  from  Germany  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  learned  the  butcher  trade  in 
Cincinnati,  and  then  came  to  Richmond, 
where  he  married  and  where  he  continued 
active  in  business  until  1915.  He  died  in 
1917.  He  was  an  old  and  honored  resi- 
dent of  the  city.  Frank  S.  Scheibler  was 
third  among  four  children.  He  attended 
St.  Andrew's  parochial  schools,  and  after 
leaving  school  at  the  age  of  eighteen  went 
to  work  for  his  father,  and  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  business  in  gen- 
eral details  and  also  became  skillful  on  its 
technical  side.  He  was  with  his  father  for 
several  years  and  since  1915  has  been  ac- 
tive head  of  the  shop. 

Mr.  Scheibler  is  a  republican  in  politics 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Fraternal  Order 
of  Eagles.  In  1914  he  married  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Lea,  daughter  of  Harry  and  Phili- 
pine  (Miller)  Lea  of  Richmond.  They 
have  two  children:  Joseph,  born  in  1915, 
and  Eleanor,  born  in  1916. 

ROBERT  SANPORD  FOSTER.  There  is  noth- 
ing of  which  America  and  Americans  will 
be  more  proud  in  future  years  than  the 
spirit  of  willingness  with  which  men  promi- 
nent in  business  and  social  affairs  have  left 
those  positions  to  engage  in  the  grim  busi- 
ness of  war,  accepting  places  wherever 
duty  called  them,  content  and  satisfied 
only  that  they  could  be  of  use  and  service 
in  forwarding  the  great  cause. 

At  the  time  this  is  written  in  1918  the 
Red  Cross  and  related  activities  call  for 
far  more  of  the  time  and  strength  of  Rob- 
ert Sanford  Foster  than  his  private  busi- 
ness. Mr.  Foster  is  president  of  the  Rob- 
ert S.  Foster  Lumber  Company,  a  business 
which  is  a  continuation  of  the  old  Foster 
Lumber  Company,  established  more  than 
forty-five  years  ago  in  Indianapolis.  The 
name  Foster  probably  has  as  many  and  im: 
portant  associations  with  the  lumber  busi- 
ness of  Indiana  as  any  other  that  might 
be  mentioned.  It  is  also  a  name  honored 


and  respected  in  many  ways  in  the  capital 
city. 

The  Fosters  have  been  residents  of  In- 
diana for  more  thfln  a  century,  and  came 
to  the  bleak  shores  of  New  England  nearly 
three  centuries  ago.  The  first  American 
ancestor  was  Edward  Foster,  a  practicing 
lawyer  from  Kent  County,  England.  He 
arrived  in  America  in  1633  and  founded 
the  Scituate,  Massachusetts,  branch  of  the 
English  Fosters.  For  six  generations  the 
Fosters  remained  in  Massachusetts.  Riley 
Shaw  Foster,  grandfather  of  the  Indian- 
apolis business  man,  was  of  English  and 
New  England  descent,  and  was  a  son  of 
Jonathan  and  Elizabeth  (Wright)  Foster 
of  Bristol,  New  York,  who,  however,  were 
born  and  married  in  Massachusetts.  They 
moved  to  New  York  State  in  1800.  On 
his  maternal  side  Riley  Shaw  Foster  was 
seventh  in  descent  from  Deacon  Samuel 
Chapin,  who  was  the  original  of  St. 
Gaudens  statue  of  "The  Puritan"  at 
Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

Riley  Shaw  Foster  was  born  in  Ontario 
County,  New  York,  December  30,  1810,  and 
came  to  Indiana  in  1814.  He  conducted  a 
furniture  store  and  a  cabinet  making  shop 
at  Vernon  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana, 
and  afterwards  for  many  years  was  the 
leading  druggist  of  that  town.  In  1868  he 
moved  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  lived  re- 
tired. He  was  a  whig  and  republican,  and 
he  and  his  wife  members  of  the  First  Chris- 
tian Church  at  Indianapolis.  Riley  Shaw 
Foster  married  Sarah  J.  Wallace,  a  native 
of  Ireland  and  of  the-  famous  Wallace 
Clan  of  Scotland. 

The  founder  of  the  Foster  lumber  busi- 
ness in  Indianapolis  was  the  late  Chapin 
Clark  Foster,  who  died  at  Indianapolis 
June  28,  1916.  He  was  born  at  Vernon, 
Indiana,  April  15,  1847,  obtained  his  early 
education  in  the  schools  of  his  native  vil- 
lage and  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
entered  the  institution  at  Indianapolis  now 
known  as  Butler  College.  His  studies  there 
were  interrupted  when  on  May  18, 1864,  he 
volunteered  and  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
Company  D  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-second  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry. 
This  regiment  was  in  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland and  he  was  on  duty  the  hundred 
days  of  his  enlistment.  Subsequently  he 
was  assigned  as  a  member  of  the  commis- 
sion which  took  testimony  and  received 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1749 


claims  made  by  the  citizens  of  Southern. 
Indiana  who  had  been  injured  or  suffered 
property  loss  through  the  raid  of  General 
Morgan  through  that  portion  of  the  state. 
Chapin  Clark  Foster  was  the  youngest  of 
five  brothers  who  served  in  the  Civil  war. 
The  others  were  William  Poster,  in  the 
Morgan  raid,  Major  General  Robert  S. 
Foster,  Captain  Edgar  J.  Foster  and  Cap- 
tain Wallace  Foster. 

After  his  army  service  Chapin  C.  Foster 
continued  his  work  in  Butler  College,  but 
in  the  spring  of  1865  became  disbursing 
officer  for  the  State  Asylum  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  there 
for  six  years  and  then  for  two  years  was 
bookkeeper  in  the  old  mercantile  house  of 
L.  S.  Ayers  &  Company.  Chapin  Clark 
Foster  identified  himself  with  the  lumber 
business  at  Indianapolis  in  1872.  From 
that  time  forward  practically  until  his 
death  he  was  one  of  the  leading  lumbermen 
of  Indiana.  He  had  various  business  asso- 
ciates and  operated  under  different  firm 
names,  but  for  many  years  was  president 
and  executive  head  of  the  Foster  Lumber 
Company.  His  success  as  a  lumber  dealer 
naturally  made  him  prominent  in  lumber- 
men's organizations.  He  was  a  charter 
member  and  one  year  president  of  the  In- 
diana Lumbermen's  Association  and  for 
several  years  was  president  of  the  Indiana 
Lumbermen's  Mutual  Insurance  Company. 
He  served  as  vice  president  two  terms  and 
member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Indiana  Manufacturers  Association,  and 
was  a  charter  member  and  for  a  number  of 
years  on  the  executive  committee  and  later 
secretary  of  the  Indianapolis  Employers 
Association.  He  was  also  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade, 
served  twice  as  its  vice  president,  was  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Commercial 
Club  from  the  time  of  its  organization  and 
was  its  first  vice  president,  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Columbia  Club  after  its 
incorporation,  was  one  of  the  organizers 
and  incorporators  of  the  Country  Club  and 
its  first  president.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Marion  Club,  charter  member  of 
George  H.  Thomas  Post  No.  17,  Grand 
Army  Republic  and  for  many  years  an 
elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
Politically  he  was  a  devoted  supporter  of 
the  republican  party,  though  he  never 
sought  official  honors. 


Chapin  Clark  Foster  married  in  1873, 
Harriet  Mclntire,  who  is  still  living  in  In- 
dianapolis. She  has  long  been  prominent 
in  social  and  charitable  affairs  and  her 
name  is  permanently  linked  with  Indiana 
authors  and  literary  work.  In  1894  she 
founded  the  Indiana  Society  of  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution  and  was 
the  first  state  regent,  holding  that  office 
six  years,  and  afterwards  being  made  the 
first  honorary  state  regent.  She  also 
founded  the  first  eight  chapters  in  Indiana. 
Her  father,  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Mclntire,  was 
for  twenty-six  years  superintendent  of  the 
Indiana  State  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  at  Indianapolis,  and  out  of  those 
early  associations  Mrs.  Foster  acquired  a 
knowledge  and  sympathy  which  have  made 
her  an  effective  instrument  in  every  move- 
ment toward  the  solution  of  problems  con- 
nected with  the  administration  of  public 
institutions  for  defective  and  unfortunate 
people.  In  1878,  at  the  request  of  Rev.  0. 
McCullough,  she  wrote  a  pamphlet  upon 
the  education  of  the  feeble  minded,  ad- 
dressed to  the  Legislature  then  sitting,  and 
this  pamphlet  changed  the  minority  vote 
to  a  majority  vote  in  favor  of  building  the 
school  for  the  feeble  minded  at  Fort 
Wayne.  In  1888  she  was  author  of  a  paper 
on  Indiana  Authors,  prepared  for  the 
Indianapolis  Woman's  Club.  This  con- 
tained besides  personal  reminiscences  a  list 
of  over  250  Indiana  writers.  The  paper 
was  widely  used  in  the  public  schools,  In- 
diana University,  Technical  Institute,  and 
Indiana  Library  School.  In  1885  she  also 
prepared  a  Memoir  of  her  father,  Rev.  Dr. 
Thomas  Mclntire,  and  in  1908  she  wrote 
a  Memoir  of  Mrs.  Benjamin  Harrison,  the 
first  President  General  of  the  National  So- 
ciety of  the  Daughters  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Mrs.  Foster  for  many  years 
was  vice  president  for  Indiana  of  the 
Northwest  Genealogical  Society.  She  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Historical 
Society  and  of  the  Red  Cross,  and  wrote 
for  the  Indiana  Historical  Society  "Mem- 
ories of  the  National  Road,"  published  in 
the  Indiana  Historical  Magazine  in  March, 
1917.  Mrs.  Foster  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  director  and 
secretary  and  is  now  director  emeritus  of 
the  Indianapolis  Orphans  Society.  For 
fourteen  years  she  was  a  member  of  the 
Citizens  Library  Committee,  Public  Li- 


1750 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


brary,  and  gave  much  time  to  the  careful 
selection  of  new  books  for  the  public  library 
of  Indianapolis. 

Her  father,  Dr.  Thomas  Mclntire,  was 
born  at  Reynoldsburg,  Ohio,  December  25, 
1815,  and  died  at  Indianapolis  September 
25,  1885.  He  was  educated  in  Hanover 
College  and  Franklin  College,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1840  and  from  Princeton 
Theological  Seminary  in  1842.  Forty 
years  of  his  life  were  given  to  the  educa- 
tional and  administrative  work  of  public 
institutions  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He 
was  instructor  in  the  Ohio  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institute  from  1842  to  1845,  founded,  and 
from  1845  to  1850  was  superintendent  of 
the  Tennessee  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute 
at  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  and  following  an 
interval  in  which  he  conducted  a  book- 
store at  Columbus,  was  made  superintend- 
ent in  1852  of  the  Indiana  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institute,  an  office  he  filled  until  1879. 
From  1879  to  1882  he  was  superintendent 
of  the  Michigan  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  Blind 
Institute  at  Flint,  and  then  founded  the 
Western  Pennsylvania  Institute  for  the 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  where  he  served  from 
1883  until  shortly  before  his  death.  Sep- 
tember 26,  1843,  he  married  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Barr,  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  daughter  of 
John  Barr  and  Nancy  Nelson,  granddaugh- 
ter of  two  of  the  founders  of  Columbus, 
Ohio.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Mclntire  had  five 
daughters,  Mrs.  Chapin  C.  Foster;  Alice, 
who  'died  in  childhood ;  Mrs.  Merrick  N. 
Vinton,  of  New  York;  Mrs.  Charles  Mar- 
tindale;  and  Mrs.  Morris  Ross,  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

Chapin  C.  Foster  and  wife  had  three 
children:  Mary  Mclntire,  Robert  Sanford 
and  Martha  Martindale.  Mary  Mclntire, 
who  died  June  13,  1905,  was  the  wife  of 
Charles  H.  Morrison,  and  mother  of  Robert 
Foster  Morrison,  born  June  10,  1905. 
Martha  Martindale  Foster  married  July  16, 
1911,  Maj.  Howard  C.  Marmon,  United 
States  America,  now  in  command  of  Mc- 
Cook  Aviation  Field  at  Dayton,  Ohio. 

Robert  Sanford  Foster,  whose  career  is 
in  many  important  respects  a  continuation 
of  his  father's  activities  and  influences,  in 
the  City  of  Indianapolis,  was  born  in.  the 
sixteen  block  on  East  Washington  Street, 
Indianapolis,  June  16,  1876.  His  early 
education  and  training  would  have  been 
an  adequate  preparation  for  any  profes- 
sion or  vocation  he  might  have  chosen.  He 


attended  the  Boys  Classical  School  at  In- 
dianapolis, Butler  College,  and  finished  in 
Princeton  University.  He  was  a  student 
at  Princeton  when  Woodrow  Wilson  was 
one  of  the  professors  of  that  institution. 

From  college  he  returned  home  to  be- 
come associated  with  his  father  in  the  lum- 
ber business,  and  several  years  ago  he 
organized  the  R.  S.  Foster  Lumber  Com- 
pany, which  continues  at  the  old  location 
of  his  father's  company.  Mr.  Foster  is 
an  active  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  Columbia  Club,  and  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church. 

His  interests  and  sympathies  and  activi- 
ties have  made  him  respond  to  every  call 
upon  his  services  since  America  entered 
the  great  war.  At  the  present  time  he  is 
serving  as  field  director  of  the  Red  Cross 
for  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison  and  Speed- 
way, and  also  for  the  Vocational  Training 
Detachments  within  the  state. 

October  16,  1906,  Robert  S.  Foster  mar- 
ried Miss  Edith  Jeffries,  daughter  of  Rev. 
W.  H.  and  Elsie  (McFain)  Jeffries.  Her 
father  is  a  graduate  of  Princeton  College. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Foster  have  one  daughter, 

Mary  Edith,  born  July  31,  1907. 

', 

HOMER  V.  WINN.  Indianapolis  has 
present  abundant  opportunities  to  Homer 
V.  Winn  in  its  business  and  civic  affairs. 
He  is  an  Illinois  man,  but  after  a  varied 
experience  as  a  sales  manager  and  mer- 
chant in  that  state  and  elsewhere,  removed 
to  Indianapolis  and  became  identified  offi- 
cially with  some  of  the  older  organizations 
and  has  helped  promote  some  of  the  newer 
forces  in  the  commercial  and  civic  life  of 
the  capital  city. 

Mr.  Winn  was  born  at  Brocton,  Illinois, 
March  12,  1883,  a  son  of  Marion  and  Sa- 
mantha  H.  (Haines)  Winn.  His  grand- 
father went  to  Edgar  County,  Illinois, 
from  Zanesville,  Ohio,  and  became  a  well 
known  figure  in  that  section  of  the  Prairie 
State.  He  was  a  farmer,  a  republican,  a 
Methodist,  and  died  at  Kansas,  Illinois,  in 
1917,  in  advanced  years.  The  oldest  of 
his  eight  children  was  Marion  Winn,  who 
had  the  distinction  of  being  the  only  re- 
publican sheriff  Edgar  County  ever  had, 
and  even  at  that  he  was  elected  by  the 
largest  majority  ever  given  in  any  previous 
campaign  for  "that  office.  He  served  as 
sheriff  of  Edgar  County  from  1894  to 
1902.  He  was  a  man  of  good  education, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1751 


a  farmer  by  occupation,  and  for  several 
years  has  lived  retired  at  Brocton,  being 
now  sixty-eight  years  of  age.  He  served 
a  number  of  years  as  a  member  of  the 
County  School  Board.  He  is  a  Scottish 
Rite  Mason. 

Homer  V.  Winn  was  the  youngest  of  the 
six  children  of  his  parents  and  received  his 
early  training  in  the  public  schools  of 
Illinois.  For  a  time  he  was  deputy  United 
States  marshal  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  un- 
der Marshal  C.  P.  Hitt.  Later  he  engaged 
in  the  retail  clothing  business  at  Paris, 
Illinois,  under  the  name  of  The  Winn  Com- 
pany, and  was  its  managing  partner.  He 
was  in  that  business  for  ten  years.  He 
also  served  as  sales  manager  for  the 
Southern  Motors  Company  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  and  as  manager  of  the  sales 
promotion  department  of  the  Cadillac 
Company  of  Indiana.  Mr.  Winn  is  now 
giving  most  of  his  time  to  a  broader  serv- 
ice of  sales  organization  and  advertising, 
and  until  March,  1918,  was  member  of  the 
firm  Aldred  and  Winn,  which  was  estab- 
lished in  1915  as  an  advertising  agency, 
especially  adapted  to  the  promotion  of 
sales  of  large  industrial  and  manufactur- 
ing enterprises. 

Mr.  Winn  is  secretary  of  the  Indianap- 
olis Real  Estate  Board  and  is  also  secre- 
tary of  the  Community  Welfare  League, 
which  he  organized  in  1916.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Advertising  Club  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  and  the  Kiwanis  and  Optimist 
clubs  of  Indianapolis.  December  20,  1906, 
at  Paris,  Illinois,  Mr.  Winn  married  Miss 
Emma  Link.  They  have  a  daughter, 
Katherine,  born  August  20,  1917. 

WILLIAM  P.  MALOTT.  The  Malott  fam- 
ily, represented  by  William  P.  Malott  of 
Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the  best  known  in 
Indiana.  The  Malotts  were  pioneers  and 
through  different  generations  have  been 
dynamic  forces  for  business  ability  and 
probity.  None  of  the  name  has  ever  been 
other  than  honorable  and  straightforward 
in  his  relationships,  and  many  of  them 
have  been  real  leaders  in  educational,  re- 
ligious and  charitable  affairs. 

At  a  time  when  the  maps  of  the  western 
country  showed  very  few  towns  and  when 
the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  were  a  conspicuous 
point,  Hiram  Malott,  who  was  of  French 
Huguenot  ancestry,  journeyed  down  the 
Ohio  and  established  his  home  near  the 


Falls  at  the  budding  village  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky.  A  son  of  this  pioneer  Ken- 
tuckian  was  Michael  A.  Malott,  who  was 
born  near  Jeffersontown  in  Jefferson 
County,  Kentucky,  about  ten  miles  from 
Louisville.  He  grew  up  and  married  in 
his  native  state.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Mary  Hawes.  From  Kentucky 
Michael  Malott  moved  across  the  Ohio 
River  into  the  largely  unbroken  and  un- 
settled country  of  Southern  Indiana,  and 
established  a  home  at  Leesville  in  Lawrence 
County.  Still  later  he  removed  to  Bed- 
ford, where  for  years  he  was  prominent  in 
business  and  public  affairs.  He  was  a 
banker,  long  held  the  office  of  president  of 
the  Bedford  Bank,  and  in  1847  was  elected 
to  represent  Lawrence  County  in  the  State 
Senate.  He  was  one  of  the  forceful  men 
in  the  legislative  session  and  in  order  to 
reach  Indianapolis  in  the  absence  of  rail- 
road facilities  from  Lawrence  County  he 
made  the  journey  on  horseback.  He  was 
a  strict  business  man,  proverbially  honest 
and  upright  in  all  his  dealings,  and  his 
record  can  be  recalled  with  satisfaction 
not  only  by  his  family  but  by  all  who  take 
pride  in  Indiana  citizenship.  He  was  a 
democrat-  in  politics.  He  died  in  1875. 
The  maiden  name  of  his  wife  was  Elizabeth 
Mooney,  and  of  their  children  the  fifth 
was  William  P.  Malott. 

William  P.  Malott  was  born  at  Bedford, 
Indiana,  February  16,  1840,  one  of  seven 
sons  and  three  daughters.  His  home  re- 
mained at  Bedford  until  1895,  when  he 
came  to  Indianapolis.  As  a  youth  he  re- 
sponded to  the  call  for  military  service 
and  on  July  21,  1861,  upon  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Twenty-First  Indiana  Infantry, 
he  joined  the  band  and  was  its  leader. 
The  regiment  was  later  reorganized  and 
became  part  of  the  First  Indiana  Heavy 
Artillery.  Mr.  Malott  was  in  service  about 
eighteen  months.  As  the  result  of  a  special 
act  of  Congress  disbanding  all  regimental 
bands  he  was  granted  an  honorable  dis- 
charge at  New  Orleans  September  11,  1863. 
During  his  service  as  band  leader  he  had 
under  him  the  youngest  man  known  to 
have  had  his  name  on  the  muster  rolls  of 
the  United  States  army.  The  name  of  this 
man,  or  rather  boy,  was  Eddie  Black,  who 
at  the  time  of  his  enlistment  was  8V«  years 
old.  Mr.  Malott  was  in  the  Butler  cam- 
paign around  the  coast  to  New  Orleans 
and  was  present  when  Baton  Rouge  was 


1752 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


conquered  by  the  Union  troops.  On  May 
2,  1862,  his  band  was  the  first  to  play  in 
New  Orleans  after  it  was  captured  by  But- 
ler's army. 

Mr.  Malott  had  begun  his  business 
career  at  the  age  of  sixteen  as  a  dry  goods 
merchant.  In  1874  he  took  up  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Bedford  Woolen  Mills.  In  1882 
he  became  cashier  of  the  Bedford  Bank. 
Since  coming  to.  Indianapolis  Mr.  Malott 
has  been  engaged  in  the  retail  coal  busi- 
ness. In  politics  he  is  a  democrat.  In 
1916  he  completed  a  half  century  record 
as  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows.  He  joined  the  order  at  Bed- 
ford and  has  always  kept  his  membership 
there.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

Mr.  Malott  among  friends  and  associates 
has  always  been  noted  for  the  sunshine  of 
his  temperament  and  disposition  and  his 
unselfish  devotion  to  the  amelioration  of 
the  griefs  of  his  fellow  men.  "What  he 
has  been  able  to  do  through  acts  of  per- 
sonal kindness  perhaps  furnishes  him  a 
greater  consolation  in  his  declining  years 
than  any  of  his  business  successes.  For 
over  fifty  years  he  was  happily  married. 
Mr.  Malott  is  a  lover  of  music  and  in  his 
younger  days  played  several  instruments. 
His  wife  was  an  accomplished  pianist  and 
often  accompanied  him.  Music  was  one  of 
a  number  of  common  resources  which 
brought  them  the  greatest  of  enjoyment. 
It  was  true  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malott  that 
they  were  mated  as  well  as  married.  Their 
lives  were  congenial,  and  the  heaviest  sor- 
row Mr.  Malott  has  been  called  upon  to 
bear  was  when  his  beloved  companion  was 
taken  from  him  six  years  ago. 

On  June  20,  1865,  he  married  Florence 
O.  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Jesse  A.  Mitchell. 
Mrs.  Malott  died  October  5.  1913.  They 
were  the  parents  of  six  children:  Frank; 
Charles  M. ;  Kate,  deceased;  Albert,  de- 
ceased ;  Attia,  who  married  Harvey  B.  Mar- 
tin; and  Charlotte,  deceased. 

COLONEL  JOHN  T.  BARNETT.  An  hon- 
ored resident  of  Indianapolis  for  many 
years,  a  native  of  Hendricks  County,  In- 
diana, the  career  of  Colonel  John  T.  Bar- 
nett  is  one  that  reflects  honor  upon  his 
native  state.  He  was  the  first  Hendricks 
County  boy  to  graduate  from  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point, 
and  he  saw  much  active  service  as  an  offi- 


cer of  the  regular  United  States  Army  in 
the  far  west  when  that  section  of  the  coun- 
try needed  the  constant  vigilance  and  pro- 
tection of  the  military  forces.  He  also 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  seconcj  man 
of  Hendricks  County  to  command  a  regi- 
ment in  a  war,  and  was  the  only  demo- 
cratic colonel  in  the  Spanish-American 
war  from  the  State  of  Indiana.  Aside 
from  his  military  record  Colonel  Barnett 
has  long  been  prominent  in  business  af- 
fairs and  in  civic  life. 

He  was  born  three  miles  west  of  Dan- 
ville, Indiana,  September  2,  1851.  He  is 
a  son  of  William  and  Nancy  (Buchanan) 
Barnett,  and  of  most  honorable  ancestry. 
His  mother  was  a  direct  descendant  of 
George  Buchanan,  eminent  as  a  Scottish 
scholar,  historian  and  poet.  Colonel  Bar- 
nett's  maternal  great-grandfather,  Alex- 
ander Buchanan,  was  born  in  Scotland,  a 
member  of  the  old  Buchanan  clan,  and  on 
emigrating  to  the  United  States  became 
identified  with  the  colonial  cause  in  the 
war  for  independence  and  saw  active  serv- 
ice in  a  New  Jersey  regiment  throughout 
the  Revolutionary  war.  Colonel  Barnett 's 
father  was  a  native  of  Virginia.  The  rec- 
ord of  the  family  there  begins  with  John 
Barnett,  who  died  about  the  beginning  of 
the  Revolutionary  war.  James,  son  of 
John,  moved  to  Kentucky  in  1808,  and  was 
a  fanner  and  died  in  Shelby  County. 
William  Barnett,  father  of  Colonel  Bar- 
nett, came  to  Indiana  in  1833  and  was  a 
pioneer  in  Hendricks  County,  where  he 
acquired  land  from  the  government,  and 
it  was  on  that  farm  Colonel  Barnett  was 
born.  William  Barnett  was  unusually 
well  educated  for  his  time  and  was  a 
teacher  as  well  as  a  farmer.  He  gave  each 
of  his  children  the  best  obtainable  educa- 
tional advantages  and  did  much  for  the 
general  cause  of  educational  enlighten- 
ment in  his  home  county.  Colonel  Bar- 
nett 's  father  lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-one 
and  his  mother  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine. 

As  a  boy  Colonel  Barnett  attended  the 
schools  of  his  native  township  and  also  the 
old  Danville  Academy.  For  one  year  he 
taught  school.  In  1871  he  entered  As- 
bury,  now  DePauw,  University,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  class  of  1875,  completed  his 
freshman  year  in  that  institution.  About 
that  time  upon  the  recommendation  of 
Gen.  John  Coburn,  then  a  congressman, 


1752 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


conquered  by  the  1'iiion  troops.  On  May 
2.  1862,  his  band  was  the  first  to  play  in 
New  Orleans  after  it  was  captured  by  But- 
ler's army. 

Mr.  .Malott  had  begun  his  business 
career  at  the  age  of  sixteen  as  a  dry  poods 
merchant.  In  1.S74  lie  took  up  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Bedford  Woolen  Mills.  In  1882 
he  became  cashier  of  the  Bedford  Bank. 
Since  coming  to  Indianapolis  Mr.  Malott 
has  been  engaged  in  the  retail  coal  busi- 
ness. In  politics  lie  is  a  democrat.  In 
1916  he  completed  a  half  century  record 
as  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows.  He  joined  the  order  at  Bed- 
ford and  has  always  kept  his  membership 
there.  lie  is  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church. 

Mr.  Malott  amoiiir  friends  and  associates 
has  always  been  noted  for  the  sunshine  of 
his  temperament  and  disposition  and  his 
unselfish  devotion  to  the  amelioration  of 
the  griefs  of  his  fellow  men.  What  he 
has  been  able  to  do  through  acts  of  per- 
sonal kindness  perhaps  furnishes  him  a 
greater  consolation  in  bis  declining  years 
than  any  of  his  business  successes.  For 
over  fifty  years  he  was  happily  married. 
Mr.  Malott  is  a  lover  of  music  and  in  his 
younger  days  played  several  instruments. 
His  wife  was  an  accomplished  pianist  and 
often  accompanied  him.  Music  was  one  of 
a  number  of  common  resources  which 
brought  them  the  greatest  of  enjoyment. 
It  was  true  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malott  that 
they  were  mated  as  well  as  married.  Their 
lives  were  congenial,  and  the  heaviest  sor- 
row Mr.  Malott  has  been  called  upon  to 
bear  was  when  his  beloved  companion  was 
taken  from  him  six  years  ago. 

On  June  20,  1865.  he  married  Florence 
O.  Mitchell,  daughter  of  Jesse  A.  Mitchell. 
Mrs.  Malott  died  October  5.  1913.  They 
were  the  parents  of  six  children:  Frank; 
Charles  M. :  Kate,  deceased :  Albert,  de- 
ceased :  Attia,  who  married  Harvey  B.  Mar- 
tin; and  Charlotte,  deceased. 

COLONEL  JOHN-  T.  BARXETT.  An  hon- 
ored resident  of  Indianapolis  for  many 
years,  a  native  of  Hendricks  County,  In- 
diana, the  career  of  Colonel  John  T.  Bar- 
nett  is  one  that  reflects  honor  upon  his 
native  state.  He  was  the  first  Hendricks 
County  boy  to  graduate  from  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point, 
and  he  saw  much  active  service  as  an  offi- 


cer of  the  regular  United  States  Army  in 
the  far  west  when  that  section  of  the  coun- 
try needed  the  constant  vigilance  and  pro- 
tection of  the  military  forces.  He  also 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  second,  man 
of  Hendrieks  County  to  command  a  regi- 
ment in  a  war,  and  was  the  only  demo- 
cratic colonel  in  the  Spanish-American 
war  from  the  State  of  Indiana.  Aside 
from  his  military  record  Colonel  Barnett 
has  long  been  prominent  in  business  af- 
fairs and  in  civic  life. 

He  was  born  three  miles  west  of  Dan- 
ville. Indiana,  September  2,  1851.  He  is 
a  son  of  William  and  Nancy  (Buchanan') 
Barnett.  and  of  most  honorable  ancestry. 
His  mother  was  a  direct  descendant  of 
George  Buchanan,  eminent  as  a  Scottish 
scholar,  historian  and  poet.  Colonel  Bar- 
nett 's  maternal  great-grandfather,  Alex- 
ander Buchanan,  was  born  in  Scotland,  a 
member  of  the  old  Buchanan  clan,  and  on 
emigrating  to  the  United  States  became 
identified  with  the  colonial  cause  in  the 
war  for  independence  and  saw  active  serv- 
ice in  a  New  Jersey  regiment  throughout 
the  Revolutionary  war.  Colonel  Barnett 's 
father  was  a  native  of  Virginia.  The  rec- 
ord of  the  family  there  begins  with  John 
Barnett,  who  died  about  the  beginning  of 
the  Revolutionary  war.  James,  .son  of 
John,  moved  to  Kentucky 
a  farmer  and  died  in 
William  Barnett,  father 
nett,  came  to  Indiana  in 
pioneer  in  Hendricks  County,  where  he 
acquired  land  from  the  government,  and 
it  was  on  that  farm  Colonel  Barnett  was 
born.  William  Barnett  was  unusually 
well  educated  for  his  time  and  was  a 
teacher  as  well  as  a  farmer.  He  gave  each 
of  his  children  the  best  obtainable  educa- 
tional advantages  and  did  much  for  the 
general  cause  of  educational  enlighten- 
ment in  his  home  county.  Colonel  Bar- 
nett's  father  lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-one 
and  his  mother  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine. 

As  a  boy  Colonel  Barnett  attended  the 
schools  of  his  native  township  and  also  the 
old  Danville  Academy.  For  one  year  he 
taught  school.  In  1871  he  entered  As- 
bury,  now  DePauw,  University,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  class  of  1875,  completed  his 
freshman  year  in  that  institution.  About 
that  time  upon  the  recommendation  of 
Gen.  John  Coburn,  then  a  congressman, 


in  1808.  and  was 
Shelby  County, 
of  Colonel  Bar- 
1833  and  was  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1753 


from  his  district,  he  was  appointed  to  a 
cadetship  in  the  United  States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  New  York.  En- 
tering the  Academy  in  June,  1873,  he  grad- 
uated in  June,  1878,  standing  fourteenth 
in  his  class  and  with  specially  creditable 
marks  in  mathematics  and  kindred  sub- 
jects. His  course  had  been  interrupted  in 
the  academy  for  a  year  on  account  of 
severe  illness  from  typhoid  fever.  On  his 
graduation  he  was  assigned  as  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the  Fifth  United  States  Cavalry. 
After  his  leave  of  absence  he  joined  his 
regiment  October  1,  1878,  at  Fort  D.  A. 
Russell,  near  Cheyenne,  Wyoming.  It 
will  serve  to  indicate  the  period  in  which 
Colonel  Barnett's  military  services  were 
rendered  when  it  is  recalled  that  only  two 
years  before  his  graduation  had  occurred 
the  tragedy  of  the  Custer  massacre  in  the 
northwest,  and  for  nearly  a  decade  there- 
after there  was  more  or  less  constant  dan- 
ger of  Indian  uprising.  In  addition  to 
this  special  service  the  United  States 
troops  were  kept  almost  constantly  on  duty 
as  a  primary  source  of  law  and  order  in 
territories  and  domains  where  white  settle 
ment  was  just  beginning  and  where  the 
conditions  of  the  border  still  prevailed. 
Colonel  Barnett  was  an  active  officer  in  the 
regular  United  States  Army  for  nine  years, 
and  was  stationed  at  various  posts  and  on 
detached  duty  both  in  Wyoming  and  Texas. 
On  account  of  disability  incurred  in  the 
line  of  duty  he  was  compelled  to  retire  in 
1886,  and  his  name  has  since  been  on  the 
retired  list  of  the  United  States  Army. 

On  leaving  the  army  Colonel  Barnett 
located  at  Danville,  Indiana,  but  in  1593 
removed  to  Indianapolis.  His  health  hav- 
ing improved  in  the  meantime,  he  engaged 
in  the  hardware  business  at  Piqua,  Ohio, 
in  the  spring  of  1894,  as  the  principal 
owner,  president  and  manager  of  the  Bar- 
nett Hardware  Company.  He  remained  a 
resident  of  that  Ohio  city  until  1899,  when, 
selling  his  interests,  he  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis. Here  he  was  engaged  in  the  phar- 
maceutical business  until  a  returti  of  his 
old  disease  caused  him  to  give  it  up. 
Later,  his  health  improving,  he  entered 
the  real  estate,  loan  and  insurance  busi- 
ness, which  he  still  continues  with  offices 
at  50  North  Delaware  Street  in  Indianap- 
olis. His  interest  in  military  affairs  has 
always  been  keen,  and  in  many  ways  he 
has  rendered  invaluable  service  to  his  na 
vol.  rv—  is 


tive  state  in  keeping  up  military  organi- 
zations. In  1893  Governor  Matthews  ap- 
pointed him  assistant  inspector  general  of 
the  Indiana  National  Guard,  with  the  rank 
of  major.  He  resigned  in  1894  on  account 
of  his  absence  from  the  state.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Spanish-American  war  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  secretary  of  war 
and  to  the  governors  of  Indiana  and  Ohio. 
The  Indiana  governor  gladly  availed  him- 
self of  his  experience  and  abilities,  appoinu 
ing  him  colonel  and  commander  of  the 
159th  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry.  Fol- 
lowing his  appointment  in  May,  1898,  he 
took  his  regiment  to  Camp  Alger,  Virginia, 
where  the  regiment  was  stationed  and  also 
at  Thoroughfare  Gap  in  the  same  state 
and  at  Camp  Meade,  Pennsylvania, 
throughout  the  following  summer.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Camp  Mount 
in  Indianapolis  about  the  last  of  Novem- 
ber, 1898.  During  about  half  of  this  time 
Colonel  Barnett  was  commander  of  his 
brigade,  and  while  at  Camp  Alger  for  a 
short  time  commanded  the  Second  Division 
of  the  Second  Army  Corps. 

Colonel  Barnett  is  a  member  of  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution,  has  served  as 
president  of  the  Indiana  Chapter,  and  has 
been  on  the  Board  of  Managers  since  1899. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of 
Foreign  Wars,  Spanish  War  Veterans  and 
Spanish  War  Camp,  and  has  been  comman- 
der of  all  these  organizations.  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  In- 
dianapolis he  is  chairman  of  its  military 
committee.  While  at  DePauw  University 
he  was  affiliated  with  the  Sigma  Chi  Greek 
letter  fraternity,  and  was  president  of  the 
Alumni  Chapter  at  Indianapolis  for  a 
year.  He  has  been  a  Mason  since  the  age 
of  twenty-one,  and  in  politics  has  always 
been  identified  with  the  democratic  party 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Democratic  Club 
and  a  member  of  its  advisory  committee. 
He  also  belongs  to  the  Central  Christian 
Church. 

While  his  own  name  will  always  have 
associations  with  the  military  affairs  of  his 
country,  the  military  spirit  and  the  mili- 
tary record  of  the  family  will  not  close 
with  him.  In  the  present  great  World  war 
he  has  two  nephews  who  are  serving  with 
the  rank  of  captain  and  one  who  is  a,  lieu- 
tenant. And  it  must  be  a  source  of  great 
pride  and  satisfaction  to  Colonel  Barnett 
that  his  only  living  son  and  child 


1754 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


won  distinction  as  an  American  soldier 
and  officer  in  the  present  crisis.  As  a 
major  in  this  great  conflict  he  served  in 
France  for  one  year. 

Colonel  Barnett  married  December  18, 
1879,  Emma  Charlotte  Peirsol,  only  daugh- 
ter of  Isaac  and  Elizabeth  Peirsol,  a  promi- 
nent family  of  Hendricks  County.  Her 
father  was  a  successful  merchant  and 
banker  at  Danville.  Mrs.  Barnett,  who 
died  in  May,  1892,  was  the  mother  of  two 
sons :  William  P.,  who  died  at  birth ;  and 
Chester  P.,  born  January  14,  1887.  In 
1893  Colonel  Barnett  married  Cora  B. 
Campbell,  daughter  of  L.  M.  Campbell,  a 
well  known  lawyer  of  Danville,  Indiana. 

Chester  P.  Barnett,  emulating  the  career 
of  his  father  is  a  graduate  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point, 
and  was  assigned  with  the  rank  of  second 
lieutenant  to  the  Fifteenth  United  States 
C&valry.  In  July,  1916,  Governor  Ralston 
of  Indiana  appointed  him  major  of  the 
Third  Battalion  with  the  Third  Regiment 
of  the  Indiana  National  Guard  for  service 
on  the  Texas  border.  He  was  mustered  out 
of  that  service  in  March,  1917,  and  socn 
afterward,  with  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
with  Germany,  was  appointed  major  in  the 
Adjutant  General's  Department  of  the 
United  States  Army  and  put  in  charge 
of  the  Intelligence  Bureau  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  East  in  the  latter  part  of  June, 
1917.  From  those  duties,  continued  until 
the  middle  of  December,  1917,  he  was  or- 
dered to  France  as  adjutant  general  of  the 
Second  Brigade  of  Field  Artillery  of  the 
Second  Division  of  regular  troops,  and  is 
now  on  duty  with  the  Expeditionary  Forces 
under  General  Pershing. 

Major  Barnett  has  his  home  in  Indian- 
apolis. He  is  owner  of  a  large  and  val- 
uable estate  in  Hendricks  County.  In  1911 
he  married  Katharine  Davis  Brown,  a 
granddaughter  of  Henry  Gassaway  Davis, 
former  United  States  senator  and  one  time 
democratic  candidate  for  vice  president. 
Major  Barnett  and  wife  have  one  son, 
Davis  Peirsol  Barnett,  born  January  27, 
1913. 

GENE  STRATTON  PORTER,  who  has  won 
fame  as  an  author,  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Wabash  County,  Indiana,  in  1868,  and  In- 
diana is  still  her  home.  She  is  a  daughter 
of  Mark  and  Mary  (Shellenbarger)  Strat- 


ton,    and    in    1886    she    was    married    to 
Charles  D.  Porter. 

Among  her  most  celebrated  works  may 
be  mentioned  "Laddie'.'  and  "The  Girl  o'f 
the  Limberlost,"  and  her  home  is  Limber- 
lost  Cabin,  Rome  City,  Indiana. 

HARRY  B.  SMITH.  By  reason  of  the  un- 
precedented conditions  then  prevailing 
there  were  more  interests  and  vital  con- 
siderations involved  in  the  appointment  of 
an  adjutant  general  of  the  state  in  1917 
than  had  been  true  for  the  previous  thirty 
or  forty  years.  To  this  office  Governor 
Goodrich  called  in  January,  1917,  Harry 
B.  Smith,  than  whom  probably  no  man 
in  the  state  was  better  fitted  by  reason  of 
previous  experience  and  long  and  studied 
familiarity  with  state  military  affairs. 

Forty  years  previously,  on  September 
27,  1877,  Harry  B.  Smith  as  a  private 
joined  the  Indianapolis  Light  Infantry  of 
the  National  Guard.  He  rose  through  the 
different  grades  until  he  became  brigadier 
general.  During  the  Spanish-American 
war  he  was  colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty-Eight  Indiana  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. Military  technique,  military  or- 
ganization, the  strengthening  of  the  per- 
sonnel and  development  of  an  effective  sys- 
tem, are  all  subjects  with  which  Mr.  Smith 
is  familiar  through  his  forty  years'  ex- 
perience, and  in  his  present  capacity  he  is 
in  a  position  to  infuse  the  proper  spirit 
into  the  military  affairs  still  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  state,  and  thereby  ren- 
der a  splendid  service  not  only  to  Indiana, 
but  the  nation  as  well. 

General  Smith  was  born  at  Brownsburg, 
Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  October  20, 
1859,  son  of  Fountain  P.  and  Jane  Z.  (Par- 
ker) Smith.  His  parents  were  natives  of 
Fleming  County,  Kentucky,  and  were  chil- 
dren when  their  respective  families  moved 
to  Hendricks  County,  Indiana.  They  grew 
up  there  and  married,  and  Fountain  P. 
Smith  after  mastering  the  common 
branches  of  learning  in  the  public  >chcols 
attended  the  summer  normal  schools  com- 
mon in  those  days  and  fitted  himself  for 
teaching.  For  a  number  of  years  he  taught 
school,  and  during  the  Civil  war  was  in 
the  Quartermaster's  Department.  Tn  Jan- 
nary,  1866,  he  moved  to  Indianapolis,  and 
for  many  years  was  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits.  He  died  in  March,  1913,  and  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1755 


wife  in  August,  1914.  They  were  the  par- 
ents of  two  sons  and  two  daughters,  Gen- 
eral Smith  being  the  only  survivor. 

The  latter  grew  up  at  Indianapolis  from 
the  age  of  seven,  and  that  city  has  for 
the  most  part  been  his  home  throughout 
his  life.  He  was  educated  in  the  grammar, 
high  and  commercial  schools  of  the  city 
and  for  many  years  was  in  business  as  a 
traveling  representative  of  a  large  steel 
plant.  He  also  became  interested  in  poli- 
tics at  an  early  day,  and  has  been  one  of 
the  stalwart  figures  in  republican  ranks 
for  many  years.  He  was  nominated  and 
elected  auditor  of  Marion  County  in  1894 
and  was  re-elected  in  1898,  filling  that  office 
with  admirable  efficiency  for  eight  years. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  and 
Marion  clubs,  and  is  a  Knight  Templar 
and  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
In  1881  he  married  Miss  Lillie  G.  Boyn- 
ton.  Her  father,  Dr.  Charles  S.  Boynton, 
was  surgeon  of  the  Twenty-Fourth  Indiana 
Volunteer  Infantry  during  the  Civil  war. 
General  and  Mrs.  Smith  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Ethel.  She  is  the  wife  of  James  M. 
Davis,  of  Indianapolis,  and  they  have  a 
daughter,  named  Dorothy. 

JOHN  LAUCK  is  president  of  the  South 
Side  State  Bank  of  Indianapolis.  While 
in  point  of  aggregate  resources  this  is  not 
one  of  the  largest  banks  of  the  state,  it 
stands  among  the  best  in  matter  of  solid- 
ity, financial  service  and  in  every  element 
of  true  prosperity.  It  is  to  banks  of 
this  character  that  the  great  bulk  of  the 
nation's  resources  are  committed  and  in 
them  will  be  found  the  representative 
power  and  character  of  American  finance. 
The  South  Side  State  Bank  has  enjoyed  a 
wonderful  growth  since  its  establishment, 
and  while  its  capital  is  still  $50,000  the 
confidence  of  the  public  in  its  manage- 
ment is  reflected  by  over  $500,000  in  de- 
posits, while  the  total  resources  are  over 
$625,000.  Besides  Mr.  Lauck  as  presi- 
dent the  vice  president  is  William  Hart 
and  the  cashier  L.  A.  Wiles. 

The  president  of  the  institution  has 
spent  nearly  all  his  life  in  Indianapolis 
and  is  a  son  of  Michael  Lauck,  a  native  of 
Germany,  born  in  Alsace,  the  border  coun- 
try between  Germany  and  France,  in  1818. 
He  was  of  German  ancestry.  However 


much  America  may  at  the  present  time  re- 
gard with  distress  and  fear  the  methods 
and  character  of  the  ruling  house  in  the 
German  Empire,  there  is  reason  for  all 
the  more  emphasis  upon  the  sterling  char- 
acter of  the  real  German  people,  particu- 
larly those  who,  impelled  by  a  spirit  of 
freedom,  left  that  country  in  the  eventful 
days  of  the  '40s  and  transplanted  their 
homes  and  their  ideas  to  free  America. 
Michael  Lauck  was  a  real  product  of  the 
German  revolution  of  1848.  Up  to  that 
time  he  had  lived  in  the  old  country  and 
had  learned  and  followed  the  architectural 
iron  worker's  trade.  In  Germany  he  mar- 
ried Mary  Augustin.  On  account  of  the 
political  struggles  which  drove  thousands 
of  the  best  sons  of  Germany  to  the  New 
World  following  1848,  he  came  to  America 
in  1849,  and  lived  for  some  years  in  Pitts- 
burgh, New  Orleans,  and  Newport,  Ken- 
tucky. In  1861  Michael  Lauck  brought  his 
family  to  Indianapolis,  and  this  was  his 
home  until  his  death  in  1866.  Soon  after 
coming  to  America  he  became  a  naturalized 
citizen  and  none  could  surpass  him  in 
loyalty  to  the  land  of  his  adoption.  He 
was  a  democratic  voter,  and  a  member  of 
the  Catholic  Church.  He  and  his  wife  had 
nine  children,  the  three  now  living  being 
Peter  W.,  John  and  Anthony  J.,  all  resi- 
dents of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  John  Lauck  was  born  in  Kentucky 
in  March,  1854,  and  came  to  Indianapolis 
with  his  parents  at  the  age  of  seven  years. 
Here  he  attended  the  parochial  schools,  and 
in  1882  engaged  in  business  for  himself 
in  the  sheet  metal  and  hardware  trade. 
He  was  active  in  that  line  until  1912,  and 
still  has  large  interests  in  the  business,  be- 
ing vice  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Cor- 
rugating Company. 

He  was  one  of  the  men  who  organized 
the  South  Side  State  Bank  in  1912,  and 
the  service  of  that  institution  and  its  rapid 
growth  and  prosperity  must  be  largely 
credited  to  his  efficient  management  as 
president  from  the  beginning. 

Mr.  Lauck  is  a  democrat  and  a  member 
of  the  Catholic  Church.  In  1881  he  mar- 
ried Caroline  Wagner.  They  became  the 
parents  of  nine  children.  Three  are  de- 
ceased, George,  Gertrude  and  Clara.  Those 
still  living  are:  John  P..  Charles  M., 
Frank  A..  Agnes  J.,  Albert  F.  and  Cecelia. 
Agnes  is  now  Mrs.  August  Mueller. 


1756 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


AUSTIN  B.  GATES.  Of  the  older  Indiana 
families  few  have  sustained  so  well  their 
pristine  vigor  and  have  shown  greater 
ability  to  adapt  themselves  to  the  chang- 
ing conditions,  whether  those  of  the  wilder- 
ness or  modern  business  affairs,  as  the 
family  of  Gates.  It  is  widely  and  honor- 
ably known  in  several  counties  of  the  state, 
and  a  number  of  the  family  have  been  and 
are  connected  with  the  City  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

Of  the  older  generation  one  of  the  last 
survivors  was  the  late  Austin  B.  Gates, 
who  died  at  his  home  in  Indianapolis  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1909.  Throughout  a  long  and 
active  career  he  was  identified  with  many 
branches  of  the  livestock  industry  and  was 
best  known  to  Indianapolis  people  through 
having  founded  a  livery  stable  at  Alabama 
and  Wabash  streets  in  1864,  an  institution 
which  he  conducted  until  his  death,  for  a 
period  of  forty-five  years. 

His  earliest  ancestor  of  whom  there  is 
record  was  Joshua  Gates,  his  grandfather, 
who  lived  and  probably  died  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  father  of  Austin  B. 
Gates  was  Avery  Gates,  who  was  born  in 
New  York  State  May  22,  1780.  He  mar- 
ried there  Polly  Toby,  and  early  in  the 
last  century  brought  his  wife  and  one  child 
to  the  trackless  wilderness  of  the  West, 
traveling  down  the  Ohio  R-iver  on  flat- 
boats,  and  about  1807  located  on  land  near 
Connersville  in  Fayette  County,  Indiana. 
As  the  date  indicates,  he  was  there  seven 
or  eight  years  before  Indiana  was  admitted 
to  the  Union  and  his  home  was  in  fact 
on  the  very  northern  frontier  of  the  then 
inhabited  section  of  Indiana.  His  children 
grew  up  in  the  midst  of  the  wilderness 
filled  with  wild  game  and  Indian  neigh- 
bors. Avery  Gates  was  a  farmer  and  stock- 
man and  also  operated  a  sawmill  in  Fay- 
ette County.  He  died  January  4,  1865, 
and  his  widow  on  September  9,  1873.  They 
had  seven  children :  Celina,  who  was  born 
in  New  York  State  and  came  west  with  her 
parents  in  infancy;  Avery  B.,  who  was 
the  first  child  born  in  Indiana,  the  date 
of  his  birth  being  January  14,  1808 ; 
Luiann;  Emeline;  Caroline;  Alfred  B., 
who  was  born  November  13,  1823,  and  con- 
cerning whom  and  his  branch  of  the  Gates 
family  more  particulars  will  be  found  on 
other  pages  of  this  publication;  and 
Austin  B. 

Austin   B.   Gates,   the   youngest   of   his 


father's  family,  was  born  near  Conners- 
ville, on  a  farm  in  Fayette  County,  July 
22,  1825.  That  he  was  of  most  hardy 
and  long  lived  stock  is  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  he  and  all  the  other  children 
were  close  to  or  past  the  age  of  four  score 
when  they  died.  He  lived  with  his  parents 
until  after  his  marriage,  attended  sub- 
scription schools  in  the  country,  worked  011 
the  farm  and  also  helped  his  father  in 
the  operation  of  the  sawmill.  In  early 
manhood  he  carried  out  a  plan  which  he 
had  carefully  considered  of  going  to  Iowa, 
which  in  the  meantime  had  become  the 
western  frontier,  and  there  bought  up 
cattle  and  drove  them  on  the  hoof  to  Cin- 
cinnati to  market.  These  early  activities 
as  a  cattle  drover  gave  him  his  start  in 
life.  During  the  Civil  war  period  the  old 
homestead  was  sold  and  the  family  re- 
moved to  Dublin,  Indiana.  Here  Austin 
B.  Gates,  through  his  interest  in  livestock, 
established  a  livery  business  and  operated 
a  feed  and  sales  barn.  From  there  he  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis  in  1864,  and  con- 
tinued the  livery  business  as  above  stated. 
While  the  Civil  war  was  in  progress  he  also 
was  a  Government  contractor,  buying  up 
horses  and  mules  all  over  the  country. 
Even  into  old  age  he  continued  operations 
as  a  livestock  dealer.  While  at  Dublin  he 
had  organized  the  firm  of  Gates  &  Pray, 
auctioneers,  and  this  firm  became  widely 
known  throughout  the  entire  State  of  In- 
diana. 

Austin  B.  Gates  is  remembered  as  an 
exceedingly  reserved  man,  quiet  but  firm, 
generous  to  a  fault.  He  was  slow  to  make 
up  his  mind  but  when  once  made  up  he 
was  rarely  moved  from  his  objective.  He 
was  kind  and  just  in  his  family,  but  held 
a  firm,  governing  hand.  He  could  not  re- 
sist the  importunities  of  the  unfortunate, 
and  this  failing  cost  him  the  greater  part 
of  his  wealth.  Few  men  had  more  friends 
than  Austin  B.  Gates. 

On  February  10,  1863,  at  Dublin,  In- 
diana, he  married  Emily  Thayer.  She  sur- 
vived him  and  died  in  Indianapolis  May 
14,  1911.  They  were  the  parents  of  six 
children :  Mamie  E. ;  Frank,  deceased : 
Frederick  E. ;  Stella  F.,  wife  of  Robert  W. 
Jordan  ;  Anna,  deceased ;  and  Ernest  M. 

An  active  representative  of  the  family 
in  business  affairs  at  Indianapolis  today  is 
Frederick  E.  Gates,  who  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis October  6,  1866.  He  was  edu- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1757 


cated  in  the  public  schools  and  when  still 
a  boy  started  out  to  make  his  own  way  in 
the  world.  His  first  employment  was  as  a 
designer  of  tiles  in  the  employ  of  the 
United  States  Encaustic  Tile  Works.  The 
tile  business  in  its  various  ramifications 
has  been  his  chief  line  of  work  ever  since. 
A  thorough  groundwork  and  experience 
was  acquired  in  the  six  years  he  spent  with 
the  Encaustic  Company.  From  that  he 
started  for  himself  in  the  wood  mantle  and 
tile  business,  and  on  abandoning  this  he 
removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  for  several 
years  he  was  in  the  marble  mosaic  tile  busi- 
ness. In  1898,  returning  to  Indianapolis, 
Mr.  Gates  founded  a  new  industry  under 
his  individual  name,  and  in  1905  incor- 
porated the  F.  E.  Gates  Marble  &  Tile 
Company.  In  1912  this  company  estab- 
lished at  Brightwood  the  first  and  only 
marble  mill  in  Indiana.  It  is  a  flourish- 
ing and  distinctive  industry. 

Mr.  Gates  is  a  republican,  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar Mason,  also  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  is  affiliated  with 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In 
August,  1888,  he  married  Miss  Belle  M. 
Beatty,  who  died  November  26,  1916,  leav- 
ing three  daughters,  Grace  E.,  Dorothy  W. 
and  Emily. 

I 

CHARLES  E.  CARTER  has  been  a  resident 
of  Anderson  more  than  fifteen  years,  much 
of  his  time  having  been  taken  up  by  em- 
ployment with  the  industries  of  that  city, 
but  he  is  now  the  capable  manager  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Tea  Company  store  of 
the  city.  While  this  is  one  of  hundreds  of 
similar  stores  scattered  throughout  the 
country,  exemplifying  the  standard  meth- 
ods and  merchandise  of  a  business  which 
has  found  favor  with  the  American  buy- 
ing public,  it  is  also  true  that  no  small  part 
of  the  success  of  the  Anderson  store  is  due 
to  the  personality  and  the  ability  of  its 
manager. 

Mr.  Carter  was  born  at  Hartford  City, 
Indiana,  October  3,  1875,  a  son  of  Isaac 
J.  and  Mary  (Reynolds)  Carter.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  stock,  but  the  family  has  been 
in  America  for  many  generations.  Mi". 
Carter  grew  up  as  a  farm  boy  and  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Fairmont  in  Grant 
County.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  went 
to  work  in  a  restaurant  as  a  cook,  and  dur- 
ing his  spare  hours  attended  public  school. 
He  was  with  that  restaurant  four  years, 


and  then  became  a  "gatherer"  in  a  glass 
factory  at  Converse,  Indiana.  His  next  job 
was  in  a  tin  plate  mill  at  Elwood,  Indiana, 
as  "catcher,"  and  that  was  his  principal 
work  for  a  period  of  fourteen  years.  The 
factories  with  which  he  was  connected  were 
part  of  the  American  Sheet  Steel  &  Tin 
Plate  Company,  and  in  1902  Mr.  Carter 
moved  to  Anderson  and  went  to  work  in 
the  local  mill  of  the  corporation  here. 

On  leaving  the  mills  he  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Joseph  Sobell  in  the  Sobell 
Furniture  Company.  At  the  end  of  two 
and  a  half  years  he  sold  out  and  started 
a  craftsman  shop  and  did  a  successful 
business  in  manufacturing  period  and 
antique  furniture.  When  he  retired  from 
that  business  a  year  and  a  half  later  he 
became  solicitor  for  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific Tea  Company,  and  from  that  in  Sep- 
tember, 1916,  was  promoted  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  Anderson  business. 

In  1899  Mr.  Carter  married  Miss  Pearl 
Lehman,  daughter  of  Samuel  Lehman. 
They  have  two  children,  Virginia,  born  in 
1900,  and  Cleon,  born  in  1902.  Mr.  Car- 
ter is  a  republican  and  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Missionary  Alliance. 

JOHN  H.  RYAN,  of  Anderson,  is  one  of 
the  well  equipped  young  business  men  who 
have  turned  their  faculties  and  energies  to 
the  comparatively  new  field  created  by  the 
automobile  industry.  He  is  proprietor  of 
the  Automoble  Company  of  Anderson,  and 
is  the  leading  sales  agent  in  that  city  and 
in  eight  adjoining  townships  of  Madison 
County  for  the  Maxwell  car.  Mr.  Ryan  is 
regarded  as  an  expert  in  many  lines  of 
automobile  manufacture  and  salesmanship, 
and  went  into  the  business  with  an  equip- 
ment and  training  which  would  have  made 
him  successful  in  almost  any  other  line  of 
work  which  he  had  chosen. 

Mr.  Ryan  was  born  in  Jackson  Town- 
ship of  Madison  County  October  3,  1887, 
and  representing  as  he  does  one  of  the 
oldest  pioneer  families  in  that  section  of 
the  state  it  is  important  that  some  of  the 
record  should  be  noted  in  this  publication. 

He  is  descendant  in  the  fifth  generation 
from  George  Ryan,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
who  on  coming  to  America  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  and  followed  his  trade  as  a 
millwright  until  his  death.  The  next  gen- 
eration is  represented  by  Davis  Ryan,  who 
was  born  near  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania, 


1758 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  became  an  early  settler  in  Ross  County, 
Ohio,  where  he  followed  the  same  trade  as 
his  father.  About  1837  he  moved  to  In- 
diana and  established  a  home  near  Straw- 
town,  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  at  the 
age  of  seventy -six.  He  married  Mary  Feck, 
a  native  of  Virginia  and  of  German  an- 
cestry, whose  parents  were  pioneers  in 
Hamilton  County,  Indiana.  John  Ryan, 
grandfather  of  John  H.  Ryan  of  Anderson, 
was  born  in  Ross  County,  Ohio,  March 
11,  1822,  and  was  about  fifteen  years  of 
age  when  his  parents  moved  to  Indiana. 
After  reaching  manhood  he  moved  to  Madi- 
son County  and  secured  a  tract  of  heavily 
timbered  land,  having  to  clear  away  a  part 
of  the  woods  in  order  to  make  room  for 
his  humble  log  house.  He  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  agriculturists  of  Madison  County, 
where  he  lived  until  his  death  at  the  age 
of  fifty-five.  He  married  Lovina  Wise. 
Her  family  was  especially  conspicuous  in 
the  settlement  and  development  of  Jackson 
Township,  and  her  father,  Daniel  Wise, 
entered  the  first  tract  of  Government  land 
in  that  township. 

John  H.  Ryan  is  a  son  of  Noah  and 
Samantha  (Wise)i  Ryan,  who  are  still  liv- 
ing on  their  old'  homestead  in  Jackson 
Township.  Noah  Ryan  is  one  of  the  oldest 
native  residents  of  Madison  County,  where 
he  was  born  October  24,  1845,  in  the  log 
house  built  by  his  parents  in  Jackson  Town- 
ship. Though  the  opportunities  for  an 
education  during  his  youth  were  limited, 
he  acquired  more  than  an  average  train- 
ing in  the  local  schools  and  academies,  and 
for  four  years  was  a  teacher.  Aside  from 
that  his  chief  activity  has  been  as  a  farmer, 
and  since  1879  he  has  lived  on  one  farm 
in  Jackson  Township.  He  married  De- 
cember 2,  1869,  Samantha  Wise,  also  a 
native  of  Jackson  Township. 

The  youngest  child  and  only  son  of  four 
children,  John  H.  Ryan  grew  up  in  the 
rural  surroundings  of  Jackson  Township, 
attended  the  district  schools  there,  and  in 
1906  graduated  from  the  Anderson  High 
School.  In  1907  he  entered  Purdue  Uni- 
versity, and  made  the  most  of  his  opportu- 
nities in  that  splendid  institution  of  learn- 
ing, from  which  he  was  graduated  Bachelor 
of  Science  in  1912.  In  the  meantime  for 
four  years  he  had  been  associated  with  his 
father  under  the  name  Ryan  &  Son  in  con- 
tracting for  road  building  in  Madison 
County.  From  that  business  he  turned 


his  attention  in  the  fall  of  1913  to  the  auto- 
mobile industry,  opening  salesrooms  as 
agent  for  the  Maxwell  cars  at  Anderson. 
In  the  spring  of  1915  he  built  a  well 
equipped  garage,  known  as  the  Auto  Inn, 
but  in  January,  1917,  sold  this  part  of  his 
business,  and  now  concentrates  his  chief  at- 
tention upon  his  sales  agency  at  1225  Me- 
ridian Street  under  the  name  Ryan  Auto- 
mobile Company,  of  which  he  is  sole  pro- 
prietor. He  is  also  a  stockholder  and  di- 
rector in  the  Baker,  Ryan  &  Coons  Com- 
pany, general  distributors  of  the  Maxwell 
cars. 

In  1913  Mr.  Ryan  married  Mary  Aldred, 
of  a  well  known  family  of  farmers  near 
Lapel,  Indiana,  daughter  of  R.  K.  and 
Laura  (Conrad)  Aldred.  They  have  one 
child,  Margaret,  born  in  1915.  Politically 
Mr.  Ryan  is  an  independent  republican. 
His  father  is  also  a  republican  and  cast  his 
first  vote  for  General  Grant. 

JULIUS  W.  PINNELL,  who  became  identi- 
fied with  the  lumber  business  in  Indiana 
thirty-five  years  ago  and  has  since  become 
one  of  the  best  known  men  in  the  field  in 
that  state,  was  recently  honored  with  elec- 
tion as  president  of  the  Indiana  Lumber- 
men's Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company, 
with  headquarters  at  Indianapolis. 

He  represents  an  old  and  prominent  fam- 
ily of  Boone  County,  Indiana.  His  father, 
James  H.  Pinnell,  who  died  in  1893  at  Le- 
banon in  that  county,  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia but  when  a  small  child  was  taken  by 
his  parents  to  Oldham  County,  Kentucky, 
and  grew  up  on  a  Kentucky  farm.  His  first 
wife  was  a  Miss  Wilhoit,  who  bore  him  six 
children.  Farming  was  his  early  occupa- 
tion in  Kentucky  and  in  1856  he  left  that 
state  and  came  to  Indiana,  locating  in 
Boone  County.  There  he  resumed  farm- 
ing, and  as  a  side  line  bought  and  became 
identified  with  several  local  enterprises. 
He  was  one  of  the  leading  men  of  his  day 
in  Boone  County,  active,  intelligent,  pro- 
gressive, and  commanded  everywhere  he 
was  known  much  respect.  He  was  success- 
ful in  a  business  way.  He  was  a  democrat 
in  politics  but  was  always  too  busy  to  seek 
or  aspire  to  office.  He  is  remembered  by 
those  who  knew  him  as  a  generous,  chari- 
table and  public  spirited  citizen  and  an 
active  member  of  the  Christian  Church. 
James  H.  Pinnell  married  for  his  second 
wife  Avaline  (Bramblett)  Higgins.  By 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1759 


her  first  marriage  she  had  two  children, 
Judge  B.  S.  Higgins,  of  Lebanon,  Indiana, 
and  William  L.  Higgins,  of  Indianapolis. 

Julius  W.  Pinnell,  only  child  of  his 
father  and  mother's  second  marriage,  was 
born  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  October 
30,  1858.  He  grew  up  on  a  farm  there, 
moved  to  Lebanon  in  1880,  and  since  1898 
has  been  a  resident  of  Indianapolis.  He 
is  a  pioneer  in  the  lumber  industry,  has 
financial  interests  in  thirteen  retail  yards, 
and  is  also  vice  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Lebanon,  director  and 
stockholder  in  the  Citizens  Loan  and  Trust 
Company  of  Lebanon,  and  still  owns  a  large 
farm  near  that  city. 

As  a  boy  he  attended  country  schools 
and  in  1877  entered  old  Asbury,  now  De- 
Pauw,  University  at  Greencastle.  His  col- 
lege career  completed,  he  engaged  in 
country  schools  teaching  for  four  years, 
and  when  not  in  the  school  room  indus- 
triously followed  farming.  In  1880  he 
went  to  work  as  a  clerk  for  his  half  brother, 
W.  L.  Higgins,  who  was  then  a  grain  mer- 
chant and  also  had  a  lumber  yard  at  Leb- 
anon. 

At  the  time  of  Mr.  Pinnell 's  election 
as  president  of  the  Indiana  Lumbermen's 
Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company  the  St. 
Louis  Lumberman  published  an  interesting 
sketch  of  his  career  and  as  it  is  a  good  de- 
scription of  the  experiences  which  made 
him  a  big  factor  in  the  lumber  business  of 
the  state  the  following  paragraphs  are  sub- 
joined as  a  part  of  the  present  article : 

"Mr.  Higgins  disposed  of  his  elevator 
and  grain  business  in  August,  1882,  and 
induced  Mr.  Pinnell  to  take  over  the  lumber 
business,  the  stock  of  which  invoiced  fifteen 
hundred  dollars.  Mr.  Pinnell  possessed  five 
hundred  dollars,  earned  as  a  school  teacher, 
to  apply  on  the  purchase.  There  was  very 
little  pine  lumber  sold  in  that  neighbor- 
hood when  Mr.  Pinnell  entered  the  busi- 
ness, Boone  County  being  heavily  timbered 
with  such  hard  woods  as  poplar,  oak,  ash 
and  walmit,  and  these  native  lumbers  ac- 
cordingly were  used  almost  exclusively  ex- 
cept for  shingles,  sash  and  doors.  Mr.  Pin- 
nell applied  himself  to  the  lumber  business 
with  the  same  energy  that  he  applied  to 
teaching  school  and  running  the  grain  busi- 
ness. He  did  all  the  work  himself  and  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  had  sold  ten  thou- 
sand dollars  worth  of  stock.  He  proceeded 
at  once  to  make  improvements  in  his  yards 


and  sheds  and  to  put  things  in  order  for 
the  extension  of  his  business  on  a  more 
modern  basis.  .  It  was  hard  work  but  he 
stuck  to  it,  although  at  times  he  became 
so  weary  of  the  load  he  was  carrying  that 
he  was  prompted  to  throw  up  his  hands 
and  go  back  to  the  farm. 

"In  the  town  at  that  time  there  was  a 
large  planing  mill  which  did  all  kinds  of 
planing  mill  work  and  in  addition  carried 
a  general  stock  of  building  material,  and 
the  owners  enjoyed  a  large  prestige  by  rea- 
son of  their  facilities.  Mr.  Pinnell  was 
quick  to  see  that  in  order  to  keep  pace  with 
his  competitors  he  would  have  to  go  and 
do  likewise.  He  accordingly  secured  power 
from  a  machine  shop  and  installed  such 
planing  mill  machinery  as  his  scanty  means 
enabled  him  to  do.  His  business  immedi- 
ately began  to  grow  and  he  added  to  his 
machine  equipment  from  time  to  time. 
Later  his  income  justified  him  in  building 
a  small  planing  mill,  and  as  the  years  went 
by  it  was  increased  in  size  and  capacity 
until  finally  the  output  included  interior 
finish,  veneered  doors,  etc.  While  other 
yard  men  and  retailers  looked  with  dis- 
favor upon  the  planing  mill  proposition, 
Mr.  Pinnell  considered  it  one  of  his  most 
valuable  assets  in  increasing  the  volume 
of  his  business  and  also  found  it  a  con- 
siderable source  of  profit.  The  business 
grew  with  the  passing  years  and  he  found 
many  imitators  in  the  country  round  about. 

"Mr.  Pinnell  secured  as  his  assistants 
the  very  best  men  possible  to  be  had  in  the 
several  departments  of  the  plant,  and  their 
industry  and  fidelity  were  rewarded  by 
giving  them  an  interest  and  participation 
in  the  profits  of  the  company.  As  a  result 
of  this  his  business  grew  and  prospered 
continuously  and  he  succeeded  in  gather- 
ing about  him  a  corps  of  lieutenants  second 
to  none  in  the  state  of  Indiana.  These 
men  developed  along  with  himself,  most  of 
them  becoming  citizens  of  standing  and 
prestige  both  financially  and  morally  in 
the  community  in  which  they  live.  Some 
of  them  are  now  directors  of  banks  and 
trust  companies  and  are  filling  places  of 
honor  in  the  cities  and  communities  where 
they  reside.  While  Mr.  Pinnell  is  proud 
of  his  success  as  a  lumberman  and 
financier,  he  is  more  than  proud  of  the 
records  made  by  the  men  who  have  been 
associated  with  him,  two  of  whom  have 
held  positions  as  postmasters  in  presiden- 


1760 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tial  offices  paying  large  salaries,  one  of 
them  becoming  mayor  of  the  town  in  which 
he  lived  and  others  occupying  positions  of 
high  honor  and  trust. 

"As  president  of  the  Indiana  Lumber- 
man's Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company 
J.  W.  Pinnell  will  bring  to  its  administra- 
tion the  large  fund  of  valuable  experience 
which  he  has  had  during  his  many  years 
in  connection  with  the  lumber  business 
and  with  the  financial  institutions  of  Leb- 
anon and  the  country  round  about." 

The  Indiana  Lumbermen's  Insurance 
Company  was  organized  in  1897  as  a  mu- 
tual company,  primarily  for  the  benefit 
and  service  of  Indiana  retail  lumber  deal- 
ers. It  was  founded  as  a  protection  and  a 
saving  against  the  arbitrary  and  high  rates 
for  indemnity  by  board  companies.  For 
several  years  the  business  was  conducted 
on  the  original  plan,  adhering  to  a  local 
and  intra-state  business,  but  its  success  at- 
tracted outside  attention,  and  gradually  the 
business  grew  until  today  policy  holders 
are  found  in  every  state  of  the  Union  and 
also  in  Canada.  In  fact  the  company's 
business  in  Indiana  is  only  a  little  more 
than  a  tenth  of  the  total  volume.  It  is  a 
strictly  mutual  company,  every  policy 
holder  being  a  stockholder  and  getting 
insurance  absolutely  at  cost.  Its  manage- 
ment has  always  been  entrusted  to  repre- 
sentatives and  successful  lumbermen.  The 
company  had  been  in  existence  five  years 
before  its  gross  assets  passed  the  $100,000 
mark,  but  during  the  last  dozen  years 
these  assets  have  mounted  rapidly,  passing 
the  $1,000,000  mark  in  1912  and  at  present 
more  than  $2,000,000.  Mr.  J.  W.  Pinnell 
has  had  an  active  part  in  this  business  from 
the  beginning,  being  elected  vice  president 
when  the  company  was  organized,  and  re- 
maining in  that  office  until  elected  pres- 
ident in  1916. 

Mr.  Pinnell  is  a  democrat  and  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In 
November,  1879,  he  married  Miss  Mary  E. 
Lewis,  daughter  of  Harvey  Lewis.  The 
Lewis  family  lived  on  a  farm  adjoining 
that  of  the  Pinnells  in  Boone  County.  The 
four  living  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pin- 
nell are:  Mary  L.,  wife  of  Dr.  N.  P.  Gra- 
ham ;  William  Ormal ;  James  Victor ;  and 
Herbert. 

Louis  W.  CARNEFD^  Irrespective  of 
commercial  ratings  the  most  successful  men 


in  the  world  are  those  who  early  or  late 
fix  their  purpose  upon  a  definite  goal  and 
strive  unrelenting  and  with  no  heed  to 
sacrifice  of  effort  and  personal  ease  to  at- 
tain that  goal.  In  other  words,  they  know 
where  they  are  going  and  they  go  steadily 
in  one  direction  without  wavering  or  fal- 
tering. 

It  is  this  quality  of  steadfastness  and 
purposeful  energy  which  distinguishes 
Louis  W.  Carnefix  as  one  of  the  successful 
business  men  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  born 
in  Bedford  County,  Virginia,  in  1880,  a 
son  of  Charles  and  Sallie  (Panel)  Carnefix, 
natives  of  the  same  state.  He  was  or- 
phaned at  an  early  age,  his  mother  dying 
when  he  was  only  five  years  old  and  he 
was  the  oldest  of  three  children.  Thus  it 
befell  that  he  could  make  no  practical  ac- 
count of  the  old  and  prominent  family  an- 
cestry which  he  possesses.  The  Carnefix 
family  is  of  French  Huguenot  origin,  and 
for  a  number  of  generations  they  have  lived 
in  Virginia  and  have  been  socially  promi- 
nent there. 

After  the  death  of  his  mother  Mr.  Carne- 
fix was  reared  in  the  home  of  his  grand- 
parents, but  only  until  he  was  twelve  years 
of  age,  when  he  started  out  to  earn  money 
of  his  own. 

In  1892  Louis  W.  Carnefix  came  to 
Middletown,  Henry  County,  Indiana.  De- 
spite his  youthful  age  he  had  the  spirit  of 
self  reliance  and  independence,  sought  no 
favors  anywhere,  and  was  willing  and  glad 
to  earn  his  living  by  hard  work  on  the 
farm.  From  that  time  until  he  became 
established  in  business  for  himself  he  knew 
nothing  but  hard  work,  and  his  environ- 
ment during  those  years  was  a  truly  rigor- 
ous one.  What  schooling  he  could  he  ob- 
tained from  the  country  schools,  and  in 
1905,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  came  to 
Indianapolis  a  young  married  man,  with  a 
cash  capital  of  only  $18.  Here  he  entered 
the  Indianapolis  College  of  Pharmacy.  He 
had  to  earn  the  money  for  his  tuition  and 
to  keep  his  family,  and  in  the  light  of  those 
facts  it  is  remarkable  that  his  studies  were 
pursued  with  such  intensity  that  when  he 
graduated  Ph.  G.  with  the  class  of  1906  he 
stood  second  among  his  fellows,  who  con- 
stituted a  numerous  class.  This  was  an  in- 
teresting honor,  and  one  touched  with  real 
distinction,  since  it  was  given  one  who  had 
no  preliminary  adequate  education  and  was 


1760 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tial  offices  paying  large  salaries,  one  of 
them  becoming  mayor  of  the  town  in  which 
he  lived  and  others  occupying  positions  of 
high  honor  and  trust. 

''As  president  of  the  Indiana  Lumber- 
man's Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company 
J.  W.  Pinnell  will  bring:  to  its  administra- 
tion the  large  fund  of  valuable  experience 
which  he  has  had  during:  his  many  years 
in  connection  with  the  lumber  business 
and  with  the  financial  institutions  of  Leb- 
anon and  the  country  round  about." 

The  Indiana  Lumbermen's  Insurance 
Company  was  organized  in  1897  as  a  mu- 
tual company,  primarily  for  the  benefit 
and  service  of  Indiana  retail  lumber  deal- 
ers. It  was  founded  as  a  protection  and  a 
saving  against  the  arbitrary  and  high  rates 
for  indemnity  by  board  companies.  For 
several  years  the  business  was  conducted 
on  the  original  plan,  adhering  to  a  local 
and  intra-state  business,  but  its  success  at- 
tracted outside  attention,  and  gradually  the 
business  grew  until  today  policy  holders 
are  found  in  every  state  of  the  Union  and 
also  in  Canada.  In  fact  the  company's 
business  in  Indiana  is  only  a  little  more 
than  a  tenth  of  the  total  volume.  It  is  a 
strictly  mutual  company,  every  policy 
bolder  being  a  stockholder  and  getting 
insurance  absolutely  at  cost.  Its  manage- 
ment has  always  been  entrusted  to  repre- 
sentatives and  successful  lumbermen.  The 
company  had  been  in  existence  five  years 
before  its  gross  assets  passed  the  $100,000 
mark,  but  during  the  last  do/en  years 
these  assets  have  mounted  rapidly,  passing 
the  $1,000,000  mark  in  1912  and  at  present 
more  than  $2,000,000.  Mr.  J.  W.  Pinnell 
has  had  an  active  part  in  this  business  from 
the  beginning,  being  elected  vice  president 
when  the  company  was  organized,  and  re- 
maining in  that  office  until  elected  pres- 
ident in  1916. 

Mr.  Pinnell  is  a  democrat  and  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In 
November,  187!),  he  married  Miss  Mary  K. 
Lewis,  daughter  of  Harvey  Lewis.  The 
Lewis  family  lived  on  a  farm  adjoining 
that  of  the  Pinnells  in  Hoone  Comity.  The 
four  living  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pin- 
nell are:  Mary  L.,  wife  of  Dr.  N.  P.  Gra- 
ham; \Villiam  Ormal:  James  Victor;  and 
Herbert. 

Loris  \V.  C.\RXKKrx.|  Irrespective  of 
commercial  ratings  the  most  successful  men 


in  the  world  are  those  who  early  or  late 
fix  their  purpose  upon  a  definite  goal  and 
strive  unrelenting  and  with  no  heed  to 
sacrifice  of  effort  and  personal  ease  to  at- 
tain that  goal.  In  other  words,  they  know 
where  they  are  going  and  they  go  steadily 
in  one  direction  without  wavering  or  fal- 
tering. 

It  is  this  quality  of  steadfastness  and 
purposeful  energy  which  distinguishes 
Louis  \V.  Carnefix  as  one  of  the  successful 
business  men  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  born 
in  Bedford  County,  Virginia,  in  1880,  a 
son  of  Charles  and  Sallie  (Panel)  Carnefix, 
natives  of  the  same  state.  He  was  or- 
phaned at  an  early  age.  his  mother  dying 
when  he  was  only  five  years  old  and  he 
was  the  oldest  of  three  children.  Thus  it 
befell  that  he  could  make  no  practical  ac- 
count of  the  old  and  prominent  family  an- 
cestry which  he  possesses.  The  Carnefix 
family  is  of  French  Huguenot  origin,  and 
for  a  number  of  generations  they  have  lived 
in  Virginia  and  have  been  socially  promi- 
nent there. 

After  the  death  of  his  mother  Mr.  Carne- 
fix was  reared  in  the  home  of  his  grand- 
parents, but  only  until  he  was  twelve  years 
of  age,  when  he  started  out  to  earn  money 
of  his  own. 

In  1892  Louis  W.  Carnefix  came  to 
Middletown,  Henry  County,  Indiana.  De- 
spite his  youthful  age  he  had  the  spirit  of 
self  reliance  and  independence,  sought  no 
favors  anywhere,  and  was  willing  and  glad 
to  earn  his  living  by  hard  work  on  the 
farm.  From  that  time  until  he  became 
established  in  business  for  himself  he  knew 
nothing  but  hard  work,  and  his  environ- 
ment during  those  years  was  a  truly  rigor- 
ous one.  What  schooling  he  could  he  ob- 
tained from  the  country  schools,  and  in 
1905,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  he  came  to 
Indianapolis  a  young  married  man,  with  a 
eash  capital  of  only  $18.  Here  he  entered 
the  Indianapolis  College  of  Pharmacy.  He 
had  to  earn  the  money  for  his  tuition  and 
to  keep  his  family,  and  in  the  light  of  those 
facts  it  is  remarkable  that  his  studies  were 
pursued  with  such  intensity  that  when  he 
graduated  Ph.  (J.  with  the  class  of  1906  he 
stood  second  among  his  fellows,  who  con- 
stituted a  numerous  class.  This  was  an  in- 
teresting honor,  and  one  touched  with  real 
distinction,  since  it  was  given  one  who  had 
no  preliminary  adequate  education  and  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1761 


handicapped  by  the  necessity  of  paying  his 
own  way  by  labor  while  attending  school. 

Within  a  year  or  so  Mr.  Carnefix  was 
able  to  start  in  business  for  himself  as  a 
druggist,  locating  in  West  Indianapolis, 
first  on  Ray  Street  and  later  at  his  present 
location  on  River  Avenue.  Here  he  has 
built  up  a  fine  business  and  has  the  com- 
plete  confidence  and  respect  of  his  patrons, 
and  is  a  business  man  of  the  very  highest 
rating  in  commercial  circles. 

In  the  fall  of  1917  Mr.  Carnefix  became 
a  candidate  for  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
City  Council  on  the  republican  ticket.  He 
was  elected,  and  upon  taking  his  seat  in  the 
body  in  January,  1918,  was  unanimously, 
and  without  previous  opposition,  elected 
president  of  the  Council.  Such  an  honor 
has  never  befallen  any  member  of  that 
body,  and  is  the  more  significant  because 
it  was  bestowed  upon  a  young  man  who  is 
in  no  sense  a  politician  and  has  built  up 
no  organization  behind  him,  and  is  in  office 
solely  through  the  confidence  and  good 
will  of  the  people.  Mr.  Carnefix  has  many 
loyal  friends  in  Indianapolis,  as  the  above 
facts  would  indicate.  He  is  prominent  in 
fraternal  affairs,  being  a  past  noble  grand 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
past  master  of  Indianapolis  Lodge  No.  669, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  is  a  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  and  a 
Noble  of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
Robert  Park  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

Mr.  Carnefix  married  in  Henry  County, 
Indiana,  Miss  Mamie  Cummins,  of  that 
county.  Their  three  children  are  Thelma, 
Virginia  and  Louis  W.,  Jr. 

JAMES  ALEXANDER  HEMENWAY,  a  former 
United  States  senator,  was  born  in  Boon- 
ville,  Indiana,  March  8,  1860,  a  son  of 
William  and  Sarah  (Clelland)  Hemenway. 
He  gained  his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1885, 
and  has  since  practiced  law  at  Brookville. 
He  has  served  as  a  prosecuting  attorney, 
as  a  republican  state  committeeman,  as  a 
congressman,  and  on  the  18th  of  January, 
1905,  was  elected  a  United  States  senator 
for  the  unexpired  term  of  Charles  W.  Fair- 
banks. 

CHARLES  E.  HAYES.  In  the  field  of  motor 
manufacturing  men  and  firms  engaging  in 
this  business  have  to  meet  great  competi- 
tion, and  this  necessitates  the  highest  degree 


of  perfection  attainable  in  products  in 
order  to  make  investments  profitable.  The 
motors  that  measure  highest  in  general  effi- 
ciency, those  that  are  as  correct  in  mech- 
anism as  they  are  simple,  are  sufficiently 
varied  as  to  the  demands  to  be  made  on 
them,  and  that  are  dependable  in  perform- 
ance under  all  circumstances  naturally  fill 
the  requirements  of  the  public,  and  such 
motors  are  manufactured  at  Anderson,  In- 
diana, by  the  company  operating  as  the 
Laurel  Motors  Corporation,  of  which 
Charles  E.  Hayes,  an  experienced  man  in 
the  business,  is  general  manager. 

Charles  E.  Hayes  was  born  at  Marlboro, 
Massachusetts,  in  1872.  His  parents  were 
Patrick  and  Anastasia  (Delaney)  Hayes, 
both  now  deceased.  The  father  was  born 
in  County  Tipperary  and  the  mother  in 
County  Kilkenny,  Ireland.  After  coming 
to  the  United  States  they  lived  at  Marlboro, 
where  they  were  known  as  the  most  worthy 
people  and  faithful  members  of  the  Cath- 
olic Church.  They  were  not  possessed  of 
abundant  means  but  were  able  to  keep  their 
son  Charles  E.  in  school  until  he  was  six- 
teen years  of  age  and  had  been  graduated 
from  the  high  school.  He  started  then  to 
work  in  a  shoe  factory,  later  was  connected 
with  a  clothing  house  in  Marlboro,  and 
as  he  was  prudent  as  well  as  efficient  he 
later,  when  the  opportunity  came  to  buy 
the  clothing  store,  had  the  capital  necessary 
to  make  the  investment.  He  conducted  that 
business  profitably  for  six  years  and  then 
sold  in  order  to  enter  a  wider  business 
field.  He  then  established  a  brokerage  busi- 
ness in  Boston,  and  for  nine  years  sold  on 
the  curb,  meeting  with  success  in  this  ven- 
ture because  of  his  extraordinary  business 
ability.  In  the  meanwhile  he  had  become 
interested,  as  a  keen  business  man  will,  in 
different  directions  and  learned  the  auto- 
mobile business,  not  only  from  the  out- 
side but  in  a  practical  way.  He  had  con- 
siderable experience  prior  to  becoming  sales 
agent  (general)  for  the  Pilot  Car  Sales 
Company,  where  he  had  entire  charge  of 
the  output.  During  this  time  a  car  was 
built  on  his  specifications  and  it  was  so 
satisfactory  that  he  decided  to  go  into  the 
business  of  manufacturing  small  pleasure 
cars,  and  with  this  end  in  view  organized 
the  Laurel  Motor  Car  Company.  Changes 
have  come  about  incident  to  the  expansion 
of  the  earliest  plans  and  increase  of  capital 
and  the  business  is  now  conducted  as  the 


1762 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


Laurel  Motors  Corporation  of  Anderson, 
Indiana.  A  new  factory  building  has  just 
been  completed  and  the  business  has  been 
incorporated  with  a  capital  of .  $2,000,000. 
They  also  manufacture  certain  patented 
devices,  including  sixteen  valve  cylinder 
heads  for  gasoline  motors,  and  will  also 
build  sixteen  valve  motors  complete.  Mr. 
Hayes  is  general  manager  of  this  entire 
business,  in  which  he  is  a  stockholder  and 
a  director. 

Mr.  Hayes  was  married  in  1914  to  Miss 
Katherine  E.  Broerman,  who  is  a  daughter 
of  Henry  and  Mary  (Englebert)  Broer- 
man. They  are  members  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  and  through  its  many  avenues  of 
benevolence  both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hayes  dis- 
pense charity. 

Mr.  Hayes  has  been  interested  in  politics 
since  early  manhood,  believing  that  it  has 
its  necessary  place  in  every  system  of  gov- 
ernment, and  because  of  his  public  spirit 
and  sound  business  convictions  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  City  Council  of 
Marlboro,  Massachusetts,  when  but  twenty- 
one  years  old.  In  the  following  years  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  alder- 
men, and  he  is  able  to  recall  with  satis- 
faction the  substantial  measures  that  he 
successfully  promoted  for  the  benefit  of  the 
city  during  his  official  terms  there.  Later 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Democratic 
State  Central  Committee,  and  served  one 
year. 

CARL,  F.  MORROW.  For  a  half  dozen 
years  or  more  the  name  Morrow  has 
been  one  of  increasing  prominence  in  the 
Madison  County  bar.  Mr.  Morrow's  abil- 
ities have  gained  him  a  large  clientele  in 
all  branches  of  practice  at  Anderson,  and 
he  has  also  enjoyed  his  share  of  political 
honors  and  responsibilities.  At  this  writ- 
ing he  is  republican  candidate  for  mayor 
of  the  city  and  twice  he  figured  in  cam- 
paigns for  the  office  of  prosecuting  attor- 
ney. 

His  secure  position  in  a  learned  profes- 
sion has  come  as  a  result  of  a  long  and 
steady  climb  and  the  putting  forth  of 
strenuous  efforts  from  boyhood.  Mr.  Mor- 
row was  born  on  a  farm  in  Brown  Town- 
ship of  Ripley  County.  The  old  home- 
stead was  twelve  miles  from  a  railroad. 
The  Morrows  are  of  Irish  stock,  and  the 
family  was  established  in  America  in  1832 
by  his  grandfather,  "William  Morrow,  who 


came  from  County  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  and 
acquired  a  tract  of  Government  land  in 
Southern  Indiana.  This  land,  comprising 
forty  acres,  was  located  in  Switzerland 
County,  and  he  made  vigorous  use  of  his 
energies  and  his  opportunities  in  develop- 
ing a  good  home  there. 

Carl  F.  Morrow  is  the  third  in  a  family 
of  ten  children  of  A.  J.  and  Emeline 
(Jolly)  Morrow.  His  father  was  the 
youngest  of  ten  children,  and  his  mother 
the  oldest  in  a  similar  number.  Emeline 
Jolly  was  of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  and  Cava- 
lier Virginia  ancestry.  A.  J.  Morrow  is 
still  living  and  occupies  a  farm  in  Ripley 
County.  This  farm  during  the  Civil  war 
was  raided  by  Morgan's  cavalry,  and  all 
the  horses  were  taken  away. 

When  Carl  Morrow  was  ten  years  of 
age  his  mother  died,  and  he  grew  to  man- 
hood in  a  rural  community  where  there 
were  few  opportunities  and  where  the 
struggle  for  existence  was  a  strenuous  one. 
His  ambition  and  tastes  led  him  to  studious 
pursuits,  but  he  had  to  read  and  study 
his  lessons  in  the  intervals  of  work  on  the 
farm.  Many  times  he  read  his  books  by 
the  light  of  the  fire  place  and  also  by  il- 
lumination furnished  by  grease  lamps.  He 
developed  a  good  physique  among  other 
things  by  helping  his  father  clear  and  put 
into  cultivation  some  twenty  acres  of  land. 
This  strenuous  routine  continued  until  he 
was  about  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  later, 
in  1901,  he  entered  the  Marion  Normal 
School  at  Marion,  Indiana,  where  for  three 
years  he  pursued  the  normal  course  and 
received  his  diploma.  In  the  meantime 
he  taught  a  term  or  so  of  winter  school  in 
Ripley  County,  and  from  1903  to  1905 
continued  teaching  in  the  country  districts 
of  that  county.  In  the  latter  year  he 
entered  the  University  of  Michigan  in  the 
law  department,  and  received  his  LL.  B. 
degree  in  1908.  He  did  not  immediately 
take  up  practice,  but  for  two  years  traveled 
on  the  road  as  salesman.  This  business 
gave  him  some  valuable  experience  and 
also  enabled  him  to  save  the  small  sum 
which  he  used  as  capital  while  establishing 
himself  in  law  practice  at  Anderson.  He 
opened  his  office  in  that  city  in  June,  1910, 
and  has  since  conducted  a  general  practice 
in  all  the  courts. 

In  1912  Mr.  Morrow  married  Bertha 
Hyatt,  daughter  of  Corydon  and  Emeline 
(Kennan)  Hyatt,  of  Anderson.  They  have 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1763 


one  daughter,  Virginia  Emeline,  born  June 
28,  1913. 

Mr.  Morrow  has  always  been  an  inter- 
ested participant  in  republican  politics.  He 
was  elected  township  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican Township  Committee,  serving 
from  1912  to  1914.  In  1914  he  was  candi- 
date for  prosecuting  attorney  in  the  Fif- 
tieth Judicial  District,  and  went  down  to 
defeat  with  the  rest  of  the  ticket  in  that 
year.  In  1916  he  was  candidate  for  nomi- 
nation for  the  same  office.  On  March  16, 
1917,  he  was  nominated  for  mayor,  there 
being  five  other  rivals  for  that  office  in 
the  republican  primaries,  and  he  received 
more  votes  than  all  the  rest  put  together. 
Mr.  Morrow  was  affiliated  with  the  Benev- 
olent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the  Loyal  Order 
of  Moose,  and  has  filled  all  the  chairs  in  the 
last  named  fraternity.  His  church  is  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal. 

EARL  BERKEBILE.  Among  the  energetic 
and  successful  citizens  of  Anderson  none 
is  better  known  than  Earl  Berkebile,  who 
coming  to  that  city  as  a  boy  completed  his 
education  there,  went  to  work  as  clerk  for 
a  shoe  merchant,  and  by  study  and  practice 
in  the  business  and  the  gradual  accumula- 
tion of  capital  finally  launched  out  in  an 
enterprise  of  his  own  and  is  today  one  of 
the  leading  shoe  merchants  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Berkebile  was  born  at  the  City  of 
Johnstown,  Pennsylvania,  January  31, 
1875.  About  fourteen  years  after  his  birth 
that  city  was  destroyed  in  the  calamitous 
flood  which  has  been  one  of  the  epochal 
disasters  of  American  history.  However, 
in  the  meantime  his  parents,  David  A. 
and  Lucy  (Ferner)  Berkebile,  had  removed 
to  Anderson,  coming  to  this  city  about  the 
time  Anderson  attracted  attention  as  a 
manufacturing  center  due  to  the  discovery 
of  the  natural  gas  area  of  Eastern  Indiana. 
The  Berkebiles  are  of  old  American  stock 
and  have  lived  in  America  for  a  number 
of  generations. 

Earl  Berkebile  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Johnstown 
and  attended  the  public  schools  of  Ander- 
son until  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age. 
At  that  time  his  father  died  and  necessity 
forced  him  out  to  become  a  wage  worker 
and  wage  earner.  His  first  position  was  with 
C.  W.  Prather,  a  veteran  shoe  merchant 


of  Anderson.  He  spent  ten  years  in  his 
store,  and  in  that  time  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  every  branch  of  the  shoe  busi- 
ness and  also  developed  special  qualities 
of  salesmanship.  Following  that  for  five 
years  he  was  salesman  for  J.  F.  Fadley, 
and  then,  possessing  every  qualification 
that  experience  could  bestow  and  with  some 
capital  which  represented  his  modest  sav- 
ings, he  engaged  in  business  for  himself 
with  Mr.  E.  P.  Prather  as  a  partner.  The 
firm  of  Prather  &  Berkebile  established 
their  store  on  the  north  side  of  the  Public 
Square  at  Anderson,  and  the}"  did  a  flour- 
ishing business  for  five  years.  In  1911 
Mr.  Berkebile  sold  his  interests  and  soon 
afterward  established  a  business  of  his  own 
at  1011  Meridian  Street,  where  he  has  since 
developed  what  is  today  regarded  as  the 
largest  store  of  the  kind  in  the  city.  He 
makes  a  specialty  of  high  grade  footwear, 
handles  only  the  best  quality  of  merchan- 
dise supplied  by  some  of  the  leading  man- 
ufacturers of  the  country,  and  has  devel- 
oped a  trade  that  now  comes  from  a 
country  many  miles  in  a  radius  around 
Anderson.  Mr.  Berkebile  while  not  a 
farmer  owns  160  acres  of  land  near  Pendle- 
ton,  and  this  place  is  conducted  by  a  renter. 

In  1900  he  married  Miss  Elsie  Barrett, 
daughter  of  Isaac  Barrett,  a  well  known 
farmer  near  Pendleton.  Two  children  have 
been  born  to  their  marriage,  Helen,  born 
in  1903,  and  George,  born  in  1904. 

Mr.  Berkebile  has  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  Masonry,  was  master  in  1899  of 
Mount  Moriah  Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  is  past  high  priest  of 
his  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and  is  past  em- 
inent commander  of  the  Knights  Templar. 
He  is  treasurer  of  Ononga  Tribe  of  the 
Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  is  a  repub- 
lican, in  politics,  an  active  member  of  the 
Anderson  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  a 
trustee  of  the  Frst  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

R.  A.  ZEIGLER.  One  of  the  enterprising 
busirfess  men  of  Anderson,  Indiana,  who 
fills  the  important  office  of  manager  of  the 
Madison  Division  of  the  Central  Indiana 
Gas  Company  with  the  greatest  efficiency, 
is  R.  A.  Zeigler,  who  has  been  intimately 
associated  with  oil  and  gas  interests  since 
boyhood,  his  father  having  been  likewise 
interested  for  many  years.  Mr.  Zeigler  has 
been  a  resident  of  Anderson  since  January, 


1764 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1914,  and  has  proven  himself  a  public 
spirited  citizen  and  a  welcome  addition  to 
the  city's  business  and  social  circles. 

R.  A.  Zeigler  was  born  in  1879,  at  Emlen- 
ton,  Pennsylvania,  and  is  a  son  of  H.  C. 
and  Harriet  J.  (Perrine)  Zeigler.  This 
branch  of  the  Zeigler  family  has  belonged 
to  America  for  generations.  H.  C.  Zeigler 
has  practically  spent  his  life  as  an  oil  and 
gas  producer,  operating  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio,  Indiana  and  Oklahoma  fields 
and  at  present  is  operating  at  Tulsa,  in 
Oklahoma.  He  is  well  known  in  the  busi- 
ness all  over  the  country,  and  as  his  ex- 
perience has  been  so  wide  he  is  somewhat 
of  an  authority. 

During  boyhood  R.  A.  Zeigler  attended 
the  public  schools  at  Sandy  Lake  in  Mercer 
County,  Pennsylvania,  later  had  high  school 
advantages  at  Montpelier,  Indiana,  and 
subsequently  attended  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Normal  School  at  Slippery  Rock.  Al- 
though thoroughly  prepared  for  profes- 
sional life,  Mr.  Zeigler  decided  upon  a  busi- 
ness career  and  his  nearest  opportunity  was 
found  in  the  oil  fields.  For  three  years 
he  was  a  pumper  at  Montpelier  in  the  great 
Indiana  oil  fields,  where  for  a  time  it 
seemed  as  if  every  owner  of  land  in  the 
county  would  ultimately  be  able  to  count 
his  millions.  It  is  needless  to  add  that 
all  the  dreams  of  wealth  did  not  come  true, 
but  oil  production  was  great  for  a  time  and 
many  fields  are  yet  profitably  operated  by 
the  Standard  Oil  Company. 

In  1898  Mr.  Zeigler  came  to  Muncie, 
Indiana,  and  became  connected  with  the 
Heat,  Light  &  Power  Company  of  that 
city,  and  six  years  later  he  became  secre- 
tary of  this  company,  with  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1910,  and  then  also  became 
auditor  for  the  Central  Indiana  Gas  Com- 
pany and  filled  both  offices  until  1914.  In 
January  of  this  year  he  came  to  Anderson 
and  took  charge  as  manager  of  the  Madison 
Division  of  the  Central  Indiana,  to  the 
duties  of  which  office  he  has  given  his  en- 
tire time  ever  since. 

In  1900  Mr.  Zeigler  was  married  to.  Miss 
Ethel  Dawson,  of  Wells  County,  Indiana, 
and  they  have  two  children :  Claude  Daw- 
son,  who  was  born  in  1903,  and  Helen 
Jane,  who  was  born  in  1905. 

In  his  political  affiliations,  Mr.  Zeigler 
has  always  been  a  republican  and  consis- 
tently has  worked  for  the  success  of  his 


party,  but  with  no  desire  for  any  political 
favors  for  himself.  He  belongs  to  the 
Masonic  Lodge  at  Anderson  and  also  to  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  is  liberal  in  his  charities  and  is  a 
valued  member  of  the  Anderson  Chamber 
of  Commerce. 

GEORGE  McFALL  has  spent  his  life  in  In- 
diana, for  a  number  of  years  followed  farm- 
ing and  a  mechanical  trade,  but  for  the 
past  fifteen  years  has  been  proprietor  of 
one  of  the  leading  jewelry  stores  at  Ander- 
son. 

Mr.  McFall  was  born  on  a  farm  in  De- 
catur  County,  in  Sand  Creek  Township, 
February  5,  1866,  son  of  John  H.  and  Jane 
(Keeley)  McFall.  He  is  of  Irish  ancestry, 
but  the  McFalls  have  been  in  this  country 
for  a  number  of  generations,  first  settling 
in  Virginia.  John  H.  McFall  was  born 
in  1817,  was  a  brick  mason  by  trade,  fol- 
lowed that  occupation  in  Indianapolis  for 
a  number  of  years,  and  in  1861  moved  to 
a  farm  in  Decatur  County. 

Seventh  in  a  family  of  ten  children, 
George  McFall  grew  up  on  a  farm,  and 
being  a  member  of  a  numerous  household 
he  had  to  work  early  and  late  and  got  only 
the  ordinary  advantages  of  a  country 
school.  At  fourteen  he  left  school  alto- 
gether and  spent  several  years  learning 
the  stone  cutter's  trade.  He  followed  that 
occupation  and  was  also  a  farmer  on  the 
old  homestead  for  his  mother.  In  1903 
Mr.  McFall  moved  to  Anderson  and  estab- 
lished a  jewelry  store  on  West  Eleventh 
Street.  A  year  later  he  moved  to  his  pres- 
ent location  at  918  Main  Street,  and  has 
developed  a  very  satisfactory  business.  Be- 
sides his  interests  as  a  merchant  at  Ander- 
son Mr.  McFall  owns  farm  lands.  He  has 
been  very  active  in  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  'Fellows  with  Lodge  No.  131,  in 
which  he  has  filled  all  the  chairs  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1894.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  United  Brethren 
Church  and  a  democratic  voter. 

In  1901  Air.  McFall  married  Sarah  C. 
Ponsler,  of  Jennings  County,  Indiana. 
They  are  the  parents  of  seven  children : 
Alta,  born  in  1902 -,  Lottie,  born  in  1904; 
Bertha,  born  in  1906 ;  Leatha,  born  in  1908 ; 
George  H.,  born  in  1911;  Hester,  born  in 
1913;  and  May,  born  in  1915. 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1765 


F.  E.  HART  has  been  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness in  Indiana  for  thirty  years  or  more 
and  is  now  proprietor  of  perhaps  the  larg- 
est and  best  equipped  establishment  of  the 
kind  in  the  City  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Hart  is  of  English  parentage  and 
was  born  near  Kankakee,  Illinois,  in  1864, 
son  of  Esau  and  Julia  (Cooke)  Hart.  Both 
his  father  and  mother  were  natives  of  Eng- 
land, his  father  of  Herefordshire  and  his 
mother  of  Worcestershire.  The  families  for 
many  generations  have  been  principally  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits.  Esau  Hart 
was  just  twenty-one  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  America  and  settled  in  Illinois, 
where  he  took  up  the  vocation  of  agricul- 
ture. 

Mr.  F.  E.  Hart  attended  common  schools 
in  Illinois  and  also  high  school  at  Reming- 
ton, Indiana.  He  was  only  fifteen  years 
of  age  when  he  began  work  and  acquired 
his  first  experience  of  the  drug  business 
in  a  drug  store  at  Remington.  He  spent 
three  years  there  learning  the  business,  and 
after  that  for  two  and  a  half  years  was 
prescription  clerk  in  a  store  at  Mattoou, 
Illinois.  On  returning  to  Remington  he 
resumed  connection  with  his  former  em- 
ployer for  two  years,  and  in  1888  he  ac- 
quired a  half  interest  in  a  drug  store  at 
Wolcott,  Indiana,  which  was  conducted  for 
two  years  under  the  name  Briggs  &  Hart. 
Mr.  Hart  then  became  sole  proprietor  and 
was  one  of  the  leading  business  men  and 
merchants  of  Wolcott  until  1914.  In  that 
year  he  sold  his  store  and  moved  to  the 
larger  city  of  Anderson,  where  he  bought 
the  old  established  drug  house  of  E.  E. 
Ethell  at  the  corner  of  Eight  and  Meridian 
streets,  practically  in  the  heart  of  the  busi- 
ness district.  He  has  a  large  and  well 
stocked  store,  handles  a  complete  line  of 
pure  drugs,  and  besides  the  usual  druggist 
sundries  he  specializes  in  wall  paper,  which 
is  the  principal  item  of  his  annual  trade. 

Mr.  Hart  has  prospered  in  a  business 
way,  owns  farm  real  estate  and  other  in- 
terests and  is  a  stockholder  in  the  State 
Bank  of  Wolcott,  Indiaria. 

In  1888  he  married  Dorothy  Morris, 
daughter  of  J.  E.  and  Sarah  (Davis)  Mor- 
ris, of  Madison  County,  Indiana.  They 
have  two  children,  Harold  H.,  born  in  1891, 
and  Frank  Morris,  born  in  1898,  the  latter 
now  associated  in  business  with  his  father. 
Harold  H.  graduated  from  the  Wolcott 
High  School,  spent  two  years  in  Wabash 


College,  where  he  did  much  special  work 
in  chemistry,  and  then  entered  the  Ohio 
Northern  University  at  Ada,  where  he  pur- 
sued the  pharmacy  course  and  graduated 
in  1903.  He  acquired  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  drug  business  under  his  father. 
He  is  now  in  France  and  has  been  for  eight 
months  sergeant  of  the  first  class  in  Am- 
bulance Company  No.  3  with  the  United 
States  Army.  Mr.  Hart  is  a  republican 
in  politics. 

JOHN  C.  PERRY  is  one  of  the  few  active 
survivors  of  the  pioneer  wholesale  mer- 
chants of  Indianapolis.  While  his  business 
activities  have  continued  into  the  modern 
era,  Mr.  Perry  belongs  with  that  group 
of  business  men  who  upheld  the  prestige 
and  developed  the  resources  of  the  city 
during  the  middle  period  of  its  history, 
from  about  1850  to  1890.  Mr.  Perry  has 
lived  in  Indianapolis  since  1853,  and  his 
earliest  recollections  of  the  city  are  of  a 
town  that  was  little  more  than  a  village 
and  with  the  institutions  of  the  state  gov- 
ernment as  still  its  chief  source  of  pres- 
tige. Mr.  Perry  has  been  one  of  the  makers 
of  modern  Indianapolis,  and  has  grown 
along  with  the  city.  With  all  his  business 
activity  he  has  preserved  an  unassuming 
and  unostentatious  manner,  but  his  fine 
spirit  of  comradeship  and  his  personal  in- 
tegrity have  brought  him  to  a  place  of  high 
honor  in  the  community. 

Mr.  Perry  was  born  at  Paoli,  a  suburb 
of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  February 
21,  1834.  The  Perrys  have  lived  for  many 
generations  in  America.  The  father,  Arba 
D.  Perry,  a  native  of  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  was  a  contractor  and  died  in 
1843.  He  married  Christiana  Hann,  a  na- 
tive of  England,  who  died  in  1837.  Of 
their  three  children  John  C.  was  the  second 
and  the  only  one  now  living. 

At  the  age  of  nine  years  by  the  death 
of  his  father  he  was  left  an  orphan.  From 
that  time  forward  he  was  reared  in  the 
home  of  an  uncle  by  marriage  on  a  farm 
in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio.  Those  were 
years  of  strenuous  occupation  both  of  mind 
and  body,  the  duties  qf  farm  mingling 
with  an  extremely  limited  attendance  at 
school.  He  became  dissatisfied  with  his 
farm  environment  and  when  about  seven- 
teen years  of  age  went  to  the  Town  of  Har- 
rison, Ohio,  where  he  learned  the  wood 
turner's  trade.  It  was  the  influence  of  a 


' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1763 


F.  E.  HART  has  been  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness in  Indiana  for  thirty  years  or  more 
and  is  now  proprietor  of  perhaps  the  larg- 
est and  best  equipped  establishment  of  the 
kind  in  the  City  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Hart  is  of  English  parentage  and 
was  born  near  Kankakee,  Illinois,  in  1S64. 
son  of  Esau  and  Julia  (Cooke)  Hart.  ISoth 
his  father  and  mother  were  natives  of  Eng- 
land, his  father  of  Herefordshire  and  his 
mother  of  Worcestershire.  The  families  for 
many  generations  have  been  principally  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits.  Esau  Hart 
was  just  twenty-one  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  America  and  settled  in  Illinois, 
where  he  took  up  the  vocation  of  agricul- 
ture. 

Mr.  F.  E.  Hart  attended  common  schools 
in  Illinois  and  also  high  school  at  Reming- 
ton, Indiana.  He  was  only  fifteen  years 
of  age  when  lie  began  work  and  acquired 
his  first  experience  of  the  drug  business 
in  a  drug  store  at  Remington.  He  spent 
three  years  there  learning  the  business,  and 
after  that  for  two  and  a  half  years  was 
prescription  clerk  in  a  store  at  Mattoon. 
Illinois.  On  returning  to  Remington  he 
resumed  connection  with  his  former  em- 
ployer for  two  years,  and  in  1888  he  ac- 
quired a  half  interest  in  a  drug  store  at 
Wolcott.  Indiana,  which  was  conducted  for 
two  years  under  the  name  Hriggs  &  Hart. 
Mr.  Hart  then  became  sole  proprietor  and 
was  one  of  the  leading  business  men  and 
merchants  of  Wolcott  until  11114.  In  that 
year  lie  sold  his  store  and  moved  to  the 
larger  city  of  Anderson,  where  he  bought 
the  old  established  drug  house  of  E.  E. 
Kthell  at  the  corner  of  Eight  and  Meridian 
streets,  practically  in  the  heart  of  the  busi- 
ness district.  He  has  a  large  and  well 
stocked  store,  handles  a  complete  line  of 
pure  drugs,  and  besides  the  usual  druggist 
sundries  he  speciali/.cs  in  wall  paper,  which 
is  the  principal  item  of  his  annual  trade. 

Mr.  Hart  has  prospered  in  a  business 
way,  owns  farm  real  estate  and  other  in- 
terests and  is  a  stockholder  in  the  State 
Hank  of  Wolcott.  Indiana. 

In  18S8  lie  married  Dorothy  Morris, 
daughter  of  -I.  E.  and  Sarah  (Davis)  Mor- 
ris, of  Madison  County.  Indiana.  They 
have  two  children.  Harold  II.,  born  in  1391, 
and  Frank  Morris,  born  in  1898,  the  latter 
now  associated  in  business  with  his  father. 
Harold  II.  graduated  from  the  Wolcott 
High  School,  spent  two  years  in  Wabash 


College,  where  he  did  much  special  work 
in  chemistry,  and  then  cnteml  the  Ohii> 
Northern  University  at  Ada.  where  he  pur- 
sued the  pharmacy  course  and  graduated 
in  1903.  lie  acquired  a  practical  knowl- 
edge of  the  drug  business  under  his  father. 
He  is  now  in  France  and  has  been  for  eight 
months  sergeant  of  the  first  class  in  Am- 
bulance Company  No.  :}  with  the  I'nited 
States  Army.  Mr.  Hart  is  a  republican 
in  politics. 

JOHN  ('.  PKRHY  is  one  of  the  few  active 
survivors  of  the  pioneer  wholesale  mer- 
chants of  Indianapolis.  While  his  business 
activities  have  continued  into  the  modern 
era,  Mr.  Perry  belongs  with  that  group 
of  business  men  who  upheld  the  prestige 
and  developed  the  resources  of  the  city 
during  the  middle  period  of  its  history, 
from  about  18f)<)  to  1890.  Mr.  Perry  has 
lived  in  Indianapolis  since  ls~>:{.  and  his 
earliest  recollections  of  the  city  are  of  a 
town  that  was  little  more  than  a  village 
and  with  the  institutions  of  the  state  gov- 
ernment as  still  its  chief  source  of  pres- 
tige. Mr.  Perry  has  been  one  of  the  makers 
of  modern  Indianapolis,  and  has  grown 
along  with  the  city.  With  all  his  business 
activity  he  has  preserved  an  unassuming 
and  unostentatious  manner,  but  his  tine 
spirit  of  comradeship  and  his  personal  in- 
tegrity have  brought  him  to  a  place  of  high 
honor  in  the  community. 

Mr.  Perry  was  born  at  Paoli.  a  suburb 
of  Philadelphia.  Pennsylvania.  February 
1*1.  1834.  The  Perrys  have  lived  for  many 
generations  in  America.  The  father.  Arlia 
I).  Perry,  a  native  of  Saratoga  County. 
New  York,  was  a  contractor  and  died  in 
184:5.  lie  married  Christiana  Ilann.  a  na- 
tive of  England,  who  died  in  18:57.  Of 
their  three  children  John  C.  was  the  second 
and  the  only  one  now  living. 

At  the  age  of  nine  years  by  the  death 
of  his  father  he  was  left  an  orphan.  From 
that  time  forward  he  was  reared  in  the 
home  of  an  uncle  by  marriage  on  a  farm 
in  Hamilton  County.  Ohio.  Those  were 
years  of  strenuous  occupation  both  of  mind 
and  body,  the  duties  of  farm  mingling 
with  an  extremely  limited  attendance  at 
scnool.  He  became  dissatisfied  with  -his 
farm  environment  and  when  about  seven- 
teen years  of  age  went  to  the  Town  of  Har- 
rison, Ohio,  where  he  learned  the  wood 
turner's  trade.  It  was  the  influence  of  a 


1766 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


boyhood  friend  that  induced  Mr.  Perry  to 
come  to  Indianapolis  in  1853.  He  walked 
the  entire  distance  from  Ohio,  arriving 
here  April  28,  1853,  without  a  dollar  to 
his  name.  His  first  employment  was  at  his 
trade  with  the  firm  of,  Sloan  &  Ingersoll, 
a  firm  that  is  still  kindly  remembered  by 
some  of  the  old  settlers  of  Indianapolis. 
Later  he  worked  with  Spiegel  &  Thorns. 
After  several  years  of  this  employment  at 
a  trade  Mr.  Perry  took  the  job  of  porter 
in  the  wholesale  grocery  house  of  Andrew 
or  Andy  Wallace. 

That  was  hard  work,  but  he  used  it  as 
an  opportunity  to  gain  knowledge  rapidly 
of  the  business,  and  after  a  time  in  part- 
nership with  George  L.  Rittenhouse  he  en- 
gaged in  the  retail  grocery  business  for 
himself  on  Washington  Street  near  Dela- 
ware. This  store  was  soon  in  a  fair  way 
to  prosperity.  James  Saylor  bought  out 
the  Rittenhouse  interest,  but  a  short  time 
after  that  Mr.  Perry  sold  his  share  in  the 
firm,  and  then  went  on  the  road  as  a  trav- 
eling representative  for  the  wholesale  gro- 
cery establishment  of  E.  B.  Alvord  &  Com- 
pany. Prom  that  house  he  transferred  his 
services  to  Aquilla  Jones,  another  well 
known  wholesale  merchant  of  that  day. 

About  1869  Mr.  Perry  became  associated 
with  James  E.  Robertson  of  Shelbyville, 
and  the  two  bought  the  Jones  wholesale 
grocery  house  in  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Perry 
was  a  fourth  owner  of  the  business.  In 
order  to  secure  his  share  he  went  in  debt 
for  $10.000  and  besides  paying  10%  inter- 
est on  the  money  by  hard  work  he  was  able 
to  liquidate  the  principal  and  entire  obliga- 
tion within  three  years.  After  a  time 
James  E.  Robertson  was  succeeded  in  the 
business  by  his  son  A.  M.  Robertson,  but 
about  1872  Mr.  Perry  bought  the  entire  es- 
tablishment. Since  then  for  a  period  of 
forty-five  years  he  has  been  one  of  the  most 
prominent  figures  in  the  wholesale  grocery 
circles  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  president  of 
J.  C.  Perry  &  Company,  Incorporated, 
one  of  the  honored  titles  in  Indianapolis 
business  affairs.  Mr.  Perry'  has  been  suc- 
cessful in  a  financial  way  and  by  careful 
attention  to  details,  invariable  courtesy  to 
all,  he  has  made  his  firm  secure  in  standing 
and  patronage. 

Mr.  Perry  married  Katharine  Rebstock, 
of  Kenton,  Ohio.  Four  children  were  born 
to  their  marriage :  Bettie,  who  died  in  early 
childhood ;  Katie,  who  died  in  infancy ; 


Katie,  second  of  the  name,  now  widow  of 
Ernest  Morris,  and  her  only  daughter, 
Enid,  is  the  wife  of  Walter  Brown  of  the 
Century  Biscuit  Company;  and  Arba  T., 
a  resident  of  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 
Mrs.  Perry,  the  mother  of  these  children, 
died  in  September,  1901. 

Mr.  Perry  was  one  of  the  original  or- 
ganizers of  the  Columbia  Club.  He  has 
membership  in  the  Marion  and  Commer- 
cial clubs  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 

J.  OTIS  ADAMS,  who  was  born  at  Amity, 
Indiana,  July  8,  1851,  has  gained  renown 
as  an  artist.  He  is  a  graduate  of  Wabash 
College,  studied  art  in  this  country  and 
abroad  and  has  made  a  specialty  of  land- 
scape painting.  At  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion he  was  awarded  a  bronze  medal,  re- 
ceived honorable  mention  at  the  Interna- 
tional Exhibition,  Buenos  Aires,  1910,  and 
was  awarded  the  Fine  Arts  Building  prize, 
Chicago. 

Mr.  Adams  married  Winifred  Brady,  of 
Muncie,  Indiana.  Their  home  is  The  Her- 
mitage, Brookville. 

FRANK  E.  DEHORITY.  One  of  the  oldest 
and  most  honored  names  in  Madison 
County  from  pioneer  times  to  the  present 
has  been  that  of  DeHority.  The  home  and 
business  interests  of  the  family  have  been 
chiefly  centered  around  Elwood.  One  of 
the  family,  Charles  C.  DeHority,  was 
county  treasurer  of  Madison  County  from 
1898  to  1900,  and  his  brother.  Frank  E. 
DeHority,  is  the  present  county  recorder. 

Frank  E.  DeHority  was  born  at  Elwood 
January  15,  1875,  a  son  of  John  W.  and 
Jane  (Moore)  DeHority.  The  family  is 
of  Scotch-Irish  stock.  Grandfather  James 
M.  DeHority  was  born  near  Dover,  Dela- 
ware, and  came  as  an  early  settler  to  Madi- 
son County,  Indiana,  locating  on  the  banks 
of  White  River.  By  trade  he  was  a  black- 
smith,- later  studied  medicine,  and  was  one 
of  the  kindly  and  skillful  old  doctors  who 
rendered  beneficent  service  to  many  fam- 
ilies in  his  neighborhood.  He  was  also  an 
itinerant  preacher,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Methodist  Protestant 
Church  at  Elwood.  At  one  time  he  was 
in  the  grain  and  general  merchandise  busi- 
ness at  Elwood,  being  associated  with  his 
sons  under  the  name  J.  M.  DeHority  & 
Sons.  John  W.  DeHority  was  reared  in 
Madison  County,  and  besides  his  interests 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1767 


as  a  merchant  at  Elwood  he  owned  some 
farm  lands  and  pursued  an  active  career 
until  his  death  in  1881,  at  the  early  age 
of  forty  years. 

Frank  E.  DeHority  was  the  youngest  in 
a  family  of  eight  children,  four  of  whom 
grew  to  maturity.  The  oldest  son,  William 
A.,  served  as  chief  of  the  State  Board  of 
Accounts  under  Governor  Marshall. 

Frank  E.  DeHority  was  six  years  old 
when  his  father  died.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  village  and 
in  1890,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  entered  Pur- 
due University  at  Lafayette,  where  he  re- 
mained three  years,  taking  the  course  in 
electrical  engineering.  He  had  many  and 
varied  business  experiences  during  his  early 
youth.  For  two  years  he  was  in  the  employ 
of  a  local  gas  company  at  Elwood,  he  also 
bought  and  sold  horses,  and  for  a  time 
was  a  contractor.  In  1900  he  entered  the 
fire  insurance  business  at  Elwood,  and  that 
business  he  has  developed  to  large  and 
generous  proportions.  He  now  represents 
twenty-six  companies,  including  some  of 
the  oldest  and  largest  organizations  of  the 
kind  in  the  world.  Mr.  DeHority  also 
owns  considerable  farm  land. 

Since  early  manhood  his  influence  has 
gone  in  a  helpful  way  to  upbuilding  and 
strengthening  the  democratic  organization 
in  his  home  count}'.  For  two  years  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Central  Com- 
mittee, but  he  was  never  disposed  to  put 
himself  in  the  way  of  office.  However,  in 
May,  1915,  he  accepted  the  position  of 
county  recorder  tendered  him  by  the  coun- 
ty commissioners  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  E.  V.  Lee.  His  present  term  ex- 
pires in  January,  1919.  Mr.  DeHority 
went  about  his  public  business  at  Ander- 
son with  much  of  the  spirit  which  he  put 
into  his  private  business  at  Elwood.  Many 
years  ago  he  became  convinced  of  the  prin- 
ciple that  a  public  official  is  a  public  serv- 
ant, and  he  put  that  principle  into  prac- 
tice. Anyone  who  is  conversant  with  the 
conduct  of  the  recorder's  office  has  discov- 
ered its  efficiency  and  the  general  thorough- 
ness of  everything  done  there. 

For  ten  years  Mr.  DeHority  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Madison  County  Fair  Asso- 
ciation. He  is  an  active  fraternal  man, 
being  affiliated  with  Quincy  Lodge  No.  30, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  El- 
wood Chapter  No.  109,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Anderson  Commandery  No.  32,  Knights 


Templar,  and  with  the  Indianapolis  Con- 
sistory of  the  Scottish  Rite.  He  has  served 
as  master  of  his  lodge,  high  priest  of  his 
chapter,  and  is  also  past  exalted  ruler  of 
Elwood  Lodge  No.  368,  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Club. 

March  19,  1894,  Mr.  DeHority  married 
Miss  Myrtle  Clymer,  of  Elwood,  daughter 
of  Royal  H.  and  Elizabeth  (Hart)  Clymer, 
old  time  residents  of  Elwood.  They  have 
one  son,  Robert  L.,  born  in  1900.  Mrs. 
DeHority  has  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  woman  to  register  as  a  voter  in  Madi- 
son County. 

i 

H.VLBERT  R.  HAYES.  An  Anderson  busi- 
ness man,  president  of  Kimball  &  Hayes, 
Incorporated,  Mr.  Hayes  has  had  a  career 
of  varied  activity  in  the  drug  business, 
and  though  a  young  man  has  gained  a  sat- 
isfying degree  of  material  prosperity  and 
stands  high  in  the  esteem  of  local  citizen- 
ship in  his  home  city. 

He  was  born  in  Richland  Township,  Ran- 
dolph County,  Indiana,  on  a  farm,  in  1880, 
son  of  William  A.  and  Marietta  (Hunt) 
Hayes.  He  is  of  English  ancestry  and  his 
people  have  been  in  this  country  for  many 
generations.  Some  of  the  family  were 
soldiers  in  the  American  Revolution.  As 
a  rule  the  principal  activity  as  far  back 
as  the  record  goes  has  been  agricultural 
pursuits.  William  A.  Hayes,  who  died  in 
1915,  was  postmaster  of  Albany,  Indiana, 
during  1908-09,  and  was  a  very  influential 
republican  in  that  section  of  the  state. 

Halbert  R.  Hayes  as  a  boy  attended  the 
country  schools  of  Albany  and  Redkey, 
and  graduated  from  the  Albany  High 
School.  He  also  attended  the  pharmacy 
department  of  Valparaiso  University  and 
received  his  Ph.  G.  degree  when  only  nine- 
teen years  of  age.  Having  thus  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  professional  equipment, 
Mr.  Hayes  satisfied  the  natural  desire  of 
a  young  man  for  travel  by  spending  seven 
years  in  different  parts  of  the  West,  Wash- 
ington, Oregon.  Idaho  and  British  Colum- 
bia, most  of  the  time  working  at  his  pro- 
fession in  the  employ  of  different  concerns. 
For  four  years,  from  1904  to  1908,  he 
served  as  a  hospital  steward  with  the 
United  States  navy.  His  principal  serv- 
ice was  on  the  schooner  Marblehead. 

Mr.  Hayes  came  to  Anderson  in  1908. 
He  was  with  J.  C.  Lee,  druggist,  one  year, 


1768 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


for  several  years  was  with  the  Anderson 
Drug  Company  and  for  two  years  was  era- 
ployed  by  the  Meyers  Brothers  Drug 
House.  In  1914  he  combined  his  modest 
capital  with  money  supplied  by  Dr.  H.  C. 
Heaton  and  the  firm  of  the  Hayes-Heaton 
Drug  Company  was  launched  with  a  com- 
plete stock  of  goods  at  1105  Meridian 
Street.  A  year  later  Mr.  D.  W.  Kimball 
bought  the  Heaton  interests,  and  thus  the 
business  of  Kimball  &  Hayes  Drug  Com- 
pany was  established  and  incorporated. 
Mr.  Hayes  has  been  president  and  active 
manager  of  the  business,  and  under  his 
skillful  supervision  one  of  the  best  stores 
of  the  kind  in  Anderson  has  been  devel- 
oped. 

Mr.  Hayes  married  in  1910  Sadie  M. 
Finney,  daughter  of  John  and  Artie  (Ro- 
mine)  Finney,  of  Anderson.  Mr.  Hayes 
is  affiliated  with  Anderson  Lodge  No.  209, 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  and  in  politics  is  a  repub- 
lican. 

FRANK  W.  WEER.  The  duration  of  the 
vitality  of  seeds  has  been  a  much  discussed 
question,  modern  scientists  not  very  gen- 
erally accepting  as  fact  the  tales  of  cen- 
turies-old seed  that  had  been  discovered 
in  strange  places  yielding  fine  crops  when 
brought  to  light  and  sown.  Modern  agri- 
cultural experience  is  also  against  it.  It 
is  recognized  by  farmers  that  one  of  the 
most  important  elements  in  their  success 
is  good  seed  in  which  the  germinal  prin- 
ciple is  not  only  alive  but  full  of  vitality 
and  vigorous  as  only  fresh  seed  can  be. 
And  not  only  must  it  be  fresh  but  care- 
fully selected.  Any  student  of  contem- 
porary history  can  recall  disasters  that 
have  resulted  in  certain  agricultural  areas 
from  the  sowing  of  widely  exploited  seed 
unknowingly  procured  from  irresponsible 
dealers.  The  farmers  of  Indiana  and  her 
sister  states  have  no  excuse  if  they  court 
such  misfortune,  for  at  Anderson  through 
an  old  and  dependable  business  house,  that 
of  F.  W.  Weer,  may  be  secured  guaran- 
teed farm  se«ds  that  will  fulfill  every  ex- 
pectation. This  feature  has  been  made  a 
specialty  by  Frank  "W.  Weer  ever  since  he 
became  proprietor  of  the  business  bearing 
his  name,  which  includes  dealing  in  gen- 
eral farm  supplies  and  agricultural  im- 
plements. 


Frank  W.  Weer  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  August  21, 
1859.  His  parents  were  David  and  Mary 
A.  (Paris)  Weer.  It  was  his  grandfather, 
Elijah  Weer,  of  Irish  extraction,  who  es- 
tablished the  family  in  Hendricks  County, 
settling  here  on  government  land  after  the 
end  of  his  service  in  the  War  of  1812.  He 
died  during  the  forties,  a  man  well  known 
all  over  the  county.  David  Weer  was  born 
and  reared  in  Hendricks  County,  a  farmer 
by  occupation.  He  enlisted  for  service  in 
the  Civil  war,  in  the  Sixty-Third  Indiana 
Volunteer  Infantry,  and  was  a  brave 
soldier  and  faced  many  battle  dangers  but 
died  of  typhoid  fever  while  at  home  on  a 
furlough.  He  left  two  sons. 

Frank  W.  Weer  attended  the  country 
schools  in  Washington  Township,  Hen- 
dricks County,  in  the  winter  seasons  dur- 
ing boyhood  and  early  youth,  and  in  the 
summer  time  worked  on  the  home  farm. 
When  twenty  years  of  age  he  took  charge 
of  the  farm  of  eighty  acres  owned  jointly 
by  his  brother  and  himself,  and  conducted 
it  for  two  years.  Mr.  Weer  then  accepted 
the  position  of  manager  for  the  H.  T. 
Conde  Implement  Company's  branch  house 
at  Plainfield,  Indiana,  where  he  continued 
for  four  years.  In  1888  he  came  to  An- 
derson and  in  partnership  with  J.  Almond, 
purchased  an  implement  and  seed  busi- 
ness, conducted  at  Mr.  Weer's  present 
business  location,  No.  734  Main  Street,  un- 
der the  firm  style  of  Weer  &  Almond.  This 
firm  bought  the  business  of  Carrol  &  Han- 
nah, who  had  started  it  five  months  pre- 
viously. Subsequently  Mr.  Almond  sold 
his  interest  to  Andrew  Blount,  and  for  the 
next  ten  years  the  business  was  conducted 
under  the  name  of  Blount  &  Weer. 

In  1900  Mr.  Weer  bought  Mr.  Blount 's 
interest  and  since  then  has  been  sole  pro- 
prietor and  has  made  many  improvements. 
In  1916  he  erected  an  entire  new  plant 
with  superior  facilities  for  warehousing 
and  storage,  and  has  developed  one  of  the 
most  extensive  concerns  in  his  line  in  the 
country  and  has  built  up  so  trustworthy 
a  reputation  that  he  not  only  furnishes 
reliable  seeds  to  Indiana  agriculturists  but 
does  an  immense  business  in  other  states 
in  general  farm  seeds,  including  clover  and 
timothy.  He  also  handles  the  bulk  of  the 
local  implement  trade  and  for  nearly  thirty 
years  has  been  agent  for  the  McCormick 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1769 


farm  implements.  He  has  additional  busi- 
ness interests  of  lesser  importance. 

Mr.  Weer  was  married  in  1887,  to  Miss 
Maude  Jessup,  who  was  born  in  Hendricks 
County,  Indiana,  and  is  a  daughter  of 
Ellis  and  Millicent  (Heinshaw)  Jessup. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Weer  have  the  following 
children :  Charles  Jessup,  who  was  born  at 
Anderson  in  1889;  Clarice,  who  is  now 
Mrs.  James  B.  Davis,  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky; Helen,  who  is  an  actress  of  great 
talent  and  is  connected  in  the  season  of 
1917-18  with  David  Warfield,  playing  the 
part  of  Jennie  in  "The  Music  Master"; 
David,  who  was  born  in  1901;  Millicent, 
who  was  born  in  1906 ;  and  John  Franklin, 
who  was  born  in  1909. 

In  his  political  affiliations  Mr.  Weer  has 
always  been  a  republican  but  has  seldom 
accepted  public  office.  He  is  a  wide  awake, 
earnest  citizen  and  is  a  valued  member  of 
the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
is  ever  ready  to  lend  his  aid  to  further 

movements  for  the  general  good. 

v 

J.  LEWIS  PALMER  began  his  business 
career  a  number  of  years  ago  as  clerk  in 
his  father's  tobacco  house,  later  traveled 
as  a  tobacco  salesman,  but  what  he  regards 
as  his  real  opportunity  came  when  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  May  Supply  Com- 
pany at  Anderson.  He  has  helped  build 
up  the  business  of  this  extensive  concern 
all  over  Northern  Indiana  and  is  now  man- 
ager of  the  plant  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Palmer  was  born  at  Dayton,  Ohio, 
December  20,  1879,  son  of  E.  S.  and  Alice 
(Evans)  Palmer.  He  is  of  English  an- 
cestry. The  Palmers  originally  lived  in 
Vermont,  and  from  that  colony  some  of  the 
family  went  with  the  Revolutionary  soldiers 
on  the  American  side.  The  different  gen- 
erations have  produced  business  men  and 
merchants  rather  than  farmers.  The  fam- 
ily located  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  early  days. 
E.  S.  Palmer  was  for  a  number  of  years  a 
wholesale  tobacco  jobber  at  Noblesville, 
and  continued  in  the  same  business  after 
his  removal  to  Anderson,  Indiana,  in  1892. 
He  is  now  retired  from  business  and  lives 
at  Anderson. 

J.  Lewis  Palmer  had  a  public  school  edu- 
cation in  Noblesville,  graduating  from  the 
high  school  of  the  latter  city.  After  he  had 
learned  much  of  the  tobacco  business  un- 
der his  father  he  went  on  the  road  selling 
tobacco  in  Indiana,  and  traveled  over  his 

Vol.  IV— 14 


territory  for  five  or  six  years.  Mr.  Palmer 
located  permanently  at  Anderson  in  1900, 
and  for  a  year  was  assistant  cashier  in  the 
Anderson  Branch  of  the  American  Straw- 
board  Company.  He  then  was  with  the 
May  Supply  Company  as  bookkeeper,  but 
three  years  later  was  sent  on  the  road  as 
salesman  to  cover  the  Northern  Indiana 
Territory,  and  during  the  next  eight  or  nine 
years  he  covered  almost  every  foot  of  that 
territory  and  spread  the  fame  of  his  house 
in  every  locality  and  made  a  splendid  indi- 
vidual record  in  swelling  the  annual  vol- 
ume of  business  transacted  by  the  firm. 
He  was  finally  called  back  to  Anderson  to 
take  the  active  management  of  the  local 
establishment.  The  May  Supply  Company 
is  one  of  the  chief  businesses  of  its  kind 
in  Indiana,  handling  mill,  plumbing,  water 
and  steam  fitting  supplies  of  all  kinds.  Mr. 
Palmer  is  also  a  stockholder  and  director 
and  treasurer  of  the  George  0.  Palmer 
Furniture  Company  at  Lebanon,  Indiana. 
June  28,  1916,  he  married  Miss  Leafy 
Wharton,  daughter  of  Jesse  M.  and  Anna 
(Armstrong)  Wharton,  of  Anderson.  Mr. 
Palmer  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Rite  and  Knight  Templar  Mason  and  a 
member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  matters 
of  politics  he  is  independent  and  belongs 
to  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

J.  S.  MclNTiRE  is  senior  partner  of  Mc- 
Intire  &  Hilburt,  proprietors  of  one  of  the 
largest  wholesale  baking  establishments  in 
Eastern  Indiana,  at  Anderson.  Mr.  Mc- 
Intire  is  a  baker  of  long  and  thorough 
practical  experience,  having  learned  his 
trade  by  apprenticeship  and  having  worked 
at  it  as  a  journeyman  for  many  years  be- 
fore establishing  a  business  with  Mr.  Frank 
Hilburt. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Boone  County, 
Indiana,  in  1868,  and  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
and  German  ancestry,  a  son  of  J.  W.  and 
Mary  B.  (Weaver)  Mclntire.  His  grand- 
father, Daniel  Mclntire,  came  from  Edin- 
burg,  Scotland,  to  America  when  sixteen 
years  old  and  located  in  Pickaway  County. 
Ohio.  After  his  marriage  he  moved  to 
Lebanon,  Indiana,  and  there  on  his  farm 
reared  a  family  of  seven  sons  and  two 
daughters.  J.  W.  Mclntire,  the  third  of 
these  children,  spent  his  life  as  a  farmer 
in  Indiana,  and  reared  five  children,  three 
sons  and  two  daughters,  among  whom  J.  S. 
Mclntire  was  the  second. 


1770 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Mr.  J.  S.  Mclntire  attended  public  school 
to  the  age  of  fourteen  and  then  went  to 
work  in  a  factory  at  Lebanon  and  was  em- 
ployed there  two  or  three  years.  Then  came 
his  apprenticeship  of  h've  years  in  the 
bakery  shop  owned  by  J.  W.  Schulemire. 
Following  his  apprenticeship  he  traveled 
over  the  country  as  a  journeyman  for  some 
fifteen  years. 

At  Richmond,  Indiana,  in  1893,  Mr.  Mc- 
lntire married  Miss  May  Wilkins,  daugh- 
ter of  John  and  Elizabeth  (Donohue)  Wil- 
kins, of  Jay  County,  Indiana.  They  have 
two  daughters:  Hazel  R.,  who  is  a  gradu- 
ate of  the  Anderson  High  School,  is  the 
wife  of  Jack  Brannberger,  now  in  Camp 
Taylor  serving  in  the  army.  The  other 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mclntire  is 
Irene,  also  a  graduate  of  the  Anderson 
High  School. 

After  six  years  of  residence  at  Richmond 
Mr.  Mclntire  moved  to  Fort  Wayne,  where 
he  followed  his  work  for  seven  years  and 
then  came  to  Anderson  and  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Mr.  Frank  Hilburt  under  the 
name  Mclntire  &  Hilburt.  Their  business 
has  increased  by  leaps  and  bounds,  neces- 
sitating change  of  quarters  from  time  to 
time,  and  a  few  years  ago  they  erected  a 
model  bakery  establishment,  built  on  lines 
and  according  to  plans  and  ideas  that  Mr. 
Mclntire  had  gathered  by  a  close  study  of 
some  of  the  largest  bakeries  in  the  country. 
They  now  hav*e  a  model  plant,  fireproof  in 
construction,  and  with  equipment  and 
facilities  including  the  most  modern  ma- 
chinery. The  daily  capacity  is  10,000 
loaves.  The  firm  began  business  on  a  very 
modest  scale.  They  bought  their  first  car- 
load of  flour  on  credit  from  R.  L.  Pithian. 
The  price  of  this  carload  was  $1,065,  and 
it  was  paid  for  after  the  flour  had  been 
manufactured  into  bread  and  sold. 

Mr.  Mclntire  is  a  member  of  the  Loyal 
Order  of  Moose  and  Fraternal  Order  of 
Eagles.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics  and 
has  always  shown  much  public  spirit  in  the 
different  communities  where  he  has  had  his 
home. 

M.  I.  MASTERS  has  been  closely  identified 
with  the  commercial  life  of  Anderson  for 
a  long  period  of  years  and  almost  a  gen- 
eration of  people  have  bought  from  his 
store  the  necessities  of  daily  life  and  many 
residents  of  the  city  would  hardly  expect 
to  do  their  trading  with  anyone  except 


Mr.  Masters.  He  is  senior,  partner  of  the 
firm  Masters  &  Shackelford,  whose  high 
grade  store  for  groceries,  meats,  bakery 
and  other  provisions  is  located  at  1031 
Meridian  Street. 

Mr.  Masters  is  an  Ohio  man  by  birth, 
born  in  Ashland  County,  in  Clear  Creek 
Township,  on  a  farm,  December  15,  1867, 
a  son  of  George  B.  and  Melissa  (Burgett) 
Masters.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  family. 
His  grandfather  came  to  Ohio  early  in  the 
last  century,  secured  a  tract  of  government 
land,  made  a  good  farm  of  it,  and  reared 
there  a  family  of  six  children,  among  whom 
George  B.  was  the  third.  George  B.  Mas- 
ters not  only  played  an  honorable  role  as 
a  citizen  and  substantial  farmer  but  was 
also  a  soldier  during  the  Civil  war.  He 
enlisted  in  the  Forty-Second  Ohio  Infantry 
and  became  orderly  sergeant.  The  colonel 
of  that  regiment  was  James  A.  Garfield, 
later  president  of  the  United  States,  and 
there  was  a  personal  friendship  between 
this  eminent  statesman  and  George  B.  Mas- 
ters. He  died  May  12,  1918. 

M.  I.  Masters  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  schools  of  Clear  Creek  Town- 
ship of  his  native  county  and  also  at 
Savannah  Academy,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1886.  For  a  year  he  taught 
a  country  school  in  Clear  Creek  Township 
and  three  years  was  engaged  as  a  teacher 
in  Ruggles  Township.  The  vacations  of  all 
these  years  were  spent  on  the  home  farm, 
and  he  had  a  very  thorough  training  in 
agricultural  matters,  though  farming  has 
never  been  an  important  element  in  his 
business  career. 

After  a  course  in  the  Fostoria  Business 
College  Mr.  Masters  returned  to  Savannah, 
Ohio,  spent  a  year  with  a  general  store  and 
learned  much  about  merchandising,  and 
with  this  equipment  in  1894  came  to  An- 
derson, bringing  with  him  a  modest  capital 
of  $250.  He  used  this  to  purchase  an  in- 
terest in  a  grocery  store  on  the  east  side  of 
Main  Street  between  Ninth  and  Tenth 
streets,  in  the  Bronnenburg  Block.  His 
partner  was  J.  D.  Shipley.  It  was  known 
as  the  Checkered  Front  Grocery,  and  for 
a  year  Shipley  &  Masters  continued  in  that 
location,  but  in  1895  moved  to  1031  Meri- 
dian Street,  where  the  business  of  Mr.  Mas- 
ters remains  at  the  present  time.  At  the 
end  of  two  years  a  change  was  made  in 
the  firm,  which  then  became  Masters  & 
Pierce,  and  subsequently  for  a  brief  time 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1771 


Gates  was  a  partner  with  Mr.  Masters.  Mr. 
Gates  sold  his  interest  in  1900  to  J.  S. 
Shackelford,  and  that  was  the  origin  of 
the  firm  of  Masters  &  Shackelford,  which 
has  continued  steadily  now  for  seventeen 
years.  Without  doubt  it  is  the  largest 
store  of  the  kind  in  Anderson,  and  prac- 
tically everything  in  the  provision  line  can 
he  found  in  their  large  and  well  arranged 
establishment.  Mr.  Masters  is  also  inter- 
ested in  various  other  local  concerns  as  a 
stockholder. 

In  1895  he  married  Miss  Minna  Ship- 
ley, daughter  of  Levi  and  Melissa  (Gibson) 
Shipley,  of  an  old  pioneer  family  of  Ash- 
land County,  Ohio.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Masters 
have  two  children,  Marjory  Melissa  and 
Paul  Irving,  the  latter  born  in  1902.  The 
daughter  is  now  Mrs.  Carl  Eastman  of  An- 
derson. 

Mr.  Masters,  while  a  very  busy  man  and 
tied  down  with  the  responsibilities  of  his 
store,  has  always  taken  a  public  spirited 
interest  in  the  welfare  and  upbuilding  of 
Anderson  as  a  city,  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  votes  as  a  repub- 
lican and  is  a  deacon  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church. 

MILLARD  E.  MOGG,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
perhaps  a  conspicuous  example  of  the 
power  of  suggestion  from  early  experience. 
When  he  was  a  boy  eleven  years  he 
went  to  work  in  his  father's  retail  coal  and 
lumber  yard.  He  subsequently  had  other 
interests  and  employment,  but  apparently 
coal  always  exercised  upon  him  a  powerful 
fascination.  Many  men  with  greater  op- 
portunities have  remained  clerks  or  in  the 
modest  roles  of  industry  all  their  lives.  Mr. 
Mogg  along  with  other  qualities  had  the 
initiative  and  bearing  of  the  real  business 
leader,  and  the  result  is  that  he  is  today  one 
of  the  biggest  coal  operators  and  producers 
in  the  Middle  West. 

Mr.  Mogg  is  president  of  the  Linton  Col- 
lieries Company,  one  of  the  largest  selling 
organizations  of  Indiana.  He  is  also  vice 
president  of  the  Linton  Fourth  Vein  Coal 
Company,  vice  president  of  the  Rose  Hill 
Coal  Company,  vice  president  of  the  Pan- 
handle Coal  Company,  president  of  the 
Dana  Coal  and  Mining  Company,  and 
president  of  the  Green  River  Collieries 
Company.  These  latter  corporations  are 
all  large  producing  coal  companies. 

Mr,  Mogg  was  born  at  Momence,  Illinois, 


January  13,  1870,  son  of  Jeremiah  J.  Mogg, 
who  came  from  New  York  State.  He  lo- 
cated at  Momence,  Illinois,  just  prior  to 
the  Civil  war.  Millard  E.  Mogg  was  reared 
and  educated  in  his  native  town.  The  fam- 
ily finally  removed  to  Luverne,  Minnesota, 
and  from  there  in  1889  to  Chicago. 

When  a  youth  Mr.  Mogg  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  has  had  much  to  do  with 
his  subsequent  career.  This  conclusion  was 
that  a  man  with  sufficient  determination 
and  pluck  could  accomplish  almost  any- 
thing within  reason  that  he  started  out  to 
do.  It  was  this-  spirit  that  enabled  him  to 
overcome  handicaps  that  prevent  insur- 
mountable barriers  to  the  average  man  of 
good  capacity.  A  big  opportunity  came 
to  him  when  he  secured  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  handling  a  "stripping  propo- 
sition" in  the  vast  coal  region  at  Linton, 
Indiana.  That  was  the  beginning  of  a 
rapid  and  successful  career  as  a  coal  pro- 
ducer. He  had  a  genius  for  organization, 
and  though  he  began  with  practically  no 
capital  he  has  built  the  Linton  Collieries 
Company,  a  concern  that  now  produces 
nearly  $3,000,000  worth  of  coal  annually. 

Mr.  Mogg  is  essentially  a  man  of  busi- 
ness. While  interested  in  politics  and  the 
social  side  of  life,  his  energies  and  pleasure 
are  in  the  activities  of  business. 

September  11,  1893,  he  married  Miss 
Mary  Owen,  of  Chicago.  They  have  four 
children  :  Clayton  O.,  Jeremiah  Owen,  Har- 
riet E.  and  Millard  E.,  Jr. 

FRANCIS  ELISHA  BAKER.  Indiana  claims 
among  her  honored  native  sons  Francis 
Elisha  Baker,  United  States  circuit  judge 
of  the  Seventh  Circuit.  He  was  born  at 
Goshen,  Indiana,  October  20,  1860,  a  son 
of  John  Harris  and  Harriet  (Defrees) 
Baker.  He  was  a  student  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity and  the  University  of  Michigan, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1885.  In 
the  same  year  he  began  the  practice  of  law 
at  Goshen  with  his  father  as  Baker  & 
Baker,  was  afterward  a  member  of  the  firm 
Baker  &  Miller,  was  made  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  in  1899.  and  on 
the  4th  of  February,  1902,  was  made  a 
United  States  circuit  judge. 

Judge  Baker  married  May  Irwin,  of 
Goshen,  where  they  maintained  their  home. 

GEORGE  T.  BEEBE.  A  resident  of  Madi- 
son County  forty  years,  now  completing 


2 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1771 


Cates  was  a  partner  with  Mr.  Masters.  Mr. 
Cates  sold  his  interest  in  1900  to  J.  S. 
Shackclford,  and  that  was  the  origin  of 
the  firm  of  Masters  &  Shackelford,  which 
has  continued  steadily  now  for  seventeen 
years.  Without  doubt  it  is  the  largest 
store  of  the  kind  in  Anderson,  and  prac- 
tically everything  in  the  provision  line  can 
he  found  in  their  large  and  well  arranged 
establishment.  Mr.  Masters  is  also  inter- 
ested in  various  other  local  concerns  as  a 
stockholder. 

In  1895  he  married  Miss  Minna  Ship- 
ley, daughter  of  Levi  and  Melissa  (Gibson) 
Shipley,  of  an  old  pioneer  family  of  Ash- 
land County.  Ohio.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Masters 
have  two  children,  Marjory  Melissa  and 
Paul  Irving,  the  latter  born  in  1902.  The 
daughter  is  now  Mrs.  Carl  Eastman  of  An- 
derson. 

Mr.  Masters,  while  a  very  busy  man  and 
tied  down  with  the  responsibilities  of  his 
store,  has  always  taken  a  public  spirited 
interest  in  the  welfare  and  upbuilding  of 
Anderson  as  a  city,  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  votes  as  a  repub- 
lican and  is  a  deacon  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church. 

MII.I.AKII  K.  M<H;C,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
perhaps  a  conspicuous  example  of  the 
power  of  suggestion  from  early  experience. 
When  he  was  a  boy  eleven  years  he 
went  to  work  in  his  father's  retail  coal  and 
lumber  yard.  He  subsequently  had  other 
interests  and  employment,  but  apparently 
coal  always  exercised  upon  him  a  powerful 
fascination.  Many  men  with  greater  op- 
portunities have  remained  clerks  or  in  the 
modest  roles  of  industry  all  their  lives.  Mr. 
Mogg  along  with  other  qualities  had  the 
initiative  and  bearing  of  the  real  business 
leader,  and  the  result  is  that  he  is  today  one 
of  the  biggest  coal  operators  and  producers 
in  the  Middle  West. 

Mr.  Mogg  is  president  of  the  Linton  Col- 
lieries Company,  one  of  the  largest  selling 
organizations  of  Indiana.  He  is  also  vice 
president  <>f  the  Linton  Fourth  Vein  Coal 
Company,  vice  president  of  the  Rose  Hill 
Coal  Company,  vice  president  of  the  Pan- 
handle Coal  Company,  president  of  the 
Dana  Coal  and  Mining  Company,  and 
president  of  the  Green  River  Collieries 
Company.  These  latter  corporations  are 
all  large  producing  coal  companies. 

Mr,  Mogg  was  born  at  Momence,  Illinois, 


January  13,  1870,  son  of  Jeremiah  J.  Mogg. 
who  came  from  New  York  State.  He  lo- 
cated at  Momence,  Illinois,  just  prior  to 
the  Civil  war.  Millard  E.  Mogg  was  reared 
and  educated  in  his  native  town.  The  fam- 
ily finally  removed  to  Luverne,  Minnesota, 
and  from  there  in  1889  to  Chicago. 

When  a  youth  Mr.  Mogg  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  has  had  much  to  do  with 
his  subsequent  career.  This  conclusion  was 
that  a  man  with  sufficient  determination 
and  pluck  could  accomplish  almost  any- 
thing within  reason  that  he  started  out  to 
do.  It  was  this  spirit  that  enabled  him  to 
overcome  handicaps  that  prevent  insur- 
mountable barriers  to  the  average  man  of 
good  capacity.  A  big  opportunity  came 
to  him  when  he  secured  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  handling  a  "stripping  propo- 
sition" in  the  vast  coal  region  at  Linton, 
Indiana.  That  was  the  beginning  of  a 
rapid  and  successful  career  as  a  coal  pro- 
ducer. He  had  a  genius  for  organixation. 
and  though  he  began  with  practically  no 
capital  he  has  built  the  Linton  Collieries 
Company,  a  concern  that  now  produces 
nearly  $3.000.000  worth  of  coal  annually. 

Mr.  Mogg  is  essentially  a  man  of  busi- 
ness. While  interested  in  politics  and  the 
social  side  of  life,  his  energies  and  pleasure 
are  in  the  activities  of  business. 

September  11.  1893,  he  married  Miss 
-Mary  Owen,  of  Chicago.  They  have  four 
children:  Clayton  O..  Jeremiah  Owen.  Har- 
riet E.  and  Millard  E..  Jr. 

FRANCIS  EI.ISHA  BAKKR.  Indiana  claims 
among  her  honored  native  sons  Francis 
Elisha  Baker.  United  States  circuit  judge 
of  the  Seventh  Circuit.  lie  was  born  at 
Gcshen,  Indiana.  October  20.  18(iO.  a  son 
of  John  Harris  and  Harriet  (  Defrecs) 
Baker.  lie  was  a  student  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity and  the  University  of  Michigan, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1SS.~>.  In 
the  same  year  he  began  the  practice  of  law 
at  (lOshen  with  his  father  as  Baker  & 
Baker,  was  afterward  a  member  of  the  firm 
Baker  &  Miller,  was  made  a  judge  of  the 
Supreme-  Court  of  Indiana  in  1899.  and  on 
the  4th  of  February.  1902.  was  m;ide  a 
United  States  circuit  judsre. 

Judge  Baker  married  May  Irwin.  of 
Goshen.  where  they  maintained  their  home. 

GEORGE  T.  BEKHK.  A  resident  of  Madi- 
son County  forty  years,  now  completing 


1772 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


his  second  term  of  service  as  county  treas- 
urer, George  T.  Beebe  has  had  a  busy 
career,  and  one  of  more  than  ordinary 
service  to  the  people  of  his  section  of  the 
state. 

At  an  early  age  he  learned  to  depend 
upon  himself  and  has  to  a  large  degree 
been  the  architect  of  his  own  destiny.  Mr. 
Beebe  was  born  at  Drawbridge,  Sussex 
County,  Delaware,  January  23, 1856.  Some 
of  his  remote  ancestors  were  Norwegians 
and  others  were  Irish.  The  first  Beebe  in 
America  of  whom  there  is  record  was  his 
great-grandfather,  Ichabod  Beebe,  who 
was  employed  as  a  government  pilot  on 
Delaware  Bay,  and  on  account  of  his  serv- 
ices at  the  time  of  his  death  a  monument 
was  erected  to  him  by  the  government  at 
Lewistown,  Delaware.  Mr.  Beebe 's  father 
was  for  many  years  a  steward  on  a  gov- 
ernment privateer,  and  had  many  exciting 
experiences,  which  he  often  told  his  son 
George.  Mr.  Beebe 's  parents  were  John 
Selby  and  Elizabeth  (Carey)  Beebe.  His 
father  was  for  many  years  engaged  in 
farming  in  Delaware.  The  father  died  in 
1910  and  the  mother  in  1905,  and  they 
had  a  family  of  eight  children. 

George  T.  Beebe  spent  his  early  life  on 
the  Delaware  farm,  attended  country 
schools  in  Sussex  County,  and  at  the  age 
of  nineteen  began  teaching  in  his  home 
community.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one,  in 
1877,  he  left  home  and  came  to  Madison 
County,  Indiana,  locating  at  Elwood.  For 
a  term  or  so  he  was  a  student  in  Normal 
School,  and  then  began  teaching  in  the 
country  districts  of  Pipe  Creek  Township 
near  Elwood.  He  also  taught  at  Wind- 
fall in  Tipton  County,  then  for  two  years 
was  in  the  Elwood  public  schools,  and 
many  people  in  those  communities  still  re- 
member his  services  as  a  capable  instruc- 
tor. In  the  meantime  he  began  learning 
the  art  of  telegraphy,  and  after  fitting 
himself  for  that  work  was  appointed  agent 
of  the  Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railroad 
at  Elwood.  He  served  there  three  years, 
and  then  for  two  years  was  bookkeeper 
and  weighmaster  in  the  Harting  Elevator 
at  Elwood. 

Mr.  Beebe  came  to  Anderson  to  accept 
the  appointment  of  deputy  sheriff  under 
Thomas  R.  Moore.  He  was  in  the  sheriff's 
office  two  years,  and  on  leaving  it  he 
bought  an  old  established  abstract  and  title 
business.  The  George  T.  Beebe  Abstract 


Company  with  offices  in  the  Masonic  Build- 
ing at  Anderson,  has  the  most  complete 
records  of  titles  in  Madison  County,  cov- 
ering all  the  transfers  of  land  back  to 
government  and  Indian  ownership.  To 
this  business  Mr.  Beebe  has  given  his  chief 
attention  for  many  years.  For  four  years 
he  was  president  of  the  Citizens  Gas  Com- 
pany of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Beebe  has  been  a  leader  in  the  demo- 
cratic party  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  his  residence  in  Madison  County.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Democratic  County 
Committee  one  term,  secretary  two  terms, 
for  one  term  was  chairman  of  the  Anderson 
City  Committee,  was  elected  to  the  Indiana 
State  Committee  in  1911,  and  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  National  Convention  at  St. 
Louis  in  1904,  where  Judge  Parker  was 
nominated  for  president.  In  November, 
1912,  Mr.  Beebe  was  elected  county  treas- 
urer, was  reelected  in  1914,  and  his  present 
term  expires  December  31,  1917.  When 
the  Anderson  police  board  was  first  or- 
ganized Governor  Matthews  appointed  Mr. 
Beebe  one  of  its  first  members,  and  he  was 
reappointed  for  a  second  term.  He  and 
his  family  are  members  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  and  he  is  affiliated 
with  Anderson  Lodge  No.  106,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  for  fifteen  years  was  treas- 
urer of  the  lodge. 

In  January,  1887,  he  married  Miss 
Florence  Wright,  who  was  born  in  Cottage 
Grove,  Indiana,  daughter  of  William  T. 
Wright.  Mrs.  Beebe  was  a  teacher  for 
several  years  before  her  marriage.  Two 
daughters  have  been  born  to  them,  Helen 
E.  and  Rachel,  the  latter  dying  at  the  age 
of  sixteen.  Helen  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Anderson  High  School  and  of  the  Indiana 
State  University,  and  is  now  the  wife  of 
Charles  Crick,  of  Kokomo. 

THOMAS  MCCULLOUGH  is  president  and 
manager  of  the  Bulletin  Printing  and 
Manufacturing  Company  of  Anderson, 
publishers  of  The  Anderson  Bulletin,  one 
of  the  most  influential  and  prosperous 
papers  in  Eastern  Indiana. 

Mr.  McCullough  was  born  December  19, 
1868,  at  a  now  forgotten  town  of  Madison 
County,  Indiana,  known  to  older  residents 
as  Prosperity,  located  in  Richland  Town- 
ship. He  is  a  son  of  James  and  Catherine 
(Keough)  McCullough,  and  as  the  names 
indicate  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1773 


mother  was  born  in  County  Sligo  and  his 
father  in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  came 
when  single  to  America  and  were  married 
at  Richmond,  Indiana.  They  had  a  family 
of  four  sons  and  four  daughters.  The 
father  was  a  veterinary  surgeon  and  died 
in  Madison  County  in  1876.  The  mother 
survived  him  many  years  and  passed  away 
at  Anderson  September  10,  1910,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-one. 

Thomas  McCullough  finished  the  com- 
mon schools  in  Richland  Township,  did 
summer  normal  work  at  Anderson,  and  for 
three  months  was  in  the  G.  W.  Michael 
Business  College.  For  seven  years  Mr.  Mc- 
Cullough had  the  experience  of  a  country 
school  teacher  in  Union  Township.  He 
came  to  Anderson  in  1892,  and  from  1893 
to  1896  was  in  the  postoffice  and  for  seven 
years  was  a  member  of  the  Anderson  police 
force,  rising  to  the  rank  of  captain.  He 
got  into  the  newspaper  business  as  circula- 
tion manager  for  the  Anderson  Daily 
News.  Three  years  later  that  paper  was 
consolidated  with  the  Anderson  Bulletin, 
on  September  1,  1907,  and  has  since  been 
published  as  The  Anderson  Bulletin.  Mr. 
McCullough  was  job  man  and  had  charge 
of  the  commercial  and  business  office  of 
the  Bulletin  until  1913,  when  he  was  elect- 
ed president  and  general  manager  of  the 
company.  The  Bulletin  carries  the  Asso- 
ciated Press  service  and  goes  into  most  of 
the  homes  of  Madison  County  and  also  in- 
to adjoining  counties.  The  business  also 
includes  a  large  commercial  printing  es- 
tablishment. 

Mr.  McCullough  is  a  stockholder  of  the 
Security  Investment  Company  and  its  vice 
president.  He  is  one  of  Madison  County's 
leading  democrats  and  from  March,  1916, 
to  May,  1918,  was  chairman  of  the  Madi- 
son County  Committee.  He  is  a  Knight 
Templar  Mason  and  has  filled  a  number  of 
chairs  in  the  various  orders,  and  is  also 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  1897  Mr.  McCullough  married  Cath- 
erine Tobin,  daughter  of  Matthew  and 
Sarah  Tobin  of  Anderson.  They  have  two 
children,  Catherine  Mary,  who  is  now  a 
sophomore  in  De  Pauw  University,  and 
Sarah  E.,  in  the  senior  year  of  the  Ander- 
son High  School. 

REV.  JOSEPH  F.  WEBER.  Ordained  to 
the  priesthood  nearly  thirty  years  ago, 
Father  Weber's  services  have  been  chiefly 


in  Indianapolis.  He  is  founder  and  pastor 
of  the  Church  of  the  Assumption  of  West 
Indianapolis,  and  to  the  people  of  that  sec- 
tion of  the  city,  regardless  of  sect  or  creed, 
his  name  is  as  a  benediction. 

He  was  born  February  5,  1865,  at  the 
little  town  of  Spades,  near  Lawrenceburg, 
Ripley  County,  Indiana.  It  was  in  direct 
opposition  to  his  father's  wishes  that  in 
boyhood  he  commenced  study  for  the 
priesthood  in  a  Jesuit  college  at  Cincin- 
nati. He  finished  his  classical  and  theo- 
logical studies  in  the  well  known  St.  Mein- 
rad's  Seminary  in  Spencer  County,  In- 
diana. He  was  ordained  June  5,  1889,  and 
immediately  was  sent  to  Indianapolis  as 
an  assistant  at  the  cathedral  of  St.  John. 
Bishop  Chatard  was  then  bishop  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  his  assistants  in  order  of 
rank  were  Father  Gavisk,  Father  Dowd  and 
Father  Weber. 

After  5y2  years  at  the  cathedral  Father 
Weber  was  assigned  the  duty  and  oppor- 
tunity involved  in  the  pastorate  of  the 
newly  created  Church  of  the  Assumption. 
Only  fourteen  families  comprised  the  par- 
ish when  he  took  charge,  but  its  growth 
and  prosperity  have  been  apace  with  the 
city.  His  interest  has  been  keen  not  only 
in  behalf  of  everything  that  concerned  the 
welfare  of  the  church  and  his  people,  but 
also  in  matters  of  broader  community  par- 
ticipation. When  something  has  been 
needed  in  that  .part  of  the  city  requiring 
special  leadership  and  cooperation  no  one 
has  been  turned  to  more  frequently  than 
Father  Weber.  His  intervention  has  come 
again  and  again  in  matters  of  securing  ex- 
tensions of  gas  and  light  facilities,  and 
in  construction  of  sidewalks.  His  parish 
is  in  that  section  of  the  city  which  suffered 
most  during  the  flood  of  1913.  When  hun- 
dreds of  people  were  driven  from  their 
homes  and  distress  and  suffering  were  on 
all  sides,  Father  Weber  was  showing  him- 
self more  than  a  spiritual  leader  and  was 
heading  an  organization  that  fed  800  per- 
sons daily.  For  this  and  many  other  acts 
of  civic  helpfulness  the  board  of  public 
safety  presented  him  with  a  vote  of  thanks 
in  behalf  of  the  entire  city. 

Father  Weber  is  a  son  of  Frank  and 
Josephine  (Hammersle)  Weber.  His 
father  had  an  interesting  and  successful 
career.  Born  at  Landthul,  Bavaria,  his 
family  enjoyed  considerable  wealth  and 
good  position,  his  father  being  a  miller  and 


1774 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


grain  dealer.  But  the  early  environment 
of  Frank  Weber  was  not  congenial  for  all 
that.  At  thirteen  he  practically  had  charge 
of  his  father's  flour  mill,  and  to  escape  a 
drudgery  and  responsibility  beyond  his 
years  he  ran  away  from  home,  crossed 
France,  and  after  a  voyage  on  a  sailing 
vessel  for  sixty-five  days  arrived  in  New 
York  City.  At  that  time  his  uncle  George 
A.  Weber  was  d  man  of  more  than  ordinary 
business  distinction  at  Cincinnati.  This 
uncle  was  the  builder  and  proprietor  of 
the  Gait  House,  which  for  many  years  was 
one  of  the  most  noted  hostelries  of  the 
West.  Frank  Weber  earned  a  living  and 
found  freedom  from  the  restrictions  of 
European  life  by  working  for  his  uncle  in 
the  Gait  House  until  he  was  eighteen  years 
of  age.  Having  at  an  earlier  stage  of  his 
experience  acquired  much  knowledge  of 
grain,  he  was  able  to  fit  in  as  a  useful 
worker  in  a  Cincinnati  brewery  also  owned 
by  his  uncle. 

While  thus  employed  he  was  sent  on  a 
business  trip  to  Dover,  Indiana.  Most  of 
his  transactions  were  with  Balthazar  Ham- 
mersle,  and  while  at  his  home  Frank  Weber 
met  Miss  Josephine  Hammersle.  Acquain- 
tance ripened  fast  into  affection,  and 
though  she  was  only  sixteen  years  old,  and 
against  her  father's  wishes,  they  were  mar- 
ried and  had  many  years  of  happiness  and 
usefulness  together.  Mr.  Hammersle  had 
come  from  France  and  was  a  man  of  con- 
siderable wealth.  At  the  time  of  his  mar- 
riage Frank  Weber  had  shown  the  quali- 
ties of  a  good  business  man  and  later  years 
brought  him  substantial  rewards.  He  had 
a  large  business  as  dealer  in  livestock  and 
grain,  and  had  finally  become  owner  of 
the  G.  A.  Weber  Brewery  in  Cincinnati. 
During  the  Civil  war  his  property  lay  in 
the  path  of  the  Confederate  raiders  under 
Morgan,  and  it  took  a  number  of  years  to 
recover  the  losses  then  sustained.  His  good 
wife  died  January  9,  1894,  at  the  age  of 
fifty-five.  After  her  death  he  spent  much 
of  his  time  in  the  home  of  Father  Weber 
at  Indianapolis,  where  he  died  June  28, 
1898,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight.  Death  in- 
terrupted his  cherished  plan  to  revisit  the 
scenes  of  his  childhood,  which  he  had  left 
at  thirteen  and  to  which  he  never  returned. 

Of  the  children  the  oldest  is  J.  B.  Weber, 
who  until  recently  was  connected  with  the 
White  Swan  Distillery  at  Indianapolis,  but 
is  now  living  retired  in  Los  Angeles. 


Frank  H.,  the  second  son,  is  manager  of 
the  Indianapolis  Brewing  Company.  The 
third  son  is  Father  Weber,  and  the  fourth 
is  George  A.,  of  Indianapolis.  The  daugh- 
ter Clara  is  the  wife  of  Frank  Fronapel  of 
Cambridge  City,  Indiana.  Ida  M.  married 
Charles  A.  Rink,  of  Indianapolis.  Edward 
Weber,  the  remaining  child,  died  quite  re- 
cently. 

AMOS  N.  GUSTIN.  The  widening  field  of 
electric  transmission  of  energy  has  within 
the  last  half  century  become  one  of  the 
most  important  lines  of  modern  business. 
The  mysterious  agent,  electricity,  has  been 
so  captured,  harnessed  and  utilized  that 
now  the  wheels  of  commerce  would  scarcely 
turn  without  the  motive  power  of  the  elec- 
tric current,  armies  both  industrial  and 
belligerent  would  be  shorn  of  their  power 
to  a  large  extent,  railroads  could  no  longer 
sweep  like  the  wind  across  a  continent, 
agricultural  activities  would  lag,  and  ac- 
customed comfort  and  convenience  would 
be  lacking  in  multitudes  of  homes.  It  is 
not  remarkable  then  that  ambitious,  in- 
telligent, progressive  men  enter  the  elec- 
trical business,  and  many  find  hidden  for- 
tunes in  this  line  of  work  when  they  are 
thoroughly  competent.  Anderson  has  more 
than  one  electric  business  firm  here,  but 
none  are  more  reliable  or  better  prepared 
or  more  experienced  than  the  firm  of  Gus- 
tin  &  Epply,  the  senior  member  of  which 
is  Amos  N.  Gustin,  one  of  the  big  con- 
tractors and  representative  business  men 
of  this  city. 

Amos  N.  Gustin,  president  of  the  In- 
diana Electric  Company,  was  born  on  his 
father's  farm  in  Lafayette  Township, 
Madison  County,  Indiana,  not  far  from 
Anderson,  in  1869.  His  parents  were  John 
Quincy  and  Mary  (Miller)  Gustin.  In 
tracing  the  family  far  back  it  is  found  that 
it  may  justly  lay  claim  to  be  of  Revolu- 
tionary stock  and  Huguenot  ancestry,  and 
for  many  years  it  has  been  an  old  family 
in  Madison  County,  Indiana,  and  always 
a  highly  respected  one. 

Amos  N.  Gustin  obtained  his  education 
in  the  public  schools,  mainly  during  the 
winter  seasons,  as  he  assisted  his  father  on 
the  farm  during  the  summers  tmtil  he  was 
eighteen  years  old.  There  were  eighty 
acres  in  the  home  farm  and  the  father  spent 
the  larger  part  of  his  life  there,  with  the 
exception  of  about  five  years  when  he  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1775 


his  son  Amos  N.,  conducted  a  grocery  store 
on  West  Main  Street,  Anderson. 

After  his  father  sold  the  grocery  busi- 
ness Amos  N.  Gustin  went  to  work  for 
the  Anderson  Nut  &  Bolt  Company,  and 
remained  there  for  six  years,  during  a  part 
of  the  time  being  a  shipping  clerk,  and 
here  gained  a  large  amount  of  practical 
and  useful  information.  From  that  con- 
cern he  went  with  the  Hoosier  Chemical 
Company,  manufacturers  of  pharmaceu- 
tical preparations  and  specialties.  He 
owned  a  half  interest  in  the  company  and 
during  his  two  years  connection  had  an 
opportunity  to  make  some  headway  in  the 
study  of  medical  science.  Following  this 
experience  he  was  engaged  for  3%  years 
in  the  commercial  department  of  the  Mu- 
nicipal Electric  Light  Company  of  Ander- 
son, and  had  charge  of  tha  city  lights  and 
had  an  opportunity  again  to  increase  his 
knowledge,  which  he  seized  and  made  a 
study  of  electricity  and  electric  installa- 
tion. 

Mr.  Gustin  then  spent  a  year  at  Pasa- 
dena, California,  working  as  an  order  clerk 
for  the  Model  Grocery  Company.  Al- 
though that  highly  lauded  section  of  the 
country  has  many  advantages,  it  did  not 
appeal  to  Mr.  Gustin  as  did  the  recollec- 
tion of  his  old  home  in  Indiana,  hence  he 
retunned  to  Anderson  when  he  felt  ready 
to  establish  himself  in  a  permanent  busi- 
ness. In  1906  he  purchased  a  one-third  in- 
terest in  the  Indiana  Electric  Company 
of  Anderson,  his  partners  being  Frank  B. 
Stratton  and  Frank  Epply.  In  1913  Mr. 
Stratton  sold  his  interest  to  his  partners, 
and  they  have  continued  in  the  electrical 
business  .here  ever  since.  They  deal  in  elec- 
trical supplies  and  do  a  general  electric 
contracting  business  and  have  satisfac- 
torily handled  some  of  the  heaviest  con- 
tracts in  this  entire  section.  They  have 
first  class  quarters,  fine  equipments,  a  large 
stock  and  expert  electricians.  Mr.  Gustin 
has  additional  business  interests. 

In  1893  he  was  married  to  Miss  Louise 
Stritmater,  who  is  a  daughter  of  Martin 
Stritmater,  of  Toledo,  Ohio.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Gustin  have  two  sons :  Joseph  Quincy,  who 
was  born  in  1894,  and  Robert  Louis,  who 
was  born  in  1907.  The  elder  son.  who  is 
a  resident  of  Anderson,  married  Miss  Irene 
Sweetman,  of  this  city. 

In  his  political  affiliation  Mr.  Gustin  has 
always  been  a  republican  but  has  never 


been  a  politician  in  the  accepted  sense  and 
has  never  desired  public  office.  He  has 
always  been  a  hearty  supporter  of  law  and 
order  and  has  many  times  shown  his  sin- 
cere public  spirit  in  favoring  civic  move- 
ments, and  has  been  a  liberal  contributor  to 
charities  of  all  kinds  both  before  and  since 
the  outbreak  of  the  World  war.  He  is 
identified  fraternally  with  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles. 

GEORGE  E.  NICHOL.  The  family  repre- 
sented by  George  E.  Nichol,  a  prominent 
Anderson  banker,  has  been  identified  with 
that  section  of  Indiana  more  than  sixty 
years.  Many  associations  gather  around 
the  name,  as  soldiers,  leaders  in  republican 
politics,  merchants,  bankers  and  citizens 
whose  reliability  and  integrity  pass  with- 
out question. 

The  Nichols  of  Anderson  are  of  English, 
Irish  and  Scotch  descent.  It  was  an  old 
and  substantial  family  in  England  for 
many  generations  and  the  Nichols  possess 
a  coat  of  arms.  Francis  Nichol  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1737,  and  with  his 
brother  William  came  to  America  and  set- 
tled in  Cumberland  County,  Pennsylvania. 
William  Nichol  was  later  a  captain  in  the 
American  army.  Francis  Nichol  also  en- 
listed in  June,  1775,  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  second  lie-utenant,  was  taken  pris- 
oner at  Quebec  December  31,  1775,  was 
released  in  August,  1776.  and  by  his  later 
attainments  and  service  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  was  elected  first  United  States  marshal 
of  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  He  died  in 
Pennsylvania  February  13,  1812.  This 
distinguished  early  American  was  the 
"Teat-great-grandfather  of  George  E. 
Nichol  of  Anderson.  The  head  of  the  next 
generation  of  the  family  was  Thomas 
Nichol,  who  became  a  pioneer  settler  on  the 
Ohio  side  of  the  Ohio  River  near  Wheeling. 
West  Virginia,  and  afterwards  moved  to 
Butler  County,  Ohio,  where  his  sturdy 
arms  cleared  up  160  acres  of  wild  land. 
Of  his  children  Joseph  was  a  soldier  in  the 
War  of  1812. 

Thomas,  Jr.,  grandfather  of  George  E. 
Nichol,  was  born  about  1803  in  Belmont 
County,  Ohio,  and  was  three  years  old 
when  the  family  moved  to  Butler  County. 
He  married  Jane  Marshall,  daughter  of 
Gilbert  and  Mary  (Taylor)  Marshall.  The 
young  couple  went  to  a  home  in  the  woods, 


1776 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  spent  many  years  of  their  industrious 
lives  in  clearing  up  and  developing  a  fine 
farm.  This  Thomas  Nichol  was  a  Jack- 
sonian  democrat  in  politics.  His  children 
were:  William  M.,  born  in  1828,  George, 
Mary,  Joseph  W.,  Martha,  Gilbert,  Jen- 
nie, Francis,  Catherine,  John  and  Robert. 

George  Nichol,  who  was  born  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  January  14,  1830,  is  still 
alive  at  the  age  of  eighty-seven  and  has 
been  one  of  the  foremost  characters  of  An- 
derson for  a  long  period  of  years.  He  had 
limited  opportunities  as  a  boy  to  gain  an 
education  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  and  ac- 
quired most  of  his  knowledge  in  his  work 
as  a  teacher  and  by  a  year's  attendance  at 
Farmer's  College  in  Cincinnati.  In  1852 
he  went  west  to  Keokuk,  Iowa,  where  he 
was  employed  as  clerk  in  a  hardware  store, 
and  in  March,  1854,  arrived  at  Anderson, 
Indiana. 

Here  he  entered  upon  a  career  as  a 
hardware  merchant,  and  that  business  has 
been  in  the  Nichol  family  continuously  now 
for  more  than  sixty  years.  His  first  asso- 
ciate was  Amos  J.  King.  George  Nichol 
under  the  weight  of  years  and  with  an 
ample  competence  retired  from  business  a 
number  of  years  ago,  turning  over  the  in- 
terests to  his  sons  Thomas  J.  and  George 
E. 

George  Nichol  put  patriotism  and  duty 
to  his  country  above  his  business  when  the 
Civil  war  came  on.  In  September,  1861, 
he  enlisted  from  Anderson  in  the  Forty- 
Seventh  Indiana  Infantry,  was  appointed 
quartermaster  of  his  regiment,  and  saw  ac- 
tive service  until  1864.  He  attained  the 
rank  of  first  lieutenant.  George  Nichol 
was  about  twenty-six  years  of  age,  a  young 
man  in  the  flush  of  enthusiasm  and  man- 
hood, when  the  republican  party  was  or- 
ganized and  chose  its  first  presidential 
candidate,  and  he  voted  for  John  C.  Fre- 
mont in  1856  and  steadily  supported  every 
other  party  candidate  down  to  the  present 
time,  his  record  of  party  allegiance  run- 
ning without  a  break  from  1856  to  1916. 
He  was  the  first  republican  elected  by 
Madison  County  to  the  office  of  county 
auditor.  He  was  chosen  to  that  office  in 
1870,  at  a  time  when  the  county  was  demo- 
cratic by  a  large  majority.  It  was  one  of 
the  notable  triumphs  in  the  political  his- 
tory of  the  county.  His  service  as  auditor 
was  rendered  from  1871  to  1875.  Tn  1904 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Indiana 


Legislature,  and  in  1907  Governor  Hanly 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  for  the  Indiana  Epileptic  Village 
at  Newcastle.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
board  until  1911,  since  which  time  he  has 
been  practically  retired  from  public  life. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  chairman 
of  the  Republican  County  Central  Commit- 
tee. He  was  the  first  president  of  the  An- 
derson Board  of  Trade  and  was  actively 
identified  with  that  organization  througn- 
out  its  existence.  He  is  a  charter  member 
of  Major  May  Post,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  a  member  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church  at  Anderson.  George 
Nichol  married  December  4,  1855,  at  An- 
derson, Harriet  Robinson,  who  was  born 
in  Ripley  County,  Indiana,  in  1835,  daugh- 
ter of  Josephus  and  Matilda  Robinson, 
and  a  sister  of  Colonel  M.  S.  Robinson. 
Her  father  was  for  many  years  a  well 
known  member  of  the  Indiana  bar.  George 
Nichol  and  wife  became  the  parents  of  two 
sons,  Thomas  J.,  born  September  13,  1856, 
and  George  E.  Their  mother  died  May  25, 
1896.  September  27,  1899,  George  Nichol 
married  Mrs.  Mary  Eglin,  widow  of  Capt. 
John  F.  Eglin  of  the  Forty-Seventh  In- 
diana Infantry.  She  died  September  24, 
1907. 

George  E.  Nichol,  younger  son  of  the 
venerable  George  Nichol,  was  born  at  An- 
derson October  4,  1861,  and  after  finishing 
his  education  in  the  local  public  schools 
entered  his  father's  hardware  store  at  the 
age  of  seventeen.  As  a  clerk  he  learned 
every  detail  and  routine  of  the  business, 
and  later  with  his  brother  Thomas  assumed 
the  responsibilities  of  managing  that  large 
and  old  established  house.  He  was  per- 
sonally identified  wth  its  management  un- 
til 1912,  being  secretary  and  treasurer, 
while  his  brother  was  president  of  the  com- 
pany, and  he  still  holds  those  offices.  In 
1912  Mr.  Nichol  took  the  post  of  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Citizens  Bank  of  Anderson, 
and  his  time  was  largely  occupied  with  the 
executive  duties  of  that  position  for  several 
years,  and  he  still  remains  in  the  office  of 
vice  president.  However,  since  January, 
1915,  his  chief  post  of  responsibility  has 
been  as  president  of  the  Farmers  Trust 
Company.  He  was  one  of  the  local  citi- 
zens who  promoted  this  company  in  Janu- 
ary, 1912.  He  is  thus  actively  identified 
with  three  leading  business  and  financial 
institutions  of  his  native  city. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1777 


In  1888  Mr.  Nichol  married  Catherine 
Malone,  daughter  of  Wi.  K.  and  Eleanor 
(Duffey)  Malone,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Nichol  have  two  children :  George 
W.,  born  in  1895,  and  Kobert  E.,  born  in 
1900. 

Mr.  Nichol  is  affiliated  with  Fellowship 
Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
with  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  served  as  exalted  ruler 
of  the  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks  in  1895,  is 
a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
and  in  politics  is  a  republican  without  as- 
pirations for  any  of  the  honors  or  emolu- 
ments of  politics. 

ANDREW  JACKSON  SPAULDING,  D.  C.  As 
a  doctor  of  chiropractic  Doctor  Spaulding 
ranks  high  in  the  medical  fraternity,  and 
is  one  of  the  leading  exponents  of  chiro- 
practic in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 
He  is  junior  member  of  the  firm  James  & 
Spaulding,  with  offices  in  the  Union  Build- 
ing at  Anderson,  and  with  a  practice  ex- 
tending all  over  that  county  and  surround- 
ing counties. 

Doctor  Spaulding  was  born  at  Ovid,  In- 
diana, in  1885,  a  son  of  Robert  Y.  and  An- 
na (Talbot)  Spaulding.  He  comes  by  his 
professional  inclination  partly  by  inheri- 
tance, since  his  father  was  an  earnest,  hard 
working  and  conscientious  pioneer  phy- 
sician and  did  a  worthy  work  for  many 
years.  Andrew  J.  Spauldng  was  educated 
in  country  schools.  He  spent  two  years  in 
high  school  and  in  1902  secured  a  position 
as  a  traveling  representative  for  the  St. 
Louis  Range  Company.  In  their  interests 
he  traveled  all  over  Southern  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  for 
three  years.  He  proved  himself  a  success- 
ful salesman,  and  doubtless  would  have 
reached  a  high  mark  in  that  business  had 
he  chosen  to  continue  it.  Later  for  four 
years  he  was  shipping  clerk  with  the  Big 
Four  Railway  at  Anderson,  but  in  1913 
gave  up  business  to  enter  the  Indiana 
School  of  Chiropractic  at  Anderson,  where 
he  spent  two  years  and  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  D.  C.  in  1915.  He  at 
once  set  himself  up  in  practice  at  Ander- 
son, and  a  year  and  a  half  later,  in  July, 
1917,  joined  Dr.  J.  H.  James  under  the 
firm  name  of  James  &  Spaulding. 

Doctor  Spaulding  married  at  Chester- 
field, Indiana,  Ida  Rinker,  daughter  of 
Samuel  and  Jane  (Mills)  Rinker,  well 


known  people  in  the  farming  section  east 
of  Anderson.  While  Doctor  and  Mrs. 
Spaulding  have  no  children  of  their  own 
they  have  reared  three  or  four  and  have 
provided  them  with  good  home  and  ad- 
vantages. Doctor  Spaulding  is  a  democrat 
in  politics,  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  at  Anderson,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Methodist  Church  at  Dales- 
ville.  He  is  also  a  member  of  Camel  Lodge 
and  the  Central  Business  Men's  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago,  Illinois. 

ALEXANDER  TAGGART.  It  was  a  matter 
of  good  fortune  both  to  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis and  for  Alexander  Taggart  person- 
ally that  he  became  identified  with  this 
community  about  the  close  of  the  Civil  war, 
and  continuously  for  over  half  a  century 
he  continued  a  resident,  a  capable  and  pro- 
gressive business  man  and  one  whose  life 
meant  much  beyond  the  immediate  sphere 
of  his  private  business.  The  baking  busi- 
ness has  been  a  family  trade  with  the  Tag- 
garts  for  several  generations,  and  it  was  in 
that  line  that  Alexander  Taggart  gained 
his  secure  position  in  Indianapolis  business 
affairs.  He  was  still  active  at  the  end  of 
half  a  century  and  was  treasurer  of  the 
Taggart  Baking  Company.  However,  he 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  the  mild,  dry 
climate  of  Colorado  and  Arizona.  The 
active  direction  of  the  Taggart  Baking 
Company  is  handled  by  his  son  Alexander 
L.,  its  president. 

Of  English  and  Manx  lineage,  Alexander 
Taggart  was  born  at  Ramsey,  Isle  of  Man, 
April  5,  1844,  and  died  November  12,  1918. 
He  was  a  son  of  James  and  Elizabeth 
(Lewthewaite)  Taggart.  His  parents  spent 
all  their  lives  on  the  Isle  of  Man,  his  father 
being  a  baker.  With  the  advantages  of  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  town  Alexan- 
der Taggart  at  the  age  of  fifteen  began  an 
apprenticeship  at  the  baker's  trade  in  his 
father's  shop.  He  learned  the  business  with 
systematic  thoroughness  and  remained 
there  as  a  wage  earner  until  he  reached  his 
majority.  Coming  to  the  United  States,  he 
remained  a  short  time  in  New  York  City 
and  in  1865  came  to  Indianapolis.  Here 
he  found  employment  in  the  shops  of  one 
of  the  pioneer  bakers  of  the  city,  Mr. 
Thompson.  A  year  later  he  went  back  to 
his  native  country,  but  for  only  a  year, 
when  he  returned  to  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Taggart  had  a  great  affection  for  the_land 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1777 


In  1888  Mr.  Nichol  married  Catherine 
Malono,  daughter  of  \V.  K.  and  Eleanor 
(Dnffey)  Malone,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Nichol  have  two  children :  George 
W.,  born  in  1895,  and  Robert  E.,  born  in 
1900. 

Mr.  Nichol  is  affiliated  with  Fellowship 
Lodge.  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
with  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  served  as  exalted  ruler 
of  the  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks  in  1895,  is 
a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
and  in  politics  is  a  republican  without  as- 
pirations for  any  of  the  honors  or  emolu- 
ments of  politics. 

ANDREW  JACKSON  SIJAVLDIXG.  I).  C.  As 
a  doctor  of  chiropractic  Doctor  Spaulding 
ranks  high  in  the  medical  fraternity,  and 
is  one  of  the  leading  exponents  of  chiro- 
practic in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 
He  is  junior  member  of  the  firm  James  & 
Spaulding.  with  offices  in  the  Union  Build- 
ing at  Anderson,  ami  with  a  practice  ex- 
tending all  over  that  county  and  surround- 
ing counties. 

Doctor  Spaulding  was  born  at  Ovid,  In- 
diana, in  1885,  a  son  of  Robert  Y.  and  An- 
na (Talhot)  Spaulding.  He  comes  by  his 
professional  inclination  partly  by  inheri- 
tance, since  his  father  was  an  earnest,  hard 
working  and  conscientious  pioneer  phy- 
sician and  did  a  worthy  work  for  many 
years.  Andrew  J.  Spauldng  was  educated 
in  country  schools.  He  spent  two  years  in 
high  school  and  in  1902  secured  a  position 
as  a  traveling  representative  for  the  St. 
Louis  Range  Company.  In  their  interests 
lie  traveled  all  over  Southern  Indiana. 
Kentucky,  Ohio  and  West  Virginia  for 
three  years.  lie  proved  himself  a  success- 
ful salesman,  and  doubtless  would  have 
reached  a  high  mark  in  that  business  had 
he  chosen  to  continue  it.  Later  for  four 
years  he  was  shipping  clerk  with  the  Big 
Four  Railway  at  Anderson,  but  in  1913 
gave  up  business  to  enter  the  Indiana 
School  of  Chiropractic  at  Anderson,  where 
he  spent  two  years  and  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  D.  C.  in  1915.  He  at 
once  set  himself  up  in  practice  at  Ander- 
son, and  a  year  and  a  half  later,  in  July, 
1917,  joined  Dr.  J.  II.  James  under  the 
firm  name  of  James  &  Spaulding. 

Doctor  Spaulding  married  at  Chester- 
field, Indiana.  Ida  Rinker,  daughter  of 
Samuel  and  Jane  (Mills)  Rinker,  well 


known  people  in  the  farming  section  east 
of  Anderson.  While  Doctor  and  Mrs. 
Spaulding  have  no  children  of  their  own 
they  have  reared  three  or  four  and  have 
provided  them  with  good  home  and  ad- 
vantages. Doctor  Spaulding  is  a  democrat 
in  polities,  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  at  Anderson,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Methodist  Church  at  Dales- 
ville.  He  is  also  a  member  of  Camel  Lodire 
and  the  Central  Business  Men's  Associa- 
tion of  Chicago,  Illinois. 

ALEXANDER  TAGGART.  It  was  a  matter 
of  good  fortune  both  to  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis and  for  Alexander  Taggart  person- 
ally that  he  became  identified  with  this 
community  about  the  close  of  the  Civil  war, 
and  continuously  for  over  half  a  century 
he  continued  a  resident,  a  capable  and  pro- 
gressive business  man  and  one  whose  life 
meant  much  beyond  the  immediate  sphere 
of  his  private  business.  The  baking  busi- 
ness has  been  a  family  trade  with  the  Tag- 
garts  for  several  generations,  and  it  was  in 
that  line  that  Alexander  Taggart  gained 
liis  secure  position  in  Indianapolis  business 
affairs,  lie  was  still  active  at  the  end  of 
half  a  century  and  was  treasurer  of  the 
Taggart  Baking  Company.  However,  he 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  the  mild,  dry 
climate  of  Colorado  and  Ari/ona.  The 
active  direction  of  the  Taggart  Baking 
Company  is  handled  by  his  son  Alexander 
L.,  its  president. 

Of  English  and  Manx  lineage.  Alexander 
Taggart  was  born  at  Ramsey,  Isle  of  Man, 
April  5.  1S44.  and  died  November  12,  1918. 
He  was  a  son  of  James  and  Elizabeth 
(  Lewthewaite )  Taggart.  His  parents  spent 
all  their  lives  on  the  Isle  of  Man.  his  father 
being  a  baker.  With  the  advantages  of  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  town  Alexan- 
der Taggart  at  the  age  of  fifteen  began  an 
apprenticeship  at  the  baker's  trade  in  his 
father's  shop.  He  learned  the  business  with 
systematic  thoroughness  and  remained 
there  as  a  wage  earner  until  he  reached  his 
majority.  Coining  to  the  I'nited  States.  In- 
remained  a  short  time  in  New  York  City 
and  in  18(15  came  to  Indianapolis.  Here 
he  found  employment  in  the  shops  of  one 
of  the  pioneer  bakers  of  the  city.  Mr. 
Thompson.  A  year  later  he  went  back  to 
his  native  country,  but  for  only  a  year, 
when  lie  returned  to  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Taggart  had  a  great  affection  for  thejand 


1778 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


of  his  birth,  and  as  his  means  of  later  years 
justified  it  made  several  visits  to  the  scenes 
of  his  early  life. 

April  12,  1869,  Mr.  Taggart  left  the  role 
of  a  jurneyman  baker  and  established  a 
business  of  his  own.  He  was  sole  pro- 
prietor until  he  established  a  co-partner- 
ship with  B.  E.  Parrott.  The  firm  of 
Parrott  &  Taggart  was  a  factor  in 
Indianapolis  business  a  period  of  eighteen 
years.  In  that  time  the  establishment  be- 
came the  largest  and  best  equipped  in  the 
city,  and  as  such  it  was  finally  merged  with 
the  United  States  Baking  Company,  with 
Mr.  Taggart  as  a  director  and  in  charge  of 
the  local  factory.  Still  later  the  plant  be- 
came a  local  branch  of  the  National  Biscuit 
Company.  In  1904  Mr.  Taggart  resigned 
his  office  as  director,  selling  his  stock  in  the 
company,  and  for  a  year  lived  retired. 

Then  in  1905  the  Taggart  Baking  Com- 
pany was  organized  and  incorporated,  with 
Alexander  Taggart  as  treasurer.  This  com- 
pany now  has  the  largest  baking  plant  in 
the  state,  and  its  high  class  products  are 
distributed  all  over  Central  Indiana. 

Consistently  through  all  the  years  of  his 
residence  Mr.  Taggart 's  part  was  that  of 
a  citizen  of  fine  ideals  and  one  willing  to 
work  in  the  interest  of  any  movement  that 
affected  the  local  welfare.  He  did  not  seek 
participation  in  practical  politics,  was  a 
republican  voter,  and  enjoyed  a  well  mer- 
ited popularity  in  business  circles  and  in 
the  modest  social  life  which  appealed  to 
him.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Meridian  Street  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  as  is  his  wife.  He  identified  him- 
self with  this  church  in  1865,  the  year  he 
came  to  Indianapolis. 

January  9,  1873,  Mr.  Taggart  married 
Miss  Louise  Alice  Bell.  Mrs.  Taggart  was 
born  and  reared  in  Indiana,  daughter  of 
the  late  Charles  Bell  of  Plymouth.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Taggart  had  six  children :  Ger- 
trude, Lillian  B.,  Mona  L.,  Alexander  L., 
William  L.  and  Edward  B.  Alexander  L., 
now  president  of  the  Taggart  Baking  Com- 
pany, married  in  October,  1904,  Lillian 
Atkins.  Their  children  are  Alexander  L., 
Jr.,  Adelaide  L.,  Florence,  Elizabeth. 
Mona,  Lillian  and  Helen  A.  The  second 
son  of  Mr.  Taggart,  William  L.,  married 
November  9,  1912,  Marion  Thomson,  de- 
ceased, and  they  had  a  son  named  William 
L.,  Jr.  Edward  B.  Taggart,  youngest  of 
the  three  sons,  married,  May  15,  1917, 


Adelaide  Rawles  and  they  have  one  child, 
Adelaide  Patricia. 

ALBERT  BAHNES  ANDERSON,  who  was 
elected  United  States  district  judge,  dis- 
trict of  Indiana,  December  18,  1902,  was 
born  near  Zionsville,  Boone  County,  In- 
diana, February  10,  1857,  a  son  of  Phil- 
ander and  Anna  (Duzan)  Anderson.  He 
is  a  graduate  of  Wabash  College,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1881,  practiced  at 
Crawfordsville  from  1881  to  1902,  and 
prior  to  entering  upon  his  duties  as  judge 
served  as  prosecuting  attorney  of  Mont- 
gomery County.  He  is  a  republican. 

Judge  Anderson  married  Rose  Camp- 
bell, of  Crawfordsville. 

ERASTCS  W.  HUBBARD,  members  of  whose 
family  are  still  prominently  identified  with 
the  business  and  civic  affairs  at  Delphi  and 
Indianapolis,  was  of  a  former  generation 
of  Indianans.  His  life  and  character  were 
such  that  it  is  not  straining  the  truth  to 
say  that  to  such  men  Indiana  owes  its  high 
and  proud  position  among  the  states  of  the 
Union. 

He  was  really  a  product  of  the  pioneer 
era  of  Indiana,  though  his  own  character 
and  abilities  enabled  him  to  rise  superior 
to  his  environment.  He  was  born  June 
30,  1819,  and  thirteen  years  later  "his 
father,  Brigham  Hubbard,  journeyed  into 
Northeastern  Indiana,  when  it  was  prac- 
tically a  wilderness.  The  family  made  its 
first  settlement  in  Tippecanoe  County, 
where  Brigham  Hubbard  preempted  a 
tract  of  land.  In  order  to  reach  this  land 
it  was  necessary  to  blaze  a  way  through 
the  forest.  Brigham  Hubbard  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  his  pioneer  enterprise.  Tippecanoe 
County  in  those  days  was  unwholesome  with 
the  plagues  and  fevers  that  rose  from  the 
undrained  marshes  and  swamps,  and  he 
died  before  realizing  his  ambitions  to 
achieve  a  home  and  an  honored  place  in 
the  community.  About  1833  his  widow  re- 
moved with  her  family  to  Delphi,  where  a 
son-in-law,  David  R.  Harley,  was  then  liv- 
ing. Brigham  Hubbard  had  twice  mar- 
ried. His  first  wife  died  in  New  York 
State,  the  mother  of  three  children.  These 
three  children  and  the  second  wife  con- 
stituted his  family  when  he  came  to  In- 
diana. There  was  one  daughter  by  his  sec- 
ond marriage. 

Erastus  W.  Hubbard  was  about  fourteen 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1779 


years  old  when  he  went  to  Delphi.  In  that 
town  he  grew  to  manhood  and  had  only 
such  advantages  as  were  supplied  by  the 
subscription  schools.  Later,  however,  for 
two  years  he  was  a  student  in  Hamilton 
College  in  Chenango  County,  New  York. 
His  early  ambition  was  to  become  a  law- 
yer. He  was  diverted  from  this  and  took 
up  the  manufacture  of  lime  at.  Delphi, 
where  he  developed  a  large  industry.  He 
was  in  that  business  during  the  era  of 
primitive  transportation  in  Indiana,  and 
most  of  his  shipments  outside  of  the  im- 
mediate locality  were  made  over  the  Wa- 
bash  and  Erie  Canal.  He  finally  sold  that 
business  and  in  1877  organized  the  Citi- 
zens Bank  at  Delphi,  of  which  he  became 
the  president.  About  1888,  when  in  his 
seventieth  year,  he  retired  from  active 
business,  and  he  died  at  the  home  of  a  son 
in  Indianapolis  January  28,  1902. 

Congressman  Charles  B.  Landis  once 
said  that  Erastus  W.  Hubbard  would  have 
made  a  superior  lawyer,  that  he  had  the 
analytical  and  judicial  turn  of  mind  and 
oratorical  abilities  requisite  for  high  suc- 
cess in  that  profession.  In  the  opinion  of 
other  contemporaries  he  would  have  suc- 
ceeded in  almost  any  line  of  endeavor 
chosen.  He  was  old  fashioned  in  his  in- 
tegrity, and  his  entire  life  was  completely 
above  reproach.  He  was  a  charter  member 
of  the  Christian  Church  at  Delphi  and 
kept  his  membership  in  that  church  the 
rest  of  his  life.  It  was  in  keeping  with  his 
well  rounded  character  that  he  was  known 
for  his  generosity  and  his  liberality  in 
views  and  actions.  He  was  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  old  I.  D.  &  C.  Railway,  now 
part  of  the  Monon  system.  The  road  fin- 
ally became  badly  involved,  and  Mr.  Hub- 
bard  was  appointed  trustee  for  the  credi- 
tors. Under  his  administration  the  affairs 
were  so  ably  handled  that  not  a  single 
creditor  lost  a  dollar. 

Mr.  Hubbard  was  a  staunch  republican, 
but  it  is  not  known  that  he  ever  sought  a 
single  public  honor.  He  served  as  school 
trustee,  but  did  so  as  a  practical  means 
of  expressing  his  strong  friendship  in  be- 
half of  education.  Possessing  great  energy, 
virile  and  active  in  every  way,  his  capaci- 
ties were  guided  by  a  superior  intellect 
and  above  all  by  a  thoroughly  honorable 
and  upright  character.  Much  praise  was 
given  him  for  the  admirable  manner  in 
which  he  handled  estates  for  widows  and 


orphans,  and  other  trusts  committed  to 
him.  He  not  only  taught  the  Golden  Rule 
but  he  lived  it,  and  he  had  friends  wher- 
ever he  had  acquaintances. 

Erastus  W.  Hubbard  married  Arabella 
Wright.  Of  their  five  children  one  died  in 
infancy,  the  others  being:  Henry  C.,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  fourteen ;  Clara  A., 
who  became  the  wife  of  Rev.  J.  M.  Monroe ; 
Willard  Wright,  and  Walter  J. 

Willard  W.  Hubbard,  son  of  Erastus 
W.,  was  born  at  Delphi,  Indiana,  August 
5,  1854,  and  has  sustained  much  of  the 
strength  and  ability  of  his  father  in  busi- 
ness affairs.  He  was  educated  at  Delphi, 
and  in  1877  graduated  from  Butler  Col- 
lege. Soon  after,  upon  its  organization,  he 
became  cashier  of  the  Citizens  Bank  at 
Delphi,  and  filled  that  office  until  1883. 
He  also  organized  the  Island  Coal  Com- 
pany, operating  mines  in  Greene  County. 
Since  1884  his  home  has  been  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  he  has  acquired  extensive  inter- 
ests in  coal  and  railroads.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Sigma  Chi  college  fraternity, 
and  his  family  belong  to  the  Central  Chris- 
tian Church  in  Indianapolis.  Willard 
Hubbard  married  Josephine  S.  Niles,  of 
Mishawaka,  Indiana.  Their  three  children 
are  Harry  N..  Willard  W.,  Jr.,  and  Helen 
J.  The  daughter  is  the  wife  of  Charles  S. 
Bygate. 

Walter  J.  Hubbard,  second  son  of  Eras- 
tus W.  Hubbard,  was  born  at  Delphi,  In- 
diana, September  23,  1862.  The  education 
received  in  the  public  schools  of  Delphi 
was  supplemented  by  three  years  of  at- 
tendance at  Butler  College.  While  in  col- 
lege he  became  affiliated  with  the  Sigma 
Chi  fraternity.  He  left  college  to  become 
connected  with  the  Citizens  Bank  at  Del- 
phi, but  in  1888  removed  to  Indianapolis, 
where  he  has  since  built  up  prominent  con- 
nections in  the  real  estate  and  investment 
business.  He  is  a  republican  in  politics 
and  a  member  of  the  Central  Christian 
Church.  September  29,  1887,  he  married 
Ella  Hurst.  Their  two  children  are  Wal- 
ter J.,  Jr.,  and  Ruth. 

JAMES  I.  DISSETTE'S  name  is  especially 
associated  with  some  of  the  big  and  grow- 
ing industries  of  Indianapolis.  Dunns  the 
last  thirty  years  he  has  been  connected  with 
a  number  of  undertakings  which  have 
proved  successful  from  a  financial  stand- 
point and  have  brought  much  benefit  to 


J 


1780 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  community.  Mr.  Dissette's  active  life- 
time has  been  during  the  half  century  of 
unexampled  prosperity  and  industrial  de- 
velopment since  the  close  of  the  Civil  war, 
and  it  is  perhaps  more  indicative  of  his 
attitude  toward  the  larger  affairs  of  the 
world  than  anything  else  that  he  regards 
the  action  of  his  two  sons  in  volunteering 
for  service  in  the  great  European  war  not 
only  with  great  personal  pride  but  that 
this  action  was  a  matter  of  patriotic  duty 
incumbent  upon  all. 

Mr.  Dissette  is  a  native  of  Canada,  born 
in  County  Simcoe,  Ontario,  June  13,  1859, 
the  youngest  of  thirteen  children.  His 
grandfather  was  a  native  of  France  but 
lived  in  Ireland  while  Napoleon  was  threat- 
ening the  invasion  of  Britain.  He  finally 
came  to  Canada  and  settled  in  that  country 
permanently.  John  E.  Disette,  father  of 
James  I.,  was  born  in  Ireland  and  acquired 
his  farm  in  Canada  direct  from  the  British 
crown.  That  property  is  still  owned  by 
his  son  James.  John  E.  Dissette  married 
Joanna  Chapman. 

On  the  Canadian  farm  James  I.  Dissette 
spent  the  first  thirteen  years  of  his  life. 
His  father  then  removed  to  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  and  James  continued  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  spending 
one  year  in  Baldwin  University.  As  he 
looks  back  over  his  career,  he  finds  that 
perhaps  his  most  profitable  lessons  were 
gained  in  the  school  of  experience.  At  fif- 
teen he  went  to  work  as  a  printer 's  devil  in 
a  newspaper  office  at  Ashland,  Ohio.  Later 
he  was  employed  as  compositor  and  repor- 
ter on  the  Cleveland  Herald.  That  was  at 
the  time  when  James  A.  Garfield  was  the 
dominating  character  in  Ohio  as  well  as 
in  national  politics,  and  when  Garfield  was 
nominated  and  elected  to  the  presidency 
printing  and  newspaper  work  was  not  his 
permanent  field,  however.  Much  valuable 
experience  came  to  him  as  clerk  in  the 
Cleveland  Malleable  Iron  Company  at 
Cleveland. 

In  1884  Mr.  Dissette  was  sent  to  Indian- 
apolis as  manager's  assistant  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Malleable  Iron  Company,  which 
is  now  a  part  of  the  National  Malleable 
Castings  Company,  with  plant  and  head- 
quarters at  Haughville,  now  a  part  of  this 
city.  Through  the  rapid  accumulation  of 
experience  Mr.  Dissette  felt  justified  in 
1888  in  embarking  in  business  for  himself 
as  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Indianapolis 


Foundry  Company.  This  was  a  profitable 
enterprise  to  whose  great  success  Mr.  Dis- 
sette's identity  contributed.  It  was  re- 
cently succeeded  by  the  Indiana  Castings 
Company. 

In  the  meantime  Mr.  Dissette  organized 
and  was  the  first  shareholder  of  the 
American  National  Bank,  which  subse- 
quently became  part  of  the  Fletcher  Ameri- 
can National  Bank.  He  served  as  director 
continuously,  and  is  now  a  director  of  the 
latter  bank.  In  1907  he  became  a  director 
of  the  State  Life  Insurance  Company  and 
a  member  of  its  executive  committee,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  has  been  its  second 
vice  president. 

In  1913  Mr.  Dissette  incorporated  the 
Federal  Foundry  Company  of  Indianap- 
olis, which  has  grown  and  prospered  under 
his  direction  as  president.  In  1911  he  be- 
came principal  stockholder  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Wire  Bound  Box  Company,  and  is 
now  president  of  that  corporation.  He  was 
president  of  the  Realty  Investment  Com- 
pany from  the  time  of  its  organization  un- 
til it  finally  went  out  of  business  in  1917. 

Mr.  Dissette  is  a  republican  in  politics. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club  and 
the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade  and  is  a 
Knight  Templar  and  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Mystic  Shriner. 
He  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Cen- 
tral Avenue  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
of  which  he  is  a  trustee. 

In  1885  Mr.  Dissette  married  Grace  Wil- 
cox,  of  Akron,  Ohio.  She  died  twenty 
years  later,  in  August,  1905,  the  mother 
of  three  children,  John  W.,  Joseph  C.  and 
Anna  Lois.  In  1907  Mr.  Dissette  married 
Alice  DePree,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 
They  have  two  young  children,  Mary 
Eunice  and  Alice  Joanna.  When  America 
became  involved  in  the  World  war  Mr.  Dis- 
sette's  two  sons  both  volunteered  and  en- 
listed. John  W.  received  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  in  aviation  in  the  officers'  train- 
ing camp  and  Joseph  C.  that  of  first  lieu- 
tenant in  infantry  in  the  training  camp 
for  officers  at  Louisville. 

CHARLES  LEWIS  HENRY  has  been  de- 
scribed as  one  of  the  most  active  partici- 
pants in  the  modern  commercial  regenera- 
tion of  Indiana,  Indianans  have  a  lively 
memory  of  many  important  enterprises 
with  which  he  has  been  identified  at  dif- 
ferent times,  but  perhaps  chiefly  for 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1781 


pioneer  work  in  developing  the  interurban 
railway  system  of  the  state.  A  lawyer  by 
profession,  he  practically  gave  up  the  prac- 
tice of  office  and  courtroom  upon  the  dis- 
covery of  natural  gas,  and  through  his  ef- 
forts many  industrial  institutions  having 
gas  as  their  basis  were  established  at  An- 
derson and  other  cities.  Mr.  Henry  might 
be  appropriately  called  the  father  of  in- 
terurban electric  railroading  in  Indiana. 
The  first  cars  propelled  by  electricity  out- 
side of  cities  were  operated  under  his 
direction.  He  has  continued  at  the  very 
forefront  of  the  electric  railroad  movement 
even  to  the  present  time.  His  record  as  a 
lawyer,  statesman  and  business  man  is  a 
notable  one. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Hancock 
County,  Indiana,  July  1,  1849,  son  of 
George  and  Leah  (Lewis)  Henry.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to  the 
United  States  at  the  age  of  twelve  years, 
learned  the  cabinet  maker's  trade  in  Vir- 
ginia, now  West  Virginia,  married  in  Green 
Brier  County,  that  state,  and  was  a  pioneer 
settler  in  Hancock  County,  Indiana.  He 
became  a  man  of  considerable  prominence 
in  civic  affairs.  He  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  House  of  Representatives, 
and  in  the  old  judicial  system,  which  re- 
quired one  lawyer  and  two  laymen  to  pre- 
side over  the  local  courts,  he  served  in  the 
capacity  of  an  associate  judge. 

Charles  Lewis  Henry  accompanied  his 
parents  when  he  was  a  small  boy  to  Pendle- 
ton,  Indiana,  and  spent  his  boyhood  and 
early  manhood  there.  He  attended  the 
public  schools  and  finished  his  literary  edu- 
cation in  old  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle.  He  studied  law 
with  Judge  Henry  Craven  at  Pendleton, 
and  in  1872  graduated  LL.  B.  from  the 
law  department  of  the  State  University. 
Mr.  Henry  was  in  the  practice  of  law  at 
Pendleton  until  1875,  and  then  removed 
to  the  county  seat  of  Madison  County,  at 
Anderson,  which  was  his  home  for  over 
a  quarter  of  a  century. 

With  the  discovery  of  natural  gas  in  East- 
ern Indiana  he  became  an  active  factor 
in  utilizing  this  natural  resource  through 
the  establishment  of  many  factories  at 
Anderson  It  was  almost  by  casual  cir- 
cumstances that  he  became  interested  in 
interurban  roads,  but  that  has  been  devel- 
oped latterly  as  his  chief  business.  On 


January  1,  1899,  the  first  interurban  line 
in  Indiana  was  put  in  operation  between 
Anderson  and  Alexandria.  Mr.  Henry  was 
general  manager  of  the  company  operating 
this  road.  About  that  time  with  associates 
he  established  and  organized  what  is  now 
the  Union  Traction  Company  of  Indiana, 
and  had  a  prominent  part  in  developing 
the  first  constituent  properties  of  that 
present  great  corporation.  Some  of  these 
earlier  lines  were  those  from  Anderson  to 
Marion,  from  Alexandria  to  Elwood,  the 
line  from  Muncie  by  way  of  Anderson  to 
Indianapolis,  including  the  city  lines  in 
Muncie  and  Anderson.  Mr.  Henry  later 
sold  his  interests  in  the  Union  Traction 
Company  and  in  1903  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Indianapolis  &  Cincinnati  Trac- 
tion Company,  of  which  he  has  since  been 
president  and  general  manager.  In  1915-16 
Mr.  Henry  was  president  of  the  American 
Electric  Railway  Association. 

Until  railroad  building  absorbed  his  time 
and  energies  Mr.  Henry  was  one  of  the 
leading  republicans  of  Indiana.  He  was 
elected  and  served  during  1880-81  as  a 
member  of  the  State  Senate  from  Madison 
and  Grant  counties.  In  1894  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  and  re-electd  in  1896, 
serving  through  the  Fifty-fourth  and  Fifty- 
fifth  Congresses,  and  at  the  end  of  his  sec- 
ond term  declining  renomination  in  order 
to  give  his  tme  to  his  varied  business  inter- 
ests. While  in  Congress  he  was  a  member 
of  the  foreign  affairs  committee  during  the 
Spanish- American  war.  During  1903-4  Mr. 
Henry  owned  the  Indianapolis  Journal. 

He  was  one  of  the  first  trustee  of  the 
Indiana  Epileptic  Village,  and  for  nine 
years  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  Indiana  State 
University.  His  home  has  been  in  Indian- 
apolis since  1903.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
University  Club  and  of  the  Methodist 
Church.  His  offices  are  in  the  Traction 
Terminal  Building  and  his  home  at  1414 
Broadway.  September  2,  1873,  he  married 
Miss  Eva  N.  Smock,  of  Greencastle.  They 
have  seven  children:  Edna  G.,  Atta  L., 
Alice  C.,  Edith  S.,  George  S.,  Lewis  W.  and 
Leah  E.  Edna,  the  oldest  daughter,  is  now 
head  of  the  Social  Service  Department  of 
the  Indiana  University. 

EBEN  H.  WOLCOTT,  president  of  the 
State  Savings  &  Trust  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis, is  a  man  of  many  varied  business 


1782 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


interests  in  Indiana  and  has  been  promi- 
nent in  the  various  counties  and  cities  of 
the  state. 

He  is  a  son  of  the  late  Anson  Wolcott, 
distinguished  among  other  things  as  the 
founder  of  the  town  of  Wolcott  in  White 
County.  Anson  Wolcott  was  born  at  West- 
ern New  York,  October  19,  1819,  was  edu- 
cated and  taught  in  the  Empire  state,  and 
at  the  age  of  twenty-one  went  to  Louisiana 
and  studied  law.  He  remained  in  the  South 
about  a  year  and  a  half,  then  returned  to 
New  York,  and  in  1847  was  admitted  to 
the  State  Supreme  Court  at  Buffalo  and 
in  1852  to  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court.  For  a  time  he  practiced  law  in 
New  York  City.  After  about  six  years  of 
professional  life  he  came  to  Indiana,  hav- 
ing purchased  a  large  body  of  land  in 
White  County.  After  the  railroad  was 
completed  in  the  fall  of  1860  he  purchased 
a  large  tract  of  land  and  platted  a  town 
and  arranged  for  a  station  under  his  own 
name.  Thus  he  became  the  founder  of 
Wolcott  in  1861.  From  first  to  the  last 
for  nearly  forty-six  years  Anson  Wolcott 
was  the  inspiration  of  the  place.  He  gave 
his  indirect  or  direct  encouragement  to 
practically  every  business  enterprise.  He 
was  a  man  of  broad  education,  and  while 
chiefly  interested  while  a  resident  of  In- 
diana in  practical  business  affairs,  he  also 
had  a  notable  public  record.  In  1868  he 
was  elected  on  the  republican  ticket  to  the 
State  Senate,  where  he  did  valuable  service 
as  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  dur- 
ing the  sessions  of  1869  and  1871.  He 
was  afterwards  prominently  mentioned  as 
a  candidate  for  Congress.  He  finally  dis- 
agreed with  the  republican  party  and 
joined  the  national  or  greenback  party  and 
was  its  nominee  for  governor  of  Indiana. 
While  in  the  Legislature  he  was  instru- 
mental in  having  taxation  abolished  on 
Catholic  Church  property  to  the  extent 
that  it  was  taxed  only  as  other  church  prop- 
erty. Formerly,  due  to  the  fact  that  much 
Catholic  property  is  held  in  the  name  of 
the  bishop  of  the  church,  taxes  were  levied 
as  on  other  personal  real  estate.  Anson 
Wolcott  was  a  student  at  all  times  and 
wrote  extensively  on  many  financial  and 
public  matters.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Wolcott  January  10,  1907.  He  was  a 
Knight  Templar  and  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, his  first  wife  being  a  member  of  the 


Walbridge  family.  By  that  union  there 
was  one  son,  Henry  Walbridge  Wolcott. 
Anson  Wolcott  married  for  his  second  wife, 
at  Philadelphia,  Georgiana  (Sayen)  De 
Mosquera.  Eben  H.  Wolcott  of  Indian- 
apolis is  the  only  son  of  this  union. 

The  latter  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Wolcott  and  at  Logansport  and 
in  Wabash  College,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  the  scientific  course  in  1886.  Mr. 
Wolcott  was  born  at  the  old  home  of  his 
father  in  White  County,  Indiana,  May  5, 
1866,  and  was  thus  twenty  years  of  age 
when  he  completed  his  college  course. 
From  that  time  forward  he  more  and  more 
assumed  business  responsibilities  from  his 
father,  with  whom  he  was  associated  in  the 
grain  business  at  Wolcott,  but  for  the  past 
twenty  years  his  interests  have  taken  on 
a  larger  scope  and  have  identified  him  with 
several  cities  of  the  state. 

About  1901  he  helped  organize  the  West- 
ern Motor  Company,  now  the  Reutenber 
Manufacturing  Company  of  Marion.  In 
1908  he  removed  to  Logansport  to  take  an 
active  part  in  the  business  as  head  of  the 
sales  department.  In  1909  they  built  the 
new  plant  of  the  company  at  Marion.  In 
February,  1912,  Mr.  Wolcott  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  State  Tax  Com- 
mission by  Governor  Marshall  and  was  re- 
appointed  December  1,  1912.  He  resigned 
this  office  April  1,  1915,  to  become  pres- 
ident of  the  State  Savings  &  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Wolcott  is  also 
vice  president  of  the  American  Mortgage 
Guarantee  Company,  director  of  the  Lo- 
gansport Oxygen  Company,  director  of  the 
Standard  Livestock  Insurance  Company, 
director  of  the  American  Playground  De- 
vice Company  of  Anderson,  and  of  many 
other  business  interests. 

In  1900  he  was  elected  state  senator  from 
White,  Jasper  and  Newton  counties,  and 
during  the  following  session  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  education.  He  served 
on  Governor  Durbin's  staff  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  also  on  the 
staff  of  Gov.  Frank  Hanley.  For  about 
ten  vears  Mr.  Wolcott  has  been  a  trustee 
of  Wabash  College.  For  four  years  he  has 
served  as  president  of  the  Society  of  De- 
scendants of  Henry  Wolcott,  the  progenitor 
of  the  family  in  America  who  settled  at 
Windsor,  Connecticut,  in  1730.  Mr.  Wol- 
cott is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta 
college  fraternity,  is  a  thirty-second  degree 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1783' 


Scottish  Kite  Mason  and  Shriner,  is  treas- 
urer of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis, 
has  served  as  president  of  the  Economic 
Club  and  is  a  member  of  various  social 
organizations.  Politically  he  is  an  active 
republican. 

On  April  22,  1899,  he  married  Miss 
Lida  L.  Brown,  of  Indianapolis.  Both  are 
active  members  of  the  Central  Christian 
Church  of  Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Wolcott  is 
a  daughter  of  Walter  S.  Brown  and  a 
granddaughter  of  that  eminent  Indiana 
physician,  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown,  who  was 
also  one  of  the  early  ministers  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wolcott  have 
two  sons:  Ryland  Anson,  born  April  4, 
1901 ;  and  Roger  Gould,  born  September 
21,  1903. 

Uz  McMuBTBiE.  Forecasting  human  des- 
tiny and  achievement  is  a  difficult  and 
hazardous  undertaking  even  when  some  of 
the  finest  elements  of  human  character  and 
personal  attributes  are  involved.  Only  two 
or  three  years  ago  the  people  of  Grant 
County  were  priding  themselves  in  the  fact 
that  they  had  the  youngest  county  treas- 
urer in  the  state  and  were  predicting  big 
things  for  the  future  for  Uz  MeMurtrie, 
but  probably  the  most  sanguine  would  have 
hesitated  to  say  that  Mr.  MeMurtrie  would 
step  from  the  office  of  county  treasurer 
into  one  of  the  biggest  positions  in  the 
state  service  and  would  become  treasurer 
of  the  State  of  Indiana.  But  this  very 
thing  happened,  and  the  honors  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  politics  were  never  better 
bestowed  than  when  Mr.  MeMurtrie  was 
elected  treasurer  of  the  state  in  1916. 

He  was  not  yet  thirty-three  years  of  age 
when  he  took  up  the  duties  of  his  new 
office  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  born  July 
12,  1884,  at  Attica,  Indiana,  son  of  William 
and  Elizabeth  (Starr)  MeMurtrie.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  Fountain  County, 
and  his  mother  of  Vermilion  County,  In- 
diana. William  MeMurtrie  was  the  young- 
est member  of  Company  B  in  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Thirty-Fifth  Indiana  Infantry 
during  the  Civil  war.  Evidently  it  is  a 
characteristic  of  the  MeMurtrie  family  to 
assume  serious  responsibilities  at  an  early 
age.  William  MeMurtrie  and  wife  removed 
to  Grant  County  in  1892.  Their  two  liv- 
ing children  are  Uz  and  Joseph. 

Mr.  McMurtrie  began  attending  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Attica,  later  graduated  from 


the  Marion  High  School,  and  in  1908  after 
the  full  four  year  course,  graduated  A. 
B.  from  Indiana  University.  While  in  the 
university  he  specialized  in  those  subjects 
and  showed  a  high  degree  of  ability  in  the 
departments  of  economics  and  social  sci- 
ence, closely  connected  with  the  service  he 
has  since  rendered  to  the  public.  He  gave 
two  years  of  research  work  to  problems  of 
taxation,  and  his  studies  gave  him  the  ma- 
terial for  his  graduation  thesis  on  "The 
Separation  of  the  Sources  of  State  and 
Local  Taxation."  He  was  also  president 
of  his  class  in  the  university,  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  fraternity  and  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  popular  men  during 
his  four  years  there. 

The  work  which  he  carried  on  with  so 
much  enthusiasm  while  in  university  has 
been  followed  up  with  practical  applica- 
tion ever  since,  and  he  is  today  one  of  the 
recognized  experts  in  matters  of  taxation 
in  the  state.  After  leaving  university  he 
was  deputy  county  treasurer  of  Grant 
County  under  W.  H.  Sanders,  serving  from 
1909  to  1912,  inclusive.  In  November, 
1912,  he  was  elected  county  treasurer  on 
the  republican  ticket,  taking  that  office  Jan- 
uary 1,  1913. 

While  many  duties  and  responsibilities 
have  been  crowded  into  his  brief  space  of 
years,  Mr.  McMurtrie  has  always  been  ac- 
tive in  social  service  work  and  fraternal  and 
civic  affairs.  He  has  been  a  director  of 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  and 
Federated  Charities  at  Marion,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Country  Club  and  the  Mecca 
Club  of  Marion.  He  is  a  Shriner  and 
thirty-second  degree  Mason  and  is  also  af- 
filiated with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and 
the  Elks. 

February  11,  1914,  Mr.  McMurtrie  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Hogin,  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  William  E.  Hogin.  This  is  one  of 
Marion's  oldest  families.  Mrs.  McMurtrie 
is  a  graduate  of  Wilson  College  at  Cham- 
bersburg,  Pennsylvania,  has  studied  vocal 
and  instrumental  music,  and  has  been 
prominent  in  Marion  musical  circles. 

LYNN  B.  MILLIKAN  came  to  Indian- 
apolis about  thirty-five  years  ago  with  a 
modest  capital  of  $150.  representing  his 
earnings  and  savings  chiefly  as  a  farm 
hand.  Some  twenty  years  later  his  busi- 
ness as  a  general  contractor  and  builder 
had  reached  such  proportions  as  to  involve 


1784 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


an,  annual  total  of  $1,000,000  or  more. 
While  Indianapolis  has  been  his  home  dur- 
ing all  these  years  Mr.  Millikan's  opera- 
tions have  extended  over  many  states,  both 
East  and  West,  and  he  has  attained  an  un- 
doubted leadership  in  the  building  profes- 
sion in  Indiana. 

This  is  his  native  state.  He  was  born 
at  Newcastle,  Henry  County,  March  20, 
1860,  fourth  among  the  five  sons  of  Eli 
B.  and  Margaret  C.  (Martindale)  Millikan. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Tennessee  and 
his  mother  of  Indiana.  Eli  Millikan  came 
to  Indiana  in  young  manhood  and  in  sub- 
sequent years  built  up  a  large  business  as 
a  buyer  of  livestock,  representing  a  meat 
packing  concern  at  Cambridge  City,  In- 
diana. He  finally  developed  a  large  farm 
in  Liberty  Township  of  Henry  County, 
and  was  a  practical  agriculturist  until  his 
death  in  1883,  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 
He  was  a  staunch  democrat,  a  man  of  more 
than  ordinary  influence  in  his  home  town- 
ship and  county,  was  a  Lodge  and  Chapter 
Mason  at  Newcastle,  and  he  and  his  wife 
were  active  in  the  Christian  Church.  His 
widow  survived  until  1894,  passing  away 
at  the  age  of  seventy  years. 

Lynn  B.  Millikan  has  always  been  grate- 
ful for  his  early  environment  of  an  Indiana 
farm,  its  duties  and  hard  work,  inter- 
spersed with  more  or  less  regular  attend- 
ance at  the  district  schools.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  entered  upon  an  apprentice- 
ship at  the  carpenter's  trade  at  Newcastle. 
From  there  in  1882  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  continued  to  work  two  years 
as  an  apprentice.  In  1884  he  engaged  in 
contracting  and  building  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility, showing  an  enterprise  exceed- 
ingly unusual  in  men  of  his  age,  and  his 
work  is  only  another  proof  that  character 
and  energy  are  more  important  than 
financial  capital.  One  of  the  first  products 
of  his  work  as  a  building  contractor  was 
the  erection  of  a  modest  home  of  his  own, 
which  he  built  primarily  to  shelter  his  wid- 
owed mother,  who  came  to  Indianapolis 
and  spent  her  last  years  with  her  son.  For 
the  first  twelve  years  Mr.  Millikan  gave 
his  attention  principally  to  the  building 
of  houses  upon  his  own  responsibility.  He 
sold  them  almost  as  fast  as  they  were  com- 
pleted. The  first  house  sold  on  this  plan 
brought  only  $1,100.  Some  years  later  he 
sold  another  property  which  he  had  built 
for  $35,000.  In  the  exclusive  residence 


district  between  Sixteenth  and  Twenty- 
fifth  street  on  Meridian  Street  Mr.  Millikan 
erected  sixteen  fine  homes,  and  in  that  sec- 
tion may  be  found  some  of  the  best  ex- 
amples of  his  work  as  a  contractor  on  pri- 
vate residences.  His  business  has  extended 
to  even  larger  and  more  important  build- 
ing operations,  both  in  Indianapolis  and 
elsewhere.  He  handled  some  of  the  large 
building  contracts  for  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Railway  Company  at  Buffalo  and  Al- 
bany, and  the  services  of  his  skilled  and 
highly  efficient  organization  have  been  used 
in  the  construction  of  some  of  the  most 
substantial  factories  and  business  build- 
ings of  Indianapolis.  At  1723  North  Me- 
ridian Street  he  erected  for  himself  one  of 
the  magnificent  homes  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Millikan  has  always  been  essentially 
a  business  man  and  through  his  work  has 
rendered  his  chief  public  service.  In  pol- 
itics he  is  a  republican  voter  merely,  is 
affiliated  with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No.  398, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Key- 
stone Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Raper  Commandery,  Knights  Templar,  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  he  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church  and  he  be- 
longs to  various  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions. 

December  9,  1891,  he  married  Miss  Ma- 
dora  Maude  Pierson.  She  is  a  daughter  of 
John  C.  and  Martha  Jane  (Fowler)  Pier- 
son,  both  natives  of  Indiana.  Her  father  for 
many  years  was  a  successful  contractor  and 
builder.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Millikan  have  one 
child,  Gaylord  Barton. 

THOMAS  MADDEN.  For  over  sixty  years 
the  Madden  family  have  been  residents  of 
Indiana  and  for  half  a  century  have  been 
identified  with  Indianapolis.  Their  accom- 
plishments and  their  contributions  to  the 
life  of  the  state  and  the  city  justify  more 
than  passing  mention  of  the  family,  which 
was  founded  here  by  the  late  Thomas  Mad- 
den, who  was  a  gallant  soldier,  a  public 
leader  and  a  manufacturer,  and  whose  son 
is  now  at  the  head  of  one  of  Indianapolis' 
leading  industries. 

A  raw  Irish  lad,  imbued  with  abundance 
of  pluck  and  vitality,  Thomas  Madden 
came  to  Indiana  in  1853  and  first  located  at 
Delphi.  He  was  born  in  Galway,  Ireland, 
in  1836.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  braved 
the  ocean  in  a  sailing  vessel,  leaving  family 
and  friends  behind,  and  threw  in  his  for- 


1784 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


an,  annual  total  of  $1,000,000  or  more. 
While  Indianapolis  lias  been  his  home  dur- 
ing all  these  years  Mr.  Millikan's  opera- 
tions have  extended  over  many  states,  botli 
Kast  and  West,  and  he  has  attained  an  un- 
doubted leadership  in  the  building  profes- 
sion in  Indiana. 

Tliis  is  his  native  state.  lie  was  born 
at  Newcastle,  Henry  County,  March  20, 
I860,  fourth  among  the  five  sons  of  Eli 
I>.  and  Margaret  C.  (Martindale)  MHlikan. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Tennessee  and 
his  mother  of  Indiana.  Eli  Millikan  came 
to  Indiana,  in  young  manhood  and  in  sub- 
sequent years  built  up  a  large  business  as 
a  buyer  of  livestock,  representing  a  meat 
packing  concern  at  Cambridge  City,  In- 
diana, lie  finally  developed  a  large  farm 
in  Liberty  Township  of  Henry  County, 
and  was  a  practical  agriculturist  until  his 
death  in  1883,  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 
He  was  a  staunch  democrat,  a  man  of  more 
than  ordinary  influence  in  his  home  town- 
ship and  county,  was  a  Lodge  and  Chapter 
Mason  at  Newcastle,  and  he  and  his  wife 
were  active  in  the  Christian  Church.  His 
widow  survived  until  1894,  passing  away 
at  the  age  of  seventy  years. 

Lynn  B.  Millikan  has  always  been  grate- 
ful for  his  early  environment  of  an  Indiana 
farm,  its  duties  and  hard  work,  inter- 
spersed with  more  or  less  regular  attend- 
ance at  the  district  schools.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  entered  upon  an  apprentice- 
ship at  the  carpenter's  trade  at  Newcastle. 
From  there  in  1882  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  continued  to  work  two  years 
as  an  apprentice.  In  1884  he  engaged  in 
contracting  and  building  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility, showing  an  enterprise  exceed- 
ingly unusual  in  men  of  his  age,  and  his 
work  is  only  another  proof  that  character 
and  energy  are  more  important  than 
financial  capital.  One  of  the  first  products 
of  his  work  as  a  building  contractor  was 
the  erection  of  a  modest  home  of  his  own, 
which  he  built  primarily  to  shelter  his  wid- 
owed mother,  who  came  to  Indianapolis 
and  spent  her  last  years  with  her  son.  For 
the  first  twelve  years  Mr.  Millikan  gave 
his  attention  principally  to  the  building 
of  houses  upon  his  own  responsibility.  He 
sold  them  almost  as  fast  as  they  were  com- 
pleted. The  first  house  sold  on  this  plan 
brought  only  $1,100.  Some  years  later  he 
sold  another  property  which  he  had  built 
for  $35,000.  In  the  exclusive  residence 


district  between  Sixteenth  and  Twenty- 
fifth  street  on  Meridian  Street  Mr.  Millikan. 
erected  sixteen  fine  homes,  and  in  that  sec- 
tion may  be  found  some  of  the  best  ex- 
amples of  his  work  as  a  contractor  on  pri- 
vate residences.  His  business  has  extended 
to  even  larger  and  more  important  build- 
ing operations,  both  in  Indianapolis  and 
elsewhere.  He  handled  some  of  the  large 
building  contracts  for  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Railway  Company  at  Buffalo  and  Al- 
bany, and  the  services  of  his  skilled  and 
highly  efficient  organization  have  been  used 
in  tho  construction  of  some  of  the  most 
substantial  factories  and  business  build- 
ings of  Indianapolis.  At  1723  North  Me- 
ridian Street  he  erected  for  himself  one  of 
the  magnificent  homes  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Millikan  has  always  been  essentially 
a  business  man  and  through  his  work  has 
rendered  his  chief  public  service.  In  pol- 
itics he  is  a  republican  voter  merely,  is 
affiliated  with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No. '308, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Key- 
stone Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Raper  Commandery,  Knights  Templar,  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  he  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  the  First  Baptist  Church  and  he  be- 
longs to  various  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions. 

December  9,  1891,  he  married  Miss  Ma- 
dora  Maude  Pierson.  She  is  a  daughter  of 
John  C.  and  Martha  Jane  (Fowler)  Pier- 
son,  both  natives  of  Indiana.  Her  father  for 
many  years  was  a  successful  contractor  and 
builder.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Millikan  have  one 
child,  Gaylord  Barton. 

THOMAS  MAODKX.  For  over  sixty  years 
the  Madden  family  have  been  residents  of 
Indiana  and  for  half  a  century  have  been 
identified  with  Indianapolis.  Their  accom- 
plishments and  their  contributions  to  the 
life  of  the  state  and  the  city  justify  more 
than  passing  mention  of  the  family,  which 
was  founded  here  by  the  late  Thomas  Mad- 
den, who  was  a  gallant  soldier,  a  public 
leader  and  a  manufacturer,  and  whose  son 
is  now  at  the  head  of  one  of  Indianapolis' 
leading  industries. 

A  raw  Irish  lad.  imbued  with  abundance 
of  pluck  and  vitality,  Thomas  Madden 
came  to  Indiana  in  1853  and  first  located  at 
Delphi.  He  was  born  in  Gahvay.  Ireland, 
in  1836.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  braved 
the  ocean  in  a  sailing  vessel,  leaving  family 
and  friends  behind,  and  threw  in  his  for- 


. 


• 


i 


- 


1 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1785 


tunes  with  the  new  world.  He  had  but  lit- 
tle schooling,  and  it  was  largely  by  self 
application  that  he  mastered  the  common 
branches  of  learning.  Near  Delphi  he 
taught  a  country  school.  An  incident  of 
his  career  as  a  teacher  was  characteristic 
of  the  man  throughout  his  life.  The  school 
of  course  had  its  typical  bully,  a  big,  red 
fisted  boy  who  promised  the  younger 
scholars  that  he  would  make  short  work 
of  the  master  and  run  him  out.  The  clash 
between  authority  and  insubordination 
came  at  recess.  It  terminated  in  a  few 
minutes  and  the  bully  was  given  a  well 
deserved  thrashing,  which  immediately 
raised  the  young  schoolmaster  in  the  esti- 
mation of  the  entire  community  and  made, 
his  success  as  a  teacher  assured. 

Thomas  Madden  was  tall,  of  athletic 
build,  straight  as  the  proverbial  arrow  and 
had  an  Irishman's  happy  way  of  acquiring 
friends.  He  possessed  will  and  the  courage 
of  his  convictions,  and  when  the  Civil  war 
broke  out  there  was  no  hesitation  or  linger- 
ing on  his  part.  He  was  among  the  first 
to  volunteer.  The  date  of  his  enlistment, 
April  22,  1861,  shows  this.  His  first  serv- 
ice was  in  West  Virginia.  December  13, 
1861,  he  was  wounded  by  gunshot  through 
the  lungs,  and  so  severely  that  only  his 
splendid  constitution  saved  his  life.  On  re- 
covering he  was  eager  to  get  back  into  the 
fray  and  rejoined  the  army  in  time  to 
participate  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  His 
was  a  long  and  honorable  military  career. 
The  list  of  the  battles,  great  and  small,  in 
which  he  participated  is  a  long  one  and 
there  was  no  cessation  to  his  fidelity  and 
duty  as  a  good  soldier  until  at  the  close  of 
the  war  he  was  mustered  out  captain  of 
Company  A  of  the  Ninth  Indiana  Volun- 
eer  Infantry. 

After  the  declaration  of  peace  Thomas 
Madden  returned  to  Indiana  and  soon  mar- 
ried Ellen  Connolly,  daughter  of  Judge 
Connolly,  of  Lafayette.  He  brought  his 
bride  to  Indianapolis,  and  here  soon  be- 
came prominent  and  influential  in  local 
politics.  He  served  as  a  city  councilman, 
deputy  county  clerk,  chairman  of  the  board 
of  public  works,  and  also  in  the  office  of 
collector  of  internal  revenue.  This  can  be 
well  said  of  him  that  he  was  honest,  in- 
dustrious and  a  painstaking,  efficient  public 
official.  Many  of  his  old  friends  still  recall 
Tiis  pleasing  personality. 

He  also  gave  an  impetus  to  Indianapolis' 

Vol.  IV— IB 


industrial  affairs.  About  1881,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  Ott  &  Madden,  he  began 
manufacturing  bed  lounges.  In  1887  he 
established  himself  alone  in  this  business. 
Success  came  to  him  in  generous  measures 
and  his  later  years  were  spent  in  compara- 
tive affluence.  About  two  years  before  his 
death  he  retired  from  the  more  active  cares 
of  business  and  divided  his  property  among 
his  children.  He  died  in  February,  1910, 
his  wife  having  passed  away  in  1900. 
Thomas  Madden  was  a  Catholic  and  in 
politics  a  democrat.  His  children  were: 
Mary,  Mrs.  William  J.  Griffin;  Thomas, 
who  died  when  twelve  years  old ;  Clara, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  O'Connor,  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky; John  J. ;  and  Florence,  Mrs.  E.  J. 
0  'Reilly,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

John  J.  Madden,  only  surviving  son  of 
the  late  Thomas  Madden,  has  much  of  the 
business  ability  which  distinguished  his 
father,  from  whom  he  inherits  both  religion 
and  politics,  but  unlike  the  elder  Madden 
has  earnestly  kept  away  from  politics  so 
far  as  it  involves  campaigning  or  office 
seeking,  and  has  been  content  with  the 
mere  exercise  of  his  right  of  franchise. 

Mr.  Madden  was  born  in  Indianapolis 
October  8,  1869,  and  acquired  his  early 
training  in  the  parochial  schools.  Early  in 
his  career  he  became  associated  with  his 
father  in  manufacturing  and  carried  many 
of  the  heavier  responsibilities  of  the  busi- 
ness which  his  father  had  founded.  In 
1912  he  established  the  John  J.  Madden 
Manufacturing  Company,  manufacturers 
of  bed  davenports.  It  is  a  big  industry, 
furnishes  employment  to  about  200  people 
and  is  one  of  the  concerns  that  add  to  the 
prestige  of  Indianapolis  as  an  industrial 
center. 

Mr.  Madden  married  June  7,  1893,  Miss 
Josephine  Owings,  daughter  of  Major  Na- 
thaniel Owings.  They  are  the  parents  of 
five  children,  Dorothy,  John  J.,  Jr.,  Rich- 
ard F.,  Thomas  and  Josephine.  Dorothy 
is  the  wife  of  Daugherty  Sheerin,  and  they 
have  two  daughters,  Margaret  Mary  and 
Barbara  Ann.  The  son  John  J.,  Jr.,  was 
sworn  into  service  in  the  United  States 
Aviation  Corps  on  August  18,  1917,  served 
overseas  and  received  a  commission  as  lieu- 
tenant. 

OLIVER  WAYNE  STEWART  was  ordained 
to  the  ministry  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in 
1887,  and  his  life  has  largely  been  de- 


1786 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


voted  to  the  work  of  prohibition.  He  was 
born  in  Mercer  County,  Illinois,  May  22, 
1867,  a  son  of  Charles  and  Eliza  Stewart. 
Mr.  Stewart  was  the  prohibition  can- 
didate for  Congress  from  the  Ninth  Illinois 
District  in  1890,  has  served  as  a  member 
of  the  state  and  national  prohibition  cpn- 
ventions,  is  a  member  of  the  Flying  Squad- 
ron of  America  and  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  its  work,  and  is  associate  editor  of 
the  National  Enquirer,  Indianapolis.  He 
is  also  well  known  as  a  lecturer.  Mr. 
Stewart  married  Elvira  J.  Sears,  of 
Arthur,  Illinois. 

WILBUR  GEORGE  AUSTIN  is  well  and 
favorably  known  in  business  circles  at 
Anderson,  where  he  has  been  identified 
with  several  live  and  going  concerns  and 
is  now  member  of  the  firm  Roseberry  & 
Austin,  one  of  the  leading  firms  of  mer- 
chants. 

Mr.  Austin  was  born  in  Southern  In- 
diana, at  Moores  Hill,  Dearborn  County, 
October  3,  1876,  a  son  of  George  W.  and 
Louisa  M.  (Wright)  Austin.  The  Austins 
are  of  English  and  Scotch-Irish  stock.  On 
coming  to  America  the  first  of  the  name 
settled  in  Vermont.  It  is  a  family  that  fur- 
nished several  generations  of  pioneers  to 
the  conquest  of  the  Middle  West.  Mr.  Aus- 
tin's grandfather,  Theron  Austin,  came  to 
Dearborn  County,  Indiana,  from  Vermont 
in  1816,  the  year  that  Indiana  was  admitted 
to  the  Union,  and  acquired  his  land  by  di- 
rect title  from  the  Government.  He  was  an 
industrious  farmer,  and  he  reared  twenty 
children.  George  W.  Austin  was  the  third 
eon  in  the  large  family,  and  besides  its 
number  it  is  notable  for  the  fact  that  the 
first  death  did  not  occur  until  the  Civil 
war,  when  five  of  the  sons  entered  the 
Union  army  and  were  killed  on  the  field  of 
battle. 

George  W.  Austin  has  always  been  a 
farmer,  which  is  in  the  nature  of  the  fam- 
ily pursuit,  and  is  now  living  retired,  at 
the  age  of  eighty  years,  at  North  Vernon, 
Indiana.  Another  ancestor,  great-grand- 
father Jonathan  Cunningham,  was  a  pio- 
neer in  Switzerland  County,  Indiana,  and 
lived  to  be  more  than  a  century  old. 

Wilbur  George  Austin  grew  up  in  his 
native  village  of  Moores  Hill,  attended 
the  public  schools  there  and  also  pursued 
a  scientific  course  in  a  Methodist  college 
up  to  the  junior  year.  Leaving  old  home 


scenes,  he  went  to  Indianapolis  and  entered 
the  employ  of  Doctor  Edenharter,  super- 
intendent of  the  Central  Indiana  Hospital 
for  the  Insane.  He  was  one  year  an  at- 
tendant and  was  then  appointed  assistant 
storekeeper,  duties  he  performed  effici- 
ently for  seven  years,  and  was  then  pro- 
moted to  storekeeper  and  remained  in  that 
position  five  years. 

In  1910  Mr.  Austin  resigned  his  duties 
with  the  state  institution,  and  coming  to 
Anderson  joined  Mr.  Roseberry  under  the 
name  Roseberry  &  Austin  in  the  grocery 
business  at  1724  Arrow  Avenue.  They  were 
together  a  year  and  a  half  when  Mr.  Austin 
sold  out  and  spent  a  year  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  After  returning  to  Anderson  he 
bought  a  half  interest  in  a  wholesale  bakery 
establishment  with  the  present  mayor, 
J.  H.  Mellett.  The  firm  of  Mellett  and 
Austin  continued  three  years.  In  October, 
1916,  Mr.  Austin  resumed  his  relations 
with  his  old  partner,  Mr.  Roseberry,  and 
the  new  firm  opened  business  at  926  Main 
Street. 

Mr.  Austin  has  various  other  interests, 
including  local  real  estate,  and  is  secretary, 
treasurer  and  a  stockholder  of  the  Brown 
Molasses  Food  Company.  He  is  a  repub- 
lican voter,  a  member  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  the  Marion 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  and  Ander- 
son Lodge  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows.  In  1907  he  married  Miss 
Bessie  Lee,  daughter  of  George  and 
Amanda  Lee,  of  Dupont,  Indiana.  They 
have  one  child,  Robert  Lee  Austin,  born 
in  July,  1917. 

THOMAS  M.  NORTON,  who  died  in  1908, 
was  one  of  the  sterling  business  men  of 
Anderson  and  founder  of  the  T.  M.  Nor- 
ton Brewing  Company,  an  industry  which 
he  developed  and  at  which  he  remained 
the  active  head  until  his  death. 

He  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1835,  and 
when  he  was  six  years  of  age  his  parents 
came  to  America  and  settled  at  Dayton, 
Ohio,  where  he  was  reared  and  educated. 
He  learned  the  trade  of  carpenter,  did 
some  contracting,  but  during  the  '60s  be- 
came associated  with  Louis  Williams  in  the 
brewing  of  ale  at  Union  City,  Indiana.  In 
1866  he  removed  to  Anderson,  and  with 
Patrick  Sullivan  as  a  partner  established 
the  first  ale  brewery  in  this  part  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1787 


state.  In  1882  he  began  brewing  beer  on 
his  own  account,  and  kept  that  business 
growing  until  at  his  death  twenty-five  years 
later  his  was  one  of  the  best  known  brew- 
eries in  the  state. 

Thomas  M.  Norton  was  a  man  noted  for 
his  good  citizenship.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  first  board  of  workers,  trustees,  in 
Anderson,  serving  on  the  board  ten  years. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
Hibernians,  and  was  an  active  member 
and  liberal  supporter  of  St.  Mary's  Cath- 
olic, Church.  He  had  gone  back  to  his 
native  land  in  1896  on  a  pleasure  tour, 
and  soon  after  his  return  to  this  country 
turned  over  his  business  affairs  to  his  sons 
and  lived  practically  retired  for  more  than 
ten  years. 

Thomas  M.  Norton  married  at  Piqua, 
Ohio,  in  1861,  Miss  Catherine  McCarthy. 
They  had  four  children :  Mrs.  J.  C.  Kreuch, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Crowley,  Martin  C.  and  Wil- 
liam J.,  all  residents  of  Anderson. 

The  president  of  the  Norton  Brewing 
Company  is  Martin  C.  Norton;  William 
J.  Norton  is  secretary  and  treasurer;  and 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Kreuch  is  vice  president. 

Wiliam  J.  Norton  was  born  at  Ander- 
son April  9,  1869,  and  grew  up  in  that 
city,  attending  the  public  schools  and  one 
year  in  high  school.  At  the  age  of  sixteen 
he  started  working  for  his  father  in  the 
brewery,  and  has  been  in  practically  every 
department,  acquiring  both  the  technical 
and  business  training.  The  Norton  Brew- 
ing Company  is  widely  known  all  over  Cen- 
tral Indiana  for  its  high  products,  the 
"Gold  Band"  and  "Special  Brew"  of  bot- 
tled beers,  besides  the  Norton  draft  beers. 
A  modern  brewing  plant  was  constructed 
in  1910,  and  from  seventy-five  to  eighty 
people  find  employment  in  the  business. 

William  J.  Norton  is  an  active  democrat, 
has  filled  all  the  chairs  in  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks  and  the 
Eagles  at  Anderson,  and  is  one  of  the 
citizens  who  can  always  be  depended  upon 
for  cooperation  in  every  public  welfare 
movement.  On  June  14,  1893,  Mr.  Norton 
married  Miss  Josephine  Elters,  daughter 
of  Stephen  and  Anna  (Cleland)  Elters. 
They  have  three  children,  two  sons  and 
one  daughter;  Charles  T.,  born  in  1894; 
Kathleen  Anna  and  Harold  S.,  born  in 
1896. 


W.  PEART  has  been  a  resident 
of  Anderson  over  twenty  years,  and  for 
thirteen  years  worked  "at  the  rolls"  in 
the  Anderson  branch  of  the  United  States 
Steel  Company.  Mr.  Peart  is  an  all  around 
mechanic  and  machinist,  and  while  various 
interests  have  engaged  his  time  and  atten- 
tion his  special  place  in  the  community 
at  present  is  represented  by  his  proprietor- 
ship of  the  City  Bicycle  Shop,  where  he 
handles  sporting  goods,  and  bicycles,  has 
a  complete  establishment  as  a  locksmith, 
and  is  doing  a  very  satisfactory  business. 
His  business  is  located  at  13  West  Eighth 
Street. 

Mr.  Peart  was  born  at  Toronto,  Ontario, 
in  1874,  a  son  of  William  and  Anna  (Rid- 
ley) Peart.  His  father,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, England,  came  to  Canada  at  the  age 
of  twelve  years,  and  in  Toronto  was  edu- 
cated for  the  teaching  profession,  securing 
a  second  class  normal  certificate.  For  many 
years  he  taught  district  schools  outside  of 
Toronto,  was  also  a  professional  vocalist 
and  vocal  teacher  and  was  a  local  minister 
of  the  Methodist  Church.  He  died  at  Brant- 
ford,  Ontario,  in  1884.  His  widow  is  still 
living  in  Toronto. 

Morley  W.  Peart  was  educated  at  To- 
ronto and  at  district  schools  at  Pickering, 
but  the  death  of  his  father  when  the  son 
was  only  ten  years  of  age  threw  him  upon 
his  own  responsibilities  when  quite  young. 
Between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and  eighteen  he 
worked  on  a  farm  near  Pickering,  Ontario. 
His  next  position  was  as  a  cabin  boy  and 
mail  carrier  on  an  old  lake  boat  known 
as  the  Chicora,  running  between  Toronto 
and  Lewiston.  He  spent  one  season  on  that 
boat  and  left  it  to  go  to  Detroit,  where  he 
acquired  considerable  practical  knowledge 
of  the  electrical  trade.  He  followed  other 
lines  of  employment  at  Detroit,  and  in  1895 
came  to  Anderson,  where  his  first  work 
was  six  months'  employment  with  the 
American  Steel  &  Wire  Company.  Fol- 
lowing that  he  put  in  thirteen  years  in  the 
rolling  mill  of  the  United  States  Steel  Cor- 
poration. Mr.  Peart 's  ability  commanded 
good  wages,  measured  by  the  standards  of 
that  time,  and  he  used  his  income  thriftily 
and  with  an  eye  to  the  future.  On  leav- 
ing the  rolling  mills  he  bought  a  bicycle, 
locksmith  and  repair  shop  at  his  present 
address.  A  year  later,  however,  he  en- 
gaged in  the  wholesale  and  retail  confec- 


1788 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tionery  business.  At  the  end  of  one  year 
he  went  to  work  for  Charles  E.  Miller  as 
salesman  for  automobiles  and  bicycles.  Six 
months  later  he  resumed  his  present  busi- 
ness at  the  old  address  and  has  kept  it 
growing  every  year. 

Mr.  Peart  is  also  owner  of  an  apple  or- 
chard of  five  acres  near  Portland,  Oregon, 
and  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Mutual  Tire  & 
Rubber  Company  of  New  York,  the  Minto 
Peps  Company  of  Anderson,  and  has  va- 
rious other  financial  interests.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  hard  worker,  and  without  de- 
pending upon  favors  from  others  has  made 
his  own  way  in  the  world  to  his  own  satis- 
faction and  to  the  benefit  of  his  commun- 
ity. Mr.  Peart  is  a  republican,  a  member 
of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
and  is  affiliated  with  Anderson  Lodge  No. 
131,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 

In  1910  he  married  Miss  Bettie  Akin, 
daughter  of  William  and  Martha  Akin,  of 
New  Albany,  Indiana.  They  have  one  son, 
Gilbert  M.,  born  in  1911. 

CHARLES  A.  MARTINDALE.  One  of  the 
successful  men  in  the  industrial  affairs  of 
Anderson  is  Charles  A  Martindale,  who 
when  a  boy  out  of  high  school  learned  a 
mechanical  trade,  worked  for  others  a 
number  of  years,  and  finally  put  his  cap- 
ital and  experience  into  a  business  of  his 
own.  He  is  now  president  and  manager 
of  the  Reliable  Machine  Company,  a  local 
industry  that  is  not  an  insignificant  part 
of  the  general  industrial  activities  of  the 
city. 

Mr.  Martindale  represents  a  family  that 
has  had  relations  with  Indiana  since  earli- 
est pioneer  days.  Some  of  his  ancestors 
were  not  only  good  woodsmen  and  farmers 
who  helped  to  clear  up  the  wilderness,  but 
were  equally  active  in  fighting  away  the 
Indians  from  their  homes.  Mr.  Martin- 
dale  was  born  at  Anderson  September  18, 
1869,  a  son  of  S.  C.  and  Eliza  (Benbow) 
Martindale.  The  first  members  of  the 
Martindale  family  settled  around  Rich- 
mond and  Newcastle,  Indiana,  and  the 
majority  of  them  have  been  farmers.  S. 
C.  Martindale,  however,  became  a  lawyer 
and  was  long  actively  identified  with  the 
bar  at  Anderson.  He  served  as  mayor  of 
the  city,  and  is  still  living  in  honored  re- 
tirement there  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine. 
The  mother  died  in  1914. 

Charles  A.  Martindale  after  attending 


public  schools  and  high  school  at  Anderson 
for  one  year  went  to  work  learning  a  trade 
in  the  machine  shops  of  the  Hill  Machine 
Company.  He  spent  an  apprenticeship 
and  remained  with  that  company  seven 
years  as  a  workman,  then  for  four  or  five 
years  was  with  the  American  Strawboard 
Company  at  Anderson  and  with  the  Amer- 
ican Steel  and  Wire  Company  about  five 
years. 

In  1901,  having  saved  a  little  money, 
he  and  James  Farrell  established  a  ma- 
chine shop  of  their  own  known  as  the  Re- 
liable Machine  Company.  They  were  lo- 
cated on  Seventh  and  Eighth  streets  for 
four  years  and  then  bought  a  lot  and  built 
their  own  building.  A  year  and  half  later 
they  sold  that  property  and  moved  to  29 
West  Twenty-Ninth  Street,  where  they 
were  located  four  years.  In  1910  the  busi- 
ness was  opened  at  the  present  address, 
914  Jackson  Street,  and  in  1915  Mr.  Mar- 
tindale bought  out  his  partner  and  in- 
corporated the  business  with  himself  as 
president  and  manager,  Mr.  Maag,  vice 
president,  and  Charles  Rawlings  as  sec- 
retary and  treasurer.  The  company  does 
general  machine  work,  manufactures  gaso- 
line engines,  and  has  a  complete  equip- 
ment for  the  repair  of  automobiles  and 
other  machinery.  The  company  also  han- 
dles the  local  agency  over  part  of  Madison 
County  for  the  Studebaker  and  Oakland 
automobiles. 

Mr.  Martindale  married  in  1892  Miss 
Leona  Jackson,  daughter  of  Harry  and 
Margaret  (Griffith)  Jackson  of  Henry 
County.  Indiana.  Their  three  children  are 
Edith  N.,  Kenneth  H.  and  Mabel.  Mr. 
Martindale  is  a  republican  in  politics,  is  a 
member  of  the  Central  Christian  Church 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Modern  Woodmen 
of  America. 

ELIZA  GORDON  BROWNING,  librarian  of 
the  Indianapolis  Public  Library  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  has  accomplished 
pioneer  work  in  library  management  and 
administration.  When  she  began  her  work 
at  Indianapolis  there  were  few  libraries 
and  few  librarians  in  the  State  of  Indiana, 
and  to  the  word  librarian  chief  popular 
significance  would  have  been  better  de- 
scribed as  a  custodian  of  books  rather  than 
of  one  who  makes  books  a  vital  interest  and 
source  of  usefulness  in  the  community.  In 
the  change  that  has  gradually  come  over 


r 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1780 


libraries  both  in  the  spirit  and  in  the  prac- 
tice Miss  Browning  undoubtedly  deserves 
a  large  share  of  credit. 

She  first  became  associated  with  the  In- 
dianapolis Public  Library  in  the  capacity 
of  substitute  in  1880,  and  worked  an  en- 
tire year  without  salary.  In  whatever  de- 
partment she  was  assigned  she  proved  her 
value,  whether  it  was  in  the  routine  of 
library  duty  or  in  executive  responsibili- 
ties. In  April,  1892,  she  was  elected  libra- 
rian and  has  filled  that  post  continuously 
for  almost  a  generation.  The  people  of  In- 
dianapolis have  a  peculiar  admiration  and 
esteem  for  the  wise  and  efficient  woman 
whose  work  has  been  truly  a  community 
service,  and  there  is  probably  not  a  libra- 
rian in  the  state  who  does  not  know  of 
her  and  appreciate  her  dignity  as  the  dean 
of  Indiana  librarians. 

The  words  that  Charles  W.  Moores  of  the 
Indianapolis  bar  wrote  of  her  a  few  years 
ago  are  still  applicable,  with  merely  added 
truth  and  significance.  Mr.  Moores  said: 
"Miss  Eliza  G.  Browning,  librarian  of  the 
Indianapolis  Public  Library,  carries  greater 
responsibilities  in  the  library  world  than 
any  other  woman  and  has  held  that  position 
longer  perhaps  than  any  woman  ever  has. 
Her  wide  acquaintance  as  a  library  expert 
among  library  people  in  this  country  and 
abroad  and  her  large  circle  of  friends  in 
Indianapolis  have  made  her  a  most  accept- 
able public  official  and  have  added  greatly 
to  the  reputation  of  the  library  abroad  and 
to  its  popularity  at  home.  She  has  grown 
up  in  the  atmosphere  of  books  and  has 
given  many  years  of  an  active  and  useful 
life  to  the  service  of  the  people,  so  that  it 
goes  without  saying  that  no  librarian  is 
better  liked  than  she  or  secures  more  loyal 
and  efficient  cooperation  from  assistants. 
She  has  been  particularly  active  in  the 
promotion  of  public  movements  among 
librarians  and  the  reading  people,  and  was 
the  first  woman  enrolled  in  the  member- 
ship of  the  Indiana  Historical  Society." 
She  is  also  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Indiana  Pioneers,  and  was  one  of  its 
founders. 

Miss  Browning  is  an  Indiana  woman 
not  only  by  her  own  life  and  services  but 
by  virtue  of  many  prominent  family  con- 
nections. She  was  born  at  Fortville  in 
Hancock  County,  Indiana,  September  23, 
1856,  and  a  few  months  later  her  parents, 
Woodville  and  Mary  Ann  (Brown)  Brown- 


ing, came  to  Indianapolis.  In  this  city 
she  was  reared,  was  educated  in  both  pub- 
lic and  private  schools,  and  from  an  early 
age  was  distinguished  by  her  love  of  books 
and  has  always  lived  in  an  atmosphere  of 
literary  work  and  literary  fellowship. 

In  her  ancestral  record  are  found  a 
number  of  notable  family  names.  The 
Brownings,  Lewrights,  Mosses,  Browns, 
Johns  and  Wyatts  were  all  colonial  Vir- 
ginians, and  she  is  also  related  to  the  Gor- 
dons of  Philadelphia  and  the  Tompkins 
family  of  Staten  Island,  New  York.  Four 
of  her  great-great-grandfathers,  Thomas 
Brown,  Hugh  Moss,  John  Wyatt  and  John 
Johns,  as  also  her  great-grandfather, 
George  Brown,  were  soldiers  on  the  Pa- 
triot side  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Miss  Browning  has  long  been  a  member  of 
the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
and  has  served  as  state  historian  of  the 
Indiana.  Society  and  was  joint  editor  with 
Mrs.  Harriet  (Mclntire)  Foster  of  the 
Year  Book  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution  in  Indiana.  Miss  Brown- 
ing is  a  member  of  the  Fortnightly  Lit- 
erary Club  of  Indianapolis  and  the  Ameri- 
can Library  Association.  She  is  an  active 
member  of  Christ  Church  Parish  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Her  paternal  grandfather,  Edmund 
Browning,  a  son  of  Thomas  and  Eliza- 
beth (Lewright)  Browning,  was  born  at 
Culpeper,  Virginia,  in  1795,  fought  in  the 
War  of  1812  and  was  an  early  resident  of 
Indianapolis.  For  many  years  he  was  pro- 
prietor of  a  hotel  that  stood  on  the  site  of 
the  present  New  York  store  on  Washing- 
ton Street.  From  1860  until  the  office  was 
abolished  about  six  years  later  he  was 
register  of  public  lands  in  Indiana.  His 
death  occurred  in  1877.  Edmund  Brown- 
ing married  Eliza  Gordon,  daughter  of 
George  and  Sarah  Wynn  (Moss)  Gordon 
and  a  granddaughter  of  Major  Hugh  and 
Jane  (Ford)  Moss.  Miss  Browning's 
father  was  an  Indianapolis  merchant  who 
died  in  1861,  her  mother  passing  awav  in 
1875. 

In  the  maternal  line  her  great-grand- 
father, George  Brown,  above  mentioned,  in 
addition  to  his  Revolutionary  service  was 
engaged  in  the  Indian  wars  subsequent  to 
1783  and  in  the  War  of  1812.  George 
Brown  was  a  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary 
(Ball)  Brown.  George  Brown  married 
Hannah  John,  daughter  of  John  and  Bar- 


1790 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bara  (Evans)  John.  In  1825  Hannah 
(John)  Brown  was  left  a  widow  with  a 
number  of  little  children.  Her  home  was 
then  in  the  pioneer  wilds  of  Rush  County, 
Indiana,  and  she  showed  great  fortitude 
and  bravery  iu  living  in  that  country  after 
the  death  of  her  husband  and  rearing  her 
family.  There  were  few  physicians  and 
in  their  absence  she  sent  to  Cincinnati  for 
the  necessary  books,  studied  medicine  and 
became  widely  known  for  her  capable  serv- 
ices as  a  physician.  She  did  not  practice 
the  work  as  a  profession,  and  ministered 
unselfishly  to  all  who  were  in  affliction  and 
distress.  So  far  as  the  records  are  ob- 
tainable she  was  the  first  woman  physician 
in  the  State  of  Indiana.  It  was  from  her 
that  her  son  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown  gained 
his  first  knowledge  of  medicine.  Ryland 
T.  Brown  became  one  of  the  prominent 
men  of  Indiana,  serving  as  state  geologist, 
later  as  chemist  in  chief  in  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  at  Washington,  and  carried 
out  the  government  work  of  making  a  sur- 
vey of  Indiana's  natural  resources.  Dur- 
ing his  last  years  he  occupied  the  Chair 
of  Natural  Science  in  the  Northwestern 
Christian  University,  now  Butler  College, 
and  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  and  Physiol- 
ogy in  the  Indiana  Medical  College  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

Hon.  William  John  Brown,  maternal 
grandfather  of  Miss  Browning,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  journalist  of  In- 
diana, was  editor  of  the  Indianapolis  Sen- 
tinel from  1850  to  1855,  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  Legislature  from  1829  to  1832, 
prosecuting  attorney  for  the  Indiana  Dis- 
trict from  1832  to  1836,  was  secretary  of 
state  from  1836  to  1840,  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  in  1841-42,  and  repre- 
sented his  district  in  Congress  in  1843-44 
and  1849-50.  From  1845  to  1849  he  was 
assistant  postmaster  general.  As  a  public 
man  his  high  sense  of  personal  responsi- 
bility in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  en- 
trusted to  him,  his  thorough  comprehen- 
sion of  the  people  he  represented,  and  his 
desire  to  fulfill  to  the  utmost  the  expecta- 
tions regarding  his  services  made  him  an 
admirable  public  servant  and  he  main- 
tained a  position  of  power  and  prominence 
for  many  years.  William  J.  Brown  mar- 
ried Miss  Susan  Tompkins,  daughter  of 
Nathan  and  Mary  (Wyatt)  Tompkins. 
Her  paternal  grandfather  was  a  near  rela- 
tive of  Vice  President  Daniel  D.  Tomp- 


kins. William  J.  Brown  and  wife  had  two 
distinguished  sons,  Admiral  George  Brown 
of  the  United  States  Navy  and  Hon.  Austin 
H.  Brown,  one  of  Indiana's  leaders  in  pub- 
lic affairs. 

i 

FRED  D.  WRIGHT,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Wellington  Milling  Company 
at  Anderson,  is  a  veteran  in  experience  as 
a  flour  miller  and  has  traversed  the  en- 
tire road  and  route  so  far  as  the  items 
of  experience  in  that  industry  are  con- 
cerned. Mr.  Wright  is  also  a  veteran  of 
the  Cuban  war  of  1898,  and  thus  has  a 
record  of  military  service  to  his  credit. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Modoc, 
Randolph  County,  Indiana,  September  13, 
1877,  and  is  of  Scotch  ancestry.  His  par- 
ents, Willis  C.  and  Molly  (Vardaman) 
Wright,  were  natives  of  Indiana.  The 
first  of  the  Wright  family  to  come  from 
Scotland  settled  in  Maryland,  and  later 
they  were  pioneers  of  Randolph  County, 
Indiana,  and  bought  a  release  of  a  tract 
of  government  land,  becoming  its  second 
purchasers. 

Fred  D.  Wright  attended  the  district 
schools  during  winter  sessions  and  gained 
a  practical  experience  in  the  duties  of  the 
home  farm.  At  fifteen  he  gave  up  his 
school  work  in  order  to  help  support  the 
family,  and  continued  at  the  old  homestead 
until  September,  1894.  Then,  at  the  age 
of  seventeen,  he  made  his  first  acquain- 
tance with  the  flour  milling  industry  as 
driver  of  a  team  of  mules  for  the  flour 
mill  of  Wysor  &  Hibbetts  at  Muncie,  In- 
diana. He  was  with  that  mill  until  1898, 
and  was  given  increasing  responsibilities 
and  opportunities  to  acquire  a  knowledge 
of  the  technical  processes  of  flour  manu- 
facture. 

On  May  12,  1898,  Mr.  Wright  enlisted 
at  Muncie  in  the  Twentieth  Regiment  of 
Infantry,  Company  H.  This  regiment  was 
one  of  the  few  from  Indiana  that  saw 
actual  service"  on  the  Island  of  Cuba.  Mr. 
Wright  was  in  the  fight  at  El  Caney  and 
in  the  siege  and  battle  of  Santiago.  His 
company  was  the  one  ordered  to  assist  the 
Rough  Rider  Regiment  of  Colonel  Roose- 
velt, but  its  services  were  not  required. 
Mr.  Wright  was  mustered  out  October  22, 
1898. 

Returning  to  Muncie,  he  resumed  em- 
ployment with  the  local  flour  mill  until 
June,  1901.  At  that  date  he  came  to  An- 


• 
• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1791 


derson  and  became  a  packer  in  the  flour 
mills  of  Wellington  &  Son.  After  eight 
months  he  was  promoted  to  head  miller, 
and  filled  that  position  until  February, 
1904.  In  the  meantime,  in  order  the  bet- 
ter to  fit  himself  for  larger  business  re- 
sponsibilities, he  took  a  night  course  in  the 
Anderson  Business  College.  Failing  health 
finally  compelled  him  to  give  up  his  work 
temporarily  and  in  February,  1905,  he 
went  west  and  spent  three  months  at 
Los  Angeles  and  other  California  points. 
Having  recuperated,  he  returned  to  An- 
derson, and  soon  took  charge  of  a  coopera- 
tive farmers  mill  at  Linn  Grove  in  Adams 
County,  Indiana.  He  was  there  until  Sep- 
tember, 1907,  when  he  returned  to  An- 
derson and  took  charge  of  the  business 
office  of  the  Wellington  &  Son  mill.  In 
December,  1912,  this  business  was  incor- 
porated with  Mr.  Wright  as  secretary  and 
treasurer  and  general  manager  and  Joseph 
D.  Van  Camp  as  president.  The  company 
does  a  large  business  in  the  manufacture 
of  flour  and  feed,  also  handle  various  grain 
products,  and  their  market  extends  in  a 
radius  around  Anderson  of  fifty  miles. 
The  principal  and  best  known  brand  manu- 
factured by  the  company  is  the  A  X  A 
flour. 

September  3,  1901,  Mr.  Wright  married 
Miss  Iva  E.  Longfellow,  daughter  of 
Samuel  C.  Longfellow  of  Rush  County, 
Indiana.  They  have  three  children :  Nolean 
May,  born  in  1902;  Noland  C.,  born  in 
1907;  and  Ruby  Catherine,  born  in  1914. 

Mr.  Wright  is  a  republican  voter.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Church 
of  Anderson,  is  affiliated  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  and  belongs 
to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

GEORGE  L.  MAAS.  When  the  men  promi- 
nent in  the  lumber  industry  at  Indian- 
apolis are  considered  special  mention  is 
due  George  L.  Maas,  president  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Maas-Neimeyer  Lumber  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Maas  is  an  old  timer  in  the 
lumber  business,  and  out  of  his  experience 
and  extensive  connections  has  built  up  a 
plant  which  now  has  a  reputation  among 
the  trade  generally  as  one  of  the  most  re- 
sponsible and  complete  in  the  manufacture 
ef  all  classes  of  mill  work  and  especially 
the  better  type  of  wood  finish. 

The  company's  plant  and  headquarters 


are  between  Twenty-first  and  Twenty-sec- 
ond streets,  adjoining  the  Monon  Railway 
tracks.  The  company  was  organized  in 
1901  with  $20,000  capital.  It  now  has  a 
surplus  of  $60,000,  which  has  accumulated 
as  an  index  of  its  prosperous  operations. 
Recently  increased  yardage  was  added  so 
as  to  comprehend  an  additional  half  block 
on  the  north  and  also  other  ground  on  the 
south. 

Mr.  George  L.  Maas  has  been  president 
of  the  company  from  the  time  of  its  or- 
ganization. A.  J.  Neimeyer  was  the  first 
vice  president,  but  is  no  longer  active  in 
the  management,  A.  C.  Galley  being  vice 
president.  Albert  E.  Metzger  is  secretary. 
Three  years  after  the  company  was  or- 
ganized a  planing  mill  was  established,  and 
the  facilities  of  this  plant  have  been  in- 
creased from  time  to  time.  The  company 
now  manufactures  everything  that  enters 
into  the  construction  of  homes,  factories  or 
office  buildings  in  the  form  of  wood,  and 
they  get  their  raw  material  from  the  pine 
and  hemlock,  birch  and  cypress  fields  of 
the  north,  far  west  and  south,  and  also 
from  many  of  the  hard  wood  districts  of 
the  middle  west.  The  business  has  grown 
apace  with  the  growth  and  development  of 
Indianapolis,  and  the  company  is  by  no 
means  a  purely  local  concern.  An  instance 
of  one  of  its  long  distance  contracts  was 
when  the  company  recently  supplied  ma- 
hogany finishings  for  the  fine  courthouse 
at  Memphis,  Tennessee. 

Mr.  George  L.  Maas  is  a  son  of  Louis  and 
Fredericka  (Wuest)  Maas.  His  father  was 
born  in  Prussia,  Germany,  March  21,  1835, 
son  of  a  ship  builder.  About  1847  Grand- 
father Maas,  unable  longer  to  endure  the 
political  and  military  conditions  which 
were  peculiarly  irksome  to  every  aspiring 
German  of  that  day,  left  the  fatherland 
and  came  to  America,  landing  at  New 
Orleans,  where  he  worked  for  a  time.  As 
soon  as  possible  he  sent  back  money  to 
enable  his  wife  and  two  sons,  Louis  and 
George,  to  follow  him,  and  when  they  had 
joined  him  the  entire  family  came  up  the 
Mississippi  River  to  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
In  that  city  Louis  Maas  learned  the  cigar 
maker's  trade,  and  a  few  years  before  the 
Civil  war  he  moved  to  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis and  worked  at  his  trade  for  Charles 
Meyer. 

Louis  Maas  was  fired  by  that  patriotic 
ardor  which  took  so  many  men  of  German 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1791 


dersou  and  became  a  packer  in  the  flour 
mills  of  Wellington  &  Son.  After  eight 
months  he  was  promoted  to  head  miller, 
and  tilled  that  position  until  February, 
1904.  In  the  meantime,  in  order  the  bet- 
ter to  fit  himself  for  larger  business  re- 
sponsibilities, be  took  a  night  course  in  the 
Anderson  Business  College.  Failing  health 
finally  compelled  him  to  give  up  his  work 
temporarily  and  in  February,  1903,  be 
went  west  and  spent  three  months  at 
Los  Angeles  and  other  California  points. 
Having  recuperated,  he  returned  to  An- 
derson, and  stxm  took  charge  of  a  coopera- 
tive farmers  mill  at  Linn  Grove  in  Adams 
County,  Indiana.  lie  was  there  until  Sep- 
tember, 1907,  when  he  returned  to  An- 
derson and  took  charge  of  the  business 
office  of  the  Wellington  &  Son  mill.  In 
December,  1912,  this  business  was  incor- 
porated with  Mr.  Wright  as  secretary  and 
treasurer  and  general  manager  and  Joseph 
D.  Van  Camj)  as  president.  The  company 
does  a  large  business  in  the  manufacture 
of  flour  and  feed,  also  handle  various  grain 
products,  and  their  market  extends  in  a 
radius  around  Anderson  of  fifty  miles. 
The  principal  and  best  known  brand  manu- 
factured by  the  company  is  the  A  X  A 
flour. 

September  3,  1901,  Mr.  Wright  married 
Miss  Iva  K.  Longfellow,  daughter  of 
Samuel  C.  Longfellow  of  Rush  County. 
Indiana.  They  have  three  children  :  Xoleaii 
May,  born  in  1902;  Noland  C.,  born  in 
1907;  and  Ruby  Catherine,  born  in  1914. 

Mr.  Wright  is  a  republican  voter.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Church 
of  Anderson,  is  affiliated  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers,  and  belongs 
to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

(•KOMI:  L.  MAAS.  When  the  men  promi- 
nent in  the  lumber  industry  at  Indian- 
apolis are  considered  special  mention  is 
due  George  L.  Maas,  president  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Maas-Xeimeyer  Lumber  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Maas  is  an  old  timer  in  the 
lumber  business,  and  out  of  his  experience 
and  extensive  connections  has  built  up  a 
plant  which  now  has  a  reputation  among 
the  trade  generally  as  one  of  the  most  re- 
sponsible and  complete  in  the  manufacture 
of  all  classes  of  mill  work  and  especially 
the  better  type  of  wood  finish. 

The  company's  plant  and  headquarters 


are  between  Twenty-first  and  Twenty-sec- 
ond streets,  adjoining  the  Monon  Railway 
tracks.  The  company  was  organi/.ed  in 
1901  with  $20.000  capital.  It  now  has  a 
surplus  of  $60.000,  which  has  accumulated 
as  an  index  of  its  prosperous  operations. 
Recently  increased  yardage  was  added  so 
as  to  comprehend  an  additional  half  block 
on  the  north  and  also  other  ground  on  the 
south. 

Mr.  George  L.  Maas  has  been  president 
of  the  company  from  the  time  of  its  or- 
ganixation.  A.  J.  Xeimeycr  was  the  first 
vice  president,  but  is  no  longer  active  in 
the  management,  A.  C.  ('alley  being  vice 
president.  Albert  E.  Met/.ger  is  secretary. 
Three  years  after  the  company  was  or- 
ganized a  planing  mill  was  established,  anil 
the  facilities  of  this  plant  have  been  in- 
creased from  time  to  time.  The  company 
now  manufactures  everything  that  enters 
into  the  construction  of  homes,  factories  or 
office  buildings  in  the  form  of  wood,  and 
they  get  their  raw  material  from  the  pine 
and  hemlock,  birch  and  cypress  fields  of 
the  north,  far  west  and  south,  and  also 
from  many  of  the  hard  wood  districts  of 
the  middle  west.  The  business  has  grown 
apace  with  the  growth  and  development  of 
Indianapolis,  and  the  company  is  by  no 
means  a  purely  local  concern.  An  instance 
of  one  of  its  long  distance  contracts  was 
when  the  company  recently  supplied  ma- 
hogany finishings  for  the  fine  courthouse 
at  Memphis.  Tennessee. 

Mr.  George  L.  Maas  is  a  son  of  Louis  and 
Fredericka  (Wnest)  Maas.  His  father  was 
born  in  Prussia,  Germany,  March  21,  1835, 
son  of  a  ship  builder.  About  1847  Grand- 
father Maas,  unable  longer  to  endure  the 
political  and  military  conditions  which 
were  peculiarly  irksome  to  every  aspiring 
German  of  that  day.  left  the  fatherland 
and  came  to  America,  landing  at  New 
Orleans,  where  he  worked  for  a  time.  As 
soon  as  possible  he  sent  back  money  to 
enable  his  wife  and  two  sons,  Louis  and 
George,  to  follow  him,  and  when  they  had 
joined  him  the  entire  family  came  up  the 
Mississippi  River  to  Louisville.  Kentucky. 
In  that  city  Louis  Maas  learned  the  cigar 
maker's  trade,  and  a  few  years  before  the 
Civil  war  he  moved  to  the  City  of  Indian- 
apolis and  worked  at  his  trade  for  Charles 
Meyer. 

Louis  Maas  was  fired  by  that  patriotic 
ardor  which  took  so  many  men  of  German 


1792 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


birth  and  parentage  into  the  ranks  of  the 
Union  army  during  the  Civil  war.  Early 
in  that  struggle  he  volunteered  his  services, 
but  was  twice  rejected.  Despairing  of 
eluding  the  vigilance  of  the  examining 
board  at  Indianapolis,  he  determined  to  try 
elsewhere  and  went  to  Franklin,  Indiana, 
where  he  found  the  authorities  less  exacting 
about  some  of  the  details  of  physical  fit- 
ness. He  was  accepted  in  the  service  and 
enrolled  in  the  First  Indiana  Volunteer 
Battery,  and  spent  three  years,  doing  his 
full  duty  as  a  soldier,  testimony  of  which 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  he  left  a  leg  on 
on*  of  the  Southern  battlefields.  After  the 
war  he  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  here 
he  and  an  old  sweetheart,  Fredericka 
Wuest,  were  soon  united  in  marriage.  She 
was  born  in  Wuertemberg,  Germany,  and 
was  about  fourteen  or  fifteen  years  of  age 
when  her  family  came  to  America.  For 
many  years  Louis  Maas  continued  to  be 
identified  with  the  tobacco  business  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  was  head  of  the  firm  Maas 
&  Kiemeyer,  with  a  store  well  known  to  all 
the  older  citizens,  of  Indianapolis,  located 
on  Washington  Street  just  across  from  the 
Marion  County  Courthouse.  Mr.  Maas  re- 
tired from  active  business  in  1902.  He  was 
a  republican  in  politics. 

George  L.  Maas,  the  oldest  of  the  six  chil- 
dren of  his  parents,  was  born  July  19,  1866, 
in  Indianapolis,  on  East  Michigan  Street 
near  Noble  Street.  During  his  boyhood  he 
attended  the  local  public  schools,  and  at 
the  age  of  seventeen  went  to  work  as  a  de- 
livery boy  for  the  Mueller  grocery  store  at 
the  corner  of  Seventeenth  and  Bellefon- 
taine  streets.  Later,  through  family  influ- 
ence, he  went  to  work  for  A.  B.  Meyer 
&  Company,  and  had  charge  of  a  coa.l  yard 
at  Christian  Avenue  and  the  Lake  Erie  and 
Western  Railroad  tracks.  Another  trans- 
fer of  employment  made  him  a  bookkeeper 
in  the  Bee  Hive  Planing  Mill,  which  was 
operated  by  the  well  known  old  firm  of  M. 
S.  Huey  &  Son.  It  was  here  that  Mr.  Maas 
really  laid  the  foundation  of  his  experience 
and  success  as  a  lumber  man.  He  was  with 
Huey  &  Son  fourteen  years,  and  then 
utilized  this  experience  and  his  capital  and 
credit  in  organizing  the  Maas-Neimeyer 
Lumber  Company.  Mr.  Maas  is  an  active 
republican,  is  affiliated  with  Pentalpha 
Lodge,  Ancient  Free,  and  Accepted  Masons, 
and  is  both  a  Scottish  and  York  Rite  Mason 


and    Shriner.      He    also    belongs    to    the 
Knights  of  Pythias. 

November  28,  1893,  he  marriod  Miss 
Bertha  Metzger,  daughter  of  Alexander 
Metzger,  who  for  many  years  was  a  promi- 
nent real  estate  dealer  in  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Maas  have  a  son  and  daughter, 
Hugo  G.  and  Wilhelmina,  both  still  at 
home.  Hugo  is  a  graduate  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  and  has  shown  some  of 
the  same  spirit  as  his  grandfather  in  a 
desire  and  willingness  to  serve  his  country 
in  the  time  of  war.  He  is  now  serving  as 
lieutenant  at  Edgewood  Arsenal,  Balti- 
more, Maryland. 

GEORGE  A.  BICKNELL,  rear  admiral, 
United  States  navy,  was  born  at  Batsto, 
New  Jersey,  May  15,  1846,  a  son  of  George 
A.  and  Elizabeth  (Richards)  Bicknell. 

From  acting  midshipman  from  Indiana, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  December  2, 
1861,  Mr.  Bicknell  has  risen  in  command 
to  the  high  place  he  now  occupies  in  the 
United  States  navy.  He  served  as  a  first 
lieutenant  during  Morgan's  raid  in  In- 
diana, commanded  the  United  States 
Steamship  Niagara  in  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can war,  and  performed  work  of  inesti- 
mable value  until  his  retirement  from  the 
service  May  16,  1908.  He  is  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  United  States  Naval  Institute. 

Mr.  Bicknell  married  Annie  Sloan,  a 
daughter  of  John  Sloan,  M.  D.,  of  New 
Albany,  Indiana.  Mr.  Bicknell 's  home  is 
also  at  New  Albany. 

AUGUST  D.  STURM  is  an  Indianapolis 
citizen  who  has  done  much  and  is  doing 
much  to  insure  the  world  a  supply  of  food. 
He  is  one  of  the  leading  canners  of  the 
state  and  was  the  organizer  and  founder 
of  the  Central  State  Canning  Company,  of 
which  he  was  president  until  recently. 

Mr.  Sturm  was  born  in  Marion  County, 
Indiana.  His  birthplace  was  only  two 
miles  from  where  he  now  lives.  His  birth 
occurred  January  5,  1865.  His  parents, 
John  and  Elizabeth  (Greenwalt)  Sturm, 
were  both  natives  of  Germany,  where  they 
married.  Two  of  their  children  were  born 
in  the  old  country.  Owing  to  the  restric- 
tions and  conditions  of  life  in  Central 
Europe  John  Sturm  sought  better  oppor- 
tunities industrially  as  well  as  politically 
in  the  New  World,  and  about  1862  arrived 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1793 


with  his  family  at  Indianapolis.  He  was 
a  man  of  very  humble  means  and  had  to 
practically  break  his  way  into  the  strange- 
ness of  American  life  and  make  for  him- 
self a  position  and  reasonable  success.  His 
first  employment  here  was  in  a  brick  yard. 
A  few  years  later  he  went  to  farming,  and 
save  for  a  short  time  continued  that  occu- 
pation all  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  also 
a  teamster  in  the  city.  John  Sturm  was 
born  March  1,  1830,  and  died  May  7,  1895. 
His  wife  was  born  January  15,  1835,  and 
died  February  2,  1898.  They  were  quiet, 
hard-working  people  but  enjoyed  high  es- 
teem in  their  community.  They  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Zion  Evangelical  Church.  Of 
their  nine  children  only  three  are  now  liv- 
ing, August  and  two  sisters:  Annie  Kirk- 
hoff,  wife  of  Christian  Kirkhoff,  and  Min- 
nie, wife  of  Richard  Blank. 

August  D.  Sturm  attended  the  common 
schools  of  Marion  County  and  for  a  short 
time  was  a  student  in  the  Lutheran  paro- 
chial school.  As  a  very  small  boy  he 
helped  earn  his  own  living  by  selling 
papers  on  the  streets  of  Indianapolis  and 
also  blacking  shoes.  At  the  age  of  thirteen 
he  began  regular  employment  as  a  farm 
hand.  After  his  marriage  he  rented  a 
small  farm  south  of  the  city,  lived  there  for 
a  year  or  two,  and  his  thorough  knowledge 
of  intensive  farming  is  naturally  of  great 
value  to  him  in  his  present  business.  From 
the  farm  he  went  to  work  as  drayman  for 
Charles  Roesener  of  the  Central  Transfer 
Company. 

Mr.  Sturm's  introduction  to  the  canning 
business  was  gained  when  after  two  years 
as  a  drayman  he  went  to  work  for  the  Van 
Camp  Packing  Company.  He  was  given 
many  responsibilities  in  their  plant,  having 
charge  of  the  packing  and  shipping.  With 
this  experience  and  with  his  modest  capi- 
tal he  organized  in  1914  the  Central  State 
Canning  Company,  and  was  made  presi- 
dent. The  Central  State  Canning  Com- 
pany has  a  large  plant  near  Indianapolis, 
and  for  several  years  has  turned  out  an 
enormous  product  of  canned  goods,  prin- 
cipally corn,  peas,  beans  and  pumpkins. 
These  goods  have  been  distributed  prin- 
cipally through  the  .retail  trade  over  the 
Middle  West.  Recently  Mr.  Sturm  re- 
signed from  the  Central  States  Company 
and  he  and  his  son  are  now  building  a 
model  new  canning  plant  at  Bargersville  in 
Johnson  County,  Indiana. 


Mr.  Sturm  and  his  family  reside  on 
Hanna  Avenue  south  of  the  city  limits  of 
Indianapolis.  He  married  in  1890  Emma 
Hartman,  daughter  of  William  Hartman, 
who  was  a  native  of  Germany,  came  to  In- 
diana many  years  ago  and  is  still  living 
on  his  farm  in  Marion  County.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Sturm  have  three  children,  Ada, 
Richard  J.  and  Annie,  all  at  home. 

PERCY  HUNTEK  DOYLE  has  built  up  at 
Anderson  one  of  the  largest  concerns  of 
the  kind  in  this  state,  an  agency  for  the 
handling  of  high  class  securities,  stocks 
and  bonds.  He  is  also  general  agent  for 
the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society  of 
New  York. 

Mr.  Doyle  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born 
at  Fairfield  in  Franklin  County  July  11, 
1876,  son  of  L.  B.  and  Lavina  (Quidley) 
Doyle.  He  is  of  Irish  stock  on  both  sides, 
but  the  Doyles  have  been  in  America  for 
generations.  They  are  an  old  Virginia 
family  of  Augusta  County,  where  they 
owned  a  plantation  and  from  which  county 
they  went  as  loyal  defenders  of  the  South 
in  the  time  of  the  Civil  war.  L.  B.  Doyle 
was  born  in  Augusta  County,  and  in  1861 
went  into  the  Confederate  army  and  at- 
tained the  rank  of  major.  He  was  wound- 
ed at  Chancellorsville  and  made  a  prisoner 
of  war. 

P.  H.  Doyle  received  a  public  school 
education.  When  he  was  sixteen  years 
of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Anderson, 
and  he  was  a  student  in  the  high^school 
of  this  city  three  years.  His  first  regular 
employment  was  with  the  Anderson  plant 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Company.  He 
remained  with  that  industry  for  ten  years 
and  was  manager  of  the  plant  the  last 
three  years  of  his  employment.  In  1936 
he  went  to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  for 
two  years  was  in  the  electrical  construc- 
tion and  contracting  business  with  the 
Chowning  Electric  Company. 

Returning  to  Anderson  in  1909,  he  was 
connected  with  an  automobile  firm  for  a 
year,  and  then  contracted  with  the  Equit- 
able Life  Assurance  Society  of  New  York 
to  represent  them  in  the  Eighth  District 
of  Indiana.  Along  with  life  insurance,  a 
field  to  which  his  abilities  gave  him  prom- 
ising entrance,  he  subsequently  took  up 
the  handling  of  gilt  edged  stocks  and  bonds 
and  securities,  and  now  has  a  business  sec- 
ond to  none  of  the  kind  in  this  part  of  the 


1794 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


state.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  various 
local  industries,  including  the  Mid  West 
Engine  Company,  Pierce  Governor  Com- 
pany and  the  Hughes-Curry  Dressed  Beef 
Company. 

In  1902  Mr.  Doyle  married  Miss  Mildred 
McCullough,  daughter  of  C.  K.  and  Har- 
riet (Black)  McCullough,  of  Anderson. 
They  have  one  child,  John  McCullough 
Doyle,  born  in  1905.  Mr.  Doyle  is  a  demo- 
crat, a  member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner  and  was  master  of  Mount  Moriah 
Lodge  in  1914.  He  is  also  affiliated  with 
Lodge  No.  209  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks.  Mr.  Doyle  is  a 
member  of  the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

He  has  done  much  to  keep  up  an  inter- 
est in  Anderson  in  military  affairs.  In 
1894  he  enlisted  in  the  local  company  of 
the  National  Guard  and  for  three  years 
was  in  Company  C  of  the  Second  Indiana 
Regiment.  In  1913  he  organized  Company 
M  of  the  Second  Regiment,  of  Infantry, 
and  for  three  years  was  its  captain.  In 
1918  he  was  commissioned  by  Governor 
Goodrich  as  captain  Company  L,  Indiana 
State  Militia. 

EDWIN  FRANCIS  CREAGER,  who  is  works 
manager  of  the  Remy  Electric  Company 
at  Anderson,  is  one  of  the  veteran  and 
pioneer  electrical  engineers  of  America. 
When  electricity  as  motive  power  was  in 
its  infancy  Mr.  Creager  did  much  experi- 
mental and  construction  work  both  in  the 
east  and  west,  and  his  experience  suggests 
many  of  the  most  interesting  phases  of 
electrical  development  in  this  country. 

He  was  born  in  Harrisburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania, September  24,  1866,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  stock,  son  of  Calvin  M.  and  Henri- 
etta M.  (Culmerry)  Creager.  His  ancestors 
on  coming  to  this  country  first  settled  in 
Maryland  and  afterwards  went  to  Penn- 
sylvania. Mr.  Creager  was  only  eleven 
years  old  when  his  father  died, .and  from 
that  date  he  was  dependent  upon  his  own 
resources  and  has  directed  his  ship  against 
the  winds  of  fate  through  his  own  judg- 
ment and  abilities.  Men  in  the  electrical 
industry  are  apparently  immune  to  the  ef- 
fects of  hard  and  continuous  work,  the  most 
familiar  example  being  of  course  the  great 
wizard  of  electricity,  Thomas  A.  Edison 
himself.  Mr.  Creager  is  not  far  behind, 


since  in  an  active  career  of  forty  years 
he  has  lost  only  one  month  on  account  of 
illness  and  has  never  allowed  himself  a 
single  vacation. 

In  the  course  of  his  youthful  wander- 
ings he  picked  up  a  knowledge  of  the  drug 
business  in  Senatobia,  Mississippi,  and  for 
three  years  worked  as  a  registered  phar- 
macist at  Springfield,  Ohio.  He  then  re- 
turned east  to  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania, 
and  for  six  years  was  an  electrical  worker 
with  the  Edison  Company.  He  did  wiring 
and  became  acquainted  with  all  the  tech- 
nical processes  and  details  of  electrical 
construction  as  then  practiced.  For  a  time 
he  was  manager  of  a  plant  at  Renovo, 
Pennsylvania,  for  one  year  managed  the 
Danville  Gas  &  Electric  Company  at  Dan- 
ville, Pennsylvania,  and  was  also  foreman 
of  the  Edison  Illuminating  Company  at 
Wilmington,  Delaware. 

One  of  his  very  interesting  early  ex- 
periences came  when  he  went  out  to  San 
Francisco  and  as  an  employe  of  the  Edi-  . 
son  Company  helped  construct  the  first 
Sprague  System  street  electric  railway  in 
California  at  Sacramento.  While  in  the 
far  west  Mr.  Creager  had  an  offer  to  super- 
vise electric  works  for  the  Chinese  govern- 
ment, but  declined  because  he  did  not  care 
to  leave  his  family. 

On  returning  east  he  engaged  in  business 
for  himself  in  the  making  of  models  and 
general  consulting  engineering  for  two 
years.  Selling  out,  he  became  foreman  pat- 
tern maker  for  the  Hubley  Manufacturing 
Company  of  Lancaster.  This  was  the  larg- 
est novelty  manufacturing  company  in 
the  United  States.  He  was  promoted  to 
manager  of  the  plant,  and  later  for  three 
years  did  electric  contracting  and  automo- 
bile work  at  Lancaster.  For  another  three 
years  he  was  general  manager  of  the  Ameri- 
can Telegraphone  Company  at  Springfield, 
Massachusetts. 

In  1913  Mr.  Creager  came  to  Anderson 
to  take  his  place  in  the  engineering  de- 
partment of  the  Remy  Electric  Company, 
and  two  months  later  was  made  assistant 
factory  manager,  and  during  1918  was 
made  works  manager.  He  is  also  a  stock- 
holder in  the  United  Motor  Corporation 
and  has  much  real  estate  and  other  busi- 
ness interests. 

In  1891  Mr.  Creager  married  Miss  Clara 
A.  Wetting,  daughter  of  Frederick  Wet- 
ting of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  They 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1795 


have  one  son,  Leon  Frederick,  who  is  now 
electrical  inspector  of  motor  trucks  in  the 
Ordnance  Department  at  Camp  Holabird, 
Baltimore,  Maryland.  Mr.  Creager  is  a 
Scottish  Rite  Mason,  has  affiliations  with 
the  blue  lodge  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania, 
with  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
at  Indianapolis,  and  also  belongs  to  the 
Odd  Fellows  Lodge  at  Lancaster,  to  the 
Elks  at  Anderson  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Arcanum  and  the  Travelers  Pro- 
tective Association,  the  Anderson  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, Hoosiers  Automobile  Association, 
the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers,  the 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
and  is  chief  for  Madison  County,  Indiana, 
of  the  American  Protective  League. 

GUSTAVUS  BOHN.  The  older  citizens  of 
Indianapolis  have  many  fine  memories  of 
the  polished,  scholarly  and  dignified  Gus- 
tavus  Bohn,  who  in  many  ways  completely 
represented  the  many  admirable  qualities 
and  characteristics  of  that  class  of  Germans 
who  came  to  America  as  a  result  of  the 
revolution  of  1848. 

He  was  born  in  Baden,  Germany,  and 
his  enthusiasm  for  liberty  made  him  a  will- 
ing participant  in  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment that  culminated  in  1848.  He  had 
enjoyed  excellent  educational  advantages 
and  was  member  of  a  high  class  German 
family.  In  the  fighting  between  the  Im- 
perial forces  and  the  Revolutionists  he  was 
severely  wounded,  was  captured  and  was 
sentenced  to  ten  years  penal  servitude  at 
hard  labor.  He  escaped  from  the  hospital, 
and  making  his  way  with  other  refugees 
through  France  took  passage  on  board  a 
sailing  vessel  at  Havre  for  America.  Be- 
hind him  were  all  his  family  and  loved 
ones,  and  ahead  was  hope  and  possible 
realization  of  cherished  dreams.  Gustavus 
Bohn  was  a  draftsman  by  profession.  His 
first  employment  in  America  was  as  a 
sheep  herder  on  the  hills  of  Vermont,  his; 
employer  being  a  Presbyterian  minister. 
From  there  he  went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
found  professional  work  in  the  offices  of 
the  city  waterworks.  While  there  he  man- 
aged to  get  word  to  his  fiancee,  Miss  Julia 
Winterweber,  in  Germany,  and  upon  her 
arrival  they  were  at  once  married.  From 
Cleveland  they  removed  to  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, where  Gustavus  Bohn  helped  build 
the  waterworks  of  that  city.  Then  for 


several  years  he  lived  at  Elizabethtown  in 
Hardin  County,  Kentucky,  where  he  was 
a  merchant. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  become  an 
American  citizen  by  naturalization  and  he 
sealed  his  devotion  and  loyalty  to  the  land 
of  his  adoption  by  enlisting  in  the  Union 
army.  At  the  expiration  of  his  first  term 
of  service  he  re-enlisted,  this  time  in  an 
Indiana  regiment,  and  was  a  soldier  until 
peace  was  declared.  He  was  given  his  hon- 
orable discharge  with  the  rank  of  second 
lieutenant.  At  the  election  of  1864  Gus- 
tavus Bohn  was  one  of  the  twelve  men  in 
Hardin  County,  Kentucky,  who,  defending 
their  right  of  suffrage  with,  drawn  revol- 
vers, cast  their  vote  for  Abraham  Lincoln. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Gustavus  Bohn 
came  to  Indianapolis,  and  spent  the  rest  of 
his  days  in  this  city,  where  he  died  honored 
and  respected  in  1893.  For  a  time  he  was 
a  mechanic  with  the  Eagle  Machine  Works, 
subsequently  being  employed  as  draftsman 
and  designer  for  that  industry.  While 
modestly  successful  in  business  affairs,  he 
was  best  known  and  appreciated  for  his 
varied  talents  and  his  good  citizenship. 
He  was  a  wide  reader,  especially  of  Eng- 
lish literature,  and  was  a  profound  critic 
of  current  events  and  problems.  As  was 
true  of  all  the  participants  in  the  German 
Revolution  of  1848,  he  had  an  intense  ha- 
tred for  imperialism.  He  was  proud  of 
his  American  citizenship  and  lived  up  to 
its  ideals. 

His  wife  was  well  worthy  of  his  char- 
acter and  she  too  left  an  impress  for  good 
in  the  world.  She  was  highly  educated 
and  intellectually  gifted.  While  in  Ken- 
tucky she  did  much  for  the  comfort  of  the 
soldiers,  and  for  this  received  grateful  let- 
ters of  acknowledgment  from  General  Buell 
and  General  Rosecrans.  At  Indianapolis 
she  founded  an  industrial  school  for  girls, 
a  school  which  eventually  became  the  In- 
dustrial School  at  Tomlinson  Hall.  To 
this  she  gave  some  of  the  best  years  of  her 
life.  She  was  one  of  the  pioneer  Indiana 
women  to  advocate  equal  suffrage,  and  was 
often  called  upon  to  make  public  addresses 
in  behalf  of  this  cause.  She  died  in  1898. 
She  and  her  husband  had  two  sons:  Ar- 
min  and  Arthur,  both  of  Indianapolis. 

Armin  Bohn  was  born  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  August  30,  1855,  but  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  since  early  boy- 
hood. He  was  educated  in  the  public 


1796 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


schools  and  also  through  a  correspondence 
course  under  the  direct  supervision  of  his 
talented  mother.  He  began  his  business 
career  as  clerk  in  a  dry  goods  store,  and 
from  that  took  up  the  insurance  business. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Ger- 
man-American Trust  Company,  of  which 
he  was  treasurer  until  it  was  merged  wifh 
the  Fletcher  Trust  and  Savings  Company. 
Since  then  he  has  been  treasurer  of  the 
Fletcher  Trust  &  Savings  Company,  one  of 
the  most  notable  financial  organizations  in 
Indiana.  Like  his  father,  he  is  a  repub- 
lican in  politics,  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  was  a  charter  member  of  the 
old  German  ^House,  now  the  Athenaeum, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Art  Institute  and 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  North  American  Gymnas- 
tic Union,  an  organization  which  in  its  de- 
votion to  Americanism  earned  the  active 
hostility  of  the  present  ruling  house  of 
Germany.  In  1885  Armin  Bohn  married 
Miss  Lizzie  Uhl,  daughter  of  Peter  Uhl. 
They  have  one  son,  Armin  A.,  Jr.,  who  is 
president  of  the  Indiana  Trust  and  Securi- 
ties Company  of  Indianapolis. 

Arthur  Bohn,  second  son  of  Gustavus 
Bohn,  is  a  prominent  Indiana  architect. 
He  was  born  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Aug- 
ust 9,  1861,  was  educated  in  the  Indian- 
apolis public  schools,  and  studied  archi- 
tecture in  the  Royal  Polytechnique  Insti- 
tute at  Carlsruhe,  Germany,  and  in  the 
Ateliers  in  Paris.  He  also  traveled  exten- 
sively through  Great  Britain  and  over  the 
continent.  His  acquaintance  with  tech- 
nical schools  in  Europe  led  him  to  recog- 
nize the  need  of  such  special  instruction  in 
Indianapolis,  and  he  took  an  active  part 
in  organizing  the  old  Industrial  School  of 
that  city.  He  was  one  of  its  instructors 
for  years.  That  school  was  a  direct  pro- 
totype of  the  present  Manual  Training 
High  School  at  Indianapolis.  In  the  mean- 
time Mr.  Bohn  had  begun  the  practice  of 
architecture,  and  for  many  years  was  as- 
sociated with  the  late  Bernard  Vonnegut. 
He  is  now  a  member  of  the  firm  Vonnegut, 
Bohn  &  Mueller.  Mr.  Bohn  designed  the 
John  Herron  Art  Institute,  the  Fletcher 
Savings  and  Trust  Company  building,  the 
Kahn  building,  Block  building,  Severin 
Hotel,  and  his  firm  has  had  many  import- 
ant contracts,  especially  in  public  school 
and  institutional  architecture.  Mr.  Bohn 
is  a  member  of  the  Art  Institute,  Univer- 


sity Club,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Athen- 
aeum and  the  Masonic  Order.  In  1887  he 
married  Miss  Louisa  Weiss,  daughter  of 
William  Weiss.  They  have  one  son,  Her- 
bert. 

JOSEPH  H.  PATTISON,  a  member  of  the 
Central  Bond  Company  of  Indianapolis, 
has  had  a  long  and  active  experience  in 
merchandising,  manufacturing,  banking 
and  real  estate  management,  and  is  one  of 
the  recognized  authorities  in  the  city  on 
bonds  and  other  high  class  securities. 

Mr.  Pattison  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
June  19,  1869,  son  of  Coleman  B.  and 
Sarah -J.  (Hamilton)  Pattison.  The  Pat- 
tison family  were  colonial  settlers  in 
America,  some  of  them  fought  as  soldiers 
in  the  Revolution,  and  the  different 
branches  of  the  family  contain  men  who 
were  governors  of  both  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio.  In  pioneer  times  this  branch  of  the 
Pattisons  moved  to  Kentucky,  and  from 
that  state  came  to  Indiana  in  1817,  locating 
in  Rush  County.  Mr.  Pattison 's  maternal 
grandfather  was  a  Scotch-Irishman,  who 
came  to  this  country  from  the  north  of 
Ireland  and  was  a  pioneer  merchant  in 
Rush  County,  Indiana.  Coleman  B.  Patti- 
son, who  died  September  27,  1880,  was 
from  the  close  of  the  Civil  war  until  his 
death  a  wholesale  dry  goods  merchant  at 
Indianapolis,  member  of  the  well  known 
firm  of  Hibben,  Pattison  &  Company. 

Educated  in  the  Indianapolis  grammar 
schools,  high  school  and  Indianapolis 
Business  University,  Joseph  H.  Pattison 
also  had  the  cultural  advantages  derived 
from  extensive  travel  throughout  his  own 
country  and  Europe.  Though  member  of 
a  family  of  means  and  of  good  social  posi- 
tion, he  was  taught  the  value  of  honest 
toil.  Every  summer  vacation  while  he  was 
in  school  he  spent  in  farm  work.  It  was 
this  training  in  physical  as  well  as  men- 
tal industry  that  has  had  much  to  do  with 
his  business  success.  At  one  time  Mr.  Pat- 
tison worked  in  an  Indianapolis  wholesale 
house  at  wages  of  $1.50  a  week.  During 
that  employment  he  -made  the  acquaintance 
of  Mr.  Samuel  Phillips,  who  a  few  years 
later  suggested  that  the  young  man  buy  an 
interest  in  a  manufacturing  and  jobbing 
business.  Mr.  Pattison  accepted  this  offer 
and  with  his  youthful  energy  and  capital 
he  had  in  a  few  years  expanded  the  plant 
to  one  of  substantial  proportions  engaged 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1797 


in  the  manufacturing  and  jobbing  of  shirts, 
coats,  overalls  and  other  garments.  His 
business  ability  also  extended  to  the  loan- 
ing of  money  on  approved  real  estate  se- 
curity and  the  management  of  several  es- 
tates. He  concentrated  the  management 
of  his  business  through  a  partnership  with 
an  Indianapolis  banker,  and  eventually  or- 
ganized the  Central  Bond  Company  for 
handling  trust  funds  and  estates  and  the 
general  investment  and  securities  business. 
This  is  one  of  the  largest  firms  of  its  kind 
in  Indiana  and  represents  many  clients 
and  interests,  outside  the  state. 

Mr.  Pattison  also  assisted  in  the  organi- 
zation and  incorporation  of  one  of  the 
principal  trust  companies  of  Indiana,  and 
is  a  stockholder  in  various  financial  in- 
stitutions of  the  city.  Politically  he  has 
usually  supported  the  republican  national 
ticket  but  is  independent  in  local  affairs. 
He  is  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the 
Indianapolis  Commercial  Club,  and  for 
many  years  has  been  a  prominent  member 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was 
a  member  of  its  board  of  trustees  when 
the  old  church  edifice  at  the  corner  of 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York  streets  was 
sold  to  the  government  as  the  site  for  the 
present  Federal  building. 

Mr.  Pattison  married  Elizabeth  Frances 
Young,  of  Troy,  New  York,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Edgar  J.  Young,  who  was  a  dentist 
by  profession.  The  Young  family  is  of 
Holland  Dutch  ancestry.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Pattison  have  two  children:  Edgar  Y., 
born  May  30,  1897,  enlisted  in  the  United 
States  Navy  and  was  in  training  at  the 
'Great  Lakes  Training  Station  but  is  now 
attending  Williams  College,  class  of  1919 ; 
and  Coleman  B.,  born  January  17,  1900. 

HON.  CALEB  S.  DENNY,  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  bar  for  forty-five  years,  has 
been  called  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  law- 
yers of  Indiana,  and  also  one  who  has 
stood  for  old  fashioned  honesty  in  practice 
as  well  as  in  public  and  private  life. 

He  was  born  in  Monroe  County,  Indiana, 
May  13,  1850,  a  son  of  James  H.  and 
Harriet  R.  (Littrell)  Denny.  He  was  the 
youngest  of  eleven  children.  His  Denny 
forebears  were  Virginians,  some  of  them 
participated  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
and,  strange  to  say,  nearly  all  of  them  were 
opposition  to  slavery  James  H.  Denny  was 
a  native  of  Harrodsburg,  Kentucky,  where 


his  father  before  him,  a  surveyor,  had  lo- 
cated in  pioneer  times.  On  account  of  his 
opposition  to  slavery  James  H.  Denny  had 
moved  across  the  Ohio  River  into  Indiana, 
first  locating  in  Monroe  County  in  1850, 
and  three  years  later  moving  to  a  farm 
near  Boonville  in  Warwick  County.  He 
died  there  in  1861,  just  after  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  war.  One  of  his  sons  had  al- 
ready enlisted  with  the  Union  army,  and 
most  of  the  others  followed  him  in  the 
ranks  in  1863.  Caleb  S.  was  left  alone 
among  the  sons  at  home  to  care  for  his 
widowed  mother  on  the  farm.  He  was  then 
about  thirteen  years  of  age.  In  1864  the 
farm  was  rented  and  the  mother  and  her 
son  located  at  Boonville. 

In  the  meantime  Mr.  Denny  had  been 
able  to  attend  school  only  a  few  weeks 
each  year,  and  his  education  consisted  of 
a  rudimentary  knowledge  of  arithmetic, 
reading  and  writing.  During  the  war  no 
school  was  in  session  at  Boonville.  He  was 
therefore  apprenticed  to  learn  the  tinner's 
trade,  but  after  a  year,  a  school  having 
been  organized,  he  resumed  his  studies. 
Even  as  a  boy  he  had  a  broad  outlook  on 
life  and  was  stimulated  by  an  earnest  de- 
termination to  make  the  best  of  his  talents 
and  opportunities. 

In  the  fall  of  1866  he  entered  'Asbury, 
now  DePauw,  University  at  Greencastle, 
but  at  the  end  of  two  years  had  to  leave 
school  on  account  of  lack  of  funds.  He 
taught  school  two  years  in  Warrick  Coun- 
ty, and  in  1870  he  accepted  the  oppor- 
tunity offered  him  of  becoming  assistant 
state  librarian,  a  position  which  necessi- 
tated his  residence  at  Indianapolis,  where 
he  has  ever  since  had  his  home. 

Mr.  Denny  began  the  study  of  law  at 
Boonville  under  Judge  John  B.  Handy, 
and,  as  his  work  permitted,  these  studies 
were  resumed  at  Indianapolis.  In  1871  he 
studied  in  the  law  office  of  Judge  Solomon 
Blair,  and  later  in  the  offices  of  Test,  Co- 
burn  &  Burns.  Mr.  Denny  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  the  County  Courts  in  1872, 
and  the  following  year  in  the  Supreme  and 
Federal  Courts.  He  was  appointed  assist- 
ant attorney  general  of  Indiana  in  1873. 
doing  the  work  assigned  to  him  for  two 
years.  He  then  took  up  general  practice  as 
a  partner  with  Judge  James  C.  Denny, 
then  attorney  general.  After  two  years 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  David 
V.  Burns,  which  lasted  three  years. 


1798 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  record  of  his  public  service  goes  hand 
in  hand  with  his  rising  prominence  as  a 
lawyer.  In  the  fall  of  1881  he  was  elected 
city  attorney  of  Indianapolis  and  reelected 
in  1884.  After  one  year  of  his  second 
term  he  resigned  to  become  candidate  for 
mayor  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  elected 
and  took  the  office  of  mayor  January  1, 
1886.  His  election  to  this  office  was  one 
of  the  early  notable  triumphs  of  the  law 
and  order  party  in  local  politics.  As  leader 
of  that  party  Mr.  Denny  had  a  vigorous 
fight  upon  the  so-called  liberal  policies 
under  which  the  city  administration  had 
been  conducted  for  some  years.  Mr.  Denny 
was  reelected  at  the  end  of  two  years  for 
a  second  term,  and  those  two  terms  as 
mayor  set  a  high  mark  in  the  matter  of 
efficiency  and  honesty  in  municipal  gov- 
ernment. He  was  not  a  candidate  again 
for  four  years,  but  in  1893  was  prevailed 
upon  to  become  the  republican  candidate 
for  mayor,  and  was  elected  over  Thomas 
L.  Sullivan,  an  able  democrat,  who  had 
been  twice  elected  by  increased  majorities. 
To  the  surprise  of  both  parties  Mr.  Denny 
was  chosen  to  the  office  by  a  majority  of 
over  3,200. 

Mr.  Denny  has  since  served  three  terms 
as  county  attorney  of  Marion  County,  and 
has  for  years  been  a  center  around  which 
the  forces  of  honest  citizenship  have  ral- 
lied in  any  crisis  affecting  the  city  gov- 
ernment. Mr.  Denny  has  always  been  a 
loyal  republican  and  in  1908  was  presiden- 
tial elector  from  the  Seventh  Congressional 
District. 

Fraternally  he  has  been  prominent  in  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  had  an  active  part 
in  the  erection  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
building  at  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

July  15,  1874,  Mr.  Denny  married  Carrie 
Wright  Lowe,  daughter  of  George  and 
Mary  (Wright)  Lowe.  Her  father  was  a 
pioneer  carriage  manufacturer  of  Indian- 
apolis. The  three  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Denny  are:  Mary,  wife  of  Joseph  T.  El- 
liott, Jr.,  of  Indianapolis,  but  both  now 
deceased;  Caroline,  wife  of  Horace  F. 
Xixon,  a  New  Jersey  lawyer;  and  George 
L.,  who  is  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  practice  of  law.  George  L.  married  in 
1904  Elizabeth  Coleman  Hollingsworth,  of 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 


FOSTER  FAMILY.  The  Foster  family  have 
been  identified  with  Indiana  from  that  time 
when  the  principal  industry  of  its  inhabi- 
tants was  cutting  down  trees,  clearing  the 
wilderness  and  fighting  hostile  Indians, 
and  three  successive  generations  of  the 
name  have  had  an  honored  part  in  the  life 
and  affairs  of  the  state. 

The  family  record  abounds  with  evidence 
of  their  patriotism  and  loyalty.  The  Fos- 
ters had  their  original  seat  in  old  Virginia. 
There  John  Foster  enlisted  in  the  war  for 
independence  with  the  First  Virginia  Regi- 
ment  and  participated  in  the  great  cam- 
paign through  the  Carolines  under  the 
leadership  of  Gen.  Francis  Marion, 
"swamp  fox  of  the  Revolution." 
.  A  son  of  this  patriot  soldier  was  Samuel 
Foster,  who  was  born,  in  Virginia  and 
came  from  Berryville,  that  state,  to  In- 
diana Territory  in  1810.  His  place  of  set- 
tlement was  in  Lawrence  County,  where 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  from  the  govern- 
ment, the  patent  to  which  was  signed  by 
President  James  Monroe.  He  had  been  in 
Indiana  only  a  short  time  when  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain  came  on,  and  he 
was  a  volunteer  soldier  from  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  in  that  conflict.  Other- 
wise  his  active  life  was  spent  as  a  farmei 
in  Lawrence  and  later  in  Jackson  counties, 
and  he  battled  bravely  with  the  forces  of 
the  wilderness,  developed  one  or  two  good 
farms,  lived  a  life  of  exemplary  industry 
and  honor,  and  in  every  sense  was  well 
worthy  to  found  a  family  that  has  con- 
tinued to  uphold  his  good  name  for  fully  a 
century.  He  died  in  1872.  He  married 
Mary  Craig,  also  a  native  of  old  Virginia. 

The  youngest  of  the  six  sons  of  these 
pioneer  parents  was  Craven  T.  Foster, 
whose  name  is  especially  identified  with 
the  history  of  Putnam  County,  Indiana. 
He  was  born  in  Lawrence  County  Feb- 
ruary 29,  1828.  Several  of  his  brothers 
became  successful  farmers,  merchants  and 
citizens.  Craven  T.  Foster  in  1855  engaged 
in  the  mercantile  business  at  Cloverdale  in 
Putnam  County.  Cloverdale  was  at  that 
time  the  terminus  of  what  is  now  the 
Monon  Railroad.  His  business  interests 
grew  apace  and  included  the  ownership  of 
extensive  farms,  which  he  operafed  through 
tenant  and  hired  labor.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  postmaster  of  Cloverdale  and 


CRAVEN  T.  FOSTER 


. 

. 
3798  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  record  of  his  public  service  goes  hand 
in  hand  with  his  rising  prominence  as  a 
lawyer.  In  the  fall  of  1881  he  was  elected 
city  attorney  of  Indianapolis  and  reelectecl 
in  1884.  After  one  year  of  his  second 
term  he  resigned  to  become  candidate  for 
mayor  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  elected 
and  took  the  office  of  mayor  January  1, 
1886.  His  election  to  this  office  was  one 
of  the  early  notable  triumphs  of  the  law 
and  order  party  in  local  politics.  As  leader 
of  that  party  Mr.  Denny  had  a  vigorous 
tight  upon  the  so-called  liberal  policies 
under  which  the  city  administration  had 
been  conducted  for  some  years.  Mr.  Denny 
was  reelccted  at  the  end  of  two  years  for 
a  second  term,  and  those  two  terms  as 
mayor  set  a  high  mark  in  the  matter  of 
efficiency  and  honesty  in  municipal  gov- 
ernment. He  was  not  a  candidate  again 
for  four  years,  hut  in  18!):}  was  prevailed 
upon  to  become  the  republican  candidate 
for  mayor,  and  was  elected  over  Thomas 
L.  Sullivan,  an  able  democrat,  who  had 
been  twice  elected  by  increased  majorities. 
To  the  surprise  of  both  parties  Mr.  Denny 
was  chosen  to  the  office  by  a  majority  of 
over  3.200. 

Mr.  Denny  has  since  served  three  terms 
as  county  attorney  of  Marion  County,  and 
has  for  years  been  a  center  around  which 
the  forces  of  honest  citizenship  have  ral- 
lied in  any  crisis  affecting  the  city  gov- 
ernment. Mr.  Denny  has  always  been  a 
loyal  republican  and  in  1008  was  presiden- 
tial elector  from  the  Seventh  Congressional 
District. 

Fraternally  he  has  been  prominent  in  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  had  an  active  part 
in  the  erection  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
building  at  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

July  1~>,  1874,  Mr.  Denny  married  Carrie 
"Wright  Lowe,  daughter  of  George  and 
Mary  (Wright)  Lowe.  Her  father  was  a 
pioneer  carriage  manufacturer  of  Indian- 
apolis. The  three  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Denny  are:  Mary,  wife  of  Joseph  T.  El- 
liott, Jr.,  of  Indianapolis,  but  both  now 
deceased:  Caroline,  wife  of  Horace  F. 
Nixon,  a  New  Jersey  lawyer:  and  George 
L..  who  is  associated  with  his  father  in 
the  practice  of  law.  George  L.  married  in 
lf)04  Eli/abeth  Coleman  Ilollingsworth.  of 
Baltimore.  Man-land. 


FOSTEK  FAMILY.  The  Foster  family  have 
been  identified  with  Indiana  from  that  time 
when  the  principal  industry  of  its  inhabi- 
tants was  cutting  down  trees,  clearing  the 
wilderness  and  fighting  hostile  Indians, 
and  three  successive  generations  of  the 
name  have  had  an  honored  part  in  the  life 
and  affairs  of  the  state. 

The  family  record  abounds  with  evidence 
of  their  patriotism  and  loyalty.  The  Fos- 
ters had  their  original  seat  in  old  Virginia. 
There  John  Foster  enlisted  in  the  war  for 
independence  with  the  First  Virginia  Regi- 
inent  and  participated  in  the  great  cam- 
paign through  tiro  Carolinas  under  the 
leadership  of  Gen.  Francis  Marion, 
"swamp  fox  of  the  Revolution.1' 

A  son  of  this  patriot  soldier  was  Samuel 
Foster,  who  was  born,  in  Virginia  and 
came  from  Herryville,  that  state,  to  In- 
diana Territory  in  1810.  His  place  of  set- 
tlement was  in  Lawrence  County,  where 
he  entered  a  tract  of  land  from  the  govern- 
ment, the  patent  to  which  was  signed  by 
President  James  Monroe.  He  had  been  in 
Indiana  only  a  short  time  when  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain  came  on.  and  he 
was  a  volunteer  soldier  from  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  in  that  conflict.  Other- 
wise his  active  life  was  spent  as  a  farmei 
in  Lawrence  and  later  in  Jackson  counties, 
and  he  battled  bravely  with  the  forces  of 
the  wilderness,  developed  one  or  two  good 
farms,  lived  a  life  of  exemplary  industry 
and  honor,  and  in  every  sense  was  well 
worthy  to  found  a  family  that  has  con- 
tinued to  uphold  his  good  name  for  fully  a 
century.  He  died  in  1872.  He  married 
Mary  Craig,  also  a  native  of  old  Virginia. 

The  youngest  of  the  six  sons  of  these 
pioneer  parents  was  Craven  T.  Foster, 
whose  name  is  especially  identified  with 
the  history  of  Putnam  County.  Indiana. 
He  was  born  in  Lawrence  County  Feb- 
ruary 29,  1828.  Several  of  his  brothers 
became  successful  farmers,  merchants  and 
citi/ens.  Craven  T.  Foster  in  18f>5  engaged 
in  the  mercantile  business  at  Cloverdale  in 
Putnam  County.  Cloverdale  was  at  that 
time  the  terminus  of  what  is  now  the 
Monon  Railroad.  His  business  interests 
grew  apace  and  included  the  ownership  of 
extensive  farms,  which  he  operated  through 
tenant  and  hired  labor.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  postmaster  of  Cloverdale  and 


CRAVEN  T.  FOSTKR 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1799 


filled  that  office  for  a  number  of  years.  He 
was  an  active  democrat  and  was  a  man  of 
influence  .and  leadership1  and  especially* 
well  known  for  his  charities  and  other  ex- 
cellent qualities.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

September  26,  1852,  Craven  T.  Foster 
married  Julia  A.  East,  whose  parents  were 
natives  of  Kentucky  and  settled  in  Monroe 
County,  Indiana,  about  1830.  The  East 
family  has  produced  a  number  of  worthy 
men  and  women.  Mrs.  Julia  Foster  died 
in  1862,  leaving  four  children :  Rosa,  wife 
of  Michael  T.  Flannery,  living  at  Trinidad, 
Colorado;  Alva  C.,  deceased;  Homer  T., 
who  lives  in  North  Dakota ;  and  Dovie,  de- 
ceased. In  1862  Craven  Foster  married 
for  his  second  wife  Amanda  K.  East,  sister 
of  his  first  wife.  They  had  three  children : 
Effie  M.,  Mrs.  David  E.  Watson;  Eugenie 
Boone,  deceased,  named  in  honor  of  the 
Boone  family  and  a  direct  relative  of  Dan- 
iel Boone ;  and  Ronald  A. 

Craven  T.  Foster,  who  died  February 
19,  1916,  grew  up  when  Indiana  was  still 
a  frontier  state,  and  by  his  contact  with 
the  environment  of  the  period  gained  much 
of  the  forcefulness  and  self  reliance  which 
dominated  his  character. 

Ronald  A.  Foster,  who  represents  the 
third  successive  generation  of  the  family 
in  Indiana,  is  one  of  the  virile,  progressive 
men  of  Indianapolis.  "With  Mr.  John  E. 
Messick  he  has  built  up  an  extensive  ^busi- 
ness which  is  a  credit  to  them  and  to  the 
principal  city  of  the  state. 

He  was  born  at  Cloverdale  January  24, 
1877,  and  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  has  acquired  much  of  the 
knowledge  that  has  served  him  in  affairs 
by  experience.  He  read  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Martinsville,  Indiana. 
For  two  years  he  engaged  in  practice,  and 
then  for  a  time  was  a  traveling  adjuster 
for  insurance  companies.  In  1906  he  and 
Mr.  John  E.  Messick  engaged  in  the  surety 
bond  and  casualty  insurance  business  at 
Indianapolis.  That  partnership  has  con- 
tinued for  over  twenty  years,  and  they  are 
one  of  the  most  substantial  firms,  with 
offices  in  the  Fletcher  Trust  Building  at 
Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Foster  is  a  Mason,  member  of  the 
Columbia  and  Marion  clubs,  and  on  Decem- 
ber 27,  1902,  married  Miss  Karan  C.  Gray, 
of  Martinsville,  Indiana.  Mr.  Foster  is  a 
Spanish  war  veteran,  having  served  as  ser- 


geant of  Company  K,  One  Hundred  and 
Fifty-eight  Regiment,  Indian  Infantry, 
during  the  Spanish- American  war. 

GEORGE  A.  REISNER.  Among  the  emi- 
nent native  sons  of  Indianapolis  is  num- 
bered George  A.  Reisner,  Egyptologist. 
His  birth  occurred  November  5,  1867,  son 
of  George  Andrew  and  Mary  Elizabeth 
(Mason)  Reisner.-  After  graduating  from 
Harvard  and  from  courses  in  Semitic  lan- 
guages he  entered  upon  the  work  which 
has  brought  him  renown  and  placed  his 
name  among  the  first  of  his  calling.  His 
research  has  tal^en  him  to  the  remote  parts 
of  the  world,  and  he  is  the  author  of  many 
standard  works  relating  to  his  profession. 
He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

Mr.  Reisner  married  Mary  Putnam 
Bronson  November  23,  1892.  His  address 
is  Harvard  University,  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

AUGUSTUS  LYNCH  MASON.  During  the 
last  thirty-five  or  forty  years  it  is  doubtful 
if  any  citizen  of  Indianapolis  has  been 
more  distinguished  for  influence  and  suc- 
cess in  business  and  the  law  and  for  all 
around  disinterested  service  in  behalf  of 
the  welfare  of  his  city  and  state  than  Au- 
gustus Lynch  Mason.  His  attainments 
have  honored  the  profession  of  his  choice, 
but  he  is  more  than  a  successful  lawyer. 
He  has  found  time  and  inclination  to  help 
work  out  many  of  the  complex  problems 
involved  in  a  modern  business  organiza- 
tion and  local  government,  and  while  he  is 
best  known  as  a  lawyer  he  has  contributed 
several  substantial  volumes  to  the  serious 
literature  produced  by  Indiana  authors. 
He  is  a  man  of  thorough  classical  learning. 

The  early  associations  of  his  youth  were 
exceeding  favorable  toward  the  broad  de- 
velopment of  his  mind  and  character.  His 
father,  for  many  years  a  minister,  was  a 
gentleman  of  the  old  school,  universally 
loved  and  respected,  and  an  excellent 
scholar,  so  that  between  home  and  college 
Augustus  L.  Mason  had  every  opportunity 
and  encouragement  to  secure  a  liberal  edu- 
cation. He  was  born  at  Bloomington,  Mon- 
roe County,  Indiana,  February  10,  1859, 
son  of  Rev.  William  F.  and  Amanda 
(Lynch)  Mason.  His  grandfather,  An- 
thony Mason,  was  a  native  of  Kentucky 
and  of  English  lineage.  Coming  to  In- 


1800 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


diana  at  an  early  day,  he  was  a  pioneer 
settler  in  Sullivan  County,  and  besides 
clearing  up  a  farm  there  was  also  honor- 
ably identified  with  some  of  the  early  af- 
fairs of  the  county.  He  died  in  Sullivan 
County  in  1890,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four. 

Rev.  William  F.  Mason  was  born  in  In- 
diana, acquired  a  good  education,  and  pre- 
pared himself  for  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  he  followed  his  chosen  calling 
as  a  pastor  in  Indiana,  and  later  engaged 
in  business,  for  several  years  being  a  resi- 
dent of  Indiana  and  in  1883  removing  to 
Denver,  Colorado,  where  he  became  con- 
nected with,  a  building  and  loan  associa- 
tion. Rev.  William  F.  Mason  married 
Amanda  Lynch,  a  native  of  Ohio  and 
daughter  of  Thomas  H.  Lynch.  Thomas 
Lynch  was  also  a  native  of  Ohio,  of  Eng- 
lish and  French  descent,  and  in  1854 
brought  his  family  to  Kentucky  and  from 
there  to  Indiana.  He  became  a  resident 
of  Indianapolis  and  for  a  number  of  years 
was  president  of  the  Indiana  Female  Col- 
lege. Later  he  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  gave  practically  his 
entire  life  to  the  service  of  his  fellow  men. 
He  died  in  1884,  at  the  venerable  age  of 
ninety-five. 

When  Augustus  L.  Mason  was  a  child 
his  parents  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where 
his  father  engaged  in  business.  In  that 
.city  Augustus  spent  his  early  years,  at- 
tended public  schools,  and  in  1872,  at  the 
age  of  thirteen,  returned  to  Indiana  with 
his  parents.  He  was  a  student  in  North- 
western University,  now  Butler  College, 
but  completed  his  education  in  DePauw 
University  at  Greencastle,  where  he  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  in  1879.  Mr.  Mason  read  law 
with  former  United  States  Senator  Joseph 
E.  McDonald  and  John  M.  Butler,  the  lat- 
ter one  of  the  ablest  corporation  lawyers 
Indiana  ever  had.  Thus  his  early  associa- 
tions were  calculated  to  develop  every  tal- 
ent and  resource  and  impress  upon  him 
the  finest  dignity  and  ideals  of  the  legal 
profession.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1880,  and  during  the  next  two  years  con- 
tinued in  the  office  of  McDonald  &  But- 
ler and  in  1883  was  admitted  to  a  partner- 
ship, the  firm  becoming  McDonald,  But- 
ler &  Mason.  He  was  with  this  firm  until 
1887.  From  1883  Mr.  Mason's  chief  work 
has  been  corporation  law,  especially  in  the 
organization  and  development  of  railroads 


and  transportation  facilities.  From  1893 
to  1897  he  served  as  president  of  the  Citi- 
zens Street  Railway  Company  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

Mr.  Mason  has  a  very  prominent  part 
in  those  movements  beginning  about  1890, 
which  were  practically  at  the  foundation 
of  the  modern  Indianapolis.  He  took  a 
leading  part  as  a  member  of  the  Commer- 
cial Club  in  bringing  about  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  municipal  government,  and  was 
author  of  the  reform  charter  of  the  city 
in  1891.  He  is  also  credited  with  the 
authorship  of  the  plan  for  the  county  and 
township  reform  laws  adopted  by  the  State 
Legislature  of  1899.  He  was  also  legal  ad- 
viser to  the  committee  of  the  Indiana  State 
Board  of  Commerce,  in  the  preparation  of 
various  other  important  laws  affecting  local 
and  state  government.  While  for  many 
years  in  constant  touch  with  the  practical 
side  of  modern  American  business  and  in- 
dustry, Mr.  Mason  has  found  time  to  de- 
velop a  thorough  scholarship  and  a  wide 
knowledge  of  many  affairs  outside  his  pro- 
fession. He  served  as  dean  of  the  DePauw 
University  Law  School  from  1890  to  1893, 
and  from  1899  to  1905  was  lecturer  on  rail- 
road law  in  the  Indiana  Law  School  of 
the  University  of  Indianapolis.  As  an  au- 
thor he  is  known  by  his  "Pioneer  History 
of  America,"  published  in  1884;  "Trusts 
and  Public  Welfare,"  published  in  1901; 
"Corporations  and  Social  Changes,"  pub- 
lished in  1908;  "Government  of  Indian- 
apolis," published  in  1910:  and  numerous 
monographs  and  articles  published  in  legal 
and  other  journals. 

Mr.  Mason  is  an  independent  republican, 
and  while  his  name  has  no  associations  witli 
practical  politics  he  has  been  able  to  render 
services  that  few  men  in  public  station 
could  perform.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Sig- 
ma Chi  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternities, 
the  Indianapolis  Literary  and  the  Uni- 
versity clubs,  and  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

January  25,  1893,  Mr.  Mason  married 
Miss  Annie  Porter,  only  daughter  of  Al- 
bert G.  and  Minerva  (Brown)  Porter.  Her 
father,  who  was  governor  of  Indiana  from 
1881  to  1885,  is  referred  to  on  other  pages 
of  this  publication. 

ELLIS  SEARLES.  As  a  veteran  graduate 
of  a  printer's  case  probably  no  Indiana 
newspaper  man  has  had  a  more  varied  ex- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1801 


perience  in  the  profession  than  Ellis 
Searles  of  Indianapolis.  At  one  time  Mr. 
Searles  devoted  himself  assiduously  to  the 
study  of  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
carried  on  a  good  practice  until  the  claims 
of  his  old  work  asserted  themselves  domi- 
nantly.  Mr.  Searles  is  now  editor  of  the 
United  Mine  Workers  Journal,  the  official 
organ  of  the  United  Mine  "Workers  of 
America. 

He  was  born  at  Majenica,  Huntington 
County,  Indiana,  August  1,  1866,  son  of 
Joseph  Deal  and  Lucinda  (Ruggles) 
Searles.  His  father,  who  was  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia, Pennsylvania,  and  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  of  Ohio  and  In- 
diana, went  to  Huntington  County  from 
Warren  County,  Ohio,  in  1853.  He  studied 
medicine,  and  was  a  practicing  physician 
in  Huntington  County  from  1860  until  his 
death  in  1905.  He  married  in  1856  and 
was  the  father  of  six  children,  four  of 
whom  are  still  living. 

Ellis,  the  third  child,  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Huntington  County 
and  at  the  age  of  twelve  began  work  in 
the  printing  office  of  the  Lime  City  News, 
a  weekly  paper  at  Huntington.  He  fol- 
lowed the  printing  trade  several  years  and 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  established  the  Hunt- 
ington Sentinel,  a  weekly  paper,  which  he 
sold  the  following  year.  He  next  estab- 
lished the  Fremont  News  at  Fremont,  In- 
diana, and  sold  that  in  1885.  During  the 
following  year  he  was  employed  as  a  prin- 
ter with  the  Fort  Wayne  Sentinel  and  Fort 
Wayne  Gazette,  and  in  1886  established  a 
job  printing  office  and  paper  box  factory. 
This  enterprise  he  sold  in  1888,  return- 
ing to  Huntington.  He  was  then  city  edi- 
tor of  the  Huntington  Daily  Democrat  un- 
til 1891. 

January  24,  1891,  Mr.  Searles  married 
Miss  Nellie  Goring,  daughter  of  John  and 
Elizcbeth  Goring  of  Huntington.  A  few 
days  later,  in  February,  1891,  they  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis,  where  Mr.  Searles 
assumed  the  position  of  city  editor  of  the 
Indianapolis  Sun.  In  April,  1892,  resign- 
ing, he  returned  to  Huntington  as  city 
editor  of  the  Democrat.  It  was  while  in  that 
position  at  Huntington  that  he  studied 
law  under  Judge  Charles  W.  Watkins, 
doing  his  reading  and  study  between  the 
hours  of  four  and  six  o'clock  every  morn- 
ing. He  kept  that  up  about  three  years, 
and  in  1897  was  admitted  to  the  Hunt- 


ington County  Bar  and  practiced  law  as 
his  regular  profession  in  that  city  until 
1901. 

On  resuming  newspaper  work  Mr. 
Searles  was  managing  editor  of  the  Crisis 
at  East  Liverpool,  Ohio,  and  for  a  short 
time  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Cleveland 
Press.  In  the  fall  of  1901  he  again  came 
to  Indianapolis  as  managing  editor  of  the 
Sun,  a  position  he  held  until  1904.  He 
was  then  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  De- 
troit News,  and  in  1905  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Marion  News-Tribune  at 
Marion,  Indiana.  For  the  third  time  he 
came  to  Indianapolis,  in  April,  1906,  and 
then  followed  perhaps  his  biggest  and  most 
valuable  experience  as  a  newspaper  man. 
For  twelve  years  he  was  a  political  writer 
on  the  staff  of  the  Indianapolis  News,  and 
resigned  on  June  1,  1918,  to  become  editor 
of  the  United  Mine  Workers  Journal. 

While  on  the  News  staff  Mr.  Searles  cov- 
ered conventions  of  coal  miners  and  joint 
wage  conferences  with  coal  operators  in 
many  parts  of  the  United  States.  This 
gave  him  a  knowledge  of  the  coal  industry 
and  of  the  affairs  of  the  local  miners '  Union 
such  as  few  men  could  expect  to  acquire, 
and  the  knowledge  has  proved  his  most 
eminent  qualification  for  his  duty  as  editor 
of  the  official  publication  of  the  Coal 
Miners'  Union.  Already  some  marked  re- 
sults have  followed  his  connection  with  the 
publication.  Its  circulation  when  he  be- 
came editor  was  35,000,  but  since  then  the 
plan  of  publication  was  changed  and  the 
circulation  increased  to  nearly  400,000, 
practically  all  the  papers  going  direct  to 
the  coal  miners  of  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Searles  feels  an  added  responsibility 
and  interest  in  his  position  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  membership  of  the  Union,  ag- 
gregating approximately  500,000,  contains 
thousands  of  men  of  foreign  birth.  Since 
taking  charge  of  the  Journal  it  has  been 
the  aim  of  Mr.  Searles  to  assist  as  much 
as  possible  in  the  widespread  campaign  for 
Americanization  of  all  the  varied  foreign 
element  in  our  society.  He  regards  nothing 
as  more  important  to  the  welfare  of  the 
United  States  as  a  nation.  It  has  been 
his  experience  that  foreign  born  men  are 
eager  to  become  American  citizens  and  as- 
sume the  duties  of  citizenship,  and  all  they 
need  is  the  proper  encouragement,  guidance 
and  advice.  It  is  most  gratifying  to  know 
that  a  man  of  such  stalwart  Americanism 


Vol.  IV— 16 


1802 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  one  who  is  so  deeply  sensible  of  his 
responsibilities  is  in  a  position  to  direct  the 
editorial  policy  of  one  of  the  most  widely 
read  journals  in  the  country. 

Mr.  Searles  is  a  democrat  in  politics,  but 
has  never  held  or  sought  a  political  office 
and  has  consistently  refused  any  appoint- 
ments to  political  positions  that  were  of- 
fered. Like  most  newspaper  men,  he  has 
seen  enough  of  the  inside  of  practical  poli- 
tics to  cause  him  to  wish  none  of  it.  He 
is  a  Catholic  and  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Searles  have  two  children, 
Paul  John  and  Elizabeth.  Paul  was  born 
in  Huntington  December  5,  1891.  He  was 
educated  in  the  parochial  schools  of  Hunt- 
ington and  Indianapolis,  graduated  from 
the  grammar  schools  of  Detroit  in  1905 
and  from  the  Manual  Training  High  School 
at  Indianapolis  in  1909.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in 
the  United  States  navy  and  attended  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annap- 
olis, from  which  he  graduated  with  the 
class  of  1913  with  the  rank  of  Ensign.  He 
served  in  the  navy  through  the  Mexican 
campaign  of  1915  and  in  the  occupation 
of  Haiti  in  the  same  year,  being  collector 
of  customs  and  captain  of  the  Port  of  Jere- 
mie,  Haiti,  for  several  months.  In  1916 
he  was  transferred  from  sea  duty  to  the 
Civil  Engineers  Corps  of  the  navy.  The 
Navy  Department  then  sent  him  to  the 
Kensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy, 
New  York,  for  two  years'  post-graduate 
course  in  civil  engineering.  He  received 
his  diploma  from  that  institution  together 
with  the  degree  C.  E.  in  May,  1918.  Soon 
afterward  he  was  promoted  to  full  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy,  where  he  continued  to 
serve  in  the  Civil  Engineering  Corps.  De- 
cember 2,  1916,  he  married  Miss  Ruth 
Clancy,  of  New  York  City. 

The  daughter,  Elizabeth,  attended  the 
parochial  schools,  and  graduated  from  St. 
Agnes  Academy,  a  high  school  of  Indian- 
apolis, in  1915.  Later  she  pursued  her 
studies  at  Mount  Ida  School  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  where  her  education  was 
finished.  On  December  1,  1917,  she  was 
married  to  Dennis  S.  Moran,  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

| 

HUGH  J.  BAKER  is  an  Indianapolis  en- 
gineer who  has  made  a  specialty  in  steel 
and  steel  reinforcing  construction,  and 


largely  through  his  technical  ability  and 
enterprise  has  built  up  one  of  the  largest 
concerns  of  its  kind  in  the  Middle  West. 

Mr.  Baker  was  born  December  20,  1882, 
at  Alexandersville,  Montgomery  County, 
Ohio.  His  father,  Jacob  Baker,  also  a  na- 
tive of  Ohio,  is  living  at  Dayton  at  the  age 
of  sixty-three,  and  the  mother  was  also 
born  in  Ohio  and  is  now  fifty-nine  years 
of  age.  Jacob  Baker  followed  the  life  in- 
surance business.  There  were  in  the  fam- 
ily two  sons  and  one  daughter,  Hugh  J. 
being  the  second. 

He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Dayton,  graduating  from  the  Steele 
High  School  in  1900.  After  leaving  high 
school  he  became  self  supporting,  and 
after  working  a  year  in  Dayton  entered 
the  Ohio  State  University  and  graduated 
with  the  degree  Civil  Engineer  in  Archi- 
tecture in  1905.  He  was  then  twenty-two 
years  of  age.  and  after  leaving  university 
returned  to  Dayton  and  was  employed  by 
the  National  Cash  Register  Company  un- 
til January  31,  1906.  For  over  a  year  he 
was  located  at  Ambridge,  Pennsylvania, 
near  Pittsburg,  in  the  employ  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bridge  Company.  In  November,  1907, 
he  left  that  firm  and  located  at  Indianap- 
olis. 

He  was  with  the  Browr-Ketcham  Iron 
Works  as  structural  engineer,  designer  and 
detailer  of  structural  steel  until  January, 
1910.  At  that  date  Mr.  Baker  opened  a 
business  of  his  own  as  consulting  engineer, 
and  he  still  continues  his  profession  under 
the  name  Hugh  J.  Baker,  Consulting  En- 
gineer. 

In  1911  he  brought  his  brother-in-law, 
Mr.  J.  R.  Fenstermaker,  of  Dayton,  Ohio, 
and  together  they  established  the  Fire- 
proofing  Specialties  Company.  It  was  a 
partnership,  but  about  1914  the  Fire- 
proofing  Company  was  incorporated.  This 
company  handled  metal  building  special- 
ties such  as  steel  sash,  fire  doors,  metal 
lath.  In  his  own  business  Mr.  Baker  was 
handling  reinforcing  steel  and  was  broad- 
ening his  enterprise  as  a  consulting  and 
sales  engineer.  In  conjunction  with  his 
engineering  work  he  worked  up  a  large 
business  as  a  sales  engineer  of  reinforcing 
steel.  He  also  handled  reinforcing  steel 
bars  and  furnished  designs  for  the  build- 
ings erected  in  connection  with  the  steel 
sold.  That  has  been  an  important  feature 
of  his  business  ever  since.  Mr.  Baker  fur- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1803 


nished  designs  for  both  the  reinforced  con- 
crete and  structural  steel  frames  for  the 
Hume-Mansur  Building,  the  Studebaker 
Building,  the  Danville  Court  House,  the 
National  Motor  Car  Company  fireproof 
buildings,  the  Link-Belt  Company  factory 
building,  the  Diamond  Chain  Company 
factory  building,  the  Occidental  Realty 
Company  building,  the  Fidelity  Trust  Com- 
pany building,  the  Colonial  Hotel  and 
Theater  buildings,  the  Circle  Theater  build- 
ing, the  Lincoln  Hotel  and  various  other 
fireproof  buildings  constructed  in  Indian- 
apolis and  elsewhere  throughout  the  state. 

The  Fireproofing  Company,  incorpor- 
ated in  1914,  continued  in  business  until 
January  1,  1918,  when  it  was  dissolved. 
At  that  time  the  reinforcing  steel  business 
of  Hugh  J.  Baker  and  the  specialty  busi- 
ness of  the  Fireproofing  Company  were 
combined  and  incorporated  as  the  Hugh 
J.  Baker  and  Company.  This  corporation 
is  now  able  to  review  one  year  of  business, 
and  the  record  of  that  year  justifies  im- 
portant plans  for  building  up  a  general 
engineering  and  material  business,  furnish- 
ing reinforcing  steel  and  structural  steel 
building  specialties  in  conjunction  with  an 
expert  engineering  service.  The  business 
was  started  in  a  small  room  on  the  fourth 
floor  of  the  Majestic  Building.  At  the 
present  time  the  company  leases  the  entire 
wing  on  the  ninth  floor  for  offices,  and  also 
has  a  shop  covering  an  acre  of  ground, 
leased  from  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and 
equipped  with  modern  machinery  for 
handling  and  fabricating  reinforcing  steel 
and  forms  for  reinforced  concrete  build- 
ings. The  company  is  now  incorporated 
at  $100,000,  and  the  capital  is  worth  par 
value. 

Mr.  Baker  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  Shriner,  also  a 
member  of  Oriental  Chapter  of  the  York 
Rite,  and  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club, 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Independent  Ath- 
letic Club,  Rotary  Club  and  Hoosier  Motor 
Club. 

June  20,  1906,  at  Dayton,  he  married 
Miss  Velma  Fenstermaker,  daughter  of  J. 
R.  Fenstermaker.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren :  Hugh  J.,  Jr.,  born  in  August,  1910, 
and  John  David,  born  June  1,  1916. 

THE  BROOKS  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS,  founded 
at  Indianapolis  in  1914  by  Wendell  Stan- 


ton  Brooks  as  head  master,  fills  a  distinct 
place  of  usefulness  in  Indianapolis  and 
Indiana,  there  being  no  other  school  of  its 
class  or  character  either  in  the  city  or 
state.  It  is  distinctively  a  college-prepara- 
tory school  for  boys  with  a  special  depart- 
ment or  lower  school  for  grades  three  to 
six.  Thus  the  boys  range  from  eighteen 
or  nineteen  down  to  nine  or  ten  in  age. 
The  school  is  non-sectarian,  has  masters 
and  boys  of  many  denominations,  and  aims 
to  exert  a  wholesome  Christian  influence 
upon  the  character  of  its  boys.  No  boy  is 
retained  whose  character  is  found  to  be  un- 
desirable. With  the  rapid  growth  of  the 
school  the  numbers  have  been  sufficient 
to  make  the  various  classes  large  enough 
to  promote  wholesome  rivalry  and  com- 
petition, and  at  the  same  time  the  teach- 
ing faculty  is  large  enough  so  that  each 
pupil  receives  appropriate  and  method- 
ical attention  from  the  staff  of  instruc- 
tors. The  work  of  supervision  and  inspec- 
tion is  practically  continuous,  and  there 
is  a  harmonious  combination  of  playtime 
and  study  time  for  each  boy's  growing 
life. 

The  aim  as  officially  expressed  by  the 
school  has  been  to  ' '  maintain  a  scholarship 
standard  second  to  none.  The  factors  in 
the  accomplishment  of  this  are :  Teachers, 
well  trained  and  successfully  experienced; 
classes,  limited  to  twelve  boys  to  insure 
much  individual  attention;  study  periods, 
supervised  to  teach  the  boys  'how  to  study' ; 
recreation  periods,  supervised  to  teach  the 
boys  how  to  get  the  heartiest  present  en- 
joyment and  the  most  enduring  good  out 
of  their  play." 

As  an  exclusively  college  preparatory 
school  the  work  is  laid  out  with  a  view  to 
meeting  the  entrance  requirements  of  the 
larger  colleges  and  universities,  and.  the 
curriculum  has  been  especially  approved 
by  Purdue  University,  University  of  In- 
diana, University  of  Illinois,  University  of 
Michigan,  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
Notre  Dame  University,  Butler,  Wabash. 
Franklin,  DePauw,  Hanover  and  Earlham 
colleges.  Brooks  graduates  are  admitted 
to  these  and  other  colleges  on  certificate 
with  recommendation  of  the  head  master. 

The  progressiveness  of  the  school  and 
its  adaptability  to  the  various  needs  and 
requirements  of  higher  education  are  in- 
sured by  two  advisory  boards,  whose  eo- 


1804 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


operation  imparts  a  desirable  flexibility 
and  a  broad  and  enlightened  spirit  to  the 
entire  institution. 

The  membership  of  the  Collegiate  Ad- 
visory Board  is  as  follows:  Samuel  T. 
Dutton,  A.  M.,  LL.  D.,  formerly  Superin- 
tendent Teachers'  College  Columbia  Uni- 
versity; Frederick  C.  Ferry,  Ph.  D.,  Sc. 
D.,  president  Hamilton  College,  New  York ; 
Alfred  K.  Merritt,  M.  A.,  Registrar,  Yale 
College;  William  K.  Hatt,  Ph.  D.,  C.  E., 
Head  of  Civil  Engineering  Department, 
Purdue  University;  Charles  Hubbard 
Judd,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  director,  School  of 
Education,  University  of  Chicago;  Marion 
LeRoy  Burton,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president, 
University  of  Minnesota ;  and  H.  A.  Hoi- 
lister,  High  School  Visitor,  University  of 
Illinois. 

An  equally  notable  group  of  prominent 
Indianapolis  citizens  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Indianapolis  Advisory  Board  of  this  school : 
William  Pirtle  Herod,  Hugh  McK.  Lan- 
don,  Ralph  A.  Lemcke,  Charles  W.  Merrill, 
Meredith  Nicholson,  Booth  Tarkington, 
Evans  Woollen,  Arthur  V.  Brown,  Lieut. 
Col.  John  J.  Toffey,  Jr.,  Louis  C.  Hues- 
mann  and  Hugh  H.  Hanna. 

Wendell  Stanton  Brooks  represents  a 
scholarly,  broadminded,  educational  leader- 
ship so  much  needed  in  the  present  tran- 
sitional era  of  American  life.  He  was 
born  at  Bay  Shore,  Long  Island,  New  York, 
July  24,  1886,  son  of  Rev.  Jesse  Wendell 
and  Louise  Bissell  (Upham)  Brooks.  His 
father  has  been  one  of  the  distinguished 
figures  in  the  religous  life  of  America  for 
many  years.  He  was  born  in  Cheshire, 
Connecticut,  September  26,  1858,  son  of 
Jesse  R.  and  Louisa  A.  (Smith)  Brooks, 
and  is  sixth  in  line  from  Henry  Brooks 
of  the  New  Haven  colony.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Rutgers  College,  from  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  and  received  his 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  degree  from  New 
York  University.  He  was  ordained  a  Con- 
gregational minister  in  1884  and  was  pas- 
tor of  churches  on  Long  Isand,  in  Brook- 
lyn and  in  Chicago  for  a  number  of  years. 
For  nearly  twenty  years  he  has  been  sec- 
retary and  superintendent  of  the  Chicago 
Tract  Society,  with  home  in  Wheaton,  Illi- 
nois. He  has  also  been  officially  identified 
with  many  religious  organizations  and 
since  1912  has  been  on  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 


of   Christ   in   America.     His   wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Professor  Nathan  Upham. 

The  early  boyhood  of  Wendell  Stanton 
Brooks  was  spent  in  Brooklyn,  New  York. 
Later  he  attended  Wheaton  Academy  at 
Wheaton,  Illinois,  and  was  graduated  from 
Yale  University  in  1908.  He  has  taken 
post-graduate  work  at  his  alma  mater  and 
at  the  University  of  Chicago.  His  early 
teaching  experience  was  in  two  of  the 
strongest  schools  for  boys  in  America — the 
Choate  School  of  Wallingford,  Connecti- 
cut, and  the  Harvard  School,  Chicago.  He 
was  instructor  of  history  and  later  principal 
of  the  Kewanee,  Illinois,  High  School  from 
1911  to  1914.  While  in  Illinois  he  was  sec- 
retary of  the  "Big  8"  High  School  Asso- 
ciation in  1914.  He  has  been  secretary  of 
the  Yale  Alumni  Association  of  Indiana 
since  1915,  and  is  a  charter  member  of 
the  National  Association  of  Principals  of 
Secondary  Schools.  He  devoted  one  sum- 
mer to  travel  and  study  in  Europe.  He  is 
a  republican,  a  member  of  the  Yale  Club 
of  Chicago  and  the  University  Club  of  In- 
diana, and  has  served  as  superintendent  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Sunday  School  of 
Indianapolis.  August  20,  1913,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Margaret  Amy  Mackenzie,  daugh- 
ter of  James  Alexander  and  Kate  (Lamb) 
Mackenzie.  Their  two  children  are  Mar- 
garet Mackenzie  and  Wendell  Stanton,  Jr. 

AUGUSTUS  TAYLOR  DYE  has  been  a  resi- 
dent and  business  man  and  public  official 
in  Anderson  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
among  other  active  connections  at  present 
is  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Farmers 
Trust  Company. 

He  was  born  July  27,  1864,  on  a  farm  in 
Brown  County,  Ohio,  son  of  Francis 
Marion  and  Amanda  (Manchester)  Dye. 
His  ancestry  in  the  paternal  line  goes  back 
to  a  family  of  Scotch  Highlanders.  In 
America  the  first  record  of  them  is  found 
near  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  The  great- 
great-grandfather  of  the  Anderson  banker 
was  Andrew  J.  Dye,  who  died  at  Troy, 
Ohio,  in  1812.  The  great-grandfather, 
Stephen  Dye,  spent  probably  most  of  his 
life  near  Troy.  Next  in  line  was  grand- 
father James  Dye,  who  was  an  itinerant 
minister  of  the  Campbellite  or  Christian 
Church,  lived  and  pursued  his  calling  for 
a  number  of  years  in  Clermont  County, 
Ohio,  and  finally  moved  to  Bracken  County, 
Kentucky. 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


1805 


Francis  Marion  Dye,  a  native  of  Ohio, 
was  a  lawyer  by  profession.  Prior  to  the 
Civil  war  he  entered  the  conflict  with  the 
One  Hundred  and  Fifty-Ninth  Ohio  In- 
fantry. He  gave  four  years  of  active  serv- 
ice in  the  army,  and  his  death  occurred 
soon  afterward,  in  1866.  His  wife, 
Amanda  Manchester,  was  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  daughter  of  Hiram  Manchester 
and  granddaughter  of  Charles  C.  Man- 
chester. Charles  C.  Manchester  began  a 
career  as  minister  of  the  Gospel  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  and  did  a  pioneer  work  in 
the  ministry  in  many  counties  of  Ohio. 
Amanda  Manchester  was  related  collater- 
ally to  the  famous  Roger  Williams,  founder 
of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Planta- 
tions. 

Augustus  T.  Dye  was  a  very  small  child 
when  his  father  died.  While  his  early  en- 
vironment was  not  one  of  extreme  poverty, 
the  family  means  were  such  that  he  early 
learned  to  face  serious  responsibilities  and 
depended  largely  upon  his  own  efforts  to 
advance  him  in  life.  He  attained  a  country 
school  education  during  the  winter  seasons 
and  worked  on  a  farm  in  the  summer.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen,  after  completing  his 
education,  he  went  to  work  on  his  uncle's 
farm  and  was  there  until  he  was  about 
twenty-two.  For  two  years  he  was  also 
on  the  road  as  a  traveling  salesman  in 
Ohio. 

On  coming  to  Anderson  Mr.  Dye  en- 
gaged in  the  haberdashery  business  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Public  Square,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Scott  &  Dye,  for  two  years. 
He  soon  had  a  large  following  of  devoted 
friends  in  Madison  County,  and  having 
from  the  first  interested  himself  in  the  wel- 
fare of  the  republican  party  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  candidate  on  that  ticket  for  the 
office  of  county  recorder  in  1898.  He  was 
elected  by  107  votes,  and  while  the  margin 
was  small  it  was  a  real  distinction  and  per- 
sonal triumph  since  he  was  the  only  mem- 
ber of  his  party  elected  to  a  county  office 
that  year.  Mr.  Dye  had  charge  of  the  re- 
corder 's  office  for  four  years.  In  the  mean- 
time, in  1899,  he  had  begun  the  study  of 
law  and  carried  it  on  partly  by  correspond- 
ence and  partly  by  weekly  attendance  at 
the  classes  of  the  Indianapolis  Law  School. 
He  finished  a  course  of  three  years.  While 
the  knowledge  has  been  valuable  to.  him  in 
his  business  career,  Mr.  Dye  has  never  de- 
veloped a  practice. 


After  leaving  the  recorder's  office  he 
bought  a  share  in  the  old  established  in- 
surance agency  of  J.  J.  Netterville.  This 
was  the  oldest  insurance  agency  at  Ander- 
son. For  three  years  the  business  was  con- 
tinued as  Netterville  &  Dye.  They  then 
bought  the  Heritage-Boland  Fire  Insurance 
Agency,  taking  in  Mr.  D.  L.  Boland  as  a 
partner,  and  also  acquired  the  G.  A.  Lamb- 
ert Agency.  The  business  after  that  was 
continued  as  the  Netterville,  Boland,  Dye 
Company. 

Mr.  Dye  was  one  of  the  active  men  among 
several  associates  in  organizing  and  estab- 
lishing the  Farmers  Trust  Company.  The 
Company  began  business  January  6,  1912, 
with  J.  J.  Netterville  as  president  and  Mr. 
Dye  as  assistant  secretary  and  treasurer. 
In  1915  Mr.  Dye  was  elected  secretary  and 
treasurer  and  has  always  carried  some 
of  the  heaviest  responsibilities  in  connection 
with  the  growth  and  development  of  this 
very  substantial  financial  institution.  The 
capital  stock  is  $100,000,  and  the  com- 
pany does  a  general  banking  business.  The 
insurance  interests  formerly  conducted  by 
Netterville,  Dye  and  associates  have  been 
consolidated  with  the  Trust  Company,  and 
this  department  is  now  the  leading  agency 
in  Madison  County,  representing  all  the 
largest  insurance  companies,  both  fire  and 
general. 

In  1885  Mr.  Dye  married  Miss  Anna 
Ayres,  daughter  of  William  and  Nancy 
Ayres.  She  died  April  22,  1899,  the 
mother  of  three  children:  Harvey,  a  resi- 
dent of  Anderson,  and  by  his  marriage  to 
Pearl  Willette  the  father  of  one  daughter, 
Mary,  born  in  1916;  Lulu  Dye,  who  is  a 
teacher  of  piano  at  Anderson ;  and  Stella 
Dye,  a  teacher  in  the  Anderson  public 
schools.  In  1902  Mr.  Dye  married  Miss 
Lida  Brooks,  daughter  of  E.  A.  and  Cath- 
erine Brooks.  Mrs.  Dye  was  for  seven 
years  one  of  the  popular  teachers  in  the 
schools  of  Anderson. 

Mr.  Dye  has  always  retained  a  sustain- 
ing and  helpful  interest  in  the  republican 
organization  of  his  county  and  state,  but 
since  he  left  the  office  of  recorder  has 
sought  no  opportunities  of  political  office. 
In  1913,  against  his  will  he  was  made  re- 
publican nominee  for  mayor  of  Anderson. 
He  is  prominent  in  Masonry,  a  member 
of  Fellowship  Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  of  the  thirty-second  de- 
gree Scottish  Rite,  a  member  of  the  Ma- 


1806 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sonic  Club  of  Anderson,  and  has  served 
as  master  of  his  local  lodge  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1910.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indian- 
apolis of  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men  and  attends  worship  in  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

J.  CLIFTON  BRANDON,  of  Anderson,  is  a 
young  Indiana  business  man  of  whom 
much  may  be  expected  in  the  future  from 
his  performances  in  the  past.  He  has  been 
steadily  growing  in  experience  and  the 
power  to  do  things  and  conduct  business 
since  leaving  high  school  and  is  now  pro- 
prietor and  manager  of  the  Brandon  Boot 
Shop  at  Anderson. 

He  was  born  in  that  city  July  30,  185)0, 
a  son  of  Walter  W.  and  Elizabeth  (Loehr) 
Brandon.  He  is  of  English  and  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry,  and  the  family  has  been 
in  America  for  many  generations,  origin- 
ally Virginians,  from  which  colony  some  of 
them  went  as  patriot  soldiers  to  win  in- 
dependence from  Great  Britain. 

J.  Clifton  Brandon  was  graduated  from 
the  Anderson  High  School  in  1908.  Fol- 
lowing that  he  took  the  teacher's  prepara- 
tory course  in  Marion  Normal  College  and 
for  one  year  taught  a  country  school  in 
Green  Township  of  Madison  County.  After 
that  until  February,  1913,  he  was  shoe 
clerk  with  Louis  E.  A.  Hirsch.  He  learned 
the  business  in  every  detail  and  from  the 
ground  up.  While  a  boy  in  high  school  he 
had  worked  on  Saturdays  in  the  shoe  shop 
of  Mr.  Hirsch  and  Fred  Macomber,  and  in 
that  way  gained  his  first  knowledge  of  the 
boot  and  shoe  business.  In  1913  Mr.  Bran- 
don transferred  his  services  to  Earl  Berke- 
bile,  and  had  charge  of  his  books  and  was 
practically  manager  of  the  store  until  Jan- 
uary 20,  1917.  All  the  time  he  had  been 
working  and  conserving  his  income  thriftly 
with  a  view  to  the  future  and  an  independ- 
ent business  of  his  own,  and  in  1917  he 
bought  the  Walk-over  Boot  Shop,  of  which 
he  is  now  sole  proprietor  and  has  the  ex- 
clusive Walk-over  agency  in  Anderson. 

In  1914  Mr.  Brandon  married  Miss  Fern 
Baird,  daughter  of  John  A.  and  Cassandra 
(Tillman)  Baird,  of  Jonesboro,  Grant 
County,  Indiana.  Mr.  Brandon  is  a  demo- 
crat, is  affiliated  with  Mount  Moriah  Lodge, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Anderson, 
with  the  Kappa  Alphi  Phi  fraternity,  and 


is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

AUGUST  WACKER  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  over  forty-five  years.  He  was 
formerly  a  florist  and  gardener,  and  owned 
several  greenhouses  in  the  city,  but  the 
greater  part  of  his  years  have  been  taken 
up  with  handling  and  developing  real  es- 
tate, and  his  operations  have  been  of  such 
character  and  with  such  resulting  benefits 
to  large  numbers  of  people  besides  himself 
that  he  well  deserves  and  may  properly 
be  called  "a  community  builder." 

Mr.  Wacker  was  born  in  Wurtemberg. 
Germany,  September  14,  1848,  a  son  of 
Philip  and  Christina  Wacker.  His  father 
was  a  vineyardist  and  wine  maker  and  a 
capable  business  man  who  provided  for  his 
family  modestly  and  not  without  success. 
He  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  regular  Ger- 
man army,  and  both  parents  lived  to  a 
good  old  age. 

August  Wacker  was  educated  in  the 
German  schools  of  his  home  town  until  he 
was  sixteen.  He  then  began  learning  by 
apprenticeship  the  florist's  trade.  With 
the  equipment  supplied  by  school,  home 
training  and  his  apprenticeship  he  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1870,  on  the  steamer 
Union,  and  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
came  direct  to  Indianapolis.  In  this  city 
he  went  to  work  for  A.  Wiegand,  the  well 
known  florist  of  that  time.  The  Wiegand 
greenhouses  were  then  on  Kentucky  Ave- 
nue and  South  Street.  After  two  years 
Mr.  Wacker  had  advanced  so  far  in  knowl- 
edge of  American  ways  and  had  made  such 
good  use  of  his  earnings  that  he  was  able 
to  rent  seven  acres  of  land  on  Central 
Avenue  and  Twelfth  Street.  This  land 
was  then  well  out  on  the  edge  of  town  but 
is  now  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Here  he 
engaged  in  business  as  a  truck  and  vege- 
table grower  for  the  local  market.  His 
operations  for  the  first  year  netted  him 
a  considerable  revenue,  and  he  then  bought 
five  acres  of  ground  at  Emerichville.  This 
ground  too  has  been  since  swept  within 
the  rapidly  growing  City  of  Indianapolis. 
He  owned  that  property  only  a  few  months, 
when  he  sold  out  at  a  profit  of  $2,300.  Mr. 
Wacker  has  made  many  larger  deals  since 
then  but  none  of  greater  importance  to  his 
personal  fortune,  since  the  sale  gave  him 
the  capital  sufficient  to  begin  his  opera- 
tions as  a  real  estate  man  and  he  has  con- 


. 


IMMi 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sonic  Cluli  of  Anderson,  ami  has  served 
as  master  of  his  local  lodge  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  llie  (Jrand  Lodge  in  1!MO.  He  i.-,  a 
inemlier  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indian- 
apolis of  Anderson  Lodge  of  Klks.  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men  and  attends  worship  in  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Chiuvli. 

J.  CI.IFTON  BKANOOX,  of  Anderson,  is  a 
young  Indiana  business  man  of  whom 
miieli  may  be  expected  in  the  future  from 
his  performances  in  the  past.  He  lias  been 
steadily  growing  in  experience  and  the 
power  to  do  things  and  conduct  business 
since  leaving:  high  school  and  is  now  pro- 
prietor and  manager  of  the  Brandon  Bort 
Shop  at  Anderson. 

He  was  born  in  that  city  July  HO.  1S!»(). 
a  son  of  Walter  \V.  and  Elizabeth  (Loehr) 
Brandon.  He  is  of  English  and  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry,  and  the  family  has  been 
in  America  for  many  generations,  origin- 
ally Virginians,  from  which  colony  some  of 
them  went  as  patriot  soldiers  to  win  in 
dependence  from  (Jreat  Britain. 

.1.  Clifton  Brandon  was  graduated  from 
the  Anderson  High  School  in  I'.HIS.  Fol- 
lowing that  he  took  the  teacher's  prepara- 
tory course  in  Marion  Normal  College  and 
for  one  year  taught  a  country  school  in 
(liven  Tuwnship  of  Madison  Countv.  After 
that  until  February.  1M1:>.  he  was  shoe 
clerk  with  Louis  E.  A.  Ilirsch.  lie  learned 
the  business  in  every  detail  and  from  the 
ground  up.  While  a  boy  in  high  school  he 
had  worked  on  Saturdays  in  the  shoe  shop 
of  Mr.  Ilirsch  and  I-' red  Macomber,  and  in 
that  way  gained  his  first  knowledge  of  tin1 
hoot  and  shoe  business.  In  l!ll:{  Mr.  Bran- 
don transferred  his  services  to  Earl  Berke- 
liile.  and  hail  charge  of  his  books  and  was 
practically  manager  of  the  store  until  Jan- 
uary '20.  1!»17.  All  the  time  lie  had  been 
working  and  conserving  his  income  thriftly 
with  a  view  to  the  future  and  an  independ- 
ent business  of  his  own,  and  in  1!M7  he 
bought  the  Walk-over  Boot  Shop,  of  which 
be  is  now  sole  proprietor  and  has  the  ex- 
clusive Walk-over  agency  in  Anderson. 

In  1!H4  Mr.  Brandon  married  Miss  Fern 
Baird.  daughter  of  John  A.  and  Cassandra 
i  Tillman  i  Baird.  of  Joncshoro.  (Irani 
County.  Indiana.  Mr.  Brandon  is  a  demo- 
crat, is  affiliated  with  Mount  Moriah  Lodge. 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  ;i)  Anderson, 
with  the  Kappa  Alphi  I'hi  fraternity,  and 


is  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist   Epis- 
copal  Church. 


Ar<;rsT  WACKKR  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  over  forty-five  years.  He  was 
formerly  a  florist  and  gardener,  and  owned 
several  green  houses  in  the  city,  but  the 
greater  part  of  his  years  have  been  taken 
up  with  handling  and  developing  real  es- 
tate, and  his  operations  have  been  of  such 
character  and  with  such  resulting  benefits 
to  large  numbers  of  people  besides  himself 
that  he  well  deserves  and  may  properly 
be  called  "a  community  builder." 

Mr.  Wacker  was  born  in  .  Wurtemberg. 
(iermaiiy.  September  14.  1S48,  a  son  of 
Philip  and  Christina  Wacker.  His  father 
was  a  vineyardist  and  wine  maker  and  a 
capable  business  man  who  provided  for  his 
family  modestly  and  not  without  success. 
He  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  regular  (!er- 
niHii  army,  and  both  parents  lived  to  a 
good  old  age. 

August  Wacker  was  educated  in  the 
(ierman  schools  of  his  home  town  until  he 
was  sixteen.  lie  then  began  learning  by 
j'pprenticeship  the  florist's  trade.  With 
the  equipment  supplied  by  school,  home 
training  and  his  apprenticeship  he  came 
to  the  I  nitcd  States  in  1*70.  on  the  steamer 
I  nioti.  and  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
•  MHIC  direct  to  Indianapolis.  In  this  city 
he  went  to  work  for  A.  Wiegand,  the  well 
known  florist  of  that  time.  The  Wiegand 
greenhouses  were  then  on  Kentucky.  Ave- 
nue and  South  Street.  After  two  years 
.Mr.  Wacker  had  advanced  so  far  in  knowl- 
edge of  American  ways  and  had  made  such 
good  use  of  his  earnings  that  he  was  able 
to  rent  seven  acres  of  land  on  Central 
Avenue  and  Twelfth  Street.  This  land 
was  then  well  out  on  the  edge  of  town  but 
is  now  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Here  he. 
engaged  in  business  as  a  truck  and  vege- 
table grower  for  the  local  market.  His 
operations  for  the  first  year  netted  him 
a  considerable  revenue,  and  he  then  bought 
live  acres  of  ground  at  Emcrichville.  This 
ground  too  has  been  since  swept  within 
the  rapidly  growing  City  of  Indianapolis. 
He  owned  that  property  only  a  few  months, 
when  he  sold  out  at  a  profit  of  $1>, .'!(>().  Mr. 
Wacker  has  made  many  larger  deals  since 
then  but  none  of  greater  importance  to  his 
personal  fortune,  since  the  sale  gave  him 
the  capital  sufficient  to  begin  his  opera- 
tions as  a  real  estate  man  and  he  has  eon- 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1807 


stantly  kept  his  money  moving  and  in 
steady  use  and  service  ever  since. 

His  next  move  was  to  invest  in  a  tract 
of  land  of  fourteen  acres  at  what  is  now 
Thirtieth  Street  and  the  Meyers  gravel 
road.  When  he  bought  it  the  land  was 
completely  isolated  and  truly  rural  in  its 
environment.  He  kept  adding  by  subse- 
quent purchase  until  he  had  a  fine  farm 
of  ninety  acres  there,  and  he  used  it  not 
only  for  strictly  farming  purposes  but  also 
improved  it  as  a  site  for  picnics  and  other 
public  gatherings.  His  improvements  and 
equipment  together  with  the  land  was 
finally  bought  by  the  city,  and  on  the  basis 
of  what  he  had  accomplished  the  city  has 
since  created  Riverside  Park,  one  of  the 
most  attractive  outdoor  recreation  parks 
of  Indianapolis. 

In  1898  Mr.  Wacker  bought  thirty  acres 
of  land  where  he  now  lives,  including  2663 
Parkway  Boulevard,  his  home.  That  was 
also  country  but  has  since  become  part  of 
the  city  and  largely  as  a  result  of  his  in- 
vestments and  enterprise.  Mr.  Wacker 
probably  deserves  the  greatest  individual 
credit  for  the  development  and  improve- 
ment of  the  northwest  quarter  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  has  laid  out  streets,  constructed 
pavements,  secured  lighting  and  street  car 
service,  and  has  never  failed  to  put  himself 
behind  any  movement  that  would  add  to 
the  wholesomeness  and  attractiveness  and 
increase  the  value  of  property  and  better 
general  living  conditions  in  that  part  of 
the  city.  In  recent  years  he  has  built  about 
forty  modern  homes  on  his  own  ground, 
and  many  of  these  homes  have  been  sold  to 
their  present  owners  and  occupants. 

When  Mr.  Wacker  came  over  on  the 
steamship  Union  in  1870  he  made  acquaint- 
ance with  another  passenger,  Louisa  Erd- 
berger,  who  was  coming  to  the  United 
States  in  company  with  her  sister.  This 
acquaintance  was  not  dropped  after  they 
landed,  and  in  1871  Mr.  Wacker  and  Miss 
Erdberger  were  united  in  marriage,  and 
they  lived  happily  together  for  over  thirty 
years,  until  her  death  in  1904.  Seven  chil- 
dren were  born  to  them,  six  still  living  and 
all  residents  of  Indianapolis.  The  record 
of  the  children  is:  August,  Jr.,  a  black- 
smith at  Haughville  on  East  Tenth  Street ; 
Dr.  Albert  H.,  a  veterinary  surgeon  with 
home  on  Union  Street;  Louisa,  wife  of 
John  Wolsiffer;  Charles  J.,  a  successful 
building  contractor  in  Indianapolis ;  Bertha 


and  Emma,  at  home  with  their  father ;  and 
Louis,  who  died  in  childhood. 

Mr.  August  Wacker  was  one  of  the  first 
members  of  St.  Paul's  German  Reformed 
Church,  and  for  years  was  one  its  trustees. 
He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of 
Cosmos. 

MOSES  EDWIN  CLAPP,  United  States  sen- 
ator, was  born  at  Delphi,  Indiana,  May  21, 
1851,  a  son  of  Harvey  S.  and  Abbie  J. 
(Vandercook)  Clapp.  In  1873,  the  same 
year  he  received  his  LL.  B.  degree  from 
the  University  of  Wisconsin,  Senator  Clapp 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  prac- 
tice at  Hudson,  Wisconsin.  Since  1891  he 
has  been  a  resident  of  St.  Paul.  He  was  a 
candidate  for  the  republican  nomination 
for  governor  in  1896,  and  on  the  19th  of 
January,  1901,  was  elected  a  United  States 
senator  and  re-elected  for  the  terms  1905- 
11  and  1911-17. 

Senator  Clapp  on  December  30,  1874, 
was  married  to  Hattie  Allen,  of  New  Rich- 
mond, Wisconsin. 

RALPH  RITTER.  One  of  the  representa- 
tive business  men  of  Anderson  is  Ralph 
Ritter,  sole  proprietor  of  the  Anderson 
Plumbing  Company,  one  of  the  largest  con- 
cerns of  its  kind  in  this  city.  While  in- 
dustry has  marked  every  year  of  his  life 
since  he  left  school  when  aged  thirteen,  it 
was  some  time  before  Mr.  Ritter  found  the 
opportunity  that  led  to  his  adopting  his 
present  line  of  work,  for  which  he  undoubt- 
edly has  always  had  great  capacity  because 
of  natural  constructive  tendency  and  un- 
derstanding of  mathematics.  He  comes  of 
an  agricultural  rather  than  a  mechanical 
family  but  never  had  any  taste  for  farm- 
ing. 

Ralph  Ritter  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Del- 
aware County,  Indiana,  in  1878.  His  par- 
ents were  Jacob  and  Cynthia  (Buckles) 
Ritter,  whose  family  consisted  of  three 
sons.  Many  generations  back  the  Ritters 
were  found  in  Ohio,  and  from  there  John 
Ritter,  the  grandfather  of  Ralph  Ritter 
came  to  Delaware  County.  Indiana,  as  a 
pioneer  and  cleared  up  his  own  farm. 
Three  of  his  sons  served  as  soldiers  in  the 
Civil  war.  Jacob  Ritter  was  born  in  Del- 
aware County,  followed  an  agricultural 
life  exclusively,  and  was  accidentally  killed 
when  his  son  Ralph  was  four  years  old. 
When  Ralph  Ritter  was  nine  years  old 


1808 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  family  moved  to  Hartford  City,  In- 
diana, and  there  he  resumed  his  interrup- 
ted school  attendance  and  continued  until 
he  was  thirteen.  His  first  working  job  was 
driving  a  delivery  wagon  for  a  grocery- 
man  at  Hartford  City,  for  which  he  was 
paid  fifty  cents  a  day  and  remained  with 
the  grocery  house  for  three  years.  In  his 
efforts  to  find  more  congenial  and  more 
remunerative  work,  he  had  many  experi- 
ences and  hence  has  a  working  knowledge 
of  more  than  one  business  line. 

For  six  months  Mr.  Ritter  worked  in  a 
glass  factory  and  found  out  how  lantern 
globes  are  made  by  holding  the  molds  for 
the  same.  Then  he  went  into  a  strawboard 
mill  and  spent  a  month  straightening  bal- 
ing wire.  That  did  not  seem  promising, 
and  he  then  became  an  elevator  boy  and 
three  months  later  found  work  in  a  paper 
room,  where  he  remained  one  month.  Then 
came  his  opportunity  to  work  in  a  plumb- 
ing ship,  George  W.  Hutchinson  taking  him 
as  a  helper  at  wages  of  three  dollars  a  week. 
Mr.  Ritter  then  determined  to  learn  the 
business  and  worked  for  four  years,  while 
learning,  for  one  dollar  a  day,  when  he 
became  a  journeyman  and  worked  as  such, 
according  to  the  laws  of  the  trade,  until 
he  was  a  qualified  plumber. 

Mr.  Ritter  then  entered  the  Enamel  Iron 
Works  at  Muncie,  Indiana,  where  he  was 
employed  in  different  capacities  and  finally 
became  inspector  of  enamel  ware,  four 
months  after  which  he  returned  to  Hart- 
ford City  and  for  two  years  was  with  his 
old  firm  working  at  his  trade.  At  the  end 
of  that  time,  in  partnership  with  his 
brother  Sylvester,  under  the  name  of  Rit- 
ter Brothers,  he  engaged  in  business  at 
Kendalville,  where  they  started  a  cigar 
store,  but  later  sold  his  interest  to  his 
brother  and  went  to  Mishawaka  and  was 
connected  there  with  the  cigar  business  for 
about  two  years. 

In  1903  Mr.  Ritter  went  into  the  plumb- 
ing business  for  himself  at  South  Bend  and 
continued  for  a  year  and  a  half  and  then 
sold  and  was  profitably  employed  at  his 
trade  for  the  next  two  and  a  half  years 
and  then  spent  the  same  time  at  his  trade 
in  Marion,  Indiana.  In  1908  he  came  to 
Anderson  and  went  to  work  for  John  H. 
Emmert,  remained  there  four  and  a  half 
years,  when  he  became  foreman  for  Charles 
Lott  's  plumbing  shop,  two  and  a  half  years 
afterward  went  into  business  at  Anderson 


for  himself,  and  in  1914  opened  his  present 
place,  right  in  the  business  district,  at  No. 
740  Main  Street.  Mr.  Ritter 's  long  ex- 
perience has  given  him  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  plumbing  and  gas  fitting,  and  he 
pays  particular  attention  to  all  heating 
problems,  handling  the  standard  Kohler 
goods.  In  business  circles  his  reputation 
stands  as  substantial  and  honorable. 

Mr.  Ritter  was  married  in  1901  to  Miss 
Effie  J.  Bennett,  who  was  born  in  Cler- 
mont  County,  Ohio,  and  is  a  daughter  of 
Benjamin  Bennett.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren: Ralph  Rupert,  born  in  1903;  Ken- 
neth David,  born  in  1905;  and  Marietta 
Katherine,  born  in  1907,  all  of  whom  are 
making  creditable  records  in  school.  Mr. 
Ritter  and  his  family  are  members  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church  at  Anderson  and  he 
is  chairman  of  its  board  of  trustees.  In 
politics  he  is  not  active  except  as  good 
citizenship  demands,  and  he  casts  his  vote 
according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own  ex- 
cellent judgment.  He  is  identified  fra- 
ternally with  the  Order  of  Knights  of  Py- 
thias at  Anderson. 

FRANK  HILBUBT  is  junior  partner  of  Mc- 
Intire  &  Hilburt,  proprietors  of  the  noted 
Indiana  baking  establishment  known  as 
"The  Sunlight  Bakery"  at  Anderson.  The 
products  of  The  Sunlight  Bakery  have  a 
statewide  distinction  and  appreciation,  and 
some  of  their  products  are  known  even 
farther.  A  few  years  ago  it  was  a  small 
local  industry,  and  into  its  growth  and  de- 
velopment have  gone  the  business  brains 
and  the  utmost  efficiency  and  skill  of  two 
men  who  are  past  masters  of  every  branch 
of  their  art. 

Mr.  Hilburt  was  born  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  1873,  a  son  of  John  and  Louisa 
F.  (Enbury)  Hilburt.  He  is  of  English 
ancestry  and  the  family  has  been  in  Amer- 
ica several  generations.  His  grandfather 
came  from  London  when  a  young  man 
and  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  near  Lan- 
caster. He  brought  with  him  a  family  of 
thirteen  sons.  He  was  a  coal  miner.  John 
Hilburt  married  in  England,  and  had  a 
family  of  four  sons  and  two  daughters, 
Frank  being  the  second  in  age.  From  Cin- 
cinnati the  Hilburts  moved  to  Markles- 
ville,  and  Frank  Hilburt  received  his  edu- 
cation there  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  went 
to  work  on  a  farm  in  a  Quaker  Community 
known  as  Spring  Valley  for  wages  of  fif- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


I 


1809 


teen  dollars  a  month.  Three  years  later,  in 
1894,  he  came  to  Anderson  and  began  driv- 
ing a  wagon.  He  was  for  eight  years 
wagon  driver  for  the  West  End  Dairy. 

The  employment  which  may  be  con- 
sidered to  have  opened  for  him  his  life 
career  was  as  driver  of  a  bread  wagon  for 
J.  W.  Linder  at  Anderson.  A  year  later 
he  transferred  his  services  to  the  Adding- 
ton  Bakery  of  Anderson.  From  a  friend 
he  borrowed  money  without  security  and 
bought  a  half  interest  in  this  bakery,  whose 
trade  as  wagon  driver  he  had  built  up  from 
practically  nothing.  About  that  time  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  John  S.  Mcln- 
tire,  and  that  was  the  beginning  of  the 
present  firm  and  of  the  present  great  plant 
of  which  they  are  proprietors.  Their  first 
bakery  was  at  2308  Twenty-third  Street, 
still  known  as  the  Addington  Bakery.  Five 
or  six  years  later  they  bought  some  proper- 
ty at  2308  Columbus  Avenue  and  erected 
a  complete  new  plant.  Business  grew  and 
prospered,  and  at  the  end  of  seven  years 
they  bought  their  present  property  at  1520- 
24  Meridian  Street,  adjoining  the  tracks 
of  the  Big  Four  Railroad.  Here  they 
erected  The  Sunlight  Bakery,  a  two-story 
brick  building  60  by  100  feet,  with  every 
mechanical  equipment  and  sanitary  device 
known  to  the  business. 

The  firm  employ  about  ten  people,  and 
their  goods  are  shipped  daily  to  the  town 
and  country  trade  extending  over  a  radius 
of  fifty  miles  around  Anderson.  They 
make  bread  and  pastries,  and  their  special 
brands  so  familiar  as  household  words  are 
the  "Buster  Brown"  and  "Butter  Krust" 
and  domestic  breads.  This  firm  is  respon- 
sible for  the  "Butter  Krust"  trade  mark, 
which  is  now  rapidly  winning  a  country 
wide  appreciation. 

Besides  his  business  as  a  baker  Mr.  Hil- 
burt  is  a  stockholder  in  Mentha-Pep  Com- 
pany of  Anderson,  and  owns  considerable 
land  and  real  estate  here  and  elsewhere. 
August  6,  1899,  at  Anderson,  he  married 
Miss  Maude  Baughman,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam and  Anna  Baughman.  They  have  one 
child,  Embury  Greenwood,  now  eighteen 
years  old  and  a  student  in  the  Anderson 
High  School.  Mr.  Hilburt  is  a  republican, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  and  the  Improved  Order  of 
Red  Men.  and  is  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Science  Church. 


HERBERT  B.  MCMAHAN  is  treasurer  and 
manager  of  the  McMahan  &  Lieb  Company, 
the  largest  wholesale  grocery  house  of 
Anderson,  and  a  business  which  ranks 
among  the  leading  institutions  of  its  kind 
in  the  state.  Mr.  McMahan  is  a  native  of 
Anderson  and  has  been  a  signal  factor  in 
its  business  affairs  for  over  ten  years. 

He  was  born  in  Anderson  December  17, 
1879,  a  son  of  T.  J.  and  Sarah  (Johnson) 
McMahan.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry 
and  most  of  the  generations  produced  farm- 
ers until  T.  J.  McMahan 's  time.  T.  J. 
McMahan  was  a  well  known  banker  of 
Anderson  for  many  years,  and  was  at  one 
time  president  of  the  National  Exchange 
Bank.  He  died  November  4,  1916,  and  his 
wife  March  18,  1902. 

Herbert  B.  McMahan  grew  up  at  Ander- 
son, attended  the  public  schools,  graduat- 
ing from  the  Howe  School  at  Howe,  In- 
diana, in  1898,  and  then  entered  Cornell 
University,  from  which  he  received  his  A. 
B.  degree  in  1902.  While  at  Cornell  he 
was  affiliated  with  the  Alpha  Tau  Omega 
fraternity. 

Following  his  college  career  Mr.  McMa- 
han learned  the  wholesale  grocery  business 
as  billing  clerk  for  two  years,  and  then  was 
promoted  to  treasurer  of  the  McMahan  & 
Lieb  Company.  Since  1906  he  has  been 
manager  of  this  business.  The  company 
does  an  extensive  business  with  retail  mer- 
chants in  a  radius  of  eighty  miles  around 
Anderson,  and  has  a  large  plant  and  ware- 
house, employing  altogether  about  thirty 
people. 

Mr.  McMahan  is  also  a  director  of  the 
National  Exchange  Bank  of  Anderson,  of 
the  Union  Real  Estate  Company  and  of 
the  Muncie  Hardware  Company  at  Muncie. 

In  1904  he  married  Miss  Mary  Grimes, 
daughter  of  Robert  P.  Grimes  of  Anderson, 
a  well  known  old  family  of  that  city.  They 
have  two  children:  Herbert,  aged  twelve, 
and  Martha,  aged  seven.  Mr.  McMahan 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order  and  of 
the  fraternal  Order  of  Eagles,  belongs  to 
the  Anderson  Club  and  Rotary  Club  and 
is  now  president  of  the  Indiana  Wholesale 
Grocers  Association. 

B.  E.  SHIRLEY.  While  the  purely  busi- 
ness interests  of  Anderson  have  been  well 
looked  after  here  for  many  years,  as  com- 
mercial records  prove,  the  aesthetic  and 


1810 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


artistic  side  of  life  has  also  been  recognized 
as  an  essential  feature  in  a  cultured  com- 
munity, and  within  the  past  few  years  more 
pretentious  musical  houses  than  heretofore 
have  entered  the  field  to  satisfy  the  de- 
mands of  an  increasing  number  of  people 
of  cultivated  tastes.  A  leading  concern  of 
this  kind  at  Anderson  is  the  Pearson  Piano 
Company,  of  which  B.  E.  Shirley,  an  enter- 
prising business  man,  is  manager  at  this 
point. 

B.  E.  Shirley  was  born  at  Pittsborough 
in  Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  May  22, 
1875.  His  father,  Francis  W.  Shirley,  died 
at  Indianapolis  in  1915,  and  his  mother, 
Emily  W.  (Leake)  Shirley,  resides  in  that 
city.  Many  generations  back  Mr.  Shir- 
ley's forefathers  came  from  England  and 
settled  in  Kentucky,  and  from  that  state 
have  radiated  into  many  others.  The  fam- 
ily vocation  has  been  very  largely  agricul- 
tural in  the  past. 

Until  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age 
Mr.  Shirley  remained  at  home,  attending 
school  in  Lincoln  Township  until  he  was 
sixteen,  after  which  he  was  his  father's 
main  helper  on  the  home  farm.  In  the 
meanwhile  his  brother,  A.  E.  Shirley,  had 
started  in  the  hardware  business  at  Lizton 
in  Hendricks  County,  and  he  became  his 
brother's  clerk  and  continued  with  him 
four  years,  during  which  time  he  gained 
a  pretty  thorough  knowledge  of  the  hard- 
ware business.  In  1899  the  family  moved 
to  Indianapolis,  A.  E.  Shirley  transferring 
his  mercantile  interests  to  that  city,  and  B. 
E.  Shirley  continued  in  his  employ  for 
eight  more  years.  He  then  became  con- 
tract man  for  the  Citizens  Gas  Company, 
and  continued  until  that  company  was 
amalgamated  in  the  Indianapolis  Gas  Com- 
pany. 

In  1912  Mr.  Shirley  became  connected 
with  the  Pearson  Piano  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis in  the  capacity  of  salesman,  and 
through  his  fidelity  to  the  company  and  his 
ability  in  salesmanship  came  into  closer 
relations  and  in  1915  was  sent  to  open  a 
branch  store  at  Anderson.  This  he  suc- 
cessfully accomplished  and  has  made  it  a 
center  for  musical  circles  in  the  city  and 
adjacent  towns,  his  territory  taking  in  five 
counties.  Mr.  Shirley  handles  only  first 
class  musical  instruments  and  these  in- 
clude pianos,  piano  players,  phonographs 
and  small  instruments,  designing  to  satisfy 
even  critical  and  fastidious  patrons  who 


may  have  had  musical  training  in  other 
countries  as  well  as  his  own.  He  is  uni- 
versally considered  an  able,  honorable  and 
upright  business  man. 

Mr.  Shirley  was  married  in  1900  to  Miss 
Laura  M.  Hayes,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
Aaron  and  Maria  (Spies)  Hayes,  of  Mari- 
etta, Ohio.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shirley  have 
three  children,  one  daughter  and  two  sons, 
namely;  Lillian  Ruth,  who  was  born  in 
1902 ;  Elbert  Aaron,  who  was  born  in  1904; 
and  Edwin  Hayes,  who  was  born  in  1912. 
Mr.  Shirley  and  family  belong  to  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Anderson. 

While  Mr.  Shirley  has  always  taken  an 
intelligent  interest  in  public  matters  and 
wherever  he  has  lived  has  lent  his  influence 
in  the  favor  of  good  Government  and  civic 
progress,  he  has  never  felt  the  necessity 
of  formally  uniting  with  any  particular 
political  party,  believing  that  his  own  judg- 
ment and  knowledge  of  men  gained 
through  his  many  years  of  business  expe- 
rience will  usually  lead  him  aright  when 
he  comes  to  casting  a  vote.  In  fraternal 
matters,  however,  he  has  been  very  prom- 
inent for  years  in  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
While  residing  in  Indianapolis  he  united 
with  Arrow  Lodge  of  that  city  and  has 
been  a  delegate  to  the  Grand  Lodge  and 
since  coming  to  Anderson  has  identified 
himself  with  Banner  Lodge,  in  which  he 
has  passed  all  the  chairs.  He  belongs  also 
to  the  Travelers  Protective  Association. 

JACOB  WALTER  ROSE,  manager  of  the 
Mid-West  Box  Company  at  Anderson,  is 
an  Indiana  man  by  birth  but  for  many 
years  lived  in  the  west  and  became  prom- 
inently identified  with  the  beet  sugar 
industry,  the  development  of  which  as  an 
American  industry  he  is  familiar  from 
practically  the  very  beginning  in  the  states 
of  the  west.  The  Mid-West  Box  Company, 
whose  central  plant  and  offices  are  at 
Anderson  but  which  has  many  branches, 
is  a  very  large  and  important  industry, 
manufacturing  corrugated  fibre  and  solid 
fibre  boxes  of  all  kinds  and  suited  for  all 
purposes.  This  product  is  shipped  all  over 
the  country,  and  the  company  operates  on 
a  capital  of  $500,000. 

Mr.  Rose  was  born  at  Martinsville,  Mor- 
gan County,  Indiana,  on  a  farm  close  -to 
the  town,  April  23,  1865,  son  of  Aaron  and 
Elvira  (Welty)  Rose.  He  is  of  Scotch 
and  Pennsylvania  Dutch  ancestry,  and  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1811 


family  on  first  coming  to  America  in  colo- 
nial times  settled  in  New  Jersey.  Aaron 
Rose  was  brought  to  Indiana  when  a  small 
boy.  Elvira  Welty  came  from  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania.  The  father  died  in  1908 
and  the  mother  in  1903. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Rose  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Martinsville,  graduated  from 
high  school  in  1882,  and  in  September  of 
that  year  entered  DePauw  University  at 
Greencastle,  where  he  remained  a  student 
for  two  years  in  the  classical  course. 

In  August,  1884,  more  than  thirty  years 
ago  when  the  country  west  of  the  Missouri 
was  just  in  the  early  stages  of  settling 
up  and  development,  Mr.  Rose  went  out 
to  Norfolk,  Nebraska,  where  he  found  em- 
ployment as  bookkeeper  in  the  Norfolk 
Bank.  He  remained  there  eight  years,  and 
after  the  bank  was  chartered  by  the  state 
became  assistant  cashier.  In  1892  he  went 
with  the  American  Sugar  Company  in  its 
local  plant  at  Norfolk,  Nebraska.  The 
American  Beet  Sugar  Company  Is  now  an 
organization  representing  many  millions  of 
investment  and  produces  a  large  share  of 
the  sugar  consumed  in  the  United  States. 
Its  plants  are  all  over  the  west,  perhaps 
the  largest  being  at  Oxnard,  California. 
With  this  company  Mr.  Rose  continued  his 
active  services  for  eighteen  years.  He  be- 
gan as  bookkeeper  at  Norfolk,  was  cashier, 
weighmaster,  store  keeper,  yard  boss,  as- 
sistant manager,  traffic  manager,  auditor, 
and  finally  was  manager  of  the  business  at 
Grand  Island,  Nebraska,  for  three  years. 
After  leaving  the  sugar  company  he  spent 
a  few  months  in  the  automobile  business 
at  Omaha,  but  not  with  results  satisfactory, 
and  he  then  returned  to  Grand  Island  and 
bought  an  interest  in  the  wholesale  grocery 
house  of  The  Donald  Company.  He  was 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  that  company 
for  three  years. 

Selling  his  interest  there  he  returned  to 
Indiana,  locating  at  Martinsville  in  1914, 
and  in  the  following  December  bought  an 
interest  in  the  Anderson  Foundry  &  Ma- 
chine Works.  He  became  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  this  corporation,  but  in  April, 
1917,  severed  that  relation  and  soon  after- 
ward accepted  the  post  of  manager  of  the 
Mid-West  Box  Company.  He  is  a  stock- 
holder in  this  industry,  also  in  the  Ander- 
son Trust  Company,  in  the  Pacific  Light 
&  Power  Company  of  Los  Angeles  and  has 
various  other  interests. 


During  1912-13  Mr.  Rose  was  president 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
at  Grand  Island,  Nebraska,  and  during  that 
time  a  $75,000  building  was  erected.  He 
is  an  active  church  man,  is  president  of  the 
board  of  stewards  of  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  at  Anderson,  is  affiliated 
with  the  Masonic  Order,  including  mem- 
bership in  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter  at  Ox- 
nard, California,  and  is  also  a  Knight  of 
Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  In  1899 
Mr.  Rose  married  Miss  Mabel  Shirley, 
daughter  of  W.  S.  and  Sarah  (Conduit) 
Shirley,  of  Martinsville,  Indiana.  Her 
father  was  a  lawyer.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Marian. 

• 

CHRISTOPHER  E.  LEGO  has  been  identi- 
fied with  the  mercantile  affairs  of  Ander- 
son for  a  number  of  years,  and  the  success 
he  enjoys  and  his  standing  as  a  citizen 
are  due  altogether  to  those  advantages  con- 
ferred by  hard  work  rather  than  privi- 
lege. 

Mr.  Legg  was  born  in  Benton  Township, 
Pike  County,  Ohio,  in  1877,  son  of  Edward 
Allen  and  Elizabeth  ( Day )  Legg.  As  a  boy 
in  a  country  community  he  attended  dis- 
trict schools  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
went  to  work  for  a  living.  For  two  years 
he  worked  for  a  neighboring  farmer  at 
thirteen  dollars  a  month.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  was  employed  in  a  saw  mill 
in  Pike  County,  and  remained  there  for 
four  or  five  years.  His  next  employment 
was  in  a  factory  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  for  a 
year. 

He  came  to  Anderson  in  1902.  He  was 
still  far  from  being  a  capitalist  when  he 
arrived  in  that  city.  For  two  years  he 
worked  in  the  Sefton  Box  Company  and 
for  three  years  had  the  management  of  the 
Union  Grain  and  Coal  Company.  His  first 
experience  in  the  grocery  trade  was  ac- 
quired as  a  clerk  for  Whetstone  and  Bayse 
at  22  West  Eighth  Street.  This  firm  sub- 
sequently sold  out  to  Erwin  &  Company, 
and  Mr.  Leggr  remained  with  both  firms 
until  August  25,  1916,  when  he  bought  the 
business  for  himself.  He  was  able  to  pay 
but  $200  in  cash  and  went  in  debt  for  the 
rest  of  the  stock  and  store.  In  the  same 
year  he  sold  a  half  interest  to  his  brother 
Charles  D.,  making  the  firm  of  Legg  Broth- 
ers, which  enjoyed  prosperity  and  a  large 
trade  until  it  was  dissolved  in  November, 


1812 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


1918.  Since  selling  out  to  his  brother 
Christopher  E.  Legg  has  continued  a  factor 
in  the  local  grocery  trade,  and  is  now  con- 
nected with  the  Jackson  Grocery.  Mr. 
Legg  is  a  democrat.  In  1911  he  married 
Miss  Bertha  Doty,  daughter  of  George  and 
Rose  Doty  of  Anderson. 

HARRY  BENTLEY  BURNET  is  president  of 
the  Burnet-Binford  Lumber  Company,  one 
of  the  larger  manufacturing  and  distribut- 
ing lumber  and  building  material  organi- 
zations of  Indianapolis.  The  plant  and 
yards  are  located  on  Thirtieth  Street  and 
Canal.  Mr.  Burnet  was  liberally  educated, 
was  qualified  for  the  law,  but  was  finally 
diverted  into  the  business  which  he  has 
made  practically  his  life  work. 

Mr.  Burnet  was  born  in  historic  old  Vin- 
cennes  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  Septem- 
ber 10,  1861.  His  father,  Stephen  Burnet, 
was  born  near  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  18*13, 
and  died  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  Febru- 
ary 14,  1885.  He  became  widely  known 
over  different  sections  of  Indiana  and  was 
a  man  whose  career  was  successful  from 
every  standpoint.  He  came  to  Indiana  in 
early  manhood  and  traveled  about  over  the 
state  selling  medicine  for  a  time.  He  be- 
became  fascinated  with  the  country  around 
Vincennes,  and  his  loyalty  to  that  old  city 
was  unabated  throughout  his  life.  One  of 
the  reasons  why  he  liked  Vincennes  was  the 
splendid  educational  advantages  it  offered. 
He  acquired  300  acres  of  land  adjoining 
and  within  half  a  mile  of  the  present  site 
of  the  Union  Depot.  He  did  farming  on  a 
modern  and  progressive  scale  and  spe- 
cialized as  a  fruit  grower,  and  gradually 
developed  a  nursery  which  supplied  the 
original  stock  of  fruit  trees  to  hundreds  of 
orchards  throughout  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  For  a  time  he  had  a  number  of 
salesmen  on  the  road.  The  Knox  County 
fair  grounds  are  a  part  of  the  old  Stephen 
Burnet  300  acre  purchase.  Stephen  Bur- 
net  was  for  many  years  an  elder  in  the 
Christian  Church,  and  many  times  filled 
the  pulpit.  He  was  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  Vincennes  University,  and 
in  politics  was  an  active  and  influential 
republican.  He  was  three  times  married. 
His  first  wife  was  Lomira  Gardner,  who 
became  the  mother  of  five  sons  and  one 
daughter.  The  daughter  is  still  living,  Mrs. 
S  B.  Judah  of  Vincennes.  His  second 
wife  was  Laura  Bentley,  who  was  born  at 


Chagrin  Falls,  Ohio,  and  died  in  1871,  at 
the  age  of  forty-three.  She  was  the  mother 
of  four  children,  one  of  whom  died  in 
childhood.  Harry  Bentley  and  Percy  Bent- 
ley  were  twin  sons.  The  only  living  daugh- 
ter is  Grace  Belle,  wife  of  Thornton  Willis, 
of  Vincennes. 

Harry  Bentley  Burnet  and  his  twin 
brother  Percy  Bentley  both  attended  Vin^ 
cennes  University,  graduating  in  1880,  and 
then  acquired  their  higher  literary  educa- 
tion in  the  Indiana  State  University  at 
Bloomington,  from  which  institution  they 
graduated  in  1884.  Up  to  this  time  their 
careers  had  run  closely  parallel  in  pur- 
suits, experiences  and  tastes.  After  that 
Percy  Burnet  continued  to  explore  the  field 
of  scholarship  and  has  became  a  widely 
known  educator.  From  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Indiana  he  spent  some  time  at 
Leipsic,  Germany,  and  Paris,  France,  mak- 
ing a  study  of  languages.  On  returning 
to  the  United  States  he  was  assistant 
teacher  of  German  in  the  State  University 
of  Indiana,  was  teacher  of  German  at 
Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio,  later  oc- 
cupied a  chair  in  Cottner  University  in 
Nebraska  and  still  later  was  director  of  the 
foreign  languages  department  in  the  Kan- 
sas City  High  School.  He  is  now  editing 
a  text  work  and  records  of  the  Spanish 
language. 

Harry  Bentley  Burnet  after  graduating 
from  the  State  University  in  1884  was 
teacher  for  a  brief  time  in  Posey  County, 
Indiana,  and  then  for  eighteen  months  was 
in  the  law  offices  of  Judah  &  Jamison  at 
Indianapolis.  His  readings  and  study 
qualified  him  for  the  bar,  to  which  he  was 
admitted  and  soon  afterward  he  went  to 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  and  for  a  few 
months  was  engaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness. After  these  several  brief  experiences 
in  other  lines  he  entered  the  lumber  indus- 
try, to  which  he  has  devoted  the  best  of 
his  energies  for  the  past  thirty  years.  He 
was  first  connected  with  the  Sturtevant 
Lumber  Company  of  Cleveland.  Later  he 
became  a  partner  in  the  lumber  firm  of 
Burnet  &  Slusser  at  Steubenville,  Ohio, 
and  in  1895  came  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas  R. 
Lewis,  another  veteran  lumberman  of  this 
city.  That  firm  was  known  as  Burnet  & 
Lewis,  and  they  bought  the  remnants  of  a 
stock  of  lumber  which  had  formerly  be- 
longed to  William  McGinnis.  They  also 


1H12 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS 


1918.  Since  selling  out  to  his  brother 
Christopher  E.  Legg  has  continued  a  factor 
in  the  local  grocery  trade,  and  is  now  con- 
nected with  the  Jackson  Grocery.  Mr. 
Legg  is  a  democrat.  In  1911  he  married 
Miss  Bertha  Doty,  daughter  of  George  and 
Rose  Doty  of  Anderson. 

HARRY  BKNTLKY  BFRNKT  is  president  of 
the  Burnet-Binford  Lumber  Company,  one 
of  the  larger  manufacturing  and  distribut- 
ing lumber  and  building  material  organi- 
zations of  Indianapolis.  The  plant  and 
yards  are  located  on  Thirtieth  Street  and 
Canal.  Mr.  Burnct  was  liberally  educated, 
was  <|iialiticd  for  the  law,  but  was  finally 
diverted  into  the  business  which  lie  has 
made  practically  his  life  work. 

Mr.  Burnet  was  born  in  historic  old  Vin- 
cennes in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  Septem- 
ber in.  1861.  His  father,  Stephen  Burnet, 
was  born  ne:ir  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  18*13, 
and  died  in  Knox  County,  Indiana,  Febru- 
ary 14,  188;").  He  became  widely  known 
over  different  sections  of  Indiana  and  was 
a  man  whose  career  was  successful  from 
every  standpoint.  lie  came  to  Indiana  in 
early  manhood  and  traveled  about  over  the 
state  selling  medicine  for  a  time.  He  be- 
became  fascinated  with  the  country  around 
Yincennes,  and  his  loyalty  to  that  old  city 
was  unabated  throughout  his  life.  One  of 
the  reasons  why  he  liked  Vincennes  was  the 
splendid  educational  advantages  it  offered. 
He  acquired  300  acres  of  land  adjoining 
and  within  half  a  mile  of  the  present  site 
of  the  Union  Depot.  He  did  farming  on  a 
modern  and  progressive  scale  and  spe- 
eiali/ed  as  a  fruit  grower,  and  gradually 
developed  a  nursery  which  supplied  the 
original  stock  of  fruit  trees  to  hundreds  of 
orchards  throughout  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  For  a  time  he  bad  a  number  of 
salesmen  on  the  road.  The  Knox  County 
fair  grounds  are  a  part  of  the  old  Stephen 
Burnet  300  acre  purchase.  Stephen  Bur- 
net  was  for  many  years  an  elder  in  the 
Christian  Church,  and  many  times  filled 
the  pulpit.  He  was  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  Vincennes  University,  and 
in  politics  was  an  active  and  influential 
republican.  lie  was  three  times  married. 
His  first  wife  was  Lomira  Gardner,  who 
became  the  mother  of  five  sons  and  one 
daughter.  The  daughter  is  still  living.  Mrs. 
S.  B.  Judah  of  Vincennes.  His  second 
wife  was  Laura  Bentley,  who  was  born  at 


Chagrin  Falls,  Ohio,  and  died  in  1871,  at 
the  age  of  forty-three.  She  was  the  mother 
of  four  children,  one  of  whom  died  in 
childhood.  Harry  Bentley  and  Percy  Bent- 
ley  were  twin  sons.  The  only  living'daugh- 
ter  is  Grace  Belle,  wife  of  Thornton  Willis, 
of  Vincennes. 

Harry  Bentley  Burnet  and  his  twin 
brother  Percy  Bentley  both  attended  Vin- 
cennes University,  graduating  in  1880,  and 
then  acquired  their  higher  literary  educa- 
tion in  the  Indiana  State  University  at 
Bloomington,  from  which  institution  'they 
graduated  in  1884.  Up  to  this  time  their 
careers  had  run  closely  parallel  in  pur- 
suits, experiences  and  tastes.  After  that 
Percy  Burnet  continued  to  explore  the  field 
of  scholarship  and  has  became  a  widely 
known  educator.  From  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Indiana  he  spent  some  time  at 
Leipsic,  Germany,  and  Paris,  France,  mak- 
ing a  study  of  languages.  On  returning 
to  the  United  States  he  was  assistant 
teacher  of  German  in  the  State  University 
of  Indiana,  was  teacher  of  German  at 
Oberlin  College,  Oberlin.  Ohio,  later  oc- 
cupied a  chair  in  Cottner  University  in 
Nebraska  and  still  later  was  director  of  the 
foreign  languages  department  in  the  Kan- 
sas City  High  School.  He  is  now  editing 
a  text  work  and  records  of  the  Spanish 
language. 

Harry  Bentley  Burnet  after  graduating 
from  the  State  University  in  1884  was 
teacher  for  a  brief  time  in  Posey  County, 
Indiana,  and  then  for  eighteen  months  was 
in  the  law  offices  of  Judah  &  Jamison  at 
Indianapolis.  His  readings  and  study 
qualified  him  for  the  bar,  to  which  he  was 
admitted  and  soon  afterward  he  went  to 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  and  for  a  few 
months  was  engaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness. After  these  several  brief  experiences 
in  other  lines  he  entered  the  lumber  indus- 
try, to  which  he  has  devoted  the  best  of 
bis  energies  for  the  past  thirty  years.  lie 
was  first  connected  with  the  Sturtevant 
Lumber  Company  of  Cleveland.  Later  he 
became  a  partner  in  the  lumber  firm  of 
Burnet  &  Slusser  at  Steubenville,  Ohio, 
and  in  189")  came  to  Indiana pol is,  where 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Thomas  R. 
Lewis,  another  veteran  lumberman  of  this 
city.  That  firm  was  known  as  Burnet  & 
Lewis,  and  they  bought  the  remnants  of  a 
stock  of  lumber  which  had  formerly  be- 
longed to  William  McGinn  is.  They  also 


"X 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1813 


rented  the  old  McGinnis  mill  at  Fountain 
Square  and  bought  some  adjoining  prop- 
erty on  the  installment  plan.  Gradually 
they  had  their  business  in  a  fair  way  to 
prosperity  and  growing,  and  in  1902  they 
incorporated  with  Mr.  Lewis  as  president 
and  Mr.  Burnet  as  secretary  and  treasurer. 
In  1901  they  had  erected  a  mill  on  the  Belt 
Railroad  at  the  crossing  of  Shelby  Street, 
and  in  1906  they  put  up  another  plant  on 
Canal  at  Thirtieth  Street.  Both  these 
plants  were  operated  until  1916,  when  the 
business  was  divided  and  the  firm  dissolved, 
Mr.  Burnet  then  organizing  the  Burnet- 
Binford  Lumber  Company  and  taking  over 
the  plant  and  yards  at  Thirtieth  Street 
and  Canal.  Mr.  Burnet  is  president  of  the 
company.  They  handle  all  classes  of  lum- 
ber products,  and  their  planing  mills  pro- 
duce great  quantities  of  framing  material 
and  exterior  and  interior  finishings.  Mr. 
Burnet  is  widely  known  among  Indiana 
lumbermen,  is  a  director  of  the  Indiana 
Lumbermen's  Mutual  Insurance  Company 
and  is  vice  president  of  the  Northwestern 
State  Bank  of  Indianapolis. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees and  an  elder  of  the  Christian  Church 
of  Indianapolis,  where  his  family  attend 
divine  worship.  He  is  also  affiliated  with 
Ancient  Landmarks  Lodge,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  Murat  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  Lodge  No.  56  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 
On  December  25,  Christmas  day,  1889,  Mr. 
Burnet  married  Miss  Minnie  Quick,  of 
Bartholomew  County,  Indiana.  Her 
father,  Spencer  R.  Quick,  was  born  in 
Bartholomew  County  July  26,  1828.  He 
was  of  English  ancestry  and  his  family 
were  early  representatives  of  Indiana.  His 
father,  Judge  Tunis  Quick,  came  to  this 
state  from  North  Carolina  in  1819.  Spen- 
cer R.  Quick  is  still  living  and  very  active. 
His  wife  was  born  in  Bartholomew  County 
April  26,  1831,  and  is  of  German  ancestry. 
The  old  Quick  farm  in  Bartholomew 
County  is  widely  known  as  the  Forest 
Shade  Farm. 

GEORGE  ADE,  author,  was  born  at  Kent- 
land,  Indiana,  and  still  maintains  his  home 
in  this  state,  being  a  resident  of  Brook. 
He  was  born  February  9,  1866,  a  son  of 
John  and  Adaline  (Bush)  Ade.  He  at- 
tended Purdue  University,  and  began 
newspaper  work  in  Lafayette,  later  becom- 


ing connected  with  the  Chicago  Record. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  interesting 
works,  and  is  celebrated  as  a  humorous 
writer.  His  home  is  Hazelden  Farm, 
Brook,  Indiana. 

WILLIAM  MORRIS  SWAIN.  No  one  in- 
dustry has  done  so  much  to  make  the  name 
of  the  city  of  Anderson  so  well  known 
throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
country  and  particularly  in  agricultural 
sections  as  the  Indiana  Silo  Company,  of 
which  William  Morris  Swain  is  president 
and  founder.  Today,  with  five  complete 
plants  located  in  different  sections  of  the 
country,  the  Indiana  Silo  Company  is  prob- 
ably the  largest  concern  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  and  its  products  stand  literally  by 
the  thousands  in  practically  every  progres- 
sive farming  district  in  the  United  States 
and  even  in  Canada. 

Into  the  building  up  of  this  business 
from  a  one  or  two  man  concern,  with  cap- 
ital limited  by  a  few  hundred  dollars,  and 
in  a  small  back  room  shop,  the  brains,  re- 
sourcefulness and  the  enterprise  of  two 
Anderson  citizens  have  been  the  chief  fac- 
tors. William  M.  Swain  deserves  credit  as 
the  business  genius  of  the  concern,  while 
Mr.  E.  M.  Wilson,  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  the  company,  supplied  much  of  the  con- 
structive and  technical  ability. 

Mr.  Swain  is  a  native  of  Madison  County, 
born  at  the  old  town  of  Pendleton  or  on 
a  farm  near  there  February  8,  1878.  Not 
yet  forty  years  of  age,  he  has  gained  prom- 
inence in  industrial  affairs  when  most 
men  are  still  laying  the  foundations.  He 
is  a  son  of  Charles  E.  and  Margaret  S. 
(Brown)  Swain,  and  comes  of  English 
Quaker  stock.  The  Swain  family  has  long 
been  prominent  in  that  section  of  Indiana. 
This  pioneer  Quaker  family  came  originally 
from  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.  A 
cousin  of  William  M.  Swain  is  Joseph 
Swain,  who  was  born  on  an  adjacent  farm 
in  Madison  County.  Joseph  Swain  is  one 
of  the  prominent  educators  of  America, 
was  for  a  number  of  years  a  professor  in 
Indiana  University,  was  president  of  the 
State  University  from  1893  to  1902,  and 
since  the  latter  date  has  been  president 
of  Swarthmore  College  in  Pennsylvania. 

William  M.  Swain  was  one  of  a  family 
of  four  boys  and  one  girl.  His  success  in 
business  affairs  must  be  credited  more  to 
his  personal  energy  and  initiative  than 


1814 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  the  early  training  he  received,  since  that 
was  limited  by  the  country  schools  of  his 
native  district.  His  only  teachers  were 
Maud  M.  and  Jay  Lewis,  sister  and  brother, 
to  whom  he  owes  much  of  the  inspirations 
of  his  life.  He  left  school  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  and  during  the  next  seven  years 
worked  on  the  home  farm.  His  restless 
energy  and  ambition  did  not  allow  him  to 
remain  on  the  farm  when  there  were  so 
many  opportunities  elsewhere,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three  he  obtained  a  position 
as  advertising  solicitor  with  the  Farmers 
Guide,  published  at  Huntington,  Indiana. 
This  work  paid  him  fifty  dollars  a  month. 
As  he  went  about  the  country,  talking  with 
farmers  and  merchants,  he  heard  much 
about  the  silo,  then  practically  in  an  ex- 
perimental stage.  There  was  no  question 
as  to  the  soundness  of  the  principal  in- 
volved in  the  preservation  of  stock  food  by 
the  silo  system,  and  the  principal  problem 
was  presented  in  silo  construction.  Soon 
afterward  Mr.  Swain  joined  forces  with 
E.  M.  Wilson  at  Anderson,  and  they  made 
their  first  silo,  practically  a  home  made 
affair,  in  the  rear  of  the  Wilson  shop.  They 
borrowed  $200  to  start  the  business,  and 
they  not  only  had  to  solve  the  problem  of 
making  silos  rapidly  enough  to  take  care  of 
the  demand  and  getting  adequate  capital 
for  their  plant,  but  at  the  same  time  they 
carried  on  a  general  campaign  of  education 
to  enlighten  farmers  on  the  advantages  of 
the  silo.  Incidentally  it  should  be  said  that 
the  Indiana  Silo  Company  still  appropri- 
ates many  pages  of  advertising  space  in 
the  leading  farm  journals  and  has  paid 
out  many  thousands  of  dollars  to  secure 
proper  publicity.  After  the  first  few  silos 
were  made  a  small  building  was  rented,  and 
then  still  larger  quarters  were  secured,  and 
from  time  to  time  new  capital  has  been 
invested  until  now  the  company  is  incorpo- 
rated with  $750,000  capital.  There  are  two 
plants,  at  Anderson,  one  at  DesMoines 
Iowa,  one  at  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  and  one 
at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  all  of  which  rep- 
resent the  development  of  a  business  that 
started  obscurely  and  without  attracting 
any  special  attention  at  Anderson.  For 
several  years  Mr.  Swain  was  vice  president 
of  the  company,  but  from  that  office  was 
promoted  to  the  active  executive  head. 

His  influences  and  services  have  natur- 
ally been  drawn  into  other  channels.  He 
is  vice  president  of  the  Western  Implement 


Company  at  Indianapolis,  a  director  of  the 
Farmers  Trust  Company  of  Anderson,  of 
the  Pendleton  Trust  Company,  is  president 
of  the  Fall  Creek  Canneries  at  Pendleton 
and  has  many  other  manufacturing  inter- 
ests. His  home  is  still  at  his  native  town 
of  Pendleton,  and  he  is  active  in  the 
Friends  Church.  Politically  he  is  a  repub- 
lican and  in  1916  was  elected  state  repre- 
sentative from  Madison  County.  Madison 
County  is  democratic  but  he  succeeded  in 
overturning  the  normal  majority  that  year. 
In  the  Legislature  of  1917  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  agricultural  committee  and 
was  member  of  the  banking  and  labor 
committees.  Mr.  Swain  is  a  Scottish  Rite 
Mason  and  Shriner,  a  member  of  the  Ander- 
son Club,  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indian- 
apolis, the  Grant  Club  of  DesMoines,  Iowa, 
and  he  is  widely  known  in  business  circles 
throughout  the  state. 

In  1903  he  married  Miss  Etta  L.  Smith, 
who  had  been  a  successful  teacher  before 
her  marriage.  They  have  a  family  of  four 
children:  Frederick  William,  born  in  1905; 
Morris  Schofield,  born  in  1909 ;  Ruth  Jean, 
born  in  1914;  and  Joseph  U.,  born  in  1916. 

ERNEST  R.  WATKINS.  One  of  the  most 
urgent  needs  that  every  charity  worker  dis- 
covers is  the  lack  of  decent  and  healthful 
habitations  for  the  poor,  largely  in  old 
times  because  of  public  indifference  and 
lack  of  skilled  architectural  designers.  Un- 
der present  laws,  however,  the  architect  is 
expected  to  provide  for  light  and  sanita- 
tion, and  while  his  often  restrained  from 
designing  as  he  would  like  because  of  the 
added  cost,  he  has  been  the  means  whereby 
conditions  have  been  much  improved  not 
only  in  the  tenement  districts  but  in  every 
building  field.  Undoubtedly  it  is  often  a 
much  more  difficult  problem  for  the  archi- 
tect to  design  tenement  structures,  in  which 
he  is  forced  to  make  plans  that  will  pass 
just  "within  the  law,"  than  it  is  to  have 
free  hand  and  follow  his  own  ideas,  where 
he  can  materialize  noble  buildings,  where- 
in he  can  combine  utility  with  convenience, 
comfort,  dignity  and  taste.  The  true  archi- 
tect can  vision  beauty  in  wood,  stone  and 
steel  as  surely  as  the  sculptor  can  see  the 
angel  in  the  marble  block.  The  general 
architect,  however,  no  matter  how  great 
his  talent  and  designing  skill  performs  a 
worthy  work  when  he  lets  in  the  cleansing 
air  and  the  life-giving  sunlight  to  every 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1815 


building  that  is  constructed  after  his  plans, 
whether  for  the  poor  and  obscure,  for 
business  purposes  or  for  the  rich  and  great. 
It  is  a  great  gift  that  is  conferred  when  an 
individual  can  become  an  architect.  This 
profession  is  ably  represented  at  Ander- 
son by  Ernest  R.  Watkins,  Whose  marked 
talent  is  worthily  exemplified  in  many  of 
the  most  beautiful  structures  of  Ander- 
son. 

Ernest  R.  Watkins  was  born  at  Frank- 
ton  in  Madison  County,  Indiana,  May  6, 
1882.  His  parents  were  Joseph  M.  and 
Mary  M.  (Tappan)  Watkins,  the  former 
of  Revolutionary  stock  and  the  latter  of 
old  Holland  ancestry.  The  mother  was 
born  in  1854  and  died  in  1909.  The  father 
is  a  highly  esteemed  retired  resident  of 
Anderson.  During  his  earlier  years  he 
was  a  school  teacher  and  afterward  for 
many  years  was  a  hardware  merchant  at 
Frankton,  Indiana. 

Ernest  R.  Watkins  was  seven  years  old 
when  his  parents  moved  to  Anderson,  and 
he  attended  the  public  schools  of  this  city 
until  he  was  graduated  in  1901  from  the 
high  school,  at  the  head  of  his  class.  In 
the  same  year  he  entered  Purdue  Univer- 
sity, where  he  completed  a  two-year  course 
in  electrical  engineering.  After  he  re- 
turned to  Anderson  he  entered  the  An- 
derson Malleable  Iron  Works,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years  as  a  shipping  clerk,  then, 
as  a  designer,  was  with  the  Anderson 
Bridge  Company  until  he  entered  the  office 
of  the  late  Henry  L.  Duncan,  architect, 
and  perfected  his  architectural  education 
under  his  direction.  Upon  the  death  of  his 
preceptor  and  employer  in  1911  Mr.  Wat- 
kins  purchased  the  business  and  has  been 
at  the  service  of  the  public  ever  since  as  a 
general  architect.  He  has  designed  many 
of  the  stately  residences,  spacious  banks, 
schoolhouses  and  other  buildings  here  and 
in  this  neighborhood,  and  was  the  archi- 
tect for  the  much  admired  Mclntire  &  Hil- 
burt  building.  He  is  a  hard  worker  in  his 
,  profession  and  his  designs  have  individual- 
ity. In  addition  to  his  professional  in- 
terests he  is  interested  in  real  estate. 

Mr.  Watkins  was  married  in  1905  to 
Miss  Bessie  Hardy,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
Francis  Hardy,  a  farmer  in  Madison  Coun- 
ty. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Watkins  have  two  sons, 
Raymond  Hardy,  who  was  born  in  Janu- 
ary, 1907.  and  Francis  Joseph,  who  was 
born  in  1910.  Mr.  Watkins  and  wife  are 


members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  He  votes  with  the  republican 
party  and  is  an  interested  and  public 
spirited  citizen,  ever  ready  to  do  his  part 
in  assuming  civic  burdens.  He  is  a  Knight 
Templar,  and  in  1911  was  master  of  Mt. 
Moriah  Lodge  No.  77,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  in  1917  was  high  priest  of 
the  Chapter,  and  he  belongs  also  to  the 
Eastern  Star. 

JOHN  C.  SHAFEB  is  an  Indiana  man  by 
birth  and  early  training,  and  for  several 
years  was  successfully  engaged  in  the  west 
in  general  real  estate  and  publicity  work. 
He  is  now  a  successful  real  estate  operator 
at  Anderson,  member  of  the  firm  Cornelius 
&  Shafer,  with  offices  in  the  Union  Build- 
ing. 

Mr.  Shafer  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Jack- 
son Township  of  Decatur  County,  Indiana, 
March  16,  1881,  son  of  Wilson  and  Emma 
(Clendenning)  Shafer.  His  people  have 
always  been  farmers  so  far  as  the  record 
goes.  John  C.  Shafer  was  educated  in 
country  schools  in  Decatur  County  and  in 
1900  entered  DePauw  University,  where 
he  pursued  the  scientific  course  for  three 
years.  After  leaving  college  he  took  up 
newspaper  work,  also  did  some  magazine 
work,  both  in  this  state  and  in  Oklahoma, 
largely  among  country  papers.  He  has 
shown  decided  talent  for  general  pub- 
licity work  and  the  promotion  and  organ- 
ization of  business  interests.  He  spent  two 
years  in  Kansas  as  one  of  the  state  or- 
ganizers for  the  National  Retail  Grocers 
Association.  He  then  engaged  in  town 
development  work,  being  employed  in  that 
capacity  at  Pittsburg,  Kansas,  and  also  at 
Bartlesville,  Oklahoma,  two  years.  In  1914 
Mr.  Shafer,  returning  to  his  native  state, 
located  at  Anderson,  where  he  began  oper- 
ating independently  on  a  general  plan  of 
home  building.  After  a  year  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  T.  F.  Cornelius  &  Sons, 
buying  a  half  interest  in  this  old  estab- 
lished business,  and  making  the  firm  of 
Cornelius  &  Shafer.  They  handle  home 
building  and  improvement  on  a  large  scale, 
and  the  firm  have  built  a  large  number 
of  homes  in  Anderson,  which  have  been 
sold  and  have  contributed  to  the  general 
prosperity  of  the  community. 

Mr.  Shafer  married  in  1913  Miss  Ethel 
Ping,  daughter  of  P.  T.  and  Viola  Ping, 
of  Kansas.  Mrs.  Shafer  died  December 


1816 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


30,  1916,  the  mother  of  two  children,  John 
C.,  Jr.,  born  in  May,  1915,  and  Mary  V., 
born  December  20,  1916.  Mr.  Shafer  is 
affiliated  with  Lodge  No.  52,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Westport,  In- 
diana, and  also  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 
thias in  the  same  town.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  An- 
derson, and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 

W.  T.  STEWART.  In  the  large  and  im- 
portant field  of  life  insurance  one  of  the 
ablest  men  in  the  State  of  Indiana  is  W. 
T.  Stewart,  superintendent  of  the  Ander- 
son district  for  the  Western  and  Southern 
Life  Insurance  Company.  Mr.  Stewart  is 
one  of  the  leaders  in  the  force  of  men  who 
are  recognized  as  among  the  most  aggres- 
sive in  any  line  of  business,  and  has  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  hard  and  intelli- 
gent work  and  the  ability  to  get  business 
both  in  quantity  and  quality. 

Mr.  Stewart  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Grant  County,  Indiana,  May  8,  1869,  a  son 
of  David  and  Mary  Ann  (Wilson)  Stew- 
art. The  Stewart  family  is  of  Scotch-Irish 
stock,  and  members  of  it  have  lived  in 
America  for  many  generations,  first  locat- 
ing in  Virginia.  David  Stewart  saw  three 
years  of  active  service  in  the  Civil  war 
as  a  member  of  the  One  Hundred  and  First 
Indiana  Infantry.  He  followed  the  vari- 
ous pursuits  of  school  teacher,  merchant 
and  farmer  and  died  at  Lafayette,  Indiana, 
in  April,  1915. 

W.  T.  Stewart  spent  most  of  his  early 
life  on  a  farm  in  Grant  and  Wabash  coun- 
ties, and  attended  the  country  schools  dur- 
ing the  winter  terms,  with  work  to  develop 
his  muscles  on  the  farm  in  the  summer. 
He  also  had  a  business  course  in  Chicago, 
and  returning  to  the  old  home  place  in 
Wabash  County  he  remained  there  until 
a  short  time  before  his  eighteenth  birth- 
day, when  he  began  working  at  different 
jobs  around  the  country.  In  1890,  on  his 
twenty-first  birthday,  he  went  to  New  Lon- 
don, Wisconsin,  an  important  center  then 
and  to  a  less  degree  now  of  the  lumber 
industry  of  that  state.  There  he  was  em- 
ployed as  foreman  for  the  Andrew  Manu- 
facturing Company  nearly  three  years. 

After  this  experience  he  returned  to  In- 
diana and  located  at  Peru,  where  he  did 
his  first  work  in  the  insurance  line  as  agent 
for  the  Metropolitan  Company.  He  was 
with  the  Metropolitan  for  twelve  years, 


and  five  months  after  writing  his  first 
policy  was  promoted  to  assistant  manager. 
He  remained  in  Peru  a  year  and  half, 
eight  months  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  and  for 
some  years  had  his  headquarters  at  Marion, 
Indiana.  In  1908  Mr.  Stewart  transferred 
his  services  to  the  Western  and  Southern 
Life  Insurance  Company,  beginning  at 
Muncie,  Indiana,  as  assistant  manager. 
Two  years  later  he  was  made  superintend- 
ent of  the  Anderson  district,  and  for  some 
years  has  steadily  kept  the  leadership  for 
new  business  in  Indiana  for  this  organiza- 
tion. His  position  in  insurance  and  gen- 
eral business  has  been  well  won.  It  is  the 
case  of  a  farm  boy  making  the  best  of  his 
native  opportunities  and  talents  and  climb- 
ing to  the  top,  outstripping  many  with 
what  are  supposed  to  be  better  advantages 
and  training.  Mr.  Stewart  is  a  democrat 
and  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  of  Anderson.  In  1900  he 
married  Miss  Juliet  Darby,  daughter  of 
David  and  Rebecca  (Braden)  Darby  of 
Converse,  Indiana.  Their  only  child  is 
Paul  Thomas,  born  in  1915. 

DORIS  MEISTER,  M.  D.  Among  the  women 
who  have  proved  their  ability  and  faithful- 
ness in  a  profession  formerly  open  only 
to  men,  one  whose  work  has  long  commend- 
ed her  to  the  confidence  of  the  people  of 
Anderson  is  Dr.  Doris  Meister,  who  began 
practice  ten  years  ago  after  graduation 
from  medical  college  and  is  now  in  the 
full  enjoyment  of  a  splendid  practice 
earned  and  merited  by  her  work  and  at- 
tainments. 

Doctor  Meister  was  born  at  Bay  City, 
Michigan,  a  daughter  of <  William  and  Rosa 
(Schindler)  Meister.  Her  parents  were 
both  natives  of  Germany  and  her  father 
came  to  America  from  Berlin  in  1862.  Her 
mother  came  over  in  young  womanhood. 
They  were  married  at  Saginaw,  Michigan, 
November  11,  1864,  and  for  many  years 
her  father  was  engaged  in  merchandising 
at  Bay  City. 

Dr.  Doris  Meister  was  the  youngest  of 
four  children.  She  was  educated  in  the 
common  and  high  schools  of  Bay  City, 
graduating  in  1889.  From  childhood  she 
had  shown  special  ability  in  being  useful  in 
times  of  illness  and  is  a  natural  born  nurse. 
In  1892  she  entered  St.  Mary's  College  at 
Notre  Dame,  Indiana,  remaining  three 
years  in  literary  studies,  her  parents  hav- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1817 


ing  moved  from  Bay  City  to  South  Bend. 
In  1895  the  family  took  up  their  home 
at  Elwood,  Indiana,  and  in  1896  Doctor 
Meister  entered  Fairmount  Academy  at 
Fairmount,  Indiana,  specializing  in  chem- 
istry and  laboratory  science.  At  the  end 
of  21/2  years  she  graduated  in  1899.  In 
1898  the  family  had  moved  to  Summit- 
ville,  Indiana,  and  Doris  Meister  followed 
her  work  at  Fairmount  with  a  term  of  gen- 
eral science  and  chemistry  in  the  Marion 
Normal  School.  At  Summitville  she  stud- 
ied a  year  and  nine  months  under  Dr. 
Etta  Charles,  and  from  there  entered  in 
1903  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at  In- 
dianapolis, from  which  she  was  graduated 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1907.  All  the  ex- 
penses of  her  schooling  she  paid  from  her 
own  earnings,  and  she  had  to  overcome 
many  handicaps  and  face  not  a  few  dis- 
couragements in  her  determined  advance 
to  win  a  position  in  the  medical  frater- 
nity. After  her  graduation  Doctor  Meis- 
ter came  to  Anderson  in  1907,  and  opened 
an  office  at  1127  Meridian  Street.  That 
was  her  location  until  September,  1917, 
when  she  removed  to  her  present  spacious 
quarters  in  the  Union  Building.  Doctor 
Meister  specializes  in  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  and  is  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  St.  John's  Hospital.  She  served  as 
president  and  as  secretary  of  the  Madison 
County  Medical  Society,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  and  the 
American  Medical  Association. 

JOHN  D.  ROSEBERBY.  The  name  John 
D.  Roseberry  has  been  a  respected  one  in 
Anderson  business  circles  for  twenty  years. 
During  most  of  this  time  Mr.  Roseberry 
has  been  in  the  grocery  business  but  was 
formerly  active  in  establishing  and  main- 
taining some  of  the  leading  houses  of  en- 
tertainment and  amusement  in  the  city. 
He  is  now  head  of  the  firm  Roseberry  and 
Austin,  grocers. 

Mr.  Roseberry  was  born  in  Scott  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  November  16,  1878,  .son  of 
T.  S.  and  Laura  (Riley)  Roseberry.  His 
father  for  a  number  of  years  was  a  miller 
and  merchant  at  Deputy,  Indiana,  in  Jef- 
ferson County.  He  finally,  came  to  An- 
derson and  is  still  active  in  the  grocery 
business  in  this  city. 

John  D.  Roseberry  was  educated  in  the 
graded  schools  of  Deputy,  Indiana,  and 

for  three  years  took  courses  in  chemistry, 
vol.  rv—  IT 


German,      Latin      and      mathematics     at 
Moore's  Hill  Methodist   College. 

In  May,  1896,  Mr.  Roseberry  married 
Miss  Harriet  E.  Friedley,  daughter  of  W. 
T.  and  Mary  (Rice)  Friedley,  of  Madison, 
Indiana.  Her  father  was  former  circuit 
judge  of  that  district.  In  1897  Mr.  Rose- 
berry  came  to  Anderson,  and  learned  busi- 
ness by  three  years  of  employment  in  the 
retail  grocery  house  of  R.  F.  Malott.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  saved  his  money  and  then 
bought  the  grocery  stock  of  S.  S.  Mills  at 
Eighteenth  Street  and  Arrow  Avenue. 
That  was  his  location  for  ten  years,  and 
he  developed  a  large  trade  and  practically 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  present  success. 
After  he  had  been  in  business  alone  for 
8l/2  years  he  was  joined  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Aus- 
tin, who  bought  a  half  interest  in  the  busi- 
ness and  established  the  firm  Roseberry  & 
Austin.  They  finally  sold  out  and  dis- 
solved partnership,  and  Mr.  Roseberry  then 
entered  the  moving  picture  business,  es- 
tablishing a  house  at  1010  Meridian  Street, 
and  afterwards  opening  the  Starlaud 
Theater  at  1121  Meridian  Street,  and  also 
the  Nickelodeon,  on  the  Square,  operating 
it  four  years.  He  sold  his  theatrical  in- 
terests in  1915,  and  then  resumed  busi- 
ness partnership  with  Mr.  Austin.  They 
now  have  one  of  the  high  class  grocery 
stores  of  Anderson,  at  926  Main  Street.  " 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roseberry  have  four  chil- 
dren. Wilmer  William,  born  in  1897; 
Thomas  W.,  born  in  1900;  John  Friedley, 
born  in  1904;  and  Elene,  born  in  1907. 
Mr.  Roseberry  is  a  republican  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Methodist  Church. 

CHARLES  J.  ORBISON,  former  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Marion  County,  a  law- 
yer of  more  than  twenty  years  successful 
experience,  is  the  present  grand  master  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Indiana,  a  position 
which  in  itself  makes  him  one  of  the  widely 
known  men  in  the  state. 

Mr.  Orbison  was  born  at  Indianapolis 
September  28,  1874,  son  of  William  H. 
and  Mary  J.  (Meirs)  Orbison.  His  father 
is  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  is  still  living 
at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  For  many 
years  he  was  in  the  boot  and  shoe  business 
at  Indianapolis,  but  is  now  retired. 

Charles  J.  Orbison  was  the  second  in  a 
family  of  five  children,  three  of  whom  are 
still  living.  He  attended  the  grammar  and 
high  schools  of  Indianapolis,  graduating 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1817 


ing  moved  from  Bay  City  to  South  Bend. 
In  1895  the  family  took  up  their  home 
at  Ehvood,  Indiana,  aiid  in  1896  Doctor 
Meister  entered  Fairmount  Academy  at 
Fairmoiint,  Indiana,  specializing  in  chem- 
istry and  laboratory  science.  At  the  end 
of  21'-.  years  she  graduated  in  1899.  In 
1898  the  family  had  moved  to  Summit- 
ville,  Indiana,  and  Doris  Meister  followed 
her  work  at  Fairmount  with  a  term  of  gen- 
eral science  and  chemistry  in  the  Marion 
Normal  School.  At  Summitville  she  stud- 
ied a  year  and  nine  months  under  Dr. 
Etta  Charles,  and  from  there  entered  in 
1903  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at  In- 
dianapolis, from  which  she  was  graduated 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1907.  All  the  ex- 
penses of  her  schooling  she  paid  from  her 
own  earnings,  and  she  hail  to  overcome 
many  handicaps  and  face  not  a  few  dis- 
couragements in  her  determined  advance 
to  win  a  position  in  the  medical  frater- 
nity. After  her  graduation  Doctor  Meis- 
ter came  to  Anderson  in  1907,  and  opened 
an  office  at  1127  Meridian  Street.  '1  hat 
was  her  location  until  September,  1917, 
when  she  removed  to  her  present  spacious 
quarters  in  the  Union  Building.  Doctor 
Meister  specializes  in  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  and  is  a  member  of  the  stall' 
of  St.  John's  Hospital.  She  served  as 
president  and  as  secretary  of  the  Madison 
County  Medical  Society,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  and  the 
American  .Medical  Association. 

JOHN  I).  ROSEBERRY.  The  name  John 
I).  Roseberry  has  been  a  respected  one  in 
Anderson  business  circles  for  twenty  years. 
During  most  of  this  time  Mr.  Roseberry 
has  been  in  the  grocery  business  but  \\as 
formerly  active  in  establishing  and  main- 
taining some  of  the  leading  nouses  of  en- 
tertainment and  amusement  in  the  city. 
lie  is  now  head  of  the  firm  Roselverry  and 
Austin,  grocers. 

Mr.  Roseberry  was  born  in  Scott  Coini- 
tv,  Indiana,  November  lf>.  1878,  son  of 
f.  S.  and  Laura  (Riley)  Roseberry.  His 
father  for  a  number  of  years  was  a  miller 
and  merchant  at  Deputy,  Indiana,  in  Jef- 
ferson County.  He  finally  came  to  An- 
derson and  is  still  active  in  the  grocery 
business  in  this  eity. 

John  D.  Roseberry  was  educated  in  the 
graded  schools  of  Deputy.  Indiana,  and 
for  three  years  took  courses  in  chemistry. 

Vol.  IV— 17 


German,      Latin      and      mathematics      at 
Moore's   Hill   Methodist    College. 

In  May,  I89u',  Mr.  Roseberry  married 
.Miss  Harriet  E.  Friedley.  daughter  of  \V. 
T.  and  Mary  (Rice)  Friedley,  of  Madison. 
Indiana.  Her  father  was  former  circuit 
judge  of  that  district.  In  1897  Mr.  Rose- 
berry  came  to  Anderson,  and  learned  busi- 
ness by  three  years  of  employment  in  the 
retail  grocery  house  of  R.  F.  Malott.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  saved  his  money  and  then 
bought  the  grocery  stock  of  S.  S.  Mills  at 
Eighteenth  Street  and  Arrow  Avenue. 
That  was  his  location  for  ten  years,  and 
he  developed  a  large  trade  and  practically 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  present  success. 
After  he  had  been  in  business  alone  for 
S'o  years  he  was  .joined  by  Mr.  \V.  G.  Aus- 
tin, who  bought  a  half  interest  in  the  busi- 
ness and  established  the  firm  Roseberry  & 
Austin.  They  finally  sold  out  and  dis- 
solved partnership,  and  Mr.  Roseberry  then 
entered  the  moving  picture  business,  es- 
tablishing a  house  at  1010  Meridian  Street, 
and  afterwards  opening  the  Slarland 
Theater  at  1121  Meridian  Stwt.  and  also 
the  Nickelodeon,  on  the  Square,  operating 
it  four  y.-ars.  He  sold  his  theatrical  in- 
terests in  1!H~>.  and  then  resumed  busi- 
ness partnership  with  Mr.  Austin.  They 
now  have  one  of  the  high  class  grocery 
stores  of  Anderson,  at  92(i  Main  Street. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rosoherry  have  four  chil- 
dren. Wilmer  William,  born  in  1S97; 
Thomas  W..  born  in  1900;  John  Friedley, 
born  in  1904:  and  Elene,  born  in  190?! 
Mr.  Roseberry  is  a  republican  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  First  Methodist  Church. 

CHARLES  J.  ORBISOX.  former  judge  of  thp 
Superior  Court  of  Marion  County,  a  law- 
yer of  more  than  twenty  years  successful 
experience,  is  the  present  grand  master  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Indian;),  a  position 
which  in  itself  iiiabs  hjm  (,i:e  of  the  widelv 
known  men  in  the  state. 

Mr.  Orhison  \\jis  born  at  Indianapolis 
September  2S.  1S74.  son  «,!'  William  II. 
and  Mary  J.  (  Meirs  i  Orhison.  His  father 
is  a  native  ol'  Ohio,  and  is  still  living 
al  the  aye  of  seventy-five.  For  many 
years  be  was  in  the  boot  ;md  shoe  business 
at  Indianapolis,  but  is  now  retired. 

Charles  J.  Orbison  was  the  sei-ond  in  a 
family  of  five  children,  three  of  whom  arn 
still  living.  lie  attended  the  grammar  and 
high  schools  of  Indianapolis,  <*raduating 


1818 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


from  high  school  in  1893,  and  took  his  legal 
preparatory  course  at  the  University  of 
Indianapolis.  He  graduated  LL.  B.  in 
1896  and  in  the  same  year  began  the  prac- 
tice which  has  continued  practically  with- 
out interruption  and  has"  brought  him  an 
enviable  position  in  the  profession.  Much 
of  the  time  he  has  practiced  alone,  but 
has  also  had  partnerships  with  some  of  the 
other  leading  members  of  the  Marion  bar. 
He  is  now  senior  member  of  the  firm  Orbi- 
son  &  Olive,  his  partner  being  Frank  C. 
Olive. 

Mr.   Orbison  was  elected  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  in  1910,  and  after  serving 
four   years   very   acceptably   returned   to 
private  practice.     For  four  years  he  has 
been  general  counsel  for  the  Associated  Ad- 
vertising  Clubs  of  the  World,   was  also 
general  counsel  for  the  Indiana  Anti-Sa- 
loon League,  and  general  counsel  for  the 
Indiana  State  Tax  Board  for  a  term  of  two 
years  and  represents  the  London  Guarantee 
&  Accident  Company  of  Indiana  and  other 
corporations  in  the  capacity  of  counsel.    In 
1918  he  was  elected  deputy  grand  master 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  and  became 
grand  master  May  2,  1919.    He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  Irvington  Lodge  No.  666,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  and  of  all  the  York  and 
Scottish   Rite   bodies   of   Masonry   at   In- 
dianapolis, and  is  also  affiliated  with  the 
Independent     Order     of     Odd     Fellows, 
Knights   of   Pythias,    Improved   Order   of 
Red   Men   and  the  Benevolent   Protective 
Order  of  Elks.     He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Faculty  of  the  Indiana  Dental  School. 

Judge  Orbison  is  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics, and  has  done  his  share  in  campaign 
work  both  in  Indiana  and  other  states.  He 
is  a  member  and  for  twenty  years  has  been 
an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
also  belongs  to  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade,  Cen- 
tury Club,  Independent  Athletic  Club  and 
the  City  and  State  Bar  Association.  April 
26,  1900,  he  married  Miss  Ella  Tolkenberg. 
They  have  two  children:  Telford  B.,  born 
June  12,  1901,  now  a  student  in  Butler 
University;  and  Robert  H.,  born  August 
6,  1908. 

GEORGE  BABR  McCurcHEON.  Indiana 
numbers  among  her  celebrated  native  sons 
the  well  known  author,  George  Barr  Mc- 
Cutcheon,  who  was  born  in  Tippecanoe 
County  July  26,  1866.  He  is  a  son  of 


John  Barr  and  Clara  (Glick)  McCutcheon. 
He  received  his  education  at  Purdue  Uni- 
versity. In  1889  he  became  a  reporter  on 
the  Lafayette  Journal,  and  in  1893  was 
made  city  editor  of  the  Lafayette  Courier. 
He  is  the  author  of  many  well  known 
works  of  fiction  and  of  numerous  short 
stories. 

On  September  26,  1904,  Mr.  McCutcheon 
was  married  to  Marie  Van  Antwerp  Fay. 

Louis  T.  DORSTE  is  manager  and  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  of  Powell  &  Dorste  Com- 
pany, one  of  the  largest  firms  in  Eastern 
Indiana  for  plumbing,  heating  and  general 
electrical  contracting.  Their  main  plant 
and  headquarters  are  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Louis  T.  Dorste  is  a  son  of  Robert 
G.  and  Sarah  (Thomas)  Dorste.  Robert 
G.  Dorste  was  born  in  Ronneberg,  Saxony, 
in  1846.  When  he  was  seven  years  old 
his  parents  came  to  the  United  States  and 
located  at  St.  Louis.  Robert  G.  is  a  son 
of  August  and  Bertha  (Banquet)  Dorste, 
both  of  whom  were  from  Saxony.  August 
Dorste  was  a  carpenter  and  cabinet  maker 
by  trade.  He  died  in  1878  and  his  wife  in 
1859.  Of  their  seven  children  Robert  G. 
was  the  third.  The  latter  acquired  a  pub- 
lic school  education,  and  though  only  a 
boy  at  the  time  he  showed  his  patriotic  de- 
votion to  his  adopted  land  by  enlisting  on 
November  10,  1861,  in  Company  K  of  the 
Forty-Third  Illinois  Infantry.  He  served 
as  a  private  until  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  when 
he  was  seriously  injured,  and  was  mustered 
out  immediately  following  that  battle  and 
after  recuperation  in  the  Washington  Park 
Hospital  returned  home. 

The  senior  member  of  the  firm  Powell  & 
Dorste  Company  is  Walter  H.  Powell,  who 
was  born  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  in  1866, 
son  of  James  A.  and  Martha  E.  (Hinton) 
Powell.  He  was  born  on  a  farm,  had  a 
country  school  education,  and  from  the  age 
of  seventeen  assisted  his  father  in  handling 
the  105-acre  farm.  In  1887  he  married 
Nettie  Boys,  daughter  of  J.  G.  and  Eliza- 
beth (Ennis)  Boys.  After  his  marriage  he 
continued  as  a  farmer  for  five  or  six  years, 
then  in  1892  came  to  Anderson  and  was 
employed  here  by  several  different  firms. 
For  a  time  he  was  with  E.  L.  Maynard, 
and  there  learned  the  plumbing  and  heat- 
ing business.  Finally  he  joined  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Dorste  as  equal  partners  in  a  plumb- 
ing and  heating  concern,  and  on  Febru- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1819 


ary  27,  1915,  the  business  was  incorpor- 
ated as  the  Powell  &  Dorste  Company,  with 
Mr.  Powell  as  president,  and  Louis  T. 
Dorste  as  secretary  and  treasurer.  Their 
business  was  exclusively  plumbing  and 
heating  and  gas  service  and  fitting  until 
1904,  when  they  bought  the  electrical  busi- 
ness of  John  R.  Chowning,  and  since  then 
have  done  a  great  deal  of  electrical  con- 
tracting. Mr.  Dorste  is  not  at  present 
active  in  the  business,  his  interest  being 
represented  by  his  son  Louis  as  manager. 

The  business  of  this  firm  is  by  no  means 
confined  to  Anderson.  Their  contracts 
have  been  filled  in  many  adjoining  cities. 
The  electrical  department  is  under  the 
management  of  Blythe  Johnson. 

Louis  T.  Dorste  was  born  at  Milroy  in 
Rush  County,  Indiana,  in  1884.  He  ac- 
quired his  education  in  Anderson,  gradu- 
ating from  the  Anderson  High  School  in 
1902,  and  in  the  fall  of  1903  entering  De 
Pauw  University,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1907.  He  at  once  returned  to  Ander- 
son and  entered  the  plumbing  and  heat- 
ing business  of  his  father,  and  learned  the 
trade  and  work  in  every  detail.  Upon  the 
incorporation  of  the  company  he  was  made 
secretary  and  treasurer.  This  company  in- 
stalled all  the  heating  and  plumbing  and 
electrical  work  in  the  new  high  school  of 
Anderson,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation Building,  some  of  the  large  fac- 
tories of  the  city,  and  have  also  done  work 
for  various  state  institutions.  They  did 
all  the  equipment  in  the  first  two  villages 
of  the  State  Epileptic  Farm,  and  also  in- 
stalled some  large  contracts  at  Fort  Ben- 
jamin Harrison. 

Louis  T.  Dorste  married  in  1909  Miss 
Mary  Haughton,  daughter  of  Charles  L. 
and  Emma  Haughton.  They  have  one 
child,  Robert  H.,  born  in  1912. 

; 

KARL  C.  AICHHORN,  who  for  many  years 
was  in  the  cigar  manufacturing  business 
at  Indianapolis,  for  the  past  twelve  or 
thirteen  years  has  been  prominent  in  the 
insurance  field,  and  is  now  manager  of  the 
monthly  pay  department  of  the  Chicago 
Bonded  Insurance  Company,  with  offices 
in  the  Odd  Fellows  Building  at  Indianap- 
olis. 

Mr.  Aichhorn  was  born  in  Marion  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  December  1,  1871,  son  of  Wil- 
liam A.  and  Elizabeth  Sophie  (Mitchell) 


Aichhorn.  His  father,  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, came  to  the  United  States  in  1866, 
and  locating  in  Indianapolis  soon  found 
employment  with  the  firm  of  Nordyke  & 
Marmon.  He  was  a  burr  stone  sharp- 
ener for  that  firm,  and  remained  in  its 
service  until  a  short  time  before  his  death 
in  1892.  He  always  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  his  employers,  and  his  judgment 
and  experience  made  him  one  of  the  most 
reliable  men  of  the  concern.  He  was  a 
devout  Christian,  a  member  of  the  German 
Evangelical  Church  at  Indianapolis,  and 
contributed  liberally  to  its  building  and 
support.  He  was  a  democrat  in  politics. 
He  was  always  greatly  attached  to  his  home 
and  family  and  found  therein  the  greatest 
satisfaction  of  life.  He  was  the  father  of 
eight  sons  and  one  daughter,  all  still  living 
but  two. 

Karl  C.  Aichhorn,  who  was  the  fourth 
in  age,  attended  the  Washington  public 
schools,  and  at  the  early  age  of  ten  years 
became  self  supporting  as  a  worker  in  a 
cigar  making  shop.  He  began  with  such 
responsibilities  as  a  boy  of  his  age  could 
assume,  and  rapidly  progressed  until  he 
was  an  expert  cigar  maker.  Later  he  had 
a  factory  of  his  own,  and  altogether  was  in 
the  cigar  business  for  twenty-five  years, 
both  in  Illinois  and  Indiana.  In  1906  he 
left  that  work  and  took  up  insurance.  He 
was  located  at  Washington,  Indiana,  for 
a  time,  and  from  1909  to  1914  was  super- 
intendent, adjuster  and  had  other  official 
duties  in  connection  with  the  Farmers  and 
Merchants  Life  Insurance  Company  at 
Princeton,  Indiana.  Since  then  he  has  held 
his  present  office  as  manager  of  the  monthly 
pay  department  of  the  Chicago  Bonded 
Insurance  Company.  He  has  also  been 
active  in  connection  with  various  public 
and  business  affairs  at  Indianapolis,  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose. 

June  27,  1894,  at  Alton,  Illinois,  Mr. 
Aichhorn  married  Miss  Susan  Leidy, 
daughter  of  Philip  Leidy  of  Alton.  They 
have  two  children :  Charles  W.  enlisted 
early  in  the  war  and  went  to  France  with 
the  American  Expeditionary  Forces  as  a 
member  of  Company  F  of  the  Three  Hun- 
dred and  Eighteenth  Engineers.  As  is 
well  known,  the  Engineers  were  almost  the 
first  of  the  Americans  to  take  the  first  line 
of  duty,  and  he  was  in  that  hazardous 


1820 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


service  the  greater  part  of  the  war.     The 
daughter  is  Sophia  A.,  wife  of  Mr.  Jarboe. 

MAJ.  ROBERT  C.  BALTZELL.  Of  Indiana 
men  who  rendered  really  important  service 
and  even  distinguished  service  through  the 
war  at  home  one  was  the  state  draft  exe- 
cutive for  Indiana,  Maj.  Robert  C.  Balt- 
zell,  a  lawyer  of  Princeton,  who  for  many 
months  made  his  headquarters  at  Indian- 
apolis and  devoted  himself  unceasingly  to 
the  work  and  duties  assigned  him. 

Major  Baltzell  was  born  in  Lawrence 
County,  Illinois,  in  1879,  son  of  Henry  H. 
Baltzell.  His  father  was  a  native  of  Ohio, 
moved  to  Illinois  when  a  young  man,  set- 
tling in  Lawrence  County,  and  was  a  pros- 
perous and  successful  farmer  there.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  volunteer  his  serv- 
ices as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war,  enlisting 
in  April,  1861,  in  the  Seventh  Illinois  In- 
fantry. He  was  a  hard  fighting  soldier 
for  four  years. 

Major  Baltzell  grew  up  on  his  father's 
farm,  attended  country  schools,  high  school 
at  Sumner,  Illinois,  and  while  studying 
law  was  also  teaching  in  his  native  county. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Grant  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  in  1904,  and  in  the  same  year 
began  practice  at  Princeton,  in  association 
with  his  brother,  Mr.  Charles  0.  Baltzell. 
Their  firm  is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  successful  law  firms  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.  Major  Baltzell  is  a 
member  of  the  Christian  Church,  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason  and  Shriner,  being 
past  master  of  his  Lodge  and  past  Eminent 
Commander.  He  is  also  an  Odd  Fellow 
and  an  Elk  and  in  politics  is  a  republican. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1917  he  was  com- 
missioned major,  United  States  army,  and 
assigned  to  duty  as  state  draft  executive 
for  Indiana.  He  was  commissioned  a 
major  by  the  war  department,  and  on  De- 
cember 2,  1917.  began  his  active  duties  at 
Indianapolis.  He  carried  on  the  work  of 
his  department  with  unceasing  energy  and 
application,  and  with  such  efficiency  and 
attention  to  detail  as  to  give  Indiana  a 
showing  in  personnel  and  military  spirit 
such  as  no  other  state  in  the  Union  could 
successfully  challenge.  For  all  this  every 
Tnclianan  is  proud,  and  there  have  been 
abundant  occasions  on  which  testimony 
from  official  and  private  sources  has  been 
given  Major  Baltzell  for  what  he  has  done. 
Upon  accepting  his  appointment  he  at  once 


left  his  law  practice  and  has  devoted  prac- 
tically every  moment  of  his  time  to  his 
duties.  He  has  made  numerous  trips  to 
the  army  camps  where  Indiana  soldiers 
were  located  for  the  purposes  of  rendering 
both  official  and  private  service  in  their 
behalf  and  for  their  welfare.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  current  discussion  in  Con- 
gress and  in  military  circles  agrees  upon 
the  high  value  of  the  service  rendered 
by  state  local  draft  boards,  and  when 
Major  Baltzell  returns  to  his  home  and  law 
practice  at  Princeton  he  will  have  achieved 
a  record  that  can  not  but  be  most  satisfac- 
tory to  him  all  the  rest  of  his  life. 

GEORGE  W.  PAYNE  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Indianapolis  bar  for  fifteen  years, 
is  a  hard-working  and  able  lawyer,  and 
has  a  large  and  important  clientage  in  In- 
dianapolis and  in  other  parts  of  the  state  as 
well. 

Mr.  Payne  was  born  in  Shelby  County, 
Indiana,  April  16,  1876.  His  father, 
Daniel  R.  Payne,  was  born  in  Ohio  and 
is  now  living  at  Connersville,  Indiana. 
George  W.  Payne,  the  oldest  of  six  chil- 
dren, was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Shelby  County,  graduated  from  the 
Boogstown  High  School  in  1896  and  took 
a  scientific  course  in  the  Normal  School 
at  Danville,  Indiana,  graduating  with  the 
degree  Bachelor  of  Science.  Later  he  en- 
tered the  Indiana  Law  School  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  received  his  LL.  B.  degree  in 
1903  and  at  once  began  practice,  which  he 
has  since  carried  on  continuously.  His 
offices  are  in  the  Union  Trust  Building. 
Mr.  Payne  is  a  member  of  Ancient  Land- 
mark Lodge  No.  319,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  interested  in  politics  as  a  democrat, 
though  never  a  seeker  for  office.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  June 
3,  1908,  in  Noblesville,  Indiana,  he  married 
Miss  Josephine  E.  Armstrong,  daughter  of 
Oliver  and  Nancy  (Roudebush)  Arm- 
strong. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Payne  have  two 
children :  Helen,  born  January  30,  1910 ; 
and  Kenneth,  born  August  27,  1911. 

CAPT.  NEWTON  HARDIN,  a  retired  cap- 
tain in  the  United  States  army,  now  com- 
mandant of  the  Indianapolis  High  School 
Cadets,  is  an  interesting  figure  because  of 
his  varied  experience  in  military  and  civic 
life  and  also  for  the  noble  work  he  has 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1821 


done  as  an  organizer  and  master  of  drill 
exercises  and  pageants  of  many  kinds  and 
in  connection  with  many  organizations. 

Captain  Hardin  was  born  at  Smith's  Val- 
ley in  Johnson  County,  Indiana,  June  28, 
1864.  The  Hardin  family  is  of  French 
Huguenot  origin.  The  direct  ancestors  of 
Captain  Hardin  left  France  upon  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  two 
brothers  going  to  Scotland,  where  one  of 
them,  the  ancestor  of  the  American  family, 
married  and  whence  he  later  emigrated  to 
America,  first  settling  in  New  York.  The 
record  shows  that  the  descendants  moved 
to  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 
Hardin  County,  Kentucky,  was  named  for 
this  family.  In  Scotland  one  of  the  family 
was  Watt  Hardin,  of  whom  Robert  Burns 
speaks.  Burns'  mother  was  a  member  of 
the  Hardin  family. 

The  ancestral  home  of  the  Hardin  family 
in  Indiana  is  Smith's  Valley  in  Johnson 
County,  Captain  Hardin 's  grandfather, 
Judge  Franklin  Hardin,  lived  there  prac- 
tically all  his  life.  He  was  a  native  of 
Kentucky  and  was  a  lawyer  and  jurist  of 
distinction.  For  many  years  he  was  judge 
of  the  Circuit  Court  in  the  district  in- 
cluding Johnson  County.  He  also  served 
as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion of  1851.  Captain  Hardin  is  a  son  of 
Melton  and  Anne  (Cogill)  Hardin,  both 
now  deceased.  His  father  was  born  and 
spent  his  life  at  Smith's  Valley,  and  his 
mother  was  born  in  Marion  County,  In- 
diana, near  Southport. 

Captain  Hardin  grew  up  at  the  Smith's 
Valley  home.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
entered  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University 
at  Greencastle,  and  there  acquired  his 
literary  education  and  also  his  first  mili- 
tary training.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
famous  Asbury  Cadets  at  college.  In  sub- 
sequent years  he  has  gained  a  nationwide 
renown  as  a  drill  master  and  conductor  of 
military  pageants.  About  1890  he  organ- 
ized and  took  an  active  part  in  carrying  on 
the  work  of  the  Uniform  Rank  Knights  of 
Pythias  at  Indianapolis.  He  had  charge 
of  the  Uniform  Rank  up  to  1904.  In  1902 
he  organized  and  became  commander  of  an 
independent  rifle  company  known  as  the 
Hoosier  Rifles.  He  also  organized  and  was 
captain  of  the  Capitol  City  Guards  at  In- 
dianapolis, an  independent  rifle  company. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American 
war  in  1898  Captain  Hardin  applied  for 


admission  for  this  company  to  the  National 
Guard  of  Indiana  for  service  in  that  war. 
The  application  was  accepted  by  the  gov- 
ernor two  days  before  the  mobilization  of 
the  National  Guard,  but  owing  to  the  fact 
that  Indiana's  quota  was  filled  his  com- 
pany was  not  accepted. 

Also  for  some  years  Captain  Hardin  had 
charge  of  the  drill  work  of  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America,  continuing  in  that 
capacity  until  1907.  At  different  times  he 
was  drill  master  of  other  secret  fraternities. 
Of  this  work  he  doubtless  feels  most  par- 
ticular pride  in  what  he  did  as  drill  mas- 
ter for  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles,  an 
organization  he  commanded  from  1907  to 
1917.  During  that  time  the  ritualistic 
team  which  he  drilled  won  the  national 
championship  at  St.  Louis  and  Kansas 
City,  besides  receiving  numerous  second 
and  third  prizes  in  other  cities. 

In  1907  Captain  Hardin  organized  his 
first  company  of  Zouaves  at  Indianapolis. 
Afterwards,  under  his  command,  this  be- 
came a  professional  organization  known  as 
Hardin 's  Zouaves,  and  as  such  became 
famous  all  over  the  country.  The  organi- 
zation first  filled  vaudeville  engagements 
in  Indianapolis  and  other  points,  and  in 
1910  he  took  the  contract  to  play  a  sea- 
son's series  of  exhibition  with  the  Young 
Buffalo  Wild  Wtest  Show  of  Chicago  and 
Peoria.  In  this  engagement  he  gave  ex- 
hibitions in  all  states  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi and  all  provinces  of  Canada  east  of 
Detroit.  The  last  season  of  Hardin 's 
Zouaves  was  1915.  During  that  year  they 
were  at  the  San  Francisco  Exposition, 
where  the  organization  came  to  the  climax 
of  its  success.  Incidentally  Captain  Har- 
din was  director  of  the  entire  performance 
of  the  Wild  West  Show. 

In  April,  1917,  he  organized  in  Indian- 
apolis Troop  C,  First  Indiana  Cavalry, 
which  was  mustered  into  the  National 
Guard  of  Indiana  on  the  12th  of  that 
month.  This  troop  was  drafted  into  the 
Federal  service  August  5,  1917,  and  on 
September  13,  1917,  was  transferred  for 
training  in  the  National  Army  to  Camp 
Shelby  at  Hattiesburg,  Mississippi.  Upon 
arrival  there  the  organization  was  trans- 
ferred from  the  cavalry  to  the  infantry 
service,  Captain  Hardin  himself,  with  most 
of  his  men,  being  assigned  to  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fifty-Second  Infantry.  His 
company  under  his  command  became 


1822 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


known  as  Company  G.  Captain  Hardin 
notwithstanding  his  years  of  experience 
was  only  too  glad  to  go  through  the  grill- 
ing and  strenuous  training  of  the  modern 
army  for  European  service.  Owing  to  the 
fact  that  most  of  his  junior  officers  of  the 
original  company  were  detailed  to  special 
schools  and  special  duties  the  great  bulk 
of  the  work  of  the  organization  devolved 
upon  him.  It  was  because  of  this  over- 
work that  he  suffered  a  nervous  break- 
down and  was  placed  in  the  base  hospital 
December  23,  1917.  January  25,  1918,  he 
received  his  honorable  discharge  from  the 
National  Army  for  physical  disability. 

In  September,  1918,  Captain  Hardin 
was  appointed  by  the  board  of  education 
of  Indianapolis  to  take  charge  of  the  mili- 
tary training  in  the  Indianapolis  schools. 
On  the  16th  of  the  same  month  he  organ- 
ized the  Indianapolis  High  School  Cadets, 
of  which  he  is  commandant.  This  organiza- 
tion consists  of  three  battalions:  Short- 
ridge  High  having  four  companies  com- 
prising the  First  Battalion  ;  Manual  Train- 
ing School  having  the  Second  Battalion 
with  five  companies;  and  Technical  High 
School  having  the  Third  Battalion  with 
four  companies.  Each  company  has  over 
a  hundred  men.  A  band  of  eighty-five 
pieces  has  also  been  organized.  These  bat- 
talions will  be  handled  as  a  regimental 
organization.  Those  who  recognize  now 
as  never  before  the  need  of  fundamental 
military  discipline  and  training  as  a  fea- 
ture of  American  life  find  special  encour- 
agement in  the  splendid  work  that  Cap- 
tain Hardin  has  been  able  to  do  at  In- 
dianapolis in  connection  with  the  high 
schools.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  Cap- 
tain Hardin  for  many  years  has  been 
known  as  an  authority  on  pageantry,  and 
as  such  he  conducted  numerous  civic  and 
historical  pageants  at  great  outdoor  ex- 
hibitions in  various  cities  of  the  country. 

Captain  Hardin  married  Miss  Mary  A. 
Picard.  Her  father,  Mr.  Victor  Picard, 
of  Indianapolis,  is  a  native  of  France.  Two 
children  have  been  born  to  their  marriage : 
Hazel  Hardin  and  Albion  Hardin. 

JULIUS  MATZKE  is  an  Indianapolis  citi- 
zen whose  present  day  prosperity  and  po- 
sition in  the  community  is  the  more  credit- 
able because  his  success  is  the  direct  reflec- 
tion and  result  of  his  industry,  character 
and  perseverance,  and  because  he  has 


achieved  much  from  a  beginning  with  only 
the  rudiments  of  an  education  and  with 
the  handicaps  imposed  by  foreign  birth 
and  training.  But  this  is  not  the  case 
with  the  foreign  people  who  come  to  this 
country  today,  for  there  is  now  every  fa- 
cility for  receiving  an  education. 

Mr.  Matzke  was  born  near  the  capital 
city  of  Schlesien  Breslau,  February  14, 
1850,  son  of  David  and  Caroline  Matzke. 
David  Matzke  is  still  living  at  the  age  of 
ninety-five,  residing  with  his  daughter, 
Mrs.  Herman  Arnold,  in  Indianapolis. 
Julius  Matzke  was  reared  and  lived  in  his 
native  land  until  about  nineteen  years  of 
age,  and  in  1869  because  even  at  that  age 
he  could  not  see  any  possible  way  that  he 
could  make  any  advancement  under  the 
tyranny  of  the  German  Government,  he 
came  to  this  country  and  at  once  located 
in  Indianapolis.  Here,  a  poor  boy,  a 
stranger  in  a  strange  land,  he  went  to  work 
for  William  Werther,  a  meat  and  provi- 
sion dealer.  That  employment  gave  him  a 
living  and  it  also  afforded  an  opportunity 
to  learn  a  good  business  and  master  the 
English  language.  In  1873  he  had 
progressed  so  far  as  to  establish  a  similar 
business  in  partnership  with  his  father, 
who  came  to  America  two  years  later 
than  his  son.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he 
continued  in  the  retail  meat  business  at 
Indianapolis. 

Selling  his  market  in  1900,  Mr.  Matzke 
began  handling  his  means  to  develop  real 
estate  property,  and  from  the  point  of 
view  of  public  interest  the  important  part 
of  his  record  is  as  a  builder.  He  has 
erected  many  business  blocks  and  resi- 
dences, among  which  are  the  Indianapolis 
Conservatory  of  Music,  now  known  as  the 
Matzke  apartments,  the  Marion,  Arlington 
and  Marina  apartments,  besides  several 
homes.  Mr.  Matzke  bought  and  still  owns 
some  of  the  original  town  lots  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  bought  and  laid  out  on  East 
Ohio  Street  Matzke 's  Addition  opposite 
Highland  Park.  He  now  gives  all  his  time 
to  the  management  of  the  apartment 
houses  he  owns  and  built. 

Mr.  Matzke  is  a  naturalized  American 
citizen  and  none  could  surpass  him  in  loy- 
alty to  the  land  of  his  adoption  and  where 
his  real  success  in  life  has  been  made. 
Though  he  had  very  little  opportunity  to 
attend  school  as  a  boy,  he  has  always  kept 
in  touch  with  the  bigger  things  of  life,  is 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1823 


a  constant  reader  and  is  a  student  of 
mathematics  and  history.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  First  English  Lutheran  Church. 

December  22,  1877,  Mr.  Matzke  married 
Miss  Mary  Schoennemann,  whose  parents 
were  John  and  Mary  (Sachse)  Schoenne- 
mann, the  former  of  whom  died  in  1898 
and  the  latter  in  1883.  The  Schoenne- 
manns  were  for  many  years  engaged  in 
truck  farming  near  Indianapolis,  and  Mrs. 
Matzke  was  born  and  reared  within  the 
environs  of  that  city. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Matzke  had  four  children : 
Clara,  who  died  in  1916 ;  Harry,  who  mar- 
ried Miss  Clara  Power  and  has  five  chil- 
dren, Marion,  Richard,  Gilbert  (deceased), 
Robert  and  Ralph  ;  Albert,  an  illustrator  in 
New  York  City  for  the  past  twenty  years, 
was  an  instructor  for  several  years  in  the 
Art  Students  League  of  that  city;  and 
Hattie,  deceased.  Harry  Matzke  for  a 
number  of  years  operated  a  meat  and  pro- 
1  vision  market  in  the  Indianapolis  Public 
Market. 

WARREN  J.  YOUNT,  county  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction  for  Johnson 
County,  has  expended  his  best  efforts  and 
the  enthusiasm  of  his  youthful  years  in 
educational  affairs,  and  both  as  a  teacher 
and  as  an  administrator  of  schools  his 
work  has  been  peculiarly  successful.  Mr. 
Yount  has  all  the  qualifications  for  real 
public  leadership,  and  his  influence  is  not 
confined  strictly  within  the  routine  of 
school  work  and  affairs. 

He  was  born  in  Johnson  County,  In- 
diana, November  20,  1886,  son  of  Walter 
L.  and  Lucy  Jane  (Coleman)  Yount.  His 
parents  are  still  living  on  the  farm  where 
Warren  was  born.  The  paternal  ancestors 
came  to  Indiana  from  Kentucky.  Grand- 
father Coleman  entered  land  from  the  Gov- 
ernment in  Johnston  County,  was  one  of 
the  pioneers  there,  and  gave  the  lumber 
for  building  the  first  schoolhouse  and  also 
erected  the  first  church  in  Hensley  Town- 
ship. 

Warren  J.  Yount  attended  the  district 
schools  of  his  home  locality  and  in  1904 
graduated  from  the  Trafalgar  High  School. 
After  a  year  of  reviewing  eighth  grade 
studies  he  taught  two  years,  then  spent  two 
years  in  the  law  department  of  Indiana 
University,  and  then  returned  to  Trafalgar 
as  principal  of  the  high  school  for  a  year. 
Continuing  his  higher  education  in  Frank- 


lin College,  he  did  his  major  work  in  his- 
tory and  graduated  A.  B.  in  1912.  During 
his  senior  year  he  also  taught  in  the  high 
school  of  Franklin  and  after  graduation  be- 
came principal  of  schools  at  Wanamaker, 
Indiana,  a  town  known  now  as  New  Bethel. 
Later  for  three  years  he  was  superintendent 
of  schools  for  New  Bethel  and  left  that 
position  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  J.  C. 
Webb  as  county  superintendent  of  schools. 
In  July,  1916,  he  was  regularly  elected  to 
office.  Mr.  Yount  in  addition  is  also  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  Franklin  College 
in  the  Department  of  Education,  being  in- 
structor in  the  principles  of  education. 

Under  his  leadership  the  schools  of  John- 
son County  have  responded  nobly  to  the 
enthusiasm  of  patriotism  and  have  been  the 
instrument  of  some  effective  work  in  pro- 
moting the  cause  of  the  war.  Mr.  Yount 
is  a  member  of  the  Central  Committee  of 
the  War  Savings  Stamps  for  the  county, 
handling  the  work  in  the  public  schools. 
Johnson  County  leads  all  the  counties  of 
the  state  in  the  matter  of  sale  of  war  sav- 
ings stamps,  and  to  this  the  school  children 
contributed  a  large  share  by  the  purchase 
of  $20,000  worth  of  stamps.  Mr.  Yount 
also  conducted  the  food  conservation  move- 
ment in  the  county  schools,  and  is  a  co-di- 
rector of  the  United  States  Boys  Working 
Reserve.  He  has  spoken  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  county  on  behalf  of  thrift 
stamps.  Mr.  Yount  is  a  member  of  the 
State  License  Committee,  representing  the 
County  Superintendents'  Association,  for 
licensing  teachers.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Questions  Committee  for  making  out 
the  semi-annual  examinations. 

In  1914  Mr.  Yount  married  Mary  J. 
Payne,  daughter  of  J.  B.  and  Elizabeth 
(Foley)  Payne.  Her  mother  is  a  daughter 
of  former  Congressman  Foley.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Yount  have  one  child,  Elizabeth  Jane, 
born  March  6,  1918. 

CHARLES  DENBY,  born  at  Evansville,  Tn- 
diana,  November  14,  1861,  has  won  recog- 
nition in  the  industrial  world  as  a  manu- 
facturer and  is  now  vice  president  of  the 
Hupp  Motor  Car  Corporation.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  class  of  1882  at  Princeton, 
and  afterward  became  connected  with 
foreign  affairs  at  Peking,  China,  and  he 
later  engaged  in  business  in  China.  Mr. 
Denby  resigned  the  office  of  consul  gen- 
eral at  Vienna,  Austria,  to  return  to  Amer- 


. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


a  constant  reader  and  is  ;i  student  of 
mathematics  and  history.  I  If  is  a  member 
of  tin-  First  Kii<rlish  Lutheran  church. 

December  '2'2.  1S77.  Mr.  Mat/ke  married 
Miss  Mary  Schocnr.emann.  whose  parents 
wore  -John  ami  .Mary  i  SaHiso  i  SchoetHie- 
inaiin.  Ilic  former  of  wlioin  died  in  1S9S 
and  tlie  latter  in  lss:{.  Tlie  Schoenne- 
inanns  were  for  many  years  en^ajred  in 
truck  farming  neai1  Indianapolis,  and  Mi's. 
Mat/K'e  was  horn  and  reared  \villiin  tlie 
environs  of  that  city. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Malxke  had  four  ehildivii: 
Clara.  \vlm  died  in  1!M(>:  Marry,  who  mar- 
ried Miss  Clara  Power  and  has  live  chil- 
dren.  Marion.  Iiichard.  (iilheri  .deceased  i. 
Ixohert  and  Halph  :  Albert,  an  illustrator  in 
New  York  City  for  the  pa--t  twenty  years, 
was  an  instructor  for  several  years  in  the 
Art  Students  League  of  that  city:  and 
Ilattie.  deceased.  Marry  Mat/ke  for  a 
number  of  years  operated  a  meat  and  pro- 
vision market  in  the  Indianapolis  Public 
Market. 

- 

W\i;m:\  J.  YorxT.  county  superinteud- 
ent  of  public  instruction  for  Johnson 
Cnuiity.  h;is  expended  his  best  efforts  and 
the  enthusiasm  of  his  youthful  years  in 
educational  affairs,  and  both  as  a  teacher 
and  as  an  administrator  of  schools  his 
work  has  been  peculiarly  successful.  Mr. 
Vomit  has  all  the  qualifications  for  real 
public  leadership,  and  his  influence  is  not 
confined  strictly  within  the  routine  of 
school  work  and  affairs. 

lie  was  born  in  .Johnson  County,  In- 
diana. November  2i>.  1SS6.  son  of  Walter 
L.  and  Lucy  .lane  (Colemant  Vomit.  Mis 
parents  are  still  livinsr  on  the  farm  where 
Warren  was  born.  The  paternal  ancestors 
came  to  Indiana  from  Kentucky.  (Jrand- 
father  Coleman  entered  land  from  the  (iov- 
ernment  in  Johnston  County,  was  one  of 
the  pioneers  there,  and  <rave  the  lumber 
for  buildin«r  the  first  schoolhouse  and  also 
erected  the  liist  church  in  Mc'iisley  Town- 
ship. 

Warren  J.  Vomit  attended  the  district 
schools  of  his  home  locality  and  in  1904 
•rradua'ed  from  the  Trafalgar  Ilisrh  School. 
After  a  yar  of  reviewing  eighth  -rrade 
studies  he  tan-flit  two  years,  then  spent  two 
years  in  the  law  department  of  Indiana 
I'niversity.  and  then  returned  to  Trafalgar 
as  principal  of  the  hiirh  school  for  a  year. 
Continum-:  his  hi-rher  education  in  Frank- 


lin College,  he  die)  his  major  work  in  hi*- 
tory  ami  jrraduated  A.  ]>.  in  I!l1l'.  Diirini; 
his  senior  year  he  also  taught  in  the  hijrh 
school  of  Franklin  and  afti-r  vradunMon  be. 
caiin-  priiii-ipal  of  schools  at  Wanai'iaker. 
Indiana,  a  town  known  now  a-  New  l»eth<-l. 
Later  fin-  three  years  he  was  superintendent 
of  schools  for  New  I'.ethel  and  left  ihal 
position  to  till  the  mie.xpired  term  nf  J.  ( '. 
Webb  as  colllltv  superintendent  of  srh<ml>. 

Iii  July.  l!IKi.  he  was  re«rularly  ''Ic-cted  t«i 
ortice.  Mr.  Vomit  in  addition  N  aK.i  a 
member  of  the  faculty  of  Kranklin  ('olletre 
in  the  De|)artmeiit  of  ICducation.  beinir  in- 
structor in  the  principles  of  edii'-a'  ion. 

1'nder  his  IcadeiNhip  the  schooK  of  Jolin- 
son  County  have  responded  nobly  to  ihe 
entliu>ia>>iii  of  patriotism  and  have  been  tlie 
instrument  of  some  effective  work  in  pro- 
uiotimjr  the  cause  of  the  war.  Mr.  Vomit 
is  a  member  of  the  Central  Coinmillee  of 
the'  War  Savings  Stamps  for  the  county, 
handling  the  work  in  the  public  schools. 
Johnson  County  leads  all  the  counties  of 
the  state  in  ihe  matter  oi'  side  of  war  sav- 
inifs  stamps,  and  to  this  the  school  children 
contributed  a  lar-re  share  by  the  purchase 
of  $20.00(1  worth  of  stamps.  Mr.  Vomit 
also  conducted  the  food  conservation  move- 
ment in  the  comity  schools,  and  is  a  co-di- 
rector of  the  I'nited  States  I  Joys  Workinsr 
Reserve.  lie  has  spoken  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  county  on  behalf  of  thrift 
stamps.  Mr.  Vomit  is  a  member  of  the 
State  License  Committee,  representing  the 
Comity  Superintendents'  Association,  for 
licensing  teachers.  Me  is  also  a  member 
of  the  (Questions  Committee  for  making  out 
the  semi-annual  examinations. 

In  1!)14  Mr.  Yount  married  Mary  J. 
Pavne.  daughter  of  J.  \>.  and  Kli/.abeth 
(Foleyl  Payne.  Her  mother  is  a  dauuhter 
of  former  Congressman  Foley.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Yount  have  one  child.  Kli/.abeth  Jane, 
born  March  (i.  191$. 

Cit.Mii.Ks  DF.NRY.  born  at  Kvansville.  Tn 
diana.  November  14.  ISfil.  has  won  iveo-jr- 
nition  in  the  industrial  world  as  a  manu- 
facturer and  is  now  vice  president  of  tlie 
ITi-pp  Motor  Car  Corporation.  lie  i-  a 
m.'inber  of  the  class  of  1S*-J  at  Prin.-eion. 
and  afterward  Iweanie  connected  with 
forei-rn  affairs  at  Pekinur.  China,  and  he 
later  eiifraired  in  business  in  China.  Mr. 
Denby  resiirned  the  ofli.-c  of  consul  gen- 
eral at  Vienna.  Austria,  to  return  t"  Amer- 


1824 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ica  and  enter  upon  his  duties  with  the 
Hupp  Motor  Car  Corporation  of  Detroit, 
Michigan. 

Mr.  Denby  married  Martha  Dalzell  Orr, 
of  Evansville,  Indiana,  March  19,  1895. 

FRANK  LINDEN  CRONE.  Of  Indiana's 
sons  whose  mature  achievements  have  been 
grained  outside  the  state  one  is  Frank  Lin- 
den Crone,  former  director  of  education 
for  the  Philippine  Islands. 

Mr.  Crone  was  born  in  Kendallville, 
Noble  County,  Indiana,  July  19,  1875,  and 
graduated  from  the  Kendallville  High 
School  in  1892.  His  first  experience  in 
educational  work  was  as  a  teacher  of  the 
common  schools  of  Noble  County,  Indiana, 
during  1892-4.  In  1894  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana,  specializing  in  history 
and  graduating  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Arts  in  1897. 

In  1898  he  was  appointed  teacher  of 
science  and  mathematics  in  the  high  school 
of  Escanaba,  Michigan,  was  assistant  prin- 
cipal of  the  Kendallville  High  School  from 
1898-1901,  and  then  entered  upon  the  for- 
eign service  which  brought  him  such  im- 
portant distinctions  and  responsibilities.  In 
1901  and  1902  he  was  teacher  of  English 
at  San  Mateo,  Province  of  Rizal,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  for  1902  to  1904  was  principal 
of  the  Provincial  High  School,  Naga  Ca- 
marines ;  from  1905  to  1909  was  division 
superintendent  of  schools,  Province  of 
Ambos  Camarines;  and  in  1909  became 
chief  clerk  of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of 
Education  at  Manila.  From  1909  to 
August,  1913,  he  was  assistant  director  of 
education  for  the  Philippine  Islands,  and 
from  that  position  was  promoted  to  the  di- 
rectorship of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of 
Education. 

From  August,  1913,  to  June,  1916,  he 
was  in  charge  of  a  system  consisting  of 
4,400  schools,  taught  by  more  than  10,000 
teachers,  and  enrolling  625,000  pupils.  In 
addition  to  this  Mr.  Crone  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  Philippines,  and  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  the  College  of  Liberal 
Arts,  was  a  member  of  the  Public  "Welfare 
Board  of  the  Islands,  and  chairman  of  its 
committee  on  social  centers.  As  director 
of  education  he  not  only  supervised  the  in- 
struction in  the  public  schools  of  the  coun- 
try, but  was  in  full  charge  of  the  program 
of  schoolhouse  construction,  the  system  of 


almost  universal  vocational  and  physical 
education,  and  the  financial  direction  of 
the  public  school  system.  In  this  school 
system,  which  it  may  be  said  is  the  second 
largest  under  the  American  flag  respond- 
ing to  the  direction  of  a  single  executive, 
were  included  one  city  with  a  population 
of  250,000,  and  forty  provinces. 

After  leaving  the  islands  and  returning 
to  this  country  Mr.  Crone  was  located  at 
Grand  Forks,  North  Dakota,  where  he  was 
engaged  for  some  time  in  educational  work 
for  the  General  Brokerage  Company.  He 
severed  his  connection  with  the  General 
Brokerage  Company  early  in  1918  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  War  Trade  Board 
during  the  period  of  the  war. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Odd  Fellows,  Elks 
and  Masonic  orders ;  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  a  member  of  the 
Circumnavigators'  Club,  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Society,  the  Philippine  Club,  of 
the  Phi  Delta  Kappa,  and  of  the  Illinois 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution. 

Mr.  Crone  is  the  son  of  John  S.  and 
Ella  (Weaver)  Crone.  His  father,  an  In- 
diana farmer,  was  born  August  30,  1849, 
while  his  mother  was  born  May  19,  1854. 
Through  his  mother  he  is  descended  from 
the  Weavers  of  Rockingham  County,  Vir- 
ginia, who,  however,  went  to  the  Old  Domi- 
nion from  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  who  in  1813  moved  to  Fairfield  and 
later  to  Richland  County,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Crone  stands  in  the  seventh  genera- 
tion of  the  family  of  John  Crone,  who  ar- 
rived in  this  country  in  1738.  The  second 
generation  was  also  represented  by  John 
Crone,  and  the  third  by  Jacob  Crone,  both 
of  whom  were  soldiers  in  the  Revolution. 
Jacob  Crone  married  Margaret  Dritt, 
whose  father,  Hans  Peter  Treit,  or  Dritt, 
came  to  America  in  1739.  Mr.  Crone's 
great-grandparents  were  John  and  Eliza- 
beth (Pence)  Crone,  while  his  grandpar- 
ents were  John  and  Catherine  (Switzer) 
Crone.  Mr.  Crone  is  also  the  seventh  in 
descent  from  David  Sirk  or  Shirk,  who  ar- 
rived in  this  country  in  1747,  of  John 
Bentz,  or  Pence,  who  arrived  in  this  coun- 
try in  1731,  and  of  Peter  Switzer,  who 
arrived  in  this  country  in  1740.  He  is  a 
great-great-grandson  of  John  Stukey,  who 
arrived  in  1760,  and  has  other  lines  of  de- 
scent from  the  Steel,  Ziegler,  Stout  and 
Fissel  families. 

Mr.  Crone  married  Luetta  V.  Stahl  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1825 


Chicago  February  21,  1911.  She  is  a 
daughter  of  Thomas  and  Sophia  (Ram- 
sten)  Stahl. 

FREDERICK  G.  EBERHAET.  Among  the 
thriving  and  prosperous  cities  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  Indiana,  one  which  has  attained 
much  of  its  present  prestige  because  of  the 
size  and  importance  of  its  manufacturing 
industries  is  Mishawaka.  Located  practi- 
cally on  the  banks  of  the  Saint  Joseph 
River  and  otherwise  conveniently  situated, 
it  early  attracted  to  it  men  of  foresight 
and  judgment,  who  realized  that  in  coming 
years  excellent  means  of  transportation 
would  be  found  here,  and  accordingly  es- 
tablished business  concerns  in  this  com- 
munity that  have  since  grown  to  appre- 
ciable proportions.  One  of  these  business 
enterprises  is  the  Mishawaka  Woolen 
Manufacturing  Company,  which  was 
founded  here  many  years  ago  by  Adolphus 
Eberhart,  a  settler  of  1836,  and  Martin  V. 
Beiger,  and  the  product  of  which  is  now 
well  known  all  over  the  country.  Fred- 
erick G.  Eberhart,  son  of  one  of  the  foun- 
ders, has  been  identified  with  this  business 
since  he  entered  upon  his  career,  and  now 
acts  in  the  capacities  of  vice  president, 
secretary  and  superintendent.  He  is  also 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Mishawaka  and  a  business  man  of  solidity 
and  standing. 

Frederick  G.  Eberhart  was  born  at 
Mishawaka,  Indiana,  April  1,  1864,  being 
a  son  of  Adolphus  and  Sarah  Ann  (Boyd) 
Eberhart.  His  father  was  born  in  1824, 
in  New  York  State,  where  the  family  had 
settled  during  Colonial  days,  having  origi- 
nally emigrated  from  Stuttgart,  Germany. 
He  was  reared  in  his  native  state  until  he 
was  twelve  years  of  age  and  then  accom- 
panied his  parents  to  Mishawaka,  where 
his  education  was  completed  in  the  early 
public  school.  As  a  young  man  he  found 
employment  in  a  sawmill,  subsequently  be- 
came the  proprietor  of  a  hardware  estab- 
lishment, and  then  embarked  in  the  wagon- 
making  business  in  partnership  with  the 
late  George  Milburn,  being  next  in  the 
flour  milling  business  for  a  number  of 
years.  Mr.  Eberhart  was  of  an  inventive 
turn  of  mind,  fashioning  numerous  useful 
small  articles,  and  eventually,  after  a  num- 
ber of  years  of  experimenting  he,  together 
with  Mr.  Beiger  succeeded  in  perfecting 
the  first  all  knit  wool  boot.  In  addition 


this  company  makes  rubber  boots  and  shoes 
of  all  descriptions,  and  its  goods  find  a 
ready  reception  In  markets  throughout  the 
country.  The  mills  are  situated  at  Water 
and  First  streets,  where  the  floor  space  is 
about  sixty  acres,  and  in  the  neighborhood 
of  3,000  persons  are  employed.  The  offi- 
cers of  the  company  at  this  time  are:  E. 
A.  Saunders,  of  South  Bend,  Indiana, 
president;  F.  G.  Eberhart,  vice  president, 
secretary  and  superintendent ;  A.  D.  War- 
ner, general  manager;  E.  J.  W.  Fink,  as- 
sistant general  manager  and  manager  of 
sales;  and  George  B.  Williams,  treasurer. 
From  small  beginnings  this  company  built 
up  an  important  and  substantial  enterprise. 
Adolphus  Eberhart  was  a  man  of  energy 
and  enterprise,  thorough  in  his  business  ac- 
tivities, capable  in  his  judgment,  and  abso- 
lutely reliable  and  honest.  His  reputation 
among  his  associates  and  those  with  whom 
he  has  come  into  contact  was  an  excellent 
one,  and  when  he  died,  in  1893,  there  were 
many  left  to  mourn  the  loss  of  a  man  who 
had  attracted  others  to  him  by  a  kindly  and 
friendly  personality.  In  politics  he  was  a 
republican,  but  never  professed  to  be  any- 
thing but  a  business  man,  and  public  life 
held  out  no  inducements  for  him.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  he 
was  a  strongly  religious  man  and  lived  his 
faith.  Mr.  Eberhart  married  Miss  Sarah 
Ann  Boyd,  who  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1828,  and  died  at  Mishawaka  in  1903.  She 
too  was  a  life-long  and  faithful  Methodist. 
To  this  union  there  were  born  four  chil- 
dren, namely:  Flora  E.,  who  is  the  widow 
of  Dr.  R.  S.  Grimes  and  resides  at  Lin- 
coln, Nebraska,  where  her  late  husband  was 
a  practicing  physician  and  surgeon  for 
many  years ;  J.  C.,  who  was  connected  with 
the  manufacturing  company  for  many 
years  but  had  been  living  retired  for  some 
time  prior  to  his  death  at  Mishawaka ;  Fred- 
erick G.,  of  this  notice ;  and  E.  G.,  who  at 
the  time  of  his  death  at  Mishawaka  was 
acting  as  general  manager  and  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  company.  In  1912  these  four 
brothers  built,  equipped  and  presented  to 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  congregation  of 
Mishawaka  one  of  the  finest  church 
structures  in  the  State  of  Indiana;  same 
being  a  memorial  to  their  parents. 

Frederick  G.  Eberhart  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Mishawaka  and  at  a 
business  college  at  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
and  at  once  entered  the  mills,  where  he 


1826 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


learned  the  business  thoroughly  by  com- 
mencing at  the  bottom  and  gradually  work- 
ing his  way  through  the  various  positions 
and  departments  to  the  positions  which  he 
now  holds.  He  is  one  of  the  most  thor-  ' 
oughly-informed  men  in  the  trade  today 
and  is  widely  acquainted  in  his  own 
line  as  well  as  in  other  avenues  of 
business  endeavor.  Through  his  exten- 
sive knowledge  of  trade  conditions,  com- 
bined with  executive  capacity  of  a  high 
order,  he  has  been  one  of  the  principal 
factors  in  extending  the  business  during 
recent  years,  both  in  its  scope  and  useful- 
ness. As  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Mishawaka  he  has  been  instrumen- 
tal in  making  this  one  of  the  soundest  in- 
stitutions of  Northern  Indiana,  and  he  is 
also  connected  prominently  with  financial 
affairs  as  a  director  of  the  First  Trust  and' 
Savings  Company  and  the  North  Side  Trust 
and  Savings  Company,  both  of  this  city. 
Like  his  father,  Mr.  Eberhart  is  a  republi- 
can, and  also  like  him  he  has  had  no  desire 
for  public  office.  He  belongs  to  the  Chris- 
tian Science  Church,  and  is  socially  con- 
nected with  the  Miami  Country  Club, 
where  he  has  numerous  friends,  as  he  has 
also  in  business  circles.  In  1900  Mr.  Eber- 
hart erected  his  handsome  modern  resi- 
dence on  Lincoln  Highway,  East. 

Mr.  Eberhart  was  married  in  1888,  at 
Mishawaka,  to  Miss  Bertha  Judkins,  a 
daughter  of  William  H.  and  Isabelle 
(Martling)  Judkins.  Mr.  Judkins,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  retail  grocery  business, 
is  now  deceased,  but  his  widow  survives 
and  is  a  resident  of  Mishawaka.  Two 
children  have  been  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Eberhart,  namely:  Donna  E.,  who  is  the 
wife  of  George  W.  Blair,  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer connected  with  the  Mishawaka 
Woolen  Manufacturing  Company;  and 
Carol  E.,  who  is  unmarried  and  lesides 
with  her  parents. 

The  Eberhart  family  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  best  known  at  Mishawaka.  As  before 
noted,  it  was  founded  here  in  1836,  the 
original  settler  being  the  grandfather  of 
Frederick  G.  Eberhart,  who  bore  the  same 
name.  He  was  born  in  New  York  State 
and  brought  his  family  to  this  community 
in  1836,  the  rest  of  his  life  being  passed  in 
agricultural  pursuits,  and  his  death  occur- 
ring at  Mishawaka  when  he  was  between 
fifty  and  sixty  years  of  age,  or  when  his 
grandson  was  a  small  boy.  He  married 


Betsey  Weltner,  who  was  also  a  native  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  born  in  1796,  and 
who  attained  advanced  years,  passing  away 
at  Mishawaka  in  1887. 

E.  J.  W.  FINK.  In  the  large  manufac- 
turing communities  there  are  always  found 
men  who  have  attained  positions  of  im- 
portance with  huge  enterprises  solely 
through  the  medium  of  their  own  persist- 
ence, ability  and  fidelity,  and  in  numerous 
cases  it  will  be  discovered  that  these  men 
have  known  no  other  connection.  In  this 
class  at  Mishawaka  may  be  numbered  E. 
J.  W.  Fink.  Mr.  Fink 's  career  began  when 
he  was  sixteen  years  of  age,  at  which  time 
he  entered  the  employ  of  the  Mishawaka 
Woolen  Manufacturing  Company.  He  has 
remained  with  this  concern  to  the  present 
time,  and  has  risen  by  consecutive  stages 
to  the  posts  of  assistant  general  manager 
and  manager  of  sales. 

E.  J.  W.  Fink  is  not  a  native  of  Misha- 
waka, but  has  resided  here  since  infancy 
and  has  secured  his  training,  both  business 
and  educational,  in  its  institutions.  He 
was  born  at  Bremen,  Indiana,  December 
27,  1880,  a  son  of  Eli  W.  and  Malinda 
(Wiess)  Fink,  and  belongs  to  a  family 
which  originated  in  Germany  and  which 
was  founded  in  America  many  years  ago, 
the  original  settlement  being  made  in  Penn- 
sylvania. Eli  W.  Fink  was  born  in  1848, 
in  Ohio,  and  as  a  young  man  came  to  In- 
diana, first  settling  at  Bremen.  That  city 
continued  to  be  his  home  until  1882,  when 
he  came  to  Mishawaka,  and  here  his  death 
occurred  eleven  years  later.  He  is  still  re- 
membered by  a  number  of  the  older  citizens 
as  a  man  of  integrity.  He  was  a  democrat, 
but  never  sought  any  political  office.  Mrs. 
Fink,  who  was  born  in  1848,  at  Canton, 
Ohio,  died  at  Mishawaka  in  1891.  There 
were  the  following  children  in  the  family: 
Minnie,  who  is  the  wife  of  William  V. 
Tuscher.  of  Denver,  Colorado,  western  rep- 
resentative of  the  Mishawaka  Woolen 
Manufacturing  Company;  Louis  S.,  who 
died  in  1905,  at  Los  Angeles,  California, 
a  railroad  dining  car  conductor;  Effie  M., 
the  wife  of  E.  M.  Barney,  of  Indianapolis, 
traveling  representative  for  the  Mishawaka 
Woolen  Manufacturing  Company;  and  E. 
J.  W. 

E.  J.  W.  Fink  was  only  ten  years  old 
when  he  lost  his  mother  by  death,  and  two 
years  later  his  father  passed  away,  so 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1827 


that  the  lad  was  thrown  to  a  large  degree 
upon  his  own  resources  when  still  at  a  ten- 
der age.  However,  he  managed  to  complete 
his  high  school  education,  being  a  graduate 
of  the  class  of  1897,  and  in  that  same  year 
secured  a  position  as  office  boy  with  the 
Mishawaka  Woolen  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. He  soon  proved  his  reliability  and 
worth,  as  well  as  his  ability  to  handle  more 
important  matters  than  those  connected 
with  his  first  position,  and  since  then  he 
has  steadily  advanced  in  his  employers' 
confidence  and  in  the  responsibilities  de- 
pendent upon  him,  until  now  he  is  ac- 
counted one  of  the  concern's  most  valuable 
men.  In  addition  to  being  assistant  general 
manager  he  is  manager  of  sales,  and  under 
his  progressive  direction  of  campaigns 
much  important  and  successful  work  has 
been  carried  on  in  making  the  company's 
product  popular.  The  Mishawaka  Woolen 
Manufacturing  Company  was  founded 
many  years  ago  by  Adolphus  Eberhart  and 
Martin  V.  Beiger,  who  invented  the  first  all 
wool  knit  boot.  In  addition  this  company 
manufactures  rubber  boots  and  shoes  of  all 
descriptions  and  the  goods  have  a  large 
sale  throughout  the  country.  The  mills 
are  situated  at  Water  and  First  streets, 
where  the  floor  space  is  about  sixty  acres, 
and  approximately  3.000  people  are  given 
constant  and  profitable  employment.  The 
officers  of  the  concern  at  this  time  are:  E. 
A.  Saunders,  of  South  Bend,  president; 
Frederick  G.  Eberhart.  vice  president,  sec- 
retary and  superintendent ;  A.  D.  Warner, 
general  manager ;  E.  J.  W.  Fink,  assistant 
general  manager  and  manager  of  sales ;  and 
George  B.  Williams,  treasurer.  Mr.  Fink 
has  absolutely  made  his  own  way  in  the 
working  out  of  a  well-deserved  success. 
No  outside  influences  have  plaved  any  nart 
in  his  advancement,  and  he  has  the  right 
to  be  numbered  among  those  who  bear  the 
title,  often  abused  but  not  in  this  case,  of 
self-made  man.  He  is  a  republican,  but  his 
chief  interest  in  politics  is  confined  to  exer- 
cising his  franchise  as  a  voter.  As  a 
churchman  he  is  chairman  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  and 
at  the  present  period  he  is  devoting  much 
of  his  time  and  energies  to  forwarding  the 
work  of  the  Mishawaka  Chapter  of  the  Bed 
Cross  Society.  Fraternally  he  is  affiliated 
with  Mishawaka  Lodge  No.  453,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  his  social  connections  include 
membership  in  the  Miami  Country  Club 


and  the  South  Bend  Country  Club.  He 
has  various  business  connections,  and  is  a 
director  in  the  Peoples  Building  and  Loan 
Association,  the  First  National  Bank,  the 
First  Trust  and  Savings  Company  and  the 
North  Side  Trust  and  Savings  Company. 

EARL  E.  BROCK,  M.  D.,  an  accomplished 
member  of  the  medical  profession  at  An- 
derson, located  in  that  city  seven  years  ago 
practically  unknown,  and  by  definite  merit 
and  achievement  has  won  his  secure  profes- 
sional position. 

Doctor  Brock  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Paint  Township,  Fayette  County,  Ohio,  De- 
cember 2,  1885,  a  son  of  Joseph  H.  and 
Rachel  (Hutslar)  Brock.  His  ancestors 
were  Welsh  people  and  were  pioneers  in 
the  Carolinas.  With  few  exceptions  the 
family  have  always  furnished  farmers 
rather  than  professional  men.  Doctor 
Brock  is  one  of  a  family  of  three  sons  and 
four  daughters,  being  the  youngest.  He 
had  a  country  school  education,  and  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  entered  Jeffersonville  High 
School  at  Jeffersonville,  Ohio,  where  he 
remained  four  years  and  graduated  in 
1905.  The  next  year  he  spent  at  home,  and 
while  there  took  a  teacher's  examination, 
but  never  utilized  the  certificate  to  teach. 
In  the  fall  of  1906  he  entered  Starling 
Medical  College  at  Columbus,  and  while 
getting  his  medical  training  paid  his  own 
way  by  work  at  anything  that  would  give 
him  an  honest  living  and  keep  him  in 
school.  He  was  at  Columbus  two  years. 
In  that  time  the  Starling  Medical  College 
one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  institu- 
tions of  medical  learning  in  the  Middle' 
West,  was  merged  with  the  Ohio  Medical 
College,  making  the  Starling-Ohio  Medical 
College.  During  his  second  year  there  Doc- 
tor Brock  stood  second  in  a  class  of  forty- 
two.  He  then  entered  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  in  1908.  This  in- 
stitution was  consolidated  with  the  Miami 
Medical  College  under  the  name  Ohio- 
Miami  Medical  College.  From  there 
Doctor  Brock  graduated  in  1910.  M.  D., 
and  also  had  the  benefit  of  eighteen  months 
service  as  an  interne  in  the  Cincinnati 
General  Hospital. 

Thus  well  qualified  and  with  a  thorough 
training  Doctor  Brock  came  to  Anderson 
in  1911  and  opened  an  office,  and  has  since 
been  in  general  practice.  He  has  done 
much  in  the  public  health  movement  and 


1828 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


has  sought  to  interest  and  educate  the 
people  as  a  community  and  as  individuals 
in  the  improvement  of  sanitary  conditions 
and  guarding  against  the  inroads  of  disease 
and  epidemic.  For  a  time  he  served  as 
health  officer  and  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Health  Parade,  an  exhibition  which 
proved  a  valuable  educational  feature  in 
stimulating  general  health  work.  Doctor 
Brock  is  a  member  of  St.  John's  Hospital 
staff,  is  a  democrat,  a  member  of  Anderson 
Club,  is  affiliated  with  Mount  Moriah  Lodge 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  with 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church  at  Anderson.  Doctor 
Brock  entered  the  service  of  the  United 
States  September  1,  1918,  and  was  com- 
missioned first  lieutenant.  He  was  in  serv- 
ice at  Camp  Greenleaf  and  Camp  Knox, 
and  was  discharged  January  6,  1919.  In 
1912  he  married  Miss  Anna  Louise  Kindel- 
berger,  daughter  of  Philip  and  Mary  Kin- 
delberger  of  Cincinnati.  They  have  one 
child,  Florence,  born  in  1917. 

i 

ADAH  MCMAHAN,  A.  M.,  M.  D.  The  sci- 
ence of  medicine  and  surgery  has  made  a 
remarkable  progress  in  the  last  half  cen- 
tury, but  aside  from  the  technical  advance 
probably  the  greatest  single  feature  in  the 
progress  has  been  the  increasing  number  of 
women  whose  services  have  been  enlisted  in 
the  ranks  of  the  profession  and  who  in  abil- 
ity and  in  capacity  for  the  special  work 
have  demonstrated  equal  fitness  with  their 
brothers  who  have  so  long  occupied  this 
field. 

One  of  the  women  physicians  whose  work 
is  accorded  unstinted  praise  by  her  profes- 
sional associates  is  Doctor  Adah  McMahan 
of  Lafayette,  whose  individual  attainments 
are  only  what  might  be  expected  of  a  fam- 
ily that  has  produced  more  than  one  able 
member  of  the  different  professions.  Her 
aunt,  C.  Agnes  McMahan,  M.  D.,  was  prior 
to  her  marriage  one  of  the  most  prominent 
physicians  at  Evansville,  Indiana,  and  did 
really  pioneer  work  in  that  profession  at  a 
time  when  her  contemporaries  in  this  state 
if  not  in  the  entire  middle  west  might  have 
been  counted  on  the  fingers  of  one  hand. 
It  was  her  distinction  to  have  been  the  first 
woman  interne  in  any  of  Chicago's  hospi- 
tals. 

Dr.  Adah  McMahan  was  born  at  Hunt- 
ingburg  in  Duboise  County,  Indiana.  She 


is  the  oldest  daughter  of  William  Reed  and 
Louesa  Elizabeth  (Helferich)  McMahan. 
Her  great-grandparents  on  both  sides  were 
among  the  pioneers  of  Dubois  County.  A 
relative,  Richard  McMahan,  was  among  the 
honored  dead  of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe 
in  1811.  William  Reed  McMahan  was  the 
only  son  of  Asher  and  Nancy  (Armstrong) 
McMahan,  whose  daughters  were:  Levica 
McMahan,  Ellen  McMahan  Poison,  Jane 
McMahan  Lemon,  and  C.  Agnes  McMahan 
Jones,  the  pioneer  woman  physician  above 
mentioned. 

Doctor  Adah  McMahan 's  maternal  great- 
grandfather, Capt.  Frederick  Geiger,  of 
the  Kentucky  Mountain  Riflemen,  offered 
his  services  to  Governor  Harrison  in 
August,  1811,  at  Louisville,  and  early  in 
that  fall  led  his  men  to  Vincennes  by  way 
of  Jeffersonville,  and  at  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe was  wounded  and  was  commended 
for  personal  bravery  by  Congress.  The  son 
of  this  soldier,  Jacob  Geiger,  founded  the 
Town  of  Huntingburg,  Indiana,  in  1837. 
In  matters  of  religion  the  McMahans  and 
Armstrongs'  were  stanch  Presbyterians, 
while  the  Geigers  and  Helferichs  were  Lu- 
therans. 

William  Reed  McMahan,  father  of  Dr. 
Adah  McMahan,  also  achieved  success  in 
the  medical  profession  but  prior  to  that 
time  had  rendered  valiant  service  as  a  sol- 
dier of  the  Civil  war.  On  his  eighteenth 
birthday  he  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  and 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and 
Stone  River,  and  after  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign marched  with  Sherman  to  the  sea. 
He  was  a  first  lieutenant  of  Company  E, 
Fifty-eight  Indiana,  and  re-enlisted  after 
three  years  of  service.  After  the  war  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Indiana  Loyal  Legion. 
In  1868  Dr.  William  Reed  McMahan 
graduated  from  Rush  Medical  College,  and 
from  that  time  forward  was  a  competent 
and  highly  esteemed  physician  and  surgeon 
at  Huntingburg,  Indiana.  He  also  served 
as  chief  surgeon  of  the  Southwestern  Divi- 
sion of  the  Southern  Railway.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Control  of  the  Southern  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  At  the  time  of  his  death  in  1903 
he  was  survived  by  his  second  wife,  Eliza- 
beth (Lukemeyer)  McMahan,  and  his  six 
children.  These  children  are:  Adah  Mc- 
Mahan ;  Nancy,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Jones,  of  Yonk- 
ers,  New  York;  Wilhelmina,  Mrs  H.  C. 
Rothert,  of  Huntingburg,  Indiana;  Nelle. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1829 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Nickey,  of  Memphis,  Tennessee ; 
Asher  Reed  McMahan,  M.  D.,  of  Memphis, 
Tennessee;  and  Catherine,  Mrs.  Lloyd  0. 
Sholty,  of  Wabash,  Indiana.  All  these 
children  are  graduates  of  Indiana  Univer- 
sity, a  fact  which  of  itself  indicates  the 
high  educational  ideals  of  the  family.  The 
five  daughters  were  high  school  teachers 
after  leaving  the  State  University. 

Adah  McMahan  attended  the  grammar 
and  high  schools  of  her  native  town,  and 
holds  both  the  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  degrees 
from  the  Indiana  State  University.  As  a 
teacher  her  work  was  done  in  the  Girls 
Classical  School  at  Evansville,  Indiana, 
and  in  the  high  school  of  Duluthj  Minne- 
sota. Doctor  McMahan  received  her  degree 
of  medicine  in  1897  from  the  "Woman's 
Medical  School  of  Northwestern  University 
at  Chicago.  Almost  at  once  she  located  at 
Lafayette  and  has  enjoyed  twenty  years  of 
congenial  and  useful  work  with  growing 
appreciation  of  her  ability  and  skill  in  the 
profession.  Doctor  McMahan  is  on  the  con- 
sulting staff  of  the  Lafayette  Home  Hos- 
pital, is  on  the  lecture  staff  of  St.  Eliza- 
beth's Hospital,  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  the  Woman's 
Medical  National  Association,  the  Tippe- 
canoe  County  Medical  Society  and  the  In- 
diana State  Medical  Association. 

Doctor  McMahan  was  one  of  the  three 
Indiana  women  who  participated  in  the 
Pan-American  Conference  of  Women 
Auxiliary  to  the  Pan-American  Scientific 
Congress  of  1915-16  at  Washington.  She 
is  ex-chairman  of  Public  Health  of  the  In- 
diana Federation  of  Clubs,  is  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Indiana 
Franchise  League,  and  is  a  life  member 
of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion and  a  member  of  the  Parlor  Club  and 
the  Country  Club  of  Lafayette.  She  was  a 
member  of  Unit  No.  3  given  to  the  Service 
de  Sante  of  France,  and  sent  over  in 
August,  1918,  by  the  Women's  Overseas 
Hospital  Association  under  the  auspices  of 
the  American  Women's  National  Suffrage 
Association.  This  unit,  known  as  the  Gas 
Unit,  was  to  operate  near  the  Front,  giving 
first  and  early  aid  to  the  men  gassed. 
While  awaiting  its  full  equipment,  it  was 
attached  to  the  French  Ambulance  1/86  Z 
at  Cempuis.  After  serving  for  two  months 
there  and  after  the  demand  for  gas  hospi- 
tals had  ceased,  the  civilian  relief  work  in 
the  Lorraine  sector  was  undertaken  in  co- 


operation with  the  American  Fund  for 
French  Wounded.  Doctor  McMahan  was 
in  charge  >of  this  work  at  Epiual-Vosges, 
where  free  medical  dispensary  service  were 
given  until  April  1,  1919.  The  civilian 
relief  work  of  this  section  of  France  being 
then  closed  Doctor  McMahan  returned  to 
Indiana  in  May,  1919. 

VINSON  CARTER.  Fifty  years  of  con- 
tinuous membership  in  the  Indianapolis 
bar  is  of  itself  a  noteworthy  distinction. 
In  the  case  of  Vinson  Carter  length  of 
service  has  been  accompanied  with  the 
highest  quality  of  professional  attainment, 
leadership  as  a  lawyer  and  citizen,  and 
many  years  of  useful  work  as  a  judge  of 
the  Superior  Court.  His  record  is  one  that 
would  be  conspicuous  for  its  absence  from 
pages  devoted  to  representative  Indianans. 

This  branch  of  the  Carter  family  came 
to  Indiana  when  it  was  a  wilderness  terri- 
tory. The  family  has  been  in  America  for 
two  centuries.  Judge  Carter's  first  Ameri- 
can ancestor  bore  the  name  Nathaniel,  as 
did  several  other  ancestors  in  the  succes- 
sive lineage.  This  original  Nathaniel  was 
born  in  Ireland,  probably  of  Scotch-Irish 
stock,  and  while  living  there  joined  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Between  1720  and 
1730  he  came  from  Dublin  and  settled  in 
Pennsylvania.  Most  of  his  later  descend- 
ants followed  him  tenaciously  in  the  simple 
faith  and  doctrine  of  the  Quaker  religion. 
In  the  next  generation,  Nathaniel  Carter, 
second,  went  from  Pennsylvania  and 
founded  the  family  in  North  Carolina. 
Nathaniel  Carter,  third,  grandfather  of 
Judge  Carter,  was  a  native  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  in  1804  married  Ann  Ramsey,  a 
native  of  the  same  state.  In  1813  these 
grandparents  migrated  westward  until 
they  came  into  the  wilderness  of  Indiana 
Territory,  which  was  still  a  battle  ground 
between  the  defending  forces  of  civiliza- 
tion and  barbarism  and  also  was  within  the 
scenes  of  the  War  of  1812.  The  Carters 
settled  in  Morgan  County,  where  Nathaniel 
Carter  brought  a  portion  of  the  forest  un- 
der cultivation,  and  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  days. 

John  D.  Carter,  father  of  Judge  Carter, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina  March  1,  1811, 
and  was  two  years  of  age  when  brought 
to  Indiana.  He  spent  a  long  and  useful 
life  as  a  farmer  in  Morgan  County,  and 
was  a  man  of  high  principles,  an  influen- 


1830 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


tial  citizen,  and  very  active  in  the  Society 
of  Friends.  As  a  voter  he  began  as  a 
whig,  but  supported  the  republican  party 
from  the  time  of  its  organization  until  the 
close  of  his  life  on  June  10,  1900.  In 
Morgan  County  he  married  Miss  Ruth 
Pickett.  Her  mother  was  a  granddaughter 
of  Simon  Hadley,  founder  of  the  Hadley 
family  in  Pennsylvania.  Many  of  the 
Hadleys  became  prominent  in  Morgan  and 
Hendricks  counties,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Ruth 
Carter,  who  died  in  1888,  was,  like  her 
husband,  a  devout  member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends. 

Third  in  the  ten  children  of  his  parents, 
Vinson  Carter  inherited  from  both  sides 
many  valuable  characteristics  that  had 
been  exemplified  in  his  own  long  and  use- 
ful career.  He  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Morgan  County  July  16,  1840,  and 
spent  his  early  life  in  simple  rural  en- 
vironment. He  attended  the  common 
schools,  and  afterwards  for  two  years  con- 
tinued his  higher  education  in  that  noted 
Quaker  institution,  Earlham  College,  at 
Richmond.  The  Civil  war  came  on  when 
he  was  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  August 
7,  1862,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Com- 
pany E  of  the  Twelfth  Indiana  Volunteer 
Infantry.  His  active  service  was  brief. 
He  was  brought  to  the  fighting  front  at 
Richmond,  Kentucky,  and  there  on  August 
30th,  about  three  weeks  after  his  enlist- 
ment, he  was  seriously  wounded  and  in- 
capacitated for  further  field  duty.  From 
May,  1863,  until  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  assigned  to  special  duties  as  Indiana 
military  agent  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia. 
His  honorable  discharge  from  the  army 
was  dated  about  April,  1863. 

After  the  war,  in  1865,  Judge  Carter  en- 
tered the  University  of  Indiana  at  Bloom- 
ington  and  graduated  Bachelor  of  Science 
with  the  class  of  1867.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Blooming- 
ton,  having  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
General  Morton  C.  Hunter.  October  23, 
1867,  he  came  to  Indianapolis,  which  has 
been  his  home  continuously  for  half  a  cen- 
tury. For  almost  thirty  years  he  devoted 
himself  strenuously  to  the  private  pra^«. 
tice  of  law,  allowing  few  other  diversions  \ 
or  interruptions  to  take  his  time  or  in- 
terests from  his  profession.  He  early 
gained  a  profitable  clientage,  handled  im- 
portant litigation  in  all  the  State  and  Fed- 
eral courts  of  Indiana,  and  was  also  given 


a  generous  share  of  corporation  work.  It 
was  with  the  secure  prestige  of  a  success- 
ful lawyer  that  he  went  upon  the  bench 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Marion  County 
in  1896,  and  he  continued  to  fill  the  im- 
portant duties  of  that  judicial  place  for 
over  fifteen  years. 

Politically  Judge  Carter  has  always  been 
a  republican.  Aside  from  his  duties  as  a 
judge  the  only  office  he  ever  held  was  as 
a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  of  In- 
diana in  1881-83,  representing  Marion 
County.  During  the  first  session  he  was 
chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee.  He 
and  his  wife  were  members  of  the  Taber- 
nacle Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianap- 
olis, and  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
session.  He  belongs  to  the  Sigma  Chi  col- 
lege fraternity  and  G.  H.  Thomas  Post 
No.  17,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

October  1,  1867,  Judge  Carter  married 
Miss  Emma  Maxwell.  She  was  born  and 
received  her  early  education  in  Blooming- 
ton,  and  graduated  in  1864  from  Glen- 
dale  Female  College  at  Glendale,  Ohio. 
She  is  a  daughter  of  Dr.  James  D.  and 
Louisa  (Howe)  Maxwell,  of  Bloomington, 
Indiana.  Her  grandfather,  Dr.  David  H. 
Maxwell,  was  a  prominent  physician,  and 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
army  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  was  one  of 
the  pioneer  members  of  the  profession  in 
Indiana,  and  late  in  life  was  honored  by 
election  as  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  1850.  Mrs.  Carter's  father 
was  also  a  successful  physician  and  sur- 
geon. Judge  and  Mrs.  Carter  have  one 
child,  Anna.  She  was  born  at  Blooming- 
ton,  Indiana,  August  5,  1870,  and  married 
Herbert  S.  Wood  of  Indianapolis. 

GEORGE  W.  SNIDER,  who  died  at  Indian- 
apolis July  6,  1898,  deserves  more  than 
passing  mention  among  the  self  made  men 
of  Indiana.  While  his  personal  activi^jes 
ceased  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  the 
business  institution  which  he  developed  is 
still  a  substantial  factor  in  Indianapolis 
commercial  affairs,  and  the  influence  of  his 
name  and  character  still  lives  vital  to  the 
city's  welfare. 

Left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  George 
W.  Snider  was  not  only  deprived  of  paren- 
tal love  and  care,  but  was  oppressed  by 
many  unusual  hardships.  It  was  a  case  of 
youth  being  exploited  for  the  benefit  of 
others,  and  so  closely  was  his  life  beset  by 


GEORGE  W.  SNIDER 


1830 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


tial  citizen,  and  very  active  in  the  Society 
of  Friends.  As  a  voter  he  began  as  a 
whig,  but  supported  the  republican  party 
from  the  time  of  its  organization  until  the 
close  of  his  life  on  June  10,  1900.  In 
Morgan  County  he  married  Miss  Ruth 
Pickett.  Her  mother  was  a  granddaughter 
of  Simon  Hadley,  founder  of  the  Hadley 
family  in  Pennsylvania.  Many  of  the 
Hadleys  became  prominent  in  Morgan  and 
Ilendricks  counties,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Ruth 
Carter,  who  died  in  1888,  was,  like  her 
husband,  a  devout  member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends. 

Third  in  the  ten  children  of  his  parents, 
Vinson  Carter  inherited  from  both  sides 
many  valuable  characteristics  that  had 
been  exemplified  in  his  own  long  and  use- 
ful career.  He  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Morgan  County  July  16,  1840,  and 
spent  his  early  life  in  simple  rural  en- 
vironment, lie  attended  the  common 
schools,  and  afterwards  for  two  years  con- 
tinued his  higher  education  in  that  noted 
Quaker  institution,  Earlham  College,  at 
Richmond.  The  Civil  war  came  on  when 
lie  was  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  August 
7,  1862,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Com- 
pany E  of  the  Twelfth  Indiana  Volunteer 
Infantry.  His  active  service  was  brief. 
He  was  brought  to  the  fighting  front  at 
Richmond,  Kentucky,  and  there  on  August 
30th,  about  three  weeks  after  his  enlist- 
ment, he  was  seriously  wounded  and  in- 
capacitated for  further  field  duty.  From 
May.  186:5,  until  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  assigned  to  special  duties  as  Indiana 
military  agent  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia. 
His  honorable  discharge  from  the  army 
was  dated  about  April,  186:5. 

After  the  war,  in  186"),  Judge  Carter  en- 
tered the  I'niversity  of  Indiana  at  Bloom- 
ington  and  graduated  Bachelor  of  Science 
with  the  class  of  1867.  In  the  same  year 
lie  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Blooming- 
ton,  having  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
General  Morton  C.  Hunter.  October  23, 
1N67,  he  came  to  Indianapolis,  which  has 
been  his  home  continuously  for  half  a  cen- 
tury. For  almost  thirty  years  he  devoted 
himself  strenuously  to  the  private  prac- 
tice of  law,  allowing  few  other  diversions 
or  interruptions  to  take  his  time  or  in- 
terests from  his  profession.  He  early 
gained  a  profitable  clientage,  handled  im- 
portant litigation  in  all  the  State  and  Fed- 
eral courts  of  Indiana,  and  was  also  given 


a  generous  share  of  eorpoiation  work.  It 
was  with  the  secure  prestige  of  a  success- 
ful lawyer  that  he  went  upon  the  bench 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Marion  County 
in  1896,  and  he  continued  to  fill  the  im- 
portant duties  of  that  judicial  place  for 
over  fifteen  years. 

Politically  Judge  Carter  has  always  been 
a  republican.  Aside  from  his  duties  as  a 
judge  the  only  office  he  ever  held  was  as 
a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  of  In- 
diana in  1881-83,  representing  Marion 
County.  During  the  first  session  he  was 
chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee.  He 
and  his  wife  were  members  of  the  Taber- 
nacle Presbyterian  Church  of  Indianap- 
olis, and  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
session.  He  belongs  to  the  Sigma  Chi  col- 
lege fraternity  and  G.  H.  Thomas  Post 
No.  17,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

October  1,  1867,  Judge  Carter  married 
Miss  Emma  Maxwell.  She  was  born  and 
received  her  early  education  in  Blooming- 
ton,  and  graduated  in  1864  from  Glen- 
dale  Female  College  at  Glendale.  Ohio. 
She  is  a  daughter  of  Dr.  James  I),  and 
Louisa  (Howe)  Maxwell,  of  Bloomington, 
Indiana.  Her  grandfather.  Dr.  David  II. 
Maxwell,  \\as  a  prominent  physician,  and 
served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  I'nited  States 
army  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  was  one  of 
the  pioneer  members  of  the  profession  in 
Indiana,  and  late  in  life  was  honored  bv 
election  as  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention  of  18f)0.  Mrs.  Carter's  father 
was  also  a  successful  physician  and  sur- 
geon. Judge  and  Mrs.  Carter  have  one 
child,  Anna.  She  was  born  at  Blooming- 
ton,  Indiana,  August  ">,  1870,  and  married 
Herbert  S.  Wood  of  Indianapolis. 

GKOROE  W.  SXII>KR,  who  died  at  Indian- 
apolis July  6,  1898,  deserves  more  than 
passing  mention  among  the  self  made  men 
of  Indiana.  While  his  personal  activi^es 
ceased  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  the 
business  institution  which  he  developed  is 
still  a  substantial  factor  in  Indianapolis 
commercial  affairs,  and  the  influence  of  his 
name  and  character  still  lives  vital  to  the 
city's  welfare. 

Left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  George 
W.  Snider  was  not  only  deprived  of  paren- 
tal love  and  care,  but  was  oppressed  by 
many  unusual  hardships.  It  was  a  case  of 
youth  being  exploited  for  tho  benefit  of 
others,  and  so  closelv  was  his  life  beset  bv 


(JKORliK  W.  SXIDER 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1831 


oppressive  environment  that  it  was  an 
achievement  in,  itself  that  he  overcame 
obstacles  ^without  number  and  found  an 
outlet  for  his  ambition.  Finally  breaking 
away  from  his  early  environment  he 
eventually  attained  wealth  and  left  to  his 
descendants  an  unsullied  name. 

George  W.  Snider  was  born  at  Milroy, 
Rush  County,  Indiana,  in  1842.  His  early 
career  lacked  the  pleasant  surroundings 
usually  accorded  a  youth  of  tender  years. 
At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis. One  chief  qualification  which  he 
brought  with  him  to  the  capital  city  was 
willingness  to  work.  It  was  industry  and 
natural  integrity  that  enabled  him  to  make 
friends  and  start  in  life.  Among  his  early 
experiences  at  Indianapolis  he  helped 
shovel  dirt  from  the  excavation  of  the  site 
of  the  old  Public  Library. 

It  was  in  recognition  of  his  honesty  and 
industry  that  George  W.  Elstun  made  him 
clerk  in  a  country  store  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enteen. In  1862,  while  the  prospects  of 
the  Union  were  at  the  darkest,  Mr.  Snider 
enlisted  in  the  Sixty-Eighth  Indiana.  Vol- 
unteer Infantry.  He  was  soon  afterward 
assigned  to  duty  as  hospital  steward  and 
continued  until  honorably  discharged  at 
the  close  of  the  war.  With  the  return  of 
peace  he  attended  a  commercial  college 
and  rapidly  absorbed  the  groundwork  of  a 
commercial  education. 

He  then  became  bookkeeper  for  the  firm 
of  Anderson,  Bulloch  &  Schofield,  and  at 
the  same  time  kept  books  for  the  Hide, 
Leather  and  Belting  Company.  Careful 
economy  gradually  brought  him  a  small 
capital,  and  with  his  experience  he  joined 
Ihree  other  men  in  purchasing  the  Hide, 
Leather  and  Belting  Company.  By  1876, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-four,  Mr.  Snider  was 
sole  proprietor  of  this  business.  His  energy 
and  character  were  given  without  stint  to 
its  development  until  it  became  one  of  the 
most  important  mercantile  establishments 
of  Indianapolis.  Several  years  before  his 
death  he  had  to  give  up  business,  and  his 
last  years  were  spent  as  an  invalid. 

Mr.  Snider  did  much  in  a  philanthropic 
way.  The  Rescue  and  Flower  Missions 
and  the  Young  Men 's  and  Young  Women 's 
Christian  Associations  received  substantial 
benefactions  from  his  hands.  He  founded 
the  Lillian  Snider  Home  for  Self-Support- 
ing Girls,  named  in  honor  of  a  daughter 
who  died  in  girlhood.  Mr.  Snider  was  a 


republican  in  politics,  but  never  aspired 
to  public  office.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church.  Through  much  read- 
ing he  became  well  posted  on  the  current 
topics  of  the  day,  and  was  especially  well 
versed  on  tariff  matters,  and  was  considered 
an  authority  on  that  subject.  He  came  to 
know  many  of  the  public  men  of  promi- 
nence, and  among  his  personal  friends  he 
numbered  Benjamin  Harrison  and  General 
Streight  and  others. 

George  W.  Snider  married  Alice  Secrest, 
of  Indianapolis.  Two  children  were  born 
to  them.  The  only  survivor  is  Albert  G. 
Snider,  now  president  of  the  Hide,  Leather 
and  Belting  Company.  He  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  Richard,  of  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana, and  they  have  one  child,  Charles  R. 
Mr.  Albert  G.  Snider  is  a  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
the  Columbia  Club,  and  is  a  republican  in 
politics,  although  not  an  aspirant  to  office. 

JOSEPH  HOLTON  DEFREES  was  born  al 
Goshen,  Elkhart  County,  Indiana,  April 
10,  1858,  and  has  gained  distinction  as  a 
lawyer.  His  early  educational  training 
was  received  at  old  Earlham  College,  Rich- 
mond, Indiana,  and  in  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, Illinois.  In  1880  he  was  admitted 
to  the  Indiana  bar,  but  eight  years  later 
removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  has  since 
won  prominent  recognition. 

Mr.  Defrees  married  Harriet  McNaugh- 
ton,  of  Buffalo,  New  York.  They  reside  at 
Hotel  Windermere,  Chicago. 

CHALMERS  MARTIN  HAMILL.  While  one 
of  the  younger  members  of  the  Terre 
Haute  bar,  where  he  began  practice  in 
1911,  Mr.  Hamill  achieved  state  wide  if 
not  a  national  reputation  when  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1914,  he  was  appointed  by  the  Vigo 
Circuit  Court  as  special  prosecuting  at- 
torney to  investigate  the  famous  election 
fraud  cases  involved  in  the  choice  of  Don 
M.  Roberts  as  mayor  of  Terre  Haute.  Ac- 
cepting the  duty  as  a  professional  one, 
he  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  it  without 
fear  or  favor.  Later  as  special  assistant  to 
Mr.  Frank  C.  Dailey,  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney,  he  properly  received  a  large 
amount  of  credit  for  the  vigorous  prose- 
cution of  the  case  and  the  subsequent  clear- 
ing up  of  rotten  conditions  in  Terre  Haute 
politics. 

Mr.  Hamill  is  a  native  of  Illinois,  born 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


at  Marshall  August  2,  1884,  a  son  of  Rob- 
ert E.  and  Mary  Payne  (Martin)  Hamill. 
The  paternal  grandfather,  Edward  Joseph 
Hamill,  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
He  was  educated  for  the  priesthood,  but 
just  before  being  ordained  gave  up  the 
faith  and  in  consequence  was  disowned  by 
his  family  and  never  saw  one  of  them 
again.  He  came  to  the  United  States 
about  1835,  locating  in  Georgia,  where  he 
married  a  Miss  Burns,  a  relative  of  Robert 
Burns  and  first  cousin  of  the  famous  Geor- 
gia statesman,  Alexander  Stephens.  She 
was  born  in  Virginia.  Edward  J.  Hamill 
afterward  became  a  Methodist  minister 
and  was  active  in  that  work  until  his  death. 

Robert  E.  Hamill,  father  of  the  Terre 
Haute  attorney,  was  born  in  Alabama  and 
early  in  life  qualified  himself  for  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  in  which  he  gained  a  very  able 
station.  About  1871  he  moved  to  Illinois, 
first  locating  at  Marshall  and  afterward  at 
Springfield,  where  for  a  time  he  was  a 
partner  in  practice  with  Senator  John  M. 
Palmer.  He  finally  became  general  coun- 
sel for  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railway.  He 
died  after  he  had  held  this  office  one  year, 
at  the  age  of  forty-one.  His  wife,  Mary 
Payne  Martin,  was  a  native  of  Marshall, 
Illinois,  a  daughter  of  William  T.  and 
Elizabeth  (Payne)  Martin.  She  was 
reared  and  educated  in  her  native  place 
and  is  still  living,  a  resident  of  Indianap- 
olis. 

Chalmers  Martin  Hamill,  only  child  of 
his  parents,  grew  up  in  his  native  town 
and  at  Springfield,  Illinois,  and  graduated 
from  the  Terre  Haute  High  School.  In 
1902  he  entered  Philips  Exeter  Academy 
in  New  Hampshire,  and  from  that  splen- 
did preparatory  school  entered  Princeton 
University,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1908.  In  the  fall  of  1908  he  entered  the 
Harvard  Law  School  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  1911.  Mr.  Hamill  located  in  Terre 
Haute  in  1911  and  rapidly  accumulated  a 
large  general  practice.  In  1913,  after  his 
splendid  work  as  special  prosecutor,  he 
was  appointed  United  States  commissioner 
by  Judge  Anderson,  of  the  Federal  Court. 
He  went  to  Akron,  Ohio,  January  1,  1918, 
as  resident  counsel  of  the  Firestone  Tire 
&  Rubber  Company,  in  charge  of  its  legal 
department.  Mr.  Hamill  is  a  member  of 
the  Indiana  Bar  Association,  the  American 
Bar  Association,  and  is  said  to  possess  one 
of  the  most  complete  law  libraries  in  the 


State  of  Indiana.  One  feature  of  this 
library  is  the  original  edition  of  the  first 
United  States  Supreme  Court  reports, 
probably  the  only  copy  in  the  entire  state. 
Mr.  Hamill  has  been  quite  active  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  democratic  party,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Terre  Haute  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce and  of  the  Masonic  Order. 

CHARLES  PEDDLE  MANCOUET,  present  city 
comptroller  of  Terre  Haute,  has  been 
busied  with  the  affairs  of  public  office  only 
since  he  retired  from  business,  and  from 
a  long  and  active  career  in  railroading.  It 
is  with  Indiana  railroads  that  the  name 
Mancourt  has  its  chief  historical  associa- 
tions. 

The  Terre  Haute  city  comptroller  is  a 
son  of  the  late  Constant  W.  Mancourt,  who 
died  May  19,  1908,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine.  He  was  born  in  Germantown,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  became  a  pioneer  railroad 
man.  He  came  to  Terre  Haute  about  1851 
from  Madison,  Indiana,  as  a  locomotive  en- 
gineer to  run  an  engine  on  the  old  Terre 
Haute  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the  Van- 
dalia  system.  An  old  history  of  Terre 
Haute  states  that  he  found  the  rails  under 
fourteen  feet  of  water  at  the  foot  of 
Wabash  Avenue  and  a  few  wheels  and 
axles  on  the  bank  of  the  canal,  where  they 
had  been  unloaded  from  the  canal  boats, 
but  no  railroad.  He  was  busy  during  the 
following  year  in  the  work  of  construc- 
tion. Constant  W.  Mancourt  sold  the  first 
through  ticket  when  railroad  travel  was 
opened  from  Terre  Haute  to  Boston  in 
1854.  He  also  delivered  the  construction 
engines  to  the  Evansville  &  Terre  Haute 
line,  which  began  building  in  1851.  Con- 
stant W.  Mancourt  married  Sarah  Jane 
Scofield,  a  native  of  Cuyahoga  County, 
Ohio.  She  died  in  1888.  In  their  family 
were  seven  children,  all  of  whom  grew  to 
maturity. 

The  fourth  in  age,  Charles  Peddle  Man- 
court,  was  born  in  Terre  Haute  February 
27,  1860.  Practically  throughout  his  en- 
tire life  his  home  has  been  at  Terre  Haute. 
He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools  and  later  attended  Chris- 
tian Brothers  College  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 
He  followed  his  father  into  railroading 
and  was  an  active  employe  of  the  Vandalia 
road  for  twenty-two  years.  For  several 
years  he  was  passenger  conductor  from  St. 
Joseph,  Michigan,  to  Terre  Haute.  In 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1833 


1900  Mr.  Mancourt  engaged  in  the  hotel 
business  as  proprietor  and  owner  of  the 
Albert  Hotel  at  Terre  Haute,  but  sold  out 
that  business  in  1909.  During  the  next 
three  years  he  conducted  the  Variety  Jew- 
elry Store,  and  then  retired  from  active 
business  altogether. 

He  has  always  been  more  or  less  influ- 
ential and  active  in  local  republican  poli- 
tics. He  formerly  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Public  Works  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  in  May,  1915,  Mayor  Gossom  ap- 
pointed him  city  comptroller.  He  is  a 
man  who  has  the  welfare  of  his  home  city 
at  heart  and  has  a  most  creditable  public 
as  well  as  private  record.  In  1887  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  C.  Perkins,  of  Terre 
Haute.  They  have  two  children,  Fred  and 
Helen.  Mr.  Mancourt  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Order  and  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias. 

HON.  WILLIAM  M.  JONES.  Indiana  peo- 
ple have  come  to  know  a  great  deal  about 
Hon.  William  M.  Jones  during  the  last  five 
or  six  years.  He  first  came  into  general 
public  attention  after  his  election  in  1912 
as  Grant  County's  representative  in  the 
Lower  House  of  the  State  Legislature. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  vigorous  and  ag- 
gressive members  of  the  Legislature  in  ad- 
vocating and  promoting  the  broad  basis 
of  public  policies  that  distinguished  the 
Governor  Ralston  administration.  In  1919 
Mr.  Jones'  name  was  presented  to  the 
broader  consideration  of  all  the  people  of 
the  state  when  he  was  nominated  on  the 
democratic  ticket  for  the  office  of  state 
auditor. 

At  home  he  is  known  not  only  as  a 
sterling  democrat,  but  as  a  very  successful 
business  man  and  stock  farmer  at  Fair- 
mount.  He  began  farming  on  his  own  ac- 
count as  a  renter  when  he  was  twenty-one, 
soon  bought  a  farm,  and  has  been  running 
it  for  over  fifteen  years,  its  location  being 
four  miles  from  Fairmount.  There  is  no 
farming  or  rural  community  in  the  state 
where  his  name  is  not  familiar.  He  is  a 
farmer  of  the  most  practical  and  success- 
ful kind,  and  has  appeared  as  a  speaker 
on  all  subjects  related  to  the  business  of 
crop  and  stock  raising. 

Mr.  Jones  was  born  in  Grant  County 
March  17,  1882,  a  son  of  David  and  Sarah 
(Thomas)  Jones.  He  was  the  oldest  of 

eleven    children.     The    Jones   family    has 
vol.  rv— 1« 


always  stood  for  the  higher  ideals  of  edu- 
cation and  all  around  efficiency.  During 
his  boyhood  on  the  farm  William  M. 
Jones  mastered  the  fundamentals  of  agri- 
culture and  stock  husbandry  science.  He 
was  also  educated  in  the  common  schools 
and  the  Fairmount  Academy,  and  for  three 
years  was  a  teacher.  Farming  and  stock 
raising  has  been  his  chief  business,  and 
he  has  brought  to  it  a  degree  of  efficiency 
which  has  made  the  Poplarium  farm  in 
Grant  County  widely  known.  He  has 
been  able  to  improve  the  standards  of  live- 
stock husbandry  in  his  native  state,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  power  he  wields  in  politics. 
For  four  years  he  was  with  the  extension 
department  of  Purdue  in  farmers  institute 
work,  served  as  president  of  the  Grant 
County  Farmers  Institute  Association  in 
1912-13,  as  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
Livestock  Breeders  Association  in  1913-14, 
is  a  director  of  the  Indiana  Cattle  Feed- 
ers Association,  president  of  the  Indiana 
Federation  of  Agricultural  Associations, 
and  financial  secretary  of  the  Indiana 
State  Board  of  Agriculture.  He  also  has 
a  number  of  business  interests  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

Since  early  manhood  Mr.  Jones  has  been 
interested  in  politics  as  a  matter  of  good 
government,  and  was  only  thirty  years  of 
age  when  he  was  elected  by  a  majority  of 
nearly  600  from  a  republican  community 
to  the  State  Legislature.  He  also  found 
time  to  engage  in  war  activities,  especially 
in  Liberty  Loan  drives,  Red  Cross,  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  and  other 
auxiliary  movements.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Masons  at  Fairmount,  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  of  Marion  and  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  at  Hack- 
leman.  He  and  his  family  are  all  mem- 
bers of  the  Friends  Church. 

October  12,  1904,  he  married  Lucy  L. 
Winslow,  daughter  of  Webster  J.  Winslow 
of  Fairmount.  Mrs.  Jones  is  a  graduate 
of  Fairmount  Academy.  They  have  four 
children :  Mary  L.,  Bob  W.,  S.  Pauline  and 
W.  Ruth. 

EDGAR  M.  CAWLEY  is  founder,  president 
and  director  of  the  Indianapolis  Conserva- 
tory of  Music.  Established  over  twenty 
years  ago,  this  conservatory  has  become 
deeply  rooted  as  one  of  the  fundamental 
institutions  in  the  artistic  life  and  devel- 
opment of  its  home  city  and  the  state.  Its 


1834 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


success  and  influence  have  been  largely  due 
to  the  development  of  the  high  ideals  of 
its  founder.  It  is  not  the  type  of  music 
school  so  frequently  found  and  called  con- 
servatory, a  loosely  organized  and  co-oper- 
ating group  of  teachers,  but  is  a  complete 
exemplification  of  the  university  idea, 
where  every  department  and  individual 
fit  into  the  broad  plan,  the  leading  motive 
of  which  is  to  furnish  a  complete  musical 
equipment  and  education,  embracing  the 
three  principal  branches  of  music,  piano- 
forte, voice,  and  violin,  together  with  aux- 
iliary courses  of  study  in  public  school 
music,  expression,  social  art,  languages, 
etc.  From  time  to  time  new  courses  and 
facilities  have  been  added,  and  in  1918  the 
school  further  broadened  its  curriculum 
by  the  addition  of  a  course  in  domestic 
science. 

It  is  in  fact  a  school  of  genuine  distinc- 
tion and  is  the  only  conservatory  of  music 
in  Indiana  that  has  been  thoroughly  built 
up  and  maintained  with  the  rank  of  uni- 
versity. 

While  the  school  has  an  impressive  rec- 
ord as  to  patronage,  talented  faculty  and 
real  leadership  in  musical  affairs,  its  most 
significant  feature  is  doubtless  the  idea 
and  the  ideal  that  underlies  and  guides 
its  work,  and  which  has  been  expressed  as 
follows :  To  prepare  the  boy  or  girl  for  life 
in  its  larger  significance  and  in  art  as  it 
is  related  to  the  daily  life  to  be  lived;  to 
inculcate  the  truth  that  all  music  is  sub- 
jective from  within;  that  the  more  funda- 
mental the  general  education,  the  deeper 
the  knowledge  of  self,  the  more  individ- 
ualized and  artistic  the  musical  concept; 
that  to  perform  well  would  signify  to  cre- 
ate rather  than  to  imitate — to  reveal 
rather  than  to  merely  read  notes;  that  to 
sing  is  more  to  bear  a  message;  to  inter- 
pret the  poet — to  relate  heart  to  heart, 
rather  than  to  render  simply  beautiful 
tones  and  technical  effects." 

The  founder  of  the  conservatory,  Edgar 
M.  Cawley,  was  born  at  Pyrmont  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Ohio,  son  of  John  W.  and 
Mary  Emma  (Moore)  Cawley,  the  former 
a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  latter  of 
Ohio.  When  he  was  six  years  old  the  fam- 
ily moved  to  Eldorado,  Ohio,  in  which  lo- 
cality he  grew  toward  manhood  and  had 
many  of  his  early  advantages  in  the  public 
schools.  When  he  was  sixteen  years  old 
the  family  moved  to  Hartford  City,  In- 


diana. Mr.  Cawley  began  his  musical  edu- 
cation in  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  later 
went  to  Cincinnati  and  for  seven  years 
was  a  student  in  the  Cincinnati  Conserva- 
tory of  Music.  His  finishing  work  was 
done  at  Leipsic,  Germany,  where  for  three 
years  he  was  a  student  under  the  famous 
Dr.  Karl  Reinecke.  Doctor  Reinecke  is  a 
master  of  the  pianoforte  and  a  composer 
who  among  contemporary  musicians  ranks 
as  high  in  his  art  as  did  Bach,  Schumann, 
and  others  in  their  generation. 

Returning  from  Europe  in  May,  1897, 
Mr.  Cawley  located  at  Indianapolis  in  the 
fall  of  that  year,  and  then  established  the 
Indianapolis  Conservatory  of  Music.  It 
had  an  unostentatious  beginning  in  a  mod- 
est suite  of  apartments  on  North  Illinois 
Street  but  practically  every  year  has  wit- 
nessed a  raising  of  standards  as  well  as  an 
increase  in  its  facilities.  It  has  had  four 
successive  homes,  and  in  August,  1917,  the 
Conservatory  was  established  in  its  pres- 
ent beautiful  location,  built  for  the  special 
purpose  on  Middle  Drive.  The  Conserva- 
tory is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  In- 
diana and  is  an  Indiana  institution  of 
which  the  citizens  of  the  state  may  well  be 
proud. 

While  a  student  at  Leipsic  Mr.  Cawley 
married  Miss  Sarah  Scorgie,  of  Aberdeen, 
Scotland.  She  was  also  there  as  a  student, 
and  she  returned  to  America  with  her  hus- 
band. She  is  a  teacher  of  violin  in  the 
Conservatory. 

EDWIN  M.  PORTER.  The  leading  indus- 
trial interests  of  the  city  of  Shelbyville 
are  furniture  manufacture,  and  probably 
no  one  firm  in  Indiana  has  been  longer  in 
the  business  and  has  found  a  more  wide- 
spread and  steady  distribution  of  its  prod- 
ucts than  the  C.  H.  Campbell  Furniture 
Company,  manufacturers  of  hall  furniture, 
bed  room  furniture  and  desks. 

The  president  and  active  head  of  the 
business  is  Edwin  M.  Porter,  who  has  been 
identified  with  the  commercial  life  of  Shel- 
byville for  nearly  thirty  years.  He  was 
born  at  Greensburg  in  Decatur  County,  In- 
diana, July  7,  1869,  son  of  Edwin  S.  and 
Mary  Hester  (Jackson)  Porter.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  came  alone 
to  the  west  in  1854  and  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  at  Greensburg.  For  a 
time  he  worked  at  his  trade  as  a  carpenter, 
later  established  and  operated  a  sawmill, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1835 


and  also  introduced  planing  machinery. 
He  also  developed  a  large  contracting  busi- 
ness, and  used  a  large  share  of  the  prod- 
uct of  his  mills  in  huilding  construction. 
About  thirty-five  years  ago  he  retired  with 
a  well  earned  competency  from  business 
and  died  at  Greensburg  in  1916.  He  had 
been  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
for  sixty  years,  had  filled  all  the  chairs  in 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
and  was  a  republican  in  politics.  He  had 
a  family  of  seven  children,  five  sons  and 
two  daughters,  four  sons  and  one  daughter 
still  surviving. 

The  fifth  in  age  among  these  children, 
Edwin  M.  Porter  received  his  education 
in  the  Greensburg  public  schools  and  came 
to  Shelbyville  at  the  age  of  twenty-one. 
His  first  enterprise  here  was  the  retail 
grocery  business,  which  he  continued  for 
eighteen  years.  After  retiring  from  the 
grocery  business  he  was  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Meloy  &  Porter  for  four  years.  He 
and  his  partner  also  entered  the  contract- 
ing business,  taking  contracts  for  street 
and  sidewalk  construction  in  Shelbyville 
and  elsewhere.  In  1911  Mr.  Porter  ac- 
quired the  chief  interest  in  the  C.  H. 
Campbell  Furniture  Company,  which  was 
established  in  1880  and  has  always  main- 
tained a  high  reputation  for  its  products. 
Under  the  present  ownership  and  manage- 
ment the  plant  has  80,000  square  feet  of 
floor  space,  equipped  with  all  the  modern 
machinery  and  facilities  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  furniture  products.  The  plant 
makes  its  own  electricity  for  lighting  and 
power,  and  more  than  100  persons  find 
employment  through  this  business.  Ed- 
win M.  Porter  is  president  and  Earle  M. 
Porter  is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Mr.  Porter  is  a  republican  in  politics, 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America  and  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks. 

On  September  28,  1893,  at  Shelbyville, 
he  married  Miss  Bertha  Thompson,  who 
was  reared  and  educated  in  that  city,  a 
daughter  of  Samuel  Thompson.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Porter  have  two  sons,  Earle  M.  and 
Edwin  P.  The  latter  is  now  attending 
the  Tennessee  Military  School  at  Sweet- 
water,  Tennessee.  The  older  son  has  been 
a  soldier  with  perhaps  the  most  distin- 


guished division  of  the  American  army  in 
France,  the  Rainbow  Division.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  high  school  and  was  a  stu- 
dent in  the  University  of  Michigan.  The 
Rainbow  Division  was  made  up  of  the 
choicest  National  Guard  troops  from  the 
North  Central  states.  He  went  in  as  a 
private,  became  corporal  and  sergeant,  and 
his  active  service  has  been  with  Battery  E 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Artil- 
lery. He  has  been  with  the  division 
through  war  service,  and  while  at  this  writ- 
ing with  the  Army  of  Occupation  in  Ger- 
many, the  Rainbow  Division  has  already 
been  detailed  for  an  early  return. 

CHARLES  EDSON  MARTIN  is  one  of  the 
veteran  newspaper  publishers  of  Indiana, 
having  for  nearly  thirty-five  years  been 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  Westville  In- 
dicator. This  record  constitutes  a  distinc- 
tion appreciated  by  all  who  understand 
the  difficulties  and  complexities  of  manag- 
ing a  newspaper  devoted  to  the  people  and 
interests  of  a  small  home  community. 

Mr.  Martin  is  a  native  of  Westville, 
having  been  born  there  October  8,  1862. 
He  is  a  member  of  an  old  and  prominent 
family.  Mr.  C.  W.  Francis  of  LaPorte  re- 
cently compiled  a  genealogy  of  the  Martin 
family.  From  this  it  is  learned  that 
Charles  E.  Martin  is  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Isaac  Martin,  who  lived  in  Rehobeth. 
Massachusetts,  as  early  as  1664.  The  line 
of  descent  is  as  follows:  1,  Isaac,  of  Reho- 
beth ;  2,  John,  who  married  Hester  Rob- 
erts ;  3,  Thomas,  who  married  Rebecca  Hig- 
gins ;  4,  Isaac,  who  married  Hannah  — ;  5, 
Isaac ;  6,  Isaac,  who  married  Phoebe  Webb 
Harland ;  and  7,  Abraham,  great-grand- 
father of  the  Westville  editor. 

Abraham  Martin  was  born  in  New  Jer- 
sey and  married  Naomi  Davis.  They 
moved  to  Pennsylvania,  later  to  Ohio,  set- 
tling in  Athens,  and  lived  there  many 
years. 

Isaac  D.  Martin,  grandfather  of  Charles 
E.,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  and  was 
young  when  his  parents  moved  to  Ohio. 
He  lived  there  until  1837,  when  he  came 
to  LaPorte  County,  making  the  journey 
by  wagon  and  team.  He  lived  for  a  time 
in  Kankakee  Township,  later  in  New  Dur- 
ham Township,  and  bought  land  adjoining 
the  Town  of  Westville  and  extending  a 
mile  and  a  half  north.  He  had  learned 


1836 


INDIANA  'AND  INDIANANS 


the  trade  of  millwright,  and  established 
sawmills  in  different  places,  and  was  one 
of  the  early  day  lumber  manufacturers. 

Sloan  D.  Martin,  father  of  Charles  E., 
was  born  near  Athens,  Ohio,  in  1837,  and 
was  a  small  infant  when  his  parents  came 
to  northern  Indiana.  He  assisted  his 
father  in  the  mill,  and  being  a  natural  me- 
chanic developed  a  high  degree  of  skill 
and  considerable  inventive  genius.  He 
built  the  first  velocipede  ever  seen  in  this 
part  of  Indiana.  After  reaching  man- 
hood he  was  associated  with  his  father  as  a 
partner  in  the  lumber  business  until  1862. 
He  enlisted  at  South  Bend  in  1862  in  Com- 
pany H  of  the  Eighty-Seventh  Indiana 
Infantry,  and  was  made  first  lieutenant. 
He  was  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  and 
at  Chickamauga  he  was  put  in  acting  com- 
mand of  his  company  and  while  at  the 
front  was  instantly  killed  on  September 
19,  1863. 

Captain  Martin  married  Mary  Jane  Mc- 
Ginley,  who  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1835  and 
died  in  1887.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Rev. 
William  and  Eunice  McOinley.  William 
McGinley,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  an 
early  day  minister  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

Charles  E.  Martin  was  one  of  two  chil- 
dren, his  sister,  Clara,  dying  at  the  age  of 
six  years.  He  was  born  October  8,  1862. 
He  attended  school  at  Westville,  graduat- 
ing from  high  school  in  1881.  He  began 
learning  the  trade  of  printer  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  and  in  1882  he  and  M.  T.  Stokes 
established  the  Monon  Times  at  Monon,  In- 
diana. On  account  of  ill  health  he  had  to 
give  up  work  with  that  paper  and  soon 
returned  to  Westville.  From  there  he 
went  to  Towanda,  Butler  County,  Kansas, 
and  for  a  year  and  a  half  had  charge  of  a 
paper  in  that  town.  In  the  spring  of 
1885  Mr.  Martin  bought  a  half  interest  in 
the  Westville  Indicator,  and  a  year  later 
became  sole  owner.  He  has  always  made 
it  a  point  to  publish  a  good  home  paper, 
has  kept  the  Indicator  stanchly  aligned 
with  the  principles  and  policies  of  the  re- 
publican party,  and  with  the  aid  of  Mrs. 
Martin  has  conducted  such  a  newspaper  as 
is  a  credit  to  the  county. 

July  16,  1889,  Mr.  Martin  married  Miss 
Rosanna  M.  Culbertson.  She  was  born  in 
Montgomery  County  October  27,  1869, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Abram  and  Rachel  J. 
(Sanders)  Culbertson,  of  Scotch  and 


Welsh  ancestry.  Her  father  was  born  at 
Athens,  Ohio,  son  of  Rev.  Abram  Cavault 
Culbertson,  whose  birth  occurred  in  1798 
and  who  was  an  early  settler  in  Ohio.  He 
was  a  preacher  of  the  United  Brethren 
Church,  and  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of 
that  denomination  in  Indiana.  He  died  in 
1864.  He  married  Naomi  Colvin,  who 
reached  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-four. 
Mrs.  Martin's  father  grew  up  in  Ohio, 
joined  the  Christian  Church  during  his 
youth  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  entered 
the  ministry.  He  preached  in  Delaware 
and  Clinton  counties,  Indiana,  and  in  1875 
removed  his  family  to  Iowa,  traveling  by 
wagon  and  team.  He  was  an  eloquent 
preacher  and  also  had  the  gift  of  song,  this 
combination  making  him  a  power  in  evan- 
gelistic work.  He  carried  on  this  work  in 
different  parts  of  the  country  for  many 
years,  living  iii  Iowa  twelve  years.  He 
finally  returned  to  Indiana  and  spent  his 
last  years  in  Westville,  where  he  died  Jan- 
uary 4,  1903.  The  maiden  name  of  Mrs. 
Martin's  mother  was  Rachel  Jane  Sanders, 
who  was  born  February  25,  1847,  and  was 
also  a  gifted  and  cultured  woman  who  had 
taught  school  in  Indiana  before  her  mar- 
riage. Her  father,  James  Steele  Sanders, 
was  born  near  Richmond,  Virginia,  in 
1809,  while  her  grandfather  was  a  native 
of  London,  England.  James  S.  Sanders 
came  to  Indiana  and  was  an  early  settler 
in  Lake  County,  and  while  there  served  as 
postmaster  at  Deer  Creek  and  also  at  Deep 
Creek.  He  moved  to  Porter  County  and 
was  postmaster  at  Wheeler  and  at  Jackson 
Center.  He  then  established  a  home  in 
Westville,  for  many  years  was  justice  of 
the  peace  and  was  called  upon  to  act  as  ad- 
ministrator for  numerous  estates.  He  was 
a  Methodist,  a  leader  in  his  church,  and  his 
home  was  headquarters  for  visiting  minis- 
ters and  presiding  elders.  He  died  at  the 
advanced  age  of  eighty-two.  The  maiden 
name  of  his  wife  was  Mary  Ann  Haines, 
who  was  born  at  Greensburg,  Westmore- 
land County,  Pennsylvania,  September  4, 
1808. 

Mrs.  Martin  was  educated  in  the  La- 
Porte  city  schools,  graduated  from  the 
Rolling  Prairie  High  School,  and  has  al- 
ways been  a  woman  of  strong  intellectual 
interests  and  deserves  much  of  the  credit 
for  the  success  of  the  Indicator.  In  1907 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Martin  served  as  clerk  of  the 
Indiana  State  Senate,  and  Mrs.  Martin  was 


' 


. 

. 

. 

1 
. 


• 

'. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1837 


the  first  woman  who  was  ever  officially  rec- 
ognized in  that  office.  She  is  a  notary 
public  and  is  now  studying  law  and  ex- 
pects soon  to  be  admitted  to  the  bar.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Martin  have  no  children  of  their 
own,  but  have  reared  two  adopted  chil- 
dren. They  are  the  children  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
tin 's  sister,  who  died  when  they  were  very 
young.  Their  names  are  Myrtle  and  Vic- 
tor. Myrtle  is  now  the  wife  of  Lewis  Ha- 
gens.  Victor  tried  to  get  into  the  United 
States  Army  in  1914  but  was  rejected  by 
the  examining  surgeon.  Soon  afterward 
he  went  to  Canada  and  enlisted,  was  ac- 
cepted and  after  training  for  several 
months  was  ordered  overseas.  He  was 
again  examined  and  rejected  and  was  sent 
home  with  an  honorable  discharge.  After 
a  few  months  he  returned  to  Canada,  re- 
enlisted,  and  this  time  was  successful  in 
his  ambition  to  serve  overseas  and  was 
with  the  Canadian  troops  in  Prance  when 
the  fighting  ceased. 

Mr.  Martin  is  affiliated  with  Westville 
Lodge  No.  136,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  and  he  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  Silver  Star  Rebekah  Lodge,  Mrs.  Martin 
being  a  past  noble  grand  and  past  grand 
treasurer.  He  is  also  a  member  of  West- 
ville Lodge  No.  152,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  and  both  are  members  of 
Westville  Chapter  No.  133  of  the  Eastern 
Star,  Mrs.  Martin  being  a  past  matron. 

WILLIAM  HOWARD  LAGLH  has  been  a 
striving  and  earnestly  working  business 
man  for  a  number  of  years,  and  has  gradu- 
ally concentrated  his  interests  into  the  line 
of  ice  cream  manufacture.  He  is  now  sole 
proprietor  of  the  Lagle  Ice  Cream  Com- 
pany, one  of  the  largest  wholesale  concerns 
of  its  kind  in  Central  Indiana.  His  plant 
and  business  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Lagle  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Mont- 
gomery County,  Indiana,  in  Adams  Town- 
ship, April  21,  1877,  a  son  of  William  T. 
and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Harvey)  Lagle.  He 
is  of  German  and  English  stock.  His  an- 
cestors first  settled  in  South  Carolina,  and 
afterwards  moved  to  Orange  County  in 
southern  Indiana,  locating  at  Paola.  They 
cleared  a  tract  of  government  land.  It  was 
poor  soil,  but  the  family  continued  their 
labors  until  they  had  400  acres  under  cul- 
tivation and  in  a  highly  productive  con- 
dition. 


William  Howard  Lagle  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Ladoga.  He  entered 
Wabash  College  in  1894,  but  stayed  only  a 
short  time  and  left  school  to  go  to  work. 
The  next  five  years  he  was  a  farm  laborer 
in  Montgomery  County,  and  part  of  the 
time  received  only  ten  dollars  a  month.  On 
January  1,  1901,  he  made  his  first  acquaint- 
ance with  the  City  of  Anderson,  and  for 
four  months  did  night  work  with  the  Amer- 
ican Tin  Plate  Company.  He  was  a  musi- 
cian, and  secured  this  position  on  account 
of  his  musical  abilities.  He  was  next  with 
Couden  &  Shackelford,  wholesale  fruit  and 
vegetables,  for  one  year,  and  then  took  up 
an  entirely  new  line,  selling 'life  insurance 
with  the  Metropolitan  Life  Insurance 
Company.  He  made  a  good  record  with 
this  company  for  three  years.  Having  in 
the  meantime  accumulated  a  modest  capi- 
tal, on  May  23,  1903,  he  became  an  ice 
cream  manufacturer.  He  established  a 
wholesale  business  at  Lincoln  Street  and 
the  Big  Four  Railway  tracks,  and  con- 
ducted it  successfully  in  that  location  for 
five  years,  and  was  then  at  22  West  14th 
Street  until  December  27,  1915.  Selling 
out,  he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
was  plant  manager  for  the  Fussell  Ice 
Cream  Company  of  that  city  for  one  year. 
Resigning,  he  returned  to  Anderson,  and 
on  October  20,  1916,  bought  his  old  plant, 
which  in  the  meantime  had  been  moved 
to  1403  Meridian  Street.  That  is  his  pres- 
ent business  headquarters,  and  he  has  a 
business  which  supplies  the  retail  trade 
for  a  radius  of  fifty  miles  around  Ander- 
son. Mr.  Lagle  has  also  acquired  some 
other  valuable  property,  principally  real 
estate. 

October  14,  1903,  he  married  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Biest,  daughter  of  Louis  and  Mar- 
garet (Miller)  Biest.  He  was  appointed 
and  served  during  1911-12  as  inspector  of 
weights  and  measures  for  Madison  County, 
but  resigned  in  order  to  give  his  business 
his  entire  attention.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed and  served  three  months  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Anderson  Health  Board,  but 
resigned  June  3,  1918.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Masonic  Order,  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  United 
Commercial  Travelers,  the  Travelers  Pro- 
tective Association  and  the  Travelers 
Health  Association,  is  a  member  of  the 
Anderson  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church.  His  name  is 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1837 


the  first  woman  who  was  ever  officially  rec- 
ognized in  that  office.  She  is  a  notary 
public  and  is  now  studying  law  and  ex- 
pects soon  to  be  admitted  to  the  bar.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Martin  have  no  children  of  their 
own,  but  have  reared  two  adopted  chil- 
dren. They  are  the  children  of  Mrs.  Mar- 
tin's sister,  who  died  when  they  were  very 
young.  Their  names  are  Myrtle  and  Vic- 
tor. Myrtle  is  now  the  wife  of  Lewis  Ha- 
gens.  Victor  tried  to  get  into  the  United 
States  Army  in  1914  but  was  rejected  by 
the  examining  surgeon.  Soon  afterward 
he  went  to  Canada  and  enlisted,  was  ac- 
cepted and  after  training  for  several 
months  was  ordered  overseas.  He  was 
again  examined  and  rejected  and  was  sent 
home  with  an  honorable  discharge.  After 
a  few  months  he  returned  to  Canada,  re- 
enlisted,  and  this  time  was  successful  in 
his  ambition  to  serve  overseas  and  was 
with  the  Canadian  troops  in  France  when 
the  fighting  ceased. 

Mr.  Martin  is  affiliated  with  Westville 
Lodge  No.  136,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  and  he  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  Silver  Star  Rebekah  Lodge,  Mrs.  Martin 
being  a  past  noble  grand  and  past  grand 
treasurer.  lie  is  also  a  member  of  Wcst- 
ville  Lodge  No.  152,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  and  both  are  members  of 
Westville  Chapter  No.  133  of  the  Eastern 
Star,  Mrs.  Martin  being  a  past  matron. 

WILLIAM  HOWARD  LAGLK,  has  been  a 
striving  and  earnestly  working  business 
man  for  a  number  of  years,  and  has  gradu- 
ally concentrated  his  interests  into  the  line 
of  ice  cream  manufacture.  He  is  now  sole 
proprietor  of  the  Lagle  Ice  Cream  Com- 
pany, one  of  the  largest  wholesale  concerns 
of  its  kind  in  Central  Indiana.  His  plant 
and  business  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Lagle  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Mont- 
gomerv  County,  Indiana,  in  Adams  Town- 
ship, April  21,  1877,  a  son  of  William  T. 
and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Harvey)  Lagle.  He 
is  of  German  and  English  stock.  His  an- 
cestors first  settled  in  South  Carolina,  and 
afterwards  moved  to  Orange  County  in 
southern  Indiana,  locating  at  Paola.  They 
cleared  a  tract  of  government  land.  It  was 
poor  soil,  but  the  family  continued  their 
labors  until  they  had  400  acres  under  cul- 
tivation  and  in  a  highly  productive  con- 
dition. 


William  Howard  Lagle  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Ladoga.  He  entered 
Wabash  College  in  1894,  but  stayed  only  a 
short  time  and  left  school  to  go  to  work. 
The  next  five  years  he  was  a  farm  laborer 
in  Montgomery  County,  and  part  of  the 
time  received  only  ten  dollars  a  month.  On 
January  1,  1901.  lie  made  his  first  acquaint- 
ance with  the  City  of  Anderson,  and  for 
four  months  did  night  work  with  the  Amer- 
ican Tin  Plate  Company.  He  was  a  musi- 
cian, and  secured  this  position  on  account 
of  his  musical  abilities.  He  was  next  with 
Couden  &  Shackelt'ord,  wholesale  fruit  and 
vegetables,  for  one  year,  and  then  took  up 
an  entirely  new  line,  selling  life  insurance 
witli  the  .Metropolitan  Life  Insurance 
Company.  lie  made  a  good  record  with 
this  company  for  three  years.  Having  in 
the  meantime  accumulated  a  modest  capi- 
tal, on  May  23,  1903.  he  became  an  ice 
cream  manufacturer.  He  established  a 
wholesale  business  at  Lincoln  Street  and 
the  Rig  Four  Railway  tracks,  and  con- 
ducted it  successfully  in  that  location  for 
five  years,  and  was  then  at  22  West  14th 
Street  until  December  27,  191f>.  Selling 
out.  he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
was  plant  manager  for  the  Fussell  Ice 
Cre-nn  Company  of  that  city  for  one  year. 
Resigning,  he  returned  to  Anderson,  and 
on  October  20,  1916,  bought  his  old  plant, 
which  in  the  meantime  had  been  moved 
to  1403  Meridian  Street.  That  is  his  pres- 
ent business  headquarters,  and  he  has  a 
business  which  supplies  the  retail  trade 
for  a  radius  of  fifty  miles  around  Ander- 
son. Mr.  Lagle  has  also  acquired  some 
other  valuable  property,  principally  real 
estate. 

October  14.  1903.  he  married  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Riest,  daughter  of  Louis  and  Mar- 
garet (Miller)  Biest.  He  was  appointed 
and  served  during  1911-12  as  inspector  of 
weights  and  measures  for  Madison  County, 
but  resigned  in  order  to  give  his  business 
his  entire  attention.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed and  served  three  months  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Anderson  Health  Hoard,  but 
resigned  June  3.  1918.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Masonic  Order,  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  United 
Commercial  Travelers,  the  Travelers  Pro- 
tective Association  and  the  Travelers 
Health  Association,  is  a  member  of  the 
Anderson  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  of 
the  Presbvterian  Church.  His  name  is 


1838 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


usually  associated  with  any  promising 
movement  for  the  general  and  local  wel- 
fare. 

BURTON  LEE  FRENCH,  prominent  in  the 
ranks  of  the  republican  party,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Idaho  from  1903  to 
1907,  from  1911  to  1915,  and  from  1917 
to  1919,  at-large.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1903,  and  has  since  been  identified 
with  the  law  at  Moscow,  Idaho.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Idaho  House  of  Represen- 
tatives from  1898  to  1902. 

Mr.  French  was  born  at  Delphi,  Indiana, 
August  1,  1875,  a  son  of  Charles  A.  and 
Mina  P.  (Fischer)  French.  In  1880  he 
became  a  resident  of  Kearney,  Nebraska, 
and  in  1882  located  in  Idaho.  He  attended 
both  the  University  of  Idaho  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  On  the  28th  of  June, 
1904,  Mr.  French  was  married  to  Winifred 

Hartley,  of  Norfolk,  Nebraska. 

t 
< 

ALVAH  EDMUND  MOGLE,  deputy  state  in- 
spector of  weights  and  measures,  with 
home  and  headquarters  at  Terre  Haute,  is 
a  man  of  varied  and  interesting  experience, 
has  been  a  farmer,  has  been  in  various 
lines  of  commercial  endeavor  and  has  given 
many  years  to  public  affairs  in  different 
county  and  municipal  offices. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Fulton  County, 
Indiana,  July  16,  1864,  a  son  of  Thomas 
and  Mary  Jane  (Sparks)  Mogle.  His 
grandfather,  Jacob  Mogle,  spelled  the  name 
Mokel  and  was  of  German  ancestry.  The 
maternal  line  is  of  English  ancestry. 
Thomas  Mogle  was  born  in  Marion  County, 
Ohio,  and  was  brought  to  Indiana  when  a 
boy,  while  Mary  Jane  Sparks  was  born  in 
this  state,  and  her  father,  Rev.  Jesse 
Sparks,  was  widely  known  as  a  pioneer 
Methodist  Episcopal  minister.  Thomas  Mo- 
gle and  wife  were  married  in  Fulton 
County,  located  on  a  tract  of  unimproved 
land,-  which  he  cleared  up  and  made  into 
a  farm,  and  was  identified  with  its  cultiva- 
tion until  his  death  in  1896.  The  mother 
passed  away  in  1913,  at  seventy-one.  Of 
their  five  children  three  are  living.  Mary 
Frances  is  the  widow  of  Adam  Grube,  of 
Fulton  County,  Indiana.  Orpha,  the 
youngest  of  the  children,  is  the  wife  of 
Ernest  Reimanschneider. 

The  boyhood  days  of  Alvah  Edmund 
Mogle  were  spent  on  the  old  farm  in  Ful- 
ton County.  The  training  he  received  in 


the  local  schools  was  supplemented  by  a 
thorough  course  in  the  Indiana  State  Nor- 
mal at  Terre  Haute,  and  he  also  attended 
a  business  college.  In  1883  he  married 
Miss  Mamie  Miller,  daughter  of  Elias  and 
Amanda  Miller,  of  Fulton  County,  In- 
diana. Mrs.  Mogle  is  a  graduate  of  the 
State  Normal  School  of  Terre  Haute  and 
has  been  very  active  in  club  and  social 
life.  She  is  state  secretary  of  the  Ladies' 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the.  Republic. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Mogle  took  up 
farming  and  also  taught  school  in  Fulton 
County  during  winter  terms.  About  1890 
he  came  to  Terre  Haute,  taught  school  in 
this  city  one  term,  and  then  for  fourteen 
years  was  in  the  local  postoffice.  He  was 
also  connecte'd  with  various  county  offices, 
including  the  county  treasurer,  the  county 
auditor,  and  the  county  assessor's  offices. 
For  one  summer  he  was  engaged  in  gen- 
eral construction  and  contracting  work. 
Mr.  Mogle  was  appointed  to  his  present 
office  of  deputy  state  inspector  of  weights 
and  measures  in  August,  1914,  and  brought 
to  his  duties  unusual  qualifications  and  has 
given  exceptional  service. 

For  twenty-seven  years  he  has  been  af- 
filiated with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mogle  have  one 
daughter,  Leila  B.,  wife  of  Walter  S.  Mac- 
Nabb.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  MacNabb  are  at  present 
in  India,  where  Mr.  MacNabb  is  connected 
with  the  Tata  Iron  &  Steel  Company. 

CHARLES  S.  BATT,  a  lawyer  whose  work 
has  brought  him  enviable  prominence  in 
Terre  Haute,  has  also  been  a  figure  in  the 
democratic  party  in  western  Indiana,  and 
has  enjoyed  a  number  of  offices  of  trust 
and  responsibility.  He  is  now  serving  as 
Terre  Haute  city  attorney. 

He  was  born  among  the  hills  of  southern 
Indiana  at  Salem  February  2,  1872,  a  son 
of  William  and  Verlinda  J.  (Kirby)  Batt, 
his  father  a  native  of  England  and  his 
mother  of  Virginia.  William  Batt  came 
to  America  when  a  young  man  and  ac- 
quired a  farm  south  of  Salem,  Indiana. 
From  agriculture  he  finally  transferred 
his  attention  to  manufacturing  and  became 
one  of  the  department  heads  of  the  Depue 
Glass  Works.  He  died  in  his  seventy-first 
year  and  his  wife  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven. 

Charles  S.  Batt  was  the  youngest  of  six 
children,  all  of  whom  grew  to  maturity, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1839 


but  the  only  other  one  now  living  is  Mrs. 
Lillian  M.  Kurfess,  of  New  Albany. 

The  environment  of  Charles  S.  Batt's 
childhood  and  early  youth  were  Salem  and 
New  Albany.  He  attended  the  common 
and  high  schools  of  New  Albany,  and  his 
first  position  as  a  wage  earner  was  in  the 
offices  of  the  Monon  and  Big  Four  Rail- 
ways at  Louisville,  Kentucky.  While  per- 
forming the  routine  duties  of  his  clerical 
position  he  studied  law  and  afterward  en- 
tered the  law  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  where  he 
was  graduated  LL.  B.  in  the  spring  of  1904. 
The  same  year  he  came  to  Terre  Haute  to 
practice  and  has  been  a  capable  member  of 
the  Vigo  County  bar  for  fourteen  years. 
In  1909  Mr.  Batt  was  elected  city  judge, 
and  filled  that  office  four  consecutive  years. 
In  1914  he  was  appointed  city  attorney 
for  one  year,  the  next  year  was  county 
attorney,  and  then  resumed  his  duties  in 
the  city  attorney's  office. 

Mr.  Batt  sat  as  a  delegate  in  the  Balti- 
more National  Convention  of  the  demo- 
cratic party  when  Woodrow  Wilson  was 
first  nominated  for  the  presidency.  He  is 
an  active  member  of  the  Terre  Haute 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  is  a  member  of  the 
Fort  Harrison  Country  Club,  is  past  emi- 
nent commander  of  the  Knights  Templar 
and  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason.  In 
1907  he  married  Florence  M.  Wyeth, 
daughter  of  Henry  Wyeth,  of  Terre  Haute. 
Two  children  were  born  to  them.  The 
daughter  is  Virginia  Marie.  The  son, 
Charles  Stacy,  Jr.,  died  at  the  age  of  three 
years. 

WILBUR  CLARK  ROUSH.  One  of  the  sub- 
stantial business  men  .and  citizens  of  In- 
diana, Mr.  Roush  has  been  identified  with 
the  city  of  Anderson  for  over  twenty 
years,  and  most  of  that  time  as  an  enter- 
prising figure  in  the  drug  business.  While 
he  now  has  a  number  of  interests,  his  chief 
time  and  attention  are  given  to  the  hand- 
some and  well  equipped  pharmacy  at  Ninth 
and  Main  streets,  at  one  corner  of  the  pub- 
lic square. 

Mr.  Roush  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  at 
Hillsboro  in  Highland  County  in  1866,  son 
of  George  and  Elizabeth  (Tederick)  Roush. 
There  is  an  interesting  genealogy  of  the 
Roush  family.  Originally  they  were  of  a 
German  province,  but  came  to  America  in 
early  colonial  days,  and  many  generations 


of  them  have  lived  in  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  great-great-grandfather  of 
Wilbur  C.  Roush  was  a  Revolutionary  sol- 
dier. W.  C.  Roush 's  father  added  to  the 
military  record  of  the  family  by  service  in 
the  Civil  war.  From  Pennsylvania  the 
Roushs  moved  westward  to  Highland 
County,  Ohio,  where  they  established  them- 
selves early  enough  to  secure  a  tract  of  gov- 
ernment land,  which  they  cleared  up  and 
devoted  to  the  uses  of  agriculture.  George 
Roush  was  born  on  that  old  farm,  and  it 
was  also  the  birthplace  of  Wilbur  C.  Roush. 
The  latter  had  four  brothers  and  one 
sister. 

He  was  educated  in  country  schools  and 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  entered  the  Hillsboro 
High  School,  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1886.  He  had  other  designs  and 
ambitions  than  to  spend  his  life  as  a 
farmer,  and  as  equipment  for  his  career 
he  needed  a  thorough  education.  He  en- 
tered the  National  Normal  University  at 
Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  spent  three  years  there 
in  the  scientific  and  pharmacy  courses. 
While  studying  pharmacy  from  text  books 
he  was  also  getting  a  practical  knowledge 
of  the  trade  by  work  a  large  part  of  the 
day  and  part  of  the  night  in  the  Graham 
Brothers  drug  store  at  Lebanon.  This 
combination  of  theoretical  and  practical 
experience  he  continued  until  he  graduated 
from  school  in  1889,  with  the  degree  Ph.G., 
and  after  that  for  a  year  he  remained  with 
the  Graham  Brothers  drag  store.  He 
went  from  there  to  Mechanicsburg,  Ohio, 
and  was  manager  of  the  Taylor  Pharmacy 
a  year  and  then  followed  his  profession 
for  a  time  at  Toledo.  He  had  carefully 
saved  his  earnings  and  was  able  to  buy  a 
business  of  his  own  at  Toledo,  but  sold  out 
and  came  to  Anderson  in  1894. 

Here  he  bought  a  drug  store  on  South 
Meridian  Street,  and  a  year  later  bought 
the  McKee  Brothers  drug  store,  known  as 
the  Anderson  Drug  Company  at  the  cor- 
ner of  Eleventh  and  Meridian  streets. 
This  is  the  busiest  corner  in  the  city.  Mr. 
Roush  continued  the  store  under  the  name 
of  the  Anderson  Drug  Company  for  a  long 
period  of  years,  and  all  the  time  without 
partnership.  His  success  is  well  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  he  has  increased  the  vol- 
ume of  trade  more  than  800  per  cent  over 
its  first  year  here.  Strenuous  application 
to  work  brought  about  such  a  decline  of 
health  that  in  1912  he  sold  his  business 


1840 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  removed  to  Arcadia,  Florida,  where 
for  three  years  he  took  things  leisurely, 
handling  real  estate  at  times  and  also 
superintending  the  productive  operations 
of  a  flock  of  500  blooded  white  leghorn 
chickens,  which  paid  practically  all  his 
expenses  while  in  the  South.  Mr.  Boush 
still  owns  sixty  acres  of  citrus  fruit  lands 
in  Florida.  He  regained  his  health  and 
had  something  in  the  way  of  material 
profit  to  show  for  his  residence  in  Florida. 
Returning  to  Anderson  in  1916,  Mr.  Roush 
followed  farming  for  a  time  on  a  small 
place  just  outside  the  city  limits,  but  in 
January,  1917,  he  bought  the  Central 
Pharmacy  at  Ninth  and  Main  streets,  and 
has  conducted  the  business  with  growing 
favor  and  prosperity  for  over  a  year.  Mr. 
Roush  owns  considerable  real  estate  both 
in  the  town  and  country. 

In  1904  he  married  Miss  Kathryn  Arm- 
ington,  daughter  of  Dr.  C.  L.  and  Emma 
(Taff)  Armington  of  Anderson.  They 
have  two  children:  George  Lee,  born  in 
1906,  and  Sigel  Armington,  born  in  1911. 
Mr.  Roush  is  a  republican  voter,  but  inde- 
pendent in  local  affairs.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  is  active  in  the  First  Chris- 
tian Church,  which  he  served  three  terms, 
six  years,  as  deacon. 

ORANGE  LENNINGTON  SMALL.  The  agri- 
cultural and  livestock  interests  of  northern 
Indiana  are  indebted  in  many  ways  to 
Orange  Lennington  Small,  who  was  one  of 
the  first  to  import  French  Percheron  horses 
to  that  section  of  the  state.  Mr.  Small  for 
many  years  conducted  a  large  farm  in  the 
vicinity  of  Westville  in  LaPorte  County, 
and  is  living  there  today,  though  largely 
retired,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Clinton  Town- 
ship of  LaPorte  County  April  22,  1844. 
Concerning  his  paternal  ancestry  there  is 
a  tradition  that  the  first  American  was  an 
English  sea  captain  who  finally  left  the 
sea  and  settled  in  South  Carolina.  Mr. 
Small's  grandfather,  George  Small,  was  a 
native  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  planter 
and  as  a  Quaker  was  opposed  to  the  insti- 
tution of  slavery  and  finally  sold  his  pos- 
sessions in  the  South  and  brought  his  fam- 
ily to  Indiana.  That  was  in  the  early 
days,  and  he  came  overland  with  wagons 
and  teams.  He  bought  land  in  "Wayne 
County  near  Richmond,  and  there  spent 


the  rest  of  his  life.  John  Small,  father  of 
Orange  L.,  was  born  in  South  Carolina  in 
1795.  He  was  a  young  man  when  his 
parents  came  to  Indiana,  and  soon  after- 
ward he  left  their  home  and  for  several 
years  lived  in  Waynetown.  At  Waynetown 
he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Major  Isaac 
Elston,  whose  foresight  and  planning 
made  possible  Michigan  City  as  one  of  the 
most  pretentious  lake  ports  on  Lake  Mich- 
igan. It  was  at  the  solicitation  of  Major 
Elston  that  John  Small  came  to  the  pres- 
ent site  of  Michigan  City  and  assisted  in 
platting  the  town.  He  was  given  a  lot  by 
Major  Elston,  and  built  on  it  one  of  the 
first  houses.  Three  years  later  he  moved 
to  Clinton  Township  and  bought  a  squat- 
ter's claim  of  prairie  land.  A  log  cabin 
and  a  few  acres  plowed  constituted  all  the 
improvements.  He  paid  the  Government 
for  the  land,  and  at  once  began  to  bring  a 
large  area  into  cultivation.  In  a  few 
years  he  was  able  to  replace  the  old  log 
house  with  a  substantial  frame  house,  and 
he  continued  to  live  there  until  his  death 
in  1851.  The  maiden  name  of  his  wife 
was  Mary  Lennington.  She  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania,  daughter  of  Abraham  and 
Mary  (Titus)  Lennington.  Abraham  Len- 
nington was  also  an  Indiana  pioneer.  He 
brought  his  goods  by  boat  down  the  Ohio 
River,  and  landing  in  Clark  County  trav- 
eled by  wagon  and  team  to  Wayne  County, 
where  he  improved  a  farm  and  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life.  Mary  Small  survived  her 
husband  and  after  his  death  removed  to 
Michigan  City,  and  several  years  later 
went  to  Kansas,  where  she  lived  with  a  son 
and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-six.  She 
was  the  mother  of  seven  sons  and  three 
daughters,  named  Sarah  J.,  Abraham  L., 
Wiley  N.,  Phineas,  John,  Mary,  James, 
Orange  L.,  Hattie  and  William. 

Orange  L.  Small  came  to  know  LaPorte 
County  when  it  was  still  largely  a  pioneer 
community.  The  district  school  from  which 
he  received  most  of  his  early  education  was 
a  log  cabin,  fitted  up  with  slab  benches 
and  with  a  desk  set  on  wooden  pins  around 
one  side  of  the  wall.  He  also  attended 
the  schools  of  Michigan  City.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  returned  to  the  home  farm 
in  Clinton  Township,  and  operated  it  un- 
til his  marriage.  He  then  bought  the 
Gardner  hJme  place  in  Clinton  Township, 
and  there  began  his  extensive  operations 
as  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser.  He  was  also 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1841 


one  of  the.  first  to  introduce  improved  im- 
plements and  appliances  and  methods,  and 
was  especially  forehanded  in  raising  the 
standard  of  livestock.  It  was  in  1883  that 
Mr.  Small  made  his  first  trip  to  France, 
and  after  visiting  a  number  of  the  country 
districts  bought  the  very  best  blood  of  the 
Norman  Percheron  horses  then  available 
and  shipped  a  number  of  these  fine  animals 
home.  The  descendants  of  this  original 
importation  are  still  found  on  many  farms 
in  northern  Indiana,  and  some  of  them  are 
now  owned  by  Mr.  Small's  sons.  He  con- 
tinued active  in  the  management  of  the 
farm  for  thirty-two  years,  and  then  moved 
to  the  village  of  Westville,  where  he  now 
lives  retired. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-three  Mr.  Small 
married  Alice  Gardner.  Her  parents  were 
Edmond  S.  and  Polly  (Haskell)  Gardner 
and  her  paternal  grandparents  were 
Charles  and  Patty  (Granger)  Gardner, 
while  her  maternal  grandparents  were 
James  and  Betsy  (Davis)  Haskell.  These 
are  old  and  well  known  names  in  northern 
Indiana,  and  much  has  been  written  con- 
cerning the  Gardner  and  Haskell  families. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Small  reared  nine  children: 
Edmond  S.,  Alta  G.,  Louella,  Harriet  (de- 
ceased), Emma,  Bessie  G.,  Daisy  P.,  Dick 
L.  and  Nellie  Bly.  The  daughter  Alta 
married  Frank  Mann  and  died  leaving  two 
children,  named  Marjorie  and  Ruth.  Lou- 
ella is  the  wife  of  Justin  Loomis,  and  has 
a  son  by  a  former  marriage,  Verne  A. 
Loomis.  Verne  is  now  a  soldier  in  the 
United  States  Army  and  has  seen  active 
service  on  the  frontier  in  Texas.  Emma 
Small  was  married  to  J.  F.  Ravencroft. 
Bessie  became  the  wife  of  Merle  Porter 
and  has  two  daughters,  Alice  and  Lucille. 
Daisy  P.  married  W.  E.  Burhans,  and  her 
three  children  are  Billy,  Polly  and  Ann. 
Dick  L.  married  Gertie  Herrold  and  has 
two  sons,  Dean  L.  and  Bruce.  Nellie  Bly 
is  the  wife  of  Rolla  McKillips  and  has  two 
children,  Holland  and  Mary  Ruth. 

Mr.  Small  is  affiliated  with  Westville 
Lodge  No.  192,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  with  LaPorte  Chapter,  Royal  Arch 
Masons,  and  LaPorte  Commandery  of  the 
Knights  Templar.  He  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Chapter  of  the  Eastern 
Star  at  "Westville. 

ALFRED  N.  CAVE,  a  lawyer  of  ripe  expe- 
rience and  mature  powers,  has  been  en- 


gaged in  practice  at  Indianapolis  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century.  He  was  formerly 
a  minister  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  became  well  known  in  sev- 
eral districts  of  Indiana  by  his  church 
work. 

Mr.  Cave  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Indiana,  September  9,  1857,  a  son 
of  James  E.  and  Charlotte  (Kious)  Cave. 
His  father  was  also  born  in  Indiana  and 
spent  all  his  life  in  this  state  except  for 
twelve  years  of  residence  in  Clark  County, 
Missouri.  In  1863  he  enlisted  in  the  Un- 
ion Army  in  Company  M  of  the  Eleventh 
Indiana  Cavalry,  and  saw  two  years  of  ac- 
tive service.  He  went  in  as  a  corporal, 
and  was  finally  mustered  out  as  a  quar- 
termaster sergeant  of  his  regiment.  Soon 
after  his  return  from  the  army  he  removed 
to  Missouri  and  in  Clark  County  of  that 
state  organized  the  State  Guards  and 
served  as  a  captain.  He  was  a  farmer  in 
Missouri,  devoting  most  of  his  time  to  rais- 
ing hogs,  cattle  and  horses.  In  1876  he 
returned  to  Montgomery  County,  Indiana, 
and  resumed  farming  and  continued  that 
vocation  until  the  last  twelve  years  of  his 
life,  when  he  retired.  He  was  a  devout 
Methodist,  that  being  the  religion  of  his 
ancestors,  and  was  an  ardent  republican. 
While  in  Missouri  he  held  minor  offices, 
such  as  township  trustee  and  member  of 
the  school  board,  and  was  a  candidate  for 
county  sheriff.  For  six  years  his  home 
was  at  Darlington  in  Montgomery  County, 
Indiana,  and  he  finally  retired  to  Craw- 
fordsville,  where  he  died.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  Order  and  was  laid  to 
rest  by  his  brethren  of  the  craft.  His  af- 
filiation was  with  Lodge  No.  268,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  at  Clarkshill.  Of  a  fam- 
ily of  eight  children,  four  sons  and  four 
daughters,  Alfred  N.  is  the  second  in  age. 
All  are  living  except  one  son,  James,  who 
died  in  his  twenty-fifth  year.  He  had  been 
well  educated  and  was  a  teacher  in  Mont- 
gomery County. 

Alfred  N.  Cave  attended  the  common 
schools  at  Montgomery  County,  also  the 
high  schools  of  Colfax  and  Stockwell.  He 
was  a  student  in  the  Normal  School  at  La- 
doga and  graduated  with  the  class  of  1887 
and  then  entered  DePauw  University  and 
was  graduated  in  1895.  He  was  ordained 
deacon  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
by  Bishop  Merrill  and  preached  the  Gos- 
pel about  four  years  as  a  member  of  the 


1842 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


Northwest  Indiana  Conference.  He  then 
read  law,  entered  the  Indianapolis  Univer- 
sity Law  School  and  graduated  in  1903 
with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  In  1892  he  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  began  the  active  practice  of  the 
law  in  which  he  has  continued  ever  since. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Lemcke  Building. 

Mr.  Cave  has  been  affiliated  with  the 
Masonic  Order  since  he  was  twenty-one 
years  of  age.  He  received  his  degrees  in 
Miller  Lodge  No.  268  at  Clarkshill,  In- 
diana, and  he  has  also  belonged  to  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  since 
1887.  He  is  a  republican  and  is  still  ac- 
tive as  a  local  minister  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  frequently  filling  pulpits  in  the 
absence  of  the  regular  minister. 

In  October,  1892,  in  Fountain  County, 
Indiana,  "Mr.  Cave  married  Miss  Lena  La- 
Baw.  To  their  marriage  were  born  six 
children:  James  DePauw,  born  May  9, 
1895,  so  named  because  his  birth  occurred 
in  one  of  the  school  buildings  at  DePauw 
University;  Charlotte  Ruth,  born  August 
19,  1896,  at  Zionsville,  Indiana;  Charles 
L.,  born  April  7,  1898,  at  Darlington;  Lu- 
eile  M.,  born  November  25,  1900,  at  Dar- 
lington ;  John,  born  at  Indianapolis,  June 
4,  1906 ;  and  Joseph,  born  at  Indianapolis, 
September  27,  1907. 

MILTON  N.  SIMON  has  been  an  active 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  sixteen 
years.  He  is  member  of  one  of  the  lead- 
ing law  firms  of  the  city  and  his  personal 
abilities  have  taken  him  far  in  his  profes- 
sion and  in  the  esteem  of  local  citizenship. 

Mr.  Simon  was  born  at  Wabash,  Indiana, 
January  16,  1880,  son  of  Aaron  and  Hel- 
ena (Newberger)  Simon.  He  grew  up  at 
Wabash  and  had  a  very  liberal  education 
preparatory  to  his  chosen  career.  He  at- 
tended grammar  and  high  school  at  Wa- 
bash, graduating  from  the  latter  with  hon- 
ors, from  there  entered  the  old  and  exclu- 
sive preparatory  school  of  Phillips  An- 
dover  Academy,  and  did  his  collegiate 
work  at  Amherst  College.  His  profes- 
sional education  was  acquired  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated LL.  B.  in  1902. 
,  Since  his  graduation  Mr.  Simon  has  been 
in  practice  at  Indianapolis,  first  with  the 
firm  of  Morris  &  Newberger.  After  the 
death  of  Mr.  Morris  the  firm  was  reorgan- 
ized as  Newberger,  Simon  &  Davis. 


Mr.  Simon  married  in  1905  Miss  Rose 
Morris  Haas,  daughter  of  the  late  Joseph 
and  Rebecca  Haas  and  a  niece  of  the  late 
Nathan  Morris,  one  of  Indianapolis'  prom- 
inent lawyers.  Mr.  Simon  is  a  member  of 
the  Columbia  Club,  Indianapolis  Club, 
Herron  Art  Institute,  Canoe  Club,  Inde- 
pendent Turnverein,  Indianapolis  Bar  As- 
sociation, Indianapolis  Hebrew  Congrega- 
tion, B'nai  B'rith,  Theta  Delta  Chi  col- 
lege fraternity,  and  a  number  of  other 
organizations  of  social  and  civic  nature. 

WILLIAM  H.  ADAMS.  One  of  the  men 
called  to  the  state  capital  as  a  result  of 
the  state  election  of  1916  was  William  H. 
Adams,  a  prominent  member  of  the  Wa- 
bash County  bar  and  formerly  vice  presi- 
dent and  manager  of  the  Wabash  Plain 
Dealer.  Mr.  Adams  has  for  a  number  of 
years  been  influential  in  republican  poli- 
tics in  his  section  of  the  state,  but  only 
once  before  was  a  candidate  for  office.  In 
1916  he  was  elected  reporter  of  the  Su- 
preme and  Appellate  courts,  and  his  offi- 
cial residence  is  now  in  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Adams  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Wa- 
bash County,  about  twelve  miles  from  the 
City  of  Wabash,  December  5,  1881.  He  is 
a  son  of  Richard  T.  and  Lida  (Hanley) 
Adams.  Richard  T.  Adams  was  born  at 
Mishawaka,  Indiana,  June  12,  1849,  and 
for  many  years  was  successfully  engaged 
in  farming  in  Wabash  County.  He  died 
October  29,  1912.  At  an  early  age  he  was 
left  an  orphan  by  the  death  of  his  parents, 
John  and  Lydia  Adams,  and  he  grew  up 
as  an  orphan  boy  with  a  farmer  in  Chester 
Township  of  Wabash  County.  He  had 
only  a  limited  education,  but  became  a  man 
of  great  usefulness  both  to  his  family  and 
to  his  community.  He  acquired  his  first 
farm  in  1886,  and  passing  years  enabled 
him  to  accumulate  a  sufficiency  for  his 
own  needs  and  for  ample  provision  for  his 
family.  He  always  manifested  a  healthy 
interest  in  public  affairs,  was  a  friend  of 
public  education  and  good  roads,  these  be- 
ing his  hobbies,  and  for  many  years  was  a 
member  of  the  board  of  drainage  commis- 
sioners. He  was  active  in  fraternal  affairs 
and  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church. 
On  June  31,  1871,  Richard  T.  Adams  mar- 
ried Lida  Hanley,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Hanley.  Mrs.  Lida  Adams  is  still  living. 
She  was  the  mother  of  twelve  children, 
nine  alive  today. 


6(3^^~i^Ts*i^**~*^^-vJ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1843 


The  sixth  in  this  large  family,  William 
H.  Adams  during  his  boyhood  had  those 
interests,  associations  and  occupations  of 
the  average  Indiana  farm  boy.  He  at- 
tended the  district  schools  and  afterwards 
qualified  as  a  teacher,  a  vocation  he  fol- 
lowed to  give  him  means  for  his  higher  edu- 
cation. For  a  time  he  was  principal  of  the 
Liberty  Mills  School  in  his  native  county. 
He  spent  two  years  in  Indiana  University, 
attending  law  school,  and  graduated  LL.  B. 
in  1906. 

Though  an  active  member  of  the  Wa- 
bash  bar,  he  gave  most  of  his  time  to  busi- 
ness. For  six  years  he  was  in  the  abstract 
and  loan  business  at  Wabash  and  later  as- 
sisted in  organizing  the  Citizens  Savings 
&  Trust  Company  of  that  city,  and  as  a 
director  of  the  company  had  charge  of  the 
loan  department.  Some  years  ago  he  and 
Fred  I.  King  bought  the  Wabash  Plain 
Dealer,  one  of  the  most  influential  dailies 
in  Northern  Indiana,  and  was  vice  presi- 
dent and  manager  of  the  publishing  com- 
pany until  recently. 

Mr.  Adams  first  entered  politics  as  a 
candidate  in  1914,  when  he  was  nominated 
for  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1916 
his  name  was  put  on  the  state  ticket  and 
he  was  elected  reporter  of  the  Supreme 
and  Appellate  courts  and  assumed  the  du- 
ties of  that  office  February  13,  1917.  For 
six  years  Mr.  Adams  was  secretary  of  the 
Lincoln  League  of  Indiana,  and  has  held 
various  other  offices  in  the  same  organiza- 
tion. He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  1910  he  married  Miss  Cornelia  E. 
Strehlow.  They  have  one  daughter,  Mag- 
daline. 

JAMES  L.  CUMMINS,  M.  D.  More  than 
thirty  years  of  active  practice  have  given 
Doctor  Cummins  a  place  of  prominence  in 
his  profession,  and  for  a  dozen  years  or 
more  he  has  been  one  of  the  leading  pro- 
fessional men  at  Anderson.  His  service 
has  been  commensurate  with  the  length  of 
years  in  practice,  and  among  the  wide  cir- 
cle of  his  patients  he  has  been  both  a  friend 
and  a  physician. 

Doctor  Cummins  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  in  February,  1857, 
son  of  Fleming  R.  and  Miranda  W.  (Mann) 
Cummins.  His  Cummins  ancestors  came 
from  Ireland  and  were  early  settlers  in 
Virginia.  His  grandfather  Mann  came 


from  England  and  first  settled  in  West 
Virginia,  going  thence  to  Henry  County, 
Indiana.  Through  the  different  genera- 
tions there  have  always  been  farmers,  and 
that  has  been  the  predominant  occupation 
of  the  family. 

Doctor  Cummins  had  only  the  advan- 
tages of  the  common  schools  during  his 
boyhood.  His  first  knowledge  and  expe- 
rience in  the  medical  profession  was  ten 
years  he  spent  as  a  nurse  and  attendant  in 
the  famous  Battle  Creek  Sanitarium.  He 
made  himself  very  efficient  and  one  of  the 
nurses  most  in  demand  by  the  leading  oper- 
ators and  physicians,  and  he  final1,}'  de- 
termined to  develop  his  individual  talents. 
In  1883  he  entered  the  Curtice  Physio- 
Medical  College,  from  which  he  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1887.  During  the  next  eighteen 
years  Doctor  Cummins  was  located  in  a 
general  practice  at  Mount  Comfort,  In- 
diana, and  from  there  in  1905  moved  to 
Anderson  and  has  built  up  a  large  general 
practice. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Eastes, 
daughter  of  Joseph  B.  and  Larinda  W. 
(Meek)  Eastes,  of  Mount  Comfort,  In- 
diana. They  have  five  children,  all  living : 
Eva  E.,  wife  of  Russell  Bennett,  of  An- 
derson ;  Ithamer  F.,  now  in  France,  with 
Company  C,  Seventieth  Heavy  Artillery: 
Meral  L.,  in  the  Indiana  State  Militia; 
Laura  C.,  at  home ;  and  Joseph  E.,  also  at 
home.  Doctor  Cummins  is  a  republican, 
is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Court  of  Honor.  He 
is  a  public  spirited  physician  as  well  as  a 
capable  physician. 

JOSEPH  W.  FORDNEY,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  Eighth  Michigan  District, 
is  a  native  Indianan,  born  in  Blackford 
County,  November  5,  1853.  He  became  a 
resident  of  Saginaw,  Michigan,  in  1869,  en- 
gaging in  the  lumber  woods,  and  has  since 
been  extensively  identified  with  the  lum- 
ber business.  He  is  a  republican,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Fifty-Sixth  to  the  Sixty- 
Fifth  Congresses,  1899-1919,  Eighth  Mich- 
igan District. 

Mr.  Fordney  married  Catheru  Haren, 
and  their  home  is  in  Saginaw. 

THEODORE  CLEMENT  STEELE  was  born  in 
Owen  County,  Indiana,  September  22, 
1847.  He  has  spent  his  life  almost  en- 
tirely among  the  rugged  hills  of  Southern 


, 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1843 


The  sixth  in  this  large  family,  William 
II.  Adams  during  his  boyhood  had  those 
interests,  associations  and  occupations  of 
the  average  Indiana  farm  boy.  He  at- 
tended the  district  schools  and  afterwards 
qualified  as  a  teacher,  a  vocation  he  fol- 
lowed to  give  him  means  for  his  higher  edu- 
cation. For  a  time  he  was  principal  of  the 
Liberty  Mills  School  in  his  native  county. 
He  spent  two  years  in  Indiana  University, 
attending  law  school,  and  graduated  LL.  B. 
in  1906. 

Though  an  active  member  of  the  Wa- 
bash  bar,  he  gave  most  of  his  time  to  busi- 
ness. For  six  years  he  was  in  the  abstract 
and  loan  business  at  Wabash  and  later  as- 
sisted in  organizing  the  Citizens  Savings 
&  Trust  Company  of  that  city,  and  as  a 
director  of  the  company  had  charge  of  the 
loan  department.  Some  years  ago  he  and 
Fred  I.  King  bought  the  Wabash  Plain 
Dealer,  one  of  the  most  influential  dailies 
in  Northern  Indiana,  and  was  vice  presi- 
dent and  manager  of  the  publishing  com- 
pany until  recently. 

Mr.  Adams  first  entered  politics  as  a 
candidate  in  1914,  when  he  was  nominated 
for  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  1916 
his  name  was  put  on  the  state  ticket  and 
ho  was  elected  reporter  of  the  Supreme 
rind  Appellate  courts  and  assumed  the  du- 
ties of  that,  office  February  13,  1917.  For 
six  years  Mr.  Adams  was  secretary  of  the 
Lincoln  League  of  Indiana,  and  has  held 
various  other  offices  in  the  same  organiza- 
tion. He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  1910  he  married  Miss  Cornelia  E. 
Strehlow.  They  have  one  daughter,  Mag- 
daline. 

JAMES  L.  CCMMIXS,  M.  D.  More  than 
thirty  years  of  active  practice  have  given 
Doctor  Cummins  a  place  of  prominence  in 
his  profession,  and  for  a  dozen  years  or 
more  he  lias  been  one  of  the  leading  pro- 
fessional men  at  Anderson.  His  service 
has  been  commensurate  with  the  length  of 
years  in  practice,  and  among  the  wide  cir- 
cle of  his  patients  he  has  been  both  a  friend 
and  a  physician. 

Doctor  Cummins  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Henry  County.  Indiana,  in  February,  1857, 
son  of  Fleming  R.  and  Miranda  W.  (Mann) 
Cummins.  His  Cummins  ancestors  came 
from  Ireland  and  were  early  settlers  in 
Virginia.  His  grandfather  Mann  came 


from  England  and  first  settled  in  West 
Virginia,  going  thence  to  Henry  County, 
Indiana.  Through  the  different  genera- 
tions there  have  always  been  farmers,  and 
that  has  been  the  predominant  occupation 
of  the  family. 

Doctor  Cummins  bad  only  the  advan- 
tages of  the  common  schools  during  his 
boyhood.  His  first  knowledge  and  expe- 
rience in  the  medical  profession  was  ten 
years  he  spent  as  a  nurse  and  attendant  in 
the  famous  Hattle  Creek  Sanitarium.  He 
made  himself  very  efficient  and  one  of  the 
nurses  most  in  demand  by  the  leading  oper- 
ators and  physicians,  and  he  final'.;-  de- 
termined to  develop  his  individual  talents. 
In  1883  he  entered  the  Curtice  Physio- 
Medical  College,  from  which  lie  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1887.  During  the  next  eighteen 
years  Doctor  Cummins  was  located  in  a 
general  practice  at  Mount  Comfort.  In- 
diana, and  from  there  in  1905  moved  to 
Anderson  and  has  built  up  a  large  general 
practice. 

In  1891  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Eastes. 
daughter  of  Joseph  B.  and  Larinda  W. 
(Meek)  Eastes,  of  Mount  Comfort.  In- 
diana. They  have  five  children,  all  living: 
Eva  E.,  wife  of  Russell  Bennett,  of  An- 
derson :  Ithamer  F.,  now  in  France,  with 
Company  C,  Seventieth  Heavy  Artillery: 
Meral  L.,  in  the  Indiana  State  Militia ; 
Laura  C..  at  home:  and  Joseph  E..  also  at 
home.  Doctor  Cummins  is  a  republican. 
is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Court  of  Honor.  He 
is  a  public  spirited  physician  as  well  as  a 
capable  physician. 

JOSEPH  W.  FORDNKV,  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  Eighth  Michigan  District, 
is  a  native  Indianan,  born  in  Blackford 
County,  Novemlxr  5.  1853.  lie  became  a 
resident  of  Saginaw,  Michigan,  in  1869.  en- 
gaging in  the  lumber  woods,  and  has  since 
been  extensively  identified  with  the  lum- 
ber business.  He  is  a  republican,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Fifty-Sixth  to  the  Sixtv- 
Fifth  Congresses,  1899-1919,  Eighth  Mich- 
igan  District. 

Mr.  Fordney  married  Cathern  Haren, 
and  their  home  is  in  Saginaw. 

THEODORE  CLEMENT  STEEI.E  was  born  in 
Owen  County,  Indiana.  September  22, 
1847.  He  has  spent  his  life  almost  en- 
tirely among  the  rugged  hills  of  Southern 


1844 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Indiana.  To  say  that  he  is  a  distinguished 
Indianan  is  to  pay  an  undiscriminating 
tribute  to  a  man  whose  work  well  deserves 
the  appreciation  found  in  the  following 
lines : 

"Painter  of  Sylvan  Grove,  of  lilac  haze 
That  sleeping  lies  upon  the  frosted  fields; 
Of  misty  hollow,  edged  with  bush  ablaze 
With  burning  hues  that  old  October  yields; 
Of  waning  winter  sun,  ere  comes  the  night, 
Spreading  his  mantle  warm,  deep-flushed 

with  red, 
O'er  dreary  snowdrifts  ghostly  cold  and 

white, 
And  o'er  dead  leaves  windblown  to  their 

last  bed 
Beneath   the   barren   trees   and    'mid   the 

bush; 
Painter  of   Spring,   pink   bud   and   leafy 

green, 

Of  harvest  fields  all  ripe  amid  the  hush 
Of  Summer's  heat  at  midday's  glimmering 

sheen     *     *     * 

Let  honor  crown  thy  rich  autumnal  hour, 
And  wreaths  of  oak  and  trumpet  vine  thy 

head, 
That  grow  along  the  haunts  that  gave  thee 

power 
To  paint  the  earth  in  light  from  heaven 

shed." 

His  paternal  ancestors  were  originally 
Virginians,  moving  from  that  state  to  Ken- 
tucky. His  paternal  grandfather,  James 
Steele,  moved  from  Kentucky  and  settled 
in  Owen  County  in  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  Mr.  Steele 's  parents, 
Samuel  Hamilton  and  Harriet  N.  (Evans) 
Steele,  were  both  born  in  Owen  County. 
In  1852,  when  Theodore  was  five  years  old, 
the  family  removed  to  Waveland,  Mont- 
gomery County,  where  Mr.  Steele  grew  up 
and  where  he  received  his  first  school  ad- 
vantages. There  was  an  excellent  acad- 
emy at  Waveland,  which  furnished  the 
principal  foundation  for  his  literary  edu- 
cation. 

His  early  environment  was  that  of  a 
typical  Goldsmith 's  country  village  and  In- 
diana rural  scenes.  Inspiration  could 
come  from  nature  alone  and  not  from  the 
art  schools  that  are  now  well  nigh  ubiqui- 
tous and  from  the  manifold  influences 
which  encourage  the  artistic  impulse.  His 
spirit  and  genius  grew  and  developed  prac- 
tically in  solitude.  This  fact  lends  the 
greater  interest  to  what  he  has  accom- 
plished, and  to  some  extent  no  doubt  it  is 


the  secret  of  his  wonderful  power  of  ex- 
pression and  interpretation  of  the  life  and 
scenes  which  as  a  boy  he  learned  to  com- 
prehend. While  in  the  academy  at  Wave- 
land  he  attracted  the  attention  of  fellow 
students  and  the  teachers  by  his  skill  with 
the  pencil,  and  as  early  as  thirteen  he  was 
teaching  drawing  to  other  pupils.  His  be- 
coming an  artist  may  be  said  to  have  be- 
come a  gradual  but  steady  development 
extending  over  a  considerable  number  of 
years.  For  five  years  he  was  a  student  of 
art  in  Europe  at  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Munich,  Germany,  from  1880  to  1885. 
During  that  time  he  was  a  student  of  Pro- 
fessors Bentzur  and  Loeffts. 

Mr.  William  Greenwood,  of  Indianapolis, 
writer  of  the  lines  above  quoted  and  which 
have  been  published  in  some  of  the  art 
magazines,  indicates  the  general  character 
of  Mr.  Steele 's  work  by  the  following: 
' '  Thy  favorite  haunt  is  on  the  wooded  hills. 
Thy  Indiana  holds  no  stately  mountain 

heaps, 
Lifting   the    awe-filled    eye,    sublime   and 

hoar, 
No  sea,  skjr-bottomed,  broods,  or  in  fury 

leaps 

Against  the  bastions  of  a  rock-bound  shore. 
But  to  thy  brush  she  brings  a  humbler 

dower 

Of  lowlier  hills  where  gentle  Beauty  sways, 
Inviting  friendlier  touch  with   man   and 

flower ; 

Clear,  placid  streams  that  wind  their  lei- 
sure ways 

Unvext  with  haste  to  distant  unknown  seas, 
And    changing    pageants    of    the   cycling 

years. 
These   charms  thy  art  hath   caught,   and 

adds  to  these 

The  fruits  of  thy  long  visionary  years. 
While  others  strive  brief  wealth  and  power 

to  hold, 
Thine  eye  hath  found  a  wealth  more  rich 

than  gold." 

Mr.  Steele  has  his  studio  in  the  country 
in  Brown  County,  and  he  also  has  a  studio 
in  Indianapolis  and  occasionally  has  found 
inspiration  for  his  brush  in  city  scenes. 
He  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in 
1900  and  has  had  pictures  in  the  museums 
of  St.  Louis.  Cincinnati,  and  Indianapolis, 
and  in  the  galleries  of  the  Boston  Art  Club. 
He  was  awarded  the  Fine  Arts  Building 
prize  of  $500  at  Chicago  in  1909.  In  1913 
he  was  elected  as  Associate  National  Acad- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1845 


einician.  In  1904  he  was  a  member  of  the 
National  Jury  of  Awards  at  the  St.  Louis 
Exposition.  In  1905  he  was  given  the  de- 
gree Master  of  Arts  by  Wabash  College, 
and  in  1916  Indiana  University  honored 
him  and  itself  with  the  degree  LL.  D. 

February  14,  1870,  Mr.  Steele  married 
Mary  A.  Lakin,  of  Rushville,  Indiana. 
She  died  in  1900,  the  mother  of  three  chil- 
dren, Brant  and  Shirley  L.  Steele  and  Mrs. 
Margaret  Newbacher.  Mr.  Steele 's  pres- 
ent wife  before  her  marriage  was  Miss 
Selma  Newbacher,  of  Indianapolis.  Though 
not  a  professional  artist,  she  has  had  a  com- 
prehensive education  in  art  and  her  tal- 
ents in  this  direction  afford  appreciative 
assistance  to  Mr.  Steele  in  his  work. 

OSCAR  D.  BOHLEN.  One  of  the  oldest 
established  architects  in  the  State  of  In- 
diana located  in  Indianapolis  is  the  firm 
of  D.  A.  Bohlen  &  Son,  of  which  D.  A. 
Bohlen  was  the  founder  and  though  he 
died  many  years  ago  the  profession  has 
always  been  continued  under  the  original 
name,  with  Oscar  D.  Bohlen  as  active  head 
of  the  profession  and  business.  A  number 
of  the  best  examples  of  Indiana  architec- 
ture were  created  and  constructed  by  this 
firm. 

Oscar  D.  Bohlen  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis July  12,  1863.  He  is  a  son  of  D.  A. 
and  Ursula  F.  (Gonceau)  Bohlen.  His 
father  was  born  in  Germany  and  came  to 
America  alone  in  1851,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four.  He  had  acquired  a  colleg- 
iate education  at  the  University  of  Hok- 
minden,  and  on  reaching  America  located 
for  a  time  in  Cincinnati,  and  moved  to  In- 
dianapolis in  1852.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  real  architects  to  practice  the  profes- 
sion in  this  city.  His  work  is  to  be  found 
in  many  towns  of  the  state,  and  he  contin- 
ued active  in  his  work  until  his  death  in 
1890.  Some  examples  of  his  work  still  in 
existence  are  the  Tomlinson  Hall  at  In- 
dianapolis and  also  the  Roberts  Park  Meth- 
odist Church.  He  was  a  republican,  but 
had  no  desire  to  be  publicly  known,  and 
gave  the  best  years  of  his  life  to  his  pro- 
fession, his  family  and  friends.  He  and 
his  wife  had  six  children,  three  of  whom 
are  still  living,  Oscar  D.  being  the 
youngest. 

Oscar  D.  Bohlen  attended  private  schools, 
also  the  Shortridge  High  School  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  took  his  technical  work  in  the 


Boston  Institute  of  Technology.  He  en- 
tered the  office  of  his  father  in  1882  and  in 
1884  the  firm  of  D.  A.  Bohlen  and  Son 
was  created,  and  later  he  succeeded  to  the 
business  without  changing  the  name.  With- 
out attempting  anything  like  a  complete 
list  the  following  examples  of  his  work 
will  indicate  its  scope  and  character.  He 
was  the  architect  of  the  Indiana  National 
Bank  Building,  of  St.  John's  Church,  the 
Majestic  Building,  all  at  Indianapolis,  and 
has  furnished  plans  and  supervision  for 
many  business  and  public  buildings 
throughout  the  state.  Mr.  Bohlen  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics. 

January  12,  1886,  at  Indianapolis,  he 
married  Miss  Amelia  Kuhn.  They  have 
two  children :  August  C.,  born  August  2, 
1887 ;  and  Cora  P.,  who  was  educated  in 
the  Academy  of  St.  Mary's  and  finished 
her  education  in  Europe.  The  son,  Au- 
gust, attended  the  public  schools  of  Indian- 
apolis, is  a  graduate  of  Cornell  University, 
and  upon  his  graduation  entered  the  firm 
of  D.  A.  Bohlen  &  Son,  of  which  his  father 
was  the  sole  owner.  In  1917  he  was  com- 
missioned a  lieutenant  and  in  1918  pro- 
moted to  the  captaincy  in  the  American 
army,  being  assigned  to  overseas  duty  in 
the  Heavy  Ordnance  Department. 

FRANK  H.  LANGSENKAMP  is  a  son  of  that 
veteran  Indianapolis  coppersmith  and  man- 
ufacturer, William  Langsenkamp,  whose 
career  is  told  briefly  on  other  pages.  It 
has  been  left  to  Frank  H.  Langsenkamp 
to  carry  on  and  continue  the  business 
which  was  founded  by  his  father  at  In- 
dianapolis fifty  years  ago.  Established  in 
1868,  the  name  Langsenkamp  has  been 
identified  with  the  manufacture  of  various 
lines  of  brass  and  copper  work,  but  more 
particularly  with  canning  equipment  until 
Langsenkamp  is  today  regarded  as  a  syn- 
onym for  the  best  in  quality,  type  and  effi- 
ciency in  that  specialty. 

Frank  H.  Langsenkamp  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis May  21,  1878,  received  his  pri- 
mary education  in  St.  Mary's  Parochial 
School  and  finished  his  training  at  St. 
Joseph's  College  at  Teutopolis,  Illinois. 
From  his  father  he  learned  the  copper- 
smith's trade,  beginning  his  apprentice- 
ship at  the  age  of  fifteen.  He  was  actively 
associated  as  an  employe  of  the  Langsen- 
kamp business  until  1908.  when  he  suc- 
ceeded to  it  by  purchase.  During  the  last 


1846 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ten  years  he  has  made  many  changes,  en- 
larging the  scope  and  extent  of  the  busi- 
ness and  getting  new  markets  until  the 
products  of  F.  H.  Langsenkamp  now  go  to 
practically  every  state  in  the  Union.  Some 
of  his  cooking  kettles  have  been  manufac- 
tured by  express  government  order  for  use 
on  United  States  battleships.  There  is  a 
large  and  varied  line  of  Langsenkamp  prod- 
ucts, including  kettles  of  all  types  and  sizes 
for  use  in  canning  factory  equipment.  Be- 
sides these  kettles  perhaps  the  most  widely 
known  specialty  of  the  Langsenkamp  man- 
ufacture is  the  Langsenkamp  "Kook-More 
Koils"  which  repeated  tests  have  proved 
often  add  200  per  cent  to  the  efficiency  and 
capacity  of  a  canning  establishment. 

While  Mr.  Langsenkamp  has  done  much 
to  improve  and  increase  the  business  he 
took  over  from  his  father,  he  has  in  one 
respect  not  deviated  from  his  father's  ex- 
ample. He  has  had  but  little  time  to  de- 
vote to  politics  and  has  confined  his  atten- 
tion, like  his  father,  exclusively  to  the 
building  up  of  a  constantly  growing  busi- 
ness. Mr.  Langsenkamp  is  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Board  of  Trade  and  other  civic  organ- 
izations for  the  general  good.  His  family 
are  communicants  of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul 
Catholic  Church.  In  1904  he  married 
Stella  Stroup,  of  Shelbyville,  Indiana. 
They  have  one  son,  Frank  Stroup  Lang- 
senkamp. 

MORRIS  M.  FEUERLICHT  as  rabbi  of  the 
Indianapolis  Hebrew  congregation  has 
earned  a  position  of  esteem  and  influence 
in  the  capital  city  quite  apart  from  his 
leadership  among  the  Jewish  people.  He 
has  distinguished  himself  by  scholarship, 
by  fearless  and  constructive  work  in  the 
moral  and  civic  life  of  the  community  and 
thoroughly  merits  a  place  among  represen- 
tative Indianans. 

He  was  born  at  Tokay,  Hungary,  Jan- 
uary 15,  1879,  and  is  the  only  one  living  of 
the  four  children  of  Jacob  and  Catherine 
(Deutsch)  Feuerlicht.  In  1880  when  he 
was  a  year  old  his  parents  came  to  Amer- 
ica, lived  in  Chicago  a  few  years,  after- 
wards in  Boston  arid  then  returned  to  Chi- 
cago, where  his  father,  also  a  distinguished 
rabbi,  still  lives.  The  father  has  served 
for  a  number  of  years  as  superintendent  of 
the  Jewish  Home  for  the  Friendless  at 
Chicago. 


Morris  M.  Feuerlicht  first  attended 
school  in  the  Brimmer  School  at  Boston, 
and  subsequently  entered  the  University 
of  Cincinnati  and  the  Hebrew  Union  Col- 
lege of  Cincinnati.  From  the  latter  in 
1897  he  received  the  degree  Bachelor  of 
Hebrew  Literature  and  in  1901  was  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  Cincinnati 
with  the  degree  A.  B.  For  several  years 
he  was  in  charge  of  a  Jewish  Temple  at 
Lafayette,  Indiana.  In  1902  Rabbi  Feuer- 
licht entered  the  University  of  Chicago, 
where  he  continued  post-graduate  studies 
until  1904. 

In  September  of  that  year  he  came  to 
Indianapolis  as  associate  rabbi  to  the  ven- 
erable Rabbi  Messing.  Rabbi  Messing  had 
been  active  head  of  the  Hebrew  congrega- 
tion of  Indianapolis  for  thirty-seven  years, 
and  after  retiring  in  1907  and  giving  the 
active  management  of  the  congregation  to 
Rabbi  Feuerlicht  he  was  made  Rabbi 
Emeritus.  Rabbi  Feuerlicht  married  Oc- 
tober 26,  1909,  Miss  Mildred  J.  Mayerstein, 
of  Lafayette,  Indiana,  daughter  of  the  late 
Maurice  M.  Mayerstein,  publisher  of  the 
Lafayette  Evening  Courier.  Their  chil- 
dren are  Maurice  and  Katherine. 

STEPHEN  A.  CLINEHENS.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1906,  Stephen  A.  Clinehens  has 
been  steadily  advanced  in  ability,  expe- 
rience and  reputation  as  a  safe  and  able 
lawyer,  and  already  has  a  secure  position 
in  the  Indianapolis  bar. 

He  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana, 
March  18,  1881,  a  son  of  John  and  Eliza- 
beth (Atkinson)  Clinehens.  The  father 
was  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  located  at  Webster,  Indiana, 
and  for  twenty-five  years  was  the  honest 
village  blacksmith  there,  a  good  workman, 
an  honorable  gentleman,  and  widely  es- 
teemed for  his  many  virtues.  For  thirty- 
five  years  he  was  active  in  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  was  an  advocate  of  tem- 
perance, and  a  democratic  voter.  Of  his 
family  of  four  children  Stephen  A.  was 
the  youngest  and  one  of  the  two  still  living. 

As  a  boy  he  attended  grammar  and  high 
schools  in  Wayne  County,  and  later  was  a 
student  in  the  literary  and  law  depart- 
ments of  Valparaiso  University.  He  com- 
pleted his  education  in  the  Indianapolis 
Law  School,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1906.  After  his  admission  to  the  bar  Mr. 
Clinehens  was  connected  with  the  law  firm 


1 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1847 


of  Kern  &  Bell  until  1912,  and  since  then 
has  been  in  practice  alone,  with  offices  in 
the  Fletcher  Trust  Building.  He  has  suc- 
cessfully represented  a  number  of  clients 
and  has  had  participation  in  many  inter- 
esting cases.  One  of  these  calls  for  spe- 
cial mention.  In  March,  1918,  he  defended 
thirteen  Montenegrins  who  were  tried  for 
seditious  conspiracy  in  the  Federal  Court 
of  this  district.  Mr.  Clinehens  assembled 
such  testimony  and  evidence  as  to  convince 
the  court  and  free  all  of  his  clients.  This 
service  did  not  go  unrecognized,  and  King 
Nicholas  of  Montenegro  recently  conferred 
upon  Mr.  Clinehens  the  Cross  of  Officer 
of  Prince  Danilo  I  as  a  recompense  for  his 
services  to  King  Nicholas'  countrymen  and 
nation. 

Mr.  Clinehens  is  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Church.  November  27,  1902, 
he  married  Miss  Kate  E.  Mabey,  who  was 
born  in  England.  Her  father,  Joseph  Ma- 
bey,  came  to  the  United  States  when  Mrs. 
Clinehens  was  a  child,  settling  in  Rich- 
mond, Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clinehens 
have  three  living  children,  Webster,  La- 
verne,  and  Martha. 

PEARL  A.  HAVELICK,  a  resident  of  In- 
dianapolis since  May,  1881,  formerly  en- 
joyed some  close  and  confidential  relations 
with  the  large  business  interests  of  the 
state,  and  latterly  has  conducted  a  suc- 
cessful real  estate  and  insurance  business. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Fletcher  Trust  Build- 
ing. 

Mr.  Havelick  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Bloomingville,  Erie  County,  Ohio,  August 
9,  1864,  the  second  oldest  of  the  five  chil- 
dren of  Samuel  "W.  and  Sarah  B.  (Prout) 
Havelick.  His  great-grandfather  was  a 
native  of  Germany  and  founded  the  family 
in  this  country.  The  grandfather,  Wil- 
liam H.  Havelick,  was  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  was  known  as  a  typical  Penn- 
sylvanian  Dutchman.  One  of  his  sons, 
Jerry  served  throughout  the  Civil  war  on 
the  Union  side,  and  afterwards  became  an 
engineer  on  the  Great  Lakes.  Samuel  W. 
Havelick  spent  all  his  life  as  a  farmer. 
Both  he  and  his  wife  are  now  deceased,  and 
of  their  five  children  three  are  living. 

Pearl  A.  Havelick 's  early  life  was  spent 
on  the  home  farm  in  Ohio  and  his  scholas- 
tic advantages  were  obtained  during  the 
short  winter  terms  in  district  schools.  At 


the  age  of  eighteen  he  started  earning  his 
own  living  as  a  clerk  at  Sandusky  with  the 
old  C.  S.  &  C.  Railroad.  Two  years  later 
he  came  to  Indianapolis  as  an  employe  in 
the  passenger  department  of  the  auditor's 
office  of  the  I.  B.  &  W.  Railway.  He  con- 
tinued in  railroad  work  for  a  period  of 
seven  years.,  and  was  finally  promoted  to 
the  position  of  auditor  of  railroad  ac- 
counts. 

In  the  spring  of  1888  Mr.  Havelick  be- 
came private  secretary  to  John  C.  Wright, 
then  as  now  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
of  Indianapolis  and  a  son  of  Governor 
Joseph  A.  Wright.  Mr.  Havelick  handled 
much  of  the  business  and  remained  in  the 
relation  of  confidential  employment  with 
Mr.  Wright  for  twenty-two  years.  From 
that  he  entered  business  for  himself  in  real 
estate  and  fire  insurance,  and  has  built  up 
a  large  and  extensive  clientage  in  those 
lines. 

He  is  a  republican  in  politics  and  a 
member  of  several  social  organizations.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
but  a  believer  in  Christian  Science.  Oc- 
tober 17,  1883,  he  married  Henrietta  M. 
Williams,  who  died  in  1904.  October  9, 
1906,  he  married  Almeda  W.  Windlebleck, 
of  Hartford  City,  Indiana. 

JOSEPH  EVERETT  HENNINGS  has  been 
identified  with  half  a  dozen  or  more  of 
those  business  institutions  and  other  organ- 
izations which  in  recent  years  have  adver- 
tised the  name  of  Anderson  all  over  the 
country  as  one  of  the  first  and  foremost  in- 
dustrial and  civic  centers  of  Indiana. 

While  a  large  number  of  interests  claim 
his  time  and  attention,  Mr.  Hennings 
would  usually  be  found  at  his  office  in  the 
Madison  County  Trust  Company,  of  which 
he  is  president.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  this  company,  served  as  its  first 
vice  president,  and  since  1915  has  been 
president. 

The  story  of  his  career  is  a  fine  illustra- 
tion of  that  type  of  character  which  is  al- 
ways buoyant,  resourceful,  self  reliant 
and  capable  of  achieving  worthy  ends  and 
getting  things  done  without  regard  to  op- 
portunities, obstacles,  environment  or  any 
of  the  conditions  which  the  mediocre  man 
regards  as  handicaps. 

Joseph  Everett  Hennings  was  born  in 
New  York  City  May  10,  1865.  There  were 
no  child  labor  nor  compulsory  education 


- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1847 


of  Kern  &  Bell  until  1912,  and  since  then 
has  been  in  practice  alone,  with  offices  in 
the  Fletcher  Trust  Building.  He  has  suc- 
cessfully represented  a  number  of  clients 
and  has  had  participation  in  many  inter- 
esting cases.  One  of  these  calls  for  spe- 
cial mention.  In  March,  1918,  he  defended 
thirteen  Montenegrins  who  were  tried  for 
seditious  conspiracy  in  the  Federal  Court 
of  this  district.  Mr.  Clinehens  assembled 
such  testimony  and  evidence  as  to  convince 
the  court  and  free  all  of  his  clients.  This 
service  did  not  go  unrecognized,  and  King 
Nicholas  of  Montenegro  recently  conferred 
\ipon  Mr.  Clinehens  the  Cross  of  Officer 
of  Prince  Danilo  I  as  a  recompense  for  his 
services  to  King  Nicholas'  countrymen  and 
nation. 

Mr.  Clinehens  is  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Church.  November  27,  1902, 
he  married  Miss  Kate  E.  Mabey,  who  was 
born  in  England.  Her  father,  Joseph  Ma- 
bey,  came  to  the  United  States  when  Mrs. 
Clinehens  was  a  child,  settling  in  Rich- 
mond, Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clinehens 
have  three  living  children,  Webster,  La- 
verne,  and  Martha. 

PEARL  A.  HAVELICK.  a  resident  of  In- 
dianapolis since  May,  1881,  formerly  en- 
joyed some  close  and  confidential  relations 
with  the  large  business  interests  of  the 
state,  and  latterly  has  conducted  a  suc- 
cessful real  estate  and  insurance  business. 
His  offices  are  in  the  Fletcher  Trust  Build- 
ing. 

Mr.  ITavelick  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Bloomingville.  Erie  County.  Ohio,  August 
9,  1864,  the  second  oldest  of  the  five  chil- 
dren of  Samuel  W.  and  Sarah  B.  (Prout) 
Havoiick.  His  great-grandfather  was  a 
native  of  Germany  and  founded  the  family 
in  this  country.  The  grandfather.  Wil- 
liam II.  Havelick,  was  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  was  known  as  a  typical  Penn- 
sylvmiian  Dutchman.  One  of  his  sons, 
Jerry  served  throughout  the  Civil  war  on 
the  Union  side,  and  afterwards  became  an 
engineer  on  the  Great  Lakes.  Samuel  W. 
Havelick  spent  all  his  life  as  a  farmer. 
Both  he  and  his  wife  are  now  deceased,  and 
of  their  five  children  three  are  living. 

Pearl  A.  Havelick 's  early  life  was  spent 
on  the  home  farm  in  Ohio  and  his  scholas- 
tic advantages  were  obtained  during  the 
short  winter  terms  in  district  schools.  At 


the  age  of  eighteen  he  started  earning  his 
own  living  as  a  clerk  at  Sandusky  with  the 
old  C.  S.  &  C.  Railroad.  Two  years  later 
he  came  to  Indianapolis  as  an  employe  in 
the  passenger  department  of  the  auditor's 
office  of  the  I.  B.  &  W.  Railway.  lie  con- 
tinued in  railroad  work  for  a  period  of 
seven  years,  and  was  finally  promoted  to 
the  position  of  auditor  of  railroad  ac- 
counts. 

In  the  spring  of  1888  Mr.  Havelick  be- 
came private  secretary  to  John  C.  Wright, 
then  as  now  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
of  Indianapolis  and  a  son  of  Governor 
Joseph  A.  Wright.  Mr.  Havelick  handled 
much  of  the  business  and  remained  in  the 
relation  of  confidential  employment  with 
Mr.  Wright  for  twenty-two  years.  From 
that  he  entered  business  for  himself  in  real 
estate  and  fire  insurance,  and  has  built  up 
a  large  and  extensive  clientage  in  those 
lines. 

lie  is  a  republican  in  politics  and  a 
member  of  several  social  organizations.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
but  a  believer  in  Christian  Science.  Oc- 
tober 17,  1883,  he  married  Henrietta  M. 
Williams,  who  died  in  1904.  October  9. 
1906,  he  married  Almeda  W.  Windlebleck, 
of  Hartford  City,  Indiana. 

JOSEPH  EVERETT  HE.VMNGS  has  been 
identified  with  half  a  dozen  or  more  of 
those  business  institutions  and  other  organ- 
izations which  in  recent  years  have  adver- 
tised the  name  of  Anderson  all  over  the 
country  as  one  of  the  first  and  foremost  in- 
dustrial and  civic  centers  of  Indiana. 

While  a  large  number  of  interests  claim 
his  time  and  attention.  Mr.  Ilennings 
would  usually  be  found  at  his  office  in  the 
Madison  County  Trust  Company,  of  which 
he  is  president.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  this  company,  served  as  its  first 
vice  president,  and  since  1915  has  been 
president. 

The  story  of  his  career  is  a  .fine  illustra- 
tion of  that  type  of  character  which  is  al- 
ways buoyant,  resourceful,  self  reliant 
and  capable  of  achieving  worthy  ends  and 
getting  things  done  without  regard  to  op- 
portunities, obstacles,  environment  or.  any 
of  the  conditions  which  the  mediocre  man 
regards  as  handicaps. 

Joseph  Everett  Ilennings  was  born  in 
New  York  City  May  10.  1865.  There  were 
no  child  labor  nor  compulsory  education 


. 


1848 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


laws  at  that  time,  and  the  few  terms  he 
spent  in  public  school  alternated  with  sell- 
ing papers  on  the  street.  At  the  age  of 
ten  his  education  was  completed  and  he 
was  doing  full  time  working  as  an  office 
boy.  He  finally  left  New  York  and  started 
west.  At  Kokomo,  Indiana,  he  became 
bell  boy  in  the  Clinton  House,  and  he  also 
sold  newspapers  in  that  city. 

His  friends  have  often  told  the  story  of 
how  he  came  to  Anderson  in  1890.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  baseball  fan,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  loyal  followers  of  the  teams  in 
the  Indiana  state  baseball  league.  He 
came  to  Anderson  to  give  the  Kokomo  team 
the  full  strength  of  his  support  in  a  game 
against  the  local  club.  When  the  game 
was  over,  and  the  Kokomo  team  had  gone 
down  in  defeat,  he  had  not  a  penny  left 
and  rather  than  face  the  possibility  of  re- 
turning to  Kokomo  on  foot  and  enduring 
the  humiliation  of  defeat  he  remained  at 
Anderson. 

It  was  only  a  short  time  until  his  re- 
sourcefulness had  put  him  on  his  feet  in 
this  new  field,  and  in  1894  he  became 
proprietor  of  the  old  Anderson  Hotel.  He 
operated  it  for  ten  years,  but  in  1905  be- 
came interested  in  the  Grand  Opera  House 
and  in  the  same  year  leased  the  Grand 
Hotel,  then  a  new  building  and  the  largest 
and  most  modern  hotel  of  the  city.  Under 
his  management  the  Grand  Hotel  became 
one  of  the  most  popular  hostelries  of  the 
entire  state.  At  the  same  time  he  made 
the  Grand  Opera  House  a  paying  and  pop- 
ular institution.  During  five  years  of  this 
period  Mr.  Hennings  was  president  of  the 
Indiana  Hotel  Keepers'  Association. 

He  retired  from  the  hotel  business  in 
February,  1913,  but  continued  the  man- 
agement of  the  Opera  House  for  a  time. 

In  the  way  of  business  achievetnents 
Mr.  Hennings  established  the  Anderson 
Posting  Advertising  Company,  Incorpo- 
rated, which  has  grown  and  developed  its 
service  of  outdoor  publicity  until  the  busi- 
ness is  now  national  in  scope.  Mr.  Hen- 
nings is  president  of  the  company.  At 
different  times  he  has  been  a  stockholder 
in  various  other  local  business  affairs,  in- 
cluding the  People's  Bank,  the  Farmers 
Trust  Company,  and  more  than  anything 
else  the  people  know  him  for  his  activity 
and  enterprise  directing  certain  movements 
that  have  brought  untold  benefit  to  An- 
derson as  an  industrial  and  civic  center. 


He  was  director  general  of  the 
"Made  in  Anderson"  exhibit  which  was 
held  during  the  first  week  of  June,  1915, 
and  brought  to  Anderson  business  men 
and  industrial  representatives  from  all 
parts  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Hennings  took  an  active  part  in  the 
reorganization  of  the  Anderson  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  being  chairman  of  the  re- 
organization committee  and  after  a  cam- 
paign of  one  day  secured  a  full  quota  of 
membership,  1,000.  The  Chamber  now 
has  more  than  1,000  members,  and  it  is  the 
largest  membership  of  any  town  of  its  size 
in  the  country.  Mr.  Hennings  has  served 
as  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, and  through  that  organization  he 
helped  locate  twelve  large  industries  in 
Anderson.  Nine  of  these  are  industries  of 
national  importance,  their  products  being 
shipped  to  all  sections  of  the  country. 

Mr.  Hennings  was  also  the  man  who 
originated  and  did  much  toward  compiling 
"Illustrated  Anderson,"  a  handsome  book- 
let with  magnificent  illustrations  that 
proved  a  great  drawing  card  in  advertis- 
ing the  attractiveness  and  the  business  fea- 
tures of  the  city.  He  is  also  president  of 
the  Hoosier-Dixie  Highway  Association, 
organized  for  the  purpose  of  boosting  An- 
derson's claims  and  plans  for  general  high- 
way improvement.  A  booklet  has  been  is- 
sued by  this  organization  describing  its 
purposes. 

Mr.  Hennings  is  treasurer  of  the  Amer- 
ican Playground  Device  Company.  In  1917 
he  became  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce.'" 

He  has  long  been  prominent  in  the  Be- 
nevolent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  pro- 
viding for  the  entertainment  of  the  State 
Elks  Convention  at  Anderson  in  May,  1912, 
was  president  of  the  Indiana  Grand  Lodge 
of  Elks  in  1916,  and  is  now  chairman  of 
the  building  committee  of  the  local  lodge, 
which  is  planning  the  construction  of  a 
club  house  to  cost  $125,000.  He  served  as 
exalted  ruler  of  the  Anderson  lodge  in 
1900.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Trav- 
elers' Protective  Association,  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose. 
Politically  he  is  a  republican  and  has  been 
quite  active  in  the  ranks  though  never  as 
a  seeker  for  public  honors.  Governor 
Goodrich  in  casting  about  for  a  business 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1849 


man  to  act  on  the  reformatory  board  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Hennings  a  member  of  that 
board  in  June,  1918.  Mr.  Hennings  has 
been  identified  with  every  activity  in  the 
interest  of  Anderson,  he  was  one  of  the 
promoters  of  the  Free  Pair,  this  proving 
one  of  the  greatest  events  in  Anderson's 
history.  Mr.  Hennings  has  also  been  ac- 
tive in  war  activities  and  was  one  of  the 
managers  of  every  Liberty  Loan,  Red 
Cross,  War  Saving  Stamps,  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  and  United  War 
Workers  campaigns.  He  devoted  almost 
his  entire  time  during  the  period  of  all 
the  campaigns,  and  the  results  show  that 
the  City  of  Anderson  always  went  over 
the  top. 

Mr.  Hennings  has  always  recognized 
that  no  small  share  of  his  progress  and 
prosperity  has  been  due  to  his  capable 
wife.  August  7,  1891,  about  a  year  after 
he  came  to  Anderson,  he  married  Miss 
Josephine  Morey,  of  Adrian,  Michigan,  a 
daughter  of  Max  Morey.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Eva. 

KENESAW  M.  LANDIS,  United  States  dis- 
trict judge  of  the  northern  district  of  Illi- 
nois since  March  28,  1905,  was  born  at 
Millvill,  Ohio,  November  20,  1866,  but  his 
early  educational  training  was  received  in 
Indiana.  He  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Logansport,  and  received  his  LL.  B. 
degree  at  the  Union  College  of  Law,  Chi- 
cago. In  1891  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
practiced  law  in  Chicago  from  1891  until 
1905  with  the  exception  of  his  two  years 
as  private  secretary  to  Secretary  of  State 
Gresham,  and  since  1905  has  been  United 
States  district  judge  of  the  northern  dis- 
trict of  Illinois.  Judge  Landis  is  a  re- 
publican. 

EDWARD  JULIUS  LONN.  In  the  long  list 
of  notable  Indianans  past  and  present,  in- 
cluding pioneers  of  the  wilderness,  soldiers, 
statesmen  and  state  builders,  lawyers  and 
jurists  and  other  professional  leaders,  au- 
thors and  artists,  manufacturers  and  a 
great  catalogue  of  men  and  women  of 
varied  useful  and  brilliant  attainments  and 
service,  a  conspicuous  page  must  be  re- 
served for  the  well  known  manufacturer 
and  banker  of  LaPorte,  Edward  Julius 
Lonn. 

It  was  hardly  possible  for  the  community 
of  LaPorte  in  1860  to  appreciate  the  many 

Vol.  IV— 19 


sturdy  and  valuable  qualities  added  to  it 
when  the  late  John  Lonn  located  there 
with  his  family.  John  Lonn  was  a  factor 
in  the  history  of  LaPorte  for  over  half  a 
century  and  his  own  enterprise  was  nobly 
seconded  and  supplemented  by  that  of  his 
children. 

John  Lonn  was  born  at  Sanden,  Yell- 
aryd  Vrystad,  near  Jonkopping,  Sweden, 
June  18,  1835.  It  is  well  known  that 
many  of  the  leading  families  of  Sweden, 
especially  those  conspicuous  in  government 
circles,  became  identified  with  that  Scan- 
dinavian country  as  emigrants  from 
France  during  the  Napoleonic  era.  One 
of  the  followers  of  General  Bernadotte 
when  he  assumed  the  government  of 
Sweden  was  a  French  general,  Vallin, 
whose  descendants  are  represented  in  the 
Lonn  family.  An  uncle  of  John  Lonn  was 
a  bishop  of  the  famous  Swedish  University 
of  Upsala. 

John  Lonn  had  a  liberal  education  and 
spoke  fluently  the  French,  German  and 
English  as  well  as  the  Swedish  languages. 
When  he  was  twenty-five  years  of  age  he 
came  to  America,  locating  at  LaPorte,  In- 
diana, which  continued  to  be  his  home  un- 
til his  death  in  1915.  In  Sweden  he  had 
learned  the  trade  of  tanner,  and  at  La- 
Porte  found  his  first  work  as  superintend- 
ent of  the  Eliel  tannery.  Later  he  oper- 
ated a  tannery  of  his  own,  and  left  that 
to  engage  in  the  wholesale  hide,  fur  and 
wool  business.  In  1871  he  established  the 
Lonn  store  at  921  Main  Street,  now  Lin- 
coln Way.  During  all  the  subsequent 
years  he  continued  the  purchase  and  sale 
of  hides,  wool  and  fur,  and  was  known  all 
over  Northem  and  Southern  Michigan, 
spending  much  of  his  time  in  travel  in 
those  sections. 

In  1883,  as  a  direct  outgrowth  of  the 
Lonn  store,  the  wholesale  manufacture  of 
harness  was  commenced,  and  in  1889,  to 
furnish  more  ample  quarters  for  this  pros- 
pering enterprise,  the  Lonn  Block,  a  sub- 
stantial brick  structure  covering  half  a 
block,  was  erected.  For  many  years  this 
was  one  of  LaPorte 's  chief  manufacturing 
industries.  Later,  as  members  of  the  fam- 
ily became  absorbed  in  the  larger  and  more 
rapidly  growing  bicycle  business,  which 
was  started  in  1897,  the  manufacture  of 
harness  was  discontinued.  In  1899  the  firm 
of  John  Lonn  &  Sons  Company  was  suc- 
ceeded bv  the  Great  Western  Manufactur- 


1850 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ing  Company,  which  has  become  the  larg- 
est independent  bicycle  factory  in  the 
world,  and  stands  particularly  as  a  monu- 
ment to  the  commercial  energy  and  sa- 
gacity of  Julius  Lonn  and  also  to  the 
ability  and  wisdom  of  the  late  John  Lonn 
and  other  members  of  his  family. 

The  business  achievements  of  John  Lonn 
are  only  a  part  of  what  he  was  and  what 
he  did.  For  half  a  century  he  was  a  lead- 
ing figure  in  his  community,  well  known 
for  his  indefatigable  energy,  rugged  hon- 
esty and  good  deeds,  and  life  brought  him 
success  in  the  highest  measure  and  the 
fullest  value  of  that  term.  He  never  al- 
lowed business  to  interfere  with  his  de- 
votion to  his  home,  his  family  and  his 
church.  For  many  years  he  was  the  fore- 
most member  of  the  Swedish  Lutheran 
Church  of  LaPorte.  When  he  came  to  the 
city  with  his  sister  in  1860  the  Swedish 
Lutheran  Church  was  little  more  than  a 
mission,  with  occasional  services  by 
preachers  sent  by  the  conference.  Mr. 
Lonn  with  a  few  other  faithful  followers 
guaranteed  the  expenses  of  a  regular  min- 
ister. In  the  early  days  he  played  the  little 
organ  which  was  used  at  the  services,  and 
early  in  the  existence  of  the  congregation 
he  became  a  trustee  and  later  was  made 
treasurer,  a  post  he  filled  most  faithfully 
for  thirty-five  years.  He  gave  the  church 
generously  both  of  his  time  and  his  money, 
but  his  generosities  were  by  no  means 
limited  to  his  church  circle.  It  is  said 
that  no  person  ever  needing  help  came  to 
him  in  vain.  Naturally  his  sympathy  was 
especially  keen  in  behalf  of  his  fellow 
countrymen.  His  charities  were  unosten- 
tatious and  usually  there  was  no  record  of 
them  except  between  the  giver  and  the  re- 
cipient. 

Though  he  had  not  been  in  America  long 
enough  to  be  a  naturalized  citizen,  in  1865 
he  became  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
taking  out  his  full  papers  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible after  returning  from  the  war.  He  and 
his  brother  Niles  Lonn  both  enlisted  and 
served  the  Union  cause  during  the  Civil 
war.  Niles  lost  his  life  during  the  struggle. 

John  Lonn  was  a  zealous  republican,  and 
while  a  strong  partisan  was  above  all  par- 
ticularly zealous  in  behalf  of  good  gov- 
ernment, whether  for  his  city  or  state  or 
nation.  He  took  the  greatest  pride  in  the 
broad  and  liberal  development  of  LaPorte 
as  a  city,  and  at  one  time  was  one  of  the 


faithful  and  hard  working  members  of  the 
city  council. 

In  1865  John  Lonn  married  Nellie  Palm- 
bla.  Mrs.  Lonn  died  in  1895,  the  mother 
of  eight  children,  all  of  whom  are  still 
living,  besides  four  grandchildren.  The 
names  of  the  children  are  Edward  Julius, 
J.  0.  William,  Miss  Emma,  Charles,  Miss 
Ella,  Arthur,  Miss  Alice  and  Victor.  Miss 
Ella  Lonn  has  had  a  distinguished  career 
in  scholarship  and  as  an  educator,  receiv- 
ing her  A.  B.  degree  from  the  University 
of  Chicago  in  1900,  Master  of  Arts  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania .  in  1910, 
and  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  1911.  She 
was  formerly  Dean  of  Women  at  Fargo 
College,  spent  a  year  or  more  in  studies 
abroad,  was  assistant  professor  at  Grin- 
nell  College  in  Iowa,  and  in  1918  became 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  Goucher  Col- 
lege at  Baltimore. 

Edward  Julius  Lonn  was  born  at  La- 
Porte  June  13,  1869.  While  he  found  his 
early  opportunities  for  a  business  career 
in  the  enterprises  founded  by  his  father, 
his  own  exceptional  talents  have  taken  him 
into  the  ranks  of  the  foremost  American 
industrial  leaders.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  LaPorte  and  at  Profes- 
sor Holmes  Business  College,  and  his  first 
responsibilities  in  business  came  in  1890, 
when  he  was  appointed  traveling  salesman 
in  the  wholesale  saddlery  and  leather  line. 
Two  years  later  he  became  an  active  asso- 
ciate with  his  father  as  secretary  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  John  Lonn  &  Sons  Com- 
pany. 

Mr.  Lonn's  distinguishing  success  was 
the  result  of  his  early  recognition  of  the 
opportunities  afforded  in  the  bicycle  in- 
dustry. In  1895  he  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  Crown  Cycle  Company.  Then,  in 
1899,  he  reorganized  this  company  and  by 
taking  over  the  Adlake  and  America  bi- 
cycle plants  formed  a  new  company  which 
became  the  nucleus  of  the  Great  Western 
Manufacturing  Company,  with  Mr.  Lonn 
as  its  secretary  and  general  manager. 
Later  the  Fauber  Manufacturing  Company 
and  its  patents  were  purchased,  and  twelve 
United  States  patents  for  bicycles  and  au- 
tomobiles were  taken  out.  In  1905  Mr. 
Lonn  bought  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
Great  Western  Manufacturing  Company 
and  soon  afterwards  was  elected  its  presi- 
dent and  general  manager.  Other  officials 
in  this  corporation  are  Charles  A.  Lonn, 
vice  president  and  treasurer,  and  Arthur 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1851 


E.  Lonn,  brother  of  Julius.  Charles  A. 
Lonn  is  sales  director,  and  by  his  rare 
ability  and  untiring  efforts  has  contributed 
his  share  to  the  development  of  the  suc- 
cess enjoyed  by  the  company.  Arthur  E. 
is  now  Major  Lonn,  adjutant  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Sixty-Seventh  Brigade, 
Eighty-Fourth  Division,  United  States 
army,  American  Expeditionary  Forces  in 
France. 

In  business  circles  the  Great  Western 
Manufacturing  Company  of  LaPorte  has 
for  a  number  of  years  been  regarded  as  the 
largest  exclusive  bicycle  plant  in  America. 
The  business  is  international  in  scope,  and 
with  LaPorte  as  the  manufacturing  center 
there  are  distributing  agencies  and  branch 
offices  in  the  leading  commercial  centers 
of  America,  New  York,  Chicago,  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Boston.  The  company  owns  and 
controls  more  patents  on  bicycles,  bicycle 
construction  and  designs  than  any  other 
similar  enterprise.  Its  factory  at  LaPorte, 
the  largest  and  most  completely  equipped 
of  its  kind  in  the  world,  has  a  daily  pro- 
duction of  500  complete  machines,  which 
are  sold  under  the  registered  trade  mark 
Crown-America-Adlake.  Obviously  it  is  a 
business  which  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  vital,  in  fact  one  of  the  corner  stones 
of  LaPorte 's  permanent  prosperity.  The 
pay  roll  amounts  to  over  half  a  million 
dollars  annually,  and  the  volume  of  busi- 
ness runs  into  the  millions. 

During  the  past  twenty  years,  with  the 
predominance  of  the  automobile,  there 
have  been  many  forces  operating  to  dis- 
courage development  of  a  plant  specializ- 
ing in  bicycle  manufacture,  and  it  is  evi- 
dent of  Mr.  Lonn's  special  genius  and  per- 
sistent energy  that  he  has  steadily  main- 
tained his  business  along  its  essential  and 
original  lines,  though  at  all  points  adapt- 
ing himself  to  the  progress  and  changing 
conditions  of  successive  years.  That  fact 
alone  would  be  sufficient  to  give  him  high 
distinction  among  the  business  men  of 
America. 

Mr.  Lonn  is  also  known  in  the  LaPorte 
community  as  a  banker.  In  1912  he  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  People 's  Trust 
and  Savings  Bank  of  LaPorte,  and  was 
elected  its  vice  president.  Like  his  honored 
father  before  him,  he  has  made  business 
not  the  supreme  interest  of  his  life,  but 
largely  a  means  and  instrumentality  of 
broad  and  effective  service  to  his  commun'- 
ity  and  to  humanity.  These  interests  and 


his  public  spirit  have  found  expression 
through  the  medium  of  a  long  list  of  or- 
ganizations. For  six  years  he  served  as 
president  of  the  board  of  education  of  La- 
Porte.  He  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Washington,  D. 
C.,  the  National  Association  of  Manufac- 
turers and  the  National  Association  of 
Credit  Men  of  New  York  City,  of  the  La- 
Porte  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Indiana 
Manufacturers  Association,  the  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  the  Society  of  Au- 
tomotive Engineers  of  New  York  City,  the 
Alexander  Hamilton  Institute  of  New  York 
City,  and  is  vice  president  of  the  Bicycle 
Manufacturers'  Association  and  chairman 
of  its  war  service  committee  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  For  over  a  year  his  time  and 
his  business  were  at  the  disposal  of  the 
government  in  behalf  of  any  patriotic  un- 
dertaking. He  is  a  life  member  of  the 
American  Red  Cross  Society  of  Washing- 
ton, served  as  chairman  of  the  LaPorte 
County  Chapter  of  the  American  Red 
'Cross,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  State 
Executive  Committee  at  Indianapolis  of 
the  Red  Cross.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  LaPorte  in  the 
Liberty  Loans  and  other  war  campaigns. 
He  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  County 
Council  of  Defense. 

Mr.  Lonn  was  one  of  the  organizers  and 
vice  president  of  the  LaPorte  Country 
Club,  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club 
of  Indianapolis,  South  Shore  Country 
Club  of  Chicago,  American  Academy  of 
Political  and  Social  Science,  the  LaPorte 
Historical  Society,  and  the  Amateur  Musi- 
cal Club  of  LaPorte.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  and  a  char- 
ter member  of  the  LaPorte  Lodge  of  Elks, 
B.  P.  O.  E.  No.  396. 

While  Mr.  Lonn  has  given  unceasing  de- 
votion during  the  past  two  years  to  his 
business  and  many  civic  interests,  it  is 
probably  true  that  his  heart  interest  was 
in  his  two  gallant  young  sons.  These  sons 
constitute  the  two  children  of  his  mar- 
riage with  Jennie  Miller,  daughter  of 
George  F.  Miller  of  New  Carlisle,  Indiana. 
They  were  married  at  Chicago  March  30, 
1889.  The  oldest  of  the  sons,  Julius  Miller 
Lonn,  served  with  the  rank  of  captain  in 
the  Ordnance  Department  of  the  United 
States  army.  The  younger  son.  Earl  Wen- 
dell, was  a  captain  of  the  LaPorte  High 
School  Cadets,  and  is  now  a  student  officer 
at  Culver  Military  Academy.  Both  Cap- 


1852 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tain  and  Major  Lonu  are  thirty-second  de- 
gree masons. 

BERT  L.  WRIGHT  when  a  boy  in  Michigan 
learned  the  practical  fundamentals  of  the 
electrical  business,  and  it  has  been  as  an 
electrical  worker  that  he  has  found  his 
real  calling  and  profession  in  life,  and  his 
experience  has  become  the  basis  of  a  very 
successful  business  which  he  now  owns  at 
Newcastle,  known  as  the  Willard  Electric 
Service  and  Storage  Battery  Station. 

Mr.  Wright  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Ga- 
lena Township,  LaPorte  County,  Indiana, 
in  1881,  a  son  of  O.  M.  and  Mary  (Inger- 
soll)  Wright.  He  is  of  English  ancestry 
and  the  family  has  been  in  America  many 
generations.  From  New  York  State  they 
went  west  in-  pioneer  times  and  settled  in 
Southern  Michigan.  Bert  L.  Wright  at- 
tended district  school  in  LaPorte  County, 
and  until  1901  was  a  student  in  the  high 
school  at  Hart,  Michigan.  After  employ- 
ment in  different  lines  he  went  to  work  in 
1904  for  the  Independent  Telephone  Com- 
pany of  Hart,  Michigan,  and  after  a  year 
removed  to  Chicago  and  was  in  the  employ 
of  the  Chicago  Bell  Telephone  Company 
for  six  years,  part  of  the  time  as  trouble 
man  and  in  other  branches  of  its  electric- 
service.  For  two  years  he  was  a  repair- 
man and  line  foreman  with  the  Central 
Union  Company  at  South  Bend,  Indiana, 
and  in  October,  1912,  came  to  Newcastle, 
where  for  a  year  and  a  half  he  was  plant 
chief  for  the  Central  Union  Company. 
Later  for  a  year  he  conducted  a  shop  han- 
dling motorcycle  repairs.  In  1915  he  ac- 
cepted the  agency  of  the  Willard  Storage 
Battery  Company,  and  was  located  at  1540 
Broad  Street  fifteen  months.  On  Novem- 
ber 1,  1916,  he  moved  to  1108  Race  Street, 
and  on  May  1,  1918,  came  to  his  present  lo- 
cation, 1107  Broad  Street,  opening  up  in 
a  building  erected  especially  for  his  use. 
He  now  has  the  exclusive  agency  in  Henry 
County  for  the  famous  Willard  Storage 
Batteries,  and  also  all  the  service  connected 
with  the  recharging  and  repairing  of  bat- 
teries. 

In  1905  Mr.  Wright  married  Miss  Grace 
Barnard,  daughter  of  W.  J.  and  Ada 
(Carpenter)  Barnard  of  South  Bend,  In- 
diana. They  have  three  children :  Mer- 
win  Ellis,  born  in  1910 ;  Lorene  May,  born 
in  1912:  and  Leslie  Alton,  born  in  1914. 
Mr.  Wright  is  an  independent  republican, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 


thias and  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows. 

LAWRENCE  CLIPT.  One  of  the  oldest  and 
most  honored  names  in  Henry  County  is 
that  of  Clift,  and  the  enterprise  and  good 
citizenship  for  which  the  family  have  been 
noted  are  now  exemplified  at  Newcastle  by 
Lawrence  Clift,  who  chose  to  find  his  op- 
portunities in  the  business  world  unaided 
by  family  influence  and  friends,  and  dur- 
ing the  last  ten  years  has  become  well  es- 
tablished as  a  shoe  merchant.  He  is  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  of  Clift  &  Davis,  In- 
corporated, a  firm  that  does  a  large  part 
of  the  business  in  footwear  in  Henry 
County. 

Mr.  Clift  was  born  at  Newcastle  April 
22,  1885,  a  son  of  Waterman  and  Eliza- 
beth (Bear)  Clift.  Waterman  Clift  and 
his  brother  Elisha  Clift  had  many  promi- 
nent associations  with  the  early  affairs  of 
Henry  County.  Both  were  natives  of 
Cayuga  County,  New  York,  where  Water- 
man Clift  was  born  August  21,  1815,  being 
about  a  year  younger  than  his  brother 
Elisha.  He  was  given  a  good  education  in 
his  native  county  and  began  teaching  school 
in  1834.  In  the  fall  of  1836  he  located  in 
Huron  County,  Ohio,  and  taught  school 
there  the  following  winter.  The  spring  of 
1837  found  him  at  Dublin  in  Wayne  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  and  that  summer  he  worked 
for  $10  a  month.  He  then  taught  school 
about  two  years  in  Fayette  County,  and 
with  his  brother  Elisha  settled  on  a  farm 
in  Wayne  County.  In  the  fall  of  1839 
they  traded  their  farm  for  a  stock  of  goods, 
and  in  June  of  the  following  year  re- 
exchanged  the  goods  for  a  tract  of  land 
in  Prairie  Township  of  Henry  County. 
The  brothers  were  associated  in  the  owner- 
ship of  this  land  until  1843,  and  some  of 
their  property  was  still  held  in  joint  owner- 
ship for  many  years.  Waterman  Clift  was 
busied  with  farming  in  Prairie  Township 
for  many  years,  but  about  the  time  of  the 
Civil  war  moved  to  Newcastle  and  was  a 
director  of  the  First  National  Bank  from 
the  time  of  its  organization.  At  one  time 
he  was  also  a  contractor  for  the  building  of 
toll  roads.  He  died  September  1,  1888. 
Waterman  Clift  was  three  times  married. 
In  November,  1882,  he  married  for  his 
third  wife  Elizabeth  L.  Bear,  who  came 
from  Rockingham  County,  Virginia.  She 
is  still  living,  and  is  the  mother  of  two 
sons,  Elisha  W.  and  Lawrence. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1853 


Lawrence  Clift  graduated  from  the  New- 
castle High  School  in  1904.  During  the 
previous  year  after  school  hours  he  had 
worked  in  a  shoe  store,  and  upon  his  grad- 
uation he  took  a  regular  position  as  clerk 
at  $5  a  week  with  R.  H.  Mclntyre  &  Com- 
pany. There  he  learned  the  shoe  business 
and  in  1908  resigned  to  invest  his  modest 
capital  and  experience  in  a  store  of  his 
own.  In  that  he  was  associated  with  J.  C. 
Hayes  as  partner  under  the  firm  name  of 
Clift  &  Hayes.  They  opened  their  stock 
of  goods  at  1310  Broad  Street,  and  the  firm 
continued  to  grow  and  prosper  until  the 
spring  of  1916,  when  Mr.  Arch  Davis  of 
Newcastle  bought  the  interests  of  Mr. 
Hayes,  thus  constituting  the  present  firm 
of  Clift  &  Davis,  which  is  incorporated. 
In  the  meantime  their  trade  has  extended 
all  over  the  surrounding  country  of  New- 
castle, and  there  are  few  families  in  this 
territory  to  which  Mr.  Clift  has  not  fur- 
nished some  business  service  during  the 
past  ten  years. 

Largely  out  of  his  earnings  as  a  business 
man  Mr.  Clift  was  able  to  buy  the  old  Clift 
homestead  nine  miles  west  of  Newcastle, 
comprising  294  acres,  and  he  is  therefore 
also  a  landed  proprietor  and  is  responsible 
for  some  of  the  agricultural  production  of 
this  county.  Mr.  Clift  is  member  of  New- 
castle Lodge  No.  91,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
and  of  Lodge  No.  4  of  the  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is  a  repub- 
lican in  politics.  In  October,  1907,  he 
married  Miss  Nellie  Dolan,  daughter  of 
Martin  and  Catherine  Dolan  of  Newcastle, 
both  of  whom  were  born  in  Ireland.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Clift  have  three  children :  Martin 
W.,  born  in  1910 ;  Lawrence  Edward,  born 
in  1912 ;  and  William  M.,  born  in  1916. 

WALTER  JONES  is  a  Newcastle  man  who 
has  a  broad  and  lengthy  experience  in  pub- 
lic service  utilities  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state.  He  is  now  manager  and  general 
superintendent  of  the  Inter-State  Public 
Service  Company  of  Newcastle,  a  corpora- 
tion that  furnishes  the  city  its  electric 
light,  power,  heating  and  gas  facilities. 

Mr.  Jones  was  born  at  Hagerstown, 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  March  11,  1882, 
son  of  Aldora  and  Anna  (Green)  Jones. 
He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  Most  of  his 
forefathers  were  farmers  in  America,  and 
this  branch  of  the  Jones  family  first  located 


in  old.  Virginia.     Later  generations  lived 
around  Springfield,  Illinois. 

Walter  Jones  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Hagerstown,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
left  high  school  to  go  to  work  with  the 
Hagerstown  Telephone  Company,  an  inde- 
pendent company.  He  served  it  as  trouble 
man  for  two  years  and  then  from  1900  to 
1902  was  lineman  with  the  Richmond  Tele- 
phone Company.  Coming  to  Newcastle  in 
1902  he  was  superintendent  of  the  Inde- 
pendent plant  of  the  local  telephone  com- 
pany until  1912,  when  the  independent 
interests  were  amalgamated  with  those  of 
the  Bell  corporation  and  Mr.  Jones  con- 
tinued with  the  latter  six  months  in  the 
engineering  department.  He  resigned  to 
enter  the  employ  of  the  Inter-State  Pub- 
lic Service  Company  in  1912  as  foreman  of 
its  electrical  department.  From  that  he 
was  promoted  to  manager  or  general  super- 
intendent of  the  entire  plant  in  April, 
1918. 

In  1903  Mr.  Jones  married  Miss  Addie 
Livezey,  daughter  of  J.  F.  and  Olivia  Liv- 
ezey  of  Newcastle.  Mr.  Jones  votes  as  a 
republican,  and  fraternally  is  affiliated 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men.  He  and  his 
wife  are  members  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

% 

JOSEPH  0.  PAUL,  M.  D.  As  a  physician 
and  surgeon  Doctor  Paul  has  been  in  the 
work  of  his  profession  thirteen  years,  is 
a  man  of  high  attainments,  and  his  repu- 
tation for  skill  and  ability  extends  through- 
out Henry  County.  His  home  is  at  New- 
castle, where  he  has  offices  in  the  Jennings 
Building. 

Doctor  Paul  was  born  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship of  Morgan  County,  Indiana,  August 
28,  1881.  He  is  of  German  and  English 
ancestry.  His  great-grandfather  Paul 
came  from  Germany  in  the  early  days  and 
settled  in  the  eastern  states.  The  family 
was  established  in  Indiana  by  grandfather 
George  Paul,  who  came  to  Morgan  County 
and  followed  farming  there  for  many  years. 
Doctor  Paul  is  somewhat  an  exception  to 
the  family  rule,  since  most  of  the  Pauls 
have  been  farmers. 

Doctor  Paul  grew  up  in  the  country,  at- 
tended country  school  in  Morgan  County, 
for  three  years  was  a  student  in  the 
Mooresville  High  School,  and  in  1901  en- 
tered the  Indiana  Medical  College,  from 


1854 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


which  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1905.  The 
same  year  he  came  to  Newcastle  and  opened 
an  office,  and  a  year  later  became  associ- 
ated with  Dr.  E.  T.  Mendenhall  in  part- 
nership. After  a  year  he  disposed  of  his 
local  practice  and  established  his  home  at 
New  Lisbon,  where  he  carried  on  a  suc- 
cessful professional  business  for  seven 
years.  Doctor  Paul  returned  to  Newcastle 
in  1915,  and  since  then  in  addition  to 
general  practice  has  specialized  in  chil- 
dren's diseases  and  obstetrics.  He  is  a 
member  of  all  the  medical  societies  and  a 
man  of  high  standing  both  as  a  doctor 
and  a  citizen. 

In  1907  he  married  Miss  Jessie  Paul, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  Paul  of 
New  Lisbon.  They  have  one  child,  Mary 
lEIizabeth,  born  in  1913.  Doctor  Paul  is 
independent  in  politics  and  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

HOWARD  M.  VAN  MATRE.  Not  on  the 
score  of  age  but  on  that  of  experience  and 
service  Howard  M.  Van  Matre  is  consid- 
ered the  oldest  automobile  dealer  in  Henry 
County.  Mr.  Van  Matre 's  personal  ex- 
perience makes  him  familiar  with  prac- 
tically all  the  types  of  motor  cars  from  the 
crude  and  primitive  patterns  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  years  ago  up  to  the  high  powered 
and  efficient  cars  of  the  present.  He  is  now 
manager  of  the  Stanley  Auto  Company  of 
Newcastle. 

Mr.  Van  Matre  represents  an  old  and 
honored  family  name  in  Eastern  Indiana. 
The  Van  Matres  were  of  Dutch  descent  and 
his  first  ancestor,  Joseph  Van  Matre,  set- 
tled in  Pennsylvania.  The  family  has  been 
identified  with  Henry  County  for  a  cen- 
tury or  more.  Howard  M.  Van  Matre  was 
born  in  this  county  May  27,  1877,  a  son 
of  Joseph  and  Louisa  (Presnal)  Van 
Matre.  His  father  was  long  known  at 
Newcastle  as  one  of  the  village  black- 
smiths. Howard  Van  Matre  grew  up  in 
this  city,  attended  the  Forest  Hill  School 
until  sixteen,  and  then  began  earning  his 
own  way  in  the  world.  He  was  employed 
in  factories  and  in  other  lines  at  New- 
castle, and  then  early  in  the  automobile 
era  went  to  work  for  the  Maxwell  Automo- 
bile Company.  He  rose  to  the  post  of  chief 
factory  inspector  and  later  for  two  years 
had  charge  of  the  company's  service  de- 
partment. As  a  salesman  for  the  Rose  City 
Automobile  Company  he  sold  Buick  and 
Haynes  cars  for  two  years,  and  then  for 


one  year  the  Buick  Motor  Company  had 
his  services  as  a  traveling  representative 
all  over  Indiana. 

In  1916  Mr.  Van  Matre  joined  Claud 
Stanley  in  the  Stanley  Automobile  Com- 
pany as  a  salesman.  When  Mr.  Stanley 
left  to  join  the  army  Mr.  Van  Matre  re- 
mained as  manager  of  the  entire  business. 
Besides  a  general  garage  and  automobile 
service  this  company  has  the  Henry  Coun- 
ty agency  for  the  Dodge  and  Buick  cars. 

Mr.  Van  Matre  has  been  active  in  local 
affairs.  He  is  chairman  of  the  Henry 
County  Explosives  Committee,  is  president 
of  the  Henry  County  Automobile  Trade 
Association,  is  a  republican,  has  been  a 
delegate  to  several  local  conventions,  is  a 
Methodist,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Elks, 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  Masonic  lodges  at 
Newcastle. 

March  26,  1910,  he  married  Miss  Jessie 
E.  Newcome,  daughter  of  Frances  E.  and 
Alice  E.  (Daugherty)  Newcome  of  Hagers- 
town,  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  To  their 
marriage  have  been  born  two  daughters, 
Ruth,  in  1911,  and  Marian,  in  1913. 

ELIAS  C.  ATKINS.  One  of  the  greatest 
industries  in  America  for  the  manufacture 
of  saws  is  located  at  Indianapolis  and  is 
the  E.  C.  Atkins  &  Company.  The  expe- 
rience of  three  generations  of  the  Atkins 
family  has  entered  into  the  business.  At- 
kins saws  are  used  all  over  the  world  and 
are  known  for  their  high  standard  of  ex- 
cellence and  quality.  As  a  result  of  the 
enterprise  of  the  late  Elias  C.  Atkins, 
founder  of  the  business,  the  industry  was 
established  at  Indianapolis  when  it  was  a 
small  town,  and  for  a  period  of  fifty  years 
it  has  been  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  in- 
dustrial prosperity  to  the  growing  city. 

It  seems  appropriate  that  the  business 
itself  is  a  development  of  Yankee  industry 
and  ingenuity.  The  founder  of  this  branch 
of  the  Atkins  family  in  America  was 
Thomas  Atkins,  a  native  of  England  who 
went  to  Connecticut  about  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  In  a  later  gen- 
eration was  Samuel  Atkins,  a  sturdy  and 
representative  citizen  of  his  native  state 
of  Connecticut,  where  he  spent  all  his  life. 
One  of  his  twelve  children  was  Rollin  At- 
kins, who  early  in  life  learned  the  trade 
of  clock  maker.  He  possessed  special  me- 
chanical ability  and  finally  took  up  the 
manufacture  of  saws,  and  the  output  of  his 
little  shop  had  a  more  than  local  reputation 


1854 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


which  lie  graduated  M.  I),  in  1005.  The 
same  year  lie  came  to  Newcastle  and  opened 
an  office,  and  a  year  later  became  associ- 
ated with  Dr.  E.  T.  Mendenhall  in  part- 
nership. After  a  year  lie  disposed  of  his 
local  practice  and  established  his  home  at 
New  Lisbon,  when-  he  carried  on  a  suc- 
cessful professional  business  for  seven 
years.  Doctor  Paul  returned  to  Newcastle 
in  1915.  and  since  then  in  addition  to 
general  practice  has  specialized  in  chil- 
dren's diseases  and  obstetrics.  He  is  a. 
member  of  all  the  medical  societies  and  a 
man  of  high  standing  both  as  a  doctor 
and  a  citixen. 

In  1!K)7  he  married  .Miss  Jessie  Paul, 
da  lighter  of  Joseph  and  Elixabeth  Paul  of 
New  Lisbon.  They  have  one  child,  Mary 
'Elixaheth.  born  in  l!ll:5.  Doctor  Paul  is 
independent  in  politics  and  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church. 

HOWARD  M.  VAN  MATRE.  Not  on  the 
score  of  age  but  on  that  of  experience  and 
service  Howard  M.  Van  Matre  is  consid- 
ered the  oldest  automobile  dealer  in  Henry 
County.  Mr.  Van  Matre 's  personal  ex- 
perience makes  him  familiar  with  prac- 
tically all  the  types  of  motor  cars  from  the 
crude  and  primitive  patterns  of  fifteen  or 
twenty  years  ago  up  to  the  high  powered 
and  efficient  ears  of  the  present.  He  is  now 
manager  of  the  Stanley  Auto  Company  of 
Newcastle. 

Mr.  Van  Matre  represents  an  old  and 
honored  family  name  in  Eastern  Indiana. 
The  Van  Mat  res  were  of  Dutch  descent  and 
his  first  ancestor,  Joseph  Van  Matre,  set- 
tled in  Pennsylvania.  The  family  has  been 
identified  with  Henry  County  for  a  cen- 
tury or  more.  Howard  M.  Van  Matre  was 
born  in  this  county  May  27,  1877.  a  son 
of  Joseph  and  Louisa  (Presnal)  Van 
Matre.  His  father  was  long  known  at 
Newcastle  as  one  of  the  village  black- 
smiths. Howard  Van  Matre  grew  up  in 
this  city,  attended  the  Forest  Hill  School 
until  sixteen,  and  then  began  earning  his 
own  way  in  the  world.  He  was  employed 
in  factories  and  in  other  lines  at  New- 
castle, and  then  early  in  the  automobile 
era  went  to  work  for  the  Maxwell  Automo- 
bile Company.  He  rose  to  the  post  of  chief 
factory  inspector  and  later  for  two  years 
had  charge  of  the  company's  service  de- 
partment. As  a  salesman  for  the  Rose  City 
Automobile  Company  he  sold  Huick  and 
Haynes  cars  for  two  years,  and  then  for 


one  year  the  Huick  Motor  Company  had 
his  services  as  a  traveling  representative 
all  over  Indiana. 

In  11)16  Mr.  Van  Matre  joined  Claud 
Stanley  in  the  Stanley  Automobile  Com- 
pany as  a  salesman.  When  Mr.  Stanley 
left  to  join  the  army  Mr.  Van  Matre  re- 
mained as  manager  of  the  entire  business. 
Besides  a  general  garage  and  automobile 
service  this  company  has  the  Henry  Coun- 
ty agency  for  the  Dodge  and  Buick  ears. 

Mr.  Van  Matre  has  been  active  in  local 
affairs.  lie  is  chairman  of  the  Henry 
County  Explosives  Committee,  is  president 
of  the  Henry  County  Automobile  Trade 
Association,  is  a  republican,  has  been  a 
delegate  to  several  local  conventions,  is  a 
Methodist,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Elks, 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  Masonic  lodges  at 
Newcastle. 

March  '26,  1910,  he  married  Miss  Jessie 
E.  Newcome,  daughter  of  Frances  E.  and 
Alice  E.  (Daugherty)  Newcome  of  Hagers- 
town,  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  To  their 
marriage  have  been  born  two  daughters, 
Ruth,  in  1011.  and  Marian,  in  1!>13. 

EI.IAS  C.  ATKINS.  One  of  the  greatest 
industries  in  America  for  the  manufacture 
of  saws  is  located  at  Indianapolis  and  is 
the  E.  C.  Atkins  &  Company.  The  expe- 
rience of  three  generations  of  the  Atkins 
family  has  entered  into  the  business.  At- 
kins saws  are  used  all  over  the  world  and 
arc  known  for  their  high  standard  of  ex- 
cellence and  quality.  As  a  result  of  the 
enterprise  of  the  late  Elias  C.  Atkins, 
founder  of  the  business,  the  industry  was 
established  at  Indianapolis  when  it  was  a 
small  town,  and  for  a  period  of  fifty  years 
it  has  been  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  in- 
dustrial prosperity  to  the  growing  city. 

It  seems  appropriate  that  the  business 
itself  is  a  development  of  Yankee  industry 
and  ingenuity.  The  founder  of  this  branch 
of  the  Atkins  family  in  America  was 
Thomas  Atkins,  a  native  of  England  who 
went  to  Connecticut  about  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  Tn  a  later  gen- 
eration was  Samuel  Atkins,  a  sturdy  and 
representative  citixen  of  his  native  state 
of  Connecticut,  where  he  spent  all  his  life. 
One  of  his  twelve  children  was  Rollin  At- 
kins, who  early  in  life  learned  the  trade 
of  clock  maker.  He  possessed  special  me- 
•ehanieal  ability  and  finally  took  up  the 
manufacture  of  saws,  and  the  output  of  his 
little  shop  had  a  more  than  local  reputation 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1855 


and  was  extensively  sold.  However,  he  did 
not  live  to  develop  the  business  to  large 
proportions  and  died  in  the  prime  of  his 
manhood.  He  served  as  a  captain  of  the 
Fourth  Company,  Fourth  Regiment  of 
Connecticut  Militia.  Rollin  Atkins  mar- 
ried Harriet  Bishop,  daughter  of  Austin 
and  Anna  (Stalker)  Bishop,  the  former 
born  in  1764  and  the  latter  in  1766.  Aus- 
tin Bishop  was  a  perfect  representative  of 
the  old  fashioned,  pious  New  England 
deacon.  He  died  September  23,  1833,  and 
his  wife  on  October  22,  1840. 

In  the  home  of  Rollin  Atkins  and  wife 
at  Bristol,  Connecticut,  Elias  Cornelius  At- 
kins was  born  June  28,  1833.  The  close 
of  his  honored  and  useful  life  came  at  In- 
dianapolis April  18,  1901,  in  his  sixty- 
eighth  year.  When  he  was  a  mere  boy  the 
death  of  his  father  threw  upon  him  prac- 
tical responsibilities  in  providing  not  only 
for  his  own  support  but  for  other  mem- 
bers of  the  family.  At  the  age  of  eleven 
he  was  working  on  a  farm,  but  the  follow- 
ing year  began  an  apprenticeship  at  the 
saw  making  trade  under  a  paternal  uncle.  • 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  had  mastered 
the  business  and  was  foreman  of  the  shop. 
Besides  a  high  degree  of  mechanical  skill 
the  dominating  characteristic  of  the  late 
Elias  C.  Atkins  was  industry.  He  was  a 
dynamo  of  energy  and  there  was  no  cessa- 
tion of  his  activities  until  practically  the 
close  of  his  life.  As  a  young  apprentice 
he  put  in  much  overtime  in  order  to  pro- 
vide his  mother  with  certain  luxuries  and 
also  pay  his  pew  rent  in  church. 

In  1855,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  Elias 
C.  Atkins  went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
established  the  first  saw  factory  in  that 
city.  The  next  year  he  came  to  Indian- 
apolis. Five  hundred  dollars  summed 
up  his  cash  capital  and  when  he 
arrived  in  this  city,  and  compared 
with  the  vast  enterprise  which  sub- 
sequently expanded  under  his  management 
it  was  a  truly  humble  beginning  which  he 
made  in  a  little  corner  of  the  old  Hill  Plan- 
ing Mill.  A  year  or  so  later  he  took  more 
ample  quarters  in  the  old  City  Foundry. 
At  first  he  did  all  his  own  work,  not  only 
because  of  limited  capital,  but  because  com- 
petent men  in  that  line  were  not  easily  se- 
cured. Finally  he  brought  to  Indianapolis 
a  young  German  mechanic  whom  he  had 
known  back  in  Bristol,  Connecticut.  Louis 
Suher,  who,  it  is  said,  came  all  the  way 


from  the  East  to  Indianapolis  on  foot  in 
order  to  take  the  position.  Mr.  Suher  re- 
mained a  faithful  worker  in  the  Atkins 
plant  until  his  death. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  account  for  the  suc- 
cess which  flowed  out  of  the  enterprise  of 
Elias  C.  Atkins.  Though  starting  with 
limited  capital,  he  had  unlimited  courage, 
ability,  and  determination.  He  not  only 
manufactured  good  saws  but  was  a  capable 
salesman  of  his  goods.  He  took  great 
pride  in  his  work.  It  was  a  point  of  honor 
with  him  never  to  let  a  saw  go  out  of  his 
shop  unless  it  was  perfect.  As  he  pros- 
pered his  business  required  more  space 
and  it  continued  to  grow  in  spite  of  two 
disastrous  fires.  From  the  old  city  foun- 
dry his  shop  was  moved  to  Illinois  Street, 
and  there  by  addition  after  addition  and 
changes  and  modifications  it  grew  into  a 
great  institution  employing  over  1,000 
men.  Eventually  its  capital  stock  reached 
$600,000.  and  today  the  Atkins  saws  are 
handled  through  branch  houses  in  half  a 
dozen  of  the  larger  cities  of  America  and 
numberless  retail  stores  all  over  the  world. 

While  primarily  a  manufacturer,  Elias 
C.  Atkins  was  a  many  sided  business  man, 
and  it  was  only  natural  that  his  interests 
assumed  widespread  proportions.  His  name 
is  permanently  identified  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  extensive  silver,  copper  and 
lead  mines  of  the  Hecla  Consolidated  Min- 
ing Company.  In  order  to  develop  these 
natural  resources  he  spent  four  years  in 
the  mountains  of  the  West.  The  primary 
consideration  that  led  him  into  this  work 
was  to  build  up  his  shattered  health,  and 
in  doing  so  he  lived  the  strenuous  and 
rough  life  of  mining  camps.  But  it  was 
also  an  exceedingly  profitable  vacation. 
Under  his  direction  the  original  investment 
of  the  mining  company  was  increased 
from  $60,000  to  $1.500.000,  and  he  was 
thus  identified  as  a  founder  of  one  of  the 
greatest  industrial  organizations  of  the 
world.  He  had  many  other  business  in- 
terests, and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
president  of  the  Manufacturers  Natural 
Gas  Company  of  Indianapolis. 

His  insistence  upon  honest  and  perfect 
workmanship  and  material  in  his  saws  was 
only  a  direct  proof  of  the  perfect  integrity 
of  his  character.  He  could  never  be 
brought  to  lend  his  influence  or  support 
to  anything  he  considered  unworthy  or  not 
justified  by  legitimate  business.  Once  he 


1856 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


withdrew  from  and  caused  the  dissolution 
of  an  English  syndicate  in  which  he  had 
invested  quite  heavily  because  after  con- 
siderable experience  he  deemed  the  pro- 
duct of  proposed  manufacture  unessential 
to  the  needs  of  the  business  world.  He  was 
an  old  fashioned  employer,  and  having 
risen  from  the  ranks  himself  he  understood 
the  point  of  view  of  the  laboring  man,  and 
gave  them  his  sympathy  and  perfect  un- 
derstanding even  after  his  organization 
comprised  a  small  army.  Among  other 
qualities  he  had  the  faculty  of  making  and 
retaining  friends,  and  no  one  ever  reposed 
a  confidence  in  him  which  was  misplaced. 

In  the  realm  of  practical  philanthropy 
he  was  liberal,  and  was  a  true  and  up- 
right Christian  gentleman.  In  1856  he 
united  with  the  Baptist  Church  of  Indian- 
apolis, soon  after  he  came  to  the  city,  and 
for  many  years  was  one  of  the  most  prom- 
inent Baptist  laymen  in  the  country.  He 
was  especially  a  friend  of  education.  He 
contributed  a  large  sum  to  the  Baptist  Fe- 
male Seminary,  which  occupied  the  site  of 
the  present  Shortridge  High  School  in  In- 
dianapolis. An  earnest  effort  was  made 
by  him  to  secure  the  establishment  of  the 
Baptist  University  in  Indianapolis,  and  for 
that  purpose  he  gave  forty  acres  of  land 
lying  between  Meridian  Street  and  Cen- 
tral avenue  north  of  Thirty-Second  Street. 
This  property  is  now  known  as  University 
Place.  The  plan  so  far  as  Indianapolis 
was  concerned  as  to  the  site  did  not  mate- 
rialize, since  Mr.  Atkins  subsequently  do- 
nated the  tract  at  a  represented  value  of 
$20,000  to  comprise  one  of  the  original  gifts 
together  with  those  of  John  D.  Rockefeller 
in  establishing  the  Theological  Seminary 
of  the  University  of  Chicago.  Mr.  Atkins 
was  one  of  the  trustees  of  Morgan  Park 
Seminary  at  Chicago  until  it  merged  with 
the  University  of  Chicago,  and  from  that 
time  was  a  member  of  the  official  board 
of  the  university. 

Elias  C.  Atkins  was  three  times  mar- 
ried. His  first  wife,  Sarah  J.  Wells,  left 
one  daughter,  Harriet,  who  married  John 
L.  McMahon.  His  second  wife  was  Mary 
Dolbeare,  and  her  only  child  is  deceased. 
August  17,  1865,  Elias  C.  Atkins  married 
Miss  Sarah  F.  Parker.  She  was  born  at 
Methuen,  Massachusetts,  July  26,  1837, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Addison  and  Eunice 
(Brigham)  Parker.  She  was  of  old  Puri- 
tan stock.  Her  paternal  grandfather, 


Aaron  Parker,  was  a  farmer  and  teacher 
in  Vermont.  Rev.  Addison  Parker  was 
for  many  years  a  minister  of  the  Baptist 
Church  and  died  at  Agawam,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1864,  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven. 
His  wife,  who  died  in  1855,  aged  fifty- 
seven,  was  a  descendant  of  the  Brigham 
and  Haines  families,  prominent  names  in 
New  England.  Mrs.  Parker  was  born 
at  Sudbury,  Massachusetts,  and  survived 
her  honored  husband  many  years  and 
was  long  prominent  in  the  social,  religious, 
and  charitable  activities  of  Indian- 
apolis. Her  grandfather  was  a  commis- 
sioned officer  of  the  Revolutionary  war  and 
was  at  the  battle  of  Lexington.  She  had 
membership  in  the  Daughters  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution.  The  five  children  of 
Elias  C.  Atkins  and  his  third  wife  were: 
Mary  D.,  who  married  Nelson  A.  Glad- 
ding ;  Henry  C. ;  Sarah  Frances,  widow  of 
Thomas  Reed  Kackley;  Emma  L.,  who 
married  Edward  B.  Davis ;  and  Carra,  who 
married  Major  Sandford  H.  Wadhams, 
U.  S.  A. 

HENRY  C.  ATKINS,  a  son  of  the  late  Elias 
C.  Atkins,  is  now  president  of  the  E.  C. 
Atkins  &  Company.  He  has  spent  nearly 
all  his  life  in  Indianapolis  but  was  born 
in  the  far  Northwest  while  his  father  was 
engaged  in  the  mining  business. 

His  birth  occurred  at  Atlanta,  Johnson 
County,  Idaho,  November  27,  1868.  He 
grew  up  in  Indianapolis,  attended  local 
schools  and  worked  in  his  father's  factory 
during  vacations.  He  graduated  from 
the  Indianapolis  Classical  School  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  and  in  1885  entered  Yale 
University,  where  he  received  his  Bachelor 
of  Arts  degree  with  the  class  of  1889  at 
the  age  of  twenty.  He  had  already  ac- 
quired more  than  a  routine  knowledge  of 
his  father's  business  and  after  his  univer- 
sity career  he  entered  with  enthusiasm  and 
many  of  the  business  qualities  inherited 
from  his  father  into  the  practical  work, 
of  which  there  is  not  a  detail,  whether  con- 
nected with  the  technical  manufacture  or 
the  office  and  sales  end,  with  which  he  is 
not  familiar.  He  was  first  made  superin- 
tendent of  the  factory  and  in  1892  was 
chosen  vice  president  of  the  company  and 
superintendent,  and  in  1901  succeeded  his 
father  as  president  and  directing  head. 

"While  the  management  of  this  business 
has  involved  tremendous  responsibilities, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1857 


and  in  themselves  constitute  a  big  public 
service,  Mr.  Atkins  has  on  many  occasions 
demonstrated  his  public  spirit  by  a  whole- 
some co-operation  with  movements  affecting 
the  general  welfare  of  his  home  city.  He 
is  a  republican,  has  been  a  member  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church  of  Indianapolis  since 
1877,  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club, 
the  Commercial  Club,  the  Country  Club, 
the  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade,  and  is 
affiliated  with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No.  398, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 

January  7,  1896,  Mr.  Atkins  married 
Miss  Sue  Winter.  She  was  born  at  Co- 
lumbus, Indiana,  February  10,  1872, 
daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Mary  (Keyes) 
Winter.  Her  father  was  for  many  years 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
bar.  The  three  children  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Atkins  are  Elias  C.,  Keyes  W.  and  Henry 
C.  Junior. 

BYRON  K.  ELLJOTT,  jurist,  was  born  near 
Hamilton,  Ohio,  September  4,  1835.  His 
grandfather,  James  Elliott,  who  was  of 
English  descent,  moved  from  Pennsylvania 
to  Ohio  in  1799.  His  father,  Gen.  William 
J.  Elliott,  removed  in  December,  1850,  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  was  proprietor  of 
the  principal  hotel  of  the  city  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  Byron,  who  was  rather  frail 
physically,  was  a  studious  boy,  and  first  at- 
tended a  private  school  taught  by  Ben- 
jamin S.  Raleigh ;  then  the  Hamilton  Acad- 
emy; then  Furman's  Academy;  and  then 
a  school  taught  by  Prof.  F.  M.  Slack,  where 
he  was  a  classmate  of  William  Dean 
Howells.  After  coming  to  Indianapolis 
with  his  father,  he  attended  the  Marion 
County  Seminary,  and  after  completing  its 
course,  studied  law.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  on  February  8,  1858,  and  in  May 
1859  he  was  elected  city  attorney.  Until 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  he  was  a 
Douglas  democrat,  but  then  joined  the 
republican  party.  He  served  as  captain 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-Second 
Indiana  Volunteers,  and  later  as  adjutant 
general  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Robert  Milroy. 
After  the  war  he  was  elected  city  attorney 
in  1865,  1867,  and  1869,  each  time  by  the 
unanimous  vote  of  the  council,  excepting 
one  vote  at  one  election.  In  October,  1870, 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Marion  County 
Criminal  Court,  without  opposition.  In 
November,  1872,  he  resigned  this  position 
to  accept  the  position  of  city  solicitor, 


which  had  been  created  by  the  city  council, 
and  which  the  council  unanimously  ten- 
dered to  him.  This  office  was  discontinued 
in  1873 ;  and  he  was  then  again  unani- 
mously elected  city  attorney,  and  served 
until  1875.  In  1876,  while  absent  from 
home,  and  without  solicitation,  he  was 
elected  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Marion  County,  and  in  1880  was  renomi- 
nated  by  acclamation  for  this  office;  but 
he  declined  to  accept  the  nomination  for 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  He  was 
elected,  and  took  his  seat  on  that  bench  on 
January  3,  1881.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
office  in  1886,  and  was  renominated  in 
1892,  but  was  defeated  with  his  party. 

During  these  twelve  years  on  the  Su- 
preme bench,  Judge  Elliott  was  most  in- 
dustrious, and  prepared  more  decisions  dis- 
posing of  cases  than  any  other  judge  of 
that  court  excepting  Judge  Blackford,  who 
was  on  the  Supreme  bench  for  thirty-six 
years.  They  run  through  sixty  volumes  of 
the  reports  of  the  court.  More  important, 
they  are  carefully  prepared,  and  are  rec- 
ognized as  authoritative  throughout  the 
country.  In  several  important  cases  he  dis- 
sented from  the  majority  opinion,  and  in 
all  such  cases  where  the  principle  involved 
has  come  under  the  consideration  of  courts 
of  other  states,  the  dissenting  opinions  of 
Judge  Elliott  have  been  approved.  His 
opinions  are  free  from  long  extracts  from 
the  record,  abound  in  pertinent  citations  of 
authorities,  and  are  couched  in  clear  and 
precise  language.  The  Albany  Law  Jour- 
nal, in  a  review  of  some  of  his  decisions, 
pronounced  him  ' '  one  of  the  ablest  judicial 
writers  in  the  country." 

Judge  Elliott  also  took  high  rank  as  an 
instructor.  In  1856  a  law  school  was 
opened  at  Indianapolis  by  the  Northwest- 
ern Christian  University  (now  Butler 
University)  but  it  was  discontinued  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  '70s  it  was  revived  and  reorganized, 
opening  on  January  16,  1871,  with  Judge 
Elliott  at  the  head  of  the  faculty.  After 
several  years  the  University  authorities  de- 
cided to  drop  their  university  features,  and 
confine  their  attention  to  a  literary  course, 
and  the  law  school  was  discontinued.  Judge 
Elliott  then  organized  an  independent 
school  known  as  the  Central  Indiana  Law 
School,  which  opened  in  1879,  and  was 
very  successful  until  Judge  Elliott  went 
on  the  Supreme  bench  in  1881,  and  Judge 


1858 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


James  B.  Black,  his  chief  coadjutor,  was 
appointed  on  the  Supreme  Court  Commis- 
sion in  1882,  when  it  went  to  pieces.  After 
retiring  from  the  Supreme  bench,  Judge 
Elliott's  attention  again  turned  to  educa- 
tion. He  found  a  kindred  soul  in  John 
R.  Wilson,  and  they  together  with  William 
P.  Fishbaek.  Addison  C.  Harris  (q.  v.)  and 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks  (q.  v.)  organized  the 
Indiana  Law  School,  of  which  they  consti- 
tuted the  faculty,  though  a  number  of 
others  delivered  lectures.  This  school  was 
successful  from  the  start,  and  in  1896  it 
made  an  alliance  with  The  Indiana  Dental 
College,  Butler  College,  and  The  Medical 
College  of  Indiana,  to  form  The  University 
of  Indianapolis,  the  management  of  each 
of  the  institutions,  however,  remaining  eq- 
tirely  independent.  Judge  Elliott  con- 
tinued at  the  head  of  the  faculty  of  this 
law  school  until  1899,  and  then  served  as  a 
special  lecturer  until  1903,  his  subjects  be- 
ing Equitv  Jurisprudence,  Equity  Plead- 
ing and  Practice  and  Corporations.  He 
also  found  time  to  deliver  special  lectures 
to  the  law  schools  of  DePauw  University, 
and  Northwestern  University,  of  Chicago. 

In  addition  to  these  labors,  Judge  Elliott 
found  time  to  do  a  large  amount  of  legal 
writing.  In  1888.  in  conjunction  with  his 
son,  William  F.  Elliott,  he  published  The 
Work  of  the  Advocate,  a  practical  treatise 
on  the  preparation  of  cases,  which  received 
favorable  notice  from  professional  journals, 
and  had  a  wide  sale.  In  1890  they  followed 
this  with  a  work  on  Roads  and  Streets, 
which  was  also  well  received.  In  1892  they 
published  Appellate  Procedure,  a  standard 
work  on  that  subject.  Later,  the  work  of 
the  Advocate  having  been  out  of  print  for 
about  five  years,  they  issued  an  enlarge- 
ment of  it,  in  two  volumes,  entitled  General 
Practice.  This  was  followed  bv  a  work  on 
Evidence,  and  one  on  Railroads.  He  was 
deeplv  interested  in  Masonry,  and  specially 
versed  in  its  rituals,  being  a  thirty-third 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  and  having 
been  at  the  head  of  the  local  Rose  Croix 
for  some  twenty  years.  With  all  his  devo- 
tion to  law  and  Masonry,  he  was  a  great 
reader  of  general  literature,  especially  of 
poetry  and  standard  fiction.  He  knew 
Scott,  Bnlwer.  ThaeVerav  and  Dickens  as 
he  knew  the  law.  On  September  5,  1855, 
Judge  Elliott  was  married  to  Miss  Harriet 
A.  Talbott,  of  Indianapolis.  There  were 
two  children  of  the  marriage,  his  son  and 


law  partner,  William  F.  Elliott,  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  Mrs.  Robert  C.  Wright  of  Co- 
lumbia, South  Carolina.  Judge  Elliott 
died  at  Indianapolis  on  April  19,  1913. 

THOMAS  A.  HENDRICKS  is  a  well  known 
business  man  of  Newcastle,  member  of  the 
wall  paper  and  paint  firm  of  Miller  & 
Hendricks. 

Mr.  Hendricks  represents  very  old 
American  stock,  a  family  that  has  been  in 
this  country  since  colonial  times  and  has 
furnished  worthy  and  substantial  citizens 
in  every  generation.  Mr.  Hendricks  was 
born  south  of  Freeman  in  Owen  County, 
Indiana,  in  1883,  son  of  R.  F.  and  Mary  E. 
(Freeman)  Hendricks.  He  attended  the 
public  schools  at  Worthington,  Indiana, 
until  the  age  of  sixteen,  then  did  farm 
work  two  years,  and  spent  two  years  on 
the  road  for  the  London  Art  Company.  He 
learned  the  painting  and  wall  paper  busi- 
ness with  the  firm  of  Hayden  &  Neil  at 
Jasonville,  Indiana,  for  one  year,  follow- 
ing that  he  was  in  the  same  line  of  business 
for  himself  at  Worthington  with  Fred 
Schumacher  under  the  name  Schumacher 
&  Hendricks.  In  August,  1909,  Mr.  Hen- 
dricks came  to  Newcastle,  was  in  business 
for  himself  several  years,  and  then  formed 
his  present  partnership  with  Mr.  Miller. 
They  have  one  of  the  chief  businesses  of 
the  kind  in  Henry  County.  Mr.  Hend- 
ricks also  has  considerable  real  estate. 

In  1905  he  married  Miss  Daisy  C. 
Haton,  daughter  of  John  W.  and  Anna 
M.  (Griffith)  Haton  of  Worthington.  To 
their  marriage  have  been  born  three  chil- 
dren :  Thomas  Lloyd,  born  in  1906 ; 
Vaughn  Albert,  born  in  1911 ;  and  Gerald 
Ivan,  born  in  1917.  Mr.  Hendricks  votes 
as  a  republican  and  is  quite  active  in  local 
affairs,  always  giving  his  time  liberally  to 
any  movement  that  marks  the  better  citi- 
zenship of  Newcastle.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  fra- 
ternally is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  a  Knight 
of  Pythias,  and  a  member  of  the  Improved 

Order  of  Red  Men.  \'-: 

\ 

LEON  IDAS  PERRY  NEWBY,  president  of 
the  Citizens  National  Bank  of  Knights- 
town,  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  citizens  of  Indiana.  He  has 
been  a  lawyer  over  thirty-five  years,  is  an 
officer  and  stockholder  in  many  banks,  and 
while  his  official  record  is  brief  he  has 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1859 


enjoyed  a  commanding  influence  in  the  re- 
publican party  in  the  state  for  many  years. 
In  the  various  bodies  and  orders  of  Ma- 
sonry his  name  has  a  national  significance. 

The  parents  of  Mr.  Newby  early  in  life 
recognized  the  fact  that  success  comes  to 
those  who  are  best  prepared  to  deserve  it. 
Better  than  most  men  he  knows  how  to 
appreciate  the  struggles  of  a  youth  while 
getting  an  education  and  preparing  him- 
self for  a  useful  career.  As  a  man  of 
means  and  influence  he  has  done  his  part 
toward  equalizing  opportunities  and  mak- 
ing the  road  of  the  unfortunate  a  little 
bit  easier. 

Mr.  Newby  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Lewisville,  Indiana,  April  9,  1855,  son  of 
Jacob  and  Lavina  (Leonard)  Newby.  His 
ancestors  belong  to  the  early  Quakers  who 
settled  along  the  Albemarle  Sound  in  North 
Carolina.  The  Newbys  were  part  of  a 
rather  large  emigration  to  North  Carolina, 
the  impelling  power  of  which  was  the  an- 
tagonism between  the  Quaker  people  and 
the  institution  of  slavery.  This  branch  of 
the  Newby  family  came  from  Randolph 
County,  North  Carolina,  to  Henry  County, 
Indiana,  in  1837.  Jacob  Newby  was  a  mer- 
chant tailor  at  Greensboro,  Indiana,  un- 
til the  long  credit  system  then  prevailing 
among  country  merchants  took  away  most 
of  his  property.  He  then  began  farming 
near  Lewisville.  After  coming  to  Henry 
County  Mr.  Jacob  Newby  and  wife  wor- 
shiped as  Methodists. 

L.  P.  Newby,  the  youngest  of  the  sons 
in  his  father's  family,  was  early  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources.  He  had  an  inten- 
sive ambition  to  get  a  real  education.  At 
Greensboro  he  worked  as  a  janitor  in  or- 
der to  supply  himself  with  clothing  and 
books  and  also  contribute  something  to  the 
family  expenses.  Nevertheless  he  led  his 
classes.  He  also  worked  for  neighboring 
farmers,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  went 
with  a  family  to  Knightstown,  where  he 
entered  the  high  school  then  under  Pro- 
fessor Hewitt.  Before  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  was  a  country  school  teacher,  and 
he  alternated  between  teaching,  study  in 
the  high  school,  and  the  reading  of  law. 
He  graduated  a  member  of  the  first  class 
of  the  Knightstown  High  School  in  1875, 
and  then  for  several  years  gave  all  the  time 
he  could  to  the  study  of  law.  He  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  1878,  and  in  the 
•same  year  formed  a  partnership  with  Wal- 


ter B.  Swaim.  After  a  year  Mr.  Xewby 
entered  into  individual  practice.  In  1880 
he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  the 
Eighteenth  Circuit,  comprising  the  coun- 
ties of  Henry  and  Hancock.  His  term  of 
office  did  not  begin  for  two  years  after  his 
election,  but  owing  to  the  resignation  of 
the  incumbent  the  governor  appointed  Mr. 
Newby  to  the  vacancy.  He  served  nearly 
four  years.  During  that  time  he  appeared 
as  prosecutor  in  several  famous  cases,  com- 
ing, into  competition  with  some  of  the  ablest 
members  of  the  Indiana  bar  and  lawyers 
from  other  states.  A  number  of  years  ago 
Mr.  Newby  succeeded  Judge  Joshua  II. 
Mellett  as  Henry  County  attorney  for  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company.  Though 
he  never  sought  judicial  honors  his  qualifi- 
cations for  office  were  recognized  by  his 
appointment  as  special  judge. 

Mr.  Newby  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Senate  in  1892  and  re-elected 
in  1896.  He  served  as  president  pro  tern 
of  the  Senate  for  six  years  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  judiciary  committee  for  a  simi- 
lar time.  For  twenty-five  years  he  was 
chairman  of  the  finance  committee  of  the 
Republican  State  Committee.  In  politics 
he  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  all  of  In- 
diana's most  eminent  statesmen.  He  was 
tendered  the  appointment  of  United  States 
consul  to  Bavaria  by  President  McKinley, 
but  declined  that  office. 

In  busness  affairs  he  is  too  well  known 
to  require  special  mention.  Besides  the 
presidency  of  the  Citizens  National  Bank 
he  is  vice  president  of  the  National  City 
Bank  of  Indianapolis,  also  a  director  in 
the. Security  Trust  Company  of  Indianap- 
olis, the  Newcastle  Central  Trust  and  Sav- 
ings Company,  and  has  been  connected 
with  a  number  of  public  utility  companies. 
He  was  at  one  time  president  of  the  board 
of  trustees  for  the  Southern  Indiana  Re- 
formatory. 

He  was  made  a  Mason  at  Knightstown 
in  1882,  and  has  gone  through  all  the  or- 
ders of  the  York  Rite  and  has  attained  the 
thirty-second  degree  in  the  Scottish  Rite. 
He  is  now  grand  captain  general  of  the 
Grand  Encampment  of  Knights  Templar 
in  the  United  States,  and  has  held  nearly 
all  the  other  important  offices  in  this  or- 
der. He  is  author  of  "Side  Lights  on 
Templar  Law."  This  is  both  a  text  book 
and  a  digest  and  is  considered  the  leading 
authority  on  all  questions  of  Templar 


1860 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


jurisprudence.  He  was  grand  commander  of 
the  Grand  Commandery,  Knights  Templar 
of  Indiana,  and  served  as  inspector  general 
of  the  order  in  Indiana.  He  served  as  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  jurisprudence 
of  the  Knights  Templar  of  the  United 
States  for  many  years,  and  was  a  member 
and  secretary  of  the  committee  that  wrote 
the  constitution,  laws,  rules  and  regulations 
that  now  govern  all  the  Templar  organiza- 
tions in  the  United  States  and  in  countries 
over  which  it  exercises  supervision.  The 
officers  of  the  Grand  Encampment  of  the 
Knights  Templar  have  recently  selected 
Mr.  Newby  for  a  most  responsible  and  at 
the  same  time  a  patriotic  and  inspiring 
mission.  In  conformity  with  the  plans  and 
instructions  he  goes  to  France  in  the  spring 
of  1919.  His  first  work  will  be  to  select, 
adopt  and  educate  600  French  orphans  in 
the  name  of  American  Templary.  Later  he 
is  to  join  a  representative  of  the  English 
Knights  Templar  in  a  mission  to  Jeru- 
salem for  the  purpose  of  rebuilding  or  re- 
pairing the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem built  by  the  Knights  in  the  eleventh 
century,  the  first  hospital  ever  erected. 
The  building  was  in  good  condition  until 
1918,  when  it  was  blown  up  by  the  Turks. 
September  20,  1877,  Mr.  Newby  married 
Mary  Elizabeth  Breckenridge,  daughter  of 
Robert  B.  and  Julia  A.  Breckenridge  of 
Knightstown.  Her  father  was  long  a 
prominent  business  man  of  that  city.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Newby  have  had  a  most  delight- 
ful married  companionship  of  over  forty 
years.  They  have  been  prominent  in  local 
society  and  have  used  their  means  not  only 
for  the  advancement  of  their  community 
but  for  extensive  travel  and  the  cultiva- 
tion of  all  those  things  that  go  to  enrich  the 
mind.  They  have  been  abroad  several 
times.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Newby  have  two  chil- 
dren, Floss,  born  May  3.  1879.  and  Floyd 
J.,  born  January  9,  1881.  The  daughter 
was  educated  in  DePauw  University  and 
a  finishing  school  in  Columbus  and  also  by 
extensive  foreign  travel.  The  son  spent 
four  years  at  DePauw  University  and  one 
year  in  the  law  school  of  the  Indiana  State 
University  and  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  a  succesful  lawyer,  associated  with 
his  father.  Floyd  J.  Newby  married, 
November  23,  1904,  Mary  H.  Lewis,  only 
child  of  Judge  Henry  Clay  Lewis  of  Green- 
castle,  Indiana. 


JOHN  L.  THOMPSON.  When  he  retired 
from  the  Indiana  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture in  1917  John  L.  Thompson  had  the 
distinction  of  having  completed  the  longest 
continuous  individual  service  on  that 
board,  a  service  which  began  in  1895  and 
lasted  twenty-two  years.  Now  that  agri- 
culture is  on  such  an  exalted  plane  among 
the  world's  industries  it  is  pertinent  to  in- 
quire just  what  qualities  and  achievements 
distinguished  Mr.  Thompson  as  a  farmer 
and  a  farm  leader. 

There  is  abundance  of  testimony  on  that 
point.  While  for  a  number  of  years  Mr. 
Thompson  has  had  his  home  at  Gas  City, 
and  through  his  sons  has  maintained  an 
active  connection  with  its  industrial  af- 
fairs, his  heart  has  always  been  in  the 
country.  The  Thompson  farm  in  Monroe 
Township  of  Grant  County,  long  known 
as  Cedar  Place,  has  not  only  been  pro- 
ductive in  the  practical  business  sense  but 
has  served  as  an  experiment  and  demon- 
stration farm  that  would  do  credit  to  simi- 
lar establishments  maintained  by  public 
funds.  It  has  always  been  a  mecca  for 
stock  buyers,  and  livestock  is  Mr.  Thomp- 
son's specialty.  He  probably  knows  more 
about  sheep  husbandry  and  wool  produc- 
tion than  any  other  man  in  Indiana.  He 
bought  the  first  pure  bred  Shropshire  sheep 
at  the  State  Fair  in  1875,  and  in  1887  be- 
gan making  an  annual  trip  to  England  as 
an  importer.  That  the  sheep  and  wool 
business  were  firmly  entrenched  in  this 
part  of  Indiana  even  before  the  present  era 
of  high  prices  is  due  in  great  measure  to 
Mr.  Thompson 's  efforts.  For  years  he  had 
charge  of  the  sheep  exhibit  at  the  Indiana 
State  Fair,  and  has  served  many  times  as 
president  of  the  Marion  Fair  Association. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  a  reader  and  thinker, 
and  has  done  a  great  deal  to  solve  farm 
problems.  He  was  one  of  the  group  of 
progressive  farmers  who  organized  the 
Grant  County  Farmers  Institute.  While 
he  is  not  a  visionary  innovator,  Mr.  Thomp- 
son has  had  the  courage  to  take  the  lead  in 
a  number  of  practices  which  at  one  time 
were  deemed  revolutionary.  When  he  laid 
his  first  drain  tile  he  was  advised  that  it 
was  a  waste  of  energy  and  money  and  that 
the  tiles  could  in  no  way  prove  as  effective 
as  he  imagined.  He  also  introduced  the 
wire  tooth  sulky  rake  in  haymaking,  and 
how  long  ago  that  was  may  be  understood 
from  the  fact  that  he  bought  it  at  Hun- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1861 


tington  because  Huntington  was  on  the 
canal  and  Grant  County  had  no  immediate 
shipping  facilities.  Mr.  Thompson  also 
had  the  first  disc  harrow,  the  first  Key- 
stone hay  loader  and  harpoon  hay  fork 
ever  used  in  Monroe  Township. 

When  his  parents,  Samuel  R.  and  Martha 
M.  (Thornburg)  Thompson,  located  in 
Monroe  Township  July  20,  1842,  the  coun- 
try was  so  new  and  primitive  that  the  brush 
had  to  be  cut  away  before  a  wagon  could 
get  through  to  their  land.  Samuel  R. 
Thompson  was  born  in  Center  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1813.  He  was  a  tanner 
by  trade,  had  the  first  tannery  in  Monroe 
Township  of  Grant  County,  and  continued 
the  industry  until  he  was  fifty  years  of 
age,  after  which  he  farmed.  He  began  with 
eighty  acres,  but  in  later  years  owned  over 
500.  Martha  M.  Thornburg,  his  wife,  was 
born  about  1809,  in  Clinton  County,  Ohio, 
of  an  old  line  of  Quaker  stock.  She  was  a 
daughter  of  Richard  and  Judith  Thorn- 
burg. Samuel  R.  Thompson  and  wife  were 
married  in  Clinton  County  in  1838,  and 
in  1841  moved  to  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, but  not  being  satisfied  with  that  lo- 
cality went  on  to  Monroe  Township  of 
Grant  County  the  next  year.  They  had 
very  little  capital  when  they  arrived  in 
Grant  County,  but  economy  and  industry 
prospered  them  so  that  a  few  years  later 
they  erected  the  commodious  brick  house 
which  has  been  a  feature  of  the  Thompson 
family  homestead.  Their  children  were 
Judith  A.,  Sarah  J.,  John  L.,  Alma,  Euriah 
and  Mary  A.  Judith  married  Dr.  Mahlon 
Pugh  and  is  now  deceased.  Sarah  became 
the  wife  of  William  H.  Taylor  and  is  now 
living  at  Gas  City  with  her  maiden  sister 
Alma.  The  son  Euriah  is  deceased.  Mary 
A.  became  the  wife  of  James  M.  Buchanan, 
of  Marion,  and  is  now  a  widow  living  at 
Marion. 

John  L.  Thompson  was  born  at  the  old 
homestead  in  Monroe  Township  October  2, 
1844,  and  has  always  lived  either  on  the 
farm  or  in  Gas  City.  While  he  attended 
public  schools  as  a  youth  he  received  most 
of  his  education  after  his  marriage.  There 
were  a  number  of  circumstances  which  pre- 
vented him  from  attending  school  regularly 
when  a  boy,  but  he  possessed  an  unlimited 
energy  and  determination  so  that  limited 
opportunities  apparently  had  nothing  to 
do  with  his  real  success  in  life. 

On  November  15,  1865,  Mr.  Thompson 


married  Elizabeth  S.  Hayes,  daughter  of 
William  and  Sarah  (Niccum)  Hayes.  Her 
father,  William  Hayes,  was  a  relative  of 
President  Hayes.  Her  father  came  to 
Grant  County  in  1849.  When  he  left  Mary- 
land he  made  a  cradle  for  his  one  child 
that  would  fit  into  the  front  of  the  car- 
riage, and  that  is  the  way  Mrs.  Thompson 
reached  Indiana.  This  home-made  cradle 
subsequently  served  the  other  members  of 
the  family  and  has  long  been  preserved 
as  an  interesting  relic. 

Mr.  John  L.  Thompson  and  his  wife,  who 
is  now  deceased,  had  the  following  chil- 
dren :  Oscar  S.,  Eva,  William  O.,  Gertrude 
and  Howell  D.  Mr.  Thompson  is  many 
times  a  grandfather  and  also  a  great- 
grandfather. His  son  Oscar  S.  married 
Olivia  Davis,  and  their  son  Arthur  E.  mar- 
ried Frances  Peters  and  had  a  son  named 
"Billy"  Richard  Thompson.  Eva  Thomp- 
son became  the  wife  of  Alva  A.  Nesbitt, 
and  the  Nesbitt  children  were:  Mabel, 
who  married  Kemp  Deering,  Genevieve, 
Lucile,  Francis  T.  and  Howell  D.  Xesbitt. 
William  0.  Thompson  married  Lela  May 
Yates,  and  their  two  children  were  John 
L.,  Jr.,  and  Virginia.  Howell  D.  Thomp- 
son married  Marie  Neal  and  had  two  chil- 
dren. Janet  Elizabeth  and  Hayden. 

When  the  Gas  City  Land  Company  first 
offered  inducements  to  manufacturers  Mr. 
Thompson  recognized  therein  an  oppor- 
tunity for  his  sons,  who  did  not  incline  to 
agriculture  as  a  business.  His  son  Oscar 
S.  was  the  first  man  on  the  ground,  and 
the  Thompson  bottle  factory  was  Gas  City's 
first  industry,  established  in  1892-93.  Mr. 
John  L.  Thompson  became  president  of 
the  company  when  it  was  organized  in 
March.  1892,  but  did  not  give  his  personal 
attention  to  it  for  over  a  year.  The  family 
carried  this  factory  through  the  period  of 
depression  immediately  following  and 
made  it  one  of  the  most  stable  and  profit- 
able of  Grant  County's  gas  industries. 
The  son  W.  0.  Thompson  is  a  graduate  of 
Purdue  Universitv,  became  factory  super- 
intendent in  1893,  with  O.  S.  Thompson 
as  general  business  manager  and  Howell 
D.  Thompson,  secretary  and  sales  man- 
ager. The  Thompson  bottle  factory  was 
operated  with  the  manual  system  for  some 
years,  but  was  one  of  the  first  in  Indiana 
to  introduce  automatic  bottle  blowing  ma- 
chines. 

The  Thompson  family  has  become  as  pro- 


1862 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


gressive  factors  in  the  development  of  Gas 
City  as  they  formerly  were  in  improving 
the  agricultural  district  of  Monroe  Town- 
ship. Some  of  the  most  beautiful  homes  of 
the  city  have  been  built  and  owned  by  Mr. 
Thompson  and  his  sons.  He  has  made  his 
residence  count  for  other  things  than  the 
establishment  of  stable  industries.  He  was 
a  diligent  working  member  of  the  Gas  City 
School  Board,  and  used  his  influence  effec- 
tively to  secure  the  establishment  of  the 
township  library  and  has  been  president  of 
that  institution.  He  was  also  chairman  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Gas  City,  and  was 
for  eight  years  a  justice  of  the  peace  in 
Monroe  Township.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Taylor  University 
at  Upland.  Mr.  Thompson  is  a  stockholder 
and  director  in  the  First  State  Bank  of 
Gas  City  and  the  Citizens  Bank  of  Jones- 
boro. 

Mr.  Thompson  was  reared  in  a  family 
that  had  long  been  democratic  in  politics, 
but  his  experience  as  a  wool  grower  and 
glass  manufacturer  convinced  him  of  the 
need  of  a  protective  tariff,  and  he  came  to 
support  the  party  which  was  identified 
with  that  policy,  his  change  in  politics 
being  made  about  1884.  He  is  also  a 
Mason,  being  affiliated  with  Gas  City 
Lodge.  Naturally  the  community  looked 
to  him  for  leadership  in  the  various  war 
activities.  He  served  as  chairman  of  the 
Gas  City  branch  of  the  Grant  County 
chapter  of  the  Red  Cross,  was  a  member 
of  the  County  Council  of  Defense,  chair- 
man of  the  Advisory  Committee  of  Selec- 
tive Draft  Board  of  District  No.  2  of  Grant 
County,  and  as  a  member  of  the  War  In- 
dustries Board  in  the  Second  District.  Re- 
ligiously Mr.  Thompson  has  much  in  com- 
mon and  sympathy  with  the  Quaker  an- 
cestors on  his  mother's  side  who  settled  in 
North  Carolina  four  or  five  generations 
ago. 

ALBERT  J.  BEVERIDGE  since  leaving  the 
United  States  Senate  in  1911  and  after 
the  stirring  role  he  played  in  the  political 
campaign  of  1912  has  devoted  himself  to 
the  field  of  authorship,  in  which  his  fame 
has  been  steadily  growing.  Among  great 
Americans  of  the  present  generation  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  attained  real  distinction 
from  a  beginning  on  a  humbler  plane  and 
in  the  face  of  more  persistent  difficulties. 

Albert  Jeremiah  Beveridge  was  born  on 


a  farm  on  the  border  of  Adams  and  High- 
land counties,  Ohio,  October  6,  1862.  His 
father  was  Thomas  H.  Beveridge,  who  came 
to  Ohio  from  Virginia.  His  mother  was 
Frances  Parkinson  Beveridge,  whose  fam- 
ily were  pioneer  settlers  of  Highland 
County.  When  he  was  born  his  father  was 
in  the  Union  army.  Soon  after  the  war  the 
family  moved  to  a  farm  near  Sullivan, 
Moultrie  County,  Illinois. 

Albert  J.  Beveridge  grew  up  in  a  home 
where  only  the  barest  simple  comforts  were 
supplied.  His  first  advantages  were  the 
district  schools  of  Moultrie  County.  At 
the  age  of  twelve  he  was  working  as  a 
ploughboy  on  his  father's  farm.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen  he  was  a  logger  and  a 
teamster,  helping  his  father  in  contracts 
for  railroad  grading  and  log  hauling  that 
the  elder  Beveridge  had  undertaken.  At 
fifteen  he  was  given  charge — made  boss — 
of  a  number  of  loggers.  While  such  toil 
makes  the  heaviest  physical  drain  upon  the 
resources  of  youth,  young  Beveridge  was 
taking  time  from  sleep  to  educate  himself. 
About  that  time  came  the  opportunity  to 
attend  a  high  school.  One  of  his  biograph- 
ers has  said :  ' '  The  deadlock  in  his  hard 
affairs  was  temporarily  broken  when  he 
became  a  high  school  student,  but  then, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  afterwards, 
whatever  he  achieved  mentally  was  a  dou- 
ble triumph,  for  he  was  not  only  compelled 
to  master  the  task  in  hand  but  also,  by 
sheer  force  of  will,  to  raise  himself  above 
all  physical  consideration  most  natural  to 
the  young  man  who  is  also  valiantly  strug- 
gling to  provide  himself  with  the  absolute 
necessities  of  life." 

Mr.  Beveridge  finally  entered  old  As- 
bury,  now  De  Pauw,  University  of  Green- 
castle,  Indiana,  and  was  graduated  A.  B. 
in  1885,  with  the  honors  of  his  class.  He 
was  a  penniless  graduate,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  he  spent  in  the  West.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1886  Mr.  Beveridge  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Indianapolis  and  began  the  study 
of  law  in  the  office  of  Senator  Joseph  E. 
McDonald.  As  there  was  no  remuneration 
connected  with  his  law  studies,  he  pro- 
vided for  his  living  by  a  position  as  read- 
ing clerk  in  the  Lower  House  of  the  Indi- 
ana Legislature.  Somewhat  later  he  was 
made  managing  clerk  in  the  law  office  of 
McDonald  &  Butler,  and  continued  with 
the  firm  until  1889,  having  been  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1887.  Until  his  election  to  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1863 


United  States  Senate  Mr.  Beveridge  was  a 
lawyer  of  the  Indianapolis  bar,  and  was 
identified  as  counsel  with  some  of  the  most 
important  cases  tried  in  the  State  and  Fed- 
eral courts. 

While  in  University  he  was  noted  for 
his  powers  as  an  orator  and  debater.  With 
all  the  physical  qualifications  of  the  orator 
he  has  united  a  sincerity  and  depth  of  con- 
viction and  a  depth  of  understanding  and 
knowledge,  growing  yearly  by  experience, 
sufficient  to  account  largely  for  the  great 
power  he  has  exercised  over  American  pub- 
lic opinion  either  as  a  political  campaigner 
or  as  a  writer  and  speaker  in  the  broader 
fields  of  literature  and  social  and  economic 
affairs.  Twenty  years  or  so  ago  there  was 
hardly  a  district  in  Indiana  which  had 
not  responded  to  his  eloquence.  His  na- 
tional reputation  as  a  speaker  came  in  the 
campaign  of  1896,  and  some  students  of  his 
career  have  found  the  source  of  the  move- 
ment which  made  him  a  United  States  sena- 
tor in  the  speech  he  delivered  at  Chicago 
in  answer  to  that  of  Governor  Altgeld  of 
Illinois,  presenting  a  masterly  arraignment 
of  the  socialistic  tendencies  of  the  demo- 
cratic party.  Three  years  later  Mr.  Bever- 
idge was  brought  forward  as  a  candidate 
for  the  United  States  Senate.  He  had  four 
competitors  for  the  honor,  including  some 
of  the  best  known  men  of  the  state,  and 
though  he  himself  was  the  youngest  of  the 
aspirants  the  Legislature  did  not  hesitate 
long  to  concentrate  its  support  upon  the 
brilliant  young  orator.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Senate  in 
1899,  and  at  that  time  was  one  of  the 
youngest  men  ever  called  to  that  branch 
of  the  National  Legislature.  In  1905  he 
was  re-elected  his  own  successor.  He  was 
in  the  United  States  Senate  during  a  pe- 
culiarly vital  period  of  American  life, 
when  the  old  order  was  changing,  and  those 
who  have  even  a  casual  knowledge  of  that 
period  will  recall  how  the  name  Beveridge 
was  again  and  again  associated  with  the 
nucleus  of  every  movement  working  toward 
the  saner  and  better  issues  of  national 
welfare. 

The  climax  of  his  political  career,  and 
with  it  his  greatest  contribution  to  Ameri- 
can life,  came  in  the  presidential  year  of 
1912.  In  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion of  that  year  Mr.  Beveridge,  partly  on 
account  of  his  great  prestige  as  a  former 
leader  in  the  United  States  Senate,  was  first 


and  foremost  in  that  unsuccessful  attempt 
to  commit  the  republican  party  to  those 
broad  and  vital  issues  which  represented 
the  progressive  ideals  of  the  nation.  When 
that  movement  failed  he  joined  with  Roose- 
velt and  others  in  establishing  the  national 
progressive  party,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
progressive  convention  in  Chicago.  In  the 
course  of  one  of  his  great  speeches  during 
that  campaign  Mr.  Beveridge  in  arraigning 
the  subtle  and  corrupt  influences  that  so 
often  perverted  and  stultified  the  old  polit- 
ical parties,  uttered  that  phrase  concern- 
ing the  power  of  "the  invisible  govern- 
ment," one  of  those  rare  descriptive 
phrases  that  have  more  than  temporary 
currency  in  the  coinage  of  political  lan- 
guage. 

Mr.  Beveridge  has  addressed  his  talk  to 
the  world  through  various  mediums,  from 
the  political  rostrum,  from  the  halls  of  the 
United  States  Senate  and  also  through  the 
newspaper  and  periodical  press  and  more 
and  more  in  later  years  through  books.  The 
range  of  his  experience  and  versatile  men- 
tal powers  is  well  illustrated  in  a  list  of  his 
more  important  literary  productions.  Some 
of  them  are:  "The  Russian  Advance," 
1903;  "The  Young  Man  and  the  World," 
1905  ;  "The  Bible  as  Good  Reading,"  1908 ; 
"The  Meaning  of  the  Times,"  1908; 
"Work  and  Habits,"  1908;  "Americans  of 
Today  and  Tomorrow,"  1909;  "Pass  Pros- 
perity Around,"  title  of  a  great  speech  he 
delivered  in  1912,  "What  is  Back  of  the 
War,"  1915.  Perhaps  his  most  monumen- 
tal work  and  the  one  upon  which  his  fame 
as  a  historian  and  author  will  chiefly  rest 
is  his  recent  "Life  of  John  Marshall," 
chief  justice  of  the  United  States,  a  large 
four  volume  work  that  promises  to  remain 
the  one  authoritative  and  critical  analysis 
of  the  career  of  this  remarkable  American 
statesman. 

On  November  24,  1887,  the  same  year  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  Mr.  Beveridge 
married  Miss  Catharine  Langsdale  of 
Greencastle,  Indiana.  She  died  June  18, 
1900.  On  August  7,  1907,  Mr.  Beveridge 
married  Miss  Catherine  Spencer  Eddy  of 
Chicago. 

MAJ.  WILLIAM  W.  DAUGHERTY,  a  retired 
army  officer,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
residents  of  Indianapolis,  and  his  career 
serves  as  a  connecting  link  between  the 
military  glories  of  the  Civil  war  and  the 


1864 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


period  of  conquest  of  the  western  plains 
and  that  new  stage  of  military  achievement 
on  which  our  country  has  recently  entered. 
While  Major  Daugherty  left  the  army 
after  he  was  fifty  years  of  age  and  has  been 
retired  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  he  has 
a  fighting  son  who  is  an  officer  in  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces  on  the 
western  front. 

The  Daughertys  are  in  fact  a  family  of 
fighters,  and  several  generations  of  them 
have  been  of  the  hardy  race  of  American 
pioneers  and  developers.  Major  Daugherty 
was  born  in  Boone  County,  Indiana,  in 
1840,  son  of  Joseph  Foster  and  Maria 
(Campbell)  Daugherty.  He  is  of  Scotch 
Presbyterian  and  North  of  Ireland  an- 
cestry. His  father,  a  native  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  Ohio,  arrived  in  Indian- 
apolis in  October,  1834,  and  was  one  of  the 
early  settlers  of  the  city,  locating  there  less 
than  ten  years  after  the  founding  of  the 
capital.  He  was  a  merchant  and  for  his 
day  a  man  of  affairs.  He  was  especially 
distinguished  for  his  fine  intelligence.  He 
was  exceptionally  well  read,  and  kept  him- 
self thoroughly  informed  on  the  history 
and  affairs  of  Indiana.  At  a  time  when 
the  preservation  of  historical  records  was 
left  to  the  haphazard  of  fate  and  chance 
Joseph  F.  Daugherty  carefully  preserved 
a  file  of  local  newspapers  of  the  '30s  and 
'40s,  and  those  papers  are  still  preserved 
by  a  sister  of  Major  Daugherty,  and  com- 
prise an  index  of  many  historical  events  of 
the  time. 

William  W.  Daugherty  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enteen entered  old  Northwestern,  now  But- 
ler, College  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  grad- 
uated in  the  class  of  1861,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer of  the  same  year  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  Company  G  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  In- 
diana Infantry.  With  that  organization  he 
served  two  years  in  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. He  was  at  Winchester,  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Antietam,  Chancellorsville,  and  Gettys- 
burg. At  Gettysburg  his  regiment  was  in 
the  First  Division  of  the  Twelfth  Corps, 
Williams'  "Red  Star"  Division.  In  the 
fall  of  1863  the  Twenty-Seventh  Indiana 
was  transferred  to  the  Army  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, and  after  the  winter  spent  at  Nash- 
ville entered  upon  the  historic  Atlanta 
campaign.  Major  Daugherty  was  in  all 
the  fighting  leading  up  to  the  siege  and 
fall  of  that  city.  About  that  time  his 


term   of  enlistment   expired   and  he   was 
mustered  out. 

But  his  taste  for  army  life  was  not  yet 
satisfied.  In  1867  he  joined  the  Regular 
United  States  Army,  and  was  appointed 
second  lieutenant  in  the  Eighteenth  United 
States  Infantry.  With  this  regiment  he 
was  sent  into  the  West.  The  first  transcon- 
tinental railway,  the  Union  Pacific,  had  not 
yet  been  completed,  and  the  regular  forces 
by  no  means  lived  a  life  of  indolence  and 
ease.  There  were  constant  patrol  duty, 
protection  of  railroads  and  isolated  border 
posts,  and  Indian  outbreaks  were  almost 
a  weekly  occurrence  in  the  Wtest.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1870,  Major  Daugherty  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  famous  Twenty-Second  In- 
fantry. He  was  with  that  noted  unit  of 
the  Regular  Army  until  1893.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  he  held  the  rank  of  captain, 
and  retired  with  the  rank  of  major.  Major 
Daugherty  is  one  of  the  few  men  living 
who  have  woven  into  their  experience  the 
life  and  romance  of  the  western  plains. 
His  service  called  him  over  practically  all 
the  western  territories  and  states,  from  the 
Canadian  line  to  the  southwest  and  even 
into  Alaska.  At  one  time  he  was  stationed 
at  Mackinac,  Michigan.  After  retiring 
from  the  army  in  1893  he  returned  to  his 
old  home  at  Indianapolis,  and  here  he  has 
reclaimed  many  of  his  old  friends  and 
made  many  new  ones.  A  large  circle  take 
great  pleasure  in  his  character,  his  genial 
fellowship,  and  the  varied  experience  of 
his  early  years.  Major  Daugherty  appre- 
ciates to  the  full  the  usefulness  and  merits 
of  the  military  organization  in  our  national 
life,  and  he  exemplifies  a  genuine  Ameri- 
canism of  the  highest  type.  He  is  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  military  order  of  the 
Loyal  Legion,  and  in  the  spring  of  1918 
was  elected  commander  of  the  order  for  the 
State  of  Indiana. 

Major  Daugherty  married  Miss  Mathilda 
Anderson,  a  native  of  Minnesota.  They 
are  the  parents  of  four  children :  Maria  M., 
Joseph  Blair,  Rebecca  E.,  and  William  F. 
It  is  the  son  William  who  now  represents 
the  family  in  military  achievement.  He 
graduated  from  West  Point  Military  Acad- 
emy with  the  class  of  1917,  and  already 
has  the  rank  of  captain  of  cavalry.  He  is 
now  on  the  battle  front  in  France.  He 
made  an  unusual  record  as  a  student  in 
the  Shortridge  High  School  in  Indianap- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1865 


olis,  and  the  fact  that  he  was  so  soon  pro- 
moted to  captain  after  leaving  the  mili- 
tary academy  is  evidence  that  he  possesses 
in  full  the  spirit  of  his  fighting  ancestors. 

DIXON  W.  PLACE.  The  pioneer  annals 
of  several  counties  of  Northern  Indiana 
credit  important  achievements  to  several 
members  of  the  Place  family,  which  is  of 
French  origin,  the  original  spelling  of  the 
name  having  been  LaPlace. 

Dixon  W.  Place,  who  among  other  dis- 
tinctions was  one  of  the  first  to  advocate 
and  give  impetus  to  the  movements  for 
the  reclamation  and  drainage  of  the  Kan- 
kakee  Valley  lands,  has  been  a  resident  of 
South  Bend  many  years  and  is  president 
of  the  Conservative  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  America. 

He  was  born  in  Camden,  Preble  County, 
Ohio,  and  was  brought  in  infancy  to  this 
state.  His  great-grandfather,  Area  Place, 
was  born  in  Rhode  Island  February  14, 
1776,  and  married  Elizabeth  Knight. 
Their  oldest  son  was  born  at  Springfield, 
Vermont.  Their  next  son  was  born  in  New 
York  State,  and  soon  afterward  the  family 
located  at  Oxford  in  the  same  state,  where 
four  other  children  were  born.  The 
youngest  was  born  in  1817  at  Bloomfveld, 
New  York.  Area  Place  spent  his  last  days 
at  Camden,  Ohio,  where  he  died  at  the  age 
of  sixty-one. 

Ira  K.  Place,  grandfather  of  the  South 
Bend  business  man,  was  born  at  Spring- 
field, Vermont,  July  30,  1797,  and  early 
learned  the  trade  of  potter.  When  about 
twenty  years  old  he  went  to  Ohio,  and 
since  there  were  no  railroads  or  canals  he 
accomplished  the  journey  on  foot.  In  But- 
ler County  he  found  his  wife,  Sarah  Urm- 
ston,  a  native  of  that  part  of  Ohio,  and 
daughter  of  a  prosperous  farmer  and  very 
influential  citizen.  From  Butler  County 
Ira  K.  Place  moved  to  Preble  County, 
where  for  many  years  he  conducted  a  pot- 
tery and  for  forty  years  represented  the 
federal  government  as  postmaster  of  Cam- 
den. He  died  June  15,  1869.  When  Nor- 
thern Indiana  was  being  opened  to  settle- 
ment he  visited  the  section  and  invested 
some  of  his  surplus  means  in  canal  lands, 
getting  400  acres  at  $2.50  an  acre. 

He  and  his  wife  had  seven  children,  sev- 
eral of  whom  became  well  known  in  In- 
diana. His  brothers,  Willard  and  Nelson, 
were  among  the  first  settlers  of  LaPorte, 

Vol.  IV— 20 


helping  to  build  the  first  house  there.  Nel- 
son was  agent  for  the  Lake  Shore  Railway 
many  years,  and  was  killed  in  a  railroad 
accident  in  1868.  Willard  Place  made  a 
name  as  a  banker,  and  also  served  as 
colonel  of  the  state  militia.  He  died  at 
LaPorte  in  1876. 

James  U.  Place,  the  oldest  son  of  Ira  K. 
Place,  was  born  at  Camden,  Ohio,  Feb- 
ruary 18,  1820,  and  lived  there  until  1851, 
when  he  and  his  wife  and  infant  son  Dixon 
journeyed  in  a  covered  wagon  drawn  by 
horses  to  take  possession  of  a  tract  of  land 
in  Cass  County  given  him  by  his  father. 
Except  for  a  few  acres  cleared  and  a  small 
log  house  this  was  part  of  the  primeval 
wilderness.  The  energy  of  James  Place 
brought  about  many  changes  in  the  course 
of  years,  and  he  was  one  of  the  very  able 
farmers  of  his  county  and  acquired  a  large 
amount  of  adjoining  land.  Late  in  life  he 
retired  to  the  village  of  New  Waverly,  Cass 
County,  where  he  died  July  25,  1894.  On 
August  1,  1848,  he  had  married  Susan 
Frances  Patton,  who  survived  him  and 
passed  away  November  23,  1897.  She  was 
born  near  Winchester,  Preble  County, 
Ohio,  daughter  of  Dixon  and  Rhoda  (Lit- 
tel)  Patton.  James  Place  and  wife  had 
four  children:  Dixon  W.,  Mary  J.,  Rhoda 
Adelle  and  Sarah  F. 

Dixon  W.  Place  gained  a  permanent  in- 
terest in  land  and  agriculture  during  his 
early  life  on  his  father's  farm.  The  in- 
struction afforded  by  the  district  schools 
was  supplemented  in  the  Peru  High 
School,  and  he  taught  for  one  term.  Until 
his  marriage  he  engaged  in  the  propaga- 
tion and  sale  of  nursery  stock,  and  then  re- 
sumed farming  at  the  old  homestead  un- 
til 1881.  In  that  year  he  established  his 
home  at  Walkerton,  where  he  developed 
an  extensive  wholesale  business  in  hay, 
shipping  many  carloads  every  year  to 
eastern  markets.  He  also  platted  an  ad- 
dition to  Walkerton,  and  while  there  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  county 
commissioners.  Still  retaining  his  busi- 
ness interests  at  Walkerton,  Mr.  Place  re- 
moved to  South  Bend  in  1891,  and  that 
city  has  since  been  his  home. 

His  practical  interest  in  the  swamp 
lands  of  the  Kankakee  Valley  began  in 
1881,  when  he  bought  the  first  tract.  Al- 
most its  only  value  then  was  for  hay.  At 
the  present  time  Mr.  Place  owns  upwards 
of  2,000  acres.  He  organized  and  was  the 


1866 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


first  president  of  the  Kankakee  Valley 
Drainage  Association,  and  from  first  to 
last  he  had  an  influential  part  in  that  his- 
toric undertaking  whereby  in  spite  of  legal 
and  many  other  difficulties  a  system  of 
drainage  was  carried  out  that  makes  these 
lands  unsurpassed  in  virgin  richness  of 
soil  and  crops. 

Elected  in  1885,  Mr.  Place  was  for  six 
years  a  county  commissioner  of  St.  Joseph 
County.  Being  a  systematic  business  man, 
he  was  early  impressed  with  the  lack  of 
system  prevailing  in  the  different  counties 
in  keeping  accounts  of  the  fiscal  adminis- 
tration. Finally  he  took  upon  himself  the 
responsibility  of  calling  a  convention  of 
all  the  county  commissioners  and  town- 
ship trustees  of  the  state  at  Indianapolis 
in  October,  1891.  The  convention  was  held 
and  a  permanent  organization  effected, 
with  Mr.  Place  as  chairman  of  the  con- 
vention. The  organization  has  continued, 
but  several  years  ago  it  became  so  large 
that  a  division  was  made,  so  that  now  the 
township  trustees  and  the  county  commis- 
sioners each  have  an  association.  The  main 
purpose  Mr.  Place  had  in  view  has  also 
been  accomplished — a  standardization  of 
accounting  methods  to  which  practically 
all  sections  of  the  state  conform. 

Mr.  Place  in  later  years  has  given  In- 
diana one  of  its  leading  insurance  organ- 
izations. He  was  one  of  five  men  who 
founded  the  Conservative  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  America  in  1910,  and  from 
the  beginning  has  been  president. 

March  2,  1873,  he  married  Miss  Emma 
M.  LaTourrette,  a  native  of  Miami  Town- 
ship, Cass  County,  Indiana,  and  daughter 
of  Henry  and  Maria  (Quick)  LaTour- 
rette. To  their  marriage  have  been  born 
three  daughters,  Edna  M.,  Mabel  L.  and 
Frances  Marie.  Mabel  is  the  wife  of  Gran- 
vill«  W.  Zeigler  and  has  two  children, 
named  Marion  and  Granville  Place  Zeigler. 
Frances  Marie  is  the  wife  of  Russell  H. 
Downey,  and  has  a  son  named  Dixon. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Place  are  members  of  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  he 
has  been  on  its  board  of  trustees  for  many 
years  and'  is  active  in  Sunday  School  work, 
not  having  been  absent  or  tardy  for  the 
past  three  years.  Fraternally  he  is  affil- 
iated with  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  Crusade  Lodge  No. 
14,  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Knights  of  the 
Maccabees,  St.  Joseph  Valley  Grange,  the 


Knife  and  Fork  Club  and  the  South  Bend 
Country  Club.  He  resides  at  322  South 
Lafayette  Boulevard. 

WILLIAM  WISE  WINSLOW.  The  manu- 
facturing and  business  circles  of  Indiana, 
especially  at  Indianapolis,  came  to  know 
and  appreciate  in  the  fullest  degree  the 
abilities  and  forcefulness  of  character  ex- 
emplified by  the  late  William  Wise  Wins- 
low,  during  a  long  and  active  career.  Mr. 
Winslow  was  especially  prominent  in  the 
clay  products  industry,  and  gave  Indian- 
apolis one  of  its  chief  enterprises  in  that 
line. 

His  career  was  an  unusual  one  in  many 
respects.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City 
March  26,  1853,  a  son  of  William  and  Eu- 
genie Wise.  When  only  three  years  of 
age  he  and  his  brother  Jacob  were  left  as 
orphans  through  the  death  of  their  parents 
by  ptomaine  poisoning.  William  Wise  was 
then  placed  in  the  Five  Points  Mission 
Home  in  New  York.  Not  long  afterward 
Mr.  AVilliam  WinslOw  of  Hartford,  Ohio, 
who  had  recently  lost  a  little  son,  made  a 
business  journey  to  New  York  City,  and 
while  there  at  the  earnest  request  of  his 
wife  brought  the  boy  back  to  Ohio  and 
raised  him.  Thus  it  was  that  William 
Wise  took  the  name  William  Wise  Wins- 
low.  How  carefully  the  principles  of  man- 
hood were  instilled  into  the  young  man's 
education  may  be  judged  from  his  future 
home  and  public  career. 

He  attended  the  common  schools  at 
Hartford,  Ohio,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
went  with  his  foster  parents  to  Milan, 
Ohio,  the  birthplace  and  early  home  of 
Thomas  A.  Edison.  Here  he  entered  the 
Huron  Institute  and  also  took  a  course  at 
Oberlin  College.  For  his  higher  educa- 
tion he  supplied  his  own  finances. 

Through  his  early  associations  with  the 
Winslow  family  he  enjoyed  a  good  busi- 
ness training,  and  after  leaving  college 
he  entered  the  employ  of  the  King  Bridge 
Company.  Upon  its  reorganization  he 
went  to  work  with  the  Canton  Bridge 
Company,  and  was  in  its  service  many 
years. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-three  Mr.  Winslow 
removed  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  and  in 
1880  came  to  Indianapolis,  which  was  his 
home  until  his  death  on  June  25,  1914. 
Later,  he  purchased  the  Indianapolis  Pav- 
ing Brick  and  Block  Company  of  Brazil, 


1866 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANANS 


first  president  of  the  Kankakee  Yallcy 
Drainage  Association,  and  from  first  to 
last  he  had  an  influential  part  in  that  his- 
toric undertaking:  whereby  in  spite  of  legal 
and  many  other  difficulties  a  system  of 
drainage  was  carried  out  that  makes  these 
lands  unsurpassed  in  virgin  richness  of 
soil  and  erops. 

Elected  in  1885,  Mr.  Place  was  for  six 
years  a  county  commissioner  of  St.  Joseph 
County.  Being  a  systematic  business  man, 
he  was  early  impressed  with  the  lack  of 
system  prevailing  in  the  different  counties 
in  keeping  accounts  of  the  fiscal  adminis- 
tration. Finally  he  took  upon  himself  the 
responsibility  of  calling  a  convention  of 
all  the  county  commissioners  and  town- 
ship trustees  of  the  state  at  Indianapolis 
in  October.  1891.  The  convention  was  held 
and  a  permanent  organization  effected. 
with  Mr.  Place  as  chairman  of  the  con- 
vention. The  organization  has  continued, 
but  several  years  ago  it  became  so  large 
that  a  division  was  made,  so  that  now  the 
township  trustees  and  the  county  commis- 
sioners each  have  an  association.  The  main 
purpose  Mr.  Place  had  in  view  has  also 
been  accomplished — a  standardization  of 
accounting  methods  to  which  practically 
all  sections  of  the  state  conform. 

Mr.  Place  in  later  years  has  given  In- 
diana one  of  its  leading  insurance  organ- 
izations. He  was  one  of  five  men  who 
founded  the  Conservative  Life  Insurance 
Company  of  America  in  1910.  and  from 
the  beginning  has  been  president. 

March  2,  1873,  he  married  Miss  Emma 
M.  LaTourrette,  a  native  of  Miami  Town- 
ship, Cass  County,  Indiana,  and  daughter 
of  Henry  and  Maria  (Quick)  LaTour- 
rette. To  their  marriage  have  been  born 
three  daughters.  Edna  M.,  Mabel  L.  and 
Frances  Marie.  Mabel  is  the  wife  of  Oraii- 
vill<*  AY.  Zeigler  and  has  two  children, 
named  Marion  and  Oranville  Place  Zeisrler. 
Frances  Marie  is  the  wife  of  Russell  IT. 
Downey,  and  has  a  son  named  Dixon. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Place  are  members  of  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  he 
has  been  on  its  board  of  trustees  for  many 
years  and  is  active  in  Sunday  School  work, 
not  having  been  absent  or  tardy  for  the 
past  three  years.  Fraternally  he  is  affil- 
iated with  South  Bend  Lodge  No.  2H4.  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  Crusade  Lodge  No. 
14.  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Knights  of  the 
Maccabees,  St.  Joseph  Valley  Grange,  the 


Knife  and  Fork  Club  and  the  South  Bend 
Country  Club.  He  resides  at  322  South 
Lafayette  Boulevard. 

WILLIAM  WISE  WIXSLOW.  The  manu- 
facturing and  business  circles  of  Indiana, 
especially  at  Indianapolis,  came  to  know 
and  appreciate  in  the  fullest .  degree  the 
abilities  and  forcefulness  of  character  ex- 
emplified by  the  late  William  Wise  Wins- 
low,  during  a  long  and  active  career.  Mr. 
Winslow  was  especially  prominent  in  the 
clay  products  industry,  and  gave  Indian- 
apolis one  of  its  chief  enterprises  in  that 
line. 

His  career  was  an  unusual  one  in  many 
respects.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City 
March  26,  18.")3.  a  son  of  William  and  Eu- 
genic Wise.  When  only  three  years  of 
age  he  and  his  brother  Jacob  were  left  as 
orphans  through  the  death  of  their  parents 
by  ptomaine  poisoning.  William  Wise  was 
then  placed  in  the  Five  Points  Mission 
Home  in  New  York.  Not  long  afterward 
Mr.  William  Winslow  of  Hartford,  Ohio, 
who  had  recently  lost  a  little  son,  made  a 
business  .•journey  to  New  York  City,  and 
while  there  at  the  earnest  request  of  his 
wife  brought  the  boy  back  to  Ohio  and 
raised  him.  Thus  it  was  that  William 
Wise  took  the  name  William  Wise  Wins- 
low.  How  carefully  the  principles  of  man- 
hood were  instilled  into  the  young  man's 
education  may  be  judged  from  his  future 
home  and  public  career. 

He  attended  the  common  schools  at 
Hartford,  Ohio,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
went  with  his  foster  parents  to  Milan. 
Ohio,  the  birthplace  and  early  home  of 
Thomas  A.  Edison.  Here  he  entered  the 
Huron  Institute  and  also  took  a  course  at 
Oberlin  College.  For  his  higher  educa- 
tion he  supplied  his  own  finances. 

Through  his  early  associations  with  the 
Winslow  family  he  enjoyed  a  good  busi- 
ness training,  and  after  leaving  college 
he  entered  the  employ  of  the  King  Bridge 
Company.  Upon  its  reorganization  he 
went  to  work  with  the  Canton  Bridge 
Company,  and  was  in  its  service  many 
years. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-three  Mr.  Winslow 
removed  to  Lafayette.  Indiana,  and  in 
1S80  came  to  Indianapolis,  which  was  his 
home  until  his  death  on  June  25,  1914. 
Later,  be  purchased  the  Indianapolis  Pav- 
ing Brick  and  Block  Company  of  Brazil, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1867 


Indiana,  and  was  the  main  spirit  in  build- 
ing up  this  industry,  and  as  a  brick  man- 
ufacturer he  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
prosperity.  He  had  two  great  and  ab- 
sorbing interests  in  life,  one  of  them  be- 
ing his  home  and  the  other  his  business. 
Home  was  to  him  a  matter  of  sacred  obli- 
gations and  associations,  and  business 
stood  second  only  to  these.  He  possessed 
the  fine  fibre  and  intincts  of  the  thoroughly 
honorable  business  man,  and  he  lived  a 
life  creditable  to  his  adopted  state.  He 
was  always  generous  of  his  time  and  means, 
and  one  of  the  things  that  earned  him  a 
grateful  memory  in  Indianapolis  was  his 
magnificent  bequest  of  $50,000  to  the  Boys' 
Club  of  that  city.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  Order  and  of  the  Second  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

December  27,  1882,  Mr.  Winslow  mar- 
ried Miss  Jennie  I.  Walker,  daughter  of 
Isaac  Cnshman  and  Harriet  Lockwood 
(Saunders)  Walker  of  Milan,  Ohio.  Mrs. 
Winslow,  who  resides  at  1942  North  Meri- 
dian Street  in  Indianapolis,  is  the  mother 
of  two  sons,  Walker  Wise  and  Robert. 

GENERAL  LEW  WALLACE  attained  notable 
distinction  as  a  lawyer,  soldier,  diplomat, 
and  author.  He  was  born  in  Brookville, 
Indiana,  April  10,  1827.  He  began  the 
study  of  law  in  his  youth,  and  in  1852  he 
located  at  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.  He 
was  distinguished  as  a  Civil  war  soldier, 
but  he  is  perhaps  best  known  to  the  world 
through  his  literary  productions. 

In  1852  General  Wallace  was  married  to 
Miss  Susan  Elston,  who  was  born  in  Craw- 
fordsville. She  was  also  a  writer  of  marked 
ability,  and  her  death  occurred  in  1907. 
The  death  of  General  Lew  Wallace  occurred 
at  his  home  in  Crawfordsville  on  the  15th 
of  February,  1905. 

FRANK  M.  MILLIKAN,  a  resident  of  In- 
dianapolis nearly  thirty  years,  prominent 
as  a  banker  and  manufacturer,  and  no  less 
so  as  a  farmer,  is  one  of  the  men  whom  the 
City  of  Indianapolis  has  recruited  from 
the  country  district  of  Indiana.  The  Mil- 
likan  family  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
prominent  in  Henry  County,  and  it  was 
there  that  Frank  M.  Millikan  grew  up  and 
obtained  his  reputation  in  Indiana  politics. 

His  ancestry  goes  back  to  William  and 
Eleanor  Millikan,  who  were  identified  with 
the  colonial  period  of  American  history. 


The  oldest  son  of  William  and  Eleanor, 
Alexander  Millikan,  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  in  1788.  When  he  was  eleven 
years  old,  in  1799,  his  parents  moved  to 
eastern  Tennessee,  where  Alexander  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Russell.  They  became  the 
parents  of  thirteen  children.  In  1837 
Alexander  Millikan,  because  of  his  antip- 
athy to  slavery,  moved  north  and  estab- 
lished a  home  in  Henry  County,  Indiana, 
where  his  son  John  R.  and  two  married 
daughters  had  already  located.  Alexander 
Millikan  in  1880  died  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
two. 

John  R.  Millikan,  oldest  son  of  Alex- 
ander and  Elizabeth,  was  born  in  Jeffer- 
son County,  Tennessee,  April  27,  1814. 
His  mature  life  meant  much  to  Indiana, 
and  it  was  from  such  sturdy  characters 
that  the  sta,te  derived  its  best  elements  of 
citizenship.  His  useful  days  were  spent 
among  pioneer  surroundings.  In  1835,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  located  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  and  his  total  worldly 
possessions  at  the  time  consisted  of  a  horse, 
a  saddle  and  bridle,  ten  dollars  in  cash 
and  a  few  clothes.  Part  of  the  way  to  In- 
diana he  drove  an  ox  belonging  to  a  fellow 
traveler.  Fortunately  he  had  been  taught 
the  value  of  industry  at  an  early  age  and 
was  not  ashamed  to  work.  In  former 
times  in  Henry  County  he  chopped  wood 
at  S?1/^  cents  per  cord.  Hard  work  and  a 
cheerful  disposition  in  spite  of  the  then 
almost  universal  discomforts  of  life 
brought  him  steady  progress  and  worldly 
means.  For  some  years  he  farmed,  later 
engaged  in  blacksmithing,  was  a  pork 
packer,  and  had  various  business  interests. 
His  many  sterling  qualities  earned  him  the 
respect  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  con- 
tact. For  eight  years  he  served  as  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  in  Henry  County.  Po- 
litically he  was  identified  with  the  demo- 
cratic party  until  the  repeal  of  the  Mis- 
souri Compromise  in  1854,  after  which, 
contrary  to  the  example  of  other  members 
of  the  family,  he  was  a  sturdy  republican. 
He  was  honored  with  important  offices  in 
the  gift  of  his  fellow  citizens.  In  1868 
and  again  in  1870  he  was  elected  to  repre- 
sent his  district  in  the  State  Legislature, 
from  Henry  County  one  time  and  Henry 
and  Madison  counties  the  second  time. 
While  in  the  Legislature  he  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  to  build  gravel  roads  and 
was  father  of  the  legislation  of  that  day 


1868 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


providing  for  good  roads.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Citizens  Sta'te 
Bank  of  Newcastle,  and  his  sound  judg- 
ment led  to  his  election  as  president  of  that 
institution.  This  position  he  held  until 
his  death.  His  associates  always  regarded 
him  as  a  broad  gauged  man,  liberal,  pub- 
lic spirited  and  a  splendid  supporter  of  all 
that  tended  toward  the  public  good.  Such 
confidence  was  shown  in  his  personal  in- 
tegrity that  he  was  frequently  entrusted 
with  the  administration  of  estates.  As  a 
youth  it  had  not  been  his  privilege  to  have 
liberal  educational  advantages,  and  even 
after  he  came  to  manhood  in  Indiana  he 
attended  school.  For  this  reason  he  was 
all  the  more  enthusiastic  in  his  advocacy 
of  improved  educational  standards.  John 
R.  Millikan  died  September  12,  1895,  sur- 
vived by  his  wife  until  June  25,  1900. 
Both  were  active  members  of  the  Christian 
Church.  August  5,  1838,  John  R.  Milli- 
kan married  Martha,  youngest  daughter  of 
George  and  Mary  (Eller)  Koons.  They 
had  come  from  Ashe  County,  North  Caro- 
lina, to  Henry  County,  Indiana,  as  early 
as  1820.  John  R.  Millikan  and  wife  had 
eight  children. 

Frank  M.  Millikan,  son  of  John  R.  and 
Martha  Millikan,  was  born  near  the  old 
Millikan  home  farm  in  Henry  County  on 
December  2,  1851.  Besides  the  advantages 
of  the  common  schools  of  his  home  county 
he  attended  academies  at  Newcastle  and 
Spiceland.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
was  chosen  a  teacher  and  the  next  few 
years  he  was  busy  with  advancing  his  own 
education,  teaching,  and  farming.  His 
ambition  was  to  fit  himself  for  the  legal 
profession.  Circumstances  and  events  al- 
tered this  plan  and  he  has  been  rather  a 
business  man  than  a  member  of  any  pro- 
fession. He  served  as  deputy  county 
treasurer  of  Henry  County  under  Thomas 
S.  Lines  and  acted  in  a  similar  capacity 
under  two  successive  county  treasurers. 
This  gave  him  unusual  qualifications  for 
the  duties  of  that  office  and  having  become 
widely  known  and  popular  throughout  the 
county  he  was  elected  county  treasurer  in 
1878,  when  twenty-six  years  of  age.  His 
nomination  plurality  exceeded  the  aggre- 
gate vote  of  his  closest  competitor.  From 
early  manhood  "he  had  been  intensely  in- 
terested in  politics,  and  was  stanchly 
aligned  with  the  republican  party.  He  is 


a  charter  member  of  the  Columbia  Club 
of  Indianapolis. 

From  1884  to  1898  Mr.  Millikan  was  a 
member  of  the  Republican  State  Execu- 
tive Committee,  and  he  served  as  secretary 
of  the  committee  from  July,  1889,  to  Jan- 
uary, 1894,  and  in  the  1896  campaign  was 
chairman  of  the  executive  committee.  Mr. 
Millikan  had  a  prominent  part  in  events 
that  led  to  both  nominations  of  General 
Harrison  for  the  presidency  and  also  when 
William  McKinley  was  first  nominated. 
In  1896  he  was  delegate  at  large  from  In- 
diana to  the  republican  convention  at  St. 
Louis. 

Mr.  Millikan  became  a  resident  of  In- 
dianapolis in  1889.  In  1893,  having  sac- 
rificed much  valuable  time  to  politics,  he 
decided  to  give  more  attention  to  private 
business  affairs,  and  accepted  the  respon- 
sibilities as  Special  Loan  Agent  for  In- 
diana of  the  Northwestern  Mutual  Life 
Insurance  Company.  He  remained  with 
this  company  until  1909,  when  he  resigned 
to  become  president  of  the  Columbia  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Indianapolis.  In  this  ca- 
pacity he  increased  the  volume  of  the  com- 
pany's mortgage  loans  from  less  than 
$500,000  to  $7,500,000.  During  this  pe- 
riod he  was  president  of  the  Advance  Ve- 
neer &  Lumber  Company.  Mr.  Millikan 
has  been  a  director  and  a  vice  president  of 
the  National  City  Bank  of  Indianapolis 
since  its  origin  in  1912  and  is  also  pres- 
ident of  the  Peerless  Garment  Company. 
He  has  extensive  farming  interests  and 
large  holdings  in  gas  and  oil  properties  in 
Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Montana,  and  in 
many  ways  is  a  thoroughly  practical 
farmer  as  well  as  banker  and  manufac- 
turer. 

Mr.  Millikan  has  never  been  a  "slacker" 
in  any  duty  of  life.  Keen,  alert,  pos- 
sessed of  a  sound  and  discriminating  mind, 
he  has  successfully  mastered  in  a  modest 
way  the  responsibilities  that  have  fallen 
upon  his  shoulders. 

September  16,  1874,  he  married  Emma 
F.  Boyd,  of  Henry  County,  who  died  Au- 
gust 22,  1888,  leaving  one  son.  This  son, 
Harry  Boyd  Millikan,  served  throughout 
the  Porto  Rican  campaign  in  1898  as  a 
member  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  Indiana 
Battery,  which  was  old  Battery  A  of  In- 
dianapolis. Harry  B.  Millikan  was  sec- 
retary-treasurer and  manager  of  the  Ad- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1869 


vance  Veneer  &  Lumber  Company,  He 
married  Miss  Ruth  Johnson  of  Blooming- 
ton,  Indiana.  He  has  two  sons,  Frank  M., 
Jr.,  and  William  J.,  also  one  daughter, 
Sarah  Jane  Millikan.  On  February  25, 
1897,  Mr.  Millikan  married  for  his  present 
wife  Mrs.  Elma  Elliott  Barbour.  Her 
father,  the  late  Evans  Elliott,  was  a  vet- 
eran of  the  Mexican  war  and  for  many 
years  was  a  prominent  merchant  and  mil- 
ler at  Shelbyville,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Millikan 
is  active  in  church,  social,  and  progressive 
community  affairs,  and  shares  with  her 
husband  an  extensive  acquaintance,  who 
find  a  cheerful  welcome  at  their  com- 
fortable home,  No.  2122  North  Delaware 
Street. 

; 

HARRY  C.  MOORE,  of  Indianapolis,  is 
largely  responsible  for  the  success  of  one 
of  the  largest  institutions  of  its  kind  in  the 
state,  the  Pitman-Moore  Company,  manu- 
facturers of  pharmaceutical  and  biologi- 
cal preparations. 

In  July,  1899,  the  Pitman-Myers  Com- 
pany, pharmaceutical  chemists,  was  organ- 
ized at  Indianapolis  by  H.  C.  Pitman,  John 
C.  Myers  and  A.  B.  Hall.  It  began  in  a 
small  way  and  with  limited  capital.  In 
1905  Harry  C.  Moore  came  into  the  con- 
cern as  treasurer  and  active  manager. 
Mr.  Moore  had  the  qualifications  for  re- 
storing or  imparting  to  any  business  or- 
ganization robust  business  health  and  vi- 
gor. He  is  a  man  of  ideas,  sound  business 
qualification  and  training,  and  unlimited 
enterprise.  These  qualities  were  almost 
immediately  reflected  in  improvement  and 
prosperity  in  the  company.  In  1906  the 
present  pharmaceutical  laboratories  were 
erected,  and  in  1913  a  reorganization  was 
effected  under  the  name  Pitman-Moore 
Company,  capitalized  at  $400,000.  The 
active  officers  of  this  company  are:  Harry 
C.  Moore,  president;  Albert  E.  Uhl,  vice 
president;  A.  D.  Thorburn,  secretary;  and 
C.  N.  Angst,  treasurer. 

While  the  company  fills  the  general  field 
of  pharmaceutical  manufacturers,  it  has  a 
national  and  international  reputation  for 
one  particular  feature,  the  manufacture  of 
anti-hog-cholera  serum.  Without  question 
the  Pitman-Moore  Company  has  developed 
this  branch  of  manufacture  to  a  greater 
degree  than  any  other  organization,  and 
through  a  notable  advertising  campaign 
and  by  their  extensive  use  its  products 


have  become  familiar,  especially  to  stock- 
men, in  every  part  of  America.  Even  the 
Federal  Government  has  recognized  the 
Pitman-Moore  Company's  biological  labor- 
atories as  being  the  foremost  example  of 
plants  of  this  kind  in  America.  In  1912, 
at  Zionsville,  Indiana,  the  erection  of  a 
complete  laboratory  and  suitable  buildings 
were  begun,  and  at  that  plant  a  large  part 
of  the  anti-hog-cholera  serum  used  in  the 
United  States  as  well  as  in  Canada  and 
England  is  manufactured.  At  the  present 
time  the  corporation  furnishes  employ- 
ment to  an  average  of  200  people. 

Harry  C.  Moore  is  a  native  of  Indiana, 
and  his  family  history  covers  the  greater 
part  of  the  time  since  this  state  began  its 
development.  He  was  born  in  Delaware 
County,  Indiana,  in  1874,  and  grew  to 
manhood  there.  His  parents,  John  L.  and 
Lorinda  (Lewis)  Moore,  were  natives  of 
the  same  county,  and  their  respective  par- 
ents were  among  the  pioneers  who  re- 
claimed Indiana  from  the  wilderness  and 
its  original  savage  owners. 

The  early  years  of  Mr.  Moore's  life  were 
spent  in  attending  school  and  in  assisting 
his  father  in  a  wholesale  grocery  house. 
Thus  he  was  well  trained  to  business  from 
the  outset.  Mr.  Moore  for  three  years  was 
purchasing  agent  for  the  White  Knob  Cop- 
per Company  at  Mackay,  Idaho. 

He  became  treasurer  of  the  Pitman- 
Moore  Company  at  Indianapolis  in  1905, 
and  since  1908  has  been  its  president.  He 
is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
son, a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  and  in 
politics  is  a  republican.  In  1908  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  A.  Stubbs.  Mrs.  Moore  at 
the  time  of  her  marriage  was  state  statis- 
tician of  Indiana,  and  has  the  distinction 
of  being  the  only  woman  ever  holding  an 
elective  office  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 

FRANK  ARTHUR  KATTMAN  is  one  of  the 
civil  engineers  of  Indiana,  has  had  a  wide 
experience  in  general  engineering,  and  es- 
pecially in  the  municipal  branch  of  his 
profession.  He  is  now  city  civil  engineer 
of  Terre  Haute. 

Mr.  Kattman  has  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  western  Indiana  and  was  born  at  Poland 
in  Clay  County  December  19,  1878.  Sev- 
eral generations  of  the  Kattman  family 
have  lived  in  Clay  County  as  farmers,  busi- 
ness men,  and  public  officials,  and  the 
name  is  one  of  the  best  known  in  that  sec- 


1870 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion  of  the  state.  Mr.  Kattman's  parents 
were  Christopher  H.  and  Amelia  (Jorris) 
Kattman,  both  natives  of  Clay  County  and 
both  now  living  at  Brazil,  county  seat  of 
that  county.  They  have  six  sons  and  three 
daughters,  all  of  whom  are  still  living, 
Frank  A.  being  the  third  son  and  the 
fourth  child. 

His  boyhood  days  were  spent  at  the  vil- 
lage of  Poland,  but  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  accompanied  the  family  to  Brazil,  where 
he  finished  his  education  in  the  city  schools. 
In  1898  he  graduated  in  a  course  from  the 
Northern  Indiana  Normal  College  at  Val- 
paraiso, and  from  there  entered  the  Rose 
Polytechnic  Institute  at  Terre  Haute, 
where  he  was  graduated  as  a  civil  engineer 
in  1902. 

Since  leaving  college  he  has  had  fifteen 
continuous  years  of  active  practical  expe- 
rience in  general  engineering  work.  He 
was  employed  both  as  a  civil  and  mining 
engineer  at  Brazil  until  1910,  and  during 
that  time  was  elected  and  served  as  county 
surveyor  of  Clay  County  from  1904,  be- 
ing elected  three  times  to  that  office,  in 
1904,  1906,  and  1908.  On  January  1, 
1910,  he  resigned  his  post  as  county  sur- 
veyor to  become  city  engineer  and  superin- 
tendent of  waterworks  at  Brazil,  and  filled 
that  office  until  January  1,  1914,  when  he 
was  appointed  civil  engineer  at  Terre 
Haute.  In  1912  he  was  elected  state  sen- 
ator from  Clay  and  Vigo  counties. 

In  professional  circles  Mr.  Kattman 
stands  high  and  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
diana Engineering  Society,  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  the  Amer- 
ican Waterworks  Association.  He  has  al- 
ways been  interested  in  the  success  of  the 
democratic  party  and  when  a  candidate 
for  office  was  on  the  ticket  of  that  party. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order,  in- 
cluding the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and  is  a 
member  of  Brazil  Lodge  No.  762,  Benev- 
olent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  On 
October  15,  1902,  he  married  Miss  Nellie 
P.  Pullem,  of  Brazil,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
I.  M.  Pullem  of  Brazil.  Their  only  child, 
a  daughter,  died  in  1910,  the  same  year 
she  was  born. 

WILLIAM  H.  ROMEY  has  kept  steadily  in 
one  line  of  work  and  commercial  pursuits 
since  early  manhood,  and  experience  has 
not  only  made  him  a  past  master  of  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  furniture  but  has 


also  promoted  him  to  independence  as 
owner  and  president  of  the  Romey  Furni- 
ture Company,  Incorporated,  of  Richmond. 

He  was  born  at  Bluffton,  Ohio,  March 
7,  1878,  son  of  H.  L.  and  Rosa  (Kuhne) 
Romey.  He  is  of  French-Swiss  ancestry, 
and  his  grandparents  emigrated  from 
Switzerland  when  their  children  were 
young  to.  find  homes  and  better  opportun- 
ities in  America.  They  came  over  by  sail- 
ing vessel  in  1846,  and  settled  in  Allen 
County,  near  Beaver  Dam,  Ohio,  on  farms. 
H.  L.  Romey  grew  up  there,  and  later  be- 
came prominent  at  Bluffton,  where  he  and 
his  wife  are  still  living.  He  has  been  a 
furniture  merchant  and  a  manufacturer  of 
furniture,  possessing  the  individual  skill 
of  the  old-time  cabinet  maker  and  working 
at  his  trade  until  1895.  He  has  also  been 
postmaster,  mayor,  justice  of  the  peace  and 
member  of  the  school  board.  He  also 
.  writes  insurance  and  general  notarial 
work,  showing  that  he  is  a  man  of  versa- 
tile gifts  and  of  a  very  commanding  posi- 
tion in  his  community. 

William  H.  Romey  was  the  oldest  of  four 
brothers  and  two  sisters.  He  attended 
grammar  and  high  school  until  1908,  and 
then  entered  Heidelberg  College  at  Tiffin, 
Ohio,  pursuing  the  classical  course  for  two 
years.  He  paid  his  expenses  while  in  col- 
lege by  selling  books.  While  he  had  ac- 
quired some  knowledge  of  the  furniture 
business  from  his  father,  his  first  regular 
experience  was  gained  at  East  Liverpool, 
Ohio,  where  for  five  years  he  was  salesman 
and  buyer  for  the  Hard  Furniture  &  Car- 
pet Company.  Then,  in  1905,  he  came  to 
Richmond  and  opened  a  store  at  929  Main 
Street,  one  clerk  being  sufficient  to  help 
him  in  looking  after  his  stock.  Several 
years  later  he  moved  to  his  present  quar- 
ters, 831-833  Main  Street,  where  he  has 
since  acquired  the  ownership  of  the  build- 
ing as  well  as  the  splendid  stock  of  house 
furnishings  by  which  his  store  is  known 
throughout  a  wide  territory  surrounding 
Richmond.  He  now  has  sixteen  employes 
on  his  payroll,  and  is  also  interested  in 
other  business  affairs,  being  vice  president 
of  the  American  Trust  Company  and 
chairman  of  its  executive  committee,  a  di- 
rector of  the  Commercial  Club  and  of  the 
Rotary  Club,  and  is  on  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Richmond  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Lodge,  Chapter,  and  Council  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1871 


Masons  at  Richmond,  is  a  member  of  the 
First  English  Lutheran  Church,  and  in 
politics  is  independent.  His  public  spirit 
is  known  and  appreciated  by  the  entire 
group  of  Richmond  business  men. 

In  1902  he  married  Miss  Catherine  F. 
Minter,  daughter  of  Rev.  E.  and  Mary 
(Miller)  Minter  of  Richmond.  To  their 
union  have  been  born  two  children,  Wil- 
liam Minter  in  1907,  and  James  Theodore 
in  1917. 

ADOLPH  HEBZ.  Probably  no  business  es- 
tablishment of  the  city  of  Terre  Haute  is 
more  widely  known  than  the  department 
store  of  A.  Herz.  During  the  past  year, 
thousands  of  patrons  have  stopped  to  ex- 
amine a  handsome  Tiffany  bronze  tablet 
which  occupies  a  well  chosen  position  in 
the  store.  Underneath  the  portrait  is  the 
following  inscription : 

To  ADOLPH  HERZ 

Merchant — Citizen — Philanthropist — 
Friend  who  established  this  business 
and  guided  it  for  almost  forty-nine 
years  this  tablet  is  inscribed  by  those 
who  worked  for  him  and  with  him  as  • 
a  lasting  memorial  of  love  and  affec- 
tion. 

1843  — 1917 

As  well  as  a  few  brief  and  well  chosen 
words  could  do  so,  that  tablet  tells  the 
story  of  a  long  life  and  throws  some  light 
upon  the  character  and  achievements  of  a 
great  merchant.  Adolph  Herz  was  born 
in  Schw.  Halle,  Wurtemberg,  Germany, 
August  7,  1843,  and  his  boyhood  days  and 
school  years  were  spent  in  his  native  town. 
The  family  home  was  erected  more  than 
two  centuries  ago,  and  is  still  occupied  by 
some  members  of  the  Herz  family.  His 
keen  commercial  instincts  led  him  into  bus- 
iness while  still  a  boy,  and  before  he  left 
his  native  land  he  was  spending  a  large 
part  of  his  time  traveling  as  a  wholesale 
salesman  in  southern  Germany.  It  seems 
natural  that  his  boundless  ambition  early 
felt  the  restrictions  of  the  old  world  and 
sought  the  better  opportunities  of  the  new. 
He  reached  New  York  in  1866,  having  a 
little  over  six  dollars  in  his  pocket,  and  for 
a  year  he  peddled  notions  and  small  wares 
to  the  little  dealers  of  the  east  side  of  New 
York.  For  the  sake  of  economy  he  shared 
a  bleak  room  and  scant  board  with  another 
hard  working  and  poorly  recompensed 


young  man.  On  leaving  New  York  he 
came  west  to  Huntington,  Indiana,  was 
employed  as  clerk  in  a  general  store 
there,  and  thence  came  to  Terre  Haute, 
where  he  found  work  as  salesman  in  the 
clothing  store  of  Joseph  Erlanger. 

In  1869,  just  fifty  years  ago,  through 
money  furnished  by  Mr.  A.  Arnold,  Adolph 
Herz  became  a  merchant  of  Terre  Haute. 
The  firm  of  Herz  &  Arnold  began  business 
February  17th  in  a  small  store  at  No. 
Twelve  "South  Fourth  Street.  The  busi- 
ness consisted  mainly  of  corsets  and  small 
wares  and  centered  about  a  hoop-skirt  fac- 
tory employing  two  workers.  Four  weeks 
later  the  store  was  moved  to  No.  323  Wa- 
bash  Avenue,  where  it  remained  three 
years.  In  the  meantime  Mr.  Herz  bought 
out  Mr.  Arnold,  and  from  that  time  for- 
ward the  business  with  all  its  growth  and 
development  has  been  known  simply  as  A. 
Herz.  For  fourteen  years  the  store  was 
at  412  Main  Street,  and  in  1887  was  moved 
to  512-514  of  the  same  street,  now  known 
as  Wabash  Avenue.  In  September,  1897, 
the  business  was  moved  to  a  newly  remod- 
eled building  at  606-608  Wabash  Avenue, 
and  ten  years  later  again  changed  to  the 
new  building  and  handsome  quarters  now 
occupied  by  the  business. 

This  great  store  with  its  organization 
and  great  volume  of  merchandise  is  in  ef- 
fect a  memorial  to  Adolph  Herz.  But 
such  was  the  vitality  and  the  breadth  of 
his  sympathy  and  nobility  of  nature  that 
a  dozen  or  more  other  institutions  and  or- 
ganizations of  Terre  Haute  must  be  men- 
tioned to  show  even  briefly  the  extent  and 
influence  of  his  life.  To  understand  the 
variety  of  his  interests  it  would  only  be 
necessary  to  open  the  records  and  read  the 
resolutions  passed  at  the  time  of  his  death 
by  such  well  known  organizations  as  the 
Indiana  Retail  Dry  Goods  Association,  the 
Terre  Haute  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Fort 
Harrison  Savings  Association,  the  Citizens 
Mutual  Heating  Company,  Morris  Plan 
Company,  McKeen  National  Bank,  Retail 
Merchants  Association,  the  Rose  Orphan 
Home.  Public  Health  Nursing  Association, 
the  Terre  Haute  Social  Settlement.  Vigo- 
American  Clay  Company,  Jewish  Orphan 
Home,  the  Phoenix  Club,  Independent  Or- 
der of  B'nai  B'rith  and  Temple  Israel, 
all  of  which  organizations  through  com- 
mittees had  something  significant  to  add 


1872 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


concerning  the  service,  the  devotion,  and 
the  wisdom  and  philanthropy  of  the  late 
Mr.  Herz.  In  1883,  in  conjunction  with 
W.  H.  Brown,  Mr.  Herz  brought  about  the 
organization  of  business  men  under  the 
name  of  the  Terre  Haute  Board  of  Trade. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  for  years  was  one  of  its  di- 
rectors and  a  number  of  terms  president, 
and  has  been  called  the  father  of  the  Terre 
Haute  Chamber  of  Commerce.  For  years 
he  was  a  director  of  the  Society  for  Organ- 
izing Charities,  was  president  of  the  So- 
cial Settlement,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  president  of  the  Rose  Orphan 
Home.  He  was  a  director  in  the  several 
banks  and  business  organizations  just 
noted,  and  it  was  a  fitting  tribute  to  the 
universality  of  his  interests  that  at  the 
time  of  his  funeral  practically  every  busi- 
ness house  in  the  city  and  the  city  schools 
and  courts  suspended  and  paid  silent  trib- 
ute to  him  for  fifteen  minutes. 

Adolph  Herz  died  December  16,  1917. 
In  New  York  City,  May  26,  1872,  he  mar- 
ried Pauline  Einstein.  They  had  been  be- 
trothed before  he  left  Europe.  They  were 
the  parents  of  four  children,  three  daugh- 
ters and  one  son,  the  son  being  Mr.  Milton 
Herz. 

CLYDE  WILLET  GARDNER  is  a  Richmond 
business  man  whose  experience  has  been 
one  of  successive  advancement  and  im- 
provement in  his  individual  abilities  and  in 
his  responsibilities.  He  is  now  secretary 
and  treasurer  and  manager  of  the  Reed 
Furniture  Company,  one  of  the  largest  re- 
tail establishments  for  home  furnishings 
in  eastern  Indiana.  The  company  has 
three  stores  in  three  large  cities. 

Mr.  Gardner  was  born  at  Fountain  City 
in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in  1881,  son  of 
James  Smith  and  Mary  (Walker)  Gard- 
ner. He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry  and 
his  people  have  been  in  America  for  a  num- 
ber of  generations.  When  Mr.  Gardner 
was  six  years  old  his  parents  moved  to 
Richmond,  and  he  attended  the  public 
schools  of  that  city  to  the  age  of  fourteen. 
He  then  began  earning  his  own  living  as 
driver  of  a  grocery  wagon,  and  later  for 
four  years  worked  as  clerk  and  driver  for 
the  John  McCarthy  grocery  house.  For 
nine  years  he  was  stock  man  with  the  Mil- 
ler Brothers  Hardware  Company,  and  then 
entered  the  grocery  business  for  himself 


with  Will  Hawekotte  under  the  firm  name 
of  Hawekotte  &  Gardner  at  North  Eight- 
eenth and  A  streets.  At  the  end  of  four 
years  Mr.  Gardner  sold  his  interests  and 
became  floor  salesman  with  the  W.  H.  Ro- 
mey  Furniture  Company.  Four  years 
later,  in  1910,  he  joined  the  Allen  Furni- 
ture Company  as  floor  salesman,  and  at  the 
end  of  six  years  became  manager  of  the 
Reed  Furniture  Company,  which  had  ac- 
quired the  Allen  company.  Mr.  Gardner 
has  since  been  manager  of  the  Richmond 
business  of  this  company,  and  is  also  a 
stockholder,  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
company.  The  other  two  stores  are  main- 
tained at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  Middletown, 
Ohio.  The  local  business  has  been  stead- 
ily developed  until  it  commands  a  large 
trade  over  a  radius  of  fifty  miles  around 
Richmond. 

Mr.  Gardner  married  in  1905  Miss  Clara 
Knollenberg,  daughter  of  Charles  and  El- 
len (Koering)  Knollenberg  of  Richmond. 
They  have  three  children,  Mary  Jjouise, 
Helen  Elizabeth  and  Eveline  Marie.  Mr. 
Gardner  is  a  republican  in  politics,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
.  Order  of  Elks  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
English  Lutheran  Church. 

MARY  A.  SPINK,  M.  D.  Thirty  years  ago, 
when  Mary  A.  Spink  was  graduated  and  re- 
ceived her  diploma  of  graduation  as  a  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine,  the  entrance  of  a  woman 
into  this  profession  was  sufficient  to  attract 
a  great  deal  of  notice  and  comment  in  the 
State  of  Indiana.  Doctor  Spink  is  not 
only  one  of  the  pioneer  women  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  Indianapolis,  but  in  her 
special  field  as  a  neurologist  has  few  peers 
in  the  profession.  She  was  practically  one 
of  the  founders  and  for  many  years  has 
been  president  and  active  head  of  the  Dr. 
W.  B.  Fletcher  Sanitarium,  an  institution 
for  the  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental 
diseases,  and  as  such  ranking  among  the 
first  in  the  middle  west. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  Mary  Angela  Spink 
was  born  at  Washington,  Daviess  County, 
November  18,  1863,  a  daughter  of  Michael 
Urban  and  Rose  (Morgan)  Spink.  Her 
father  was  a  druggist  by  profession.  Both 
parents  were  natives  of  Indiana.  In  1903 
they  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  her 
father  died  in  1907. 

During  her  girlhood  Doctor  Spink  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  her  native 


1872 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


^ 


concerning  the  service,  the  devotion,  and 
the  wisdom  and  philanthropy  of  the  late 
Mr.  Ilerz.  In  1883,  in  conjunction  with 
"\V.  II.  Brown,  Mr.  Ilerz  brought  about  the 
organization  of  business  men  under  the 
name  of  the  Terrc  Haute  Board  of  Trade. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  for  years  was  one  of  its  di- 
rectors and  a  number  of  terms  president, 
and  has  been  called  the  father  of  the  Terre 
Haute  Chamber  of  Commerce.  For  years 
he  was  a  director  of  the  Society  for  Organ- 
izing Charities,  was  president  of  the  So- 
cial Settlement,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  was  president  of  the  Rose  Orphan 
Home.  He  was  a  director  in  the  several 
banks  and  business  organizations  just 
noted,  and  it  was  a  fitting  tribute  to  the 
universality  of  his  interests  that  at  the 
time  of  his  funeral  practically  every  busi- 
ness house  in  the  city  and  the  city  schools 
and  courts  suspended  and  paid  silent  trib- 
ute to  him  for  fifteen  minutes. 

Adolph  Ilerz  died  December  16,  1917. 
In  New  York  City,  May  26,  1872,  he  mar- 
ried Pauline  Einstein.  They  had  been  be- 
trothed before  he  left  Europe.  They  were 
the  parents  of  four  children,  three  daugh- 
ters and  one  son,  the  son  being  Mr.  Milton 
Herz. 

CLYDE  WILI.ET  GARDNKR  is  a  Richmond 
business  man  whose  experience  has  been 
one  of  successive  advancement  and  im- 
provement in  his  individual  abilities  and  in 
his  responsibilities.  He  is  now  secretary 
and  treasurer  and  manager  of  the  Reed 
Furniture  Company,  one  of  the  largest  re- 
tail establishments  for  home  furnishings 
in  eastern  Indiana.  The  company  has 
three  stores  in  three  large  cities. 

Mr.  Gardner  was  born  at  Fountain  City 
in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in  1881,  son  of 
James  Smith  and  Mary  (Walker)  Gard- 
ner, lie  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry  and 
his  people  have  been  in  America  for  a  num- 
ber of  generations.  When  Mr.  Gardner 
was  six  years  old  his  parents  moved  to 
Richmond,  and  he  attended  the  public 
schools  of  that  city  to  the  age  of  fourteen. 
He  then  began  earning  his  own  living  as 
driver  of  a  grocery  wagon,  and  later  for 
four  years  worked  as  clerk  and  driver  for 
the  John  McCarthy  grocery  house.  For 
nine  years  he  was  stock  man  with  the  Mil- 
ler Brothers  Hardware  Company,  and  then 
entered  the  grocery  business  for  himself 


with  Will  Hawekotte  under  the  firm  name 
of  Hawekotte  &  Gardner  at  North  Eight- 
eenth and  A  streets.  At  the  end  of  four 
years  Mr.  Gardner  sold  his  interests  and 
became  floor  salesman  with  the  W.  H.  Ro- 
mey  Furniture  Company.  Four  years 
later,  in  1910,  he  joined  the  Allen  Furni- 
ture Company  as  floor  salesman,  and  at  the 
end  of  six  years  became  manager  of  the 
Reed  Furniture  Company,  which  had  ac- 
quired the  Allen  company.  Mr.  Gardner 
has  since  been  manager  of  the  Richmond 
business  of  this  company,  and  is  also  a 
stockholder,  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
company.  The  other  two  stores  are  main- 
tained at  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  Middletown, 
Ohio.  The  local  business  has  been  stead- 
ily developed  until  it  commands  a  large 
trade  over  a  radius  of  fifty  miles  around 
Richmond. 

Mr.  Gardner  married  in  1905  Miss  Clara 
Knollenberg,  daughter  of  Charles  and  El- 
len (Koering)  Knollenberg  of  Richmond. 
They  have  three  children,  Mary  Louise, 
Helen  Elizabeth  and  Eveline  Marie.  Mr. 
Gardner  is  a  republican  in  politics,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
English  Lutheran  Church. 

MARY  A.  SPINK,  M.  D.  Thirty  years  ago, 
when  Mary  A.  Spink  was  graduated  and  re- 
ceived her  diploma  of  graduation  as  a  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine,  the  entrance  of  a  woman 
into  this  profession  was  sufficient  to  attraet 
a  great  deal  of  notice  and  comment  in  the 
State  of  Indiana.  Doctor  Spink  is  not 
only  one  of  the  pioneer  women  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  Indianapolis,  but  in  her 
special  field  as  a  neurologist  has  few  peers 
in  the  profession.  She  was  practically  one 
of  the  founders  and  for  many  years  has 
been  president  and  active  bead  of  the  Dr. 
W.  B.  Fletcher  Sanitarium,  an  institution 
for  the  treatment  of  nervous  and  mental 
diseases,  and  as  such  ranking  among  the 
first  in  the  middle  west. 

A  native  of  Indiana,  Mary  Angela  Spink 
was  born  at  Washington,  Daviess  County. 
November  18,  1863,  a  daughter  of  Michael 
I'rhan  and  Rose  (Morgan)  Spink.  Her 
father  was  a  druggist  by  profession.  Both 
parents  were  natives  of  Indiana.  In  1903 
they  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  her 
father  died  in  1907. 

During  her  girlhood  Doctor  Spink  at- 
tended the  public  schools  of  her  native 


" 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1873 


town  and  St.  Simon's  Academy  of  that 
village.  Doubtless  her  family  and  friends 
wished  nothing  better  for  her  than  that  she 
should  grow  up  in  the  traditional  and  con- 
ventional lines  of  womanhood,  but  even 
as  early  as  the  age  of  fourteen  she  showed 
a  rather  positive  determination  to  disap- 
point such  desires.  A  few  months  later 
she  independently  and  perhaps  with  some 
defiance  announced  that  she  would  become 
a  physician.  In  carrying  out  that  de- 
termination she  had  to  depend  largely  upon 
her  own  efforts,  and  the  strength  of  her 
resolution  was  tested  through  many  years 
of  training  and  preparation  before  she  ac- 
quired her  degree.  She  worked  as  nurse 
in  a  hospital,  and  in  1882  began  her  medi- 
cal studies  in  the  Pulte  Medical  College 
of  Cincinnati,  and  while  there  had  practi- 
cal experience  in  the  City  Hospital.  Doc- 
tor Spink  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1884, 
becoming  special  night  nurse  in  the  Cen- 
tral Hospital  for  the  Insane.  This  posi- 
tion furnished  unusual  opportunities  for 
studying  along  the  line  where  she  has  since 
specialized.  In  1885  she  began  the  regular 
work  of  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana, 
from  which  she  was  graduated  M.  D.  and 
with  the  high  honors  of  her  class  on  March 
2,  1887.  That  she  was  under  no  handicap 
in  pursuing  her  studies  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  she  won  a  prize  for  dissecting. 
She  immediately  began  private  practice 
in  Indianapolis,  and  was  soon  called  to 
many  families  with  which  she  had  been 
previously  acquainted  through  her  work 
as  a  nurse.  In  1888  she  took  post-grad- 
uate work  in  mental  and  nervous  diseases 
at  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  School. 
During  1886-87  Doctor  Spink  had  served 
as  pathologist  in  the  Central  Indiana 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  in  July,  1888, 
she  assisted  Dr.  W.  B.  Fletcher  in  open- 
ing the  Fletcher  Sanitarium  at  Indian- 
apolis. She  went  into  that  work  as  as- 
sistant to  Doctor  Fletcher,  three  years  later 
became  a  partner  in  the  institution,  and 
then  for  many  years  was  superintendent  of 
its  Woman's  Department.  Since  the  death 
of  Doctor  Fletcher  in  1907  she  has  been 
manager  and  general  superintendent  and 
is  now  president  of  the  sanitarium.  The 
success  of  the  institution  has  been  largely 
in  her  hands,  and  that  in  itself  is  the 
highest  word  of  commendation  that,  could 
be  spoken  of  Doctor  Spink 's  attainments. 
While  her  abilities  as  an  administrator  are 


exceptional,  she  has  not  less  distinguished 
herself  in  the  technical  side  of  her  profes- 
sion, and  has  done  much  to  advance  knowl- 
edge of  many  phases  of  nervous  and  men- 
tal disorders.  One  of  .her  original  con- 
tributions to  this  branch  of  medical  science 
was  her  system  of  preserving  the  inter- 
cranial  circulation.  From  the  years  of  her 
girlhood  to  the  present  time  her  enthu- 
siasm and  devotion  have  been  unflagging, 
and  while  she  has  gained  high  honors  in 
her  chosen  vocation,  the  calling  itself  has 
represented  to  her  chiefly  an  opportunity 
to  do  good  in  the  world,  and  her  career  is 
the  more  notable  because  it  has  been  an 
unselfish  devotion  to  people  and  interests 
outside  of  herself. 

Doctor  Spink  since  1893  has  been  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities, 
and  much  of  the  time  has  been  spent  as  a 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Prisons  and 
Insane  Hospitals.  She  has  also  served  on 
the  medical  staff  of  the  Indianapolis  City 
Hospital  and  the  City  Dispensary.  In 
the  intervals  of  her  busy  days  spent  at 
the  Sanitarium  she  has  written  much  for 
medical  journals,  including  the  Medical 
Journal  of  Microscopy,  a  woman's  medical 
journal,  of  which  for  several  years  she  was 
associate  editor,  and  other  periodicals. 
Many  of  her  papers  have  been  read  before 
organizations  in  which  she  holds  member- 
ship, including  the  Indianapolis  Medical 
Society,  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society, 
the  American  Medical  Association  and  the 
American  Microscopical  Society. 

• 

OMAR  BUNDY  was  born  in  Newcastle,  In- 
diana, June  17,  1861,  and  his  name  has  be- 
come known  to  the  world  in  connection 
with  military  affairs.  In  1917  he  was  made 
a  major  general,  National  Army.  General 
Bundy  took  part  in  the  battle  of  El  Caney, 
Cuba,  and  in  the  siege  of  Santiago,  and  in 
June,  1917,  he  became  commander  of  the 
Second  Division,  American  Expeditionary 
Forces,  in  France. 

JOHN  FOSLER,  who  represents  one  of  the 
old  and  well  known  families  of  Wayne 
County,  is  a  graduate  of  the  Purdue  Uni- 
versity School  of  Pharmacy,  and  for  nearly 
twenty  years  has  been  in  the  drug  busi- 
ness and  is  now  proprietor  of  one  of  the 
progressive  and  high  class  stores,  in  his  na- 
tive city  of  Richmond. 

Mr.  Fosler  was  born  at  Richmond  Jan- 


1874 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


uary  30,  1880,  son  of  Israel  T.  and  Martha 
(Dougan)  Fosler.  He  is  of  German,  Dutch 
and  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His  great- 
grandfather came  from  Germany  in  early 
days  and  settled  near  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  a  farm,  and  reared  his  family 
there.  His  son  George  Fosler  came  to 
Richmond  as  a  pioneer,  married  in  Wayne 
County,  and  also  followed  farming.  His 
son,  the  late  Israel  T.  Fosler,  spent  all  his 
life  in  Wayne  County  and  died  here  in 
1909.  He  and  his  wife  had  seven  children, 
John  being  third  in  age. 

The  latter  received  a  public  school  edu- 
cation, also  attended  high  school,  and 
graduated  in  1901  with  the  degree  Ph.G. 
from  Purdue  University.  On  returning  to 
Richmond  he  spent  two  years  with  A.  A. 
Curme  in  the  drug  store  on  North  Eighth 
Street.  He  was  then  located  at  LaPorte, 
Indiana,  one  year,  was  two  years  with 
George  T.  Bedford,  a  druggist  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  one  year  at  Oklahoma  City. 
Returning  to  Richmond  in  1906,  he  was 
associated  with  his  father  for  two  years  in 
the  bottling  business,  and  in  1908  opened 
a  stock  of  drugs  on  his  own  account  in 
West  Richmond.  He  still  has  his  store 
there,  and  after  four  years  bought  the  old- 
est drug  store  in  Richmond,  the  old  Adams 
store  on  Sixth  and  Main  streets.  This  is 
also  the  oldest  drug  house  in  Wayne 
County.  Mr.  Fosler  has  worked  steadily 
along  during  these  years,  is  thoroughly 
qualified  as  a  druggist,  and  by  careful 
management  has  become  head  of  a  very 
prosperous  business. 

In  1908  he  married  Mary  P.  Hough, 
daughter  of  Addison  and  Sarah  Ann 
(Jessup)  Hough  of  Richmond.  They  have 
two  children,  named  Mary  Ellen  and  Mar- 
tha Ann.  Mr.  Fosler  is  a  republican  and 
a  member  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church. 

ARTHUR  V.  BROWN,  president  of  the  Un- 
ion Trust  Company  of  Indianapolis,  is  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing members  of  the  Marion  County  Bar 
for  upwards  of  twenty  years,  but  more 
and  more  became  detache'd  from  the  strict 
lines  of  the  profession  on  account  of  his 
increasing  responsibilities  in  financial  and 
general  business  affairs. 

This  branch  of  the  Brown  family  have 
lived  in  Marion  County  fully  seventy 
years.  His  father,  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Brown, 


was  born  at  Abbeville,  South  Carolina, 
May  23,  1823,  a  son  of  John  Brown,  who 
spent  all  his  life  in  that  state.  Doctor 
Brown  was  a  graduate  of  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  College,  and  soon  after  entering 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  located 
at  New  Bethel  in  Marion  County  on  May 
23,  1848.  He  earned  a  high  reputation  in 
his  profession,  and  gave  his  long  life  to 
the  unremitting  service  of  his  fellow  men. 
He  practiced  at  New  Bethel  continuously 
for  fifty-seven  years.  His  first  wife,  Ma- 
hala  S.  Brady,  who  died  in  1866,  leaving 
five  children,  of  whom  Arthur  V.  was  the 
youngest,  was  a  native  of  Marion  County, 
a  daughter  of  Henry  Brady,  who  came  to 
Indiana  from  Ohio  in  1819.  Henry  Brady 
was  well  educated,  a  school  teacher,  a 
civil  engineer,  a  soldier  of  the  War  of 
1812,  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  served  in 
both  houses  of  the  Indiana  Legislature. 
His  last  years  were  spent  as  a  farmer,  and 
he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine.  Doctor 
Brown  married  for  his  second  wife  Marilda 
McCaughy,  who  became  the  mother  of  four 
children. 

Arthur  V.  Brown  who  was  three  years 
old  when  his  mother  died,  was  born  at  New 
Bethel,  March  17,  1863.  He  attended 
country  schools  and  for  six  years  was  a 
student  of  Butler  University,  where  he 
graduated  in  1885.  He  pursued  the  study 
of  law  under  most  advantageous  circum- 
stances, in  the  offices  of  Harrison,  Miller 
and  Elam  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1888,  and  in  a  few 
years  had  attained  the  dignity  and  emol- 
uments of  the  successful  lawyer.  He  had 
some  valuable  experience  and  rendered 
some  good  service  as  attorney  for  the  poor 
in  the  Criminal  Court,  was  for  two  years 
chief  deputy  prosecuting  attorney,  and 
from  1891  to  1895  was  county  attorney. 
His  work  as  a  lawyer  eventually  brought 
him  connections  in  financial  and  real  es- 
tate interests,  and  before  giving  up  prac- 
tice altogether  he  served  as  a  director  in 
the  Indiana  National  Bank  and  as  a  stock- 
holder in  the  Union  Trust  Company  and 
other  banks.  He  also  did  much  work  in 
the  subdivision'of  local  real  estate,  and  was 
formerly  president  of  the  Law  Building 
Company.  He  still  keeps  his  membership 
in  the  Indianapolis  and  Indiana  State  Bar 
Association.  Mr.  Brown  is  a  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  member 
of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1875 


belongs  to  the  Sigma  Chi  College  Fratern- 
ity, the  Commercial,  Country,  and  Univer- 
sity Clubs,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Meri- 
dian Street  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
January  8,  1896,  he  married  Miss  Kath- 
arine Fletcher  Malott,  daughter  of  Volney 
T.  and  Caroline  (Macy)  Malott.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Brown  have  three  children:  Volney 
Malott,  Arthur  V.,  Jr.,  and  Katharine  Ma- 
lott Brown. 

t 

HENRY  W.  KNOULENBERG  went  to  work 
as  clerk  in  the  store  of  his  brother,  the  late 
George  Knollenberg,  at  Richmond  in  1878, 
and  for  more  than  forty  years  has  kept  his 
interests  and  work  in  one  channel,  is  one 
of  the  oldest  and  best  known  merchants  in 
that  part  of  the  state,  and  is  president  of 
the  Knollenberg  Company,  directing  the 
affairs  of  a  great  department  store,  dry- 
goods,  notions,  and  carpets. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  January  30, 
1850,  son  of  Benjamin  H.  and  Mary  Ellen 
( Peterson )  Knollenberg.  His  parents  came 
from  Osnabrueck,  Hanover,  when  young, 
and  the  families  were  early  settlers  at 
Richmond.  Benjamin  Knollenberg  was  a 
blacksmith  by  trade,  and  a  man  of  great 
industry  but  quiet  citizenship.  For  many 
years  he  was  employed  in  the  shops  of 
Gaar,  Scott  &  Company  and  later  with  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company.  He  died 
in  1879.  He  and  his  wife  had  eight  chil- 
dren, six  sons  and  two  daughters.  Henry 
being  third  in  age. 

The  latter  attended  parochial  schools  and 
public  school  for  one  term,  and  even  as  a 
boy  had  few  idle  hours.  He  worked  in  a 
blacksmith  shop  and  drove  a  wagon  for  the 
Adams  Express  Company  two  years.  He 
then  applied  himself  steadily  to  learning 
the  blacksmith  trade,  and  followed  it  until 
he  became  associated  as  clerk  with  his 
brother  in  1878.  He  rapidly  mastered 
merchandising  in  all  angles,  and  for  ten 
years  was  buyer  of  linens  and  domestics 
for  the  store.  In  1892  he  was  made  vice 
president  of  the  company,  and  after  the 
death  of  his  brother  on  December  20,  1918, 
succeeded  him  as  president.  The  company 
employs  about  eighty  persons,  and  has  an 
immense  city  and  country  trade. 

Mr.  Knollenberg  was  for  twenty  years 
treasurer  and  is  now  an  elder  in  the  First 
English  Lutheran  Church.  In  September, 
1877,  he  married  Miss  Anna  F.  W.  Egge- 
-meyer,  daughter  of  Henry  and  Marie 


(Nolte)  Eggemeyer.  They  have  every 
reason  to  be  proud  of  their  children,  a  son 
and  daughter.  The  former,  Everard  Bern- 
hardt,  born  in  1878,  is  now  local  manager 
at  Richmond  for  the  Provident  Life  & 
Trust  Company  of  Philadelphia.  He  is 
married  and  has  one  child,  Ruth  Ann,  born 
in  1917.  Alice  M.  Knollenberg  is  a  tal- 
ented musician,  having  finished  her  studies 
in  the  Boston  Conservatory  and  at  Berlin, 
and  is  organist  of  the  First  English  Luth- 
eran Church  in  Richmond,  and  also  a 
teacher  of  music. 

GEORGE  E.  KLUTE.  Probably  no  one 
firm  or  organization  in  Richmond  contains 
a  larger  group  of  thorough  business  men, 
masters  of  their  respective  lines,  than  the 
George  Knollenberg  Company  Department 
Store.  One  of  the  men  in  the  organization 
is  George  E.  Klute,  who  started  as  errand 
boy  and  is  now  treasurer  of  the  company 
and  for  many  years  a  buyer. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  May  25,  1878, 
sou  of  John  and  Mary  (Tieman)  Klute, 
both  natives  of  Hanover  and  brought  to 
America  when  young.  His  father  for 
many  years  was  lumberman  for  Gaar, 
Scott  &  Company  of  Richmond.  He  died 
in  1900,  and  his  wife  is  still  living  in  Rich- 
mond. 

George  E.  Klute  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
left  his  studies  in  the  public  schools  to  en- 
ter the  service  of  the  late  George  H.  Knoll- 
enberg as  errand  boy.  He  was  dutiful  and 
diligent,  and  also  ambitious,  and  in  order 
to  be  prepared  to  accept  opportunities 
when  they  arose  he  studied  at  home  and 
for  four  winter  terms  in  the  night  classes 
of  the  Richmond  Business  College.  He 
was  made  stock  boy  and  then  salesman  in 
the  Knollenberg  establishment,  and  in  1900 
became  buyer  of  dress  goods,  silks  and 
woolens.  In  1913  he  was  admitted  as  a 
stockholder  and  director  of  the  company, 
and  in  January,  1919,  became  its  treasurer. 
He  has  been  with  the  company  twenty- 
seven  years. 

Mr.  Klute  and  wife.  Mrs.  Matilda  Klute, 
and  two  sons,  Eldred  Charles  and  Benja- 
min George,  are  the  happy  family. 

FRANK  H.  HAXER.  At  this  time  of 
world  unrest  it  is  not  possible  to  emphasize 
too  frequently  the  careers  of  Americans 
who  have  become  successful  in  business  by 
the  quality  and  character  of  their  work 


1876 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  service  rather -than  by  any  theoretical 
distribution  of  goods  and  profits.  For  in- 
stance, Frank  H.  Haner,  of  Richmond,  out 
of  a  meager  salary  of  a  dollar  and  a  quar- 
ter per  week,  paid  one  dollar  tuition  to  a 
business  college,  and  after  getting  the 
fundamentals  of  bookkeeping  found  an  op- 
portunity to  apply  his  knowledge  in  the 
store  of  what  is  now  the  George  H.  Knoll- 
enberg Company.  He  has  never  left  that 
firm,  early  made  good  in  the  esteem  of  his 
superiors,  and  is  now  its  vice  president  and 
executive  manager. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  in  1873,  son 
of  Henry  and  Minnie  (Wiechman)  Haner. 
His  father  came  to  this  country  when  a 
boy  from  Koenigsberg,  Germany,  and  his 
mother  was  a  girl  when  she  left  her  native 
town  of  Belafeld  in  the  same  country. 
They  were  married  in  Richmond,  where 
Henry  Haner  for  many  years  was  a  quiet 
and  industrious  citizen,  first  a  bricklayer 
and  later  for  many  years  in  the  employ  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  He  died  in 
1907  and  his  wife  in  October,  1918.  Of 
their  seven  children  Frank  H.  was  the 
third. 

He  attended  public  school  only  to  the 
age  of  fourteen.  He  earned  his  first  wages 
of  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  a  week  from  Mor- 
ris &  Hunt,  book  merchants.  The  Rich- 
mond Business  College  took  his  tuition 
while  he  was  taking  a  commercial  course. 
He  had  been  in  the  book  house  only  a 
short  time  when  he  realized  he  must  have 
a  better  education  if  he  meant  to  succeed 
in  the  world.  His  first  position  with  the 
Knollenberg  store  was  as  desk  man,  clerk 
and  cashier.  When  he  could  spare  a  few 
minutes  he  familiarized  himself  with  the 
stock  and  prices  in  the  department  of 
women's  furnishing  goods,  and  eventually 
was  given  the  responsibilities  of  buyer  for 
this  section.  For  years  he  was  one  of  the 
regular  buyers  in  addition  to  other  execu- 
tive duties,  and  in  1918  was  made  general 
manager  and  vice  president  of  the  com- 
pany, and  is  also  a  stockholder  and  direc- 
tor in  what  is  one  of  the  most  complete  de- 
partment drygoods  firms  in  eastern  In- 
diana. 

In  1896  Mr.  Haner  married  Miss  Emma 
L.  Besselman,  daughter  of  Charles  and 
Dora  Besselman.  They  are  the  parents  of 
two  daughters:  Lucile  Emma,  a  graduate 
of  the  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music, 
and  Camilla,  a  student  in  Earlham  Col- 


lege. Mr.  Haner  is  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  is  active  in  the  First  English 
Lutheran  Church,  which  he  served  as  treas- 
urer ten  years.  He  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Ladies  Matinee  Musical 
for  two  seasons,  and  also  of  the  popular 
lecture  course  in  1906-09. 

EVERARD  B.  KNOLLENBERG,  one  of  the 
younger  members  of  the  well  known  and 
prominent  family  of  that  name  in  Rich- 
mond, has  had  a  varied  business  training 
and  experience,  and  for  several  years  has 
been  handling  insurance  as  a  specialist  in 
different  branches.  He  is  the  Richmond 
representative  of  one  of  the  best  old-line 
life  companies,  the  Provident  Life  &  Trust 
of  Philadelphia,  and  is  also  able  to  furnish 
his  services  for  general  insurance,  includ- 
ing fire,  accident,  health,  compensation, 
automobile,  etc. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  October  30, 
1878,  son  of  Henry  W.  and  Anna  (Egge- 
meyer)  Knollenberg.  His  father  is  presi- 
dent of  The  Geo.  H.  Knollenberg  Company. 
He  was  educated  in  the  grammar  and  high 
schools  and  in  Earlham  College  several 
terms,  and  his  first  business  connection 
was  as  bookkeeper  for  the  Richmond 
Safety  Gate  Company  two  years.  Until  1902 
he  was  salesman  in  the  fur  department  of 
the  Knollenberg  Company,  then  spent  a 
year  in  San  Francisco  with  the  sales  de- 
partment of  the  American  Can  Company, 
after  which  he  was  again  in  the  store  at 
Richmond  two  years,  and  for  a  similar 
time  in  the  offices  of  the  Knollenberg  Com- 
pany. For  two  years  he  was  on  a  Texas 
ranch,  and  returning  to  Richmond  in  1907 
he  took  up  fire  insurance  and  in  1908  also 
life  insurance,  and  has  gradually  broad- 
ened his  work  to  that  of  a  life  insurance 
specialist. 

In  1913  he  married  Ada  Ebenback, 
daughter  of  George  H.  and  Lydia  Eben- 
back of  Richmond.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Ruth  Ann,  born  in  1917.  Mr.  Knoll- 
enberg is  independent  in  politics  anr1  a 
member  and  superintendent  of  the  x'irst 
English  Lutheran  Sunday  School. 

GEORGE  V.  COFFIN.  When  George  V. 
Coffin  was  elected  sheriff  of  Marion  County 
in  1914  it  was  a  case  of  the  office  seeking 
the  man  rather  than  the  man  the  office. 
Mr.  Coffin's  qualifications  and  experience 
made  him  one  of  the  most  desirable  candi- 


1876 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  servire  rather  than  by  any  theoretical 
distribution  of  poods  and  profits.  For  in- 
stance, Frank  II.  Ilaner,  of  Richmond,  out 
of  a  meager  salary  of  a  dollar  and  a  quar- 
ter per  week,  paid  one  dollar  tuition  to  a 
business  college,  and  after  getting  the 
fundamentals  of  bookkeeping  found  an  op- 
portunity to  apply  his  knowledge  in  the 
store  of  what  is  now  the  George  II.  Knoll- 
enborg  Company.  lie  has  never  left  that 
firm,  early  made  good  in  the  esteem  of  his 
superiors,  and  is  now  its  vice  president  and 
executive  manager. 

lie  was  born  at  Richmond  in  1873,  son 
of  Henry  and  Minnie  (Wiechnian)  Ilaner. 
His  father  came  to  this  country  when  a 
boy  from  Koenigsberg,  Germany,  and  his 
mother  was  a  girl  when  she  left  her  native 
town  of  Helafeld  in  the  same  country. 
They  were  married  in  Richmond,  where 
Henry  Ilaner  for  many  years  was  a  quiet 
and  industrious  citizen,  first  a  bricklayer 
and  later  for  many  years  in  the  employ  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  He  died  in 
1907  and  his  wife  in  October.  1918.  Of 
their  seven  children  Frank  II.  was  the 
third. 

He  attended  public  school  only  to  the 
age  of  fourteen.  He  earned  his  first  wages 
of  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  a  week  from  Mor- 
ris &  Hunt,  book  merchants.  The  Rich- 
mond Husiness  College  took  his  tuition 
while  he  was  taking  a  commercial  course. 
He  had  been  in  the  book  house  only  a 
short  time  when  he  reali/cd  he  must  have 
a  better  education  if  he  meant  to  succeed 
in  the  world.  His  first  position  with  the 
Knollenherg  store  was  as  desk  man,  clerk 
and  cashier.  When  he  could  spare  a  few 
minutes  he  familiari/ed  himself  witli  the 
stock  and  prices  in  the  department  of 
women's  furnishing  goods,  and  eventually 
was  given  the  responsibilities  of  buyer  for 
this  section.  For  years  he  was  one  of  the 
regular  buyers  in  addition  to  other  execu- 
tive duties,  and  in  1!H8  was  made  general 
manager  and  vice  president  of  the  com- 
pany, and  is  also  a  stockholder  and  direc- 
tor in  what  is  one  of  the  most  complete  de- 
partment drygoods  firms  in  eastern  In- 
diana. 

In  189f>  Mr.  Ilaner  married  Miss  Emma 
L.  Hesselman,  daughter  of  Charles  and 
Dora  Besselman.  They  are  the  parents  of 
two  daughters:  Lucile  Emma,  a  graduate 
of  the  Cincinnati  Conservatory  of  Music, 
and  Camilla,  a  student  in  Earlham  Col- 


lege. Mr.  Ilaner  is  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  is  active  in  the  First  English 
Lutheran  Church,  which  he  served  as  treas- 
urer ten  years.  He  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Ladies  Matinee  Musical 
for  two  seasons,  and  also  of  the  popular 
lecture  course  in  1906-09. 

EVEKARD     15.     KXOLLEXBERG,     O116     of     the 

younger  members  of  the  well  known  and 
prominent  family  of  that  name  in  Rich- 
mond, has  had  a  varied  business  training 
and  experience,  and  for  several  years  has 
been  handling  insurance  as  a  specialist  in 
different  branches.  He  is  the  Richmond 
representative  of  one  of  the  best  old-line 
life  companies,  the  Provident  Life  &  Trust 
of  Philadelphia,  and  is  also  able  to  furnish 
his  services  for  general  insurance,  includ- 
ing fire,  accident,  health,  compensation, 
automobile,  etc. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond  October  30, 
1878,  son  of  Henry  W.  and  Anna  (Egge- 
meyer)  Knollenherg.  His  father  is  presi- 
dent of  The  Geo.  H.  Knollenberg  Company, 
lie  was  educated  in  the  grammar  and  high 
schools  and  in  Earlham  College  several 
terms,  and  his  first  business  connection 
was  as  bookkeeper  for  the  Richmond 
Safety  Gate  Company  two  years.  Until  1902 
he  was  salesman  in  the  fur  department  of 
the  Knollenberg  Company,  then  spent  a 
year  in  San  Francisco  with  the  sales  de- 
partment of  the  American  Can  Company, 
after  which  he  was  again  in  the  store  at 
Richmond  two  years,  and  for  a  similar 
time  in  tiie  offices  of  the  Knollenberg  Com- 
pany. For  two  years  lie  was  on  a  Texas 
ranch,  and  returning  to  Richmond  in  1907 
lie  took  up  fire  insurance  and  in  1908  also 
life  insurance,  and  has  gradually  broad- 
ened his  work  to  that  of  a  life  insurance 
specialist. 

In  1913  he  married  Ada  Ebenback, 
daughter  of  George  II.  and  Lydia  Eben- 
back of  Richmond.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Ruth  Ann.  born  in  1917.  Mr.  Knoll- 
enberg is  independent  in  politics  an-1  a 
member  and  superintendent  of  the  ^  irst 
English  Lutheran  Sunday  School. 

i 

GF.OU(;I:  V.  COFFIN.  When  George  V. 
Coffin  was  elected  sheriff  of  Marion  County 
in  1914  it  was  a  case  of  the  office  seeking 
the  man  rather  than  the  man  the  office. 
Mr.  Coffin's  qualifications  and  experience 
made  him  one  of  the  most  desirable  candi- 


1 

1 

1 

• 

' 

- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1877 


dates  who  have  ever  sought  the  honors  and 
responsibilities  of  this  position,  and  all  of 
this  was  well  attested  by  the  fact  that  he 
led  the  republican  ticket  in  Marion  County 
that  year,  and  the  same  thing  was  repeated 
when  in  1916  he  was  reelected  for  a  second 
term.  He  made  a  distinction  for  himself 
in  the  history  of  politics  locally,  since  he 
is  the  first  republican  sheriff  to  be  renom- 
inated  in  Marion  County  in  a  period  of 
forty  years.  He  resigned  the  office  Jan- 
uary 1,  1918,  to  accept  the  position  of 
chief  of  police  of  the  Indianapolis  Police 
Department. 

Prior  to  entering  the  office  of  sheriff  Mr. 
Coffin  was  for  a  number  of  years  connected 
with  the  police  force  at  Indianapolis,  and 
one  of  his  early  experiences  in  life  was  as  a 
regular  soldier  in  the  United  States  Army, 
with  a  splendid  record  of  duties  faithfully 
and  courageously  performed  during  the 
Philippine  war  and  also  in  the  Boxer  re- 
bellion in  China. 

Mr.  Coffin  was  born  in  Portland,  Jay 
County,  Indiana,  May  18,  1876,  a  son  of 
William  and  Malinda  (Millett)  Coffin. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Randolph 
County,  Indiana,  was  a  merchant,  but  died 
at  Portland  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two. 
The  mother  died  at  the  age  of  thirty-one. 
They  were  the  parents  of  four  children, 
all  still  living :  Rosa  E.,  wife  of  J.  M.  Wil- 
liamson '  of  Indianapolis ;  George  V. ; 
Odessa,  wife  of  Oscar  Moffett  of  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana;  and  Joseph  H.,  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

George  V.  Coffin  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  Hamilton  County,  Indiana,  at- 
tending the  high  school  for  a  brief  time. 
His  early  experiences  were  largely  those 
of  a  farm  and  a  rural  community,  but  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  K  of 
the  Fourteenth  United  States  Infantry. 
He  rose  to  ranking  sergeant  of  his,  com- 
pany. He  went  with  this  regiment  to  the 
Philippines,  was  in  those  islands  two  years, 
much  of  the  time  in  constant  duty  in 
breaking  down  the  rebellion  headed  by 
Aguinaldo.  Later  he  was  with  the  United 
States  troops  transferred  to  China,  where 
he  served  with  other  forces  of  the  Great 
Powers  quieting  the  rebellion  which  threat- 
ened the  peace  and  security  of  the  world. 
In  China  Mr.  Coffin  was  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Chaffee. 

On  his  return  to  this  country  in  1901 


he  located  at  Indianapolis,  and  for  about 
two  years  had  a  position  in  the  Central 
Insane  Hospital.  He  then  went  on  the  In- 
dianapolis police  force  as  patrolman,  and 
his  ability  brought  him  promotion  through 
the  successive  grades  until  he  ranked  as  a 
captain.  From  that  position  he  was  called 
by  his  election  to  the  office  of  sheriff  of 
Marion  County  in  1914. 

Mr.  Coffin  is  a  prominent  Mason,  a 
member  of  Mystic  Tie  Blue  Lodge  No.  398, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  is  affiliated 
with  Keystone  Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, Raper  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights 
Templar,  with  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club,  the 
Marion  Club  and  other  social  and  civic  or- 
ganizations. Mr.  Coffin  is  a  birthright 
Quaker,  and  has  always  been  loyal  to  the 
faith  in  which  he  was  reared. 

JOHN  T.  McCuTCHEON  has  achieved  rec- 
ognition as  a  cartoonist  and  correspondent. 
He  was  born  near  South  Raub,  Tippecanoe 
County,  Indiana.  May  6,  1870,  and  the  first 
six  years  of  his  life  were  spent  on  a  farm. 
His  home  then  became  Lafayette,  and  he 
is  a  graduate  of  Purdue  University. 

Mr.  McCutcheon's  first  conspicuous  car- 
toon work  began  in  1896,  and  he  has  since 
won  fame  both  as  a  cartoonist  and  corre- 
spondent. His  home  is  in  Chicago,  Illinois. 

A.  P.  POWELL,  has  had  a  busy  career  for 
forty  years,  and  in  that  time  has  been  a 
farmer,  lumberman,  a  dealer  in  lumber  and 
building  supplies,  has  also  sold  imple- 
ments, and  is  now  head  of  the  firm  A.  P. 
Powell  &  Son,  who  operate  the  largest 
automobile  and  accessory  business  in  De- 
catur  County. 

Mr.  Powell  was  born  in  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  March  10,  1859,  son  of 
Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  and  Mary  M. 
(Cross)  Powell.  His  ancestry  is  mingled 
English  and  Scotch.  His  grandfather, 
Nathan  Powell,  was  a  native  of  Maryland 
and  in  early  days  moved  to  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  and  from  there  to  south- 
ern Illinois,  where  he  did  an  extensive  busi- 
ness in  the  baling  and  shipping  of  hay  by 
flatboat  to  New  Orleans.  He  also  con- 
ducted a  general  store. 

Stephen  V.  Powell  was  born  in  Dear- 
born County,  Indiana,  and  in  1860  moved 
to  Ripley  County,  where  he  became  a 
cooper  and  farmer.  In  1888  he  followed 


1878 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


his  father  to  southern  Illinois,  and  contin- 
ued the  cooperage  business  and  farming 
until  his  death.  He  was  a  republican,  a 
member  of  the  Baptist  Church,  and  a  well 
known  man  in  several  communities  of  Illi- 
nois and  Indiana. 

A.  P.  Powell  was  the  second  of  six  chil- 
dren, only  two  of  whom  are  still  living. 
He  received  his  early  education  in  the  dis- 
trict schools  of  Ripley  County,  and  lived 
at  home  with  his  parents  until  he  was 
twenty-one.  He  then  became  interested  in 
the  timber  business  at  a  cross-roads  village 
known  as  Powell's  Corner  in  Ripley 
County,  and  also  owned  and  conducted  a 
large  farm  there  for  nine  years.  He  then 
removed  to  Holton  in  Ripley  County,  and 
operated  on  a  larger  scale  in  the  lumber 
business  and  as  a  vehicle  dealer.  He  also 
conducted  a  farm  of  160  acres.  In  1913 
he  came  to  Greensburg,  where  his  business 
activities  have  taken  on  an  increasing 
scope.  A.  P.  Powell  &  Son  are  the  author- 
ized dealers  in  Greensburg  and  vicinity 
for  the  Ford  cars,  and  Mr.  Powell  has  con- 
structed a  large  garage,  a  warehouse 
forty  by  sixty  feet,  and  a  large  storeroom 
for  all  kinds  of  accessories.  He  has  other 
business  interests,  and  keeps  in  close  touch 
with  all  of  them.  He  also  operates  a  260 
acre  farm  and  has  125  acres  in  wheat. 
Mr.  Powell  is  a  very  public  spirited  citi- 
zen, is  a  republican,  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Order,  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  and  the  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men.  He  organized  two  lodges  of 
the  Red  Men  in  Ripley  County. 

September  5, 1882,  he  married  Miss  Han- 
nah Speers,  of  Ripley  County.  They  have 
three  children,  Charles  C. ;  Inda  P.,  now 
Mrs.  L.  B.  Hyatt;  and  D.  Powell. 

CBETH  J.  LOYD  is  head  of  one  of  the 
largest  poultry,  butter  and  egg  houses  in 
Indiana.  For  a  number  of  years  it  has 
been  the  medium  through  which  a  large 
amount  of  .these  staple  farm  products  in 
Decatur  and  surrounding  counties  have 
found  their  way  to  market.  The  annual 
sales  of  the  firm  in  1918  aggregated 
$800,000. 

It  is  a  business  which  has  been  in  the 
Loyd  family  for  several  generations.  Creth 
J.  Loyd  was  born  in  Greensburg,  Decem- 
ber 4,  1872.  His  great-grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Loyd,  came  from  Kentucky  to  Deca- 
tur County  in  1820,  and  was  one  of  the 


first  pioneers  to  take  up  government  land. 
He  became  prominent  in  that  community. 
Creth  J.  Loyd,  Sr.,  grandfather  of  his 
namesake  now  in  business  at  Greensburg, 
was  born  in  Kentucky  May  29,  1817,  be- 
came a  plasterer  by  trade,  but  spent  most 
of  his  time  on  his  farm,  and  was  founder 
of  the  poultry  business  now  carried  on  by 
his  grandson.  He  shipped  large  amounts 
of  poultry  from  southern  Indiana  to  New 
York  and  other  eastern  points.  He  died 
in  January,  1885.  His  first  wife  was 
Phoebe  Ann  English. 

Joseph  H.  Loyd,  their  son,  was  born  near 
Greensburg  December  25,  1841,  and  made 
his  home  in  Greensburg  from  the  age  of 
ten.  He  also  learned  the  trade  of  plas- 
terer, but  in  1885  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  poultry  business,  and  continued  it  suc- 
cessfully until  1893,  when  he  turned  it  over 
to  his  son.  He  was  active  in  republican 
politics,  and  held  several  local  offices.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  as  a  veteran  Union  soldier 
belonged  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic. Joseph  H.  Loyd  married  in  1861 
Margaret  E.  Mowrer,  daughter  of  Philip 
and  Sarah  Mowrer.  The  Mowrer  family 
came  to  Indiana  in  1833  and  settled  in  Salt 
Creek  Township  of  Decatur  County.  Philip 
Mowrer,  who  died  March  14,  1896,  was 
very  prominent  in  political  affairs  in  De- 
catur County,  serving  as  sheriff  during  the 
war  and  held  a  number  of  local  offices.  He 
was  a  class  leader  in  the  First  Methodist 
Church  at  Greensburg,  and  stood  high  in 
Masonry  and  the  Odd  Fellows  fraternities. 

Creth  J.  Loyd  attended  public  schools  to 
the  age  of  thirteen  and  then  went  to  work 
for  his  father,  learning  all  the  details  of 
the  poultry  and  egg  business.  In  1893  he 
became  a  half  owner  in  the  firm  of  Loyd 
&  Zoller,  but  later  bought  out  his  partner, 
and  in  1898  organized  the  firm  of  C.  J. 
Loyd  &  Company.  During  the  past  quar- 
ter of  a  century  the  business  has  frequently 
adapted  itself  to  changing  conditions,  and 
has  gradually  improved  its  facilities  for 
the  prompt  and  efficient  handling  of  poul- 
try and  other  products.  Mr.  Loyd  is  one 
of  the  leading  authorities  in  southern  In- 
diana on  every  condition  affecting  the  poul- 
try market.  He  has  made  a  success  by  de- 
pendence upon  the  long  established  prin- 
ciples of  honor  and  integrity  in  dealing 
with  his  customers. 

Mr.   Loyd  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1879 


with  the  Elks,  the  Red  Men,  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles, 
and  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Greensburg  Commer- 
cial Club.  On  November  14,  1894,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Wilhelmina  Brune,  of  Greens- 
burg.  Of  their  five  children  four  are  still 
living:  F.  L.,  John  C.,  Arthur  C.,  and 
Mary  Loyd.  The  two  former  are  in  busi- 
ness with  their  father,  Frank  L.  being 
assistant  manager  of  the  poultry  and  egg 
plant,  and  John  C.  being  manager  of  the 
poultry  supply  department. 

JOHN  H.  KLUTE  has  had  a  busy  career 
as  a  merchant  in  Richmond  for  nearly 
thirty  years,  and  is  now  junior  partner  in 
the  firm  Loehr  &  Klute,  haberdashers  and 
men's  and  youth's  clothing.  This  is  a 
large  and  well  conducted  establishment, 
familiar  to  the  best  patronage  in  and 
around  the  city  of  Richmond. 

Mr.  Klute  was  born  at  Richmond  in  1867, 
son  of  Edward  H.  and  Elizabeth  (Hawe- 
kotte)  Klute.  His  parents  came  when 
young  from  Osnabrueck,  Germany,  were 
married  in  Richmond,  and  reared  a  fam- 
ily of  ten  children,  John  H.  being  the  sev- 
enth in  age.  Edward  Klute  was  for  many 
years  an  experienced  worker  for  Gaar, 
Scott  &  Company  at  Richmond.  He  died 
in  1907  and  his  wife  in  1910. 

John  H.  Klute  received  a  public  school 
education,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  went 
to  work  as  clerk  in  the  Morris  &  Hunt  book 
store.  He  was  with  that  firm  for  ten 
years,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  merchandising  while 
with  them.  Later  for  five  years  he  was 
with  Nickolson  Brothers  book  store,  and  in 
1897  he  changed  his  line  entirely  by  buying 
a  half  interest  with  W.  D.  Loehr,  under 
the  name  Loehr  &  Klute,  in  a  clothing  and 
haberdashery  establishment.  This  firm  has 
been  in  business  now  for  over  twenty  years 
and  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  solid  com- 
mercial institutions  of  Richmond. 

In  1901  Mr.  Klute  married  Mary  E. 
Schmitz,  daughter  of  Fred  and  Mary  (Kre- 
ger)  Schmitz  of  Richmond.  They  have 
two  children,  Mildred  E.  and  Robert.  Mr. 
Klute  is  a  republican  and  is  a  member  of 

St.  Paul's  Lutheran  Church. 

i 

JOHN  M.  BARRINGER  is  senior  partner  of 
Barringer  &  Tumilty,  general  contractors 


and  architects  at  Greensburg.  Mr.  Bar- 
ringer  has  been  a  carpenter,  electrician 
and  general  contractor  for  many  years, 
and  his  present  firm  have  handled  some  of 
the  largest  and  most  important  building 
contracts  in  their  section  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Barringer  was  born  in  Jefferson 
County,  Indiana,  October  10,  1881,  son  of 
Dudley  and  Lucinda  (Dollenberger)  Bar- 
ringer. His  father  was  a  native  of  Trim- 
ble County,  Kentucky,  and  moved  from 
that  state  to  Mattoon,  Illinois,  where  for 
five  years  he  was  engaged  in  the  teaming 
business,  that  being  in  a  period  when  there 
were  no  railroads  in  Coles  County,  Illi- 
nois. Later  he  moved  to  Jefferson  County, 
Indiana,  living  on  a  farm  near  Madison 
for  thirty-five  years,  and  for  another 
thirty  years  was  a  farmer  in  Jennings 
County.  He  then  retired  and  died  in 
1918. 

John  M.  Barringer  was  the  youngest  of 
nine  children,  three  of  whom  are  still  liv- 
ing. He  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Jennings,  Bartholomew,  and  De- 
catur  counties.  He  learned  electrical  work 
with  the  Central  Union  Bell  Telephone 
Company,  and  finally  was  made  manager 
of  the  company,  superintending  its  work 
in  Greensburg  and  Decatur  county.  He 
held  that  office  five  years,  and  then  re- 
sumed work  at  his  former  trade  as  carpen- 
ter and  electrician.  He  was  thus  em- 
ployed for  six  years  in  Greensburg  and  in 
1916  broadened  the  scope  of  his  enterprise 
to  general  contracting.  In  1912  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  Thomas  Tumilty  under 
the  firm  name  of  Barringer  &  Tumilty, 
and  they  now  have  a  business  coextensive 
with  the  State  of  Indiana.  Among  the 
larger  public  buildings  for  which  they  have 
been  contractors  are  the  Ripley  County 
Court  House,  the  St.  Omer  Schoolhouse  in 
Decatur  County,  the  entire  plant  of  the 
Hilderbrand  Manufacturing  Company,  and 
a  number  of  other  public  and  private 
structures. 

Mr.  Barringer  is  affiliated  with  Greens- 
burg Lodge  No.  36,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Fra- 
ternal Order  of  Eagles,  and  is  a  democrat 
in  politics.  April  11,  1913,  he  married 
Miss  Ella  McKim.  They  have  one  son, 
named  Paul. 

WILLIAM  C.  PULSE  is  a  veteran  con- 
tractor, has  been  in  the  business  for  thirty 


1880 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


years  or  more,  and  the  firm  of  Pulse  & 
Porter,  of  which  he  is  senior  partner,  has 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  efficient  organ- 
izations in  the  state  for  general  building 
and  construction  work.  They  have  their 
business  headquarters  at  Greensburg,  and 
have  several  splendidly  equipped  plants 
and  warehouses  for  their  business. 

Mr.  Pulse  was  ftorn  on  a  farm  in  the 
woods  of  Salt  Creek  Township,  Decatur 
County,  Indiana,  September  30,  1859,  son 
of  David  G.  and  Rebecca  (Van  Cleve) 
Pulse.  His  parents  were  born  in  Hamil- 
ton County,  Ohio,  when  the  neighboring 
city  of  Cincinnati  was  in  a  very  early  pe- 
riod of  its  growth  and  development.  Both 
the  Pulse  and  Van  Cleve  families  were 
pioneers  of  the  Cincinnati  district,  and 
were  personal  associates  of  the  Tylers, 
Davidsons  and  Longworths  and  other  lead- 
ing families  of  that  day. 

David  G.  Pulse,  who  was  born  In  1819 
and  died  in  Decatur  County  in  March, 
1889,  was  the  son  of  a  Virginian  of  Penn- 
sylvania Dutch  extraction.  He  and  his 
wife  were  married  in  Hamilton  County, 
Ohio,  and  three  of  their  children  were  born 
there.  In  1847  they  moved  to  Decatur 
County,  buying  120  acres  of  hill  and  for- 
est land  in  Salt  Creek  Township.  David 
G.  Pulse  put  much  of  this  under  cultiva- 
tion, and  made  a  good  home  and  provided 
liberally  for  his  family.  He  was  a  demo- 
crat, having  cast  his  first  vote  for  James 
K.  Polk.  For  many  years  he  was  honored 
with  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace  in 
his  township,  and  he  and  his  family  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church.  In 
January,  1889,  the  family  left  the  farm 
and  moved  to  the  city  of  Greensburg, 
where  David  G.  Pulse  died  soon  afterward. 
His  widow  died  at  Greensburg  in  June, 
1913. 

William  C.  Pulse  was  the  youngest  of 
five  children.  He  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  district  schools,  also  attended 
Hartsville  College,  and  took  a  course  at 
the  Valparaiso  Normal  College.  He  ac- 
quired his  higher  education  largely  through 
his  earnings  as  a  teacher.  Altogether  he 
taught  for  nine  years  in  Decatur  County, 
but  in  the  intervals  of  teaching  he  also  op- 
erated a  sawmill  until  1888.  In  that  year 
he  entered  the  contracting  and  general 
lumber  business,  organizing  the  firm  of 
Pulse  &  Porter,  his  associates  being  "Wil- 
liam R.  Porter  and  Alexander  Porter. 


This  business  has  steadily  grown  until 
without  doubt  it  is  one  of  the  largest  con- 
tracting firms  in  the  state.  They  having 
built  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  at 
Spring  Hill,  Decatur  County ;  the  Maxwell- 
Briscoe  motor  plant  and  tractor  power  sta- 
tion at  New  Castle,  Indiana ;  the  Indiana 
Union  traction  power  plant  at  Anderson, 
Indiana;  the  Science  Building  at  Bloom- 
ington  University;  the  State  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows'  Home  at  Greens- 
burg, Indiana ;  the  Science  Hall  at  Han- 
over College;  the  Southeastern  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  North  Madison,  Indiana ; 
the  High  School  Building  at  Greensburg, 
and  many  others,  also  the  sanitary  sewer- 
age system  and  disposal  plant  at  Greens- 
burg, about  eighteen  miles  in  length.  At 
Greensburg  they  have  a  large  planing  mill 
and  sash  and  door  factory,  and  carry  an 
immense  stock  of  general  supplies  for  the 
building  trade. 

Mr.  Pulse  is  a  leading  republican  in  his 
county.  He  is  a  York  and  Scottish  Rite 
Mason,  having  attained  the  thirty-second 
degree  in  the  latter  branch  and  three 
times  has  served  as  master  of  Greensburg 
Lodge  No.  36,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
and  has  been  a  member  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Indiana  and  grand  marshal  of  the 
Grand  Lodge.  He  is  a  member  of  Murat 
Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at  Indian- 
apolis. He  is  a  charter  member  and  past 
exalted  ruler  of  Greensburg  Lodge  No.  475, 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
and  is  past  chancellor  commander  of 
Greensburg  Lodge  No.  148,  Knights  of 
Pythias. 

On  January  10,  1894,  Mr.  Pulse  married 
Miss  Ida  A.  Black,  of  Anderson,  Indiana. 
Both  children  born  of  their  marriage  are 
now  deceased. 

BENJAMIN  F.  TIMMONS  is  a  name  long 
and  prominently  identified  with  Anderson 
business  affairs,  the  present  title  of  his 
firm  being  B.  F.  Timmons  &  Son,  both 
father  and  son  having  the  same  Christian 
names. 

The  family  is  of  Scotch-Irish  stock  and 
originally  settled  in  Pennsylvania.  Ben- 
jamin F.  Timmons,  Sr.,  was  born  in  Darke 
County,  Ohio,  on  a  farm,  married  there 
and  moved  to  Preble  County,  Ohio,  where 
his  son  Benjamin  F.,  Jr.,  was  born  in  1880. 
When  the  latter  was  nine  years  of  age,  in 
1889,  the  family  came  to  Anderson,  and 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1881 


here  the  senior  Mr.  Timmons  bought  a  half 
interest  in  a  grocery  business  with  E.  H. 
Seward.  The  firm  of  Seward  &  Timmons 
continued  successfully  about  five  years  un- 
til the  death  of  Mr.  Seward,  when  Mr.  Tim- 
mons acquired  and  consolidated  all  the  in- 
terests under  his  own  name.  Thus  he  was 
sole  proprietor  until  in  1904  he  took  his 
son  into  partnership  under  the  present 
name  B.  F.  Timmons  &  Son. 

B.  F.  Timmons,  Jr.,  had  a  substantial 
education  at  Anderson  in  the  grammar  and 
high  schools,  but  was  still  very  young  when 
in  1896  he  began  regular  employment  with 
his  father,  and  since  that  time  he  has  been 
exceedingly  busy  carving  out  his  career  as 
a  merchant. 

In  1909  he  married  Miss  Ida  M.  Goehler, 
daughter  of  Daniel  Goehler,  who  came 
from  Marseilles,  France.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Timmons  have  two  children :  Rheta  Leo- 
nora, born  in  1910,  and  Daniel  Benjamin, 
born  in  1913.  Mr.  Timmons  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  is  affil- 
iated with  Mount  Moriah  Lodge,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  is  past  high  priest  and 
thrice  illustrious  counsel  of  the  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  and  the  Council,  and  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite.  He  also  be- 
longs to  the  Travelers  Protective  Associa- 
tion and  the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

AMELIA  R.  KELLER,  M.  D.  Important 
though  her  services  have  been  in  the  field 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  in  which  she 
ranks  among  the  ablest  representatives  at 
Indianapolis  regardless  of  sex,  Doctor  Kel- 
ler is  doubtless  best  known  through  her  vi- 
tal and  forceful  leadership  in  civic  affairs 
and  among  woman's  organizations.  For 
her  leadership  in  the  movement  which 
made  equal  suffrage  an  accomplished  fact 
in  Indiana  her  name  will  undoubtedly  go 
down  jn  history  along  with  that  group  of 
distinguished  Indiana  women  headed  by 
Frances  Wright,  the  pioneer  advocate  of 
woman's  rights  in  America. 

While  she  became  an  active  suffragist 
early  in  life,  it  is  noteworthy  that  Doctor 
Keller  always  put  special  emphasis  upon 
the  value  and  possibilities  of  woman 's  serv- 
ice to  public  welfare  that  would  result  from 
her  direct  participation  in  political  respon- 
sibilities. Thus  her  main  objective  was 
the  broad  welfare  of  humanity,  rather  than 

Vol.  IV— 21 


the  special  privileges  or  interests  of  women 
as  a  class. 

Doctor  Keller  was  chairman  of  a  volun- 
teer committee  which  managed  the  cam- 
paign for  representation  of  women  on  the 
Indianapolis  Board  of  Education.  As  a 
result  of  this  campaign  Miss  Mary  Nich- 
olson was  put  on  the  board.  Following 
that  campaign  the  Woman's  Franchise 
League  of  Indiana  was  organized,  and 
Doctor  Keller  was  chosen  its  president  six 
times  in  succession.  It  was  under  her  ac- 
tive executive  control  that  the  League's 
work  was  broadened  out  until  it  covered 
the  entire  State  of  Indiana  with  a  com- 
plete and  effective  organization  compris- 
ing a  hundred  branches  under  district  and 
county  chairmanships.  This  league  be- 
came affiliated  with  the  National  Woman's 
Equal  Suffrage  Association. 

Doctor  Keller  in  1914-16  was  first  vice 
president  of  the  Indiana  Federated  Clubs, 
and  is  now  chairman  of  its  legislative  com- 
mittee. She  has  served  as  editor  of  the 
suffrage  department  of  the  Citizen,  the 
monthly  magazine  published  by  the  Citi- 
zens League  of  Indiana. 

Amelia  R.  Keller  was  born  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  January  12,  1871,  a  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Elizabeth  (Ruemmele)  Kel- 
ler. While  she  was  a  small  child  her  par- 
ents removed  to  Indianapolis,  and  in  1888 
she  graduated  from  the  Shortridge  High 
School.  Evidently  as  a  girl  she  had  a 
positiveness  and  decision  of  character 
which  left  her  in  no  doubt  or  hesitation  as 
to  the  career  and  the  service  which  she 
would  perform  in  the  world.  She  was  one 
of  the  early  students  of  the  Woman 's  Med- 
ical College  of  Chicago  and  in  1893,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  was  given  her  Doctor 
of  Medicine  degree  by  the  Central  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Indian- 
apolis. She  at  once  began  the  general 
practice  of  medicine,  and  has  been  a  busy 
and  successful  practitioner  for  the  past 
quarter  of  a  century.  With  all  the  de- 
mands made  upon  her  by  her  private 
clientage,  she  has  found  time  to  enter  the 
public  health  movement  as  a  lecturer  on 
eugenics  and  public  health,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  has  served  as  associate  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  children  in  the  In- 
diana University  School  of  Medicine.  She 
is  a  member  of  the  various  medical  organ- 
izations, and  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
Historical  Societv. 


• 
. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


here  the  senior  Mr.  Timmons  bought  a  half 
interest  in  a  grocery  business  with  E.  II. 
Seward.  The  h'riu  of  Seward  &  Tiininons 
continued  successfully  about  five  years  un- 
til the  death  of  Mr.  Seward,  when  Mr.  Tim- 
mons acquired  and  consolidated  all  the  in- 
terests under  his  own  name.  Thus  he  was 
sole  proprietor  until  in  1904  he  took  his 
son  into  partnership  under  the  present 
name  B.  F.  Timmons  &  Son. 

B.  F.  Timmons,  Jr.,  had  a  substantial 
education  at  Anderson  in  the  grammar  and 
high  schools,  but  was  still  very  young  when 
in  1896  he  began  regular  employment  with 
his  father,  and  since  that  time  he  has  been 
exceedingly  busy  carving  out  his  career  as 
a  merchant. 

In  1909  he  married  Miss  Ida  M.  floehler. 
daughter  of  Daniel  Goehler,  who  came 
from  Marseilles.  France.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Timmons  have  two  children :  Rheta  Leo- 
nora, born  in  1910,  and  Daniel  Benjamin, 
born  in  191:}.  Mr.  Timmons  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  is  affil- 
iated with  Mount  Moriah  Lodge,  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  is  past  high  priest  and 
thrice  illustrious  counsel  of  the  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  and  the  Council,  and  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite.  lie  also  be- 
longs to  the  Travelers  Protective  Associa- 
tion and  the  Anderson  Chamher  of  Com- 
merce. 

AM  KM  A  R.  Kr.M.KH,  M.  1).  Important 
though  her  services  have  been  in  the  field 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  in  which  she 
ranks  among  the  ablest  representatives  at 
Indianapolis  regardless  of  sex.  Doctor  Kel- 
ler is  doubtless  best  known  through  her  vi- 
tal and  forceful  leadership  in  civic  affairs 
and  among  woman's  organizations.  For 
her  leadership  in  the  movement  which 
made  equal  suffrage  an  accomplished  fact 
in  Indiana  her  name  will  undoubtedly  go 
down  in  history  along  with  that  group  of 
distinguished  Indiana  women  headed  by 
Frances  Wright,  the  pioneer  advocate  of 
woman's  rights  in  America. 

While  she  became  an  active  suffragist 
early  in  life,  it  is  noteworthy  that  Doctor 
Keller  always  put  special  emphasis  upon 
the  value  and  possibilities  of  woman's  serv- 
ice to  public  welfare  that  would  result  from 
her  direct  participation  in  political  respon- 
sibilities. Thus  her  main  objective  was 
the  broad  welfare  of  humanity,  rather  than 

Vnl.  IV— 21 


the  special  privileges  or  interests  of  women 
as  a  class. 

Doctor  Keller  was  chairman  of  a  volun- 
teer committee  which  managed  the  cam- 
paign for  representation  of  women  on  the 
Indianapolis  Board  of  Education.  As  a 
result  of  this  campaign  Miss  Mary  Nich- 
olson was  put  on  the  board.  Following 
that  campaign  the  Woman's  Franchise 
League  of  Indiana  was.  organized,  and 
Doctor  Keller  was  chosen  its  president  six 
times  in  succession.  It  was  under  her  ac- 
tive executive  control  that  the  League's 
work  was  broadened  out  until  it  covered 
the  entire  State  of  Indiana  with  a  com- 
plete and  effective  organization  compris- 
ing a  hundred  branches  under  district  and 
county  chairmanships.  This  league  be- 
came affiliated  with  the  National  Woman's 
Equal  Suffrage  Association. 

Doctor  Keller  in  1914-l(i  was  first  vice 
president  of  the  Indiana  Federated  Clubs, 
and  is  now  chairman  of  its  legislative  com- 
mittee. She  has  served  as  editor  of  the 
suffrage  department  of  the  Citizen,  the 
monthly  magazine  published  by  the  Citi- 
zens League  of  Indiana. 

Amelia  R.  Keller  was  born  at  Cleveland. 
Ohio.  January  12.  1S71.  a  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Elizabeth  (Ruemmele)  Kel- 
ler. While  she  was  a  small  child  her  par- 
ents removed  to  Indianapolis,  and  in  1S8S 
she  graduated  from  the  Short  ridge  High 
School.  Evidently  as  a  girl  she  had  a 
positiveness  and  decision  of  character 
which  left  her  in  no  doubt  or  hesitation  as 
to  the  career  and  the  service  which  she 
would  perform  in  the  world.  She  was  one 
of  the  early  students  of  the  Woman's  Med- 
ical College  of  Chicago  and  in  1X9:5,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  was  given  her  Doctor 
of  Medicine  degree  by  the  Central  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Indian- 
apolis. She  at  once  began  the  general 
practice  of  medicine,  and  has  been  a  busy 
and  successful  pract it  ioner  for  the  past 
quarter  of  a  century.  With  all  the  de- 
mands made  upon  her  by  her  private 
clientage,  she  has  found  time  to  enter  the 
public  health  movement  as  a  lecturer  on 
eugenics  and  public  health,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  has  served  as  associate  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  children  in  the  In- 
diana University  School  of  Medicine.  She 
is  a  member  of  the  various  medical  organ- 
ixations. and  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
Historical  Societv. 


1882 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Doctor  Keller  married  December  12, 
1899,  Dr.  Eugene  Behler  of  Indianapolis. 
She  has  one  son,  Eugene,  born  September 
30,  1903,  and  a  high  school  student. 

JOHN  "W.  FOSTER  was  born  in  Pike 
County,  Indiana,  March  2,  1836.  After  a 
thorough  literary  and  professional  training 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Indiana  bar,  and 
he  practiced  law  first  at  Evansville.  He 
later  served  as  a  minister  to  Spain,  and 
from  that  time  forward  he  continued  prom- 
inent in  diplomatic  foreign  relations,  with 
home  and  headquarters  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  The  name  of  John 
W.  Foster  is  also  known  to  the  world  as 
an  author. 

• 

CASSIUS  C.  McCoy  has  been  an  active 
figure  in  the  political  and  business  affairs 
of  Decatur  County  for  many  years.  He 
is  the  present  mayor  of  the  City  of  Greens- 
burg. 

He  was  born  in  Decatur  County  July 
25,  1852,  son  of  Alexander  and  Prudence 
(Armstrong)  McCoy,  being  the  youngest 
of  their  nine  children.  His  father,  who 
represented  the  third  generation  of  the 
McCoy  family  in  America,  was  born  at 
Washington,  Pennsylvania,  and  when  a 
child  was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Bour- 
bon County,  Kentucky,  and  later  moved 
to  Indiana.  In  Washington  County,  In- 
diana, January  4,  1831,  he  married  Pru- 
dence Armstrong,  and  on  December  25, 
1832,  they  located  in  Decatur  County, 
where  they  were  among  the  early  settlers. 
Alexander  McCoy  followed  the  trade  of 
carpenter  and  was  a  farmer,  owning  160 
acres  near  Kingston,  where  he  died  June 
1,  1877.  He  was  a  charter  member  of  the 
Kingston  Presbyterian  Church,  and  when 
that  church  celebrated  its  fiftieth  anniver- 
sary he  was  the  only  survivor  of  those  who 
had  constituted  the  society. 

Cassius  C.  McCoy  grew  up  on  the  home 
farm  and  was  with  his  father  until  his 
death.  In  1896  he  entered  the  Ohio  Med- 
ical College  at  Cincinnati,  and  pursued  a 
two  years '  course.  Since  then  he  has  lived 
at  Greensburg.  Mr.  McCoy  is  a  republi- 
can in  politics,  and  for  two  terms  served 
as  chairman  of  the  Republican  Central 
Committee  of  Decatur  County.  He  was 
elected  mayor  of  Greensburg  in  1917,  be- 
ginning his  official  term  in  1918.  He  has 
also  served  as  secretary  of  the  Greensburg 


Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Elks. 

/ 

JOHN  F.  RUSSELL,  president  and  mana- 
ger of  the  Garland  Milling  Company  of 
Greensburg,  has  been  in  the  milling  busi- 
ness for  twenty-one  years,  and  from  one 
of  the  progressive  citizens  of  Greensburg 
has  become  widely  known  over  Indiana 
as  a  leader  in  state  politics  and  affairs. 

Mr.  Russell  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Indiana,  February  14,  1870,  son  of  Rich- 
ard C.  and  Catherine  (McCullough)  Rus- 
sell. His  mother  was  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
His  father,  who  died  in  1894,  was  born  in 
Ireland  and  came  to  America  in  1847,  the 
family  first  locating  in  Cincinnati.  Early 
in  life  he  entered  the  railroad  service  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  superintendent 
of  telegraph  of  the  Indianapolis  &  Cincin- 
nati Railroad.  He  never  took  any  active 
part  in  politics.  Of  his  nine  children  six 
are  still  living. 

John  F.  Russell,  the  oldest  of  the  chil- 
dren, has  spent  most  of  his  life  in  Greens- 
burg, being  a  graduate  of  the  local  high 
school.  The  first  occupation  to  employ  his 
time  in  a  money  earning  way  was  in  driv- 
ing a  delivery  wagon  and  working  in  a 
grocery  store.  He  was  also  in  the  news- 
paper business  for  several  years.  In  1898 
he  became  local  salesman  for  the  Garland 
Milling  Company,  the  mill  having  been 
recently  purchased  by  R.  P.  Moore.  The 
original  mill  was  built  in  1869  by  John 
Emmert,  who  continued  it  successfully  un- 
til his  death  in  1882.  It  was  later  operated 
by  his  heirs  until  1892,  when  sold  to  Joseph 
Habig.  Mr.  Habig  failed  to  make  it  profit- 
able, and  the  business  was  bankrupt  in 
1896.  Mr.  R.  P.  Moore,  who  organized  the 
Garland  Milling  Company,  owned  the 
largest  part  of  the  property,  but  since  his 
death  ten  years  ago  other  stockholders  have 
gradually  acquired  his  interests.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell succeeded  Mr.  Moore  as  president  of 
the  company  in  1908,  and  has  since  greatly 
improved  the  facilities,  changing  it  from 
a  daily  capacity  of  150  barrels  to  500  bar- 
rels. The  brands  of  flour  manufactured 
by  this  company  are  "Pinnacle,"  "Old 
Times,"  and  "Defender."  The  greater 
part  of  the  output  is  sold  outside  of  In- 
diana in  the  south  and  southeastern  states, 
with  a  considerable  export  trade  to  Great 
Britain.  Mr.  Russell  has  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  Millers  Association. 


. 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1883 


He  has  been  actively  connected  with  the 
local  county  democratic  organization  since 
1892.  In  1916  and  1918  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Democratic  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee, and  in  1914  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  on  resolutions  at  the  Democratic 
State  Convention,  representing  the  Fourth 
Congressional  District.  In  1916  he  was  a 
delegate  in  the  convention  at  St.  Louis, 
also  representing  the  Fourth  District  of 
Indiana,  and  helped  nominate  Woodrow 
Wilson  for  his  second  term  and  Thomas  R. 
Marshall  for  vice  president. 

From  1911  to  1914  Mr.  Russell  was  a 
member  of  the  Greensburg  City  School 
Board,  and  during  that  administration  the 
new  Greensburg  High  School  Building,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  state,  was  erected.  Mr. 
Russell  resigned  his  position  with  the  local 
school  board  to  accept  the  appointment 
from  Governor  Samuel  M.  Ralston  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Southeastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Madison.  August  1,  1918,  the  present  re- 
publican governor,  James  P.  Goodrich,  re- 
appointed  him  for  a  second  term  of  four 
years.  Mr.  Russell  has  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Greensburg  Commercial  Club 
and  the  Greensburg  Associated  Charities, 
was  on  the  local  committee  for  the  Indiana 
Centennial  celebration,  and  in  many  other 
ways  has  rendered  disinterested  service  in 
behalf  of  local  and  state  enterprises.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Elks  Lodge. 

Mr.  Russell  married  Miss  Ella  E.  Doles. 
They  became  the  parents  of  two  children, 
J.  Frank  and  Clara  M.,  the  latter  dying 
at  the  age  of  eleven  years.  Frank  Russell 
volunteered  in  June,  1917,  and  became  a 
member  of  Base  Hospital  No.  32.  He  em- 
barked for  overseas  duty  December  4, 
1917,  and  was  in  active  service  in  France 
more  than  a  year,  until  the  spring  of  1919. 

THOMAS  MONROE  JONES,  M.  D.  It  is  not 
merely  assertion  to  say  that  Thomas  Mon- 
roe Jones  ranks  as  the  leading  surgeon  of 
Madison  County  and  one  of  the  most  prom- 
inent in  the  State  of  Indiana.  Doctor 
Jones  while  in  training  for  his  profession 
showed  unusual  aptitude  and  skill  in  sur- 
gery, shown  by  his  appointment  to  vari- 
ous surgical  staffs  of  several  leading  hos- 
pitals in  the  country.  For  the  past  ten 
years  his  work  has  been  entirely  confined 
to  general  surgery,  but  Doctor  Jones  has 
no  small  reputation  as  a  goitre  specialist, 


involving  some  of  the  most  delicate  and 
complicated  operations  in  the  entire  field 
of  surgical  work. 

His  honors  seems  specially  fitting  in  the 
light  of  the  fact  that  he  is  a  member  of 
a  third  successive  generation  of  doctors 
in  Indiana. 

His  grandfather,  Thomas  N.  Jones,  in 
the  words  of  the  medical  historian  Doctor 
Kemper,  "was  one  of  the  most  prominent 
physicians  of  Anderson,  a  successful  prac- 
titioner, and  quite  popular  with  the  peo- 
ple, but  less  so  with  the  profession  as  he 
was  aggressive  in  his  manner  and  rather 
opposed  to  medical  societies."  He  was 
born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in  1823, 
and  died  at  Anderson  in  October,  1875. 
He  entered  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  and 
after  his  graduation  located  in  Henry 
County.  In  1846  he  moved  to  Madison 
County,  establishing  his  home  at  Pendle- 
ton.  About  1854  he  moved  to  Anderson, 
and  was  in  practice  there  for  twenty  years. 
Besides  his  prominence  in  medicine  he  was 
active  in  politics,  and  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Legislature  in  1872.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  war  he  was  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Second  Regiment,  Indiana  Cavalry, 
and  later  surgeon  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirtieth  Indiana  Infantry.  He  married 
Mary  C.  Conwell,  whose  father,  Isaac  Con- 
well,  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Union  County,  Indiana.  She  died  in  No- 
vember, 1911,  at  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 
The  name  Jones  has  been  identified  with 
the  medical  profession  in  Madison  County 
for  over  seventy  years.  During  over  forty 
years  of  this  period  many  of  the  burdens 
of  professional  life  have  been  borne  by 
Dr.  Horace  E.  Jones,  son  of  the  pioneer 
Dr.  Thomas  Jones  and  father  of  Thomas 
M.  Jones.  Horace  E.  Jones  was  born  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  July  2,  1845,  and 
when  only  sixteen  years  of  age  enlisted  as 
chief  bugler  in  the  Second  Indiana  Cav- 
alry. He  was  with  that  command  in  many 
battles,  including  Shiloh  and  the  siege  of 
Corinth.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy, where  he  graduated  in  1867.  He 
was  with  the  navy  for  four  years,  and  al- 
together was  in  the  army  and  navy  for  nine 
years.  In  1871,  having  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  navy,  he  returned  home  and 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  his  father's 
office  at  Anderson.  He  then  entered  the 
Ohio  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati,  his 


•  x 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1883 


He  has  been  actively  connected  with  the 
local  county  democratic  organization  since 
1892.  In  1916  and  1918  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Democratic  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee, and  in  1914  was  a  member  of  the 
committee  on  resolutions  at  the  Democratic 
State  Convention,  representing  the  Fourth 
Congressional  District.  In  1916  he  was  a 
delegate  in  the  convention  at  St.  Louis, 
also  representing  the  Fourth  District  of 
Indiana,  and  helped  nominate  Woodrow 
Wilson  for  his  second  term  and  Thomas  R. 
Marshall  for  vice  president. 

From  1911  to  1914  Mr.  Russell  was  a 
member  of  the  Greensburg  City  School 
Hoard,  and  during  that  administration  the 
new  Greensburg  High  School  Building,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  state,  was  erected.  Mr. 
Russell  resigned  his  position  with  the  local 
school  board  to  accept  the  appointment 
from  Governor  Samuel  M.  Ralston  as  a 
member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Southeastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Madison.  August  1.  1918,  the  present  re- 
publican governor.  James  I*.  Goodrich,  re- 
appointed  him  for  a  second  term  of  four 
years.  Mr.  Russell  has  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Greensburg  Commercial  Club 
and  the  Greensburg  Associated  Charities, 
was  on  the  local  committee  for  the  Indiana 
Centennial  celebration,  and  in  many  other 
ways  has  rendered  disinterested  service  in 
behalf  of  local  and  state  enterprises.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Elks  Lodge. 

Mr.  Russell  married  Miss  Ella  E.  Doles. 
They  became  the  parents  of  two  children, 
J.  Frank  and  Clara  M..  the  latter  dying 
at  the  age  of  eleven  years.  Frank  Russell 
volunteered  in  June,  1917,  and  became  a 
member  of  Base  Hospital  No.  32.  He  em- 
barked for  overseas  duty  December  4, 
1917,  and  was  in  active  service  in  France 
more  than  a  year,  until  the  spring  of  1919. 

THOMAS  MOXROE  JONES,  M.  D.  It  is  not 
merely  assertion  to  say  that  Thomas  Mon- 
roe Jones  ranks  as  the  leading  surgeon  of 
Madison  County  and  one  of  the  most  prom- 
inent in  the  State  of  Indiana.  Doctor 
Jones  while  in  training  for  his  profession 
showed  unusual  aptitude  and  skill  in  sur- 
gery, shown  by  his  appointment  to  vari- 
ous surgical  staffs  of  several  leading  hos- 
pitals in  the  country.  For  the  past  ten 
years  his  work  has  been  entirely  confined 
to  general  surgery,  but  Doctor  Jones  has 
no  small  reputation  as  a  goitre  specialist, 


involving  some  of  the  most  delicate  and 
complicated  operations  in  the  entire  field 
of  surgical  work. 

His  honors  seems  specially  fitting  in  the 
light  of  the  fact  that  he  is  a  member  of 
a  third  successive  generation  of  doctors 
in  Indiana. 

His  grandfather.  Thomas  N.  Jones,  in 
the  words  of  the  medical  historian  Doctor 
Kemper,  "was  one  of  the  must  prominent 
physicians  of  Anderson,  a  successful  prac- 
titioner, and  quite  popular  with  the  peo- 
ple, but  less  so  with  the  profession  as  he 
was  aggressive  in  his  manner  and  rather 
opposed  to  medical  societies."  He  was 
born  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  in  1823, 
and  died  at  Anderson  in  October,  1S7.">. 
He  entered  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  and 
after  his  graduation  located  in  Henry 
County.  In  1846  he  moved  to  Madison 
County,  establishing  his  home  at  Pendle- 
ton.  About  1854  he  moved  to  Anderson, 
and  was  in  practice  there  for  twenty  years. 
Besides  his  prominence  in  medicine  he  was 
active  in  politics,  and  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Legislature  in  1872.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  war  he  was  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Second  Regiment.  Indiana  Cavalry, 
and  later  surgeon  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirtieth  Indiana  Infantry.  He  married 
Mary  C.  Conwell,  whose  father,  Isaac  Con- 
well,  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Union  County,  Indiana.  She  died  in  No- 
vember, 1911,  at  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 
The  name  Jones  has  been  identified  with 
the  medical  profession  in  Madison  County 
for  over  seventy  years.  During  over  forty 
years  of  this  period  many  of  the  burdens 
of  professional  life  have  been  borne  by 
Dr.  Horace  E.  Jones,  son  of  the  pioneer 
Dr.  Thomas  Jones  and  father  of  Thomas 
M.  Jones.  Horace  E.  Jones  was  horn  in 
Henry  County.  Indiana.  July  2,  1845,  and 
when  only  sixteen  years  of  age  enlisted  as 
chief  bugler  in  the  Second  Indiana  Cav- 
alry. He  was  with  that  command  in  many 
battles,  including  Shiloh  and  the  siege  of 
Corinth.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy, where  he  graduated  in  1867.  He 
was  with  the  navy  for  four  years,  and  al- 
together was  in  the  army  and  navy  for  nine 
years.  In  1871.  having  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  the  navy,  he  returned  hnmr  and 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  his  father's 
office  at  Anderson.  lie  then  entered  the 
Ohio  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati,  his 


1884 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


father's  alma  mater,  graduating  M.  D.  in 
1873.  He  soon  acquired  a  large  and  profit- 
able business  at  Anderson,  and  his  ability, 
ready  sympathy  and  natural  expertness 
brought  him  the  best  honors  of  the  pro- 
fession. He  is  a  democrat,  has  served  on 
the  Anderson  School  Board,  is  affiliated 
with  Major  May  Post  No.  244,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  is  past  grand  of 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
member  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  and  one  of  the  most  widely 
known  men  in  Madison  County.  In  1873 
he  married  Miss  Mary  C.  Cockefair  of 
Cambridge  City,  Indiana.  Their  only 
daughter,  Nellie,  married  Ralph  Clark. 

The  son,  Thomas  Monroe  Jones,  was  born 
at  Anderson  August  9,  1877.  He  attended 
the  grammar  and  high  schools  and  then 
went  abroad  and  for  five  years  was  a  stu- 
dent in  Heidelberg  University,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1898.  Returning  to  In- 
diana, he  entered  the  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  graduated  A.  B. 
the  next  year,  and  this  was  followed  by 
his  formal  medical  course  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Medical  School  at  Baltimore, 
from  which  he  graduated  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine in  1902.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
spent  six  months  as  an  interne  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital,  and  went  from  there  to 
become  a  member  of  the  staff  of  St.  Marks' 
Hospital  in  New  York  City.  A  year  later, 
on  the  basis  of  competitive  examination, 
he  was  appointed  to  the  surgical  staff  of 
Kings  County  Hospital  at  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  a  position  which  he  honored  during 
his  two  years  of  service  and  which  brought 
him  abundant  opportunity  and  experience 
in  his  chosen  field  of  work.  In  1905  Doctor 
Jones  returned  to  Anderson  and  began  the 
practice  of  general  medicine,  but  since  1908 
has  confined  his  work  entirely  to  surgery. 
In  1910  he  went  abroad,  taking  post-gradu- 
ate work  in  the  hospitals  and  clinics  of 
Vienna,  Austria.  The  contributions  of 
Doctor  Jones  have  appeared  frequently  in 
medical  and  surgical  literature.  He  has 
furnished  numerous  case  reports,  and  has 
written  much  on  the  subject  of  goitre  from 
a  surgical  standpoint.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  County  and  State  Medical  societies, 
the  American  Medical  Association,  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Medical  Society,  the  Clini- 
cal Congress  of  Surgeons  of  North  Amer- 
ica, and  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Con- 
gress of  Surgeons.  Fraternally  he  is  affil- 


iated with  Fellowship  Lodge  No.  681,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Ander- 
son Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  with 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks.  In  1905  Doctor  Jones  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  Shields  Baker,  who  was  reared 
and  educated  at  Winchester,  Virginia. 
They  have  one  child,  Horace  Edgar,  born 
in  1910.  Doctor  Jones  takes  considerable 
interest  in  politics  as  a  democrat  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Ger- 
many Doctor  Jones  offered  his  services  to 
his  country.  In  August,  1917,  he  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  captain  in  the 
Medical  Reserve  Corps  as  a  member  of 
Hospital  Unit  I,  which  was  organized  in 
Anderson  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Fattic,  who  became 
major  of  the  unit.  Doctor  Jones  was  or- 
dered to  report  in  New  York  on  December 
1,  1917,  for  a  three  months'  course  in  brain 
surgery.  After  being  in  New  York  one 
week  he  was  ordered  to  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
to  join  the  remainder  of  the  unit.  In  the 
latter  part  of  February,  1917,  this  unit 
was  ordered  to  Hoboken,  New  Jersey.  On 
March  22nd  the  unit  sailed  for  England, 
landing  at  Liverpool  on  April  1,  1917.  It 
was  later  sent  to  Winchester,  England. 
Doctor  Jones  was  made  head  of  the  sur- 
gical staff  there  and  remained  there  until 
after  the  armistice  was  signed.  The  hos- 
pital there  was  one  of  500  beds  capacity 
when  the  unit  took  it  over.  It  was  later 
increased  to  3,000  beds.  On  January  10, 
1919,  the  unit  was  order  to  France.  After 
being  at  Langres  for  a  few  days  Captain 
Jones  was  detached  from  the  Unit  and 
ordered  to  Tours.  Here  he  was  made  the 
head  of  the  surgical  staff  of  Camp  Hos- 
pital 27.  After  being  at  Tours  about  a 
week  he  was  ordered  on  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion of  the  front  in  the  Argonne  region, 
going  to  the  Argonne  forests,  St.  Mihiel, 
Metz  and  other  places  along  the  front.  In 
the  latter  part  of  February  he  was  ordered 
back  to  Tours  to  resume  his  position  as 
head  of  the  surgical  staff  of  Camp  Hos- 
pital 27,  at  which  place  he  still  is  and  prob- 
ably will  be  until  he  is  honorably  dis- 
charged. 

ADAM  HENRY  B  ARTEL.  One  of  the 
largest  and  oldest  firms  in  the  wholesale 
district  of  Eastern  Indiana  is  the  Adam 
H.  Bartel  Company,  jobbers  of  dry  goods 
and  notions  and  manufacturers  of  work- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1885 


men's  clothing.  The  president  of  this 
company  is  a  veteran  merchant  and  busi- 
ness man,  and  has  been  steadily  associated 
with  commercial  affairs  in  Richmond  since 
as  a  boy  of  fifteen  he  was  in  the  employ 
of  a  local  wholesale  house  of  fifty-five 
years  ago. 

Adam  H.  Bartel  was  born  near  Osna- 
bruch,  Hanover,  Germany,  in  1850.  When 
he  was  four  years  old  his  parents  came  to 
America,  settling  in  Richmond,  where  his 
father  for  a  time  was  an  employe  of  Gaar 
Scott  &  Company,  but  later  bought  a  farm 
north  of  Richmond  and  for  a  number  of 
years  steadily  pursued  his  interests  as  an 
agriculturist.  He  died  in  Richmond  at  the 
advanced  age  of  almost  ninety  years.  Mr. 
Bartel 's  mother  died  in  1891,  at  the  age 
of  sixty-seven  years. 

He  had  to  be  content  with  a  common 
school  education  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
was  employed  as  an  errand  boy  and  stock 
boy  with  the  wholesale  and  retail  notions 
and  fancy  goods  firm  of  Emsweiler  & 
Crocker.  He  was  with  that  firm  seven 
years,  three  years  of  the  time  as  traveling 
salesman.  He  next  accepted  a  position  with 
George  H.  Knollenberg,  retail  dry  goods 
dealer,  and  served  there  as  salesman  four 
years.  In  1877  he  associated  himself  with 
Christopher  F.  Schaefer  to  buy  out  the  in- 
terests of  his  old  employer,  Mr.  Crocker, 
who  had  succeeded  to  the  firm  of  Emsweiler 
&  Crocker,  and  established  the  firm  of 
Bartel  &  Schaefer.  For  three  years  they 
conducted  the  business  at  old  49  Main 
Street,  and  when  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved Mr.  Bartel  moved  to  210  Fort 
Wayne  Avenue  and  for  five  years  the  busi- 
ness was  conducted  under  his  individual 
name  at  this  location.  He  then  took  in 
John  M.  Coate  as  partner,  using  the  firm 
name  of  Adam  H.  Bartel  &  Company,  and 
in  1885,  to  accommodate  the  growing  busi- 
ness, the  firm  put  up  a  three-story  brick 
building,  at  the  corner  of  Washington  and 
Fort  Wayne  avenues.  In  1892  the  firm  of 
Adam  H.  Bartel  &  Company  was  incor- 
porated, and  at  that  time  the  business  was 
removed  to  911-921  North  E  Street,  where 
it  is  established  today  in  a  building  118 
by  115  feet,  four  floors  and  basement. 
Adam  H.  Bartel  is  president,  John  M. 
Coate,  vice  president,  Fred  J.  Bartel, 
treasurer,  Ida  E.  Bartel,  secretary,  and 
Ben  C.  Bartel,  assistant  secretary.  One 


hundred  and  seventy-five  people  are  em- 
ployed in  the  office,  warehouse  and  factory, 
and  they  do  a  jobbing  business  in  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Michigan  and  Illinois.  While  the 
jobbing  business  has  always  been  the  chief 
feature  of  the  company,  they  have  also 
made  overalls,  shirts  and  other  workmen's 
clothing  since  1885. 

Mr.  Bartel  is  a  director  and  stockholder 
in  the  Dickinson  Trust  Company  and  has 
other  local  interests,  including  some  real 
estate.  He  is  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  a  member  of 
the  First  English  Lutheran  Church,  the 
Commercial  Club,  Country  Club,  and  in 
politics  is  a  republican.  While  a  busy  man, 
he  has  neglected .  no  legitimate  claim 
upon  his  time  and  energies  in  behalf  of 
local  affairs.  His  company  is  a  member 
of  the  National  Association  of  Garment 
Manufacturers  and  the  National  .Wholesale 
Dry  Goods  Association. 

In  1875  Mr.  Bartel  married  Miss  Ma- 
tilda E.  Knollenberg,  daughter  of  Bern- 
hard  Knollenberg.  To  their  marriage  were 
born  seven  children,  four  of  whom  are 
living.  Bernhard  C.  and  Frederick  J.  are 
both  married;  Gertrude  is  a  graduate  of 
Earlham  College  and  Florence  is  now 
finishing  her  education  at  Ward-Belmont 
School  for  Girls  at  Nashville,  Tennessee. 
Mr.  Bartel  has  two  grandchildren. 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  DAVIS,  president  of  the 
George  W.  Davis  Motor  Car  Company  of 
Richmond,  Indiana,  was  a  veteran  carriage 
manufacturer  who  in  1909  turned  his  re- 
sources and  experience  into  the  field  of 
manufacturing  motor  cars,  and  in  subse- 
quent years  has  turned  out  a  great  volume . 
of  handsome  pleasure  cars  that  have  served 
and  have  been  appreciated  by  thousands 
of  patrons  all  over  the  United  States  and 
twenty-seven  foreign  countries. 

Mr.  Davis  was  born  October  20,  1867, 
near  Winchester  in  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, the  son  of  Daniel  and  Nancy  (Han- 
cock) Davis.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ances- 
try. 

The  Davis  family  settled  in  Hagerstown, 
Maryland,  in  the  early  days,  and  most  of 
them  have  been  agriculturists,  while  the 
Hancocks  were  a  Kentucky  family  and 
have  been  merchants  as  a  rule. 

George  William  Davis  spent  his  boyhood 
on  his  father's  farm  of  240  acres  in  Ran- 


1886 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


dolph  County,  and  it  was  here  that  he  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  a  country 
school. 

When  about  seventeen  he  left  home  and 
went  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  first  employment  as  a  driver  of 
a  team  of  mules  on  a  street  car  line.  Re- 
turning to  Indiana,  he  located  at  Redkey 
and  began  selling  carriages  and  buggies. 
After  about  a  year  he  sold  his  interest  there 
and  returned  to  Winchester,  starting  up  a 
larger  business  in  the  same  line  with  his 
brother-in-law,  J.  W.  Jackson,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Jackson  &  Davis.  It  was 
here  that  he  met  Miss  Cora  Anna  Chees- 
man,  daughter  of  Davidson  and  Anna  Tay- 
lor Cheesman  of  Winchester,  who  on  De- 
cember 27,  1891,  became  his  wife.  Cora 
Anna  Cheesman  was  a  graduate  of  Win- 
chester High  School  and  ot  Valparaiso 
College,  Valparaiso,  Indiana. 

Mr.  Davis  enjoyed  a  successful  business 
at  Winchester  for  sixteen  years,  and  in 
that  time  built  up  an  extensive  business 
handling  carriages  and  buggies  and  agri- 
cultural machinery.  During  the  last  nine 
years  of  this  time  he  traveled  as  a  special 
representative  in  Indiana  and  Ohio  for  the 
Bimel  Carriage  Company  of  Sidney,  Ohio, 
also  being  a  large  stockholder  in  the  Bimel 
Carriage  Company  from  1893  to  1902. 

Realizing  the  large  field  for  the  highest 
grade  of  carriages,  Mr.  Davis  in  1902  dis- 
posed of  his  interests  and  located  at  Rich- 
mond, organizing  the  George  W.  Davis 
Carriage  Company,  Incorporated,  with 
$30,000,  assuming  the  capacity  of  president 
and  active  head  of  the  business. 

For  some  six  years  the  George  W.  Davis 
Carriage  Company  was  devoted  exclusively 
to  the  manufacture  of  fine  carriages  and 
buggies,  but  since  1909  no  horse-drawn 
vehicles  have  been  manufactured ;  instead, 
all  facilities  of  the  plant  have  been  de- 
voted to  making  Davis  motor  cars.  Manu- 
facturing and  assembling  plants  requires 
the  services  of  200  employes,  and  the  busi- 
ness is  now  running  on  a  capital  of  several 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Mr.  Davis  is  a  republican  in  politics, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Webb  Lodge  of  Masons 
and  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Richmond,  Indiana. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Davis  have  one  son,  Wal- 
ter Clay,  who  was  born  March  31,  1893, 
in  Winchester,  Indiana.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  Richmond  public  schools, 


also  in  Earlham  College,  and  in  1914  en- 
tered the  University  of  Pennsylvania  at 
Philadelphia,  where  he  graduated  in  1916. 
At  the  very  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Germany,  on  April  16,  1917,  he  enlisted 
at  New  York  City  in  the  United  States 
air  service  as  pilot,  receiving  his  prelimi- 
nary training  at  Wilbur  Wright  Field, 
Dayton,  Ohio,  where  he  was  commissioned 
as  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  air  service,  and 
in  February,  1918,  was  ordered  to  France, 
completing  a  more  intensive  training  at 
the  Third  Aviation  Instruction  Center, 
Issoudoun,  Indre,  France.  Soon  afterward 
he  was  promoted  to  officer  in  charge  of 
flying  on  one  of  the  adjoining  fields,  being 
assigned  to  the  Thirty-first  Aero  Squadron. 
In  October,  just  prior  to  the  armistice,  he 
was  ordered  to  active  service  at  the  front, 
and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain 
in  the  air  service.  After  the  armistice  he 
was  ordered  back  to  the  United  States  and 
honorably  discharged  from  the  service  with 
rank  of  captain  in  the  air  service.  Imme- 
diately upon  his  discharge  he  was  given 
an  executive  position  with  the  George  W. 
Davis  Motor  Car  Company  as  assistant  to 
the  president. 

GEORGE  HAGELSKAMP  has  been  identified 
with  the  commercial  life  of  Indianapolis 
for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He 
is  proprietor  of  a  high  class  grocery  estab- 
lishment at  1150  Prospect  Street  and  is 
also  a  member  of  the  firm  Hagelskamp 
Brothers  &  Haverkamp,  a  well  known  in- 
dustry for  the  manufacture  of  food  prod- 
ucts, canners  and  distributors.  The  plant 
of  this  establishment  is  at  Minnesota  Street 
and  Churchman  Avenue.  It  is  an  indus- 
try that  means  a  great  deal  at  the  present 
time  in  scarcity  of  food  products  and  has 
served  to  utilize  and  conserve  much  of 
the  surplus  food  production  of  the  sum- 
mer season. 

Mr.  Hagelskamp  has  spent  nearly  all  his 
life  in  Indianapolis,  but  was  born  at  Amt- 
bentheim,  Germany,  October  16,  1865. 
He  is  a  son  of  Richard  and  Gesina 
(Dirks)  Hagelskamp.  Richard  Hagel- 
skamp brought  his  wife  and  four  children 
to  the  United  States  a  short  time  after  the 
close  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war.  He  left 
Germany,  where  he  had  been  a  farmer,  in 
order  to  escape  the  military  system  of  that 
country.  He  came  to  Indianapolis  largely 
influenced  by  the  fact  that  his  wife  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1887 


relatives  here.  He  arrived  here  poor  and 
for  several  years  worked  at  any  honorable 
occupation  in  order  to  get  a  start.  He  re- 
mained one  of  the  industrious  citizens  of 
Indianapolis  for  over  forty  years.  He  died 
in  1907  at  the  age  of  sixty-four,  and  his 
wife  passed  away  in  1912,  aged  seventy. 
Altogether  they  had  six  children  They 
were  members  of  the  Third  Emanuel  Re- 
formed Church.  Richard  Hagelskamp  was 
an  elder  in  that  church  for  many  years  and 
also  took  an  active  part  in  the  Sunday 
School.  Three  of  their  sons  are  still  liv- 
ing: Ben,  a  partner  with  his  brother 
George ;  George ;  and  Rev.  Richard  Hagel- 
skamp, who  now  has  charge  of  the  Emanuel 
Reformed  Church  at  Akron,  Ohio,  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  city,  comprising  a  con- 
gregation of  more  than  a  thousand. 

George  Hagelskamp  received  his  early 
education  in  School  No.  4  on  Churchman 
Pike,  Indianapolis.  At  the  age  of  thir- 
teen he  began  work  and  contributed  his 
wages  to  the  support  of  the  family  and 
toward  paying  for  the  little  home.  His  em- 
ployment was  at  farm  labor  until  he  was 
twenty-two  years  of  age.  Then  for  two 
years  he  worked  with  the  Vandal  ia  Rail- 
road Company  at  the  Union  Station.  His 
chief  responsibility  was  warming  the  pas- 
senger cars.  During  that  time  he  carefully 
saved  his  money  and  then  on  February 
6,  1890,  embarked  his  modest  capital  and 
all  his  energy  and  ability  in  his  present 
business  and  at  his  present  location.  His 
record  since  then  has  been  that  of  a  sub- 
stantial business  man,  with  growing  in- 
terests and  prosperity. 

The  beginning  of  the  business  of  Hagel- 
skamp Brothers  &  Haverkamp,  food  prod- 
ucts and  canning,  was  laid  in  1903  when 
Mr.  George  Hagelskamp  began  preserving 
tomatoes,  home  style,  in  the  basement  under 
his  store.  The  next  year  the  canning  outfit 
was  moved  to  a  barn,  and  the  year  after 
that  the  firm  bought  a  feed  mill  at  Church- 
man Avenue  and  Minnesota  Street,  con- 
verting it  and  equipping  it  for  a  packing 
plant.  With  subsequent  changes  and  ad- 
ditions the  business  now  handles  a  large 
share  of  the  annual  surplus  of  vegetables 
raised  in  the  district  around  Indianapolis. 
Their  chief  products  are  tomatoes,  string 
beans,  pork  and  beans,  kidney  beans,  peas, 
etc.  They  put  up  high  grade  goods,  and 
the  market  for  it  is  found  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  States. 


In  1891  Mr.  Hagelskamp  married  Emma 
Rover,  a  native  of  Cincinnati.  They  have 
two  sons,  George  and  Harvey.  The  family 
are  members  of  the  Emanuel  Reformed 
Church.  Mr.  Hagelskamp  has  been  active 
in  his  church  and  has  served  as  a  member 
of  its  board  of  trustees  and  in  other  re- 
sponsible positions.  Politically  he  is  a 
steadfast  republican,  and  has  exerted  his 
influence  especially  in  the  matter  of  en- 
forcing honest  elections  in  the  city. 

FREDERICK  C.  GROSSART,  for  many  years 
an  active  business  man  of  Indianapolis  and 
well  and  favorably  known  in  political  and 
civic  affairs,  died  in  that  city  December 
18,  1916. 

He  was  a  native  of  Germany,  born  July 
6,  1855,  son  of  Frederick  and  Catherine 
Grossart.  The  parents  came  to  the  United 
States  about  the  close  of  the  Civil  war  and 
lived  out  their  remaining  years  at  Belle- 
ville, Illinois.  Of  their  seven  children  six 
are  still  living. 

Frederick  C.  Grossart  was  about  ten 
years  of  age  when  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  his  early  education  was  ac- 
quired in  German  schools  and  later  in  the 
schools  of  southern  Illinois.  At  the  time 
of  his  father's  death  he  came  face  to  face 
with  the  serious  responsibilities  of  life, 
and  he  thenceforward  had  to  earn  his  own 
living.  For  ten  or  twelve  years  he  worked 
at  the  printing  trade,  and  it  was  in  that 
vocation  that  he  was  first  known  at  In- 
dianapolis. Later  he  was  proprietor  of 
the  Germania  House  of  Indianapolis,  and 
subsequently  was  manager  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Brewery  and  of  Smith's  Brewery. 
From  that  he  engaged  in  the  wholesale 
liquor  business  with  the  firm  of  J.  R.  Ross 
&  Company,  'was  with  them  eight  or  ten 
years,  and  finally  established  the  firm  of 
Grossart  &  Gale,  a  business  with  which 
he  was  still  identified  at  the  time  of  his 
death. 

Mr.  Grossart  was  an  active  democrat, 
and  was  elected  on  that  ticket  a  member 
of  the  State  Legislature.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  German  Lutheran  Church. 

November  3,  1880,  he  married  Miss  Ida 
Felt,  daughter  of  John  and  Pauline  (Em- 
menecker)  Felt.  Mrs.  Felt  was  one  of  six 
children,  three  surviving.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Grossart  became  the  parents  of  three  chil- 
dren, the  two  younger,  Frederick  and 
Pauline,  dying  in  infancy.  The  oldest 


1888 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


child,  Charles  A.,  married  Florence  Wag- 
ner, and  their  family  consists  of  two  chil- 
dren, Fred  and  Joseph.  Mr.  Grossart  was 
a  member  of  the  Elks  Lodge  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

COL.  ELI  LILLY  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  July  8, 1839,  and  died  in  Indian- 
apolis, Indiana,  June  6,  1898.  At  the  age 
of  thirteen  he  became  a  resident  of  Green- 
castle,  and  he  was  engaged  in  the  drug 
business  there  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
war.  He  early  enlisted  in  the  Union  cause, 
rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  continued 
a  faithful  soldier  until  the  close  of  the  con- 
flict. In  1873  Colonel  Lilly  became  a  res- 
ident of  Indianapolis,  and  as  the  founder 
of  the  great  manufacturing  drug  house  of 
Eli  Lilly  &  Company  he  gave  to  the  city 
one  of  its  largest  institutions. 

WILLIAM  J.  HOGAN,  who  has  been  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century  and  is  president  of  the  Indiana 
Refrigerating  Company,:  is  most  widely 
known  both  in  this  state  and  elsewhere  for 
the  value  of  his  services  as  an  "efficiency 
expert."  Mr.  Hogan  is  a  professional  ac- 
countant and  auditor,  but  as  in  the  popular 
mind  that  work  is  usually  associated  with 
the  routine  performance  of  bookkeeping  it 
is  hardly  adequate  to  describe  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  involved  in  the  new 
and  now  indispensable  profession  of  effi- 
ciency accounting.  It  is  a  well  known 
fact  that  the  majority  of  business  men  be- 
come bound  fast  in  the  routine  technique 
of  their  work,  and  never  possess  the  power 
to  detach  themselves  even  momentarily 
so  as  to  regard  and  estimate  their  business 
according  to  any  standard  of  real  efficiency 
or  success.  A  large  percentage  of  the 
failures  can  be  traced  to  this  fact.  It 
is  to  supply  the  need  of  this  critical  and 
detached  view  of  business  methods  that 
the  profession  of  the  efficiency  expert  has 
come  into  being.  In  this  field  William 
J.  Hogan  has  performed  his  biggest  and 
most  vital  work. 

He  was  born  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  August 
18,  1872.  His  paternal  grandfather,  Dan- 
iel Hogan,  was  a  native  of  Wales  and  in 
Great  Britain  in  earlier  generations  the 
Hogans  were  important  people.  In  one 
branch  of  the  family  were  some  very  large 
estates  which  finally  reverted  to  the  Crown 


because  of  the  impossibility  of  discovering 
direct  and  competent  heirs.  Daniel  Ho- 
gan's  wife  was  at  one  time  lady-in-waiting 
to  Queen  Victoria,  and  she  possessed 
autograph  letters  and  other  keepsakes  of 
her  association  with  the  illustrious  head 
of  the  British  Empire.  Daniel  Hogan 
brought  his  family  to  America  in  the  early 
'40s. 

The  parents  of  William  J.  Hogan  were 
John  D.  and  Mary  (Merkle)  Hogan,  both 
natives  of  Ohio.  John  D.  Hogan  was  a  pio- 
neer railroad  man.  He  served  as  conductor 
on  the  first  passenger  train  to  run  over 
the  Hocking  Valley  Railroad  from  Colum- 
bus to  Toledo.  He  moved  his  family  home 
from  Chillicothe  to  Columbus,  but  in  1892 
came  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  died  in 
1900.  His  widow  still  survives.  They 
had  six  children,  all  still  living. 

William  J.  Hogan  acquired  his  early 
education  in  the  graded  schools  of  Colum- 
bus, Ohio.  At  night,  after  a  busy  day 
of  earning  his  own  bread,  he  attended  a 
commercial  school,  and  here  his  genius 
quickly  displayed  itself,  and  after  com- 
pleting his  course  he  was  employed  as  a 
commercial  instructor  for  a  time.  Later  he 
was  a  general  bookkeeper  in  a  wholesale 
house  at  Columbus  and  gradually  his  field 
of  work  broadened.  For  a  short  time  he 
was  car  accountant  for  the  Cleveland, 
Akron  and  Columbus  Railroad,  and  then 
became  private  secretary  at  Cleveland  to 
J.  C.  Moorehead,  general  superintendent 
of  the  N.  Y.  P.  &  Ohio  and  the  Chicago 
&  Erie  roads.  He  resigned  this  position 
to  become  teller  in  the  Fourth  National 
Bank  of  Columbus. 

On  coming  to  Indianapolis  Mr.  Hogan 
engaged  in  the  transfer  and  storage  busi- 
ness, and  in  the  course  of  years  he  de- 
veloped the  Hogan  Transfer  &  Storage 
Company  to  the  largest  concern  of  its  kind 
in  the  state.  Thus  Mr.  Hogan  had  a  par- 
ticular advantage  and  prestige  when  he 
entered  the  profession  of  efficiency  expert 
in  1909.  There  is  a  natural  prejudice 
among  many  business  men  against  so-called 
efficiency  workers  because  such  men  have 
no  record  of  constructive  business  accom- 
plishment to  their  credit  and  are  simply 
critics,  versed  in  technical  detail.  But  Mr. 
Hogan  was  a  practical  business  man  and  a 
successful  one  before  he  began  giving  his 
services  to  discover  and  remedy  troubles 
in  other  business  concerns.  Many  large 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1889 


corporations  and  other  "firms  throughout 
the  country  have  employed  his  skill  in 
recent  years,  and  among  his  patrons  are 
the  Cleveland  Trust  and  Citizens  Savings 
&  Trust  Companies  of  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Hogan  has  been  president  of  the 
Indiana  Refrigerating  Company  since  1910. 
He  is  also  a  director  in  the  National  City 
Bank  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  for  two 
years  president  of  the  State  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  is  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
Board  of  Trade,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  Rotary  Club  and  is  always  found 
ready  to  do  his  part  in  any  civic  move- 
ment. He  is  a  republican  and  belongs  to 
the  Baptist  Church.  January  1,  1900,  he 
married  Miss  Mayme  Lingenfelter,  daugh- 
teV  of  John  and  Mary  Lingenfelter  of 
Indianapolis.  They  have  two  daughters, 
Mary  and  Frances. 

WILLIAM  P.  BREEN.  A  former  president 
of  the  Indiana  Bar  Association,  William 
P.  Breen  is  one  of  Fort  Wayne's  oldest 
native  lawyers,  has  carried  many  of  the 
responsibilities  of  the  prof ession  •  for  forty 
years,  and  is  properly  regarded  as  one  of 
the  strong  individual  forces  in  the  molding 
and  leading  of  public  opinion  in  his  home 
city  and  state. 

He  was  born  at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana, 
February  13,  1859,  only  son  and  child  of 
James  and  Margaret  (Dunne)  Breen.  His 
parents  were  natives  of  Ireland,  his  father 
born  in  1820  and  his  mother  in  1821. 
James  Breen  came  to  America  in  1840,  and 
soon  afterward  located  at  Terre  Haute, 
Indiana*.  In  1863  the  family  came  to  Fort 
Wayne,  where  James  Breen  attained 
prominence  in  business  affairs.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  a  member  of  the 
City  Council  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
in  1883  was  member  of  the  Board  of 
Waterworks  Trustees. 

William  P.  Breen  was  liberally  educated, 
attending  at  Fort  Wayne  the  parochial 
school  conducted  by  the  Brothers  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  and  in  1877  graduating  A.  B. 
from  Notre  Dame  University.  He  studied 
law  with  Coombs,  Morris  &  Bell  at  Fort 
Wayne,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1879,  at  the  age  of  twenty.  He  had  a 
fortunate  introduction  to  professional  life, 
since  he  was  associated  with  Judge  War- 
ren H.  Withers  until  November  15,  1882. 
Following  this  came  a  period  of  eleven 
years  of  individual  practice,  and  in  1893 


he  formed  a  copartnership  with  John  Mor- 
ris, Jr.,  son  of  Judge  John  Morris.  Judge 
John  Morris  was  one  of  the  most  eminent 
attorneys  of  Indiana  and  died  in  1905. 
The  firm  of  Breen  &  Morris  has  been  in 
existence  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  and 
is  one  of  the  ablest  aggregations  of  legal 
talent  in  Northeastern  Indiana. 

The  profession  has  frequently  desig- 
nated some  of  its  best  honors  to  Mr.  Breen. 
He  served  as  president  of  the  Indiana  Bar 
Association  for  1903-04,  and  from  1903  to 
1906  was  a  member  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  American  Bar  Association. 
In  1904  President  Roosevelt  appointed 
him  a  delegate  to  the  Universal  Congress 
of  Lawyers  and  Jurists  at  St.  Louis.  Mr. 
Breen  is  also  president  of  the  People's 
Trust  &  Savings  Company  of  Fort  Wayne. 

Politics  has  always  been  an  incident  in 
the  professional  career  of  Mr.  Breen  and 
never  a  factor  in  his  advancement  and 
success.  However,  he  has  long  been  promi- 
nent in  the  democratic  party  and  in  1916 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Democratic 
Convention  at  St.  Louis.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  committee  which  officially 
notified  President  Wilson  of  his  nomina- 
tion. Mr.  Breen  has  a  well  earned  repu- 
tation as  an  orator  and  speaker,  and  has 
the  gift  of  translating  large  and  complex 
problems  into  the  language  which  is  read- 
ily understood  by  popular  audiences.  The 
same  faculty  has  won  him  many  cases  be- 
fore juries,  and  he  has  been  equally  at 
home  in  the  higher  courts  in  presenting 
the  technicalities  of  the  law. 

Mr.  Breen  is  a  member  of  the  Fort 
Wayne  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the 
Fort  Wayne  Country  Club.  May  28,  1884, 
he  married  Miss  Odelia  Phillips,  daughter 
of  Bernard  P.  and  Caroline  (Vogel) 
Phillips  of  Fort  Wayne. 

/ 

ISAAC  R.  STRAUSS  has  been  one  of  the 
dominating  figures  in  the  democratic  party 
in  Western  Indiana  for  a  long  period  of 
years.  His  home  is  at  Rockville,  from  which 
town  his  influence  has  radiated  over  all  that 
section  of  the  state  principally  through  his 
editorship  of  the  Rockville  Tribune,  a 
staunch  advocate  of  democracy  established 
in  1870.  At  the  present  time  Mr.  Strauss' 
official  headquarters  are  at  Terre  Haute, 
where  he  is  revenue  collector  for  that  dis- 
trict. 

He  was  born  at  Rockville  in  Parke  Coun- 


1890 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ty  December  12,  1859.  His  father,  Samuel 
Strauss,  who  was  born  in  Bavaria,  Ger- 
many, came  to  America  in  1838.  He  lo- 
cated at  Rockville  in  1843,  and  thence- 
forward for  upwards  of  half  a  century  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  widely 
known  business  men  over  all  that  part  of 
the  state.  His  chief  activities  were  as  a 
live  stock  contractor,  and  while  his  home 
and  headquarters  were  at  Rockville  he 
bought  and  sold  stock  all  over  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  During  the  Civil  war  he  fur- 
nished thousands  of  horses  to  the  Fed- 
eral government.  His  death  occurred  in 
1898,  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight.  Samuel 
Strauss  married  Mary  Frances  Baker,  who 
was  born  at  Shelbyville,  Kentucky,  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  N.  and  Catherine  (Moore) 
Baker.  Abraham  Moore,  father  of  Cath- 
erine, enlisted  in  Capt.  William  Washing- 
ton's Company  of  Minute  Men  at  Meck- 
lenburg, Virginia,  April  29,  1775,  and 
marched  at  once  to  Boston  and  a  year  later 
to  Long  Island.  He  was  with  the  troops 
that  crossed  the  Delaware  with  Washing- 
ton December  25,  1776.  The  Baker  fam- 
ily moved  from  Kentucky  to  Parke  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  in  1829,  and  their  names  are 
intimately  linked  with  the  early  history 
of  that  section.  Mrs.  Samuel  Strauss  died 
in  1878,  at  the  age  of  fifty. 

Isaac  R.  Strauss,  the  youngest  of  seven 
children,  grew  up  at  Rockville,  attended 
the  common  schools  there,  and  at  the  age  of 
sixteen  entered  the  printing  office  and  be- 
came an  efficient  compositor  before  he 
turned  to  the  editorial  side  of  newspaper 
work.  He  was  made  local  editor  of  the 
Rockville  Tribune,  and  subsequently  for 
eight  years  was  business  partner  and  as- 
sociate of  John  H.  Beadle  in  the  manage- 
ment of  that  journal.  He  then  bought  Mr. 
Beadle's  interest  and  has  since  been  pro- 
prietor. 

In  a  public  way  about  the  first  position 
Mr.  Strauss  ever  held  was  captain  of  the 
McCune  Cadets  at  Rockville.  In  1893  Gov- 
ernor Matthews  appointed  him  a  trustee 
for  the  Indiana  Institute  for  the  Blind. 
Probably  through  Mr.  Strauss  more  than 
to  any  other  individual  is  due  the  credit 
for  the  location  of  the  Indiana  Tuberculosis 
Hospital  at  Rockville.  The  welfare  and 
efficient  management  of  that  institution 
have  been  close  to  his  heart  ever  since  it 
was  established.  Governor  Hanley  ap- 
pointed him  a  member  of  the  hospital  board 


in  1907  and  he  was  reappointed  to  the  same 
office  by  Governor  Marshall.  On  Decem- 
ber 23,  1913,  President  Wilson  appointed 
Mr.  Strauss  collector  of  internal  revenue 
for  the  district  of  which  Terre  Haute  is 
the  headquarters,  and  to  this  office  he  has 
since  given  his  best  energies  and  his  time, 
leaving  the  active  management  of  the  Rock- 
ville Tribune  in  other  hands.  Mr.  Strauss 
is  a  member  of  Parke  Lodge  No.  8,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Rockville, 
and  has  been  identified  with  that  order 
since  1881. 

Mr.  Strauss  during  the  world  war  was 
commissioned  captain  of  Company  E  of 
the  First  Indiana  Infantry  by  Governor 
Goodrich.  In  1881  he  married  Juliet  Vir- 
ginia Humphreys,  a  distinguished  Indiana 
literary  figure  whose  life  is  reviewed  on 
the  following  pages. 

JtrLiET  VIRGINIA  STRAUSS,  who  died  May 
22,  1918,  was  an  Indiana  woman  in  whom 
the  public  has  a  special  interest  because  of 
her  literary  character.  For  fifteen  years 
readers  t>f  the  Indianapolis  News  were 
familiar  with  her  writings  under  the  nom 
de  plume  of  "Country  Contributor," 
while  a  much  larger  circle  of  people,  a 
national  audience  in  fact,  knew  what  she 
stood  for,  her  thought  and  keen  observa- 
tions, through  the  Ladies  Home  Journal, 
to  which  for  twelve  years  she  contributed 
regularly  one  of  the  most  popular  features 
of  that  journal,  the  page  entitled  "Ideas 
of  a  Plain  Country  Woman."  Mrs. 
Strauss  was  also  on  the  lecture  platform 
and  did  Chautauqua  and  Lyceum  work. 

Juliet  Virginia  Humphreys,  her  name 
until  December  22,  1881,  when  she  married 
Mr.  Isaac  R.  Strauss,  of  Rockville,  was 
born  in  Rockville  January  7,  1863.  Her 
father,  William  Woods  Humphreys,  was 
born  in  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  and 
was  a  child  when  the  family  moved  to  Rook- 
ville,  Indiana,  as  pioneers  in  1837.  He 
died  at  Rockville  December  27,  1867.  Mrs. 
Strauss'  mother  was  Susan  Marcia  King, 
who  was  born  at  Grand  View,  Illinois,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1838,  and  died  at  Rockville,  In- 
dana,  January  7,  1903.  The  Humphreys 
were  Scotch  Irish,  coming  to  America  some 
time  after  the  Revolution.  Mrs.  Strauss' 
mother  was  of  Welsh  ancestry  on  her 
father's  side.  The  family  name  Marcia, 
which  is  found  in  nearly  every  genera- 
tion, suggests  the  Roman  occupation  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1891 


England.  Another  branch  of  the  paternal 
line  was  the  Spragues  of  Scotland,  who 
had  a  grant  of  land  in  New  York  around 
Chittenango.  In  matters  of  religion  all 
the  family  except  Mrs.  Strauss'  maternal 
grandmother,  who  was  a  Baptist,  were  of 
the  strict  Presbyterian  faith,  and  Mrs. 
Strauss  was  born  into  that  church  and  was 
identified  with  it  by  formal  allegiance  since 
she  was  about  fifteen  years  old. 

Mrs.  Strauss  was  only  four  years  old 
when  her  father  died.  She  always  recog- 
nized a  profound  obligation  to  the  wonder- 
ful strength  and  fortitude  of  her  mother, 
who  provided  for  her  family  of  three 
daughters  under  great  difficulties.  There 
were  four  small  children  when  the  father 
died  very  suddenly,  Mrs.  Strauss  being  the 
second.  The  only  son  died  when  he  was 
four  years  old.  Mrs.  Strauss'  two  sisters 
are  Mrs.  Lind  of  Greenwood,  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  Mrs.  W.  N.  Carlisle  of  Rock- 
ville. 

Mrs.  Strauss  owed  nearly  all  her  edu- 
cation to  the  direction  of  her  mother,  in- 
struction carried  on  at  home,  though  for 
a  few  years  she  attended  the  public  schools 
at  Rockville.  Mrs.  Strauss'  mother  had 
finished  her  education  in  a  preparatory 
school  conducted  at  Grand  View,  Illinois, 
by  Rev.  John  Steele. 

One  of  the  experiences  of  Mrs.  Strauss' 
early  life  was  one  term  as  a  country  school 
teacher.  While  she  was  not  inclined  to  dis- 
parage the  importance  and  responsibilities 
of  a  literary  career,  she  emphasized  her 
primary  experience  as  a  home  maker, 
housekeeper,  mother  of  children,  and  from 
these  deep  and  fundamental  experiences 
she  derived  much  of  the  resources  that 
gave  her  power  with  the  pen.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  she  was  active  with  her  hus- 
band in  managing  and  contributing  to  the 
Rockville  Tribune,  and  since  her  family 
grew  up  she  found  increasing  leisure  to 
write  and  engage  in  public  life. 

Mrs.  Strauss  had  two  daughters :  Marcia 
Frances,  born  June  20,  1883.  and  Sarah 
Katherine,  born  January  3,  1887.  Marcia 
Frances  married  Claude  Ott  of  Rockville, 
and  her  two  children  are  William  Ten 
Broeck  Ott,  born  in  1907,  and  Juliet  Cath- 
erine Ott,  born  in  1913.  The  other  daugh- 
ter, Sarah  Katherine,  who  died  April  28, 
1912,  married  Harold  Henderson  of  Rock- 
ville and  left  one  son,  John  Jacob  Hen- 
derson, born  in  1909. 


The  funeral  of  Mrs.  Strauss  was  held  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Rockville  and 
special  escort  was  furnished  by  Military 
Company  E  of  the  First  Indiana  Infantry. 
Taps  were  sounded  at  the  close  of  the  burial 
service.  Rev.  Lieut.  William  R.  Graham 
of  the  United  States  army  came  from  New- 
port News  to  officiate  at  the  funeral  serv- 
ice. A  fund  is  now  being  raised  by  the 
Women's  Press  for  a  memorial  to  be  erect- 
ed adjacent  the  Juliet  V.  Strauss  Cabin 
at  Turkey  Run,  the  State  Park,  in  Parke 
County. 

THEODORE  F.  THIEME.  In  addition  to 
being  classified  as  a  manufacturer,  Theo- 
dore F.  Thieme  has  a  range  of  activities 
and  interests  not  only  in  his  home  city  of 
Fort  Wayne  but  throughout  the  State  of 
Indiana  and  the  Middle  West  which  serve 
to  indicate  a  man  of  remarkable  ability. 
Mr.  Thieme  is  organizer  and  president  of 
the  Wayne  Knitting  Mills,  president  of 
Thieme  Brothers  Company,  silk  hosiery 
manufacturers,  president  of  the  Morris 
Plan  Company,  and  director  in  nearly  all 
the  larger  banking  and  manufacturing  in- 
stitutions of  the  city  of  Fort  Wayne.  He 
is  also  state  chairman  of  the  Business  Sys- 
tem of  City  Government  Commission  of 
Indiana;  was  president  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Citizen's  League  of  In- 
diana from  1911  to  1917;  is  a  director  of 
several  national  organizations,  such  as  the 
National  Municipal  League,  Public  Owner- 
ship League  of  America,  and  the  National 
Popular  Government  League,  as  well  as  a 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Pol- 
itical and  Social  Science,  the  National  As- 
sociation of  Manufacturers,  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  of  the  United  States,  the  In- 
diana Society  of  Chicago,  and  numerous 
other  political  and  social  organizations  of 
a  progressive  nature. 

Mr.  Thieme  is  proud  of  Fort  Wayne  as 
his  birthplace,  and  that  city  is  more  than 
proud  of  his  successful  career.  He  was 
born  February  7,  1857,  son  of  Frederick 
J.  and  Clara  (Weitzman)  Thieme.  His 
father  for  a  period  of  over  twenty-five  years 
conducted  the  leading  clothing  store  in 
Fort  Wayne.  Theodore  F.  Thieme  came 
naturally  by  his  studious  activities,  having 
been  reared  in  an  atmosphere  of  culture 
and  educational  ideals.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  acquired  in  the  public  schools. 
After  graduation  he  entered  Concordia 


1892 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


College  of  Fort  Wayne,  where  he  was  a 
student  from  1871  to  1873.  During  1874- 
76  he  attended  Columbia  University,  grad- 
uating from  the  School  of  Pharmacy  in 
1876.  With  this  training  and  preparation 
he  established  himself  in  the  retail  drug 
business  at  Fort  Wayne,  which  he  con- 
tinued actively  for  twelve  years.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1894,  he  married  Miss  Bessie  Loring, 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

About  1888  it  began  to  dawn  upon  the 
American  people,  as  perhaps  in  a  lesser 
degree  it  did  again  twenty-five  years  later, 
that  they  were  dependent  upon  Europe 
for  certain  manufactured  products,  as 
many  leading  industries  were  not  then  rep- 
resented at  all  in  this  country.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  in  1888  the  United 
States  elected  a  republican  president  and 
Congress,  pledged  to  a  complete  applica- 
tion of  the  principle  and  policy  of  protec- 
tion for  infant  industries.  Though  Wil- 
liam McKinley  did  not  introduce  his  pro- 
tective tariff  bill  until  the  spring  of  1890, 
well  informed  men  generally  accepted  it  as 
foregranted  that  the  laws  would  be  gen- 
erally revised  for  the  purpose  of  offering 
capital  and  labor  the  advantages  of  tariff 
protection. 

It  is  in  many  ways  significant  that  Mr. 
Thieme  of  Fort  Wayne  was  one  of  the  first 
to  grasp  the  significance  of  the  tariff  legis- 
lation then  pending  and  proposed.  It  was 
on  the  basis  of  this  knowledge  that  he  sold 
out  his  well  established  drug  business  and 
started  for  Europe  in  the  summer  of  1889. 
Europe  was  full  of  attractions,  but  a  selec- 
tion was  made  in  favor  of  the  full  fashioned 
hosiery  business,  the  home  of  which  was 
in  Chemnitz,  Germany. 

Accordingly  upon  his  return  to  Fort 
Wayne  Mr.  Thieme  organized  the  Wayne 
Knitting  "Mills  for  the  purpose  of  manu- 
facturing full  fashioned  hosiery.  The  en- 
terprise was  the  first  of  its  kind  in  this 
country,  as  heretofore  all  full  fashioned 
hosiery  had  been  imported  from  Germany, 
France  and  England.  Since  the  manu- 
facture of  these  goods  was  an  entirely  new 
business  in  the  United  States,  the  estab- 
lishment was  more  or  less  of  an  experiment, 
and  was  consequently  started  in  a  small 
way.  The  machinery  had  to  be  bought 
abroad,  and  the  skilled  knitters  and  man- 
agers had  also  to  be  imported  until  a 
nucleus  of  trained  and  efficient  labor  could 
be  established.  The  Wayne  Knitting  Mills 


was  organized  in  1891,  and  succeeding 
years  proved-  the  success  of  the  undertak- 
ing. This  institution  today  is  recognized 
as  the  leading  hosiery  factory  in  the  United 
States  and  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world. 
The  company  now  has  a  capital  stock  of 
$1,200,000.  It  employs  2,500  people  in  the 
manufacture  of  hosiery  exclusively,  from 
the  finest  silk  down  to  the  lower  priced  cot- 
ton for  men,  women  and  children. 

Mr.  Thieme  has  done  much  more  than 
make  Fort  Wayne  a  center  of  a  distinctive 
and  important  industry.  Many  students 
and  social  workers  would  regard  the  great 
volume  of  output  of  the  Wayne  Knitting 
Mills  as  secondary  in  importance  to  the 
spirit  and  policy  which  governs  the  rela- 
tions between  the  management  and  the  em- 
ployes. Mr.  Thieme  is  in  fact  a  pioneer 
among  manufacturers  in  the  adoption  of 
welfare  work  and  co-operative  methods 
with  his  employes.  The  Wayne  Knitting 
Mills  has  been  a  proving  ground  and  ex- 
periment station  for  the  working  out  of 
such  familiar  co-operative  methods  of 
profit-sharing,  old  age  pensions,  invalidity 
pensions,  ejmployes'  educational  systems, 
group  life  insurance,  and  sick  and  acci- 
dent insurance.  In  1910  a  club  house  for 
employes  was  erected,  and  became  the 
social  center  of  the  Wayne  Knitting  Mills. 
In  addition  to  dormitory,  dining  room  and 
recreation  facilities  the  club  house  has  in- 
troduced many  unique  features  in  factory 
welfare  work.  In  striking  contrast  with 
the  managers  of  some  of  America 's  greatest 
and  most  profitable  manufacturing  cor- 
porations, Mr.  Thieme  not  only  recognizes 
organized  labor  but  co-operates  with  it  in 
his  business. 

Some  ten  years  ago  Mr.  Thieme  took  up 
in  a  thorough  businesslike  way  the  question 
of  better  city  government,  and  as  a  result 
prepared  the  so-called  "Business  System 
of  City  Government"  charter,  modeled 
after  the  well  known  system  adapted  in  all 
progressive  European  countries.  He  was 
the  organizer  and  at  present  is  the  state 
chairman  of  the  Citizens'  League  of  In- 
diana, which  has  taken  up  the  fight  for  a 
new  state  constitution,  home  rules  for 
cities,  taxation  reform  and  other  funda- 
mental measures  in  the  interest  of  modern 
economical  government. 

Students  of  economics  and  municipal 
legislation  all  over  the  country  know  and 
appreciate  Mr.  Thieme  because  of  the  vari- 


J 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1893 


ous  brochures  and  pamphlets  with  which 
his  name  is  associated  as  author.  The  more 
important  of  these  titles  are :  Municipal 
Side  Lights,  published  in  1910;  A  Modern 
System  of  City  Government,  1911 ;  Busi- 
ness System  of  City  Government  Charter, 
1912;  What  Ails  Us?  1913;  A  New  State 
Constitution  for  Indiana,  1914;  Liquor  and 
Public  Utilities  in  Indiana  Politics,  1915; 
Home  Rule  for  Cities,  1916;  Municipal 
Ownership,  the  Salvation  of  our  Cities, 
1916;  Initiative  and  Referendum,  1916. 

As  indicated,  Mr.  Thieme  is  a  director 
in  a  number  of  other  leading  industries, 
while  he  never  held  public  office  and  is  not 
a  partisan  in  politics,  he  takes  an  active  in- 
terest in  public  affairs  and  exerts  every 
possible  influence  in  behalf  of  constructive 
political  reforms.  He  is  a  republican,  a 
Mason  and  a  Shriner,  as  well  as  a  mem- 
ber of  many  business  and  social  clubs. 

PAUL  BERNARD  CORNELIUS  is  one  of  the 
progressive  younger  business  men  of  An- 
derson, and  his  experience  and  capabilities 
have  made  him  a  useful  factor  in  local  real 
estate  circles.  He  is  junior  member  of 
the  firm  Cornelius  &  Son,  real  estate 
builders  and  insurance,  with  offices  in  the 
Union  Building. 

He  was  born  in  Anderson  in  July,  1891, 
son  of  T.  F.  and  Margaret  (Reddington) 
Cornelius.  Paul  B.  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  St.  Mary's  School  and 
as  a  boy  entered  his  father's  office  and 
applied  himself  earnestly  to  learning  the 
details  of  real  estate  work.  After  a  year  or 
so  he  was  taken  into  the  business  under 
the  name  T.  F.  Cornelius  &  Son.  They 
operate  principally  as  brokers  of  real  es- 
tate and  have  also  carried  out  a  large 
building  programme  in  the  improvement 
of  vacant  real  estate  throughout  the  city. 
Mr.  Cornelius,  who  is  unmarried,  is  a 
democratic  voter,  a  member  of  St.  Mary's 
Catholic  Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

HENRY  RUDOLPH  MARTIN-.  One  of  the 
fine  and  outstanding  figures  in  Indian- 
apolis commercial  and  civic  life  was  the 
late  Henry  Rudolph  Martin,  who  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  on  April  10,  1917, 
was  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Union  Railroad  Company.  Through 
his  own  achievements  and  those  of  the  fam- 
ily the  name  Martin  is  one  highly  honored 


and  respected  in  this  city,  and  has  been 
so  for  more  than  sixty  years. 

The  late  Henry  Rudolph  Martin  was  a 
native  of  Indianapolis,  born  July  1,  1859. 
He  was  one  of  three  children  and  the  only 
one  to  reach  maturity  in  the  family  of 
Rudolph  and  Fredericka  (Leineke)  Mar- 
tin. Both  parents  were  natives  of  the 
same  town  and  province  in  Germany. 
When  young,  single  people  they  came  to 
America  by  sailing  vessel  and  were  three 
months  in  crossing  the  ocean  to  New  Or- 
leans. From  there  they  came  up  the  river 
to  Cincinnati  and  in  that  city  were  mar- 
ried. They  came  to  this  country  about 
1853.  Rudolph  Martin  was  born  in  1816, 
his  wife  in  1821.  He  died  in  Indianapolis 
in  1884,  and  his  widow  survived  him  until 
1907.  While  living  in  Germany  Rudolph 
Martin  served  an  apprenticeship  at  the 
blacksmith's  trade  and  also  did  his  regu- 
lar time  in  the  German  Army.  As  a 
journeyman  workman  he  had  traveled 
pretty  much  all  over  Europe,  Italy,  France, 
Russia  and  his  own  native  land,  and  was 
thus  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  expe- 
rience and  his  mind  had  benefited  by  ex- 
tended observation  of  various  peoples  and 
countries.  In  Cincinnati  he  followed  his 
trade  for  some  years,  and  then  moved  his 
family  to  Edinburg,  Indiana,  and  from 
there  moved  to  Indianapolis.  In  this  city 
he  was  connected  with  the  Indianapolis 
Central  Railway,  now  the  Pennsylvania 
system.  He  finally  left  its  service  to  be- 
come an  employe  of  the  Big  Four.  In 
1881  he  retired  from  active  railroad  work. 
However,  his  death  was  directly  due  to  a 
railroad  accident.  He  was  walking  on  the 
tracks  of  the  Big  Four  Railway  when  he 
was  struck  by  a  train  and  killed.  He  and 
his  family  were  members  of  Zion's  Evan- 
gelical Church.  Railway  men  and  people 
in  many  walks  of  life  have  a  kindly  re- 
membrance of  the  late  Rudolph  Martin, 
who  was  possessed  of  many  sterling  char- 
acteristics and  was  one  who  gave  service 
to  others  as  well  as  those  immediately  de- 
pendent upon  him.  He  was  a  democrat 
in  polities.  The  old  Martin  home,  where 
these  parents  lived  for  so  many  years,  is 
on  what  is  now  Noble  Street,  near  Me 
Carty. 

Henry  Rudolph  Martin  grew  up  in  In- 
dianapolis,  attended  the  public  schools,  a 
German  private  school,  and  took  a  thor- 
ough course  at  the  old  C.  C.  Koerner  Busi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


189:5 


ous  brochures  and  pamphlets  with  which 
his  name  is  associated  as  author.  The  more 
important  of  these  titles  are :  Municipal 
Side  Lights,  published  in  1910;  A  Modern 
System  of  City  Government.  1911 ;  Busi- 
ness System  of  Citv  Government  Charter. 
1912;  What  Ails  Us?  1913:  A  New  State 
Constitution  for  Indiana,  1914:  Liquor  and 
Public  Utilities  in  Indiana  Politics,  191'); 
Homo  Rule  for  Cities,  1916;  Municipal 
Ownership,  the  Salvation  of  our  Cities, 
1916:  Initiative  and  Referendum,  1916. 

As  indicated.  Mr.  Thieine  is  a  director 
in  a  number  of  other  leading  industries, 
while  he  never  held  public  office  and  is  not 
a  partisan  in  politics,  he  takes  an  active  in- 
terest in  public  affairs  and  exerts  every 
possible  influence  in  behalf  of  constructive 
political  reforms.  lie  is  a  republican,  a 
Mason  and  a  Shriner.  as  well  as  a  mem- 
ber of  many  business  and  social  clubs. 

P.\n.  HKKNAKD  CORNELIUS  is  one  of  the 
progressive  younger  business  men  of  An- 
derson, and  his  experience  and  capabilities 
have  made  him  a  useful  factor  in  local  real 
estate  circles.  lie  is  junior  member  of 
the  firm  Cornelius  &  Son.  real  estate 
builders  and  insurance,  with  offices  in  the 
Union  Building. 

He  was  horn  in  Anderson  in  July,  1891. 
son  of  T.  F.  and  Margaret  (Reddington ) 
Cornelius.  Paul  B.  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  St.  Mary's  School  and 
as  a  boy  entered  his  father's  office  and 
applied  himself  earnestly  to  learning  the 
details  of  real  estate  work.  After  a  year  or 
so  he  was  taken  into  the  business  under 
the  name  T.  F.  Cornelius  &  Son.  They 
operate  principally  as  brokers  of  real  es- 
tate and  have  also  carried  out  a  large 
building  programme  in  the  improvement 
of  vacant  real  estate  throughout  the  city. 
Mr.  Cornelius,  who  is  unmarried,  is  a 
democratic  voter,  a  member  of  St.  Mary's 
Catholic  Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

HKXRV  Rt  POUMI  MARTI x.  One  of  the 
fine  and  outstanding  figures  in  Indian- 
apolis commercial  and  civic  life  was  the 
late  Henry  Rudolph  Martin,  who  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  on  April  10.  1917. 
was  secretary -treasurer  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Union  Railroad  Company.  Through 
his  own  achievements  and  those  of  the  fam- 
ily the  name  Martin  is  one  highly  honored 


and   respected   in   this  city,   and   has   been 
so  for  more  than  sixty  years. 

The  late  Henry  Rudolph  Martin  was  a 
native  of  Indianapolis,  born  July  1.  1859. 
He  was  one  of  three  children  and  the  only 
one  to  reach  maturity  in  the  family  of 
Rudolph  and  Frederick}!  (Leinekei  Mar- 
tin. Both  parents  were  natives  of  the 
same  town  and  province  in  Germany. 
When  young,  single  people  they  came  to 
America  by  sailing  vessel  and  were  three 
months  in  crossing  the  ocean  to  New  Or- 
leans. From  there  they  came  up  the  river 
to  Cincinnati  and  in  that  city  were  mar- 
ried. They  came  to  this  country  about 
1853.  Rudolph  Martin  was  born  in  181(5. 
his  wife  in  1821.  He  died  in  Indianapolis 
in  1884.  and  his  widow  survived  him  until 
19(17.  While  living  in  Germany  Rudolph 
Martin  served  an  apprenticeship  at  the 
blacksmith's  trade  and  also  did  his  regu- 
lar time  in  the  German  Army.  As  a 
journeyman  workman  he  had  traveled 
pretty  much  all  over  Europe.  Italy.  France. 
Russia  and  his  own  native  land,  and  wax 
thus  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  expe- 
rience and  his  mind  had  benefited  by  ex- 
tended observation  of  various  peoples  and 
countries.  In  Cincinnati  lie  followed  his 
trade  for  some  years,  and  then  moved  his 
family  to  Edinburg.  Indiana,  and  from 
there  moved  to  Indianapolis.  In  this  city 
he  was  connected  with  the  Indianapolis 
Central  Railway,  now  the  Pennsylvania 
system.  lie  finally  left  its  service  to  be- 
come an  employe  of  the  Big  Four.  In 
1881  he  retired  from  active  railroad  work. 
However,  his  death  was  directly  due  to  a 
railroad  accident.  He  was  walking  on  the 
tracks  of  the  Big  Four  Railway  when  he 
was  struck  by  a  train  and  killed.  lie  and 
his  family  were  members  of  Zion's  Evan- 
gelical Church.  Railway  men  and  people 
in  many  walks  of  life  have  a  kindly  re- 
membrance of  the  late  Rudolph  Martin, 
who  was  possessed  of  many  sterling  char- 
acteristics and  was  one  who  gave  service 
to  others  as  well  as  those  immediately  de- 
pendent upon  him.  He  was  a  democrat 
in  politics.  The  old  Martin  home,  where 
these  parents  lived  for  so  many  years,  is 
on  what  is  now  Noble  Street,  near  Me 
Carty. 

Henry  Rudolph  Martin  grew  up  in  In- 
dianapolis, attended  the  public  schools,  a 
German  private  school,  and  took  a  thor- 
ough course  at  the  old  C.  C.  Koerner  Busi- 


1894 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ness  College.  He  became  proficient  and  ex- 
pert in  accountancy,  and  from  school  he 
went  to  work  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the 
general  agent  of  the  Big  Pour  Railway. 
He  was  there  two  years,  and  was  then  ad- 
vanced to  chief  clerk  in  the  ticket  account- 
ing department  of  the  same  line.  In  1882, 
when  the  general  headquarters  of  the  Big 
Four  system  were  removed  to  Cleveland, 
he  went  with  the  offices  to  that  city,  but 
a  year  later  entered  the  service  of  the  Erie 
Railway,  in  the  office  of  Russell  Elliott, 
who  was  then  auditor  of  the  Erie  with 
headquarters  at  Chicago. 

It  was  then  in  1884  that  Henry  R.  Mar- 
tin became  identified  with  the  Indianapolis 
Union  Railroad.  For  all  his  experience 
he  was  still  a  young  man,  only  twenty -five, 
and  with  a  service  of  over  thirty  years  be- 
fore him  he  rendered  himself  valuable  in 
many  conspicuous  ways  to  the  corporation. 
H*  was  at  first  chief  clerk  to  D.  R.  Don- 
ough,  was  finally  appointed  ticket  agent, 
and  in  November,  1916,  was  promoted  to 
secretary-treasurer  of  the  railway  com- 
pany. He  also  became  widely  known  in 
other  business  and  civic  interests.  He  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  People's  Mu- 
tual Savings  and  Loan  Association,  and 
served  as  director,  secretary  and  treasurer. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  and  a 
director  of  the  Fountain  Square  Bank. 
Mr.  Martin  was  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Board  of  Trade,  and  was  affiliated 
with  Mystic  Tie  Lodge  No.  398,  Free  and 
Accepted.  Masons,  Keystone  Chapter  No. 
6,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Council  No.  2, 
Royal  and  Select  Masters.  Nominally  a 
democrat,  he  cast  his  vote  according  to  the 
dictates  of  his  independent  judgment. 

January  4,  1893,  he  married  Grace  Don- 
ough,  daughter  of  Daniel  R.  and  Mary 
(Miller)  Donough.  Her  mother's  father, 
Mr.  Miller,  had  been  identified  with  the 
management  of  'the  Indianapolis  Union 
Railroad  before  Daniel  R.  Donough  came 
to  assume  any  importance  in  its  affairs, 
and  taking  the  Martin  family  in  its  com- 
plete relationship,  including  a  son  of  the 
late  H.  R.  Martin,  four  generations  have 
been  connected  with  the  Indianapolis 
Union. 

Mr.  Martin  is  survived  by  his  widow, 
Mrs.  Martin,  and  four  children.  The  old- 
est, Bernice,  is  the  wife  of  Henry  D.  Wiese 
of  Peoria,  Illinois.  Dorothy  is  the  wife  of 
Lewis  Q.  Clark  of  Indianapolis.  Freder- 


ick Donough  was  in  the  auditor's  office  of 
the  Indianapolis  Union  Railway  Company 
until  his  enlistment  in  the  Naval  Reserves 
and  is  now  stationed  at  the  Great  Lakes 
Training  Station.  The  youngest  of  the 
family  is  Lillian  Josephine.  The  late  Mr. 
Martin  was  an  earnest  supporter  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Second  English  Lutheran 
Church,  and  that  is  also  the  church  of  his 
family.  Mr.  Martin  was  a  very  charitable 
man,  ever  ready  to  sacrifice  time  and 
money  to  help  those  in  need,  and  many  a 
young  man  was  given  opportunity  to  ad- 
vancement through  his  financial  help  and 
moral  encouragement. 

JAMES  D.  WILLIAMS  was  born  in  Pickens 
County,  Ohio,  but  in  childhood  he  moved 
with  his  parents  to  Knox  County,  Indiana, 
and  in  this  state  he  became  distinguished 
through  his  public  service.  He  was  fre- 
quently elected  as  a  democrat  to  represent 
his  district  in  the  Legislature,  and  in  1859 
was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1871  and  again  in  1874.  Two 
years  later,  in  1876,  he  was  the  choice  of 
his  party  for  governor  of  Indiana,  and  was 
elected  to  that  high  office.  He  was  well 
qualified  both  by  experience  and  thorough 
knowledge  to  discharge  the  duties  devolv- 
ing upon  him. 

The  death  of  Governor  Williams  oc- 
curred in  1880. 

WALTER  W.  BONNER  has  continuously 
for  over  thirty  years  been  cashier  of  the 
Third  National  Bank  of  Greensburg,  one 
of  the  largest  banks  in  point  of  resources 
in  any  town  of  the  size  of  Greensburg  in 
Indiana.  Mr.  Bonner  joined  the  Third 
National  Bank  when  it  was  organized  in 
1883,  and  has  been  continuously  identified 
with  its  growth  and  welfare  ever  since. 

The  Third  National  Bank  had  among  its 
original  officials  John  E.  Robbins,  Thomas 
M.  Hamilton,  S.  A.  Bonner,  James  Hart, 
Morgan  L.  Miers,  Charles  Zoller  and  A. 
Reiter.  Some  of  these  names  still  appear 
on  the  directorate.  The  present  directors 
are  Morgan  L.  Miers,  Frank  R.  Robbins, 
Charles  Zoller,  Louis  Zoller,  Elbert  E. 
Meek,  George  P.  Shoemaker  and  Walter 
W.  Bonner.  Morgan  L.  Miers  is  president, 
Louis  Zoller,  vice  president,  and  Walter 
W.  Bonner  is  cashier.  At  the  close  of  the 
business  year  of  1918  the  Third  National 
Bank  had  a  total  aggregate  of  resources 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1895 


of  approximately  $1,183,000.  The  bank 
has  a  capital  of  $150,000,  surplus  and 
profits  of  upwards  of  $100,000,  and  its  de- 
posits are  over  $850,000. 

Mr.  Bonner  represents  some  of  the  oldest 
names  in  the  history  of  Decatur  County. 
His  great-grandfather  was  a  Scotch  Pres- 
byterian who  left  his  home  in  the  north  of 
Ireland  toward  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century  and  on  coming  to  America  settled 
on  a  plantation  near  Anderson,  South 
Carolina,  not  far  from  the  historic  plan- 
tation which  in  after  years  was  the  home 
of  the  great  southern  statesman  and  nulli- 
fier  John  ,C.  Calhoun.  On  that  plantation 
James  Bonner  was  born,  was  reared  near 
Abbeville,  South  Carolina,  and  there  mar- 
ried Mary  P.  Foster.  Her  father,  James 
Foster,  was  also  a  native  of  the  north  of 
Ireland,  and  was  a  South  Carolina  farmer, 
but  in  1837  came  to  Indiana  and  settled 
on  a  farm  in  the  Springhill  neighborhood 
of  Decatur  County,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  days.  James  Bonner  came  to 
Decatur  County  in  1836. 

Walter  "W.  Bonner  was  born  near  Spring- 
hill  in  Decatur  County,  July  30,  1860, 
and  is  a  son  of  William  H.  and  Narcissa 
E.  (Elliott)  Bonner.  William  H.  Bonner, 
who  was  born  in  Wilcox  County,  Alabama, 
grew  up  on  the  home  farm  near  Springhill 
and  spent  all  his  active  career  as  an  agri- 
culturist. None  the  less  his  influence  was 
not  confined  to  his  immediate  country  dis- 
trict and  the  farm,  and  he  played  an  in- 
fluential role  in  republic  politics  and  in 
civic  affairs  generally.  In  1868  he  was 
elected  and  served  one  term  as  representa- 
tive of  his  county  in  the  State  Legislature, 
declining  renomination.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber and  for  many  years  a  ruling  elder  of 
the  United  Presbyterian  Church.  The 
death  of  this  good  citizen  of  Decatur  Coun- 
ty occurred  August  12, 1874.  His  first  wife 
was  Almira  L.  Hamilton,  a  sister  of 
Thomas  M.  Hamilton.  Narcissa  E.  Elliott, 
who  became  his  second  wife,  was  the 
mother  of  two  sons  and  one  daughter: 
Henry  E.,  a  Decatur  County  farmer ;  Wal- 
ter W. ;  and  Mary  F. 

Walter  W.  Bonner  spent  his  early  life 
on  his  father's  farm,  attended  the  dis- 
trict schools  of  Fugit  Township  and  later 
Indiana  University  at  Bloomington.  In 
1881  he  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office 
of  Miller  &  Gavin  at  Greensburg,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  Decatur 


Circuit  Court  in  1882,  but  considered  that 
his  best  interests  would  be  served  by  tak- 
ing the  position  of  bookkeeper  offered  him 
at  the  time  the  Third  National  Bank  was 
opened.  In  1884  he  was  made  assistant 
cashier,  and  became  cashier  on  February  3, 
1887. 

September  15,  1884,  Mr.  Bonner  married 
Libbie  Donnell,  of  Springhill.  Their  only 
child,  Ruth,  is  the  wife  of  Homer  G.  Meek, 
and  is  the  mother  of  two  daughters,  Mary 
Lois  and  Jean  Bonner  Meek. 

ROLL  W.  MOORE.  A  great  loss  to  the 
business  and  social  community  of  Kokomo 
and  its  citizenship  resulted  from  the  death 
of  Roll  W.  Moore  on  November  30,  1918. 
He  was  a  man  of  fine  intelligence  and  char- 
acter, had  resided  in  Kokomo  his  entire  life 
and  had  become  a  leader  of  the  younger 
element  and  an  energetic  factor  in  the  busi- 
ness affairs  of  the  city. 

A  number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Moore  pur- 
chased a  controlling  interest  in  the  well 
known  house  of  the  Vrooman-Smith  Print- 
ing Company  of  Kokomo.  He  devoted 
such  fine  energies  and  careful  management 
to  the  business  that  it  has  become  one  of 
the  most  prominent  printing  establish- 
ments in  the  state.  It  does  a  large  volume 
of  the  business  stationery,  official  printing 
and  other  typographical  work  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Moore  was  the  general  manager  and 
principal  owner  of  this  business,  and  a  few 
years  before  his  death  he  associated  with 
him  as  assistant  managers  Herman  Weibers 
and  H.  M.  Hale,  who  in  connection  with 
the  estate  of  Mr.  Moore  are  now  success- 
fully managing  the  enterprise.  The  orig- 
inal owners  of  the  business  and  from  whom 
is  derived  the  name  of  the  company  are 
no  longer  connected  with  it. 

Roll  W.  Moore  was  born  in  the  City 
of  Kokomo  May  15,  1880,  and  was  the  son 
of  Daniel  W.  and  Mary  E.  (Terrell) 
Moore.  His  parents  were  of  sturdy  pioneer 
stock,  and  his  father  until  his  death  a  few 
years  ago  was  a  leading  business  man  of 
the  city. 

Roll  W.  Moore  was  the  youngest  of  five 
children,  all  of  whom  are  still  living.  He 
attended  the  Kokomo  public  schools,  grad- 
uating from  the  high  school  with  the  class 
of  1898  and  afterward  studied  at  Butler 
College  at  Indianapolis,  where  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Delta  Tau  Delta  fraternity. 
After  leaving  college  his  first  business  con- 


1896 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


nection  was  with  the  Howard  National 
Bank  of  Kokomo,  Indiana,  where  he  en- 
joyed numerous  promotions  until  he  ac- 
cepted a  position  as  cashier  with  the  Koko- 
mo Trust  Company,  from  which  employ- 
ment he  resigned  in  1910  to  take  charge  of 
the  Vrooman-Smith  Printing  Company,  of 
which  he  afterward  became  sole  proprietor. 

Mr.  Moore  united  in  marriage  on  June 
12,  1907,  with  Miss  Maude  Ray,  daughter 
of  Webster  B.  Ray,  formerly  city  engineer 
of  Kokomo.  Mrs.  Moore  is  a  woman  of 
high  attainments  and  fine  education,  being 
a  graduate  of  Hanover  College  of  Madi- 
son, Indiana.  Mr.  Moore  leaves  surviving 
him  also  three  children,  Mary  Louise,  born 
April  27,  1908;  Martha  Frances,  born 
March  24,  1911;  and  Earl  Terrell,  born 
August  15,  1916. 

Mr.  Moore  was  a  very  public  spirited 
citizen  and  gave  his  time  freely  to  all  en- 
terprises for  the  welfare  of  Kokomo  and 
its  participation  in  patriotic  movements. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Main  Street  Chris- 
tian Church,  and  was  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks.  He  was  a  re- 
publican, a  member  of  the  Kokomo  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  the  Country  Club  and  a 
charter  member  of  the  Kokomo  Rotary 
Club. 

HARRINGTON  BOYD  has  had  a  long  and 
active  career  as  a  business  man  and  mer- 
chant in  Decatur  and  Jennings  County, 
and  since  the  organization  of  the  Union 
Trust  Company  of  Greensburg  has  given 
all  his  time  to  that  prospering  institution 
in  the  capacity  of  secretary  and  treasurer. 
The  Union  Trust  Company  was  organized 
in  1916,  and  in  March  of  that  year  its  total 
resources  were  about  $440,000.  The  origi- 
nal officers  and  directors  were :  John  H. 
Christian,  president;  Louis  Zoller,  vice 
president ;  Harrington  Boyd,  secretary  and 
treasurer ;  and  other  directors  were  W.  W. 
Bonner,  James  B.  Lathrop,  Frank  Rob- 
bins,  James  M.  Woodfill,  Isaac  Sefton  and 
William  H.  Robbins. 

At  the  close  of  1918  the  Union  Trust 
Company  made  a  showing  of  total  re- 
sources of  $562.000,  with  capital  and  sur- 
plus of  $100,000  and  with  over  $400,000 
in  savings  deposits.  The  executive  officers 
are  the  same  today  as  in  1916. 

Harrington  Boyd  was  born  November  18, 


1863,  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana,  son 
of  William  and  Jane  (Dickerson)  Boyd. 
His  father  was  a  substantial  farmer  of 
Jennings  County,  and  spent  his  life  there 
where  he  died  in  1906.  He  was  an  active 
democrat.  He  was  twice  married,  and  by 
his  first  wife  had  seven  children  and  by 
the  second  one  child,  but  Harrington  is 
the  only  one  now  living. 

The  latter  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Jennings  County, 
attended  college,  and  for  four  years  taught 
school  in  Jennings  and  Decatur  counties. 
He  went  into  business  for  himself  as  a  gen- 
eral merchant  at  Letts  in  Decatur  County, 
but  later  confined  his  stock  to  hardware 
and  implements,  and  continued  one  of  the 
successful  business  men  of  that  locality  for 
fifteen  years.  He  came  from  Letts  to 
Greensburg  to  enter  the  Union  Trust  Com- 
pany as  secretary  and  treasurer.  Much  of 
the  success  of  the  company  is  due  to  his 
wide  acquaintance  and  his  thorough  busi- 
ness efficiency. 

Mr.  Boyd  is  a  Royal  Arch  and  Council 
Mason,  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
a  democrat  in  politics  and  a  Baptist.  He 
is  married  and  has  one  daughter,  Mrs. 
Jackson  Butterfield  of  Cincinnati.  Her 
husband  is  Captain  Butterfield  of  the  Na- 
tional Army. 

S.  P.  MINEAR.  Hardly  any  name  is 
better  known  in  business  circles  of  Greens- 
burg than  Minear,  which  through  father 
and  son  has  been  associated  with  some  of 
the  largest  and  most  fundamental  mercan- 
tile activities  in  that  city  for  half  a  cen- 
tury. 

The  founder  of  these  business  interests 
was  the  late  E.  R.  Minear,  who  was  born 
at  Phillipi,  West  Virginia,  and  died  at 
Greensburg  in  1913.  He  was  a  California 
forty-niner,  having  gone  overland  during 
the  exciting  days  of  adventure  in  the  far 
west.  Later  he  returned  to  Ohio,  and  in 
1863  established  his  home  at  Greensburg 
in  Decatur  County.  Here  he  engaged  in 
the  dry  goods  business,  and  he  always  took 
pride  in  the  progress  of  his  home  locality, 
serving  as  a  member  of  the  City  Council 
for  several  years  and  was  an  ardent  re- 
publican. 

He  went  into  business  with  a  partner, 
and  from  the  small  volume  of  annual  sales 
during  the  first  few  years  developed  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1897 


store  and  his  trade  until  at  the  close  of 
the  partnership  the  annual  sales  aggre- 
gated over  $100,000. 

S.  P.  Minear  was  born  in  Athens  County, 
Ohio,  November  5,  1861,  being  a  son  of 
E.  R.  and  Rosa  S.  (Self)  Minear,  and  was 
about  three  years  old  when  brought  to 
Greensburg.  He  was  reared  and  educated 
there  and  had  a  business  training  under 
his  father.  Later  he  bought  the  interest  of 
his  father's  partner,  and  the  firm  name 
was  changed  to  E.  R.  Minear  &  Son.  After 
his  father  retired  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Louis  Zoller,  and  for  fifteen 
years  Minear  &  Zoller 's  establishment 
stood  as  one  of  the  business  landmarks  of 
the  city.  Mr.  Minear  acquired  his  part- 
ner's interests,  and  then  incorporated  the 
S.  P.  Minear  Company,  of  which  he  is 
president. 

Mr.  Minear  is  a  republican  and  has  been 
keenly  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his 
party,  but  even  more  in  the  welfare  of 
his  home  city.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
county  council.  Mr.  Minear  is  president  of 
the  Citizens  National  Bank  of  Greensburg, 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Union 
Trust  Company  and  is  a  director  of  the 
City  Trust  Company  of  Indianapolis.  For 
several  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  and  is  a  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  was 
the  first  exalted  ruler  of  the  Greensburg 
Lodge  of  Elks.  He  is  also  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  During  the  war  he 
served  as  county  chairman  for  the  Red 
Cross  and  Mrs.  Minear  was  one  of  the 
leading  workers  in  that  organization,  as 
she  has  always  been  in  social  affairs  gen- 
erally. In  1904,  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Minear  married  Miss  Kate  Smith,  daughter 
of  Charles  W.  Smith  of  that  city.  Mrs. 
Minear  is  a  graduate  of  the  Indianapolis 
High  School. 

PERRY  EDWARDS  POWELL,  A.  M.,  PH.  D. 
The  work  by  which  his  name  has  become 
widely  known  all  over  Indiana  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  Doctor  Powell  has  done  as  a 
minister  and  lecturer,  and  through  an 
active  connection  with  a  number  of  boys 
movements,  particularly  the  Boy  Scouts 
and  the  Woodcraft  League.  Doctor  Powell 
now  resides  at  Indianapolis  and  has  re- 
cently given  that  city  one  of  its  highest 
class  and  exclusive  apartment  hotels. 

He  is  a  grandson  of  John  Powell,  rep- 

Vol.  IT—  Zl 


resenting  one  of  the  oldest  families  of 
Henry  County.  John  Powell  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  July  22,  1806,  son  of  Thomas 
and  Nancy  Powell,  both  natives  of  Wales, 
who  came  to  the  United  States  in  1801. 
About  1815,  at  the  close  of  the  War  of 
1812,  the  family  moved  to  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio,  near  Cincinnati,  where 
Thomas  Powell  died.  In  1824  John  Powell 
came  to  Connersville,  Indiana,  and  was 
in  the  teaming  and  freighting  business 
for  several  years.  In  1827  he  located  at 
Newcastle,  and  as  a  tanner  bought  two 
establishments  of  that  nature  and  de- 
veloped a  larjje  and  successful  business, 
which  he  carried  on  for  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century.  He  imported  his  hides  from 
as  far  south  as  New  Orleans,  and  his  busi- 
ness was  thus  of  (mpre  than  local  im- 
portance. He  was  identified  with  the 
building  of  the  old  Whitewater  Canal,  and 
in  1847  was  elected  to  represent  Henry 
County  in  the  Legislature.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  most  liberal  contributors  to  the 
Methodist  Church  of  Newcastle.  During 
the  cholera  epidemic  in  1833  and  1849 
both  he  and  his  wife  refused  to  desert 
their  posts  and  remained  in  town  nursing 
the  sick.  John  Powell  died  May  17,  1859. 
He  was  twice  married,  his  second  wife  and 
the  mother  of  his  children  being  Betsey 
Creek,  who  was  born  in  Union  County, 
Indiana,  November  30,  1813. 

Dr.  Perry  Edwards  Powell  was  born  at 
Newcastle  and  is  a  son  of  Martin  L.  and 
Susannah  Rebecca  (Byer)  Powell.  His 
parents  were  married  in  1862,  fifty-six 
years  ago,  and  are  still  living  at  Newcastle, 
esteemed  not  only  for  the  remarkable  vigor 
and  vitality  of  their  lives  but  also  for  the 
worthy  part  they  have  played  in  the  com- 
munity. Nine  children  were  born  to  them, 
six  sons  and  three  daughters,  and  all  these 
children  are  still  living  and  not  one  has 
ever  required  any  care  on  account  of  sick- 
ness. Martin  L.  Powell  was  born  at  New- 
castle in  1839,  and  is  still  living  on  the  site 
of  his  birthplace.  For  a  long  number  of 
years  he  was  a  merchant.  His  store  build- 
ing acquired  more  than  local  fame  as  the 
"Powell  mud  house"  on  account  of  its 
concrete  construction.  It  was  probably  the 
first  building  of  that  type  of  construction 
in  Indiana,  and  one  of  the  first  in  the 
United  States.  It  was  built  in  1872,  and 
the  ideas  that  were  carried  out  in  the  con- 
struction came  to  Martin  Powell  duripg 


1898 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


his  visit  to  Paris  in  1872.  He  put  up  the 
building  the  same  year  after  his  return 
from  Europe.  Martin  Powell,  as  everyone 
at  Newcastle  knows,  presents  a  figure  of 
remarkable  physical  and  intellectual  vital- 
ity. Even  now,  in  the  shadow  of  his  eight- 
ieth year,  he  is  as  athletic  as  many  men 
half  his  age.  He  is  also  regarded  as  the 
chief  depository  of  historical  information 
in  Henry  County.  Both  the  newspapers  at 
Newcastle  refer  to  him  constantly  for  sta- 
tistics and  facts  regarding  people  and 
events,  and  his  memory  is  seldom  at  fault 
concerning  anything  that  happened  there 
since  his  earliest  boyhood. 

Perry  Edwards  Powell  is  a  graduate  of 
the  Newcastle  High  School  and  of  DePauw 
University  at  Greencastle.  He  holds  the 
degrees  of  A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.,  and  was 
formerly  a  member  of  the  Northern  In- 
diana Conference  as  a  minister  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  Doctor 
Powell  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Boy 
Scout  movement  in  America  and  has  the 
distinction  of  being  the  first  Scout  Master 
for  Indiana.  He  was  invited  and  attended 
a  meeting  with  Colonel  Wakefield,  the  rep- 
resentative of  Baden-Powell  of  England, 
upon  the  arrival  of  Colonel  "Wakefield  in 
New  York  some  years  ago  to  inaugurate 
the  Boy  Scout  movement  in  this  country. 
Out  of  that  grew  his  appointment  as  the 
first  Scout  Master  of  the  state.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  identified  with  this  and 
other  movements  affecting  the  welfare  and 
training  of  boys,  and  the  Woodcraft 
League  of  which  he  is  now  an  active  mem- 
ber has  as  its  head  Sir  Ernest  Thompson- 
Seton,  the  eminent  naturalist  and  author. 
Doctor  Powell  is  the  founder  and  was  the 
Supreme  Merlin  of  the  Knights  of  the 
Holy  Grail.  For  some  time  past  he  has 
been  a  lecturer  for  the  Anti-Saloon 
League  of  Indiana.  Doctor  Powell  came 
to  Indianapolis  to  make  his  permanent 
home  in  1912.  His  home  is  a  beautiful 
place  at  Broad  Ripple.  In  business  affairs 
he  has  been  prospered  and  has  done  much 
of  a  constructive  nature,  and  in  the  im- 
provement of  real  estate  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  conspicuous  examples  of  his  activity, 
and  perhaps  the  most  prominent  was  the 
building  on  North  Meridian  Street  in  In- 
dianapolis of  the  Haddon  Hall  Apartment 
Hotel,  completed  in  1918.  It  is  a  beauti- 
ful and  costly  structure,  modeled  after 
but  in  many  ways  surpassing  the  finest 


apartment  hotels  of  the  country.  There 
are  twenty-seven  individual  apartments  in 
the  building,  each  with  every  comfort  and 
convenience,  while  the  group  facilities 
comprise  parlors,  reception  rooms,  billiard 
room,  and  all  other  facilities  that  enhance 
the  social  privileges  of  the  tenants.  It  is 
a  unique  building  for  Indianapolis,  and 
represents  the  last  word  not  only  in  con- 
struction but  in  the  quality  and  character 
of  its  service. 

Doctor  Powell  married  Louise  S.  Smith. 
She  is  a  direct  descendant  of  Pastor  Rob- 
inson of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  through 
her  mother  is  related  to  the  Lewis  family 
of  New  England.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Powell 
have  one  daughter,  Harriet  Emily  Powell. 

Miss  MARY  DINGLE  has  been  a  factor  in 
the  mercantile  life  of  Newcastle  for  many 
years,  and  starting  with  only  the  skill  of 
her  hands  and  with  neither  capital  nor 
influence  has  built  up  a  business  which  is 
now  known  over  a  radius  of  fifty  miles 
around  Newcastle  and  is  one  of  the  most 
complete  millinery  and  woman's  furnish- 
ing goods  establishment  in  Eastern 
Indiana. 

Miss  Dingle  was  born  in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  near  the  City  of  Washington, 
a  daughter  of  George  and  Catherine 
(Dake)  Dingle.  Her  father  was  born  at 
Epfelbach  and  her  mother  in  Wuertem- 
berg,  Germany,  and  both  came  to  America 
when  young.  The  mother  came  with  a 
sister  to  this  country.  They  were  married 
in  Washington,  and  were  the  parents  of 
ten  children,  two  daughters  and  eight  sons. 

Miss  Dingle  was  a  small  child  when  her 
parents  came  to  Newcastle,  and  she  re- 
ceived her  education  here  in  the  public 
schools.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  she  began 
learning  the  dressmaking  trade  and  several 
years  later  she  opened  her  first  millinery 
store  on  Broad  Street.  In  the  meantime 
her  mother  had  died  and  a  large  part  of 
the  financial  responsibility  as  well  as  the 
personal  care  of  the  younger  children  de- 
volved upon  her.  She  helped  educate  sev- 
eral of  her  brothers.  Miss  Dingle  remained 
in  her  first  location  fifteen  years,  and  in 
1905  moved  to  larger  quarters  on  the  same 
street  and  was  located  there  twelve  years. 
A  fire  discontinued  her  business  activities 
at  that  point  and  following  that  for  a 
year  she  was  located  in  the  Union  Block 
and  for  three  years  in  the  Albright  Build' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1899 


ing.  In  March,  1917,  she  came  to  her  pres- 
ent location  at  1321  Broad  Street,  and  this 
is  the  store  where  she  serves  her  large 
and  exclusive  trade.  Miss  Dingle  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

t 

r 

CLEM  MILLER  is  senior  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Miller  &  Hendricks,  paints  and  wall 
paper,  at  Newcastle.  Mr.  Miller  has  been 
in  this  business  since  early  manhood, 
learned  the  painting  trade  when  a  youth, 
and  has  pursued  it  successfully  through 
the  different  stages  of  journeyman,  con- 
tractor and  merchant. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  at  Hillsboro  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  in  1878,  son  of 
Frederick  and  Amanda  (Evans)  Miller. 
He  is  of  German  and  Welsh  ancestry.  His 
grandfather,  Ambrose  Miller,  when  eight 
years  of  age  came  on  a  sailing  vessel  from 
the  old  country  and  settled  with  relatives 
in  Pennsylvania.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight,  having  married,  he  moved  to  Indiana 
and  located  near  Hagerstown  in  "Wayne 
County.  He  was  a  farm  laborer  there 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  days  in  that  neigh- 
borhood, bringing  up  a  family.  Frederick 
Miller  was  a  farmer  for  many  years, 
but  he  and  his  wife  now  reside  at  Messick, 
Indiana,  where  he  is  engaged  in  the  poul- 
try business. 

Clem  Miller  secured  his  early  education 
in  county  schools  at  Messick,  attended. high 
school  at  Moreland  three  years,  and  in 
1898  graduated  from  Spiceland  Academy. 
He  then  went  to  work  in  the  paint  and  wall 
paper  business  with  A.  H.  Downing  at 
Moreland,  and  for  three  years  was  busily 
employed  learning  his  trade  and  doing 
practical  work  in  this  line.  Coming  to 
Newcastle  Mr.  Miller  was  in  the  drug  store 
of  Edward  Smith  two  years  and  in  1901 
entered  business  for  himself  as  a  con- 
tractor in  paint  and  wall  paper.  Some 
years  later  he  opened  a  retail  wall  paper 
and  paint  store  at  the  corner  of  Fifteenth 
and  Race  streets,  and  that  was  his  location 
three  years.  Selling  out  in  1914,  he  and 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  formed  the  present 
partnership  and  bought  out  the  old  es- 
tablished business  of  Grant  Lowe  on  West 
Broad  Street.  Miller  &  Hendricks  soon 
moved  their  establishment  to  210  South 
Fourteenth  Street,  where  they  remained 
two  years  and  then  came  to  their  present 
headquarters  at  110  North  Fourteenth 
Street.  They  have  a  general  line  of  paints 


and  wall  paper,  and  supply  a  town  and 
country  trade  for  twenty-five  miles  around 
Newcastle. 

Mr.  Miller  married  in  1900  Miss  Maude 
Tinkle,  daughter  of  Harvey  and  Rebecca 
(Smith)  Tinkle  of  Moreland,  Indiana. 
They  have  three  children :  Marguerite,  born 
in  1904 ;  Martha  Louise,  born  in  1912 ;  and 
Freda  June,  born  in  1914.  Mr.  Miller  is 
an  independent  in  politics  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Brethren  Church. 

HON.  ROBERT  W.  MCBRIDE.  As  a  Union 
soldier,  fifty  years  a  lawyer,  former  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  and 
a  man  of  many  attractive  tastes  and  pur- 
suits, Judge  McBride  has  filled  his  life 
full  of  useful  activities  and  honorable  dis- 
tinctions. 

He  was  born  in  Richland  County,  Ohio, 
January  25,  1842,  son  of  Augustus  and 
Martha  A.  (Barnes)  McBride.  His  pa- 
ternal grandfather  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  came  to  America  and  set- 
tled in  a  community  of  Scotch-Irish  in 
Washington  County,  Pennsylvania.  Au- 
gustus McBride  was  a  native  of  Washing- 
ton County  and  when  he  was  an  infant 
his  parents  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  grew 
up  with  a  limited  education.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  carpenter  and  was  a  skillful 
workman  and  by  that  pursuit  provided  for 
the  needs  of  his  family.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  enlisted  in  an 
Ohio  Volunteer  Regiment,  and  while  his 
command  was  stationed  in  the  captured 
City  of  Mexico  he  died  in  February,  1848, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-nine.  He  was  a  faith- 
ful member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  Augustus  McBride  married  Mar- 
tha A.  Barnes,  a  native  of  Richland 
County,  Ohio,  and  daughter  of  Wesley 
and  Mary  (Smith)  Barnes.  Her  father, 
born  in  Virginia  in  1794,  of  English  lin- 
eage, took  up  his  residence  in  the  frontier 
district  of  Richmond  County,  Ohio,  in 
1816,  and  reclaimed  a  farm  from  the  wild- 
erness. He  finally  settled  near  Kirkville, 
Iowa,  where  he  died  in  1862,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-eight.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
an  American  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
Judge  McBride 's  mother  married  for  her 
second  husband  James  Sirpless.  She  died 
in  1894,  on  a  farm  five  miles  from  Mans- 
field, Richmond  County,  Ohio,  only  a  half 
mile  from  the  spot  of  her  birth.  She  was 


; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ing.  In  March,  1917,  she  came  to  her  pres- 
ent location  at  1321  Broad  Street,  and  this 
is  the  store  where  she  serves  her  large 
and  exclusive  trade.  Miss  Dingle  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

r 

CLEM  MILLER  is  senior  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Miller  &  Hendricks,  paints  and  wall 
paper,  at  Newcastle.  Mr.  Miller  has  been 
in  this  business  since  early  manhood, 
learned  the  painting  trade  when  a  youth, 
and  has  pursued  it  successfully  through 
the  different  stages  of  journeyman,  con- 
tractor and  merchant. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  at  Hillsboro  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  in  1878,  son  of 
Frederick  and  Amanda  (Evans)  Miller. 
He  is  of  German  and  Welsh  ancestry.  His 
grandfather,  Ambrose  Miller,  when  eight 
years  of  age  came  on  a  sailing  vessel  from 
the  old  country  and  settled  with  relatives 
in  Pennsylvania.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight,  having  married,  he  moved  to  Indiana 
and  located  near  Hagerstown  in  "Wayne 
County.  He  was  a  farm  laborer  there 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  days  in  that  neigh- 
borhood, bringing  up  a  family.  Frederick 
Miller  was  a  farmer  for  many  years, 
but  he  and  his  wife  now  reside  at  Messick. 
Indiana,  where  he  is  engaged  in  the  poul- 
try business. 

Clem  Miller  secured  his  early  education 
in  county  schools  at  Messick,  attended. high 
school  at  Moreland  three  years,  and  in 
1898  graduated  from  Spiceland  Academy. 
He  then  went  to  work  in  the  paint  and  wall 
paper  business  with  A.  H.  Downing  at 
Moreland,  and  for  three  years  was  busily 
employed  learning  his  trade  and  doing 
practical  work  in  this  line.  Coining  to 
Newcastle  Mr.  Miller  was  in  the  drug  store 
of  Edward  Smith  two  years  and  in  1901 
entered  business  for  himself  as  a  con- 
tractor in  paint  and  wall  paper.  Some 
years  later  be  opened  a  retail  wall  paper 
and  paint  store  at  the  corner  of  Fifteenth 
and  Race  streets,  and  that  was  his  location 
three  years.  Selling  out  in  1914,  he  and 
Thomas  A.  Hendricks  formed  the  present 
partnership  and  bought  out  the  old  es- 
tablished business  of  Grant  Lowe  on  West 
Broad  Street.  Miller  &  Hendricks  soon 
moved  their  establishment  to  210  South 
Fourteenth  Street,  where  they  remained 
two  years  and  then  came  to  thoir  present 
headquarters  at  110  North  Fourteenth 
Street.  They  have  a  general  line  of  paints 


and  wall  paper,  and  supply  a  town  and 
country  trade  for  twenty-five  miles  around 
Newcastle. 

Mr.  Miller  married  in  1900  Miss  Maude 
Tinkle,  daughter  of  Harvey  and  Rebecca 
(Smith)  Tinkle  of  Moreland,  Indiana. 
They  have  three  children  :  Marguerite,  bom 
in  1904:  Martha  Louise,  born  in  1912;  and 
Freda  June,  born  in  1914.  Mr.  Miller  is 
an  independent  in  politics  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Brethren  Church. 

Hox.  ROBERT  W.  MC-BRIDE.  As  a  Union 
soldier,  fifty  years  a  lawyer,  former  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  and 
a  man  of  many  attractive  tastes  and  pur- 
suits, Judge  McBride  has  filled  his  life 
full  of  useful  activities  and  honorable  dis- 
tinctions. 

He  was  born  in  Richland  County,  Ohio. 
January  25,  1842,  son  of  Augustus  and 
Martha  A.  (Barnes)  McBride.  His  pa- 
ternal grandfather  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  soon  after  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  came  to  America  and  set- 
tled in  a  community  of  Scotch-Irish  in 
Washington  County,  Pennsylvania.  Au- 
gustus McBride  was  a  native  of  Washing- 
ton County  and  when  he  was  an  infant 
his  parents  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  grew 
up  with  a  limited  education.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  carpenter  and  was  a  skillful 
workman  and  by  that  pursuit  provided  for 
the  needs  of  his  family.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  enlisted  in  an 
Ohio  Volunteer  Regiment,  and  while  his 
command  was  stationed  in  the  captured 
City  of  Mexico  he  died  in  February,  1848, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-nine.  He  was  a  faith- 
ful member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  Augustus  McBride  married  Mar- 
tha A.  Barnes,  a  native  of  Richland 
County,  Ohio,  and  daughter  of  Wesley 
and  Mary  (Smith)  Barnes.  Her  father, 
born  in  Virginia  in  1794,  of  English  lin- 
eage, took  up  his  residence  in  the  frontier 
district  of  Richmond  County,  Ohio,  in 
1816,  and  reclaimed  a  farm  from  the  wild- 
erness. He  finally  settled  near  Kirkville. 
Iowa,  where  he  died  in  1862,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-eight.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of 
an  American  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 
Judge  McBride 's  mother  married  for  her 
second  husband  James  Sirpless.  She  died 
in  1894,  on  a  farm  five  miles  from  Mans- 
field, Richmond  County.  Ohio,  only  a  half 
mile  from  the  spot  of  her  birth.  She  was 


1900 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


seventy-two  years  of  age  when  she  died. 
By  her  first  marriage  she  had  three  sons 
and  one  daughter:  Judge  McBride,  Mary 
J.,  who  married  Robert  S.  McParland, 
James  N.  and  Thomas  N.  By  the  second 
marriage  there  were  four  children,  and  the 
three  still  living  are  Albert  B.,  William 
A.  and  Nellie,  widow  of  John  W.  Beeler. 

Judge  McBride  was  six  years  old  when 
his  father  died  in  Mexico.  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  went  with  an  uncle  to  Mahaska 
County,  Iowa,  and  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation partly  in  Ohio  and  partly  in  Iowa, 
finishing  in  the  Academy  at  Kirksville, 
Iowa.  For  three  years  he  also  taught  in 
Mahaska  County.  When  about  twenty 
years  of  age  he  returned  to  Ohio,  and  in 
November,  1863,  enlisted  in  the  Seventh 
Ohio  Independent  Squadron  of  Cavalry, 
otherwise  known  as  the  Union  Light  Guard 
of  Ohio.  He  was  a  non-commissioned  offi- 
cer in  this  company,  which  later  was  as- 
signed to  duty  as  a  body  guard  to  Presi- 
dent Lincoln.  Judge  McBride  is  one  of 
the  few  surviving  men  who  knew  Abraham 
Lincoln.  Among  other  pursuits  and  dis- 
tinctions of  his  mature  years  Judge  Mc- 
Bride has  turned  to  the  field  of  authorship 
and  has  contributed  to  the  literature  of 
the  Civil  war,  "The  History  of  the  Union 
Light  Guard  Cavalry  of  Ohio,"  also 
"Abraham  Lincoln's  Body  Guard,"  and 
"Personal  Recollections  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln." A  soldier  himself  and  descended 
of  military  ancestors,  he  has  always  taken 
a  keen  interest  in  military  affairs  and  for 
a  number  of  years  was  prominent  in  the 
Indiana  National  Guard,  serving  from 
1879  to  1893.  He  was  captain  of  his 
company  at  the  time  of  its  organization. 
This  company  subsequently  was  Company 
A  of  the  Third  Regiment,  and  he  was  the 
first  to  hold  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel 
and  afterwards  was  colonel.  He  resigned 
this  command  in  January,  1891.  For 
many  years  he  has  been  an  honored  mem- 
ber and  is  past  post  commander  of  George 
H.  Thomas  Post  No.  17,  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  at  Indianapolis,  and  Adju- 
tant General  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  in  1917-1918.  Judge  McBride 
was  given  his  honorable  discharge  from 
the  Union  Army  in  September,  1865. 

Then  followed  an  intensive  preparation 
for  the  duties  of  civil  life,  and  he  studied 
law  while  teaching  school  in  Ohio  and  In- 
diana. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 


Auburn,  DeKalb  County,  Indiana,  in 
April,  1867.  He  began  practice  at  Water- 
loo in  the  same  year  under  the  firm  name 
of  Best  &  McBride.  His  partner  was  a 
young  lawyer,  James  I.  Best,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Supreme  Court  Commission 
of  Indiana  throughout  its  existence  and 
later  became  prominent  in  the  bar  of 
Minnesota.  The  partnership  lasted  one 
year,  but  Judge  McBride  continued  prac- 
tice at  Waterloo  for  over  twenty  years. 
He  was  also  associated  for  a  time  with 
Joseph  L.  Morlan,  until  the  latter 's  death 
in  1879.  In  1882  he  was  elected  .judge  of 
thel  Thirty-Fifth  Judicial  Circuit,  com- 
prising the  counties  of  DeKalb,  Noble  and 
Steuben.  The  able  and  successful  lawyer 
always  makes  a  sacrifice  when  he  assumes 
the  duties  of  the  bench,  but  Judge  Mc- 
Bride's  services,  which  continued  for  six 
years,  until  1888,  brought  him,  aside  from 
the  material  sacrifices  involved,  some  of  the 
best  satisfactions  of  his  career  and  forti- 
fied the  dignity  and  high  standing  that  has 
since  been  his  beyond  the  power  of  en- 
vious fortune  to  take  away.  After  leav- 
ing the  bench  he  resumed  private  practice 
at  Waterloo,  but  in  1890  removed  to  Elk- 
hart.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  an 
associate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Indiana  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Judge  Joseph  S.  Mitchell.  He 
served  in  the  Supreme  Court  from  Decem- 
ber 17,  1890,  to  January  2,  1893.  While 
the  service  was  brief,  he  gained  added  dis- 
tinctions as  a  jurist,  and  his  name  is  con- 
nected with  a  number  of  notable  decisions 
found  in  the  Supreme  Court  Reports  of 
that  date. 

Since  retiring  from  the  bench  Judge 
McBride  has  been  in  active  practice  at  In- 
dianapolis. In  April,  1893,  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Caleb  S.  Denny.  Wil- 
liam M.  Aydelotte  was  admitted  to  the 
firm  in  1900,  and  was  subsequently  suc- 
ceeded by  George  L.  Denny,  son  of  Caleb 
Denny.  The  firm  continued  as  McBride, 
Denny  &  Denny  until  February,  1904, 
since  which  date  Judge  McBride  has  prac- 
ticed alone.  His  duties  for  a  number  of 
years  have  been  chiefly  as  counsel  and 
director  in  the  loan  department  of  the 
State  Life  Insurance  Company. 

Judge  McBride  is  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Bar  Association,  and  one  of  the 
honors  that  indicate  his  high  standing  in 
professional  circles  was  his  election  as 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1901 


president  of  the  Indiana  State  Bar  Asso- 
ciation for  the  term  1913-16.  Judge  Mc- 
Bride  is  a  man  of  cultivated  tastes  and 
possesses  an  unusual  range  of  interests  and 
studies.  These  are  indicated  by  his  mem- 
bership in  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Sci- 
ence, the  Indiana  Audubon  Society  and 
the  Indiana  Nature  Study  Club.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Columbia,  Marion  County, 
Country  and  Century  clubs,  the  Sons  of 
the  Revolution,  and  the  Indianapolis  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce,  and  has  long  been  prom- 
inent in  Masonry,  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows. His  Masonic  affiliations  are  with 
Pentalpha  Lodge,  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, Keystone  Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, Raper  Commandery,  Knights  Temp- 
lar, thirty-second  degree  of  the  Scottish 
Rite,  and  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  is  past  eminent  comminder 
of  Apollo  Commandery  No.  19,  Knights 
Templar,  at  Kendallville,  Indiana.  He  is 
a  member  of  Indianapolis  Lodge,  No.  465, 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
has  sat  in  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  state 
and  has  also  been  a  member  of  the  In- 
diana Grand  Lodge  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias. 

September  27,  1868,  Judge  McBride 
married  Miss  Ida  S.  Chamberlain.  She 
was  born  in  Ohio,  daughter  of  Dr.  James 
N.  and  Catherine  (Brink)  Chamberlain. 
Her  father  was  a  graduate  of  the  Western 
Reserve  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons at  Cleveland,  and  for  many  years 
carried  on  a  large  practice  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon  in  DeKalb  County,  Indiana. 
Judge  and  Mrs.  McBride  have  four  chil- 
dren :  Daisy  I.,  who  first  married  Freder- 
ick C.  Starr  and  afterwards  Kent  A. 
Cooper;  Charles  H.  McBride,  who  mar- 
ried Miss  Minnie  Cohu,  who  died  a  few 
months  later;  Herbert  W.  McBride;  and 
Martha  Catherine,  wife  of  James  P.  Hoster. 

JOHN  P.  ST.  JOHN  was  born  in  Brook- 
ville,  Indiana,  February  25,  1833,  a  son  of 
Samuel  and  Sophia  St.  John.  During  the 
Civil  war  he  served  as  a  captain  and  lieu- 
tenant colonel,  and  subsequently  he  became 
a  resident  of  Kansas.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Kansas  State  Senate  in  1872,  was  gov- 
ernor of  Kansas  1879-1883,  and  in  1884 
was  nominated  for  president  of  the  United 
States  on  the  prohibition  ticket.  The  home 
of  Mr.  St.  John  was  at  Olathe,  Kansas. 


RAY  DAVIS.  The  business  community  of 
Newcastle  appreciates  to  the  full  the  work 
and  service  rendered  by  Ray  Davis,  who 
has  been  identified  with  local  banking  since 
early  manhood  and  is  now  cashier  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Newcastle. 

Mr.  Davis  was  born  in  Newcastle  Feb- 
ruary 8,  1886,  son  of  Mark  and  Jennie 
(Allender)  Davis.  He  is  of  Welsh  and 
Scotch  ancestry.  The  first  ancestor  set- 
tled in  Pennsylvania  about  150  years  ago. 
His  great-grandfather  and  grandfather 
were  named  Aquilla  Davis,  and  were  Ohio 
farmers.  Grandfather  Aquilla  drove  over- 
land to  Indiana  in  1840.  Mark  Davis  was 
likewise  a  farmer  until  about  forty  years 
ago,  when  he  located  at  Newcastle  and  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  grocery  merchant. 
He  finally  sold  out  and  from  1899  to  1902 
was  county  auditor  of  Henry  County,  and 
since  leaving  that  office  has  been  retired. 
He  is  a  republican. 

Mr.  Ray  Davis  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Newcastle,  graduating  from 
high  school  in  1904.  He  acquired  a  good 
business  training  in  the  office  of  the  deputy 
county  auditor,  and  left  that  to  take  a 
position  as  bookkeeper  with  the  Central 
Trust  Company  in  1907.  He  was  with  that 
company  four  years,  and  was  then  its  sec- 
retary six  years.  Upon  the  reorganization 
and  the  chartering  of  the  First  National 
Bank  he  became  cashier  January  9,  1918. 
He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  the  bank  and 
has  acquired  a  number  of  other  interests 
in  his  native  city. 

In  April,  1908,  at  Newcastle,  Mr.  Davis 
married  Miss  Nellie  Peed,  daughter  of 
Evan  H.  and  Samantha  (Powell)  Peed. 
They  have  a  son,  Evan  R.,  born  in  1909. 
and  a  daughter  born  in  1919.  Mr.  Davis 
is  a  republican,  is  affiliated  with  Newcastle 
Lodge  No.  91,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  at 
Newcastle,  and  is  a  member  of  the  First 
Methodist  Church.  He  is  public  spirited 
in  every  sense,  alive  to  the  needs  of  his 
community,  and  is  ready  to  respond  with 
helpfulness  when  worthy  enterprises  re- 
quire his  assistance. 

THE  N.  P.  BOWSHER  COMPANY,  INCORPO- 
RATED. One  of  the  manufacturing  concerns 
which  have  contributed  to  the  prestige  and 
importance  of  South  Bend  as  a  center  of 
industrial  activity  is  the  N.  P.  Bowsher 


1902 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Company,  Inc.,  which  has  been  in  exist- 
ence here  since  1883.  Started  in  that  year 
in  a  modest  manner  by  Nelson  P.  Bowsher, 
it  has  since  grown  and  developed,  so  that 
today  it  occupies  an  important  place  among 
the  business  industries  of  the  flourishing 
community  and  its  products  are  known 
all  over  the  country. 

Nelson  P.  Bowsher  was  born  on  the 
homestead  farm  near  Ligonier,  Indiana, 
March  4,  1845,  and  grew  up  amid  agricul- 
tural scenes.  However,  he  did  not  adopt 
farming  as  his  vocation,  choosing  rather 
the  trade  of  cabinetmaker,  which  he  mas- 
tered at  Ligonier  and  which  he  followed 
at  that  point  until  1871.  In  that  year  he 
came  to  South  Bend  and  entered  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Keedy  &  Loomis  Flour  Mills, 
doing  millwright  work  for  a  year,  and  leav- 
ing that  concern  to  become  connected  with 
Bissell  &  De  Camp,  millwrights  and  ma- 
chinists, with  whom  he  remained  two  years. 
Next  he  became  a  pattern-maker  for  the 
Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works,  but  after  seven 
years  his  health  failed,  and  he  was  com- 
pelled to  seek  a  change  of  employment. 
While  employed  with  the  last  named  con- 
cern he  had  perfected  a  clever  invention, 
a  speed  indicator,  and  he  now  secured  a 
horse  and  wagon  and  began  traveling 
through  the  country,  selling  the  article. 
During  the  winter  months  he  would  remain 
at  South  Bend  and  manufacture  his 
product,  and  in  the  early  summer  would 
start  out  with  the  completed  articles.  In 
this  way  he  covered  the  country  east  as  far 
as  Albany,  New  York,  and  west  as  far  as 
the  Mississippi  River,  in  addition  to  which 
he  invaded  central  Kentucky  and  West 
Virginia.  At  the  end  of  three  years  of 
this  kind  of  work  Mr.  Bowsher  had  practi- 
cally recovered  his  health,  in  addition  to 
which  he  had  accumulated  sufficient  capital 
with  which  to  buy  out  the  job  machine 
shop  formerly  owned  by  J.  M.  Asire  &  Sons. 
In  that  little  structure  he  started  the  feed 
mill  business  which  has  since  grown  to 
such  large  proportions.  Mr.  Bowsher  soon 
had  the  assistance  of  his  sons  and  the  busi- 
ness developed  gradually,  and  after  twelve 
years  in  his  original  establishment  he  found 
it  necessary  that  he  secure  larger  quarters 
and  accordingly  purchased  the  present  site 
and  some  of  the  buildings  at  the  corner  of 
Sample  and  Webster  streets.  The  land  was 
owned  and  the  first  building  erected  on  it 
by  Schuyler  Colfax,  son  of  our  vice  presi- 


dent with  Grant.  Three  years  after  pur- 
chasing this  property  Mr.  Bowsher  died 
May  21,  1898.  While  he  had  not  lived  out 
man's  full  span  of  years,  he  had  at  least 
survived  to  see  his  business  in  a  prosperous 
and  healthy  condition,  and  to  know  that 
the  labor  to  which  he  had  given  the  best 
years  of  his  life  was  bearing  fruit.  Mr. 
Bowsher  was  a  man  of  the  utmost  integrity 
in  business,  esteemed  alike  by  associates 
and  competitors.  A  republican  in  politics, 
he  did  not  care  for  public  office,  but  was 
willing  to  discharge  the  duties  of  citizen- 
ship. At  one  time  he  gave  three  years  of 
active  service  at  much  sacrifice  to  himself, 
as  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
water  works.  It  was  under  this  board  that 
South  Bend's  fine  system  of  artesian  water 
supply  was  inaugurated  and  developed. 
At  his  death  his  was  the  first  bequest  tha* 
founded  the  Building  Fund  of  Epworth 
Hospital,  which  was  then  a  small  institu- 
tion working  in  rented  quarters.  As  a  con- 
sistent Christian  gentleman,  he  belonged 
to  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
and  to  the  official  board  thereof.  Frater- 
nally he  was  affiliated  with  South  Bend 
Lodge  No.  29,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows.  His  death  occurred  at  his  own 
home,  805  West  Washington  Avenue, 
which  is  now  owned  and  occupied  by  his 
son  D.  D.  Mr.  Bowsher  married  Clarissa 
Hostetter,  who  was  born  March  20,  1841, 
near  Ligonier,  and  died  at  South  Bend  Sep- 
tember 19.  1892,  and  they  had  two  sons: 
D.  D.  and  Jay  C.  Five  years  after  the 
death  of  his  first  wife  Mr.  Bowsher  married 
Miss  Laura  B.  Caskey.  Ten  years  later  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  K.  C.  DeRhodes. 

D.  D.  Bowsher,  president  and  treasurer 
of  the  N.  P.  Bowsher  Company,  Inc.,  was 
born  at  Ligonier  March  26.  1868,  a  son  of 
Nelson  P.  and  Clarissa  (Hostetter)  Bow- 
sher. The  paternal  grandfather,  Boston 
Bowsher,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1807, 
and  was  reared  in  the  Old  Dominion  state 
until  a  young  man,  at  which  time  he  re- 
moved with  his  parents  to  Ohio.  After 
spending  some  years  in  the  latter  state  he 
came  as  a  pioneer  to  Indiana,  settling  in 
the  vicinity  of  Ligonier,  where  he  passed 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  successfully 
pursuing  agricultural  operations.  He  died 
on  the  old  homestead  north  of  Ligonier  in 
1903.  Boston  Bowsher  was  typical  of  the 
class  of  men  who  came  out  from  the  east 
at  an  early  day  to  subdue  the  wilderness, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1903 


a  man  of  sturdy  and  sterling  traits  of 
character  and  esteemed  by.  all  for  his  in- 
tegrity. He  married  Sophia  Koonce,  also 
a  native  of  Virginia,  who  passed  her  de- 
clining years  on  the  Indiana  farm,  and 
they  had  a  large  family  of  children,  of 
whom  the  following  are  still  living :  Amos, 
who  is  a  retired  farmer  and  resides  at 
Topeka,  Indiana ;  Cephas,  who  is  engaged 
in  farming  in  the  vicinity  of  Monte  Vista, 
Colorado;  Kate,  who  is  the  wife  of  Chris 
Slabaugh,  who  is  engaged  in  fanning  north 
of  Ligonier ;  and  Mary,  who  is  the  wife  of 
Samuel  Giant,  and  lives  south  of  Goshen, 
Indiana,  where  Mr.  Giant  is  engaged  in 
farming. 

John  Hostetter,  the  maternal  grand- 
father, was  born  in  1810,  near  Chillicothe, 
Ohio,  and  was  reared  and  married  in  his 
native,  state.  He  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  the  northern  part  of  Indiana,  and 
his  eldest  son,  Simon,  was  the  first  white 
child  to  be  born  in  Noble  County,  this  state. 
Mr.  Hostetter  fought  as  a  soldier  during 
the  Black  Hawk  war,  at  the  close  of  which 
lie  returned  to  his  farm  near  Ligonier,  and 
there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  dying  in  1886, 
full  of  years  and  with  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  his  community.  He  married  Ma- 
hala  Maughemar,  also  a  native  of  Ohio, 
who  died  on  the  Hostetter  homestead  near 
Ligonier,  and  of  their  children  two  are 
still  living:  Clarinda,  a  resident  of  San 
Diego,  California,  the  widow  of  Jacob  L. 
Manning,  who  was  employed  as  a  cabinet 
maker  by  the  Singer  Company  of  South 
Bend  for  a  number  of  years;  and  A.  G.. 
who  resides  at  Topeka,  Indiana,  and  is  en- 
gaffed  in  farming. 

D.  D.  Bowsher  was  given  his  educational 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  South 
Bend,  graduating  from  the  high  school 
with  the  class  of  1884.  In  the  year  pre- 
vious his  father  had  embarked  in  business, 
and  the  youth  immediately  joined  his 
energies  with  those  of  the  elder  man  and 
did  much  to  carry  the  concern  along  dur- 
ing the  first  few  difficult  years.  His  ener- 
gies and  attention  have  since  been  wrapped 
up  in  this  enterprise,  of  which  he  and  his 
brother  took  charge  at  the  time  of  their 
father's  death.  The  business  associates  of 
the  Bowsher  brothers  know  them  as  faith- 
ful to  their  engagements  and  of  absolute 
integrity.  They  have  succeeded  in  making 
the  enterprise  of  which  they  are  the  heads 


a  concern  of  excellent  reputation,  strong, 
substantial  and  reliable. 

Politically  Mr.  Bowsher  is  a  republican, 
but  in  important  local  civic  measures  he 
is  not  partisan.  He  belongs  to  the  official 
board  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  is  fond  of  association  with  and  the  com- 
panionship of  his  fellows,  being  for  eighteen 
years  a  director  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  and  a  member  of  the 
Commercial-Athletic  Club,  the  Rotary 
Club,  the  Round  Table,  the  Knife  and  Fork 
Club  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Mr. 
Bowsher  is  unmarried. 

Jay  C.  Bowsher,  vice  president  of  the  N. 
P.  Bowsher  Company,  and  the  younger  son 
of  Nelson  P.  Bowsher,  was  born  at  South 
Bend  April  17,  1872,  and  received  a  high 
school  education.  Upon  the  completion  of 
his  studies  he  joined  his  father  and  brother 
in  the  feed  mill  business,  and  this  has  occu- 
pied his  attention  to  the  present  time.  He 
is  a  republican  in  politics;  belongs  to  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  to 
the  official  board  thereof,  and  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation, the  Knife  and  Fork  Club,  the 
Country  Club  and  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. Mr.  Bowsher  is  one  of  the  live  and 
progressive  business  men  of  the  city,  a  di- 
rector of  South  Bend  National  Bank  and 
takes  an  active  part  in  movements  for  the 
city's  welfare.  Serving  five  years  as  su- 
perintendent of  the  Sunday  school  of  the 
First  Church  he  built  it  up  to  the  second 
largest  in  the  state  in  point  of  attendance 
and  second  to  none  in  the  efficiency  and 
usefulness  of  its  various  departments.  He 
was  married  at  South  Bend  in  1897  to 
Miss  Eva  Spencer,  daughter  of  Edson  and 
Sarah  (Rensberger)  Spencer,  both  of  whom 
are  deceased.  Mr.  Spencer,  who  was  first 
a  farmer,  conducted  a  wood  and  hay  busi- 
ness at  South  Bend  for  a  number  of  years 
prior  to  his  demise.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Bowsher  there  have  been  born  two  chil- 
dren: Nelson  S..  born  July  9.  1903,  and 
Sarah  C.,  born  December  27,  1906. 

J.  C.  Bowsher  was  one  of  three  members 
to  whom  the  congregation  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  entrusted  the 
building  of  their  new  edifice  on  North  Main 
street.  As  secretary  of  this  committee  for 
over  a  year  he  gave  unstintedly  of  his  time 
and  special  abilities  in  looking  after  the 
many  details  connected  with  such  a  sub- 
stantial enterprise. 


1904 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


SAMUEL  FRED  is  a  successful  Richmond 
merchant  who  began  his  mercantile  career 
in  America  as  a  pack  peddler,  and  has 
promoted  himself  steadily  toward  better 
prosperity  by  hard  work  and  by  making 
his  enlarging  patronage  completely  confi- 
dent of  his  integrity.  He  is  proprietor  of 
the  "Specialty"  store  in  Richmond,  han- 
dling men's  clothing  and  hats. 

He  was  born  at  Lozdzee  in  the  Province 
of  Suwalki,  Russian  Poland,  on  the  Ger- 
man line,  in  1869.  His  parents  were  Solo- 
mon and  Rebecca  A.  (Brams)  Fred,  and 
he  comes  of  a  family  of  merchants.  His 
father  died  January  22,  1905,  and  his 
mother  is  still  living.  His  education  was 
afforded  by  the  private  schools  of  his  na- 
tive land,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  took 
a  commercial  course  at  Grodno,  Poland, 
and  then  for  four  years  was  bookkeeper 
and  salesman  in  a  textile  mill  at  Lodz. 
He  soon  saw  that  his  opportunities  for 
advancement  were  limited  in  Russia,  and 
determined  to  come  to  America.  On  the 
4th  of  July,  1891,  he  crossed  the  Russian 
boundary  line  with  the  aid  of  a  false  pass- 
port and  on  reaching  America  he  located 
at  Lebanon,  Ohio.  He  invested  his  meager 
capital  in  a  pack  of  notions,  and  for  ten 
years  he  traveled  through  Warren,  Clin- 
ton and  Green  counties,  making  Lebanon 
his  headquarters.  It  was  a  life  that  meant 
constant  hard  work  and  often  meager  re- 
turns, but  he  was  saving  and  thrifty  in  his 
habits,  and  applied  the  capital  that  enabled 
him  to  open  a  permanent  store  at  Dayton, 
Ohio,  where  he  sold  clothing  until  1905. 
After  four  years  as  a  Dayton  merchant 
Mr.  Fred  came  to  Richmond  and  opened 
a  store  of  clothing  and  hats,  and  the  pat- 
ronage of  that  store  has  been  steadily 
growing  until  the  trade  now  comes  from  a 
distance  of  twenty-five  miles  in  a  radius 
around  Richmond. 

July  19,  1910,  Mr.  Fred  married  Hannah 
Simon,  daughter  of  Mark  Simon  of  Chi- 
cago. They  have  one  son,  Mark  Simon 
Fred,  born  in  1911.  Mr.  Fred  is  well 
known  in  Richmond  and  elsewhere,  is  a 
republican  in  politics,  has  been  affiliated 
since  1895  with  Lebanon  Lodge  No.  26, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  in  Ohio,  is  a 
member  of  the  Scottish  Rite  Consistory  at 
Cincinnati,  and  of  Murat  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine  at  Indianapolis.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks,  the  Commercial  Club, 


the  Retail  Merchants  Association  of  Rich- 
mond and  is  a  member  of  the  Jewish  faith. 

BENJAMIN  VIGRAN  started  to  make  a 
business  man  of  himself  when  he  was  only 
a  boy  and  learned  the  trade  of  printer, 
but  soon  found  his  proper  field  in  the 
clothing  business,  and  has  steadily  pro- 
gressed from  one  thing  to  another  until  he 
is  now  at  the  head  of  a  prosperous  estab- 
lishment at  Richmond  known  as  Vigran's 
Lady  Shop,  handling  suits,  ready  to  wear 
and  other  smart  raiment  for  women. 

He  was  born  at  Cincinnati  December  27, 
1890,  a  son  of  Alexander  and  Agnes  Vig- 
ran.  He  had  only  the  advantages  of  the 
public  schools,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
had  to  go  to  work  and  make  his  own  living, 
selling  newspapers,  blacking  boots  and  in 
other  employment.  He  also  worked  for  a 
time  at  wages  of  $3  a  week  in  an  electro- 
type and  printing  shop.  For  a  year  and  a 
half  he  was  employed  as  a  stock  boy  in  a 
men's  clothing  establishment,  and  from 
Cincinnati  he  went  to  Connersville,  In- 
diana, and  put  in  six  months  with  a  large 
clothing  and  suit  house.  Out  of  these 
various  experiences  he  had  accumulated 
much  knowledge  of  the  business  and  also 
a  very  modest  capital,  and  with  it  he 
started  the  Vigran  Variety  Store  at  Rush- 
ville,  Indiana,  conducting  it  successfully 
from  1908  to  1913.  He  then  sold  out  and 
bought  a  similar  store  at  Oxford,  Ohio, 
and  continued  it  under  the  same  name  from 
June,  1915,  to  June,  1918.  Mr.  Vigran  has 
been  a  resident  of  Richmond  since  June  18, 
1918,  and  in  a  very  brief  period  of  time 
has  built  up  an  establishment  with  sales 
aggregating  about  $85,000  a  year  and  em- 
ploying twelve  people. 

In  1917  he  married  Nettie  Gershumy, 
daughter  of  Louis  and  Sarah  Gershumy  of 
Covington,  Kentucky.  They  have  one  son, 
Julian  Harold,  born  December  28,  1918. 
Mr.  Vigran  is  independent  in  politics,  vot- 
ing for  the  best  man,  is  a  member  of  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  Phoenix 
Lodge  No.  62,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
and  Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  and  is 
one  of  the  popular  younger  members  of  the 
business  and  social  community  of  Rich- 
mond. 

C.  EDGAR  ELLIOTT.  Among  the  younger 
business  men  who  have  gone  out  from  In- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1905 


diana  none  has  achieved  more  notable  suc- 
cess than  C.  Edgar  Elliott.  He  was  born 
at  Indianapolis  November  3,  1879,  and  is 
of  Scotch-Irish,  Revolutionary  stock.  His 
grandfather,  William  T.  Elliott,  was  for 
years  a  leading  hotel-keeper  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  was  a  close  friend  of  Governor 
Morton  during  the  Civil  war.  His  father, 
Joseph  Taylor  Elliott,  enlisted  at  the  be- 
ginning of  that  great  struggle  in  Lew  Wal- 
lace's Eleventh  Indiana  Zouaves,  and,  after 
serving  his  term  re-enlisted  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Twenty-Fourth  Indiana.  He 
had  the  unfortunate  experience  of  prison 
life  at  Andersonville,  and  was  a  survivor 
of  the  Sultana  disaster,  of  which  he  wrote 
the  vivid  account  published  in  Volume  5 
of  the  Indiana  Historical  Society  Publica- 
tions. After  the  war  he  established  the 
abstract  firm  of  Elliott  &  Butler,  later 
taken  over  by  the  Indiana  Title  and  Guar- 
anty Company,  in  whose  directory  he 
served  until  his  death.  From  1899  to  1904 
he  was  president  of  the  Marion  Trust  Com- 
pany; and  then  founded  the  investment 
banking  firm  of  J.  T.  Elliott  &  Sons,  which 
was  consolidated  in  1912  in  the  firm  of 
Breed,  Elliott  &  Harrison.  On  May  15, 
1867,  he  was  married  to  Annetta  Langs- 
dale,  daughter  of  Joshua  M.  W.  Langsdale, 
an  early  settler  of  Indiana  from  Kentucky, 
and  an  extensive  dealer  in  real  estate. 

Of  this  marriage  C.  Edgar  Elliott  was 
the  third  son.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Indianapolis,  Wabash 
College  and  Michigan  University.  He  early 
showed  an  aptitude  for  financial  affairs, 
and  on  the  establishment  of  the  firm  of 
Breed,  Elliott  &  Harrison  removed  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
enterprises  of  the  firm,  and  was  one  of  the 
organizers  and  on  the  first  board  of  gov- 
ernors of  the  Investment  Bankers  Associa- 
tion. His  firm  negotiated  the  Panama 
Government  Bonds,  and  later,  with  the  firm 
of  P.  W.  Chapman  &  Company  of  New 
York  and  Chicago,  took  on  the  Haytian 
Government  Bonds.  In  the  investigation 
connected  with  the  latter  their  attention 
was  drawn  to  the  public  utilities  of  Hayti, 
and  its  agricultural  possibilities.  The  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company  of  Hayti  applied 
to  them  for  a  loan  of  $300,000,  which  was 
made  on  a  year's  option  to  take  over  their 
property  and  merge  it  with  a  sugar  com- 
pany. The  year  was  passed  in  examination 
of  every  phase  of  the  matter,  with  the  re- 


sult that  the  Haytian  American  Company 
was  formed,  taking  all  of  the  property  and 
assets  of  the  Central  Railroad  Company, 
and  adding  20,000  acres  of  the  best  sugar 
lands  in  the  island.  To  the  financing  and 
development  of  this  enterprise  Mr.  Elliott 
has  since  given  his  attention,  and  in  1917 
was  made  chairman  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors and  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Haytian  American  Sugar  Company.  To 
understand  this  position  it  is  necessary  to 
consider  the  surroundings. 

The  Island  of  Hayti  is  the  second  largest 
of  the  Antilles,  110  by  190  miles  in  extent 
or  one-fourth  the  size  of  Cuba  and  nearly 
three  times  as  large  as  Porto  Rico.  The 
Republic  of  Hayti  occupies  the  western 
one-third  of  the  island,  with  an  area  of 
10,204  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
2,500,000,  being  the  most  densely  popu- 
lated of  the  Antilles  with  the  exception  of 
Porto  Rico.  In  the  eighteenth  century  it 
was  a  French  colony,  and  until  the  French 
Revolution  was  very  prosperous  and 
wealthy.  It  had  some  7,000  plantations,  on 
which  sugar,  indigo,  cotton,  coffee  and  co- 
coa were  produced  in  large  quantities,  the 
exports  in  1791  amounting  to  $80,000,000. 
Insurrection  came  with  the  revolution, 
and  independence  in  1804,  but  since  that 
time,  until  the  American  intervention  in 
1915,  the  island  was  convulsed  with  rev- 
olutions, which  paralyzed  agriculture,  de- 
stroyed trade,  and  prevented  the  investment 
of  capital.  By  the  treaty  of  September 
16,  1915,  the  United  States  established  a 
financial  and  police  protectorate  over  the 
Republic  of  Hayti,  under  which  the  United 
States  collects  and  applies  the  customs, 
provides  officers  for  the  native  constabu- 
lary, and  supervises  sanitation  and  public 
improvements.  Under  this  arrangement 
prosperity  is  rapidly  returning,  the  im- 
ports of  the  Republic  having  doubled  in 
the  first  year. 

In  1899  the  Central  Railroad  Company 
obtained  a  concession  to  build  a  railroad 
from  Port  au  Prince  through  the  Valley 
of  Cul  de  Sac,  and  later  through  that  of 
Leogane,  giving  it  a  monopoly  of  trans- 
portation through  the  richest  and  most 
populous  portions  of  the  republic.  It  next 
acquired  the  tramways,  or  street  railroads, 
and  electric  light  plants  of  Port  au  Prince 
and  Cap  Haytien,  the  two  largest  cities  of 
the  republic.  Port  au  Prince,  the  capital, 
has  100,000  population,  and  Cap  Haytien 


1906 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


30,000.  It  also  constructed  an  up-to-date 
concrete  wharf  at  Port  au  Prince,  half  a 
mile  long,  and  fitted  with  modern  ware- 
house and  freight-handling  facilities.  The 
investment  in  these  utilities  amounted  to 
$4,500,000,  and  the  debts  based  on  them, 
amounting  to  $2,300,000,  have  been  ac- 
quired by  the  Haytian  American  Corpora- 
tion, the  interest  on  these  obligations  being 
covered  by  government  pledges,  out  of  rev- 
enues administered  by  the  United  States. 
To  this  has  been  added  an  investment  of 
$3,200,000  in  sugar  lands  and  improve- 
ments. On  this  investment  of  $7,700,000 
there  is  a  capitalization  of  $6,000,000  of 
7  per  cent  preferred  stock,  of  which  $500,- 
000  is  held  for  treasury  purposes. 

Owing  to  the  existing  political  and  social 
conditions  the  sugar  lands,  which  are 
ranked  by  experts  among  the  best  in  the 
Western  Hemisphere,  were  obtained  at  less 
than  one-third  the  cost  of  similar  lands  in 
Cuba.  They  will  average  a  product  of  over 
twenty-five  tons  of  cane  to  the  acre.  For 
the  same  reasons  wages  are  only  one-eighth 
of  those  in  Cuba — and  labor  is  three- 
fourths  of  the  cost  of  sugar  production. 
The  minimum  earnings  of  the  public  utili- 
ties above  named  are  $385,000,  and  the 
estimated  minimum  earnings  on  sugar  for 
the  first  year  are  $420,000  (sugar  taken  at 
2  cents  a  pound,  or  less  than  one  half  the 
present  price),  so  that  a  handsome  profit 
will  remain  to  the  owners  of  the  common 
stock.  The  company  cannot  create  any  ad- 
ditional debt  without  the  consent  of  sev- 
enty-five per  cent  of  the  preferred  shares. 
As  the  company  is  backed  by  large  capital, 
and  its  work  in  every  department  is  in  the 
hands  of  known  experts,  its  prosperous 
future  is  apparently  certain,  for  there  is 
no  reason  why  Hayti  should  not  wax  pros- 
perous under  the  protection  of  the  United 
States,  just  as  Porto  Rico  and  Cuba  have 
done. 

Mr.  Elliott  was  united  in  marriage  on 
June  8,  1905,  with  Miss  Gladys  "Wynn, 
daughter  of  Wilbur  S.  and  Kate  S.  Wynn. 
Her  father  was  widely  known  as  the 
founder  of  the  State  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  of  which  he  was 
vice  president  and  actuary  until  his  death. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Elliott  attend  the  Episco- 
palian Church.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
University  Club  of  Indianapolis,  and  of 
the  University  and  Mid  Day  clubs  of  Chi- 
cago. He  is  a  director  of  the  Advance 


Rumley  Company,  and  the  Indianapolis, 
Crawfordsville  &  Danville  Railway  Com- 
pany. In  the  organization  of  the  extensive 
Haytian  enterprises,  in  which  the  banking 
firm  of  Breed,  Elliott  &  Harrison  is  heavily 
interested,  he  is  a  director  of  the  Haytian 
American  Corporation,  the  Haytian  Amer- 
ican Sugar  Company,  the  Compagnie  Hai- 
tienne  du  Wharf  de  Port  au  Prince,  the 
Compagnie  d'Eclairage  Electrique  des 
Villes  de  Port  au  Prince,  and  the  Com- 
pagnie des  Chemins  de  Fer  da  la  Plaine  de 
Cul  de  Sac.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Beta 
Theta  Psi  college  fraternity.  He  has  al- 
ways been  an  active  republican,  and  in 
191(2  was  a  member  of  the  Republican 
State  Finance  Committee  of  Indiana. 

Louis  M.  HAMMEKSCHMIDT.  As  a  rule 
it  is  a  somewhat  perilous  undertaking  to 
make  a  definite  estimate  of  the  qualities 
of  a  man  while  his  career  is  in  the  making 
and  before  he  has  lived  fully  and  com- 
pletely his  life. 

But  one  who  has  known  him  intimately 
can  speak  with  assurance  of  Louis  M. 
Hammerschmidt,  because  he  has  those 
foundations  of  character  we  recognize  as 
enduring,  and  we  can  be  sure  that  as  he 
is  today  so  will  he  be  to  the  end.  It  is 
these  qualities  that  account  for  his  rapid 
rise  in  the  profession  of  his  choice,  the 
law,  and  which  have  made  him  so  promi- 
nent a  factor  in  the  civic  life  of  his  com- 
munity. 

Mr.  Hammerschmidt  was  born  in  New 
Albany,  Indiana,  October  10,  1880.  His 
mother  was  born  in  the  same  city.  His 
father,  Louis  Hammerschmidt,  and  his 
grandfather,  Karl  Hammerschmidt,  were 
both  born  in  Marheim,  Rhenish  Bavaria. 
Germany.  His  grandfather,  like  many  of 
the  southern  Germans,  belonged  to  that 
group  of  progressive,  far-seeing  men  which 
identified  itself  with  the  revolutionary 
cause  that  culminated  in  1848,  and  which 
represented  the  flower  and  democratic 
spirit  of  the  country.  Karl  Hammer- 
schmidt was  one  of  the  thousands  who  when 
the  revolution  failed  and  the  reactionary 
spirit  prevailed  left  his  native  land  and 
came  to  America.  He  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  at  New  Albany. 

Louis  Hammerschmidt,  Sr.,  was  but  two 
years  old  when  he  came  to  this  country, 
and  the  only  knowledge  he  had  of  the 
land  of  his  birth  was  what  was  told  him, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1907 


and  so  thoroughly  did  he  become  imbued 
with  American  life  and  spirit  that  he  de- 
clined to  use  the  German  language  in  his 
home  or  to  permit  his  children  to  learn  to 
speak  or  read  the  language.  He  himself 
received  his  schooling  in  New  Albany  and 
later  established  the  "Hammersmith 
Transfer"  business  between  New  Albany 
and  Louisville,  Kentucky.  He  built  up 
this  enterprise  until  it  became  the  largest 
business  of  its  kind  in  the  state.  Before 
his  death  the  business  was  incorporated 
and  his  son  Charles  is, now  president  of  the 
company,  while  Louis  M.  Hammerschmidt 
is  a  director. 

Mr.  Hammerschmidt  received  his  pri- 
mary education  in  the  New  Albany  schools 
and  was  expected  to  enter  his  father 's  busi- 
ness. But  he  had  determined  to  become  a 
lawyer,  and  with  native  independence  de- 
cided to  earn  his  way  through  college.  He 
worked  in  his  father's  business  and  also 
attended  the  Law  School  of  the  University 
of  Louisville,  from  which  institution  he 
was  graduated  in  1905.  In  the  same  year 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Floyd  Coun- 
ty, Indiana.  But  he  was  not  satisfied  with 
this  educational  equipment  and  determined 
to  secure  a  degree  from  the  University  of 
Michigan.  At  great  sacrifice  he  realized 
his  ambition  and  was  graduated  from  the 
University  with  the  LL.  B.  degree  in  1907, 
and  then  spent  another  year  in  school  in 
post  graduate  study  and  research  work  in 
history,  economics  and  English. 

With  this  liberal  education  and  the  char- 
acter developed  by  the  effort  required  to 
get  it,  Mr.  Hammersehmidt  began  practice 
in  South  Bend  in  the  fall  of  1908,  and  is 
now  one  of  the  thoroughly  successful  law- 
yers, with  also  a  record  as  one  of  the  most 
active  and  useful  citizens. 

With  the  law  as  his  vocation  Mr.  Ham- 
merschmidt has  made  the  promotion  of  the 
general  welfare  of  his  community  his  avo- 
cation. He  has  had  the  vision  to  see,  and 
the  character  to  decide,  that  if  his  life  was 
to  be  full  and  complete  a  liberal  share  of 
his  time  and  talents  must  be  devoted  to 
the  public  good.  He  has  therefore  been 
an  efficient  leader  in  every  movement  af- 
fecting his  city's  welfare,  as  well  as  in 
patriotic  endeavors  to  promote  the  prog- 
ress of  his  state  and  country. 

One  of  his  notable  local  achievements 
was  the  building  up  of  the  Community 
Center  and  Playground  System  of  South 


Bend.  With  the  writer  he  founded  this 
project  and  after  its  early  beginning  was, 
owing  to  circumstances  which  arose,  re- 
quired to  carry  on  and  develop  the  work 
largely  alone.  As  a  result  of  his  efforts 
and  that  of  helpers  he  was  later  enabled 
to  inspire,  he  was  able  to  create  a  co-ordi- 
nated community  center  and  recreational 
system  now  acknowledged  as  one  of  the 
most  successful  developments  of  its  kind 
in  the  United  States.  He  became  the  first 
chairman  of  the  Municipal  Recreation  Com- 
mittee, and  has  continued  in  this  position 
for  the  past  six  years. 

Progressive  in  his  ideals,  actuated  al- 
ways by  democratic  methods,  unselfish  in 
his  service,  he  can,  and  we  are  sure  always 
will,  be  depended  upon  for  that  standard 
of  leadership  that  marks  the  highest  type 
of  American  citizenship. 

Mr.  Hammerschmidt  served  as  judge  of 
the  City  Court  of  South  Bend  from  Oc- 
tober, 1916,  to  January,  1918,  establish- 
ing the  present  successful  probation  sys- 
tem of  the  court.  During  the  war  he  was 
officially  connected  with  the  local  Liberty 
Bond  sales ;  was  district  chairman  of  the 
Thirteenth  Congressional  District  for  the 
sale  of  War  Savings  Stamps  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  finance  committee  and  attorney 
of  the  County  Chapter  of  the  Red  Cross. 
He  is  a  director  in  several  local  corpora- 
tions, is  now  entering  upon  his  fourth  year 
as  international  trustee  of  the  Kiwauis 
Club  and  international  director  of  the 
South  Bend  Club,  is  vice  president  of 
the  University  Club,  a  member  and  for- 
mer director  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
a  member  of  the  Knife  and  Fork  Club 
and  the  Round  Table,  and  fraternally 
is  affiliated  with  St.  Joseph  Lodge, 
No.  45,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  South 
Bend  Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
South  Bend  Council  No.  82,  Royal  and 
Select  Masters,  and  South  Bend  Coin- 
mandery  No.  13,  Knights  Templar. 

Mr.  Hammerschmidt  and  wife  are  ac- 
tive members  of  the  Evangelical  Church. 
He  is  vice  president  of  the  South  Bend 
Sunday  School  Association. 

Politically  he  is  a  democrat  and  has 
served  as  a  member  of  both  city  and  coun- 
ty democratic  executive  committees.  He 
is  a  forceful  and  effective  speaker,  and 
one  likely  to  be  heard  in  any  cause  which 
affects  the  public  welfare. 

In   1909  he  married  Miss   Emma  Bor- 


1908  INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 

gerding.  Mrs.  Hammerschmidt  is  a  na-  city  and  is  president  of  the  Mutual  Trust 
tive  of  New  Albany,  Indiana,  a  daughter  and  Deposit  Company.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ilam- 
of  George  and  Mary  Borgerding.  Her  merschmidt  have  three  children,  George, 
father  has  been  a  conspicuous  factor  in  the  Martha  and  Bruce,  and  reside  in  a  pleasant 
banking  and  other  business  affairs  of  his  home  on  Riverside  Drive. 

U.  G.  MANNING. 


II  B  RAR.Y 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 
Of    ILLINOIS 

977.2 


v.S 


%K'fSS®S5 

•  ..'«  .  Si1-!     *  "<r-- ="'*•&*•*  .  «.' 

•;-:>;%  ;•&  *V*f ,  £  ;-  «^5  '  **- 

-?s «.••*>  -^-»*  •;-'.;*'...t*-..;^ 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 

University  of  Illinois  Library 


I 


U  K '  ,'       t     t~*      I 
•'     v>     ( 


JUN  2 


JUL  -8  I! 
/ . ..'  ••,  7 

APR4 

APR  0  3  \ 
MAR  1 8  I 

JUL  0  3  IS 

fcSi  t 


1965 


) 


L161— H41 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


A  HISTORY  OF  ABORIGINAL  AND  TERRITORIAL 

INDIANA  AND  THE  CENTURY  OF 

STATEHOOD 

.'.  •* .  •  ..  •  *' 


•:.'.. 

-   ••'-."  ••. 

JACOB  PIATT  DUNN 

AUTHOR  AND  EDITOR 


VOLUME  V 


THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 

CHICAGO  AND  NEW  YORK 
1919 


Copyright,  1919 

by 
THE  AMEBIOAN  HI8TOEICAL  SOCIETY 


I 

Of  1  .£ 
UNIVERSITY  OF  MAW* 


9T/.2 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


COL.  NICHOLAS  RANDLE  RUCKLE,  who 
died  May  4,  1900,  was  widely  known  and 
beloved  in  his  home  city  of  Indianapolis 
and  throughout  the  state.  He  had  an  un- 
usual career,  was  a  distinguished  soldier 
and  officer  of  the  Union  Army  during  the 
Civil  war,  filled  many  positions  with  credit 
and  efficiency  in  public  affairs,  and  his 
name  is  intimately  identified  with  the 
newspaper  history  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
May  8,  1838.  His  grandfather  came  to 
the  United  States  from  Ireland,  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  Maryland.  Nicholas 
Ruckle,  father  of  Colonel  Ruckle,  was  born 
in  Maryland,  was  a  tailor  'by  trade,  and 
an  early  settler  in  Indianapolis,  where  for 
many  years  he  conducted  a  failoring  es- 
tablishment. He  finally  retired  and  sev- 
eral years  before  his  death  removed  to 
Brookfield,  Indiana,  where  he  died  at  the 
age  of  sixty-five,  his  wife  surviving  him 
for  several  years.  Both  were  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Church.  Their  four 
children  were:  Col.  Nicholas  R. ;  John  F., 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
while  a  member  of  the  Eleventh  Indiana 
Regiment;  Eliza,  wife  of  Josiah  Gwin,  of 
New  Albany,  Indiana;  and  Kate  C. 

Nicholas  R.  Ruckle  was  nine  years  old 
when  his  parents  came  to  Indianapolis  in 
1847.  In  July,  1852,  he  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis, and  he  finished  his  education  in 
a  private  school  conducted  by  Rev.  Charles 
S.  Greene.  In  May,  1853,  at  the  age  of 
fifteen,  he  entered  the  composing  room  of 
the  old  Indianapolis  Journal  as  an  appren- 
tice. He  worked  diligently  at  the  case, 
and  acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  the 
printing  trade  and  also  some  skill  in  gen- 
eral newspaper  work.  He  also  became  in- 
terested in  local  affairs,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  old  volunteer  fire  department  and 
of  an  independent  militia  company  at  the 
time  of  the  Civil  war. 

His  militia  company  was  the  first  per- 


manent organization  to  enter  Camp  Mor- 
ton. Colonel  Ruckle  became  a  member  of 
the  famous  Indiana  Zouaves,  known  as  the 
Eleventh  Regiment  of  Infantry,  com- 
manded by  Col.  Lew  Wallace.  With  his 
command  he  saw  his  first  real  service  in 
the  West  Virginia  campaign,  and  he  fin- 
ally re-enlisted  for  three  years.  Colonel 
Ruckle's  military  record  covered  the  en- 
tire period  of  the  Civil  war,  from  April, 

1861,  to  October,  1865.  His  performance  of 
duty  and  his  fidelity  brought  him  one  pro- 
motion after  another,  and  he  rose  from  the 
ranks  to  sergeant,  orderly  sergeant,  lieu- 
tenant and  captain,  and  finally  for  brav- 
ery was  made  colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and   Forty-eighth   Indiana  Infantry.     He 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Forts  Henry 
and   Donelson,    Shiloh   and   Corinth,   was 
with  General  Curtis  and  the  Trans-Missis- 
sippi Army  in  the  Arkansas  campaign  of 

1862,  was  present  in  the  Vicksburg  cam- 
paign,  was  with   General   Sherman  when 
the  latter  made  his  attack  on  Gen.  Joseph 
Johnston  at  Jackson,  participated  in  the 
ill-fated  Banks  campaign  up  the  Red  river 
in    1863,   and   in   many   other   operations 
through  Louisiana.    He  and  his  comrades 
were  then  transferred  to  the  eastern  the- 
ater of  the  war,  and  he  was  in  Sheridan's 
campaign  through  the  Shenandoah  Valley 
of  1864,  fighting  at  Winchester  and  Cedar 
Creek,  at  Halltown,  at  Fisher's  Hill,  and 
in  other  battles  and  engagements.     For  a 
time  he  was  in  the  Department  of  the  Cum- 
berland as  commander  of  the  second  su'b- 
district  of  Middle  Tennessee. 

The  war  over,  Captain  Ruckle  returned 
to  Indianapolis  and  gained  many  distinc- 
tions in  civil  life.  He  served  as  sheriff  of 
Marion  County  for  two  terms  from  1870 
to  1874.  In  1887-88  he  was  president  of 
the  Metropolitan  Police  Commissioners 
Board  of  Indianapolis,  was  adjutant  gen- 
eral of  Indiana  for  two  terms  from  Janu- 
ary, 1889,  and  in  1894-95  served  on  the 


1909 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


COL.  NICHOLAS  RAX  OLE  RFCKLE,  who 
died  May  4,  190(1,  was  widely  known  and 
beloved  in  his  home  city  of  Indianapolis 
and  throughout  the  state.  He  had  an  un- 
usual career,  was  a  distinguished  soldier 
and  officer  of  the  Union  Army  during  the 
Civil  war,  tilled  many  positions  with  credit 
and  efficiency  in  public  affairs,  and  his 
name  is  intimately  identified  with  the 
newspaper  history  of  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
May  8,  1838.  His  grandfather  came  to 
the  United  States  from  Ireland,  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  Maryland.  Nicholas 
Ruckle,  father  of  Colonel  Ruckle,  was  born 
in  Maryland,  was  a  tailor  by  trade,  and 
an  early  settler  in  Indianapolis,  where  for 
many  years  he  conducted  a  tailoring  es- 
tablishment. He  finally  retired  and  sev- 
eral years  before  his  death  removed  to 
Brookfield,  Indiana,  where  he  died  at  the 
age  of  sixty-five,  bis  wife  surviving  him 
for  several  years.  Both  were  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Church.  Their  four 
children  were:  Col.  Nicholas  R. ;  John  F., 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
while  a  member  of  the  Eleventh  Indiana 
Regiment :  Eli/a,  wife  of  Josiah  Gwin,  of 
New  Albany,  Indiana :  and  Kate  C. 

Nicholas  R.  Ruckle  was  nine  years  old 
when  his  parents  came  to  Indianapolis  in 
Ih47.  In  July,  185'2,  he  removed  to  In- 
di:inapolis,  and  he  finished  his  education  in 
a  private  school  conducted  by  Rev.  Charles 
S.  Greene.  In  May,  1853,  at  the  age  of 
fifteen,  he  entered  the  composing  room  of 
the  old  Indianapolis  Journal  as  an  appren- 
tice. He  worked  diligently  at  the  case, 
and  acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  the 
printing  trade  and  also  some  skill  in  gen- 
eral newspaper  work.  He  also  became  in- 
terested in  local  affairs,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  old  volunteer  tire  department  and 
of  an  independent  militia  company  at  the 
time  of  the  Civil  war. 

II is  militia  company  was  the  first  per- 


manent organization  to  enter  Camp  Mor- 
ton. Colonel  Ruckle  became  a  member  of 
the  famous  Indiana  Zouaves,  known  as  the 
Eleventh  Regiment  of  Infantry,  com- 
manded by  Col.  Lew  Wallace.  With  his 
command  he  saw  his  first  real  service  in 
the  West  Virginia  campaign,  and  he  fin- 
ally re-enlisted  for  three  years.  Colonel 
Ruckle's  military  record  covered  the  en- 
tire period  of  the  Civil  war,  from  April, 

1861,  to  October,  186r>.   His  performance  of 
duty  and  his  fidelity  brought  him  one  pro- 
motion after  another,  and  he  rose  from  the 
ranks  to  sergeant,  orderly  sergeant,   lieu- 
tenant and  captain,  and  finally  for  brav- 
ery was  made  colonel  of  the  One  Hundred 
and    Forty-eighth    Indiana    Infantry.     He 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Forts  Henry 
and    Donelson,    Shiloh    and    Corinth,    was 
with  General  Curtis  and  the  Trans-Missis- 
sippi Army  in  the  Arkansas  campaign  of 

1862.  was  present  in  the  Vicksburg  cam- 
paign,   was   with    General   Sherman    when 
the  latter  made  his  attack  on  Gen.  Joseph 
Johnston   at   Jackson,  participated   in   the 
ill-fated  Banks  campaign  up  the  Red  river 
in    1863,    and    in    many   other   operations 
through  Louisiana.     He  and  his  comrades 
were  then  transferred  to  the  eastern  the- 
ater of  the  war,  and  he  was  in  Sheridan's 
campaign  through  the  Shenandoah  Valley 
of  1864,  fighting  at  Winchester  and  Cedar 
Creek,  at  Halltown.  at  Fisher's  Hill,  and 
in  other  battles  and  engagements.     For  a 
time  he  was  in  the  Department  of  the  Cum- 
berland as  commander  of  the  second  sub- 
district  of  Middle   Tennessee. 

The  war  over.  Captain  Ruckle  returned 
to  Indianapolis  and  gained  many  distinc- 
tions in  civil  life.  He  served  as  sheriff  of 
Marion  County  for  two  terms  from  1870 
to  1874.  In  1887-88  he  was  president  of 
the  Metropolitan  Police  Commissioners 
Board  of  Indianapolis,  was  adjutant  gen- 
eral of  Indiana  for  two  terms  from  Janu- 
ary, 1889,  and  in  1894-95  served  on  the 


1909 


;.    -   • 


1910 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


Board  of  Public  Safety  under  Mayor 
Denny.  In  1877  he  organized  a  Light  In- 
fantry Company  at  Indianapolis,  and  was 
elected  its  captain. 

After  the  war  his  interests  soon  led  him 
back  into  the  field  of  journalism,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1874  he  secured  a  controlling 
interest  in  the  Indianapolis  Journal  Com- 
pany. At  that  time  besides  publishing 
the  Journal  the  plant  conducted  a  general 
printing  and  publishing  house.  Many  mis- 
fortunes befell  the  business  after  Colonel 
Ruckle  took  control.  There  were  fires  and 
other  losses,  and  then  as  a  result  of  the 
hard  times  of  the  '70s  he  lost  practically 
his  entire  fortune.  With  a  man  of  his  iron 
nerve  and  determination  that  did  not  deter 
him  from  a  career  of  vigorous  activity 
throughout  his  remaining  years. 

Every  honor  of  Masonry  was  given  him 
as  a  recognition  of  his  love  to  the  frater- 
nity and  the  affection  of  the  craft  for  him. 
He  was  made  a  Master  Mason  in  Center 
Lodge  No.  23  in  1866,  and  in  1871  was 
worshipful  master  of  that  lodge.  He  was 
later  master  of  Pentalpha  Lodge,  No.  564. 
In  1867  he  was  exalted  in  the  Keystone 
Chapter  and  in  1886  served  as  High  Priest. 
He  was  knighted  by  Raper  Commandery 
No.  1,  Knights  Templar  in  1867,  and 
served  as  eminent  commander  from  1872  to 
1876  and  again  in  1880.  He  was  also  cap- 
tain general  of  Raper  Commandery  for  sev- 
eral years.  In  the  Scottish  Rite  he  received 
the  thirty-second  degree  in  1867  and  the 
honorary  thirty-third  in  1870.  He  passed 
the  active  grade  in  1883  and  the  following 
year  was  appointed  deputy  of  the  supreme 
lodge  for  the  District  of  Indiana,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  until  death.  He  was  grand 
commander  of  the  Indiana  Knights  Tem- 
plar in  1875  and  grand  master  of  the  Ma- 
sons in  1891.  His  body  was  laid  to  rest  in 
Crown  Hill  Cemetery  after  imposing  cere- 
monies by  the  York  and  Scottish  Rite 
Masons,  and  the  Episcopal  Church. 

February  24,  1876,  Colonel  Ruckle  mar- 
ried Mrs.  Jennie  C.  (Moore)  Reid.  Mrs. 
Ruckle  is  a  daughter  of  Addison  and  Susan 
(Dulhagen)  Moore,  who  came  of  New  York 
State  families  of  Revolutionary  stock. 
Colonel  Ruckle  had  one  child,  Corliss  Ran- 
dle  Ruckle,  who  died  at  the  age  of  twelve 
years.  Mrs.  Ruckle  is  a  member  of  St. 
Paul's  Episcopal  Church.  Colonel  Ruckle 
was  not  identified  with  any  church  denomi- 
nation, but  usually  attended  worship  with 
his  wife. 


WARD  H.  DEAN  was  one  of  the  men  who 
contributed  to  the  position  of  Indianapolis 
as  an  industrial  and  manufacturing  center 
of  Indiana.  Though  his  life  was  compara- 
tively brief  and  he  was  only  fifty  years 
of  age  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had 
become  widely  known  in  business  circles, 
and  was  a  citizen  who  commanded  uni- 
versal esteem,  in  Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  November  22,  1850,  at 
Deansville,  New  York,  a  village  that  was 
named  in  honor  of  his  grandfather,  the 
Dean  family  being  very  prominent  in  that 
section  of  the  Empire  state.  Mr.  Dean's 
parents  were  John  and  Harriet  (Peck) 
Dean,  he  being  one  of  their  eight  children, 
five  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Ward  H.  Dean  had  a  good  practical  edu- 
cation, and  his  early  bent  was  toward  me- 
chanical pursuits.  Coming  to  Indianapolis 
in  1870,  he  became  one  of  the  founders 
and  partners  in  the  Dean  Brothers  Steam 
Pump  Works,  and  to  this  business,  its  up- 
building, maintenance  and  expansion  he 
gave  the  best  years  of  his  life.  He  died 
at  Indianapolis  January  3,  1900. 

Outside  of  business  his  chief  interests 
were  concentrated  in  his  home.  He  was  a 
man  of  quiet  and  reserved  character,  and 
of  simple  but  cultivated  tastes.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Contemporary  Club  and 
of  the  Indianapolis  Art  Association,  and 
in  politics  a  republican. 

April  15,  1885,  he  married  Nellie  M. 
Reid.  Mrs.  Dean,  who  survives  him,  has 
three  children :  Randle  C.,  Harriet  and 
Philip,  the  last  being  deceased. 

P.  E.  Hoss  has  lived  in  Indiana  over 
eighty  years,  as  a  business  man  has  been 
identified  with  a  number  of  different  locali- 
ties, and  his  name  is  especially  well  known 
and  his  services  appreciated  in  Kokomo, 
where  he  has  lived  for  many  years. 

He  was  born  in  Brown  County,  Ohio, 
January  13,  1836,  but  the  same  year  his 
parents,  Jacob  and  Jane  (Kenney)  Hoss, 
moved  to  Marion  County,  Indiana,  and  as 
pioneers  settled  on  a  tract  of  raw  land 
twelve  miles  northeast  of  Indianapolis. 
Jacob  Hoss  did  his  part  in  developing  a 
new  section  of  the  state,  hewed  a  home 
out  of  the  heavy  timbers,  and  year  after 
year  added  to  his  clearing  and  building 
until  he  had  a  very  valuable  farm.  He 
lived  in  Marion.  County  until  1864,  then 
moved  to  Howard  County,  and  thence  back 
to  Indianapolis  in  1874,  where  he  lived  un- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1911 


til  his  death  in  September,  1882.  He  was 
a  democrat  in  politics  until  the  latter  '50s, 
when  he  felt  that  duty  obliged  him  to  vote 
with  and  support  the  republican  party,  and 
as  such  he  continued  to  the  day  of  his  death. 
He  was  also  a  devout  Methodist,  a  class 
leader,  and  faithful  in  church  work  from 
early  life.  He  and  his  wife  had  ten  chil- 
dren, P.  E.  being  the  sixth. 

Mr.  Hoss  lived  at  home  with  his  parents 
to  the.  age  of  twenty-two,  growing  up  in  a 
rural  community  northeast  of  Indianapolis. 
He  was  a  young  man  when  the  North  and 
South  engaged  in  Civil  war  and  he  tried 
to  enlist  in  1861  but  was  rejected  on  ac- 
count of  physical  disability.  He  was  en- 
gaged from  March  4,  1861,  at  Fairfield, 
Howard  County,  Indiana,  as  a  shingle 
manufacturer,  continuing  that  industry 
ten  years,  and  also  selling  goods  as  a  mer- 
chant and  dealing  in  real  estate.  Mr.  Hoss 
has  been  peculiarly  successful  in  handling 
real  estate,  and  has  bought  and  sold  many 
properties  on  his  own  account.  From 
Fairfield  he  removed  to  Indianapolis,  con- 
tinuing in  the  real  estate  business  in  that 
city  three  years,  also  building  many  houses 
there,  and  was  there  engaged  in  farming 
in  Howard  County  for  two  years,  later  con- 
ducted a  large  stock  and  sheep  ranch  in 
Hendricks  County,  and  finally  settled  per- 
manently in  Kokomo.  Here  for  many 
years  he  directed  large  and  important 
deals  in  real  estate,  and  has  owned  some 
very  valuable  farms  around  Kokomo.  His 
property  includes  his  beautiful  residence  in 
that  city.  His  capital  and  enterprise  have 
also  helped  out  a  number  of  business  in- 
dustries at  Kokomo.  Mr.  Hoss  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Opalescent  Glass  Company,  a 
stockholder  and  for  over  twenty-five  years 
one  of  the  directors  in  the  Citizens  National 
Bank,  and  has  done  much  to  boost  Kokomo 
as  a  manufacturing  center.  He  served  as 
trustee  of  the  Soldiers  Orphans  Home  at 
Knightstown  for  a  time  in  the  early  '80s. 
Only  recently  on  account  of  ill  health  he 
gave  up  most  of  his  active  business  inter- 
ests. He  is  a  member  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  and  in  politics  a  republican. 

April  4.  1858,  Mr.  Hoss  married  Miss 
Sarah  J.  Ringer.  They  had  one  son,  Lora 
C.,  who  is  now  secretary  and  treasurer  of 
the  Opalescent  Glass  Company.  In  1896, 
on  April  28th,  Mr.  Hoss  married  Flora  A. 
Smith,  of  Piqua,  Ohio.  Lora  C.  Hoss 
married  Estella  E.  Bernard  on  October  3, 
1883,  and  they  have  one  daughter,  Pauline, 


who  married  Don  T.  Elliott.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Elliott  have  one  child,  Sally,  born  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1918. 

B.  A.  WQRTHINGTON  is  one  of  the  names 
most  significant  of  personal  achievement 
among  American  railway  men.  He  was 
thirteen  years  old  when  he  began  working 
in  the  telegraph  department  of  a  California 
road,  and  by  ability  and  service  has  pro- 
moted himself  successively  during  an  ac- 
tive career  of  over  forty  years  until  he  has 
held  some  of  the  highest  executive  posts 
in  the  country.  Mr.  Worthington  is 
claimed  to  Indiana  citizenship  by  reason 
of  the  fact  that  he  is  president  of  the 
Cincinnati,  Indianapolis  and  Western  Rail- 
road Company  with  general  offices  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

The  career  of  Mr.  Worthington,  briefly 
recited,  is  as  follows :  He  was  born  Novem- 
ber 20,  1861,  at  Sacramento,  California, 
and  his  education  was  acquired  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  that  city.  July  1,  1874, 
he  became  telegraph  messenger  for  the 
Central  Pacific  at  Sacramento  and  was  soon 
made  telegraph  operator.  From  1877  to 
1882  he  was  a  commercial  operator  for  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company ;  from 
1882  to  1888  was  chief  clerk  and  secre- 
tary to  the  general  master  mechanic  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  Company  at  Sacra- 
mento ;  from  1888  to  July,  1895,  was  chief 
clerk  and  secretary  to  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
at  San  Francisco;  and  from  July,  1895, 
to  1898  was  chief  clerk  and  secretary  to 
the  assistant  to  the  president.  Mr.  Worth- 
ington spent  altogether  over  thirty  years 
with  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany. From  1898  to  July,  1901,  he  was 
in  charge  of  tonnage  rating  of  locomotives 
of  that  road ;  from  July  to  October,  1901, 
was  superintendent  of  the  Tucson  divi- 
sion at  Tucson,  Arizona,  from  October, 
1901,  to  August  20,  1903,  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  Coast  Division  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  from  August  20,  1903,  to  April 
1,  1904,  was  assistant  to  the  general  man- 
ager of  the  company  at  San  Francisco. 
From  April  1,  1904,  'to  February  9,  1905, 
Mr.  Worthington  was  assistant  director  of 
maintenance  and  operation  for  the  Harri- 
man  lines,  comprising  the  Southern  Pacific 
and  Union  Pacific  systems.  Then  for  the 
first  time  his  office  headquarters  were 
transferred  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 


1912 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  Chicago.  From  February  9  to  June  1, 
1905,  he  was  vice  president  and  general 
manager  of  the  Oregon  Railroad  &  Navi- 
gation Company. 

Since  that  date  his  chief  connections 
have  been  with  railroad  systems  in  the 
Middle  West.  From  June  1,  1905,  to  June 
8,  1908,  he  was  first  vice  president  of  the 
Wheeling  &  Lake  Erie  Railway,  of  the  Wa- 
bash,  Pittsburg  Terminal  Railway,  and  the 
West  Side  Belt  Railroad,  comprising  the 
Wabash  lines  east  of  Toledo.  From  Sep- 
tember 25,  1905,  to  June  8,  1908,  he  was 
general  manager  of  the  same  properties, 
and  from  June  8,  1908,  to  June  20,  1912, 
was  receiver  for  the  Wheeling  &  Lake 
Erie.  On  July  1,  1912,  Mr.  Worthington 
became  president  and  general  manager  of 
the  Chicago  &  Alton  road,  but  resigned 
that  office  early  in  1914. 

Following  his  resignation  he  and  his 
family  went  abroad  and  toured  Europe  for 
four  months.  They  were-  in  Germany 
when  the  great  war  broke  out.  On  reach- 
ing London  Mr.  Worthington  was  ap- 
pointed as  a  member  of  the  American  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  with  Oscar  Strauss  as 
chairman,  formed  for  the  purpose  of  help- 
ing stranded  Americans  to  get  out  of  Eu- 
rope and  back  to  their  homes.  The  splen- 
did work  accomplished  by  that  organiza- 
tion is  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  all  Amer- 
icans. On  his  return  to  New  York  Mr. 
Worthington  lived  on  Riverside  Drive  for 
a  year,  and  then  came  to  Indianapolis  as 
president  of  the  reorganized  Cincinnati. 
Indianapolis  &  Western  Railroad.  He 
took  active  charge  of  this  road  December 
1,  1915. 

In  Indianapolis  as  elsewhere  Mr.  Worth- 
ington has  established  vital  relationships 
with  the  community.  Much  of  his  work 
has  been  done  through  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  During  1917  lie  was  chairman 
of  the  industries  committee  of  that  cham- 
ber and  early  in  1918  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  directors  and  is  still 
retained  as  chairman  of  the  industries 
committee. 

Mr.  Worthington  has  a  younger  brother, 
William  Alfred  Worthington,  whose  ca- 
reer may  properly  be  reviewed  briefly  as 
that  of  one  of  the  prominent  railway  men 
of  the  country.  He  was  born  June  18, 
1872,  at  Vallejo,  California,  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  entered  rail- 
way service  March  1,  1887,  at  the  age  of 


fifteen.  He  was  stenographer  and  clerk 
in  the  superintendent's  office  of  the  South- 
ern Pacific  Company  at  Sacramento  to 
June  16,  1888,  from  that  date  to  October 
1,  1893,  was  chief  clerk  to  the  engineer  of 
maintenance  of  way  at  San  Francisco; 
from  October  1,  1893,  to  October  1,  1895, 
was  statistician  in  the  general  manager's 
office;  from  October  1,  1895,  to  October  1, 
1901,  was  chief  clerk  in  the  general  man- 
ager's office;  from  October  1,  1901,  to 
April  1,  1904,  was  executive  secretary  to 
the  assistant  of  the  president  of  the  same 
road ;  from  April  1,  1904,  to  November  1, 
1907,  was  chief  clerk  in  the  office  of  di- 
rector of  maintenance  and  operation  of  the 
Union  Pacific  System  and  Southern  Pa- 
cific Company  at  Chicago;  from  November 
1,  1907,  to  January  1,  1912,  was  assistant 
to  director  of  maintenance  and  operation 
of  the  same  roads  at  Chicago;  from  Jan- 
uary 1,  1912,  to  February  1,  1913,  was  as- 
sistant director  of  maintenance  and  oper- 
ation for  the  Union  Pacific  System  and 
Southern  Pacific  Company  at  New  York; 
and  since  February  1,  1913,  has  been  as- 
sistant director  of  maintenance  and  opera- 
tion for  the  Southern  Pacific  Company 
with  offices  in  New  York. 

The  Americanism  of  the  Worthington 
family  is  the  product  of  many  generations 
of  residence  in  this  country,  from  colonial 
times.  In  public  affairs  the  most  distin- 
guished member  of  the  family  was  the 
great-grandfather  of  B.  A.  Worthington. 
This  ancestor  was  Thomas  Worthington, 
who  twice  represented  the  young  State  of 
Ohio  in  the  United  States  Senate  and  was 
also  governor  of  that  commonwealth,  and 
is  one  of  the  men  most  frequently  and  hon- 
orably mentioned  in  connection  with  the 
founding  of  that  state. 

Thomas  Worthington  was  born  in  Jef- 
ferson County,  Virginia,  July  16,  1773. 
He  was  reared  in  the  midst  of  the  aristo- 
cratic and  slave  holding  environment  of 
that  old  colony,  and  it  was  his  exceeding 
distaste  for  the  institution  of  slavery  that 
led  him  to  seek  a  home  in  a  district  from 
which  slavery  was  permanently  barred, 
and  thus  about  1797  he  moved  to  the 
Northwest  Territory  and  located  in  Ross 
County,  Ohio,  near  Chillicothe.  He  was 
a  brother-in-law  of  Edward  Tiffin,  who  was 
the  first  governor  of  the  State  of  Ohio. 
The  Tiffins  and  Worthington  families  were 
among  the  most  prominent  in  the  early 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1913 


colony  of  the  old  territorial  and  state  cap- 
ital at  Chillicothe.  Governor  Worthing- 
ton  built  one  of  the  rare  old  homes  near 
Chillicothe,  a  place  beautified  much  after 
the  manner  of  Virginia  estates,  and  in 
which  were  entertained  some  of  the  great- 
est men  of  the  times.  Thomas  Worthing- 
ton  brought  with  him  from  Virginia  a  large 
number  of  slaves  whom  he  emancipated, 
and  some  of  their  descendants  are  still 
found  in  Chillicothe.  Thomas  Worthing- 
ton  has  been  described  as  a  man  of  ardent 
temperament,  of  energy  of  mind,  and  cor- 
rect habits  of  life,  and  for  this  reason  be- 
came distinguished  both  in  business  and 
political  stations.  In  a  recently  published 
history  of  Ross  County  his  name  is  men- 
tioned repeatedly  in  connection  with  the 
founding  of  several  government  institu- 
tions in  that  part  of  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory. He  was  one  of  the  first  justices  of 
the  peace  of  the  Chillicothe  settlement. 
In  November,  1802,  he  took  his  seat  as  an 
elected  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
formed  the  first  constitution,  and  after 
that  constitution  was  approved  and  Ohio 
entered  the  Union  he  was  one  of  the  first 
two  men  sent  by  the  state  to  the  United 
States  Senate.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Senate  from  April  1,  1803,  to  March  3, 
1807,  and  was  again  elected  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Re- 
turn J.  Meigs,  Jr.,  and  served  from  Decem- 
ber 15,  1810,  to  December  1,  1814,  when 
he  resigned.  While  in  the  Senate  he  was 
a  participant  in  the  most  important  meas- 
ures of  the  administrations  of  Jefferson 
and  Madison.  At  the  close  of  his  career  in 
Congress  he  was  elected  governor  of  Ohio, 
serving  from  1814  to  1818.  That  was  an 
important  epoch  in  the  history  of  the  state, 
following  close  upon  the  War  of  1812,  and 
his  wisdom  and  ability  as  an  administrator 
were  productive  of  many  liberal  and  wise 
measures  of  policy  which  were  at  the 
foundation  of  the  subsequent  prosperity 
of  the  state.  In  1818  Governor  Worthing- 
ton  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  first 
Board  of  Canal  Commissioners,  a  body 
that  undertook  the  development  of  a  sys- 
tem of  internal  transportation  for  the 
state.  He  was  a  member  of  that  commis- 
sion until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  New 
York  City  June  20, 1827.  Governor  Worth- 
ington  was  a  large  land  holder,  had  many 
extended  business  concerns,  but  is  best  re- 
membered for  the  six  years  he  spent  in 


public  life,  during  which  time  no  other 
Ohioan  did  more  to  form  the  character  of 
the  state  and  promote  its  prosperity. 

JOHN  HARRISON  SKINNER.  Only  a  few 
of  the  most  remote  and  unprogressive 
farming  sections  of  Indiana  are  unac- 
quainted with  the  name  John  Harrison 
Skinner  and  what  it  stands  for  in  the  mat- 
ter of  scientific  agriculture  and  improved 
live  stock  in  the  state.  Every  year  an  in- 
creasing number  of  men  have  gone  back 
to  the  farms  of  Indiana  after  long  and 
short  courses  at  Purdue  University,  taking 
with  them  some  of  the  vital  ideas,  knowl- 
edge, experience,  and  inspiration  gained  by 
contact  with  Professor  Skinner,  who  for 
years  has  ranked  as  one  of  the  foremost 
educators  and  animal  husbandrymen  in 
th,e  middle  west. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  at  Romney  in 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  March  10, 
1874.  He  is  a  product  of  Indiana  farm 
life  and  has  the  sympathy  and  understand- 
ing of  the  man  who  was  reared  under  the 
agricultural  conditions  prevailing  thirty 
or  forty  years  ago.  He  is  a  son  of  Wil- 
liam Harrison  and  Mary  (Alexander) 
Skinner.  His  father,  a  native  of  Franklin 
County,  Indiana,  located  in  Tippecanoe 
County  during  the  '60s.  In  1861  he  en- 
listed in  a  company  of  the  Thirty-Seventh 
Indiana  Infantry,  and  served  three  years 
as  a  Union  soldier.  For  more  than  forty 
years  he  has  owned  and  operated  one  of 
the  good  farms  and  country  homes  near 
Romney.  His  wife  was  born  in  Greene 
County,  Tennessee.  They  had  five^  chil- 
dren: Mary  A.  Simison,  of  Romney;  Ger- 
trude B.  Ray,  of  New  Richmond,  Indiana; 
Jessie,  who  died  when  young;  George  A., 
an  architect  of  ability,  who  met  an  acci- 
dental death  in  August,  1909,  by  coming 
in  contact  with  an  electric  wire;  and  John 
Harrison  Skinner. 

John  Harrison  Skinner  was  educated  in 
the  local  district  schools  and  in  1893  en- 
tered Purdue  University,  where  he  first 
took  the  Winter  Short  Course.  He  com- 
pleted the  four  year  course  in  agriculture, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science 
in  1897.  It  may  be  said  that  he  had 
served  his  full  apprenticeship  in  the  fields 
and  among  the  live  stock  on  his  father's 
farm  while  growing  to  manhood,  and  the 
two  and  a  half  years  after  graduating 
from  college  which  he  spent  managing  his 


1914 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


father's  grain  and  stock  farm  were  really 
in  the  nature  of  a  journeyman's  work  at 
his  trade  or  profession.  With  this  prac- 
tical knowledge  and  experience  he  returned 
to  Purdue  University  and  in  1899  was  as- 
signed to  duties  as  assistant  agriculturist 
in  the  experiment  station.  He  remained 
there  until  the  fall  of  1901,  when  he  was 
called  to  the  University  of  Illinois  as  in- 
structor in  animal  husbandry  for  the  year 
1901-02.  From  1902  to  1906  he  was  chief 
of  the  department  and  associate  professor 
of  animal  husbandry  and  director  of  the 
farm  at  Purdue  University,  and  in  1906 
he  was  made  professor  of  animal  hus- 
bandry. In  1907  he  was  appointed  Dean 
of  the  School  of  Agriculture,  serving  in 
that  capacity  until  the  present  date.  Pro- 
fessor Skinner  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Breeders  Association,  the  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science, 
and  has  served  as  secretary  of  the  Indiana 
Live  Stock  Breeders'  Association,  which 
he  organized  in  1905.  He  was  also  instru- 
mental in  organizing  the  Indiana  Cattle 
Feeders'  Association,  the  Indiana  Draft 
Horse  Breeders'  Association,  which  organ- 
izations he  has  served  as  secretary.  He 
was  judge  of  sheep  at  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase Exposition  in  1904,  was  judge  of 
Rambouillet  sheep  at  the  International  Live 
Stock  Show  in  1906  and  1907,  and  was 
judge  of  Aberdeen-Angus  cattle  at  the  In- 
ternational in  1907,  and  is  rated  as  one  of 
the  foremost  all  round  livestock  judges  in 
America. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
is  a  Master  Mason,  being  affiliated  with 
Romney  Lodge  No.  441,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  Urbana  Chapter  No.  80, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  held  the  rank  of 
captain  in  the  Purdue  Cadet  Corps  in 
1896-97.  September  3,  1903,  he  married 
Mary  E.  Throckmorton.  daughter  of  Ed- 
win W.  and  Anna  (Webster)  Throckmor- 
ton of  Romney.  Four  children  have  been 
born  to  their  marriage:  John  Harrison, 
Jr.,  born  January  20.  1906;  Mary  Eliza- 
beth, born  July  17,  1908 ;  William  Edwin, 
born  October  24.  1912 ;  and  Robert  Ewing, 
born  June  26,  1917. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  an  adequate  idea 
of  the  tremendous  amount  of  energy  and 
concentrated  study  and  effort  which  Pro- 
fessor Skinner  has  devoted  to  the  various 
branches  of  his  profession,  and  as  to  re- 
sults they  can  best  be  measured  by  refer- 
ence to  the  growth  and  development  of  the 


School  of  Agriculture,  the  Department  of 
Animal  Husbandry,  the  University  Farm, 
and  the  Purdue  Experiment  Station  dur- 
ing the  last  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  and  to 
the  hundreds  of  practical  and  able  men 
all  over  the  middle  west  who  are  accom- 
plishing more  as  farmers  and  stock  raisers 
because  of  assistance  given  them  directly 
by  Professor  Skinner  at  the  University  or 
through  the  bulletins  and  other  publica- 
tions which  contain  the  results  of  his  in- 
vestigations and  his  advice. 

The  School  of  Agriculture  enrolled  207 
students  in  1907.  This  enrollment  had  in- 
creased to  814  in  1916.  During  the  period 
in  which  he  served  as  Dean  of  the  School 
of  Agriculture  Smith  Hall,  one  of  the  very 
best  buildings  devoted  to  the  dairy  indus- 
try was  erected,  and  a  veterinary  building, 
which  is  the  best  to  be  found  in  any  agri- 
cultural college  in  the  United  States  not 
making  graduate  veterinarians,  a  judging 
pavilion,  a  horse  building,  a  beef  cattle 
building  and  horticultural  greenhouses 
were  erected.  In  addition  to  this  there 
was  established  a  poultry  department  with 
a  farm  and  excellent  equipment  for  the 
instructional  and  investigational  work  in 
poultry  husbandry.  The  work  of  the 
Animal  Husbandry  Department  of  Pur- 
due University  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  Skinner  has  attracted  attention 
not  only  in  the  United  States  but  in 
foreign  countries.  From  a  very  small 
beginning  and'  with  little  money  to  do  it 
the  department  has  grown  to  the  point 
where  it  has  as  good  equipment  in 
animal  husbandry  as  any  institution  in  the 
middle  west.  The  pure-bred  herds  and 
flocks  on  the  University  Farm  are  made 
up  of  the  very  best  animals,  as  is  indicated 
by  the  success  of  the  fat  stock  shown  by 
this  institution  in  the  International  Shows. 
Purdue  has  won  the  grand  championship 
on  fat  steers  three  times  within  the  last 
ten  years,  in  1908  on  a  pure-bred  Angus 
steer,  Fyvie  Knight;  in  1917  on  a  pure- 
bred Shorthorn  steer,  Merry  Monarch ; 
bred  and  fed  on  the  University  Farm,  and 
in  1918  on  pure-bred  Angus  steer,  Fyvie 
Knight  2d,  bred  and  fed  on  the  University 
Farm.  No  individual  or  institution  has 
ever  equaled  this  record.  In  addition  to 
winning  on  these  steers  Purdue  won  all 
first  prizes  on  Shorthorn  steers  with  steers 
bred  on  the  University  Farm  in  the  Inter- 
national Show  in  1918.  Each  year  Pur- 
due has  carried  away  major  prizes  from 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1915 


this  great  show.  Not  only  have  grand 
prizes  been  awarded  "on  Purdue  cattle  but 
on  hogs  and  sheep  as  well. 

The  University  Farm  has  grown  from 
about  150  acres  to  one  of  more  than  800 
acres  during  his  administration.  It  is 
coming  to  be  one  of  the  show  places  of  the 
University,  and  in  a  few  years  should  be 
one  of  the  best  features  in  the  equipment 
of  the  University. 

A  brief  survey  of  the  investigational 
work  carried  on  and  directed  by  Professor 
Skinner  includes  the  following  subjects. 
Pork  production,  including  bacon  and  lard 
types;  relative  value  of  protein  in  rough- 
age and  concentrates  for  fattening  cattle; 
influence  of  age,  length  of  feeding  period 
and  the  use  of  silage  on  the  efficiency  of 
the  ration  and  the  profits  in  feeding  beef 
cattle;  a  study  of  maintenance  rations  for 
brood  sows,  growing  pigs  and  breeding 
ewes;  comparative  values  of  nitrogenous 
concentrates  as  supplements  in  steer  feed- 
ing. He  has  with  his  co-workers  published 
numerous  bulletins  on  cattle,  swine  and 
sheep  feeding.  One  of  the  first  investiga- 
tors to  take  up  the  use  of  silage  for  fatten- 
ing cattle  and  lambs,  Purdue  Station  has 
more  data  on  the  subject  of  silage  for  fat- 
tening cattle  and  lambs  than  any  other  and 
has  done  more  to  induce  farmers  to  use 
silage  in  the  middle  west  than  all  stations 
put  together.  Professor  Skinner  has  a 
wide  acquaintance  with  the  stockmen  of 
the  United  States,  and  Indiana  farmers 
know  him  wherever  he  goes. 

The  publications  to  which  he  has  con- 
tributed are  noted  as  follows : 

Bulletin  No.  88 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  March,  1901,  Systems  of  Cropping 
with  and  without  fertilization. 

Bulletin  No.  108 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  July,  1905.  Soybeans,  middlings 
and  tankage,  as  supplemental  feeds  in 
pork  production. 

Bulletin  No.  115 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  December,  1906,  steer  feeding. 

Bulletin  No.  126 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  June,  1908,  Supplements  to  corn 
for  fattening  hogs  in  dry  lot. 

Bulletin  No.  129 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  October,  1908.  Steer  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1906-7,  1907-8. 

Bulletin  No.  130 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1908.  Steer  feeding. 
Results  of  short  vs.  long  feeding  periods. 

Bulletin   No.    136 — Purdue   Experiment 


Station,     October,     1909,    Steer     feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1908-9. 

Bulletin  No.  137 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1909.  Dairy  by-prod- 
ucts as  supplements  to  corn  for  fattening 
hogs. 

Bulletin  No.  142 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  May,  1910.  Steer  feeding.  Fin- 
ishing steers,  1907,  1908,  and  1909. 

Bulletin  No.  146 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  June,  1910.  Steer  feeding.  In- 
fluence of  age  on  the  economy  and  profit 
from  feeding  calves,  yearlings  and  two- 
year-olds,  1906-7,  1907-8,  1908-9. 

Bulletin  No.  147 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  June,  1910.  Corn  silage  for  win- 
ter feeding  of  ewes  and  young  lambs. 

Bulletin  No.  153 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  September,  1911.  Steer  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1909-10  and  1910-11. 

Bulletin  No.  158— Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  May,  1912.  Hominy  feed  for  fat- 
tening hogs. 

Bulletin  No.  162 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1912.  Fattening  west- 
ern lambs,  1910-11  and  1911-12. 
•  Bulletin  No.  163 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1912.  Steer  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding. 

Bulletin  No.  167 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  October,  1913.  Steer  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1912-13. 

Bulletin  No.  168 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1913.  Fattening  west- 
ern lambs,  1912-13. 

Bulletin  No.  178 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1914.  Cattle  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1913-14. 

Bulletin  No.  179— Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1914.  Sheep  feeding. 
Fattening  western  lambs. 

Bulletin  No.  183 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1915.  Cattle  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1914-15. 

Bulletin  No.  184 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  November,  1915.  Sheep  feeding. 
Fattening  western  lambs,  1914-15. 

Bulletin  No.  191 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  September,  1916.  Cattle  feeding. 
Winter  steer  feeding,  1915-16. 

Bulletin  No.  192 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  September,  1916.  Sheep  feeding. 
Fattening  western  lambs,  1915-1916. 

Bulletin  No.  202 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  Sheep  feeding,  Fattening  western 
lambs,  1916-1917. 

Bulletin   No.   206 — Purdue   Experiment 


1916 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Station,  Cattle  feeding,  Winter  steer  feed- 
ing, 1916-17. 

Bulletin  No.  219 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  Swine  feeding.  Studies  of  the 
feeding  value  of  corn  by-products.  Palmo 
Midds  and  commercial  mixed  hog  feeds, 
1917-18. 

Bulletin  No.  220— Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  Winter  steer  feeding,  1917-1'JlN 

Bulletin  No.  221 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  Sheep  feeding.  Fattening  west- 
ern lambs,  1917-1918. 

Circular  No.  8 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  October,  1907.  Beef  production. 
I,  Purchasing  feeders. 

Circular  No.  12 — Purdue  Experiment 
Station,  Beef  production.  II,  Methods  of 
beef  production  in  Indiana. 

Circular  No.  14— July,  1908.  Purdue 
Experiment  Station.  Beef  production. 
Ill,  Factors  influencing  the  value  and  cost 
of  feeders. 

A  summary  of  investigational  work  con- 
ducted will  be  found  in  the  annual  reports 
of  the  Purdue  Experiment  Station  from 
1900  to  1920. 

FRANK  J.  WRIGHT,  D.  C.,  a  leading 
chiropractor  of  the  City  of  Indianapolis, 
was  born  March  19,  1866,  and  is  a  gradu- 
ate of  the  Palmer  School  of  Chiropractic 
of  Davenport,  Iowa.  Doctor  Wright  has 
offices  in  the  Law  Building,  where  he  has 
successfully  followed  his  profession  during 
the  past  five  years. 

The  following  article  written  by  him  is 
an  interesting  exposition  of  the  science 
he  represents: 

"The  public  in  general  may  not  know 
that  art  has  a  place  in  the  education  and 
the  work  of  the  chiropractor.  Neverthe- 
less it  has,  but  it  is  not  the  art  that  enables 
one  to  blend  colors  and  to  paint  scenes  that 
enthrall,  that  fills  the  soul  with  emotion. 
Art  also  has  another  meaning,  and  it  is 
this  which  enters  into  the  education  and 
the  work  of  the  chiropractor. 

"Webster  defines  this  art  as  (a)  the  em- 
ployment of  a  means  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  some  end;  (b)  the  skillful  adap- 
tation and  application  to  some  purpose  or 
use  of  knowledge  or  power  acquired  from 
nature;  (c)  a  system  of  rules  and  estab- 
lished methods  to  facilitate  the  perfor- 
mance of  certain  actions;  familiarity  with 
such  principles  and  skill  in  applying  them 
to  an  end  or  purpose. 


"In  chiropractic  the  end  to  be  accom- 
plished is  to  place  in  harmonious  action 
every  organ  of  the  body;  to  re-establish 
co-ordination  between  the  brain  that  oper- 
ates the  body  and  the  various  organs  of 
the  body  which  are  dependent  upon  this 
brain  power.  The  means  employed  to  do 
this  primarily  is  chiropractic  education. 
Included  in  this  education  is  the  peculiar 
training  necessary  in  order  to  locate  the 
cause  of  this  failure  of  co-ordination  be- 
tween the  brain  and  the  organs  of  tho 
body,  and  the  way  or  manner  of  removing 
it.  The  purpose  in  applying  this  power 
acquired  from  nature  is  to  remove  the 
cause  of  disease,  permitting  nature  to  op- 
erate the  organs  of  the  body  naturally  and 
normally. 

"We  have  a  system  of  rules  and  estab- 
lished methods  to  facilitate  the  perform- 
ance of  certain  actions,  and  we  have  the 
familiarity  with  such  principles  and  the 
skill  in  applying  them  to  an  end  or  pur- 
pose. These  rules  or  methods  are  now  be- 
ing taught  by  recognized  schools  of  chiro- 
practic. Dr.  D.  D.  Palmer  discovered  the 
basic  principles  of  chiropractic  twenty- 
three  years  ago  and  practiced  them  for  ten 
years  before  his  son,  B.  J.  Palmer,  who  had 
grown  up  in  the  environment  of  his  fath- 
er's work,  gained  his  father's  consent  to 
give  the  discovery  to  the  world.  His  son 
caught  the  spirit  and  the  inspiration  of 
the  discoverer  and  proceeded  to  develop  it 
into  a  science,  a  philosophy,  and  an  art. 

"The  instructions  of  the  chiropractic 
schools  differs  from  that  of  medical  schools 
somewhat  in  physiology,  considerably  in 
the  philosophy  of  life  as  applied  to  the  hu- 
man body,  and  very  materially  so  in  its 
system  of  locating  and  removing  the  cause 
of  disease.  In  anatomy  and  symtomat- 
ology  it  follows  closely  the  teaching  of 
medical  schools.  The  education  of  a  chir- 
opractor includes  the  training  of  the  touch 
to  a  degree  of  perfection  which  enables 
him  to  determine  by  palpation  any  devia- 
tion of,  or  in,  the  spinal  column.  It  also 
teaches  the  art  of  adjustment  into  normal 
position  of  the  spine  or  any  portion  of  the 
spine  which  may  be  out  of  alignment. 

' '  Much  stress  is  placed  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  the  sense  of  touch,  and  for  the 
accomplishment  of  this  one  thing  hours  of 
work  in  training  are  devoted  each  day  cov- 
ering a  period  of  several  months.  So  sen- 
sitive do  the  touch  corpuscles  of  the  finger 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1917 


tips  become  under  this  system  of  training 
that  one  hesitates  to  place  them  against 
any  object  whose  surface  is  rough.  The 
person  who  attempts  to  practice  chiroprac- 
tic without  this  training  is  unprepared. 

"The  art  of  adjustment,  the  mastery  of 
the  adjustic  move  is  equally  as  important 
as  is  the  art  of  palpation.  While  attend- 
ing school  I  saw  a  review  demonstration 
of  half  a  hundred  moves,  which  had  been 
tried,  and  from  which  the  present  moves 
have  been  developed  and  adopted.  We 
now  have  standardized  rules  for  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  various  portions  of  the  spine, 
and  they  are  so  well  defined  and  so  well 
established  that,  having  mastered  them, 
their  application  becomes  an  art.  The 
chiropractor  who  has  become  thoroughly 
proficient  in  the  palpation  of  the  spine  and 
master  of  the  principles  of  adjustment  is 
just  as  much  an  artist  as  are  those  of  any 
other  profession  whose  performance  is  one 
demanding  high  skill  of  execution. 

' '  There  are  those  who  pretend  to  believe 
that  as  they  are  versed  in  anatomy  and 
pathology  of  the  human  body  they  are 
qualified  to  practice  chiropractic,  but  this 
is  a  mistake.  They  still  need  the  philos- 
ophy of  chiropractic,  the  chiropractic 
teachings  of  physiology ;  while  the  drill  in 
palpation  of  spines,  the  development  of  the 
touch  and  the  mastering  of  the  adjustic 
move  are  absolutely  necessary  and  cannot 
be  had  outside  of  a  school  of  chiropractic 
covering  a  course  of  not  less  than  two 
school  years.  The  actual  clinical  work 
that  one  does  in  his  senior  year  of  school 
work  is  the  experience  that  enables  the 
graduate  to  enter  upon  his  work  with  a 
degree  of  certainty  of  success,  and  of  as- 
surance to  the  public  that  he  is  prepared 
for  his  work.  Chiropractic  is  a  science; 
it  has  a  philosophy,  and  the  application  of 
these  is  an  art. 

"Chiropractic  does  not  attempt  to  turn 
the  world  of  healing  upside  down  and  de- 
nounce all  other  methods  as  of  no  value. 
It  recognizes  much  good  in  other  methods, 
but  firmly  insists  that  chiropractic  is  the 
best. 

"I  mention  but  one  of  the  basic  facts 
upon  which  chiropractic  stands,  as  it  will 
illustrate  the  point  I  wish  to  make.  It  is 
this,  that  every  organ  in  the  body  and 
every  part  of  the  body  must  be  supplied 
with  power  to  operate,  and  that  it  is  the 
nervous  system  that  carries  this  operating 


power  to  the  various  organs  and  parts  of 
the  body. 

"Pressure  or  obstruction  on  the  nerves 
will  interfere  and  prevent  delivery  of 
nerve  force,  resulting  in  impaired  or  ab- 
normal function.  Thus  it  is  that  resistive 
power  is  lessened,  permitting  the  contrac- 
tion of  that  which  we  have  learned  to  des- 
ignate as  disease. 

"Chiropractic  further  insists  that  in 
case  of  disease  or  as  a  preventive  of  disease 
it  is  necessary  to  have  the  nerves  free  from 
any  pressure  or  obstruction,  thus  permit- 
ting the  full  transmission  of  nerve  impulse 
or  force.  This  enables  nature  to  resist  the 
contraction  of  disease  or  to  restore  the 
tissues  to  normal  if  already  diseased. 

"It  is  necessary  that  wires  conducting 
electricity  shall  be  free  from  interference 
in  order  that  the  full  power  to  operate 
may  reach  the  object  to  be  supplied.  So 
with  the  nerves  of  our  bodies.  They,  too, 
must  be  free  from  interference,  free  from 
pressure  in  order  that  they  may  carry  the 
full  amount  of  vital  force  or  nerve  energy, 
which  are  one  and  the  same,  to  the  organs 
they  supply.  Interference  to  the  nervous 
system  to  the  extent  of  preventing  this 
will  result  in  their  failure  to  function  nor- 
mally, and  sooner  or  later  in  a  condition 
known  as  disease. 

"To  insure  proper  distribution  of  the 
nerve  force  it  is  necessary  to  remove  any 
pressure  there  may  be  on  the  nerves  where 
they  emit  from  or  leave  the  back  bone, 
which  pressure  often  does  occur.  This 
permits  the  nerves  to  deliver  their  full 
amount  of  vital  energy  as  nature  may  de- 
mand it,  the  delivery  of  which  insures 
normal  function-health.  The  chiropractor 
is  educated  both  to  locate  and  to  remove 
this  pressure  or  interference. 

"The  principles  of  chiropractic  are  ad- 
vanced principles,  and  they  are  right  prin- 
ciples. It  has  been  proved  so  beyond  suc- 
cessful contradiction.  Chiropractic  is  not 
a  theory,  it  is  a  fact,  a  science,  the  princi- 
ples of  which  have  never  changed ;  where 
the  elements  of  experimentation  do  not 
enter,  and  where  the  thing  which  the  sci- 
ence has  demonstrated  and  established  as 
necessary  to  do  becomes  a  positive  thing 
to  be  done. 

"Vital  force  is  life,  or  it  is  the  force 
that  produces  internal  and  external  man- 
ifestations of  life,  therefore  chiropractic 
is  concerned  with  vital  force  and  its  normal 


1918 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


distribution  as  being  the  most  essential 
thing  in  the  restoration  of  health.  There 
are  more  than  200  chiropractors  in  the 
State  of  Indiana  and  more  than  5,000  in 
the  United  States,  with  hundreds  being 
added  to  the  profession  each  year.  Chir- 
opractic is  looked  upon  as  little  less  than 
marvelous,  which  can  only  be  accounted 
for  by  reason  of  the  almost  universal  re- 
sults it  is  giving  in  the  way  of  health  res- 
toration." 

HERMAN  A.  MAYER  is  treasurer  of  the 
United  States  Trust  Company  of  Terre 
Haute.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  financial 
institutions  of  the  state,  and  his  position 
as  treasurer,  which  he  has  held  for  some 
six  or  seven  years,  is  a  high  and  important 
honor  to  Mr.  Mayer,  who  was  hardly  thirty 
years  of  age  when  he  was  elevated  to  these 
responsibilities.  The  United  States  Trust 
Company  was  organized  in  1903,  has  a  capi- 
tal stock  of  half  a  million  dollars,  and  its 
total  resources  are  over  five  millions. 

Mr.  Mayer  was  born  at  Terre  Haute 
August  20,  1880,  has  spent  practically  all 
his  life  in  his  native  city,  and  is  bound  to 
it  by  ties  of  many  personal  associations 
and  by  the  dignity  of  his  individual  success. 

His  father  is  the  venerable  Anton  Mayer, 
who  was  a  pioneer  in  the  brewing  business 
of  Terre  Haute  and  has  been  a  resident  of 
this  city  fifty  years.  Anton  Mayer  was 
born  in  Wurtemberg,  Germany,  January 
12,  1842,  grew  up  on  the  home  farm  of 
his  father,  Bartholomew  Mayer,  had  a 
common  school  education,  and  early  in  life 
was  employed  for  a  year  or  so  in  a  brewery. 
In  1858,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  came  to 
the  United  States  alone  and  went  direct  to 
Terre  Haute.  He  remained  in  that  city 
only  a  short  time,  and  going  to  Cincinnati 
spent  eight  years  in  one  of  the  leading 
breweries  of  that  city  and  for  three  years 
was  brew  master.  He  acquired  a  thorough 
technical  knowledge  of  all  details  of  the 
brewing  art,  and  this  knowledge,  together 
with  a  modest  amount  of  capital  which 
he  had  been  able  to  save,  he  brought  to 
Terre  Haute  in  1868  to  engage  in  business 
for  himself.  He  and  a  partner  bought  an 
old  established  brewing  plant,  but  about  a 
year  later,  through  the  death  of  his  part- 
ner, he  became  sole  owner.  He  developed 
a  mere  brewery  from  a  small  yearly  capac- 
ity until  it  was  manufacturing  25,000  bar- 
rels a  year.  In  1889  Mr.  Mayer  sold  the 


plant  to  the  Terre  Haute  Brewing  Com- 
pany and  retired  from  business.  However, 
he  has  since  kept  in  close  touch  with  the 
financial  affairs  of  Terre  Haute  and  has 
many  investments  in  real  estate  and  coun- 
try property.  On  April  29,  1879,  at  Terre 
Haute,  he  married  Miss  Sophie  Miller,  a 
native  of  Germany  who  came  to  America 
with  her  parents  at  the  age  of  three  years. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Anton  Mayer  had  four  chil- 
dren, Herman,  Bertha,  Ida  and  Gertrude, 
the  last  two  now  deceased. 

Herman  A.  Mayer  grew  up  in  his  native 
city,  attended  the  public  schools  and  St. 
Joseph  College,  and  in  1904  entered  the 
recently  organized  United  States  Trust 
Company  as  teller.  In  1908  he  was  made 
treasurer,  and  has  handled  many  of  the 
important  executive  responsibilities  of  the 
institution  for  the  past  ten  years.  He  is 
also  treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Savings  & 
Building  Association  and  is  a  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  Morris  Plan 
Bank  of  Terre  Haute.  His  affiliations  are 
those  of  a  public  spirited  and  energetic 
citizen  and  include  membership  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  with  other  or- 
ganizations and  movements  which  best  ex- 
press the  civic  and  business  ideals  of  his 
community.  He  is  a  republican  and  a 
member  of  Terre  Haute  Lodge  No.  86  of 
the  Benevolent  &  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
In  1905  he  married  Miss  Antoinette  Brink- 
man,  of  Terre  Haute,  and  they  had  two 
children,  John  Anton  and  Mary  Hermine. 

HON.  JOEL  P.  HEATWOLE  was  born  in 
Waterford,  Indiana,  August  22,  1856,  a 
son  of  Henry  and  Barbara  Heatwole.  As 
early  as'  1876  he  engaged  in  the  printing 
business,  and  in  1882  he  became  a  resident 
of  Minnesota.  Mr.  Heatwole  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Fifty-Fourth  to  the  Fifty-Sev- 
enth Congresses,  declining  renomination. 
He  is  a  republican  in  politics. 

The  home  of  Mr.  Heatwole  is  at  North- 
field,  Minnesota. 

ALFRED  FREMONT  POTTS,  of  Indianap- 
olis, a  lawyer  by  profession,  has  become 
most  widely  known  to  the  people  of  In- 
diana thrpugh  his  skill  and  success  in  pro- 
moting large  business  organizations,  and 
particularly  for  his  plan  for  the  control  in 
the  public  interest  of  public  utilities.  In 
this  field  he  has  done  notable  pioneer  work 
and  has  undoubtedly  contributed  to  the 


m 


1918 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


distribution  as  being  the  most  essential 
thing  in  the  restoration  of  health.  There 
are  more  than  2(1(1  chiropractors  in  the 
State  of  Indiana  and  more  than  f>,000  in 
the  United  States,  with  hundreds  being 
added  to  the  profession  each  year.  Chir- 
opraetie  is  looked  upon  as  little  less  than 
marvelous,  which  can  only  be  accounted 
for  by  reason  of  the  almost  universal  re- 
sults it  is  giving  in  the  way  of  health  res- 
toration." 


HKR.MAX  A.  MAYER  is  treasurer  of  the 
Tinted  States  Trust  Company  of  Terre 
Haute.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  financial 
institutions  of  the  state,  and  his  position 
as  treasurer,  which  he  has  held  for  some 
six  or  seven  years,  is  a  high  and  important 
honor  to  Mr.  Mayer,  who  was  hardly  thirty 
years  of  age  when  he  was  elevated  to  these 
responsibilities.  The  United  States  Trust 
Company  was  organized  in  1903,  has  a  capi- 
tal stock  of  half  a  million  dollars,  and  its 
total  resources  are  over  five  millions. 

Mr.  Mayer  was  born  at  Terre  Haute 
August  '20.  "1880,  has  spent  practically  all 
his  life  in  his  native  city,  and  is  hound  to 
it  by  ties  of  many  personal  associations 
and  by  the  dignity  of  his  individual  success. 

His  father  is  the  venerable  Anton  Mayer, 
who  was  a  pioneer  in  the  brewing  business 
of  Terre  Haute  and  has  been  a  resident  of 
tliis  city  fifty  years.  Anton  Mayer  was 
born  in  "VVurtembcrg,  Germany,  January 
12,  1842,  grew  up  on  the  home  farm  of 
his  father,  Bartholomew  Mayer,  had  a 
common  school  education,  and  early  in  life 
was  employed  for  a  year  or  so  in  a  brewery. 
In  l8f>M.  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  came  to 
the  United  States  alone  and  went  direct  to 
Terre  Haute.  He  remained  in  that  city 
only  a  short  time,  and  going  to  Cincinnati 
spent  eight  years  in  cine  of  the  leading 
breweries  of  that  city  and  for  three  years 
was  brew  master.  lie  acquired  a  thorough 
technical  knowledge  of  all  details  of  the 
brewing  art.  and  this  knowledge,  together 
with  a  modest  amount  of  capital  which 
he  had  been  able  to  save,  he  brought  to 
Terre  Haute  in  1868  to  engage  in  business 
for  himself.  He  and  a  partner  bought  an 
old  established  brewing  plant,  but  about  a 
year  later,  through  the  death  of  his  part- 
ner, he  became  sole  owner.  He  developed 
a  mere  brewery  from  a  small  yearly  capac- 
ity until  it  was  manufacturing  25, 000  bar- 
rels a  vear.  In  1889  Mr.  Maver  sold  the 


plant  to  the  Terre.  Haute  Brewing  Com- 
pany and  retired  from  business.  However, 
he  has  since  kept  in  close  touch  with  the 
financial  affairs  of  Terre  Haute  and  has 
many  investments  in  real  estate  and  coun- 
try property.  On  April  29,  1879,  at  Terre 
Haute,  he  married  Miss  Sophie  Miller,  a 
native  of  Germany  who  came  to  America 
with  her  parents  at  the  age  of  three  years. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Anton  Mayer  had  four  chil- 
dren, Herman,  Bertha,  Ida  and  Gertrude, 
the  last  two  now  deceased. 

Herman  A.  Mayer  grew  up  in  his  native 
city,  attended  the  public  schools  and  St. 
Joseph  College,  and  in  1904  entered  the 
recently  organized  United  States  Trust 
Company  as  teller.  In  1908  he  was  made 
treasurer,  and  has  handled  many  of  the 
important  executive  responsibilities  of  the 
institution  for  the  past  ten  years.  He  is 
also  treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Savings  & 
Building  Association  and  is  a  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  Morris  Plan 
Bank  of  Terre  Haute.  His  affiliations  are 
those  of  a  public  spirited  and  energetic 
citizen  and  include  membership  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  with  other  or- 
ganizations and  movements  which  best  ex- 
press the  civic  and  business  ideals  of  his 
community.  He  is  a  republican  and  a 
member  of  Terre  Haute  Lodge  No.  86  of 
the  Benevolent  &  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
In  1905  he  married  Miss  Antoinette  Brink- 
man,  of  Terre  Haute,  and  they  had  two 
children,  John  Anton  and  Mary  Hermine. 

Hox.  JOEL  P.  HKATWOLE  was  born  in 
Waterford,  Indiana,  August  22.  1856,  a 
son  of  Henry  and  Barbara  Heatwole.  As 
early  as'  1876  he  engaged  in  the  printing 
business,  and  in  1882  he  became  a  resident 
of  Minnesota.  Mr.  Heatwole  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Fifty-Fourth  to  the  Fifty-Sev- 
enth Congresses,  declining  renoinination. 
lie  is  a  republican  in  politics. 

The  home  of  Mr.  Heatwole  is  at  North- 
field.  Minnesota. 

ALFRED  FREMOXT  POTTS,  of  Indianap- 
olis, a  lawyer  by  profession,  has  become 
most  widely  known  to  the  people  of  In- 
diana through  his  skill  and  success  in  pro- 
moting large  business  organizations,  and 
particularly  for  his  plan  for  the  control  in 
the  public  interest  of  public  utilities.  In 
this  field  he  has  done  notable  pioneer  work 
and  has  undoubtedly  contributed  to  the 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1919 


solution  of  many  vexatious  problems  con- 
nected with  the  relations  of  large  public 
corporations  with  the  people  in  general 

He  was  born  at  Richmond,  Indiana, 
October  29,  1856.  His  father,  Dr.  Alfred 
Potts,  died  while  serving  as  a  surgeon  in 
the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  war. 
Until  twelve  years  of  age  Alfred  P.  Potts 
had  only  the  advantages  of  the  common 
schools.  He  educated  himself  by  a  course 
of  persistent  reading  and  early  developed 
his  inclination  for  organization  work  by 
the  promotion  of  a  literary  club  and  a  moot 
court.  Later  he  read  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  of  Marion  County  by 
courtesy  in  1876,  while  still  under  age. 

In  1877  he  formed  a  law  partnership 
with  John  L.  Griffiths,  later  reporter  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  and  fur- 
ther distinguished  by  his  long  service  as 
United  States  consul  general  to  London. 
Mr.  Griffiths  was  an  orator  of  exceptional 
merit,  while  Mr.  Potts  was  noted  for  his 
skill  in  the  preparation  of  a  case  for  trial. 
Early  in  its  career  the  firm  undertook 
some  of  the  most  utterly  hopeless  crimin 
cases  that  could  be  imagined,  but  they 
fought  them  with  such  vim  that  they  re- 
ceived columns  of  free  advertising  through 
the  newspaper  reports,  and  very  soon  were 
in  the  paths  of  an  active  practice.  This 
partnership  lasted  for  twenty-five  years 
and  was  abandoned  rather  than  dissolved 
through  the  absorption  of  Mr.  Griffiths  in 
politics  and  of  Mr.  Potts  in  various  enter- 
prises, one  of  which  consisted  in  the  re- 
demption of  a  certain  portion  of  a  resi- 
dence street  from  shanties  which  were  re- 
placed by  artistic  high  class  residences 
and  became  known  as  "The  Street  of 
Political  Good  Fortune." 

Mr.  Potts  first  came  into  public  promi- 
nence as  an  organizer  in  the  year  1887. 
With  the  discovery  of  natural  gas  in  In- 
diana there  was  naturally  an  effort  on  the 
part  of  capitalists  to  control  the  supply 
and  reap  the  profits  from  it.  On  the  other 
hand  there  was  strong  sentiment  for  giving 
the  public  the  benefit.  At  this  time,  when 
the  people  of  Indianapolis  seemed  hope- 
lessly barred  from  attaining  the  public 
benefit,  through  lack  of  funds,  Mr.  Potts 
brought  forward  the  then  novel  proposi- 
tion of  the  Consumers  Gas  Trust.  It  was 
a  proposal  for  a  company  in  which  the 
voting  power  of  the  stockholders  was  irre- 
vocably lodged  in  a  board  of  self-perpet- 


uating trustees,  while  the  earnings  of  the 
stockholders  were  restricted  to  8  per 
cent  interest  and  the  repayment  of  the 
face  value  of  the  stock.  When  this  repay- 
ment was  made  the  trust  remained  for  the 
public  benefit  to  furnish  gas  at  cost.  It 
was  more  than  a  solution  of  the  existing 
problem.  Many  competent  authorities  and 
critics  have  regarded  it  as  a  practical  plan 
for  controlling  all  public  utilities  for  pub- 
lic benefit,  with  all  the  advantages  of  mu- 
nicipal ownership  and  none  of  its  disad- 
vantages. In  fact,  at  this  day  when  the 
nation  is  struggling  with  the  problem  of 
an  equitable  adjustment  by  means  of  "ex- 
cess profits  taxation"  of  enormous  profit- 
eering enterprises,  it  would  seem  that  some 
of  the  fundamental  principles  involved  in 
Mr.  Potts'  plan  of  thirty  years  ago  has 
been  rediscovered  and  revitalized. 

The  plan  was  at  once  met  by  claims  that 
it  was  unsound  and  impracticable;  but  the 
ablesfc-lasHrers  of  the  city  pronounced  it 
perfeTc4w!'i's"pund.  The  plan  was  at  once 
adopts  bM  the  Board  of  Trade  with  the 
JO  fc'fidewUfig  citizens  in  all  lines. 


The  company  was  organized  and  in  two 
weeks  the  subscription  for  $500,000  of 
stock,  which  had  been  fixed  as  necessary 
for  the  start,  was  more  than  covered. 
The  company  did  what  was  expected  of  it 
in  securing  cheap  gas  and  made  a  saving 
to  the  public  of  $1,000,000  a  year 
for  fifteen  years  until  the  supply  was  ex- 
hausted. During  that  time  it  made  a  to- 
tal investment  of  over  $2,500,000,  all  of 
which  was  paid  out  of  the  earnings  of  the 
company,  together  with  8  per  cent  in- 
terest on  the  stock,  and  the  repayment  of 
all  the  principal  originally  invested.  Those 
interested  in  the  principal  involved  will 
find  a  full  presentation  of  the  subject  by 
Mr.  Potts  in  the  American  Review  of  Re- 
views for  November,  1899. 

After  the  supply  of  natural  gas  was  ex- 
hausted the  trustees  and  directors  desired 
to  manufacture  artificial  gas.  Rival  in- 
terests caused  the  matter  to  be  taken  into 
court  and  on  April  11,  1905,  it  was  held 
that  the  company  was  limited  to  supplying 
natural  gas  and  had  no  power  to  manufac- 
ture gas.  The  cause  of  the  public  seemed 
to  be  blocked  until  it  was  pointed  out  that 
the  city  had  an  option  of  purchase  of  the 
plant  under  the  company's  franchise,  and 
this  could  be  sold  to  another  company. 
Then  the  following  plan  was  adopted: 


1920 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


The  city  gave  the  necessary  notice  of  in- 
tention to  purchase,  and  then  assigned  its 
option  to  A.  F.  Potts,  Frank  D.  Stalnaker 
and  Lorenz  Schmidt,  to  be  transferred  to 
a  company  to  be  organized  by  Mr.  Potts. 
This  company  was  to  furnish  artificial  gas 
at  60  cents  per  thousand  feet,  with  the 
same  features  of  voting  trustees  to  prevent 
manipulation  and  limited  dividends  of  10 
per  cent  and  on  the  further  condition  that 
the  property  was  to  go  to  the  city  when  the 
stockholders  had  received  their  money 
back.  This  proposal  was  accepted  and 
after  surmounting  every  legal  obstacle 
that  could  be  placed  in  its  way  the  new 
company  finally  gained  possession  of  the 
mains  of  the  Consumers  Trust  on  October 
31,  1907.  In  the  fight  for  this  new  public 
enterprise  Mr.  Potts  visited  England  at 
his  own  expense  and  gathered  the  proof  to 
show  that  gas  could  be  manufactured  and 
sold  at  60  cents  per  1,000  cubic  feet. 
The  company  proceeded  with  vigor  and  be- 
gan supplying  gas  on  March  31,  1909.  Its 
action  forced  the  other  company  to  come 
to  the  same  terms,  and  eventually  to  lease 
their  plants  for  ninety-nine  years  to  the 
new  company,  which  is  now  supplying  gas 
at  60  cents  per  1,000,  the  lowest  rate  of 
any  city  in  the  United  States.  It  is  ob- 
vious that  the  same  principles  of  organiza- 
tion employed  in  these  gas  enterprises  can 
be  applied  to  other  public  utilities,  and 
that  it  furnishes  a  means  by  which  the  pub- 
lic can  avoid  being  exploited  in  these  mat- 
ters. 

In  the  1916-17  session  of  the  Indiana 
Legislature,  at  the  request  of  Governor 
Goodrich,  a  bill  prepared  by  Mr.  Potts  was 
introduced  which  crystallizes  this  plan  of 
organization  and  makes  it  applicable  to 
utilities  throughout  the  state  as  well  as 
companies  for  the  supply  of  coal,  ice  and 
food  products.  Owing  to  the  pressure  of 
affairs  due  to  the  fight  on  prohibition  and 
woman's  suffrage  this  measure  with  many 
other  worthy  proposals  was  sidetracked, 
but  the  organization  of  public  men  behind 
it  is  still  intact  and  the  people  have  the 
promise  that  the  bill  will  be  presented 
again  at  some  later  session. 

As  the  preceding  indicates  Mr.  Potts 
has  taken  an  active  interest  in  public  af- 
fairs, and  many  of  his  enterprises  were  of 
a  quasi-public  character.  He  was  one  of 
the  chief  promoters  of  the  Commercial 
Club  of  Indianapolis,  of  which  he  was  for 


several  years  a  director  and  for  one  term 
president.  Among  buildings  that  he  has 
promoted  are  the  Law  Building,  the  Clay- 
pool  Hotel,  the  new  Board  of  Trade  Build- 
ing, and  the  American  and  Union  National 
banks.  In  1>918  Mr.  Potts  was  nominated 
by  Governor  Goodrich  as  one  of  the  three 
public  directors  in  the  local  street  car  com- 
pany, an  experiment  proposed  in  the  pub- 
lic interest  by  the  Pulblic  Service  Com- 
mission. 

In  1879  Mr.  Potts  married  Miss  May 
Barney,  of  Indianapolis.  Both  have  taken 
an  active  role  in  literary  and  social  cir- 
cles. Mr.  Potts  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Century  Club,  and  served  a  term 
as  its  president,  and  also  a  term  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Contemporary  Club.  They 
have  two  daughters.  The  older,  Mrs.  Wal- 
ter Vonnegut,  has  achieved  notable  suc- 
cess on  the  stage.  The  second  daughter  is 
the  wife  of  Mr.  Norman  W.  Cook,  formerly 
of  the  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research  of 
New  York  and  later  a  lieutenant  with  the 
active  forces  in  France. 

ORLANDO  B.  ILES.  Though  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1895  and  for  over 
twenty  years  has  been  a  member  in  good 
standing  of  the  Indianapolis  bar,  Orlando 
B.  lies  is  more  widely  known  and  appre- 
ciated for  his  constructive  services  as  a 
citizen  and  for  the  important  position  he 
enjoys  in  the  industrial  affairs  of  his  home 
city.  Mr.  lies  is  treasurer  and  general 
manager  of  the  International  Machine 
Tool  Company,  one  of  the  really  big  indus- 
tries of  Indiana,  and  is  also  president  of 
the  Marion  Club,  a  position  that  places  him 
for  the  time  as  a  leader  among  the  repub- 
lican party  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  lies  was  born  in  Brown  County, 
Ohio,  in  1869,  son  of  Thomas  and  Eliza- 
beth (Ewing)  lies.  His  parents  were 
both  natives  of  Kentucky.  Orlando  B. 
lies  was  liberally  educated,  being  a  grad- 
uate of  DePauw  University  of  Greencastle 
with  the  class  of  1894.  He  has  been  a  res- 
ident of  Indianapolis  since  1893,  studied 
law  in  that  city  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1895.  His  first  active  work  as  a 
lawyer  was  in  charge  of  the  claim  depart- 
ment and  as  assistant  attorney  for  the  Cit- 
izens Street  Railway  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis. In  1898-99  he  served  as  prosecut- 
ing attorney  for  Marion  County,  and  in 
1899  was  appointed  deputy  attorney  gen- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1921 


eral  of  the  state.  He  filled  that  office  one 
year.  During  1897  and  again  in  1899  he 
was  reading  clerk  of  the  House. 

Had  his  energies  not  been  diverted  Mr. 
lies  could  easily  have  attained  a  leadership 
among  the  general  legal  practitioners  of 
Indiana.  However,  in  1899  he  became 
associated  with  Mr.  Arthur  Jordan  of  In- 
dianapolis as  legal  adviser  in  a  number  of 
industrial  enterprises  controlled  by  Mr. 
Jordan.  One  of  these  was  the  Capital 
Gas  Engine  Company.  In  1906,  when 
Mr.  Jordan,  Mr.  lies,  Mr.  Milholland  and 
Mr.  Libby  organized  the  International  Ma- 
chine Tool  Company,  Mr.  Jordan  became 
president  and  Mr.  lies  treasurer  and  mana- 
ger. These  two  gentlemen  built  the  plant 
for  that  company,  with  Mr.  Charles  L. 
Libby,  the  vice  president  and  superintend- 
ent, in  charge  of  the  technical  details. 

This  company  manufactures  a  large  and 
important  line  of  machine  tools,  including 
the  famous  "Libby"  Turret  Lathe,  large 
numbers  of  which  have  been  sent  abroad 
and  are  used  extensively  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  war  munitions,  and  they  have  an 
equally  varied  and  important  place  in  rail- 
road shops  and  other  industries.  The  In- 
ternational Machine  Tool  Company  gives 
to  Indianapolis  some  elements  of  real  dis- 
tinction as  an  industrial  center,  since  the 
machine  tools  have  an  unique  place  in  the 
equipment  of  modern  industry  and  serve 
to  make  the  name  of  Indianapolis  further 
known  around  the  world.  It  has  also  at- 
tracted to  Indianapolis  a  number  of  highly 
skilled  and  highly  paid  workmen,  and  the 
entire  community  benefits  to  a  degree  that 
can  hardly  be  computed. 

Mr.  lies  has  long  been  a  popular  mem- 
ber of  the  republican  party,  and  his  popu- 
larity and  his  fitness  for  leadership  was 
signally  recognized  in  March,  1918,  when 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Marion 
Club  of  Indianapolis.  This  is  one  of  the 
largest  social  organizations  of  republicans 
in  the  country  and  contains  a  large  mem- 
bership of  representative  citizens  not  only 
in  Indianapolis,  but  throughout  the  state. 
It  plays  and  has  played  an  important  part 
in  civic  affairs,  in  the  progress  of  the  city, 
and  is  one  of  the  factors  in  maintaining 
and  increasing  the  strength  of  the  party 
throughout  the  nation.  Mr.  lies  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Phi  Kappa  Tsi  fraternity,  is 
a  past  chancellor  commander  of  Indianap- 
olis Lodge  No.  56,  Knights  of  Pythias,  is 


a  member  of  Mystic  Lodge  of  Masons,  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
and  a  noble  of  Murat  Temple  of  the  Mys- 
tic Shrine. 

In  1899  Mr.  lies  married  Miss  Esther 
D.  Jordan.  She  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Ar- 
thur Jordan,  above  referred  to  and  more 
specifically  mentioned  on  other  pages. 
Their  two  children  are  Elizabeth  and 
Arthur. 

GEORGE  A.  MOORHEAD.  A  resident  of 
Terre  Haute  for  twenty  years,  formerly 
active  in  business  affairs,  George  A.  Moor- 
head  has  played  a  prominent  part  in  local 
democratic  politics,  was  chairman  of  the 
democratic  county  committee  of  Vigo  and 
is  now  in  his  second  term  as  city  clerk. 

He  was  born  in  Henderson  County,  Ken- 
tucky, December  25,  1879,  but  has  spent 
most  of  his  life  in  Indiana.  His  parents 
were  James  and  Wilhelmina  (Maurer) 
Moorhead,  both  now  living  in  Terre  Haute. 
The  father  was  born  in  Kentucky  and  the 
mother  in  Posey  County,  Indiana.  There 
is  one  other  child,  Mrs.  William  Simmons, 
living  at  Mattoon,  Illinois.  Mr.  Simmons 
is  general  manager  of  the  Hulman  Whole- 
sale Grocery  Company. 

George  A.  Moorhead  received  most  of  his 
early  education  at  Mount  Vernon  in  Black 
Township  of  Posey  County  Indiana.  Com- 
ing to  Terre  Haute  in  1897,  he  worked 
several  years  as  clerk  in  a  shoe  store,  and 
gradually  accumulated  business  experience 
and  the  confidence  of  men  in  his  capacity 
and  judgment. 

In  1909  he  was  elected  city  clerk  of 
Terre  Haute,  and  was  re-elected  on  the 
democratic  ticket  in  1915.  Mr.  Moorhead 
is  popular  in  fraternal  affairs,  a  member 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Fraternal  Or- 
der of  Eagles  and  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks.  In  1905  he  married 
Miss  Amelia  Dietz,  who  was  born  at  Cic- 
ero, Indiana,  a  daughter  of  Emil  and  Anna 
(Wagner)  Dietz. 

HARRY  SMITHSON  NEEDHAM.  The  city 
of  Richmond,  as  a  division  point  of  the 
Pennsylvania  lines  west  of  Pittsburgh,  is 
the  home  and  headquarters  of  a  number  of 
prominent  Pennsylvania  railway  officials, 
including  Harry  Smithson  Needham,  mas- 
ter mechanic  for  the  Pittsburgh,  Cincin- 
nati, Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway,  with 


1922 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


supervision  over  500  employes  in  the  me- 
chanical department  and  whose  forces 
serve  several  divisions  of  the  Pittsburgh, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway 
as  well  as  the  southern  division  of  the 
Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana. 

Mr.  Needham  was  born  at  Marietta,  Ohio, 
December  26,  1878,  son  of  Charles  F.  and 
Emily  Elizabeth  (St.  John)  Needham. 
The  Needham  family  is  of  English  ances- 
try and  settled  in  Massachusetts  many  gen- 
erations ago.  Harry  S.  Needham  attended 
public  school  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  graduat- 
ing from  high  school  in  1896,  and  in  the 
same  year  entering  the  Ohio  State  Univer- 
sity, where  he  was  graduated  with  the  de- 
gree Mechanical  Engineer  in  1900.  On 
account  of  his  fine  scholarship  record  he 
was  offered  a  Fellowship  in  the  Univer- 
sity, but  declined  in  order  to  get  into  ac- 
tive railroad  work.  He  entered  the  me- 
chanical department  offices  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh, Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis 
road  at  Columbus,  serving  as  draftsman 
for  two  years  at  wages  of  fifteen  dollars 
per  month.  The  third  year  he  also  spent 
at  Columbus  as  helper  in  the  engine  house. 
For  three  years  he  was  at  Indianapolis  as 
special  apprentice  in  the  shops  of  the  same 
railroad.  For  a  short  time  he  was  a  fire- 
man on  the  Louisville  Division  between  In- 
dianapolis and  Logansport  six  months, 
and  was  then  called  to  the  home  office  at 
Columbus  as  draftsman  on  general  engi- 
neering work  in  the  motive  power  depart- 
ment. Six  months  later  he  went  into  the 
Columbus  locomotive  repair  shop  as  a  spe- 
cial man  under  Master  Mechanic  S.  W. 
Miller,  remaining  six  months,  and  on  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1904,  was  sent  to  the  locomotive 
shops  at  Dennison,  Ohio,  as  assistant  to  the 
general  foreman.  In  April,  1904,  he  was 
given  some  special  duties  at  the  St.  Louis 
Exposition  for  three  months,  and  another 
four  months  was  employed  in  establishing 
tonnage  rating  for  locomotive  and  freight 
service  over  the  different  lines.  During 
these  several  years  therefore  Mr.  Needham 
had  opportunity  and  wisely  made  use  of 
it  to  acquire  practical  experience  in  all 
branches  of  railroad  mechanical  engineer- 
ing. In  June,  1910,  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant motive  power  inspector  at  Colum- 
bus, and  on  January  1,  1912,  came  to  Rich- 
mond as  master  mechanic. 

In  1911  Mr.  Needham  married  Margaret 
Dunn  Carvey,  daughter  of  Capt.  Theodore 


Dunn  of  Middleport,  Ohio.  Mr.  Needham 
is  a  republican  and  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church. 

MARY  HANNAH  KROUT,  one  of  Indiana's 
most  interesting  women,  was  born  in  Craw- 
fordsville  November  3,  1851.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  the  late  Robert  Kennedy  Krout 
and  Caroline  Van  Cleve  Krout,  and  grand- 
daughter of  Professor  Ryland  Thomas 
Brown,  who  served  several  terms  as  state 
geologist,  was  professor  of  natural  sciences 
in  Butler  College,  lecturer  on  toxocology 
in  the  State  Medical  College  and  chemist- 
in-chief  in  the  United  States  Agricultural 
Department  under  President  Hayes. 

Miss  Krout  received  her  education 
chiefly  at  home  under  the  instruction  of 
her  parents,  and  was  for  six  years  a  pupil 
of  the  late  Mrs.  Caroline  Coulter,  mother 
of  Professor  John  M.  and  Stanley  Coul- 
ter. She  grew  up  from  childhood  sur- 
rounded by  distinctly  literary  influences, 
both  within  her  own  home  and  amongst 
friends  whose  tastes  and  pursuits  gave  the 
town  a  reputation  throughout  the  state  for 
a  high  degree  of  culture. 

Doctor  Bland,  editor  of  the  Indiana 
Farmer,  accepted  and  paid  for  her  first 
poem.  She  was  then  twelve  years  of  age. 
Three  years  later  she  wrote  "Little  Brown 
Hands,"  a  poem  which  has  been  familiar 
to  school  children  ever  since.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  Our  Young  Folks,  a  magazine 
edited  by  John  G.  Whittier  and  Lucy  Lar- 
com,  and  which  numbered  Longfellow, 
Whittier,  Higginson,  Harriet  B.  Stowe, 
Jean  Ingelow,  and  other  famous  authors 
among  its  contributors.  After  that  Miss 
Krout  wrote  regularly  for  The  Little  Cor- 
poral, a  magazine  for  children  edited  by 
the  late  Emily  Huntington  Miller,  who 
gave  her  the  warmest  encouragement  and 
became  her  lifelong  friend.  During  this 
time  she  also  wrote  occasionally  for  Lip- 
pincott's  Magazine,  The  Overland  Monthly, 
under  the  editorship  of  Bret  Harte,  and 
for  the  New  York  Tribune  and  Boston 
Transcript. 

Having  inherited  from  her  parents  and 
grandparents  strong  convictions  on  the 
inequality  of  women  before  the  law,  at  a 
very  early  age  she  spoke  and  wrote  con- 
stantly for  the  enfranchisement  of  women 
and  for  the  broadening  of  their  educa- 
tional and  economic  opportunities.  Of 
this  phase  of  her  work  the  late  Mary  A. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1923 


Livermore  said,  many  years  afterward,  "I 
attended  a  suffrage  convention  held  in 
Crawfordsville,  and  when  Mary  Krout  was 
announced  to  speak  I  was  astounded  to  see 
a  fragile  little  girl  with  short  hair  and 
short  skirts  come  forward  and  make  a  very 
logical  and  carefully  prepared  address." 

Miss  Krout  also  inherited  from  a  long 
line  of  ancestors  an  inextinguishable  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  liberty  and  universal  en- 
lightenment. She  owes  her  German  name 
to  Michael  Krout,  a  political  refugee  from 
Saxony,  who  settled  on  a  plantation  near 
Columbia,  South  Carolina,  and  who,  when 
his  house  was  burned  and  his  cattle  and 
horses  driven  away  by  the  British,  entered 
the  Federal  army  with  his  five  sons  and 
sacrificed  his  life  to  the  American  cause  in 
the  massacre  of  General  Ashe's  command 
at  Brier  Creek.  Other  Revolutionary  fore- 
fathers were  John  Van  Cleve,  who  with 
his  sons  left  their  harvest  field  and  joined 
the  American  forces  in  the  battle  of  Mon- 
mouth,  remaining  in  the  service  until  the 
close  of  the  war,  John  John,  who  enlisted 
at  the  beginning  of  the  struggle  and  served 
under  Washington,  being  given  charge  of 
the  mill  at  Valley  Forge,  and  George 
Brown,  of  Virginia,  who  raised  and 
equipped  a  company  of  soldiers  at  his  own 
expense  and  went  to  the  relief  of  the  Amer- 
ican forces  at  the  battle  of  Yorktown. 

Her  family  since  then  served  in  later 
wars,  earning  distinction  in  the  United 
States  army  and  navy,  and  was  also  rep- 
resented in  various  legislative  bodies. 

Miss  Krout 's  editorial  work  began  in 
Crawfordsville  on  the  Journal  under  the 
able  management  of  the  late  T.  H.  B.  Mc- 
Cain. She  was  subsequently  connected 
with  the  Peoria  Call,  the  Terre  Haute  Ex- 
press, and  the  Chicago  Interior.  In  1888 
she  began  her  work  on  the  Chicago  Inter 
Ocean,  with  which  she  remained  ten  years. 
In  the  presidential  campaign  of  1888,  dur- 
ing the  candidacy  of  President  Harrison, 
she  was  sent  to  Indianapolis  as  staff  cor- 
respondent. For  this  work  she  received 
the  official  thanks  of  both  President  Harri- 
son and  the  Indiana  state  officials.  In  1893 
she  was  sent  to  Hawaii  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolution,  and  she  remained 
three  months  covering  the  events  which 
led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Provisional 
Government.  Upon  her  return  she  was 
summoned  to  Washington  by  Walter  Q. 
Gresham,  secretary  of  state,  for  a  private 


Vrt.  V— 2 


conference  on  the  situation.  She  was  ap- 
pointed an  alternate  on  the  Women's 
Board  of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  and 
was  chosen  chairman  of  the  Auxilliary 
Press  Congress  held  in  September  during 
the  Fair.  She  had  founded  "The  Chi- 
cago Woman's  Press  League,"  composed 
only  of  members  holding  salaried  positions. 
This  was  extended  into  a  national  organ- 
ization, of  which  she  remained  president, 
the  local  body  acting  as  hostess  to  the  many 
distinguished  men  and  women  writers  who 
were  in  Chicago  during  the  Exposition. 

In  1904  Miss  Krout  was  sent  again  to 
Hawaii  when  an  unsuccessful  effort  was 
made  to  overthrow  the  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment and  restore  the  queen.  Pending 
the  organization  of  the  Hawaiian  Repub- 
lic she  made  a  short  journey  through  New 
Zealand  and  Australia,  returning  in  time 
to  be  present  at  the  opening  session  of  the 
Hawaiian  Constitutional  Convention. 

In  1895  she  was  sent  to  London  as  staff 
correspondent,  where  she  remained  for 
three  years,  seeing  much  of  the  social,  ar- 
tistic, and  literary  life  of  the  great  capi- 
tal. She  found  a  warm  friend  in  John 
Hay,  then  United  States  ambassador,  who 
on  one  occasion  when  she  asked  permis- 
sion to  refer  to  him  wrote  to  her:  "Use 
my  name  at  any  time  and  in  any  way 
that  I  can  be  of  service  to  you,"  a  proof 
of  confidence  and  regard  that  was  never 
forgotten". 

In  1898  she  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  after  leaving  the  Inter  Ocean 
under  a  change  in  its  management  Miss 
Krout  went  out  to  China  for  a  syndicate 
of  representative  newspapers  to  study  and 
write  on  the  commercial  relations  of 
China  with  the  United  States.  She  re- 
mained a  year,  after  which  she  took  up 
her  residence  in  New  York  and  devoted 
her  time  to  miscellaneous  work  and  lec- 
turing before  clubs  and  in  the  "People's 
Course,"  connected  with  the  public  schools 
of  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  She  then 
returned  to  Crawfordsville  and  completed 
the  unfinished  Memoirs  of  Gen.  Lew  Wal- 
lace, after  which  she  made  a  second  visit 
to  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  writing 
for  the  Australia  Press  and  lecturing  in 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  on  American 
topics.  Before  her  return  the  following 
year  she  revisited  Hawaii,  and  while  there 
wrote  "Memoirs  of  the  Hon.  Bernice 
Pauahi  Bishop,"  who  was  the  last  of  the 


1924 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Kamehamehas — the  ancient  ruling  race; 
and  of  Mrs.  Mary  S.  Rice,  one  of  the  pio- 
neer missionaries.  Both  books  embodied 
much  of  the  history  of  the  country,  with 
an  account  of  native  manners  and  customs. 
She  also  prepared  a  large  illustrated  bro- 
chure, "Picturesque  Honolulu,"  which 
was  also  largely  historical.  She  was  ab- 
sent on  these  commissions  in  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  Hawaii,  nearly  four 
years. 

Latterly  Miss  Krout  has  been  at  her 
home  in  Crawfordsville,  writing  and  lec- 
turing on  literary  and  political  topics, 
having  also  been  engaged  with  her  pen  and 
in  various  activities  connected  with  war 
work  since  the  participation  of  the  United 
States  in  the  great  conflict  with  Germany. 

Miss  Krout  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Chicago  Woman's  Club  for  many  years 
and  is  a  charter  member  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  American  Revolution.  While  in 
London  she  was  made  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Sandringham  Club  and  in  Sid- 
ney of  the  Woman's  Club  in  that  city. 
She  is  also  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Hawaiian  Historical  Society. 

Her  published  works  are:  "Hawaii  and 
a  Revolution,"  "A  Looker-on  in  London," 
"Alice  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,"  "Two 
Girls  in  China,"  "The  Memoirs  of  the 
Hon.  Bernice  Pauahi  Bishop,"  "Memoirs 
of  Mrs.  Mary  S.  Rice,"  "Platters  and  Pip- 
kins," and  "The  Coign  of  Vantage,"  a 
serial  which  appeared  in  the  Chicago  Ad- 
vance in  1910. 

CAROLINE  V.  KROUT  was  born  in  Craw- 
fordsville, Indiana,  and  has  lived  there  all 
her  life.  In  an  important  and  literal  sense 
it  can  be  said  that  fame  has  sought  and 
come  to  her  in  that  quiet  but  cultured  col- 
lege communitv.  Her  education  was  ob- 
tained in  private  and  public  schools.  She 
had  the  inestimable  privilege  of  being  a 
pupil  of  the  late  Mrs.  Caroline  Coulter  for 
four  years  at  a  period  when  a  child's  mind 
is  most  plastic.  John  M.  and  Stanley 
Coulter,  two  great  scholars  and  noted  men, 
are  immensely  indebted  to  their  mother 
for  their  remarkable  talents. 

Caroline  Krout  did  not  begin  writing 
as  a  child,  as  did  her  sister  Mary.  What 
aptitude  she  has  for  writing  fiction  was 
developed  in  young  womanhood,  and  it 
was  by  a  happy  accident  she  found  the 
theme  of  her  first  novel,  "Knights  in  Fus- 


tain. "  When  on  a  visit  to  a  sister  she 
met  there  an  elderly  woman  who  had  ex- 
perienced the  insults  and  depredations  of 
that  treasonable  band  in  the  State  of  In- 
diana, and  her  reminiscences  were  so  in- 
teresting and  dramatic  they  were  the  source 
of  inspiration  for  that  work. 

A  love  of  pioneer  history  was  awakened 
then,  and  she,  from  every  source  and  by 
all  means,  got  every  scrap  relating  to  the 
earliest  pioneers  of  Indiana  that  she  could 
find.  Out  of  this  course  of  reading  came, 
later  "On  the  We-a  Trail."  An  Indian 
trail  running  from  the  Ouia  towns  on  the 
Wabash  River,  ten  miles  from  Lafayette, 
crossing  Sugar  Creek,  four  miles  or  so, 
west  of  Crawfordsville,  by  what  is  yet 
known  as  Indian  Ford,  and  on  down  to  the 
hunting  grounds  of  Kentucky,  used  com- 
monlv  bv  all  the  tribes  of  this  section, 
erave  it  the  title. 

Another  novel  dealing  with  the  state's 
history  was  written  later — "Dionis  of  the 
White  Veil."  The  plot  for  this  story  was 
taken  from  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Indiana,  and  was  ob- 
tained from  the  Archives  of  France  for 
Mr.  Jacob  Dunn  by  a  young  man  connected 
with  the  American  Embassy  at  that  time, 
1902  or  1903.  It  relates  to  the  attempt  of 
founding  the  first  Jesuit  mission  in  what 
became  later  Indiana,  at  about  the  period 
Sieur  Vincennes  established  the  first  fur 
trading  post  on  the  Wabash  in  1712.  With 
the  exception  of  the  love  story  it  follows 
the  text  faithfully. 

In  1905  Miss  Krout  published  her  first 
and  only  volume  of  juvenile  stories. 
"Bold  Robin  and  his  Forest  Rangers." 
This  was  written  at  the  request  of  Mrs. 
Lew  Wallace,  a  faithful  friend  and  coun- 
sellor, who,  when  the  author  objected  to 
the  threadbare  theme,  said:  "It  makes  no 
difference  how  old  the  story  is  if  the  treat- 
ment is  original. ' '  In  that  connection  only 
one  story  was  taken  from  history,  the  rest 
were  purely  imaginary.  Its  dedication 
was  made  to  Mrs.  Wallace's  two  grand- 
sons and  the  author's  two  nephews,  then 
small  boys,  all  soldiers  in  France  in  the 
World  war,  one  of  whom,  William  Noble 
Wallace,  made  the  great  sacrifice. 

At  present  Miss  Krout  is  putting  the 
final  touches  to  another  Indiana  story  of 
the  Civil  war. 

The  gift  for  writing  in  both  her  and  her 
sister  is  hereditary.  Dr.  Ryland  T.  Brown, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1925 


a  writer  on  scientific  subjects  in  his  day, 
was  their  maternal  grandfather,  and  the 
late  Joseph  F.  Brown,  a  great-uncle,  was 
a  poet  of  no  mean  caliber  and  also  wrote 
excellent  prose.  The  family  from  which 
they  sprang  was  a  pioneer  family  of  the 
state,  and  bore  their  part  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Indiana. 

THE  BROWN  FAMILY  of  Indianapolis 
contains  a  number  of  names  associated 
with  high  distinctions  in  state  and  national 
affairs,  and  in  later  generations  with  the 
industrial  and  business  history  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

This  branch  of  the  family  belong  to  the 
colonial  settlers  of  old  Virginia.  George 
Brown  had  come  from  Virginia  to  Indiana 
in  territorial  times.  His  son,  Hon.  Wil- 
liam J.  Brown,  was  born  in  Virginia  and 
became  a  lawyer,  practicing  for  a  number 
of  years.  He  was  prosecuting  attorney 
at  a  time  when  his  circuit  extended  from 
the  Ohio  River  to  the  Michigan  boundary. 
His  is  one  of  the  names  most  frequently 
encountered  in  the  annals  of  early  state 
politics.  William  J.  Brown  was  the  first 
to  hold  the  office  of  secretary  of  state  after 
the  capital  was  removed  to  Indianapolis. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  and  served  a 
number  of  terms  in  Congress  from  the  In- 
dianapolis district,  and  was  also  assistant 
postmaster  general.  Hon.  William  J. 
Brown  died  March  18,  1857.  In  1827  he 
married  Susan  Tompkins,  daughter  of 
Nathan  Tompkins. 

Austin  H.  Brown,  who  was  born  at  Mil- 
roy  in  Rush  County,  Indiana,  March  19, 
1828,  was  the  oldest  child  of  his  parents. 
While  his  own  career  was  a  notable  one, 
he  had  brothers  almost  equally  distin- 
guished. Two  of  these  brothers  were  sol- 
diers in  the  Civil  war,  one  being  killed  at 
Harper's  Ferry  while  the  other  died  from 
the  effects  of  his  army  service  soon  after 
the  close  of  the  war.  Still  another  brother 
was  Admiral  Georse  Brown,  who  rose  to 
eminence  in  the  United  States  Navy  and 
retired  with  the  rank  of  admiral  just  be- 
fore the  Spanish-American  war. 

Austin  H.  Brown  had  very  meager  op- 
portunities to  obtain  an  education.  He 
moved  with  his  parents  to  Indianapolis  in 
1837,  and  there  found  work  as  a  printer's 
devil  and  as  a  carrier  for  the  old  Indiana 
Democrat.  While  doing  that  work  he 
studied  privately  and  acquired  a  practical 


education.  He  continued  with  the  Demo- 
crat and  its  successor,  the  State  Sentinel, 
until  1844,  and  then  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
entered  old  Asbury  University.  His  col- 
lege career  closed  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
when  he  went  to  Washington  as  clerk  in 
the  office  of  the  sixth  auditor.  He  rose  in 
that  office  to  assistant  chief  clerk  and  dis- 
bursing officer.  He  was  also  for  a  time  a 
United  States  postoffice  inspector.  Return- 
ing to  Indianapolis,  he  became  proprietor 
of  the  State  Sentinel,  and  was  one  of  the 
publishers  of  that  old  journal  for  five 
years. 

In  1855,  as  a  democrat,  he  was  elected 
auditor  of  Marion  County.  During  the 
Civil  war  period  he  was  assistant  adjutant 
general,  and  much  of  the  detailed  work 
of  the  office  under  Generals  Noble  and  Ter- 
rell was  handled  by  him.  Austin  H.  Brown 
was  what  was  then  called  a  "war  demo- 
crat." In  1866  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Johnson  collector  of  internal  rev- 
enue for  the  Indianapolis  district.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  was  also  cashier  of 
the  banking  house  of  Woolen,  Webb  & 
Company.  In  1874  he  was  elected  clerk  of 
Marion  County,  and  served  a  number  of 
years  as  city  councilman  and  nine  years 
on  the  school  commission.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Democratic  Commit- 
tee, ranked  high  in  Masonry  and  was  one 
of  the  able  men  of  the  state  during  his 
time. 

On  December  17,  1851,  Austin  H.  Brown 
married  Margaret  E.  Russell.  Her  father. 
Col.  Alexander  W.  Russell,  was  an  Indiana 
pioneer,  served  as  sheriff  of  Marion  Coun- 
ty, and  by  appointment  from  President 
Taylor  served  as  postmaster  of  Indianap- 
olis. Mrs.  Austin  Brown  was  a  grand- 
daughter through  her  mother  of  General 
James  Noble,  one  of  the  first  United  States 
senators  from  Indiana.  Austin  H.  Brown 
died  January  1,  1903.  He  and  his  wife 
reared  only  two  children,  Austin  H..  Jr., 
who  died  in  California  in  1913,  and  Wil- 
liam J. 

William  J.  Brown,  who  represented  the 
fourth  generation  of  the  family  in  Indiana, 
was  essentially  a  business  man  and  his 
career  as  such  brought  him  success  and 
was  characterized  always  by  the  strictest 
integrity.  He  possessed  sound  judgment, 
and  while  he  enjoyed  but  ordinary  educa- 
tional advantages  he  was  considered  above 
the  ordinary  in  point  of  information.  He 


1926 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


became  treasurer  and  general  manager  of 
the  Indianapolis  Stove  Company,  and  held 
that  position  until  the  time  of  his  death 
in  1914,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  William 
J.  Brown  married  Cordelia  Garvin.  Their 
three  children  were  Garvin  M.,  Austin  H. 
and  Cordelia  S.  William  J.  Brown  is  re- 
membered as  a  man  of  exceptionally  kindly 
nature,  had  the  faculty  of  making  and  re- 
taining friends,  and  was  thoroughly 
worthy  of  the  name  which  he  bore.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Indianapolis,  and  was  an  independent 
democrat  in  politics.  His  widow  is  still 
living  in  Indianapolis. 

Garvin  M.  Brown,  of  the  fifth  genera- 
tion of  the  Brown  family  in  this  state, 
succeeded  his  father  as  secretary  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Indianapolis  Stove 
Company.  He  was  born  November  21, 
1885,  and  has  always  made  his  home  in 
Indianapolis.  He  graduated  from  the 
Shortridge  High  School  in  1904  and  from 
Princeton  University  in  1908.  In  1914 
he  married  Nina  Gilbert,  daughter  of 
Harry  C.  Gilbert.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Nina. 

JOHN  HENRY  BUNINO.  On  October  3, 
1875,  there  was  born  to  the  union  of  George 
Henry  and  Charlotte  Hektor  Buning,  of  14 
Freeman  Avenue,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  their 
third  child,  John  Henry  Buning,  whose 
virile  influence  was  destined  to  be  felt  soon 
throughout  all  the  states  of  the  Middle 
West.  From  the  time  he  left  home  at  the 
tender  age  of  twelve  years  and  four  months 
to  find  the  place  of  prominence  which  he 
felt  the  world  owed  him,  his  life  has  been 
one  of  continuous  activity  and  aggressive 
fighting  to  gain  the  ends  he  desired.  His 
ceaseless  energy  and  undaunted  determi- 
nation to  drive  his  way  to  success  and  make 
his  life  one  of  more  than  ordinary  useful- 
ness has  placed  him,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
three,  among  the  leaders  of  industry  in  the 
Middle  West. 

John  H.  Buning  inherited  from  his 
father  those  sturdy  qualities  of  persever- 
ance and  faith  in  the  events  of  the  future 
which  nerved  him  to  fight  on  and  never 
quit  for  one  moment  no  matter  what  be 
the  bitterness  of  a  momentary  defeat  or  the 
blackness  of  a  temporary  disappointment. 
After  each  blow  the  world  dealt  him  he 
came  back  on  the  morrow  with  a  punch 
more  telling  than  that  he  delivered  the  day 


before  because  he  had  profited  by  his  mis- 
take of  yesterday.  Each  mistake  left  it's 
imprint  on  the  young  man's  mind  and  he 
never  committed  a  blunder  twice.  When 
he  was  defeated  at  the  age  of  twenty-one 
as  the  republican  candidate  for  the  Ohio 
State  Legislature  from  the  City  of  Cincin- 
nati he  immediately  decided  that  he  was 
not  moulded  for  a  politician  and  turned  his 
attention  elsewhere. 

The  senior  Buning  was  born  August  23, 
1840,  in  Achonsan,  Germany,  the  son  of 
John  Herman  Buning,  who  removed  with 
his  family  to  the  United  States  in  the  early 
'40s  and  settled  in  the  western  section  of 
Cincinnati.  He  became  interested  in  busi- 
ness while  quite  young  and  had  built  a 
firm  foundation  for  a  business  career  when 
the  Civil  war  broke  out.  During  the  war 
he  served  with  the  Union  Army,  having 
enlisted  in  1861  and  been  honorably  dis- 
charged in  1865.  He  was  proprietor  of  a 
retail  grocerv  store  in  Cincinnati  from 
1865  until  January  23,  1908,  the  date  of 
his  death.  His  wife,  Charlotte  Hektor, 
was  born  July  31,  1850,  in  Ramstein, 
Alsace,1  and  came  with  her  father  and 
mother  to  live  in  the  United  States  while 
she  was  quite  young.  She  is  now  living  in 
the  old  home  place  at  Cincinnati  and  en- 
joys rugged  health  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 

John  H.  Buning 's  parents  were  Catholics 
and  he  was  educated  in  the  parochial 
schools  of  Cincinnati.  His  father  and 
mother  intended  to  give  him  a  college  edu- 
cation, but  the  desire  to  win  a  place  of 
distinction  in  the  world  was  active  within 
him  from  his  early  youth  and  he  met  his 
parents  offers  of  a  higher  education  with  a 
declaration  that  he  preferred  to  lose  no 
time  in  beginning  his  campaign  for  suc- 
cess. Accordingly,  the  young  John  Henry 
set  forth  from  the  paternal  hearth  at  the 
tender  age  of  twelve  years  and  four  months 
and  started  out  upon  life's  journey.  He 
began  armed  with  his  father's  sound  ad- 
monition that  industry,  ambition,  honesty, 
good  health  and  dauntless  courage  were  a 
com'bination  the  world  could  not  beat,  and 
fortified  by  his  mother's  impassioned  en- 
treaties to  always  shun  evil  associations. 
Nature  had  endowed  him  with  a  keen  men- 
tal perception  and  that  brand  of  vigorous 
good  health  which  enabled  the  hearty  pio- 
neers of  the  Middle  West  to  wrest  their 
homes  from  the  savage  Indians  who  roamed 
the  woods  and  streams  and  maintain  them 


1   <r 


1926 


INDIANA  AND  LNDIANANS 


became  treasurer  and  general  manager  of 
the  Indianapolis  Stove  Company,  and  held 
that  position  until  the  time  of  his  death 
in  1!)14,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  William 
J.  Brown  married  Cordelia  Garvin.  Their 
three  children  were  Garvin  .M.,  Austin  II. 
and  Cordelia  S.  William  J.  Brown  is  re- 
membered as  a  man  of  exceptionally  kindly 
nature,  had  the  faculty  of  making  and  re- 
taining friends,  and  was  thoroughly 
worthy  of  the  name  which  he  bore.  lie  was 
a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Indianapolis,  and  was  an  independent 
democrat  in  politics.  His  widow  is  still 
living  in  Indianapolis. 

(iarvin  M.  Brown,  of  the  fifth  genera- 
tion of  the  Brown  family  in  this  state, 
succeeded  his  father  as  secretary  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Indianapolis  Stove 
Company.  He  was  born  November  21, 
1885,  and  has  always  made  his  home  in 
Indianapolis.  lie  graduated  from  the 
Shortridge  High  School  in  1!K)4  and  from 
Princeton  University  in  1008.  In  1!)14 
he  married  Nina  Gilbert,  daughter  of 
Harry  C.  Gilbert.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter. Nina. 

JOHN  HKXKY  Brxixo.  On  October  3, 
187").  there  was  born  to  the  union  of  George 
Henry  and  Charlotte  Ilektor  Buning,  of  14 
Freeman  Avenue,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  their 
third  child,  John  Henry  Buning,  whose 
virile  influence  was  destined  to  be  felt  soon 
throughout  all  the  states  of  the  Middle 
West.  From  the  time  he  left  home  at  the 
tender  age  of  twelve  years  and  four  months 
to  find  the  place  of  prominence  which  he 
felt  the  world  owed  him,  his  life  has  been 
one  of  continuous  activity  and  aggressive 
fighting  to  gain  the  ends  he  desired.  His 
ceaseless  energy  and  undaunted  determi- 
nation to  drive  his  way  to  success  and  make 
his  life  one  of  more  than  ordinary  useful- 
ness has  placed  him.  at  the  age  of  forty- 
three,  among  the  leaders  of  industry  in  the 
Middle  West. 

John  II.  Bnning  inherited  from  his 
father  those  sturdy  qualities  of  persever- 
ance and  faith  in  the  events  of  the  future 
which  nerved  him  to  tight  on  and  never 
quit  for  one  moment  no  matter  what  be 
the  bitterness  of  a  momentary  defeat  or  the 
blackness  of  a  temporary  disappointment. 
After  each  blow  the  world  dealt  him  he 
came  back  on  the  morrow  with  a  punch 
more  telling  than  that  he  delivered  the  dav 


before  because  he  had  profited  by  his  mis- 
take of  yesterday.  Each  mistake  left  it's 
imprint  on  the  young  man's  mind  and  he 
never  committed  a  blunder  twice.  When 
he  was  defeated  at  the  age  of  twenty-one 
as  the  republican  candidate  for  the  Ohio 
State  Legislature  from  the  City  of  Cincin- 
nati he  immediately  decided  that  he  was 
not  moulded  for  a  politician  and  turned  his 
attention  elsewhere. 

The  senior  Buning  was  born  August  23. 
1S40,  in  Aelionsan,  Germany,  the  son  of 
John  Herman  Buning.  who  removed  with 
his  family  to  the  I'nited  States  in  the  early 
'40s  and  settled  in  the  western  section  of 
Cincinnati.  He  became  interested  in  busi- 
ness while  quite  young  and  had  built  a 
firm  foundation  for  a  business  career  when 
the  Civil  war  broke  out.  During  the  war 
he  served  with  the  Union  Army,  having 
enlisted  in  1861  and  been  honorably  dis- 
charged in  186.1.  He  was  proprietor  of  a 
retail  grocery  store  in  Cincinnati  from 
1865  until  January  23.  1908,  the  date  of 
his  death.  His  wife.  Charlotte  Ilektor, 
was  born  July  31,  1850,  in  Ramstein, 
Alsace,1  and  came  with  her  father  and 
mother  to  live  in  the  United  States  while 
she  was  quite  young.  She  is  now  living  in 
the  old  home  place  at  Cincinnati  and  en- 
joys rugged  health  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 

John  II.  Buning 's  parents  were  Catholics 
and  he  was  educated  in  the  parochial 
schools  of  Cincinnati.  His  father  and 
mother  intended  to  give  him  a  college  edu- 
cation, but  the  desire  to  win  a  place  of 
distinction  in  the  world  was  active  within 
him  from  his  early  youth  and  he  met  his 
parents  offers  of  a  higher  education  with  a 
declaration  that  he  preferred  to  lose  no 
time  in  beginning  his  campaign  for  suc- 
cess. Accordingly,  the  young  John  Henry 
set  forth  from  the  paternal  hearth  at  the 
tender  age  of  twelve  years  and  four  months 
and  started  out  upon  life's  journey.  He 
began  armed  with  his  father's  sound  ad- 
monition that  industry,  ambition,  honesty, 
good  health  and  dauntless  courage  were  a 
combination  the  world  could  not  beat,  and 
fortified  by  his  mother's  impassioned  en- 
treaties to  always  shun  evil  associations. 
Nature  had  endowed  him  with  a  keen  men- 
tal perception  and  that  brand  of  vigorous 
good  health  which  enabled  the  hearty  pio- 
neers of  the  Middle  West  to  wrest  their 
homes  from  the  savage  Indians  who  roamed 
the  woods  and  streams  and  maintain  them 


UBRARV 

uwvERsmrof 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1927 


against    the    rancorous    attacks    of    both 
painted  savage  and  unfavorable  weather. 

He  gave  a  listening  ear  to  his  mother's 
tearful  request  that  he  not  leave  home  and 
started  out  to  seek  employment  in  Cincin- 
nati. His  first  position  was  that  of  errand 
boy  for  the  then  most  popular  and  reliable 
clothing  store  in  the  Queen  City,  Feck- 
heimer  Brothers,  at  $4  a  week.  During  the 
part  of  a  year  he  worked  on  this  job  he 
thought  seriously  over  the  counsel  his 
father  had  given  him  and  the  prayers  his 
mother  had  offered  for  him  and  developed 
for  himself  the  philosophy  of  life  he  has 
advocated  religiously  from  that  day  to  this. 
The  theory  he  developed  then  was  that  if 
everything  his  parents  had  told  him  was 
true,  and  he  possessed  the  child's  blind 
faith  in  its  parents'  wisdom,  if  he  gave 
his  employer  hard  work  and  faithful  service 
he  would  receive  in  return  the  maximum 
wages  and  the  world  would  contribute  the 
added  recompense  of  steady  advancement 
toward  success.  His  one  and  only  purpose 
was  to  make  good  and  wrest  success  from 
the  world,  who  decorates  so  few  of  heijSfciKS  ; 
with  the  laurels  of  lasting  success. 

His  early  determination  to  always  re- 
ceive the  highest  possible  remuneration  for 
his  services  caused  him  to  leave  the  cloth- 
ing store  after  a  period  of  employment 
considerably  less  than  a  year  and  seek  a 
more  lucrative  occupation. 

After  passing  through  a  period  of  four 
years  spent  in  various  occupations  his  par- 
ents finally  prevailed  upon  him  to  learn 
the  clothing  cutting  and  drafting  trade. 
The  good  offices  of  his  mother  induced 
Alexander  Offner,  of  the  clothing  manu- 
facturing firm,  Mayer,  Scheurer  and 
Offner,  to  take  the  sixteen  year  old  John 
Henry  Buning  into  his  establishment  as 
an  apprentice  clothing  cutter.  At  that 
time  Mayer,  Scheurer  and  Offner  was  one 
of  the  leading  clothing  manufacturing 
houses  in  the  Middle  West,  and  it  was  by 
no  means  an  easy  task  to  gain  entrance 
to  its  working  organization. 

Then  followed  a  period  of  two  years 
spent  in  absorbing  toil,  during  which  the 
young  man  labored  seriously  to  become  the 
best  in  his  trade.  His  unceasing  persever- 
ance was  rewarded,  and  when  he  was  eight- 
een years  old  he  won  the  coveted  ap- 
pointment as  assistant  foreman  in  the  cut- 
ting room  of  the  clothing  factory,  at  a 
much  larger  salary  than  many  of  his  seniors 


were  earning.  His  employers  had  perfect 
confidence  in  his  ability  as  a  producer 
when  they  made  him  assistant  foreman  of 
the  cutting  room,  and  soon  found  that  their 
confidence  was  wisely  placed.  After  at- 
taining this  first  victory  he  became  pos- 
sessed of  some  leisure  and  interested  him- 
self in  polities  and  civic  improvements. 

He  busied  himself  during  his  leisure 
hours  from  business  in  organizing  the  West 
End  Improvement  Association,  whose  ob- 
ject was  to  force  the  Cincinnati  Street 
Car  Company,  owned  and  operated  by 
John  Kilgour  under  a  fifty  years  franchise 
on  all  the  streets  of  Cincinnati,  to  abandon 
some  unfair  schemes  concerning  the  junk- 
ing of  lines  serving  certain  pioneer  sec- 
tions of  the  Queen  City.  This  association 
is  still  in  existence  and  a  powerful  civic 
influence  in  the  main  section  of  Cincinnati. 
Had  the  Street  Car  Company  succeeded  in 
its  designs  the  section  of  the  city  so  dear 
to^  young  Buning  would  have  become  iso- 
Iate3?  and  business  would  have  died  a  nat- 
lirgl  fleath.  The  West  End  Improvement 
AigocialjieHir  thanks  to  Buning 's  tireless 
energy  "aVmf<Courage  to  fight  for  what  he 
thought  was  just,  employed  legal  talent 
and  fought  the  Street  Car  Company  to  a 
standstill,  forcing  them  to  continue  service 
on  the  lines  they  intended  to  abandon. 

Another  abuse  which  aroused  Buning 's 
fighting  spirit  in  the  days  of  his  minority 
was  the  practice  resorted  to  by  a  few  in- 
dustries operating  plants  along  the  Ohio 
river  of  filling  in  along  the  banks,  thus 
acquiring  free  land.  This  practice  of  at- 
tempting to  harness  nature  soon  reacted  in 
the  river  backing  up  into  the  sewer  sys- 
tem of  the  city  every  time  a  little  rain  came, 
causing  untold  damage  and  misery  in  the 
lower  sections  of  the  city.  He  got  into  the 
fight  late,  but  his  efforts  were  largely  re- 
sponsible for  the  discontinuance  of  the 
practice. 

By  this  time  he  was  known  to  many  more 
than  his  intimate  circle  of  friends  as  a 
young  man  of  decided  convictions,  and  to 
be  possessed  of  the  cool  determination  and 
courage  to  fight  his  battles  through  to  a 
successful  issue.  His  fight  on  the  Street 
Car  Company  franchise  brought  him  before 
the  public  eye  and  the  republicans  of  Cin- 
cinnati decided  that  a  young  man  endowed 
with  Buning 's  energy,  sagacity  and  pug- 
nacity would  represent  them  to  advantage 
in  the  State  Legislature.  Accordingly  he 


1928 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


became  the  republican  candidate  for  the 
State  House  of  Representatives  in  a 
strong  democratic  district  and  met  defeat. 
This  decided  him  that  he  was  not  created 
for  a  politician,  and  he  turned  his  whole 
energy  to  business,  giving  politics  only 
that  amount  of  attention  the  subject  de- 
mands from  every  patriotic  citizen. 

When  he  had  reached  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  he  had  decided  definitely  to  leave  Cin- 
cinnati to  seek  broader  opportunities  else- 
where. The  Hoosier  capital  was  his  choice 
after  careful  consideration  of  sane  advice 
from  his  many  business  associates  and 
friends.  Accordingly  in  1897  the  twenty- 
two  years  old  Buning  presented  himself  to 
Robert  E.  Springsteen,  a  leading  tailor  in 
Indianapolis  at  that  time  and  now  the  post- 
master, asking  for  employment  as  a  cutter 
and  designer.  He  was  employed  for  a  trial 
period  at  a  nominal  wage.  When  the  ex- 
pected raise  in  salary  did  not  come,  and  in 
addition  he  found  himself  facing  a  reduc- 
tion of  $5  a  week,  he  decided  to  make 
another  change  in  his  occupation  and  get 
into  one  which  promised  higher  remunera- 
tion. 

He  determined  to  learn  the  merchandise 
brokerage  business  and  secured  his  oppor- 
tunity for  doing  this  as  an  employee  of  C. 
L.  Dietz  and  CompaYiy  of  Indianapolis.  His 
energy  and  resourcefulness  won  rapid  ad- 
vancement for  him  in  this  new  business, 
and  during  his  one  year  and  eleven  months 
with  the  Dietz  Company  he  became  familiar 
with  every  phase  of  the  business.  He  was 
next  employed  by  the  J.  M.  Paver  Com- 
pany, to  whom  he  gave  the  best  of  his  abili- 
ties until  1906. 

From  his  errand  boy  days  in  the  Cincin- 
nati clothing  store  to  those  in  which  he 
won  distinction  as  a  brokerage  salesman  for 
the  Paver  Company  in  1906,  John  H.  Bun- 
ing  had  steadily  built  his  house  upon  the 
rock  of  regular  habits  and  business-like 
precision.  He  had  extended  his  business 
acquaintance  to  a  host  of  business  men  in 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Ohio. 
Each  new  business  acquaintance  developed 
into  a  business  friend,  and  added  one  more 
brick  to  the  structure  he  was  building  on 
the  firm  foundation  of  his  early  youth.  He 
has  heard  that  Thomas  A.  Edison  answered 
a  youth  who  asked  him  on  one  occasion 
what  one  quality  a  young  man  must  pos- 
sess to  be  successful,  ' '  Young  man  are  you 
able  to  save  regularly  a  fixed  part  of  your 


wages,  no  matter  how  small  they  may  be? 
If  you  are  you  will  be  successful.  If  not 
you  will  be  a  failure."  These  wise  words 
of  the  great  inventor  were  the  germ  which 
gave  life  to  Buning 's  inherited  thrift  and 
spurred  him  on  to  save  a  part  of  his  salary 
every  time  he  was  paid,  no  matter  how 
small  was  the  amount. 

In  1906,  therefore,  he  made  up  his  mind 
that  the  time  for  him  to  strike  out  for 
himself  in  business  had  arrived.  He  had 
mastered  the  merchandise  brokerage  busi- 
ness thoroughly  from  every  angle.  His 
savings  were  sufficient  to  start  the  enter- 
prise and  his  tireless  energy  and  iron  de- 
termination were  the  qualities  which  kept 
it  moving  toward  success  during  the  dark 
hours  of  the  beginning  fight.  He  started 
out  with  supreme  self-confidence  to  guide 
his  frail  bark  through  the  angry  waves  of 
competition  to  the  harbor  of  success. 

Success  rewarded  his  efforts  and  before 
John  H.  Buning  and  Company  had  been 
in  business  a  year,  with  headquarters  in 
Indianapolis,  it  was  known  to  merchants 
throughout  the  Middle  West  as  a  leader 
among  merchandise  brokers.  Today  his 
company  occupies  offices  on  the  fifth  floor 
of  the  Majestic  Building  in  Indianapolis, 
and  does  an  enormous  business  in  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
indeed  touches  all  the  states  of  the  Middle 
West.  The  expansion  of  his  project  was 
rapid,  and  he  soon  took  his  two  brothers 
into  the  business  to  act  as  salesmen.  They 
are  dealers  in  food  products,  specializing 
in  canned  goods,  dried  fruits,  beans  and 
pickles.  Mr.  Buning  maintains  a  branch 
office  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  care  for  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  business. 

The  following  incident  of  his  business 
life  is  told  in  the  Indianapolis  Star  of 
January  28,  1915 : 

"The  second  man  to  use  the  Trans-Con- 
tinental Telephone  Line  of  the  American 
Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company,  and 
the  first  man  to  make  use  of  the  coast  wire 
for  commercial  purposes  is  John  Buning, 
of  the  John  H.  Buning  &  Company,  Mer- 
cantile Brokers,  with  offices  at  517-18  Ma- 
jestic Building.  The  first  to  use  the  wire 
was  President  Wilson,  who  spoke  over  it 
from  his  offices  in  Washington  last  Monday. 

"Probably  the  sale  of  a  large  order  of 
dried  fruit  was  never  accorded  such  an 
atmosphere  of  romance.  Mr.  Buning 
wished  to  give  a  large  order  to  a  firm  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1929 


San  Francisco,  and  the  idea  of  using  the 
Trans-Continental  Wire  for  the  purpose 
came  to  him  suddenly  at  noon  yesterday. 
He  called  Long  Distance  and  asked  to  be 
put  in  connection  with  San  Francisco,  fifty 
two  minutes  later  he  was  in  conversation 
with  Simon  Lipman,  sales  manager  of  the 
concern.  But  when  you  are  conversing  at 
the  rate  of  $7.00  per  minute,  you  must  get 
down  to  business  quickly,  and  so — 'This  is 
John  Buning — Indianapolis,  get  your  pen- 
cil I  've  got  some  business  for  you, '  said  Mr. 
Buning  to  the  astonished  Californian  sit- 
ting there  in  his  office  by  the  Golden  Gate, 
more  than  3,000  miles  away.  The  conver- 
sation cost  Mr.  Buning  $27.75. 

"  'Bight  at  first,'  said  Mr.  Buning, 
'  Lipman 's  voice  sounded  as  if  it  came  out 
of  a  deep  well,  but  in  a  few  seconds  every- 
thing was  working  fine,  and  both  our  voices 
was  distinct,  I  only  had  to  repeat  one 
word — and  I  think  that  is  a  pretty  good 
record  for  one  man  to  talk  to  San  Fran- 
cisco once  and  New  York  twice  in  the  same 
day.  It  is  certainlv  spanning  the  conti- 
nent.' " 

During  the  thirteen  years  that  have 
elapsed  since  John  H.  Buning  began  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  merchandise  broker 
he  has  had  the  opportunity  of  giving  at- 
tention to  various  interests  other  than  busi- 
ness. He  organized  the  first  merchandise 
brokerage  association  in  Indianapolis  and 
served  as  its  first  president.  He  has  long 
been  recognized  as  a  public  spirited  citizen 
and  did  duty  as  a  deputy  sheriff  during 
the  great  flood  of  1913.  On  several  other 
occasions  he  has  been  deputized  for  service 
helping  to  stamp  out  industrial  strife. 

Out  of  the  proceeds  of  his  energetic 
career  Mr.  Buning  has  become  the  owner 
of  much  valuable  real  estate  in  Indian- 
apolis, including  several  apartment  houses 
and  residence  properties.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Elks  Club  of  Indianapolis,  and  has 
heen  a  member  of  the  United  Commercial 
Travelers  for  twenty  years.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

JOSEPH  R.  BURTON,  distinguished  as  a 
political  leader  and  as  a  United  States  sen- 
ator, was  born  near  Mitchell,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 16,  1851.  His  boyhood  was  spent 
on  a  farm,  and  after  a  thorough  prepara- 
tion he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875. 
For  three  terms  he  was  a  member  of  the 


Kansas  Legislature,  was  a  member  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  from  that 
state,  and  he  has  been  prominent  in  polit- 
ical campaigns  since  1876.  During  1901-7 
Mr.  Burton  was  a  United  States  senator 
from  Kansas.  He  is  a  republican  in 
politics. 

The  home  of  Senator  Joseph  R.  Burton 
is  at  Abilene,  Kansas. 

FREDERICK  M.  BACHMAN.  In  the  long 
run  it  seems  that  the  good  things  of  life 
come  to  the  deserving.  Those  good  things 
are  not  only  money  and  substantial  busi- 
ness station,  but  the  honors  and  esteem 
that  go  with  good  citizenship  and  a  name 
that  accompanies  honorable  endeavor.  An 
Indianapolis  citizen  who  won  a  large  share 
of  this  kind  of  prosperity  was  the  late 
Frederick  M.  Bachman.  Mr.  Bachman 
came  to  this  country  when  a  boy,  began 
life  almost  entirely  on  his  own  responsi- 
bilities, worked  against  obstacles  and  han- 
dicaps and  made  liberal  use  of  his  oppor- 
tunities. He  was  deeply  sensible  of  the 
honor  of  being  an  American  citizen  and 
repaid  to  the  land  of  his  adoption  a  com- 
plete loyalty. 

Mr.  Bachman  was  born  at  Dirmstein  in 
the  Rhine  Valley  of  Bavaria  January  20, 
1850.  He  was  one  of  the  eight  children 
who  grew  to  maturity,  and  was  a  small 
child  when  his  mother  died.  He  spent 
the  first  fifteen  years  of  his  life  in  the  old 
country  and  an  older  sister  acted  as  house- 
keeper for  the  family.  At  the  age  of  thir- 
teen he  finished  his  schooling,  and  after 
that  worked  on  a  farm  and  helped  his 
brother  who  operated  a  bakery  at  the  little 
villasre  of  Dirmstein.  In  the  early  '50s  an 
older  brother  had  come  to  the  United 
States,  and  the  glowing  reports  he  sent 
back  of  the  possibilities  of  the  new  world 
aroused  the  father,  Michael  Bachman,  to 
follow  the  son. 

Michael  Bachman,  accompanied  by  his 
daughter  and  his  son  Frederick,  came  to 
the  United  States  in  1865.  They  traveled 
on  a  steamship,  and  their  first  location  was 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where  the  father 
engaged  in  gardening  and  where  he  died. 
Frederick  M.  Bachman  attended  school  a 
short  time  in  Louisville,  and  made  his  own 
way  by  employment  in  a  bakery  at  wages 
of  $6  a  month  and  board.  That  was  his 
start  in  the  American  business  world.  His 
character  was  developed  during  those  years 


1930 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  hard  toil,  necessary  thrift  and  economy, 
and  he  learned  how  to  deny  himself  and 
went  without  luxuries  in  order  to  solve 
the  more  serious  problems  of  existence. 
Even  as  a  young  man  he  had  an  ardent 
ambition  to  get  ahead  in  the  world  and 
establish  a  home  for  himself. 

Coming  to  Indiana  in  1867,  he  found 
employment  at  Noblesville  in  a  restaurant. 
After  ten  months  he  took  a  place  as  clerk 
in  a  dry  goods  store,  and  was  there  a 
little  more  than  two  years.  During  all  this 
time  he  was  very  saving  of  his  earnings. 
Adjoining  the  store  where  he  worked  was 
a  general  supply  store.  It  had  gone  into 
bankruptcy,  and  Mr.  Bachman  converted 
it  into  an  opportunity  to  get  into  business 
for  himself.  The  receiver  of  the  store  per- 
mitted him  to  buy  it  for  $1,000  and  to 
settle  the  obligation  on  time.  He  went 
into  the  new  work  with  a  will  and  applied 
the  knowledge  gained  by  his  previous  ex- 
perience and  after  a  time  was  able  to 
sell  out  at  a  profit.  He  then  bought  a 
stock  of  groceries  and  engaged  in  the  re- 
tail grocery  business,  which  he  continued 
alone  for  about  ten  years.  He  then  sold 
a  half  interest  in  the  business,  and  re- 
moving to  Indianapolis  bought  a  grocery 
store  at  Ohio  and  Illinois  streets  known  as 
the  old  Ripley  Corner.  This  was  about 
1880.  Two  years  later,  through  unfor- 
tunate investments,  Mr.  Bachman  lost  his 
entire  property.  It  was  a  heavy  blow, 
since  his  property  represented  long  years 
of  painstaking  effort  and  economy  and  self 
denial.  However,  his  credit  was  good  and 
borrowing  money  he  bought  a  half  interest 
in  a  saw  mill  and  lumber  yard  at  Lincoln 
and  Madison  Avenue.  That  was  the  scene 
of  his  business  activities  ever  afterward, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was  sole 
owner  of  a  very  prosperously  managed 
lumber  business  and  was  one  of  the  rec- 
ognized veterans  of  that  industry  in  In- 
dianapolis. Of  late  years  his  son  was  as- 
sociated with  him.  Through  this  work  he 
prospered  and  accumulated  a  fair  amount 
of  property,  but  better  than  all  he  sus- 
tained an  honorable  name  as  an  example 
to  his  descendants. 

Various  other  interests  from  time  to  time 
claimed  his  attention.  He  was  probably 
given  the  first  garbage  contract  ever  let 
in  the  City  of  Indianapolis.  Besides  be- 
ing senior  partner  and  founder  of  the  F. 
M.  Bachman  Lumber  Company  he  was  a 


director  of  the  Fletcher-American  National 
Bank,  the  Fletcher  Savings  &  Trust  Com- 
pany and  the  Citizens  Gas  Company.  He 
was  president  of  the  Indianapolis  Drop 
Forge  Company  and  of  the  Booth  Furni- 
ture Company  of  Peru,  Indiana.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  German  House, 
and  had  much  to  do  with  the  club's  wel- 
fare. He  was  a  Protestant  in  religion  and 
was  independent  in  politics,  voting  for  men 
and  measures  rather  than  party. 

It  was  a  life  of  most  solid  and  sub- 
stantial achievements  that  came  to  an  end 
with  the  death  of  Mr.  Bachman  at  his  home 
in  the  Winter  Apartments,  1310  North 
Meridian  Street,  on  December  30,  1917. 
He  was  twice  married.  In  1879  he  mar- 
ried Louisa  Rentsch,  who  died  in  1892. 
She  was  survived  by  two  children,  Fred- 
erick M.,  Jr.,  and  Alma,  the  latter  the  wife 
of  Herman  P.  Lieber.  In  1897  Mr.  Bach- 
man married  Katherine  Reger,  of  Indian- 
apolis, who  survives  him. 

JOHN  J.  GARRETT  is  senior  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Garrett  &  Williams,  who  operate 
the  largest  garage  and  general  automobile 
salesrooms  in  the  City  of  Anderson.  Their 
handsome  and  well  equipped  establish- 
ment is  located  on  Meridian  and  Four- 
teenth streets. 

Mr.  Garrett,  who  has  lived  at  Anderson 
for  the  past  five  years  and  gained  the  full 
respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens 
in  business  affairs,  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Allen  County,  Indiana,  a  son  of  John  and 
Marie  (Disler)  Garrett.  His  people  were 
what  is  called  Pennsylvania  German  stock, 
and  were  pioneers  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
family  came  to  Indiana  in  1861,  settling 
on  a  farm  in  Allen  County.  John  J.  Gar- 
rett's  early  experiences  were  those  of  a 
farmer  boy  who  attended  country  schools 
about  five  months  every  winter  and  worked 
in  the  fields  the  rest  of  the  season.  After 
reaching  young  manhood  he  filled  various 
other  positions,  but  most  of  his  time  was 
spent  on  a  farm  of  thirty  acres  in  Allen 
County  until  November  1,  1913. 

At  that,  date  he  came  to  Anderson,  and 
with  his  brother  Henry  bought  the  old 
Charles  Garage  at  Fourteenth  and  Meri- 
dian streets.  The  name  was  changed  to 
the  Palace  Garage  Company.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1915,  Mr.  Garrett  sold  his  interest  in 
the  business,  but  after  a  brief  retirement 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1931 


formed  a  partnership  with  Earl  Williams 
and  established  the  City  Garage  at  1119 
Main  Street.  They  conducted  this  prop- 
erty for  about  a  year,  and  on  selling  out 
repurchased  the  old  Palace  Garage,  where 
they  are  still  located.  This  garage  had 
a  capacity  for  seventy-five  cars,  and  they 
maintain  a  complete  repair  shop  and  fur- 
nish a  service  unexcelled  anywhere  in  Madi- 
son County. 

In  1898  Mr.  Garrett  married  Miss  Aldora 
Maxfield,  daughter  of  Orange  and  Martha 
(Dever)  Maxfield  of  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 
Three  children  have  been  born  to  their 
marriage,  Dewey,  born  in  1899;  Dallas, 
born  in  1907 ;  and  John,  Jr.,  born  in  1917. 
Mr.  Garrett  is  a  republican,  member  of 
the  Christian  Church,  and  is  active  in  Ma- 
sonry, having  served  as  master  of  his 
lodge  at  Anderson  during  the  years  1910- 
11-12. 

EDWARD  A.  DUCKWORTH  has  had  a  busy 
career  for  many  years,  and  is  well  known 
in  commercial  circles  at  Indianapolis  as 
well  as  in  Anderson,  where  he  is  general 
manager  of  the  Starr  Piano  Company,  on 
Meridian  Street  between  Twelfth  and 
Thirteenth  streets. 

Mr.  Duckworth  was  born  at  Indiarfap- 
olis  October  16,  1877,  a  son  of  William  and 
Emma  Duckworth.  His  education  was 
finished  when  he  graduated  from  the  In- 
dianapolis High  School  in  1896.  His  de- 
sire to  become  self  supporting  found  an 
outlet  in  employment  as  a  wrapper  in  the 
New  York  Dry  Goods  Store  at  Indianap- 
olis. He  was  in  that  store  four  years,  but 
his  ability  had  in  the  meantime  brought 
him  several  promotions  and  he  was  finally 
foreman  of  the  men's  furnishings  depart- 
ment. After  that  he  went  on  the  road  as 
a  traveling  representative  for  a  large 
Queensware  wholesale  house  at  Indianap- 
olis, and  for  six  years  traveled  and  sold 
the  goods  of  his  company  over  an  extensive 
territory  embracing  Indiana,  Illinois  and 
Western  Ohio. 

His  first  connection  with  the  piano  trade 
was  as  a  traveling  salesman  for  the  King 
Piano  Company  of  Chicago.  After  a  time 
he  was  made  manager  of  the  Kin"g  store 
in  Indianapolis,  where  he  remained  four 
years.  In  1909  he  came  to  Anderson  to 
take  the  local  management  of  the  Starr 
Piano  Company,  and  has  been  here  ever 


since,  developing  a  large  clientele  all  over 
Madison  County,  so  that  the  Starr  pianos 
are  probably  as  widely  represented  in  the 
homes  of  the  county  as  any  other  one  make. 
Mr.  Duckworth  married  in  1898  Miss 
Dessie  Jones,  of  Indianaoolis.  She  died  in 
1905,  leaving  four  children.  In  1911  he 
married  Miss  Leone  Cobburn,  of  Bluffton, 
Indiana.  Mr.  Duckworth  is  a  republican, 
and  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  order, 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks. 

FREDERICK  A.  Joss  has  been  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  law  in  Indiana  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  his  home  dur- 
ing nearly  all  this  time  has  been  at  Indian- 
apolis. His  prestige  as  a  sound  and  able 
lawyer  has  long  been  secure.  He  has  also 
been  a  prominent  leader  in  the  republican 
party,  and  through  his  profession  and  his 
public  influence  has  exerted  a  commendable 
activity  in  various  fields  of  business  and 
civic  affairs. 

In  the  paternal  line  Mr.  Joss  is  of  Swiss 
ancestry.  His  grandfather  was  John  Joss, 
who  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in 
Germany,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  German  army.  His  last  years  were 
lived  in  Constantino,  Michigan.  He  had 
a  liberal  pension  from  the  German  govern- 
ment because  of  his  army  services. 

Capt.  John  C.  Joss,  father  of  the  In- 
dianapolis lawyer,  was  born  and  reared  in 
Germany,  was  educated  in  the  universities 
of  Heidelberg  and  Halle,  and  soon  after- 
wards, in  1856,  came  to  America.  He  be- 
came editor  of  the  Constantine  Commercial 
Advertiser,  a  pioneer  newspaper  of  Michi- 
gan. He  was  one  of  the  few  men  in  that 
section  of  the  state  at  the  time  who  pos- 
sessed a  university  training,  and  that  to- 
gether with  his  own  individual  talents  and 
ability  brought  him  to  a  position  of  suc- 
cess and  prominence.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  war  he  enlisted  in  Company  A 
of  the  Second  Michigan  Infantry,  rose  to 
the  rank  of  captain,  and  was  in  the  serv- 
ice three  years,  until  incapacitated  by  an 
injury.  He  was  in  seventeen  important 
battles  of  the  war,  including  both  battles 
of  Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  Fair  Oaks  and  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg.  At  Knoxville,  Ten- 
nessee, he  received  a  severe  wound,  and  on 
the  third  day  of  the  battle  of  the  Wilder- 


1932 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ness  suffered  an  injury  which  necessitated 
the  amputation  of  his  left  leg  above  the 
knee. 

Coming  out  of  the  army  Captain  Joss 
returned  to  St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan, 
and  was  elected  county  clerk,  an  office  he 
filled  continuously  for  fourteen  years. 
While  a  county  officer  his  home  was  at 
Centerville.  After  leaving  office  he  lived 
in  retirement,  and  was  killed  in  a  railroad 
accident  February  2,  1881.  Captain  Joss 
married  Mary  Moore  Merrell.  She  was 
born  in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York, 
of  New  England  Puritan  stock. 

Frederick  A.  Joss  was  born  May  5,  1867, 
while  the  home  of  his  parents  was  at  Cen- 
terville, St.  Joseph  County,  Michigan.  He 
lived  there  thirteen  years,  acquired  his 
first  training  in  the  public  schools,  after- 
ward was  a  student  in  the  Ann  Arbor 
High  School,  and  entered  the  University 
of  Michigan  with  the  class  of  1889. 

From  university  he  went  to  Canada  and 
spent  about  eighteen  months  looking  after 
some  important  mining  interests  in  the 
Province  of  Quebec.  Returning  to  the 
United  States,  he  located  at  Frankfort, 
Indiana,  where  he  studied  law  under 
Samuel  0.  Bayless,  who  in  his  time  was 
one  of  the  prominent  railroad  attorneys 
of  Indiana.  Admitted  to  the  bar  in  1891, 
Mr.  Joss  did  his  first  professional  work  in 
Frankfort,  but  in  June  of  the  following 
year  came  to  Indianapolis  and  after  a  brief 
interval  was  accepted  into  partnership  by 
Ovid  B.  Jameson.  The  firm  of  Jameson 
&  Joss  and  later  that  of  Jameson,  Joss  & 
Hay  for  many  years  had  a  standing  second 
to  none  among  the  strong  and  resourceful 
legal  combinations  at  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Joss  is  still  practicing  law  and  is  also  serv- 
ing as  secretary  of  the  Marion  County 
Realty  Company,  and  spends  much  time 
looking  after  extensive  investments  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  United  States. 

His  public  record  has  three  distinctive 
points,  his  service  as  corporation  counsel 
of  Indianapolis,  his  membership  in  the 
State  Senate,  and  his  leadership  in  the  re- 
publican party  of  Indiana.  He  was  ap- 
pointed corporation  counsel  in  1901.  A 
notable  feature  of  his  official  term  was  his 
success  in  bringing  together  the  conflicting 
interests  and  claims  of  the  local  street  rail- 
way people  and  the  interurban  lines  to  a 
settlement  which  contributed  to  the  per- 
manent position  Indianapolis  occupies  as 


one  of  the  chief  centers  of  interurban  and 
electric  railways  in  the  United  States.  Out 
of  that  settlement  one  of  the  immediate 
results  was  the  construction  of  the  great 
interurban  station  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Joss  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate  in  1898,  serving  through  the 
sessions  of  1899-1901.  Of  his  work  as  a 
senator  and  as  a  republican  leader  the 
best  statement  is  found  in  the  following 
words:  "While  in  the  Senate  he  introduced 
the  famous  Joss  Railroad  Consolidation 
Bill,  a  measure  affecting  noncompeting 
lines  of  railroads  similar  to  the  measures 
now  recommended  to  congress  by  the  In- 
terstate Commerce  Commission,  ex-Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  and  President  Taft,  amen- 
datory of  the  Sherman  Law.  He  was  also 
author  of  the  Joss  Primary  Law,  which 
was  the  initial  step  in  this  state  toward 
primary  reform  and  which  Mr.  Joss  be- 
lieves to  contain  the  correct  theory  of 
primary  legislation,  and  to  which  all  prim- 
ary laws  will  ultimately  come,  viz:  a  de- 
finite legal  primary  for  the  organization 
of  parties,  an  optional  legal  primary  for 
the  selection  of  candidates,  for  the  reason 
that  an  extensive  double  election  system 
is  a  remedy  and  not  an  every  day  diet. 
In 'the  season  of  1899  he  was  one  of  the 
original  Beveridge  men,  the  manager  of 
Mr.  Beveridge 's  interests  oh  the  floor  of 
the  caucas  when  the  latter  became  nominee 
of  the  republican  party  for  the  office  of 
United  State  senator,  and  was  chosen  to 
make  the  nominating  speech  on  the  floor 
of  the  senate.  Mr.  Joss  has  been  prominent 
in  the  councils  of  the  republican  party 
leaders  during  the  last  decade,  being  a 
delegate  to  the  Republican  National  Con- 
vention in  1916,  and  has  been  distin- 
guished by  a  singular  clearness  of  percep- 
tion and  resourcefulness  coupled  with  an 
unswerving  loyalty  to  causes  and  men 
whom  he  espoused.  He  is  an  intense  con- 
servative, a  believer  in  existing  conditions, 
but  an  advocate  of  change  whenever  the 
necessity  and  the  method  is  plain." 

Many  times  in  the  course  of  his  active 
career  Mr.  Joss  has  left  his  business  and 
other  interests  for  travel,  and  has  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  world  and  its  peoples  such  as 
come  only  as  a  result  of  wide  travel  and 
extensive  observation.  Shortly  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  European  war  he  spent  two 
years  abroad,  traveling  and  studying,  visit- 
ing practically  all  the  countries  of  con- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1933 


tinental  Europe  and  also  Northern  Africa 
and  Western  Asia.  Mr.  Joss  is  a  member 
of  the  Columbia  Club,  the  Marion  Club, 
University  Club,  Dramatic  Club,  Country 
Club,  the  German  House,  and  the  Indian- 
apolis Maennerchor.  In  Masonry  he  has 
attained  the  thirty-second  degree  of  Scot- 
tish Rite  and  membership  in  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  belongs  to  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church  of  America.  September  2,  1891, 
he  married  Miss  Mary  Quarrier  Hubbard. 
She  was  born  and  reared  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, member  of  one  of  the  oldest  and 
most  prominent  families  of  Wheeling.  Her 
parents  were  John  R.  and  Lucy  (Clark) 
Hubbard.  The  three  children  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Joss  are  Mary  Hubbard,  Lucyanna 
Hubbard  and  John  Hubbard.  Besides  the 
advantages  of  local  schools  these  children 
were  educated  abroad,  spending  much  time 
in  finishing  schools  in  Switzerland,  the 
home  of  Mr.  Joss'  ancestors. 

During  the  recent  World  war  and  after 
putting  his  business  interests  in  a  position 
to  stand  the  unusual  conditions  Mr.  Joss 
in  1918  moved  his  whole  family  to  Wash- 
ington, where  they  were  engaged  in  war 
work.  Mr.  Joss  becoming  legal  advisor  of 
the  Engineering  Division  of  the  War  De- 
partment. 

HERBERT  MARION  ELLIOTT  has  been  a 
member  of  the  Grant  County  bar  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century,  but  his  work  has  been 
too  broad  to  be  included  in  any  one  pro- 
fession. He  has  been  called  "the  chil- 
dren's friend"  of  Marion,  and  it  is  his 
achievements  as  a  disinterested  and  public 
spirited  citizen  that  make  him  best  known 
in  his  home  locality. 

For  several  years  he  was  secretary  of 
the  Marion  Federation  of  Charities;  for 
four  years  was  probation  officer  for  Grant 
County ;  for  six  years  was  president  of  the 
Board  of  Children's  Guardians;  and  since 
its  organization  has  been  secretary  of  the 
Grant  County  Hospital  Association.  This 
last  institution  is  now  one  of  his  deepest 
interests.  He  was  not  satisfied  until  the 
association  had  carried  out  its  plan  and  in 
1917  had  completed  a  well  equipped  hos- 
pital building  valued  today  at  $70,000  and 
representing  one  of  the  institutions  that 
mean  most  to  the  welfare  of  the  City  of 
Marion  and  the  county.  All  his  work  in 
behalf  of  child  welfare  has  not  been  done 
merely  through  official  channels.  In  fact 


much  of  it  has  been  as  a  result  of  his 
private  enterprise.  He  has  found  homes 
for  a  large  number  of  children,  and  the 
community  has  frequently  expressed  its 
gratification  over  the  fact  that  it  possesses 
a  man  who  requires  no  official  prompting 
to  zealously  preserve  and  safeguard  the 
interests  of  delinquent  and  homeless  juv- 
eniles. Several  years  ago  Mr.  Elliott  wro.te 
an  article  for  a  history  of  Grant  County 
on  the  work  of  the  Juvenile  Court  and  its 
kindred  agencies,  and  if  the  truth  were 
known  his  own  efforts  would  furnish  most 
of  the  real  material  for  the  story  of  that 
philanthropy  and  official  service.  Mr.  El- 
liott has  written  much  on  the  subject  of 
child  savmg  and  charity  in  general,  and 
some  of  ms  ideas  regarding  the  working 
of  jail  prisoners  for  the  benefit  of  their 
families  was  made  the  subject  of  special 
endorsement  at  a  session  of  the  National 
Prison  Reform  Board.  Mr.  Elliott  was  the 
first  man  in  Indiana  to  advocate  the  plan 
of  using  vacant  lots  in  a  city  for  rais- 
ing crops  by  and  for  the  poor,  a  plan 
which  of  course  has  received  much  wider 
extension  as  a  result  of  the  war  garden 
movement. 

Mr.  Elliott  was  born  at  Holly,  Michi- 
gan, September  15,  1853,  son  of  Marcus 
DeLos  and  Emily  A.  (Seely)  Elliott,  both 
natives  of  New  York  State.  His  father 
during  the  Civil  war  was  captain  of  Com- 
pany H  of  the  Eighth  Michigan  Light  Ar- 
tillery, was  a  farmer  by  occupation,  and 
among  other  offices  served  as  a  member  of 
the  Michigan  Legislature  from  Oakland 
County  in  1877-78.  He  died  September 
5,  1905,  while  his  wife  passed  away  in 
March,  1895.  They  had  four  children: 
Herbert  M. ;  Addie  E. ;  George  M.,  now 
of  Tacoma,  formerly  of  Marion,  Indiana : 
and  John  D.  By  the  second  marriage  of 
his  father,  Mr.  Elliott  has  a  half  sister, 
Marion  H.,  who  is  a  public  school  teacher 
in  Michigan.  A  foster  sister,  Cora  Belle, 
was  adopted  into  his  father's  family  and 
who  later  as  a  public  entertainer  became 
broadly  known  as  the  "Child  Elocutionist 
of  Michigan." 

The  early  life  of  Herbert  Marion  Elliott 
was  spent  on  a  farm  and  he  early  learned 
the  lessons  of  self  reliance.  He  attended 
common  schools  at  Holly,  high  school  and 
college  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  increased  his 
educational  opportunities  during  a  service 
of  nine  years  spent  as  a  school  teacher. 


1934 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


He  also  did  some  practical  farming  in  Oak- 
land County.  For  about  four  years,  un- 
til 1882,  he  was  in  the  drug  business  at 
Holly,  Davisburg  and  at  Detroit.  He  also 
studied  law,  and  on  January  4,  1884,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  St.  Johns,  Michi- 
gan. He  practiced  several  years  at  Au- 
sable  and  Oscoda,  Michigan,  and  in  1890 
opened  an  office  at  Detroit.  In  April,  1893, 
he  moved  to  his  home  at  Marion,  Indiana. 
"While  in  Michigan  he  served  as  prosecuting 
attorney  of  losco  County  two  terms  and 
was  Circuit  Court  commissioner  for  two 
terms,  and  for  two  terms  was  secretary  of 
the  board  of  education  of  Oscoda.  Mr. 
Elliott  and  his  brother  George  were  in 
partnership  as  lawyers  at  Marion  for  fif- 
teen years.  In  that  time  they  organized 
and  established  the  Marion  Planing  Mill 
Company  and  the  Marion  Insurance  Ex- 
change, and  were  identified  with  a  number 
of  other  local  enterprises.  Mr.  Elliott  is  a 
Mason,  active  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
and  its  Sunday  School,  and  is  a  repub- 
lican in  politics. 

September  4,  1878,  he  married  Miss  Ella 
A.  McLean,  of  Clio,  Michigan.  She  was 
born  in  Genesee  County,  that  state.  Mrs. 
Elliott  has  been  in  close  sympathy  with 
her  husband  in  matters  of  charitable  work. 
They  have  two  children,  Harry  McLean 
of  Los  Angeles,  California,  and  Merle  Dee 
Clark,  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

WILLIAM  LANGSENKAMP  came  to  Indian- 
apolis about  1853,  and  was  a  coppersmith 
when  the  present  metropolis  of  the  state 
was  but  little  more  than  an  overgrown  vil- 
lage. He  continued  to  reside  here  sixty- 
four  years,  and  his  own  activities  and  those 
of  his  descendants  have  brought  many 
prominent  associations  of  the  name  jvith 
the  industrial  welfare  of  Indianapolis. 

When  he  came  to  Indianapolis  William 
Langsenkamp  was  about  eighteen  years  of 
age.  He  possessed  the  inherited  thrift  and 
industry  characteristic  of  the  German- 
American  people,  and  it  was  not  many 
years  before  he  bought  out  the  old  copper- 
smithing  firm  of  Cottrell  &  Knight,  and 
thereafter  until  his  retirement  conducted 
it  under  his  own  name. 

He  was  born  in  the  Kingdom  of  Hano- 
ver, Germany,  in  1835,  and  there  had  his 
early  rearing.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
left  home  and  native  land,  following  an 
older  brother  to  America,  and  his  entire 


later  life  was  spent  in  Indianapolis.  He 
early  became  known  as  a  skillful  worker, 
and  always  retained  the  reputation  of  an 
honorable,  upright  man  of  business.  He 
married  Helen  Hunt  in  1862.  Their  chil- 
dren were:  Henry;  Helen,  Mrs.  Henry 
Gramling;  Lilly;  William;  Clara,  Mrs. 
William  Clume;  Bertha,  Mrs.  John  Hab- 
ing;  Frank;  and  Edith,  Mrs.  Leo  Sulli- 
van. 

William  Langsenkamp  died  February 
14,  1917,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  honored 
and  respected  for  his  many  estimable  quali- 
ties and  achievements. 

J.  RALPH  FENSTERMAKER,  secretary- 
treasurer  of  the  Hugh  J.  Baker  Company 
of  Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the  younger  but 
among  the  most  progressive  business  men 
of  the  capital  city. 

He  was  born  at  Dayton,  Montgomery 
County,  Ohio,  July  18,  1891,  son  of  John 
R.  and  May  C.  Fenstermaker,  both  of  whom 
are  still  living  at  the  respective  ages  of 
sixty-three  and  fifty-eight.  This  is  an  old 
colonial  family  in  America.  The  first  an- 
cestor arrived  in  1732,  and  successive 
moves  of  the  present  branch  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Fenstermaker 's  great- 
grandfather was  born  in  New  York  State, 
his  grandfather  in  Pennsylvania,  his  own 
father  near  Warren  in  Eastern  Ohio,  while 
he  was  born  at  Dayton  in  Western  Ohio, 
and  his  son  in  Indianapolis. 

Graduating  from  the  Steele  High  School 
at  Dayton  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  Mr.  Fen- 
stermaker then  pursued  post-graduate  work 
in  languages  and  history  at  the  high  school 
and  attended  the  old  Miami  Commercial 
College,  one  of  the  pioneer  schools  offering 
a  general  business  course,  which  was  sup- 
plemented by  thorough  commercial  experi- 
ence in  the  Winters  National  and  the  Third 
National  banks  at  Dayton,  and  also  as  spe- 
cial agent  for  a  Casualty  Insurance  Com- 
pany. 

Mr.  Fenstermaker  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  June,  1911.  He  was  at  that  time  asso- 
ciated with  Hugh  J.  Baker,  formerly  of 
Dayton,  who  had  married  Mr.  Fenstermak- 
er's  sister  in  June,  1906.  The  business  as 
established  at  Indianapolis  was  a  copart- 
nership known  as  the  Fireproofing  Spe- 
cialties Company.  Later  it  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1914  as  the  Fireproofing  Company, 
and  still  later  was  consolidated  with  the 
reinforcing  steel  and  engineering  business 


' 


- 

• 


" 


1934 


JXDIAXA  AND  IXDIAXAXS 


He  also  did  some  practical  fanning  in  Oak- 
land County.  For  about  four  years,  tin- 
til  1882,  ho  was  in  the  drug  business  at 
Holly,  Davisburg  and  at  Detroit.  lie  also 
studied  law,  and  on  January  4.  1884,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  St.  Johns,  Michi- 
gan. He  practiced  several  years  at  Au- 
sable  and  Oscoda,  Michigan,  and  in  1S90 
opened  an  office  at  Detroit.  In  April,  1893, 
he  moved  to  his  home  at  Marion,  Indiana. 
While  in  Michigan  he  served  as  prosecuting 
attorney  of  losco  County  two  terms  and 
was  Circuit  Court  commissioner  for  two 
terms,  and  for  two  terms  was  secretary  of 
the  board  of  education  of  Oscoda.  Mr. 
Elliott  and  his  brother  George  were  in 
partnership  as  lawyers  at  Marion  for  fif- 
teen years.  In  that  time  they  organ ixcd 
and  established  the  Marion  Planing  Mill 
Company  and  the  Marion  Insurance  Ex- 
change, and  were  identified  with  a  number 
of  other  local  enterprises.  Mr.  Elliott  is  a 
Mason,  active  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
and  its  Sunday  School,  and  is  a  repub- 
lican in  politics. 

September  4,  1878,  he  married  Miss  Ella 
A.  McLean,  of  Clio,  Michigan.  She  was 
born  in  Genesee  County,  that  state.  Mrs. 
Elliott  has  been  in  close  sympathy  with 
her  husband  in  matters  of  charitable  work. 
They  have  two  children,  Harry  McLean 
of  Los  Angeles,  California,  and  Merle  Dec 
Clark,  of  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

WILLIAM  LAN<;SKXKA.MI'  came  to  Indian- 
apolis about  18.~>3.  and  was  a  coppersmith 
when  the  present  metropolis  of  the  state 
was  but  little  more  than  an  overgrown  vil- 
lage. He  continued  to  reside  here  sixty- 
four  years,  and  his  own  activities  and  those 
of  his  descendants  have  brought  many 
prominent  associations  of  the  name  ^vith 
the  industrial  welfare  of  Indianapolis. 

When  lie  came  to  Indianapolis  William 
Langscnkamp  was  about  eighteen  years  of 
age.  He  possessed  the  inherited  thrift  and 
industry  characteristic  of  the  German- 
American  people,  and  it  was  not  many 
years  before  he  bought  out  the  old  copper- 
smithing  firm  of  Cottrell  &  Knight,  and 
thereafter  until  his  retirement  conducted 
it  under  his  own  name. 

He  was  born  in  the  Kingdom  of  Hano- 
ver. Germany,  in  183"),  and  there  had  his 
early  rearing.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
left  home  and  native  land,  following  an 
older  In-other  to  America,  and  his  entire 


later  life  was  spent  in  Indianapolis.  He 
early  became  known  as  a  skillful  worker, 
and  always  retained  the  reputation  of  an 
honorable,  upright  man  of  business.  He 
married  Helen  Hunt  in  1862.  Their  chil- 
dren were:  Henry:  Helen,  Mrs.  Henry 
Gramling;  Lilly:  William;  Clara,  Mrs. 
William  Cluine:  Bertha,  Mrs.  John  Hab- 
ing;  Frank:  and  Edith,  Mrs.  Leo  Sulli- 
van. 

William  Langsenkamp  died  February 
14,  1917,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  honored 
and  respected  for  his  many  estimable  <iuali- 
ties  and  achievements. 

J.  RALPH  FKXSTERMAKKR,  secretary- 
treasurer  of  the  Hugh  J.  Baker  Company 
of  Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the  younger  but 
among  the  most  progressive  business  men 
of  the  capital  city. 

He  was  born  at  Dayton,  Montgomery 
County,  Ohio.  July  18,  1891,  son  of  John 
R.  and  May  C.  Fenstermaker,  both  of  whom 
are  still  living  at  the  respective  ages  of 
sixty-three  and  fifty-eight.  This  is  an  old 
colonial  family  in  America.  The  first  an- 
cestor arrived  in  1732,  and  successive 
moves  of  the  present  branch  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Fenstermaker 's  great- 
grandfather was  born  in  New  York  State, 
his  grandfather  in  Pennsylvania,  his  own 
father  near  Warren  in  Eastern  Ohio,  while 
he  was  born  at  Dayton  in  Western  Ohio, 
and  his  son  in  Indianapolis. 

Graduating  from  the  Stoele  High  School 
;it  Dayton  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  Mr.  Fen- 
stermaker then  pursued  post-graduate  work 
in  languages  and  history  at  the  high  school 
and  attended  the  old  Miami  Commercial 
College,  one  of  the  pioneer  schools  offering 
a  general  business  course,  which  was  sup- 
plemented by  thorough  commercial  experi- 
ence in  the  Winters  National  and  the  Third 
National  banks  at  Dayton,  and  also  as  spe- 
cial agent  for  a  Casualty  Insurance  Com- 
pany. 

Mr.  Fenstermaker  came  h>  Indianapolis 
in  June,  1911.  He  was  at  that  time  asso- 
ciated with  Hugh  J.  Baker,  formerly  of 
Dayton,  who  had  married  Mr.  Fenstermak- 
er's  sister  in  June,  1906.  The  business  as 
established  at  Indianapolis  was  a  copart- 
nership known  as  the  Fireproofing  Spe- 
cialties Company.  Later  it  was  incorpor- 
ated in  1914  as  the  Fireproofing  Company, 
and  still  later  was  consolidated  with  the 
reinforcing  steel  and  engineering  business 


LIBRARY 

OFtHE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1935 


of  Hugh  J.  Baker  on  January  1,  1918,  as 
the  Hugh  J.  Baker  Company.  This  is  one 
of  the  large  and  important  establishments 
of  Indianapolis,  and  more  information  con- 
cerning it  will  be  found  elsewhere  in  con- 
nection with  the  sketch  of  Mr.  Hugh  J. 
Baker. 

Mr.  Fenstermaker  has  entered  actively 
into  all  social  and  community  affairs  at 
Indianapolis.  He  is  affiliated  with  Orien- 
tal Lodge  No.  500,  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, Oriental  Chapter  No.  147,  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  the  various  Scottish  Rite 
bodies  and  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Kiwanis  Club,  the  Optimist  Club  and  is  a 
director  in  the  Indianapolis  Credit  Men's 
Association.  October  17,  1912,  he  married 
Wanda  Louise  DeBra,  of  Dayton,  Ohio. 
Their  two  children  John  Ralph,  born 
April  29,  1914,  and  William  Bancroft 
Fenstermaker,  born  January  29,  1919. 

THOMAS  REED  COBB  was  born  in  Law- 
rence County,  Indiana,  July  2,  1828.  He 
attended  Indiana  University,  and  after 
completing  his  law  training  practiced  at 
Bedford  from  1853  until  1867.  He  then 
removed  to  Vincennes,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  law  until  his  death, 
June  23,  1892.  He  served  as  a  member-aj<j, 
Congress  for  ten  years,  from  1877  untfl 
1887. 

CHARLES  H.  RINNE.  For  upwards  of 
thirty  years  a  large  section  of  the  popu- 
lation of  Indianapolis  has  known  and  ap- 
preciated the  business  service  rendered  by 
Charles  H.  Rinne.  Until  he  retired  a  few 
years  ago  he  was  in  the  grocery  business, 
and  has  accumulated  a  number  of  interests 
that  give  him  a  substantial  position  among 
the  leading  commercial  men  of  the  city. 
Mr.  Rinne  is  now  secretary  of  the  Grocers 
Baking  Company. 

He  was  born  near  Hanover,  Germany, 
July  9,  1865,  son  of  Charles  H.  and  Emilie 
(Wirgman)  Rinne.  His  father,  after  serv- 
ing his  time  in  the  German  army  received 
the  appointment  as  a  deputy  court  officer, 
corresponding  to  the  position  of  deputy 
sheriff  in  this  country.  He  died  in  1882, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-six.  His  wife  died  when 
her  son  Charles  was  a  small  child.  Both 
parents  were  members  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church.  In  their  family  were 
seven  children. 


Charles  H.  Rinne  was  reared  and  edu- 
cated in  his  native  land,  and  while  there 
served  a  brief  apprenticeship  at  the  trade 
of  confectioner.  His  brother  Herman  E. 
had  come  to  this  country  and  located  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1872,  and  it  was  the  example 
thus  set  that  afforded  Charles  H.  Rinne 
his  inspiration  to  become  an  American. 
He  gratified  that  desire  when  seventeen 
years  of  age.  Reaching  Indianapolis,  he 
worked  for  a  time  with  Warmeling 
Brothers,  and  then  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Vonnegut  Hardware  Company,  with 
whom  he  acquired  a  thorough  business  ex- 
perience. When  twenty-one  years  of  age 
Mr.  Rinne  made  application  for  citizen- 
ship papers,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-five 
he  became  a  full  fledged  American  citizen 
and  has  always  taken  his  citizenship  seri- 
ously. 

After  leaving  the  Vonnegut  Hardware 
Company  Mr.  Rinne  worked  for  his 
brother  Herman  in  the  latter 's  grocery 
store,  and  three  years  later  acquired  a 
partnership  in  the  business.  In  1901  Mr. 
Rinne  sold  out  his  store  on  Kansas  and 
Meridian  streets  and  at  once  opened  a  new 
stcqre  .on  Washington  Street.  In  1912  he 
retirejd.  from  active  merchandising.  Be- 
sides his  official  position  in  the  Grocers 
'^Baking  -Company,  of  which  he  is  one  of 
the  seven  originators,  Mr.  Rinne  helped 
reorganize  the  Indianapolis  Casket  Com- 
pany. This  was  a  small  business  formerly 
conducted  at  Shelbyville,  Indiana.  The 
present  organization  was  formed  and  took 
it  over  and  established  the  plant  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  has  made  it  one  of  the  larger 
enterprises  of  its  kind. 

In  February,  1889,  Mr.  Rinne  married 
Emma  Kuerst,  daughter  of  Henry  Kuerst. 
Mrs.  Rinne  was  born  in  Indianapolis,  at 
Madison  Avenue  and  McCarty  Street. 
They  are  the  parents  of  two  children,  Her- 
man and  Mrs.  Edward  Ott,  of  Dayton, 
Ohio.  The  son  Herman  is  a  successful 
young  business  man  of  Indianapolis  and 
is  also  prominent  in  musical  circles.  Mr. 
Rinne  is  identified  with  various  benevolent 
societies,  and  in  Masonry  is  affiliated  with 
the  Lodge,  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  Scottish 
Rite  and  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

RICHARD  HENRY  MISENEH  is  a  retired 
engineer  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railway 
Company  and  has  long  been  a  resident  of 
Michigan  City.  He  was  born  on  a  farm 


1936 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


six  miles  from  Niagara  Falls,  Ontario, 
March  26,  1849.  His  grandfather,  Nicholas 
Misener,  was  a  native  of  Germany,  a 
pioneer  farmer  in  Welland  County,  Can- 
ada, and  lived  there  until  his  death  at 
the  age  of  ninety.  He  married  a  Scotch- 
woman named  McLain,  and  they  had  a 
family  of  eight  sons  and  four  daughters, 
most  of  whom  lived  to  be  oVer  ninety  years 
of  age,  and  one  son  to  the  age  of  104. 

John  Misener,  father  of  Richard  H.,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  ownership  of  the  old  Canada 
farm  and  spent  his  life  there.  The  farm 
is  now  owned  by  one  of  his  sons.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  ninety  and  his  wife  at  eighty. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Jane  Davis.  Her 
father,  David  Davis,  was  a  native  of  Ver- 
mont. John  Misener  and  wife  had  a  fam- 
ily of  eleven  children. 

Richard  Henry  Misener  grew  up  on  the 
Canada  farm  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
went  to  Joliet,  Illinois,  and  for  two  years 
worked  at  farm  labor.  He  then  became  a 
fireman  with  the  Michigan  Central  Rail- 
road Company,  and  in  1872  established  his 
home  at  Michigan  City.  He  was  promoted 
to  engineer  in  1875,  and  continued  faith- 
ful in  the  service  until  1902,  when  he  re- 
tired and  was  pensioned.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engi- 
neers and  is  also  a  Mason. 

In  1876  he  married  Sarah  A.  Eastwood, 
who  was  born  in  Cook  County,  Illinois, 
daughter  of  Cyrus  and  Sarah  (Hunter) 
Eastwood.  Her  grandfather,  Cornelius 
Eastwood,  was  a  native  of  Holland  and  for 
a  number  of  years  was  a  farmer  in  Lake 
County,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Misener 's  father 
was  a  carpenter  and  later  a  farmer  near  the 
present  site  of  Erie,  Indiana,  and  finally 
engaged  in  the  mercantile  business. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Misener  have  one  son,  Her- 
bert R.,  who  is  member  of  the  firm  Robb 
&  Misener,  publishers  of  the  Michigan  City 
Evening  News.  Herbert  R.  Misener  mar- 
ried Zeola  Hershey,  and  their  two  children 
are  Dorothy  and  Richard. 

t 

STANLEY  COULTER.  In  May,  1917,  hun- 
dreds of  alumni  and  students  of  Purdue 
University  and  many  distinguished  scien- 
tists from  all  parts  of  the  world  gathered 
to  participate  in  and  lend  the  honor  of 
their  presence  to  the  dedication  of  the 
Stanley  Coulter  Hall  of  Biology  at  Pur- 
due. Seldom  does  a  man  still  in  the  full 
tide  of  life  and  energy  receive  such  an 


impressive  tribute.  Stanley  Coulter,  whose 
name  the  Hall  of  Biology  bears  in  recog- 
nition of  his  twenty  years  of  valued  serv- 
ice to  the  university,  has  been  an  Indiana 
teacher  and  educator  for  over  forty  years, 
and  while  personally  best  known  to  the 
student  and  alumni  body  of  Purdue  Uni- 
versity, his  achievements  and  attainments 
as  a  scientist  are  known  among  scholarly 
men  in  every  state  of  the  Union.  The 
Stanley  Coulter  Hall  of  Biology  was  erect- 
ed upon  the  site  of  the  old  Science  Hall 
on  the  Purdue  Campus,  where  it  is  at 
once  one  of  the  latest  and  most  distinctive 
of  the  university  buildings,  constructed  at 
a  cost  of  $100,000. 

Stanley  Coulter  was  born  at  Ningpo, 
China,  June  2,  1853,  son  of  Moses  Stanley 
and  Caroline  F.  (Crowe)  Coulter.  His 
older  brother,  John  Merle  Coulter,  was 
also  born  in  this  far  off  missionary  sta- 
tion, and  has  achieved  distinction  and 
scholarship  along  similar  lines  to  his 
brother  at  Lafayette.  John  M.  Coulter  was 
formerly  president  of  Lake  Forest  Univer- 
sity, but  for  over  twenty  years  has  been 
professor  and  head  of  the  Department  of 
Botany  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 

Stanley  Coulter  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  Madison,  Indiana, 
and  when  quite  young  entered  Hanover 
College,  from  which  he  received  the  fol- 
lowing degrees:  A.  B.  in  1871,  A.  M.  in 
1874,  Ph.  D.  in  1879,  and  LL.  D.  in  1908. 
He  began  teaching  soon  after  leaving  Hano- 
ver, one  year  at  Franklin,  Indiana,  and 
then  in  the  Logansport  High  School,  where 
he  remained  eight  years  as  principal.  Dur- 
ing a  temporary  absence  from  the  teach- 
ing profession  he  practiced  law,  beginning 
in  1882,  but  after  three  years  in  that  pro- 
fession he  resumed  the  work  for  which  un- 
doubtedly his  talents  and  experience  have 
best  fitted  him.  He  then  became  a  pro- 
fessor in  Coates  College  for  Women  at 
Terre.  Haute,  but  in  1887  came  to  Purdue 
University  as  Professor  Biology  and  di- 
rector of  the  Biological  Laboratory.  In 
1907  he  became  Dean  of  the  School  of 
Science,  so  that  his  full  title  is  now  Dean 
of  the  School  of  Science,  Professor  of 
Biology  and  Director  of  the  Biological  La- 
boratory. 

Professor  Coulter  is  a  member  of  many 
scholarly  organizations  and  educational  as- 
sociations. He  is  a  member  of  the  Sigma 
Xi,  Beta  Theta  Pi  and  Sigma  Delta  Chi, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1937 


is  a  Fellow  of  the  Indiana  Academy  of 
Science,  which  he  served  as  president  in 
1897,  a  member  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  of 
the  State  Board  of  Forestry,  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Science  Teachers  Associa- 
tion, is  a  member  of  the  Western  Society 
of  Naturalists  and  a  member  of  the  Botani- 
cal Society  of  America.  Professor  Coulter 
was  Lecturer  of  Botany  in  the  Summer 
Schools  of  Wisconsin  in  1893  and  at  Cor- 
nell University  from  1903  to  1907,  and 
has  been  Lecturer  on  Science  Teaching  at 
the  Indianapolis  Teachers  Training  School 
since  1900  and  Lecturer  to  Seniors  in 
Physiology  at  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital, 
Lafayette,  since  1895. 

Professor  Coulter's  services  are  in  much 
demand  as  a  lecturer,  and  he  is  one  of  the 
most  popular  platform  speakers  among 
modern  scientists.  He  is  author  of  Forest 
Trees  of  Indiana,  published  in  1892 ;  Flora 
of  Indiana,  published  in  1899 ;  eleven  pam- 
phlets upon  Nature  Study,  forty-five  pam- 
phlets of  Scientific  Studies  and  Reports, 
and  seventy  other  titles,  including  many 
book  reviews,  biographical  sketches,  etc. 
Professor  Coulter  is  a  director  of  the  Na- 
tional Society  for  the  Protection  of  Wild 
Plants.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Colleges  and  Secondary  Schools 
of  the  Northwest,  and  in  1901-02  was  pres- 
ident of  the  State  Audubon  Society.  In 
1904  he  was  chairman  of  the  Central 
Botanist  Association.  Another  member- 
ship that  attests  his  broad  interests  is  in 
the  Association  for  the  Promotion  of  En- 
gineering Education.  All  his  former  stu- 
dents at  Purdue  will  appreciate  the  truth 
of  the  following  words  that  have  been  writ- 
ten of  Professor  Coulter:  "He  is  a  man 
of  deep  convictions,  indomitable  persever- 
ance and  thorough  in  his  investigations. 
He  is  not  easily  discouraged,  brushes  away 
trifles  and  goes  directly  for  the  heart  of 
his  subject.  With  all  his  learning  and  dis- 
tinction he  is  modest  in  his  claims,  kind 
and  patient  in  dealing  either  with  people  or 
problems,  open  and  candid  in  manner,  and 
of  the  well  poised  equable  temperament 
which  renders  him  proof  against  discour- 
agements." 

January  21,  1879,  Professor  Coulter 
married  Lucy  Post,  daughter  of  Martin  M. 
Post,  D.  D.,  of  Logansport.  Their  only 
daughter,  Mabel,  born  in  October,  1880, 


married  Albert  Smith,  a  member  of  the 
Purdue  University  faculty. 

CLASSON  VICTOR  PETERSON  has  taken 
high  rank  as  an  educator  in  Indiana,  is 
both  a  teacher  and  school  administrator, 
and  is  a  man  whose  ideals  and  breadth  of 
view  make  him  peculiarly  well  qualified  to 
direct  the  schools  of  such  an  important 
county  as  Tippecanoe  in  the  capacity  of 
superintendent. 

Mr.  Peterson  is  a  native  of  Tippecanoe 
County,  having  been  born  on  a  farm  ten 
miles  southwest  of  Lafayette  on  July  14, 
1873.  His  father,  Augustus  Peterson,  was 
born  in  Sweden  January  3,  1832,  brought 
his  family  to  America  in  1872,  and  ar- 
rived in  Indiana  with  practically  no  capi- 
tal and  no  experience  with  American  ways. 
For  a  time  he  rented  land  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  as  success  came  to  him  he 
bought  property  and  had  a  small  farm 
near  West  Point,  on  which  he  spent  his 
last  years.  He  died  there  December  4, 
1903.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  and  after  attaining  American  citi- 
zenship voted  as  a  republican.  He  married 
in  1854  Caroline  Freeburg,  who  was  born 
in  Sweden  December  11,  1831.  Of  their 
nine  children  the  four  oldest  died  in 
Sweden  in  infancy.  The  other  five  are: 
William  A.,  deceased ;  Classon  V. ;  Clin- 
ton E. ;  Alice  E.  and  Amanda  J.,  also  de- 
ceased. 

Classon  Victor  Peterson  was  reared  on 
his  father's  farm,  attended  public  schools 
in  Wayne  Township,  and  in  preparation 
for  his  chosen  work  attended  the  State 
Normal  School  at  Terre  Haute  two  terms 
and  one  year  in  Valparaiso  University. 
His  higher  education  was  acquired  as  a 
result  of  his  own  earnings  as  a  teacher. 
Mr.  Peterson  graduated  from  Purdue  Uni- 
versity with  class  of  1910. 

In  the  same  year  he  became  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  West  Point,  and  his 
successful  record  there  as  well  as  his  in- 
dividual work  as  a  teacher  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  his  promotion  in  1917  to  his 
present  responsibilities  as  county  superin- 
tendent. 

Mr.  Peterson  is  a  republican  in  politics 
and  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  April  27,  1904,  he  married  Miss 
Elna  B.  Fouts.  Mrs.  Peterson  was  born 
in  Tippecanoe  County  and  for  four  years 


1938 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


prior  to  her  marriage  was  a  teacher.  They 
have  five  children,  Mabel,  Paul,  Dorothy, 
Lillian  and  William  Arthur. 

i 

LEO  POTTLITZEB  was  a  resident  and  busi- 
ness man  of  Lafayette  almost  thirty-five 
years.  The  importance  of  his  life  could 
not  be  stated  more  concisely  than  in  a  brief 
editorial  which  appeared  in  a  Lafayette 
paper  at  the  time  of  his  death.  This  edi- 
torial reads  as  follows:  "The  death  of 
such  a  public  spirited  citizen  as  Leo  Pott- 
litzer,  whose  sudden  demise  is  chronicled 
today,  is  a  distinct  loss  to  the  community. 
For  many  years  he  had  been  one  of  our 
enterprising  business  men,  a  hard  worker 
and  an  enthusiastic  supporter  of  every 
movement  calculated  to  benefit  his  home 
city.  He  was  intensely  loyal  to  Lafayette 
and  ever  deeply  concerned  for  its  welfare. 
In  the  ranks  of  the  Travelers'  Protective 
Association  he  was  long  prominent,  being 
one  of  the  organizers  of  this  great  national 
society  of  commercial  travelers.  The  story 
of  his  business  career  shows  how  success 
inevitably  comes  to  reward  honest  effort 
rightly  applied." 

Leo  Pottlitzer  was  born  in  Germany  May 
24,  1856,  and  died  in  Lafayette  September 
15,  1917,  at  the  age  of  sixty-one.  For  a 
lifetime  limited  by  three  score  years,  it 
was  signally  useful  and  remarkable  for  its 
fruits  and  achievements.  At  the  age  of 
nine  years  he  was  brought  to  America,  the 
family  locating  at  Jersey  City,  and  thence 
going  to  New  York,  where  he  spent  his 
years  to  manhood.  Early  experience 
brought  him  in  touch  with  the  fruit  and 
general  commission  business,  and  under  his 
hands  that  became  really  a  profession  and 
he  was  never  in  any  other  line  than  the 
fruit  and  commission  business,  for  which 
reason  he  was  sought  on  every  side  ip  his 
mature  years  for  advice  and  directions  as 
to  methods  and  practices  in  the  business., 

On  coming  to  Indiana  Mr.  Pottlitzer  first 
located  at  Indianapolis,  where  he  had  a 
commission  business  on  a  small  scale,  but 
in  1883  he  removed  to  Lafayette.  Leo  was 
the  oldest  of  five  sons,  the  other  brothers 
being  Jacob,  Max,  Julius  and  Herman.  He 
also  had  one  sister,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Dia- 
mond, who  is  still  living  in  Meadville, 
Pennsylvania.  He  and  his  brothers  are 
all  now  deceased. 

Leo  Pottlitzer  came  to  Lafayette  with 
his  brother  Julius,  who  died  May  17,  1910. 


The  brothers  opened  a  small  commission 
store  at  Second  and  Main  streets.  Two 
years  later  they  were  joined  by  their 
brother  Herman,  who  died  in  January, 
1908.  A  little  later  Max  Pottlitzer  came 
to  the  city  and  joined  forces  with  them. 
Max  died  in  May,  1907.  In  1887  the  Pott- 
litzer brothers  bought  the  old  Baptist 
Church  property  on  Sixth  Street  between 
Main  and  Ferry.  There  they  put  up  a 
large  building  which  they  occupied  many 
years  under  the  name  Pottlitzer  Brothers 
Fruit  Company,  another  portion  of  it  being 
occupied  by  the  Lafayette  Baking  Com- 
pany. All  the  brothers  were  master  minds 
at  directing  such  a  business,  and  its  growth 
and  prosperity  were  steadily  increased. 
The  firm  finally  bought  adjoining  real  es- 
tate in  the  same  block  and  erected  the  build- 
ing which  was  the  home  of  the  Pottlitzer 
Brothers  for  many  years,  and  besides  this 
main  establishment  they  maintained  branch 
stores  in  Fort  Wayne  and  Huntington.  In 
1908  Pottlitzer  Brothers  Fruit  Company 
was  dissolved,  and  a  little  later  Leo  Pott- 
litzer organized  the  Leo  Pottlitzer  &  Son 
Company,  commission  house,  first  occupy- 
ing a  room  on  North  Fourth  Street,  and 
then  as  business  demanded  larger  quarters 
moving  to  10  North  Third  Street,  where 
the  establishment  still  stands  as  a  monu- 
ment to  the  career  of  its  founder.  Leo 
Pottlitzer  was  president  of  the  company, 
and  his  son  and  successor,  Edward  L.,  was 
secretary  and  treasurer. 

The  late  Mr.  Pottlitzer  was  a  man  of 
irreproachable  character,  unquestioned  in- 
tegrity, and  a  citizen  of  liberal  views  and 
generous  impulses.  Any  worthy  charity 
could  always  depend  upon  him  for  assist- 
ance and  the  City  of  Lafayette  was  richer 
for  his  presence  as  a  citizen  and  coworker. 
He  cherished  and  supported  every  plan 
and  movement  for  making  Lafayette  a  bet- 
ter and  greater  city,  and  no  matter  what 
the  cares  of  private  business  he  always  kept 
well  informed  as  to  public  questions  and  of 
matters  of  broad  public  interest. 

He  was  one  of  the  charter  members  of 
the  National  Association  of  the  Travelers' 
Protective  Association,  and  was  one  of  the 
four  delegates  from  Indiana  at  the  first 
convention  in  Denver  in  1890.  He  had 
been  a  member  of  the  old  Travelers'  Pro- 
tective Association  for  years  before  it  dis- 
banded. He  was  state  president  in  Indiana 
at  one  time.  The  delegates  to  the  Denver 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1939 


convention  were  furnished  passes  to  that 
city  by  the  different  railroads,  the  pass  con- 
sisting of  a  solid  silver  piece,  good  for  2,500 
miles  of  travel.  Leo  Pottlitzer  preserved 
his  pass  as  a  treasured  relic.  He  was  fond 
of  talking  of  the  days  of  the  Denver  con- 
vention, and  believed  that  no  convention 
had  ever  been  celebrated  with  so  much  hos- 
pitality and  entertainment.  He  was  promi- 
nent both  locally  and  in  the  state  and 
national  organizations,  and  in  1891-92 
served  as  president  of  the  State  Associa- 
tion of  Indiana  and  was  a  national  di- 
rector of  the  organization  in  1893-94. 
He  had  many  warm  friends  among  the 
Travelers'  Protective  Association  through- 
out the  country.  In  June,  1916,  when  the 
national  convention  of  the  association  was 
held"  at  Lafayette,  Mr.  Pottlitzer  was 
treasurer  of  the  local  executive  committee, 
and  really  overtaxed  himself  with  work  of 
arrangements  and  other  responsibilities. 
During  the  entire  week  of  the  convention 
he  was  confined  to  his  apartments  at  the 
Fowler  Hotel,  but  from  his  sick  bed  was 
able  to  greet  many  of  the  visiting  delegates 
who  came  to  express  recognition  of  his 
services. 

Mr.  Pottlitzer  was  also  affiliated  with 
the  local  lodge  of  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  the  United  Commercial 
Travelers,  the  Masonic  Order,  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Koyal  League  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Reformed  Jewish  Congrega- 
tion. His  funeral  was  conducted  by  Rabbi 
Maxwell  Silver.  On  January  12,  1879,  Mr. 
Pottlitzer  married  Minnie  Truman,  of  Cin- 
cinnati. She  and  two  children  survive  him, 
the  son  being  Edward  L.  Pottlitzer  and  the 
daughter,  Mrs.  Charles  Ducas,  of  New 
York  City.  There  were  also  two  grand- 
children by  Mrs.  Ducas,  Dorothy  and 
Elaine,  and  three  by  his  son,  Leo,  Babette 
and  Joseph  Pottlitzer. 

Edward  L.  Pottlitzer,  only  son  of  the 
late  Leo  Pottlitzer,  was  born  in  Indianap- 
olis, Indiana,  May  25,  1881,  but  has  lived 
in  Lafayette  since  early  infancy.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Lafayette  High  School,  and 
attended  the  Northwestern  Military  Acad- 
emy at  Lake  Geneva,  Wisconsin.  On  com- 
pleting his  education  he  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  business,  and  was  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  of  the  Leo  Pottlitzer  & 
Son  Company,  and  after  the  death  of  his 
father  became  president  of  this  large  and 
prosperous  commission  house. 

Tol.  V— 3 


He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Travelers' 
Protective  Association,  the  United  Com- 
mercial Travelers,  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks,  and  the  Rotary  Club 
of  Lafayette.  On  January  12,  1904,  at  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  he  married  Miss  Helene  J. 
Klein.  She  was  born  at  Cincinnati  No- 
vember 12,  1881,  daughter  of  Solomon  and 
Babette  (Hyman)  Klein,  natives  of  Ger- 
many and  both  now  deceased.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Edward  L.  Pottlitzer  have  three  chil- 
dren: Leo,  born  March  24,  1905;  Babette, 
born  January  12,  1906 ;  and  Joseph  Klein, 
born  February  10,  1910. 

HENRY  HEATH  VINTON.  No  name  rep- 
resents more  of  the  dignity  and  high  abil- 
ities of  the  legal  profession  in  Northwestern 
Indiana  than  that  of  Vinton.  The  present 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Tippecanoe 
County  is  Henry  H.  Vinton,  and  as  a  ju- 
rist his  work  has  brought  further  honors  to 
a  name  that  has  been  associated  with  ju- 
dicial and  other  high  places  in  the  affairs 
of  Tippecanoe  County  for  over  half  a  cen- 
tury. 

His  father,  the  late  David  Perrine  Vin- 
ton, was  a  successful  lawyer  and  judge  at 
Lafayette  for  almost  half  a  century.  Born 
at  Miamisburg,  Ohio,  November  18,  1828, 
David  P.  Vinton  was  a  son  of  Boswell  Mer- 
rick  and  Hannah  (Davis)  Vinton.  His 
father  died  in  1833.  His  mother  married 
again  and  in  1841  brought  her  family  to 
Lafayette.  David  P.  Vinton  was  thirteen 
years  old  when  the  family  moved  to  La- 
fayette, and  for  a  number  of  years  he  and 
an  older  brother  conducted  a  foundry  and 
machinist's  business.  He  worked  in  the 
shops  until  1848,  when  he  supplemented 
his  somewhat  intermittent  schooling  by  en- 
tering South  Hanover  College  at  Hanover, 
Indiana,  and  was  a  student  there  until  De- 
cember, 1851.  In  the  spring  of  1852  he 
began  the  study  of  law  with  Behm  &  Wood 
of  Lafayette,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1854.  Public  honors  came  to  him  in 
rapid  succession.  He  was  city  attorney  in 
1855  and  again  in  1861,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morton 
judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  Court.  After 
filling  out  the  vacant  term  he  was  elected 
to  the  office.  That  district  of  the  Common 
Pleas  Court  had  jurisdiction  over  the  coun- 
ties of  Tippecanoe,  Benton,  White,  and 
Carroll.  He  was  in  office  six  years,  and 
in  March,  1865,  had  declined  a  commission 


1940 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


from  President  Lincoln  as  an  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico.  In  1867  Governor  Baker 
appointed  him  judge  of  the  Criminal  Court, 
and  he  was  elected  in  the  fall  of  that  year 
and  held  office  to  1870.  In  1870  he  was 
elected  circuit  judge,  and  performed  the 
responsible  duties  of  that  office  for  twenty 
years. 

Henry  H.  Vinton,  a  son  of  David  Per- 
rine  and  Elizabeth  Catherine  Vinton,  was 
born  at  Lafayette  November  30,  1864.  He 
grew  up  in  a  home  where  there  was  every 
incentive  to  make  the  best  of  his  oppor- 
tunities. He  was  given  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Lafayette  and  in  1885  graduated  from 
Purdue  University.  During  1885-86  he 
was  a  student  of  law  in  the  offices  of  Cof- 
forth  &  Stuart  at  Lafayette,  and  in  1886-87 
attended  the  Columbia  Law  School.  Judge 
Vinton  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Tippe- 
canoe  County  in  1887,  and  has  been  one 
of  the  prominent  members  of  the  bar  for 
thirty  years.  He  was  in  partnership  with 
his  father  from  1889  until  the  latter 's 
death,  and  from  that  date  until  February, 
1901,  was  in  practice  with  Edgar  D.  Ran- 
dolph. 

Judge  Vinton  was  appointed  in  1898 
referee  in  bankruptcy  by  Hon.  John  H. 
Baker,  then  United  States  district  judge. 
On  February  8,  1901,  Governor  Winfield 
T.  Durbin  appointed  him  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Tippecanoe  County,  and 
by  regular  election  and  re-election  he  has 
since  continued  in  that  office  until  his  serv- 
ice now  covers  a  period  of  seventeen  years. 

Judge  Vinton  married  June  13,  1888, 
Miss  Mabel  Levering.  Their  only  child  is 
Katherine  Levering,  now  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam F.  Taylor  of  the  Rainbow  Division 
and  who  is  referred  to  on  other  pages. 

CHARLES  J.  ELLIOTT,  president  of  the 
Ridge  Lumber  Company,  is  one  of  the 
younger  and  very  enterprising  business 
men  of  Newcastle,  and  came  to  that  city 
and  took  his  plar>e  in  business  affairs  after 
a  successful  experience  as  farmer  and  farm 
owner.  ^ 

Mr.  Elliott  was  born  in  Columbus  Town- 
ship of  Bartholomew  County,  Indiana,  in 
1884,  son  of  Oscar  and  Sadie  (Carr) 
Elliott.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  people  have  been  in  America  for  many 
generations.  Mr.  Elliott  obtained  his  early 


education  in  the  country  schools  of  his  na- 
tive county,  and  developed  his  strength  by 
work  on  the  home  farm.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  went  to  farming,  and  he  had  a 
farm  of  346  acres  under  his  personal  man- 
agement and  supervision  until  1916.  In 
that  year  he  came  to  Newcastle,  buying  a 
retail  lumber  yard  from  J.  D.  Case.  He 
soon  incorporated  the  business,  of  which  he 
has  since  been  president.  Besides  selling 
general  lumber  material  Mr.  Elliott  also  es- 
tablished a  planing  mill,  and  now  has  one 
of  the  principal  concerns  of  Henry  County 
for  mill  and  general  builders  supplies.  He 
also  owns  some  local  real  estate. 

In  1907  Mr.  Elliott  married  Mary  M. 
Schwenk,  daughter  of  John  and  Margaret 
(Moores)  Schwenk,  of  Columbus,  Indiana. 
They  have  two  children :  Helen  M.  and 
Charles  Dale,  the  son  born  in  1909_.  Mr. 
Elliott  is  a  democrat  and  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  a  Knight  of  Pythias,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

GEORGE  W.  COOPER,  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Columbus,  Indiana,  bar, 
was  born  in  Bartholomew  County  of  this 
state  May  21,  1851.  In  1872  he  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, and  from  that  time  until  his  death, 
he  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 
legal  profession  of  Columbus.  Some  years 
before  his  death  Mr.  Cooper  was  elected 
to  represent  his  district  in  Congress,  and 
in  that  office  he  carried  forward  the  same 
high  ideals  which  he  had  maintained  in  his 
daily  practice. 

WILLIAM  S.  POTTER  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  bar  forty  years,  has  prac- 
ticed his  profession  in  his  native  city  of 
Lafayette,  and  has  become  widely  known 
as  a  corporation  and  business  lawyer, 
financier,  and  as  a  citizen  who  has  contrib- 
uted much  to  the  material  improvement 
and  general  betterment  of  his  home  city. 

He  represents  one  of  the  older  families 
of  Lafayette,  being  the  oldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam A.  and  Eliza  (Stiles)  Potter.  Wil- 
liam A.  Potter  was  born  in  New  York  State, 
and  located  at  Lafayette,  Indiana,  in  1843. 
He  was  a  merchant  for  many  years,  after- 
wards a  manufacturer,  and  used  his  means 
and  influence  in  such  a  way  as  to  promote 
the  substantial  welfare  of  Lafayette.  His 
wife  was  a  native  of  Suffield,  Connecticut, 
and  came  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  in  1850. 


1940 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


from  President  Lincoln  as  an  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico.  In  1867  Governor  Baker 
appointed  liim  judge  of  the  Criminal  Court, 
and  he  was  elected  in  the  fall  of  that  year 
and  held  office  to  1870.  In  1870  he  was 
elected  circuit  judge,  and  performed  the 
responsible  duties  of  that  office  for  twenty 
years. 

Henry  II.  Vinton.  a  son  of  David  Per- 
rine  and  Eli/alieth  Catherine  Vinton,  was 
born  at  Lafayette  November  30.  1864.  He 
grew  up  in  a  home  where  there  was  every 
incentive  to  make  the  best  of  his  oppor- 
tunities. He  was  given  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Lafayette  and  in  1885  graduated  from 
Purdue  I'niversity.  During  1883-86  he 
was  a  student  of  law  in  the  offices  of  Cof- 
forth  &  Stuart  at  Lafayette,  and  in  1886-87 
attended  the  Columbia  Law  School.  Judge 
Vinton  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Tippe- 
canoe  County  in  1887,  and  has  been  one 
of  the  prominent  members  of  the  bar  for 
thirty  years.  He  was  in  partnership  with 
his  father  from  1889  until  the  latter 's 
death,  and  from  that  date  until  February, 
1901,  was  in  practice  with  Edgar  D.  Ran- 
dolph. 

•Judge  Vinton  was  appointed  in  1S9S 
referee  in  bankruptcy  by  Hon.  John  H. 
I >aker.  then  I'nited  States  district  judge. 
On  February  8,  1901.  Governor  Winh'eld 
T.  Durbin  appointed  him  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Tippeeanoe  County,  and 
by  regular  election  and  re-election  he  has 
since  continued  in  that  office  until  his  serv- 
ice now  covers  a  period  of  seventeen  years. 

Judge  Vinton  married  June  13,  18S8, 
Miss  .Mabel  Levering.  Their  only  child  is 
Katherine  Levering,  now  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam F.  Taylor  of  the  Rainbow  Division 
and  who  is  referred  to  on  other  pages. 

CHARLES  J.  ELLIOTT,  president  of  the 
Ridge  Lumber  Company,  is  one  of  the 
younger  and  very  enterprising  business 
men  of  Newcastle,  and  came  to  that  city 
and  took  his  place  in  business  affairs  after 
a  successful  experience  as  farmer  and  farm 
owner. 

Mr.  Elliott  was  born  in  Columbus  Town- 
ship of  Bartholomew  County.  Indiana,  in 
1884,  son  of  Oscar  and  Sadie  (Carr) 
Elliott.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  people  have  been  in  America  for  many 
generations.  Mr.  Elliott  obtained  his  early 


education  in  the  country  schools  of  his  na- 
tive county,  and  developed  his  strength  by 
work  on  the  home  farm.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  went  to  farming,  and  he  had  a 
farm  of  346  acres  under  his  personal  man- 
agement and  supervision  until  1!)16.  In 
that  year  he  came  to  Newcastle,  buying  a 
retail  lumber  yard  from  J.  1).  Case.  He 
soon  incorporated  the  business,  of  which  he 
has  since  been  president.  Besides  selling 
general  lumber  material  Mr.  Elliott  also  es- 
lablished  a  planing  mill,  and  now  has  one 
of  the  principal  concerns  of  Henry  County 
for  mill  and  general  builders  supplies.  lie 
also  owns  some  local  real  estate. 

In  1907  Mr.  Elliott  married  Mary  M. 
Schwenk,  daughter  of  John  and  Margaret 
(Moores)  Schwenk,  of  Columbus,  Indiana. 
They  have  two  children:  Helen  M.  and 
Charles  Dale,  the  son  born  in  1909_.  Mr. 
Elliott  is  a  democrat  and  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  a  Knight  of  Pythias,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

GEORGE  W.  COOPER,  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Columbus,  Indiana,  bar, 
was  born  in  Bartholomew  County  of  this 
state  May  21,  1851.  In  1872  he  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, and  from  that  time  until  his  death, 
he  was  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 
legal  profession  of  Columbus.  Some  years 
before  his  death  Mr.  Cooper  was  elected 
to  represent  his  district  in  Congress,  and 
in  that  office  lie  carried  forward  the  same 
high  ideals  which  he  had  maintained  in  his 
daily  practice. 

WILLIAM  S.  POTTER  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  bar  forty  years,  has  prac- 
ticed his  profession  in  his  native  city  of 
Lafayette,  and  has  become  widely  known 
as  a  corporation  and  business  lawyer, 
financier,  and  as  a  citi/en  who  has  contrib- 
uted much  to  the  material  improvement 
and  general  betterment  of  his  home  city. 

He  represents  one  of  the  older  families 
of  Lafayette,  being  the  oldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam A.  and  Eliza  (Stiles)  Potter.  Wil- 
liam A.  Potter  was  born  in  New  York  State, 
and  located  at  Lafayette,  Indiana,  in  1843. 
He  was  a  merchant  for  many  years,  after- 
wards a  manufacturer,  and  used  his  means 
and  influence  in  such  a  way  as  to  promote 
the  substantial  welfare  of  Lafayette.  His 
wife  was  a  native  of  Suffield,  Connecticut, 
and  came  to  Lafayette,  Indiana,  in  1850. 


I 


. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1941 


William  S.  Potter  was  born  at  the  home 
of  his  parents  on  Columbia  and  Tenth 
Streets  in  Lafayette  in  1855.  He  was  well 
educated  both  in  public  and  private  schools, 
and  in  1876  graduated  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College  at  Amherst, 
Massachusetts.  His  mind  was  definitely 
made  up  to  follow  the  law,  and  returning 
to  Lafayette  he  became  a  law  student  in 
the  offices  of  Wallace  &  Rice,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1878.  Soon  after- 
ward the  firm  of  Wallace  &  Rice  was  dis- 
solved. For  a  time  he  was  associated  in 
practice  with  Mr.  Wallace,  but  later  ac- 
cepted the  offer  of  a  full  partnership  with 
Captain  Rice.  The  firm  of  Rice  &  Potter 
continued  for  twenty  years,  and  during 
that  time  gained  a  reputation  and  a  busi- 
ness hardly  second  to  any  law  firm  in  north- 
ern Indiana.  This  partnership  was  dis- 
solved through  the  death 'of  Captain  Rice 
in  1901,  and  since  then  Mr.  Potter  has 
practiced  alone.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  has  given  special  attention  to  business 
law  and  real  estate  law,  and  in  these  spe* 
cial  fields  his  clients  have  never  hesitated^ 
to  recognize  skill  and  ability  with  -the.-;bes,t  -.y 
in  the  state.  No  small  part  of  his  special 
training  in  real  estate  matters  is  due  to  his 
own  operations,  which  have  been  extensive 
and  important  in  the  handling  and  devel- 
opment of  real  estate  both  in  Lafayette 
and  in  different  parts  of  the  state  and 
country. 

Mr.  Potter  is  vice  president  and  a  direc- 
tor of  the  Northern  Indiana  Land  Com- 
pany. This  organization  formerly  owned 
about  25,000  acres  in  Lafayette  and  Chi- 
cago, property  bought  for  development  and 
improvement.  He  also  owns  important 
holdings  in  the  South  and  West  and  in 
Chicago.  Mr.  Potter  for  many  years  has 
been  interested  in  banking,  has  been  vice 
president  and  director  of  the  National 
Fowler  Bank  at  Lafayette,  and  is  a  stock- 
holder in  institutions  in  various  cities  and 
towns.  Throughout  his  career  he  has  kept 
in  close  touch  with  the  material  progress 
and  improvement  of  his  native  city. 

In  1885  Mr.  Potter  married  Miss  Fanny 
W.  Peck,  of  Troy,  Pennsylvania.  Mrs. 
Potter  is  a  member  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution.  They  have  one  son, 
George  L.  Potter,  who  is  a  graduate  of 
Hamilton  College,  New  York,  and  later  was 
taking  post  graduate  work  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity when  the  war  broke  out  and  he  en- 


listed  in  the  signal  corps.  The  Potter  fam- 
ily are  members  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Mr.  Potter  served  on  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  church  for  many  years. 
He  and  the  late  Oliver  Goldsmith  had 
charge  of  the  erection  of  the  church  build- 
ing, and  when  destroyed  by  fire  soon  after 
its  completion  they  were  selected  to  rebuild, 
and  the  congregation  now  has  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  attractive  edifices  in 
the  city.  He  is  also  the  only  living  char- 
ter member  of  the  "Lincoln  Club"  who 
has  been  a  continuous  member  since  its 
organization. 

Having  been  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
rewards  of  mature  success  for  many  years, 
Mr.  Potter  has  used  his  means  liberally  for 
the  good  of  his  city,  for  various  worthy  ob- 
jects of  charity  and  for  the  comforts  of 
wise  provision  of  those  near  and  dear  to 
him.  He  has  one  of  the  most  attractive 
homes  in  Lafayette.  It  is  situated  on 
State  Street  near  Ninth,  and  known  as 
' 'Whitehall. "  The  description  of  this  place 
.''&n&;  how  it  came  to  be  acquired  and  built 
by.  Mr.  Potter  has  been  written  at  length 
f^r  :an<3$h$»t  publication,  and  may  be  used 
without  apology  here.  "This  mansion  was 
originally  built  by  the  state  of  Connecti- 
cut to  represent  that  state  at  the  World's 
Fair  at  St.  Louis,  but  when  the  Fair  closed 
it  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Potter,  who  had 
it  dismantled,  packed  in  cars  and  shipped 
to  Lafayette.  In  preparing  a  site  for  the 
structure  he  secured  a  tract  of  four  acres 
on  State  street,  from  which  he  removed 
the  buildings  and  erected  the  present 
structure  thereon,  making  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  attractive  residences  in  the 
state.  The  edifice  is  a  perfect  type  of  the 
colonial  mansion  of  olden  times,  being  mod- 
eled after  several  historic  homes  of  Con- 
necticut, the  main  part  three  stories  high, 
with  wings  two  stories.  The  porch  is  also 
two  stories,  and  extending  out  across  the 
front  is  semi-elliptical  in  shape  "and  sup- 
ported by  four  huge  fluted  columns  of 
stone.  An  elaborate  colonial  stairway  af- 
fords entrance  to  the  main  part  of  the 
building,  and  some  of  the  interior  wood- 
work, taken  from  the  historic  Hubbard 
Slater  home  in  the  city  of  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut, adds  interest  as  well  as  beauty  to 
the  apartments.  The  great  central  hall  is 
open  through  both  stories,  the  upper  rooms 
forming  a  gallery  which  is  wainscotted  to 
the  ceiling  in  the  fashion  greatly  admired 


1942 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


by  former  generations.  The  edifice,  which 
is  complete  in  all  its  parts,  is  finished  in 
the  highest  style  of  the  builder's  art  and 
with  its  elaborate  furnishings  and  broad 
attractive  lawns,  walks  bordered  with  beds 
of  beautiful  flowers  and  containing  a  num- 
ber of  gigantic  forest  trees  and  many  other 
beautiful  and  pleasing  features,  combine  to 
make  a  complete  and  luxurious  home." 

HENRY  C.  SCHROEDEB.  During  the  many 
years  of  his  life  spent  in  Indianapolis 
Henry  C.  Schroeder  attained  to  those 
things  which  constitute  a  well  rounded  and 
unequivocal  success.  By  sheer  force  of 
personal  character  and  will  power  he  made 
his  name  honored  and  substantial  with  dig- 
nity and  esteem  in  a  community  where, 
the  center  of  a  large  population,  only  a 
comparatively  few  men  attain  the  wider 
distinctions  of  being  thoroughly  well 
known. 

His  life  throughout  was  a  record  of  self 
achievement.  He  was  born  in  Hanover, 
Germany,  August  3,  1862,  a  son  of  Kasper 
and  Anne  (Bruenger)  Schroeder.  His  par- 
ents spent  all  their  lives  in  Germany  and 
were  farmers  in  modest  circumstances. 
Henry  C.  Schroeder  was  nine  years  old 
when  his  mother  died,  and  from  that  time 
forward  he  was  practically  unaided  in  his 
efforts  at  making  a  place  and  position  in 
the  world.  He  benefited  from  the  system 
of  compulsory  education  and  attended  the 
German  schools  until  about  fourteen.  He 
was  then  apprenticed  to  a  shoemaker,  and 
spent  four  years  in  learning  that  trade. 
After  that  he  worked  as  a  journeyman, 
and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  set  out  alone  for 
America,  reaching  New  York  City  with 
only  one  dollar.  It  was  not  long  after  that 
he  came  to  Indianapolis,  and  here  his  ex- 
periences were  varied  but  always  in  a  ris- 
ing degree  of  usefulness  and  reward.  For 
a  time  he  worked  as  a  shoemaker,  after- 
ward in  a  furniture  factory,  was  employed 
in  the  old  Eagle  Machine  Works  and  from 
there  went  into  the  shops  of  the  Pittsburgh, 
Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railway 
as  a  car  repairer.  For  a  time  he  was  als« 
a  brakeman  on  the  Panhandle  Railroad,  but 
after  his  marriage  was  for  ten  years  car 
inspector  of  passenger  cars  at  the  Indian- 
apolis Union  Station.  While  active  in  the 
railway  service  he  was  associated  with  John 
Groff  in  the  organization  of  the  order  of 
Railway  Car  Men. 


After  leaving  the  railway  service  Mr. 
Schroeder  engaged  in  the  retail  shoe  busi- 
ness for  about  two  years,  following  which 
he  was  a  member  of  the  city  police  force 
several  years,  the  last  three  years  being 
sergeant.  He  then  engaged  in  the  retail 
coal  business,  but  sold  his  interests  there 
four  and  a  half  years  later  in  order  to  de- 
vote his  entire  time  and  attention  to  his 
duties  as  trustee  of  Center  Township,  Ma- 
rion County,  an  office  to  which  he  was 
elected  in  November,  1908.  He  was  a  hard 
working  and  painstaking  public  official  and 
practically  died  in  the  harness  of  his  of- 
fice, being  its  incumbent  at  the  time  of  his 
death  on  May  25,  1913. 

There  was  not  a  time  in  his  life  from  the 
age  of  nine  when  he  was  not  engaged  in 
some  useful  service  which  earned  him  all 
the  rewards  he  received.  He  acquired  an 
honored  name  and  a  comfortable  fortune 
in  America,  and  richly  merited  both.  He 
was  true  to  himself  in  the  finer  sense  of 
the  term,  was  honorable  in  his  dealings 
with  his  fellow  men,  gave  freely  in  an 
unostentatious  way  to  worthy  charitable 
objects,  and  stood  always  for  those  things 
which  are  best  in  community  and  private 
life.  He  was  a  greatly  beloved  citizen,  and 
he  left  an  unsullied  name  as  a  heritage  to 
his  children. 

In  politics  he  was  for  many  years  one 
of  the  local  leaders  of  the  democratic  party. 
In  Masonry  he  was  affiliated  with  Logan 
Lodge  No.  575,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  Indianapolis  Chapter  No.  5, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ancient  Order  of  Druids  and 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men. 

In  1883  Mr.  Schroeder  married  Mary 
Tebbe,  daughter  of  Henry  Tebbe  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  left  two  children:  Harry  C. 
and  Myrtle,  the  latter  the  wife  of  John 
E.  Steeg. 

Henry  C.  Schroeder,  Jr.,  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis August  13,  1891.  He  grew  up 
in  this  city,  attended  the  public  schools,  and 
early  in  life  mastered  the  profession  of  ac- 
countancy. As  an  expert  accountant  he 
was  employed  in  the  Fountain  Square 
State  Bank  and  the  Fidelity  Trust  Com- 
pany, and  then  largely  for  the  purpose  of 
recovering  his  impaired  health  he  spent 
two  years  on  his  father's  farm.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  father  he  succeeded  him  as 
trustee  of  Center  Township.  He  is  one  of 
the  leading  younger  business  men  of  In- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1943 


dianapolis.  For  two  years  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  Dick  Miller  in  the  investment 
business,  and  then  with  Mr.  Miller  as  an 
associate  bought  the  Hogan  Transfer  & 
Storage  Company.  Mr.  Schroeder  is  pres- 
ident and  manager  of  this  business,  which 
is  a  really  imposing  organization,  one  of 
the  most  substantial  concerns  of  its  kind  in 
the  state. 

Mr.  Schroeder  is,  like  his  father,  a  dem- 
ocrat and  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  and  a  member  of  Murat 
Temple,  Ancient  Arabic  Oreder  Nobles  of 
the  Mystic  Shrine,  of  Indianapolis.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club,  Indiana 
Democratic  Club,  and  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  September  17,  1913,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Hazel  McGee,  a  native  of  Win- 
chester, Indiana,  and  the  one  child  of  this 
union  is  Elizabeth  Ann. 

JACOB  F.  HOKE,  JR.  It  is  not  an  exag- 
geration to  say  that  Jacob  F.  Hoke,  Jr.,  is 
one  of  Indianapolis'  best  known  business 
men  and  his  associations  are  with  a  wide 
variety  of  affairs  not  immediately  con- 
nected with  business.  As  a  manufacturer 
he  is  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Hoi- 
comb  and  Hoke  Manufacturing  Company, 
the  largest  concern  in  the  world  manufac- 
turing corn  popping  and  peanut  roasting 
machinery  and  other  high  grade  specialties. 

Mr.  Hoke  is  an  Indiana  man  by  adop- 
tion, his  native  state  being  Kentucky.  He 
was  born  in  Jeffersontown  in  Jefferson 
County,  the  ninth  son  of  Andrew  J.  and 
Mary  Snyder  Hoke.  There  is  hardly  any 
other  family  of  Kentucky  that  can  claim  a 
longer  period  of  residence  in  the  Blue 
Grass  State  than  the  Hokes.  Long  before 
the  Revolutionary  war  Andrew  Hoke,  Sr., 
great-great-grandfather  of  the  Indianapolis 
business  man,  together  with  five  sons,  mi- 
grated from  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  the  far  western  frontier,  locating 
in  Kentucky  at  a  time  when  the  flintlock 
rifle  and  the  axe  were  the  primary  and  all 
important  implements  of  civilization  and 
of  personal  safety  and  welfare.  This  fam- 
ily was  one  of  the  very  first  to  invade  that 
virgin  forest  and  begin  its  reclamation. 
Many  times  they  had  to  protect  their  home 
and  household  from  the  savage  Indians. 
Here  generation  after  generation  of  the 
Hokes  lived,  and  many  allied  with  the  fam- 
ily by  marriage  are  still  found  in  that 
state. 


Jacob  F.  Hoke,  Jr.,  better  known  among 
his  friends  and  business  associates  as  Fred, 
grew  up  in  his  native  Kentucky  county,  at- 
tended public  school,  worked  on  a  farm,  at 
railroad  construction  work,  and  also  as 
clerk  in  a  grocery  store.  Those  were  his 
important  experiences  until  he  left  home 
about  the  time  he  reached  his  majority. 
Going  to  Sullivan,  Indiana,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  he  found  employment  as  clerk 
in  the  hardware  and  implement  store  of 
Jacob  F.  Hoke,  Sr.  The  senior  Hoke  was 
also  president  of  the  Sullivan  State  Bank. 

Of  Mr.  Hoke 's  experiences  in  Sullivan  it 
is  not  necessary  to  speak  except  for  one 
important  event  which  occurred  in  1896, 
when  he  married  Miss  Katharine  Cushman. 
Her  father,  Dr.  Arbaces  Cushman,  was  a 
prominent  man  and  of  a  prominent  fam- 
ily. In  1897  Mr.  Hoke  became  a  partner 
with  J.  Irving  Holcomb  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  brushes  and  janitors  supplies  at 
Sullivan.  This  business  at  the  beginning 
was  not  one  of  the  leading  industries  of 
the  state,  but  under  the  judicious  care  and 
energy  of  the  partners  it  prospered,  other 
specialties  were  added,  and  they  took  over 
an  establishment  at  Indianapolis  for  man- 
ufacturing equipment  for  bowling  alleys. 
The  growth  of  the  business  was  nothing 
less  than  prodigious,  and  prior  to  the  great 
European  war  the  products  were  sold  to 
every  civilized  country  on  the  face  of  the 
globe. 

Finally  Mr.  Hoke  sold  his  interests  in 
the  brush  factory  and  a  new  corporation 
was  created  by  J.  I.  Holcomb,  J.  F.  Hoke, 
Sr.,  and  J.  F.  Hoke,  Jr.,  being  the  present 
Holcomb  and  Hoke  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany. The  purpose  and  motto  of  the  men 
behind  the  business  is  to  manufacture  spe- 
cialties designed  to  earn  the  purchaser's 
money.  Without  a  doubt  it  is  the  largest 
concern  in  the  world  manufacturing  corn 
popping  and  peanut  roasting  machines. 

While  Mr.  Hoke  is  essentially  a  business 
man  and  has  had  his  hands  full  to  look 
after  his  varied  responsibilities,  he  has  also 
found  time  to  cultivate  the  social  side  of 
life.  He  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine  and  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Governors  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Woodstock 
Club,  Highland  Club,  and  the  Rotary  Club. 

In  politics  he  is  a  democrat,  as  a  matter 
of  principle,  and  has  affiliated  with  the 


1944 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


party  not  for  the  purpose  of  pecuniary  gain 
or  official  position  but  for  the  good  of  the 
cause  and  as  a  medium  for  the  expression 
of  that  influence  which  every  live  citizen 
should  wield.  He  is  an  active  member  of 
the  Indiana  Democratic  Club,  and  is  the 
only  man  honored  by  election  for  three 
terms  as  its  president.  While  he  was  presi- 
dent the  home  of  the  club  at  Vermont 
Street  and  University  Park  was  established. 
He  is  a  trustee  of  DePauw  University,  a 
director  of  the  Indianapolis  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  chairman  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Committee  War  Personnel  Board 
for  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
Overseas  Work,  member  of  the  executive 
committee  for  Marion  County  in  the  Third 
and  Fourth  Liberty  Loans,  and  succeeded 
J.  K.  Lilly  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
for  the  Fifth  or  Victory  Loan. 

Mr.  Hoke  is  also  a  prominent  Methodist 
and  in  1916  was  sent  as  a  lay  delegate  to 
the  Quadrennial  General  Conference  at 
Saratoga  Springs,  New  York.  He  is  also 
president  of  the  Indiana  Laymen's  Asso- 
ciation. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hoke  have  three 
children,  Cushman,  Frank  and  Mary. 

ELLA  B.  MCSHIRLEY,  D.  O.,  is  one  of  the 
highly  proficient  women  in  professional  life 
in  Indiana,  and  is  a  thoroughly  trained  and 
qualified  graduate  nurse,  physician  and  os- 
teopath. Doctor  McShirley  recently  lo- 
cated at  Newcastle,  where  she  has  offices  in 
the  Jennings  Building. 

She  was  born  at  Williamsburg,  Indiana, 
a  daughter  of  Jonathan  and  Emily  Neal. 
She  is  of  Scotch-Irish  and  English  ances- 
try. She  attended  public  schools  at  Win- 
chester and  in  1897  married  Dr.  J.  L.  Mc- 
Shirley, of  Sulphur  Springs,  Indiana. 
They  had  one  daughter,  Mary  Janice. 

Dr.  J.  L.  McShirley  died  November  12, 
1906.  They  had  lived  part  of  their  mar- 
ried life  at  Newcastle.  Mrs.  McShirley  be- 
came interested  in  her  husband's  profes- 
sion, and  after  his  death  entered  the  State 
College  Hospital  to  train  for  the  nurse's 
course  and  took  all  the  work.  She  prac- 
ticed five  years  at  Winchester,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1913,  entered  the  American  School 
of  Osteopathy  at  Kirksville,  Missouri, 
graduating  in  June,  1916.  She  received 
honors  in  chemistry  in  her  course.  Later 
she  took  post-graduate  work  in  genito-uri- 
nary  diseases,  gynecology  and  orificial  sur- 
gery. Doctor  McShirley  located  and  bought 


a  practice  at  Poplar  Bluff,  Missouri,  re- 
maining there  for  two  years,  and  on  June 
30,  1918,  came  to  Newcastle. 

She  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  but  is  of  Quaker  ancestry.  She  is 
a  member  of  the  Delta  Omega  Alpha  Sor- 
ority at  Kirksville,  is  affiliated  with  the 
Eastern  Star  at  Winchester,  the  Pythian 
Sisters,  and  the  American  Osteopathic  As- 
sociation. 

HERMAN  LAUTER.  A  life  that  eventuated 
in  much  service,  rendered  in  a  quiet  and 
wholesome  way,  to  the  community  was  that 
of  the  late  Herman  Lauter,  one  of  the  best 
known  citizens  of  Indianapolis.  In  a  bus- 
iness way  he  was  best  known  as  a  furniture 
manufacturer,  and  founder  of  the  business 
still  conducted  as  the  H.  Lauter  Company. 
He  had  many  associations  with  the  leading 
men  of  the  city  after  the  close  of  the  Civil 
war,  and  among  other  things  deserves  to 
be  remembered  for  his  influence  in  the 
cause  of  education. 

He  was  born  near  Berlin,  Germany,  of 
Jewish  parentage.  His  father  being  a 
rabbi,  a  teacher,  and  scholar,  afforded  the 
youth  most  of  his  early  education.  While 
in  Germany  he  also  learned  the  trade  of 
glass  maker.  Just  before  the  Civil  war, 
for  the  purpose  of  bettering  his  condition, 
he  emigrated  to  the  United  States  and  for 
a  number  of  years  his  home  was  in  New 
York  City.  In  1868  he  started  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture  on  a  small  scale,  and 
in  a  few  years  saw  his  output  increasing 
and  commanding  an  excellent  market. 
Later,  in  order  to  get  closer  to  the  sources 
of  raw  material,  he  moved  to  Indianapolis, 
and  thenceforward  gave  his  chief  attention 
to  this  business  and  it  is  one  of  the  sub- 
stantial minor  industries  of  the  city. 

He  also  became  noted  among  the  pro- 
gressive men  of  his  day  in  Indianapolis. 
He  was  one  of  the  influential  business  men 
who  helped  to  make  manual  training  a  de- 
partment of  the  high  school  and  showed  a 
high  degree  of  interest  in  this  technical 
feature  of  public  school  education.  Mr. 
Lauter  was  a  member  of  no  religious  de- 
nomination, he  was  broad-minded  and  be- 
nevolent and  did  much  in  an  unostenta- 
tious way  for  charity.  While  of  foreign 
birth  he  was  intensely  an  American,  a  be- 
liever in  the  institutions  of  his  adopted 
country  an"d  admired  especially  the  free- 
dom of  worship  and  of  personal  action  ac- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1945 


cording  to  the  dictates  of  the  individual 
conscience.  His  unselfish  love  for  his  fel- 
low men  without  regard  to  religion,  race 
or  politics  he  carried  almost  to  the  degree 
of  a  fault.  He  was  generous,  and  this 
characteristic  remains  as  a  monument  to 
his  memory  rather  than  the  accumulation 
of  great  riches.  He  had  all  the  ideal  vir- 
tues of  the  head  of  a  home,  and  it  was  in 
his  domestic  circle  that  he  found  his  great- 
est delight. 

Mr.  Herman  Lauter  died  June  8,  1907. 
While  living  in  New  York  City  he  married 
Helene  Lauterbach.  Mrs.  Lauter  is  still 
living  in  Indianapolis.  There  were  seven 
children :  Hattie,  who  died  in  early  child- 
hood, Alfred,  Flora,  Eldena,  Sara,  and 
Mrs.  Fred  P.  Robinson,  all  of  Indianapolis, 
and  Mrs.  0.  G.  Singer,  of  Los  Angeles, 
California. 

ELIAS  J.  JACOBY,  lawyer  and  business 
man  of  Indianapolis,  is  also  one  of  the  best 
known  Masons  in  Indiana  and  is  widely 
known  in  that  order  throughout  the  United 
States.  Something  concerning  his  career 
and  associations  is  an  essential  part  of  the 
modern  history  of  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Marion, 
Ohio.  He  became  a  school  teacher  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  and  a  half,  teaching  three 
terms.  Entering  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity at  Delaware,  he  graduated  with  the 
B.  A.  degree.  While  in  university  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  fra- 
ternity, becoming  Master  of  the  Chapter 
in  his  senior  year.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  college  paper  and  editor  in 
chief  of  his  fraternity  journal.  Five  years 
later  he  received  from  the  same  university 
the  degree  M.  A.  Immediately  following 
his  university  course  he  entered  the  law 
school  of  Cincinnati  College,  from  which 
he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  LL.  B. 
and  received  the  prize  for  forensic  dis- 
cussion. 

On  the  day  of  his  graduation  from  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  he  first  met  Hon. 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  former  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  who  was  then 
general  attorney  for  a  railway  company 
with  headquarters  at  Indianapolis.  Mr. 
Fairbanks  later  invited  him  to  a  position 
in  his  office,  which  he  accepted  immediately 
following  his  graduation  from  the  law 
school.  He  soon  became  assistant  general 
attorney  for  the  railway  company.  He 


also  became  general  attorney  of  the  T.  H. 
&  P.  Railway  Company,  operating  178 
miles  of  road.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
served  as  one  of  the  directors  on  several 
lines  of  railway,  and  was  and  is  local  trus- 
tee in  some  railway  mortgages.  During 
the  same  period  he  served  as  president  of 
two  manufacturing  companies,  covering  a 
period  of  seven  years.  Mr.  Jacoby  was 
actively  associated  with  Mr.  Fairbanks  for 
seventeen  years  or  until  after  the  latter 
became  United  States  Senator,  and  has 
been  more  or  less  associated  with  him  ever 
since. 

Soon  after  taking  service  with  the  rail- 
way company  Mr.  Jacoby  assisted  in  or- 
ganizing the  Railroadmen's  Building  and 
Savings  Association.  In  a  business  way 
this  is  perhaps  his  most  notable  achieve- 
ment. It  is  now  generally  recognized  that 
the  encouragement  to  thrift  is  fundamental 
to  the  prosperity  and  wholesome  life  not 
only  of  the  individual  but  the  nation. 
Railroad  men  as  a  class  have  been  noted 
as  "free  spenders."  The  object  of  this 
association  was  to  instill  in  the  minds  of 
railroad  men  the  idea  of  saving  and  thereby 
better  fitting  themselves  for  a  higher  place 
in  the  ranks  of  citizenship.  The  Railroad- 
men's Building  and  Savings  Association 
was  organized  in  August,  1887.  It  has 
been  in  existence  thirty  years.  In  that 
time  the  seed  contained  in  the  original  idea 
and  purpose  has  borne  repeated  fruit,  and 
by  renewed  sowing  and  harvesting  has 
made  the  association  one  of  the  great  econ- 
omical and  industrial  institutions  of  In- 
diana. While  there  is  no  means  of  esti- 
mating by  words  or  figures  the  vast  benefits 
that  have  accrued  to  the  individual  rail- 
road workingmen  and  others,  there  is  sug- 
gestion in  noting  the  growth  of  the  associa- 
tion's financial  power  and  resources.  Five 
years  after  the  association  started  its  assets 
were  less  than  $200,000.  It  was  nearly 
twenty  years  before  the  assets  passed  the 
$1,000,000  mark.  The  greatest  period  of 
growth  has  been  within  the  last  ten  years. 
In  1907  the  assets  aggregated  approxi- 
mately $1,500,000.  In  January,  1917,  the 
assets"  were  little  short  of  $9,000,000,  and 
at  the  end  of  1918  they  were  nearly  $12,- 
000,000.  In  the  thirty  years  of  its  exist- 
ence the  association  has  loaned  over  $18,- 
000,000,  and  has  declared  dividends  of 
more  than  $2,500,000.  The  principal  offi- 
cers of  the  association  are :  W.  T.  Cannon, 


1946 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president ;  E.  J.  J.acoby,  vice  president  and 
attorney ;  J.  E.  Pierce,  secretary  and  audi- 
tor; and  H.  Cannon,  treasurer.  Mr.  Jac- 
oby  has  served  as  attorney  and  director  of 
the  association  since  its  organization,  and 
has  been  vice  president  for  a  number  of 
years. 

In  1908  Mr.  Jacoby  assisted  in  organ- 
izing the  Prudential  Casualty  Company  of 
Indiana.  Of  this  company  he  served  as 
president  until  it  was  consolidated  on  De- 
cember 30,  1916,  with  the  Chicago  Bonding 
and  Insurance  Company  of  Chicago,  under 
the  name  the  Chicago  Bonding  and  Insur- 
ance Company,  with  headquarters  in  that 
city.  Mr.  Jacoby  is  a  director  of  this  new 
corporation. 

It  now  remains  to  note  his  honors  and 
associations  with  Masonry.  He  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Kite  Mason  and  a 
Knight  Templar.  He  was  High  Priest  of 
Keystone  Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, in  1905,  was  Thrice  Illustrious  Mas- 
ter of  Indianapolis  Council  No.  2,  Royal 
and  Select  Masters  in  1907,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  Eminent  Commander  of 
Raper  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights  Tem- 
plar of  Indianapolis,  and  also  Illustrious 
Potentate  of  Murat  Temple,  Ancient  Ara- 
bic Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  was  one  of  the  charter  members  (being 
charter  viceroy  or  second  officer)  of  St. 
James  Conclave  No.  16,  Knights  of  the  Red 
Cross  of  Constantine,  and  served  in  that 
office  four  and  one  half  years,  following 
which  period  he  served  as  sovereign  or  chief 
officer  of  that  Conclave  for  four  years  or 
until  December,  1917.  He  now  holds  one 
of  the  offices,  being  Grand  Almoner,  in  the 
Grand  Imperial  Council  of  the  Order  of 
the  Red  Cross  of  Constantine,  which  is  the 
national  or  governing  body  of  the  Order. 
He  was  Grand  High  Priest  of  the  Grand 
Chapter  Royal  Arch,  Masons  of  Indiana  in 
1910  and  1911.  In  Murat  Temple,  Ancient 
Arabic  Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine, 
he  served  in  office  ten  years,  having  been 
Assistant  Rabban  three  years,  Chief  Rab- 
ban  one  year  and  Illustrious  Potentate  six 
years.  He  was  elected  as  Imperial  Outer 
Guard  of  the  Imperial  Council  of  the  Order 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine  for  North  America  in 
June,  1909.  This  organization  is  the  gov- 
erning body  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  for  the 
entire  jurisdiction  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing Temples  in  the  principal  cities  of  Pan- 
ama, Mexico,  United  States,  and  Canada. 


He  has  served  the  various  offices  of  promo- 
tion in  that  body  covering  a  period  of  ten 
years,  and  is  now  (1918  and  1919)  the 
Imperial  Potentate  of  the  Order.  He  was 
instrumental  in  organizing  and  incorpor- 
ating the  Indianapolis  Masonic  Temple  As- 
sociation, composed  of  eleven  Masonic  bod- 
ies. He  drafted  the  law  which  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  authorizing  the  incor- 
poration of  such  an  association.  He  served 
as  chairman  of  the  Building  Committee  of 
said  association  which,  with  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Indiana,  erected  the  new  York 
Rite  Masonic  Temple  in  Indianapolis  at 
a  cost  of  over  $600,000.  He  represented 
the  association  at  the  laying  of  the  corner 
stone  and  officially  as  the  president  of  the 
association  at  the  dedication  of  the  Temple 
on  May  24,  1909.  At  the  business  session 
of  Murat  Temple  held  in  February,  1908, 
without  previously  consulting  anyone,  he 
proposed  the  erection  of  a  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine  as  the  home  of  Murat  Tem- 
ple. The  proposal  met  with  enthusiastic 
approval.  He  then  organized  the  Murat 
Temple  Association,  the  corporation  own- 
ing the  building  which  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  considerably  more  than  $500,000 
and  which  was  dedicated  in  May,  1910. 
He  has  served  as  director  and  president  of 
that  association  consecutively  for  nearly 
eleven  years.  He  retired  as  Imperial  Po- 
tentate of  the  Order  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
at  the  Forty-Fifth.  Session  of  the  Impe- 
rial Council  held  in  the  City  of  Indianap- 
olis, Indiana,  on  June  10,  11,  and  12,  1919. 

FLAY  SAMUEL  LACY  is  proprietor  of  a 
large  wholesale  and  retail  bakery  establish- 
ment at  Newcastle.  Mr.  Lacy,  who  is  now 
in  prosperous  circumstances,  one  of  the  in- 
fluential citizens  of  Newcastle,  has  had  an 
unusually  interesting  experience  and  career 
of  achievement,  involving  many  changes 
and  new  beginnings,  and  all  compressed 
within  a  period  of  twenty  years. 

Mr.  Lacy  was  born  at  Carthage,  Indiana, 
August  27,  1881,  a  son  of  Henry  and  La- 
vinia  (Galloway)  Lacy.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  and  German  ancestry.  His  people 
have  been  in  America  for  generations  and 
most  of  them  were  farmers  or  mechanics. 
Mr.  Lacy  attended  the  public  schools  at 
Carthage,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  he 
began  buying  his  own  clothing.  He  made 
the  money  for  that  purpose  by  selling 
newspapers  on  the  streets  of  Carthage. 


. 


3946 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president :  E.  J.  Jacoby,  vice  president  and 
attorney;  J.  E.  Pierce,  secretary  and  audi- 
tor; and  H.  Cannon,  treasurer.  .Mr.  Jae- 
oby  lias  served  as  attorney  and  director  of 
the  association  since  its  organization,  and 
has  been  vice  president  for  a  number  of 
years. 

In  1908  Mr.  Jacoby  assisted  in  organ- 
izing the  Prudential  Casualty  Company  of 
Indiana.  Of  this  company  he  served  as 
president  until  it  was  consolidated  on  De- 
cember 30.  1916,  with  the  Chicago  Bonding 
and  Insurance  Company  of  Chicago,  under 
the  name  the  Chicago  Bonding  and  Insur- 
ance Company,  with  headquarters  in  that 
city.  Mr.  Jacoby  is  a  director  of  this  new 
corporation. 

It  now  remains  to  note  his  honors  and 
associations  with  Masonry.  He  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a 
Knight  Templar.  He  was  High  Priest  of 
Keystone  Chapter  No.  6,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, in  1905,  was  Thrice  Illustrious  Mas- 
ter of  Indianapolis  Council  No.  2,  Royal 
and  Select  Masters  in  1907.  and  in  the 
same  year  was  Eminent  Commander  of 
Raper  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights  Tem- 
plar of  Indianapolis,  and  also  Illustrious 
Potentate  of  Murat  Temple.  Ancient  Ara- 
bic Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
He  was  one  of  the  charter  members  (being 
charter  viceroy  or  second  officer)  of  St. 
James  Conclave  No.  16.  Knights  of  the  Red 
Cross  of  Constantine,  and  served  in  that 
office  four  and  one  half  years,  following 
which  period  he  served  as  sovereign  or  chief 
officer  of  that  Conclave  for  four  years  or 
until  December,  1917.  He  now  holds  one 
of  the  offices,  being  Grand  Almoner,  in  the 
f J  rand  Imperial  Council  of  the  Order  of 
the  Red  Cross  of  Constantine,  which  is  the 
national  or  governing  body  of  the  Order. 
lie  was  Grand  High  Priest  of  the  Grand 
Chapter  Royal  Arch  Masons  of  Indiana  in 
1910  and  1911.  In  Murat  Temple,  Ancient 
Arabic  Order  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 
he  served  in  office  ten  years,  having  been 
Assistant  Rabban  three  years.  Chief  Rab- 
ban  one  year  and  Illustrious  Potentate  six 
years.  He  was  elected  as  Imperial  Outer 
Guard  of  the  Imperial  Council  of  the  Order 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine  for  North  America  in 
June,  1909.  This  organization  is  the  gov- 
erning body  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  for  the 
entire  .jurisdiction  of  North  America,  hav- 
ing Templos  in  the  principal  cities  of  Pan- 
ama. Mexico,  I'nited  States,  and  Canada. 


He  has  served  the  various  offices  of  promo- 
tion in  that  body  covering  a  period  of  ten 
years,  and  is  now  (1918  and  1919)  the 
Imperial  Potentate  of  the  Order.  He  was 
instrumental  in  organizing  and  incorpor- 
ating the  Indianapolis  Masonic  Temple  As- 
sociation, composed  of  eleven  Masonic  bod- 
ies. He  drafted  the  law  which  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  authorizing  the  incor- 
poration of  such  an  association.  He  served 
as  chairman  of  the  Building  Committee  of 
said  association  which,  with  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Indiana,  erected  the  new  York 
Rite  Masonic  Temple  in  Indianapolis  at 
a  cost  of  over  $600.000.  He  represented 
the  association  at  the  laying  of  the  corner 
stone  and  officially  as  the  president  of  the 
association  at  the  dedication  of  the  Temple 
on  May  '24.  1909.  At  the  business  session 
of  Murat  Temple  held  in  February,  1908. 
without  previously  consulting  anyone,  he 
proposed  the  erection  of  a  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine  as  the  home  of  Murat  Tem- 
ple. The  proposal  met  with  enthusiastic 
approval.  He  then  organized  the  Murat 
Temple  Association,  the  corporation  own- 
ing the  building  which  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  considerably  more  than  $500,000 
and  which  was  dedicated  in  May,  1910. 
He  has  served  as  director  and  president  of 
that  association  consecutively  for  7iearly 
eleven  years.  He  retired  as  Imperial  Po- 
tentate of  the  Order  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
at  the  Forty-Fifth  Session  of  the  Impe- 
rial Council  held  in  the  City  of  Indianap- 
olis, Indiana,  on  June  10.  11,  and  12,  1919. 

FLAY  SAMTKL  LACY  is  proprietor  of  a 
large  wholesale  and  retail  bakery  establish- 
ment at  Newcastle.  Mr.  Lacy,  who  is  now 
in  prosperous  circumstances,  one  of  the  in- 
fluential citizens  of  Newcastle,  has  had  an 
unusually  interesting  experience  and  career 
of  achievement,  involving  many  changes 
and  new  beginnings,  and  all  compressed 
within  a  period  of  twenty  years. 

Mr.  Lacy  was  born  at  Carthage,  Indiana, 
August  27,  1881.  a  son  of  Henry  and  La- 
vinia  (Galloway)  Lacy.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Trish  and  German  ancestry.  His  people 
have  been  in  America  for  generations  and 
most  of  them  wei'e  farmers  or  mechanics. 
Mr.  Lacy  attended  the  public  schools  at 
Carthage,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  he 
began  buying  his  own  clothing.  lie  made 
the  money  for  that  purpose  by  selling 
newspapers  on  the  streets  of  Carthage. 


• 


. 


j 

, 
. 


• 


I 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1947 


Every  night  he  had  to  go  to  Knightstown, 
five  miles  away,  in  order  to  get  his  papers. 
Another  means  he  found  of  making  money 
was  raising  hogs.  He  got  feed  for  them 
from  the  waste  material  thrown  out  by  the 
restaurants  of  the  town.  In  this  way  he 
was  making  his  own  living  for  several 
years. 

At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  became  asso- 
ciated with  his  brother  Fred  Joseph  under 
the  name  of  Lacy  Brothers.  They  estab- 
lished a  bakery  at  Carthage,  and  he  re- 
mained there  a  couple  of  years  learning 
the  business.  On  selling  out  his  interest 
Mr.  Lacy  went  to  Greentown  in  Howard 
County,  Indiana,  and  opened  a  bakery  be- 
hind a  residence,  which  he  continued  on 
a  wholesale  scale  for  a  year.  He  next  spent 
a  year  working  for  a  bakery  establishment 
at  Marion,  Indiana.  The  one  year  follow- 
ing was  spent  in  the  same  business  at  Con- 
verse, Indiana.  He  first  came  to  Newcastle 
in  1898,  and  for  a  year  was  in  the  employ 
of  Will  Peed,  a  well  known  Newcastle 
baker.  Mr.  Lacy  then  took  an  erftirely 
different  kind  of  employment,  doing  buck 
and  wing  dancing  on  the  stage  with  a  trav- 
eling troupe  known  as  the  Knight  &  Decker 
Minstrels.  Then,  returning  to  Newcastle, 
he  soon  went  to  Bushville,  Indiana,  and 
worked  in  a  bakery.  He  had  his  left  hand 
caught  in  a  machine  and  so  disabled  that 
it  was  necessary  for  him  to  remain  out  of 
work  for  a  year  and  a  half.  For  one  year 
he  was  a  news  dealer  at  Newcastle,  worked 
a  year  in  a  bakery  at  Connersville,  Indiana, 
also  at  Selma  for  a  time  and  for  two  and  a 
half  years  he  conducted  a  very  successful 
business  as  a  wholesale  and  retail  baker  at 
Laurel,  Indiana.  Then  for  a  year  and  a 
half  he  was  again  located  at  Rushville,  and 
on  selling  his  property  there  moved  to 
Newcastle  in  1909  and  in  February  of  that 
year  bought  a  lot  and  built  his  own  bake 
shop  at  his  first  location  on  South  Eight- 
eenth Street.  He  started  with  a  very  small 
shop,  retailing  all  his  goods.  His  first  im- 
provement was  introducing  a  push  cart  de- 
livery, later  employing  an  old  pony  and 
wagon,  and  Mr.  Lacy's  business  has  since 
grown  and  prospered  until  he  now  employs 
four  automobile  delivery  trucks  for  the 
town  and  surrounding  country,  and  also 
two  city  routes.  He  has  made  about  a 
dozen  additions  to  his  plant,  all  reflecting 
the  growth  and  prosperity  of  his  business. 
He  has  three  large  ovens,  a  complete  ma- 


chine shop,  and  fourteen  employes  in  the 
plant.  Mr.  Lacy  is  also  interested  in  the 
oil  and  automobile  business. 

June  14,  1917,  he  married  Aria  Begeman, 
daughter  of  Noble  and  Lottie  ( Bobbins) 
Begeman.  Mr.  Lacy  by  his  previous  mar- 
riage has  two  children,  Irene  Louise,  born 
in  1906,  and  Marion  Stevens,  born  in  1908. 
Mr.  Lacy  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
Quaker  Church  and  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks  of  Newcastle, 
Indiana. 

WILL  CUMBACK  placed  his  name  high  on 
the  roll  of  Indiana's  lawyers,  and  he  was 
honored  with  the  lieutenant  governorship 
of  the  state.  For  many  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Decatur  County  bar. 

Mr.  Cumback  was  born  in  Franklin 
County,  Indiana,  March  24,  1829,  and  was 
educated  at  Miami  University  and  the  Cin- 
cinnati Law  School.  He  steadily  rose  to 
prominence  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, ancL  was  chosen  from  the  law- 
yers of  Indiana  to  serve  in  the  high  official 
office  of  lieutenant  governor.  He  was  a 
scholar  of  wide  reputation  and  a  leader  in 
republican  ranks. 

DANIEL  H.  MCABEE.  One  of  Indiana's 
most  patriotic  and  interesting  citizens  is 
Daniel  H.  McAbee,  who  has  an  office  on 
the  fifth  floor  of  the  Traction  Terminal 
Building  at  Indianapolis,  being  a  member 
of  the  Ragan-McAbee  Coal  Company.  Mr. 
McAbee  is  entitled  to  that  peculiar  respect 
and  honor  due  the  survivors  of  the  great 
Union  army  of  the  Civil  war,  in  which  he 
served  as  a  boy  in  years,  though  with  man- 
hood's patriotic  devotion  and  fidelity.  He 
has  been  a  resident  of  Indiana  upwards 
of  half  a  century  and  has  been  well  known 
in  business  and  civic  affairs. 

He  was  born  in  Bolivar,  Westmoreland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  October  14,  1845, 
a  son  of  Joseph  and  Mary  Ann  (Courson) 
McAbee.  The  McAbees  are  of  Irish  de- 
scent. The  paternal  grandfather,  John 
McAbee,  was  an  early  day  settler  in  West- 
moreland County,  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
a  scholar  and  thinker,  and  gave  practically 
his  entire  lifetime  to  teaching.  He  also 
excelled  as  a  penman.  Those  who  have 
examined  examples  of  his  penmanship  are 
impressed  by  its  copperplate  evenness  and 
beauty  of  line  work  such  as  few  writers  of 


1948 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  present  time  would  attempt  to  rival. 
He  reared  a  family  of  three  sons  and  one 
daughter,  and  one  of  the  sons  was  a  Meth- 
odist minister. 

Joseph  McAbee,  father  of  Daniel  H., 
died  when  the  latter  was  only  eighteen 
months  old.  He  left  a  family  of  three  sons 
and  two  daughters,  who  were  reared  dur- 
ing their  tender  years  by  the  widowed 
mother. 

Daniel  H.  McAbee  was  only  fifteen  years 
old  when  the  Civil  war  broke  out.  He  did 
not  long  delay  enrollment  with  the  Union 
forces,  and  when  he  was  given  his  honor- 
able discharge  in  July,  1865,  he  had  com- 
pleted a  service  of  forty-six  months'  dura- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  Company  G  of 
the  Seventy-Sixth  Pennsylvania  Infantry. 
During  1861,  1862,  and  1863  he  was  with 
the  Department  of  the  South.  He  was 
present  at  the  reduction  of  Fort  Pulaski 
in  the  spring  of  1862,  the  first  fort  retaken 
from  the  Confederate  forces ;  was  present 
at  James  Island  in  1862  during  the  fighting 
there;  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the 
upper  end  of  Morris  Island  July  10th,  and 
was  in  both  charges  on  Fort  Wagner,  July 
llth  and  18th,  1863.  He  assisted  in  the 
construction  of  the  foundation  for  the 
"Swamp  Angel"  and  was  with  Butler  at 
the  Dutch  Gap  Canal  and  later  was  with 
Grant  at  Cold  Harbor  and  Petersburg. 
He  was  wounded  August  16,  1864,  by  a 
minie  ball  in  the  right  arm.  The  bandage 
used  to  wrap  the  arm  was  a  piece  of  shel- 
ter tent,  that  being  the  only  available  ma- 
terial that  could  be  found.  He  was  with 
Butler  and  Terry  at  Fort  Fisher,  joined 
Sherman's  army  in  North  Carolina  and 
helped  corral  Johnson 's  army,  which  ended 
the  war. 

Following  the  war  Mr.  McAbee  returned 
to  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  be- 
tween Pittsburg  and  Altoona  for  three 
years.  He  then  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
was  a  roller  in  the  rolling  mill,  was  em- 
ployed in  a  similar  capacity  at  Greencastle 
for  ten  years,  and  later  at  Muncie,  Indiana, 
for  eight  years.  Mr.  McAbee  finally  left 
the  ranks  of  industrial  workers  to  become 
state  factory  inspector  of  Indiana,  an  of- 
fice he  held  and  in  which  he  rendered  most 
capable  service  under  the  administration 
of  Governors  Mount,  Durbin,  and  Hanly. 
He  was  appointed  by  Governor  Marshall 
adjutant  at  the  Indiana  State  Soldiers 


Home,  serving  there  two  years.  In  1909 
Mr.  McAbee  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
formed  a  copartnership  with  Mr.  Ragan  in 
the  coal  business.  In  1914  they  formed 
the  Ragan-McAbee  Coal  Company.  They 
do  an  extensive  business  all  over  Indiana 
and  in  Michigan  as  wholesale  jobbers,  and 
represent  some  of  the  largest  mines  in  the 
great  bituminous  coal  area  of  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  and  Ohio  and  under  normal  con- 
ditions also  supply  coal  from  the  anthra- 
cite and  Pocahontas  mines  of  West  Vir- 
ginia. They  have  a  very  flourishing  busi- 
ness, which  is  constantly  increasing. 

Mr.  McAbee  is  a  republican.  He  has 
been  a  loyal  worker  in  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  since  early  manhood  and  has 
been  active  both  in  church  and  Sunday 
School  in  Indianapolis  and  Greencastle. 
He  was  raised  a  Mason  in  Marion  Lodge 
No.  35,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  In- 
dianapolis, served  as  master  of  the  Ma- 
sonic Lodge  at  Greencastle,  and  demitted 
to  Delaware  Lodge  No.  46,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  at  Muncie,  Indiana,  where 
he  now  holds  membership.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  Greencastle  Chapter,  Royal  Arch 
Masons.  He  is  also  one  of  the  prominent 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  men  of  In- 
diana, having  served  as  post  commander 
of  Greencastle  Post  No.  4,  and  also  as 
junior  vice  commander  of  the  state  en- 
campment. 

December  24,  1869,  Mr.  McAbee  married 
Miss  Mary  L.  Richards,  now  deceased. 
They  had  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 
Two  of  the  sons  and  one  daughter  are  liv- 
ing, Daniel  H.  and  W.  D.  McAbee,  and 
Mazie  U.  Pittinger.  Daniel  graduated  from 
the  Indianapolis  High  School  and  the 
Homeopathic  Medical  College  in  Chicago, 
and  is  now  in  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps 
of  the  United  States  Army.  W.  D.  Mc- 
Abee is  connected  with  the  State  Board  of 
Hygiene  as  chemist.  On  November  6, 
1912,  Mr.  McAbee  married  for  his  second 
wife  Mary  Elizabeth  Stilz  of  Indianapolis. 
Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  McAbee  are  members 
of  the  Central  Avenue  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

JOHN  KLINE  BURGESS  has  figured  in 
Newcastle  business  affairs  for  a  number  of 
years.  He  has  been  a  teacher,  clerk  of  the 
Henry  Circuit  Court,  member  of  the  Henry 
County  Bar,  banker,  and  at  present  a  real 
estate  and  loan  dealer. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1949 


Mr.  Burgess  was  born  at  Noblesville,  In- 
diana, in  1874,  son  of  Daniel  W.  and 
Phoebe  A.  (Miesse)  Burgess.  He  is  of 
Scotch  and  English  ancestry.  His  first 
American  ancestor,  Daniel  Burgess,  came 
from  England  and  settled  in  the  New  Eng- 
land colonies.  He  was  the  great-great-great- 
grandfather of  John  K.  Burgess.  Later 
one  branch  of  the  family  came  west  to 
Highland  County,  Ohio,  and  another  went 
to  Virginia.  Mr.  Burgess'  grandfather, 
Oliver  Burgess,  moved  to  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  in  1835,  making  the  trip 
with  an  ox  team  and  encountering  all  the 
pioneer  conditions  and  difficulties.  He  set- 
tled north  of  Noblesville  and  acquired  two 
sections  of  land  there.  Daniel  W.  Bur- 
gess was  a  farmer  and  merchant. 

John  K.  Burgess  attended  school  at  No- 
blesville, and  graduated  from  the  Newcastle 
High  School  in  1895,  being  second  in  schol- 
arship in  his  class,  though  he  had  com- 
pleted the  four  years  course  in  three  years. 
He  also  took  a  year  of  correspondence  work 
with  the  Chicago  Extension  University,  and 
for  two  years  studied  under  the  direction 
of  the  Columbian  University  of  Washing- 
ton, District  of  Columbia.  He  graduated 
in  1900. 

For  six  years  Mr.  Burgess  taught  school 
in  Henry  County.  For  six  years  he  served 
as  deputy  county  clerk,  and  in  November, 
1906,  was  elected  on  the  republican  ticket 
to  the  office  of  clerk  of  the  Henry  Circuit 
Court,  and  filled  that  position  four  years. 
In  1910  Mr.  Burgess  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Farmers  -  National  Bank  at  New- 
castle, Indiana,  and  served  as  its  assistant 
cashier  five  years.  He  resigned  to  estab- 
lish his  present  business,  real  estate  and 
loans,  and  has  conducted  that  very  suc- 
cessfully for  the  past  three  years.  He  buys 
and  sells  much  property  on  his  own  ac- 
count and  also  has  acted  as  broker  in  a 
number  of  important  transactions.  He  as- 
sisted in  organizing  the  Farmers  National 
Bank  at  Sulphur  Springs,  Indiana,  and 
also  the  Farmers  Bank  at  Mooreland.  He 
owns  a  half  interest  in  the  Burgess  Broth- 
ers Furniture  Company,  and  has  some  val- 
uable property  interests  at  Newcastle  and 
vicinity. 

In  1895  Mr.  Burgess  married  Miss  Ber- 
tha Bunbar,  daughter  of  John  W.  and 
Sarah  (Houchins)  Bunbar  of  Mount  Sum- 
mit, Indiana.  Mrs.  Burgess  died  in  Au- 
gust, 1917,  the  mother  of  three  children: 


Bernice  B.,  Edna  and  John  D.  Mr.  Bur- 
gess is  a  member  of  several  secret  and  be- 
nevolent orders  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Christian  Church,  which  he  has  served  as 
treasurer  and  as  a  member  of  the  official 
board  for  several  years. 

CHARLES  REMSTER  has  been  an  active 
member  of  the  Indiana  bar  nearly  thirty 
years,  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  since 
1895,  and  among^  other  distinctions  asso- 
ciated with  his  professional  career  was  for 
a  term  of  six  years  judge  of  the  Marion 
Circuit  Court. 

Judge  Remster  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Van  Buren  Township,  Fountain  County, 
Indiana,  July  28,  1862,  a  son  of  Andrew 
and  Tamson  (Smith)  Remster,  both  na- 
tives of  New  Jersey.  Andrew  Remster 
was  of  Holland  Dutch  stock,  his  father 
having  come  from  the  city  of  Amsterdam 
to  America.  Tamson  Smith  was  of  Eng- 
lish lineage.  Andrew  Remster  and  wife 
were  married  in  New  Jersey  January  6, 
1848,  and  soon  afterward  moved  to  Ohio 
and  a  year  later  to  a  tract  of  wild  land  in 
Fountain  County,  Indiana.  The  father 
died  there  in  1865,  when  Judge  Remster 
was  ogly  three  years  of  age.  His  widow 
subsequently  married  Benjamin  Strader, 
who  died  six  months  later,  leaving  her 
twice  a  widow.  She  nobly  discharged  her 
duties  and  responsibilities  to  her  children, 
five  by  the  first  marriage  and  one  by  the 
second,  and  spent  her  last  years  at  Coving- 
ton,  Indiana,  where  she  died  in  1901.  She 
was  a  devout  member  of  the  Baptist 
Church. 

Charles  Remster  grew  up  on  a  farm,  at- 
tended district  schools  and  in  1882  grad- 
uated from  the  Veedersburg  High  School. 
He  attended  Purdue  University  at  Lafay- 
ette, and  left  college  to  read  law  with  a 
member  of  the  bar  at  Veedersburg.  He 
was  admitted  in  Fountain  County  in  1889, 
and  for  six  years  practiced  at  Veedersburg. 
He  gave  up  his  position  as  a  rising  attor- 
ney of  the  bar  of  his  native  county  and 
moved  to  Indianapolis  in  1895.  Judge 
Remster  has  found  a  growing  business  as 
a  lawyer  sufficient  to  satisfy  his  ambitions 
and  his  energy,  and  he  has  never  sought 
official  preferment  except  in  the  strict  lines 
of  the  profession.  He  was  an  assistant 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Marion  County  at 
the  time  he  was  elected  to  the  Marion 
Circuit  Court  in  1908.  Judge  Remster 


1950 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


filled  out  the  full  term  of  six  years  for 
which  he  was  elected,  beginning  his  duties 
November  11,  1908,  and  leaving  the  bench 
in  November,  1914.  He  performed  his  du- 
ties as  a  judge  with  dignity  and  signal  abil- 
ity, and  his  former  services  in  that  posi- 
tion are  widely  appreciated  by  the  Indian- 
apolis bar.  Since  retiring  from  the  bench 
he  has  been  member  of  the  well  known 
law  firm  of  Smith,  Remster,  Hornbrook  & 
Smith. 

Judge  Remster  is  a  democrat  in  politics 
and  in  1907  was  president  of  the  Demo- 
cratic Club.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Ma- 
sons, Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Indiana  Bar 
Association,  and  belongs  to  various  civic 
and  social  organizations.  October  30,  1894, 
he  married  Miss  Isabelle  McDaniel.  She 
was  born  and  reared  in  Hendricks  County, 
where  her  father,  Samuel  McDaniel,  was 
a  farmer. 

WILLIAM  H.  COLEMAN  has  been  a  resi- 
dent of  Indianapolis  for  thirty-eight:  years, 
and  his  name  here  and  elsewhere  is  very 
prominently  identified  with  the  lumber  in- 
dustry as  a  manufacturer  #h*i  dealer.  •• 

He  was  born  at  the  village  of  Hawley  in 
Lucerne  County,  Pennsylvania,  where  his 
father,  Richard  Coleman,  was  a  merchant. 
The  Coleman  ancestors  came  originally 
from  Manchester,  England.  In  the  early 
childhood  of  William  H.  Coleman  his 
father  died,  and  when  he  was  a  boy  of  five 
he  was  taken  by  his  widowed  mother,  Mrs. 
Mary  (Clark)  Coleman,  to  Canisteo,  New 
York,  where  his  years  to  manhood  were 
spent,  chiefly  on  a  farm  and  in  the  prac- 
tice of  its  duties  and  attending  district 
schools.  His  education  was  finished  at  the 
South  Danville  Academy.  He  could  enter- 
tain no  prospect  of  a  fortune  except  such  as 
he  would  gain  by  his  own  labors  and  exer- 
tions. One  of  his  early  experiences  after 
leaving  school  was  teaching  for  three 
months  in  a  country  district.  He  then 
rented  a  tract  of  land  and  started  farm- 
ing on  the  shares.  Farming  was  his  occu- 
pation during  the  summer  and  in  the  win- 
ter he  bought,  milled  and  marketed  lum- 
ber. That  was  his  introduction  to  what  has 
become  his  chief  industry  in  life. 

In  1880  Mr.  Coleman  came  to  Indian- 
apolis as  an  employe  of  Henry  Alfrey,  an 
old  time  lumber  merchant  of  the  city. 
Later  he  acquired  a  partnership  with  Mr. 
Alfrey  and  finally  owned  the  entire  busi- 


ness. As  a  lumber  manufacturer  and 
dealer  his  operations  have  covered  a  wide 
field.  In  1892  the  headquarters  of  the  busi- 
ness were  removed  to  Terre  Haute,  in  1896 
to  Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  two  years 
later  to  Jackson,  Tennessee,  where  the 
mills  are  still  operated. 

But  during  all  these  changes  Mr.  Cole- 
man has  maintained  his  home  in  Indian- 
apolis and  in  many  ways  aside  from  bus- 
iness has  been  identified  with  its  growth 
and  prosperity.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  and  a  republican 
voter. 

In  1889  Mr.  Coleman  married  Mrs.  Sal- 
lie  E.  Vajen,  daughter  of  Colonel  M.  A. 
Downing,  one  of  the  foremost  men  of  his 
day  in  Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cole- 
man have  one  daughter,  Suemma  V.,  the 
wife  of  W.  A.  Atkins. 

ROY  H.  PUTERBAUGH.  By  nature  Roy 
H.  Puterbaugh  has  been  a  teacher  and  edu- 
cator. He  has  put  himself  through  several 
higher  institutes  of  education  by  his  own 
.efforts  and  has  continued  to  qualify  him- 
•self  W  still  higher  places  of  responsibility. 
He  is  now  manager  of  the  Lafayette  Bus- 
iness College  of  Lafayette,  and  has  made 
a  splendid  record  in  the  reorganization  and 
expansion  of  that  institution. 

Mr.  Puterbaugh,  a  native  of  Indiana, 
was  born  on  a  farm  near  Oswego  March  1, 
1883,  and  is  the  son  of  Amsey  H.  and  Rilla 
(Clem)  Puterbaugh.  His  father  was  born 
at  Elkhart,  Indiana,  December  30,  1851, 
and  was  engaged  in  educational  work, 
which  alternated  with  his  other  calling  as 
a  minister  of  the  gospel.  He  died  at  Elk- 
hart  February  28,  1903.  As  a  teacher  he 
established  the  graded  system  of  the  pub- 
lic schools  at  Leesburg,  Indiana,  and  was 
at  one  time  principal  of  the  high  school 
of  Oswego,  which  school  he  organized. 
For  thirty-three  years  he  was  a  regularly 
ordained  minister  of  the  Church  of  the 
Brethren.  In  1876  he  married  Miss  Rilla 
Clem,  also  a  teacher,  who  was  born  at  Mil- 
ford,  Indiana,  August  28,  1856. 

Roy  H.  Puterbaugh  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Elkhart  County,  and  in 
the  intervals  of  other  work,  chiefly  as  a 
teacher,  he  completed  courses  in  the  Man- 
chester Business  College,  Elkhart  Normal 
School  and  Business  Institute,  Manchester 
Academy,  Mount  Morris  College  in  Illi- 
.nois,  and  in  1911  graduated  from  the  Uni- 


• 

. 


• 


• 


, 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOF 


LUKE  W.  DUFFEY 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1951 


versity  of  Michigan,  receiving  the  Bache- 
lor of  Arts  degree. 

After  leaving  the  university  he  taught 
English  in  the  Elkhart  High  School  three 
years,  and  for  one  year  was  principal  of 
the  Marion  Business  College.  In  1914  Mr. 
Puterbaugh  came  to  Lafayette  as  manager 
of  the  local  business  college,  and  has  made 
this,  one  of  the  fourteen  branches  of  the 
Indiana  Business  College,  not  only  one  of 
the  very  best  of  that  chain  of  schools  but 
also  one  of  the  best  business  training 
schools  in  the  middle  west. 

April  17,  1915,  Mr.  Puterbaugh  married 
Miss  Alma  Ludwig.  Mrs.  Puterbaugh,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  C.  and  Carrie  (Wag- 
ner) Ludwig,  was  born  in  Chicago,  May 
20,  1886.  Her  parents  were  also  natives 
of  Chicago.  Her  father,  who  had  a  great 
deal  of  technical  and  artistic  ability,  was 
an  engraver  and  designer  by  trade,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  was  superintendent  of 
the  engraving  department  of  P.  F.  Petti- 
bone  &  Company. 

Mrs.  Puterbaugh  inherits  much  of  her 
father 's  artistic  temperament,  and  is  widely 
known  for  her  work  in  china  decoration. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  Atlan  Ceramic 
Club  of  Chicago,  one  of  the  largest  organ- 
izations of  its  kind  in  the  world.  She  is 
also  an  artist  in  oil  and  water  colors.  Her 
work  has  received  marked  recognition  at 
the  exhibits  at  the  Chicago  Art  Institute. 

JOHN  F.  WILLIAMS,  formerly  in  the  shoe 
business  at  Anderson,  is  now  sole  proprie- 
tor of  the  J.  F.  Williams  establishment, 
automobile  tires  and  accessories  and  auto- 
mobile agents.  Mr.  Williams  has  had  a 
very  successful  experience  as  an  automo- 
bile salesman,  and  has  gained  a  splendid 
business  clientele  as  a  result  of  his  thor- 
ough and  painstaking  work  and  service. 

He  was  born  at  Muncie,  Indiana,  in 
1878,  son  of  Rufus  Hickman  and  Mary  S. 
(Bose)  Williams.  He  is  of  Scotch  and 
German  ancestry.  In  1880,  when  he  was 
a  year  and  a  half  old,  his  parents  removed 
to  Anderson,  where  his  father  established 
a  shoe  business,  of  which  he  continued  pro- 
prietor for  many  years.  He  is  still  living 
but  retired  from  business.  A  republican 
in  politics,  he  was  formerly  quite  active 
in  the  ranks  and  at  one  time  was  candidate 
for  county  clerk  of  Madison  County. 

John  F.  Williams  had  a  public  school 
education  at  Anderson  and  was  a  student 


of  the  commercial  course  at  Xotre  Dame 
University  in  1897-99,  graduating  in  the 
latter  year.  On  returning  to  Anderson  he 
entered  the  shoe  business  with  his  father 
at  15  Meridian  Street,  and  made  himself 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  work  and 
proved  himself  valuable  to  the  firm  in  • 
building  up  and  extending  its  trade.  In 
1906  he  and  his  brother  Percy  P.  Williams 
bought  the  store  from  their  father  and 
conducted  it  as  Williams  Brothers  until 
1914,  when  John  F.  Williams  withdrew, 
selling  out  to  his  brother.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  bought  the  Auto  Inn  Garage 
at  Anderson,  and  conducted  it  as  the  J.  F. 
Williams  Auto  Inn  until  February  1,  1913. 
This  business  he  then  sold  to  John  H.  Ryan. 
His  next  position  in  the  automobile  busi- 
ness was  as  salesman  for  the  Apperson 
cars.  He  represented  that  company  over 
five  counties,  Grant,  Delaware,  Madison, 
Henry,  and  Hamilton,  and  did  much  to 
popularize  and  extend  the  use  and  sale 
of  the  Apperson  cars  over  this  section  of 
Indiana.  In  1915  he  took  the  local  agency 
in  Madison  County  for  the  Hudson  and 
Chalmers  cars,  with  salesroom  in  the  Auto 
Inn.  September  2,  1916,  he  established 
his  present  salesroom  at  28  West  Ninth 
Street,  where  he  handles  the  agency  for 
the  Hudson  and  Chalmers  cars,  operates  a 
Goodyear  service  station,  and  has  the  sole 
agency  in  Anderson  for  the  Goodyear  tires 
and  accessories. 

In  1899  Mr.  Williams  married  Kate  F. 
Danforth,  daughter  of  William  and  Emma 
(Welsh)  Danforth  of  Edinburgh,  Indiana. 
They  have  two  children :  Robert  Lee,  born 
in  1902,  and  Mary  Emma,  born  in  1912. 
Mr.  Williams  is  a  republican  and  has 
helped  his  party  and  its  leaders,  though 
never  an  aspirant  for  office  himself.  He 
is  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  at  Anderson,  is  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
is  a  citizen  who  rightly  deserves  the  respect 
and  esteem  which  he  enjoys  among  all 
classes  of  the  good  people  of  Madison 
County. 

LUKE  W.  DUFPEY  is  known  in  a  business 
way  as  founder  and  head  of  the  Luke  W. 
Duffey  Farm  Sales  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis. This  is  a  big  business,  scien- 
tifically and  successfully  conducted  and 
which  has  brought  Mr.  Duffey  into  consid- 
erable prominence  in  real  estate  circles. 


Ll'KK  W.  DI'FKKY 


. 

INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1951 


versity  of  Michigan,  receiving  the  Bache- 
lor of  Arts  degree. 

After  leaving  the  university  he  taught 
English  in  the  Elkhart  High  School  three 
years,  and  for  one  year  was  principal  of 
the  Marion  Business  College.  In  1914  Mr. 
Puterbaugh  came  to  Lafayette  as  manager 
of  the  local  business  college,  and  has  made 
this,  one  of  the  fourteen  branches  of  the 
Indiana  Business  College,  not  only  one  of 
the  very  best  of  that  chain  of  schools  but 
also  one  of  the  best  business  training 
schools  in  the  middle  west. 

April  17,  1915,  Mr.  Puterbaugh  married 
Miss  Alma  Ludwig.  Mrs.  Puterbaugh,  a 
daughter  of  Robert  C.  and  Carrie  (Wag- 
ner) Ludwig,  was  born  in  Chicago,  May 
20,  1886.  Her  parents  were  also  natives 
of  Chicago.  Her  father,  who  had  a  great 
deal  of  technical  and  artistic  ability,  was 
an  engraver  and  designer  by  trade,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  was  superintendent  of 
the  engraving  department  of  P.  F.  Petti- 
bone  &  ( 'ompany. 

Mrs.  Puterbaugh  inherits  much  of  her 
father's  artistic  temperament,  and  is  widely 
known  for  her  work  in  china  decoration. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  Atlan  Ceramic 
Club  of  Chicago,  one  of  the  largest  organ- 
ixations  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  She  is 
also  an  artist  in  oil  and  water  colors.  Her 
work  has  received  marked  recognition  at 
the  exhibits  at  the  Chicago  Art  Institute. 

JOHN  F.  WIU.IA.MS.  formerly  in  the  shoe 
business  at  Anderson,  is  now  sole  proprie- 
tor of  the  J.  F.  Williams  establishment, 
automobile  tires  and  accessories  and  auto- 
mobile agents.  Mr.  Williams  has  had  a 
very  successful  experience  as  an  automo- 
bile salesman,  and  has  gained  a  splendid 
business  clientele  as  a  result  of  his  thor- 
ough and  painstaking  work  and  service. 

He  was  born  at  Mnncie,  Indiana,  in 
1878,  son  of  Kufus  Hickman  and  Mary  S. 
(Bose)  Williams.  He  is  of  Scotch  and 
German  ancestry.  In  1880,  when  he  was 
a  year  and  a  half  old,  his  parents  removed 
to  Anderson,  where  his  father  established 
;i  shoe  business,  of  which  he  continued  pro- 
prietor for  many  years.  He  is  still  living 
but  retired  from  business.  A  republican 
in  politics,  he  was  formerly  quite  active 
in  the  ranks  and  at  one  time  was  candidate 
for  county  clerk  of  Madison  County. 

John  F.  Williams  had  a  public  school 
education  at  Anderson  and  was  a  student 


of  the  commercial  course  at  Notre  Dame 
University  in  1897-99,  graduating  in  the 
latter  year.  On  returning  to  Anderson  he 
entered  the  shoe  business  with  his  father 
at  15  Meridian  Street,  and  made  himself 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  work  and 
proved  himself  valuable  to  the  firm  in 
building  up  and  extending  its  trade.  In 
1906  he  and  his  brother  Percy  P.  Williams 
bought  the  store  from  their  father  and 
conducted  it  as  Williams  Brothers  until 
1914,  when  John  F.  Williams  withdrew, 
selling  out  to  his  brother.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  bought  the  Auto  Inn  Garage 
at  Anderson,  and  conducted  it  as  the  J.  F. 
Williams  Auto  Inn  until  February  1.  191:}. 
This  business  he  then  sold  to  John  II.  Ryan. 
His  next  position  in  the  automobile  busi- 
ness was  as  salesman  for  the  Apperson 
cars.  He  represented  that  company  over 
rive  counties.  Grant.  Delaware,  Madison, 
Henry,  and  Hamilton,  and  did  much  to 
popularize  and  extend  the  use  and  sale 
of  the  Apperson  cars  over  this  section  of 
Indiana.  In  1915  he  took  the  local  agency 
in  Madison  County  for  the  Hudson  and 
Chalmers  cars,  with  salesroom  in  the  Auto 
Inn.  September  '2.  1916.  he  established 
his  present  salesroom  at  28  West  Ninth 
Street,  where  he  handles  the  agency  for 
the  Hudson  and  Chalmers  cars,  operates  a 
Goodyear  service  station,  and  has  the  sole 
agency  in  Anderson  for  the  Goodyear  tires 
and  accessories. 

Tn  1899  Mr.  Williams  married  Kate  F. 
Danforth.  daughter  of  William  and  Emma 
(Welsh)  Danforth  of  Edinburgh.  Indiana. 
They  have  two  children:  Robert  Lee.  born 
in  1902.  and  Mary  Emma,  born  in  1912. 
Mr.  Williams  is  a  republican  and  has 
helped  his  party  and  its  leaders,  though 
never  an  aspirant  for  office  himself.  He 
is  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  at  Anderson,  is  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
is  a  citizen  who  rightly  deserves  the  respect 
and  esteem  which  he  enjoys  among  all 
classes  of  the  good  people  of  Madison 
County. 

LrKE  W.  DfFFKV  is  known  in  a  business 
way  as  founder  and  head  of  the  Luke  W. 
Duffey  Farm  Sales  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis. This  is  a  big  business,  scien- 
tifically and  successfully  conducted  and 
which  has  brought  Mr.  Duffey  into  consid- 
erable prominence  in  real  estate  circles. 


1952 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


However,  he  is  probably  most  widely  and 
generally  known  as  an  ardent  enthusiast 
and  able  leader  in  the  good  roads  movement 
in  the  state  and  in  the  nation.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  law  creating  the  Indiana 
State  Highway  Commission. 

Mr.  Duffey's  operations  in  real  estate 
and  particularly  in  the  sale  of  farm  lands 
were  deemed  of  sufficient  importance  by 
the  National  Real  Estate  Journal  to  pub- 
lish a  special  article  on  Mr.  Duffey  under 
the  head  of  "Men  Who  Succeed  in  Real 
Estate."  This  article  especially  described 
Mr.  Duffey's  promotion  of  farm  sales  in 
Indiana  during  the  period  of  the  Great 
War.  He  was  one  of  the  men  who  antici- 
pated the  increased  demand  for  farms  and 
farm  products  as  a  result  of  the  war. 

Mr.  Duffey  is  certainly  a  gifted  specialist 
in  the  handling  of  farm  sales.  He  has 
studied  exhaustively  every  condition  affect- 
ing a  sale.  To  quote  the  words  of  the  Na- 
tional Real  Estate  Journal:  "He  knows 
the  ownership,  acreage,  selling  history,  and 
property  lines  of  all  farms  for  virtually 
forty  miles  out  of  his  selling  center.  Mr. 
Duffey  constantly  carries  an  average  of 
1,000  farms  listed  in  his  selling  ledger. 
They  are  listed  according  to  their  acreage, 
with  accurate  data  of  the  location,  condi- 
tions, nature  of  soil,  market  situations,  so- 
cial accommodations,  available  utilities,  and 
all  information  necessary  to  make  immedi- 
ate sales.  He  keeps  a  daily  posted  list  of 
prospective  buyers,  their  wants  and  their 
financial  ability  to  purchase.  Since  Mr. 
Duffey  is  himself  a  man  of  legal  training, 
he  has  incorporated  within  his  office  service 
a  complete  legal  department,  so  that  he  is 
able  to  foresee  and  eliminate  every  possible 
delay  and  inconvenience  affecting  a  land 
transfer. ' ' 

Some  other  facts  brought  out  in  the 
same  article  should  also  be  quoted.  "Mr. 
Duffey  is  chairman  of  the  Good  Roads  Com- 
mittee of  the  National  Real  Estate  Associa- 
tion, and  for  the  last  few  years  has  at- 
tended every  national  convention  of  the  or- 
ganization. He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  estab- 
lishing of  the  Farm  Loan  Bank  by  the 
National  Government  and,  as  chairman  of 
the  Agricultural  Committee  of  the  National 
Real  Estate  Association,  gathered  data  in 
Canada  and  the  United  States  to  be  used 
in  the  location  and  formation  of  the  banks. 
In  his  various  official  road  capacities  he  has 
appeared  before  congressional  committees 


any  many  American  road  congresses  in 
Washington,  urging  good  road  laws.  He 
played  a  conspicuous  part  in  securing  the 
enactment  of  the  $85,000,000  federal  aid 
bill  for  establishing  a  system  of  national 
highways. ' ' 

In  1914  Governor  Ralston  appointed  Mr. 
Duffey  secretary  of  the  Non-Political  High- 
way Commission.  He  has  been  chairman 
for  several  years  of  the  Good  Roads  Com- 
mittee of  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  His  success  in  political  life  is 
almost  wholly  due  to  his  efforts  in  behalf 
of  good  roads,  a  definite  issue  in  which 
every  Indiana  citizen  is  interested.  This 
work  has  earned  him  a  national  reputation 
as  well  as  several  official  positions  in  na- 
tional road  associations. 

Mr.  Duffey  was  a  member  of  the  Indiana 
House  of  Representatives  in  1917.  At  the 
expiration  of  that  term  he  became  a  candi- 
date for  state  senator  to  which  office  he  was 
elected  on  a  "Good  Roads  and  Good  Gov- 
ernment" platform,  leading  his  ticket  by  a 
large  majority.  In  the  Legislature,  he  was 
a  vigilant  student  of  all  measures  affecting 
farmers  and  stockmen.  He  was  not  known 
in  the  Legislature  as  a  particularly  fre- 
quent speaker,  but  rather  as  a  very  effective 
organizer  and  a  man  who  accomplished 
things.  He  did  much  to  bring  about  the 
defeat  of  the  "Hog  Cholera  Trust."  He 
opposed  the  bill  which  would  have  worked 
a  hardship  on  farmers'  mutual  insurance 
companies,  and  numerous  other  measures 
which  would  have  meant  a  serious  drain 
upon  the  tax  payers  without  a  propor- 
tional benefit. 

Mr.  Duffey's  complete  and  unrivalled 
knowledge  of  the  roads  of  Indiana,  as  well 
as  personal  characteristics,  doubtless 
brought  him  the  appointment  in  1918  of 
state  representative  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment to  handle  matters  of  the  Motor  Trans- 
port Corps  in  rquting  and  caring  for  over- 
land war  trucks  after  the  highway  laws 
had  been  set  aside  in  Indiana. 

He  was  appointed  to  membership  on  the 
Road  Committee  of  the  United  States 
Chamber  of  Commerce  to  act  on  the  com- 
mittee in  the  administration  of  $285,000,- 
000  Federal  Aid  Highway  money.  He  was 
the  second  time  a  co-author  of  the  State 
Highway  Commission  Law,  the  1919  session 
having  rewritten  his  mission,  which  was 
enacted  in  1917,  classifying  the  road  build- 
ing rights  of  the  state. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1953 


His  formal  biography  and  a  few  of  the 
most  interesting  items  of  his  family  history 
are  as  follows: 

Luke  W.  Duffey  was  born  in  Hendricks 
County,  Indiana,  October  24,  1879,  son  of 
Eli  and  Nancy  J.  (Benbow)  Duffey.  His 
grandfather,  Michael  Duffey,  settled  in 
Bellville,  Hendricks  County,  in  1842.  His 
great-grandfather  was  a  pioneer  who 
fought  in  the  Revolutionary  war  under 
General  Washington.  The  maternal  grand- 
father of  Luke  W.  Duffey  was  Elam  Ben- 
bow,  who  came  from  North  Carolina  in 
1828  and  settled  on  an  unclaimed  tract 
of  land  in  Clay  Township  of  Hendricks 
County.  A  part  of  that  old  Benbow  estate 
is  now  occupied  by  the  Town  of  Amo.  Mr. 
Duffey 's  father  was  a  Union  soldier  in  one 
of  the  Indiana  regiments  in  the  Civil  war. 

Mr.  Duffey  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Hendricks  County. 
Later  he  entered  the  Central  Normal  Col- 
lege at  Danville,  where  he  studied  law. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  Hendricks  County 
bar  August  4,  1900. 

Mr.  Duffey  never  engaged  actively  in  the 
practice  of  law,  but  upon  leaving  college 
devoted  his  time  almost  exclusively  to  real 
estate  and  title  law.  For  some  years  he 
lived  in  Plainfield,  which  place  now  bears 
material  evidence  of  his  energy  and  enter- 
prise. He  was  the  founder  of  Amitydale 
Park  and  Hillside  Park,  Duffey 's  First  and 
Second  Additions  to  Plainfield,  and  he 
built  considerably  more  than  two  miles  of 
sidewalks. 

In  order  that  he  might  better  handle 
his  real  estate  business,  which  had  assumed 
quite  extensive  proportions,  Mr.  Duffey 
moved  to  Indianapolis  in  March,  1910. 
Here  he  laid  out  the  western  wing  of  the 
city,  including  Lookout  Gardens,  first  and 
second  sections,  Lookout  Plaza,  and 
Sterling  Heights  Addition. 

Due  largely  to  his  early  experiences,  he 
has  maintained  an  intense  interest  in  farm 
and  rural  development.  Indeed,  he  is  a 
practical  farmer  himself.  Through  his 
company  he  specializes  in  high  class  farms, 
and  his  transactions  are,  for  the  most  part, 
limited  to  large  farms  and  property  own- 
ers. Many  of  the  most  notable  sales  of 
farms,  valued  at  from  $100  to  $300  an  acre, 
have  been  transacted  through  his  organiza- 
tion. His  efforts  have  done  much  to 
encourage  and  advance  agriculture,  a  work 
of  real  patriotism  in  these  days. 


Mr.  Duffey  is  well  known  in  the  commer- 
cial life  of  Indianapolis.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  belongs  to 
the  Marion  .and  Columbia  clubs,  and  is  a 
Mason  and  Knight  of  Pythias. 

Mr.  Duffey  is  quite  justly  proud  of  his 
three  interesting,  attractive  daughters. 
Irene,  Dessie  D.  and  Wilma  Lee.  Irene  is 
doing  preparatory  work  in  the  Ward-Bel- 
mont  School  for  girls  at  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see, while  the  two  younger  daughters  are 
receiving  instructions  in  the  public  schools 
at  Plainfield. 

JOHN  HANNA  was  born  in  Marion  County, 
Indiana,  September  3,  1827.  After  grad- 
uating from  Asbury  College  he  read  law, 
and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  years  spent 
in  Kansas  before  the  Civil  war  he  prac- 
ticed at  Greencastle  from  1850  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  on  the  24th  of  Octo- 
ber, 1882.  From  1861  until  1866  Mr. 
Hanna  served  as  a  United  States  district 
attorney,  and  he  was  elected  from  the  Sev- 
enth District  as  a  member  of  Congress, 
serving  one  term,  1877-1879. 

GEORGE  M.  YOUNG,  M.  D.  In  a  busy 
professional  career  of  over  thirty-five 
years  Dr.  George  M.  Young  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  City  of  Evansville  almost 
continuously.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
was  the  chief  surgeon  for  the  railroad  lines 
entering  Evansville,  but  for  the  past  fifteen 
years  has  given  his  time  to  a  general  prac- 
tice. 

Doctor  Young  came  to  Evansville  from 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was 
born  and  reared  and  educated.  His  birth 
occurred  on  a  farm  in  Indiana  County, 
that  state.  His  father,  Levi  Young,  was 
a  native  of  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  an  infant  when  his  father  died  and 
when  he  was  four  years  old  his  mother 
married  again  and  moved  to  Indiana 
County.  He  grew  up  there  on  a  farm  and 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  entered  a  general 
store  in  the  town  of  Indiana,  and  by  work 
as  a  clerk  for  five  years  acquired  a  thor- 
ough business  training.  He  married  then 
and  returned  to  country  life.  He  was 
strong  and  active,  and  though  without  cap- 
ital he  had  the  energy  and  the  ambition 
that  enabled  him  to  climb  steadily  the 
rounds  of  the  ladder  to  success.  For  sev- 
eral years  after  his  marriage  he  did  the 
hardest  kind  of  work  in  farming,  chopping 


1954 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


wood  and  rail  splitting,  and  finally 
reached  the  position  of  a  renter  and  later 
acquired  the  means  to  buy  his  first  farm. 
Afterward  he  bought  and  sold  a  number 
of  farms.  He  improved  each  one  and  sold 
at  an  advantage.  One  farm  he  owned 
comprised  300  acres.  He  was  successful 
in  raising  crops  and  live  stock,  and  fre- 
quently fed  bunches  of  cattle  for  the  mar- 
ket. His  favorite  breed  of  cattle  was  the 
Durham.  Though  he  lacked  many  early 
advantages  in  the  way  of  schooling  he  kept 
up  with  the  times  by  constant  reading,  and 
was  progressive  in  every  sense  of  the  term. 
He  always  had  the  latest  improved  fann 
implements.  He  was  the  first  in  his  vicin- 
ity to  buy  a  mowing  machine  and  grain 
drill,  and  the  first  to  unload  hay  with 
power  apparatus.  He  began  harvesting 
with  a  grain  sickle  and  finished  with  a  self- 
binder.  He  was  a  thoroughly  business 
farmer  and  always  watched  the  markets- 
and  sold  his  crops  and  livestock  in  the 
right  time.  The  last  farm  he  owned  ad- 
joined the  town  of  Indiana,  and  when  he 
sold  that  he  moved  into  the  town  and 
bought  property  where  he  lived  retired 
until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six. 
He  married  Jane  Dixon.  She  was  born  in 
Blairsville,  Indiana  County,  daughter  of 
Thomas  and  Jane  (Barclay)  Dixon,  also 
natives  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  Levi  Young  and  wife  had 
nine  children :  Albert,  who  served  in  a 
Pennsylvania  regiment  in  the  Civil  war 
and  died  while  in  the  army  in  Virginia, 
Margaret  Ellen,  John  Franklin,  Nancy 
Jane,  Clara,  George  M.,  Anna  Mary,  Elma 
Lizzie  and  Foster  B. 

Dr.  George  M.  Young  grew  up  in  a  good 
country  home  in  Pennsylvania,  attended 
the  district  schools  and  also  the  State  Nor- 
mal at  the  Town  of  Indiana,  and  for  two 
terms  was  a  teacher.  He  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  A.  F.  Parrington  at  Indiana,  and 
in  1880  entered  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  re- 
ceived his  diploma  from  that  institution  in 
1883  and  in  June  of  the  same  year  moved 
to  Evansville  and  began  his  work  as  a  phy- 
sician. Soon  afterward  he  was  appointed 
surgeon  for  the  Evansville  &  Terre  Haute 
Railroad  Company  and  later  became  chief 
surgeon  for  the  Mackey  System,  including 
all  the  railroads  entering  Evansville  ex- 
cepting the  Louisville  &  Nashville.  He 
made  a  great  reputation  as  a  railway  sur- 


geon and  for  years  gave  practically  all  his 
time  to  that  work.  In  1902  he  disposed 
of  his  property  interests,  resigned  his  po- 
sition, and  removed  to  Toledo,  Ohio.  He 
was  engaged  in  practice  there  until  July, 
1904,  when,  finding  the  climate  not  agree- 
able, he  returned  to  Evansville  and  has 
since  been  known  as  one  of  the  successful 
general  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  city. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  County  and  State 
Medical  Sociejties  and  the  American  Med- 
ical Association. 

In  1887  Doctor  Young  married  Emma 
Belle  Blake.  She  was  born  in  Greencastle, 
Indiana,  daughter  of  William  and  Mary 
Blake.  They  have  one  daughter,  Mar- 
garet, who  is  the  wife  of  Robert  T.  Bon- 
ham.  Mr.  Bonham  was  formerly  secretary 
of  the  Evansville  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  during  the  war  was  a  member  of  the 
United  States  Signal  Service.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bonham  have  one  daughter  named 
Betty.  Doctor  Young  was  formerly  active 
in  Masonry,  having  affiliated  with  Reed 
Lodge  No.  364,  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, Simpson  Council  No.  29,  Royal  and 
Select  Masters,  Evansville  Chapter  No.  12, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  LaVallette  Com- 
mandery  No.  15,  Knights  Templar. 

JAMES  W.  HARRIS  is  junior  partner  in 
the  firm  Greathouse  &  Harris,  one  of  the 
largest  and  one  of  the  oldest  mercantile 
firms  of  Ehvood.  Mr.  Harris  is  a  man  of 
wide  and  diversified  mercantile  experience 
and  has  been  trained  under  all  sorts  of 
circumstances  and  in  different  positions, 
so  that  he  is  eminently  capable  of  carrying 
his  share  of  responsibilities  of  this  old 
established  clothing  house. 

He  has  spent  most  of  his  life  in  Indiana, 
but  was  born  at  London,  Ontario,  Canada, 
April  28,  1881,  son  of  Charles  and  Helen 
( Jones)  Harris.  The  Harrises  are  of  Eng- 
lish ancestry,  but  came  to  America  in  early 
colonial  times,  along  with  the  Puritans  of 
New  England.  The  family  settled  later 
in  New  York  State,  and  one  of  them,  Gen- 
eral Harris,  was  the  founder  of  Harris- 
Imrg,  Pennsylvania.  One  branch  of  the 
family  remained  loyal  to  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  and  during  the  Revolution  moved 
to  London,  Canada.  The  grandmother  of 
James  W.  Harris  was  Margaret  (Davis) 
Harris,  and  they  were  the  first  couple  mar- 
ried by  a  minister  in  Ontario.  She  died 
in  December,  1914,  when  ninety-four  years 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1955 


of  age.  She  survived  by  twenty-five  years 
her  husband,  Gilbert  Harris. 

The  mother  of  James  "W.  Harris,  Helen 
Jones,  came  from  New  York  State  and  set- 
tled at  Morris,  Illinois.  She  met  and  mar- 
ried Charles  Harris  while  on  a  visit  to  Lon- 
don, Ontario.  When  James  W.  Harris 
was  five  years  old  his  parents  moved  to 
Remington,  Indiana,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  lived  on  a  farm  of  160  acres  nearby. 
While  there  he  received  his  schooling  by 
attending  winter  terms  of  district  school. 
When  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age  the 
family  came  to  Elwood,  and  here  Charles 
Harris  became  interested  in  the  buying  of 
stock.  In  the  meantime  James  W.  Harris 
continued  his  education  and  in  1901  grad- 
uated from  the  Elwood  High  School. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  began  work  as 
a  clerk  for  A.  J.  Hileman,  a  shoe  dealer, 
and  put  in  all  his  spare  time  of  nights  and 
mornings  and  Saturdays  during  the  rest  of 
his  high  school  course.  After  leaving  high 
school  he  continued  in  that  store  a  year, 
then  for  two  years  was  in  the  auditing  de- 
partment of  the  American  Sheet  and  Tin 
Plate  Company  at  Elwood,  and  for  six 
months  was  in  the  shoe  department  of  the 
George  J.  Marott's  great  department  store 
on  Washington  Street  in  Indianapolis. 

His  father's  death  called  him  home  from 
Indianapolis.  His  father  for  eight  or  nine 
years  had  been  manager  of  the  Anderson 
branch  of  the  Sinclair  Packing  Company. 
James  W.  Harris  took  up  this  position  as 
successor  to  his  father,  and  filled  it  com- 
petently until  July,  1907.  He  then  re- 
signed, and  bought  a  partnership  in  the 
Greathouse  &  Company  store  with  Prank 
M.  Greathouse,  thus  establishing  the  pres- 
ent firm  of  Greathouse  &  Harris  at  120 
South  Anderson  Street.  These  are  the 
merchants  so  widely  known  over  this  sec- 
tion of  Indiana  by  their  slogan  "right 
goods  at  right  prices."  For  twenty-five 
years  the  house  has  been  selling  clothing, 
hats  and  men's  furnishings,  and  its  repu- 
tation is  built  up  on  the  basis  of  quality 
of  goods  and  exceptional  mercantile  service. 

Mr.  Harris,  who  is  unmarried  and  lives 
with  his  mother,  has  various  other  business 
interests  at  Elwood.  He  is  an  active  re- 
publican. Recently  he  was  one  of  ten  men 
selected  from  Madison  County,  represent- 
ing both  the  progressive  and  regular  wings 
of  the  republican  party,  as  leaders  in  the 
"Get  Together"  movement,  as  a  result  of 

Vol.  V— 4 


which  here  and  elsewhere  the  republican 
party  was  once  more  solidified  and  was 
made  effective,  as  the  results  of  the  1916 
election  proved.  Mr.  Harris  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Elwood  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  1916  and 
1917.  He  is  a  York  and  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
son, being  affiliated  with  Lodge  No.  320, 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Chapter  and 
Council,  Knight  Templar  Commandery, 
the  various  Scottish  Rite  bodies,  including 
the  thirty-second  degree,  and  the  Temple 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  First  Methodist  Church. 

BENJAMIN  F.  LONG,  of  the  law  firm  of 
Long,  Yarlott  &  Souder  of  Logansport,  is 
a  hard  working  and  successful  lawyer,  and 
has  richly  earned  the  reputation  he  now 
enjoys  at  the  bar  of  Northern  Indiana. 

He  was  born  in  Cass  County,  on  a  farm 
in  Washington  Township,  January  31, 
1872.  He  is  an  American  by  four  or  five 
generations  of  residence.  His  grandfather. 
Major  William  Long,  a  title  he  acquired 
from  his  prominence  in  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Militia,  was  a  native  of  Somerset 
County,  Pennsylvania.  He  brought  his 
family  to  Indiana  in  1843,  and  established 
his  home  on  a  farm  in  Washington  Town- 
ship of  Cass  County.  Thus  the  Longs  have 
been  a  family  in  that  county  for  three 
quarters  of  a  century.  Benjamin  F.  Long 
is  a  son  of  William  and  Joanna  (Penny') 
Long.  His  father  also  spent  his  life  as  a 
farmer,  and  died  October  5,  1893.  His 
mother  passed  away  December  12,  1902. 
AVilliam  Long  and  his  wife  were  members 
f  f  the  English  Lutheran  Church. 

Benjamin  F.  Long  grew  up  on  a  farm, 
had  the  advantages  of  the  district  schools, 
but  beyond  that  he  had  to  get  his  educa- 
tion by  his  own  efforts.  After  graduating 
from  the  Logansport  High  School  in  1891 
ho  put  in  two  winters  teaching  in  the  same 
school  in  the  country  which  he  had  at- 
tended as  a  boy.  In  1893  he  used  the 
small  amount  of  savings  he  had  accumu- 
lated to  start  him  in  Indiana  University 
at  Bloominsrton.  After  two  years  he  had 
to  give  up  his  course  and  seek  means  of  re- 
plenishing his  purse.  From  1895  to  1899 
Mr.  Long  taught  history  in  the  Logansport 
High  School.  He  then  re-entered  the 
State  University  and  took  both  the  literary 
and  law  courses,  graduating  A.  B.  and 
LL.  B.  in  1901.  He  began  private  prac- 


1956 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tice  at  Logansport,  but  such  had  been  his 
record  as  a  student  in  Blooraington  that 
he  was  soon  called  to  the  chair  of  asso- 
ciate professor  in  the  Law  Department. 
He  resigned  that  position  after  a  year,  and 
has  since  devoted  his  time  and  efforts 
steadily  to  his  law  practice.  From  1903 
to  1906  he  was  deputy  county  prosecutor, 
his  law  partner  at  the  time  being  George 
W.  Walters,  the  county  prosecuting  at- 
torney. The  firm  of  Walters  and  Long 
continued  from  January,  1903,  to  January, 
1909,  when  Mr.  Long  formed  the  still  exist- 
ing partnership. 

Mr.  Long  is  a  republican,  but  has  not 
allowed  politics  to  interfere  with  the  essen- 
tial work  of  his  profession.  He  attends 
the  English  Lutheran  Church.  In  1915  he 
was  appointed  a  trustee  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, and  was  reappointed  in  1918. 
September  10,  1902,  he  married  Miss  Lucy 
Nichols,  of  Marshalltown,  Iowa.  They 
have  one  son,  Benjamin  Long. 

AQUILLA  JONES  was  prominent  among 
the  men  who  made  political  history  and 
gave  substance  and  character  to  the  busi- 
ness life  of  Indiana  during  the  middle 
years  of  the  last  century.  He  was  treasurer 
of  the  State  of  Indiana  before  the  war,  and 
subsequently  during  his  residence  at  In- 
dianapolis did  much  to  build  up  the  indus- 
tries of  that  city  and  was  the  recipient  of 
several  important  public  honors. 

He  was  born  in  Stokes,  now  Forsyth 
County,  North  Carolina,  in  the  foothills  of 
the  famous  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  July  8, 
1811,  a  son  of  Benjamin  and  Mary  Jones. 
His  father  was  a  farmer  of  limited  means. 
Educational  opportunities  were  supplied 
therefore  in  a  meager  degree  to  Aquilla 
Jones,  and  while  in  his  native  state  he  had 
not  more  than  three  months  schooling  all 
told,  even  that  being  secured  under  adverse 
conditions.  His  training,  intellect  and 
business  capacity  were  largely  an  out- 
growth of  his  own  tenacious  memory  and 
struggling  ambition.  In  after  life  he  re- 
alized that  his  sphere  of  usefulness  would 
have  been  far  greater  had  he  received  an 
education.  He  grew  up  in  an  environment 
that  led  him  to  respect  the  working  man 
and  to  sympathize  with  him  in  his  strug- 
gles. Thus  while  in  after  years  he  at- 
tained a  position  among  the  eminent  men 
of  Indiana,  he  was  one  of  the  few  of  his 
class  whose  minds  were  not  closed  to  an 


appreciation  of  the  poor  and  the  humble. 
One  product  of  this  early  experience  was 
a  thorough  belief  in  cooperation  as  a  means 
of  solving  many  of  the  social  and  economic 
problems  of  the  world.  He  was  in  fact  a 
pioneer  in  bringing  those  principles  to  bear 
in  his  later  life  in  Indianapolis.  Many 
working  men  were  aided  by  him  through 
material  means  and  with  advice,  and  his 
memory  perhaps  deserves  to  live  longest 
among  that  class. 

The  Jones  family  moved  to  Indiana  in 
1831,  locating  at  Columbus,  where  Elish/ 
P.  Jones,  a  brother  of  Aquilla,  had  already 
built  up  a  business  as  a  merchant. 
In  his  brother's  store  Aquilla  worked  as  a 
clerk  until  1836.  Then  after  a  year  spent 
in  Missouri  he  returned  to  Columbus  and 
became  proprietor  of  a  hotel  and  subse- 
quently after  the  brother's  death,  bought 
the  business  which  the  latter  had  de- 
veloped. He  also  succeeded  his  brother  as 
postmaster  of  the  town.  Aquilla  Jones  con- 
tinued active  in  business  and  local  affairs 
at  Columbus  until  1856.  Among  other 
interests  he  became  identified  with  the  Co- 
lumbus Bridge  Company. 

In  1840  and  again  in  1850,  under  the 
respective  administrations  of  Presidents 
Van  Buren  and  Fillmore,  he  was  appointed 
and  served  as  census  enumerator  of  Bar- 
tholomew County.  He  refused  to  accept 
the  office  of  clerk  of  the  county.  He  was 
elected  and  served  in  the  State  Legislature 
during  the  session  of  1842-43.  President 
Pierce  offered  him  the  appointment  as 
Indian  agent  for  Washington  Territory, 
but  his  interests  compelled  him  to  decline 
and  he  refused  a  similar  position  for  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

Aquilla  Jones  removed  his  residence  to 
Indianapolis  during  his  first  term  as  state 
treasurer.  He  was  elected  to  that  office  in 
1856.  His  party  affiliations  then  and  al- 
wavs  were  democratic,  but  partisanship 
with  him  was  never  sufficiently  strong  to 
overcome  his  devotion  to  a  principle.  It 
was  said  and  is  probably  true  that  he  de- 
clined the  nomination  for  governor  because 
he  thought  he  lacked  sufficient  education  to 
properly  fill  the  position.  It  was  a  mat- 
ter of  principle  that  caused  him  to  decline 
to  become  a  candidate  for  reelection  as 
state  treasurer  in  1858.  The  principle  in- 
volved there  was  his  divergent  views  on  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  from  those  held  by 
the  majority  of  his  party.  This  was  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1957 


rare  case  of  a  man  declining  a  high  state 
office  because  of  principle. 

With  all  his  lack  of  early  education  he 
became  one  of  the  foremost  men  of  his 
day  because  of  a  superior  natural  mental- 
ity. He  knew  intimately  and  was  asso- 
ciated on  terms  of  equality  with  all  the 
great  political  figures  of  Indiana  in  his 
time.  A  particularly  warm  friendship  ex- 
isted between  him  and  Thomas  A.  Hen- 
dricks,  and  he  was  also  associated  in  busi- 
ness and  politics  with  such  Indiana  giants 
as  Daniel  W.  Voorhees,  J.  E.  McDonald, 
David  Turpie  and  others.  When  Mr.  Hen- 
dricks  was  elected  vice  president  of  the 
United  States  in  1884,  with  Grover  Cleve- 
land as  president,  that  noted  Indianan  se- 
lected Mr.  Jones  for  the  appointment  as 
postmaster  of  Indianapolis.  This  appoint- 
ment was  not  confirmed  without  strong  op- 
position. For  the  first  time  since  the  Civil 
war  the  democratic  party  had  come  into 
power,  and  there  was  a  general  scramble 
for  the  political  offices  and  patronage  so 
long  withheld  from  the  party.  But  in  the 
end  Mr.  Jones  was  appointed  and  was  post- 
master of  Indianapolis  throughout  the  first 
administration  of  President  Cleveland. 

One  of  his  strongest  characteristics  was 
a  tactfulness  which  enabled  him  to  har- 
monize many  misunderstandings  among  his 
party  associates  and  also  in  business  affairs. 
He  was  a  thorough  business  man  and  accu- 
mulated considerable  wealth  because  of  his 
keen  judgment  and  untiring  energy. 

A  story  has  been  told  illustrating  his 
business  integrity.  One  time  during  an 
absence  from  Indianapolis  he  was  elected 
president  of  one  of  the  local  banks.  Upon 
his  return,  with  characteristic  energy  he 
began  a  careful  investigation  of  the  bank's 
condition.  He  advised  immediate  liquida- 
tion before  the  bank  was  closed  by  court 
mandate,  and  this  promptness  enabled  him 
to  pay  ninety-five  cents  on  the  dollar  to 
the  creditors. 

In  business  affairs  the  name  of  Aquilla 
Jones  was  for  many  years  officially  iden- 
tified with  the  Indianapolis  Boiling  Mills. 
He  became  treasurer  of  the  corporation  in 
1861  and  in  1873  was  made  president. 
In  the  latter  year  he  was  also  chosen 
president  of  the  city  waterworks  of  In- 
dianapolis, but  resigned  soon  afterward  be- 
cause of  the  urgency  of  his  private  busi- 
ness affairs.  For  years  he  was  an  active 
member  of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church. 


The  characteristics  that  showed  them- 
selves most  forcibly  in  his  career  were  those 
of  strong  mentality,  a  sympathetic  nature 
and  understanding,  utter  fearlessness  and 
absolute  honesty. 

In  1836  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Ann 
Arnold,  who  died  soon  afterward.  In  1840 
he  married  Miss  Harriet  Cox.  Their  chil- 
dren were  Elisha  P.,  John  W.,  Emma,  Ben- 
jamin F.,  Charles,  Aquilla  Q.,  Edwin  S., 
William  M.,  Frederick,  Harriet  and  Mary. 

REV.  JAMES  HENRY  DURHAM,  chaplain 
of  the  Marion  Branch  of  the  National  Sol- 
diers Home,  Grant  County,  and  pastor  of 
Holy  Family  Church,  Gas  City,  has  been 
a  man  of  increasing  service  to  his  church 
and  the  people  of  Indiana  for  more  than 
ten  years. 

Father  Durham  was  born  at  Middletown, 
New  York,  November  26,  1874.  Having 
finished  his  primary  education  in  the  pub- 
lic school  he  was  employed  by  the  National 
Saw  Company,  seven  years,  the  last  four 
of  which  were  spent  as  assistant  superin- 
tendent. His  service  with  this  company 
gave  him  that  knowledge  of  men  which  has 
proven  so  useful  in  his  life  calling.  Feel- 
ing the  call  to  a  higher  vocation  he  left 
secular  employment  to  take  up  the  classic 
course  in  St.  Benedict's  College  at  Atchi- 
son,  Kansas.  Here  he  was  appointed  busi- 
ness manager,  and  during  his  finishing 
year,  editor  of  the  "Abbey  Student."  He 
graduated  as  ' '  Gold-Medal  Man ' '  in  Chris- 
tian Doctrine,  History  and  English  in  1902. 
During  the  following  five  years  he  pursued 
the  philosophical  and  theological  course  in 
Mt.  St.  Mary's  Seminary  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  There  he  received  all  the  minor 
orders  of  the  church,  and  was  finally  or- 
dained deacon  by  Archbishop  Mueller  on 
March  16, 1907. 

Father  Durham  was  ordained  priest  in 
the  Cathedral  at  Fort  Wayne  May  22. 1907, 
by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Alerding.  His  first 
assignment  was  as  assistant  pastor  of  St. 
Patrick's  Church  in  Fort  Wayne,  June  8, 
1907.  From  there  he  went  to  Dunkirk, 
Indiana,  as  pastor,  where  he  remained  eigh- 
teen months. 

His  appointment  as  chaplain  of  the 
National  Military  Home  took  effect  July  16, 
1913.  In  addition  to  the  responsibilities 
of  his  government  position  Father  Durham 
has  the  spiritual  care  of  some  fifty -six  fam- 


1958 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ilies,   members   of   Holy   Family   Church, 
Gas  City. 

CHARLES  W.  GALLIHER.  A  merchant  of 
long  and  prosperous  standing  at  Muncie, 
Charles  W.  Galliher  is  one  of  the  promi- 
nent democrats  of  the  state,  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  Committee  of  Indiana  at 
the  present  time,  is  also  president  of  the 
Muncie  Commercial  Club,  and  has  a  num- 
ber of  other  avenues  of  active  influence  in 
that  city  and  county. 

He  was  born  at  Muncie  October  26; 
1864,  and  his  people  have  been  in  Dela- 
ware County  from  very  early  pioneer  times. 
His  parents  were  Martin  J.  and  Rhoda 
(Ogden)  Galliher,  the  former  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  the  latter  of  New  Jersey. 
They  married  in  the  east  and  in  1837  set- 
tled at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  but  soon  after- 
ward moved  to  the  pioneer  community  of 
Muncie,  which  was  then  known  as  Muncie- 
town,  and  was  an  isolated  country  village. 
For  several  years  Martin  Galliher  fol- 
lowed the  packing  business,  but  later  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Muncie  and  acquired  and 
developed  320  acres  of  rich  farming  land 
in  that  vicinity.  He  lived  as  a  farmer 
until  his  death  in  1887.  He  was  one  of  the 
noted  stock  raisers  of  the  county,  a  man  of 
honor  and  integrity  in  all  his  business  and 
c-ivic  relations,  voted  as  a  democrat  and 
was  an  earnest  and  hard  working  member 
of  the  Baptist  Church. 

Charles  W.  Galliher,  the  youngest  of 
four  children,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Muncie  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen began  an  apprenticeship  at  the  car- 
riage painting  trade.  Though  he  served 
the  full  apprenticeship  he  never  took  up 
the  trade  as  a  business,  being  diverted  into 
other  lines.  In  1888  he  entered  the  employ 
of  the  S.  C.  Cowan  Company  and  for  five 
years  was  manager  of  that  well  known 
Muncie  enterprise.  He  then  entered  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  draper  and  upholsterer 
at  118  South  Mulberry  Street.  This  is  the 
business  he  has  followed  ever  since,  and  in 
that  and  his  other  affairs  has  been  highly 
prospered.  In  1904  he  formed  a  copartner- 
ship with  C.  E.  Whitehill  under  the  firm 
name  of  Whitehill  &  Galliher,  which  was 
dissolved  in  1909,  and  since  then  Mr.  Gal- 
liher has  been  sole  proprietor  of  the  busi- 
ness. 

He  has  interests  in  various  other  busi- 
ness affairs  at  Muncie,  and  is  a  director  of 
the  Delaware  County  Agricultural  Society, 


a  director  of  the  State  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, is  former  president  of  the  Country 
Club  of  Muncie,  and  has  attained  the  thir- 
ty-second degree  of  Scottish  Rite  Masonry. 
In  1913  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Muncie  Board  of  Safety.  His  work  has 
always  identified  him  with  the  democratic 
party.  He  has  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  the  influential  men  of  his  party 
throughout  the  entire  state. 

CHARLES  J.  ROBB  is  editor  and  associate 
owner  of  the  Michigan  City  Evening  News, 
the  oldest  paper  in  LaPorte  County  and 
one  of  the  oldest  in  the  state,  having  been 
established  in  1835. 

Mr.  Robb  has  had  a  long  and  active 
career  in  practically  every  phase  of  jour- 
nalism and  newspaper  ownership  and  man- 
agement. He  was  born  at  Montezuma, 
Iowa,  January  21,  1856,  son  of  Joseph  and 
Elizabeth  Jane  (McAllister)  Robb.  His 
father  was  an  Iowa  merchant.  Charles  J. 
Robb  was  about  eight  years  old  when  his 
mother  died,  and  after  that  he  lived  and 
acquired  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis,  Oskaloosa,  and 
Albia,  Iowa. 

He  went  with  his  father  to  Albia,  Iowa, 
where  his  father  again  became  engaged  in 
the  mercantile  business,  and  where  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  made  his  home  for 
many  years.  He  finished  his  apprentice- 
ship at  the  printer's  trade  at  Mishawaka, 
Indiana,  but  developed  his  talent  as  a  re- 
porter chiefly  with  The  Gate  City  at  Keo- 
kuk,  Iowa.  Then  for  a  time  he  was  re- 
porter and  office  man  on  the  Michigan  City 
Enterprise,  of  which  the  Evening  News  is 
a  successor.  He  resigned  the  position  of 
city  editor  of  the  Every-Day  Enterprise 
to  accept  a  similar  one  on  the  Sandusky 
Local  at  Sandusky,  Ohio.  After  several 
years  there  he  became  reporter  and  adver- 
tising manager  of  the  Flint  Journal  at 
Flint,  Michigan,  and  in  the  fall  of  1887 
became  manager  of  the  Grocers'  Regulator, 
a  trade  journal,  and  Price  Current  for  the 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  Reid,  Murdoch 
&  Fischer  at  Chicago. 

It  was  at  the  earnest  request  of  a  num- 
ber of  citizens  of  Michigan  City  that  he  re- 
turned in  1888  and  assumed  the  ownership 
and  editorial  direction  of  The  Evening 
News,  then  owned  by  the  Republican 
Printing  Company.  It  has  been  under  his 
jurisdiction  and  energies,  coupled  with 
those  of  his  partners,  that  The  News  has 


1958 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ilics,    members    of    Holy    Family    Church, 
Gas  City. 

CIIARI.KS  W.  GALLIIIER.  A  merchant  of 
long  and  prosperous  standing  at  Muncie, 
Charles  AY.  Galliher  is  one  of  the  promi- 
nent democrats  of  the  state,  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  Committee  of  Indiana  at 
the  present  time,  is  also  president  of  the 
Muneie  Commercial  Club,  and  has  a  num- 
ber of  other  avenues  of  active  influence  in 
that  city  and  county. 

He  was  born  at  Muncie  October  26, 
1864,  and  his  people  have  been  in  Dela- 
ware County  from  very  early  pioneer  times. 
His  parents  were  Martin  J.  and  Hlioda 
(Ogden)  Galliher,  the  former  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  the  latter  of  New  Jersey. 
They  married  in  the  east  and  in  1837  set- 
tled at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  but  soon  after- 
ward moved  to  the  pioneer  community  of 
Muncie,  which  was  then  known  as  Muncie- 
town,  and  was  an  isolated  country  village. 
For  several  years  Martin  Galliher  fol- 
lowed the  packing  business,  but  later  moved 
to  a  farm  near  Muncie  and  acquired  and 
developed  320  acres  of  rich  farming  land 
in  that  vicinity.  He  lived  as  a  farmer 
until  his  death  in  1887.  He  was  one  of  the 
noted  stock  raisers  of  the  county,  a  man  of 
honor  and  integrity  in  all  his  business  and 
r-ivic  relations,  voted  as  a  democrat  and 
was  an  earnest  and  hard  working  member 
of  the  Baptist  Church. 

Charles  W.  Galliher,  the  youngest  of 
four  children,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Muncie  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen began  an  apprenticeship  at,  the  car- 
riage painting  trade.  Though  he  served 
the  full  apprenticeship  lie  never  took  up 
the  trade  as  a  business,  being  diverted  into 
other  lines.  In  1888  he  entered  the  employ 
of  the  S.  C.  Cowan  Company  and  for  five 
years  was  manager  of  that  well  known 
Muncie  enterprise.  Tic  then  entered  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  draper  and  upholsterer 
at  118  South  Mulberry  Street.  This  is  the 
business  he  has  followed  ever  since,  and  in 
ihat  and  his  other  affairs  has  been  highly 
prospered.  In  1904  he  formed  a  copartner- 
ship with  C.  E.  Whitehill  under  the  firm 
name  of  Whitehill  &  Gallihcr,  which  was 
dissolved  in  1909.  and  since  then  Mr.  Gal- 
liher has  been  sole  proprietor  of  the  busi- 
ness. 

lie  has  interests  in  various  other  busi- 
ness affairs  at  Muncie.  and  is  a  director  of 
the  Delaware  County  Agricultural  Society, 


a  director  of  the  State  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, is  former  president  of  the  Country 
Club  of  Muncie,  and  has  attained  the  thir- 
ty-second degree  of  Scottish  Rite  Masonry. 
In  1913  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Muncie  Board  of  Safety.  His  work  has 
always  identified  him  with  the  democratic 
party.  He  has  an  extensive  acquaintance 
with  the  influential  men  of  his  party 
throughout  the  entire  state. 

CHARLES  J.  ROBB  is  editor  and  associate 
owner  of  the  Michigan  City  Evening  News, 
the  oldest  paper  in  LaPorte  County  and 
one  of  the  oldest  in  the  state,  having  beeu 
established  in  183"). 

Mr.  Robb  has  had  a  long  aud  active 
career  in  practically  every  phase  of  jour- 
nalism and  newspaper  ownership  and  man- 
agement. He  was  born  at  Montezuma, 
Iowa,  January  21,  1856,  son  of  Joseph  and 
Elixabeth  Jane  (McAllister)  Robb.  His 
father  was  an  Iowa  merchant.  Charles  J. 
Robb  was  about  eight  years  old  when  his 
mother  died,  and  after  that  he  lived  and 
acquired  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Indianapolis,  Oskaloosa,  and 
Albia,  Iowa. 

He  went  with  his  father  to  Albia,  Iowa, 
where  his  father  again  became  engaged  in 
the  mercantile  business,  and  where  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  made  his  home  for 
many  years.  He  finished  his  apprentice- 
ship at  the  printer's  trade  at  Mishawaka, 
Indiana,  but  developed  his  talent  as  a  re- 
porter chiefly  with  The  Gate  City  at  Keo- 
knk,  Iowa.  Then  for  a  time  he  was  re- 
porter and  office  man  on  the  Michigan  City 
Enterprise,  of  which  the  Evening  News  is 
a  successor.  He  resigned  the  position  of 
city  editor  of  the  E  very-Day  Enterprise 
to  accept  a  similar  one  on  the  Sandusky 
Local  at  Sandusky,  Ohio.  After  several 
years  there  he  became  reporter  and  adver- 
tising manager  of  the  Flint  Journal  at 
Flint.  Michigan,  and  in  the  fall  of  1887 
became  manager  of  the  Grocers'  Regulator, 
a  trade  journal,  and  Price  Current  for  the 
wholesale  grocery  house  of  Reid,  Murdoch 
&  Fischer  at  Chicago. 

It  was  at  the  earnest  request  of  a  num- 
ber of  citi/ens  of  Michigan  City  that  he  re- 
turned in  1888  and  assumed  the  ownership 
and  editorial  direction  of  The  Evening 
News,  then  owned  by  the  Republican 
Printing  Company.  It  has  been  under  his 
jurisdiction  and  energies,  coupled  with 
those  of  his  partners,  that  The  News  has 


' 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSnY  OF  ILLINOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1959 


risen  to  be  one  of  the  prominent  and  is 
one  among  the  best  daily  papers  in  Indiana. 
The  publishing  firm  at  present  is  Robb  & 
Misener. 

Mr.  Robb  holds  membership  in  and  is  a  . 
charter  member  of  the  Inland  Daily  Press 
Association,  composed  of  daily  papers  in 
seven  surrounding  states,  with  headquar- 
ters in  Chicago.  For  several  years  he  rep- 
resented Indiana  on  the  vice  presidency 
and  on  the  board  of  directors  of  the  asso- 
ciation ;  he  is  a  non-resident  member  of  the 
Chicago  Press  Club  and  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Republican  Editorial  Asso- 
ciation and  of  the  Northern  Indiana  Edi- 
torial Association. 

Mr.  Robb  is  a  republican  and  served  as 
chairman  of  the  Republican  City  Organi- 
zation for  several  years.    He  was  appointed 
collector  of  customs  of  Michigan  City  un- 
der   the     Harrison     administration,     and 
served  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  in  tiufff^j 
office.     Mr.  Robb  is  a  member  of  the  MIJA-J 
sonic  Order,  the  Benevolent  and  Bfofceotive. , 
Order  of  Elks,  the  Independent  WcteY1  'of'' 
Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the 
National  Union.     In  1890  he  married  Miss 
Josephine  R.  Webber  of  Williamston,  Mich- 
igan.    They  have  one  daughter,  Ruth  M. 

TILGHMAN  A.  HOWARD  was  born  in  South 
Carolina  November  14,  1797.  After  his 
admission  to  the  bar  in  Tennessee  he  prac- 
ticed in  that  state  for  some  time,  and  was 
also  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature. 
About  the  year  183Q  he  came  to  Indiana, 
and  was  subsequently  appointed  a  United 
States  district  attorney.  Tilghman  A. 
Howard  became  known  as  a  lawyer  of  splen- 
did ability,  and  as  a  jurist  or  political 
speaker  he  ranked  with  the  best  of  his 
day. 

The  death  of  Mr.  Howard  occurred  Au- 
gust 16,  1844,  in  Texas,  whither  he  had 
been  sent  as  charge  d'affaires. 

DAVID  C.  SPEAKER.  During  the  last 
forty  years  David  C.  Spraker  has  probably 
appeared  as  an  active  participant  in  as 
many  business  and  civic  interests  at  Ko- 
komo  as  any  other  man.  He  has  been  a 
merchant,  public  official,  manufacturer, 
banker,  and  altogether  has  lived  his  three 
score  and  ten  years  with  complete  fidelity 
to  the  best  ideals  of  manhood. 

Mr.  Spraker  was  born  February  15, 
1847,  in  Decatur  County,  Indiana,  son  of 
Daniel  and  Martha  (Miller)  Spraker.  He 


is  of  old  American  ancestry.  His  grand- 
father, George  Spraker,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, was  a  farmer  by  occupation,  and 
died  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety  years 
in  his  native  state.  Daniel  Spraker  was 
born  in  Virginia,  and  was  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Decatur  County,  Indiana,  com- 
ing west  in  1835  and  buying  land  near 
Greensburg.  He  was  a  farmer  in  that 
locality  until  his  death  in  1855,  at  the  age 
forty-four.  He  was  a  devout  and  sincere 
Methodist,  and  in  politics  voted  as  a  whig 
and  later  as  a  republican.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  had  a  farm  of  230  acres. 
His  widow  died  in  1859.  They  had  nine 
children,  three  of  whom  are  still  living. 

David  C.  Spraker,  sixth  in  age  among 
the  children,  was  a  boy  when  he  lost  his 
parents,  and  in  1860  he  came  to  Howard 
County  and  lived  with  his  uncle,  John 
Miller,  a  few  miles  west  of  Kokomo.  He 
attended  public  school  and  also  had  the 
advantages  of  the  Academy  at  Thorntown. 
He*  lymajfied  with  his  uncle  eight  years, 
ana  "m'T568  began  clerking  in  a  store  at 
New  London.  After  a  year  he  bought  out 
the  proprietor  of  a  drug  and  grocery  busi- 
ness, and  continued  merchandising  there 
until  1878,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  office 
of  county  treasurer  of  Howard  County. 
He  served  two  terms  of  two  years  each, 
and  on  leaving  office  he  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  drain  tile,  and  since  then 
has  been  busied  with  many  other  inter- 
ests. He  was  a  tile  manufacturer  two 
years,  and  in  the  meantime  had  become  in- 
terested in  the  natural  gas  industry. 

Mr.  Spraker  was  identified  with  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Kokomo  Natural  Gas 
Company,  which  put  down  the  first  pro- 
ductive well  in  this  part  of  the  state  on 
October  6,  1886.  Mr.  Spraker  was  vice 
president  of  the  Gas  Company  until  1895. 
In  that  year  he  organized  the  Kokomo 
Rubber  Company  for  the  manufacture  of 
rubber  specialties  and  mechanical  appli- 
ances, including  bicycle  tires,  and  Mr. 
Spraker  was  its  first  president  and  man- 
ager, and  held  these  offices  until  1917.  He 
then  sold  out  the  most  of  his  interests  in 
the  company  and  is  now  practically  retired, 
though  he  continued  as  a  director  in  two 
of  the  leading  banks  of  Kokomo. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order, 
the  Elks  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  is  a 
Methodist  and  a  republican.  From  1869 
to  1877  Mr.  Spraker  served  as  postmaster 
at  New  London,  having  first  been  com- 


1960 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


missioned  to  that  office  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Johnson.  Mr.  Spraker 
owns  a  large  amount  of  real  estate  in  How- 
ard County,  and  its  management  now  re- 
quires the  most  of  his  time. 

FRED  G.  WEBB.  A  business  of  great  im- 
portance in  every  community  in  the  United 
States  is  that  carried  on  by  the  manufac- 
turers and  dealers  in  shoes,  footwear  of 
some  kind  being  indispensable  to  health, 
appearance  and  comfort.  The  leading  shoe 
merchant  at  Anderson,  Indiana,  is  Fred  G. 
Webb,  who  is  sole  proprietor  of  a  business 
that  was  the  pioneer  in  this  line  here  when 
started  by  its  first  owners  many  years  ago. 
Mr.  Webb  is  a  shoe  man  of  long  practical 
experience,  and  is  considered  one  of  An- 
derson's representative  business  men. 

Fred  G.  Webb  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Madison  County,  Indiana,  2l/2 
miles  west  of  Anderson.  His  parents  were 
James  L.  and  Sarah  E.  (Gather)  Webb, 
the  ancestral  lines,  many  generations  back, 
reaching  to  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
The  early  Webbs  settled  in  Virginia,  and 
branches  of  the  family  may  be  found  in 
many  other  states  of  the  Union  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  The  father  of  Mr.  Webb  served 
as  a  soldier  through  the  Civil  war  and 
afterward  passed  his  life  in  or  near  Ander- 
son, Indiana,  as  a  farmer  and  dealer  in  real 
estate. 

In  the  country  schools  of  Madison 
County  Fred  G.  Webb  passed  through  the 
different  grades  and  then  entered  the  high 
school  at  Anderson,  and  for  two  years  he 
pursued  his  studies  there  and  kept  well  to 
the  front  in  his  classes  while  all  the  time 
he  was  working  in  the  mornings  and  on 
Saturdays  for  the  shoe  merchant,  E.  R. 
Prather,  whose  father  was  the  pioneer  in 
the  business  at  Anderson. 

With  the  exception  of  about  a  year  and 
a  half,  when  he  was  employed  as  window 
trimmer  for  the  firm  of  H.  S.  Hysinger  & 
Son,  Mr.  Webb  has  been  identified  through- 
out his  business  career  with  the  shoe  in- 
dustry and  probably  is  as  well  acquainted 
with  the  business  from  every  point  of  view 
as  any  man  in  the  country.  For  two  years 
he  was  connected  with  the  firm  of  Prather 
&  Berlsable  as  a  shoe  salesman,  and  after 
the  junior  partner  sold  out  was  engaged 
as  manager  and  continued  as  such  until 
January  12,  1914,  when  he  purchased  the 
Prather  store  and  has  continued  the  busi- 
ness very  successfully  ever  since.  He  is 


well  acquainted  with  the  demands  of  his 
trade,  his  selling  territory  taking  in  the 
city  and  even  extending  beyond  and  into 
Madison  County 's  limits,  his  reputation  for 
business  integrity  being  as  well  recognized 
as  his  enterprise. 

Mr.  Webb  was  married  in  1913  to  Miss 
Hazel  Marsh,  who  is  a  daughter  of  W.  R. 
and  Araminta  (Seybert)  Marsh.  The 
father  of  Mrs.  Webb  was  a  merchant  and 
contractor  at  Anderson  for  many  years. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Webb  have  no  children. 

Since  early  manhood  Mr.  Webb  has  taken 
a  deep  interest  in  public  questions  just  as 
an  earnest  citizen  should  to  ensure  good 
government  and  equal  opportunities  for 
all.  He  has  always  been  identified  with 
the  republican  party  and  in  1912  was  his 
party's  candidate  for  county  surveyor.  Al- 
though not  elected  he  was  defeated  by  so 
small  a  majority  that  his  popularity  was 
confirmed.  He  belongs  to  the  order  of  Elks 
at  Anderson. 

BENJAMIN  F.  SHARTS  has  long  enjoyed 
an  enviable  position  in  Logansport  banking 
and  business  circles,  and  for  the  past  five 
years  has  been  president  of  the  Fenton  In- 
vestment Company.  This  is  an  extensive 
mortgage,  loan  and  investment  business 
which  was  founded  and  built  up  by  the  late 
C.  0.  Fenton,  and  after  his  death  Mr. 
Sharts  accepted  the  responsibility  of  car- 
rying it  forward  and  has  done  much  to  in- 
crease its  prestige. 

The  Sharts  family  has  been  in  Cass 
County  for  seventy  years.  Benjamin  F. 
Sharts  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Tipton  Town- 
ship December  12,  1871,  son  of  Abiah  J. 
Sharts  and  grandson  of  George  P.  and 
Frances  (Bear)  Sharts.  George  P.  Sharts 
moved  from  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  to 
Preble  County,  Ohio,  as  a  pioneer,  and 
conducted  a  grist  mill  near  Germantown 
for  several  years.  In  1848  he  settled  on 
the  Richeson  farm  in  Cass  County,  and 
with  his  family  lived  in  a  log  cabin  until 
he  could  replace  it  with  a  more  comfortable 
structure.  George  P.  Sharts  died  in  1853, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-two,  and  his  wife  passed 
nwav  in  1875,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two. 
Their  children  were  named  Mary  M.,  Rose 
Ann,  Elizabeth,  Catherine,  Abraham,  John, 
Eliza  J.,  George  P..  William  0.,  Abiah  J. 
and  Caroline. 

Abiah  J.  Sharts.  who  was  born  in  Preble 
County  October  24,  1844,  was  four  years 
old  when  brought  to  Cass  County  and  grew 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


up  there,  receiving  his  first  educational 
advantages  in  a  log  cabin  school.  He  be- 
came self-supporting  by  his  work  at  the 
age  of  fifteen.  In  June,  1863,  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  he  entered  Company  F  of  the 
One  Hundred  and  Sixteenth  Indiana  In- 
fantry, was  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis, 
and  saw  some  of  the  hardest  fighting  in  the 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  campaigns  dur- 
ing the  next  year.  He  was  at  Knoxville, 
did  guard  duty  at  Cumberland  Gap,  Green- 
ville and  Tazewell,  Tennessee,  and  was 
granted  his  honorable  discharge  at  Lafay- 
ette, Indiana,  in  March.  1864.  On  return- 
ing home  he  resumed  the  responsibilities  of 
managing  the  home  farm,  and  conducted  it 
until  1879,  when  he  moved  to  a  farm  ad- 
joining the  old  homestead  on  the  south. 
In  the  course  of  time  he  developed  one  of 
the  best  farms  in  Tipton  Township,  having 
over  150  acres,  and  an  attractive  and 
comfortable  home.  He  has  always  been  a 
republican,  is  a  member  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  worships  in 
the  Seven-Mile  United  Brethren  Church. 
In  1867  he  married  Ellen  Alice  Wilson. 
Her  father,  Andrew  Wilson,  was  a  pioneer 
settler  in  Cass  County.  To  their  marriage 
were  born  six  children :  Harry,  deceased ; 
Benjamin  F. ;  Elmer ;  Walter,  deceased ; 
Blanche:  and  Charles. 

As  this  record  shows,  Benjamin  F. 
Sharts  had  behind  him  a  sturdy  agricul- 
tural ancestry,  and  he  has  always  been 
grateful  that  his  own  boyhood  was  spent 
in  the  environment  of  the  country.  He  did 
farm  work  at  the  same  time  that  he  at- 
tended district  school.  In  the  fall  of  1888, 
at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  went  to  live 
with  a  relative  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  and  at- 
tended the  high  school  of  that  city  three 
years.  Each  year  he  carried  off  the  honors 
of  his  class.  Returning  to  Indiana,  he 
taught  his  old  home  school  in  Tipton  Town- 
ship a  year,  also  the  Boyer  School  a  mile 
east  of  Walton,  and  was  in  the  Woodling 
School  in  Washington  Township  two  years. 
On  coming  to  Logansport  in  the  summer  of 
1895  Mr.  Sharts  was  employed  in  the 
county  treasurer's  office  for  a  year,  and  in 
May,  1896,  entered  the  Logansport  State 
Bank.  He  was  messenger  and  bookkeeper, 
later  teller,  and  in  May,  1906,  after  ten 
years  with  the  bank  he  was  promoted  to 
cashier.  Mr.  Sharts  was  with  this  old  and 
well  known  financial  institution  of  the  Wa- 
bash  Valley  for  a  total  of  seventeen  years. 


He  resigned  to  take  the  management  of  the 
Fenton  Investment  Company  in  the  spring 
of  1913.  Mr.  Sharts  is  a  republican,  has 
been  an  active  member  of  the  Cass  County 
Historical  Society,  is  identified  with  many 
civic  and  patriotic  movements,  and  is  affil- 
iated with  Tipton  Lodge  No.  33,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Logan  Chapter, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Logan  Council  No.  11, 
Royal  and  Select  Masons,  and  St.*  John 
Commandery  No.  24,  Knight  Templars, 
at  Logansport.  He  was  eminent  comman- 
der of  St.  John  Commandery  in  1907. 
October  3,  1900,  he  married  Miss  Pearl 
McManus.  This  loving  wife  and  devoted 
mother  passed  away  November  25,  1918, 
leaving  the  husband  and  three  children, 
Victor  Benjamin,  aged  sixteen;  Robert 
Wilson,  aged  twelve;  and  Eleanor  Jane, 
aged  three. 

RUPUS  MAGEE  for  many  years  was  re- 
garded as  one  of  Indiana's  foremost  demo- 
crats both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  served 
as  United  States  Minister  to  Sweden  and 
Norway  during  President  Cleveland's  ad- 
ministration. 

He  is  a  native  of  Logansport,  where  he 
was  born  October  17,  1845,  and  is  now 
spending  the  quiet  years  of  his  age  in  the 
came  city  which  saw  his  birth.  He  is  of 
.  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  but  of  an  old  Ameri- 
can family.  His  grandfather,  Daniel  Ma- 
pee,  served  as  a  soldier  in  the  Revolution. 
His  father,  Empire  A.  Magee,  was  a  mill- 
wright by  trade  and  was  one  of  the  pio- 
neers in  the  Wabash  Valley  to  follow  that 
occupation.  He  located  at  Logansport  as 
early  as  1836.  He  built  the  forge  at  what 
was  known  as  the  "Four  Mile  Locks"  in 
Miami  Township.  The  forge  was  con- 
structed for  the  smelting  of  "Kidney 
Iron."  Later  he  built  the  Aubeenaubee 
forge  in  Fulton  County  on  the  Tippecanoe 
River,  also  operated  a  grist  mill  at  Lock- 
port  in  Carroll  County,  and  at  Monticello 
built  the  mills  of  the  Monticello  Hydraulic 
Company.  He  died  at  Monticello  in  1873. 
He  was  a  Covenanter  in  religion. 

Rufus  Magee  had  few  opportunities  dur- 
ing his  youth  which  he  did  not  create  him- 
self. He  lived  with  his  parents  to  the  asre 
of  nine.  Thereafter  self  sustaining  occu- 
pation went  hand  in  hand  with  his  educa- 
tion. He  gained  most  of  his  education 
working  as  a  devil  and  practical  printer. 
His  first  experience  was  with  the  White 
County  Jeffersonian,  and  for  many  years 


1962 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


afterward  he  was  connected  with  various 
publications  both  as  a  printer  and  writer. 
He  was  in  Indianapolis  and  Logansport, 
and  in  December,  1868,  bought  the  Logans- 
port  Pharos.  In  August,  1874,  he  began 
issuing  a  daily  paper.  He  finally  sold  his 
newspaper  interests  and  for  many  years 
has  been  largely  occupied  with  his  private 
business  affairs. 

From  1872  to  1878  Mr.  Magee  was  a 
member  of  the  Democratic  State  Central 
Committee  and  its  secretary  two  years.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
and  in  1900  was  again  elected  to  that  office. 
In  1896  he  was  again  a  member  of  the  State 
Central  Committee,  but  resigned  when  the 
silver  plank  was  introduced  into  the  demo- 
cratic platform.  Mr.  Magee  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Sweden  and  Norway  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  in  March,  1885,  and  was 
abroad  representing  this  government  in  the 
Scandinavian  Peninsula  four  years  and 
three  months.  On  his  return  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  law,  for  which  he  had 
qualified  himself  during  his  newspaper  ex- 
perience, but  since  1902  has  lived  retired. 

Mr.  Magee  married  in  1868  Miss  Jennie 
Musselman.  They  became  the  parents  of 
two  daughters. 

JOHN  C.  F.  BRATTAIN,  former  postmaster 
of  Alexandria,  has  for  many  years  been  a' 
successful  business  man  of  that  city  and  is 
sole  proprietor  of  the  Brattain  Plumbing 
and  Heating  Company. 

He  was  born  at  Middletown  in  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  July  15,  1862,  and  when 
he  was  eleven  years  of  age  in  1873  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Alexandria.  His  great- 
grandfather came  to  this  country  from  Ire- 
land and  lived  in  South  Carolina.  Mr. 
Brattain 's  father  was  born  in  Indiana  and 
was  a  merchant  and  died  in  1910.  John 
Brattain  acquired  most  of  his  education  in 
the  Alexandria  public  schools,  attending 
high  school  for  three  years.  He  learned  his 
trade  under  A.  E.  Brattain,  and  was  his 
employe  for  ten  years.  In  1891  he  bought 
the  business  at  the  corner  of  Canal  and 
Church  streets,  but  subsequently  located 
and  erected  the  building  at  115  North 
Canal  Street  where  his  business  now  has 
its  headquarters.  He  does  general  plumb- 
ing, heating  and  general  repairs,  and  has 
handled  some  of  the  most  important  con- 
tracts over  a  territory  around  Alexandria 
for  ten  miles.  * 

In  1916  Mr.  Brattain  married  Miss  Wini- 


fred G.  Carr,  daughter  of  John  Carr  of 
Menasha,  Wisconsin.  Mr.  Brattain  has  al- 
ways been  an  active  republican,  and  his 
service  as  postmaster  of  Alexandria  was 
under  appointment  from  President  Taft. 
He  served  from  1910  to  1914.  He  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Masonic  Lodge  and  Council 
at  Alexandria  and  also  with  the  local 
lodges  of  Elks,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Improved 
Order  of  Red  Men,  Pythian  Sisters  and 
Eastern  Star.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  What  Mr. 
Brattain  has  acquired  in  a  business  way  is 
due  to  his  efforts  and  long  continued  work, 
and  he  stands  high  among  local  citizens. 
He  is  chairman  of  the  Factory  Committee 
of  the  Alexandria  Business  Men's  Associa- 
tion. 

EDWIN  WALKER,  M.  D.,  PH.  D.  The 
Walker  Hospital  in  Evansville  is  an  institu- 
tion of  the  finest  modern  equipment  and 
service,  and  for  a  long  period  of  years 
under  the  management  and  proprietorship 
of  Dr.  Edwin  Walker  has  served  the  needs 
of  a  large  section  in  Southern  Indiana. 
Its  founder  and  proprietor  is  a  man  of 
more  than  ordinary  eminence  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  has  been  doing  the  work  of  a 
well  qualified  physician  and  surgeon  for 
over  forty-five  years. 

He  was  a  pioneer  in  giving  Evansville 
modern  hospital  service.  He  acmes  of  a 
family  of  pioneers.  His  people  settled 
in  Evansville  more  than  eighty  years  ago. 
His  ancestry  goes  back  to  George  Walker, 
who  with  his  two  brothers,  named  Robert 
and  Michael,  sailed  from  the  port  of 
Dublin,  Ireland,  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century  and  settled  at  Newton  Creek  in 
New  Jersey.  This  settlement  became  allied 
with  the  Salem,  New  Jersey,  settlement, 
and  marriages  between  them  were  frequent. 
George  Walker  married  Miss  Brinton. 
Their  son,  George  Brinton  Walker,  great- 
grandfather of  Doctor  Walker,  married 
about  1760  Mary  Hall.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  William  Hall,  Jr.,  and  Eliza- 
beth (Smith)  Hall.  Her  grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Hall,  Sr.,  emigrated  from  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, in  1677  with  John  and  Andrew 
Thompson  and  settled  in  Pyles  Grove 
Township,  Salem  County,  New  Jersey.  He 
became  prominent  in  business  affairs,  his 
prosperity  being  measured  by  the  owner- 
ship of  extensive  lands.  In  1709  he  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  County  Court.  His 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1963 


second  wife  was  named  Sarah  Clement,  of 
Gloucester  County.  Her  oldest  son,  Wil- 
liam Hall,  Jr.,  was  born  August  22,  1701, 
and  inherited  a  part  of  his  father's  estate 
in  Upper  Mannington  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  Salem  property. 

Captain  William  Walker,  grandfather 
of  Doctor  Walker,  was  born  at  Pennsneck, 
New  Jersey,  in  September,  1782.  He  saw 
active  service  in  the  War  of  1812.  From 
New  Jersey  he  removed  to  Cincinnati  and 
remained  there  until  about  1835,  when  he 
came  to  Evansville,  then  a  small  and  flour- 
ishing town.  Joseph  P.  Elliott,  who  knew 
him  well,  wrote  of  him  in  his  history  of 
Vanderburg  County:  "He  was  never  idle 
but  was  an  active,  useful  man.  At  times  he 
contracted  for  earth  work  and  improve- 
ment of  streets,  and  sometimes  undertook 
to  build  houses.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Mexican  war  he  was  an  efficient  court 
official."  For  this  war  he  set  about  to 
raise  a  company,  and  hoisted  his  flag  in 
front  of  the  Market  House  at  the  junction 
of  Main  and  Third  streets.  In  two  weeks 
the  roll  was  filled  and  he  was  commis- 
sioned captain  of  Company  K,  which  was 
attached  to  the  Second  Regiment  of  In- 
diana Volunteers.  With  this  command  he 
went  to  Mexico.  He  was  killed  February 
23,  1847,  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista, 
while  leading  twenty-three  of  his  men  in 
the  thickest  of  the  fight.  The  survivors 
afterward  said  that  he  told  his  men  "we 
must  go  through  or  die,"  and  with  drawn 
sword  in  hand  he  led  his  men  through  the 
fray  and  fell  after  being  lanced  through 
the  body  in  seventeen  places.  His  remains 
were  brought  to  Evansville  in  the  summer 
of  1847  and  buried  in  Oak  Hill  Cemetery, 
with  becoming  military  honors.  He  was 
then  sixty-six  years  of  age. 

Captain  Walker  married  Catherine 
Tyler.  She  was  born  September  28,  1785, 
daughter  of  James  and  Hannah  (Acton) 
Tyler,  and  granddaughter  of  James  and 
Martha  (Simpson)  Tyler.  Her  great- 
grandparents  were  William  and  Mary 
( Abbott  1  Tyler,  William  Tyler  being  a 
son  of  William  and  Johanna  (Parsons) 
Tyler,  who  were  natives  of  Walton  in  Som- 
ersetshire. England,  and  came  to  America 
about  1688,  settling  in  Western  New  Jersey, 
where  William  Tyler  bought  large  tracts  of 
land  on  the  north  side  of  Monmouth  River. 
Captain  Walker  was  survived  by  his  widow 
several  years.  They  had  seven  children: 
James  Tyler,  George  B.,  Hannah,  William 


H.,  Mary,  John  T.  and  Oscar.  George  B. 
was  a  physician  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  Evansville  Medical  College.  He  was  for 
three  years  surgeon  in  the  Union  Army 
in  war  between  the  states  and  was  promi- 
nent in  business  affairs.  John  T.  was  also 
a  physician,  and  was  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  Mexican  war  and  surgeon  of  the  Twen- 
ty-fifth Regular  Indiana  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, in  the  war  between  the  states.  William 
H.  was  prominent  in  public  affairs  and 
served  as  mayor  of  Evansville  and  as 
county  auditor.  Oscar  was  also  a  physi- 
cian. He  removed  to  Missouri,  and  spent 
his  last  years  there. 

James  Tyler  Walker,  father  of  Doctor 
Walker,  was  born  at  Salem,  New  Jersey, 
April  15,  1806,  but  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  the  Ohio  Valley.  He  acquired  a  liberal 
education  for  his  time,  and  after  his  admis- 
sion to  the  bar  began  practice  at  Evansville. 
He  raised  a  company  for  the  Union  army 
in  the  Civil  war,  but  being  past  military 
age  his  individual  service  were  rejected. 
He  was  a  democrat  in  politics,  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature 
in  1844.  He  was  a  member  of  Grace  Mem- 
orial Presbyterian  Church.  The  death  of 
this  honored  member  of  the  Evansville  bai» 
occurred  in  1877.  He  married  Charlotte 
Burtis,  who  was  born  in  Center  Township 
of  Vanderburg  County  March  2,  1822,  a 
daughter  of  Jesse  and  Elizabeth  (Miller) 
Burtis  and  granddaughter  of  Jesse  Burtis, 
Sr.,  and  Elizabeth  (Brewer)  Burtis.  Jesse 
Burtis,  Sr.,  during  his  early  life  lived  on 
Broome  Street.  New  York  City.  In  1817 
Jesse  Burtis,  Jr.,  removed  to  Cincinnati, 
and  from  there  to  Vanderburg  County  in 
1820,  and  was  one  of  the  first  permanent 
settlers  in  Center  Township.  He  and  his 
wife  were  Quakers.  Mrs.  James  T.  Walker 
died  in  1901,  the  mother  of  two  sons.  James 
Tyler  and  Edwin.  James  Tyler  Walker 
has  long  been  identified  with  the  Evans- 
ville bar.  He  married  Lucy  Alice  Babcock, 
a  daughter  of  Henry  O.  and  Mary  (How- 
ser)  Babcock,  and  their  two  children  are 
Henrv  Babcock  and  Mary. 

Edwin  Walker,  who  was  born  at  Evans- 
ville May  6,  1853,  graduated  from  the 
EvaJisville  High  School  in  1869.  attended 
Hanover  College  at  Hanover.  Indiana,  and 
graduated  in  1874  from  the  Evansville 
Medical  College.  Hanover  College  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  P.  H.  D. 
Beginning  practice  the  same  year,  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 


1964 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Evansville  Medical  College.  Then,  in  1877, 
he  attended  lectures  at  the  University  of 
New  York  in  New  York  City  and  received 
his  diploma  from  that  institution  in  1879. 
He  has  also  taken  post  graduate  work  in 
New  York,  Baltimore,  Boston  and  Chicago, 
and  has  twice  visited  Europe,  studying  in 
London,  Edinburgh,  Berlin  and  Vienna.  In 
1882  he  and  others  established  a  city  hos- 
pital, and  operated  it  successfully  for  sev- 
eral years.  In  1887  he  established  at 
Evansville  a  training  school  for  nurses. 
This  was  the  second  school  of  the  kind  in 
Indiana  and  about  the  thirtieth  in  the 
United  States. 

Doctor  Walker  established  the  Walker 
Hospital  on  South  Fourth  Street  in  1894. 
Up  to  that  time  he  had  carried  on  a  gen- 
eral practice  and  his  work  has  been  chiefly 
surgery.  He  still  gives  his  supervision  to 
the  affairs  of  the  hospital,  and  that  institu- 
tion with  all  its  facilities  is  a  splendid 
memorial  to  the  painstaking  work  and  the 
high  ideals  of  Doctor  Walker.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the 
Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  has  served 
as  president  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medi- 
cal Society  and  as  first  vice  president  of  the 
^American  Medical  Association,  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  and 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  College  of 
Surgeons.  Since  1899  his  active  associate 
has  been  Dr.  James  York  Welborn. 

In  1880  Doctor  Walker  married  Capitola 
Hudspeth.  She  was  born  at  Booneville,  In- 
diana, a  daughter  of  George  P.  and  Mar- 
garet (Smith)  Hudspeth.  Her  father  was 
a  native  of  Bowling  Green,  Kentucky,  and 
a  relative  to  the  Daniel  Boone  family.  Her 
mother  was  born  at  Booneville,  Indiana, 
where  her  parents  were  pioneers. 

Louis  PHILLIP  SEEBURGER.  A  lifelong 
resident  of  Terre  Haute,  where  he  was 
a  successful  business  man  and  farmer, 
Louis  Phillip  Seeburger  was  most  widely 
known  both  in  his  native  county  and  state 
for  his  prominence  in  democratic  politics. 
The  field  of  politics  seemed  to  appeal  to 
his  tastes  and  inclinations  early  in  life  and 
for  thirty-five  years  he  almost  continuously 
held  some  office  or  other.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  a  candidate  for  twelve  different 
offices  and  only  two  defeats  were  registered 
against  his  candidacy.  His  last  office  was 
that  of  county  assessor  of  Vigo  County. 
His  death  occurred  on  the  17th  of  January, 
1919. 


Mr.  Seeburger  was  born  on  First  Street 
in  Terre  Haute  June  2,  1855,  fourth 
among  the  seven  children  of  Louis  and 
Caroline  (Frey)  Seeburger.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Baden  and  his  mother  of 
Wuertemberg,  Germany.  Louis  Seeburger 
came  to  America  in  1844,  lived  a  time  in 
New  York,  and  from  there  removed  to 
Philadelphia.  His  wife  came  to  New  York 
in  1845  with  her  two  brothers,  and  in 
1846  Louis  Seeburger  and  Caroline  Frey 
were  married  in  Philadelphia.  The  fol- 
lowing year  they  came  west  and  settled 
at  Terre  Haute,  their  first  home  being  at 
the  corner  of  Second  and  Poplar  streets, 
but  about  1848  was  moved  to  lot  seventy- 
two  in  the  city.  Louis  Seeburger  was  for 
a  number  of  years  engaged  in  the  retail 
meat  and  butcher  business,  and  was  a  man 
of  considerable  prominence  in  local  affairs. 
He  died  in  1876.  and  at  that  time  was  a 
candidate  for  the  Legislature.  He  had 
been  a  member  of  the  City  Council  foiu 
years  and  in  1872  was  nominated  for 
countv  commissioner  and  in  1874  for  city 
treasurer.  More  than  seventy  years  have 
passed  since  the  parents  were  married  in 
Philadelphia  and  the  widowed  mother  is 
still  living,  at  the  venerable  age  of  ninety- 
two.  All  her  seven  children  grew  to  ma- 
turity, and  the  first  to  die  was  forty-seven 
years  old.  Three  are  still  living  and  all 
residents  of  Terre  Haute. 

Practical  experience  in  business  came  to 
Louis  Seeburger  early  in  life.  As  a  boy 
in  Terre  Haute  he  received  his  first  in- 
struction in  some  private  schools,  and 
afterwards  attended  the  public  schools. 
Still  later  he  was  a  student  in  a  commer- 
cial school.  When  only  six  years  of  age 
he  began  helping  in  his  father's  butcher 
shop,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  he  bought  his 
first  cattle,  paying  seven  cents  a  pound  on 
the  hoof.  He  continued  in  the  butcher 
business  until  1882. 

He  was  married  that  year  and  then  re- 
moved to  a  farm  of  160  aeres  in  Honey 
Creek  Township  of  Vigo  County.  Mar- 
riage and  change  of  occupation  were  not 
the  only  two  events  of  that  year.  In  No- 
vember he  was  appointed  deputy  sheriff, 
and  in  January,  1883,  returned  to  Terre 
Haute  to  take  up  his  public  duties.  For 
eighteen  years  his  home  was  at  the  corner 
ofN  Fifteenth  and  Chestnut  streets.  After 
four  years  as  deputy  sheriff  he  became 
deputy  under  County  Treasurer  Cox.  and 
in  1887  was  appointed  to  the  United  States 


1964 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Kvansville  .Medical  College.  Then,  in  1877, 
he  attended  lectures  at  the  University  of 
New  York  in  New  York  City  and  received 
his  diploma  from  that  institution  in  1879. 
He  has  also  taken  post  graduate  work  in 
New  York,  Baltimore,  Boston  and  Chicago, 
and  has  twice  visited  Europe,  studying  in 
London,  Edinburgh,  Berlin  and  Vienna.  In 
1882  he  and  others  established  a  city  hos- 
pital, and  operated  it  successfully  for  sev- 
eral years.  In  1887  he  established  at 
Evansvillc  a  training  school  for  nurses. 
This  was  the  second  school  of  the  kind  in 
Indiana  and  about  the  thirtieth  in  the 
United  States. 

Doctor  Walker  established  the  Walker 
Hospital  on  South  Fourth  Street  in  1894. 
I'p  to  that  time  he  had  carried  on  a  gen- 
eral practice  and  his  work  has  been  chiefly 
surgery.  He  still  gives  his  supervision  to 
the  affairs  of  the  hospital,  and  that  institu- 
tion with  all  its  facilities  is  a  splendid 
memorial  to  the  painstaking  work  and  the 
high  ideals  of  Doctor  Walker.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  County  Medical  Society,  the 
Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  has  served 
as  president  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medi- 
cal Society  and  as  tirst  vice  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  and 
is  a  Fellow  of  the  American  College  of 
Surgeons.  Since  1899  his  active  associate 
has  been  Dr.  James  York  Welborn. 

In  18SO  Doctor  Walker  married  Capitola 
lludspeth.  She  was  born  at  Booneville,  In- 
diana, a  daughter  of  George  P.  and  Mar- 
garet (Smith)  lludspeth.  Her  father  was 
a  native  of  Bowling  Green.  Kentucky,  and 
a  relative  to  the  Daniel  Boone  family.  Tier 
mother  was  born  at  Booneville,  Indiana, 
where  her  parents  were  pioneers. 

Lorts  Pim.iJi'  SEEWRCER.  A  lifelong 
resident  of  Terre  Haute,  where  he  was 
a  successful  business  man  and  farmer, 
Louis  Phillip  Seeburger  was  most  widely 
known  both  in  his  native  county  and  state 
for  his  prominence  in  democratic  politics. 
The  field  of  politics  seemed  to  appeal  to 
his  tastes  and  inclinations  early  in  life  and 
for  thirty-five  years  he  almost  continuously 
held  some  office  or  other.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  a  candidate  for  twelve  different 
offices  and  only  two  defeats  were  registered 
against  his  candidacy.  His  last  office  was 
that  of  county  assessor  of  Vigo  County. 
TTis  death  occurred  on  the  17th  of  January, 
1919. 


Mr.  Seeburger  was  horn  on  First  Street 
in  Terre  Haute  June  2,  1855,  fourth 
among  the  seven  children  of  Louis  and 
Caroline  (Frey)  Seeburger.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Baden  and  his  mother  of 
Wuertcmberg,  Germany.  Louis  Seeburger 
came  to  America  in  1844,  lived  a  time  in 
New  York,  and  from  there  removed  to 
Philadelphia.  His  wife  came  to  New  York 
in  1845  with  her  two  brothers,  and  in 
1846  Louis  Seeburger  and  Caroline  Frey 
were  married  in  Philadelphia.  The  fol- 
lowing year  they  came  west  and  settled 
at  Terre  Haute,  their  first  home  being  at 
the  corner  of  Second  and  Poplar  streets, 
but  about  1848  was  moved  to  lot  seventy- 
two  in  the  city.  Louis  Seeburger  was  for 
a  number  of  years  engaged  in  the  retail 
meat  and  butcher  business,  and  was  a  man 
of  considerable  prominence  in  local  affairs. 
He  died  in  1876.  and  at  that  time  was  a 
candidate  for  the  Legislature.  He  had 
been  a  member  of  the  City  Council  foil, 
years  and  in  1872  was  nominated  for 
countv  commissioner  and  in  1874  for  city 
treasurer.  More  than  seventy  years  have 
passed  since  the  parents  were  married  in 
Philadelphia  and  the  widowed  mother  is 
still  living,  at  the  venerable  age  of  ninety- 
Iwo.  All  her  seven  children  grew  to  ma- 
turity, and  the  first  to  die  was  forty-seven 
years  old.  Three  are  still  living  and  all 
residents  of  Terre  Haute. 

Practical  experience  in  business  came  to 
Louis  Seeburger  early  in  life.  As  a  boy 
in  Terre  Haute  he  received  his  first  in- 
struction in  some  private  schools,  and 
afterwards  attended  the  public  schools. 
Still  later  he  was  a  student  in  a  commer- 
cial school.  When  only  six  years  of  age 
he  began  helping  in  his  father's  butcher 
shop,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  he  bought  his 
first  cattle,  paying  seven  cents  a  pound  on 
the  hoof.  He  continued  in  the  butcher 
business  until  1882. 

He  was  married  that  year  and  then  re- 
moved fo  a  farm  of  160  ai-res  in  Honey 
Creek  Township  of  Vigo  County.  Mar- 
riage and  change  of  occupation  were  not 
the  only  two  events  of  that  year.  Tn  No- 
vember he  was  appointed  deputy  sheriff, 
and  in  January,  18S:},  returned  to  Terre 
Haute  to  take  up  his  public  duties.  For 
eighteen  years  his  home  was  at  the  corner 
of  Fifteenth  and  Chestnut  streets.  After 
four  years  as  deputy  sheriff  he  became 
deputv  under  County  Treasurer  Cox.  and 
in  1887  was  appointed  to  the  United  States 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UWVERSTIY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1965 


revenue  service.  In  1889  he  resigned  his 
public  office  and  engaged  in  the  meat  busi- 
ness with  John  McFall.  In  1894  Mr.  See- 
burger  was  nominated  on  the  democratic 
ticket  for  the  office  of  sheriff,  and  although 
running  seven  hundred  votes  ahead  of  the 
ticket  was  defeated.  After  that  campaign 
he  engaged  in  the  wholesale  packing  busi- 
ness under  the  name  Seeburger  &  Patton. 

In  1896  the  democrats  of  Vigo  County 
gave  him  an  unanimous  nomination  for 
sheriff,  and  he  was  one  of  the  two  demo- 
crats elected  on  the  county  ticket  that  year. 
He  received  a  plurality  of  448,  and  the 
significance  of  this  is  heightened  by  the 
fact  that  McKinley  had  only  thirteen 
more  votes  from  the  county  as  republican 
candidate  for  president.  Mr.  Seeburger 
was  re-elected  sheriff  in  1898,  by  a  greatly 
increased  majority,  and  was  in  that  office 
until  November  1900.  In  the  meantime 
in  1899  he  bought  a  farm  three  miles  north 
of  the  Court  House,  and  when  public 
ties  did  not  interfere  he  gave  his  time 
energy  to  its  management. 

In  1906  Mr.  Seeburger  was  elected  a 
countv  commissioner  and  in  1908  was 
chosen  president  of  the  board.  In  1910  he 
was  nominated  for  state  senator,  but  on  a 
technical  ground,  that  he  already  held  a 
judicial  office,  he  was  declared  ineligible. 
In  1913  he  was  elected  a  member  at  large 
of  the  City  Council,  and  became  its  presi- 
dent. "While  in  that  office  he  was  elected 
county  assessor. 

Mr.  Seeburger  was  a  thirty-second  de- 
gree Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  in  the  York 
Rite  was  a  member  of  the  Lodge,  Chapter, 
Council,  and  Knight  Templar  Command- 
ery.  He  was  identified  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Terre  Haute  Commer- 
cial Club,  and  there  was  not  a  better 
known  nor  more  highly  esteemed  man  in 
the  citizenship  of  Vigo  County.  At  one 
ti*ne  he  was  president  of  the  State  Asso- 
ciation of  County  Commissioners.  At  an- 
other time  he  published  the  "Public  Offi- 
c;al"  magazine. 

On  January  26,  1882,  Mr.  Seeburger 
married  Miss  Mary  W.  Noble,  daughter  of 
Charles  T.  and  Elizabeth  L.  (Herring) 
Noble. 

Charles  T.  Noble  was  a  conspicuous  fig- 
ure in  the  early  educational  affairs  of  Vigo 
County,  is  remembered  as  the  first  teacher, 
and  many  who  afterwards  became  promi- 
nent in  business  and  affairs  recognized 


gratefully  the  early  influences  and  in- 
struction received  from  him.  Mr.  Noble 
was  also  the  second  county  clerk  in  Vigo 
County,  an  office  he  held  for  fourteen 
years,  and  was  the  first  auditor  and  first 
city  clerk  of  Terre  Haute.  Five  children 
were  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Seeburger,  two 
of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The  three  sons 
living  are  Edward  P.,  John  N.  and  Louis 
W.,  all  natives  of  Terre  Haute. 

GEORGE  S.  KINNABD,  who  achieved  prqmi 
inent  recognition  as  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis bar,  was  a  representative  from 
the  old  Sixth  District.  During  the  short 
time  he  was  engaged  in  the  work  of  his 
profession  he  rose  to  prominence  and  at  his 
death  left  the  impress  of  his  ability  as  a 
distinguished  lawyer.  He  was  accidentally 
killed  in  a  steamboat  explosion. 


p  W.  RAUCH.     It  was  the  fortune 

I.  yaf"$JJ  ^b4,§,^foju^n  lawyer  to  represent  the 

JflleV«ntH''itnlfllan'a  District  in  Congress  in 

one  of  the  most  vital  and  important  epochs 

in  history,  from  the  Sixtieth  to  the  Sixty- 

fifth  Congress. 

Mr.  Rauch  was  first  elected  to  Centre?" 
in  1906,  and  served  continuously  until 
March,  1917,  when  he  retired  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  During  his 
last  term  he  was  fourth  member  of  the 
powerful  committee  on  appropriations  in 
the  House  of  Representatives.  This  com- 
mittee directs  the  huge  money  bills  which 
make  possible  the  operation  of  the  vast  ma- 
chinery of  government.  Mr.  Rauch  also 
had  an  active  part  in  the  study,  delibera- 
tion and  passage  of  many  of  the  measures 
involving  the  great  and  complicated  prob- 
lems solved  by  the  National  Legislature 
during  the  first  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson. 

George  W.  Rauch  was  born  on  a  farm 
near  Warren  in  Huntington  County,  In- 
diana, February  22,  1876,  and  is  the  son 
of  Philip  and  Alartha  Rauch.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Huntington 
County,  later  attended  the  Valparaiso  Nor- 
mal, and  graduated  in  law  from  the  North- 
ern Indiana  Law  School  at  Valparaiso.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1906,  and  began 
practice  at  Marion,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Grant  County  Bar  Association. 

Mr.  Rauch  married  July  10,  1918,  Emma 
Nolen,  a  member  of  a  prominent  Southern 
familv. 


1966 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Although  a  democrat,  Mr.  Rauch  served 
for  ten  years  in  Congress  as  representative 
from  what  is  considered  one  of  the  great 
republican  districts  of  the  state  and  na- 
tion. It  was  highly  significant  that  when 
he  was  first  elected  he  was  only  thirty  years 
old  and  had  just  begun  the  practice  of  law, 
and  his  election  must  be  regarded  as  a 
triumph  of  personality  and  unusual  qualifi- 
cations. His  first  opponent  was  Frederick 
Landis  of  Logansport,  brother  of  Judge 
Landis  of  Chicago.  In  that  election  he  won 
by  a  plurality  of  3,000,  the  plurality  of  Mr. 
Landis  over  his  democratic  opponent  two 
years  before  having  been  over  8,000.  Mr. 
Rauch  continued  victorious,  and  succes- 
sively defeated  four  of  the  republican  lead- 
ers of  the  district. 

Besides  his  service  upon  the  appropria- 
tions committee  Mr.  Rauch  was  identified 
with  many  other  important  measures  before 
Congress.  As  member  of  the  sub-commit- 
tee on  fortifications,  he  helped  promote  a 
substantial  plan  for  the  fortification  of  the 
coasts,  the  fruit  of  which  came  co  a  proper 
appreciation  when  the  nation  entered  war. 
He  also  made  a  successful  fight  to  retain 
the  National  Military  Home  at  Marion.  It 
was  planned  to  remove  the  home  on  account 
of  the  rapid  decrease  in  the  number  of 
soldiers.  Mr.  Rauch  contended  that  the 
Home  should  be  preserved  not  only  to  take 
proper  care  of  soldiers  today  but  for  the 
future,  and  the  wisdom  of  his  contention 
is  now  of  course  obvious  and  has  been 
forcefully  demonstrated. 

Mr.  Rauch  was  also  an  active  supporter 
of  the  Federal  Reserve  Act,  which  now 
after  several  years  of  operation  is  recog- 
nized as  the  measure  which  prevented  a 
serious  panic  in  America  before  the  war, 
and  on  the  whole  is  one  of  the  greatest 
constructive  pieces  of  financial  legislation 
ever  carried  out  in  the  United  States.  His 
support  was  also  given  every  movement 
for  the  betterment  of  agriculture  and  all 
legislation  for  the  welfare  of  the  farmer. 
He  has  proved  a  good  friend  of  labor  and 
is  the  author  of  one  of  the  first  provisions 
in  an  appropriation  bill  providing  for  an 
eight  hour  day  on  government  contracts. 
All  of  these  things  deserve  to  be  remem- 
bered in  the  record  of  an  Indiana  con- 
gressman. 

COLONEL  K.  LEESON  is  one  of  the  widely 
known  business  men  of  Madison  County, 


and  is  general  manager  of  the  R.  L.  Lee- 
son  &  Sons  Company,  owning  and  control- 
ling the  largest  department  store  at  Elwood. 
A  steadfast  ambition,  hard  work,  fair  deal- 
ing and  genial  good  fellowship  have  given 
him  a  success  which  he  has  well  deserved. 

He  is  a  son  of  General  Wayne  and  Rosie 
('Armfield)  Leeson,  of  Elwood.  It  has 
been  customary  in  the  Leeson  family  to 
give  the  sons  distinguished  military  names 
as  their  Christian  titles,  and  Mr.  Leeson  is 
careful  to  disclaim  any  military  service 
that  might  have  given  him  actual  or  hon- 
orary possession  of  his  first  name. 

The  Leesons  are  originally  an  English 
family,  but  have  been  in  America  for  many 
generations.  They  were  prominent  as 
pioneers  in  Metamora,  Indiana,  where 
Grandfather  R.  L.  Leeson  conducted  a  gen- 
eral store  in  pioneer  times.  He  continued 
it  there  until  1873,  when  he  came  to  El- 
wood. Here  he  opened  a  modest  stock  of 
goods  in  one  room  on  Main  Street,  but  after 
a  short  time  his  store  was  burned  out.  He 
was  then  located  for  a  year  in  a  single 
room  on  Anderson  Street,  and  the  fiend  of 
fire  seemed  to  follow  him.  After  being 
burned  out  a  second  time  he  reestablished 
himself  in  a  room  at  the  corner  of  Ander- 
son and  A  streets,  where  the  Leeson  store 
has  now  been  located  for  forty  years.  It 
was  a  prosperous  business,  grew  in  favor, 
and  various  departments  were  added  from 
time  to  time.  Grandfather  R.  L.  Leeson 
died  in  1906,  and  his  is  one  of  the  honored 
names  in  commercial  circles  in  Elwood. 

His  active  successor  in  business  was  his 
son  General  W.  Leeson,  who  is  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  R.  L.  Leeson  &  Sons 
Company,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  business 
alone  until  1914.  In  that  year  he  shared 
his  responsibilities  with  his  sons  Colonel  K. 
and  Lawrence,  the  former  as  general  man- 
ager and  the  latter  as  president  of  the 
company. 

Colonel  K.  Leeson  had  a  public  school 
education  in  Elwood,  attended  the  Indiana 
Business  College  one  year,  and  he  learned 
merchandising  by  a  thorough  apprentice- 
ship in  every  department  and  phase  of  the 
business.  He  has  a  mind  that  comprehends 
and  grasps  all  the  details  of  the  now  large 
store,  which  has  about  125  employes,  and 
sells  goods  throughout  a  wide  section  of 
country  surrounding  Elwood.  He  also  has 
several  other  business  interests. 

Mr.  Leeson  married  Iva  Poole,  daughter 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1967 


of  William  and  Belle  (Clarkston)  Poole. 
Her  family  came  from  Jennings  County, 
Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leeson  were  mar- 
ried in  1915.  He  is  a  republican  voter  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Lodge, 
Quincy  Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  with 
Elwood  Lodge  No.  368,  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Zeta  Chapter  of  the  Beta  Phi  Sigma 
at  Elwood.  He  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

DUDLEY  H.  CHASE.  The  City  of  Logans- 
port  had  no  nobler  representative  of 
American  citizenship  and  ideals  during  the 
last  century  than  the  late  Dudley  H.  Chase. 
A  native  of  Logansport,  he  was  from  an 
early  age  identified  with  some  of  the  most 
sterling  scenes  in  American  history,  and 
for  upwards  of  forty  years  held  a  foremost 
position  as  a  lawyer  and  judge. 

He  was  born  at  Logansport  August  29, 
1837,  and  died  in  that  city  July  2,  1902, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five.  His  parents  were 
Henry  and  Elizabeth  (Donaldson)  Chase. 
This  branch  of  the  Chase  family  came  from 
Bristol,  England,  to  Massachusetts  in  colo- 
nial times.  Henry  Chase  was  born  in  Sara- 
toga County,  New  York,  in  1800,  and  was 
a  western  pioneer.  He  located  at  Delphi, 
Indiana,  in  1827,  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
practiced  four  years  in  Mississippi,  return- 
ing to  Delphi  in  1832,  and  the  following 
year  locating  at  Logansport.  He  enjoyed 
a  large  practice  and  associations  with  all 
the  pioneer  lawyers  of  Northern  Indiana, 
the  Wabash  River  at  that  time  marking 
almost  the  frontier  line  of  settlement.  In 
1839  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Eighth 
Judicial  District  to  fill  an  unexpired  term. 
In  1844  he  removed  to  New  York  City  and 
practiced  law  there  five  years,  and  then 
established  another  home  in  the  new  west- 
ern country  at  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin, 
where  in  1854  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  cholera 
plague. 

Dudley  H.  Chase  spent  most  of  his  boy- 
hood at  the  home  of  his  uncle,  William 
Chase,  in  Logansport.  He  was  educated 
in  the  local  schools,  and  from  an  early 
age  manifested  a  great  interest  in  military 
affairs.  In  1854  he  became  captain  of  a 
local  company  known  as  the  Logan  Grays. 
In  1856  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax  appointed 
him  a  cadet  at  the  West  Point  Military 
Academy.  Had  he  entered  that  school  he 
might  have  become  one  of  the  distinguished 


figures  in  American  military  affairs.  In- 
stead the  more  strenuous  and  exciting 
drama  of  Kansas  enlisted  his  service  and 
participation,  and  as  member  of  a  rifle  com- 
pany he  battled  for  freedom  on  that  soil. 
After  the  Kansas  troubles  he  returned  to 
Logansport,  studied  law  with  D.  D.  Pratt, 
and  in  1858  graduated  from  the  Cincinnati 
Law  School.  He  had  about  three  years 
of  quiet  practice  at  Logansport  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war. 

In  April,  1861,  his  local  military  com- 
pany was  offered  to  the  Union  army,  and 
Judge  Chase  equipped  it  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. It  became  Company  K  of  the  Ninth 
Regiment,  Indiana  Infantry.  Before  get- 
ting into  the  field  Captain  Chase  was  as- 
signed with  fifty-two  Indiana  volunteers 
to  duties  of  recruiting  in  the  State  of 
Maine.  He  and  his  followers  were  after- 
ward organized  as  Company  A,  Second 
Battalion,  Seventeenth  United  States  In- 
fantry. This  company  joined  the  Fifth 
Army  Corps  in  front  of  Fredericksburg  im- 
mediately after  the  battle  there.  Judge 
Chase  was  in  the  battles  of  Chancellors- 
ville  and  Gettysburg,  and  on  July  2,  1863, 
was  seriously  wounded  in  the  hip  by  a  shell. 
Later  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  New  York 
City  in  helping  quell  the  draft  riots.  On 
recovering  from  his  injury  he  rejoined  his 
command,  was  at  Rappahannock  and  Bris- 
tow  Station,  and  the  Mine  Run  campaign. 
On  account  of  wounds  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  left  the  service  February  4, 
1864. 

Twenty-seven  years  of  age,  with  the  best 
part  of  his  life  still  before  him,  and  with 
an  enviable  record  as  a  soldier  and  officer, 
he  was  soon  recognized  as  one  of  the  lead- 
ing lawyers  of  Northern  Indiana.  In  1864 
he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Cass 
County  and  re-elected  in  1866  and  in  1868. 
In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  Circuit  Bench, 
re-elected  in  1878,  and  after  twelve  years 
of  service  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for 
further  honors.  But  in  1896  he  was  again 
called  from  the  quiet  pursuits  of  his  profes- 
sion and  elected  judge  of  the  Twenty-ninth 
Judicial  Circuit.  He  was  still  engaged  in 
the  duties  of  that  office,  surrounded  with 
all  the  dignities  of  his  profession,  when 
death  came  to  him  and  removed  one  of  the 
best  citizens  Logansport  ever  knew. 

Judge  Chase  was  a  member  of  Logans- 
port  Post  No.  14,  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, a  member  of  the  Indiana  Com- 


1968 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mandery  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  was  a  Mason 
and  eminent  commander  of  St.  John 's  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Knights  Templar,  and  also 
a  member  of  the  Odd  Fellows. 

October  28,  1859,  he  married  Maria  Du- 
rett.  Her  father  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  Logansport.  She  died  April  12,  1877, 
the  mother  of  five  children :  William,  Rob- 
ert, John,  George  and  Mary.  December 
7,  1880,  Judge  Chase  married  Grace  M. 
Corey,  of  Saratoga  Springs,  New  York. 
She  was  a  member  of  the  Schuyler  family. 
To  the  second  marriage  were  born  four 
children :  Charles  D.,  Ruth,  James  and 
Louise. 

Charles  D.  Chase,  only  son  of  Judge 
Chase  still  living  in  Logansport,  was  born 
in  that  city  September  27,  1882,  and  for 
many  years  has  been  successfully  engaged 
in  the  undertaking  business.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  and  in  1903 
graduated  from  the  Myers  School  of  Em- 
balming at  Columbus.  Mr.  Chase  is  affil- 
iated with  Oriental  Lodge  No.  272,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Bridge  City 
Lodge  No.  305,  Knights  of  Pythias,  Logan 
Lodge  No.  40,  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  Logansport  Lodge  No.  66,  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics  and  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

THEO  STEIN,  JR.  The  name  Stein  has 
long  been  prominent  in  Indianapolis,  and 
some  of  the  services  and  experiences  of 
Theo  Stein,  Sr.,  have  been  recounted  on 
other  pages. 

Some  of  the  important  public  honors  of 
the  county  have  come  to  his  son,  Theo  Stein, 
Jr.,  who  is  now  serving, his  second  term 
as  county  clerk  of  Marion  County,  and 
also  has  a  recognized  position  in  business 
affairs,  all  of  which  he  has  gained  at  an 
age  when  most  young  men  are  merely  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  the  future. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  April  11, 
1889,  the  only  son  of  his  parents.  He  at- 
tended the  grammar  and  high  schools,  also 
Wabash  College,  and  finished  his  educa- 
tion in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
On  returning  home  he  entered  the  insur- 
ance business  as  an  employe  of  the  Ger- 
man Fire  Insurance  Company  of  Indiana 
and  in  August,  1911,  was  appointed  city 
manager  at  Indianapolis  for  this  company. 
He  helped  build  up  the  local  business,  and 
in  December,  1912,  organized  a  general  in- 


surance business.  He  is  still  actively  inter- 
ested in  this  growing  and  successful  con- 
cern, the  headquarters  of  which  are  in  the 
Lemcke  Annex  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Stein  since  attaining  manhood  has 
been  a  hard  worker  in  behalf  of  the  local 
republican  organization,  and  in  1914  his 
name  was  placed  on  the  county  ticket  as 
candidate  for  county  clerk  and  he  was 
elected.  He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason  and  a  member  of  the 
Shrine,  and  also  a  member  of  the  Marion 
Club,  University  Club,  the  Athena?um,  the 
Country  Club,  and  the  Board  of  Trade. 
In  1916  he  married  Miss  Dorothy  Kinnear 
Bennett,  of  New  York  City. 

GEORGE  W.  DICKEY  is  a  machinist,  and 
automobile  man  of  wide  and  varied  experi- 
ence, and  is  proprietor  of  the  Dickey  Motor 
Car  Company  of  Kokpmo,  distributors  of 
the  King  Eight,  Elgin  Six  and  Willys- 
Overland  cars.  He  has  a  large  business 
over  Howard  County,  and  conducts  a  thor- 
ough service  station  for  the  cars  distributed 
through  his  company. 

Mr.  Dickey  is  the  type  of  man  who  early 
gets  into  the  battle  of  life  and  is  satisfied 
to  win  his  promotion  only  on  merits  and 
actual  ability.  He  was  born  in  Howard 
County,  Indiana,  August  30,  1884,  son  of 
George  W.  and  Matilda  (Bon  Durant) 
Dickey.  His  grandfather,  Emanuel 
Dickey,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  was  an 
early  settler  in  Ohio,  and  in  1870  brought 
his  family  to  Indiana  and  became  a  farmer 
in  Owen  County,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life  and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy 
years.  One  of  his  several  children  was 
George  W.  Dickey,  Sr.,  who  was  born  in 
Ohio,  April  23,  1847,  grew  up  in  Owen 
Countyj  and  went  to  Marshall  County, 
where  he  met  and  married  his  wife.  In 
1883  he  located  on  a  farm  four  miles 
northeast  of  Howard  County,  and  about 
eight  years  later  moved  to  Cass  County, 
where  he  died  at  the  age  of  forty-four. 
He  was  a  very  progressive  farmer  and  also 
spent  much  time  buying  and  selling  timber. 
Politically  he  was  a  democrat.  His  family 
consisted  of  four  sons  and  four  daughters, 
and  seven  are  still  living. 

The  fifth  child  was  George  W.  Dickey, 
who  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
this  state.  He  was  twelve  years  of  age 
when  he  began  earning  his  living  in  a 
basket  factory  at  Plymouth,  Indiana. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1969 


When  about  fourteen  he  worked  as  bell  boy 
and  boot  black  in  the  Clinton  Hotel,  and 
at  sixteen  he  took  up  the  machinist's  trade 
with  the  Clisbe  Manufacturing  Company 
of  Plymouth.  This  firm  manufactured 
gasoline  engines.  After  about  a  year  there 
he  was  employed  as  a  machinist  for  a  year 
with  the  Oliver  Typewriter  Company  at 
Woodstock,  Illinois,  then  returned  to  Ko- 
komo,  and  was  in  the  machine  shops  of  the 
Haynes  Automobile  Company  and  worked 
two  years  longer  as  a  machinist  at  his  trade 
in  Chicago.  About  that  time  he  went  into 
business  for  himself,  doing  experimental 
work  in  the  machinery  line. 

All  this  training,  experience  and  practi- 
cal work  came  before  he  was  nineteen  years 
of  age.  Mr.  Dickey  was  in  business  for 
himself  about  two  years,  and  since  then  has 
devoted  his  time  to  the  automobile  business. 
For  five  years  he  had  a  repair  and  machine 
shop  in  Chicago.  June  12,  1909,  he  re- 
moved to  San  Antonio,  Texas,  and  sold  and 
repaired  automobiles  in  that  state  for  four 
years.  February  7,  1914,  he  returned  to 
Kokomo  as  his  permanent  residence,  and 
has  since  become  one  of  the  prominent  men 
of  the  county  as  salesman  of  automobiles, 
trucks  and  tractors  and  furnishing  a  re- 
liable service  department.  The  Dickey 
Motor  Car  Company  was  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  Indiana  April  12,  1916, 
with  George  W.  Dickey  as  president, 
Charles  W.  Hale,  vice  president,  and  Lelah 
M.  Burrows,  secretary  and  treasurer.  This 
company  was  dissolved  September  1,  1918, 
at  which  time  Mr.  Dickey  took  over  all  the 
stock  and  continues  the  business  now  as  sole 
proprietor. 

As  a  resident  of  Kokomo  he  has  given 
much  of  his  time  to  public  affairs  for  the 
betterment  of  the  city.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Congregational  Church,  an  independent 
voter,  and  is  affiliated  with  Howard  Lodge 
No.  93,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  Sep- 
tember 27,  1905,  he  married  Miss  Charlotte 
Mast,  of  Kokomo,  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  S.  P.  Mast.  To  their  marriage  were 
born  two  sons  and  two  daughters:  Char- 
lotte Geneva,  born  in  1907 ;  George  W., 
Jr.,  born  in  1910;  Bon  Durant,  born  in 
1914 ;  and  Mary  Beatrice,  born  in  1916. 

CHARLES  R.  Cox  is  one  of  the  younger 
business  men  of  Muncie,  and  is  manager 
and  active  head  of  the  Cox-Williamson 
Candy  Company,  wholesale  manufacturing 


confectioners.  This  is  a  business  which  is 
regarded  as  a  valuable  asset  to  Muncie  as  a 
growing  commercial  center,  and  its  suc- 
cess and  standing  is  largely  due  to  the  ex- 
ceptional enterprise  shown  by  Mr.  Cox. 

Mr.  Cox  was  born  on  a  farm  south  of 
Eaton  in  Delaware  County  October  23, 
1892.  He  represents  one  of  the  old  families 
in  that  section  of  the  state.  His  grand- 
father was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  on 
coming  to  Indiana  settled  on  a  farm  four 
miles  west  of  Eaton,  where  he  was  one  of 
the  pioneers.  Charles  R.  Cox  is  a  son  of 
Charles  V.  and  Lillie  C.  (Smith)  Cox.  His 
father  was  born  in  Indiana  and  spent  his 
life  as  a  farmer.  He  died  in  1895. 

Charles  R.  Cox,  only  son  of  his  parents, 
was  three  years  old  when  his  father  died, 
and  his  mother  moved  to  Eaton,  where  she 
lived  until  the  family  removed  to  Muncie. 
Here  Mr.  Cox  finished  his  education  in  the 
grammar  and  high  schools,  and  when  little 
more  than  a  boy  he  began  the  line  of  busi- 
ness which  he  at  present  follows,  manu- 
facturing candy.  Later  for  three  years  he 
was  clerk  and  bookkeeper  with  the  Muncie 
Electric  Light  Company.  In  August,  1915, 
he  was  appointed  manager  of  the  Cox- Wil- 
liamson Candy  Company.  Later  Mr.  Wil- 
liamson withdrew,  and  George  W.  Bauman 
was  admitted  to  the  firm,  though  the  name 
still  remains  as  formerly.  They  do  an  ex- 
tensive jobbing  business  in  making  five-cent 
packages  of  candy,  under  the  familiar  name 
of  "Triangle  Confections."  Much  of  their 
output  is  distributed  by  their  own  firm  of 
traveling  salesmen,  and  their  special  terri- 
tory is  sixty  miles  in  every  direction 
around  Muncie. 

Mr.  Cox  is  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church  and  a  republican  voter. 

JOHN  ARTHUR  KAUTZ  is  publisher  of  the 
Kokomo  Tribune,  having  bought  that 
paper  more  than  thirty  years  ago.  The 
Kokomo  Tribune  is  one  of  the  oldest  papers 
in  Indiana  of  continuous  publication.  It 
was  established  in  1848,  seventy  years  ago, 
and  was  first  published  at  New  London, 
then  the  leading  town  of  Howard  County. 
Later  it  was  m6ved  to  Kokomo.  Under  the 
ownership  and  management  of  Mr.  Kautz 
since  1887  the  Tribune  has  grown  from  a 
small  daily  of  400  circulation  to  a  paper  of 
8,560,  growing  steadily.  It  has  a  complete 
modern  plant,  and  is  housed  in  one  of  the 
best  buildings  at  Kokomo,  recently  com- 


1970 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pleted,  a  fireproof  structure  that  is  a  model 
newspaper  home. 

Mr.  Kautz,  whose  name  has  been  iden- 
tified with  many  other  affairs  at  Kokomo, 
was  born  in  Wabash  County,  Indiana,  Sep- 
tember 26,  1860,  son  of  Henry  and  Eliza 
(Baker)  Kautz.  His  grandfather,  Fred- 
erick Kautz,  was  born  at  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  an  early  settler  in  North- 
ern Indiana,  first  locating  in  Huntington 
County  and  then  in  Wabash  County.  He 
was  a  farmer.  In  1869  he  left  Wabash 
County  and  moved  out  to  Kansas,  but  at 
the  age  of  eighty  returned  to  Wabash 
County  and  died  there.  He  was  a  whig 
and  later  a  republican  and  a  member  of 
the  Dunkard  Church. 

Of  his  eight  children  Henry  Kautz  was 
the  oldest.  With  an  education  in  the  pio- 
neer country  schools  Henry  Kautz  has  had 
an  active  career  as  a  farmer,  builder  and 
merchant,  and  is  still  living  at  Andrews  in 
Huntington  County. 

John  A.  Kautz,  second  in  a  family  of 
three  children,  was  graduated  from  Butler 
College  at  Indianapolis  with  the  class  of 
1885.  He  had  two  years  of  experience  as 
a  teacher  before  he  bought  the  Kokomo 
Tribune  in  May,  1887.  He  is  one  of  the 
veteran  Indiana  journalists.  Among  other 
business  interests  he  is  a  director  of  the 
Citizens  National  Bank. 

Through  his  paper  and  as  a  private  citi- 
zen he  had  constantly  exercised  his  influ- 
ence for  the  broadening  and  upbuilding  of 
Kokomo  as  a  business  and  civic  center.  He 
was  one  of  the  organizers  and  a  member  of 
the  committee  that  built  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  and  has  continuously 
served  on  the  board  of  directors  of  that 
institution.  For  the  past  ten  years  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  school  board,  and  as 
such  has  done  his  part  in  building  the  pres- 
ent Kokomo  High  School  and  the  Public 
Library.  From  1902  to  1906,  under  ap- 
pointment from  President  Roosevelt,  Mr. 
Kautz  served  as  postmaster  of  Kokomo.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church,  a  re- 
publican, a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Rite  Mason  and  an  Elk. 

August  18,  1886,  at  Wabash,  he  married 
Miss  Inez  Gillen,  daughter  of  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
H.  H.  Gillen.  Mrs.  Kautz  was  educated  at 
Butler  College.  They  have  four  daughters, 
all  living,  Bernice,  born  March  3, 1888,  wife 
of  Kent  H.  Blacklidge;  Cordelia,  born 
April  30,  1890,  wife  of  J.  D.  Forrest ;  Doro- 


thy, born  March  4,  1892,  wife  of  Robert 
J.  Hamp ;  and  Kathryn,  born  July  3,  1897, 
unmarried,  and  still  living  with  her 
parents. 

JOHN  RAU  of  Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  glass  manufacturing  in  In- 
diana, and  is  president  of  the  Fairmount 
Glass  Works.  It  has  been  a  lifetime  pur- 
suit with  him.  He  began  as  a  boy  helper, 
has  worked  himself  up  from  the  lowest 
rounds  to  the  top  of  the  ladder  and  knows 
glass  makinsr  as  few  other  men  in  the  coun- 
try know  it  today.  The  history  of  the  glass 
industry  in  Indiana  is  told  on  other  pages 
of  this  publication.  From  that  chapter  it 
will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Rau  entered  the  in- 
dustry soon  after  natural  gas  made  In- 
diana one  of  the  most  attractive  fields  in 
the  country  for  glass  making,  and  though 
glass  manufacture  has  passed  through  its 
period  of  rise  and  decline  Mr.  Rau  is  one 
of  the  few  who  have  continued,  while  oth- 
ers have  come  and  gone,  and  is  head  of  a 
large  establishment  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Rau  was  born  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, August  15,  1856,  son  of  Frederick 
G.  and  Rebecca  (Schneider)  Rau.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Germany,  learned  both 
the  butcher  and  baker's  trades,  and  when 
about  fifteen  came  to  the  United  States. 
His  home  after  that  was  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  he  was  eighty-four  years  of  age 
when  he  passed  away.  His  wife  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  country  of  German  parentage. 
They  had  twelve  children,  ten  reaching 
maturity. 

Second  in  the  family,  John  Rau  had  but 
little  opportuunity  to  secure  an  education. 
He  was  only  nine  years  of  age  when  he 
began  working  in  a  glass  factory  at  Louis- 
ville. At  eighteen  he  could  scarcely  read 
or  write.  He  and  his  oldest  brother,  Fred, 
had  in  the  meantime  assumed  the  respon- 
sibilities of  assisting  their  father  in  rear- 
ing the  younger  children.  Reaching  the 
age  of  eighteen,  Mr.  Rau  realized  the  ne- 
cessity of  an  education  as  a  preliminary  to 
a  successful  career.  That  education  he  ac- 
ouired  largelv  by  study  alone,  in  the  silent 
watches  of  the  night  and  in  the  intervals 
of  hard  labor.  During  1884-85  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  glass  factory  at  Milwaukee. 
His  Milwaukee  employer  then  started  a 
factory  at  Denver,  Colorado,  and  Mr.  Rau 
was  one  of  the  men  selected  to  open  the 
new  plant.  He  was  at  Denver  and  Golden, 


1970 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pletcd,  a  fireproof  structure  that  is  a  model 
newspaper  home. 

Mr.  Kautz,  whose  name  has  been  iden- 
tified with  many  other  affairs  at  Kokomo. 
was  born  in  Wabash  County,  Indiana,  Sep- 
tember 26,  1860,  son  of  Henry  and  Kli/a 
i  Baker)  Kautx.  1 1  is  grandfather,  Fred- 
erick Kant/,  was  born  at  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  an  early  settler  in  North- 
ern Indiana,  first  locating  in  Huntington 
County  and  then  in  Wahash  County.  He 
was  a  farmer.  In  1S69  he  left  Wabash 
County  and  moved  out  to  Kansas,  but  at 
the  age  of  eighty  ivhirned  to  Wabash 
County  and  died  there.  lie  was  a  whig 
and  later  a  republican  and  a  member  of 
the  Dnnkard  Church. 

Of  his  eight  children  Henry  Kautx  was 
the  oldest.  With  jin  education  in  the  pio- 
neer country  schools  Henry  Kant/  has  had 
an  active  career  as  a  farmer,  builder  and 
merchant,  and  is  still  living  at  Andrews  in 
Ilnntington  County. 

John  A.  Kautx,  second  in  a  family  of 
three  children,  was  graduated  from  Butler 
College  at  Indianapolis  with  the  class  of 
188;>.  lie  had  two  years  of  experience  as 
a  teacher  before  he  bought  the  Kokomo 
Tribune  in  May,  1887.  He  is  one  of  the 
veteran  Indiana  journalists.  Among  other 
business  interests  he  is  a  director  of  the 
Citizens  National  Bank. 

Through  his  paper  and  as  a  private  citi- 
zen he  had  constantly  exercised  his  influ- 
ence for  the  broadening  and  upbuilding  of 
Kokomo  as  a  business  and  civic  center.  lie 
was  one  of  the  organizers  and  a  member  of 
the  committee  that  built  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  and  has  continuously 
served  on  the  board  of  directors  of  that 
institution.  For  the  past  ten  years  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  school  board,  and  as 
such  lias  done  his  part  in  building  the  pres- 
ent Kokomo  High  School  and  the  Public 
Library.  From  1!)02  to  190(5,  under  ap- 
pointment from  President  Roosevelt,  Mr. 
Kautz  served  as  postmaster  of  Kokomo.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Christian  Church,  a  re- 
publican, a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish 
Kite  Mason  and  an  Elk. 

August  18.  1886.  at  Wabash,  he  married 
Miss  Inez  Gillen,  daughter  of  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
II.  II.  Gillen.  Mrs.  Kautz  was  educated  at 
Butler  College.  They  have  four  daughters, 
all  living.  Bcrnice.  born  March  3.  1888.  wife 
of  Kent  II.  Blacklidge;  Cordelia,  born 
April  30,  1890,  wife  of  J.  D.  Forrest ;  Doro- 

. 


' 


thy,  born  March  4,  1892,  wife  of  Robert 
J.  Hamp ;  and  Kathryn,  born  July  3,  1897, 
unmarried,  and  still  living  with  her 
parents. 

JOHN  R.U-  of  Indianapolis,  is  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  glass  manufacturing  in  In- 
diana, and  is  president  of  the  Fairmount 
Glass  Works.  It  has  been  a  lifetime  pur- 
suit with  him.  He  began  as  a  boy  helper, 
has  worked  himself  up  from  the  lowest 
rounds  to  the  top  of  the  ladder  and  knows 
glass  making?  as  few  other  men  iu  the  coun- 
try know  it  today.  The  history  of  the  glass 
industry  in  Indiana  is  told  on  other  pages 
of  this  publication.  From  that  chapter  it 
will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Ran  entered  the  in- 
dustry soon  after  natural  gas  made  In- 
diana one  of  the  most  attractive  fields  in 
the  country  for  glass  making,  and  though 
glass  manufacture  has  passed  through  its 
period  of  rise  and  decline  Mr.  Ran  is  one 
of  the  few  who  have  continued,  while  oth- 
ers have  come  and  gone,  and  is  head  of  a 
large  establishment  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Ran  was  born  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. August  15,  1856,  son  of  Frederick 
G.  and  Rebecca  (Schneider)  Rau.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Germany,  learned  both 
the  butcher  and  baker's  trades,  and  when 
about  fifteen  came  to  the  United  States. 
His  home  after  that  was  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  he  was  eighty-four  years  of  age 
when  he  passed  away.  His  wife  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  country  of  German  parentage. 
They  had  twelve  children,  ten  reaching 
maturity. 

Second  in  the  family,  John  Rau  had  but 
little  opportuunity  to  secure  an  education. 
He  was  only  nine  years  of  age  when  he 
began  working  in  a  glass  factory  at  Louis- 
ville. At  eighteen  he  could  scarcely  read 
or  write.  He  and  his  oldest  brother,  Fred, 
had  in  the  meantime  assumed  the  respon- 
sibilities of  assisting  their  father  in  rear- 
ing the  younger  children.  Reaching  the 
age  of  eighteen,  Mr.  Rau  realized  the  ne- 
cessity of  an  education  as  a  preliminary  to 
a  successful  career.  That  education  he  ac- 
1'iiired  largelv  by  study  alone,  in  the  silent 
watches  of  the  night  and  in  the  intervals 
of  hard  labor.  During  1884-85  he  was  em- 
ployed in  a  glass  factory  at  Milwaukee. 
His  Milwaukee  employer  then  started  a 
factory  at  Denver,  Colorado,  and  Mr.  Rau 
was  one  of  the  men  selected  to  open  the 
new  plant.  He  was  at  Denver  and  Golden, 


• 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1971 


Colorado,  for  two  years,  and  spent  another 
year  blowing  glass  at  Massillon,  Ohio. 

This  was  the  experience  which  preceded 
his  pioneer  efforts  in  Indiana.  In  1889, 
with  three  other  men,  forming  an  equal 
copartnership,  he  established  a  glass  fac- 
tory at  Pairmount.  For  eighteen  years 
Mr.  Rau  was  one  of  the  men  who  held  up 
the  hands  of  industry  in  that  typical 
Quaker  settlement,  and  from  there  in  1904 
he  removed  to  Indianapolis  and  built,  with 
several  associates,  a  large  plant  for  the 
manufacture  of  bottle  ware.  The  present 
output  is  exclusively  bottles,  and  of  all 
sizes  and  colors.  At  the  present  time  the 
entire  plant  is  owned  by  John  and  Fred 
Rau.  It  represents  an  investment  of  over 
$500,000,  and  on  the  average  more  than 
400  hands  are  employed. 

While  Mr.  Rau's  activities  have  been 
associated  so  largely  with  the  executive  end 
of  the  glass  industry,  his  contributions  to 
the  business  are  also  represented  by  be- 
tween fifteen  and  twenty  patents  in  his 
own  name,  involving  various  phases  of 
glass  manufacturing.  Mr.  Rau  has  the 
distinction  of  building  the  first  continuStt'' 
tank  in  Indiana.  It  was  an  experiment, 
and  he  took  big  chances  in  erecting  it,  but 
demonstrated  its  utility  and  six  years  later 
others  began  following  his  example.  Some 
of  the  machines  now  used  by  his  company 
are  also  his  individual  invention,  and  it 
is  said  that  John  Rau  has  made  more  im- 
provements in  the  glass  business  than  any 
other  one  man. 

Having  come  up  from  the  lowest  walks 
of  industry  himself.  Mr.  Rau  has  always 
shown  a  sympathetic  understanding  and 
appreciation  of  the  laboring  man's  posi- 
tion. As  a  workman  he  stood  high  in  the 
councils  of  union  labor,  and  his  establish- 
ment has  always  been  conducted  as  a  union 
shop.  Politically  he  is  a  republican.  In 
1883  he  married  Miss  Alice  Marsh,  a  na- 
tive of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  They  have 
three  children:  John  Hite;  Charles  Dil- 
lard;  and  Marie,  Mrs.  Kenneth  C.  Wool- 
ling. 

MRS.  MARY  McCRAE  CULTER.  One  of  the 
well  known  names  in  literary  circles  is  that 
of  Mrs.  Mary  McCrae  Cnlter,  an  Mucator 
and  author.  She  was  born  in  New  Al- 
bany, Indiana,  April  12,  1858,  a  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  and  Catherine  H. 


(Shields)  McCrae.  On  her  maternal 
grandfather's  side  she  is  a  direct  descend- 
ant from  the  French  Huguenots,  and  on 
the  side  of  his  wife  is  in  the  ninth  gener- 
ation from  John  and  Priscilla  Alden.  Her 
grandfather,  Henry  B.  Shields,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  pioneer  families  to  settle 
in  New  Albany,  Indiana,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  relatives  still  live  in  that  part  of  In- 
diana. On  the  paternal  side  Mrs.  Culter 
is  descended  from  the  McCrae  clan  of  west- 
ern Scotland,  people  who  were  staunch 
Covenanters  in  the  troublous  days  of  early 
Scotland. 

The  Rev.  John  McCrae,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  educated  in  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see, and  in  the  New  Albany  Theological 
Seminary,  and  he  afterwards  served  as  a 
home  missionary  for  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Texas,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Ohio, 
and  Kansas.  In  1863  he  joined  the  Fed- 
eral army,  going  into  the  service  as  chap- 
lain for  the  Third  Kentucky  Cavalry,  and 
wa^jsent ^home  with  over  $30,000  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  families  of  the  soldiers, 
this  being  just  a^  the  time  Sherman  started 
'•Wft  Ws  -m&rcilrto-'the  sea.  Every  dollar  of 
that  money  reached  those  from  whom  it 
was  intended  in  spite  of  the  efforts  of  guer- 
rillas to  capture  it.  From  that  time  until 
the  close  of  the  war  Reverend  McCrae 
served  as  chaplain  in  the  military  prisons 
pt  Louisville,  Kentucky.  He  died  at  Ness 
City,  Kansas,  in  1890.' 

Mpry  McCrae  Culter  was  educated  in 
the  Western  College  for  Women  at  Oxford, 
Ohio,  where  she  graduated  in  1877,  and  she 
afterward  taught  school  in  Indiana,  teach- 
ing in  Clark  County  and  at  Salem  in  Wash- 
ington County,  and  after  removing  to  Kan- 
sas she  taught  in  Wichita.  Her  literary 
work,  begun  in  1895,  has  been  continued  to 
the  present  time,  and  she  is  the  author  of 
manv  well  known  works,  including:  "What 
t^e  Railroad  Brought  to  Timken,"  "Ships 
That  Pass  in  the  Day."  "Four  Roads  to 
Happiness,"  "Girl  Who  Kept  Up." 
"Prodiaral  Daughter."  "Jollv  Half 
Dozen,"  "Gates  of  Brass,"  "A  Real 
Aristocrat,"  also  many  serial  stories  and 
songs  and  poems. 

On  October  19,  1882.  Mary  McCrae  was 
married  at  Peotone,  Kansas,  to  Bradford 
M.  Culter,  a  native  of  Illinois,  and  their 
children  are  Edith  M.,  Mabel  M.,  Arthur 
E.,  and  Leila  E. 


Vol.   V— 5 


1972 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


CHARLES  F.  ROESENER.  A  city  like  In- 
dianapolis could  never  have  been  built  up 
to  its  present  importance  without  the 
earnest  efforts  of  stable  and  substantial 
business  men  to  which  class  belongs  Charles 
F.  Roesener,  who  is  proprietor  of  the 
Central  Transfer  and  Storage  Company 
and  a  well  known  and  trustworthy  citizen 
of  Indianapolis,  his  native  place.  Mr. 
Roesener  was  born  December  27,  1864,  in 
the  homestead  at  No.  905  Union  Street 
which  had  been  erected  by  his  father.  His 
parents  were  William  F.  and  Christina 
Roesener. 

William  F.  Roesener  was  born  in  Ger- 
many and  was  a  young  man  when  he  ac- 
companied his  three  brothers  to  the  United 
States.  Although  his  lack  of  knowledge 
of  the  English  language  prevented  his  em- 
ployment in  any  higher  place  than  as  a 
section  hand  when  he  first  went  into  rail- 
road work  with  the  old  Bee  line,  that  im- 
pediment was  soon  removed  because  he 
applied  himself  diligently  and  shortly 
afterward  proved  his  ability  to  read,  write 
and  converse  in  the  English  language,  and 
he  was  then  made  railroad  yard  clerk,  a 
position  he  filled  with  fidelity  and  efficiency 
for  many  years.  In  the  meanwhile  he  was 
married  at  Indianapolis  and  built  the  resi- 
dence in  which  his  widow  still  resides.  She 
also  was  born  in  Germany  and  came  to  the 
United  States  in  youth.  Their  four  chil- 
dren were  all  born  in  the  home  on  Union 
Street. 

When  the  old  Bee  line  was  merged  with 
the  Big  Four  Railroad  William  F.  Roesener 
went  into  the  transfer  business  with  his 
brother  Anthony,  who  was  already  so  en- 
gaged, and  they  continued  together  until 
1885,  when  William  F.  retired  on  account 
of  failing  health,  and  his  death  occurred 
in  1897,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four  years.  He 
was  a  man  of  sterling  character  and  of 
high  standing  both  in  business  and  church 
affairs.  He  was  a  faithful  and  generous 
member  of  St.  Paul's  Lutheran  Church,  and 
at  one  time  was  a  member  of  its  board  of 
trustees.  His  children  all  survive,  namely : 
William  F.,  who  is  general  cashier  of  the 
Chicago,  Indiana  &  Western  Railroad  at 
Indianapolis ;  Louisa,  the  wife  of  Charles 
Shoke,  who  is  in  a  nursery  business  in  this 
city;  Charles  F. ;  and  Marie,  the  wife  of 
George  Fahrbach,  who  is  connected  with 
the  New  York  Store. 

Charles     F.     Roesener     attended     the 


Lutheran  School  on  East  and  Georgia 
streets,  Indianapolis,  until  he  was  twelve 
years  of  age  and  then  decided  to  look 
for  some  business  opening.  As  he  was 
robust  and  large  for  his  age,  he  turned 
to  railroad  work,  and  served  two  years 
faithfully  in  the  capacity  of  messenger. 
Since  then,  however,  he  has  been  continu- 
ously identified  with  the  transfer  business. 
He  began  as  a  driver  for  the  Indiana 
Transfer  Company,  and  remained  three 
years,  and  then  went  with  the  Central 
Transfer  Company  and  later  was  a  driver 
for  the  Vonnegut  Hardware  Company.  In 
1887  he  started  into  the  transfer  business 
on  his  own  account,  beginning  with  one 
horse  and  a  wagon,  a  courageous  proceed- 
ing as  he  had  to  contend  in  a  business  way 
with  the  better  equipped  and  older  com- 
panies. He  had  made  many  friends,  how- 
ever, in  this  business  field  and  worked  hard 
and  long  and  found  himself,  in  January, 
1902,  able  to  buy  the  Central  Transfer 
Company's  entire  interests.  His  son  is  as- 
sociated with  him  and  they  handle  the  bulk 
of  the  transfer  business  here,  being  well 
equipped  with  a  number  of  men  and  teams 
and  with  twenty-two  motor  trucks.  Mr. 
Roesener  was  the  pioneer  in  the  use  of  mo- 
tor trucks  in  the  transfer  business  here. 
The  Central  Transfer  Company  was  started 
here  by  Henry  Frazier,  of  the  Big  Four, 
and  Oran  Perry,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road. In  1901  Mr.  Frazier  retired  and 
later  Mr.  Perry  sold  out  to  Mr.  Roesener. 
In  addition  to  transfer  the  company  makes 
an  important  feature  of  the  storage  busi- 
ness, and  they  have  warehouses  from  Nos. 
118  to  144  South  Alabama  Street. 

Mr.  Roesner  was  married  in  1886  to  Miss 
Christina  Steinmetz,  who  is  a  daughter  of 
John  F.  Steinmetz  of  Indianapolis,  and 
they  have  one  son,  Elmer,  who  is  associated 
with  his  father  and  has  charge  of  the  mo- 
tor trucks.  The  family  belongs  to  the 
Lutheran  Church.  Mr.  Roesener  is  a 
staunch  democrat  politically  and  heartily 
supports  the  present  administration  at 
Washington  and  faithfully  does  his  duty 
as  a  citizen  at  home.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  rather  notable  grand  jury  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1914  that  indicted  so  many 
individuals  here  for  alleged  election  frauds, 
and  on  many  other  occasions  has  proved 
his  fearlessness  in  maintaining  his  convic- 
tions when  he  believes  he  is  in  the  right. 
He  is  identified  with  the  Order  of  Elks. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1973 


EDGAR  AUGUSTUS  SIMMONS  is  president 
of  the  Farmers  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of 
Kokomo.  This  bank,  established  in  1902 
as  the  Kokomo  National  Bank,  has  enjoyed 
a  career  of  great  and  marked  prosperity, 
and  has  been  steadily  increasing  its  re- 
sources until  it  is  now  considered  one  of  the 
strongest  banks  in  Northern  Indiana.  It 
has  a  capital  of  $150,000,  surplus  and  un- 
divided profits  of  approximately  $80,000, 
and  total  resources  of  $1,187,609.  One 
especially  interesting  feature  of  its  condi- 
tion is  that  its  volume  of  deposits  has  al- 
most doubled  in  three  years.  The  deposits 
in  1918  are  over  $1,000,000.  They  conduct 
a  general  banking  business,  including  sav- 
ings, trust,  real  estate,  rental,  insurance, 
investment,  and  loan  departments,  and  thus 
have  all  those  branches  of  service  found  in 
the  largest  metropolitan  banks.  Its  offi- 
cers and  directors  include  some  of  the  best 
known  business  men  and  citizens  of  How- 
ard County.  Besides  Mr.  Simmons  as 
president  the  vice  president  is  George  W. 
Duke,  E.  B.  Seaward  is  cashier,  W.  W. 
Drinkwater  is  treasurer  and  secretary,  and 
other  directors  are  Lex  J.  Kirkpatrick,  J. 
W.  Learner,  Thomas  C.  McReynolds,  E.  L. 
Danner.  A.  G.  Seiberling,  and  C.  W.  Mc- 
Reynolds. 

Edgar  Augustus  Simmons  was  born  at 
Shelby  County,  Indiana,  November  6,  1859, 
son  of  Augustus  and  Catherine  (Giles) 
Simmons.  Catherine  Giles  was  born  in 
Bourbon  County,  Kentucky,  July  16,  1819. 
As  a  girl  she  accompanied  her  parents  to 
Shelby  County,  Indiana,  when  fifteen  years 
of  age,  and  a  few  years  later  married  James 
Thompson.  The  Thompson  family  removed 
to  Howard  County  in  1844,  locating  about 
five  miles  west  of  Kokomo.  A  year  later 
James  Thompson  took  a  claim  a  mile  nearer 
the  county  seat,  but  died  the  following 
year  without  having  had  much  opportunity 
to  improve  his  land.  After  the  death  of 
her  husband  Mrs.  Thompson  returned  to 
Shelby  County  and  there  married  Augustii" 
Simmons.  They  lived  in  Shelby  County 
until  she  became  a  second  time  a  widow,  in 
the  year  1865,  when  their  son  Edgar  A.  was 
only  five  years  old.  In  1872  she  brought 
her  family  to  Howard  County,  and  contin- 
ued to  reside  here  until  her  death  at  Ko- 
komo April  7,  1908,  at  the  ripe  old  age  of 
eighty-nine.  Of  her  family  three  children 
survive :  Leonidas ;  America,  wife  of  Frank 
Todhunter ;  and  Edgar  A. 


Edgar  A.  Simmons  was  thirteen  years 
old  when  his  mother  came  to  Howard 
County  and  located  on  the  farm  known  as 
the  old  Indian  Spring  Farm  about  five 
miles  west  of  Kokomo.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  attended  district  school  in  Shelby 
County,  and  afterwards  had  the  advantages 
of  the  public  schools  of  Kokomo.  He  lived 
at  home  with  his  mother  and  handled  many 
of  the  responsibilities  of  the  farm  until 
his  twenty-fourth  year. 

In  1883  Mr.  Simmons  married  Miss  Belle 
George,  daughter  of  W.  W.  George,  who 
came  from  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  in 
1873  and  settled  three  miles  west  of  Ko- 
komo, on  the  Pike.  For  three  years  after 
his  marriage  Mr.  Simmons  farmed  in  Er- 
win  Township,  and  was  then  appointed 
deputy  sheriff  under  Isaac  Wright.  He 
was  deputy  sheriff  four  years,  and  in  1890 
was  nominated  by  his  party  for  the  office 
of  sheriff  and  was  elected  by  a  handsome 
majority,  being  one  of  the  leaders  on  the 
republican  ticket  that  year.  At  the  end  of 
one  term  the  people  of  Howard  County 
were  so  well  satisfied  with  his  conduct  of 
office  that  they  elected  him  by  an  even 
larger  majority. 

On  retiring  from  the  sheriff's  office  Mr. 
Simmons  became  associated  with  W.  S. 
Armstrong,  former  mayor  of  Kokomo,  and 
ex-County  Clerk  V.  D.  Ellis  in  the  hard- 
ware business.  Two  years  later  he  sold 
out  his  interest  and  entered  real  estate. 
Mr.  Simmons  was  in  the  real  estate  business 
at  Kokomo  from  1898  to  1906.  In  the 
latter  year  he  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Kokomo  and  held  that  office  one  term. 
From  1900  to  1904.  for  two  terms,  he  was 
chairman  of  the  Howard  County  Repub- 
lican Committee.  Mr.  Simmons  was  elected 
president  of  the  Kokomo  National  Bank, 
now  the  Farmers  Trust  &  Savings  Bank, 
in  1910,  and  has  since  devoted  practically 
all  his  time  and  energies  to  this  institution, 
which  in  its  growth  and  prosperity  reflects 
to  a  large  extent  the  wisdom  of  its  manage- 
ment. 

FREDOLIN  RUSSELL  BORTON  is  one  of  the 

.  younger  business  men   and  merchants  of 

Richmond,  member  of  the  firm  Thompson 

&    Borton,    dealers    in    men's    and    boy's 

clothing  and  furnishings. 

Mr.  Borton  was  born  at  Webster  in 
Wayne  County,  Indiana,  November  9, 1889, 
son  of  Alfred  E.  and  Lydia  (Russell)  Bor- 


1974 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ton.  He  attended  the  public  schools  at 
Webster,  graduating  from  high  school  in 
1907,  and  took  two  years  in  the  normal 
course  at  Earlham  College.  Having  qual- 
ified as  a  teacher  he  followed  that  occupa- 
tion in  New  Garden  Township  of  Wayne 
County  for  two  years.  He  left  the  school 
room  to  identify  himself  with  merchandis- 
ing as  a  salesman  with  the  clothing  house 
of  Krone  &  Kennedy.  He  remained  with 
that  firm  nine  years  and  accepted  every 
opportunity  to  improve  his  ability  and 
benefit  by  his  increasing  experience.  For 
a  short  time  he  was  in  a  similar  business 
at  South  Bend,  and  in  1917  returned  to 
Richmond  and  bought  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  Thompson.  They  now  have  one  of  the 
leading  stores  of  the  kind  in  Eastern  In- 
diana. 

In  1913  Mr.  Borton  married  Lueile  Pitts, 
daughter  of  George  and  Minnie  (Steddqn) 
Pitts  of  Webster.  Their,  one.  3Qnr  Georga. 
Russell,  was  born  in  1916.  Mrl-Borton  h« 
taken  an  active  interest  in  local  affairs  and 
during  the  progress  of  the  war  he  served  as 
a  private  in  Company  K  of  the  Indiana 
State  Militia.  He  is  independent  in  poli- 
tics and  a  member  of  the  Friends  Church. 
His  only  fraternal  affiliation  is  the;  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men. 


EDWARD  A.  STUCKMEYER.  While  his 
work  and  service  as  a  business  man  have 
made  Mr.  Stuckmeyer  well  known  in  In- 
dianapolis for  many  years,  his  wider  recog- 
nition over  the  state  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
he  is  now  president  of  the  State  Board  of 
Pharmacy,  through  which  all  candidates 
for  licenses  as  registered  pharmacists  are 
examined  and  approved.  Mr.  Stuckmeyer 
was  formerly  secretary  of  this  board,  and 
much  of  the  efficiency  associated  with  the 
administration  of  the  state  law  on  phar- 
macy is  the  result  of  his  painstaking  efforts 
and  professional  standards  and  ideals. 

Mr.  Stuckmeyer  was  born  in  Indianap- 
olis, a  son  of  John  Henry  Stuckmeyer. 
The  Stuckmeyer  family  has  been  a  well 
known  one  in  Indianapolis  for  over  half  a 
century.  His  father  was  a  well  known 
carpenter  and  contractor  in  Indianapolis. 
Edward  A.  Stuckmeyer  obtained  his  early 
education  in  the  Indianapolis  public 
schools,  but  was  only  fifteen  years  old  when 
he  went  to  work  in  the  drug  store  of  Dr. 
D.  G.  Reid,  with  whom  he  acquired  much 
of  his  early  training.  The  Reid  store  was 


at  Fletcher  Avenue  and  Shelby  Street. 
Later  for  some  time  Mr.  Stuekmeyer  was 
in  the  store  of  Charles  G.  Traub  and  C.  W. 
Ichrod.  About  the  time  he  turned  his  ma- 
jority he  entered  business  for  himself  in 
partnership  with  his  brother,  J.  H.  Stuck- 
meyer, and  for  the  past  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury the  firm  has  been  J.  H.  and  E.  A. 
Stuckmeyer.  They  own  and  operate  two 
of  the  high  class  drug  stores  of  the  city, 
one  at  1853  Madison  Avenue  and  the  other 
at  1415  Prospect  Street.  Mr.  E.  A.  Stuck- 
meyer has  active  charge  and  management 
of  the  latter  store. 

In  politics  he  is  a  democrat,  and  for 
years  has  lent  his  interest  and  co-operation 
to  all  civic  and  welfare  projects.  Mr. 
Stuckmeyer  is  married,  and  his  son,  Edwin 
J.  Stuckmeyer,  is  a  graduate  of  the  Indiana 
College  of  Pharmacy  and  is  a  registered 
pharmacist. 

il  '-OscAB  RAYMOND  LUHRING,  present  repre- 
sentative of  the  First  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  Indiana,  is  a  lawyer  by  profession 
and  has  had  a  busy  practice  and  many 
public  responsibilities  at  Evansville  since 
1900. 

He  was  born  in  Gibson  County,  Indiana, 
February  11,  1879.  His  early  advantages 
in  the  public  schools  were  supplemented 
by  a  literary  and  law  course  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  where  he  graduated 
LL.  B.  on  June  13,  1900.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  of  Indiana  in  August  of  the 
same  year  at  Evansville,  and  forthwith 
entered  upon  an  active  practice.  His  first 
important  public  honor  came  in  1902,  with 
his  election  to  the  Sixty-Third  General  As- 
sembly of  Indiana.  He  served  one  term  in 
the  House  and  in  1904  was  appointed  dep- 
uty prosecuting  attorney  for  the  First  Ju- 
dicial Circuit,  and  held  that  office  until 
1908.  He  was  then  regularly  elected  pros- 
ecuting attorney,  and  served  two  terms, 
1908  to  1912,  and  was  renominated  for  a 
third  term  but  declined  the  honor.  He  has 
for  many  years  been  one  of  the  leading 
republicans  of  the  First  District,  and  at 
the  election  in  November,  1918,  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Sixty-Sixth  Congress  by 
20,440  votes  against  18,837  votes  given  to 
George  K.  Denton,  his  democratic  rival. 

Mr.  Luhring  married  June  16, 1902,  Mar- 
garet Graham  Evans  of  Minneapolis, 
daughter  of  the  late  Robert  G.  Evans. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILUNOfT 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1975 


FRANK  M.  GREATHOUSE  came  to  Elwood 
about  twenty-five  years  ago  and  made  him- 
self popular  with  the  community  as  sales- 
man for  some  of  the  clothing  and  dry  goods 
concerns  of  that  city.  Popularity  followed 
him  when  he  entered  business  on  his  own 
account,  and  today  as  head  of  the  firm 
Greathouse  &  Harris  he  is  head  of  the  larg- 
est store  of  its  kind  in  Elwood  and  is  one 
of  the  leading  merchants  of  that  section 
of  Indiana.  What  he  has  he  has  worked 
for  and  earned,  and  every  step  of  his  career 
may  be  closely  scrutinized  and  has  meas- 
ured up  to  the  most  exacting  standards  of 
commercial  honor. 

Mr.  Greathouse  was  born  on  a  farm  at 
Hillsboro  in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  in 
1859,  son  of  John  and  Caroline  (Van- 
Winkle)  Greathouse.  The  first  generation 
of  the  Greathouse  family  lived  in  Virginia. 
One  of  Mr.  Greathouse 's  great  :grandfath- 
ers  served  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Most 
of  the  family  during  the  different  genera- 
tions have  been  farmers  and  traders,  and 
have  always  been  especially  successful  in 
raising  and  handling  horses. 

John  Greathouse,  father  of  Frank  M., 
came  to  Indiana  in  1865  and  settled  on  a 
farm  near  Noblesville.  In  1870  he  moved 
out  to  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  and  died  there. 
He  was  buried  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Masonic  Order,  of  which  he  had  long  been 
a  member.  His  wife  died  in  1888. 

Frank  M.  Greathouse  received  his  first 
schooling  at  Noblesville,  Indiana,  but  after 
the  age  of  twelve  he  lived  on  his  uncle's 
farm  at  New  Vienna,  Ohio,  and  attended 
school  there  until  he  was  about  seventeen. 
Leaving  the  farm  he  found  his  first  oppor- 
tunity to  enter  commercial  life  at  Alexan- 
dria, Indiana,  where  for  a  year  and  a  half 
he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  the  Baum 
Brothers  general  merchandise  store.  He 
went  with  the  firm  on  its  removal  to  El- 
wood, and  continued  with  them  there  for 
a  year  and  a  half.  For  another  two  years 
he  was  clerk  and  salesman  with  Jacob 
Kraus,  clothier,  and  from  1889  to  1891  a 
salesman  for  B.  L.  Bing  of  Anderson. 

In  1891  Mr.  Greathouse  married  Roxie 
Brown,  daughter  of  Rudolph  and  Martha 
(Dwiggins)  Brown  of  Madison  County. 

After  his  marriage  he  was  clerk  for 
Emanuel  Levy,  clothing  merchant  of  El- 
wood, until  1894  was  with  D.  G.  Evans  & 
Company  of  Elwood,  and  later  with  F.  W. 
Simmons  until  1902. 


He  and  I.  B.  Bietman  then  formed  the 
partnership  of  Bietman  &  Greathouse,  and 
bought  out  the  Simmons  store  at  Elwood. 
The  partnership  continued  until  1906,  when 
Mr.  Bietman  retired,  leaving  the  entire 
business  to  Mr.  Greathouse.  In  1907  the 
latter  took  in  as  partner  James  W.  Harris, 
and  for  the  past  ten  years  the  firm  of 
Greathouse  &  Harris  has  conducted  the 
largest  stock  of  clothing  and  dry  goods  in 
the  city.  They  have  a  trade  in  the  sur- 
rounding country  for  a  distance  of  fifteen 
miles. 

Mr.  Greathouse  is  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  has  always  been  exceedingly  pub.- 
lic  spirited  and  helpful  in  every  movement 
where  the  community  welfare  is  concerned. 

GOTTFRIED  MONNINGER,  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  since  December  21,  1876,  and 
one  of  its  best  known  business  men,  is  a 
member  of  a  family  that  has  furnished 
more  than  one  honored  name  to  Indiana. 
The  Monningers  came  to  Indiana  about 
the  time  of  the  great  German  migration 
of  the  early  '50s,  and  their  homes  for  the 
most  part  have  been  in  Terre  Haute  and 
Indianapolis.  One  of  the  best  remem- 
bered of  the  family  in  an  earlier  genera- 
tion was  Capt.  P.  H.  Monninger,  who 
commanded  a  company  in  the  famous 
German  regiment  in  the  Civil  war.  Sev- 
eral of  the  Monninger  name  are  now 
commissioned  as  officers  in  the  National 
Army. 

Mr.  Gottfried  Monninger  was  born  at 
Albersweiler,  Rheinpfalz,  Germany,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1858.  He  is  a  son  of  Peter  and 
Margaret  (Schwab)  Monninger.  Peter 
Monninger  came  with  a  party  of  about 
twenty  young  people  to  the  United  States 
in  the  early  '50s.  He  joined  his  brother, 
Daniel  Monninger,  at  Indianapolis,  where 
Daniel  had  located  about  1854.  Daniel 
Monninger  for  a  great  many  years  con- 
ducted an-  establishment  at  No.  20  Ken- 
tucky Avenue,  where  the  new  Lincoln 
Hotel  is  now  erected,  for  the  sale  of  the 
family  product  of  wines,  the  Monningers 
being  a  family  of  wine  growers  and  vin- 
tagers in  the  hills  of  southern  Germany. 
Another  brother  of  Peter  Monninger  was 
the  Capt.  P.  H.  Monninger  already  men- 
tioned, who  besides  his  service  as  a  cap- 
tain in  the  Thirty-Second  Indiana  Infan- 
try was  for  many  years  engaged  in  the 
hotel  business  at  Terre  Haute.  It  is  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1975 


FRANK  M.  GREAT-HOUSE  came  to  Elwood 
about  twenty-five  years  ago  and  made  him- 
self popular  with  the  community  as  sales- 
man for  some  of  the  clothing:  and  dry  goods 
concerns  of  that  city.  Popularity  followed 
him  when  he  entered  business  on  his  own 
account,  and  today  as  head  of  the  firm 
Greathouse  &  Harris  he  is  head  of  the  larg- 
est store  of  its  kind  in  Elwood  and  is  one 
of  the  leading  merchants  of  that  section 
of  Indiana.  What  he  has  he  has  worked 
for  and  earned,  and  every  step  of  his  career 
may  be  closely  scrutinized  and  has  meas- 
ured up  to  the  most  exacting  standards  of 
commercial  honor. 

Mr.  Greathouse  was  born  on  a  farm  at 
Ilillsboro  in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  in 
1859,  son  of  John  and  Caroline  (Van- 
Winkle)  Greathouse.  The  first  generation 
of  the  Greathouse  family  lived  in  Virginia. 
One  of  Mr.  Greathousp's  great-grandfath- 
ers served  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Most 
of  the  family  during  the  different  genera- 
tions have  been  fanners  and  traders,  and 
have  always  been  especially  successful  in 
raising  and  handling  horses. 

John  Greathouse,  father  of  Frank  M., 
came  to  Indiana  in  1865  and  settled  on  a 
farm  near  Noblesville.  In  1870  he  moved 
out  to  Lincoln,  Nebraska,  and  died  there. 
He  was  buried  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Masonic  Order,  of  which  he  had  long  been 
a  member.  His  wife  died  in  1888. 

Frank  M.  Greathouse  received  his  first 
schooling  at  Noblesville.  Indiana,  but  after 
the  age  of  twelve  he  lived  on  his  uncle's 
farm  at  New  Vienna,  Ohio,  and  attended 
school  there  until  he  was  about  seventeen. 
Leaving  the  farm  he  found  his  first  oppor- 
tunity to  enter  commercial  life  at  Alexan- 
dria, Indiana,  where  for  a  year  and  a  half 
he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  the  Baum 
Brothers  general  merchandise  store.  lie 
went  with  the  firm  on  its  removal  to  El- 
wood, and  continued  with  them  there  for 
a  year  and  a  half.  For  another  two  years 
he  was  clerk  and  salesman  with  Jacob 
Kraus,  clothier,  and  from  1889  to  1891  a 
salesman  for  B.  L.  Bing  of  Anderson. 

In  1891  Mr.  Greathouse  married  Roxie 
Brown,  daughter  of  Rudolph  and  Martha 
(Dwiggins)  Brown  of  Madison  County. 

After  his  marriage  he  was  clerk  for 
Emanuel  Levy,  clothing  merchant  of  El- 
wood, until  1894  was  with  D.  G.  Evans  & 
Company  of  Elwood,  and  later  with  F.  W. 
Simmons  until  1902. 


He  and  I.  B.  Bietman  then  formed  the 
partnership  of  Bietman  &  Greathouse.  and 
bought  out  the  Simmons  store  at  Elwood. 
The  partnership  continued  until  1906,  when 
Mr.  Bietman  retired,  leaving  the  entire 
business  to  Mr.  Greathouse.  In  1907  the 
latter  took  in  as  partner  James  W.  Harris, 
and  for  the  past  ten  years  the  firm  of 
Greathouse  &  Harris  has  conducted  the 
largest  stock  of  clothing  and  dry  goods  in 
the  city.  They  have  a  trade  in  the  sur- 
rounding country  for  a  distance  of  fifteen 
miles. 

Mr.  Greathouse  is  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  has  always  been  exceedingly  pub- 
lic spirited  and  helpful  in  every  movement 
where  the  community  welfare  is  concerned. 

GOTTFRIED  MOXNINGER,  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  since  December  21,  1876,  and 
one  of  its  best  known  business  men,  is  a 
member  of  a  family  that  has  furnished 
more  than  one  honored  name  to  Indiana. 
The  Monningers  came  to  Indiana  about 
the  time  of  the  great  German  migration 
of  the  early  '50s,  and  thgir  homes  for  the 
most  part  have  been  in  Terre  Haute  and 
Indianapolis.  One  of  the  best  remem- 
bered of  the  family  in  an  earlier  genera- 
tion was  Capt.  P.  H.  Monninger,  who 
commanded  a  company  in  the  famous 
German  regiment  in  the  Civil  war.  Sev- 
eral of  the  Monninger  name  are  now 
commissioned  as  officers  in  the  National 
Army. 

Mr.  Gottfried  Monninger  was  born  at 
Alberswoiler,  Rheinpfalz,  Germany,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1858.  lie  is  a  son  of  Peter  and 
Margaret  (Schwab)  Monninger.  Pete.r 
Monninger  came  with  a  party  of  about 
twenty  young  people  to  the  United  States 
in  the  early  '50s.  He  joined  his  brother, 
Daniel  Monninger,  at  Indianapolis,  where 
Daniel  had  located  about  1854.  Daniel 
Monninger  for  a  great  many  years  con- 
ducted an  establishment  at  No.  20  Ken- 
tucky Avenue,  where  the  new  Lincoln 
Hotel  is  now  erected,  for  the  sale  of  the 
family  product  of  wines,  the  Monningers 
being  a  family  of  wine  growers  and  vin- 
tagers in  the  hills  of  southern  Germany. 
Another  brother  of  Peter  Monninger  was 
the  Capt.  P.  H.  Monninger  already  men- 
tioned, who  besides  his  service  as  a  cap- 
tain in  the  Thirty-Second  Indiana  Infan- 
try was  for  many  years  engaged  in  the 
hotel  business  at  Terre  Haute.  It  is  a 


1976 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


matter  of  interest  to  record  here  that 
Gerhard  Monninger,  a  son  of  Capt.  Philip 
H.,  is  now  a  major  in  the  National  Army, 
and  his  station  at  this  writing  is  in 
France.  To  return  now  to  Peter  Mon- 
ninger. In  the  same  party  with  which 
he  came  to  this  country  was  Margaret 
Schwab.  Peter  and  Margaret  were  mar- 
ried at  Terre  Haute,  and  while  they  re- 
mained in  that  city  they  assisted  his 
brother  Philip  in  running  a  hotel.  Peter 
Monninger  suffered  a  great  deal  of  trou- 
ble on  account  of  his  eyes,  and  on  the  ad- 
vice of  his  physician  he  and  his  young 
wife  returned  to  their  native  land  and 
thereafter  made  their  permanent  resi- 
dence and  home  there,  though  they  were 
great  lovers  of  America  and  her  institu- 
tions and  several  times  returned  to  visit 
their  family  and  other  relatives  in  In- 
diana. In  Bavaria  Peter  Monninger  be- 
came an  extensive  wine  grower,  and  also 
operated  a  stone  quarry,  and  continued 
making  Rhine  wines  the  rest  of  his  active 
life.  In  1860  he  came  to  the  United 
States  for  a  brief  visit  of  a  few  months. 
In  1893  he  and  his  wife,  then  in  advanced 
years,  made  a  trip  to  the  United  States 
and  were  visitors  at  the  World's  Fair  in 
Chicago.  Peter  Monninger  died  in  Ger- 
many in  1896,  and  the  following  year  his 
widow  again  visited  this  country,  and  she 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-three.  Peter 
Monninger  was  sixty-three  when  he  passed 
away.  Peter  Monninger  was  a  successful 
business  man  and  stood  high  in  the  es- 
teem of  his  community  in  Germany.  He 
was  urged  again  and  again  to  accept  the 
post  of  mayor.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
council  and  was  president  of  the  church 
choir.  Many  of  the  older  citizens  of  In- 
dianapolis will  recall  the  enthusiastic  re- 
ception given  these  old  time  people  when 
they  visited  the  city  in  1893.  The  recep- 
tion was  held  at  Independent  Turner 
Hall.  Peter  Monninger  and  wife  had  a 
large  family  of  children,  six  of  whom 
became  citizens  of  the  United  States  and 
five  are  still  living.  Margaret  is  de- 
ceased. Charles,  who  was  born  in  Terre 
Haute  before  his  parents  went  back  to 
Germany,  is  now  living  in  Indianapolis, 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  business  men  of 
this  city,  being  a  member  and  officer  of  a 
corporation  that  supplies  ice  to  Terre 
Haute,  Peoria,  Illinois  and  Logansport, 
Indiana.  Charles  Monninger  has  a  son 


who  is  a  first  lieutenant  in  France,  hav- 
ing received  his  training  in  the  officers 
training  camp  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harri- 
son. Philip,  the  next  in  age  of  this  fam- 
ily, is  now  manager  of  the  Filbeck  House 
at  Terre  Haute.  Louis  represents  Mag- 
nus &  Sons  of  Chicago.  Christina  is  the 
wife  of  Mr.  Marmon,  who  was  formerly 
a  teacher  in  the  schools  of  Evansville,  In- 
diana, and  is  now  manager  of  the  Mer- 
chants' Ice  Company  of  Terre  Haute. 
Julia  is  the  wife  of  Christian  Anacker, 
a  contractor  and  builder  at  Indianapolis. 
Bertha,  wife  of  Otto  Jung,  a  Government 
forester,  died  in  Germany.  Daniel  alsp 
died  in  Germany. 

Mr.  Gottfried  Monninger  acquired  the 
equivalent  of  a  liberal  education  in  Ger- 
many, but  at  the  age  of  eighteen  left  home 
and  set  out  for  the  land  which  had  already 
been  so  kind  to  other  members  of  the  fam- 
ily. When  he  arrived  at  Indianapolis  in 
1876  he  was  a  large,  pink-cheeked,  Ger- 
man boy,  a  complexion  that  is  generally 
associated  with  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Rhine  Valley.  He  had  studied  architec- 
ture and  intended  to  perfect  himself  in 
that  art  in  America,  but  the  opportunity 
was  not  presented  and  he  had  to  seek  a 
livelihood  elsewhere.  He  went  to  work  in 
a  butcher  shop  at  ten  dollars  a  month. 
This  shop  belonged  to  Jacob  Peters  and 
was  located  on  Market  Street.  A  few 
months  later  he  went  with  his  uncle,  Dan 
Monninger,  at  17-19  West  Washington 
Street.  There  he  learned  the  restaurant 
and  liquor  business,  and  Daniel  Monnin- 
ger as  well  as  Mr.  Gottfried  Monninger 
for  many  years  sold  the  vintages  from 
his  father's  vineyards  in  southern  Ger- 
many. 

In  1879,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  .Mr. 
Monninger  established  a  business  for  him- 
self at  23  Virginia  Avenue,  and  empha- 
sized in  his  business  the  products  of  his 
father's  farms,  imported  especially  for 
distribution  in  Indianapolis.  Four  years 
later  Mr.  Monninger  moved  to  Harrison 
and  Pine  streets  and  Fletcher  Avenue, 
and  soon  afterward  to  the  northeast  corner 
of  Ohio  and  Illinois  streets,  where  he  con- 
ducted his  high  class  cafe  and  restaurant 
for  twenty-nine  years. 

In  1880  Mr.  Monninger  married  Cath- 
arine Stumpf,  daughter  of  George 
Stumpf.  Mrs.  Monninger  was  born  on 
a  farm  three  miles  south  of  Indianapolis. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1977 


Her  father  was  a  blacksmith  and  farmer 
and  widely  known  in  both  public  and  re- 
ligious affairs  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  a 
very  able  speaker  and  was  an  influential 
member  of  the  Zion  Evangelical  Church. 
He  was  a  native  of  Germany.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Monninger  became  the  parents  of 
six  sons  and  two  daughters,  a  stalwart 
race,  and  they  too  have  made  use  of  their 
opportunities  and  gained  honorable  posi- 
tion in  affairs.  The  oldest,  Karl,  has 
practically  succeeded  to  his  father's  busi- 
ness and  is  owner  and  manager  of  a  res- 
taurant on  Washington  Street  adjoining 
the  Park  Theater.  The  son  Arthur  G. 
Monninger  is  a  talented  musician,  com- 
pleted his  musical  education  in  Berlin,  and 
both  he  and  his  wife  are  prominent  in 
Indianapolis  musical  circles  and  are  in- 
structors in  the  College  of  Musical  Art  on 
Pennsylvania  Street.  The  daughter  Ly- 
dia  married  Albert  Roath,  who  is  con- 
nected with  a  Boston  shoe  house  and  is  a 
resident  of  Indianapolis.  Olga,  the  sec- 
ond daughter  is  at  home  and  Freddie  re- 
sides in  Chicago.  Oscar  is  a  graduate  of 
Purdue  University,  and  is  an  engineer  in 
the  employ  of  the  W.  H.  Insley  Manufac- 
turing Company  at  Indianapolis.  Werner 
H.  was  a  student  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois where  he  enlisted  as  a  wireless  opera- 
tor in  the  United  States  Navy.  Otto  at- 
tends the  Technical  High  School  of  Indian- 
apolis. All  the  children  received  high 
school  educations  in  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Gottfried  Monninger  in  the  matter 
of  politics  has  maintained  a  rather  inde- 
pendent attitude,  though  usually  giving  his 
support  to  the  democratic  party.  His  fam- 
ily are  members  of  the  Zion  Evangelical 
Church.  One  of  the  principal  interests  of 
the  family  circle  is  music,  and  they  are 
not  only  lovers  of  that  divine  art  but  most 
of  them  have  musical  accomplishments. 
Mr.  Monninger  has  long  been  prominent  in 
the  Independent  Turnverein  and  the  Maen- 
nerchor,  was  for  years  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Turners,  was  for  twenty-five 
years  treasurer  of  the  Turners '  Building  & 
Loan  Association,  served  as  grand  treas- 
urer of  the  Independent  Knights  of  Pyth- 
ias, now  the  Knights  of  Cosmos,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Knights  of  the  Maccabees,  and 
a  life  member  of  the  German  Orphan 
Home,  and  Home  for  the  Aged. 


MARY  ROBERTS  COOLIDOE,  educator  and 
author,  was  born  in  Kingsbury,  Indiana, 
October  28,  I860,  a  daughter  of  Isaac 
Phillips  and  Margaret  (Marr)  Roberts. 
The  father  was  an  educator  of  distinction 
on  agricultural  subjects,  serving  as  dean 
and  professor  of  agriculture  at  Cornell 
University  1873-1903,  and  in  his  honor 
Roberts  Hall  at  Ithaca  was  named.  The 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  William  Marr 
of  LaPorte.  Indiana. 

Mary  Roberts  Coolidge  attended  Cornell 
University  and  Stanford  University,  re- 
ceiving the  degrees  of  Ph.  B.  and  M.  S. 
from  the  former  and  that  of  Ph.  D.  from 
the  latter.  After  completing  her  literary 
training  she  rose  to  prominence  as  an  edu- 
cator, teaching  in  many  of  the  noted  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  country,  and  aside 
from  her  educational  work  she  is  further 
distinguished  as  an  author  and  as  a  pub- 
lic worker.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Kappa 
Alpha  Theta  college  society,  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  of  the 
American  Political  Science  Association, 
of  the  Authors  League  of  America,  and 
her  church  association  is  the  Liberal  Con- 
gregational. 

On  the  30th  of  July,  1906.  at  Berkeley, 
California.  Mary  Roberts  was  married  to 
Dane  Coolidge.  a  novelist  and  a  member  of 
a  distinguished  New  England  family. 

FRED  L.  TREES,  president  of  the  Kokomo 
Trust  Company,  has  been  a  business  man 
nf  that  city  since  early  manhood,  and  there 
is  hardly  a  movement  connected  in  any  way 
with  the  general  welfare  of  the  community 
during  the  last  twenty  years  with  which  his 
name  has  not  been  associated  and  to  which 
his  influence  and  means  have  not  contrib- 
uted some  substantial  help. 

Mr.  Trees  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Howard 
County.  Indiana,  August  25,  1874.  He  is 
a  son  pf  John  S.  and  Alice  (Curlee)  Trees. 
His  grandfather,  John  S.  Trees,  was  born 
in  Shelby  County,  Indiana,  and  was  a 
pioneer  in  Howard  County.  He  was  a 
farmer  and  had  a  large  place  six  miles  east 
of  Kokomo.  He  died  there  in  1874  and 
had  in  the  meantime  accumulated  consider- 
able estate.  He  was  a  republican  and  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Church.  Of  his 
eight  children  only  two  are  now  living. 
John  S.  Trees.  Jr.,  was  born  in  Rushville, 
Indiana,  in  1838,  and  is  now  living  in  Ko- 


1978 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


komo  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty.  He 
had  only  such  education  as  was  supplied 
by  the  local  schools  of  his  day,  and  he  took 
up  farming  near  the  old  homestead  in  Lib- 
erty Township.  He  finally  left  the  farm 
in  1884  and  for  eighteen  years  was  a  mer- 
chant at  Center  in  Taylor  Township  of 
Howard  County.  On  selling  his  business 
interests  he  retired  to  Kokomo.  He  also 
has  a  record  as  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war, 
having  enlisted  in  1861  in  Company  E  of 
the  Eleventh  Indiana  Cavalry,  serving  as 
commissary  sergeant,  and  being  on  duty 
with  the  army  for  three  years.  He  was 
given  his  honorable  discharge  in  December, 
1864,  his  last  important  battle  being  at 
Nashville  under  General  Thomas.  He 
there  sustained  a  severe  wound  in  the  leg, 
and  by  the  time  he  had  recuperated  the 
war  was  practically  over.  On  returning 
home  he  took  up  farming.  He  has  always 
been  a  stanch  republican.  Of  his  ten  chil- 
dren all  are  still  living,  Fred  being  the 
fifth  in  age. 

Fred  L.  Trees  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Howard  County  and  also  had  a  course 
in  the  business  college  of  Kokomo.  He  en- 
tered the  real  estate  business  as  clerk  and 
stenographer  with  his  uncle,  Mr.  E.  E. 
Springer,  at  Kokomo,  and  was  with  him, 
serving  him  faithfully,  for  nine  years.  In 
1901  he  engaged  in  the  same  line  of  busi- 
ness for  himself,  handling  real  estate,  loans 
and  insurance.  In  1903  he  and  James  D. 
Johnson  organized  the  Kokomo  Trust  Com- 
pany, Mr.  Johnson  becoming  president,  Mr. 
W.  E.  Blacklidge,  vice  president,  and  Mr. 
Trees,  secretary  and  treasurer.  Mr.  John- 
son died  in  1909,  and  in  the  following  year 
was  succeeded  as  president  by  Mr.  Trees. 
Mr.  Trees  is  also  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Directors  of  the  South  Kokomo  Bank, 
and  is  interested  in  a  number  of  business 
concerns  in  addition  to  the  many  public  or 
semi-public  institutions  to  which  he  has 
given  his  time. 

Mr.  Trees  is  a  republican,  is  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  •  Church  and  active  in 
church  and  Sunday  School  work.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason, 
an  Odd  Fellow,  Elk.  and  Knight  of  Pythias. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Kokomo  Chamber 
of  Commerce,  is  a  member  of  the  republi- 
can social  clubs  of  Indianapolis,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Ko- 
komo Country  Club,  is  a  director  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Hospital  at  In- 


dianapolis, and  was  one  of  the  organizers 
and  is  now  director  of  the  Kokomo  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association. 

Mr.  Trees  has  two  sturdy  young  "sons  who 
are  now  in  the  uniform  of  the  National 
Army.  March  9,  1898,  he  married  Miss 
Dora  Elliott,  daughter  of  the  late  Judge 
James  F.  Elliott  of  Kokomo.  Three  sons 
were  born  to  them :  Elliott  J.,  born  January 
21,  1899 ;  Robert  C.,  born  August  30,  1900 ; 
and  Harry  A.,  born  August  11,  1902.  The 
two  older  sons  were  students  in  DePauw 
University  but  resigned  their  studies  to  en- 
roll for  military  duty,  while  the  third  son 
is  a  student  in  the  Kokomo  public  schools. 

HON.  EDGAR  A.  BROWN,  forty  years  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  bar  and  a 
former  judge  of  the  Circuit  Bench,  has 
long  been  regarded  as  a  wise  and  safe 
counselor  rather  than  a  brilliant  advocate, 
and  is  distinguished  by  the  quality  and 
ideals  of  his  work  rather  than  by  conspic- 
uous and  temporary  achievements.  His 
professional  associates  have  always  looked 
upon  him  as  a  man  of  utmost  reliability 
and  of  unimpeachable  character,  and  he  has 
long  enjoyed  the  auiet  dignity  of  an  ideal 
follower  of  his  calling. 

Mr.  Brown  was  born  at  Lenox,  Ashta- 
bula  County,  Ohio,  August  10,  1848.  He 
is  now  the  only  survivor  of  eight  children 
born  to  William  Pliny  Brown  and  Rachel 
Hower  (Piper)  Brown.  His  father  was 
reared  on  a  farm,  but  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  his  'life  was  engaged  in 
varying  occupations.  In  1851  he  removed 
to  Austinburg,  Ohio,  and  died  there  in 
1866.  The  grandfather  was  an  English- 
man and  came  to  America  as  an  officer  in 
the  British  Army  under  Burgoyne  in  the 
Revolution.  Following  the  war  he  mar- 
ried a  lady  at  Albany,  New  York,  and  was 
stationed  at  Montreal,  holding  the  position 
of  conductor  of  stores  for  the  British  army. 

Edgar  A.  Brown  grew  up  in  his  native 
state,  attended  the  Grand  River  Institute 
at  Austinburg,  Ohio,  and  was  also  a  stu- 
f"ent  of  the  old  Quaker  institution,  Earlham 
College,  at  Richmond,  Indiana.  That  he 
has  accomplished  so  much  in  his  career  is 
probably  due  to  the  spur  of  necessity  which 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  earn  his  liv- 
ing while  getting  an  education.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  a  teacher,  and 
while  doing  that  work  read  law  and  when 
qualified  to  practice  came  to  Indianapolis. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1979 


The  successive  years  brought  him  the 
honors  and  emoluments  of  a  good  practice, 
and  in  1890  he  was  called  from  his  duties 
as  a  lawyer  to  the  bench  of  the  Marion 
Circuit  Court.  He  served  as  a  judge  six 
years,  and  during  that  time  he  maintained 
the  best  ideals  of  the  court.  Since  retiring 
from  the  bench  he  has  continued  in  active 
practice  as  a  lawyer. 

In  1874  Judge  Brown  married  Martha 
Julian.  Her  father,  Jacob  B.  Julian,  was 
a  lawyer,  and  Judge  Brown  and  he  were 
for  some  time  partners.  Mrs.  Brown  died 
in  1882,  leaving  two  children:  Juliet  R., 
Mrs.  Christopher  B.  Coleman,  and  George 
R.,  who  was  second  lieutenant  of  the  Sup- 
ply Company  of  the  Second  Indiana  Regi- 
ment and  saw  active  service  on  the  Mexi- 
can border.  In  1884  Judge  Brown  married 
Lulie  J.  Eichordt.  Their  four  children 
are:  Helen  M.,  Mrs.  James  H.  Peterson; 
Ruth,  who  died  at  the  age  of  ten  years; 
Martha  Louise,  Mrs.  Stanley  H.  Smith; 
and  Catherine  Porter,  Mrs.  Don  Herold. 

Judge  Brown  was  a  republican  until 
1880,  when  he  became  a  democrat  on  the 
tariff  reform  issue.  He  was  president  for 
a  time  and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  In- 
diana Tariff  Reform  League.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  of  the 
First  Congregational  Church. 

THURMAN  C.  SANDERS.  Since  pioneer 
days  the  Sanders  family  has  been  one  of 
prominence  in  Howard  County,  best  known 
at  the  present  time  through  Mr.  Thurman 
C.  Sanders  because  of  his  long  association 
with  the  Court  House  and  official  affairs. 

Mr.  Sanders  was  born  March  2,  1867,  in 
Highland  County,  Ohio,  son  of  Charles  P. 
and  Rachel  E.  (Mellett)  Sanders.  His 
father  was  born  in  the  same  county  in 
1844.  The  grandfather,  Christopher  Sand- 
ers, of  Scotch  ancestry,  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  came  west  on  foot  and  settled 
as  a  pioneer  in  Highland  County,  Ohio,  in 
1817.  Charles  P.  Sanders  came  to  How- 
ard County  and  spent  his  last  years  here 
as  a  farmer.  He  also  served  two  terms 
as  county  commissioner,  his  first  term  end- 
ing in  1884  and  his  second  in  1887.  Charles 
P.  Sanders  had  his  home  in  South  Kokomo, 
and  began  his  career  as  a  druggist.  He 
conducted  a  drug  store  in  South  Kokomo 
from  1893  to  1915.  He  was  always  inter- 
ested in  local  affairs,  was  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  a 


citizen  above  reproach  in  every  particular. 
Thurman  C.  Sanders  is  one  of  four 
brothers,  all  still  living.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  took  the  nor- 
mal course  in  the  Normal  School  at  Leb- 
anon, Ohio.  He  gave  eighteen  years  to 
educational  work  in  Howard  and  other 
counties.  From  his  duties  as  teacher  he 
was  appointed  deputy  treasurer  of  How- 
ard County,  and  faithfully  discharged  the 
duties  of  that  office  until  he  was  regularly 
elected  on  the  republican  ticket  as  county 
treasurer  in  November,  1918.  Fraternally 
he  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  and  the 
Loyal  Order  of  Moose.  December  26, 1901 , 
Mr.  Sanders  married  Miss  Emma  K.  Lu- 
cas. They  have  one  daughter,  Myrpha, 
born  October  7,  1903. 

WILLIAM  JOSEPH  GOLIGHTLT,  of  Kokomo, 
is  in  many  ways  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  the  pioneers  of  the  Indiana  glass  in- 
dustry. For  the  past  twenty  years  he  has 
been  superintendent  of  the  Kokomo  plant 
of  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company,  but 
at  an  earlier  date  he  was  identified  with 
glass  making  in  this  district  when  the  chief 
attraction  for  glass  manufacturers  was  nat- 
ural gas. 

Mr.  Golightly  is  an  Englishman  by  birth, 
having  been  born  at  South  Shields,  Eng- 
land, April  4,  1860.  He  learned  glass  mak- 
ing in  England  and  in  August,  1890,  ar- 
rived in  America  and  was  first  employed 
at  Butler,  Pennsylvania,  with  the  Standard 
Plate  Glass  Company.  In  February,  1891, 
he  came  to  Kokomo,  and  for  a  time  was 
one  of  the  minor  employes  of  the  Diamond 
Plate  Glass  Company.  In  July  of  the  same 
year  he  returned  to  Pennsylvania,  and  for 
several  months  was  in  a  minor  position  with 
the  Charleroi  Plate  Glass  Company,  and 
was  then  promoted  to  charge  of  its  cast- 
ing department.  In  July,  1892,  Mr.  Go- 
lightly  again  returned  to  Kokomo.  and  re- 
entered  the  Diamond  Plate  Glass  Company 
as  night  superintendent  under  M.  P.  El- 
liott. The  interests  that  owned  the  Ko- 
komo plant  transferred  him  in  1895  to  a 
similar  plant  at  Elwood,  and  in  1896  he 
went  to  Alexandria,  Indiana,  and  was  with 
the  American  Plate  Glass  Company  until 
May,  1898.  At  that  date  he  returned  to 
Kokomo,  and  that  city  has  since  been  his 
home  and  center  of  business  activities.  In 
October,  1898,  he  became  superintendent 


1980 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  the  Kokomo  Plate  Glass  Plant,  and  has 
held  that  office  continuously  since. 

The  original  plant  was  constructed  at 
Kokomo  in  1889.  It  was  torn  down  in 
1908,  and  the  modern  plant  put  in  opera- 
tion in  1910  was  constructed  under  the  di- 
rect supervision  of  Mr.  Golightly.  The  old 
plant,  as  already  said,  was  established 
largely  because  of  the  accessibility  of  the 
natural  gas  supply.  The  product  of  the 
old  Diamond  Plate  Glass  Company  was 
neither  in  quality  nor  volume  up  to  the 
present  high  standard  of  the  Pittsburg 
company.  With  the  failure  of  the  natural 
gas  supply  and  with  changing  methods  and 
improvements  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass 
Company,  successors  to  the  old  Diamond 
Company,  finally  destroyed  the  old  plant 
and  rebuilt  it,  and  at  the  rebuilding  every 
known  improvement  and  facility  was  in- 
stalled, so  that  today  the  Kokomo  plant, 
while  not  as  large  as  some  other  plants  of 
the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Company,  is  be- 
hind none  of  them  in  equipment  and  mod-1 
ern  methods.  Today  three  times  as  m.uch 
plate  glass  is  turned  out  by  this  plant  a.s 
was  made  by  the  old  Diamond  Company, 
and  yet  requiring  about  the  s^ijie'tijUtnber 
of  men. 

As  the  plant  is  at  present  it  covers  over 
seven  acres  of  ground,  four  acres  under 
roof.  The  buildings  are  all  of  steel  and 
concrete  construction.  The  foundation  for 
the  heavy  machinery  is  massive  and  in  some 
instances  has  been  built  down  to  a  depth 
of  thirty-five  feet.  All  the  machinery  is 
driven  by  electric  power,  generated  chiefly 
by  large  gas  engines.  These  engines  are 
the  most  powerful  of  their  type  in  Indiana 
with  the  sole  exception  of  those  in  the 
power  houses  of  the  United  States  Steel 
Company  at  Gary. 

About  650  men  are  constantly  employed 
in  normal  times  at  the  Kokomo  plant.  Thia 
plant  is  known  as  No.  8  of  the  Pittsburg 
Plate  Glass  Company. 

Mr.  Golightly  during  his  long  residence 
at  Kokomo  has  been  interested  and  has 
identified  himself  wherever  possible  with 
the  welfare  and  progress  of  the  city.  He 
has  been  content  with  his  business  respon- 
sibilities as  a  source  of  good  to  the  com- 
munity, and  has  never  been  a  candidate 
for  office,  though  in  many  ways  he  has 
helped  forward  movements  promising  ben- 
efit to  the  community.  He  is  a  director  in 
the  Howard  National  Bank  and  since  1898 


has  been  affiliated  with  the  Elks  and  since 
1911  with  the  Masonic  Order.  He  has 
taken  all  the  local  degrees,  became  a  Knight 
Templar  in  1912,  and  in  1913  was  made  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason 
in  the  Indianapolis  Valley.  He  has  also 
been  a  member  of  the  Kokomo  Chamber  of 
Commerce  since  it  was  organized,  became  a 
member  of  the  Kokomo  Country  Club  in 
1917,  and  in  politics  votes  as  a  republican. 
Mr.  Golightly  has  been  twice  married. 
His  first  wife  came  from  England  in  1893 
and  died  in  1916.  He  has  three  married 
sons,  all  with  families  of  their  own,  and 
has  a  married  daughter  and  grandchildren. 
Two  of  his  daughters  still  live  at  home. 

FRANKLIN  K.  MCELHENY  was  auditor  of 
Miami  County  from  January  1,  1911,  to 
January  1,  1919,  and  has  been  a  resident 
and  citizen  of  Peru  forty-five  years,  since 
early  boyhood.  Mr.  McElheny  has  had  a 
varied  experience  with  the  work  of  the 
world  and  with  men  and  affairs,  and  before 
.entering  the  auditor's  office  was  one  of  the 
editors  and  publishers  of  the  Miami  County 
jneJ.  He  is  a  veteran  printer,  having 
'  the  trade  forty  years  ago. 

He  was  born  at  Mount  Pleasant  in  Henry 
County,  Iowa,  November  2,  1861,  during  a 
temporary  residence  of  his  parents  in  that 
state.  He  is  a  son  of  Thomas  K.  and  Mel- 
vina  (Woods)  McElheny,  his  father  a  na- 
tive of  Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  and  his 
mother  of  Starke  County,  Ohio.  Thomas 
K.  McElheny  was  taken  by  his  parents  to 
Carroll  County,  Indiana,  when  one  year 
old,  but  grew  to  manhood  in  Cass  County. 
He  was  educated  in  the  common  schools, 
and  bv  the  time  he  reached  his  majority 
was  doing  skillful  work  as  a  carpenter. 
He  worked  at  his  trade  at  Delphi  in  Car- 
roll County,  married  there,  helped  build 
the  county  court  house,  and  then  for  a  year 
or  so  was  employed  in  the  erection  of 
buildings  of  the  State  Insane  Asylum  of 
Iowa  at  Mount  Pleasant.  In  1862  he  re- 
turned with  his  family  to  Delphi,  Indiana, 
continued  his  business  as  contractor  and 
builder  there,  was  at  Rochester,  Indiana, 
from  1869  until  1873,  and  then  established 
his  home  at  Peru.  Much  of  the  important 
building  work  in  and  around  Peru  during 
the  next  twenty  or  thirty  years  was 
handled  through  the  organization  as  a  con- 
tractor. He  died  January  25,  1909,  sur- 
vived by  his  wife  and  three  of  their  six 


- 


UBRARY 
OF  THE 

op 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1981 


children.  He  was  always  a  loyal  democrat, 
served  six  years  as  township  trustee  of  Peru 
Township,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
-treasurer  of  his  lodge  of  the  Odd  Fellows. 
He  was  not  a  formal  member  of  any 
church,  though  a  Presbyterian  by  train- 
ing. 

Franklin  K.  McElheny  acquired  his  early 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  Delphi 
and  Rochester  and  was  twelve  years  old 
when  brought  to  Peru.  He  continued  his 
schooling  in  that  city  several  years,  and  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  began  working  in  the 
factory  of  the  old  Howe  Sewing  Machine 
Company.  He  also  worked  in  other  fac- 
tories and  shops,  but  in  1878,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  began  an  apprenticeship  to 
learn  the  trade  of  printer  in  the  office  of 
the  Peru  Republican.  He  continued  steadily 
at  the  printer's  trade,  both  in  newspaper 
and  job  work,  until  1899,  when  he  acquired 
an  interest  in  the  Miami  County  Sentinel. 
After  that  he  divided  his  time  between  the 
editorial  office  and  the  printing  rooms,  and 
introduced  a  vigorous  polic}7  of  politics 
which  was  reflected  in  increased  circulation 
and  increased  influence  of  the  paper  as 
the  leading  democratic  organ  of  Miami 
County. 

In  1910  Mr.  McElheny  accepted  the 
democratic  nomination  for  the  office  of 
county  auditor,  was  elected  in  November 
of  that  year,  and  was  re-elected  for  a  sec- 
ond term  in  1914.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  in  the  Court  House  and  made 
his  office  administration  as  efficient  as  it 
was  cordial  in  its  atmosphere  to  all  who 
transacted  business  there.  Mr.  McElheny 
is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  fraternity  and 
the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

January  31,  1894,  he  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet A.  McLaughlin.  Mrs.  McElheny  was 
born  in  Decatur  County,  Indiana,  July  19, 
1867,  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Ann  (Cuff) 
McLaughlin,  natives  of  Ireland.  Mrs.  Mc- 
Elheny was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
and  has  been  a  splendid  home  maker  and 
a  source  of  inspiration  to  her  husband  in 
his  career.  They  have  four  children :  Lou- 
ise, Robert,  Anna,  and  Richard,  all  of 
whom  have  received  the  advantages  of  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  of  Peru. 

WALTER  G.  RECORDS  is  senior  member  of 
the  firm  Records  &  Faust,  clothing,  hats, 
and  men's  furnishing  goods,  one  of  the 
largest  establishments  of  its  kind  in  Madi- 


son County.  The  spirit  and  standard  of 
their  business  is  well  expressed  in  their  slo- 
gan that  it  is  a  store  for  "The  Boys." 

Mr.  Records  was  born  at  Lawrence,  In- 
diana, in  1872,  son  of  Isaac  C.  and  Mary 
J.  (Alexander)  Records.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  His  father  was  thoroughly 
trained  for  the  profession  of  medicine  and 
surgery  in  a  New  York  college  but  prac- 
ticed only  a  few  years.  For  twenty-six 
terms  he  taught  school  in  Miami  County, 
Indiana,  and  about  thirty  years  ago  moved 
to  Elwood,  where  he  died  in  1907. 

Walter  G.  Records  received  most  of  his 
education  at  Miami,  and  when  sixteen  or 
seventeen  years  old  came  to  Elwood  with 
his  parents.  He  assisted  his  father  in  bus- 
iness for  a  time,  and  gained  an  all  around 
knowledge  of  salesmanship  in  the  clothing 
business  as  an  employe  for  twelve  years 
with  Narvin  E.  Phillips  at  Elwood.  Dur- 
ing that  time  there  was  not  a  detail  of  ex- 
perience in  the  clothing  line  which  did  not 
fall  to  his  lot  as  an  employe.  For  four 
years  he  was  associated  with  Henry  Jor- 
dan and  later  with  the  firm  of  Beitman  & 
Greathouse  and  in  1904  joined  Mr.  Faust 
in  the  present  business,  which  has  grown 
and  brought  a  high  degree  of  prosperity 
to  both  of  the  partners. 

Mr.  Records  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated 
with  Elwood  Lodges  of  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks  No.  368,  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  Knights  of 
the  Maccabees.  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,  and  the  family  are  members  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  He  is  married  and 
has  three  children :  Paul  P.,  born  in  1898, 
Walter  Frederick,  born  in  1904.  and 
Thomas  W.,  who  was  born  February  10, 
1910,  and  was  killed  by  an  auto  April  5, 
1917.  The  son  Paul  at  the  age  of  twenty 
was  a  corporal  and  crew  chief  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Eightieth  Squadron  of  Avia- 
tors at  Kelly  Field  No.  2,  San  Antonio. 
Texas.  He  spent  five  months  in  England 
with  the  Three  Hundred  and  Twentieth 
Aero  Squadron,  arriving  home  on  the  sixth 
of  December  on  the  ' '  Laplander, ' '  and  was 
discharged  at  Camp  Sherman  December 
22,  1918. 

RT.  REV.  JOSEPH  MARSHALL  FRANCIS, 
Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Indiana- 
polis, was  consecrated  to  his  present  office 
on  September  21,  1899.  Since  then  he  has 
become  more  than  the  leading  figure  of  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1981 


children.  He  was  always  a  loyal  democrat, 
served  six  years  as  township  trustee  of  Peru 
Township,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
treasurer  of  his  lodge  of  the  Odd  Fellows. 
He  was  not  a  formal  member  of  any 
church,  though  a  Presbyterian  by  train- 
ing. 

Franklin  K.  McElheny  acquired  his  early 
training  in  the  public  schools  of  Delphi 
and  Rochester  and  was  twelve  years  old 
when  brought  to  Pern.  He  continued  his 
schooling  in  that  city  several  years,  and  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  began  working  in  the 
factory  of  the  old  Howe  Sewing  Machine 
Company.  He  also  worked  in  other  fac- 
tories and  shops,  but  in  1878.  at  the  age  of 
.seventeen,  began  an  apprenticeship  to 
learn  the  trade  of  printer  in  the  office  of 
the  Peru  Republican.  He  continued  steadily 
at  the  printer's  trade,  both  in  newspaper 
and  job  work,  until  1899,  when  he  acquired 
an  interest  in  the  Miami  County  Sentinel. 
After  that  lie  divided  his  time  between  the 
editorial  office  and  the  printing  rooms,  and 
introduced  a  vigorous  policy  of  politics 
which  was  reflected  in  increased  circulation 
an<l  increased  influence  of  the  paper  as 
the  leading  democratic  organ  of  Miami 
Coimtv. 

In  '1910  Mr.  McElheny  accepted  the 
democratic  nomination  for  the  office  of 
county  auditor,  was  elected  in  November 
of  that  year,  and  was  re-elected  for  a  sec- 
ond term  in  1914.  lie  was  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  in  the  Court  House  and  made 
his  office  administration  as  efficient  as  it 
was  cordial  in  its  atmosphere  to  all  who 
transacted  business  there.  Mr.  McElheny 
is  affiliated  with  the  .Masonic  fraternity  and 
the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

January  31,  1894.  he  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet A.  McLaughlin.  Mrs.  McElheny  was 
born  in  Decatur  County.  Indiana,  July  19, 
1867,  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Ann  (Cuff) 
McLaughlin,  natives  of  Ireland.  Mrs.  Mc- 
Elheny was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
and  has  been  a  splendid  home  maker  and 
a  source  of  inspiration  to  her  husband  in 
his  career.  They  have  four  children:  Lou- 
ise, Robert,  Anna,  and  Richard,  all  of 
whom  have  received  the  advantages  of  the 
grammar  and  high  schools  of  Peru. 

WALTER  G.  RECORDS  is  senior  member  of 
the  firm  Records  &  Faust,  clothing,  hats, 
and  men's  furnishing  goods,  one  of  the 
largest  establishments  of  its  kind  in  Madi- 


son County.  The  spirit  and  standard  of 
their  business  is  well  expressed  in  their  slo- 
gan that  it  is  a  store  for  ''The  Boys." 

Mr.  Records  was  born  at  Lawrence,  In- 
diana, in  1872,  son  of  Isaac  C.  and  Mary 
J.  (Alexander)  Records.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  His  father  was  thoroughly 
trained  for  the  profession  of  medicine  and 
surgery  in  a  New  York  college  but  prac- 
ticed only  a  few  years.  For  twenty -six 
terms  he  taught  school  in  Miami  County, 
Indiana,  and  about  thirty  years  ago  moved 
to  Elwood,  where  he  died  in  1907. 

Walter  G.  Records  received  most  of  his 
education  at  Miami,  and  when  sixteen  or 
seventeen  years  old  came  to  Elwood  with 
his  parents.  He  assisted  his  father  in  bus- 
iness for  a  time,  and  gained  an  all  around 
knowledge  of  salesmanship  in  the  clothing 
business  as  an  employe  for  twelve  years 
with  Narvin  E.  Phillips  at  Elwood.  Dur- 
ing that  time  there  was  not  a  detail  of  ex- 
perience in  the  clothing  line  which  did  not 
fall  to  his  lot  as  an  employe.  For  four 
years  he  was  associated  with  Henry  Jor- 
dan and  later  with  the  firm  of  Beitman  & 
Gre-.ithouse  and  in  1904  joined  Mr.  Faust 
in  the  present  business,  which  has  grown 
and  brought  a  high  degree  of  prosperity 
to  both  of  the  partners. 

Mr.  Records  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated 
with  Elwood  Lodges  of  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks  No.  368.  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  Knights  of 
the  Maccabees.  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,  and  the  family  are  members  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  He  is  married  and 
has  three  children:  Paul  P..  born  in  1898. 
Walter  Frederick,  born  in  1904.  and 
Thomas  W..  who  was  born  February  10. 
1910.  and  was  killed  by  an  auto  April  5, 
1917.  The  sou  Paul  at  the  age  of  twenty 
was  a  corporal  and  crew  chief  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Eightieth  Squadron  of  Avia- 
tors at  Kelly  Field  No.  2.  San  Antonio. 
Texas.  He  spent  five  months  in  England 
with  the  Three  Hundred  and  Twentieth 
Aero  Squadron,  arriving  home  on  the  sixth 
of  December  on  the  "Laplander,"  and  was 
discharged  at  Camp  Sherman  December 
22,  1918. 

RT.  REV.  JOSKIMI  MARSHALL  FRAXCIS, 
Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Indiana- 
polis, was  consecrated  to  his  present  office 
on  September  21.  1899.  Since  then  he  has 
become  more  than  the  leading  figure  of  his 


• 


1982 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


church  in  Indiana.  Bishop  Francis  exer- 
cises a  power  whose  source  is  the  spirit  of 
fellowship  with  his  fellow  men,  a  bigness 
of  heart  and  ready  sympathy,  and  a  broad 
understanding  of  the  life  and  interests 
around  him.  With  his  great  personal  pop- 
ularity he  has  been  able  to  enter  many 
movements  and  carry  an  influence  suffi- 
cient to  insure  success,  apart  from  the 
prestige  associated  with  him  as  head  of 
the  church.  It  will  be  recalled  he  presided 
at  a  monster  patriotic  meeting  held  in 
Indianapolis  for  the  purpose  of  endors- 
ing President  Wilson  and  Congress 
in  their  declaration  of  war  against  Ger- 
many. Bishop  Francis'  patriotism  pro- 
ceeds from  a  fundamental  conviction  of 
the  righteousness  of  war  in  the  present  in- 
stance, and  he  put  it  to  proof  when,  though 
past  military  age,  he  tendered  the  offer  of 
his  services  in  whatever  capacity  the  au- 
thorities deemed  they  could  be  used  most 
effectively.  He  was  appointed  as  chaplain 
of  Base  Hospital  Thirty-Two,  and  served 
with  that  organization  in  France  until  the 
autumn  of  1918. 

Bishop  Francis  was  born  at  Eaglesmere, 
Pennsylvania,  April  6,  1862,  son  of  James 
B.  and  Charlotte  A.  (Marshall)  Francis. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  Phila- 
delphia and  later  at  Racine  College  and 
Oxford  University.  The  degree  Doctor  of 
Divinity  was  bestowed  upon  him  in  1899 
by  Nashotah  College  in  Wisconsin  and  by 
Hobart  College  in  1901. 

He  was  ordained  a  deacon  in  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  in  1884,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-two.  In  1886  he  was  made  a 
priest,  and  in  the  meantime  had  held  pas- 
torates at  Milwaukee  and  Greenfield,  Wis- 
consin. During  1886-87  he  was  canon  of 
the  Cathedral  at  Milwaukee  and  in  1887-88 
was  rector  at  Whitewater,  Wisconsin.  On 
June  14.  1887,  he  married  Miss  Stevens,  of 
Milwaukee. 

Bishop  Francis  spent  nearly  ten  years 
in  the  Far  East,  in  charge  of  the  Episcopal 
Cathedral  at  Tokyo  and  also  as  professor 
in  Trinity  Divinity  School  there.  Return- 
ing from  Japan  in  1897  he  was  appointed 
rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church  at  Evansville, 
Indiana,  in  January,  1898,  and  from  that 
was  called  to  the  post  of  Bishop  of  Indian- 
apolis less  than  two  years  later.  Since 
1904  Bishop  Francis  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
ciety. 


ROBERT  JUDSON  ALEY,  educator,  was  born 
in  Jefferson  Township  of  Owen  County, 
Indiana,  May  11,  1863,  a  son  of  Jesse  Jack- 
son and  Paulina  Moyer  Aley,  the  former 
born  in  Greene  County,  Kentucky,  and  the 
latter  in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio.  Mr. 
Aley  was  well  prepared  in  his  earlier  years 
for  his  life 's  work.  He  received  the  degree 
of  B.  S.  from  Valparaiso  University,  that 
of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  from  Indiana  Univer- 
sity, Ph.  D.  and  LL.  D.,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  LL.D.,  Franklin  College, 
and  was  a  student  and  professor  at  Stan- 
ford University  1894-5.  In  1877  Profes- 
sor Aley  entered  upon  his  work  as  an  edu- 
cator, and  during  the  intervening  years  has 
steadily  advanced  until  in  1910  he  was 
made  the  president  of  the  University  of 
Maine.  He  has  served  as  president  of  the 
Southern  Indiana  Teachers  Association,  the 
Indiana  State  Teachers  Association,  and 
the  Maine  State  Teachers  Association,  as 
secretary  for  five  years  and  as  president  for 
three  years  of  the  National  Council  of  Edu- 
cation and  as  president  of  the  National 
Educational  Association.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  the  Phi  Kappa  Phi 
and  the  Sigma  Xi  and  is  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Bangor  Rotary 
Club. 

At  Spencer,  Indiana,  August  28,  1884, 
Professor  Aley  was  married  to  Nellie  El- 
mira,  a  daughter  of  J.  W.  Archer,  of  that 
city.  They  have  two  children,  Maxwell 
Aley,  and  Ruth  Emily  Parkhurst. 

BENONI  STINSON  ROSE,  M.  D.  Aside  from 
his  long  service  for  a  quarter  of  a  century 
as  a  capable  physician  and  surgeon  at 
Evansville,  Doctor  Rose's  career  and  fam- 
ily are  interesting  from  the  fact  that  one 
of  his  great-grandfathers  bore  arms  in  the 
war  for  independence,  a  grandfather  was 
a  pioneer  preacher  of  Southern  Indiana, 
his  father  was  a  soldier  in  the  Civil  war, 
and  he  himself  held  the  rank  of  captain  in 
the  United  States  Medical  Corps  during 
the  recent  world  war. 

His  father,  Conrad  Rose,  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope and  brought  to  this  country  at  the 
age  of  five,  grew  up  in  the  country  around 
Evansville,  and  in  1862  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany H  of  the  Sixty-Fifth  Indiana  Infan- 
try, beiner  with  the  regiment  as  a  brave 
and  faithful  soldier  through  all  its  cam- 
paigns. He  did  not  receive  his  discharge 
until  after  the  close  of  the  war,  and  then 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1983 


returned  to  Vanderburg  County  and  was 
quietly  engaged  in  the  vocation  of  farming 
until  his  death  in  1917,  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-four. 

Doctor  Rose's  mother  was  Octavia  Stin- 
son,  who  was  born  in  Perry  Township  of 
Vanderburg  County  in  1841  and  died  in 
1908.  Her  grandfather,  Elijah  Stinson, 
was  the  Revolutionary  ancestor  of  Doctor 
Rose.  At  one  time  he  was  assigned  to  du- 
ties as  a  spy  by  General  Washington.  In 
1781,  in  Surry  County,  North  Carolina, 
he  married  Rachel  Cobb,  and  they  finally 
came  to  Vanderburg  County,  Indiana, 
where  Elijah  died  in  March,  1835,  and  his 
widow  afterward  drew  a  pension  for  his 
military  services. 

Rev.  Benoni  Stinson,  father  of  Octavia, 
was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1798,  and 
in  early  life  was  ordained  a  Baptist  min- 
ister. He  removed  to  Wayne  County,  Ken- 
tuckv.  and  thence  to  Vanderburg  County 
in  1822,  securing  a  tract  of  government 
land  which  included  the  present  site  of 
Howell,  then  heavily  timbered.  In  1823 
he  organized  Liberty  Baptist  Church,  and 
preached  in  many  other  places  in  Indiana, 
Illinois  and  Kentucky.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  a  gifted  orator,  and  at  the  time  of 
the  Civil  war  he  used  his  eloquence  to  re- 
cruit soldiers  for  the  Union  Army.  He 
was  also  a  successful  farmer.  His  death 
occurred  on  his  farm  in  October,  1869. 
February  19,  1819,  he  married  Ruth  A. 
Martin,  daughter  of  John  and  Drusilla 
Martin. 

Doctor  Rose,  who  was  born  at  Evans- 
ville,  was  one  of  four  children,  the  others 
being  A.  Lincoln,  Parthenia,  and  Harry  B. 
He  is  a  graduate  of  the  Evansville  High 
School,  spent  two  years  in  the  Ohio  Medical 
College  at  Cincinnati,  and  graduated  in 
1894  from  the  Louisville  Medical  College. 
From  that  time  he  practiced  steadily  in 
his  native  city  until  1917,  when,  in  July, 
he  was  commissioned  captain  in  the  Medi- 
cal Corps.  For  some  time  he  was  with  the 
Third  Pioneer  Infantry,  and  was  then 
transferred  to  General  Hospital  No.  8  at 
Otisville,  New  York.  He  received  an  hon- 
orable discharge  in  January,  1919.  In. 
1898  he  married  Helen  M.  Hewson,  daugh- 
ter of  George  B.  and  Mary  Hewson  of 
Evansville. 

GODLIP  C.  KUHNER.  To  the  enterprise 
of  Godlip  C.  Kuhner  Muncie  owes  one  of 


its  valuable  industries,  the  Kuhner  Pack- 
ing Company.  Mr.  Kuhner  is  primarily  a 
farmer  and  producer,  but  for  many  j-ears 
his  experience  has  also  been  in  the  varied 
lines  of  meat  handling  and  packing.  He 
first  engaged  in  meat  killing  on  his  farm 
on  a  very  small  scale,  and  gradually  has 
developed  his  facilities  until  it  now  repre- 
sents a  large  investment  and  an  important 
local  industry. 

Mr.  Kuhner  was  born  July  29,  1858,  in 
Scioto  County,  Ohio,  a  son  of  Godlip  C. 
Kuhner,  Sr.  His  father  came  to  America 
in  1847,  being  then  a  single  man.  From 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  he  enlisted  as  a 
soldier  in  the  Mexican  war.  Thus  he  early 
showed  those  qualities  of  Americanism 
which  have  been  characteristic  of  his  de- 
scendants. After  the  war  and  the  termi- 
nation of  his  military  service  he  married 
and  engaged  in  farming  aj,  Portsmouth, 
Ohio,  and  subsequently  bought  120  acres 
in  Harrison  Township  of  Se'ioto  County. 
Much  of  this  land  he  cleared  up  by  his 
own  industry,  and  put  it  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  He  lived  there  until  his 
death  in  1865.  He  and  his  wife,  Sophie, 
had  nine  children,  four  of  whom  died  in 
infancy,  while  the  others  are  still  living. 

Godlip  C.  Kuhner,  Jr..  who  was  the 
sixth  among  his  parents'  children,  was 
only  seven  years  old  when  his  father  died. 
His  father  was  a  Lutheran  and  a  republi- 
can in  politics.  The  boy  grew  up  on  the 
old  homestead  and  assisted  his  mother  in 
looking  after  the  farm  until  he  was  seven- 
teen years  old.  He  had  worked  at  farm 
labor  for  wages  for  several  years,  and  next 
bought  a  place  of  his  own  in  Bloom  Town- 
ship in  Scioto  County.  It  was  while  oper- 
ating this  farm  that  he  engaged  in  a  small 
way  in  the  butcher  business,  and  he  re- 
mained there  until  1895.  That  year  going 
to  Portsmouth  he  established  a  packing 
plant  in  which  he  handled  ten  or  twelve 
cattle  and  100  hogs  a  week. 

Selling  this  business  in  Ohio  he  came  to 
Indiana  and  located  at  Greentown  in  How- 
ard County,  and  for 'three  years  was  in 
the  retail  meat  business.  Mr.  Kuhner 
came  to  Muncie  in  1900,  and  established 
here  a  meat  market  which  is  still  operated. 
In  1904  he  enlarged  the  scope  of  his  oper- 
ations by  constructing  a  small  packine 
house  on  the  farm  he  had  bought  in  North 
Muncie.  The  first  considerable  additions 
to  his  facilities  were  made  in  1912;  and 


1984 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


other  additions  have  followed  until  at  the 
present  time  the  plant  has  a  capacity  of 
from  80  to  100  cattle  and  600  hogs  per 
week.  Among  the  facilities  is  a  modern 
cold  storage  plant  and  ice  factory,  manu- 
facturing forty  tons  of  ice  per  day  and 
with  complete  refrigeration  processes  and 
other  equipment  used  in  the  modern  indus- 
try of  meat  packing  and  storage. 

Mr.  Kuhner  now  relies  largely  upon  his 
son  for  the  active  management  of  this  in- 
dustry. He  married  January  15,  1880, 
Mary  Prior,  who  died  in  1898.  Pour  chil- 
dren were  born  to  them,  and  the  three  now 
living  are :  Henry  C.,  born  October  16, 
1880;  Ella  S.,  born  August  2,  1882;  and 
Frank,  born  January  5,  1884.  The  Kuh- 
ner Packing  Company  is  now  an  incorpo- 
ration, with  Henry  C.  Kuhner  as  president, 
Godlip  C.,  vice  president,  and  Frank  G., 
secretary  and  treasurer.  Their  retail  meat 
market  is  at  115  East  Charles  Street. 

Mr.  Kuhner  has  always  manifested  that 
public  spirit  which  makes  him  a  factor  of 
benefit  in  any  community.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  a  re- 
publican in  politics.  As  he  grew  up  on  a 
farm  he  has  always  maintained  an  interest 
in  agriculture,  and  has  been  a  successful 
farmer  both  in  Ohio  and  in  Indiana.  In 
1915  he  constructed  one  of  the  beautiful 
residences  of  Muncie,  a  bungalow  at  1027 
North  Elm  Street.  In  1913  he  married 
Mary  Obright,  who  has  a  son  living  in  New 
York. 

REV.  JACOB  U.  SCHNEIDER,  who  has  been 
continuously  identified  with  the  Zion  Evan- 
gelical Church  at  Evansville  as  pastor  for 
twenty-six  years,  is  one  of  the  most  distin- 
jniished  and  influential  leaders  of  that  de- 
nomination in  Indiana. 

He  was  born  at  Shanesville,  Tuscarawas 
County,  Ohio,  a  son  of  George  and  Mar- 
garet (Troxell)  Schneider.  When  he  was 
a  small  boy  his  parents  moved  out  to  the 
frontier  of  Nebraska,  locating  on  a  farm 
in  Richardson  County.  The  father  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  as  a  Nebraska  farmer. 
Rev.  Mr.  Schneider  therefore  had  his  early 
school  advantages  confined  to  the  old 
schools  of  Richardson  County.  Later  he 
took  a  commercial  course  at  Bryant  & 
Stratton  College  in  St.  Joseph,  Missouri, 
and  pursued  his  classical  studies  in  Elm- 
hurst  College  near  Chicago.  In  1886  he 
graduated  from  the  Eden  Theological  Sem- 


inary in  St.  Louis  and  was  ordained  a  min- 
ister of  the  Evangelical  Church.  His  first 
pastorate  was  at  Castle  Shannon  near  Pitts- 
burg,  Pennsylvania.  Two  years  later  he 
went  to  Jefferson  City,  Missouri,  as  pastor 
of  the  Evangelical  Church  in  that  city, 
serving  it  capably  and  effectively  for  five 
years.  After  that  he  was  principal  of  the 
high  school  at  Washington,  Missouri,  and 
in  1895  came  to  Evansville  to  accept  the 
pastorate  of  Zion  Evangelical  Church.  He 
has  not  only  maintained  a  large  and  pros- 
perous church  organization  but  has  inter- 
ested himself  in  everything  that  makes  for 
a  better  city.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Education  from  1910  to  1918,  and 
served  as  its  secretary  and  treasurer,  and 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Playground  Com- 
mission. He  has  been  president  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  of  the  Protestant  Dea- 
coness Hospital  since  1896.  In  the  larger 
affairs  of  his  church  he  is  known  as  chair- 
man of  the  Synodical  Literary  Board, 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  of 
Candidates  for  the  Ministry,  and  chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Relations  of  the  Synod 
to  other  Christian  bodies. 

In  1886  Rev.  Mr.  Schneider  married 
Rosa  L.  Langtim.  She  was  born  in  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri,  a  daughter  of  Ernest  and 
Minnie  (Ehlers)  Langtim.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Schneider  have  every  reason  to  be  proud 
of  their  family  of  children,  three  in  num- 
ber, named  Carl,  Selma,  and  Herbert. 

Carl  Schneider  graduated  from  the 
Evansville  High  School,  also  attended  Elm- 
hurst  College,  and  followed  the  example  of 
his  father  entered  the  Eden  Theological 
Seminary  in  St.  Louis,  of  which  he  is  a 
graduate.  Beyond  that  he  continued  his 
preparations  abroad,  a  student  in  a  semi- 
nary at  Tubingen,  in  the  University  of 
Leipzig  and  in  the  University  of  Berlin. 
He  is  now  Professor  of  Religious  Educa- 
tion in  Eden  Seminary.  Carl  Schneider 
married  Louise  Fisher,  and  they  have  one 
son,  named  Carl,  Jr. 

The  daughter,  Selma,  a  graduate  of  the 
Evansyille  High  School  and  of  DePauw 
University  at  Greencastle,  after  leaving 
college  engaged  in  social  service  work  at 
Sleighton  Farm,  the  seat  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Reform  School  for  Girls,  but 
is  now  a  teacher  in  the  Evansville  public 
schools. 

Herbert  Schneider  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Evansville  High  School.  He  entered  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1985 


United  States  service  June  24,  1918,  and 
went  to  Europe,  and  up  to  the  spring  of 
1919  was  still  in  France  as  a  member  of 
Company  C  of  the  Three  Hundred  and 
Ninth  Engineers. 

ELBERT  HAMILTON  SHIRK  was  the  founder 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Peru,  the 
oldest  financial  institution  of  Miami 
County  and  with  an  impressive  record  of 
strength,  resources  and  service  during  the 
more  than  half  century  of  its  existence. 

He  not  only  founded  the  bank  but  also 
a  family  name  which  has  endured  in  high 
honor  in  Northern  Indiana  and  other  local- 
ities through  several  generations.  Elbert 
Hamilton  Shirk  was  born  in  Franklin 
County,  Indiana,  February  14,  1818,  son 
of  Samuel  and  Elizabeth  (Stout)  Shirk. 
His  father  came  to  Indiana  from  Georgia 
and  his  mother  from  Kentucky.  For  all 
the  fact  that  Indiana  had  nothing  in  the 
way  of  public  education  to  offer  such  youth 
as  Elbert  H.  Shirk,  it  was  a  day  and  age 
which  produced  strong  men,  thoroughly 
capable  of  handling  big  affairs.  He  spent 
his  boyhood  on  a  farm,  attended  subscrip- 
tion schools,  and  after  reaching  manhood 
was  for  two  years  a  student  at  Miami  Uni- 
versity at  Oxford,  Ohio.  For  two  years 
he  taught  in  the  Rush  County  Seminary. 

However,  he  early  recognized  that  his 
talents  were  best  adapted  for  business.  In 
1844  he  moved  to  Peru,  and  forming  a 
partnership  with  John  Harlan  was  for  some 
years  one  of  the  early  merchants  of  the 
town.  From  that  time  until  his  death  in 
1886  his  career  was  one  of  unbroken  pros- 
perity. After  a  year  he  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising on  his  own  account.  He  pos- 
sessed the  judgment,  the  foresight  and  the 
executive  ability  which  are  characteristic 
of  great  merchants.  He  was  a  student  of 
methods  and  men  and  of  every  circum- 
stance which  would  affect  his  enterprise. 
He  built  up  a  trade  which  extended 
throughout  Indiana  and  embarked  in  nu- 
merous enterprises  which  always  rewarded 
his  judgment  with  good  profit.  He  dealt 
in  depreciated  land  warrants  which  had 
been  issued  to  the  veterans  of  the  Mexican 
war  and  invested  them  in  lands  in  the  then 
western  states  of  Kansas,  Iowa,  and  Ne- 
braska. Many  of  the  settlers  who  went 
from  this  section  of  Indiana  to  those  trans- 
Mississippi  states  were  equipped  with  war- 
rants for  land  sold  them  by  Mr.  Shirk. 


This  was  his  first  extensive  venture  in  real 
estate,  and  he  thereafter  followed  up  that 
line  of  business  very  extensively  and  syste- 
matically. It  was  in  considerable  part 
through  his  real  estate  operations  that  his 
large  fortune  was  accumulated.  Some  of 
the  best  of  his  investments  were  made  in 
Chicago  when  that  city  was  in  its  most 
rapid  development  period. 

He  had  opened  a  private  bank  for  de- 
posits in  1857,  and  through  his  own  re- 
sources and  his  high  standing  in  the  com- 
munity he  kept  that  institution  unim- 
paired through  the  troublous  financial 
times  that  followed.  In  1864,  the  year  fol- 
lowing the  passage  of  the  National  Bank 
Act,  he  organized  the  First  National  Bank, 
and  held  the  office  of  president. until  his 
death.  The  community  long  refused  to 
call  it  the  First  National  and  instead  it 
was  known  by  the  more  familiar  title  of 
"Shirk's  Bank,"  and  it  was  largely  the 
private  resources  and  good  judgment  of 
the  founder  that  gave  it  its  solid  character. 

In  banking,  merchandising  and  real  es- 
tate Elbert  H.  Shirk  was  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  strongest  men  of  his  time  in  In- 
diana. Had  he  chosen  for  the  field  of  his 
enterprise  one  of  the  great  cities  of  the 
country  his  name  would  undoubtedly  have 
been  associated  with  that  of  the  greatest 
merchant  princes  in  America.  While  he 
was  pre-eminent  as  a  creator  of  business  re- 
sources he  was  also  a  constant  influence 
for  the  conservation  and  development  of 
everything  affecting  the  welfare  of  society. 
For  many  years  he  was  one  of  the  most 
active  members  of  the  Baptist  Church  of 
Peru,  contributing  half  the  cost  of  the 
church  edifice  erected  during  his  lifetime. 
He  was  a  quiet  worker  in  benevolence  and 
philanthropy  in  his  city.  He  had  little  to 
do  with  partisan  politics  but  was  a  whig 
and  later  a  republican  voter.  He  is  re- 
membered as  a  man  of  apparently  slight 
and  frail  physique,  but  possessing  a  nerv- 
ous energy  and  will  power  which  constantly 
co-operated  with  his  remarkable  business 
judgment,  and  from  such  a  combination 
resulted  his  great  success  and  influence  in 
affairs. 

He  was  devoted  to  family  and  friends 
and  his  home  was  a  center  of  the  cultured 
social  life  of  his  community.  The  old 
Shirk  home  in  the  midst  of  an  entire  square 
at  the  edge  of  the  Peru  business  district  is 
and  has  long  been  one  of  the  landmarks  of 


1986 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


that  city.  In  June,  1845,  Elbert  H.  Shirk 
married  Mary  Wright,  who  was  of  English 
descent  and  a  native  of  Franklin  County, 
Indiana.  She  was  a  woman  of  rare  strength 
of  character,  and  during  her  long  and 
happy  associations  with  her  husband  she 
exerted  many  of  the  influences  which  gave 
him  power  and  success.  Elbert  H.  Shirk 
died  April  8,  1886.  His  widow  passed 
away  in  August,  1894.  They  had  a  family 
of  two  sons  and  one  daughter.  One  of  the 
sons  was  Milton  Shirk,  who  succeeded  his 
father  as  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank.  The  only  daughter  of  Elbert  H. 
Shirk  was  Alice,  now  the  wife  of  R.  A. 
Edwards,  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Peru. 

DALE  D.  GOLDEN  is  manager  of  the 
By-Lo  Hardware  Company  of  Anderson. 
This  is  one  of  a  chain  of  stores  conducted 
by  one  of  the  largest  retail  hardware  or- 
ganizations in  the  middle  west.  It  is  a  po- 
sition ef  responsibility,  and  is  adequate 
testimony  to  the  qualifications  of  Mr. 
Golden  as  an  executive  and  as  a  thoroughly 
experienced  hardware  man.  While  :h£  is 
only  thirty  years  of  age,  his  i^cpr. 
iness  experience  has  been  a  rather  'long 
one  and  indicates  that  he  has  concentrated 
a  great  deal  of  experience  and  energy  into 
a  few  brief  years. 

Mr.  Golden  was  born  in  1888  at  Acton 
in  Marion  County,  Indiana,  but  when  two 
years  of  age  his  parents,  Charles  E.  and 
Luella  (Dalby)  Golden,  moved  to  Indian- 
apolis. The  family  is  of  Irish  and  English 
ancestry.  In  Indianapolis  Mr.  Golden  at- 
tended the  public  schools,  but  his  education 
was  practically  completed  by  the  time  he 
was  fourteen  years  of  age.  He  soon  after- 
ward went  to  work  as  an  office  boy  with 
the  contracting  firm  of  King  &  Company. 
He  spent  five  rather  profitable  years  with 
this  firm,  and  acquired  some  very  valuable 
experience  as  a  draftsman  in  the  archi- 
tect's rooms.  He  then  sought  a  new  ave- 
nue for  his  energies,  and  for  two  years  was 
an  apprentice  learning  the  tinsmith  trade 
with  Frank  H.  Brunk  at  Indianapolis.  He 
then  went  to  work  as  a  clerk  in  the  Brunk 
hardware  store,  and  remained  with  that 
merchant  altogether  for  nine  or  ten  years, 
part  of  the  time  practically  as  manager  of 
the  hardware  department. 

In  1915  Mr.  Golden  came  to  Anderson 
and  opened  a  new  branch  of  the  By-Lo 


Stores  Company.  This  corporation  has  a 
large  number  of  stores  both  in  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  In  the  three  years  since  its  es- 
tablishment the  store  at  Anderson  has 
grown  rapidly  and  has  attracted  a  large 
proportion  of  the  local  trade  by  reason  of 
the  fact  that  its  equipment  and  stock  is  of 
the  very  best  character  and  quality.  The 
business  as  it  stands  today  at  Anderson  is 
practically  the  product  of  Mr.  Golden 's 
energies  and  ideas,  and  it  is  impossible  not 
to  look  forward  into  the  future  and  pre- 
dict for  him  a  splendidly  successful  career 
as  a  merchant  and  business  man.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  Retail  Hardware 
Association. 

In  1911  Mr.  Golden  married  Mary  Baum, 
daughter  of  Thomas  and  Delia  (Wyckoff) 
Baum.  They  have  two  children,  Kenneth 
Dale,  born  in  1913,  and  Mary  Ellen,  born 
in  1915.  Mr.  Golden  takes  an  independent 
stand  in  regard  to  politics.  He  isjjffiliated 
with  Meridian  Lodge  No.  480  of  fne  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  at  Indian- 
apolis. 

i 

JOHN  EUGENE  IOLEHART.  The  name 
^een  prominent  in  the  annals 
of 'Trie  Evansville  bar  for  a  great  many 
years.  John  Eugene  Iglehart  has  prac- 
ticed there  nearly  half  a  century  and  his 
father  before  him  was  an  eminent  member 
of  the  Southern  Indiana  bar. 

The  Iglehart  family  came  originally  from 
Saxony  and  were  colonial  settlers  in  Amer- 
ica. Mr.  Iglehart  is  a  great-great-grand- 
son of  John  and  Mary  (Denune)  Iglehart. 
The  Denune  branch  of  the  family  repre- 
sents French  Huguenots.  John  and  Mary 
had  a  son  named  John,  and  he  in  turn  was 
father  of  Levi  Iglehart,  who  was  born  in 
Prince  George  County,  Maryland,  August 
13,  1786.  He  was  reared  and  educated  in 
his  native  state  and  married  there  Anne 
Taylor.  About  1815  he  came  west  to  the 
Ohio  Valley  and  in  1823  settled  in  War- 
rick  County,  Indiana,  became  a  pioneer 
land  owner  and  farmer  and  lived  there  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a  magistrate  in 
1825  and  later  was  lay  judge  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court. 

Asa  Iglehart,  father  of  the  Evansville 
lawyer,  was  born  in  Kentucky  December 
8,  1817,  and  was  reared  among  the  hills 
of  Warrick  County.  With  limited  oppor- 
tunities he  acquired  a  good  education,  and 
after  his  marriage  he  continued  farming 


LIBRARY 
OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1987 


until  1849.  He  had  devoted  much  of  his 
spare  time  to  the  study  of  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  during  that  year  and  at 
once  located  at  Evansville.  Here  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  firm  Ingle,  Wheeler 
&  Iglehart.  In  1854  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and 
was  afterward  elected  to  that  office.  In 
1858  he  resumed  private  practice,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  he  appeared  in  cases  of 
great  importance  not  only  in  the  Circuit 
and  Superior  Courts  but  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  state  and  the  United  States, 
and  moved  on  terms  of  easy  fellowship 
with  many  of  the  notable  men  of  the  state 
and  nation.  Ill  health  finally  compelled 
him  to  retire  from  practice,  and  he  died 
February  5,  1887. 

Judge  Iglehart  married  Ann  Cowle,  who 
was  born  in  Huntingtonshire,  England, 
a  daughter  of  William  and  Sarah  (Ingle) 
Cowle.  Sarah  Cowle  was  one  of  the  pio- 
neer settlers  of  Vanderburgv  County,  In- 
diana, coming  in  1823,  when  a  widow.  Asa 
Iglehart  and  wife  had  three  children :  Fred 
C.,  John  E.,  and  Annie. 

John  Eugene  Iglehart  was  born  on  a 
farm  in  Campbell  Township,  Warrick 
County,  August  10,  1848.  He  was  liber- 
ally educated  in  the  schools  of  Evansville 
and  at  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University, 
where  he  graduated  at  the  age  of  twenty. 
He  was  soon  afterward  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  at  once  began  practice  at  Evans- 
ville. November  4,  1874,  he  married 
Lockie  W.  Holt,  daughter  of  Robert  and 
Ann  Holt.  They  have  four  children:  En- 
gene  H.,  Ann,  and  Lockie  H.  and  Joseph 
H.  Mr.  Iglehart  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

JOSEPH  D.  ADAMS.  Some  thirty  or 
thirty-five  years  ago  Joseph  D.  Adams,  then 
a  resident  of  Parke  County,  Indiana,  was 
enacting  the  rather  humble  role  of  a  coun- 
try school  teacher  and  farmer.  An  un- 
solicited honor  came  to  him,  though  per- 
haps it  was  regarded  as  an  honor  neither 
by  him  nor  those  who  conferred  it  upon 
him.  His  fellow  citizens  in  the  district 
elected  him  road  supervisor.  It  is  the  only 
public  office  Mr.  Adams  ever  held,  and  it 
was  one  he  neither  sought  nor  wanted. 

American  people  have  become  so  accus- 
tomed to  a  perfunctory  performance  of  offi- 
cial duty  that  they  are  only  surprised  when 

VoL  V— 8 


something  out  of  the  ordinary  in  the  way 
of  efficiency  develops.  It  was  in  this  way 
that  Mr.  Adams  turned  the  joke  on  the 
people  who  elected  him  road  supervisor. 
He  used  his  official  authority  in  compelling 
his  neighbors  to  work  the  roads  with  as 
much  vigor  and  system  as  they  did  their 
farms.  But  the  main  point  of  the  story 
is  not  the  efficiency  of  his  administration, 
as  road  supervisor,  but  the  fact  that  during 
this  experience  Mr.  Adams  gained  his  first 
insight  into  the  inadequacy  of  road  work- 
ing machinery.  A  few  years  later  he  took 
the  agency  and  went  on  the  road  and  be- 
gan traveling  over  that  section  of  Indiana 
and  other  states  selling  road  making  ma- 
chinery. During  all  the  years  he  was  in- 
terviewing county  commissioners  and  other 
road  officials  in  the  interests  of  his  com- 
pany he  was  at  the  same  time  using  his 
mind  and  mechanical  ingenuity  in  specu- 
lating as  to  how  he  could  improve  road 
making  implements.  Out  of  this  period  of 
study  and  experimentation  he  evolved  one 
after  the  other  of  what  are  today  widely 
known  as  the  "Little  Wonder  Grader,"  the 
"Road  King"  line,  and  "Square  Deal" 
line  of  road  graders,  and  other  implements 
and  devices  now  known  generally  through- 
out the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land. 
His  invention  of  the  adjustable  leaning 
wheel  as  applied  to  road  graders  was  so  far 
in  advance  of  competition  as  to  practically 
give  him  a  monopoly. 

Along  with  the  genius  to  invent  Mr. 
Adams  possessed  the  business  ability  of  the 
salesman  and  the  manufacturer.  Thus  it 
was  that  in  1895  he  founded  the  J.  D. 
Adams  &  Company  of  Indianapolis,  of 
which  he  is  now  president.  With  limited 
capital  and  in  limited  quarters  he  began 
the  manufacture  of  his  inventions.  HP 
kept  his  machines  before  the  attention  of 
the  public,  made  them  worthy  of  confi- 
dence and  patronage,  was  exceedingly  care- 
ful in  bringing  out  only  the  best  products 
of  the  kind,  and  there  naturally  followed 
a  rapid  increase  of  the  business.  The  sur- 
plus was  reinvested  in  extensions  and  im- 
provements, and  after  about  twenty  years 
J.  D.  Adams  &  Company  now  conduct  one 
of  the  larger  industrial  plants  of  Indiana, 
furnishing  employment  to  250  individuals, 
and  manufacturing  about  fifteen  different 
types  of  road  grading  machines. 

Having  thus  indicated  his  industrial  po- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1987 


until  1849.  He  had  devoted  much  of  his 
spare  time  to  the  study  of  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  during  that  year  and  at 
once  located  at  Evansville.  Here  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  firm  Ingle,  Wheeler 
&  Iglehart.  In  1834  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and 
was  afterward  elected  to  that  office.  In 
18f>8  he  resumed  private  practice,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  he  appeared  in  cases  of 
great  importance  not  only  in  the  Circuit 
and  Superior  Courts  but  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  state  and  the  United  States, 
and  moved  on  terms  of  easy  fellowship 
with  many  of  the  notable  men  of  the  state 
and  nation.  Ill  health  finally  compelled 
him  to  retire  from  practice,  and  he  died 
Februai'y  5,  1887. 

Judge  Iglehart  married  Ann  Cowle.  who 
was  born  in  Iluntingtonsliire,  England, 
a  daughter  of  William  and  Sarah  (Ingle) 
Cowle.  Sarah  Cowle  was  one  of  the  pio- 
neer settlers  of  Yanderburg  County.  In- 
diana, coming  in  1823,  when  a  widow.  Asa 
Iglehart  and  wife  had  three  children:  Fred 
('..  John  E..  and  Annie. 

John  Eugene  Iglehart  was  born  on  a 
farm  in  Campbell  Township,  Warrick 
County,  August  10,  1848.  He  was  liber- 
ally educated  in  the  schools  of  Evansville 
and  at  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University, 
where  he  graduated  at  the  age  of  twenty. 
He  was  soon  afterward  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  at  once  began  practice  at  Evans- 
ville. November  4,  1874,  he  married 
Loekie  W.  Holt,  daughter  of  Robert  and 
Ann  Holt.  They  have  four  children:  En- 
gene  II.,  Ann,  and  Loekie  II.  and  Joseph 
II.  Mr.  Iglehart  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

JOSEPH  D.  ADAMS.  Some  thirty  or 
thirty-five  years  ago  Joseph  D.  Adams,  then 
a  resident  of  Parke  County,  Indiana,  was 
enacting  the  rather  humble  role  of  a  coun- 
try school  teacher  and  farmer.  An  un- 
solicited honor  came  to  him.  though  per- 
haps it  was  regarded  as  an  honor  neither 
by  him  nor  those  who  conferred  it  upon 
him.  His  fellow  citizens  in  the  district 
elected  him  road  supervisor.  It  is  the  only 
public  office  Mr.  Adams  ever  held,  and  it 
was  one  he  neither  sought  nor  wanted. 

American  people  have  become  so  accus- 
tomed to  a  perfunctory  performance  of  offi- 
cial duty  that  they  are  only  surprised  when 

Vol.  V— 6 


something  out  of  the  ordinary  in  the  way 
of  efficiency  develops.  It  was  in  this  way 
that  Mr.  Adams  turned  the  joke  on  the 
people  who  elected  him  road  supervisor, 
lie  used  his  official  authority  in  compelling 
his  neighbors  to  work  the  roads  with  as 
much  vigor  and  system  as  they  did  their 
farms.  Hut  the  main  point  of  the  story 
is  not  the  efficiency  of  his  administration 
as  road  supervisor,  but  the  fact  that  during 
this  experience  Mr.  Adams  gained  his  first 
insight  into  the  inadequacy  of  road  work- 
ing machinery.  A  few  years  later  he  took 
the  agency  and  went  on  the  road  and  be- 
gan traveling  over  that  section  of  Indiana 
and  other  states  selling  road  making  ma- 
chinery. During  all  the  years  he  was  in- 
terviewing county  commissioners  and  other 
road  officials  in  the  interests  of  his  com- 
pany he  was  at  the  same  time  using  his 
mind  and  mechanical  ingenuity  in  specu- 
lating as  to  how  he  could  improve  road 
making  implements.  Out  of  this  period  of 
study  and  experimentation  he  evolved  one 
after  the  other  of  what  are  today  widely 
known  as  the  "Little  Wonder  Grader,"  the 
"Road  King''  line,  and  "Square  Deal" 
line  of  road  graders,  and  other  implements 
and  devices  now  known  generally  through- 
out the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land. 
His  invention  of  the  adjustable  leaning 
wheel  as  applied  to  road  graders  was  so  far 
in  advance  of  competition  as  to  practically 
give  him  a  monopoly. 

Along  with  the  genius  to  invent  Mr. 
Adams  possessed  the  business  ability  of  the 
salesman  and  the  manufacturer.  Thus  it 
was  that  in  189.">  he  founded  the  J.  D. 
Adams  &  Company  of  Indianapolis,  of 
which  he  is  now  president.  With  limited 
capital  and  in  limited  quarters  he  began 
the  manufacture  of  his  inventions.  Ht> 
kept  his  machines  before  the  attention  of 
the  public,  made  them  worthy  of  confi- 
dence and  patronage,  was  exceedingly  care- 
ful in  bringing  out  only  the  best  products 
of  the  kind,  and  there  naturally  followed 
a  rapid  increase  of  the  business.  The  sur- 
plus was  reinvested  in  extensions  and  im- 
provements, and  after  about  twenty  years 
J.  D.  Adams  &  Company  now  conduct  one 
of  the  larger  industrial  plants  of  Indiana, 
furnishing  employment  to  2">0  individuals, 
and  manufacturing  about  fifteen  different 
tynes  of  road  grading  machines. 

Having  thus  indicated  his  industrial  po- 


1988 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sition  in  Indiana,  it  remains  to  say  a  word 
concerning  his  personal  career  and  his 
family. 

Mr.  Adams  was  born  on  a  farm  in  ParV' 
County,  Indiana,  December  12,  1853.  He 
is  a  son  of  Harvey  and  Eliza  (Caruthers) 
Adams.  His  father  was  born  in  Ross 
County,  Ohio,  July  25,  1825.  When  a 
young  man  he  removed  to  Vigo  County, 
Indiana,  and  from  there  to  what  is  now 
Sand  Creek  Station  in  Parke  County. 
There  he  took  a  tract  of  land  on  which  few 
improvements  had  been  made,  and  re- 
deemed it  from  the  virginal  wilderness. 
On  a  part  of  this  farm  is  today  located 
the  Indiana  State  Tuberculosis  Hospital. 
Harvey  Adams  was  the  type  of  man  whose 
life  is  worthy  of  record,  though  it  contained 
no  spectacular  elements  of  episodes.  He 
lived  an  ideal  Americanism,  was  honest, 
upright,  a  progressive  and  hardworking 
farmer,  and  he  died  at  his  home  in  Parke 
County  April  3,  1904.  His  wife,  Mrs.  Eliza 
Adams,  was  born  in  Parke  County  Novem- 
ber 4.  1826.  That  date  in  itself  indicates 
that  her  people  were  among  the  first  settlers 
there  in  the  Wabash  Valley,  and  lived  in 
that  region  when  the  Indians  and  wild 
game  were  far  more  plentiful  than  white 
people  and  domestic  animals.  She  died 
June  15,  1912.  It  is  from  such  unassuming 
parentage  that  the  best  of  American  citi- 
zens have  sprung. 

Joseph  D.  Adams  was  the  third  of  the 
eight  children  born  to  his  parents,  five  of 
whom  are  still  living.  His  early  life  was 
devoid  of  exciting  incidents.  During  the 
summer  months  he  worked  on  the  home 
farm  and  during  the  winter  attended  dis- 
trict schools.  His  early  schooling  was  sup- 
plemented by  attendance  at  the  old  Friends 
Bloomingdale  Academy  when  Prof.  Barna- 
bas C.  Hobbs,  later  state  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  was  at  the  head  of  the 
institution.  Like  many  other  young  men 
of  the  day  Mr.  Adams  resorted  to  school 
teaching,  and  altogether  taught  some  eight 
or  nine  terms,  until  he  engaged  in  selling 
road  machinery.  In  politics  he  has  always 
been  a  republican.  On  April  13,  1876.  he 
married  Miss  Anna  Elder.  Three  children 
were  born  to  them.  The  daughter,  Anna 
Laura,  now  deceased,  married  Rev.  Edward 
Henry,  and  she  left  two  children,  Anna 
Lou  and  Laura  Margaret.  The  active  busi- 
ness associates  of  Mr.  Adams  in  the  J.  D. 


Adams  &  Company  are  his  two  sons,  Roy 
E.  and  William  Ray. 

CHARLTON  ANDREWS,  author,  lecturer, 
journalist,  and  educator,  is  a  native  son  of 
Connersville,  Indiana,  born  February  1, 
1878.  His  parents  are  Albert  Munson  An- 
drews, pharmacist,  and  Marie  Louise  An- 
drews, a  writer  and  a  pioneer  in  the 
woman 's  suffrage  movement.  She  was  one 
of  the  leading  spirits  in  the  founding  of  the 
Western  Association  of  Writers,  and  for 
several  years  served  as  its  secretary.  Her 
death  occurred  in  1891. 

Charlton  Andrews  is  a  graduate  of  De- 
Pauw  University,  1898,  University  of  Paris, 
1898-9.  Chicago  University,  1904,  and  Har- 
vard University,  1911.  His  first  work  af- 
ter leaving  college  was  as  a  newspaper  man, 
was  afterward  prominently  engaged  in  edu- 
cational work,  and  in  1914  entered  upon 
his  work  as  lecturer  in  the  Brooklyn  Poly- 
technic Institute.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Civilians'  Military  Training  Course, 
Fort  Totten,  Long  Island,  1917,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Andiron  Club,  New  York  City, 
and  with  the  Delta  Tau  Delta  fraternity. 
Among  his  works  as  an  author  may  be 
mentioned:  "The  Drama  Today"  (1913), 
"The  Technique  of  Play  Writing"  (1915), 
"His  Majesty  the  Fool"  (a  play  produced 
at  The  Little  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  1913), 
and  other  works,  and  has  contributed  to 
numerous  magazines.  In  1916  he  was  made 
play  receiver  for  The  Theatre  Magazine. 

In  Brookville,  Indiana,  May  15,  1901, 
Mr.  Andrews  married  Maude  Cory  Smolley. 

BERT  H.  HARRIS.  There  are  few  men 
who  have  not  at  some  time  in  their  lives 
had  an  ardent  ambition  to  be  railroaders. 
In  that  great  industry,  as  in  many  other 
lines,  "mpny  are  called  but  few  are 
chosen."  It  is  a  long  and  arduous  climb 
to  the  heights  of  promotion  and  responsi- 
bility, and  many  drop  out  on  the  way. 

One  of  the  prominent  railroad  officials 
living  at  Indianapolis,  and  trainmaster  for 
the  Pennsylvania  lines,  is  Bert  H.  Harris, 
who  was  first  granted  his  desire  to  connect 
with  the  railroad  when  eighteen  years  of 
p^e.  He  was  born  at  Martinsville,  In- 
diana, in  1869,  son  of  John  F.  and  Mary 
(Schlayman)  Harris.  His  father  was  of 
French  ancestry  and  a  native  of  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  while  his  mother  was  born  in 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1989 


Germany.  They  were  early  settlers  in 
Martinsville.  After  attending  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  village  Bert  H.  Har- 
ris counted  it  a  most  happy  day  when  he 
was  taken  to  work  at  the  railroad  station 
of  the  Pennsylvania  lines  in  the  capacity 
of  messenger.  There  was  a  good  deal  of 
leisure  time,  and  he  rapidly  picked  up  and 
acquired  an  expert  knowledge  of  telegra- 
phy. He  was  assigned  as  operator  at  Mar- 
tinsville Station  for  about  a  year,  later 
for  two  years  was  station  agent,  and  in 
1894  the  Pennsylvania  Company  trans- 
ferred him  to  Indianapolis  as  chief  clerk  to 
the  trainmaster.  In  1896  he  was  made 
yardmaster  at  Bushrod,  Indiana,  and  held 
those  responsibilities  about  eight  years.  He 
then  returned  to  Indianapolis  to  become 
trainmaster  of  the  Vincennes  Division,  and 
has  lived  in  this  city  continuously  since 
then.  August  1,  1918,  Mr.  Harris  was  hon- 
ored by  another  substantial  promotion,  be- 
ing made  trainmaster  of  both  the  Indian- 
apolis Terminal  Division  and  the  Vincennes 
Division,  including  the  terminals  at  Vin- 
cennes. This  was  an  office  carrying  with  it 
considerably  enlarged  duties  and  responsi- 
bilities. One  of  the  outstanding  facts  iv 
his  record  as  a  railroad  man  is  that  his 
service  has  been  continuous  with  the  Penn- 
sylvania lines,  and  thirty  years  in.  their 
employ  constitute  hire  a  veteran,  though  he 
is  just  fifty  years  old. 

Mr.  Harris  takes  the  greatest  pride 
and  interest  in  his  work  as  a  railroad  man, 
but  feels  an  even  deeper  personal  interest 
in  his  happy  family,  and  particularly  of 
late  in  the  experiences  and  achievements 
of  his  soldier  son.  Mr.  Harris  married  at 
Spencer,  Indiana,  Miss  Florence  A.  Mor- 
pan,  of  that  city.  Their  three  children  are 
Lieut.  Paul  A.  Harris,  Agnes  Harris,  and 
Harry  Harris.  The  older  son,  Paul,  vol- 
unteered in  the  first  officers'  reserve  corps 
for  training  in  May,  1917.  Later  he  was 
selected  for  coast  artillery  service,  and 
completed  his  training  at  Fort  Monroe, 
Virginia,  where  he  was  commissioned  a 
second  lieutenant.  Since  then  he  has  been 
promoted  to  first  lieutenant,  and  has  made 
a  splendid  record  both  in  the  technical 
branch  of  the  service  and  as  a  commanding 
officer.  He  was  in  his  third  year  at  Pur- 
due University  when  he  volunteered  for 
the  officers  training  camp.  Mr.  Harris  and 
wife  are  members  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 


terian Church  of  Indianapolis,  and  in  pol- 
itics he  is  a  democrat. 

OSCAR  C.  SMITH.  For  thirty  years  or 
more  Oscar  C.  Smith  has  been  a  factor  in 
the  business  affairs  of  Kokomo,  where  he  is 
head  of  the  firm  Smith  &  Hoff,  an 
old  established  and  well  known  busi- 
ness in  furniture,  household  supplies,  and 
undertaking,  located  at  118-120  East  Wal- 
nut Street. 

Mr.  Smith  is  a  man  of  broad  and  pro- 
gressive views,  and  his  place  among  In- 
diana merchants  is  an  indication  of  the 
fact  that  he  is  now  serving  as  president  of 
the  State  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  In- 
diana. He  was  formerly  prominent  in  the 
Kokomo  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  gave 
up  the  presidency  of  that  body  in  order 
to  handle  the  responsibilities  of  his  present 
office. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  May  15,  1862,  at 
Mooresville,  Indiana.  His  home  has  been 
in  Kokomo  since  January,  1874.  In  1880 
he  graduated  from  the  Kokomo  High 
School,  and  during  the  next  five  years  had 
some  valuable  experience  and  rendered 
some  good  service  as  a  teacher  in  Howard 
County  and  the  City  of  Kokomo.  Follow- 
ing that  he  entered  the  book  business  under 
the  name  O.  C.  Smith.  With  Mr.  Louis 
Mehlig  he  subsequently  formed  the  part- 
nership of  Smith  &  Mehlig,  drugs,  books, 
and  wall  paper.  This  business  was  con- 
tinued until  1900,  when  Mr.  Smith  sold 
his  interests  to  Mr.  Mehlig.  He  then 
bought  a  half  interest  in  the  furniture  bus- 
iness of  Kellar  &  Company,  thus  estab- 
lishing the  business  of  Smith  &  Kellar. 
Four  years  later  Mr.  E.  W.  Hoff  bought 
the  Kellar  interests,  and  for  the  past  four- 
teen years  the  firm  of  Smith  &  Hoff  has 
enjoyed  an  unequivocal  standing  and  pros- 
perity in  Kokomo. 

Mr.  Smith  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Kokomo  Chamber  of  Commerce  in 
1913.  He  served  as  its  president  from 
1915  to  1917,  when  he  resigned  to  devote 
his  time  to  the  State  Chamber  of  Commerce 
HS  president.  He  is  now  in  his  second  term 
of  that  office.  Fraternally  he  is  affiliated 
with  Lodge  No.  29,  Knights  of  Pythias, 
having  passed  all  the  chairs,  also  with  the 
Lodge  of  Elks,  with  the  Improved  Order 
of  Red  Men.  and  is  a  member  of  the  Grace 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  He  is  a  re- 
publican, without  aspirations  for  office 


1990 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


In  1890  Mr.  Smith  married  Miss  Myrtle 
A.  Maris,  of  Bussiaville,  Indiana.  She 
graduated  from  the  Kokomo  High  School 
in  1887.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smith  have  three 
children :  Paul  M.,  born  August  28,  1891, 
is  a  graduate  of  the  Kokomo  High  School : 
Arline,  born  in  1894,  died  in  1897 ;  and 
Preston  E.,  born  June  28,  1905. 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  MOORE.  Since  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  one  man  has  done  more  to 
influence  educational  progress  and  policy 
in  Indiana  than  Benjamin  Franklin  Moore. 
He  is  in  the  prime  .of  his  activities  and  his 
vitalizing  influence  on  educational  affairs 
is  more  conspicuous  now  than  ever  before. 

Mr.  Moore  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Buf- 
falo in  White  County,  Indiana,  April  4, 
1858.  The  Moore  family  were  very  promi- 
nent in  the  early  life  and  history  of  that 
county.  His  father  was  a  farmer,  for 
many  years  justice  of  the  peace  and  was 
postmaster  of  his  community.  Mr.  Moore 
is  a  great-grandson  of  a  Presbyterian 
preacher  in  Pennsylvania  and  a  soldier  in 
the  Revolutionary  war. 

His  early  life  was  spent  on  his  father's 
farm.  He  attended  his  first  school  near 
home,  later  the  high  school  at  Monticello, 
and  in  June,  1884,  graduated  from  the  In- 
diana State  Normal  School  in  the  full  Latin 
course.  Aside  from  what  he  has  gained  by 
an  experience  of  more  than  thirty  years  in 
educational  work  he  has  pursued  post- 
graduate courses  in  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago and  in  Columbia  University  of  New 
York  City.  His  Master's  degree  was 
awarded  him  by  Columbia  University  in 
1912. 

Mr.  Moore  began  teaching  when  only 
sixteen  years  old.  For  eight  years  his 
work  was  done  in  country  districts.  For 
one  year  he  was  superintendent  of  schools 
at  Nineveh  in  Johnson  County,  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  Monticello  five  years, 
was  for  nine  years  at  Frankfort,  Indiana, 
nine  years  at  Marion,  and  ten  years  at 
Muncie.  On  April  4,  1918,  Mr.  Moore  was 
elected  dean  of  the  Indiana  State  Normal 
School,  Eastern  Division,  and  he  was  in 
charge  at  the  opening  of  the  school  on 
June  17,  1918. 

Besides  what  he  has  accomplished  as  an 
individual  teacher  and  school  administra- 
tor some  of  his  broader  work  in  the  state  at 
large  should  be  made  familiar  to  the  read- 


ers. In  1907  he  was  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor as  chairman  of  the  first  Indiana 
State  Education  Commission  to  investigate 
and  make  recommendation  regarding  tax- 
ation and  teachers  salaries  and  other  edu- 
cational matters.  As  chairman  of  the 
State  Education  Commission  he  prepared 
seven  educational  bills,  all  of  which  were 
enacted  into  laws.  As  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  Indiana  State 
Teachers'  Association  Mr.  Moore  wrote  the 
present  Indiana  State  Teachers'  Retire- 
ment Law.  He  was  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor as  a  member  of  the  first  Indiana 
State  Teachers'  Retirement  Fund  Board, 
was  first  president  of  the  board  at  its  or- 
ganization August  1,  1915,  and  still  holds 
that  office.  He  has  served  as  president  of 
the  Indiana  State  Teachers'  Association, 
of  the  Indiana  Town  and  City  Superin- 
tendents' Association  and  of  other  educa- 
tional bodies.  He  has  always  interested 
himself  in  community  affairs  and  during 
the  war  was  a  member  of  the  Educational 
Committees  of  the  State  and  County  Coun- 
cils of  Defense. 

C.  H.  HAVENS  is  the  present  postmaster 
of  Kokomo.  He  has  been  a  resident  and 
newspaper  man  of  Kokomo  for  many  years, 
and  it  seems  almost  a  foretelling  of  destiny 
that  he  should  have  been  born  in  a  house 
just  across  the  street  from  where  the  new 
Federal  Building  and  Postoffice  stands. 

Mr.  Havens  was  born  May  4,  1858,  son , 
of  Henry  B.  Havens  and  grandson  of  Rev. 
James  Havens.  He  is  of  old  Virginia  an- 
cestry, and  the  family  emigrated  over  the 
mountains  to  Kentucky  and  from  that  state 
went  as  pioneers  to  Rush  County,  Indiana. 
His  grandfather  was  known  as  the  "fight- 
ing minister,"  and  was  a  type  of  the  pio- 
neer itinerant  preacher  and  evangelist  of 
which  Peter  Cartwright  was  perhaps  the 
most  famous  example.  These  ministers 
carried  the  Gospel  to  the  backwoods  com- 
munities, and  preached  in  log  schoolhouses 
and  even  in  private  homes,  and  no  weather 
or  other  conditions  could  deter  them  from 
the  performance  of  their  duty.  Rev.  James 
Havens  was  widely  known  among  the  early 
settlers  of  Rush  County  and  was  a  most 
exemplary  man.  Many  years  ago  a  Mr. 
Hibben  wrote  a  book  on  his  life  and  serv- 
ices and  this  book  was  widely  read.  Rev. 
James  Havens  had  a  family  of  fourteen 
children,  the  youngest  being  Henry  B., 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1991 


who  was  born  in  Rush  County,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  district  schools  there,  and 
learned  the  trade  of  saddler  and  harness 
maker.  He  followed  it  in  Rush  County 
until  1846,  when  he  moved  to  Howard 
County,  and  became  one  of  the  first  to  fol- 
low his  trade  in  Kokomo.  Later  he  became 
a  grain  buyer,  and  continued  that  business 
until  1884,  when  hte  branched  out  in  real 
estate  and  continued  that  until  his  death. 
He  was  widely  known  over  Howard  County 
and  was  very  loyal  in  his  allegiance  to  the 
democratic  party  and  influential  in  its  be- 
half. 

C.  H.  Havens,  third  among  the  six  chil- 
dren of  his  parents,  was  reared  in  Kokomo, 
attended  the  high  school,  and  entered  upon 
his  business  career  as  a  printer's  devil  in 
the  office  of  the  Kokomo  Democrat.  He  has 
been  a  printer  and  newspaper  man  many 
years,  and  for  twenty  years  was  managing 
editor  of  the  Kokomo  Dispatch.  Mr.  Hav- 
ens was  appointed  postmaster  of  Kokomo 
by  President  Wilson  in  1914.  He  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason, 
a  member  of  the  Elks  and  Modern  Wood- 
men of  America,  and  very  stanch  as  a 
democrat. 

February  6,  1886,  he  married  at  Kokomo 
Miss  McKinsey.  Their  two  daughters  are 
both  married,  and  one  son-in-law  is  serv- 
ing with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  in  the 
American  Army. 

BYRON  FLETCHER  PRUNK,  A.  B.,  M.  D. 
In  the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery 
Doctor  Prunk  has  become  widely  and  fav- 
orably known  at  Indianapolis.  The  oppor- 
tunities and  obligations  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession were  impressed  upon  his  attention 
from  an  early  age,  since  his  father  was  one 
of  the  able  men  in  that  field  in  Indianap- 
olis, and  after  duly  qualifying  himself  by 
technical  education  Doctor  Prunk  found 
himself  almost  at  the  start  in  possession 
of  a  gratifying  practice. 

He  was  born  December  20,  1866,  son  of 
Daniel  H.  and  Hattie  A.  (Smith)  'Prunk, 
the  father  still  living  at  Indianapolis  with 
his  son  Byron  F.  The  mother  died  Octo- 
ber 15,  1911.  Dr.  Daniel  H.  Prunk  was 
born  in  Virginia,  and  as  a  child  accom- 
panied the  family  in  1832  to  Hennepin,'  Ill- 
inois, and  spent  his  earliest  years  on  a  farm 
there.  He  took  up  the  study  of  medicine, 
attending  courses  of  the  Eclectic  School  at 
Cincinnati,  from  which  he  graduated  in 


1856.  In  1876  he  graduated  from  the  In- 
diana Medical  University.  He  resumed 
practice  at  Indianapolis  about  the  close  of 
the  Civil  war.  He  served  as  contract  sur- 
geon and  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Federal 
service  as  a  volunteer  during  that  conflict. 
For  sixty-three  years  he  has  ably  per- 
formed his  duties  as  a  physician.  His 
three  sons,  Frank  H.,  Harry  C.,  and  Byron 
F.,  all  live  at  Indianapolis. 

Byron  F.  Prunk  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  city,  grad- 
uated from  Wabash  College,  Indiana,  with 
the  degree  A.  B.  in  1892,  studied  medicine 
at  the  Indiana  Medical  College  in  1894, 
and  in  1896  received  his  degree  Doctor  of 
Medicine  from  Jefferson  Medical  College 
at  Philadelphia. 

With  these  qualifications  and  training 
Dr.  Prunk  returned  to  Indianapolis  and 
at  once  engaged  in  practice  in  the  office  of 
his  father  at  30  South  Senate  Avenue, 
where  his  father  had  continuously  been  in 
practice  for  forty  years.  He  is  a  general 
practitioner.  He  is  a  member  of  the  va- 
rious medical  organizations,  and  is  inter- 
ested in  republican  party  success  and  be- 
longs to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 

In  1894  he  married  Pauline  D.  Shaffer, 
a  native  of  Arcadia,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
William  H.  and  Nancy  (Caylor)  Shaffer. 
Her  father  died  in  1908  and  her  mother  is 
now  living  in  Indianapolis.  Doctor  and 
Mrs.  Prunk  have  five  children.  Byron 
Parvin,  the  oldest,  born  May  29,  1895,*  was 
a  student  in  Wabash  College  when  Amer- 
ica entered  the  world  struggle  against  Ger- 
many, became  sergeant  in  Headquarters 
Company  and  attended  training  camp  for 
officers  at  Camp  Taylor,  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  became  second  lieutenant. 
Harriet  Augusta,  who  was  born  November 
9,  1896,  was  formerly  a  student  of  Emer- 
son College  of  Oratory  at  Boston,  and  spent 
one  year  in  the  Chevy  Chase  School  at 
Washington.  Helen  Louise,  born  Septem- 
ber 19,  1899,  is  in  the  Indianapolis  High 
School.  Horace,  born  June  16,  1901,  in 
spite  of  his  age  found  an  opportunity  to 
get  into  the  war,  receiving  his  first  mili- 
tary experience  in  Battery  A,  Indiana  Na- 
tional Guard,  and  is  now  a  private  in  the 
famous  Rainbow  Division  in  General 
Pershing's  army  in  France.  The  young- 
est of  the  children,  Elizabeth,  was  born 
November  28,  1908. 


1992 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


HENRY  KXAUPP,  the  present  county 
treasurer  of  Miami  County,  was  elected  to 
that  office  not  only  on  the  score  of  good 
business  qualifications  for  its  management, 
but  also  because  of  his  long  residence  and 
a  public  spirited  citizenship  he  has  always 
exhibited  in  everything  connected  with  the 
life  and  welfare  of  his  home  county. 

Mr.  Knauff  has  lived  in  Miami  County 
since  he  was  five  years  of  age.  He  was  born 
in  Germany  May  10,  1863,  son  of  George 
and  Anna  C.  (Kuhn)  Knauff,  and  grand- 
son of  Nicholas  Knauff.  It  was  in  1868 
that  the  Knauff  family  set  out  from  their 
old  home  in  Hesse  Darmstadt,  and  they 
landed  at  Castle  Garden  on  Independence 
Day,  July  4,  1868.  George  Knauff  located 
in  Union  Township  of  Miami  County,  and 
having  come  here  with  small  means  rented 
land  until  he  could  buy  a  farm  of  his  own. 
This  farm  was  the  home  of  his  son  Henry 
until  the  latter  came  to  Peru  to  take  up 
his  duties  at  the  courthouse.  George 
Knauff  was  born  about  1830.  His  first  wife 
died  in  1871,  and  he  then  married  Emily  J. 
McDonald,  who  died  in  1908. 

Henry  Knauff  received  all  his  education 
in  the  Miami  County  schools,  and  except 
for  his  official  career  has  always  been  a 
farmer.  He  improved  the  old  homestead 
until  it  ranks  as  one  of  the  best  farms  of 
Miami  County. 

The  first  important  office  he  held  was  as 
trustee  of  Union  Township,  to  which  he 
was  elected  in  1900.  He  served  four  years 
and  two  months,  and  later  was  township  as- 
sessor. He  and  his  family  are  Baptists, 
and  he  is  affiliated  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Knights  of 
the  Maccabees. 

In  1882.  in  Union  Township,  Mr.  Knauff 
married  Rosanna  Deeds.  Her  father, 
George  Deeds,  and  her  uncle,  William 
Deeds,  at  one  time  owned  the  land  upon 
which  the  Village  of  Deedsville  is  located, 
that  name  commemorating  the  family.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Knauff  have  five  children  t  Harry 
E.,  Charles  R.,  Elsie,  Henry  Ray  and  Flo- 
rence M. 

J.  GEORGE  MUELLER  is  one  of  Indian- 
apolis' most  successful  merchants.  He  has 
been  successively  pharmacist,  druggist,  and 
wholesale  drug  merchant  for  over  thirty 
years,  and  the  success,  the  wide  scope  and 
standing  of  the  Mooney-Mueller-Ward 


Company  is  eloquent  testimony  to  his  abil- 
ity and  judgment. 

Mr.  Mueller  was  born  in  Indianapolis 
June  21,  1860,  son  of  Charles  G.  and  Mar- 
gareta  Mueller.  His  father,  who  was  born 
in  Coburg,  Saxony,  spent  his  youth  in  his 
native  land,  but  became  restive  under  the 
cramped  conditions  and  the  military  sys- 
tem prevailing  there,*  and  emigrating  to 
America  landed  at  Baltimore  in  1854.  For 
a  time  he  lived  in  Connersville,  Indiana, 
and  from  there  came  to  Indianapolis.  By 
trade  he  was  a  cloth  maker.  At  Conners- 
ville he  was  employed  in  the  woolen  mills, 
and  on  coming  to  Indianapolis  engaged  in 
the  retail  grocery  business.  One  of  his  first 
stores  was  on  what  was  then  known  as  the 
National  •  Road,  now  East  Washington 
Street.  He  was  an  active  business  man 
until 'the  latter  years  of  his  life,  when  he 
was  practically  an  invalid.  He  died  in 
1883.  He  and  his  wife  were  married  in 
Germany,  and  they  had  fourteen  children, 
six  of  whom  died  before  the  birth  of  J. 
George.  Those  still  living  are :  Mrs.  Anna 
Hotze,  of  Indianapolis ;  Mrs.  Otto  Wagner ; 
Emil  A.,  of  Indianapolis;  J.  George;  Fer- 
dinand A. ;  and  Rudolph  M.  The  mother, 
who  died  in  1909,  lived  for  many  years 
with  her  daughter  Mrs.  Hotze. 

From  the  common  schools  J.  George 
Mueller  at  the  age  of  thirteen  went  to  work 
in  the  drug  store  of  L.  H.  Mueller  as  an 
errand  boy  and  helper.  Thus  as  a  boy  he 
gained  the  experience  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  business  which  has  brought  him 
so  much  success.  In  1881  he  entered  the 
Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy,  graduat- 
ing with  honors  in  1883  and  with  the  de- 
gree Ph.  G.  He  received  the  gold  medal 
for  highest  efficiency  in  his  work,  and  also 
had  honors  for  his  work  in  materia  medica 
and  in  botany.  During  his  senior  year  he 
was  given  the  responsibilities  of  quiz 
master. 

From  college  he  went  back  to  the  Mueller 
drug  store,  and  in  1887  bought  out  the  busi- 
ness, located  at  Washington  and  East 
Street.  He  continued  there  as  a  retail 
druggist  until  January  1,  1891. 

At  that  date  Mr.  Mueller  assisted  in  or- 
ganizing the  Indianapolis  Drug  Company, 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  for  the  whole- 
sale business.  His  associates  in  that  enter- 
prise were  John  R.  Miller,  deceased,  and 
Dr.  Herman  Pink,  who  retired  from  active 


• 


1992 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


HENRY  K.VAIFF,  the  present  county 
treasurer  of  Miami  County,  was  elected  to 
that  office  not  only  on  the  score  of  good 
business  (|iialih'cations  for  its  management, 
hut  also  because  of  his  long  residence  and 
a  public  spirited  citizenship  he  has  always 
exhibited  in  everything  connected  with  the 
life  and  welfare  of  his  home  county. 

-Mr.  Knauff  has  lived  in  Miami  County 
since  he  was  five  years  of  age.  He  was  born 
in  Germany  May  10,  1863.  son  of  George 
and  Anna  C.  (Kuhn)  Knauff.  and  grand- 
son of  Nicholas  Knauff.  It  was  in  1868 
that  the  Knanff  family  set  out  from  their 
old  home  in  Hesse  Darmstadt,  and  they 
landed  at  Castle  Garden  on  Independence 
Day,  July  4,  1868.  George  Knauff  located 
in  1'niou  Township  of  Miami  County,  and 
having  come  here  with  small  means  rented 
land  until  he  could  buy  a  farm  of  his  own. 
This  farm  was  the  home  of  his  son  Henry 
until  the  latter  came  to  Peru  to  take  up 
his  duties  at  the  courthouse.  George 
Knanff  was  born  about  1830.  His  first  wife 
died  in  1871,  and  he  then  married  Emily  J. 
McDonald,  who  died  in  1908. 

Henry  Knauff  received  all  his  education 
in  the  Miami  County  schools,  and  except 
for  his  official  career  has  always  been  a 
farmer.  He  improved  the  old  homestead 
until  it  ranks  as  one  of  the  best  farms  of 
Miami  County. 

The  first  important  office  he  held  was  as 
trustee  of  Union  Township,  to  which  he 
was  elected  in  1900.  He  served  four  years 
and  two  months,  and  later  was  township  as- 
sessor. He  and  his  family  are  Baptists, 
and  he  is  affiliated  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Knights  of 
the  Maccabees. 

In  1882.  in  Union  Township.  Mr.  Knanff 
married  Rosanna  Deeds.  Her  father, 
George  Deeds,  and  her  uncle,  William 
Deeds,  at  one  time  owned  the  land  upon 
which  the  Village  of  Deedsville  is  located, 
that  name  commemorating  the  family.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Knauff  have  five  children;  Harrv 
E..  Charles  R..  Elsie,  Henry  Ray  and  Flo- 
rence M. 

J.  GEORGE  MUELLER  is  one  of  Indian- 
apolis' most  successful  merchants.  He  has 
been  successively  pharmacist,  druggist,  and 
wholesale  drug  merchant  for  over  thirty 
years,  and  the  success,  the  wide  scope  and 
standing  of  the  Mooney-Mueller-Ward 


Company  is  eloquent  testimony  to  his  abil- 
ity and  judgment. 

Mr.  Mueller  was  born  in  Indianapolis 
June  21,  1860,  son  of  Charles  G.  and  Mar- 
gareta  Mueller.  His  father,  who  was  born 
in  Coburg,  Saxony,  spent  his  youth  in  his 
native  land,  but  became  restive  under  the 
cramped  conditions  and  the  military  sys- 
tem prevailing  there,-  and  emigrating  to 
America  landed  at  Baltimore  in  1854.  For 
a  time  he  lived  in  Connersville,  Indiana, 
and  from  there  came  to  Indianapolis.  By 
trade  he  was  a  cloth  maker.  At  Conners- 
ville he  was  employed  in  the  woolen  mills, 
and  on  coming  to  Indianapolis  engaged  in 
the  retail  grocery  business.  One  of  his  first 
stores  was  on  what  was  then  known  as  the 
National  Road,  now  East  Washington 
Street.  He  was  an  active  business  man 
until  the  latter  years  of  his  life,  when  he 
was  practically  an  invalid.  He  died  in 
1883.  He  and  his  wife  were  married  in 
Germany,  and  they  had  fourteen  children, 
six  of  whom  died  before  the  birth  of  J. 
George.  Those  still  living  are:  Mrs.  Anna 
Hotze,  of  Indianapolis;  Mrs.  Otto  Wagner; 
Emil  A.,  of  Indianapolis;  J.  George;  Fer- 
dinand A. ;  and  Rudolph  M.  The  mother, 
who  died  in  1909,  lived  for  many  years 
with  her  daughter  Mrs.  Hotze. 

From  the  common  schools  J.  George 
Mueller  at  the  age  of  thirteen  went  to  work 
in  the  drug  store  of  L.  H.  Mueller  as  an 
errand  boy  and  helper.  Thus  as  a  boy  he 
gained  the  experience  and  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  business  which  has  brought  him 
so  much  success.  In  1881  he  entered  the 
Cincinnati  College  of  Pharmacy,  graduat- 
ing with  honors  in  1883  and  with  the  de- 
gree Ph.  G.  He  received  the  gold  medal 
for  highest  efficiency  in  his  work,  and  also 
had  honors  for  his  work  in  materia  medica 
and  in  botany.  During  his  senior  year  he 
was  given  the  responsibilities  of  quiz 
master. 

From  college  he  went  back  to  the  Mueller 
drug  store,  and  in  1887  bought  out  the  busi- 
ness, located  at  Washington  and  East 
Street.  He  continued  there  as  a  retail 
druggist  until  January  1,  1891. 

At  that  date  Mr.  Mueller  assisted  in  or- 
ganizing the  Indianapolis  Drug  Company, 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  for  the  whole- 
sale business.  His  associates  in  that  enter- 
prise were  John  R.  Miller,  deceased,  and 
Dr.  Herman  Pink,  who  retired  from  active 


• 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1993 


life  in  1908.  Mr.  Miller  was  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  company.  In  1902  it  was 
succeeded  by  the  Mooney-Mueller  Drug 
Company,  Incorporated,  of  which  Mr. 
Mueller  has  since  been  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. On  November  2,  1915,  this  company 
was  consolidated  with  the  Ward  Brothers 
Drug  Company  of  Indianapolis  under  the 
corporate  name  of  Mooney-Mueller-Ward 
Company.  To  this  flourishing  and  growing 
business,  with  trade  connections  over  all 
the  railroad  lines  extending  out  through 
Indiana  and  to  adjacent  states,  Mr.  Mueller 
has  for  years  concentrated  his  abilities  and 
energies. 

As  a  business  man  he  has  also  been  in- 
terested in  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  has  served  as  a  director. 
He  has  been  on  a  number  of  important 
committees  and  is  now  a  member  of  the 
Wholesale  Trade  and  Good  Roads  commit- 
tees. Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  Pen- 
talpha  Lodge  of  Masons,  the  Eoyal  Arch 
Masons,  the  Knights  Templar  and_th£s 
Mystic  Shrine.  wU» 

October  17,  1888,  he  married  Miss  Julia 
W.  Schnull,  daughter  of  Henry  and  Ma- 
thilda (Schramm)  Schnull,  the  latter  now 
deceased.  The  father  is  founder  of 
Schnull  &  Company,  the  well  known  whole- 
sale grocers  of  Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Mueller 
is  active  socially  and  in  church  affairs,  and 
has  given  much  of  her  time  in  the  past 
year  to  various  departments  of  wa»  work. 
They  have  a  son  and  daughter,  Clemens  0. 
and  Norma  J.  The  son,  born  in  1889,  is 
buyer  for  his  father's  wholesale  drug  house. 
He  married  Zuleme  Kinney.  The  daughter 
is  talented  in  music  and  is  identified  with 
several  vocal  organizations  in  Indianapolis. 

JOHN  WILLIAM  BAILKY  was  born  near 
Scottsburg,  Indiana,  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
James  P.  and  Virginia  Caroline  Bailey. 
The  father  was  a  minister  in  various  places 
in  Southern  Indiana  and  the  mother  was 
a  daughter  of  a  Baptist  minister.  After 
a  thorough  training  in  Franklin  College 
and  the  University  of  Chicago  John  Wil- 
liam Bailey  entered  the  Baptist  ministrv. 
and  has  filled  pastorates  at  Fairbury,  Illi- 
nois, Oshkosh,  Wisconsin,  and  Pella,  Iowa, 
was  professor  of  Biblical  Literature  in  Cen- 
tral College,  later  president  of  Central  Col- 
lege, and  was  extension  instructor  in  the 
University  of  Chicago.  He  has  served  on 
various  important  committees  of  the  Iowa 


Baptist  Convention  for  several  years,  and 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  reorgan- 
izations. 

Reverend  Bailey  married  Celestine  Wood, 
and  they  have  four  children,  Harold  Wood, 
Ernest  Richard,  Margaret  Ruth,  and  John 
William. 

MICHAEL  W.  STAL*B  is  junior  partner  in 
the  firm  of  Staub  Brothers,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing establishments  around  the  Public 
Square  of  Anderson,  and  they  were  first  in 
business  as  tobacconists.  The  partnership 
comprises  Joseph  P.  and  Michael  W.  Staub. 

Both  were  born  at  Metamora,  Indiana, 
Joseph  on  December  23,  1877,  and  Michael 
on  April  18,  1879.  They  are  sons  of 
Joseph  P.  and  Frances  (Kuntz)  Staub. 
The  father  came  from  Alsace-Lorraine, 
Germany,  when  about  nineteen  years  of 
age,  spent  one  year  in  New  York,  and  com- 
ing to  Indiana  spent  one  year  in  Brookville. 
and  was  later  at  Metamore.  He  was  a  shoe- 
,  .maker  by  trade,  and  by  constant  industry 
*-•>*«  n<l!  cfe&fulr&trift  managed  to  provide  for 
his  family  and  rear  them  to  lives  of  useful- 
ness. He  died  April  27,  1916. 

The  Stnub  brothers  received  their  edu- 
cation at  Metamora  and  at  Brookville,  and 
Michael  attended  the  Oak  Forest  Academy 
at  Brookville  for  about  two  years.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1900,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he 
came  to  Anderson,  and  his  first  employment 
here  was  in  the  file  works  as  a  file  tester. 
At  the  beginning  he  was  paid  $1  a  day,  and 
he  remained  with  the  establishment  two 
years.  He  then  went  to  the  Ames  Shovel 
and  Tool  Factory  at  North  Anderson,  and 
was  one  of  the  welders  in  that  plant  for 
three  years,  commanding  good  wages  and 
thriftily  saving  it  with  a  view  to  an' inde- 
pendent business  of  his  own. 

In  1905  Mr.  Staub  married  Josephine 
McNamara,  daughter  of  James  and  Eliza- 
beth (Armstrong)  McNamara.  They  have 
two  children :  Joseph  M..  born  in  1909,  and 
Mildred  Mary,  born  in  1912. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Staub  entered 
the  grocery  business  at  Twenty-first  and 
Main  Street  in  Anderson,  and  conducted 
one  of  the  good  stores  in  that  section  of 
the  city  for  six  years.  He  then  sold  out, 
and  on  April  2,  1911,  took  his  place  as  a 
clerk  in  the  store  of  which  he  is  now  one 
of  the  proprietors.  He  was  employed  by 
Harry  Faulkner  until  February,  1912, 
when  he  bought  out  the  business  and  con- 


1994 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tinued  it  under  the  name  M.  W.  Staub  un- 
til the  following  April,  when  his  brother 
came  into  the  partnership. 

Michael  Staub  is  also  a  stockholder  in 
the  France  Film  Company  of  New  York. 
He  is  a  democrat  in  politics,  and  he  and 
his  family  worship  in  St.  Mary's  Catholic 
Church. 

THOMAS  HIATT  is  the  present  sheriff  of 
Delaware  County  and  member  of  a  family 
that  has  been  identified  with  that  section 
of  Indiana  since  pioneer  days. 

The  Hiatt  family  was  established  in 
Henry  County,  Indiana,  more  than  eighty 
years  ago.  Solomon  Hiatt,  father  of  Sheriff 
Hiatt,  was  born  in  Henry  County  Decem- 
ber 20,  1833,  son  of  John  and  Charity 
Hiatt.  When  a  boy  Solomon  worked  with 
his  father  in  clearing  and  improving  a 
homestead,  and  later  engaged  in  farming 
on  his  own  account.  Soon  after  his  mar- 
riage he  bought  land  in  Delaware  County 
and  resided  here  for  half  a  century.  His 
homestead  was  eleven  miles  northwest  of 
Muncie,  and  he  was  in  the  county  before  a 
single  railroad  had  been  built  and  when 
all  transportation  was  over  the  country 
highways.  His  first  purchase  of  land  was 
forty  acres,  but  later  he  acquired  another 
tract  of  110  acres,  and  developed  a  fine 
homestead,  on  which  he  lived  until  his 
death  June  17, 1906.  He  served  eight  years 
as  justice  of  the  peace,  and  was  a  man 
noted  for  his  integrity  of  character  and 
strict  honesty,  so  that  he  entertained  the 
pood  will  of  his  neighbors  and  their  respect 
as  well.  He  began  voting  as  a  whig  but 
cast  his  ballot  for  John  C.  Fremont  in  1856, 
and  from  that  time  was  a  steadfast  repub- 
lican. For  thirty-nine  years  he  was  affili- 
ated with  the  Masonic  Lodge  at  Alexandria. 
On  November  10,  1856,  Solomon  Hiatt  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  McCollester,  who  was  born 
in  Delaware  County  October  13,  1839,  and 
died  on  the  home  farm  June  31,  1906,  only 
two  weeks  after  her  husband.  She  had 
united  with  the  Christian  Church  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  and  was  always  one  of  its 
faithful  and  sustaining  members.  To  their 
marriage  were  born  eleven  children,  and 
when  the  parents  passed  away  five  sons  and 
two  daughters  survived  them,  and  twenty- 
eieht  grandchildren  and  four  great-grand- 
children. / 

Fourth  among  the  children  was  Thomas 


Hiatt,  who  was  born  in  Delaware  County 
January  28,  1863.  He  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools,  and  during  the  greater 
part  of  his  active  life  for  thirty  years  has 
upheld  a  worthy  role  in  the  farming  com- 
munity where  he  was  reared.  Mr.  Hiatt 
has  always  been  a  forceful  exponent  of  the 
principles  of  the  republican  party,  and 
he  was  elected  to  his  present  office  as  sheriff 
on  that  ticket.  In  1918  he  was  re-elected 
to  his  present  office  as  sheriff  of  Delaware 
County. 

On  February  2,  1886,  at  Muncie,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Effie  J.  Collins.  They  have  five 
children,  Frances,  Cleo,  Kenton,  Mabel  and 
Nellie.  Kenton  is  now  in  France  in  service 
with  the  United  States  Army.  All  the 
children  have  been  given  the  advantages  of 
the  public  schools. 

W.  A.  MclLVAiNE.  The  service  by  which 
he  is  esteemed  as  a  resident  of  Muncie  Mr. 
Mcllvaine  has  rendered  as  a  very  capable 
police  officer,  and  for  over  a  ouarter  of  a 
century  has  been  identified  with  the  police 
department  of  that  city,  and  is  now  its  chief 
or  superintendent. 

He  was  born  February  14,  1852,  at 
Zanesville,  Ohio.  Both  his  father  and 
mother's  people  were  of  Irish  stock  and 
ancestry.  Grandfather  Mcllvaine  was 
born  in  Ireland,  where  he  died.  John  Mc- 
llvaine, father  of  Chief  Mcllvaine,  was  a 
farmer.  His  wife  Demaries  Wilson,  was  a 
native  of  Indiana.  Of  their  six  children 
only  two  are  now  living.  W.  A.  Mcll- 
vaine's  sister  resides  in  Columbus,  Ohio. 
Superintendent  Mcllvaine  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Zanesville.  He  has 
always  been  a  worker  and  began  earning 
his  own  living  as  a  coal  miner  in  the  mines 
of  Muskingum  County.  He  spent  four  or 
five  years  in  this  occupation,  and  from  1878 
to  1892  was  a  puddler  in  a  rolling  mill  at 
Zanesville. 

From  Zanesville  Mr.  Mcllvaine  came  to 
Muncie  and  on  March  28,  1892,  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  its  police  force.  In 
1893  he  became  a  patrolman,  and  in  1894 
was  promoted  to  captain  of  police.  After 
four  years  in  that  office  he  became  city 
superintendent  of  police.  He  has  always 
been  a  stanch  democrat  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles.  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1869,  he  married  Miss  Rosa  Berry. 
Three  children  were  born  to  their  marriage 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1995 


but  all  of  them  are  now  deceased.  August 
3,  1919,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mcllvaine  celebrated 
their  fiftieth  wedding  anniversary. 

CLAUDE  FIFER,  of  the  Hogue-Fifer  Sales 
Company,  handling  the  distribution  of  the 
Maxwell  Motor  Company  cars  at  Anderson 
and  vicinity,  is  regarded  among  his  asso- 
ciates as  a  genius  in  the  automobile  busi- 
ness both  in  the  technical  side  and  as  a 
salesman.  From  the  time  the  first  car  was 
run  through  the  streets  of  Anderson  Mr. 
Fifer  has  had  a  fascination  for  automobiles. 
His  skill  was  so  great  that  it  finally  caused 
him  to  buy  a  second-hand  car,  and  from 
that  the  transition  into  the  automobile  busi- 
ness was  easy  and  rapid. 

He  was  born  at  Anderson  in  1884,  a  son 
of  William  and  Mary  (Vineyard)  Fifer,  of 
that  city.  He  attended  the  grammar  school 
as  a  boy,  spent  two  years  in  the  Lincoln 
High  School,  and  when  only  sixteen  years 
old  he  put  in  four  weeks  of  work  in  a  local 
blacksmith  shop.  The  five  years  after  he 
left  school  were  spent  as  clerk  in  the  book- 
store of  A.  L.  Stone.  From  there  he  en- 
tered the  employ  of  the  Sefton  Manufactur- 
ing Company  in  their  Anderson  plant,  and 
was  with  the  factory  for  three  years,  most 
of  the  time  operating  a  crosscut  saw.  From 
that  factory  he  entered  the  service  of  Rail- 
ings &  Company  in  the  Banner  store  as  a 
general  utility  man.  He  put  in  eleven 
years  with  this  company  and  was  finally 
put  in  complete  charge  of  the  carpet  de- 
partment as  a  buyer. 

Mr.  Fifer  has  always  been  naturally 
inclined  toward  things  mechanical,  and 
while  he  was  working  for  the  furniture 
store  he  managed  to  buy  an  old  Buick 
Model  No.  10  car.  About  the  first  thing 
he  did  was  to  dismantle  the  machinery  and 
then  reassemble  and  rebuild  it  throughout, 
adding  a  touch  here  and  there  which  made 
the  car  when  he  got  through  with  it  better 
than  ever.  Knowing  the  inner  mechanism 
of  a  car  was  a  start  which  finally  propelled 
him  out  of  the  carpet  business  and  into 
active  salesmanship  in  the  automobile  in- 
dustry. His  first  position  was  as  a  sales- 
man for  used  and  new  cars  for  the  Lam- 
bert-Weir Sales  Company,  at  that  time  dis- 
tributors of  the  Oakland  cars  in  Madison 
and  Delaware  counties.  He  was  with  them 
four  months,  and  was  then  offered  a  better 
place  with  the  Hill-Stage  Company,  dis- 
tributors of  the  Willys-Overland,  Knight 


and  Cadillac  cars.  With  this  firm  he  re- 
mained a  year,  and  his  successful  record 
there  justified  him  in  taking  up  a  business 
of  his  own.  On*  March  1,  1917,  he  became 
a  partner  with  Mr.  J.  L.  Hogue,  and  they 
established  the  Hogue-Fifer  Company,  and 
now  handle  the  exclusive  selling  agency  for 
the  Maxwell  cars  in  Anderson  and  the  sur- 
rounding townships  of  Stony  Creek,  Jack- 
son, Union,  Labette,  Adams,  Fall  Creek 
and  Green.  The  company  has  a  model  dis- 
play room  at  1225  Meridian  Street,  the 
room  extending  back  an  entire  bleck. 

In  1905  Mr.  Fifer  married  Miss  Bertha 
Ickes,  daughter  of  William  F.  and  Arvilla 
(Noel)  Ickes,  of  Anderson.  Three  children 
have  been  born  to  their  marriage :  William 
Max,  Dorothy,  and  Daniel  LeRoy. 

Mr.  Fifer  has  accomplished  an  enviable 
business  success  through  the  avenue  of 
hard  work  and  keen  and  alert  intelligence, 
always  on  the  lookout  for  opportunity.  He 
is  one  of  the  highly  respected  citizens  of 
Anderson,  a  member  of  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  belongs  to  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association  and  in  politics  is  a 
republican. 

WILLIAM  SCOTT  first  visited  Indianapolis 
in  1870,  and  during  the  next  twenty  years 
built  up  a  large  produce  and  commission 
business,  but  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury has  been  an  important  factor  in  the 
wholesale  drug  house  of  Daniel  Stewart 
Company,  of  which  he  was  president  until 
October  1,  1915,  when  that  concern  and  the 
A.  Kiefer  Company  consolidated.  He  has 
been  president  of  Kiefer  Stewart  Company 
since  that  time. 

The  career  of  Mr.  Scott  is  one  that  re- 
flects credit  upon  his  individual  talents  and 
industry  and  upon  the  worthy  heritage  he 
received  from  his  parents.  He  was  born 
in  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  April  6,  1850, 
son  of  Rev.  William  and  Charlotte  (Craw- 
ford) Scott.  He  is  of  Irish  Presbyterian 
stock.  His  father  was  a  clergyman  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  and  a  man  of  fine 
intellectual  attainments  and  a  classical 
scholar.  Mr.  Scott  himself  acquired  a  lib- 
eral education,  being  classically  trained  at 
Londonderry,  Ireland.  In  April,  1868,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  he  came  to  America, 
fnd  locating  at  Philadelphia  found  his 
first  opportunity  with  Stuart  &  Brothers, 
importers  and  wholesale  dealers  in  drv 
goods.  Later  for  two  years  he  was  with 


1996 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Samuel  Macky  &  Company,  general  pro- 
duce and  commission  merchants  of  Phila- 
delphia. In  the  interests  of  this  firm  he 
traveled  in  different  parts  of  the  central 
west,  and  several  times  visited  Indianapolis. 
In  this  city,  through  an  acquaintance 
formed  with  Col.  Samuel  F.  Gray,  agent  of 
the  Union  Line,  he  set  in  motion  negotia- 
tions which  in  June,  1871,  resulted  in  Sam- 
uel Macky  &  Company  establishing  a 
branch  house  at  Indianapolis-  with  Mr. 
Scott  in  charge.  After  a  few  months  he 
acquired  individual  control  of  the  business, 
and  William  Scott  &  Company,  which  con- 
tinued until  1890,  was  one  of  the  chief 
houses  of  its  kind  in  the  city. 

In  1890  Mr.  Scott  abandoned  the  com- 
mission business  to  become  associated  with 
the  late  Daniel  Stewart,  one  of  whose 
daughters  he  had  married.  Daniel  Stewart 
was  founder  of  the  wholesale  drug  business 
above  mentioned.  After  the  death  of  Mr. 
Stewart  in  February,  1892,  Mr.  Scott  and 
John  N.  Carey,  another  son-in-law  of  Mr. 
Stewart,  with  their  wives  united  in  the 
organization  of  the  Daniel  Stewart^  Com- 
pany. October  1,  1908,  Mr.  Careys  with- 
drew from  the  drug  business to  the;  centWfl-- 
of  the  glass  department  of  the  company, 
and  in  the  reorganization  which  followed 
Mr.  Scott  became  president  of  the  Daniel 
Stewart  Company,  Incorporated.  It  was 
one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  wholesale  drug 
houses  of  Indiana  and  the  business  has 
been  greatly  prospered,  reflecting  the  sound 
commercial  sense  of  its  founder  and  the 
energetic  administration  of  those  who  have 
had  its  fortunes  in  charge  during  the  past 
twenty-five  years. 

Mr.  Scott 's  business  career  has  been  con- 
temporaneous with  the  larger  growth  and 
development  of  Indianapolis  as  a  citv.  The 
broader  and  bigger  interests  of  the  city 
have  always  exercised  a  strong  hold  upon 
his  imagination  and  his  sympathies,  and  in 
many  ways  his  own  efforts  are  reflected  in 
the  larger  growth.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Governors  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  since  its  reorganization  in  1882, 
being  the  only  member  whose  service  has 
been  continuous.  He  was  elected  vice  presi- 
dent in  1887  and  in  1888  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade.  In  1891  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  School  Commis- 
sioners, and  served  continuously  with  that 
body  until  1900,  being  president  in  1896-97. 
Mr.  Scott  is  a  republican,  has  been  affiliated 


with  the  Masonic  Order  since  he  was  twen- 
ty-one and  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason.  He  and  his  wife  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church. 

March  29,  1880,  Mr.  Scott  married  Miss 
Martha  Stewart.  They  are  the  parents  of 
one  daughter,  Charlotte,  who  is  married  to 
George  Barret  Moxley,  vice  president  and 
general  manager  of  Kiefer  Stewart  Com- 
pany. 

Daniel  Stewart,  father  of  Mrs.  Scott,  was 
born  at  Greensburg,  Indiana,  February  3, 
1824,  and  died  at  Indianapolis  February 
25,  1892.  He  was  of  Scotch  ancestry  and 
a  colonial  American  in  descent.  His 
mother  was  a  Hendricks,  of  the  family 
which  has  given  Indiana  two  of  its  most 
honored  names.  Daniel  Stewart  was  edu- 
cated in  pioneer  schools,  and  as  a  youth 
took  up  the  drug  business,  which  he  fol- 
lowed uninterruptedly  except  for  a  brief 
time  when  he  was  a  daguerreotype  artist. 
He  came  to  Indianapolis  in  1863,  and  with 
two  other  associates  established  a  whole- 
sale and  retail  drug  house  at  40  East  Wash- 
ington Street.  The  business  grew  and  ex- 
panded, and  after  1883  was  conducted 
fttwfiir  Mr.  Stewart's  individual  name.  In 
1890  Daniel  Stewart  was  chosen  president 
of  the  National  Wholesale  Druggists  As- 
sociation. One  of  the  local  newspapers  said 
editorially  of  him:  "Mr.  Stewart  was 
recognized  as  a  generous,  considerate  em- 
ployer— one  who  recognized  the  value  of 
service  done  for  him  and  who  returned  its 
equivalent.  He  was  charitable,  and  his 
long  business  career,  extending  over  half 
a  century,  was  marked  by  honorable  deal- 
ings. His  devotion  to  his  business  no  doubt 
impaired  his  health  and  superinduced  the 
attack  that  resulted  in  his  death."  He 
never  sought  public  office,  was  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  a  promi- 
nent Mason  and  was  identified  with  various 
civic  organizations  in  Indianapolis.  He 
married,  May  18,  1858,  Miss  Martha  Tark- 
ington,  daughter  of  Rev.  Joseph  Tarking- 
ton  of  Greensburg.  Their  children  were 
two  daughters,  Mary,  wife;  of  John  N. 
Carey,  and  Martha,  wife  of  William  Scott. 

SAMUEL  GILLETTE  PHILLIPS.  A  business 
man  and  banker,  Samuel  Gillette  Phillips 
has  been  identified  with  Alexandria  for 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He 
grew  up  in  the  atmosphere  of  a  country 
merchandise  store,  traveled  on  the  road 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


.    e?O  .  ff\j^ 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1997 


over  Indiana  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
is  well  acquainted  with  the  state  and  its 
people.  Mr.  Phillips  for  twenty  years  has 
been  president  of  the  Alexandria  Bank. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  a  mile  from 
Bloomingsport  in  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, September  9,  1857,  son  of  Ancil  B. 
and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Adamson)  Phillips. 
His  birthplace  was  a  log  house  which  had 
been  built  by  his  grandfather,  Thomas 
Phillips,  while  clearing  a  tract  of  wild  land 
in  Randolph  County.  Mr.  Phillips  is  of 
English  and  Welsh  ancestry.  Four  genera- 
tions of  the  Phillips  have  lived  in  America. 
Their  first  point  of  settlement  was  New 
Jersey.  From  there  they  moved  to  Ohio, 
where  Grandfather  Thomas  Phillips  was 
bound  out  to  a  family  named  Haynets. 
After  growing  up  he  married  in  Ohio  Re- 
becca Hammon  and  they  went  to  Indiana 
and  were  pioneers  of  Randolph  Count 
They  reared  a  family  of  seven  children 
the  youngest  being  Ancil  B.  The  latter 
for  many  years  was  a  country  merchant  at 
Bloomingsport,  but  in  1887  removed  to 
Muncie  and  continued  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness there  until  1912,  since  which  time  he 
has  been  retired.  His  wife  died  in  1914. 

Samuel  G.  Phillips  secured  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  at  Bloomings- 
port.  He  remained  there  to  the  age  of 
twenty  and  gained  a  general  knowledge 
of  business  by  work  in  his  father's  store. 
On  leaving  the  store  he  went  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  six  years  was  connected  with 
Syfers,  McBride  &  Company,  a  wholesale 
grocery  house  covering  eastern  and  central 
Indiana.  For  three  years  Mr.  Phillips  was 
a  member  of  the  firm  Phillips,  Davis  & 
Company,  merchandise  brokers  of  Indian- 
apolis. Selling  his  interests  there,  he  went 
on  the  road  for  three  years  traveling  over 
Central  Indiana  and  representing  the 
wholesale  clothing  house  of  Heidelbach, 
Friedlander  &  Company  of  Cincinnati. 

Mr.  Phillips  has  been  identified  with 
Alexandria  since  1892.  His  first  work  here 
was  assistant  cashier  of  the  Alexandria 
Bank,  the  president  of  which  was  A.  E. 
Harlan.  This  bank  was  reorganized  in 
1895  as  the  Alexandria  National  Bank,  and 
for  two  years  Mr.  Phillips  was  assistant 
cashier.  In  1897  he  was  promoted  to  cash- 
ier, and  in  1898  the  national  charter  was 
surrendered,  the  business  liquidated,  and 
was  succeeded  by  a  private  banking  organi- 
zation which  took  the  old  name  of  the  Alex- 


andria Bank.  Since  that  date,  a  period 
of  twenty  years,  Mr.  Phillips  has  been 
president  and  active  head  of  the  business 
and  has  made  it  one  of  the  substantial 
banking  houses  of  Madison  County.  Mr. 
Phillips  is  also  interested  in  other  lines, 
owns  a  farm,  and  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder of  the  Alexandria  Preserving  Com- 
pany, a  local  industry  making  a  specialty  of 
tomatoes  for  canning. 

In  1888,  at  Alexandria,  Mr.  Phillips  mar- 
ried Etta  Hannah,  daughter  of  Robert  H. 
and  Caroline  (Scott)  Hannah.  Her  father 
was  a  merchant.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillips 
have  two  sons.  Robert  Beach  is  now  man- 
aging editor  of  the  Gary  Evening  Post  at 
Gary,  Indiana.  He  married  Naomi  Harris, 
daughter  of  Judge  Harris  of  Sullivan,  In- 
diana, and  they  have  one  child,  Robert 
Harris  Phillips.  The  second  son  of  Mr. 
Phillips  is  William  Thomas  Phillips,  who 
was  born  in  1901  and  is  still  in  school. 

Mr.  Phillips  is  affiliated  with  Alexandria 
Lodge  of  Masons,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Alexandria  Chapter  No.  99,  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  Alexandria  Council  No  85, 
Royal  and  Select  Masters,  with  Necessity 
Lodge  No.  222  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  Alexandria  Lodge  No.  335, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  which  he  served  as 
treasurer  many  years,  and  Alexandria 
Lodge  No.  478,  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks.  He  has  served  as  treasurer 
of  the  Alexandria  Business  Men's  Associa- 
tion. Well  known  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Phillips  is  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
Board  of  Trade  and  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  that  city 
and  of  the  Commercial  Travelers  Associa- 
tion of  that  city.  In  politics  he  votes  as  a 
republican,  and  served  one  term  as  town 
councilman.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church. 

CHARLES  LEON  LIBBY.  One  of  the  im- 
portant institutions  contributing  to  this 
special  new  character  of  Indianapolis  as  a 
city  is  the  International  Machine  Tool 
Company,  of  which  Charles  Leon  Libby  is 
vice  president  and  general  superintendent. 
Mr.  Libbv  is  a  man  of  note  among  Ameri- 
can mechanical  engineers,  has  invented  and 
designed  many  types  of  machinery,  and  is 
known  nationally  and  internationally  as  de- 
signer of  the  Libby  Turret  Lathe. 

Mr.  Libby  was  born  in  Aroostook  County, 
Maine,  in  1861,  a  son  of  Simon  and  Frances 


• 


INDIA? 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1997 


over  Indiana  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
is  well  acquainted  with  the  state  and  its 
people.  Mr.  Phillips  for  twenty  years  has 
been  president  of  the  Alexandria  Bank. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  a  mile  from 
Bloomingsport  in  Randolph  County,  In- 
diana, September  9,  1857,  son  of  Ancil  B. 
and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Adamson)  Phillips. 
His  birthplace  was  a  log  house  which  had 
been  built  by  his  grandfather,  Thomas 
Phillips,  while  clearing  a  tract  of  wild  land 
in  Randolph  County.  Mr.  Phillips  is  of 
English  and  Welsh  ancestry.  Four  genera- 
tions of  the  Phillips  have  lived  in  America. 
Their  first  point  of  settlement  was  New 
Jersey.  From  there  they  moved  to  Ohio, 
where  Grandfather  Thomas  Phillips  was 
bound  out  to  a  family  named  HayneK. 
After  growing  up  he  married  in  Ohio  Re- 
becca Hammon  and  they  went  to  Indiana 
and  were  pioneers  of  Randolph  Count 
They  reared  a  family  of  seven  children 
the  youngest  being  Ancil  B.  The  latter 
for  many  years  was  a  country  merchant  at 
Bloomingsport,  but  in  1887  removed  to 
Muncie  and  continued  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness there  until  1912,  since  which  time  he 
has  been  retired.  His  wife  died  in  1914. 

Samuel  G.  Phillips  secured  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  at  Bloomings- 
port.  He  remained  there  to  the  age  of 
twenty  and  gained  a  general  knowledge 
of  business  by  work  in  his  father's  store. 
On  leaving  the  store  he  went  to  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  six  years  was  connected  with 
Syt'ers,  McBride  &  Company,  a  wholesale 
grocery  house  covering  eastern  and  central 
Indiana.  For  three  years  Mr.  Phillips  was 
a  member  of  the  firm  Phillips,  Davis  & 
Company,  merchandise  brokers  of  Indian- 
apolis. Selling  his  interests  there,  he  went 
on  the  road  for  three  years  traveling  over 
Central  Indiana  and  representing  the 
wholesale  clothing  house  of  Heidelbach, 
Friedlander  &  Company  of  Cincinnati. 

Mr.  Phillips  has  been  identified  with 
Alexandria  since  1892.  His  first  work  here 
was  assistant  cashier  of  the  Alexandria 
Bank,  the  president  of  which  was  A.  E. 
Harlan.  This  bank  was  reorganized  in 
1895  as  the  Alexandria  National  Bank,  and 
for  two  years  Mr.  Phillips  was  assistant 
cashier.  In  1897  he  was  promoted  to  cash- 
ier, and  in  1898  the  national  charter  was 
surrendered,  the  business  liquidated,  and 
was  succeeded  by  a  private  banking  organi- 
zation which  took  the  old  name  of  the  Alex- 


andria Bank.  Since  that  date,  a  period 
of  twenty  years,  Mr.  Phillips  has  been 
president  and  active  head  of  the  business 
and  has  made  it  one  of  the  substantial 
banking  bouses  of  Madison  County.  Mr. 
Phillips  is  also  interested  in  other  lines, 
owns  a  farm,  and  is  a  director  and  stock- 
holder of  the  Alexandria  Preserving  Com- 
pany, a  local  industry  making  a  specialty  of 
tomatoes  for  canning. 

In  1888,  at  Alexandria.  Mr.  Phillips  mar- 
ried Etta  Hannah,  daughter  of  Robert  H. 
and  Caroline  (Scott)  Hannah.  Her  father 
was  a  merchant.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Phillips 
have  two  sons.  Robert  Beach  is  now  man- 
aging editor  of  the  Gary  Evening  Post  at 
Gary.  Indiana.  He  married  Naomi  Harris, 
daughter  of  Judge  Harris  of  Sullivan,  In- 
diana, and  they  have  one  child,  Robert 
Harris  Phillips.  The  second  son  of  Mr. 
Phillips  is  William  Thomas  Phillips,  who 
was  born  in  1901  and  is  still  in  school. 

Mr.  Phillips  is  affiliated  with  Alexandria 
Lodge  of  Masons,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Alexandria  Chapter  No.  99,  Royal 
Arch  Masons.  Alexandria  Council  No  85. 
Royal  and  Select  Masters,  with  Necessity 
Lodge  No.  222  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  Alexandria  Lodge  No.  335. 
Knights  of  Pythias,  which  he  served  as 
treasurer  many  years,  and  Alexandria 
Lodge  No.  478.  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks.  He  has  served  as  treasurer 
of  the  Alexandria  Business  Men's  Associa- 
tion. Well  known  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Phillips  is  a  member  of  the  Indianapolis 
Board  of  Trade  and  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  the  Columbia  Club  of  that  city 
and  of  the  Commercial  Travelers  Associa- 
tion of  that  city.  In  politics  he  votes  as  a 
republican,  and  served  one  term  as  town 
councilman.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church. 

CHARLES  LEON  Linnv.  One  of  the  im- 
portant institutions  contributing  to  this 
special  new  character  of  Indianapolis  as  a 
city  is  the  International  Machine  Tool 
Company,  of  which  Charles  Leon  Libby  is 
vice  president  and  general  superintendent. 
Mr.  Libbv  is  a  man  of  note  among  Ameri- 
can mechanical  engineers,  has  invented  and 
designed  many  types  of  machinery,  and  is 
known  nationally  and  internationally  as  de- 
signer of  the  Libby  Turret  Lathe. 

Mr.  Libby  was  born  in  Aroostook  County, 
Maine,  in  1861,  a  son  of  Simon  and  Frances 


1998 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


(Caswell)  Libby.  The  Libby  family  has 
been  in  America  for  a  number  of  genera- 
tions, has  produced  other  distinguished 
men,  and  many  of  the  family  associations 
linger  around  the  old  home  center  at  Gray, 
Maine,  twelve  miles  from  Portland. 

For  all  his  respectable  and  even  promi- 
nent family  associations,  Charles  L.  Libby 
represents  a  type  of  keen  and  aggressive 
American  who  achieves  his  own  destiny. 
When  he  was  four  years  old  his  father  died. 
His  father  had  been  a  locomotive  engineer 
with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  The  head 
of  the  family  being  removed,  Charles  L. 
Libby  had  to  get  most  of  his  education 
largely  in  the  intervals  of  productive  em- 
ployment. As  a  boy  he  worked  on  a  farm, 
but  was  most  congenially  employed  while 
learning  the  machinist's  trade  in  a  shop. 
From  the  time  he  was  ten  and  a  half  years 
old  he  supported  himself,  and  later  paid 
his  own  way  through  college.  His  appren- 
ticeship as  a  machinist  was  served  in  the 
works  of  the  New  Haven  Manufacturing 
Company  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 
Later  he  was  employed  as  a  machinist  and 
tool  maker  by  the  Forbes  &  Curtis  Manu- 
facturing Company  at  Bridgeport,  Con- 
necticut. He  was  also  a  machinist  and  tool 
maker  in  the  plant  of  the  Bridgeport  Ma- 
chine Tool  Company. 

The  practical  training  he  had  received  in 
mechanical  industries  he  supplemented 
when  he  entered  in  1881  the  Maine  State 
College  as  a  student  of  mechanical  engi- 
neering. He  received  his  degree  Mechani- 
cal Engineer  from  that  institution  in  1884. 
He  then  resumed  employment  with  the 
Bridgeport  Machine  Tool  Company,  at  first 
as  a  machinist  and  later  as  draftsman,  de- 
signer and  superintendent,  his  position  in- 
volving not  only  technical  duties  but  the 
executive  responsibility  of  supervising  a 
large  force  of  men.  He  was  with  the 
Bridgeport  Machine  Tool  Company  eleven 
years.  In  1895  he  became  general  super- 
intendent of  the  Pacific  Iron  Works  at 
Bridgeport. 

In  1898  Mr.  Libby  accepted  an  oppor- 
tunity to  go  to  Berlin,  Germany,  to  take 
charge  as  general  superintendent  of  the 
machine  tool  department  of  the  Ludwig- 
Loewe  Company.  This  company  had  a 
plant  famed  in  engineering  circles  for  its 
splendid  buildings  and  equipment,  its 
modern  conveniences  from  an  industrial 
standpoint,  and  its  complete  and  modern 


equipment  of  machinery.  The  department 
supervised  by  Mr.  Libby  in  this  concern 
covered  eleven  acres  of  floor  space,  and  he 
had  under  him  a  force  of  thirty  draftsmen 
and  thirty-eight  pattern  makers.  His  ex- 
perience at  the  German  capital  and  at 
almost  the  heart  of  the  German  industrial 
system  gave  Mr.  Libby  a  close  view  of  that 
enemy  country  such  as  few  Americans  pos- 
sess. He  was  abroad  four  years,  and  on 
returning  to  America  in  1902  entered  the 
service  of  the  Gisholt  Machine  Company 
at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  as  a  specialist  and 
designer.  While  there  he  put  on  the  mar- 
ket a  number  of  new  machine  tools  for  the 
company. 

Mr.  Libby  has  been  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis since  October,  1906.  Here  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  Arthur  Jordan,  Mr.  0.  B. 
lies  and  Mr.  W.  K.  Milholland  he  founded 
the  International  Machine  Tool  Company, 
of  which  he  is  vice  president  and  general 
manager,  head  of  the  production  and  en- 
gineering departments.  Mr.  Jordan  is 
president  of  the  company,  Mr.  lies,  treas- 
urer and  manager,  and  T.  P.  Dickinson,  sec- 
retary. The  company  has  a  large  and 
modern  plant  occupying  a  ten-acre  tract  on 
Twenty-first  Street  and  the  Belt  Railway. 
The  main  building  is  a  two-story  structure 
of  steel,  concrete  and  brick,  350  feet  long 
by  100  feet  wide,  and  in  its  construction 
Mr.  Libby  undoubtedly  utilized  many  of 
the  ideas  of  his  long  experience  both  in  this 
country  and  abroad.  There  is  probably  no 
factory  building  anywhere  that  has  so  ideal 
a  lighting  system.  The  lighting  is  almost 
entirely  sunlight,  and  the  arrangement  of 
windows  is  such  that  it  is  practically  im- 
possible for  a  workman  to  get  in  his  own 
light.  The  elimination  of  shadows  obvi- 
ously means  increased  efficiency  and  safety. 
Many  other  ideas  have  been  carefully 
worked  out  to  conserve  time,  labor  and  ex- 
pense. The  company  employs  from  200  to 
250  highly  skilled  mechanics,  and  many  of 
them  have  been  with  the  plant  ever  since 
it  was  established  twelve  years  ago. 

The  output  of  the  company  is  an  im- 
portant line  of  machine  tools.  Machine 
tool  is  itself  a  comparatively  new  term. 
It  refers  not  to  ordinary  tools  such  as 
mechanics  use,  but  a  complete  and  often 
intricate  machine,  working  in  iron  or  steel, 
and  with  all  its  processes  mechanically 
gauged  to  the  accuracy  of  a  ten  thousandth 
part  of  an  inch.  Machine  tools  comprise 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1999 


such  machinery  as  planers,  engine  lathes, 
drill  presses  and  milling  machines.  Some- 
thing of  the  meaning  of  machine  tool  and 
the  special  lines  of  manufacture  of  the  In- 
ternational Machine  Tool  Company  of  In- 
dianapolis were  interestingly  described  in 
a  newspaper  interview  some  time  recently 
by  Mr.  lies,  treasurer  of  the  company.  Mr. 
lies  said  in  part: 

"Comparatively  few  people  know  the 
really  important  part  the  machine  tool 
plays  in  the  great  industrial  war  machine 
that  is  producing  munitions  and  war  sup- 
plies on  such  a  major  scale.  Few  people 
know  for  instance  that  the  Libby  heavy  tur- 
ret lathe,  manufactured  at  our  plant,  is 
doing  great  service  in  the  production  of 
munitions  in  the  cause  of  our  country  and 
other  allied  nations.  About  $500,000  worth 
of  these  machines  were  exported  to  Eng- 
land in  1915  for  the  manufacture  of  high 
explosive  shells.  It  is  used  in  automobile 
and  truck  shops  for  machining  fly-wheels, 
gears,  differentials,  housings,  brake-drums 
and  wheel  hubs;  it  is  used  in  aeroplane 
plants  for  machining  cylinders,  gears,  hous- 
ings and  propeller  hubs;  in  ammunition 
plants  for  making  shells,  the  machine  being 
used  for  boring,  facing  and  forming  the 
nose  of  the  shell.  Electric  motor  and  gen- 
erator companies  find  use  for  the  Libby 
heavy  turret  lathe  in  machining  their  vari- 
ous parts  where  heavy  and  exacting  work 
is  required.  The  lathe  can  be  found  in 
many  modern  railroad  shops  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe. 

"The  Libby  lathe  gets  its  name  from  its 
designer,  Charles  L.  Libby,  head  of  the  pro- 
duction and  engineering  department  of  the 
International  Machine  Tool  Company.  The 
company  does  considerable  enginering 
work,  being  eauiooed  to  take  blue  prints  or 
samples  of  work,  make  an  estimate  of  the 
time  required  to  produce  the  work  on 
Libby  lathes  and  design  the  necessary  cut- 
ting and  forming  tools  and  holding  fix- 
tures." Further  Mr.  lies  gave  out  the  in- 
formation that  the  International  Machine 
Tool  Company  had  filled  orders  for  these 
Libbv  lathes  in  South  Africa,  Australia, 
Japan,  Russia,  Italy,  France,  England, 
Spain.  China  and  Belgium. 

Mr.  Libby  married  Miss  Catherine  Kurtz, 
who  was  born  in  the  famous  Shenandoah 
Vallev  but  over  the  line  in  Pennsylvania. 
They  are  the  parents  of  eight  children: 


Miss  Gale,  William,  Fred,  Millard,  Ruth, 
George,  Catherine  and  Margerita. 

/ 

HENRY  L.  BOLLEY,  educator  and  author, 
was  born  in  Dearborn  County,  Indiana, 
February  1,  1865.  He  completed  his  early 
educational  training  in  Purdue  University, 
and  since  the  fall  of  1890  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  North  Dakota  Agricultural 
College  and  Experiment  Station.  He  has 
served  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture  as  agricultural  explorer  and 
field  agent  in  Russia,  Holland,  and  Bel- 
gium in  the  interests  of  flax  investigations, 
and  since  July,  1909,  has  been  state  seed 
commissioner  of  North  Dakota. 

Professor  Bolley  married  Miss  Frances 
Sheldon  on  the  26th  of  September,  1896. 

WILLIAM  SCHUYLER  MERCER.  There  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Mercer  family  in 
Peru  more  than  three  quarters  of  a  century, 
and  during  this  long  term  the  name  has 
become  associated  with  all  those  qualities 
of  sturdy  enterprise  and  useful  citizenship 
which  are  the  best  badges  of  honor  in  any 
community. 

The  family  was  founded  here  by  Moses 
Mercer,  a  native  of  Licking  County,  Ohio. 
He  grew  up  in  Ohio,  learned  the  cooper's 
trade  and  came  when  a  young  man  in  1842 
to  Miami  County.  He  had  previously  fol- 
lowed his  trade  in  the  City  of  Wabash, 
and  continued  it  at  Peru,  and  also  had  em- 
ployment as  a  carpenter.  For  a  number  of 
years  he  was  in  the  woodworking  depart- 
ment of  the  old  Indianapolis,  Peru  and  Chi- 
cago Railway,  now  the  Lake  Erie  and  WPOI 
ern  Division  of  the  New  York  Central  lines. 
Still  later  Moses  Mercer  was  identified  with 
the  Indiana  Manufacturing  Company.  He 
died  honored  and  respected  in  1899.  His 
wife,  who  died  in  1886,  was  Ann  J.  Long, 
daughter  of  Peter  Long,  who  was  a  pioneer 
settler  of  Logansport.  Moses  Mercer  and 
wife  were  two  of  the  original  thirteen  who 
organized  the  first  Baptist  Church  of  Peru. 
Their  names  are  perpetuated  on  the  first 
roll  of  membership,  and  that  church  is  now 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  re- 
ligious organizations  in  the  Wabash  "Val- 
ley. Moses  Mercer  was  also  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers and  a  charter  member  of  Miami 
Lodge  No.  42,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons  at  Peru.  In  politics  he  voted  as  a 
whig  and  was  one  of  the  first  voters  in  the 


2000 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ranks  of  the  republican  party.  He  and 
his  wife  had  five  children:  Ado  J.,  May, 
William  S.,  Georgia  and  Emmett. 

William  Schuyler  Mercer  was  born  at 
Peru  February  3,  1861,  and  that  city  has 
always  been  his  home  with  the  exception  of 
one  year  spent  in  Chicago.  He  attended 
the  public  schools,  but  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, in  1875,  began  work  as  clerk  in  the 
store  of  Killgore,  Shirk  &  Company.  He 
was  with  that  old  and  substantial  firm 
twelve  years.  In  1887  he  used  his  modest 
capital  and  experience  to  enter  the  grain 
business  with  J.  A.  Neal,  under  the  name 
Mercer  &  Neal.  This  was  continued  until 
the  spring  of  1898,  after  which  for  a  year 
Mr.  Mercer  was  in  the  grain  business  at 
Chicago.  On  returning  to  Peru  he  bought 
a  bakery  and  restaurant,  and  since  that 
time  for  nearly  twenty  years  he  has  given 
most  of  his  study  and  his  energy  to  the 
task  of  furnishing  pure  and  wholesome 
food  supplies.  In  1907  he  divided  his  busi- 
ness, erecting  a  modern  bakery  plant  and 
organizing  the  firm  of  Mercer  &  Company, 
with  his  son-in-law,  Hazen  P.  Sullivan,  as 
his  partner.  The  restaurant  business  was 
sold  in  1911,  but  the  company  soon  after- 
ward took  on  a  new  line  of  enterprise  when 
they  bought  the  Sanitary  Milk  Company. 
In  February,  1912,  they  bought  an  ice 
cream  factory,  rebuilt  it  and  thoroughly 
modernized  it,  and  this  branch  of  manu- 
facture and  distribution  of  milk  products  is 
now  conducted  as  the  Sanitary  Milk  and 
Tee  Cream  Company. 

Mr.  Mercer  is  not  only  a  very  popular 
business  man  but  a  citizen  who  commands 
the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the  people 
beyond  all  partisan  lines.  This  was  well 
exemplified  in  the  political  campaign  of 
1914.  He  has  always  been  a  steadfast,  and 
sterling  republican.  In  1914  Miami  County 
went  democratic  by  1.500  votes,  the  republi- 
can partv  being  split  up  into  factions  so 
that  the  ticket  went  to  defeat.  But  in  spite 
of  that  Mr.  Mercer  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  by  208  votes.  He  was  one  of  the 
capable  men  in  the  State  Senate  during  the 
following  session.  Aside  from  this  his  only 
other  important  public  service  was  as  a 
member  of  the  Peru  School  Board  about 
twenty  years  ago.  While  he  was  on  the 
board  one  of  the  fine  ward  schools  of  Peru 
was  erected.  Mr.  Mercer  is  a  Mason  and 
he  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Baptist 
Church.  December  29,  1881,  he  married 


Miss  Sarah  E.  Fisher,  of  Mexico,  Indiana, 
daughter  .  of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth 
(Brower)  Fisher.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Vernice  E.,  wife  of  Hazen  P.  Sullivan. 

ALBERT  JANERT  is  one  of  the  oldest  mer- 
chants in  Indianapolis  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  meat  business.  For  many  years 
his  location  has  been  1445  Union  Street, 
where  he  has  built  up  a  large  enterprise 
chiefly  in  handling  wholesale  sausage, 
smoked  meats  and  boiled  hams. 

Mr.  Janert  was  born  in  the  Province -of 
Posen,  Germany,  April  7,  1865,  son  of 
Julius  and  Matilda  (Fitte)  Janert.  The 
parents  spent  all  their  lives  in  Germany. 
Julius  Janert  was  a  game  warden.  Albert 
attended  school  in  his  native  province  up 
to  the  age  of  fourteen,  after  which  he 
served  a  three  years  apprenticeship  at  the 
butcher's  trade.  As  was  the  custom,  he 
had  to  pay  for  the  privilege  of  learning  the 
trade.  At  the  end  of  three  years  he  passed 
his  examination  and  secured  a  license  which 
would  now  be  equivalent  to  a  union  card. 
The  next  two  years  he  spent  as  a  master 
workman  in  some  of  the  larger  towns  of 
Germany,  and  then  came  to  the  United 
States,  landing  at  New  York  and  being  em- 
ployed in  that  city  for  a  time.  After  that 
he  came  to  IndianapoMs  to  join  his  two 
brothers,  William  and  Herman,  who  had 
preceded  him.  These  brothers  are  now  in 
Alaska.  Mr.  Albert  Janert  worked  in  In- 
dianapolis for  various  employers,  including 
Peter  Sindlinger  and  Fred  Boertcher.  Fol- 
lowing that  he  spent  some  time  in  the  south- 
west. Oklahoma  and  Texas,  and  worked  at 
his  trade  a  few  months  in  Dallas.  Return- 
ing to  Indianapolis,  Mr.  Janert  thirty 
years  ago  engaged  in  the  butcher  business 
for  himself.  His  first  location  was  on  Meri- 
dian Street,  and  from  there  he  moved  to 
1445  Union,  where  he  has  developed  a  large 
wholesale  business,  and  has  taken  his  sons 
in  with  him. 

Mr.  Janert  married  Marv  Wurster, 
daughter  of  Fred  Wurster.  She  is  also  a 
native  of  Germ«nv.  Her  four  children  are : 
Emma,  wife  of  William  Brink,  of  Indian- 
apolis, Albert,  Otto  and  Herman,  all  in 
business  with  their  father,  Otto  being  book- 
keeper for  the  firm. 

Mr.  Albert  Janert  is  well  known  in  fra- 
ternal and  social  affairs  being  affiliated 
with  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America, 
the  Knights  of  Cosmos,  the  German  Butch- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2001 


ers  Society,  the  South  Side  Turners,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  first  members  and 
a  stockholder,  and  belongs  to  the  Hoosier 

Motor  Club. 

» 

HARRY  B.  SEAWARD  is  general  manager 
and  superintendent  of  C.  F.  Seaward  & 
Sons,  Incorporated,  one  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive firms  in  Indiana  handling  all 
makes  of  automobiles,  accessories  and  sup- 
plies, and  operating  a  garage  which  in 
point  of  accommodataion  and  service  is  un- 
surpassed in  the  state.  The  Seawards  are 
an  old  and  substantial  family  of  Kokomo 
in  Howard  County,  and  have  been  in  busi- 
ness there  for  many  years. 

Harry  B.  Seaward  was  born  in  that 
county  March  6,  1882,  son  of  C.  F.  and 
Dora  (Hassell)  Seaward.  His  father  was 
also  born  in  Howard  County,  and  is  now 
president  and  head  of  the  firm  C.  F.  Sea- 
ward &  Sons.  For  a  number  of  years  C.  F. 
Seaward  was  engaged  in  the  grain  business 
at  Galveston,  Indiana,  and  selling  his  in- 
terests there,  accumulated  during  a  period 
of  fourteen  years,  established  the  present 
automobile  business  at  Kokomo.  The  loca- 
tion of  C.  F.  Seaward  &  Sons  is  on  Buck- 
eye Street,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Frances 
Hotel.  Mr.  C.  F.  Seaward  built  in  1912 
a  building  perfect  in  appointment  for  the 
present  business.  It  occupies  a  space  66  by 
132  feet,  is  absolutely  fireproof,  of  concrete 
and  steel  construction  on  a  solid  stone  foun- 
dation. The  garage  furnishes  accommoda- 
tions for  150  automobiles,  and  the  company 
handles  all  accessories  and  supplies.  They 
are  Howard  County  agents  for  the  Chalm- 
ers, Hudson  and  Chevrolet  cars.  The  busi- 
ness was  incorporated  in  1915  with  C.  F. 
Seaward  as  president. 

Harry  B.  Seaward  is  the  oldest  of  six, 
children,  five  of  whom  are  still  living.  He 
has  been  handling  many  of  the  responsibili- 
ties of  the  firm  for  the  past  six  or  seven 
years.  In  1901.  at  Galveston,  Indiana,  he 
married  Miss  Minnie  Rojetta  Morris.  Mr. 
Seaward  is  a  republican,  and  is  affiliated 
with  Galveston  Lodge  No.  244,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 

JUDGE  FRANK  ELLIS.  Honors  and  dis- 
tinctions in  abundance  sufficient  to  satisfy 
the  ambitions  of  any  man  have  come  to 
Judge  Frank  Ellis  during  his  long  and 
active  career  in  Delaware  County. 

Judge  Ellis  was  born  in  that  county  Feb- 


ruary 12,  1842,  son  of  John  H.  and  Phoebe 
(Kirkpatrick)  Ellis.  Few  families  possess 
more  emphatic  evidence  of  true  American- 
ism and  patriotic  loyalty.  The  Ellises  were 
in  America  prior  to  the  Revolution.  Judge 
Ellis'  great-grandfather,  Abraham  Ellis, 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  war  under 
Washington.  The  grandfather,  Henry 
Ellis,  was  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812. 
John  H.  Ellis,  father  of  Judge  Ellis,  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  officer  in  the  Civil 
war,  as  will  be  told  in  following  para- 
graphs, while  Judge  Frank  Ellis  was  also 
in  the  war,  so  that  members  of  four  suc- 
cessive generations  participated  in  all  the 
great  wars  of  this  country  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  present  European  struggle. 

John  Harbison  Ellis,  father  of  Judge 
Ellis,  was  born  in  August,  1817,  fourth 
child  of  Henry  and  Charity  (Harper) 
Ellis.  He  grew  to  manhood  on  his  father 's 
farm  in  Greene  County,  Ohio.  As  a  youth 
he  acquired  the  trade  of  carpenter  and 
joiner.  In  1838  he  became  a  resident  of 
Delaware  County,  Indiana,  in  which  local- 
ity his  sister,  Nancy  Ellis  Reed,  had  pre- 
viously located.  Here  he  engaged  in  busi- 
ness as  architect  and  joiner.  He  was  very 
expert  in  the  construction  of  the  heavy 
wooden  work  of  that  time,  such  as  barns 
and  bridges.  In  1841  he  married  Phoebe 
Kirkpatrick,  daughter  of  John  and  Su- 
sanna (Lane)  Kirkpatrick.  His  bride  had 
lived  in  Delaware  County  since  1834.  She 
was  six  years  his  junior,  having  been  born 
in  1823.  Her  grandfather,  Robert  Lane, 
had  a  record  as  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 
and  afterward  settled  in  Clark  County, 
Ohio. 

In  1856  the  health  of  John  H.  Ellis 
became  impaired  and  he  removed  to  Mun- 
cie,  county  seat  of  Delaware  County. 
There  he  was  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war 
in  1861,  when  he  vigorously  took  up  the 
work  of  enlisting  men  for  the  Union  army. 
His  own  health  not  being  good,  he  was  re- 
jected at  the  muster,  much  to  the  disap- 
pointment of  the  men  whom  he  had  en- 
listed and  who  desired  that  he  should  be 
one  of  their  officers. 

In  1862,  however,  he  enlisted  another  full 
company  "for  three  years  or  during  the 
war,"  and  was  accepted  and  mustered  in 
as  its  captain.  This  was  known  as  Com- 
pany B  of  the  Eighty-Fourth  Regiment,  In- 
diana Volunteer  Infantry,  which  was  mus- 


2002 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tered  into  service  September  3,  1862.  The 
services  of  this  regiment  present  an  inspir- 
ing page  in  Civil  war  annals.  Capt.  John 
H.  Ellis  was  with  his  company  in  faithful 
service  through  all  the  hardships,  priva- 
tions and  dangers  until  his  death.  On  the 
20th  of  September,  1863,  at  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga,  on  that  memorable  Sunday 
afternoon,  in  an  impetuous  charge  against 
a  superior  force  the  division  of  which  his 
company  formed  a  part  was  repulsed,  and 
he  was  left  wounded  unto  death  at  the 
most  advanced  position  reached.  But  the 
sacrifice  of  his  life  and  that  of  many  of  his 
comrades  was  not  in  vain,  since  the  histo- 
rian of  the  battle  has  declared  that  but 
for  the  opportune  aid  furnished  by  the 
two  brigades  of  which  the  Eighty-Fourth 
Indiana  was  a  part  the  Federal  army  could 
not  have  been  saved  from  defeat  and  rout. 

One  of  the  sergeants  of  Company  B  in 
the  Eighty-Fourth  Regiment  in  that  bloody 
battle  of  Chickamauga  was  Frank  Ellis, 
who  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  company 
under  his  father  in  1862.  From  the  post  of 
sergeant  he  was  promoted  on  the  death  of 
his  father  to  captain  of  Company  B,  and 
served  in  his  stead  and  place  during  the 
remainder  of  the  war.  After  Chickamauga 
he  was  with  his  company  in  its  campaign  in 
Eastern  Tennessee  and  early  in  1864  joined 
Sherman's  army  and  participated  in  many 
of  the  best  known  battles  of  the  great 
Atlanta  campaign.  After  the  fall  of  At- 
lanta it  was  with  the  troops  sent  in  pur- 
suit of  Hood,  and  was  in  that  command 
through  the  concluding  battles  of  the  cam- 
paign, at  Franklin  and  Nashville.  Frank 
Ellis  with  the  rest  of  his  regiment  was 
mustered  out  at  Nashville  June  14,  1865, 
and  soon  afterward  returned  home. 

While  growing  to  manhood  in  Delaware 
County  Judge  Ellis  acquired  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  and  under  private  in- 
struction. He  was  apprenticed  to  the 
printer's  trade,  and  worked  for  two  or 
three  of  the  early  county  newspapers,  be- 
coming an  expert  printer.  While  he  was 
still  in  the  army  as  captain  of  Company 
B  of  the  Eighty-fourth  Regiment  the 
people  of  Delaware  County  in  1864  elected 
him  to  the  office  of  county  treasurer.  The 
news  of  his  election  did  not  reach  him  for 
some  time  and  his  duties  as  a  soldier  were 
such  that  he  could  be  excused  for  paying 
no  attention  to  this  civic  honor.  But  when 
he  returned  home  in  the  summer  of  1865 


he  found  the  office  still  waiting  for  him, 
having  been  carried  on  by  his  predecessor. 
He  at  once  transformed  himself  from  a  sol- 
dier into  a  county  official,  and  served  out 
the  time  until  1866.  In  that  year  he  was 
renomiiiated  on  the  republican  ticket  and 
elected  for  a  succeeding  term. 

For  several  years  after  that  Judge  Ellis 
was  a  grain  and  lumber  merchant  at 
Muncie.  As  a  youth  he  had  picked  up  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  the  law,  and  finally 
settled  down  to  a  serious  study  of  the  pro- 
fession and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Muncie  bar  for 
forty  years.  For  twenty  years  from  1883 
he  was  in  partnership  with  John  T.  Walter- 
house. 

Many  political  honors  have  come  to 
Judge  Ellis.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Muncie  City  Council,  served  four  succes- 
sive terms  as  mayor,  was  for  two  terms 
city  attorney,  served  as  United  States  com- 
missioner, and  in  1910  was  elected  judge  of 
the  Forty-Sixth  Judicial  Circuit.  He  was 
on  the  bench  for  one  term,  and  since  re- 
tiring has  resumed  the  active  practice  of 
law. 

Judge  Frank  Ellis  has  been  loyal  to  the 
principles  of  the  republican  party  all  his 
life.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge,  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  Knight  Tem- 
plar Commandery,  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Odd  Fellows  fraternity  at  Muncie  since 
1865  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Grand  Army 
Post  and  the  Sons  of  Veterans.  Outside  of 
his  profession  he  is  known  as  a  public  spir- 
ited citizen  of  Delaware  County,  and  one 
who  supports  all  worthy  enterprises  for  the 
good  of  the  community. 

D.  C.  JENKINS,  of  Kokomo,  president  of 
the  D.  C.  Jenkins  Glass  Company,  is  a  past 
master  of  the  art  and  industry  of  glass 
making.  He  has  been  in  the  business  more 
than  half  a  century,  since  early  boyhood, 
and  there  is  not  a  position  he  has  not  filled 
some  time,  and  not  a  single  detail  of  ex- 
perience which  he  has  overlooked.  He  has 
given  to  Kokomo  one  of  its  chief  industries. 

Mr.  Jenkins  was  born  at  Pittsburg.  Penn- 
sylvania, May  24,  1854,  son  of  David  and 
Elizabeth  (Evans)  Jenkins.  His  parents 
were  both  natives  of  Wales.  In  1894  David 
Jenkins  and  wife  removed  to  Kokomo,  and 
for  nine  years  he  was  employed  in  a  factory 
here.  He  was  a  man  of  excellent  education, 
and  though  never  given  the  privilege  of  at- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2003 


tending  school  he  mastered  two  languages, 
and  was  a  formidable  debater  on  Bible  and 
theological  subjects.  He  spent  his  last 
years  in  California  and  died  in  Los 
Angeles.  Of  the  eight  children  five  are  still 
living,  D.  C.  being  the  oldest. 

D.  C.  Jenkins  attended  public  schools  in 
Pittsburg  a  few  years,  and  then  went  to 
work  as  a  boy  helper  in  the  glass  factory 
of  the  McKee  Brothers  in  that  city.  It  was 
fifty-four  years  ago  that  he  did  his  first 
work  in  a  glass  factory,  and  there  has  been 
no  important  period  in  his  life  when  he 
has  not  been  a  factor  in  increasing  degrees 
of  responsibility  in  this  business.  He  rose 
from  the  ranks  of  industrial  workers,  was 
promoted  to  a  foremanship  in  the  McKee 
Brothers  plant,  and  was  with  that  concern 
until  he  removed  to  Findlay,  Ohio,  in  the 
natural  gas  belt,  built  a  factory,  and  con- 
tinued it  until  1893,  when  the  plant  was 
sold  to  the  United  States  Glass  Company, 
the  first  of  the  large  trusts  in  this  business. 
From  Findlay  Mr.  Jenkins  went  to  Gas 
City,  Indiana,  superintended  the  erection 
of  a  glass  plant  for  the  United  States  Glass 
Company,  and  was  connected  with  it  one 
year.  He  built  a  large  plant  in  Greentown, 
and  this  business  was  sold  to  the  National 
Glass  Company,  Pittsburg.  Mr.  Jenkins 
was  chairman  of  the  executive  committee 
and  general  manager  for  two  years  of  the 
National  Glass  Company. 

In  1900  he  and  his  two  sons  came  to 
Kokomo  and  organized  the  D.  C.  Jenkins 
Glass  Company.  This  company  now  has 
an  immense  plant  covering  several  acres  of 
ground,  and  manufactures  a  large  and  va- 
ried line  of  standard  special  glass  ware, 
including  tableware,  lantern  globes,  con- 
tainers of  many  kinds,  fish  globes,  display 
jars,  lamp  founts,  packers  goods,  etc.  The 
first  year  the  company's  business  sales 
amounted  to  $170.000,  and  at  the  present 
time  more  than  $800,000  worth  of  their 
goods  are  sold  and  distributed  all  over  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  Mr.  D.  C.  Jen- 
kins is  president  of  the  company,  his  son 
Addison  is  secretary  and  treasurer,  and  his 
son  Howard  is  sales  manager.  The  D.  C. 
Jenkins  Glass  Company  have  established  a 
glass  plant  at  Arcadia,  Indiana,  which  has 
been  in  continuous  operation  since  its  or- 
ganization. 

Mr.  Jenkins  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
River  Raisin  paper  mills  in  1910,  and  was 
the  first  president  and  continued  in  that 


Vol.    V— 1 


office  for  six  years.  The  mills  are  now  the 
largest  manufacturers  of  fibre  shipping 
boxes  in  the  world. 

Mr.  Jenkins  is  a  loyal  republican  and  has 
always  been  interested  in  the  success  of 
his  party.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  State  Senate  from  1910  to  1914. 
He  is  now  a  member  of  the  State  Highway 
Commission  of  Indiana.  Mr.  Jenkins  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a 
Shriner,  an  Elk  and  Eagle,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  was  a  trustee  of  Elks  Lodge  No. 
90.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Columbia 
Club  of  Indianapolis  and  the  Howard 
County  Country  Club,  of  which  he  is  a 
director.  January  4,  1876,  at  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  he  married  Miss  Anna  Jones. 
Their  two  sons  are  Addison  and  Howard. 

WILLIAM  T.  WILSOX.  Among  the  men 
of  first  rate  ability  who  have  been  attracted 
to  the  law  and  have  been  faithful  to  its 
best  ideals  and  traditions,  one  whose  name 
is  easily  associated  with  the  leaders  in 
Northern  Indiana  is  William  T.  Wilson  of 
Logansport.  Mr.  Wilson  has  been  a  prac- 
ticing lawyer  forty  years,  and  in  that  time 
has  earned  and  richly  deserved  practically 
all  those  honors  and  successes  that  are  as- 
sociated with  the  profession,  though  he  has 
not,  as  so  many  lawyers  do,  invaded  the 
field  of  politics. 

Mr.  Wilson  was  born  at  Logansport  in 
1854,  and  is  the  son  of  one  of  its  pioneer 
merchants  and  most  esteemed  citizens, 
Thomas  H.  Wilson.  His  father  was  born 
May  31,  1818,  in  the  Village  of  Denton, 
Caroline  County,  Maryland,  sixth  among 
the  ten  children  of  John  and  Sarah  (Hop- 
kins) Wilson.  He  was  of  English  descent 
on  both  sides.  Thomas  H.  Wilson  at  the 
age  of  eleven  years,  and  upon  the  death 
of  his  father,  went  to  live  with  his  uncle 
and  guardian,  Thomas  Hopkins.  He 
worked  in  the  Hopkins  store  and  mill  and 
gained  his  business  training  there.  In  1834, 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  became  clerk  in  a 
store  at  Camden,  Delaware.  One  of  his 
employers  was  Daniel  Atwell,  who  came 
west  and  located  at  Logansport  in  1837. 
Along  with  him  came  Thomas  H.  Wilson, 
who  was  already  a  youner  man  of  much  rec- 
ognized force  and  ability  in  business  af- 
fairs. In  1840  he  became  identified  with 
the  mercantile  house  of  Pollard  and  Wilson. 
In  1843  this  firm  built  a  grain  warehouse 
on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  and  were 


2004 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


soon  known  up  and  down  the  Wabash  Val- 
ley as  leading  grain  merchants.  They  also 
handled  large  quantities  of  general  mer- 
chandise and  did  a  forwarding  and  commis- 
sion business.  In  1853  the  firm  became 
Wilson,  Merriam  &  Company.  Mr.  Wilson 
finally  retired  from  the  firm,  but  continued 
privately  in  the  produce  trade  until  1875. 
In  May,  1865,  Thomas  H.  Wilson  was 
elected  president  of  the  Logjnsport  Na- 
tional Bank,  one  of  the  oldest  national 
banks  in  the  Wabash  Valley.  He  filled  that 
office  and  carefully  safeguarded  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  institution  until  his  death  De- 
c-ember 27,  1877.  Politically  he  began  vot- 
ing as  a  whig,  and  was  identified  with  the 
republican  party  from  its  organization.  He 
was  reared  in  the  faith  of  the  Friends,  but 
was  broadly  liberal  in  his  support  of  all 
the  religious  causes.  He  is  as  well  remem- 
bered for  his  generosity,  kindliness  and 
helpfulness  as  for  the  success  he  gained  in 
business  affairs.  In  1842  Thomas  H.  Wil- 
son married  America  Weirick,  who  died 
three  years  later.  In  1849  Mary  A.  I.  Dex- 
ter became  his  wife.  She  died  in  1854.  In 
1856  he  married  Elizabeth  E.  Hopkins, 
who  passed  away  in  1898.  Thomas  H. 
Wilson  had  four  sons,  William  T.,  Elwood 
G.,  Thomas  H.  and  John  Charles. 

William  T.  Wilson  was  a  son  of  his 
father's  second  marriage.  As  a  boy  in 
Logansport  he  attended  the  public  schools, 
and  is  a  graduate  of  Princeton  University 
with  the  class  of  1874.  The  following  year 
he  read  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  D.  D. 
Pratt  of  Logansport,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  Since  1875  his  name  has  been 
enrolled  on  the  membership  of  the  Cass 
County  bar.  Mr.  Wilson  accepted  a  place 
on  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Logansport  when  his  father 
died,  and  has  been  a  director  in  that  insti- 
tution forty  years.  Many  other  institutions 
and  organizations  in  Logansport  have  had 
the  benefit  of  his  direct  service  and  influ- 
ence. He  is  a  republican  when  it  comes 
to  casting  his  vote,  and  he  attends  the  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

In  1880  he  married  Miss  Martha  L.  Mc- 
Carty,  daughter  of  Joseph  P.  McCarty  of 
Logansport.  They  had  four  children, 
Thomas  H.,  who  was  a  lawyer,  Elizabeth, 
wife  of  Frank  H.  Worthington,  superin- 
tendent of  the  Vandalia  Railroad  at  Terre 
Haute;  Joseph,  and  Dorothy  Dexter  Wil- 
son. Of  these  children  only  Mrs.  Worth- 


ington and  Dorothy  D.  Wilson  survive. 
Thomas  H.  Wilson,  Jr.,  died  in  1916,  and 
Joseph  W.  Wilson  lies  in  one  of  the  graves 
in  France  made  by  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces  led  by  General  Pershing  in 
1918. 

i 

EUGENE  BLACKBURN  is  one  of  the  inter- 
esting citizens  of  Indianapolis,  a  resident  of 
thirty  years  standing,  and  with  a  record 
of  successful  achievement  in  originating, 
establishing,  building  up  and  developing 
an  industry  which  is  probably  the  largest 
in  its  special  field  in  the  United  States. 

The  business  today  has  corporate  form 
and  title  as  the  International  Metal  Polish 
Company,  owning  and  operating  a  large 
plant  at  Quill  Street  and  the  Belt  Railway. 
Mr.  Blackburn  is  president  of  the  company. 

He  was  born  at  Bloomingdale,  Ohio,  in 
1866,  a  son  of  Moses  L.  and  Flora  (Arm- 
strong) Blackburn,  also  natives  of  the 
Buckeye  State.  For  about  twenty-five  years 
Eugene  Blackburn  was  connected  with  the 
railway  mail  service,  and  while  with  that 
service  established  his  home  and  head- 
quarters at  Indianapolis  in  1888.  He  was 
a  veteran  in  this  branch  of  the  postal  de- 
partment, was  a  faithful  and  diligent  em- 
ploye, but  the  main  interest  of  his  career 
attaches  to  what  was  at  first  a  side  line  to 
his  principal  work. 

In  1903  he  began  the  manufacture  of  a 
metal  polish  of  his  own  composition.  He 
had  complete  faith  in  the  quality  of  his 
product  but  had  to  begin  partly  from  wise 
choice  and  partly  from  limited  capital  on  a 
modest  and  experimental  scale.  In  fact  he 
manufactured  his  first  polishes  at  his  own 
home  on  North  Capitol  Avenue.  For  a 
time  he  was  manufacturer,  salesman,  dis- 
tributor, and  in  fact,  "whole  works."  He 
built  up  the  reputation  of  his  products  on 
quality  and  merit,  made  a  careful  study  of 
market  conditions,  and  by  energy  in  push- 
ing his  sales  eventually  made  his  business 
self  sustaining  and  sufficient  to  give  him 
an  independent  living.  All  this  he  accom- 
plished by  his  own  effort  and  without  the 
aid  of  outside  capital.  Finally  he  incor- 
porated as  the  International  Metal  Polish 
Company. 

The  Blue  Ribbon  products  of  this  com- 
pany are  manufactured  and  sold  through- 
out the  world,  and  cover  a  wide  range  of 
uses.  The  Blue  Ribbon  products  are  pol- 
ishes and  oils  put  out  under  a  number  of 


• 


L>004 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


soon  known  up  and  down  the  Wabash  Val- 
ley as  leading  grain  merchants.  They  also 
handled  large  quantities  of  general  mer- 
chandise and  did  a  Forwarding  and  commis- 
sion  business.  In  1853  the  firm  hecame 
Wilson.  Merriam  &  Company.  Mr.  Wilson 
tinally  retired  from  the  firm,  hut  continued 
privately  in  the  produce  trade  until  187."). 
In  May,  18(>5.  Thomas  II.  Wilson  was 
elected  president  of  the  Logansport  Na- 
tional Bank,  one  of  the  oldest  national 
hanks  in  the  Wahash  Valley.  He  tilled  that 
office  and  carefully  safeguarded  the  hest  in- 
terests of  the  institution  until  his  death  De- 
'•cml:er  'J7.  IsTT.  Politically  he  began  vot- 
iiiir  as  a  whig,  and  was  identified  with  the 
republican  party  from  its  organization.  He 
was  reared  in  the  faith  of  the  Friends,  but 
was  broadly  liberal  in  his  support  of  all 
The  religious  causes.  He  is  as  well  remem- 
bered for  his  generosity,  kindliness  and 
helpfulness  as  for  the  success  he  gained  in 
business  affairs.  In  1S4^  Thomas  II.  Wil- 
son married  America  Weirick,  who  died 
three  years  later.  In  lS4f»  Mary  A.  I.  Dex- 
ter became  his  wife.  She  died  in  1854.  In 
1>5b'  he  married  Elizabeth  E.  Hopkins, 
who  passed  away  in  18<)8.  Thomas  II. 
Wilson  had  four  sons.  William  T..  Elwood 
(!..  Thomas  II.  and  John  Charles. 

William  T.  Wilson  was  a  son  of  his 
father's  second  marriage.  As  a  hoy  in 
Logansport  he  attended  the  public  schools, 
and  is  a  graduate  of  Princeton  University 
with  the  class  of  1.S74.  The  following  year 
he  read  law  in  the  office  of  lion.  D.  D. 
Pratt  of  Logansport.  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  Since  1875  his  name  has  been 
enrolled  on  the  membership  of  the  Cass 
County  bar.  Mr.  Wilson  accepted  a  place 
on  the  Hoard  of  Directors  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Logansport  when  his  father 
died,  and  has  been  a  director  in  that  insti- 
tution forty  years.  Many  other  institutions 
and  organizations  in  Logansport  have  had 
the  benefit  of  his  direct  service  and  influ- 
ence. He  is  a  republican  when  it  comes 
lo  easting  his  vote,  and  he  attends  the  Pres- 
byterian Church. 

In  1SSO  he  married  Miss  Martha  L.  Mc- 
Carty,  daughter  of  Joseph  P.  McCarty  of 
Logansport.  They  had  four  children. 
Thomas  II..  who  was  a  lawyer,  Eli/abeth. 
\vife  of  Frank  II.  AVorthington.  superin- 
tendent of  the  Vandalia  Railroad  at  Tern1 
Haute :  Joseph,  and  Dorothy  Dexter  Wil- 
son. Of  these  children  onlv  Mrs.  Worth- 


ington  and  Dorothy  1).  Wilson  survive. 
Thomas  II.  Wilson,  Jr.,  died  in  1!)16,  and 
Joseph  W.  Wilson  lies  in  one  of  the  graves 
in  France  made  by  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary Forces  led  bv  (Jeneral  Pershing  in 
1918. 

Er(ii:xi:  HLACKUI-I.-N  is  one  of  the  inter- 
esting citixens  of  Indianapolis,  a  resident  of 
thirty  years  standing,  and  with  a  record 
of  successful  achievement  in  originating, 
establishing,  building  up  and  developing 
an  industry  which  is  probably  the  largest 
in  its  special  field  in  the  United  States. 

The  business  today  has  corporate  form 
and  title  as  the  International  Metal  Polish 
Company,  owning  and  operating  a  large 
plant  at  (juill  Street  and  the  Kelt  Railway. 
Mr.  Blackburn  is  president  of  the  company. 

lie  was  horn  at  Bloomingdale.  Ohio,  in 
I8u'(>.  a  son  of  Moses  L.  and  Flora  (Arm- 
strong Blackburn,  also  natives  of  the 
Buckeye  State.  For  about  twenty-five  years 
Eujreiie  Blackburn  was  connected  with  the 
railway  mail  service,  and  while  with  that 
service  established  his  home  and  head- 
quarters at  Indianapolis  in  1888.  He  was 
a  veteran  in  this  branch  of  the  postal  de- 
partment, was  a  faithful  and  diligent  em- 
ploye, but  the  main  interest  of  his  career 
attaches  to  what  was  at  first  a  side  line  to 
his  principal  work. 

In  191):}  IK-  began  the  manufacture  of  a 
metal  polish  of  his  own  composition.  He 
had  complete  faith  in  the  ijuality  of  his 
product  hut  had  to  begin  partly  from  wise 
choice  and  partlv  from  limited  capital  on  a 
modest  and  experimental  scale.  In  fact  he 
manufactured  his  first  polishes  at  his  own 
home  on  North  Capitol  Avenue.  For  a 
time  he  was  manufacturer,  salesman,  dis- 
tributor, and  in  fact,  ''whole  works."  He 
built  up  the  reputation  of  his  products  on 
(jiiality  and  merit,  made  a  careful  study  of 
market  conditions,  and  by  energy  in  push- 
ing his  sales  eventually  made  his  business 
self  sustaining  and  sufficient  to  give  him 
an  independent  living.  All  this  he  accom- 
plished by  his  own  effort  and  without  the 
aid  of  outside  capital.  Finally  he  incor- 
porated as  the  International  Metal  Polish 
( 'ompany. 

The  Blue  Ribbon  products  of  this  com- 
pany are  manufactured  and  sold  through- 
out the  world,  and  cover  a  wide  range  of 
uses.  The  Blue  Ribbon  products  are  pol- 
ishes and  oils  put  out  under  a  number  of 


• 


. 


. 


LI3RARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2005 


different  brands,  each  with  a  special  pur- 
pose and  use,  and  the  output  also  includes 
the  Blue  Ribbon  Auto  Specialties.  The 
descriptive  names  of  a  number  of  the  lead- 
ing products  are  Blue  Ribbon  Stainless 
Oil,  Cleaners  and  Polishers  for  bars  and 
for  all  the  plumbing  and  sanitary  fixtures 
of  public  and  private  buildings,  Stove 
Polish.  Silver  Polish,  Metal  Polish,  and  in- 
cluded in  the  auto  specialties  are  the  Cream 
Metal  Polish,  Nickel  Polish,  Auto  Body 
Gloss  and  Furniture  Polish,  Leak  Proof 
Cement,  Auto  Top  and  Seat  Dressing, 
Black  Gloss  Enamel,  Oil  Soap,  Cold  Cream 
Hand  Soap,  and  a  special  lubricating  oil 
for  magnetos  and  other  delicate  machinery. 
While  Mr.  Blackburn  has  necessarily  ap- 
plied all  his  energies  and  time  to  building 
up  his  business,  he  has  also  proved  an  active 
and  progressive  citizen  of  Indianapolis  and 
has  gladly  associated  himself  with  the  vari- 
ous civic  enterprises.  He  married  at 
Indianapolis  Miss  Maud  Streight,  a  relative 
of  the  late  General  Streight,  one  of  In- 
diana's distinguished  commanding  officers  , 
in  the  Civil  war. 

.  GEORGE  F.  BOVARD  was  born  at  Alpha, 
Indiana,  August  8,  1856,  a  son  of  James 
and  Sarah  Bovard,  both  of  whom  were 
born  in  Ohio.  After  a  thorough  literary 
and  professional  training  George  F.  Bo- 
vard became  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools, 
finally  entering  the  ministry  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  and  since  1903  has 
been  president  of  the  University  of  South- 
ern California. 

On  October  1,  1884,  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal- 
ifornia, he  married  Emma  Bradley,  and 
they  have  three  children,  Warren  B.,  Edna 
G.,  and  Gladys  F. 

JAMES  E.  AYRES.  A  good  business  man, 
known  to  the  community  of  Summitville  as 
secretary  and  treasurer  and  manager  of 
the  Summitville  Lumber  Company,  James 
E.  Ayres  is  also  one  of  those  live  and  pub- 
lic spirited  citizens  who  do  much  to  influ- 
ence the  ways  of  their  home  town  and 
county  and  is  one  of  the  accepted  leaders 
of  the  moral  forces  of  his  home  county. 

Mr.  Ayres  represents  several  generations 
of  his  family  in  Indiana.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent,  the  family  first  locating  in 
Pennsylvania  and  moving  from  there  to 
Central  Ohio.  His  grandfather,  James 


Ayres,  was  a  cobbler.  In  early  manhood 
he  came  to  Hartford  City,  Indiana,  where 
he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  C.  C.  Ayres, 
father  of  James  E.,  was  born  at  Hartford 
City,  and  was  a  resident  of  that  town 
thirty  years.  He  finally  moved  to  Redkey, 
and  was  a  lumber  merchant  there.  He 
married  Anna  B.  Pollock. 

James  E.  Ayres  was  born  at  Hartford 
City  December  19,  1883.  He  acquired  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Redkey  and  for  one  term  was  a  student 
in  the  Indianapolis  Business  College.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  work  for 
his  father,  C.  C.  Ayres,  keeping  books  for 
the  lumber  company  both  at  Redkey  and 
Dunkirk.  He  looked  after  the  accounts 
of  the  two  plants  for  three  years. 

In  1905  Mr.  Ayres  married  Miss  Minnie 
C.  Bradley,  daughter  of  John  and  Martha 
(Asling)  Bradley.  In  1908  Mr.  Ayres 
bought  a  small  lumber  yard  at  Portland, 
Indiana,  and  for  three  months  continued 
Bunder  the  name  James  E.  Ayres  &  Com- 
^gan,yi.--.AfJ^r  closing  up  its  affairs  he  moved 
fhe  stock  to 'Redkey,  and  on  November  20, 
1908,  came  to  Summitville  as  manager  and 
treasurer  of  the  Summitville  Lumber  Com- 
pany. In  1910  he  and  his  father  bought 
the  entire  stock,  and  the  business  has  since 
grown  and  flourished  under  the  old  name 
of  Summitville  Lumber  Company.  They 
handle  an  immense  stock  of  building  mate- 
rial, lumber,  paints,  oils,  cement,  pipe, 
sewer  and  also  coal.  The  radius  of  their 
trade  connections  extends  for  seven  or  eight 
miles  around  Summitville.  Their  plants 
and  yards  have  a  space  132  by  180  feet 
under  roof. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ayres  lost  both  their  own 
children,  and  have  adopted  two  others  into 
their  home.  Mr.  Ayres  is  an  ardent  prohi- 
bitionist. In  1916  he  was  a  candidate  on 
that  ticket  for  the  State  Senate  to  repre- 
sent Tipton  and  Madison  counties,  and 
went  far  ahead  of  his  party  associates, 
though  he  was  defeated  for  election.  He  is 
a  trustee  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  at  Summitville,  and  has  been 
chosen  local  exhorter  of  the  congregation. 

JARED  GARDNER,  a  prosperous  farm 
owner  and  resident  of  Westville,  represents 
a  family  that  has  been  identified  with  La- 
Porte  County  for  eighty  years.  His  wife  is 
a  member  of  the  noted  Clyburn  family, 


2006 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


one  of  the  oldest  and  best  known  names  in 
the  history  of  the  region  around  Lake 
Michigan. 

Jared  Gardner  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Clinton  Township,  LaPorte  County.  His 
grandfather,  Charles  Gardner,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Massachusetts  and  moved  from  there 
to  Watertown,  New  York,  and  late  in  life 
to  LaPorte  County,  Indiana,  settling  in 
Clinton  Township,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  days.  Edmund  S.  Gardner,  father 
of  Jared,  was  born  in  Hampden  County, 
Massachusetts,  and  from  Watertown,  New 
York,  came  west  in  1838  and  settled  in 
LaPorte  County  as  one  of  the  pioneer 
builders  and  homemakers  of  Clinton  Town- 
ship. He  bought  land,  improved  a  good 
farm,  and  erected  a  substantial  house 
which  is  still  standing.  In  the  scenes  of 
his  early  labors  he  spent  his  last  days  and 
died  at  the  age  of  sixty-three.  He  married 
Polly  Haskell,  member  of  another  pioneer 
family  of  Clinton  Township.  She  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  ancestry  and  daughter  of 
James  Haskell,  originally  from  Bradford, 
Pennsylvania.  James  Haskell  spent  his 
last  years  in  LaPorte  County.  Mrs.  Ed- 
mund S.  Gardner  died  in  1863,  leaving 
three  children,  named  Alice,  Jared  and 
Frank. 

Jared  Gardner  attended  the  rural 
schools  of  Clinton  Township,  also  the  West- 
ville  High  School,  and  finished  with  a 
course  in  Bryant  and  Stratton's  Commer- 
cial College  in  Chicago.  For  five  years  he 
was  a  merchant,  but  then  gave  his  entire 
attention  to  farming.  Since  his  marriage 
he  has  lived  in  the  Village  ofi  Westville 
and  occupies  the  old  Clyburn  homestead. 
His  farms  are  now  handled  by!  tenters. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-one  Afn  Gardner 
married  Martha  Ann  Clyburn,  daughter 
of  Henley  Clyburn,  a  famous  itjjioneer  of 
LaPorte  County  whose  histonjd  its  written 
on  other  pages.  Mr.  and  ,rftfr$toJGtardner 
have  two  living  children  "vf&wfBeduB'Pearl 
and  Bolla  Clyburn.  Pearl  is>  tb#/w»fl(jfor  of 
Dr.  Robert  Ansley  and  hasotfftiticholdren, 
named  Kenneth  and  Genevievett  Hullaimai-- 
ried  Winifred  Herrold,  and  fcjsl  fi>v£  chil- 
dren are  Virginia,  Ruth,  Robert,  Maurice 
J.  and  Martha  Alice.  Mr.  and  -Mrs.  Gard- 
ner have  two  children  deceased,  Marjorie, 
who  died  in  infancy,  and  Mrs.  Virginia 
Gardner  Morehouse.  who  left  one  son, 
Lawrence  Gardner  Morehouse,  a  soldier  in 
the  British  Service. 


Mr.  Gardner  is  a  charter  member  of 
Westville  Lodge  No.  192,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  and  is  also  a  charter 
member  of  Westville  Lodge,  No.  309 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Knights  of  the  Maccabees  at  West- 
ville and  he  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
the  Eastern  Star.  In  politics  he  is  an 
ardent  republican. 

HENLEY  CLYBURN.  All  authorities  agree 
in  giving  Henley  Clyburn  distinction  as 
the  first  permanent  settler  of  LaPorte 
County.  But  that  was  only  one  of  many 
distinctions.  He  was  a  cool-headed,  en- 
terprising and  courageous  pioneer,  fit  for 
leadership  in  a  new  country,  and  was  a  rec- 
ognized power  of  strength  in  an  age  which 
begot  strong  men. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond,  Virginia, 
August  5,  1804.  In  different  generations 
the  name  was  variously  spelled  Claiborne, 
Clybourne  and  Clyburn.  Henley  Clyburn 
was  a  son  of  Jonas  and  Elizabeth  (McKeu- 
zie)  Clyburn.  His  father  served  as  a  pa- 
triot soldier  in  the  war  for  independence, 
and  was  a  Virginia  planter.  A  brother  of 
Henley  Clyburn  was  Archibald  Clyburn, 
whose  name  is  intimately  associated  with 
early  history  in  Chicago. 

The  mother  of  Henley  Clyburn  has  an 
especially  romantic  history.  Her  maiden 
name  was  Elizabeth  McKenzie.  She  and 
her  sister  Margaret  when  small  girls  were 
made  captive  during  an  Indian  raid,  and 
were  carried  off  to  the  wilds  of  Ohio  and 
lived  with  Indian  tribes  for  twelve  years. 
Margaret  McKenzie  married  John  Kinzie, 
a  famous  character  in  the  early  history  of 
Chicago  and  reputed  to  be  the  founder  of 
that  city.  It  was  probably  due  to  the  in- 
fluence of  John  Kinzie  of  Chicago  that  the 
Clyburn  boys  also  came  west,  accompanied 
by  their  parents  in  1823-24.  Henley  was 
then  about  nineteen  years  of  age. 

In  Illinois  John  Kinzie  became  an  Indian 
trader.  Henley  Clyburn  during  his  early 
business  career  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Sarah  Benedict.  Her  father,  Stephen 
Benedict,  brought  his  family  west  in  1827, 
and  after  a  time  bought  a  claim  at  Ottawa, 
Illinois,  where  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  that  community.  At  Ottawa  on  May  4. 
1828,  Henley  Clyburn  and  Sarah  Benedict 
were  married.  Stephen  Benedict  died  in 
the  same  year  and  his  widow  and  his  chil- 
dren then  looked  to  Henley  Clyburn  as 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2007 


their  protector.  Though  not  a  large  man 
physically,  Henley  Clyburn  possessed  in 
an  eminent  degree  courage,  strength,  perse- 
verance and  all  those  qualities  which  are 
necessary  to  success  in  pioneer  life.  The 
family  decided  to  leave  Ottawa,  and  accom- 
plished with  great  difficulty  their  removal 
to  LaPorte  County,  Indiana,  during  the 
winter  season.  On  March  13,  1829,  the  lit- 
tle party  went  into  camp  near  the  present 
town  of  Westville  in  New  Durham  Town- 
ship. Henley  Clyburn  and  the  Benedict 
boys  soon  erected  a  cabin  at  the  edge  of  a 
grove  about  half  a  mile  northeast  of  the 
present  town  of  Westville. 

On  July~16,  1829,  was  born  the  oldest 
child  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henley  Clyburn, 
Elizabeth  Miriam,  the  first  white  child  born 
in  LaPorte  County.  She  married  Joseph 
Warnock  and  died  in  "Westville.  The  other 
children  of  Henley  Clyburn  and  his  first 
wife  were:  Araminta  M.,  who  married 
Theodore  Armitage,  and  is  now  the  oldest 
living  native  citizen  of  LaPorte  County; 
William  R. ;  Joseph  H. ;  Mary  J.,  who  died 
in  childhood;  and  Sarah  E.  The  mother 
of  this  family  died  December  31,  1844. 
Henley  Clyburn  married  for  his  second 
wife  Mrs.  Eliza  (Concannon)  Sherry.  To 
that  union  were  born  five  children,  and 
the  two  now  surviving  are  Martha  Ann, 
wife  of  Jared  Gardner,  and  they  occupy 
the  old  Henley  Clyburn  home  at  Westville, 
and  Mrs.  Virginia  Wight. 

As  a  resident  of  LaPorte  County  Henley 
Clyburn  confined  his  business  affairs  to 
farming  and  was  never  inclined  to  partic- 
ipate in  politics,  though  he  served  two  or 
three  times  as  a  county  commissioner.  He 
acquired  a  large  amount  of  land  and  was 
prosperous  in  all  his  business  undertakings 
and  was  extremely  liberal  in  helping  oth- 
ers less  fortunate  in  bestowing  the  gifts  of 
his  affluence  and  generosity  throughout  a 
large  community.  It  has  been  said  that 
his  influence  was  ever  on  the  side  of  jus- 
tice, truth  and  right,  and  his  kindly  and 
benevolent  spirit  made  his  example  one 
well  worthy  to  be  long  remembered,  hon- 
ored and  revered.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
LaPorte  County  December  9,  1867,  in  his 
sixty-third  year. 

HENRY  ADAM  HOLMES.  As  a  business 
man  and  citizen  the  career  of  the  late 
Henry  Adam  Holmes  is  identified  both  with 
Madison  and  Indianapolis,  Indiana.  He 


was  a  splendid  type  of  the  foreign  born 
American,  and  many  of  the  older  residents 
still  recall  his  good  name  and  good  deeds. 

He  was  born  of  an  English  father  in 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  May  22,  1825.  When 
twenty-five  years  old  he  left  his  native 
country  on  board  a  sailing  vessel  for  the 
United  States.  The  boat  became  disabled 
and  an  incipient  mutiny  of  the  sailors  was 
only  quelled  by  the  prompt  and  efficient 
action  of  the  officers.  The  boat  finally 
landed  all  hands  safely  at  New  Orleans. 
It  was  nearly  a  tragic  and  exceedingly  dis- 
tressing experience  to  Mr.  Holmes.  While 
still  on  the  ocean  he  resolved  that  should 
he  ever  safely  reach  land  he  would  never 
again  jeopardize  his  life  on  shipboard.  He 
kept  that  vow.  Coming  up  the  Mississippi 
and  Ohio  rivers  to  Madison,  Indiana,  he 
went  to  work  there  as  a  common  laborer. 
He  was  not  particular  about  the  work  so 
it  would  earn  him  an  honest  dollar,  but 
gradually  he  laid  the  foundation  of  an  in- 
dependent career.  He  served  an  appren- 
ticeship at  the  plaster's  trade.  This  work 
did  not  give  him  enough  means  to  satisfy 
his  desires,  and  he  worked  at  night  helping 
unload  boats  at  the  river  docks.  He  also 
attended  night  school  as  a  means  of  acquir- 
ing a  better  education. 

Following  the  completion  of  his  appren- 
ticeship he  moved  to  Indianapolis  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  and  estab- 
lished himself  at  his  trade  and  as  a  con- 
tractor. One  of  the  principles  to  which  he 
adhered  and  which  had  much  to  do  with 
his  success  in  life  should  be  recalled  as  a 
source  of  inspiration.  He  made  it  a  rule 
always  to  do  a  little  bit  better  work  than 
was  called  for  by  the  strict  terms  of  any 
contract  which  he  accepted,  and  while 
many  men  have  declared  they  found  it  un- 
profitable to  observe  such  a  rule,  it  proved 
otherwise  with  Mr.  Holmes.  He  handled 
a  large  volume  of  business  every  year,  and 
some  of  his  work  is  still  in  evidence  in  In- 
dianapolis as  a  monument  to  his  ability. 
Thus  in  every  way  he  was  a  credit  to  the 
land  of  his  adoption.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  energy,  and  his  Irish  blood  furnished 
him  the  keen  interest  he  always  took  in 
politics,  which  continued  even  to  the  day 
of  his  death.  His  oldest  son,  William,  was 
accidentally  drowned  in  the  White  River, 
and  as  his  ambition  was  largely  centered 
in  this  first  born  his  zest  of  life  thereafter 
was  materially  lessened.  He  was  a  convert 


2008 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  the  Catholic  religion,  and  to  that  church 
and  faith  gave  his  most  active  adherence. 

While  at  Madison  Mr.  Holmes  married 
Johanna  Frances  Fitzgibbon.  He  died  in 
1884,  and  his  wife  in  1911.  Of  their  nine 
children  two  sons  and  three  daughters  are 
still  living,  the  sons  being  David  and  Wil- 
liam H.,  both  residents  of  Indianapolis. 
The  daughters  are:  Mary,  wife  of  Adolph 
St.  Lorenz  and  the  mother  of  one  child, 
Hortenz;  Louise,  wife  of  Dr.  Thomas  Cot- 
ter, of  Indiana  Harbor,  Indiana,  and  the 
mother  of  three  children ;  and  Nellie,  wife 
of  Samuel  R.  Hoffman. 

William  H.  Holmes,  president  of  the  En- 
terprise Iron  Works,  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis April  11,  1872.  He  had  a  public 
school  education  and  learned  the  trade  of 
iron  moulder  with  the  Chandler-Taylor 
Company.  Tn  1913,  associated  with  others, 
he  organized  the  Enterprise  Iron  Works,  of 
which  he  has  since  been  president.  This  is 
one  of  the  leading  concerns  in  the  Indian- 
apolis industrial  district. 

December  31,  1901,  Mr.  Holmes  married 
Miss  Johanna  Frey,  who  died  March  16, 
1918,  leaving  three  children  :*  JohJtnna 
Frey,  Elizabeth  Ellen  and  Mary.  Mr. 
Holmes  is  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Athletic  Club,  the  Transportation  Club,  the 
Foundrymen's  Association,  of  which  he  was 
one  of  the  incorporators,  and  fraternally 
is  a  Mason. 

FREDERICK  FAHNLEY.  Friends  and  busi- 
ness associates  have  long  spoken  of  Fred- 
erick Fahnley  as  a  man  of  high  sterling  in- 
tegrity and  upright  business  and  social 
life.  In  his  record  of  more  than  fifty 
years'  participation  in  local  affairs  it  is  not 
difficult  to  find  ample  proof  and  repeated 
corroboration  for  this  character  and  all  the 
kindly  estimates  that  have  been  spoken  by 
his  business  and  social  acquaintances. 

His  is  the  kind  of  story  that  Americans 
never  tire  of  reading,  and  is  a  constant 
source  of  inspiration  and  strength.  Born 
in  Wuertemberg,  Germany,  November  1, 
1839,  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
his  native  town,  he  was  only  fifteen  when 
in  1854  he  crossed  the  ocean  to  the  land  of 
opportunity.  He  grew  into  American  cit- 
izenship, not  merely  adapted  it,  and  his  loy- 
alty to  this  country  and  its  ideals  has  been 
one  of  the  prominent  facts  in  his  life  and 
has  been  tested  by  every  reasonable  proof 


that  might  be  required  of  a  thorough 
American  patriot. 

With  the  vigor  of  his  blood  and  race 
young  Fahnley  found  his  first  employment 
in  a  general  merchandise  store  at  Medway 
in  Clark  County,  Ohio.  Two  years  later 
he  went  to  Dayton,  and  for  three  years 
worked  in  a  wholesale  millinery  and  dry 
goods  house.  It  was  there  he  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  permanent  business  ca- 
reer. In  1860,  returning  to  Medway,  he 
opened  a  general  country  store  and  stocked 
it  with  all  the  commodities  usually  found 
in  an  emporium  of  that  class.  It  was  a 
business  that  satisfied  his  early  ideas  as  to 
profit,  but  was  not  sufficient  to  keep  him 
always  in  the  role  of  a  country  merchant. 
While  at  Medway,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two,  he  served  as  postmaster,  re- 
ceiving his  appointment  from  President 
Lincoln. 

In  1865  Mr.  Fahnley  came  to  Indianap- 
olis, and  associated  with  Daniel  Stiles  and 
Rollin  McCrea  established  the  wholesale 
millinery  firm  of  Stiles,  Fahnley  &  McCrea. 
Since  .ihaj  date  Mr.  Fahnley  has  been  one 
of  the  tedding  wholesale  merchants  of  the 
city,  and  as  he  looks  back  over  the  inter- 
vening half  century  he  takes  pride  and 
pleasure  not  only  in  the  achievements  of 
his  own  house  but  in  the  development  of 
Indianapolis  as  a  general  wholesale  center 
supplying  the  necessities  of  the  retail  trade 
throughout  the  Middle  West.  At  the  end 
of  four  years,  Mr.  Stiles  retired  from  the 
firm,  and  the  business  after  that  was  con- 
tinued by  his  two  associates  under  the  name 
Fahnlev  &  McCrea.  In  1875.  to  meet  the 
demands  of  a  steadily  growing  business, 
the  firm  bought  ground  just  opposite  from 
their  first  store  on  South  Meridian  Street 
and  erected  what  at  that  time  was  the  fin- 
est structure  in  the  wholesale  district.  In 
1898  the  business  was  incorporated,  when 
several  old  and  valued  employes  were  ad- 
mitted to  share  in  the  stock,  under  the  title 
Fahnlev  &  McCrea  Millinery  Company. 
In  February,  1905,  as  a  result  of  the  most 
destructive  fire  that  ever  visited  the  whole- 
sale district  of  Indianapolis,  the  company 
lost  its  building  and  stock,  but  in  the  course 
of  the  s^me  vear  erected  a  substantial  and 
thorough! v  modern  five-story  brick  build- 
ing, which  has  since  served  as  the  home  of 
this  old  and  honored  Indianapolis  house. 

Mr.  Fahnley  is  still  looked  upon  as  ono 


. 


LI3RARY 

OFT4E 

UNIVERSTTY  Of  UMOft 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2009 


of  Indianapolis'  active  business  men.  Be- 
sides the  heavy  responsibilities  he  has  borne 
in  building  up  the  millinery  business  he 
has  served  as  a  director  of  the  Merchants 
National  Bank  and  the  Indiana  Trust  Com- 
pany, and  has  been  vice  president  of  both 
of  them.  He  is  also  actively  identified 
with  the  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Commer- 
cial Club,  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  and  has  been  identified 
with  the  German  House  and  Indianapolis 
Maennerchor  Society.  In  politics  he  has 
been  a  straightforward  republican,  never 
desiring  or  seeking  any  honor  of  any  kind. 
Mr.  Fahnley  married  Miss  Lena  Soehner, 
who  was  born  in  Baden,  Germany,  and 
came  to  America  with  her  parents  at  the 
age  of  seven  years.  She  grew  up  and  re- 
ceived her  education  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  Mrs. 
Pahnley  died  October  7,  1899,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-eight.  Her  two  daughters  are: 
Bertha,  who  married  Gavin  Payne,  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  Ada,  wife  of  William 
Shafer. 

HON.  ALBERT  J.  VENEMAN,  a  former 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
Indiana,  has  been  a  prominent  lawyer  and 
public  official  at  Evansville  for  twenty 
years.  His  grandfather  was  also  an  early 
member  of  the  Evansville  bar. 

Theodore  Veneman,  his  grandfather, 
was  a  native  of  Germany,  and  he  and  his 
brother  Joseph  founded  the  family  in 
America.  He  came  to  this  country  after 
his  marriage,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
soon  after  locating  at  Evansville.  He  never 
had  a  general  practice,  but  gave  most  of 
his  time  to  banking,  acting  as  agent  for 
steamship  lines,  and  as  legal  adviser  to  his 
fellow  countrymen.  He  knew  German  as 
well  as  English  law,  and  was  often  called 
upon  to  assist  in  settling  estates  in  Ger- 
many. He  was  elected  county  treasurer  of 
Vanderburg  County  in  1856  and  1858,  and 
died  at  Evansville  in  1872.  His  wife  was 
Catherine  Rathers.  Their  children  were 
Theodore  W.,  Louise,  Josephine,  Caroline, 
and  August. 

August  Veneman  was  born  while  his  par- 
ents were  visiting  in  Germany,  but  spent 
most  of  his  life  in  Evansville,  where  he  be- 
came a  merchant.  He  died  in  1880.  He 
married  Julia  Reitz,  who  died  in  1879. 
She  was  born  in  Evansville,  daughter  of 
Clement  and  Gertrude  Reitz.  Albert  J. 


Veneman  has  two  brothers,  Edward  and 
Oscar  W. 

Albert  J.  Veneman  was  born  in  Evans- 
ville, where  he  was  educated  in  the  paro- 
chial schools,  took  his  law  course  at  the 
State  University,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1898.  He  served  as  city  attorney 
from  1906  to  1910,  when  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  during  the 
following  session  was  chosen  to  direct  the 
deliberations  of  the  House  as  speaker. 
From  1912  to  1919  Mr.  Veneman  held  the 
office  of  county  attorney. 

In  1901  he  married  Anna  H.  Kelly,  and 
they  have  a  daughter,  Mary  Gertrude. 
Mr.  Veneman  is  a  district  deputy  of  the 
Knights  of  Columbus,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Willard  Library, 
and  president  of  Vanderburgh  Anti-Tuber- 
culosis Society.  During  the  sale  of  gov- 
ernment bonds  he  was  one  of  the  four  min- 
ute speakers  and  was  chairman  of  the  local 
board,  Division  Three,  City  of  Evansville. 
Mr.  Veneman  is  a  member  of  Vanderburgh 
County  Bar  Association. 

COL.  GUY  A.  BOYLE  is  commercial  en- 
gineer of  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  at 
Indianapolis,  but  is  most  widely  known  to 
Indianans  through  his  service  as  an  offi- 
cer in  the  Spanish-American  and  Philip- 
pine wars  and  his  long  and  active  associa- 
tion with  the  State  National  Guard  and 
other  military  organizations.  He  is  one  of 
the  distinguished  veterans  of  Indiana  mili- 
tary affairs. 

Colonel  Boyle  was  born  in  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  in  1874,  and  his  parents, 
W.  H.  and  Nancy  J.  (Richards)  Boyle, 
were  also  natives  of  this  state.  When  he 
was  a  small  boy  his  parents  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  was  reared,  attend- 
ing the  grammar  and  high  schools,  and 
spending  one  year  in  Butler  College.  For 
four  years  Colonel  Boyle  was  a  clerk  in 
the  car  service  department  of  the  Big  Four 
Railway  and  later  was  in  the  insurance 
brokerage  business  at  Indianapolis. 

He  was  only  fifteen  years  of  age  when 
he  joined  the  National  Guard  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  was  active  in  that  organization 
over  twenty  years.  When  the  Spanish- 
American  war  broke  out  in  1898  he  volun- 
teered and  was  made  battalion  adjutant  of 
the  Second  Indiana  Infantry.  He  was 
mustered  out  in  November,  1898,  and  in  the 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  Indianapolis'  active  business  men.  Be- 
sides the  heavy  responsibilities  he  lias  borne 
in  building  up  the  millinery  business  he 
has  served  as  a  director  of  the  Merchants 
National  Bank  and  the  Indiana  Trust  Com- 
pany, and  has  been  vice  president  of  both 
of  them.  He  is  also  actively  identified 
with  the  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Commer- 
cial Club,  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  and  has  been  identified 
with  the  German  House  and  Indianapolis 
MaeniH'rehor  Society.  In  politics  he  has 
been  a  straightforward  republican,  never 
desiring  or  seeking  any  honor  of  any  kind. 
Mr.  Fahnley  married  Miss  Lena  Soehner, 
who  was  born  in  Baden,  Germany,  and 
came  to  America  with  her  parents  at  the 
age  of  seven  years.  She  grew  up  and  re- 
ceived her  education  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  Mrs. 
Fahnley  died  October  7,  1890.  at  the  age 
of  fifty-eight.  Her  two  daughters  are: 
Bertha,  who  married  Gavin  Payne,  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  Ada,  wife  of  William 
Shafer. 


HON.  ALUKRT  J.  VEXEMAX,  a  former 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
Indiana,  has  been  a  prominent  lawyer  and 
public  official  at  Evansville  for  twenty 
years.  His  grandfather  was  also  an  early 
member  of  the  Evansville  bar. 

Theodore  Yenenian,  his  grandfather, 
was  a  native  of  Germany,  and  he  and  his 
brother  Joseph  founded  the  family  in 
America.  He  came  to  this  country  after 
his  marriage,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
soon  after  locating  at  Evansville.  He  never 
had  a  general  practice,  but  gave  most  of 
his  time  to  banking,  acting  as  agent  for 
steamship  lines,  and  as  legal  adviser  to  his 
fellow  countrymen.  He  knew  German  as 
well  as  English  law,  and  was  often  called 
upon  to  assist  in  settling  estates  in  Ger- 
many. He  was  elected  county  treasurer  of 
Vanderburg  County  in  1856  and  1858,  and 
died  at  Evansville  in  1872.  His  wife  was 
Catherine  Rathers.  Their  children  were 
Theodore  W.,  Louise,  Josephine,  Caroline, 
and  August. 

August  Veneman  was  born  while  his  par- 
ents were  visiting  in  Germany,  but  spent 
most  of  his  life  in  Evansville.  where  he  be- 
came a  merchant.  He  died  in  1880.  He 
married  Julia  Reitx,  who  died  in  1879. 
She  was  born  in  Evansville,  daughter  of 
Clement  and  Gertrude  Reit/.  Albert  J. 


Veneman  has  two  brothers.  Edward  and 
Oscar  W. 

Albert  J.  Veneman  was  born  in  Evans- 
ville, where  he  was  educated  in  the  paro- 
chial schools,  took  his  law  course  at  the 
State  I'ni versify,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1898.  He  served  as  city  attorney 
from  1906  to  1910.  when  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature,  and  during  the 
following  session  was  chosen  to  direct  the 
deliberations  of  the  House  as  speaker. 
From  19T2  to  1919  Mr.  Veneman  held  the 
office  of  county  attorney. 

In  1901  he  married  Anna  II.  Kelly,  and 
they  have  a  daughter,  Mary  Gertrude. 
Mr.  Veneman  is  a  district  deputy  of  the 
Knights  of  Columbus,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Willard  Library, 
and  president  of  Vanderhursrh  Anti-Tuber- 
culosis Society.  During  the  sale  of  gov- 
ernment bonds  he  was  one  of  the  four  min- 
ute speakers  and  was  chairman  of  the  local 
board.  Division  Three,  City  of  Evansville. 
Mr.  Veneman  is  a  member  of  Vanderburgh 
County  Bar  Association. 

COL.  Grv  A.  BOYLE  is  commercial  en- 
gineer of  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  at 
Indianapolis,  but  is  most  widely  known  to 
Indianans  through  his  service  as  an  offi- 
cer in  the  Spanish-American  and  Philip- 
pine wars  and  his  long  and  active  associa- 
tion with  the  State  National  Guard  and 
other  military  organizations.  He  is  one  of 
the  distinguished  veterans  of  Indiana  mili- 
tary affairs. 

Colonel  Boyle  was  born  in  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  in  1874,  and  his  parents, 
W.  H.  and  Nancy  J.  (Richards)  Boyle, 
were  also  natives  of  this  state.  "When  he 
was  a  small  boy  his  parents  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  was  reared,  attend- 
ing the  grammar  and  high  schools,  and 
spending  one  year  in  Butler  College.  For 
four  vears  Colonel  Boyle  was  a  clerk  in 
the  car  service  department  of  the  Big  Four 
Railway  and  later  was  in  the  insurance 
brokerage  business  at  Indianapolis. 

He  was  onlv  fifteen  years  of  age  when 
he  joined  the  National  Guard  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  was  active  in  that  organization 
over  twenty  years.  When  the  Spanish- 
American  war  broke  out  in  1898  he  volun- 
teered and  was  made  battalion  adjutant  of 
the  Second  Indiana  Infantry.  He  was 
mustered  out  in  November,  1898,  and  in  the 


2010 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


spring  of  1899  made  application  for  a 
commission  in  the  United  States  volunteer 
army  for  service  in  the  Philippines.  He 
was  commissioned  a  lieutenant  and  in  July, 
1899,  went  to  the  Philippines  with  the 
Thirtieth  United  States  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. There  were  few  men  in  any  branch 
of  the  service  who  saw  longer  and  more 
active  work  in  the  Philippines  than  Colonel 
Boyle.  He  was  on  duty  two  years  and  six 
months,  covering  the  period  of  the  insur- 
rection, and  earned  a  distinguished  record 
for  gallant  and  meritorious  service.  By  a 
gunshot  wound  through  the  knee  he  was 
badly  wounded  while  leading  a  reconnoit- 
ering  expedition,  and  was  invalided  home 
for  several  months. 

After  this  long  and  eventful  experience 
abroad  Colonel  Boyle  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis and  became  personal  aide  to  General 
McKee,  adjutant  general  of  Indiana.  Later 
he  was  promoted  to  inspector  general  of  the 
National  Guard  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel,  a  staff  position  assigned  to  general 
headquarters.  He  finally  retired  from  the 
National  Guard  in  1910,  but  has  always 
kept  up  an  active  interest  in  the  army  and 
military  affairs,  and  his  experience  and  en- 
thusiasm have  enabled  him  to  perform 
many  important  services  for  his  country 
during  the  present  war. 

Colonel  Boyle  was  one  of  the  first  to 
join  and  take  an  active  interest  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  veterans  of  the  Spanish- 
American  war.  In  a  meeting  at  Chicago 
he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  present 
national  organization  of  the  United  Span- 
ish War  Veterans,  formed  from  a  consoli- 
dation of  two  older  separate  bodies.  At 
that  meeting  he  was  made  adjutant  general 
of  the  national  organization.  His  Indiana 
comrades  also  honored  him  with  the  post  of 
commander  of  the  Department  of  Indiana, 
and  he  filled  that  office  from  November, 
1902,  to  November,  1903. 

Since  1907  Colonel  Boyle  has  been  .iden- 
tified with  the  Central  Union  Telephone 
Company,  the  Bell  System,  of  Indianapolis, 
and  has  many  responsibilities  as  its  com- 
mercial engineer.  Colonel  Boyle  is  a  re- 
publican. He  married  Miss  Anna  Dern- 
dinger,  of  Indianapolis,  now  deceased.  He 
has  one  daughter,  Miss  Marie  Alice  Boyle. 

JOSEPH  VALENTINE  BREITWIESER  was 
born  at  Jasper  in  Dubois  County,  Indiana, 
March  31,  1884,  and  since  leaving  college 


has  been  engaged  in  educational  work. 
During  the  past  nine  years,  since  1910,  he 
has  been  professor  of  psychology  and  edu- 
cation in  Colorado  College,  Colorado 
Springs,  Colorado.  He  is  also  the  author 
of  many  standard  works,  and  is  promi- 
nently affiliated  with  many  of  the  noted  ' 
educational  societies  of  the  country.  He 
is  a  lecturer  on  educational  topics  and  re- 
searcher in  experimental  psychology. 

Mr.  Breitwieser  married  Ruth  Fowler, 
and  their  children  are  Charles  John,  Kath- 
erine  Rebecca,  and  Janice  Breitwieser. 

JOHN  NELSON  GORDON.  One  of  Sum- 
mitville's  most  enterprising  business  men 
for  a  long  period  of  years  has  been  John 
Nelson  Gordon.  Mr.  Gordon  is  best  known 
all  over  that  section  of  Eastern  Indiana 
as  a  grain  merchant.  His  business,  con- 
ducted under  his  individual  name,  is  han- 
dling and  shipping  grain,  feed,  seed,  and 
flour.  He  has  been  one  of  the  best  posted 
authorities  on  the  range  of  prices  of  these 
various  products  during  the  past  quarter 
of  a  century,  and  in  that  time  he  has  paid 
some  remarkably  low  prices  and  again  has 
afforded  his  customers  the  benefit  of  the 
top  notch  of  the  market.  His  policy  of 
square  dealing  has  won  him  many  stanch 
friends  among  the  producers,  and  the  idea 
of  service  he  has  carried  into  all  his  opera- 
tions, a  fact  that  accounts  for  his  success 
and  high  standing. 

Mr.  Gordon  was  born  at  Metamora  in 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  April  10,  1851, 
son  of  Orville  and  Drusilla  (Blacklidge) 
Gordon.  The  Gordons  are  of  Scotch  stock, 
originally  members  of  one  of  the  famous 
clans  of  Scotland.  His  grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Gordon,  came  from  Big  Bone  Springs 
in  Kentucky  and  was  a  pioneer  settler  in 
Franklin  County,  Indiana.  Orville  Gpr- 
don  was  born  in  1805,  and  died  in  1870, 
and  followed  a  career  as  a  farmer.  J.  N. 
Gordon  had  two  brothers  and  three  sisters 
and  also  two  half-sisters. 

He  gained  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools  of  Metamora.  A  little 
after  he  was  ten  years  old  he  began  helping 
on  the  farm.  His  father  was  an  extensive 
land  owner,  having  about  900  acres,  and 
the  son  had  ample  experience  in  every 
phase  of  agriculture.  In  the  meantime  he 
continued  his  education  in  the  schools  dur- 
ing the  winter  terms.  From  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  gave  all  his  time  to  work  as  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2011 


farmer,  but  in  1872  went  to  town  and  se- 
cured employment  at  New  Salem,  Indiana. 
Later  he  conducted  a  store,  but  that  was 
not  a  profitable  venture.  For  two  years 
he  farmed  eighty  acres  of  land  in  Frank- 
lin County,  and  in  1879  removed  to  El- 
wood,  where  for  a  brief  period  he  was  in 
the  furniture  and  undertaking  business. 
Later  in  the  same  year  he  established  him- 
self in  a  similar  line  at  Summitville,  but 
after  several  years  traded  his  store  for 
eighty  acres  of  land  in  Van  Buren  Town- 
ship of  Madison  County,  which  he  sold. 
He  was  in  the  grocery,  dry  goods  and  hard- 
ware business,  and  in  1888  joined  George 
Green  and  Frank  Fulton  in  the  firm  of 
Green  &  Company,  operating  a  grain  ele- 
vator and  doing  a  general  grain  business. 
That  was  thirty  years  ago.  Mr.  Gordon 
has  been  the  chief  dealer  in  grain  at  Sum- 
mitville ever  since,  and  after  some  years 
he  bought  out  the  interests  of  his  partner 
and  now  continues  business  under  his  in- 
dividual name. 

In  1874  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Free- 
man. Three  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage:  Orville  Earl,  deceased;  Anna 
Pearl;  and  William  Chase,  deceased.  Mr. 
Gordon  is  a  republican  in  politics.  He  has 
been  a  member  of  the  school  board  and  in 
1882  was  appointed  postmaster,  serving 
four  years,  and  in  1889  was  again  ap- 
pointed to  the  same  office  and  filled  out  an- 
other four  year  term.  He  is  identified 
with  the  Summitville  Lodge  of  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  is  active  in  the  Christian 
Church. 

C.  V.  HAWORTH,  superintendent  of  the 
Kokomo  public  schools,  has  been  a  teacher 
and  school  administrator  for  over  twenty 
years,  and  through  his  work  in  Howard 
County  and  also  as  an  author  he  is  one  of 
the  most  widely  known  and  most  influen- 
tial educators  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Haworth  was  born  in  Howard 
County  March  23,  1875,  son  of  Clarkson 
and  Sophrona  (Rees)  Haworth.  The  Ha- 
worth family  settled  in  Howard  County 
seventy  years  ago.  His  grandfather,  James 
Haworth,  a  native  of  Tennessee  and  of  Eng- 
lish ancestry,  moved  from  Tennessee  to 
Highland  County,  Ohio,  in  1811.  He  was 
both  a  farmer  and  lawyer.  In  1847  he 
brought  his  family  from  Ohio  to  Howard 
County,  but  soon  went  further  west  to 


Iowa.  After  a  brief  residence  in  that 
state  he  returned  to  Howard  County  and 
located  at  New  London,  where  he  lived  un- 
til his  death  in  1853.  He  acquired  a  large 
amount  of  land,  700  or  800  acres,  in  that 
county.  Though  his  education  was  self  ac- 
quired he  was  very  well  read  and  informed 
in  the  law  and  other  subjects,  and  did  a 
great  deal  of  service  to  his  neighbors  and 
friends  in  drawing  up  legal  papers  and  in 
furnishing  advice.  He  began  voting  as  a 
whig  and  was  faithful  to  the  principles  of 
that  party  until  his  death. 

Of  his  thirteen  children  Clarkson  Ha- 
worth was  the  youngest  and  was  only  nine 
years  old  when  his  father  died.  He  ac- 
quired his  education  in  the  graded  and 
high,  schools  of  New  London,  and  after  his 
marriage  took  up  farming.  He  died  in 
1890.  He  and  his  wife  had  eight  children, 
fourth  among  them  being  C.  V.  Haworth. 
C.  V.  Haworth  spent  his  youth  on  his 
father's  farm,  and  attended  the  graded 
and  high  schools  of  New  London,  graduat- 
ing from  high  school  with  the  class  of  1895. 
He  has  supplemented  his  common  school 
advantages  by  much  personal  study  and 
by  the  full  course  of  higher  institutions. 
He  attended  the  Indiana  State  Normal  and 
also  the  Indiana  State  University,  and 
graduated  from  the  latter  with  the  degree 
A.  B.  He  also  took  post-graduate  work  in 
the  literary  and  law  departments. 

Mr.  Haworth  began  teaching  in  the 
grade  schools  of  New  London.  Later  he 
was  principal  of  the  Fourth  Ward  School 
at  Kokomo,  and  in  1902  was  instructor  of 
history  in  the  Danville  Normal  School  six 
months,  and  was  teacher  of  history  in  the 
Anderson  High  School  during  1909-10. 
From  1910  to  1914  he  was  principal  of  the 
Kokomo  High  School,  and  since  1914  has 
been  superintendent  of  the  public  schools 
of  that  city. 

Mr.  Haworth  has  a  cultured  and  highly 
educated  wife.  He  married  Miss  Belle 
Cooper,  of  Jasper,  Indiana.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Jasper,  at 
Oakland  City,  Indiana,  and  the  Indiana 
State  University.  She  taught  four  years 
before  her  marriage.  Mrs.  Haworth  has 
interested  herself  in  many  charitable,  so- 
cial and  war  activities  at  Kokomo. 

Mr.  Haworth  has  participated  in  many 
of  the  educational  organizations.  He  has 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  literary  sub- 
jects, and  besides  many  articles  that  have 


2012 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


appeared  in  educational  and  other  journals 
from  his  pen  he  is  author  of  a  text  book 
recently  published  by  the  Century  Com- 
pany of  New  York  under  the  title  "Gov- 
ernment in  Indiana,"  which  is  a  supple- 
mentary treatise  designed  for  Indiana 
schools  to  general  and  advanced  works  on 
civics  and  civil  government.  It  is  a  greatly 
needed  book  not  only  in  the  schools  but  for 
general  circulation  and  reading,  since  it  is 
filled  with  information  on  the  machinery 
of  local  and  state  government. 

Mr.  Haworth  has  also  undertaken  a  fore- 
handed and  valuable  public  service  in  using 
his  influence  to  secure  a  complete  record  of 
Howard  County  soldiers  in  the  present  war. 
This  is  a  task  which  to  be  done  well  must 
be  done  promptly,  while  the  information 
is  obtainable,  and  in  undertaking  this  Mr. 
Haworth  is  performing  a  service  which  in 
too  many  communities  was  neglected  in  the 
case  of  our  soldiers  of  the  Civil  war. 

Mr.  Haworth  has  also  made  a  close  study 
of  school  architecture,  and  in  1914  he 
assisted  in  drawing  plans  for  the  magnifi- 
cent high  school  building  at  Kokomo,  which 
is  regarded  in  many  particulars  as  the  fin- 
est structure  of  its  kind  in  the  state.  Its 
auditorium,  with  a  seating  capacity  for 
1,200,  is  undoubtedly  the  largest  found  in 
any  school  building  in  Indiana. 

MICHAEL  HESS.  The  largest  paper  box 
manufacturing  plant  in  Indiana,  and  one 
of  the  largest  in  the  country,  is  that  of  the 
International  Printing  Company  at  Indian- 
apolis. Its  plant  at  230-238  West  Mc- 
Carthy Street  represents  the  last  word  in 
mechanical  equipment  and  personal  organ- 
ization and  efficiency,  and  in  the  growth 
and  development  of  the  business  to  its 
present  stage  a  number  of  men  have  con- 
tributed their  capital,  experience  and  tech- 
nical ability. 

Chief  of  these  on  the  technical  side  at 
least  is  Michael  Hess,  vice  president  of  the 
company.  Mr.  Hess  has  been  making 
paper  boxes  since  he  was  a  boy.  His  ex- 
perience has  not  been  altogether  on  the 
commercial  side  of  the  industry.  He  has 
handled  all  the  machinery  used  in  paper 
box  mRking  from  the  first  crude  devices  of 
that  kind,  and  possessing  mechanical  abil- 
ity and  being  somewhat  original  himself 
he  has  figured  as  an  inventor  of  a  number 
of  devices  applied  to  paper  making  ma- 
chinery. 


Mr.  Hess  was  born  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in 
1862,  and  grew  up  in  a  city  which  has  at- 
tained no  little  fame  because  of  its  men  of 
special  industrial  genius.  His  parents. 
Daniel  and  Elizabeth  (Roth)  Hess,  were 
both  natives  of  Germany.  Michael  Hess 
received  his  education  in  the  Dayton  pub- 
lic schools,  and  was  little  more  than  a 
school  boy  when  he  learned  the  trade  of 
paper  box  making.  There  has  been  no  im- 
portant deviation  from  this  early  expe- 
rience throughout  his  mature  life.  He 
lived  at  Dayton  until  the  age  of  forty,  and 
then  identified  himself  with  the  Indiana 
City  of  Newcastle,  where  in  1902  he  estab- 
lished a  paper  box  factory,  founding  and 
organizing  the  Newcastle  Paper  Box  Com- 
pany. Its  growth  was  such  that  it  was 
deemed  advisable  to  remove  the  plant  to 
Indianapolis  in  1906,  and  from  this  city 
its  scope  has  constantly  expanded  until  it 
is  an  industry  that  supplies  special  needs 
all  over  the  central  west.  In  1912  the  In- 
ternational Printing  Company  was  formed, 
with  Mr.  Hess  as  vice  president.  The  large 
plant  on  West  McCarthy  Street  is  now 
equipped  with  modern  machinery  for  the 
making  and  printing  of  paper  boxes  of  all 
kinds,  and  their  output  is  distributed 
among  the  large  consumers  all  over  the 
central  west. 

At  a  time  when  there  is  a  special  prem- 
ium upon  economy  of  all  resources  Mr. 
Hess  came  forward  with  the  announcement 
of  a  new  invention,  which  he  perfected  in 
February,  1918,  and  already  is  in  use  by 
large  customers  of  paper  boxes  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  What 
this  invention  is  may  be  best  described  in 
the  words  of  an  Indianapolis  paper  which 
contained  a  half  column  of  description 
some  weeks  ago : 

"The  machine,  which  can  be  operated  by 
a  girl,  is  of  simple  design  and  construction. 
Adjustable  forms  designed  to  fit  any  size 
of  paper  box  give  the  operator  a  broad 
scope.  The  flat  folding  blanks,  which  are 
scored  and  printed,  are  adjusted  on  the 
form  and  with  a  few  deft  motions  of  the 
operator  are  conformed  into  paper  boxes 
of  even  greater  strength  than  the  paper 
box  of  rigid  construction.  The  new  ma- 
chine serves  a  purpose  that  long  has  per- 
plexed both  the  makers  and  consumers  of 
boxes.  By  its  use  the  consumer  can  lay 
in  ample  stocks  of  the  flat  paper  blanks 
and  make  the  boxes  himself  just  as  it  suits 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2013 


his  needs,  thus  eliminating  the  use  of  large 
amount  of  valuable  space  formerly  occu- 
pied by  formed  paper  boxes  kept  in  stock. 

' '  The  International  Printing  Company  is 
not  placing  the  new  box  folding  machine 
on  the  market.  It  is  not  for  sale.  Instead 
the  company  is  distributing  these  machines 
to  patrons  for  their  own  convenience,  free 
of  charge,  for  use  by  them  so  long  as  the 
machine  meets  their  demands.  The  ma- 
chine has  a  daily  capacity  of  1,000  paper 
boxes.  It  is  operated  by  hand  and  the 
speed  of  production  depends  to  a  certain 
extent  upon  the  efficiency  of  the  operator. 
As  many  as  1,200  boxes  have  been  com- 
pleted on  these  machines,  but  the  daily 
average  is  about  700." 

One  of  the  many  problems  involved  in 
that  pertaining  to  the  economical  and  effi- 
cient distribution  of  manufactured  goods 
is  the  making  and  use  of  suitable  contain- 
ers. The  paper  box  has  hundreds  of  uses 
and  yet  its  possibilities  have  been  by  no 
means  exhausted,  and  it  is  obvious  that  the 
paper  box  folding  machine  invented  by 
Mr.  Hess  and  distributed  through  the  In- 
ternational Printing  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis will  go  far  toward  increasing  the 
utility  of  many  kinds  and  types  of  paper 
containers. 

Mr.  He"ss  is  well  known  to  the  citizenship 
of  Indianapolis.  He  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet Geneva  Schutte,  of  Dayton.  Their 
two  children  are  Joseph  J.  and  Christina 
A.  Hess. 

i 

JAMES  WILLIAM  HUNTER.  Doing  an  ex- 
tensive business  in  china  and  electrical  sup- 
plies, James  W.  Hunter,  proprietor  of  the 
Hunter  Department  Store  located  on  the 
Public  Square,  Anderson,  is  one  of  the 
city's  representative  and  respected  citizens 
and  experienced  merchants.  The  story  of 
Mr.  Hunter's  business  life  is  mainly  con- 
cerned with  merchandising,  with  which  he 
has  been  continuously  identified  since  early 
manhood.  He  has  been  the  pioneer  in  some 
lines  at  Anderson,  and  has  definitely  proved 
that  from  small  beginnings  important  busi- 
ness enterprises  may  be  developed  through 
prudence  and  good  management. 

James  W.  Hunter  was  born  in  1847,  at 
Bradford  in  Mercer  County,  Ohio,  and  his 
parents  were  Alexander  and  Sophia  Hun- 
ter. His  father,  like  generations  of  Hunt- 
ers before  him,  was  a  farmer  all  his  life, 
first  in  Mercer  Countv  and  later  in  Shelbv 


County,  Illinois,  to  which  section  he  moved 
with  his  family  in  1851.  His  family,  as 
was  very  general  in  those  days,  was  large 
and  as  James  W.  Hunter's  services  were 
not  needed  at  home,  from  his  twelfth  to  his 
nineteenth  year  he  worked  on  a  neighbor- 
ing farm,  attending  school  at  Shelbyville 
during  the  winter  months.  He  found  him- 
self not  satisfied,  however,  with  the  pros- 
pect of  being  a  farmer  all  his  life,  and 
therefore  determined  to  prepare  himself 
for  school-teaching,  and  with  this  end  in 
view  he  spent  three  years  in  the  Illinois 
State  Normal  School  at  Normal  and  re- 
ceived his  certificate  to  teach.  By  that 
time  Mr.  Hunter  had  discovered  that  a  bus- 
iness career  appealed  more  strongly  to  him 
than  an  educational  one,  and  he  put  aside 
his  teacher's  credentials  and  went  to 
Bloomington  to  find  a  business  opening. 

During  the  succeeding  six  years  Mr. 
Hunter  remained  in  the  employ  of  Stephen 
Smith  of  Bloomington,  the  leading  dry 
goods  merchant  there  at  the  time  and  took 
advantage  of  his  excellent  opportunities 
and  learned  the  business.  Thus  naturally 
he  became  more  valuable  to  employers  and 
soon  had  offers  from  different  firms,  subse- 
quently going  out  on  the  road  as  salesman 
for  Joseph  Weil  &  Company,  wholesale  dry 
goods  merchants.  After  some  experience 
he  went  to  Indianapolis  and  accepted  a  po- 
sition as  traveling  salesman  with  D.  P. 
Ewing  &  Company  of  that  city,  and  re- 
mained fourteen  years,  his  territory  during 
that  time  being  the  states  of  Indiana  and 
Illinois.  Still  later  Mr.  Hunter  was  with 
John  Wanamaker  &  Company  of  Philadel- 
phia for  four  years. 

In  the  meanwhile,  having  accumulated 
some  capital,  Mr.  Hunter  decided  to  in- 
vest it  in  a  mercantile  enterprise  and 
bought  what  was  called  "The  Ninety-Nine 
Cent  Store"  at  Bloomington,  and  hired  a 
merchant  to  operate  it  for  him  while  he  was 
still  in  the  traveling  field.  Two  years 
later  he  sold  and  came  to  Anderson,  and 
on  April  1,  1900,  he  opened  the  first 
"Penny  Store"  that  was  ever  tried  here, 
his  location  being  on  Meridian  Street 
where  Decker  Brothers  are  in  business  to- 
day, and  continued  there  for  a  year  and  a 
half.  That  was  the  real  beginning  of  Mr. 
Hunter's  mercantile  success  in  this  city, 
and  the  venture  was  creditable  to  him  in 
every  way.  In  1902  he  came  to  his  present 
location  on  the  Public  Square,  where  he 


2014 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


does  a  very  large  business  and  gives  em- 
ployment to  seventeen  people.  His  is  the 
main  electrical  supply  house  in  Madison 
County. 

Mr.  Hunter  was  married  in  1872  to  Miss 
Mary  Gross,  who  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Her  parents,  Joseph  and  Sarah 
Gross,  still  reside  in  that  state.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Hunter  have  no  children.  They  are 
members  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
at  Anderson,  and  formerly  Mr.  Hunter 
was  a  trustee  of  the  same  and  is  a  liberal 
supporter  of  the  church 's  many  benevolent 
movements.  In  politics  he  is  affiliated  with 
the  republican  party. 

M.  W.  COATE  has  been  active  in  business 
and  public  affairs  in  Northern  Indiana  for 
half  a  century,  and  is  still  carrying  a  big 
burden  of  business  responsibilities  as  a 
member  and  official  of  the  Kokomo  Hard- 
ware Company. 

Mr.  Coate  was  born  in  Greene  County, 
Ohio,  June  26,  1845,  son  of  Lindlej  M.  and 
Martha  (Painter)  Coate.  His  father  was 
a  native  of  Miami  County,  Ohio^  and;  in 
1854  came  from  GreeneS;K?|^ty  "i^y'W:;" 
bash,  Indiana.  He  settled  in  that  county 
when  much  of  the  land  was  still  uncleared, 
buying  a  farm  seven  miles  southwest  of  the 
county  seat.  It  was  covered  with  heavy 
timber  and  his  labor  converted  it  into  pro- 
ductive and  well  tilled  fields.  He  was  one 
of  the  highly  respected  citizens  of  that 
community.  He  was  a  lifelong  member 
and  supporter  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
Church,  a  thorough  Christian,  a  great  Bible 
student,  and  was  well  educated  in  both 
secular  and  theological  subjects.  As  a  vo- 
ter he  was  first  a  whig  and  later  a  repub- 
lican. He  died  on  his  homestead  in  Wa- 
bash County  July  24,  1878, 'at  the  age  of 
fifty-six.  Of  his  nine  children  six  are  still 
living,  and  M.  W.  Coate  is  the  oldest. 

His  early  education  was  acquired  in  the 
common  schools  of  Wabash  County.  He 
also  attended  high  school,  and  taught  one 
term.  December  31,  1867,  he  married  Miss 
Viola  C.  Ellis,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  C.  S.  Ellis 
of  Somerset,  Indiana.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Coate 
had  four  children,  the  two  now  living  be- 
ing Madge  and  Agnes,  both  of  whom  are 
married  and  have  families.  Mrs.  Coate 
was  educated  in  the  high  school  at  Som- 
erset. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Coate  served  as 
deputy  treasurer  of  Wabash  County,  was 


subsequently  elected  as  chief  of  that  office 
and  served  capably  two  terms.  He  came 
to  Kokomo  in  1887,  more  than  thirty  years 
ago.  Here  he  was  engaged  in  the  hard- 
ware business  with  Mr.  Bruner  under  the 
name  Bruner  &  Coate  for  six  years.  On 
selling  out  his  interests  he  moved  to  Ma- 
rion, Indiana,  in  1893,  and  for  five  years 
was  treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Pulp  and 
Paper  Company.  After  his  return  to  Ko- 
komo Mr.  Coate  was  traveling  representa- 
tive for  the  Globe  Stove  and  Range  Com- 
pany for  four  years.  He  then  became 
associated  with  J.  I.  Shade  in  the  Kokomo 
Hardware  Company.  This  company  was 
incorporated  in  1904,  Mr.  Coate  being  sec- 
retary and  treasurer.  The  other  active 
members  are  J.  I.  Shade  and  U.  J.  Shoe- 
maker. This  is  one  of  the  leading  hard- 
ware firms  in  Howard  County,  and  hand- 
les all  the  varied  stock  of  goods  found  in 
well  equipped  stores  of  that  character. 

Mr.  Coate  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  and  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Elks. 
Politically  he  votes  as  a  republican  and  has 
'fiiany  times  been  effective  in  rendering 
practical  aid  to  his  party. 

WILLIAM  A.  HOLLOWAY,  M.  D.  A  quar- 
ter of  a  century  of  service,  thorough,  skill- 
ful and  actuated  by  the  highest  ethics  and 
ideals  of  his  profession,  is  the  record  of 
Doctor  Holloway  at  Logansport,  one  of 
that  city's  most  successful  physicians  and 
surgeons. 

Doctor  Holloway  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Jefferson  township  of  Boone  County,  In- 
diana, September  23,  1870,  son  of  Jefferson 
P.  and  Mary  (Dukes)  Holloway.  His 
parents  were  also  born  in  Indiana.  His 
father  is  still  living,  a  farmer  in  Clinton 
County  of  this  state.  Doctor  Holloway 
was  the  oldest  of  three  children.  He  was 
three  years  of  age  when  his  parents  moved 
to  Clinton  County,  and  he  grew  up  on  his 
father's  farm.  From  the  public  schools 
he  entered  Indiana  University,  remained 
a  student  two  years  and  then  taught  for  a 
year.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
with  Dr.  Joseph  D.  Parker  at  Colfax,  and 
in  1899  entered  Miami  Medical  College  at 
Cincinnati.  The  first  two  years  of  his 
work  was  done  in  that  institution  and  he 
then  entered  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College  of  New  York,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated M.  D.  with  the  class  of  1893.  Doc- 


• 


UGRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ttJUWOS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2015 


tor  Hollowajr  immediately  located  at  Lo- 
gansport  and  since  then  has  allowed  few 
outside  interests  to  interfere  with  the  seri- 
ous and  studious  devotion  to  his  profes- 
sion. He  has  done  much  post-graduate 
work  as  well  as  constant  study  and  observa- 
tion at  home.  He  has  taken  two  post- 
graduate courses  in  New  York  City,  and  in 
1917  attended  the  Harvard  School  of  Med- 
icine. He  is  a  member  of  the  Cass  County 
and  Indiana  Medical  Societies  and  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  fra- 
ternally is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Or- 
der in  both  the  Scottish  and  York  Rites, 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  On 
December  27,  1893,  he  married  Miss  Myr- 
tle Ticen,  of  Clinton  County.  Mrs.  Hollo- 
way  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Mary. 

ROBERT  H.  DIETZ  since  the  death  of  his 
father,  Charles  L.  Dietz  in  the  summer  of 
1918,  has  been  the  active  head  of  C.  L. 
Dietz  &  Company,  the  oldest  brokerage  and 
commission  merchant  establishment  in  In- 
dianapolis. 

This  is  a  business  whose  history  can  be 
recited  with  pride.  The  late  Charles  L. 
Dietz,  who  moved  from  Ohio  to  Indiana 
in  1870,  was  one  of  the  first  brokers  at 
Indianapolis  to  handle  fruit  and  general 
merchandise  brokerage,  specializing  in 
foodstuffs.  He  began  in  a  small  way  in 
the  early  '80s,  and  his  enterprise  kept  grow- 
ing in  proportion  to  the  expansion  of  In- 
dianapolis itself  until  at  the  time  of  his 
death  C.  L.  Dietz  &  Company  was  doing  a 
business  of  more  than  a  million  dollars  a 
year.  More  important  even  than  the  vol- 
ume of  business  has  been  the  absolute  con- 
fidence reposed  in  this  firm  by  the  trade 
during  the  last  thirty  years.  They  have 
handled  a  complete  line  of  foodstuffs,  in- 
cluding perishable  and  non-perishable 
goods.  In  that  particular  business  they 
have  made  history  in  many  ways.  It  was 
this  firm  which  brought  to  Indianapolis 
the  first  carload  of  bananas  ever  received 
there.  For  a  number  of  years  they  have 
handled  principally  canned  goods,  dried 
fruits,  potatoes,  oranges,  lemons,  grape 
fruit,  nuts  and  beans.  The  firm  confines 
its  selling  efforts  to  Indiana,  and  its  busi- 
ness relations  reach  even  the  most  remote 
sections  of  the  state.  The  firm  derives  its 


supplies  from  every  state  in  the  Union,  and 
in  normal  times  imported  large  quantities 
of  goods  from  Spain,  France,  Italy,  Cuba, 
Sweden,  China,  Japan  and  Turkey. 

It  was  not  only  a  highly  successful  busi- 
ness man  but  a  thoroughly  public  spirited 
citizen  who  was  lost  to  Indianapolis  in  the 
death  of  Charles  L.  Dietz  on  June  1,  1918. 
He  was  interested  in  the  growth  and  wel- 
fare of  his  city  in  many  ways.  For  several 
years  he  was  very  active  in  humane  work, 
and  devoted  almost  his  entire  time  to  it. 
His  chief  interest  in  this  work  was  derived 
from  his  desire  to  see  children  and  dumb 
animals,  all  helpless  things  in  fact,  given 
a  fair  chance.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  Ro- 
tarian,  and  had  been  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Rotary  Club  for  several  years 
before  his  death.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Columbia  Club.  In 
politics  he  was  a  republican,  but  wss  not 
an  aspirant  for  political  honors.  He  was 
a  lifelong  friend  of  the  late  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  and  was  an  intimate  asso- 
ciate of  the  poet  for  more  than  forty  years. 

Charles  L.  Dietz  married  Helen  Webster. 
They  were  the  parents  of  three  children, 
all  of  whom  are  still  living. 

Robert  H.  Dietz  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis March  1.  1885,  and  after  an  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  went  to  work 
for  his  father  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  After 
three  years  he  and  his  brother  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  flour  business  under  the  name 
W.  E.  Dietz  &  Company.  In  1908  he  again 
became  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
firm  of  C.  L.  Dietz  &  Company,  and  is  now 
a  successor  to  that  business  and  is  continu- 
ing along  the  same  high  standards  estab- 
lished by  his  honored  father. 

Mr.  Dietz  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Rotary  Club,  the  Independent  Ath- 
letic Club,  is  a  republican,  and  has  been 
quite  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his  party. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Indianapolis,  being  treasurer  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  that  church.  He  is  fond  of 
outdoor  life  and  keeps  himself  fit  for  busi- 
ness by  regular  gymnasium  work. 

March  31.  1908,  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Dietz  married  Miss  Gladys  Fhmey,  daugh- 
ter of  Edwin  Finney.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren: Dorothy  F.,'born  April  13,  1909, 
and  Diana  Dietz,  born  June  12,  1915. 

ANNA  SNEED  CAIRNS,  for  many  years 
president  of  Forest  Park  College,  St.  Louis, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


201.3 


tor  Holloway  immediately  located  at  Lo- 
gansport  and  since  then  has  allowed  few 
outside  interests  to  interfere  with  the  seri- 
ous and  studious  devotion  to  his  profes- 
sion. He  has  done  much  post-graduate 
work  as  well  as  constant  study  and  observa- 
tion at  home.  He  has  taken  two  post- 
graduate courses  in  New  York  City,  and  in 
ITtlT  attended  the  Harvard  School  of  Med- 
icine. He  is  a  member  of  the  Cass  County 
and  Indiana  Medical  .Societies  and  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  fra- 
ternally is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Or- 
der in  both  the  Scottish  and  York  Rites, 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  On 
December  27,  1893,  he  married  Miss  Myr- 
tle Ticen,  of  Clinton  County.  Mrs.  Hollo- 
way  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  Thev  have  one  daughter, 
Mary. 

RMMERT  II.  DIKTX  since  the  deatli  of  his 
father.  Charles  L.  Diet/  in  the  summer  of 
1918,  has  been  the  active  head  of  C.  L. 
Dietx  &  Company,  the  oldest  brokerage  and 
commission  merchant  establishment  in  In- 
dianapolis. 

This  is  a  business  whose  history  can  be 
recited  with  pride.  The  late  Charles  L. 
Dietx.  who  moved  from  Ohio  to  Indiana 
in  1*70.  was  one  of  the  first  brokers  at 
Indianapolis  to  handle  fruit  and  general 
merchandise  brokerage,  specializing  in 
foodstuffs.  lie  began  in  a  small  way  in 
the  early  '80s,  and  his  enterprise  kept  grow- 
ing in  proportion  to  the  expansion  of  In- 
dianapolis itself  until  ;:t  the  time  of  his 
death  C.  L.  Dietx  &  Company  was  doing  a 
business  of  more  than  a  million  dollars  a 
year.  More  important  even  than  the  vol- 
ume of  business  has  been  the  absolute  con- 
fidrni-e  reposed  in  this  firm  by  the  trade 
during  the  last  thirty  years.  They  have 
handled  a  complete  line  of  foodstuffs,  in- 
cluding perishable  and  non-perishable 
goods.  In  that  particular  business  they 
have  made  history  in  many  ways.  It  was 
this  lirm  which  brought  to  Indianapolis 
the  first  carload  of  bananas  ever  received 
there.  For  a  number  of  years  they  have 
handled  principally  canned  goods,  dried 
fruits,  potatoes,  oranges,  lemons,  grape 
fruit,  nuts  and  beans.  The  firm  confines 
its  selling  efforts  to  Indiana,  and  its  busi- 
ness relations  reach  even  the  most  remote 
sections  of  the  state.  The  firm  derives  its 


-.supplies  from  every  state  in  the  Union,  and 
in  normal  times  imported  large  quantities 
of  goods  from  Spain,  France,  Italy,  Cuba, 
Sweden,  China,  Japan  and  Turkey. 

It  was  not  only  a  highly  successful  busi- 
ness man  but  a  thoroughly  public  spirited 
citizen  who  was  lost  to  Indianapolis  in  the 
death  of  Charles  L.  Dietx  on  June  1,  1918. 
lie  was  interested  in  the  growth  and  wel- 
fare of  his  city  in  many  ways.  For  several 
years  lie  was  very  active  in  humane  work, 
and  devoted  almost  his  entire  time  to  it. 
His  chief  interest  in  this  work  was  derived 
from  his  desire  to  see  children  and  dumb 
animals,  all  helpless  things  in  fact,  given 
a  fair  chance.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  Ro- 
tiirian,  and  had  been  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Rotary  Club  for  several  years 
before  his  death.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Columbia  Club.  In 
polities  he  was  a  republican,  but  v.-  :s  i:<i; 
;m  aspirant  for  political  honors.  He  was 
a  lifelong  friend  of  the  late  James  Whit- 
comb  Riley,  and  was  an  intimate  asso- 
ciate of  the  poet  for  more  than  forty  years. 

Charles  L.  Diet/,  married  Helen  Webster. 
They  were  the  parents  of  three  children, 
all  of  whom  are  still  living. 

Robert  II.  Dietz  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis March  1.  1885,  and  after  an  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  went  to  work 
for  his  father  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  After 
three  years  he  and  his  Id-other  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  flour  business  under  the  name 
W.  E.  Dietz  &  Company.  In  1908  he  again 
became  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
firm  of  C.  L.  Dietz  &  Company,  and  is  now 
a  successor  to  that  business  and  is  continu- 
ing along  the  same  liiirh  standards  estab- 
lished by  his  honored  father. 

Mr.  Dietx  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Rotary  Club,  the  Independent  Ath- 
letic Club,  is  a  republican,  and  has  been 
(|iiite  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his  party. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Baptist  Church 
of  Indianapolis,  being  treasurer  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  that  church.  He  is  fond  of 
outdoor  life  and  keeps  himself  fit  for  busi- 
ness by  regular  gymnasium  work. 

March  31.  M0fi.  at  Indianapolis,  Mr. 
Dietx  married  Miss  Gladys  Finney,  daugh- 
ter of  Edwin  Finney.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren: Dorothy  F.. '  born  April  13,  1909, 
and  Diana  Dietx.  born  June  12.  1915. 

AXXA  SNEED  CAIRNS,  for  many  years 
president  of  Forest  Park  College.  St.  Louis, 


2016 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Missouri,  was  born  at  New  Albany,  In- 
diana, March  19,  1841,  a  daughter  of  Rev. 
Samuel  K.  Sneed.  She  is  a  graduate  of 
Monticello  Seminary  with  the  class  of  1858, 
and  at  the  early  age  of  seventeen  years  be- 
gan teaching.  In  1861  she  founded  Forest 
Park  College  at  Kirkwood,  and  during  the 
past  fifty-six  years  she  has  served  as  the 
president  of  Forest  Park  College.  She  has 
been  prominently  identified  with  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  work,  serving 
seven  years  as  legal  superintendent  of  the 
Missouri  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  a  similar  period  as  national  organ- 
izer of  the  National  Women's  Christian 
Temperance  Union,  and  for  two  years  was 
labor  superintendent  of  the  National  Wom- 
en's Christian  Temperance  Union. 

In  1884,  at  Kirkwood,  Missouri,  Anna 
Sneed  was  married  to  John  G.  Cairns,  arch- 
itect. 

THOMAS  FERGUSON  is  the  present  county 
auditor  of  Vigo  County.  He  has  spent  all 
his  life  in  that  county  and  is  a  man  who 
has  had  almost  constant  communion  with 
honest  toil  as  a  means  of  providing  for 
himself  and  his  family.  He  is  very  popu- 
lar among  all  classes  of  citizens  and  has 
enjoyed  many  honors  at  the  hands  of  his 
fellow  men. 

He  was  born  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Vigo  County  February  1,  1874,  a  son  of 
John  F.  and  Louisa  R.  (Bonham)  Fergu- 
son. Both  parents  were  natives  of  Ohio, 
the  father  born  in  1840  and  the  mother  in 
1845.  They  came  to  Vigo  County  when 
young,  were  married  here,  and  then  lo- 
cated on  a  farm  in  Pierson  Township, 
where  the  father  continued  his  industrious 
station  as  an  agriculturist  until  his  death 
in  1889.  The  widowed  mother  is  still  liv- 
ing in  Terre  Haute.  There  were  two  sons : 
B.  Hanley  and  Thomas. 

Thomas  Ferguson  grew  up  on  the  home 
farm,  attended  the  local  public  schools,  and 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  when  his  father  died, 
he  went  to  work  in  the  coal  mines.  It  was 
as  a  coal  miner  that  he  earned  his  living 
for  twenty  years  and  during  that  time  he 
made  himself  a  man  of  power  and  influence 
among  the  coal  workers  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state. 

While  living  in  Lost  Creek  Township  he 
was  elected  trustee,  and  filled  that  office  six 
years.  He  was  still  in  office  when  elected 
county  auditor  in  1914.  His  term  as  audi- 


tor began  in  1916.  He  has  proved  a  most 
capable  and  faithful  public  official  and  has 
ordered  and  administered  the  affairs  of 
the  auditor's  office  in  a  manner  to  satisfy 
the  most  exacting  critics,  and  it  may  be 
added  his  host  of  friends  are  behind  him 
in  his  candidacy  for  the  office  of  sheriff  of 
Vigo  County  in  the  coming  election  of  1920. 
When  the  little  village  in  which  he  for- 
merly made  his  home  was  incorporated  he 
was  elected  one  of  its  first  council. 

Mr.  Ferguson  is  an  active  democrat,  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  Order,  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Independent  Or- 
der of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Loyal  Order  of 
Moose,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men, 
and  the  Eagles,  and  his  wife  is  a  member 
of  the  auxiliary  bodies  of  these  various  fra- 
ternities. Mr.  Ferguson  is  also  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Laish  Road  Machine 
Company,  a  well  known  firm  manufactur- 
ing road  grading  and  other  road  making 
machinery. 

In  1893  Mr.  Ferguson  married  Stella  M. 
Baker,  who  djed  May  14,  1908,  the  mother 
of  two  sons,  Earl  Mitchell,  aged  fourteen, 
and  Paul  a  boy  of  nine.  On  November  24, 
1908,  Mr.  Ferguson  married  Blanch  E. 
Moore,  of  Vigo  County. 

WILLIAM  GAGE  HOAG.  A  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  bar  ten  years,  William  Gage 
Hoag  has  emphasized  the  business  side  of 
his  profession  and  has  been  identified  with 
the  organization  and  management  of  sev- 
eral well  known  Indianapolis  corporations. 

A  resident  of  Indianapolis  since  early 
boyhood,  he  was  born  in  Virginia  June  27, 
1884,  a  son  of  Dr.  W.  I.  and  Mary  Louise 
(Watson)  Hoag.  His  father,  who  was 
born  in  Cayuga  County,  New  York,  August 
11,  1858,  was  educated  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession in  the  New  York  Medical  School  of 
Cornell  University.  After  fifteen  years  of 
general  practice  at  Sherwood,  New  York, 
he  came  west  and  located  at  Indianapolis, 
where  he  has  been  a  prominent  and  well 
known  physician  for  twenty-one  years. 
His  home  is  at  2627  West  Washington 
Street.  Doctor  Hoag  and  wife  have  two 
children,  William  G.  and  Minerva,  the  lat- 
ter the  wife  of  Irvin  W.  Collins,  a  build- 
ing contractor  of  Indianapolis. 

William  Gage  Hoag  first  attended  the 
Sherwood  Select  School  in  New  York, 
Friends  Academy,  Oakwood  Seminary  at 
Union  Springs,  New  York,  and  in  1902 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


2017 


graduated  from  Shortridge  High  School  at 
Indianapolis.  He  then  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  graduated  A.  B.  wi^h 
the  class  of  1906,  and  received  his  LL.  B. 
degrees  from  the  University  of  Michigan 
Law  School  in  1908.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  law  fraternity  Phi  Alpha  Delta. 

From  1908  to  1910  he  was  one  of  the  law 
clerks  in  the  office  of  Means  &  Buenting  in 
the  State  Life  Building,  and  from  1910  to 
1915  was  connected  with  the  firm  of  Holtz- 
nian  &  Coleman  in  the  Lemcke  Annex. 
Since  1915  he  has  been  alone  in  general 
practice,  with  offices  in  the  Fidelity  Trust 
Building. 

Mr.  Hoag  was  one  of  the  organizers 
and  is  secretary  of  the  North  Side  Im- 
provement Association.  He  is  secretary  of 
the  Granite  Construction  Company,  a 
building  company ;  vice  president  of  the 
Progress  Investment  Company,  a  holding 
company  for  farm  lands;  and  organized 
and  is  now  secretary  and  treasurer  and 
gives  most  of  his  time  to  the  Aetna  Mort- 
gage and  Investment  Company. 

There  is  one  section  of  the  general  pub- 
lic that  knows  Mr.  Hoag  neither  as  a  law- 
yer or  business  man,  but  as  a  champion 
tennis  player.  While  in  the  University  of 
Michigan  he  was  captain  of  the  tennis  team 
of  1908.  He  has  kept  up  the  sport  in  spite 
of  the  heavy  demands  of  a  professional 
career,  and  in  1914  won  the  state  cham- 
pionship of  Indiana  and  in  1915  the  City 
of  Indianapolis  championship.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Tennis  Asso- 
ciation, a  member  of  the  Athaneum,  the 
Marion  Club  and  the  Odd  Fellows  Associa- 
tion. He  is  a  republican,  and  has  no  ac- 
tive affiliation  with  a  religious  denomina- 
tion. 

June  28,  1913,  Mr.  Hoag  married  Miss 
Elizabeth  O'Brien,  daughter  of  Bernard 
M.  and  Elizabeth  (Dalton)  O'Brien  of 
Grand  Rapids,  Michigan.  Mrs.  Hoag  was 
educated  in  the  Sacred  Heart  Academy  at 
Grand  Rapids  and  the  Ypsilanti  Normal 
and  in  the  University  of  Michigan.  They 
have  two  children,  Robert  William,  born 
December  29,  1914,,  and  William  Isaac, 
born  March  21,  1916. 

FRED  MILLER.  Any  man  who  builds  up 
and  maintains  successfully  year  after  year 
and  in  the  face  of  all  sorts  of  conditions  a 
successful  and  growing  business  possesses 
qualities  that  are  unusual  and  admirable. 


Over  thirty  years  ago  Fred  Miller,  a 
young  baker,  started  a  bake  shop  in  Evans- 
ville.  In  the  first  place  he  knew  his  trade, 
and  in  all  the  years  of  his  success  has  never 
lost  sight  of  quality  as  the  thing  to  be 
chiefly  emphasized.  He  has  also  been 
steady-going,  foresighted,  alert  to  oppor- 
tunity, and  has  gradually  expanded  his 
enterprise  until  it  is  one  of  the  largest, 
most  modern  and  best  appointed  wholesale 
and  retail  bakeries  and  stores  in  Southern 
Indiana. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  in  the  Village  of 
Eckelsheim,  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany. 
His  father,  Nicholas  Miller,  a  native  of  the 
same  locality,  learned  the  butcher's  trade 
and  followed  it  in  his  native  land  until 
1867,  when,  accompanied  by  his  family, 
he  came  to  the  United  States.  He  landed 
at  New  York,  where  he  joined  a  brother 
who  had  come  over  some  years  before,  but 
soon  left  to  come  to  Evansville.  From 
Evansville  he  went  to  Posey  County,  In- 
diana, and  was  in  business  there  about  six 
years.  Returning  to  Evansville,  he  re- 
mained a  resident  of  that  city  until  his 
death  at  the  age  of  fifty-six.  He  married 
Margaret  Espenscheit,  who  died  at  the  age 
of  sixty-two.  Fred  Miller,  one  of  six  chil- 
dren, was  nine  years  old  when  his  parents 
came  to  America.  The  education  began  in 
German  schools  was  continued  in  English 
schools  in  the  rural  districts  of  Posey 
County,  Indiana.  Besides  what  he  could 
learn  from  books  he  acquired  much  train- 
ing and  experience  of  value  to  him  in, 
later  years  by  assisting  his  father.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  entered  upon  an  appren- 
ticeship to  the  baker's  trade,  and  served 
four  years,  learning  all  the  constituted 
technical  processes  involved  in  this,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  one  of  the  most  important 
occupations  of  man.  At  the  end  of  four 
years  he  had  managed  by  the  exercise  of 
a  great  deal  of  thrift  and  economy  to  ac- 
cumulate a  modest  capital  of  $500.  It  was 
used  to  give  him  an  independent  business 
start.  His  first  shop  was  at  No.  1  Carpen- 
ter Street.  Eight  years  later,  his  business 
having  grown,  he  removed  to  603  Main 
Street,  and  in  1907  came  to  his  present 
quarters  on  South  Sixth  Street.  The  bus- 
iness is  now  housed  in  a  commodious  brick 
building  two  stories  high,  144  feet  in  front 
and  155  feet  in  depth,  and  the  bakery  is 
equipped  with  every  modern  appliance  for 
the  production  of  wholesome  sanitary  food 


2018 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


products.  He  also  runs  a  large  retail  store 
in  connection,  and  as  a  wholesaler  supplies 
bread  and  other  bakery  products  over  a 
country  many  miles  in  a  radius  around 
Evansville. 

Out  of  his  prosperity  as  a  business  man 
Mr.  Miller  has  also  erected  two  fine  apart- 
ment houses  on  adjoining  lots  facing  Lo- 
cust Street.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Amer- 
ican Trust  Company  Bank  at  Evansville, 
is  active  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and 
he  and  his  wife  and  family  belong  to  St. 
John's  Evangelical  Church.  In  March, 
1889,  Mr.  Miller  married  Verona  Detroy. 
She  was  born  at  Evansville,  daughter  of 
Peter  and  Katherine  (Hofman)  Detroy. 
To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Miller  were  born  four 
children :  Alma,  Fred,  Jr.,  Margaret,  and 
Oscar. 

LUTHER  M.  GROSS  is  well  known  in  Mad- 
ison County,  Indiana,  was  formerly  a 
county  official  in  Grant  County,  and  is 
now  cashier  of  the  Citizens  State  Bank  of 
Elwood.  Mr.  Gross  found  it  incumbent 
upon  him  at  an  early  age  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world,  and  right  thriftily  and 
energetically  has  he  fulfilled  this  destiny. 

He  was  born  in  Owen  County,  Kentucky, 
on  a  farm,  December  31,  1874,  son  of  Wil- 
liam B.  and  Elizabeth  (O'Banion)  Gross. 
His  people  were  early  settlers  in  Southern 
Tennessee,  and  the  family  as  far  back  as 
the  record  goes  have  been  farmers.  Wil- 
liam B.  Gross  died  on  his  homestead  in 
Kentucky  in  1895,  and  the  widowed  mother 
is  still  living,  making  her  home  at  Elwood, 
Indiana. 

Luther  M.  Gross  had  only  the  advantages 
of  a  few  winter  terms  of  school  in  Owen 
County,  Kentucky.  Otherwise  his  services 
were  in  demand  in  the  fields  assisting  his 
father  raise  tobacco,  which  is  one  of  the 
chief  crops.  Subsequently  he  took  a  busi- 
ness course  at  the  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical Business  College  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  and  about  the  time  he  reached 
his  majority  moved  to  Indiana  and  settled 
in  Grant  County.  For  five  years  he  was 
deputy  countj-  clerk  there,  and  his  evident 
qualifications  and  his  growing  influence  in 
the  democratic  party  finally  put  him  on 
the  ticket  as  candidate  for  county  clerk,  an 
office  to  which  he  was  elected  and  in  which 
he  served  four  years.  He  was  defeated  for 
re-election  by  only  sixty  votes. 

In  1905  Mr.  Gross  came  to  Elwood,  In- 


diana, and  for  two  years  was  in  the  time- 
keeping department  of  the  American  Sheet 
and  Tin  Plate  Company.  He  left  that  in- 
dustry to  take  a  position  as  bookkeeper 
with  the  Citizens  State  Bank,  and  in  Jan- 
uary, 1913,  was  elected  cashier  to  succeed 
Charles  Osbornt.  He  is  also  one  of  the 
directors  and  stockholders  of  this  solid 
financial  institution  in  Madison  County  and 
has  various  other  business  interests. 

In  October,  1894,  Mr.  Gross  married 
Laura  Lee  Lemon,  daughter  of  John  A. 
and  Georgia  (Lowe)  Lemon  of  Williams 
County,  Kentucky.  Her  father  for  many 
years  was  county  superintendent  of  schools 
in  that  county.  Mr.  Gross  has  recently 
attained  the  proud  distinction  of  being  a 
grandfather,  though  he  is  himself  hardly 
in  middle  life.  His  only  son,  William  J., 
born  in  1896,  married  in  November,  1916, 
Angelina  Rogers,  daughter  of  Samuel  Rog- 
ers, and  their  young  son,  Frederick  Mark, 
was  born  in  January,  1918. 

Mr.  Gross  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
City  Council  at  large  for  Elwood  in  1913 
and  served  one  term.  He  is  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  City  Park  Board.  He  has  held 
various  offices  in  Elwood  Lodge  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  is  a  member  of  the 
Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  and  he  and 
his  family  are  active  in  the  First  Baptist 
Church. 

OMER  F.  BROWN  has  long  been  well  and 
favorably  known  in  Howard  County,  his 
native  county.  He  recently  completed  a 
term  of  service  as  sheriff,  and  is  now  assist- 
ant superintendent  of  the  Indiana  State 
Farm,  Greencastle,  Indiana. 

Mr.  Brown  represents  a  pioneer  Indiana 
family  and  was  born  in  Howard  County, 
July '31,  1881,  son  of  J.  F.  and  Anna 
(Carr)  Brown.  His  great-grandfather, 
Hampton  Brown,  was  born  in  the  Territory 
of  Indiana,  son  of  Robert  Brown,  a  native 
of  England  and  a  minister  of  the  Quaker 
Church.  Robert  Brown  was  the  Quaker 
minister  among  the  Indians  around  Vin- 
cennes,  and  his  son  Hampton  was  born  in 
the  locality  known  as  "Indian  Camp." 
Robert  Brown  subsequently  went  to  Ohio, 
and  he  spent  his  last  years  there.  Hamp- 
ton Brown  grew  up  and  married  in  Ohio, 
settled  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  and 
about  1847  came  to  Howard  County  and 
laid  out  the  town  which  he  named  in  honor 
of  his  son  Jerome.  He  and  his  sons  built 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2019 


the  first  mill  in  that  part  of  the  county. 
Hampton  Brown  died  at  a  good  old  age 
in  1871. 

One  of  his  children  was  Harvey  Brown, 
who  came  from  Rush  County,  Indiana,  to 
Howard  County  in  1851,  and  at  Jerome  en- 
gaged in  stock  dealing.  He  lived  there  un- 
til his  death  in  1902.  He  was  a  prominent 
man  of  his  day,  and  had  the  confidence  of 
the  people  of  the  entire  county.  He  was  a 
very  successful  farmer  and  a  stanch  re- 
publican. He  filled  out  an  unexpired  term 
as  county  treasurer  of  Howard  County. 
He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Church. 

J.  F.  Brown,  father  of  Omer  Brown,  was 
born  in  Howard  County,  and  in  early  life 
entered  merchandising  at  Jerome  and  sub- 
sequently moved  to  Greentown.  He  was  i 
merchant  for  thirty  years,  and  is  now  liv- 
ing retired  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.  He  is 
a  Methodist  and  a  republican.  Of  his 
children  only  two  are  now  living. 

Omer  Brown  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Greentown  and  in  the  Marion 
Normal  Business  College,  graduating  in 
1904.  He  was  associated  with  his  father 
in  merchandising  for  eight  years  under  the 
name  Brown  &  Son.  He  was  called  from 
the  management  of  the  store  in  1914  by 
the  vote  of  the  people  of  Howard  County 
and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  sheriff  at 
the  age  of  thirty-two.  His  official  term  ex- 
pired January  1,  1919,  and  in  the  mean- 
time he  had  been  appointed  assistant  sup- 
erintendent of  the  Indiana  State  Farm  at 
Greencastle. 

Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  Greentown 
Lodge  No.  347,  Ancient  Fee  and  Accepted 
Masons,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  is  a  Meth- 
odist and  a  republican.  He  married  Miss 
Daisy  Campbell.  They  have  two  daugh- 
ters, Helen  and  Lillian. 

CHARLES  WOLFF,  a  real  estate  man  of 
Michigan  City  and  for  many  years  an  ac- 
tive farmer  in  that  vicinity,  is  one  of  the 
few  surviving  men  who  can  talk  intimately 
of  personal  experience  in  the  far  West 
when  progress  of  civilization  was  beset  on 
every  hand  by  the  obstacles  of  nature  and 
the  perils  of  Indian  warfare. 

Mr.  Wolff  was  born  in  Prussia,  Germany, 
in  February  1846,  but  has  lived  in  the 
United  States  more  than  sixty  years.  His 
father,  Carl  Wolff,  was  also  a  native  of 
Prussia,  where  his  parents  spent  all  their 

Vol.   V— 8 


days.  Carl  Wolff  attended  school  to  the 
age  of  fourteen,  then  served  an  apprentice- 
ship at  the  carpenter's  trade,  and  followed 
it  as  his  occupation  in  Germany  until  1856, 
when  he  brought  his  wife  and  eight  chil- 
dren to  America.  They  made  the  passage 
on  a  sailing  vessel  named  Donau,  under 
Captain  Myers,  and  were  five  weeks  and 
three  days  on  the  ocean.  Landing  at  New 
York  they  pushed  on  westward  to  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,  buying  a  tract  of  land 
fourteen  miles  west  of  Detroit.  A  log 
cabin  and  a  small  cleared  space  constituted 
the  improvements.  The  log  cabin  was  the 
first  home  of  the  Wolff  family  in 
America.  Carl  Wolff  gave  his  time 
to  clearing  the  land  and  tilling  the  soil. 
There  was  but  little  demand  for  either 
wood  or  lumber,  and  great  maple  logs  were 
rolled  together  and  burned.  Some  years 
later  the  Wolff  family  moved  to  the  south- 
western corner  of  Michigan  in  Berrien 
County,  where  Carl  Wolff  bought  an  eighty 
acre  farm  in  Buffalo  Township.  That  was 
his  home  for  twenty-eight  years,  and  he 
spent  his  last  days  in  Michigan  City,  where 
he  died  in  1908,  at  the  venerable  age  of 
ninety-three.  He  married  Elizabeth  Hile- 
min,  who  died  in  1906,  aged  also  ninety- 
three  years.  Their  children  were  named 
Caroline,  Ricca,  Gustav,  Charles,  Edmond, 
Amelia,  and  William.  The  mother  by  a 
former  marriage  also  had  a  son,  named 
John  Conrad. 

Charles  Wolff  was  ten  years  old  when  his 
parents  came  to  this  country.  He  had  at- 
tended school  in  Germany  and  was  also  a 
pupil  in  a  log  cabin  school  in  Wayne 
County,  Michigan.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  left  home  and  began  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world.  Following  the  course 
of  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railroad  -he  eventually  arrived  in  San 
Francisco,  but  remained  on  the  Pacific 
ccast  only  a  short  time  before  he  returned 
home,  passing  through  Kansas  City,  which 
was  then  a  very  small  town.  He  reached 
Michigan  in  the  spring  of  1868,  and  in 
April,  1869,  was  again  on  his  way  to  the 
West  in  the  employ  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railroad.  He  went  to  the  Red  River 
of  the  North  at  a  time  when  Northern 
Minnesota  and  the  Dakotas  were  an  almost 
unexplored  territory,  having  only  a  few 
scattered  settlements  along  the  stream.  In 
1870  he  preempted  a  tract  of  Government 
land  in  North  Dakota.  There  was  no  rail- 


2020 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


road  within  miles,  and  while  looking  after 
his  land  he  also  used  his  team  and  wagon 
for  freighting.  In  1873  he  had  charge  of 
the  freight  train  that  went  West  with 
General  Custer  for  exploration  of  the  Big 
Horn  Mountain  country  in  Montana.  In 
1874  he  was  in  the  Black  Hills  expedition. 
All  these  expeditions  were  fraught  with 
many  adventures  and  hardships.  At  one 
time  Mr.  Wolff's  wagon  train  was  con- 
fronted by  a  stream  about  twelve  feet  wide 
and  eight  feet  deep,  with  a  rapid  current 
of  water.  His  wagons  were  loaded  with 
boxes  of  bacon.  He  had  to  solve  a  prac- 
tical engineering  problem  without  undue 
delay,  and  he  ordered  his  men  to  unload 
the  bacon  and  place  it  in  the  stream,  ef- 
fecting a  temporary  dam  and  bridge  over 
which  the  teams  crossed  successfully.  The 
boxes  of  bacon  were  then  taken  up  and 
reloaded  without  injury  to  the  meat.  Mr. 
Wolff  was  also  with  General  Ouster's 
freight  train  in  1876  when  Custer  was  on 
his  last  expedition.  The  general  and  his 
troops  left  the  train  at  midnight,  and  the 
following  day  were  beset  by  the  Indians 
and  massacred  practically  to  a  man.  The 
freight  train  had  a  guard  of  forty  soldiers 
and  started  at  daylight,  but  after  going 
about  a  mile  were  surrounded  bv  Indians, 
and  a  halt  was  called  and  the  soldiers  and 
drivers  dug  themselves  in  and  stood  a  siege- 
for  two  weeks  before  being  relieved  by 
General  Cook  and  taken  to  the  Black  Hills. 
Mr.  Wolff  did  not  receive  his  pay  from 
the  Government  for  this  service  until  two 
years  later. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  enough  of  the 
perils  and  adventures  of  the  far  West,  and 
returning  East  he  bought  a  farm  in  Mich- 
igan Township,  three  miles  from  Michigan 
City.  He  was  steadily  engaged  in  its  man- 
agement and  tilling  until  1900,  when  he 
moved  to  Michigan  City  and  entered  the 
real  estate  business. 

In  1877  Mr.  Wolff  married  Miss  Caro- 
line Cook.  She  was  born  in  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,  where  her  parents,  Fe- 
lix and  Elizabeth  Cook,  natives  of  Saxony, 
were  early  settlers.  Mrs.  Wolff  died  in 
1884,  mother  of  two  children,  Ora,  now  de- 
ceased, and  Clarissa,  wife  of  George  Davis 
In  1886  Mr.  Wolff  married  Ida  Cook,  who 
was  born  in  Michigan  City,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  and  Charlotte  Cook.  They  have 
four  children :  William  C. ;  Laura,  a  kin- 
dergarten teacher ;  Arthur ;  and  Alta.  The 


son  Arthur  was  with  the  American  Expe- 
ditionary Forces  in  France. 

OMER  U.  NEWMAN,  who  during  twenty- 
five  years  of  active  membership  in  the 
Marion  County  Bar  has  achieved  state  wide 
prominence  as  an  Indiana  lawyer,  is  not  the 
only  member  of  this  old  and  prominent 
family  to  achieve  some  degree  of  special 
distinction.  The  Newmans  were  among  the 
pioneers  of  Miami  County,  and  some  of  the 
finest  farming  land  in  that  section  of  the 
state  was  developed  through  their  enter- 
prise, and  much  of  it  is  still  owned  by  the 
descendants,  the  Indianapolis  lawyer  him- 
self having  some  extensive  interests  as  a 
farmer  and  stockman  in  addition  to  his 
regular  calling  and  profession. 

Omer  U.  Newman  was  born  in  Cass 
County,  Indiana,  February  22,  1868,  son 
of  Thomas  I.  and  Kate  E.  L.  (Junkin) 
Newman. 

His  great-grandfather  was  Jonathan 
Newman,  one  of  six  brothers  who  lived  in 
Tennessee.  They  belonged  to  the  planting 
and  slaveholding  class  of  that  state,  but 
finally  became  convinced  of  the  iniquity  of 
slavery,  freed  their  negroes  and  moved  to 
the  free  lands  of  Ohio,  where  they  became 
ranged  in  sympathies  and  influence  with 
the  most  ardent  of  the  abolitionists. 

The  grandfather  of  the  Indianapolis 
lawyer  was  Samuel  K.  Newman,  who  was 
born  in  Ohio  March  19,  1819.  In  1836 
when  he  was  seventeen  years  old,  he  walked 
all  the  way  from  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  Logans- 
port,  Indiana,  and  on  arriving  had  barely 
enough  money  to  pay  his  tavern  bill.  He 
went  to  Logansport  because  his  uncle, 
Elijah  Cox,  was  at  that  time  living  on  one 
of  the  backwoods  farms  of  Miami  County. 
Here  Samuel  K.  Newman  later  started  to 
make  a  home  of  his  own,  hewing  it  out  of 
the  dense  forest  on  the  south  side  of  Eel 
river,  fourteen  miles  east  of  Logansport. 
While  he  had  nothing  to  begin  with  except 
his  industry  and  some  unusual  qualities 
of  character,  he  accumulated  a  large  for- 
tune for  that  time,  represented  chiefly  in 
the  ownership  of  farm  land.  While  he 
made  his  first  purchases  of  land  from  the 
difficult  savings  of  manual  labor,  he  also 
relied  upon  his  unerring  judgment  and 
skill  as  a  trader.  It  is  said  that  he  was  a 
man  of  marked  but  never  offensive  pecu- 
liarities. When  he  advanced  an  opinion 
hearers  would  listen  intently.  In  the  course 


2020 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


road  within  miles,  ami  while  looking  after 
his  land  he  also  used  his  team  and  wagon 
for  freighting.  Jn  1873  he  had  charge  of 
the  freight  train  that  went  West  with 
General  Custer  for  exploration  of  the  Big 
Horn  Mountain  country  in  Montana.  In 
1874  he  was  in  the  Black  Hills  expedition. 
All  these  expeditions  were  fraught  with 
many  adventures  and  hardships.  At  one 
time  Mr.  Wolff's  wagon  train  was  eon- 
fronted  by  a  stream  about  twelve  feet  wide 
and  eight  feet  deep,  with  a  rapid  current 
of  water.  His  wagons  were  loaded  with 
boxes  of  bacon.  He  had  to  solve  a  prac- 
tical engineering  problem  without  undue 
delay,  and  he  ordered  his  men  to  unload 
the  bacon  and  place  it  in  the  stream,  ef- 
fecting a  temporary  dam  and  bridge  over 
which  the  teams  crossed  successfully.  The 
boxes  of  bacon  were  then  taken  'up  and 
reloaded  without  injury  to  the  meat.  Mr. 
Wolff  was  also  with  General  Custer 's 
freight  train  in  1876  when  Custer  was  on 
his  last  expedition.  The  genera]  and  his 
troops  left  the  train  at  midnight,  and  the 
following  day  were  beset  by  the  Indians 
and  massacred  practically  to  a  man.  The 
freight  train  had  a  guard  of  forty  soldiers 
and  started  at  daylight,  but  after  going 
about  a  mile  were  surrounded  bv  Indians, 
and  a  halt  was  called  and  the  soldiers  and 
drivers  dug  themselves  in  and  stood  a  sieg,' 
for  two  weeks  before  being  relieved  bv 
General  Cook  and  taken  to  the  Black  Hills. 
Mr.  Wolff  did  not  receive  his  pay  from 
the  Government  for  this  service  uiitil  two 
years  later. 

hi  the  meantime  he  had  enough  of  the 
perils  and  adventures  of  the  far  West,  and 
returning  East  he  bought  a  farm  in  Mich- 
igan Township,  three  miles  from  Michigan 
City.  He  was  steadily  engaged  in  its  man- 
agement JUKI  tilling  until  1900,  when  he 
moved  to  Michigan  City  and  entered  the 
real  estate  business. 

In  1877  Mr.  Wolff  married  Miss  Caro- 
I'ne  Cook.  She  was  born  in  Wayne 
County,  Michigan,  where  her  parents.  Fe- 
lix and  Elizabeth  Cook,  natives  of  Saxony, 
were  early  settlers.  Mrs.  Wolff  died  in 
1884.  mother  of  two  children,  Ora,  now  de- 
ceased, and  ( 'larissa,  wife  of  George  Davis. 
In  18S6  Mr.  Wolff  married  Ida  C'ook,  who 
was  born  in  Michigan  City,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  and  Charlotte  C'ook.  They  have 
four  children:  William  0. :  Laura,  a  kin- 
dergarten teacher;  Arthur:  and  Alta.  The 


son  Arthur  was  with  the  American  Expe- 
ditionarv  Forces  in  France. 

OMER  U.  NEWMAX,  who  during  twenty- 
five  years  of  active  membership  in  the 
Marion  County  Bar  has  achieved  state  wide 
prominence  as  an  Indiana  lawyer,  is  not  the 
only  member  of  this  old  and  prominent 
family  to  achieve  some  degree  of  special 
distinction.  The  Newmans  were  among  the 
pioneers  of  Miami  County,  and  some  of  the 
finest  farming  land  in  that  section  of  the 
state  was  developed  through  their  enter- 
prise, and  much  of  it  is  still  owned  by  the 
descendants,  the  Indianapolis  lawyer  him- 
self having  some  extensive  interests  as  a 
farmer  and  stockman  in  addition  to  his 
regular  calling  and  profession. 

Onier  F.  Newman  was  born  in  Cass 
County,  Indiana,  February  22,  1868,  son 
of  Thomas  I.  and  Kate  E.  L.  (Junkin) 
Newman. 

His  great-grandfather  was  Jonathan 
Newman,  one  of  six  brothers  who  lived  in 
Tennessee.  They  belonged  to  the  planting 
and  slaveholding  class  of  that  state,  but 
finally  became  convinced  of  the  iniquity  of 
slavery,  freed  their  negroes  and  moved  to 
the  free  lands  of  Ohio,  where  they  became 
ranged  in  sympathies  and  influence  with 
the  most  ardent  of  the  abolitionists. 

The  grandfather  of  the  Indianapolis 
lawver  was  Samuel  K.  Newman,  who  was 
born  in  Ohio  March  19,  1819.  In  1836 
when  he  was  seventeen  years  old,  he  walked 
all  the  way  from  Dayton,  Ohio,  to  Logans- 
port.  Indiana,  and  on  arriving  had  barely 
enough  money  to  pay  his  tavern  bill.  He 
went  to  Logansport  because  his  uncle, 
Elijah  Cox.  was  at  that  time  living  on  one 
of  the  backwoods  farms  of  Miami  County. 
Here  Samuel  K.  Newman  later  started  to 
m-ike  a  home  of  his  own,  hewing  it  out  of 
the  dense  forest  on  the  south  side  of  Eel 
river,  fourteen  miles  east  of  Logansport. 
While  he  had  nothing  to  begin  with  except 
his  industry  and  some  unusual  qualities 
of  character,  he  accumulated  a  large  for- 
tune for  that  time,  represented  chiefly  in 
the  ownership  of  farm  land.  While  he 
made  his  first  purchases  of  land  from  the 
difficult  savings  of  manual  labor,  he  also 
relied  upon  his  unerring  judgment  and 
skill  as  a  trader.  It  is  said  that  he  was  a 
man  of  marked  but  never  offensive  pecu- 
liarities. When  he  advanced  an  opinion 
hearers  would  listen  intently.  In  the  course 


UBMRV 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2021 


of  time  he  became  known  as  the  largest 
landed  proprietor  in  Miami  County,  and 
owned  much  property  in  cities  as  well.  His 
farm  lands  he  used  for  stock  raising,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  noted  raisers  of  live- 
stock in  that  section  of  the  state. 

He  was  twice  married,  but  had  only  one 
child.  The  mother  of  his  only  son  was 
Lydia  Ann  Harman,  who  was  born  in  Jan- 
uary, 1824.  and  died  December  20,  1877. 
Her  people  were  also  early  settlers  in 
Miami  County  from  Ohio.  Samuel  K.  New- 
man died  December  5,  1902. 

His  son,  Thomas  I.  Newman,  was  born 
October  2,  1845,  in  Miami  County,  and  ac- 
quired a  liberal  education,  partly  in  the 
public  schools  of  Miami  County  and  later 
in  the  Union  Christian  College  at  Merom, 
Indiana.  For  many  years  his  chief  activ- 
ity was  improving  the  many  properties  of 
his  father,  and  he  was  known  as  a  man 
of  advanced  ideas,  and  especially  proficient 
in  livestock  husbandry.  He  died  in  August, 
1911.  Kate  Junkin,  his  wife,  was  born'' 
May  9.  1848.  and  died  December  12,  1899j 
They  were  the  parents  of  five  cjhri^Mi)|:  J,< 
Omer  U. :  Olive,  who  married  J.  H.  Fidler; 
Samuel  I. ;  William  Turner ;  and  Medford 
Kyle. 

Omer  U.  Newman,  the  oldest  of  the 
children,  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  of  Miami  County,  and  also  attended 
the  Union  Christian  College  at  Merom. 
He  was  a  student  in  DePauw  University, 
and  graduated  from  the  Indiana  Law 
School  at  Indianapolis  with  the  class  of 
1895.  Up  to  the  age  of  twenty  he  lived 
in  close  contact  with  the  rural  conditions 
of  Miami  County.  He  then  began  the 
studv  of  law,  and  entered  upon  practice 
in  1894  at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Newman  has 
never  had  a  partnership  in  the  law,  but  has 
had  without  doubt  more  than  his  share  of 
leffal  business  in  the  Indiana  courts.  Many 
years  ago  he  and  Mr.  Harding  appeared  as 
counsel  for  defense  in  behalf  of  the  dyna- 
mite conspirator.  Mr.  Newman  has  repre- 
sented several  large  corporations. 

Like  his  father  and  grandfather  before 
him  he  has  been  a  stanch  republican,  but 
never  held  a  public  office  until  he  was 
elected  in  November,  1918,  as  state  repre- 
sentative from  Marion  County.  His  elec- 
tion brought  to  the  General  Assembly  the 
services  of  one  of  the  best  qualified  law- 
yers and  a  man  of  the  highest  character  of 
citizenship.  Mr.  Newman  is  affiliated  with 


the  Lodge,  Chapter  and  Council  of  Ma- 
sonry and  with  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men.  He  married  Miss  Mary  Etta  Larr 
daughter  of  David  Larr  of  Merom,  Indiana. 
They  have  three  children :  Lura  Vadda, 
Roscoe  Larr  and  Paul  Irvin. 

ANDY  ADAMS,  author,  was  born  on  the 
3d  of  May,  1859,  on  a  farm,  and  his  early 
educational  training  was  received  in  a 
cross-roads  country  school  in  Whitley 
County,  Indiana.  He  early  followed  the 
cattle  trails  in  Texas,  Indian  Territory,  and 
Montana,  mined  in  Cripple  Creek,  Color- 
ado, and  at  Goldfield,  Nevada,  and  expe- 
rienced in  full  the  life  of  the  frontier.  But 
it  is  as  an  author  that  his  name  has  be- 
come known  to  the  public,  and  among  his 
works  may  be  mentioned  "The  Log  of  a 
Cowboy,"  "A  Texas  Matchmaker,"  "The 
Outlet,"  "Cattle  Brands,"  "Reed  An- 
thony, Cowman,"  and  "Wells  Brothers." 

WILLIAM  E.  HARTIXG  is  manager  of 
Harting  &  Company,  grain  and  feed  mer- 
jchajrtf  j^t^Jpjwood.  He  entered  the  business 
working  for  his  father  twenty  years  ago, 
and  his  success  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that  he  has  concentrated  all  his  time  and 
energies  in  one  particular  line. 

Mr.  Harting  was  born  at  Elwood  June 
26.  1878,  son  of  Herman  G.  and  Martha 
(Mock)  Harting.  He  is  of  German  ances- 
try. His  grandfather,  Hiram  Harting. 
came  from  Germany  about  1838  and  was 
followed  soon  afterward  by  his  wife  who 
was  on  the  ocean  in  an  old  fashioned  sail- 
ing vessel  six  weeks  between  Europe  and 
America.  They  settled  in  Wayne  County, 
Indiana,  near  Liberty,  and  took  up  Gov- 
ernment land  there.  In  1851  they  moved 
to  a  farm  of  160  acres  northeast  of  Elwood, 
and  Grandfather  Harting  in  the  course  of 
years  of  labor  and  good  management  be- 
came one  of  the  large  land  owners  in  this 
section.  Herman  G.  Harting  had  eight 
brothers  and  sisters.  He  was  born  in 
Wayne  County.  Indiana,  and  in  early  life 
worked  for  his  father,  but  finally  moved  to 
a  farm  of  his  own  of  eighty  acres  in  Madi- 
son County.  ,He  remained  there  with  the 
farm  and  its  cultivation  until  1878,  when 
he  came  to  Elwood  and  bought  the  interest 
of  Mr.  Green  in  the  firm  of  DeHority  & 
Green,  proprietors  of  the  grain  elevator. 
The  firm  was  then  reorganized  as  Harting 
&  DeHority,  and  they  were  in  business  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  present  location  of  Harting  &  Company. 
After  a  year  Mr.  Harting  bought  out  Mr. 
DeHority  and  then  conducted  the  business 
alone  until  1886.  At  that  date  his  cousin, 
S.  B.  Harding,  entered  the  partnership, 
known  as  Harting  &  Company.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1912,  William  E.  Harting  acquired 
an  equal  partnership,  though  the  name  of 
the  firm  remains  the  same. 

In  March,  1912,  the  company  bought  the 
old  Kidwell  &  Goode  flour  mill.  They  have 
done  much  to  re-equip  and  modernize  this 
mill  and  now  employ  it  in  connection  with 
the  elevator  for  grinding  feed.  This  firm 
has  done  much  to  establish  Elwood  in  the 
favor  of  grain  raisers  over  a  territory 
eight  or  nine  miles  in  a  radius  as  a  grain 
market  and  milling  center.  The  firm  buys 
corn,  grain,  seed,  and  other  supplies  from 
the  producers,  and  besides  selling  locally 
ship  many  carloads  every  year  to  such  mar- 
kets as  Baltimore,  Philadelphia,  and  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Herman  G.  Harting  is  still  active  in  bus- 
iness and  is  the  oldest  grain  merchant  at 
Elwood.  His  wife  died  in  May,  1893. 

William  E.  Harting  was  reared  at  El- 
wood, attended  public  schools  there  and 
finished  with  a  business  course  in  the  Ma- 
rion Business  College.  He  was  twenty 
years  old  when  in  1898  he  went  to  work 
for  his  father,  and  has  never  had  any  em- 
ployment outside  of  the  family  business. 
He  is  now  manager  of  the  elevator  and 
mill.  He  is  also  a  director  and  stockholder 
of  the  Elwood  Trust  Company,  and  has 
some  other  business  interests. 

In  1901  he  married  Miss  Margaret  Rey- 
nolds, daughter  of  Charles  L.  and  Arminda 
J.  (Cranor)  Reynolds  of  Elwood.  They 
have  two  children :  Jane,  born  in  1908,  and 
Martha  Josephine,  born  in  1914.  Mr. 
Harting  is  a  democrat,  but  holding  office 
has  never  bothered  him  and  has  never  been 
an  object  of  his  ambition.  He  is  affiliated 
with  Elwood  Lodge  No.  368,  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is  a 
Royal  Arch  Mason.  He  and  his  family  are 
members  of  the  First  Christian  Church. 

RAY  C.  BROCK  is  a  manufacturer  of  wide 
experience,  and  is  now  president  of  the  Ko- 
komo  Supply  Company,  jobbers  in  high 
grade  plumbing  supplies  and  mill  supplies. 
This  is  one  of  the  concerns  that  is  rapidly 
bringing  Kokomo  to  prominence  as  a  great 
industrial  center. 


Mr.  Brock  was  born  at  Ionia,  Michigan, 
December  13,  1876,  son  of  John  0.  and 
Laura  Brock.  His  father  was  a  native  of 
New  York,  moved  west  to  Grand  Rapids, 
Michigan,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
an  active  railroad  man,  and  is  still  active 
though  in  advanced  years.  Ray  C.  Brock, 
the  younger  of  two  children,  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Ionia,  graduating 
from  high  school  in  1894.  He  had  his 
early  experience  as  a  manufacturer  in  the 
great  furniture  center  of  Grand  Rapids. 
For  fourteen  years  he  was  connected  with 
the  furniture  factories  there,  and  left  that 
city  in  1905  to  become  superintendent  of 
the  Stoltz-Schmitt  Furniture  Company  at 
Evansville,  Indiana.  He  was  in  Southern 
Indiana  five  years,  and  in  1910  came  to 
Kokomo  as  superintendent  of  the  Central 
Closet  Manufacturing  Company.  In  1914 
Mr.  Brock  assisted  in  organizing  the  Ko- 
komo Supply  Company,  and  has  since  been 
its  president.  A.  A.  Dunlap  is  vice  presi- 
dent and  Louis  F.  Fee,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. They  handle  a  large  volume  of  bus- 
iness and  distribute  much  of  the  material 
in  their  line  over  Northern  Indiana. 

Mr.  Brock  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Order,  is  a  member  of  the  Eagles  and 
served  as  trustee  of  the  local  lodge  one 
year,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Travelers 
Protective  Association.  Politically  he  is  a 
republican.  September  11,  1896,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Lottie  Hopkins,  daughter  of 
Frank  Hopkins  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 

MARY  OTILDA  GOSLEE  is  an  Indiana 
woman  who  has  rendered  long  and  notable 
service  in  her  home  City  of  Evansville  as 
public  librarian.  She  has  been  the  admin- 
istrative head  of  the  Willard  Library  since 
it  was  established,  through  the  generosity 
of  Willard  Carpenter,  who  left  upwards  of 
$150,000  for  that  purpose.  The  library 
now  contains  approximately  50,000  vol- 
umes. 

Miss  Goslee,  who  was  born  in  Evansville, 
is  of  French  Huguenot  ancestry,  four 
brothers  of  the  name  having  come  to 
America  in  the  seventeenth  century.  Her 
grandfather,  Dr.  Samuel  Goslee,  was  born 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  was  a 
well  educated  physician,  and  moving  to 
Kentucky  for  many  years,  served  a  large 
clientage  first  in  Jefferson  County  and 
later  in  Oldham  County.  He  also  acquired 
a  plantation  and  owned  slaves  until  he  be- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2023 


came  converted  to  abolition  principles,  and 
then  set  his  negroes  free.  He  spent  his 
last  years  in  Jefferson  County. 

Ferdinand  Goslee,  father  of  Miss  Goslee, 
was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Kentucky, 
and  became  a  merchant  at  Louisville  and 
later  in  Evansville,  where  he  died  when 
about  forty-one  years  old.  He  married 
Ann  Amelia  Wheeler,  who  was  born  in 
England,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Eliza- 
beth (Early)  Wheeler.  The  Wheeler  fam- 
ily came  to  America  in  1819  and  were  pio- 
neers in  Vanderburg  County,  Indiana, 
where  they  acquired  and  improved  exten- 
sive tracts  of  Government  land.  Joseph 
Wheeler  was  a  preacher  in  the  Wesleyan 
faith  in  England  and  did  similar  service 
for  the  Methodist  cause  in  the  early  days 
of  Southern  Indiana.  He  lived  to  be 
eighty-seven  and  his  wife  to  eighty-nine. 
Miss  Goslee 's  mother  died  at  the  age  of 
eighty-one,  the  mother  of  four  children: 
Margaret  Louise,  wife  of  Cyrus  K.  Drew ; 
Mary  Otilda,  James  S.,  and  Ferdinand. 

Mary  Otilda  Goslee  acquired  a  thorough 
education  in  private  schools.  She  became 
librarian  for  the  Evansville  Library  Asso- 
ciation in  1873,  and  when  that  was  con- 
solidated with  the  Willard  Library  in  1885 
she  assumed  the  duties  to  which  she  has 
devoted  her  time  and  talents  for  over 
thirty  years.  She  is  a  member  of  St. 
Paul's  Episcopal  Church. 

CHARLES  HAVEN  NEFF  is  a  man  of  many 
and  prominent  connections  with  the  life 
and  affairs  of  Madison  County.  As  a  boy 
he  taught  school  there,  and  thirty  years 
ago  qualified  himself  by  hard  study  for  the 
practice  of  law.  The  law  has  not  been  his 
regular  calling,  however,  and  the  profes- 
sion lost  a  well  trained  and  highly  qualified 
member  when  he  went  into  newspaper 
work.  Mr.  Neff  knows  practically  every 
angle  of  the  newspaper  game,  from  com- 
positor and  reporter  to  publisher  and 
owner.  He  is  vice  president,  secretary, 
and  business  manager  of  the  Herald  Pub- 
lishing Company,  publishers  of  The  An- 
derson Herald,  the  oldest  and  most  influ- 
ential republican  paper  in  Madison  County. 

Mr.  Neff  is  a  native  of  Madison  County, 
born  in  Fall  Creek  Township  on  a  farm 
March  19,  1861,  a  son  of  Jesse  T.  and 
Sarah  (Ulen)  Neff.  The  Neff  family  is  a 
combination  of  Swiss  and  German  ances- 
try. During  colonial  times  in  America  six 


brothers  of  the  name  came  to  this  country 
and  established  families  that  soon  became 
widely  scattered  through  the  Carolinas, 
Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio.  Some 
of  the  descendants  of  these  brothers  fought 
as  Revolutionary  soldiers.  Jesse  T.  Neff 
was  both  a  farmer  and  a  competent  me- 
chanic. When  Charles  H.  Neff  was  two 
years  of  age  the  family  moved  to  Pendle- 
ton  and  several  years  later  to  Anderson. 
Mr.  Neff  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Anderson,  graduating  from  high 
school  with  the  class  of  1878.  That  was 
the  third  class  of  the  high  school.  In  the 
meantime  during  summers  he  had  worked 
at  different  occupations,  principally  as  a 
lather  for  his  father.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, after  taking  a/i  examination  and  be- 
ing duly  qualified,  he  began  teaching 
school.  He  had  a  country  school  in  Stony 
Creek  Township  two  years,  for  two  terms 
was  connected  with  the  city  schools  of  An- 
derson, and  another  year  was  principal  of 
the  Fisherburg  school.  His  wages  as  a 
teacher  were  carefully  saved  with  a  view 
to  the  future,  and  during  all  his  vacations 
he  helped  his  father.  In  1883  Mr.  Neff 
entered  Asbury,  now  DePauw,  University 
at  Greencastle,  Indiana,  and  in  June,  1887, 
was  graduated  Ph.  B.  and  subsequently 
was  given  the  degree  Master  of  Arts  by 
the  same  school.  While  at  University  he 
continued  his  work  in  the  plasterer's  trade, 
assisting  his  father,  but  in  his  junior  year 
at  college  he  entered  the  office  of  Howell 
D.  Thompson  at  Anderson,  and  spent  the 
entire  summer  studying  law.  On  return- 
ing to  DePauw  he  carried  both  the  law  and 
his  regular  literary  courses,  and  in  1887 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  before  the  Supreme 
Court  upon  motion  by  Senator  Turpie. 
After  that  he  continued  his  studies  at  An- 
derson with  Howell  Thompson,  but  in  the 
fall  of  1887  was  called  upon  to  organize 
the  school  system  of  Alexandria  in  Madi- 
son County.  After  these  schools  were  or- 
ganized he  had  charge  as  principal  for  two 
years. 

About  that  time,  as  a  means  of  employ- 
ment during  one  summer,  he  undertook 
to  handle  the  sporting  page  or  the  sport- 
ing column  rather  of  the  Anderson  Bulle- 
tin, and  later  took  employment  with  the 
Herald,  then  under  the  editorial  direction 
of  John  H.  Lewis.  Once  in  the  newspaper 
profession  he  has  never  seen  fit  nor  has 
he  had  any  special  inclination  to  get  out. 


2024 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


He  became  city  editor  of  the  Anderson 
Herald,  was  also  active  local  correspondent 
for  the  Associated  Press,  and  has  been  with 
the  Herald  through  all  its  various  owner- 
ships for  the  past  thirty  years.  In  1898  he 
and  E.  C.  Toner  bought  the  Herald  from 
Wallace  B.  Campbell.  At  that  time  he 
took  the  business  management,  and  has 
handled  the  buisness  affairs  of  the  paper 
ever  since. 

Mr.  Neff  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Ander- 
son Banking  Company,  in  the  Merchants 
Fire  Insurance  Company  of  Indiana,  and 
has  various  other  business  holdings.  Politi- 
cally he  has  been  a  republican  all  his  life, 
though  in  1912  he  became  active  in  the  pro- 
gressive movement.  He  has  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Library  Board  of  Ander- 
son as  chairman  of  its  purchasing  com- 
mittee, is  a  trustee  of  the  First  Methodist 
Church,  and  has  been  a  teacher  of  the 
Men's  Bible  Class  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  belongs  to  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  frater- 
nit}-  of  DePauw  University,  to  the  Ander- 
son Country  Club,  the  Tourist  Club  and 
the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis. 

In  1894  Mr.  Neff  married  Rosalie  Alice 
Brickley,  daughter  of  Dr.  William  P.  and 
Julia  Brickley.  They  have  two  children, 
Paul  Wilbur,  born  in  1898,  and  now  a  stu- 
dent in  DePauw  University  and  Dorothy 
Elizabeth,  born  in  1900. 

OLLIE  H.  BUCK,  of  Kokomo,  is  a  western 
man  in  spirit,  enterprise  and  temperament, 
and  his  presence  in  Indiana  is  a  tribute  to 
this  great  state's  industrial  opportunities. 
Mr.  Buck  is  active  head  of  the  Worth  Wire 
Works,  and  is  also  identified  with  a  num- 
ber of  other  local  industries  and  business 
organizations  of  Kokomo  and  elsewhere. 

His  birth  occurred  at  Waco,  McLennan 
County,  Texas,  March  12,  1879.  His  father, 
Giddings  J.  Buck,  was  a  native  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  and  is  now  deceased.  Ollie 
H.  Buck  was  sixth  in  a  family  of  eight  chil- 
dren, six  of  whom  are  still  living. 

The  first  eighteen  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  quietly  at  home  attending  local 
schools.  In  1898  he  enlisted  for  service  in 
the  Spanish-American  war,  as  a  sergeant  in 
Company  H,  Second  Texas  Volunteers.  He 
served  from  April  until  November.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  in  at  Austin,  then 
transferred  to  Mobile,  Alabama,  thence  to 
Miami,  Florida,  Jacksonville,  Florida,  and 


then  back  to  Dallas,  Texas,  where  it  was 
mustered  out. 

For  about  two  years  after  this  brief 
army  service  Mr.  Buck  had  an  interesting 
though  not  altogether  agreeable  experience 
for  a  man  of  his  temper.  He  was  guard 
and  assistant  superintendent  of  a  force  of 
state  convicts  stationed  in  the  rice  and 
sugar  growing  districts  around  Eagle  Lake, 
Texas.  In  1901  he  engaged  in  cattle  ranch- 
ing, and  for  two  and  a  half  years  was  lo- 
cated on  the  A.  H.  Pierce  ranches  in  Mata- 
gorda  and  Wharton  counties  in  Southern 
Texas.  The  next  two  years  he  spent  as 
deputy  in  the  sheriff's  office  at  Fort  Worth, 
Texas. 

He  left  his  public  duties  to  become  man- 
ager of  the  Worth  Wire  Works,  then  lo- 
cated at  St.  Louis.  The  main  product 
manufactured  by  the  Worth  Wire  Works 
involves  an  interesting  little  story  which 
has  been  published  and  sent  out  by  the  com- 
pany and  which  may  properly  be  quoted 
at  this  point. 

A  few  years  ago  a  cow  puncher  -working 
on  one  of  the  large  cattle  ranches  in  South- 
west Texas  was  confronted  with  the  diffi- 
cult problem  of  trying  to  keep  in  repair  a 
division  line  fence  consisting  of  three 
strands  of  barbed  wire,  and  with  posts 
spaced  about  fifty  feet  apart,  the  scarcity 
of  timber  in  that  section  making  the  price 
of  posts  almost  prohibitive.  He  hit  upon 
the  idea  of  taking  short  pieces  of  wire  and 
"staying"  the  line  wires  at  intervals  of 
four  or  five  feet,  thus  preventing  the  cat- 
tle from  crawling  through  the  fence. 

From  that  he  developed  his  idea  more 
ingeniously  and  finally  perfected  the 
"Cinch  Fence  Stay."  About  that  time  a 
friend  who  had  a  little  money  to  invest  pro- 
posed that  they  set  up  a  shop  in  a  small 
town  nearby  and  manufacture  and  market 
the  fence  stays.  It  did  not  take  long  to 
(Demonstrate  the  merits  and  economical 
features  of  these  stays,  and  it  was  not  a 
question  of  selling  them  but  of  manufac- 
turing them  in  sufficient  quantities  to  fill 
the  orders.  The  engineers  of  the  United 
States  Government  were  also  attracted  to 
the  Cinch  Stays,  with  the  result  that  they 
were  at  once  specified  on  various  reclama- 
tion projects.  Railroad  engineers  also 
recognized  their  advantages,  and  today  they 
are  used  on  thousands  and  thousands  of 
miles  of  right-of-way  fence. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2025 


The  first  factory  for  the  manufacture  of 
these  fence  stays  was  in  a  wood  shed  in  a 
small  west  Texas  ranch  town.  From  there 
it  was  moved  to  Fort  Worth,  and  when  Mr. 
Buck  went  to  St.  Louis  as  manager  of  the 
Worth  Wire  Works  the  business  was  in  its 
third  stage  of  growth  and  progress.  He 
conducted  it  at  St.  Louis  for  about  seven 
months.  In  order  to  get  the  factory  nearer 
the  source  of  supplies  for  the  raw  wire  ma- 
terial Mr.  Buck  moved  the  plant  and 
equipment  to  Kokomo,  locating  in  a  small 
frame  building  in  the  rear  of  the  Kokomo 
Steel  and  Wire  Company's  fence  mill. 
Two  years  later  the  Worth  Wire  Works 
erected  a  new  factory  at  1501  North  Wash- 
ington Street,  where  its  operations  have 
since  been  conducted  under  a  healthy  and 
steadily  increasing  growth.  Its  essential 
and  special  product  is  the  wire  fence  stay 
above  described,  which  has,  as  already 
noted,  been  extensively  adopted  by  rail- 
roads throughout  the  country  for  right-of- 
way  fencing  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment in  reclamation  projects,  though  the 
bulk  of  the  great  volume  of  patronage 
comes  from  stock  raisers,  farmers  and 
ranchers  in  both  continents. 

Mr.  Buck  since  becoming  a  resident  of 
Kokomo  has  identified  himself  with  many 
other  enterprises.  He  is  vice  president  of 
the  Hoosier  Oil  Company,  now  operating 
branches  in  Kokomo,  Lafayette,  Green- 
town,  and  Tipton,  Indiana.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  United 
Oil  &  Gas  Company  of  Kokomo,  a  director 
and  secretary  of  the  Liberty  Gas  &  Oil 
Company  of  Kokomo,  is  general  manager 
and  one-third  owner  in  the  Kokomo 
Wrench  Company,  and  is  owner  and  man- 
ager of  the  National  Products  Company  of 
Kokomo. 

Patriotic  movements  of  many  kinds  have 
made  strong  appeals  to  his  interest  and  en- 
thusiasm. He  is  Howard  County  chairman 
of  the  American  Protective  League,  is 
county  chairman  of  the  Military  Training 
Camp  Association,  and  county  chairman 
of  the  War  Savings  Stamp  Committee. 
He  is  also  on  the  board  of  the  Howard 
County  Fuel  Commission.  Other  organiza- 
tions with  which  he  is  actively  connected 
are  the  Kokomo  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
chairman  of  its  executive  committee,  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  on  its 
board  of  directors,  the  Travelers'  Protec- 
tive Association,  the  United  Commercial 


Travelers,  the  Order  of  Elks,  in  which  he  is 
esteemed  leading  knight,  and  he  is  a  Ma- 
son and  a  Shriner.  Mr.  Buck  is  a  member 
of  the  Christian  Congregational  Church, 
and  in  politics  is  independent. 

GEORGE  W.  EICHHOLTZ  is  one  of  the  vet- 
eran manufacturers  and  lumbermen  of  In- 
diana, a  business  with  which  he  has  been 
identified  for  half  a  century  or  more,  and 
is  senior  member  of  G.  W.  Eichholtz  & 
Son,  wholesale  lumber  dealers  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

Mr.  Eichholtz  was  born  January  24, 1846, 
in  Wabash  County,  Indiana,  a  son  of  Doc- 
tor Henry  and  Sarah  (Murray)  Eichholtz. 
His  father,  who  was  born  in  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  went  west  to  Ohio  in  early 
days,  and  for  about  six  years  lived  at 
Kingston  in  that  state,  and  then  acquired 
160  acres  of  raw  land  in  the  wilder- 
ness of  Wabash  County,  Indiana,  and 
cleared  up  and  by  perseverance  developed 
an  excellent  farm.  He  was  a  man  of  rare 
talents  and  of  tireless  energy,  so  that  his 
achievements  and  experiences  were  by  no 
means  of  a  usual  character.  He  was  a  well 
grounded  physician  and  practiced  the  pro- 
fession for  a  number  of  years.  He  handled 
his  farm  with  much  success  and  also  en- 
gaged in  manufacturing,  and  here  found 
vent  for  a  genius  which  would  have  made 
him  a  very  successful  architect.  He  had 
great  capacity  in  handling  all  kinds  of 
machinery  and  was  an  excellent  artist, 
though  he  had  little  training  in  that  profes- 
sion. He  could  take  a  pen  or  pencil,  and 
with  a  few  strokes  depict  the  face  of  an 
acquaintance,  and  he  was  also  equally 
gifted  in  mechanical  drawing.  In  1849  he 
started  west  for  California,  but  on  the  way 
he  was  taken  ill  and  returned  home  by 
New  Orleans.  His  home  was  in  Wabash 
County,  on  the  farm,  from  1842  until  1882. 
when  he  removed  to  North  Manchester,  and 
died  in  that  city  in  1886.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  English  Lutheran  Church,  and 
at  one  time  served  as  trustee  of  Wittenberg 
College  at  Springfield,  Ohio.  In  1856  he 
left  his  party,  the  democratic,  refusing  to 
vote  for  James  Buchanan,  and  afterward 
was  a  steadfast  republican.  He  celebrated 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  membership 
as  a  Mason  in  Deming  Lodge  No.  88  at 
North  Manchester.  Considering  the  times 
in  which  he  lived  it  is  very  significant  and 
a  testimony  to  his  strength  of  will  and 


2026 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


character  that  he  was  absolutely  temperate 
and  was  never  known  to  take  a  drink  of 
intoxicating  liquor.  He  was  twice  married. 
His  first  wife  was  Margaret  Barr  of  Penn- 
sylvania, who  died  in  1839,  and  all  her 
children  are  deceased.  For  his  second  wife 
he  married  Sarah  A.  Murray,  who  died  in 
1906.  Her  four  children  were:  Maria  E., 
George  W.,  Caroline  C.  and  Adaline  A. 

George  W.  Eichholtz  as  a  boy  attended 
school  in  a  little  log  building,  which,  how- 
ever, was  one  of  the  best  in  which  the 
schools  of  Wabash  County  was  then  housed. 
He  received  most  of  his  education  by  per- 
sonal experience.  He  was  at  home  with  his 
father  until  twenty-three,  and  became  as- 
sociated with  the  elder  Eichholtz  in  manu- 
facturing. His  father  had  established  a 
cabinet  factory  in  Pleasant  Township  of 
Wabash  County,  and  manufactured  all 
kinds  of  furniture  in  addition  to  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds.  The  factory  was  sup- 
plied with  power  from  a  water  mill.  The 
son  had  many  of  the  responsibilities  of  its 
management  until  1869.  In  that  year  he 
took  up  the  manufacture  of  a  patent  churn, 
which  he  sold  extensively  among  the 
farmers  of  Indiana  and  Illinois.  In  1874 
he  began  the  manufacture  of  a  churn  of 
his  individual  invention,  and  this  he  ex- 
ploited with  even  greater  success  than  the 
previous  churn.  In  1876  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Lewis  Petry  and  J.  J. 
Valdenaire  under  the  name  Eichholtz,  Pe- 
try &  Valdenaire.  In  1877  this  company 
besides  manufacturing  churns  began  a  gen- 
eral lumber  business,  installing  a  complete 
saw  mill.  Later  they  built  two  other  saw 
mills,  one  at  Goshen,  Indiana,  and  one  at 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

In  1884  Mr.  Eichholtz  sold  his  interests 
and  soon  afterward  accepted  a  position  as 
traveling  representative  for  a  Muskegon 
lumber  firm.  He  sold  lumber  on  a  commis- 
sion basis  and  built  up  and  developed  a 
very  large  sales  territory  for  the  firm.  In 
order  to  have  a  more  central  location  from 
which  he  could  attend  to  his  trade,  Mr. 
Eichholtz  moved  to  Indianapolis  in  Au- 
gust, 1892.  In  1906  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  his  son  Charles  under  the  name 
Eichholtz  &  Son,  and  they  now  confine 
themselves  to  the  wholesale  lumber  busi- 
ness, specializing  in  yellow  pine  lumber  and 
red  cedar  shingles,  and  distribute  the  prod- 
ucts of  some  of  the  largest  manufacturing 
firms  in  the  country  to  the  retail  yards  of 


their  territory  around  Indianapolis.  The 
offices  of  G.  W.  Eichholtz  &  Son  are  in  the 
Lemcke  Building. 

Mr.  Eichholtz  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason,  is  a  republican  and 
belongs  to  the  English  Lutheran  Church. 
November  7,  1869,  at  Silver  Lake,  Indiana, 
he  married  Miss  Martha  Linn.  Mrs.  Eich- 
holtz died  March  17,  1893,  the  mother  of 
four  children.  The  three  now  living  are 
Ida  A.,  Eva  A.,  and  Charles  V.  April  8, 
1898,  Mr.  Eichholtz  married  Mary  E.  Waid- 
laich,  of  Columbia  City,  Indiana. 

The  son  Charles  V.  since  early  manhood 
has  been  active  in  the  lumber  business,  and 
now  carries  the  heavier  responsibilities  of 
G.  W.  Eichholtz  &  Son.  On  October  14, 
1907,  he  married  Miss  Clara  Peckman. 

ALBERT  A.  BARNES.  Of  this  venerable 
citizen,  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  more 
thanf  half  a  century,  and  still  president  of 
the  "Udell  Works,  it  is  possible  to  write 
a  record  with  that  finality  afforded  by  the 
near  approach  of  fourscore  years  of  age 
and  i  with  the  certainty  that  none  of  the 
facts  here  set  down  or  judgments  pro- 
nounced will  ever  be  controverted. 

A'  human  life  is  interesting  for  its  ex- 
periences, its  solved  problems,  its  duties 
and  responsibilities  discharged,  and  the 
expression  of  those  living  and  vital  ele- 
ments of  character  as  well  as  its  practical 
action.  On  all  these  points  Albert  A. 
Barnes  is  a  notable  figure  in  Indiana  citi- 
zenship. 

He  was  born  at  Stockbridge,  Vermont, 
February  14,  1839.  His  parents,  Joseph 
and  Eliza  (Simpson)  Barnes,  were  people 
in  humble  circumstances  and  had  ten  chil- 
dren. When  Albert  was  five  years  of  age 
his  parents  removed  to  Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, which  was  his  home  until  he  was 
ten.  With  manv  mouths  to  feed,  the  abil- 
ity and  enterprise  of  the  father  soon  fell 
short  of  satisfying  even  the  simpler  neces- 
sities, and  necessity  brought  the  children 
on  to  the  stage  of  serious  action  without 
regard  for  their  tender  years.  As  one 
source  of  revenue  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  the  family  Albert  was  selling  candy  and 
peanuts  at  the  age  of  six.  At  nine  he  began 
working  on  a  horse  ferry  over  the  river  at 
Holyoke,  that  employment  being  termi- 
nated when  the  ferry  was  destroyed  by 
floods.  He  also  worked  in  a  sawmill  and 
stave  factory  at  Winchester,  New  Hamp- 


•   ' 


2026 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


character  that  he  was  absolutely  temperate 
ami  was  never  known  to  take  a  drink  of 
intoxicating  liquor.  lie  was  twice  married. 
His  first  wife  was  Margaret  Barr  of  Penn- 
sylvania, who  died  in  1839,  and  all  her 
children  are  deceased.  For  his  second  wife 
he  married  Sarah  A.  Murray,  who  died  in 
1906.  Her  four  children  were:  Maria  E., 
George  \V.,  Caroline  C.  and  Adaliue  A. 

George  \V.  Eichholtx.  as  a  lioy  attended 
school  ill  a  little  log  building,  which,  how- 
ever, was  one  of  the  best  in  which  the 
schools  of  Wahash  County  was  then  housed. 
He  received  most  of  his  education  by  per- 
sonal experience.  He  was  at  home  with  his 
father  until  twenty-three,  and  became  as- 
sociated with  the  elder  Eiehholtx  in  manu- 
facturing. His  father  had  established  a 
cabinet  factory  in  Pleasant  Township  of 
\Vabash  County,  and  manufactured  all 
kinds  of  furniture  in  addition  to  sash, 
doors,  and  blinds.  The  factory  was  sup- 
plied with  power  from  a  water  mill.  The 
son  had  many  of  the  responsibilities  of  its 
management  until  186!).  In  that  year  he 
took  up  the  manufacture  of  a  patent  churn, 
which  he  sold  extensively  among  the 
farmers  of  Indiana  and  Illinois.  In  1874 
he  began  the  manufacture  of  a  churn  of 
his  individual  invention,  and  this  he  ex- 
ploited with  even  greater  success  than  the 
previous  churn.  In  1876  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Lewis  IVtry  and  J.  J. 
Valdenaire  under  the  name  Eichholtz,  Pe- 
try  &  Valdenaire.  In  1877  this  company 
besides  manufacturing  churns  began  a  gen- 
eral lumber  business,  installing  a  complete 
saw  mill.  Later  they  built  two  other  saw 
mills,  one  at  Goshen,  Indiana,  and  one  at 
Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

In  1884  Mr.  Eichholtx  sold  his  interests 
and  soon  afterward  accepted  a  position  as 
traveling  representative  for  a  Muskegon 
lumber  firm.  He  sold  lumber  on  a  commis- 
sion basis  and  built  up  and  developed  a 
very  large  sales  territory  for  the  firm.  In 
order  to  have  a  more  central  location  from 
which  he  could  attend  to  his  trade,  Mr. 
Kichholtx  moved  to  Indianapolis  in  Au- 
gust, 1892.  In  1906  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  his  son  Charles  under  the  name 
Eichholtx  &  Son,  and  they  now  confine 
themselves  to  the  wholesale  lumber  busi- 
ness, specialixing  in  yellow  pine  lumber  and 
red  cedar  shingles,  and  distribute  the  prod- 
ucts of  some  of  the  largest  manufacturing 
firms  in  the  country  to  the  retail  yards  of 


their  territory  around  Indianapolis.  The 
offices  of  G.  W.  Eichholtz  &  Son  are  in  the 
Lemcke  Building. 

Mr.  Eichholtz  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason,  is  a  republican  and 
belongs  to  the  English  Lutheran  Church. 
November  7,  1869,  at  Silver  Lake,  Indiana, 
he  married  Miss  Martha  Linn.  Mrs.  Eich- 
holtx died  March  17,  1893,  the  mother  of 
four  children.  The  three  now  living  are 
Ida  A.,  Eva  A.,  and  Charles  V.  April  8, 
1898,  Mr.  Eichholtz  married  Mary  E.  Waid- 
laich,  of  Columbia  City,  Indiana. 

The  son  Charles  V.  since  early  manhood 
has  been  active  in  the  lumber  business,  and 
now  carries  the  heavier  responsibilities  ol 
(i.  \V.  Eichholtx  &  Son.  On  October  14, 
1907,  he  married  Miss  Clara  Peckman. 

ALHKKT  A.  BARNES.  Of  this  venerable 
citizen,  a  resident  of  Indianapolis  more 
than!  half  a  century,  and  still  president  of 
the  t'dcll  Works,  it  is  possible  to  write 
a  record  with  that  finality  afforded  by  the 
near  approach  of  fourscore  years  of  age 
and  with  the  certainty  that  none  of  the 
t'act^  here  set  down  or  judgments  pro- 
nounced will  ever  be  controverted. 

A  human  life  is  interesting  for  its  ex- 
periences, its  solved  problems,  its  duties 
and  responsibilities  discharged,  and  the 
expression  of  those  living  and  vital  ele- 
ments of  character  as  well  as  its  practical 
action.  On  all  these  points  Albert  A. 
Barnes  is  a  notable  figure  in  Indiana  citi- 
zenship. 

He  was  born  at  Stockbridge,  Vermont, 
February  14,  1839.  His  parents,  Joseph 
and  Eliza  (Simpson)  Barnes,  were  people 
in  humble  circumstances  and  had  ten  chil- 
dren. When  Albert  was  five  years  of  age 
his  parents  removed  to  Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, which  was  his  home  until  he  was 
ten.  With  many  mouths  to  feed,  the  abil- 
ity and  enterprise  of  the  father  soon  fell 
short  of  satisfying  even  the  simpler  neces- 
sities, and  necessity  brought  the  children 
on  to  the  stage  of  serious  action  without 
regard  for  their  tender  years.  As  one 
source  of  revenue  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  the  family  Albert  was  selling  candy  and 
peanuts  at  the  age  of  six.  At  nine  he  began 
working  on  a  horse  ferry  over  the  river  at 
Ilolyoke.  that  employment  being  termi- 
nated when  the  ferry  was  destroyed  by 
floods.  He  also  worked  in  a  sawmill  and 
stave  factory  at  Winchester,  New  Hamp- 

• 


' 


II33ARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  Of  ILUNOK 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2027 


shire,  until  he  was  eleven.    It  would  be  a 
difficult  matter  for  even  Mr.  Barnes  to  re- 
count all  the  varied  activities  and  employ- 
ments of  his  youthful  years.   Until  he  was 
twenty-one  he  had  exceedingly  limited  op- 
portunities to  attend  school,  and  reached 
manhood  with  only  the  ability  to  read  and 
write  and  figure.    At  twelve  he  became  an 
employe  in  a  woolen  factory.    There  was  in 
him  even  at  that  age  the  quality  of  fidelity 
and   industry   which   makes   advancement 
and  promotion  certain.    At  the  age  of  six- 
teen he  was  second  overseer  in  the  factory. 
But  the  factory  was  on  the  decline,  and  in 
the  meantime  Mr.  Barnes'  father  had  be- 
come incapacitated   for  hard  work.     The 
son  therefore  led  the  family  as  its  chief 
executive  head  to  a  farm  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  resorted  to  the  hard  and  toil- 
some process  of  wringing  a  living   from 
the    stony    soil    of    New    England.    Mr. 
Barnes'  memory  can  hardly  recall  a  time 
when  he  did  not  have  responsibilities  ,  in  • 
advance  of  his  years,  and  practically  from 
the  age  of  nine  he  was  carrying  a  large 
share    of    the    family    support    upon    his 
young  shoulders.     His  mother  was  the  di- 
recting head  of  the  family,  and  to  her  he 
turned  over  all  his  earnings.     After  one 
year  on  the  farm  he  left  it  with  his  mother 
and  the  other  children,  and  then  went  to 
Springfield,  Massachusetts,  to  learn  the  art 
of  photography.    That  art  was  then  in  its 
crude  infancy  and  the  photographer  was 
chiefly    a    daguerreotype    artist.    Having 
mastered  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
art  Mr.  Barnes  took  one  of  the  old  fash- 
ioned traveling  photograph  cars,  drawn  by 
horses,  traveled  about  various  sections  of 
New  England,  and  for  a  time  he  also  had 
a  Studio  on  Broadway  in  New  York  City 
and  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

In  1860,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  Mr. 
Barnes  came  West,  opening  a  photograph 
studio  at  Rockford,  Illinois.  While  at 
Rockford  on  April  2,  1861,  he  married 
Abby  C.  Clayton.  He  removed  his  photo- 
graph business  to  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  and 
while  living  there  was  drafted  for  the 
army,  but  on  account  of  his  own  heavy 
family  responsibilities,  still  contributing  to 
the  support  of  his  parents  as  well  as  his 
own  household,  he  hired  a  substitute. 
Leaving  his  wife  to  run  the  gallery  at 
Beloit,  he  went  south  for  the  purpose  of 
photographing  war  scenes  at  Murfreesboro 
and  Nashville,  Tennessee. 


Returning  in  the  spring  of  1864,  Mr. 
Barnes  soon  afterward  came  to  Indian- 
apolis. Here  he  established  a  gallery  on 
Washington  Street,  at  the  present  site  of 
the  New  York  store.  Doubtless  there  are 
some  old  fashioned  photographs  much 
cherished  by  families  living  in  Indian- 
apolis the  product  of  Barnes,  the  Photog- 
rapher, who  was  in  that  business  here  until 
1867. 

He  left  photography  to  engage  in  the 
commission  business,  his  location  being 
where  the  W.  H.  Blocks  store  now  stands. 
He  prospered  as  a  commission  man,  and  in 
1882  bought  the  Udell  Works.  Since  then 
he  has  given  his  chief  attention  to  this  fac- 
tory for  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and 
specialties.  The  Udell  Works  had  had  a 
varied  experience  and  had  made  many  fail- 
ures, but  Mr.  Barnes  was  more  than  equal 
to  the  task  of  establishing  it  as  one  of  the 
most  substantial  plants  in  the  industries  of 
the  capitally. 

His  business  energy  and  resources  have 
been  helpful  in  many  of  the  institutions  of 
the  city.    When  the  Union  Trust  Company 
was  organized  about  a  quarter  of  a  century 
ago  he  became  one  of  its  directors  and  has 
been  on  the  board  ever  since.    In  1901  he 
was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  the  old  State 
Bank  and  assisted  in  organizing  the  Colum- 
bia Bank,  of  which  he  became  vice  presi- 
dent.   He  also  took  the  lead  in  the  reestab- 
lishment  of  Franklin  College,  now  one  of 
the  leading  educational  institutions  of  In- 
diana.    He  was  also  vice  president  of  the 
Claypool  Hotel  and  assisted  in  building  it. 
Mr.   Barnes   was   converted   in   1866   and 
joined  the  First  Baptist  Church.    He  has 
filled  all  the  official  positions  in  the  church 
and  is  now  both  deacon  and  trustee.     In 
1916  he  and  his  wife  rounded  out  fifty 
years  of  continuous  membership  in  the  or- 
ganization.   At  the  age  of  twenty-one  Mr. 
Barnes  cast  his  first  vote  for  a  republican 
president,  and  his  record  is  one  of  unwav- 
ering fidelity  to  that  party  in  all  the  sub- 
sequent years.     He  was  deprived  of  the 
consolation  and  companionship  of  his  good 
'wife  February  28,   1917.     They  had  two 
children:  Lena  V.,  who  died  at  the  age 
of  four  and  a  half  years;  and  Nellie  E., 
who  died  when  fifteen. 

As  this  brief  outline  of  facts  shows  Mr. 
Barnes  has  had  a  varied  business  experi- 
ence. The  variety  of  the  occupations  in 
which  he  engaged  in  early  lifa  no  doubt 


2028 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


disciplined  his  mind  and  judgment  and 
fortified  his  courage  in  assuming  responsi- 
bilities and  new  ventures  which  were  en- 
tirely unrelated  to  his  previous  lines  of 
activity.  He  acquired  the  faculty  of  judg- 
ing things  not  from  the  estimate  of  others 
but  through  his  own  mind.  His  business 
associates  long  since  learned  that  before 
undertaking  an  enterprise  he  gave  it  care- 
ful investigation  and  then  decided  firmly 
and  unequivocally.  When  he  bought  the 
Udell  Works  at  auction  it  had  several  times 
brought  disaster  to  the  previous  owners 
and  he  was  warned  by  men  of  sound  judg- 
ment that  it  would  prove  unprofitable  to 
him.  He  had  the  courage  to  do  and  dare, 
and  results  have  justified  his  decision.  His 
influence  has  always  been  on  the  side  of 
morality  and  brotherly  helpfulness.  His 
purse  has  been  opened  to  the  needy  in- 
dividual and  also  to  the  worthy  public  in- 
stitutions. At  the  organization  of  the  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  he  was  president  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  and  chairman  of  the  building  com- 
mittee, and  raised  $140,000  in  six  days.  His 
membership  of  fifty  years  with  the  First 
Baptist  Church  of  Indianapolis  and  the 
long  sustained  and  sweet  companionship 
with  the  wife  of  his  youth  are  among  his 
fondest  recollections.  When  the  shadows 
of  his  life  are  gathering  his  consolation  is 
the  thought  of  having  lived  a  well  spent 
career,  attached  to  which  is  no  suggestion 
of  taint  or  dishonor.  The  world  is  the  bet- 
ter for  the  life  of  such  a  man  as  Albert 
A.  Barnes. 

- 

REV.  CHARLES  R.  ADAMS  was  born  in 
Switzerland  County,  Indiana,  January  5, 
1874,  a  son  of  Thomas  Leonard  and  Eliza- 
beth Harris  Adams.  After  completing  a 
thorough  educational  training  the  son 
taught  in  high  school  for  two  years,  but 
his  real  life  work  has  been  the  ministry, 
and  since  1911  he  has  been  the  pastor  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cham- 
paign. Illinois.  He  has  also  identified  him- 
self with  ministerial  affairs  and  has  served 
as  moderator  of  the  Synod  of  North  Da- 
kota, 1910-1911,  college  visitor  under  com- 
mittee of  General  Assembly,  1910-12,  and 
member  of  the  Social  Service  Commission 
of  the  General  Assembly,  1917. 

The  Reverend  Adams  married  Annie 
Oldfather,  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah 
M.  Oldfather,  for  eighteen  years  mission- 
ary in  Urumiah,  Persia,  where  the  daugh- 


ter was  born.  Reverend  and  Mrs.  Adams 
have  four  children,  John  Maxwell,  Helen 
Miriam,  Philip  Rice,  and  Dorothy. 

FRED  ETHELL  MUSTARD  is  cashier  of  the 
Citizens  Bank  of  Anderson.  Since  he  at- 
tained his  majority  this  bank  has  been  the 
center  around  which  his  activities  and  in- 
terests have  revolved,  and  to  the  bank  have 
gone  in  increasing  numbers  with  passing 
years  people  who  have  learned  to  respect 
his  judgment,  admire  his  integrity,  and  re- 
pose important  business  trusts  with  him. 
Naturally  he  has  acquired  other  interests 
than  banking,  and  is  officially  identified 
with  several  of  the  large  industrial  and 
business  concerns  which  made  the  name  An- 
derson familiar  throughout  the  country. 

Fred  Ethell  Mustard  was  born  at  Ander- 
son November  15,  1873,  son  of  Daniel  F. 
and  Adda  (Ethell)  Mustard.  At  the  time 
of  his  birth  his  father  enjoyed  a  fine  posi- 
tion of  esteem  in  the  community,  and  he 
spent  his  boyhood  days  in  a  home  marked 
by  reasonable  comfort  and  advantage.  He 
was  given  the  opportunities  of  the  local 
public  schools,  and  spent  a  year  in  two  of 
the  best  known  and  most  exclusive  prepar- 
atory schools  of  New  England,  the  Exeter 
and  the  Phillips  Andover  Academies. 

On  completing  his  education  Mr.  Mus- 
tard returned  home  in  1894,  and  at  that 
time  took  his  place  as  a  clerk  in  the  Citi- 
zens Bank.  He  was  promoted  to  assistant 
cashier,  and  on  January  1,  1917,  became 
cashier.  The  Citizens  Bank  of  Anderson 
is  an  institution  that  has  been  practically 
under  one  management  now  for  over  thirty 
years.  It  has  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000, 
surplus  of  $40,000.  and  its  deposits  in  the 
fall  of  1917  were  $1,460,000. 

The  other  active  business  interests  of 
Fred  E.  Mustard  are  as  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Pierce  Governor  Company, 
an  Anderson  industry  manufacturing  gov- 
ernors for  gasoline  engines,  the  output  of 
the  factory  being  shipped  to  all  parts  of 
the  world.  Mr.  Mustard  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  this  business.  He  is  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  of  the  F.  C.  Cline  Lum- 
ber Company,  and  was  also  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers and  first  directors  of  this  large 
business. 

Mr.  Mustard  has  given  allegiance  to  the 
same  political  party  as  his  father.  In  1914 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  Ander- 
son Metropolitan  Police  Force.  He  is  ac- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2029 


tive  in  the  Anderson  Lodge  of  Elks,  the 
Anderson  Country  Club,  and  he  and  his 
family  have  an  enviable  social  position  in 
that  city.  In  1899  he  married  Nelda  Dick- 
son,  of  Indianapolis,  daughter  of  J.  B.  and 
Emma  (Butsch)  Dickson.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Mustard  have  one  daughter,  Janet  Dick- 
son,  who  was  born  in  1900  and  is  now  a 
student  in  Dana  Hall,  Wellesley,  Massa- 
cmisetts. 

FREDERICK  W.  HEATH.  Every  commun- 
ity and  county  has  its  outstanding  names, 
representing  families  of  early  residence,  of 
substantial  activities  and  character,  and  of 
that  element  in  Delaware  County  undoubt- 
edly one  of  those  best  known  is  the  Heath 
family. 

When  Delaware  County  was  still  with 
few  exceptions  a  vast  tract  of  government 
land,  Ralph  Heath  entered  a  homestead  in 
1829  in  Salem  Township  west  of  Muucie. 
Ralph  Heath  was  a  native  of  Guilford 
County,  North  Carolina.  His  grandfather 
with  two  brothers  had  come  from  London 
and  settled  in  Maryland.  In  that  colony 
Jacob  Heath,  father  of  Ralph,  was  born 
and  reared  and  then  moved  to  North  Car- 
olina. Ralph  Heath  married  in  North  Car- 
olina Mary  Tomlinson.  With  the  adven- 
turous spirit  of  the  true  pioneers  this  cou- 
ple brought  their  children  to  Indiana, 
making  the  overland  journey  with  wagons 
and  arriving  in  Wayne  County  in  October, 

1828.  The  family  Jived  in  Wayne  County 
only  about  a  year,  and  on  December  25, 

1829,  Ralph  Heath  brought  his  family  to 
occupy  their  little  log  cabin  home  in  Salem 
Township  of  Delaware  County. 

It  was  during  the  brief  residence  of  the 
family  in  Wayne  County  that  Rev.  Jacob 
W.  Heath  was  born,  and  he  was  only  about 
a  year  old  when  brought  to  Delaware 
County.  He  grew  up  in  a  good  Christian 
home,  and  learned  the  lessons  of  purity, 
gentleness  of  manner  and  integrity  of  char- 
acter which  distinguished  him  in  after 
years.  He  grew  up  in  typical  pioneer  sur- 
roundings, getting  an  education  in  the  sub- 
scription schools.  He  also  attended  the 
Delaware  County  Academy  and  for  a  time 
was  a  teacher.  He  was  a  farmer  until 
1868,  when  he  removed  to  Muncie  and  took 
up  grocery,  real  estate,  and  life  insurance 
business.  He  is  perhaps  best  remembered 
for  his  zealous  work  as  a  local  minister  of 
the  Methodist  Church.  He  joined  that 


church  at  the  age  of  sixteen  and  was  suc- 
cessively class  leader,  trustee,  steward, 
Sunday  school  superintendent,  exhorter, 
and  after  1877  a  local  minister.  He  was 
one  of  the  early  temperance  advocates  of 
the  county  and  in  national  affairs  voted 
as  a  republican. 

Rev.  Jacob  W.  Heath  died  in  October, 
1902,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three.  He  mar- 
ried in  1850  Rhoda  A.  Perdieu,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Abner  Perdieu.  To  their  marriage 
were  born  eight  children,  six  sons  and  two 
daughters,  six  of  whom  are  still  living,  five 
sons  and  one  daughter.  The  living  sons 
.•'re  John  B.,  Frederick  W.,  Perry  S., 
Fletcher  S.,  and  Cyrus  R. 

Frederick  W.  Heath,  whose  family  con- 
nections and  ancestry  have  been  thus  briefly 
traced,  was  born  in  Delaware  County  May 
5,  1854.     He  attended  common  schools  un- 
til sixteen  years  of  age,  worked  in  a  print- 
ing office,  in  a  grocery  store,  and  for  a  time 
kept  a  cigar  store  in  the  old  Kirby  House. 
The  business  distinction  which  is  most 
familiarly  associated  with  the  name  of  Mr. 
Heath  is  that  he  is  the  oldest  real  estate 
man  in  point  of  continuous  service  at  Mun- 
cie.    There  were  of  course  many  real  es- 
tate  transactions   made   in   the   city   and 
county  before  he  entered  the  field,  but  he 
was  one  of  the  early  men  to  make  the  bus- 
iness a  profession  and  study,  and  he  has 
outlived  all   his  contemporaries  and  com- 
petitors.    He  engaged  in  the  business  when 
only  nineteen  years  old.     Mr.  Heath  orig- 
inated the  plan  a  number  of  years  later  of 
building  up  a  $200,000  fund  for  encourag- 
ing factories  to  locate  at  Muncie.  and  his 
friends  subscribed   $10,000  for  that   pur- 
pose.    The  first  big  deal  Mr.  Heath  made 
was  handling  the  large  tract  of  380  acres 
on  the  west  side  of  Muncie  on  the  site  of 
which  the  Normal  School  has  since  been 
built.     This  tract  was  acquired  for  $62,000 
and  Mr.  Heath  sold  it  out  for  a  total  of 
$97,000.     For  many  years  he  has  been  ex- 
tensively interested   in  the  sale  of  South 
Dakota    lands.     This    business    connection 
came  largely  through  the  influence  of  Gov- 
ernor Millette  of  South  Dakota.     Governor 
Millette   at   one   time   lived    in    Delaware 
County  and  was  a   friend  of  Mr.  F.  W. 
Heath.     That  was  the  beginning  of  an  in- 
timacy that  continued  even  after  he  moved 
West  and  was  elevated  to  the  governorship 
of  his  state.     When  Governor  Millette  died 
he  manifested  his  great  confidence  in  his 


2030 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


friend  by  making  Mr.  Heath  an  executor 
of  his  estate. 

Mr."  Heath  has  been  active  in  Muncie's 
business  affairs  for  half  a  century  and  has 
perhaps  done  as  much  as  any  other  local 
citizen  in  building  up  the  town  and  ex- 
panding its  institutions  and  business  op- 
portunities to  keep  pace  with  a  population 
that  has  grown  under  his  personal  observa- 
tion from  less  than  5,000  to  over  30,000. 
He  has  always  been  on  hand  ready  to  lend 
his  assistance  and  encouragement  to  worthy 
causes.  Mr.  Heath  is  called  by  his  friends 
a  fund  of  tremendous  human  energy.  In 
his  earlier  days  he  frequently  began  work 
at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  contin- 
ued on  until  midnight.  That  energy  is 
perhaps  a  characteristic  of  the  family,  since 
his  brothers  have  likewise  in  their  respec- 
tive localities  gained  business  success  and 
are  men  of  influence  and  means. 

Mr.  Heath  did  not  marry  until  he  was 
past  thirty  years  of  age,  and  as  a  result  of 
his  earnest  business  energy  he  had  saved 
up  what  was  then  a  fair  fortune  of  $30,000, 
so  that  he  and  his  wife  began  their  home 
life  with  practically  all  the  comforts  and 
luxuries  they  desired.  January  1,  1885, 
Mr.  Heath  married  Miss  Laura  Bennett, 
daughter  of  William  Bennett.  Her  father 
was  the  largest  land  owner  in  Delaware 
County.  Their  son,  Bennett  Heath,  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  college 
and  his  name  is  familiar  in  athletic  circles 
because  of  his  splendid  performances  as  a 
golf  player.  He  is  now  doing  his  part  in 
the  great  war,  with  the  rank  of  captain. 

JOHN  W.  LORENZ,  a  veteran  druggist  at 
Evansville,  has  also  for  the  past  fifteen 
years  carried  on  a  large  and  growing  busi- 
ness as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  Doctor 
Lorenz  has  always  stood  high  in  commer- 
cial circles  of  Evansville,  and  has  earned 
equal  honors  in  the  profession  of  medicine, 
for  which  he  had  an  ambition  when  a  boy. 
but  did  not  succeed  in  realizing  it  for  a 
number  of  years.  Doctor  Lorenz  was  born 
on  a  farm  a  mile  from  Highland,  Madison 
County,  Illinois.  His  father,  Frank  Lo- 
renz, was  born  in  Hesse  Cassel,  Germany, 
in  1835.  His  grandfather,'  John  Jacob 
Lorenz,  also  a  native  of  Germany,  brought 
his  family  in  1845  to  America.  They  trav- 
eled on  a  sailing  vessel,  and  after  many 
weeks  landed  at  New  Orleans.  They  went 
up  the  Mississippi  to  St.  Louis,  where  John 


Jacob  followed  the  business  of  market 
gardener  until  1856.  In  that  year  he  re- 
moved to  the  eastern  part  of  Madison 
County,  Illinois,  and  bought  a  farm  near 
the  old  Swiss  colony  of  Highland.  Much 
of  that  country  was  still  in  a  pioneer  wild- 
erness, and  he  did  much  to  improve  from 
its  virgin  condition  the  land  which  he 
bought  a  mile  north  of  Highland.  He 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life  as  a  market  gar- 
dener, and  died  when  nearly  ninety  years 
of  age.  His  wife  passed  away  in  1857. 
Their  four  children  were  Frank,  John  H., 
Amelia  Goetz,  and  Elizabeth  Schmetter. 

Frank  Lorenz  was  ten  years  old  when  the 
family  came  to  America,  and  he  learned  the 
habits  of  industry  and  thrift  while  living 
with  his  father  and  working  as  a  truck 
gardener.  Later  he  succeeded  to  the  own- 
ership of  the  old  homestead  at  Highland, 
and  continued  general  farming  and  stock 
raising  there  on  a  very  successful  scale 
until  1882  when  he  moved  into  the  city  of 
Highland  where  he  lived  retired,  enjoying 
the  fruits  of  a  well  spent  life  until  his 
death  in  1919  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
four.  He  married  in  1857  Louisa 
Haeusli.  She  was  born  in  Switzerland  in 
1839,  daughter  of  Jacob  and  Elizabeth 
Haeusli,  who  came  to  America  in  1850  and 
located  among  their  fellow  countrymen  at 
Highland,  Illinois.  Her  father  was  a 
baker  and  followed  that  occupation  in 
Highland  until  1870,  when  he  sold  out  and 
lived  retired  until  his  death.  Mrs.  Frank 
Lorenz  died  in  1899.  She  was  the  mother 
of  three  children:  John  W.,  Edward  and 
Lillie.  The  latter  is  the  wife  of  Louis 
Metz,  formerly  a  farmer,  but  now  living 
retired  at  Highland.  Edward  took  charge 
of  the  home  farm  when  his  father  retired, 
and  conducted  it  successfully  until  1919 
when  he  removed  to  Highland  and  after- 
ward lived  retired. 

John  W.  Lorenz  received  his  preparatory 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  High- 
land. As  a  schoolboy  he  was  very  profi- 
cient in  figures  and  the  county  superin- 
tendent considered  him  the  brightest  pupil 
in  that  branch  in  the  county.  In  1881  he 
graduated  from  the  Southern  Illinois  State 
Xormal  University  at  Carbondale,  standing 
second  in  scholarship  achievements  in  a 
class  of  ten.  While  he  was  at  Carbondale 
the  students  received  instruction  in  mili- 
tary art  and  tactics  under  Captain  Spencer 
of  the  United  States  Army  and  later  under 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2031 


Lieut.  Hugh  R.  Reed,  of  the  United  States 
Army.  Mr.  Lorenz  became  a  member  of  a 
branch  of  the  National  Guard,  Company 
C,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  and  sub- 
sequently commanded  the  company.  Prior 
to  entering  the  University  he  had  taught 
two  terms  in  the  district  schools.  While 
thus  engaged  the  parents  were  so  pleased 
with  the  result  of  his  work  after  the 
scholars  had  been  publicly  examined  for 
promotion,  that  they  held  a  meeting  and 
passed  resolutions  giving  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  Mr.  Lorenz  for  efficient 
work  done.  After  his  graduation  he 
was  connected  with  the  schools  of  High- 
land until  1885.  That  year  brought  him 
to  Evansville,  Indiana,  where  he 'entered 
the  drug  business,  and  continuously  for 
over  thirty  years  has  been  conducting  one 
of  the  best  appointed  drug  stores  in  the 
city.  It  was  not  until  1900  that  he  had 
his  business  affairs  in  such  shape  that  he 
was  able  to  realize  his  ambition  to  study 
medicine.  In  that  year  he  entered  the 
Louisville  Medical  College  and  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1903.  Since  then  he  has  been  in 
active  practice.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Vanderburg  County  and  State  Medical  So- 
cieties, and  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Outside  of  his  profession  Doctor  Lorenz 
has  always  taken  a  deep  interest  in  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  his 
home  city  and  the  public  schools.  He  is 
an  active  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  West  Side  Civic  Improvement 
Association  and  is  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive board  of  one  of  the  prosperous  build- 
ing and  loan  associations  through  the  ac- 
tivities of  which  quite  a  number  of  thrifty 
families  have  been  enabled  to  live  in  their 
own  homes. 

In  1882  he  married  Sophia  A.  Wehrly,  of 
Edgewood,  Effingham  County,  Illinois. 
They  have  two  daughters,  Julia  and  Irene. 
Julia,  a  graduate  of  the  Evansville  High 
School,  is  the  wife  of  Charles  T.  Pelz,  who 
is  the  manager  of  the  Lorenz  Drug  Store. 
They  have  two  daughters,  named  Irene 
Amelia  and  Charlotte  Lucille.  Miss  Irene 
Frances  Lorenz  graduated  from  the  Evans- 
ville High  and  the  Evansville  Normal 
Schools,  and  later  from  the  State  Normal 
at  Terre  Haute.  She  is  now  doing  very 
efficient  work  in  the  Delaware  School  at 
Evansville.  Doctor  Lorenz  is  affiliated 
with  Reed  Lodge  No.  316,  Free  and  Ac- 


cepted Masons,  and  Evansville  Chapter  No. 
12,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  his  family 
attend  the  Simpson  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

ALFRED  LEWIS  REED  is  a  veteran  of  the 
glass  making  industry,  at  which  he  gained 
his  early  experiences  in  Western  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
glass  industry  in  Indiana.  He  was  con- 
nected with  various  glass  companies  in  this 
state  until  about  ten  or  twelve  years  ago, 
since  which  time  his  chief  financial  and 
executive  responsibilities  have  been  with 
the  Ideal  Manufacturing  Company  of  An- 
derson, of  which  he  is  now  proprietor. 

Mr.  Reed  was  born  at  Zelienople,  Butler 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1859,  a  son  of 
Lewis  and  Mary  (Wolfe)  Reed.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  stock.  His  great-grandfather 
Reed  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland  and 
was  an  early  day  settler  of  Pennsylvania 
and  later  moved  to  Steubenville,  Ohio.  Mr. 
Reed's  grandfather  and  father  were  both 
tanners  at  Zelienople,  Pennsylvania. 

Alfred  Lewis  Reed  was  well  educated, 
attending  public  school  and  the  Consquenes- 
sing  Academy  at  Zelienople  and  also  the 
Harmony  Collegiate  Institute  at  Harmony, 
Pennsylvania.  During  vacations  from  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  helped  his  father  in  the 
tannery,  grinding  bark  and  doing  other  du- 
ties. He  had  the  talent  of  business  enter- 
prise, and  even  when  a  boy  bought  and 
sold  furs.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  be- 
came a  messenger  in  the  Harmony  State 
Bank  for  one  year.  Among  other  early 
experiences  was  work  as  individual  book- 
keeper at  the  German  National  Bank  of 
Millerstown,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  re- 
mained three  years,  was  also  a  paying  tel- 
ler, and  for  one  year  was  bookkeeper  with 
Tinker  &  Duncan  at  Bradford,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Later  for  six  months  he  had  charge 
of  the  oil  well  supply  stock  for  J.  W. 
Humphreys  &  Company  at  Ricksburg,  New 
York.  He  then  returned  to  Tinker  &  Dun- 
can for  six  months  more,  and  for  three 
years  was  bookkeeper  for  the  Craton  Glass 
Works  at  Newcastle,  Pennsylvania.  For 
two  years  he  was  manager  of  the  Meadville 
Window  Glass  Works  at  Meadville,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

This  rather  extensive  experience  in  the 
glass  industry  he  brought  with  him  to  In- 
diana in  1891  and  as  a  partner  bu'lt  the 
Spiceland  Window  Glass  Works  in  Henry 


2032 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


County.  He  was  identified  with  its  man- 
agement until  July,  1892,  when  the  plant 
was  removed  to  Fairmont  in  Grant  County 
and  the  name  changed  to  the  Big  Four 
Window  Glass  Works.  He  sold  his  inter- 
ests in  that  company  in  1899,  but  continued 
its  management  for  the  purchasers  for  sev- 
eral years. 

Mr.  Reed  came  to  Anderson  in  1903  as 
office  manager  of  the  Anderson  Glass 
Works,  a  branch  of  the  American  Window 
Glass  Company.  He  resigned  in  1905,  and 
for  a  short  time  was  custodian  of  receivers 
of  the  Alexandria  Electric  Light  and 
Power  Company.  About  that  time  he  be- 
came financially  interested  in  the  Ideal 
Manufacturing  Company,  and  about  eight 
or  nine  years  ago  acquired  from  his  asso- 
ciates all  the  stock.  He  has  brought  this 
industry  to  highly  successful  proportions, 
and  manufactures  an  output  that  is  now 
shipped  all  over  the  United  States  and  to 
the  Canadian  provinces.  The  chief  output 
of  the  Ideal  Manufacturing  Company  hii 
recent  years  has  been  computing  cheese, 
cutters  and  cabinets,  and  postage,  stamp  , 
vending  machines.  Mr.  R«i3£h«8  other 
financial  interests  at  Anderson  and  else- 
where. 

In  1884,  at  Newcastle,  Pennsylvania,  he 
married  Miss  Armada  Howe.  She  died  in 
1901,  and  in  1903  he  married  Marie  Major, 
daughter  of  Stephen  Major  of  Indianap- 
olis. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Reed  have  two  children, 
Alfred  M.,  born  in  1905,  and  Jane  Marie, 
born  in  1907. 

Mr.  Reed  has  at  different  times  played 
an  influential  part  in  republican  politics. 
During  the  Blaine  campaign  of  1884  he  was 
secretary  of  the  Lawrence  County  Penn- 
sylvania Republican  Committee,  and  also 
organized  the  Young  Men's  Blaine  and  Lo- 
gan Club  at  Newcastle.  He  is  a  York  and 
Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a  member  of  the 
Lodge  and  Chapter  at  Anderson,  and  of 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at  In- 
dianapolis. He  is  also  affiliated  with  the 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  the  United 
Commercial  Travelers,  and  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 

CHARLES  FRIENDLY  WILEY  by  his  achieve- 
ments at  Elwood  has  demonstrated  the  real 
r-ualities  and  genius  in  merchandising.  A 
few  years  ago  he  opened  a  stock  of  goods 
in  this  line  which  was  by  no  means  the 


largest  and  most  pretentious,  and  in  the 
face  of  vigorous  competition  has  built  up 
a  business  that  is  now  second  to  none  in 
Madison  County.  He  is  sole  proprietor  of 
the  Charles  F.  Wiley  Company,  and  the 
notable  features  of  this  establishment  are 
not  merely  the  extensive  stocks  of  goods 
and  their  display  in  several  well  organized 
departments,  but  the  personnel  of  the  or- 
ganization, of  which  Mr.  Wiley  is  the  head. 
He  has  developed  a  remarkable  esprite  de 
corps,  and  every  working  member  is  de- 
voted heart  and  soul  to  the  support  of  the 
business. 

Mr.  Wiley  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born 
at  Bluffton  'in  Wells  County  June  26,  1872, 
a  son  of  Benjamin  Franklin  and  Susan 
(Evans)  Wiley.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestry. His  father  was  a  merchant  and 
farmer  and  died  in  1906.  The  mother  is 
still  living  at  Bluffton. 

When  Charles  F.  Wiley  was  fifteen  years 
of  age  he  decided  that  his  schooling  was 
sufficient  for  his  needs,  and  he  went  to  In- 
dianapolis and  secured  a  position  in  the 
.dry, goods  store  owned  by  his  brother  under 
flleT'ftame  W.  T.  Wiley  &  Company.    He  re- 
mained  a  salesman  there  two  years,  and 
after  other  varied  experiences  he  came  to. 
Elwood  in  1906  and  bought  a  small  stock 
of  goods,  though  without  a  dollar  of  capi- 
tal, assuming  a  big  debt.     He  soon  had  the 
store  in  working  operations,  making  money 
and  establishing  a  credit  with  the  whole- 
sale houses  and  earning  the  confidence  of 
a   widening  circle  of  patronage.     He  has 
developed   and   organized   a   complete  de- 
partment store,  with  four  branches.     His 
trade  now  comes  from  over  all  that  section 
of  Indiana.     Mr.  Wiley  has  a  number  of 
people  employed  and  has  seen  his  annual 
sales  develop  'from  $40,000  to  $300,000,  the 
mark  reached  in  1917.     He  has  never  in- 
creased his  capital  but  has  kept  the  busi- 
ness growing  and  has  sought  the  complete 
allegiance  and  loyalty  of  his  employes  by 
a  splendid  system  of  promotion  and  by  en- 
couraging and  bestowing  proper  and  ap- 
propriate awards  on   diligent   and  honest 
work.     He   organized    the   Wiley   Booster 
Club,  which  is  a  social  organization  among 
the  employes  for  their  mutual  benefit  as 
well  as  for  the  welfare  of  the  business  at 
large.     Annually  a  big  banquet  is  served, 
and  there  are  many  occasions  during  the 
year  when  the  employes  meet  in  a  social 


LISRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


' 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2033 


way.  Efficiency  is  encouraged  by  efficiency 
medals  and  also  by  substantial  bonuses  in 
the  way  of  cash. 

The  Wiley  store  is  at  102-106  North  An- 
derson Street.  Mr.  Wiley  is  a  republican, 
a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  at  Elwood.  He  has  ac- 
quired much  local  real  estate,  and  all  the 
ground  and  building  occupied  by  his  busi- 
ness is  owned  by  him  personally. 

RICHARD  LAWRENCE  LEESON  is  an  Elwood 
business  man  whose  career  well  illustrates 
the  power  and  influence  of  the  younger 
generation  in  American  life  and  affairs. 
Mr.  Leeson  is  only  twenty-four,  but  is 
president  and  head  of  the  R.  L.  Leeson  & 
Sons  Company,  one  of  the  largest  depart- 
ment stores  in  Eastern  Indiana  and  a  busi- 
ness that  requires  more  than  ordinary  ex- 
ecutive ability  and  judgment  in  its  direc- 
tion. It  is  a  business  that  has  been  devel- 
oped as  a  result  of  many  years  of  straight- 
forward and  honest  merchandising  by  the 
Leeson  family.  The  original  store,  erected 
more  than  forty  years  ago,  was  established 
by  grandfather  R.  L.  Leeson,  and  it  has 
pone  through  the  successive  management  of 
the  Leeson  family  to  the  present  time. 

Richard  L.  Leeson  was  born  in  Elwood 
April  19,  1894,  son  of  General  Wayne  and 
Rosie  (Armfield)  Leeson.  His  father  suc- 
ceeded to  the  business  on  the  death  of  the 
grandfather,  and  is  still  an  official  in  the 
company,  though  its  heaviest  responsibili- 
ties are  borne  by  his  sons. 

Richard  L.  Leeson  had  a  public  school 
education,  but  at  the  age  of  fifteen  gave  up 
his  books  and  studies  to  begin  work  in  his 
father's  store.  His  first  place  was  as  clerk 
in  the  grocery  department,  and  later  he 
was  transferred  to  the  clothing  depart- 
ment, and  learned  both  branches  thor- 
oughly. In  1916  he  was  made  president  of 
the  company.  Mr.  Leeson  has  various 
other  active  business  interests,  including  a 
farm  of  280  acres  which  he  superintends 
to  a  point  of  productiveness  that  indicates 
he  would  not  be  a  failure  if  he  put  all  his 
time  in  agricultural  work. 

February  25,  1915,  Mr.  Leeson  married 
Miss  Anna  Ring,  daughter  of  Theodore 
Rinsr.  They  have  one  daughter,  Vivian 
Delores  Leeson,  born  February  24, '  1917. 
Mr.  Leeson  is  a  republican  voter,  member 


of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Elwood  Lodge  of  Ma- 
sons and  Quincy  Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, and  the  Elwood  Lodge  of  Elks.  He 
is  public  spirited,  a  genial  young  man, 
companionable,  and  has  a  host  of  friends, 
but  at  the  same  time  he  has  an  eye  single 
to  the  success  and  management  of  his  store. 

JOHN  R.  ELDER  was  one  of  the  conspicu- 
ous Indianans  of  the  previous  generation 
whose  life  and  services  deserve  more  than 
passing  mention  in  this  publication.  He 
died  at  Indianapolis  April  27,  1908,  after 
the  cheerful  bearing  of  worldly  responsi- 
bilities for  some  eighty-seven  years.  In  the 
progress  of  the  journalism,  education,  pub- 
lic works  and  charities  in  Indianapolis  his 
wholesome  enthusiasm  and  practical  activ- 
ity were  inspiring  and  reliable  forces. 
Whatever  position  he  occupied  in  private 
life  or  in  public  affairs  he  was  the  personifi- 
cation of  "the  right  man  in  the  right 
place."  For,  although  he  had  commend- 
able ambition,  he  also  possessed  the  com- 
mon sense  which  can  nicely  measure  one's 
own  capabilities  and  curb  unreasonable  as- 
pirations. 

Born  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania, 
December  7,  1820,  he  came  to  Indianapolis 
with  his  parents  in  1833,  attended  the  city 
schools  and  was  apprenticed  to  the  print- 
er's trade  in  the  office  of  the  old  Indian- 
apolis Journal.  Before  making  a  perman- 
ent start  in  the  practical  affairs  of  life  he 
decided  to  obtain  a  more  complete  educa- 
tion, and  in  the  prosecution  of  this  plan 
bought  a  horse  and  took  the  old  National 
road  from  Indianapolis  to  Carlisle,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  attended  Dickinson  Col- 
lege. After  leaving  college  he  secured  em- 
ployment with  the  publishing  house  of  Rob- 
ert Craighead,  New  York  City,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  return  to  Indianapolis  in 
1848.  In  the  following  year  he  began  his 
career  as  a  newspaper  publisher  by  estab- 
lishing the  Locomotive,  a  little  weekly  of 
which  he  was  everything.  The  paper,  which 
became  the  medium  of  literary  Hoosierdom, 
is  yet  remembered  by  elderly  writers  and 
thinkers  for  its  bright  and  broad  views  of 
life.  Mr.  Elder  continued  the  publication 
of  the  Locomotive  until  1860,  when  the  firm 
of  Elder,  Harkness  &  Bingham  bought  the 
Indianapolis  Sentinel  and  conducted  it  un- 
til 1864.  Throughout  his  journalistic  ca- 
reer and  thereafter  Mr.  Elder  was  unwav- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2033 


way.  Efficiency  is  encouraged  by  efficiency 
medals  and  also  by  substantial  bonuses  in 
the  way  of  cash. 

The  Wiley  store  is  at  102-106  North  An- 
derson Street.  Mr.  Wiley  is  a  republican, 
a  member  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  at  Elwood.  He  has  ac- 
quired much  local  real  estate,  and  all  the 
ground  and  building  occupied  by  his  busi- 
ness is  owned  by  him  personally. 

RICHARD  LAWRENCE  LEESOX  is  an  Elwood 
business  man  whose  career  well  illustrates 
the  power  and  influence  of  the  younger 
generation  in  American  life  and  affairs. 
Mr.  Leoson  is  only  twenty-four,  but  is 
president  and  head  of  the  R.  L.  Leeson  & 
Sons  Company,  one  of  the  largest  depart- 
ment stores  in  Eastern  Indiana  and  a  busi- 
ness that  requires  more  than  ordinary  ex- 
ecutive ability  and  judgment  in  its  direc- 
tion. It  is  a  business  that  has  been  devel- 
oped as  a  result  of  many  years  of  straight- 
forward and  honest  merchandising  by  the 
Leeson  family.  The  original  store,  erected 
more  than  forty  years  ago.  was  established 
by  grandfather  R.  L.  Leeson,  and  it  has 
gone  through  the  successive  management  of 
the  Leeson  family  to  the  present  time. 

Richard  L.  Leeson  was  born  in  Elwood 
April  19.  1894,  son  of  General  Wayne  and 
Rosic  (Armfield)  Leeson.  His  father  suc- 
ceeded to  the  business  on  the  death  of  the 
grandfather,  and  is  still  an  official  in  the 
company,  though  its  heaviest  responsibili- 
ties are  borne  by  his  sons. 

Richard  L.  Leeson  had  a  public  school 
education,  but  at  the  age  of  tifteen  gave  up 
his  books  and  studies  to  begin  work  in  his 
father's  store.  His  first  place  was  as  clerk 
in  the  grocery  department,  and  later  he 
was  transferred  to  the  clothing  depart- 
ment, and  learned  both  branches  thor- 
oughly. In  1916  he  was  made  president  of 
the  company.  Mr.  Leeson  has  various 
other  active  business  interests,  including  a 
farm  of  280  acres  which  he  superintends 
to  a  point  of  productiveness  that  indicates 
he  would  not  be  a  failure  if  he  pxit  all  his 
time  in  agricultural  work. 

February  25,  1915,  Mr.  Leeson  married 
Miss  Anna  Ring,  daughter  of  Theodore 
Rinir.  They  have  one  daughter.  Vivian 
Delores  Leeson,  born  February  24,  1917. 
Mr.  Leeson  is  a  republican  voter,  member 


of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Elwood  Lodge  of  Ma- 
sons and  Quincy  Chapter,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, and  the  Elwood  Lodge  of  Elks.  He 
is  public  spirited,  a  genial  young  man, 
companionable,  and  has  a  host  of  friends, 
but  at  the  same  time  he  has  an  eye  single 
to  the  success  and  management  of  his  store. 

Jonx  R.  ELDER  was  one  of  the  conspicu- 
ous Indianans  of  the  previous  generation 
whose  life  and  services  deserve  more  than 
passing  mention  in  this  publication.  He 
died  at  Indianapolis  April  27.  1908.  after 
the  cheerful  bearing  of  worldly  responsi- 
bilities for  some  eighty-seven  years.  In  the 
progress  of  the  journalism.,  education,  pub- 
lic works  and  charities  in  Indianapolis  his 
wholesome  enthusiasm  and  practical  activ- 
ity were  inspiring  and  reliable  forces. 
Whatever  position  he  occupied  in  private 
life  or  in  public  affairs  he  was  the  personifi- 
cation of  "the  right  man  in  the  right 
place. "  For,  although  he  had  commend- 
able ambition,  he  also  possessed  the  com- 
mon sense  which  can  nicely  measure  one's 
own  capabilities  and  curb  unreasonable  as- 
pirations. 

Born  in  Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania, 
December  7,  1820,  he  came  to  Indianapolis 
with  his  parents  in  1833.  attended  the  city 
schools  and  was  apprenticed  to  the  print- 
er's trade  in  the  office  of  the  old  Indian- 
apolis Journal.  Before  making  a  perman- 
ent start  in  the  practical  affairs  of  life  he 
decided  to  obtain  a  more  complete  educa- 
tion, and  in  the  prosecution  of  this  plan 
bought  a  horse  and  took  the  old  National 
road  from  Indianapolis  to  Carlisle.  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  attended  Dickinson  Col- 
lege. After  leaving  college  he  secured  em- 
ployment with  the  publishing  house  of  Rob- 
ert Craighead,  New  York  City,  where  he  re- 
m 'lined  until  his  return  to  Indianapolis  in 
1848.  In  the  following  year  he  began  his 
career  as  a  newspaper  publisher  by  estab- 
lishing the  Locomotive,  a  little  weekly  of 
which  he  was  everything.  The  paper,  which 
became  the  medium  of  literary  Iloosierdom. 
is  yet  remembered  by  elderly  writers  and 
thinkers  for  its  bright  and  broad  views  of 
life.  Mr.  Elder  continued  the  publication 
of  the  Locomotive  until  1860.  when  the  firm 
of  Elder.  Ilarkness  &  Bingham  bought  the 
Indianapolis  Sentinel  and  conducted  it  un- 
til 1864.  Throughout  his  journalistic  ca- 
reer and  thereafter  Mr.  Elder  was  umvav- 


2034 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ering  in  his  devotion  to  democratic  prin- 
ciples, but  was  so  humane  and  warm  that 
his  friendship  embraced  men,  women  and 
children  of  all  belief  and  no  belief. 

To  the  cause  of  public  education  he  con- 
tributed to  the  utmost  limit  of  his  means, 
time  and  influence.  First  he  was  an  untir- 
ing member  of  the  Indianapolis  Board 
of  School  Trustees,  which  preceded  the 
Board  of  School  Commissioners,  serving 
continuously  in  the  latter  body  from 
April,  1869,  to  July,  1876.  During  that 
period  he  was  made  president,  and  it  was 
in  his  administration  that  the  city  library 
was  established.  It  is  characteristic  of  his 
enthusiasm  in  all  matters  which  promised 
improvement  to  the  people  he  loved  that 
he  himself -held  the  first  card  issued  by  the 
library  management  and  drew  the  first 
book  from  the  circulation  department. 

The  Indiana  &  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
Company  had  thousands  of  acres  of  land 
come  into  their  possession  through  subscrip- 
tions to  their  stock.  This  land  was  located 
principally  in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and 
was  all  deeded  to  John  R.  Elder,  trustee, 
and  disposed  of  by  him  over  a  period  of 
from  eight  to  ten  years.  This  was  at  that 
time  a  very  responsible  trusteeship. 

Naturally  interested  in  the  important 
question  of  a  pure  and  adequate  supply  of 
water  for  the  city,  he  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  this  necessity  to 
the  public  health,  both  as  an  insistent  priv- 
ate citizen  and  as  president  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Water  Company.  He  was  at  one 
time  treasurer  of  the  Indianapolis,  Decatur 
&  Springfield  Railroad — in  fact  there  was 
nothing  which  concerned  the  good  of  In- 
dianapolis which  did  not  appeal  to  him 
and  which  he  did  not  attempt  to  further. 
The  charities  of  the  city  and  state  never 
appeal  to  him  without  practical  results,  and 
for  nearly  two  decades  he  was  officially 
connected  with  their  management  and  de- 
velopment. Mr.  Elder  was  one  of  the 
original  appointees  of  the  Board  of  State 
Charities,  serving  from  1860  to  1864,  was 
again  a  member  of  that  body  from  1889  to 
1902,  and  retiring  in  the  latter  year  only 
because  the  natural  burden  of  years  made 
such  responsibilities  too  heavy  for  his 
shoulders  to  bear.  He  died  as  an  old  and 
revered  attendant  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Indianapolis,  all  the  acts  and 
tendencies  of  his  life  being  founded  on 
Christian  principles. 


He  was  twice  married.  In  1848  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Julia  Ann  Orr,  who  died  in  1853. 
In  1854  he  married  Miss  Amelia  A.  Line, 
who  died  in  1899.  The  surviving  children, 
all  by  the  second  marriage,  are  William 
L.  Elder,  Mrs.  Frank  H.  Blackledge  and 
Dr.  Edward  C.  Elder. 

As  a  fitting  conclusion  to  this  sketch 
should  be  quoted  from  the  words  of  an 
editorial  that  appeared  in  the  Indianapolis 
News  at  the  time  of  his  death:  "In  the 
death  of  John  R.  Elder  Indianapolis  loses 
a  citizen  who  was  one  of  the  sturdy  body 
that  constitutes  the  strength  of  a  commun- 
ity. In  his  long  and  honorable  life — three 
ijuarters  of  a  century  of  it,  from  his  boy- 
hood, lived  here — he  was  active  in  business 
and  political  affairs.  With  the  advantage 
of  an  education  obtained  at  Dickinson  Col- 
lege, which  was  a  rare  advantage  in  those 
days,  he  was  better  equipped  than  most 
young  men.  It  was  natural  that  he  should 
be  found  editing  a  newspaper  which  then 
was  a  literary  medium  beyond  present 
parallel.  From  this  little  weekly  paper  he 
came  into  the  publication  of  the  Sentinel, 
the  state  newspaper  organ  of  the  demo- 
cratic party.  He  was  long  prominent  in 
educational  affairs  and  public  charities. 
He  was  successful  in  business.  He  wrought 
well  in  all  ways  and  illustrated  in  his  long 
life  the  steady  attainments  that  make  the 
useful  and  respectable  citizen,  which  he 
was  in  the  full  sense  of  the  term.  He  was 
of  a  genial  nature;  liked  people  old  and 
young,  apart  from  the  accident  of  station 
or  association.  And  so  he  was  a  kindly  in- 
fluence in  his  personality,  as  well  as  in  +^e 
successful  discharge  of  his  duties.  He 
passes  among  the  very  last  of  the  genera- 
tion that  knew  Indianapolis  when  it  was 
young,  and  the  steadiness  of  whose  purpose 
and  constancy  of  endeavor  have  gone  to 
the  making  of  the  community." 

WILLIAM  L.  ELDER,  chairman  of  the  Spe- 
cial Commission  on  Taxation  of  the  State 
of  Indiana,  appointed  by  Governor  Ralston 
in  1915,  is  as  a  result  of  that  service  and 
as  a  business  man  widely  known  over  the 
state.  He  is  a  son  of  the  late  John  R. 
Elder,  whose  life  is  told  in  a  separate 
biography. 

Born  and  reared  in  Indianapolis,  Wil- 
liam L.  Elder,  entered  upon  his  career  with 
a  consciousness  of  a  mission  to  perform  and 
an  honored  family  place  in  Indiana  to  up- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXAXS 


2035 


hold.  He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Indianapolis,  including  the  high  school,  and 
his  first  business  experience,  continued  five 
years,  was  as  clerk  with  the  old  Bank  of 
Commerce.  The  next  four  years  he  was 
paymaster  of  the  Indianapolis,  'Decatur 
and  Springfield  Railroad.  After  that  for 
about  ten  years  he  was  a  furniture  mer- 
chant at  Indianapolis  and  also  a  director 
and  vice  president  of  the  Indianapolis 
Street  Railway  Company.  After  disposing 
of  these  interests  and  taking  an  extended 
vacation  Mr.  Elder  entered  the  real  estate 
field,  in  which  his  success  has  been  con- 
spicuous. As  a  specialist  in  the  plotting 
and  subdividing  of  lands  in  and  around 
Indianapolis  he  has  done  about  as  much  as 
any  other  individual  citizen  to  extend  and 
broaden  the  growth  and  development  of 
a  greater  Indianapolis.  Among  subdivi- 
sions developed  by  him  are  those  of  Arm- 
strong Park,  Northwestern  Park,  Clifton 
Place,  Edgewood,  Marion  Heights,  Clover- 
dale,  Eastern  Heights,  Northeastern  Park, 
University  Heights  and  Washington 
Place. 

It  was  his  wide  and  diversified  knowledge 
of  business  affairs  that  enabled  Mr.  Elder 
to  render  such  valued  service  to  the  state 
as  chairman  of  the  Commission  of  Taxa- 
tion. He  is  well  known  in  civic  affairs  at 
Indianapolis,  a  member  of  the  Commercial, 
University,  Contemporary  and  Country 
clubs,  is  on  the  Board  of  Incorporators  of 
Crown  Hill  Cemetery  and  one  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution 
in  Indiana,  of  which  he  was  the  second 
president.  He  is  president  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Real  Estate  Board.  Mr.  Elder  is 
and  has  been  for  many  years  a  leader  in 
the  democratic  party  of  Indiana.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
and  has  served  as  trustee  and  deacon.  In 
1885  he  married  Miss  Laura  Bowman,  of 
Springfield,  Ohio. 

They  have  one  son,  Bowman  Elder,  born 
in  Indianapolis  March  4,  1888.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  Chestnut  Hill  Academy  and 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  On  the  Dec- 
laration of  War  he  entered  the  Second  Offi- 
cers' Training  Camp  at  Fort  Benjamin 
Harrison,  finishing  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
Virginia,  where  he  obtained  a  commission 
as  first  lieutenant.  He  was  ordered  to  Fort 
Revere,  Massachusetts,  where  he  served  as 
adjutant.  He  was  later  transferred  to 
Fort  Warren,  there  being  promoted  to  cap- 

VoL    V— 9 


tain  and  made  coast  defense  adjutant  of 
Boston  Harbor.  At  this  time  he  was  also 
appointed  coast  defense  intelligence  officer. 
Later  he  was  assigned  to  the  Seventy-first 
Coast  Artillery  Corps,  and  became  adju- 
tant of  that  regiment,  and  with  his  regi- 
ment sailed  for  France  July  30,  1918, 
where  he  remained  till  February  22,  1919. 
Upon  being  mustered  out  of  the  service 
he  reentered  the  real  estate  business. 

MRS.  ELEANOR  ATKINSON,  educator,  jour- 
nalist and  author,  was  born  in  Rensselaer, 
Indiana,  a  daughter  of  Isaac  M.  Stack- 
house.  After  a  course  in  the  Indianapolis 
Training  School  Mrs.  Atkinson  taught  in 
Indianapolis  and  Chicago,  and  after  a 
year's  experience  in  newspaper  offices  in 
Lafayette  and  in  Peoria,  Illinois,  she  be- 
came a  special  writer  on  the  Chicago  Trib- 
une, writing  under  the  pen  nflme  of  Nora 
Marks..  Since  1903  she  has  been  princi- 
pally engaged  in  book  writing,  and  her 
works  include:  "Johnny  Appleseed," 
"Mamzelle  Fifine."  "The  Story  of  Chi- 
cago," "The  Boyhood  of  Lincoln,"  "Lin- 
coln's Love  Story,"  "Hearts  Undaunted," 
and  many  others. 

In  1891,  at -Indianapolis,  she  was  mar- 
ried to  Francis  Blake  Atkinson,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  they  have  two  children,  Dorothy 
Blake  and  Eleanor  Blake. 

ISAAC  WRIGHT,  mayor  of  Kokomo,  for- 
mer sheriff  of  Howard  County,  is  a  busi- 
ness man  of  long  and  successful  experience 
in  Kokomo,  where  he  his  had  his  home 
nearly  forty  years. 

He  was  born  February  14,  1850,  close 
to  Russiaville,  on  a  farm  in  Howard 
County  near  the  Clinton  County  line.  His 
parents  were  William  and  Arminda  (Tay- 
lor) Wright.  His  grandfather,  John  P. 
Wright  was  one  of  the  very  early  settlers 
of  Howard  County.  He  entered  a  tract  of 
land  in  what  is  now  Honey  Creek  Town- 
ship, and  he  lived  and  died  near  the  Vil- 
lage of  New  London.  He  was  a  very  prom- 
inent Quaker,  a  birthright  member  of  the 
church,  and  a  leader  in  promoting  its  ac- 
tivities at  New  London  and  helped  build 
the  church  edifice  in  that  village.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  considered  the 
head  of  the  church  in  New  London.  His 
life  was  in  all  respects  a  model  of  good  citi- 
zenship. For  nearly  sixty-five  years  he 
lived  on  the  farm  which  he  had  entered 


2036 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


from  the  Government.  He  was  a  strict 
republican  in  politics.  Of  his  nine  chil- 
dren only  two  are  now  living. 

William  Wright  when  a  young  man 
came  from  Vermilion  County,  Illinois, 
and  in  the  same  community  met  Arminda 
Taylor,  whose  father  was  also  an  early  set- 
tler in  that  vicinity.  Two  years  after  his 
marriage  William  Wright  located  on  forty 
acres  of  land  given  him  by  his  father,  and 
he  spent  his  life  as  a  farmer.  He  was  also 
a  Quaker  and  a  member  of  the  church  at 
New  London.  Though  he  had  only  the 
limited  advantages  of  the  local  schools,  he 
was  always  looked  upon  as  a  man  of  strong 
common  sense,  of  utmost  integrity  of  char- 
acter, and  bore  an  unblemished  reputation 
until  his  death.  He  and  his  wife  had  six 
children,  four  of  whom  are  still  living. 

Isaac  Wright,  third  in  order  of  age, 
spent  his  early  life  on  a  farm,  and  attended 
the  common  schools  until  twelve  years  old. 
About  that  time  the  Quakers  built  a 'school- 
house,  and  he  finished  his  education  in  the 
Friends  School. 

Thirty-nine  years  ago  on  coming  to  Ko- 
komo  Mr.  Wright  was  employed  for  four 
years  as  stationary  engineer  in  a  local 
mill.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  deputy 
sheriff  of  Howard  County,  filled  that  office 
four  years,  and  was  twice  elected  sheriff, 
in  1886  and  1888.  Since  retiring  from  the 
office  of  sheriff  Mr.  Wright  has  been  a  very 
successful  and  widely  known  salesman. 
He  has  contributed  much  to  the  success  and 
prosperity  of  the  Kokomo  factory  for  the 
manufacture  of  stained  and  colored  glass 
plate,  used  extensively  in  churches  and 
other  buildings  all  over  the  country. 

Mr.  Wright  has  always  been  a  loyal  re- 
publican, and  he  was  nominated  and  No- 
vember 6,  1917,  elected  mayor  of  Kokomo 
on  that  ticket.  As  head  of  the  municipal 
administration  he  has  naturally  taken  the 
lead  in  many  of  the  movements  by  which 
Kokomo  has  contributed  a  splendid  quota 
to  the  resources  of  the  state  and  nation  in 
the  prosecution  of  the  war. 

J.  WALLACE  JOHNSON,  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer by  profession  is  now  the  active  and 
responsible  head  of  the  Johnson  Excelsior 
Company,  an  Indianapolis  institution  that 
reflects  the  experience  and  the  technical 
and  executive  ability  of  three  generations 
of  the  Johnson  family. 

It  was  founded  by  his  grandfather,  Jesse 


B.  Johnson,  one  of  the  early  manufacturers 
of  Indianapolis.  He  was  born  in  Mon- 
rovia, Morgan  County,  Indiana,  and  in 
1879  founded  the  excelsior  plant  which 
has  ever  since  been  carried  on  by  the  John- 
son family  under  the  name  of  the  Johnson 
Manufacturing  Company.  It  was  the  first 
excelsior  manufacturing  industry  in  In- 
diana, and  now  ranks  third  among  such 
industries  in  the  United  States  in  the 
amount  of  annual  production  and  in  the 
value  of  the  plant,  machinery  and  equip- 
ment. 

The  original  plant  as  established  by 
Jesse  B.  Johnson  was  located  on  the  canal 
where  now  stands  the  plant  of  the  Mer- 
chants Heat  and  Light  Company.  Jesse 
Johnson  was  a  man  of  genius  and  enter- 
prise. He  operated  his  plant  by  water 
power,  with  machinery  which  he  devised 
and  built  himself.  He  also  invented  and 
perfected  all  of  the  baling  and  ether  ma- 
chines required  in  his  plant.  The  more 
modern  machinery  in  use  today  represents 
simply  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
elder  Johnson's  original  mechanical  equip- 
ment. He  was  a  man  of  splendid  ability 
and  business  acumen,  and  credit  is  given 
him  as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  present 
great  industrial  resources  of  Indianapolis. 

The  second  generation  in  the  business 
was  represented  by  the  late  Joseph  R. 
Johnson,  who  was  born  in  Indianapolis  and 
died  in  that  city  in  1916.  He  early  be- 
came identified  with  his  father's  business, 
and  for  several  years  lived  in  Dubuque, 
Iowa,  where  he  established  a  similar  plant. 
After  that  he  returned  to  Indianapolis  and 
was  the  responsible  executive  of  the  John- 
son Excelsior  Company  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  married  Caroline  Reichert,  who  is  still 
living. 

J.  Wallace  Johnson,  son  of  Joseph  R.  and 
Caroline  Johnson,  was  born  in  Indianap- 
olis, was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  in- 
cluding the  Shortridge  High  School,  at- 
tended technical  colleges  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  given  all  the  training  of  a  profi- 
cient mechanical  engineer.  He  now  has 
charge  of  the  plant  and  operations  of  the 
Johnson  Excelsior  Company.  It  was  un- 
der his  direction  that  the  present  new  plant 
was  built  in  1917  on  the  Belt  Railway  at 
Keystone  Avenue.  It  is  one  of  the  finest 
plants  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  equipped 
with  the  most  'modern  machinery  designed 
for  efficient,  high-speed  production.  Mr. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2037 


Johnson    married    Miss    Rozella    Barbara 
Adams,  a  native  of  Indiana. 

His  uncle,  Mr.  Oliver  J.  Johnson  of  New 
York,  a  brother  of  Joseph  R.  Johnson,  has 
made  a  notable  success  as  a  can  manufac- 
turer. Most  of  his  operations  have  been 
carried  on  in  West  Virginia,  and  he  has 
achieved  a  high  place  among  the  industrial 
executives  of  the  country. 

WHITEFORD  MYERS  BERRY  is  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Tipton-Berry  Cigar 
Company  of  Elwood.  Mr.  Berry  has  been 
in  the  cigar  business  here  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  his  career  has  presented  many 
opportunities  and  many  diverse  occupa- 
tions, and  indicates  that  he  is  a  man  of  re- 
sources, always  able  to  give  a  creditable 
account  of  himself  in  any  station  or  rela- 
tionship in  life. 

Mr.  Berry  was  born  in  Wayne  Township 
of  Belmont  County,  Ohio,  in  1864,  son  of 
Isaac  W.  and  Elizabeth  (Myers)  Berry. 
The  education  of  his  youth  was  supplied 
by  the  country  schools  during  the  winter 
terms.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  went  to 
work  helping  on  the  home  farm,  and  was 
there  until  he  was  twenty-one.  The  next 
four  years  he  spent  as  foreman  with  a 
portable  sawmill  outfit,  operating  in  Bel- 
mont County.  He  also  learned  the  car- 
penter's trade  and  finally  bought  a  half  in- 
terest in  the  portable  sawmill 'and  for  two 
years  operated  under  the  name  Pryor 
&  Berry.  For  one  year  Mr.  Berry  trav- 
eled over  the  route  from  Sandusky,  Ohio, 
to  Grafton,  West  Virginia,  as  an  express 
messenger  with  the  United  States  Express 
Company  under  W.  H.  Snyder.  For  an- 
other year  he  worked  as  bridge  carpenter 
with  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio,  with  headquar- 
ters at  Newark,  Ohio.  He  then  was  given 
a  position  as  locomotive  fireman  with  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  and  had  different  runs 
out  of  Newark  on  freight  trains  until  1890. 
On  May  10,  1890,  he  left  Newark  over  the 
Chicago  &  Ohio  Division  for  Bellaire, 
Ohio,  on  Schedule  No.  26  firing  engine  No. 
975,  with  Frank  Howard  as  his  engineer. 
West  of  Barnesville  his  engine  collided  on 
curve  No.  47  with  engine  No.  996,  run  by 
John  Krebs.  The  investigation  afterward 
proved  that  Krebs  was  at  fault  because  he 
had  run  by  the  meeting  point  at  Media. 
Mr.  Berry  was  caught  under  the  wreckage, 
and  it  was  a  close  call  for  his  life,  though 
he  was  not  permanently  injured.  After 


that  he  was  clerk  in  the  railroad  office  at 
Newark,  Ohio,  a  year  and  then  fired  a  yard 
locomotive  until  the  fall  of  1893.  A  spell 
of  illness  compelled  him  to  give  up  rail- 
roading, and  for  a  time  he  managed  the 
home  farm  of  130  acres. 

In  1895  Mr.  Berry  married  Laura  O. 
Tipton,  daughter  of  James  E.  and  Clara 
(Carpenter)  Tipton  and  sister  of  his  pres- 
ent partner  in  the  cigar  business.  Their 
two  children  are  Grace  L.,  born  in  1897, 
and  Clifton  W.,  born  in  1900. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Berry  took  up 
the  painting  trade  and  was  a  house  painter 
and  hard  wood  finisher  for  eight  years  at 
Bethseda,  Ohio.  In  1902  he  with  his 
brother-in-law,  E.  L.  Tipton,  moved  to  El- 
wood,  Indiana,  and  at  once  began  the  man- 
ufacture of  cigars  under  the  firm  name  of 
Tipton  &  Berry.  In  1908  the  business  was 
incorporated  as  the  Tipton-Berry  Cigar 
Company. 

Mr.  Berry  is  independent  in  politics  and 
has  for  years  supported  the  prohibition 
cause.  In  Wayne  Township  of  Belmont 
County,  Ohio,  he  was  elected  to  office  on 
the  democratic  ticket  when  only  twenty- 
two  years  old.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  at 
Elwood. 

REV.  WILLIAM  PENN  MCKINSEY.  A  long 
and  interesting  life  has  been  vouchsafed  to 
Rev.  Mr.  McKinsey,  now  retired  at  Le- 
banon. As  a  youth  he  saw  active  service 
for  nearly  four  years  as  a  soldier  and  offi- 
cer in  the  Union  Army  during  the  Civil 
war.  After  the  war  he  was  in  business  for 
several  years,  and  then  joined  the  Metho- 
dist Conference,  and  has  given  his  church 
and  his  people  a  measure  of  service  and 
devotion  unsurpassed. 

William  Penn  McKinsey  was  born  Au- 
gust 17,  1837,  in  a  log  house  on  a  farm  in 
Rockbridge  County,  Virginia.  His  father, 
John  McKinsey,  was  born  in  the  same  state 
in  1806,  of  Scotch  parentage.  In  1826  he 
married  Catherine  Crick,  who  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1809.  In  1849  the  family 
came  west  and  were  pioneer  settlers  in 
Clinton  County,  Indiana,  where  John  Mc- 
Kinsey followed  farming  until  his  death  in 
1867.  His  wife  died  in  1872.  They  were 
the  parents  of  twelve  children,  eight  daugh- 
ters and  four  sons:  Sarah  Jane,  James 
Franklin,  Mary  Elizabeth,  Diana  K.,  Wil- 


2038 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


liam  Penn,  Samuel,  Letitia,  Hannah  B., 
Nancy,  Margaret  Esteline,  Rosana  Virginia, 
and  John  H.  The  three  still  living  are 
William  P.,  Margaret,  and  John  H.  Mar- 
garet is  the  wife  of  William  W.  McMillen, 
a  retired  mechanical  engineer  living  at 
Peoria,  Illinois.  John  H.  is  a  farmer  at 
Middletown,  Illinois. 

Rev.  Mr.  McKinsey  was  twelve  years  old 
when  his  parents  came  to  Indiana.  He 
lived  at  home  on  the  farm,  attending  pub- 
lic schools  to  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and 
afterward  for  one  year  was  a  student  in 
the  Thorntown  Academy.  One  of  the  vig- 
orous and  high  spirited  young  men  of  his 
community,  he  responded  to  the  call  to  put 
down  the  rebellion,  and  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany A  of  the  Fortieth  Indiana  Infantry. 
He  was  at  once  appointed  a  sergeant  of  his 
company,  and  eight  months  later  on  the 
field  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh  while  in  com- 
mand of  his  company  was  commissioned 
first  lieutenant.  He  was  in  the  battles  of 
Shiloh,  Stone  River,  and  Nashville,  and  in 
September,  1863,  was  made  quartermaster 
of  his  regiment  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Milo  S.  Haskell  of  Indiana, 
Gen.  Thomas  J.  Wood,  and  Gen.  George  D. 
Wagner.  For  all  his  arduous  and  danger- 
ous service  he  escaped  wounds.  For  two 
months  in  1865  he  served  as  judge  advocate 
of  a  general  court  martial  sitting  at  Hunts- 
ville,  Alabama.  He  was  mustered  out  at 
Nashville  June  12,  1865,  after  completing 
three  years  and  ten  months  of  service. 

The  war  over  he  returned  to  Indiana  and 
for  three  years  was  in  the  merchandise 
business  at  Stockwell.  In  1868,  just  a  half 
a  century  ago,  he  joined  the  Northwest  In- 
diana Conference  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  and  after  two  years  was  reg- 
ularly ordained  a  deacon  by  Bishop  Ames 
and  two  years  later  ordained  an  elder  by 
Bishop  Simpson.  For  six  years  he  did  the 
arduous  work  of  a  circuit  rider,  visiting 
many  remote  localities.  His  first  regular 
station  was  for  three  years  at  Westville,  In- 
diana. Since  then  he  has  had  pastorates 
at  Plymouth,  Delphi,  Monticello,  Lebanon, 
Attica,  Brazil,  Thorntown,  Fowler,  and 
Plainfield.  For  five  years  he  was  chaplain 
of  the  Indiana  Boys'  School,  a  state  insti- 
tution at  Plainfield.  From  1910  to  1913 
he  was  field  agent  for  the  Methodist  Hos- 
pital at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  McKinsey  re- 
tired in  1913  and  has  since  lived  at  Le- 


banon. However,  he  has  found  it  impossi- 
ble to  remain  entirely  idle,  and  has  an- 
swered frequent  demands  for  his  services 
at  weddings  and  funerals  among  old 
friends. 

For  over  twenty-five  years  he  has  been 
a  director  of  the  Battleground  Camp  Meet- 
ing Association  at  Lafayette,  and  was  for 
several  years  its  president.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber and  vice  president  of  the  Preachers' 
Aid  Society  of  the  Conference.  He  is  past 
post  commander  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  at  Plainfield,  and  for  many  years 
has  been  department  chaplain  of  the  State 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion  and  since 
1888  has  been  president  of  the  Regimental 
Association  of  the  Fortieth  Regiment  of 
Indiana  Volunteers.  He  is  a  Royal  Arch 
Mason. 

October  3,  1865,  Rev.  Mr.  McKinsey 
married  Miss  Anna  Cones.  She  was  born 
in  Clay  County,  Missouri,  January  15, 
1839,  daughter  of  Joseph  and  Nancy 
(Gregg)  Cones,  natives  of  Kentucky.  The 
only  child  born  to  their  union,  Columbia, 
was  born  July  15,  1866,  and  died  Septem- 
ber 7,  1866. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  McKinsey  reside  in  com- 
fort at  315  East  Pearl  Street  in  Lebanon. 
On  October  3,  1915,  at  Lebanon,  occurred 
an  impressive  event  when  more  than  500 
close  friends  gathered  to  celebrate  their 
golden  wedding  anniversary.  These  friends 
came  from  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  as  it 
happened  that  the  date  also  coincided  with 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  Regimental  Asso- 
ciation that  body  honored  him  with  its 
presence  and  the  local  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  post  and  Women's  Relief  Corps 
were  also  among  the  guests.  The  tribute 
from  these  friends  and  those  who  could 
not  be  present  took  many  forms,  and  many 
valuable  gifts  were  left,  including  $100  in 
gold  from  the  ministers  of  the  Northwest 
Conference. 

FORREST  JESSE  GARTSIDE  is  president, 
treasurer  and  general  manager  of  the  Dia- 
mond Clamp  &  Flask  Company,  one  of 
Richmond's  oldest  specialized  industries. 
It  was  established  bv  the  late  W.  W.  Gart- 
side,  who  came  to  Richmond  in  1876.  He 
was  a  pattern  maker  by  trade  and  was  con- 
rected  with  the  Richmond  City  Mill  Works 
in  charge  of  the  pattern  room  until  he  be- 
gan manufacturing  his  own  patent,  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


2039 


molder  for  snap  flasks.  That  was  the  start 
of  the  present  successful  industry.  Later 
other  foundry  supply  products  were  added, 
and  today  the  business  is  one  of  national 
proportions,  its  product  being  shipped  all 
over  the  United  States  and  many  orders 
coming  from  Canada.  W.  W.  Gartside 
was  a  Knight  Templar  Mason,  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  a  republican 
in  politics.  He  married  Ella  J.  Bell. 

Forrest  Jesse  Gartside  was  born  in 
Knightstown,  Indiana,  October  1,  1894,  and 
received  his  education  in  the  grammar  and 
high  schools  of  Richmond.  In  1913  he 
went  to  work  for  his  father,  serving  an  ap- 
prenticeship that  gave  him  a  practical  and 
technical  knowledge  of  all  the  features  of 
manufacturing,  first  working  at  the  drill 
press  and  later  learning  the  wood  working 
trade.  In  1913  he  became  general  manager 
of  the  business  and  after  his  father's  death 
in  March,  1917,  the  company  was  incor- 
porated with  Mr.  Gartside  as  president, 
treasurer,  and  general  manager  and  Mrs. 
Ella  Gartside,  his  mother,  as  vice  president. 

Mr.  Gartside  is  affiliated  with  Lodge  No. 
196,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  at  Rich- 
mond, is  a  member  of  Company  K  of  the 
Third  Indiana  Infantry  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Rotary  Club.  In  1917  he  married 
Miss  Bernice  Puckett,  daughter  of  Nelson 
and  Martha  Puckett  of  Richmond. 

ELDON  L.  DYNES,  president  of  the  Dynes- 
Pohlman  Lumber  Company,  is  one  of  the 
leading  lumbermen  of  the  state  of  Indiana. 
Some  men  acquire  their  permanent  tastes 
and  vocations  early  in  life.  This  was  true 
of  Mr.  Dynes.  His  favorite  playground  as 
a  boy  was  the  old  E.  H.  Eldridge  lumber 
yard  in  Indianapolis.  If  there  is  any  de- 
tail of  the  lumber  business  with  which  he 
is  not  thoroughly  familiar,  none  of  his  as- 
sociates and  friends  have  ever  found  out 
what  it  is. 

Mr.  Dynes  is  a  native  of  Indianapolis, 
where  he  was  born  September  8,  1872,  a 
son  of  Leonidas  G.  and  Nannie  (Leake) 
Dynes.  He  is  a  thorough  American,  both 
his  paternal  and  maternal  ancestors  hav- 
ing come  to  this  country  during  colonial 
days.  His  maternal  ancestor,  Edward 
Digges,  son  of  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  Virginia  Colony  from  1655  to 
1658.  Other  members  of  the  family  were 
prominent  during  the  Revolution.  Mr. 
Dynes  father  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1842,  and 


was  well  known  to  the  newspaper  profes- 
sion of  a  former  generation.  As  a  young 
man  during  the  Civil  war  he  published  the 
Union  City  Eagle.  Later  he  was  interested 
in  the  publication  of  various  papers  in 
Indianapolis.  He  died  in  this  city  in  1904, 
and  his  widow  is  still  living  here.  Leoni- 
das Dynes  was  an  influential  republican. 

Eldon  L.  Dynes  after  attending  the  In- 
dianapolis public  schools  had  a  brief  pe- 
riod of  employment  as  a  bookkeeper,  and 
he  also  gained  some  considerable  knowledge 
of  law  while  a  student  in  the  offices  of  Dun- 
can &  Smith.  But  he  found  himself  in  his 
real  vocation  when  in  1898  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  lumber  firm  of  Hamilton  & 
Dynes  at  1100  East  Maryland  Street.  In 
1902  the  business  became  the  Dynes  Lum- 
ber Company,  and  five  years  later  the  com- 
pany sold  their  yard  in  Maryland  Street 
and  built  a  new  plant  at  Thirtieth  Street 
and  the  Monon  Railroad.  In  1908  Mr. 
Dynes  sold  his  interest  in  this  company  to 
H.  M.  Moore,  and  the  plant  is  now  operated 
under  the  title  Indianapolis  Lumber  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Dynes'  next  connection  was  as 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Anson-Hixon 
Sash  and  Door  Company.  In  1910  this  was 
sold  to  the  Adams-Carr  Company,  and  is 
now  known  as  the  Adams-Rogers  Company. 

It  was  in  1911  that  Mr.  Dynes  organized 
the  Dynes-Pohlman  Lumber  Company,  of 
which  he  is  president.  ,Mr.  G.  E.  Pohlman 
is  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  company's 
yards  and  planing  mill  are  located  between 
Twenty-Eighth  and  Twenty-Ninth  streets, 
adjoining  the  Monon  tracks,  and  it  is  one 
of  the  largest  plants  in  the  manufacturing 
and  wholesale  lumber  district  of  the  city. 
In  point  of  efficiency  and  modern  equip- 
ment there  is  no  mill  in  the  state  that  could 
justly  be  classed  as  superior  to  this  one. 
Shortly  after  the  plant  was  completed  the 
American  Lumberman,  of  Chicago,  took  a 
number  of  photographs  of  various  parts  of 
the  plant  and  placed  them  on  exhibition  at 
the  annual  convention  of  the  Indiana  Ro- 
tail  Lumber  Dealers.  Every  piece  of  ma- 
chinery is  of  the  best  type  and  each  ma- 
chine is  operated  by  individual  electric 
motor.  Its  product  is  in  keeping  with  the 
high  degree  of  mechanical  equipment  of 
the  mills.  Mr.  Dynes  has  built  the  business 
of  the  company  by  striving  for  high  ideals. 

In  1900  Mr.  Dynes  married  Miss  Mae 
Stockton  Wood,  daughter  of  Mr.  Henry 
"Wood.  Mrs.  Dynes  was  born  at  Mays- 


2040 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ville,  Kentucky.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Lillian  Wood.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dynes  are 
members  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  and  in  politics  he  is  a  republican. 

FREDERICK  W.  BALLWEG.  This  is  the 
brief  story  of  a  successful  business  man 
and  of  a  family  of  very  earnest,  substan- 
tial and  patriotic  citizens  of  Indianapolis. 
Indianapolis  has  a  number  of  successful 
business  men,  and  it  should  be  said  at  the 
beginning  that  part  of  this  story  relates 
to  the  president  and  active  head  of  the 
Fred  Dietz  Company  at  1102  Madison  Ave- 
nue, and  of  Ballweg  &  Company,  wooden 
box  manufacturers  at  314  West  Wilkins 
Street,  both  of  them  large  and  important 
concerns  in  the  industries  of  the  city. 

The  Fred  Dietz  Company  manufactures 
packing  cases  and  also  a  complete  line  of 
factory  and  warehouse  trucks.  The  Ball- 
weg &  Company  makes  wooden  boxes  and 
packing  cases,  and  while  the  products  are 
sold  principally  to  the  home  market,  they 
are  distributed  by  means  of  the  local  wfiole- 
sale  trade  to  practically  every  civilized 
part  of  the  world. 

What  is  now  a  very  extensive  business 
was  begun  on  a  small  scale  on  old  Mis- 
sissippi Street,  now  Senate  Avenue,  at  the 
corner  of  Louisiana  Street.  One  of  the 
principal  promoters  was  Ferdinand  Zogg, 
who  came  from  Switzerland.  He  sold  his 
interest  and  Fred  Dietz  became  a  partner 
in  1878.  After  Mr.  Dietz  retired  Frederick 
W.  Ballweg  assumed  most  of  the  executive 
responsibilities  and  has  since  been  the  head 
and  manager  of  the  two  businesses  and 
was  the  founder  of  Ballweg  &  Company. 

One  of  the  individual  careers  that  In- 
dianapolis cannot  afford  to  forget  was  that 
of  the  late  Frederick  Ballweg,  whose  work 
as  a  practical  business  man  of  Indianapolis 
brought  him  a  comfortable  fortune  and 
whose  honor  and  integrity  and  usefulness 
made  him  one  of  the  most  respected  men  of 
that  community.  He  was  born  March  20, 
1825,  in  Huntheim,  a  little  village  of  about 
120  inhabitants  in  Baden,  Germany.  His 
parents  were  Sebastiana  and  Marianna 
(Schusler)  Ballweg,  both  natives  of  Ger- 
many. The  father  was  a  cabinet  maker 
and  owned  a  little  farm  of  twenty  acres. 
He  died  in  Germany  in  1866,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five.  There  were  five  children: 
Generosa ;  Cornelia ;  Frederick ;  Joseph ; 
and  Ambrose,  who  died  at  Indianapolis 


September  9,  1881.  Ambrose,  it  should  be 
mentioned  in  this  connection,  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  arsenal  at  Indianapolis  during 
the  Civil  war  with  the  rank  01  captain.  He 
married  Amelia  Engelman,  and  they  had 
four  children :  Cornelia ;  Alfred,  Charles 
and  Emma. 

The  late  Frederick  Ballweg  as  a  boy  in 
Germany  attended  the  public  schools  from 
the  age  of  six  to  fourteen.  The  next  five 
years  was  given  to  the  thorough  learning 
of  the  cabinet  making  trade,  and  when 
qualified  as  a  master  workman  he  left  home 
and  spent  some  years  in  France,  traveling 
about  as  a  journeyman  through  various 
cities  and  provinces,  including  Paris  and 
Toulon. 

He  was  about  twenty-four  years  of  age 
when  on  April  1,  1850,  he  embarked  on  a 
sailing  vessel  at  Havre  de  Grace  bound  for 
the  free  land  of  America.  It  was  a  long 
.•journey  over  the  ocean  and  he  landed  at 
New  York  City  on  June  7th.  A  few  hours 
later  he  was  at  Rahway,  New  Jersey,  and 
on  the  next  day  began  working  at  his  trade. 
At  first  he  received  $7  a  month  and  board, 
and  during  the  second  year  there  from  $10 
to  $12  a  week.  In  the  spring  of  1852  he 
went  to  New  York  City,  followed  his  trade 
for  a  year  and  on  September  17,  1853,  ar- 
rived at  Indianapolis. 

In  Indianapolis  he  secured  employment 
with  John  Ott,  one  of  the  first  cabinet 
makers  of  the  city.  After  five  years  of 
working  for  others  Mr.  Ballweg  began  an 
independent  business  career  in  the  lumber 
trade  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  lumber  merchants  for  about  fifteen 
years.  In  1878  he  bought  eighty  acres  of 
land  in  Perry  Township  of  Marion  County, 
paying  $75  an  acre  for  it,  that  being  a  very 
high  price  for  that  day.  Upon  this  farm 
he  erected  a  handsome  two-story  frame 
house  and  continued  to  live  there  in  the 
enjoyment  of  its  comforts  and  in  the  quiet 
routine  of  supervising  his  farm  until  his 
death  on  September  13,  1898.  His  widow 
is  still  living.  Frederick  Ballweg  is  remem- 
bered by  the  old  time  citizens  of  Indian- 
apolis as  a  wide-awake  and  progressive 
factor  in  city  affairs  and  equally  influential 
when  he  moved  to  the  country  and  took 
part  in  the  affairs  of  a  rural  locality.  He 
was  a  republican  and  cast  his  first  vote  for 
General  Fremont  for  president.  He  was 
born  and  baptized  a  Catholic,  but  through 
his  mature  life  was  liberal  in  religious  mat- 


• 


2040 


• 
INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ville.  Kentucky.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Lillian  Wood.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dynes  are 
members  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  and  in  polities  he  is  a  republican. 

FUKOKKIC-K  W.  UAI.LWKC.  Tliis  is  the 
brief  story  of  a  successful  business  man 
and  of  a  family  of  very  earnest,  substan- 
tial and  patriotic  citizens  of  Indianapolis. 
Indianapolis  ha.s  a  number  of  successful 
business  men,  and  it  should  be  said  at  the 
beginning  that  part  of  this  story  relates 
to  the  president  and  active  head  of  the 
Fred  Dietx  Company  at  1102  Madison  Ave- 
nue, and  of  BoJljreg  &  Company,  wooden 
box  manufacturers  at  :>14  West  "\Vilkins 
Street,  both  of  them  large  and  important 
concerns  in  the  industries  of  the  city. 

The  Fred  Dietz  Company  manufactures 
packing  cases  and  also  a  complete  line  of 
factory  and  warehouse  trucks.  The  Ball- 
weg  <Sc  Company  makes  wooden  boxes  and 
packing  eases,  and  while  the  products  are 
sold  principally  to  the  home  market,  they 
are  distributed  by  means  of  the  local  \\Tiole- 
sale  trade  to  practically  every  eivilixed 
part  of  the  world. 

What  is  now  a  very  extensive  business 
was  begun  on  a  small  scale  on  old  Mis- 
sissippi Street,  now  Senate  Avenue,  at  the 
corner  of  Louisiana  Street.  One  of  the 
principal  promoters  was  Ferdinand  Zogg, 
who  came  from  Switzerland.  Tie  sold  his 
interest  and  Fred  Dietz  became  a  partner 
in  1878.  After  Mr.  Dietz  retired  Frederick 
\V.  Uallweg  assumed  most  of  the  executive 
responsibilities  and  lias  since  been  the  head 
and  manager  of  the  two  businesses  and 
was  the  founder  of  Uallweg  &  Company. 

One  of  the  individual  careers  that  In- 
dianapolis cannot  afford  to  forget  was  that 
of  the  late  Frederick  P>allweg,  whose  work 
as  a  practical  business  man  of  Indianapolis 
brought  him  a  comfortable  fortune  and 
whose  honor  and  integrity  and  usefulness 
made  him  one  of  the  most  respected  men  of 
that  community.  lie  was  born  March  20, 
182").  in  Iluntheim.  a  little  village  of  about 
120  inhabitants  in  Radon.  Germany.  His 
parents  were  Sebastiana  and  Marianna 
(Schnsler)  Ballweg,  both  natives  of  Ger- 
many.  The  father  was  a  cabinet  maker 
and  owned  a  little  farm  of  twenty  acres. 
lie  died  in  Germany  in  1866,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five.  There  were  five  children: 
Gencrosa  :  Cornelia:  Frederick;  Joseph: 
and  Ambrose,  who  died  at  Indianapolis 


September  9,  1881.  Ambrose,  it  should  be 
mentioned  in  this  connection,  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  arsenal  at  Indianapolis  during 
the  Civil  war  with  the  rank  or  captain.  He 
married  Amelia  Kngelman,  and  they  had 
four  children :  Cornelia :  Alfred,  Charles 
and  Emma. 

The  late  Frederick  Ballweg  as  a  boy  in 
Germany  attended  the  public  schools  from 
the  age  of  six  to  fourteen.  The  next  five 
years  was  given  to  the  thorough  learning 
of  the  cabinet  making  trade,  and  when 
qualified  as  a  master  workman  he  left  home 
and  spent  some  years  in  France,  traveling 
about  as  a  journeyman  through  various 
c fries  and  provinces,  including  Paris  and 
Toulon. 

lie  was  about  twenty-four  years  of  age 
when  on  April  1.  1S.~)0,  he  embarked  on  a 
sailing  vessel  at  Havre  de  Grace  bound  for 
the  free  land  of  America.  It  was  a  long 
.journey  over  the  ocean  and  he  landed  at 
New  York  City  on  June  7th.  A  few  hours 
later  he  was  at  Rahway,  New  Jersey,  and 
on  the  next  day  began  working  at  his  trade. 
At  first  he  received  $7  a  month  and  board, 
and  during  the  second  year  there  from  $10 
to  $12  a  week.  In  the  spring  of  18f)2  he 
went  to  New  York  City,  followed  his  trade 
for  a  year  and  on  September  17,  1858,  ar- 
rived at  Indianapolis. 

In  Indianapolis  he  secured  employment 
with  John  Ott,  one  of  the  first  cabinet 
makers  of  the  city.  After  five  years  of 
working  for  others  Mr.  Hallweg  began  an 
independent  business  career  in  the  lumber 
trade  at  Indianapolis.  He  was  one  of  the 
leading  lumber  merchants  for  about  fifteen 
years.  In  1878  he  bought  eighty  acres  of 
land  in  Perry  Township  of  Marion  County, 
paying  $7f>  an  acre  for  it,  that  being  a  very 
high  price  for  that  day.  I'pon  this  farm 
he  erected  a  handsome  two-story  frame 
house  and  continued  to  live  there  in  the 
enjoyment  of  its  comforts  and  in  the  quiet 
routine  of  supervising  his  farm  until  his 
death  on  September  18.  1898.  His  widow 
is  still  living.  Frederick  Ballweg  is  remem- 
bered by  the  old  time  citizens  of  Indian- 
apolis as  a  wide-awake  and  progressive 
factor  in  city  affairs  and  equally  influential 
when  he  moved  to  the  country  and  took 
part  in  the  affairs  of  a  rural  locality.  He 
was  a  republican  and  cast  his  first  vote  for 
General  Fremont  for  president.  He  was 
born  and  baptized  a  Catholic,  but  through 
his  mature  life  was  liberal  in  religious  mat- 


UBMffl 

OF  f.« 
UHWERSnY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2041 


ters  and  was  chiefly  concerned  with  those 
principles  and  institutions  calculated  to 
raise  and  advance  the  moral  standards  of 
the  community.  For  many  years  he  was 
active  in  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows. 

At  Indianapolis  January  1,  1854,  less 
than  a  year  after  he  arrived  in  the  city,  he 
married  Miss  Eliese  Stanger,  daughter  of 
Gustav  Stanger.  They  were  married  by 
Squire  Sullivan.  To  their  union  were  born 
twelve  children :  William,  deceased ;  Fred- 
erick W. ;  Annie  M.,  deceased ;  Louis  Gv 
who  died  May  29,  1869 ;  Franklin  A.,  who 
died  June  4,  1864;  Lena  E.,  who  died  Sep- 
tember 22,  1892  ;  Clara  M. ;  Lilly,  who  died 
in  infancy ;  Louis  E. ;  Bertha  A.,  who  died 
in  1873;  Robert  M.,  deceased;  and  Otto, 
who  died  January  3,  1879. 

Mr.  Frederick  W.  Ballweg  was  bor.n  at 
Indianapolis  February  4,  1857.     Most  of 
his  early  education  was  acquired  in  that 
famous   institution   the    German   English 
Independent   School,   and   he  also  took   a 
business  course  in  the  C.  C.  Koerner  Busi- 
ness College.     For  nearly  forty  years  he:» 
has  devoted  himself  energetically  «id>s4Ji-  i 
cessfully  to  the  promotion  of  the  business 
enterprises  above  noted. 

In  1901  he  married  Wilhelmina  C. 
Straub.  They  are  the  parents  of  three  chil- 
dren :  Pauline  Elizabeth,  Frederick  Straub 
and  Virginia  Katherine.  The  family  are 
members  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Indianapolis. 

WILLIAM  M.  BRYANT,  educator  and  au- 
thor, was  born  in  Lake  County,  Illinois, 
March  31,  1843.  His  first  work  after  com- 
pleting his  educational  training  was  as  a 
teacher,  and  his  work  as  an  educator 
brought  him  success  and  prominence.  His 
last  work  was  as  instructor  in  psychology, 
ethics  and  history  in  the  Centra"!  High 
School,  St.  Louis,  and  he  retired  in  1912. 
As  an  author  he  has  also  placed  his  name 
prominently  before  the  public,  and  he  is 
the  creator  of  many  standard  works. 

I 

SAMUEL  JAMES  TAYLOR,  who  is  of  a 
prominent  Scotch  family  and  spent  his 
early  life  in  Scotland,  has  for  thirty  years 
or  more  been  identified  with  the  Middle 
West,  principally  at  Michigan  City.  Mr. 
Taylor  has  been  a  leading  factor  in  the 
larger  business  life  of  Michigan  City  and 


has  been  equally  prominent  in  many  of  its 
civic  activities. 

He  was  born  at  Ivy  Place  in  the  town  of 
Stranraer  in  Wigtonshire,  Scotland.  The 
family  at  one  time  bore  the  name  McTald- 
roch,  and  generation  after  generation  of 
them  was  devoted  to  the  tending  of  their 
fields  and  flocks.  They  were  Covenanters, 
Lowlanders  and  Presbyterians.  Samuel 
Taylor,  grandfather  of  the  Michigan  City 
business  man,  was  a  timber  and  slate  mer- 
chant at  Stranraer.  He  imported  large 
quantities  of  timber  from  the  United  States 
and  Canada  and  also  from  Norway  and 
Sweden.  His  business  frequently  took  him 
to  London.  He  happened  to  be  in  that 
city  June  18,  1832,  when  a  mob  attacked 
the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  Samuel  Tay- 
lor had  the  honor  of  opening  a  gate  through 
which  that  great  general  passed  to  safety. 
Samuel  Taylor  died  March  21,  1888,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-two. 

Major  Samuel  H.  Taylor,  father  of  Sam- 
uel J.,  was  apprenticed  to  the  firm  of 
Bouchier  and  Cousland,  leading  architects 
at  Glasgow.  After  completing  his  appren- 
vtipeflhJHi.i^was  associated  with  his  father 
under  the  'firm  name  of  Samuel  Taylor  and 
Son,  and  besides  the  lumber  and  slate  busi- 
ness they  also  used  their  resources  in  im- 
proving real  estate  in  and  around  Stran- 
raer. Samuel  H.  joined  the  militia,  was 
made  ensign  of  the  Second  Company  of 
Wigtonshire  Volunteers  June  16,  1863,  and 
was  commissioned  captain  of  the  company 
August  6,  1870.  This  company  became 
Company  C  of  the  Galloway  Rifle  Volun- 
teers, and  was  attached  to  the  Territorial 
Regiment  of  the  Royal  Scotch  Fusiliers. 
He  was  made  honorary  major,  and  bore 
that  title  in  private  life.  He  was 
selected  bv  the  government  to  rep- 
resent the  British  volunteers  at  a  confer- 
ence held  in  Belgium  in  1869,  and  a  medal 
presented  him  by  King  Leopold  at  the  time 
is  now  carefully  preserved  by  his  descend- 
ants. Major  Taylor  died  March  17,  1890. 
and  was  buried  with  military  honors.  He 
was  prominent  in  public  affairs  and  for 
twenty  years  was  in  the  town  council  and 
was  also  a  magistrate.  His  wife  was  Jane 
Ramsay,  daughter  of  James  and  Jane 
C  Campbell)  Ramsay.  Her  parents  moved 
from  Scotland  to  Australia,  where  they 
spent  their  last  years.  She  went  to  Aus- 
tralia with  her  parents  about  1860,  taught 


2042 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


school  at  Geelong,  but  returned  to  England 
to  be  married,  returning  on  a  vessel  that 
reached  port  six  weeks  behind  schedule 
time.  Jane  Ramsay  was  born  at  Dunoon 
in  Argyleshire,  Scotland,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Normal  School  in  Glasgow.  While 
there  she  met  the  young  architect  appren- 
tice whom  she  afterward  married.  They 
were  married  at  St.  Margaret's  Church  in 
Faulkner  Square,  Liverpool.  She  died 
February  27,  1887,  the  mother  of  six  chil- 
dren: Henry  Ramsay,  Charles  Warden, 
Samuel  James.  Ernest  Campbell,  Arthur 
Robertson,  and  Jane  Barton. 

Samuel  James  Taylor  was  educated  at 
Stranraer  Academy.  From  early  youth  he 
was  very  fond  of  athletics,  being  a  member 
of  the  Association  Football  team  and  of 
the  Rowing  and  Cricket  Clubs.  For  six 
years  he  was  in  a  local  military  company 
as  sergeant.  This  company  was  known  as 
Company  C,  Galloway  Rifle  Volunteers. 
He  was  secretary  of  the  shooting  committee 
of  the  company  and  arranged  the  first 
match  between  the  Ulster  and  Belfast  Rifle 
Associations.  As  the  scores  of  those  asso- 
ciations show  he  was  one  of  the  best  marks- 
men in  the  South  of  Scotland.  Mr.  Taylor 
was  a  member  of  the  Guard  of  Honor  se- 
lected to  receive  the  Prince  of  Wales,  later 
King  Edward,  when  the  prince  visited 
Stranraer  April  27,  1885. 

Having  completed  his  academic  course 
Mr.  Taylor  became  associated  with  his 
father  in  business,  and  was  thus  engaged 
for  six  years,  until  1888,  when  he  came  to 
the  United  States.  He  brought  with  him 
numerous  letters  of  introduction  and  rec- 
ommendation from  bankers  and  magistrates 
in  Scotland.  During  the  voyage  the  ves- 
sel encountered  a  terrific  blizzard  and  he 
landed  three  days  late,  on  March  15th,  find- 
ing New  York  almost  buried  in  snow.  He 
came  directly  west  to  Chicago,  and  on 
March  27th  was  employed  as  a  clerk  by  the 
A.  G.  Spaklinar  &  Company,  the  great 
snorting  goods  house.  Soon  afterward  the 
Western  Arms  Company  bought  the  gun 
department  of  that  store,  and  Mr.  Taylor 
went  with  the  new  firm  and  remained  un- 
til the  fall  of  1889.  He  then  entered  the 
wholesale  house  of  Marshall  Field  &  Com- 
pany, the  following  year  became  book- 
keeper for  the  Amazon  Hosiery  Company, 
and  on  August  17,  1890.  was  sent  to  Mich- 
igan City  by  the  firm,  and  was  connected 
with  it  until  the  plant  was  moved  to  Mus- 


kegon  in  1896.  During  that  year  Mr.  Tay- 
lor was  appointed  deputy  chief  of  the  In- 
diana Bureau  of  Statistics  in  the  State 
House  by  John  B.  Conner,  and  was  busy 
with  his  official  duties  until  November  1, 
1897. 

At  that  date,  at  the  personal  solicitation 
of  the  late  John  H.  Barker,  Mr.  Taylor  re- 
signed his  public  office  to  become  actuary 
at  the  Haskell  and  Barker  Car  Works  in 
Michigan  City.  Upon  the  death  of  Mr. 
Barker  he  was  elected  auditor  of  the  Has- 
kell and  Barker  Car  Company.  In  that 
position  he  was  held  responsible  for  the 
delivery  of  all  material  except  lumber  and 
small  supplies.  It  is  a  well  known  fact 
that  during  all  the  time  he  held  the  office 
the  plant  was  never  retarded  for  lack  of 
material.  Mr.  Taylor  finally  resigned  be- 
cause of  impaired  health,  and  has  since  de- 
voted his  time  to  his  private  interests.  He 
is  a  stockholder  in  a  number  of  industrial 
plants  and  is  president  of  the  Pinkston 
Sapd  Company,  shippers  of  foundry,  core, 
grinding,  and  glass  sand  from  the  Hoosier 
pits.  He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Michigan  City. 

December  21,  1893,  Mr.  Taylor  married 
Miss  Julia  Adaline  Leeds.  She  was  born 
in  Michigan  City,  a  daughter  of  Alfred  W. 
and  Minnie  (Lell)  Leeds,  of  a  well  known 
old  family  of  the  county.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Taylor  have  three  daughters:  Margery 
Leeds,  a  student  in  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois; Julia,  a  student  in  Rockford  College 
at  Rockford,  Illinois;  and  Charlotte  Ridg- 
way.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Taylor  are  active 
members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he 
being  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
and  she  assistant  superintendent  of  the 
Sunday  School.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  that  had  charge  of  the 
erection  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  building  in  Michigan  City,  and 
has  served  as  president  of  the  association 
and  now  as  a  director.  He  is  active  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  for  twenty 
years  or  more  has  been  identified  with  every 
movement  for  the  advancement  of  Michi- 
gan City.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Michi- 
gan City  Rotary  Club,  a  member  of  St. 
Andrews  Society,  the  oldest  charitable  so- 
ciety in  Illinois,  is  a  member  of  the  Chi- 
cago Traffic  Club,  of  the  Potawattomie 
Country  Club,  and  in  1888  was  secretary 
of  the  Caledonian  Society  of  Chicago.  He 
was  made  a  Master  Mason  in  the  place  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2043 


his  birth  in  February,  1888,  and  is  now 
affiliated  with  Acme  Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  with  Michigan 
City  Chapter  No.  25,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Michigan  City  Council  No.  56,  Royal  and 
Select  Masons,  Michigan  City  Commandery 
No.  30,  Knights  Templar,  and  Fort  Wayne 
Consistory  of  the  Scottish  Rite.  He  is  a 
charter  member  of  Lake  City  Court  No. 
520  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Foresters, 
and  a  member  of  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  No.  432,  and  of  the 
Ahksahewah  Canoe  Club. 

As  a  republican  in  politics  Mr.  Taylor 
has  at  different  times  been  identified  with 
party  affairs,  and  was  especially  active  dur- 
ing McKinley's  campaign.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  county  council  established 
after  the  passage  of  the  Legislature  for 
that  purpose  about  1901.  This  council  ef- 
fected a  reduction  of  $105,000  in  the  county 
taxes.  In  the  primary  elections  in  1917 
Mr.  Taylor  was  the  choice  of  his  party  for 
mayor.  He  has  also  been  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  legal  procedure  to  cause 
the  authorities  to  cease  to  levy  illegal  taxes 
against  the  citizens  of  the  county.  During 
the  recent  war  Mr.  Taylor  served  as  vice 
chairman  of  the  committee  for  the  sale  of 
War  Savings  Stamps  and  secretary  of  the 
Liberty  Loan  Committees. 

ROBERT  JOHN  LOGAN.  Business,  like 
war,  is  constantly  recruiting  younger  men 
to  positions  in  the  ranks  or  as  lieutenants 
and  captains,  and  among  the  younger  busi- 
ness men  of  Anderson  one  who  might  prop- 
erly be  considered  at  least  a  lieutenant  in 
rank  is  Robert  John  Logan,  head  of  the 
firm  Logan  &  Morrison,  plumbing  and 
heating. 

Mr.  Logan  was  born  at  Akron,  Ohio, 
March  15,  1889,  son  of  J.  R,  and  Mary 
(Waldschmidt)  Logan.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  and  German  ancestry.  His  grand- 
father, Robert  J.  Logan,  was  born  in  Scot- 
land and  on  coming  to  America  settled  at 
Fredericksburg,  Ohio.  For  a  number  of 
years  he  was  engineer  on  an  old  line 
railway,  now  the  C.  A.  &  C.  Railway.  J. 
R.  Logan  also  developed  his  talents  as  an 
engineer.  As  an  employe  of  the  great 
match  king,  Ohio  C.  Barber,  of  Akron  and 
Barberton,  he  came  to  Wabash,  Indiana, 
and  constructed  the  United  Boxboard  and 
Paper  Company  of  that  city,  and  has  been 
with  that  firm  continuously  now  for  over 


thirty-one  years.  He  and  his  wife  are  both 
living  in  Wabash. 

Robert  John  Logan  was  only  a  baby 
when  his  parents  moved  to  Wabash,  and 
he  grew  up  there,  gaining  his  education  in 
the  public  schools.  In  1907  he  graduated 
from  high  school,  and  in  the  same  year  en- 
tered DePauw  University  at  Greencastle, 
where  he  spent  two  years.  Leaving  col- 
lege in  1909,  he  found  a  position  with  an 
industrial  plant  at  Wabash,  at  first  as 
roustabout  and  trouble  shooter,  gradually 
worked  up  to  the  duties  of  bookkeeper  and 
commercial  manager.  Two  years  later  he 
was  made  manager  of  the  local  office.  In 
1913  he  resigned,  and  removing  to  Ander- 
son began  the  sale  of  gas  appliances  under 
the  name  The  Anderson  Gas  Appliance 
Company  at  1033  Main  Street.  When  the 
supply  of  natural  gas  was  exhausted  he 
gave  up  that  business  and  in  March,  1917, 
established  a  corporation  with  a  former  em- 
ploye, E.  D.  Morrison,  under  the  firm  name 
of  Logan  &  Morrison,  Incorporated.  Mr. 
Logan  is  president.  They  bought  the 
plumbing  establishment  of  John  H.  Em- 
mert,  46  West  Ninth  Street,  and  have  con- 
tinued at  the  same  location  but  have  greatly 
improved  the  service  and  facilities  for 
handling  all  forms  of  heating  and  plumb- 
ing contracts,  including  electric  heating. 
They  have  done  a  large  amount  of  work 
for  private  individuals  and  also  some  con- 
tracts for  the  city  and  county. 

In  1912  Mr.  Logan  married  Helen  H. 
Johnson,  daughter  of  George  B.  and  Alice 
(Greeson)  Johnson,  of  Wabash,  Indiana. 
Politically  his  vote  is  cast  independently. 
Mr.  Logan  is  affiliated  with  Wabash  Lodge 
No.  61,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, and  also  with  the  Royal  Arch  Chap- 
ter. He  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

i 

LEON  B.  SCHT-TZ  is  president  and  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  Credit  Apparel  Com- 
pany, a  business  that  has  had  a  rapid 
growth  and  prosperous  career  during  the 
last  four  or  five  years,  and  has  expanded 
until  it  now  includes  three  large  stores,  at 
Anderson,  Richmond,  and  Muncie. 

A  simple  statement  of  the  facts  and  ex- 
periences in  the  career  of  Leon  B.  Schutz 
needs  no  special  comment,  and  the  story 
stands  by  itself  as  a  most  inspiring  and 
encouraging  one,  proving  what  a  young 
man  of  much  resourcefulness  can  accom- 


2044 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


plish  in  spite  of  difficult  circumstances  and 
even  of  repeated  failures. 

Mr.  Schutz  was  born  in  Lithuania,  Rus- 
sia, July  15,  1887,  a  son  of  Benzion  and 
Agee  (Chones)  Schutz.  His  parents  are 
still  living  in  the  old  country.  His  brother 
Moses  was  a  soldier  in  the  Russian  army 
and  is  now  a  prisoner  of  war  in  Germany. 

Mr.  Schutz  came  to  America  alone  in 
November,  1903,  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  For 
eight  years  he  lived  in  New  York  City. 
His  first  opportunity  to  gain  a  foothold 
in  that  busy  metropolis  was  as  errand  boy 
ii;  a  store.  At  the  end  of  three  weeks  his 
employer  committed  suicide  and  he  was  out 
of  a  job.  At  that  time  three  dollars  a 
week  paid  his  board  and  lodging.  As 
stockboy  in  a  cloak  and  suit  factory  he  en- 
dured conditions  only  a  short  time,  since 
he  was  subjected  to  menial  tasks  by  his 
superiors  that  he  felt  it  beneath  him  to  con- 
tinue longer.  In  the  meantime  he  was  ac- 
quiring some  training  in  American  ways, 
and  his  next  work  with  better  pay  was  in 
the  woolen  business.  He  kept  working  to- 
ward larger  responsibilities,  and  finally 
was  made  a  city  salesman.  He  remained 
with  that  firm  several  years,  until  in  the 
panic  of  1907  he  was  displaced.  He  then 
went  west  to  Chicago,  and  worked  as  a 
clothing  salesman,  a  line  of  which  he  was 
totally  ignorant,  but  where  his  ready 
adaptability  and  quick  observation  enabled 
him  to  become  a  fixture,  and  he  was  there 
alnut  four  years. 

On  returning  to  New  York  City  Mr. 
Schutz  married  in  1910  Mary  Gross,  of 
Heightstown,  New  Jersey,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam and  Angie  (Muckler)  Gross.  They 
have  two  children,  Herbert  born  in  1913 
and  Emeline  Dorothy,  born  in  1917. 

Having  gradually  accumulated  a  small 
capital  amounting  to  about  $1,000  Mr. 
Schutz  after  his  marriage  set  up  in  the 
woolen  business  for  himself  on  Worth 
Street  in  New  York  City.  He  was 'there 
a  year  and  a  half  and  then  sought  a  better 
location  for  a  business  in  Los  Angeles, 
California.  In  the  meantime  he  had  spent 
his  capital,  and  on  returning  to  New  York 
City  went  to  work  for  the  Regal  Shoe  Com- 
pany as  salesman  at  fifteen  dollars  a  week. 
In  two  months  time  his  record  of  sales  was 
the  best  of  any  similar  employe  of  the 
company.  But  he  was  not  content  to  re- 
main an  employe,  and  in  1913  he  came  to 
Anderson  and  accepted  the  position  of 


manager  of  the  People's  Clothing  Com- 
pany. After  3ir2  years  he  took  a  partner 
and  in  1917  established  the  Credit  Apparel 
Company.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  busi- 
ness has  enabled  the  firm  to  establish  two 
branches,  one  at  Muncie  and  one  at  Rich- 
mond, and  they  now  have  three  large  sales- 
rooms with  fine  fixtures  and  employ  about 
twenty-five  clerks  and  others,  and  handle 
a  splendid  line  of  cloaks,  suits,  and  men's 
clothing.  The  company  does  an  immense 
business  both  in  the  country  and  city  trade. 
Mr.  Schutz  is  president  of  the  corporation 
and  is  manager  of  the  Anderson  branch. 
He  is  buyer  for  all  the  stores. 

Mr.  Schutz  is  a  republican.  He  is  an 
orthodox  Jew  and  Zionist,  and  is  treasurer 
of  Ahavath  Achim  Temple  at  Anderson. 
Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  Veritas 
Lodge  No.  735,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  at  New  York  City  and  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks 
at  Anderson. 

CLEMENT  V.  CARR.  It  is  not  merely  his 
official  position  as  sheriff  of  Wayne  County 
which  makes  Mr.  Carr  one  of  the  most 
widely  known  and  appreciated  citizens  of 
that  section  of  Indiana.  He  had  a  strong 
hold  on  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the 
community  before  he  was  chosen  to  the  of- 
fice of  sheriff,  and  has  shown  business  judg- 
ment and  integrity  through  all  the  varied 
relationships  of  his  life. 

He  was  born  in  Butler  County,  Ohio, 
February  2,  1863,  a  son  of  Jacob  G.  and 
Katherine  (Zeller)  Carr.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  He  was  born  on  a  farm, 
lived  in  one  of  the  rural  districts  of  Ohio 
until  he  was  ten  years  old,  when  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Wells  County,  Indiana,  and 
there  as  a  boy  he  assisted  his  father  in 
working  the  160  acre  farm.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen,  in  1882,  he  came  to  Richmond  and 
learned  the  trade  of  molder  in  the  plant  of 
the  Hoosier  Drill  Company.  He  remained 
with  that  one  firm  as  one  of  its  most  relia- 
ble workers  for  thirteen  years.  He  then 
took  employment  with  the  Jones  Hardware 
Company.  He  gave  up  this  business  con- 
nection to  go  to  Solomon,  Kansas,  and  take 
charge  of  a  large  ranch  of  4,220  acres 
owned  by  J.  M.  Westcott.  This  was  one 
of  the  famous  ranches  of  the  Solomon  Val- 
ley in  Dickinson  County,  Kansas,  near 
Abilene.  Mr.  Carr  remained  as  its  man- 
ager for  five  years,  and  for  the  next  two 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2045 


years  was  engaged  in  cattle  raising  at 
Boulder,  Wyoming.  Returning  to  Rich- 
mond in  1911,  he  began  farming  for  him- 
self on  a  place  of  172y2  acres  near  Rich- 
mond. He  left  the  active  management 
after  five  years  to  enter  politics  as  primary 
candidate  for  the  office  of  sheriff  in  1916. 
There  were  ten  aspirants  for  the  republi- 
can nomination,  and  he  won  out  over  them 
all  and  in  the  succeeding  election  he  de- 
feated his  democratic  opponent,  Ben  Dris- 
chel,  by  1,700  votes.  In  1918  he  was  again 
successful  at  the  primaries  and  defeated 
Isaac  Burns  for  a  second  term  by  a  similar 
plurality.  The  sheriff's  office  on  all  ac- 
counts has  never  been  in  better  hands  than 
since  Mr.  Carr  took  its  management.  He 
is  a  man  of  vigor,  courageous  and  prompt 
in  decisions,  and  thoroughly  well  qualified 
for  his  duties.  On  May  10,  1917,  he  was 
appointed  chairman  of  the  Wayne  County 
Conscription  Board  No.  1,  and  had  those 
duties  throughout  the  war  period.  Mr. 
Carr  is  a  popular  member  of  the  Benevo- 
lent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  the  Wayne  Lodge  of 
Moose  No.  167.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Grace  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at 
Richmond. 

He  is  properly  proud  of  his  fine  family. 
February  27,  1883,  he  married  Lillie  A. 
Fasold,  daughter  of  John  Fasold  of  Rich- 
mond, Indiana.  There  were  four  children 
born  to  their  marriage:  Herbert  A.,  born 
January  24,  1884,  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one;  Clifford  H.,  born  September 
21,  1888,  accounts  for  the  star  in  the  serv- 
ice flag  in  the  family  home.  He  graduated 
with  the  degree  electrical  engineer  from 
the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  at 
Manhattan  in  1907,  and  for  several  years 
was  engineer  of  the  sales  department  of 
the  Allis-Chalmers  Company  at  Kansas 
City.  Early  in  the  war  he  enlisted  and  is 
at  present  in  the  warrant  office  of  the 
United  States  Navy.  He  married  at  Man- 
hattan, Kansas.  The  two  younger  children 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Carr  are  Katharine  Zeller, 
now  a  junior  in  the  Richmond  High  School, 
and  Earle  W.,  also  a  high  school  student, 
born  in  1906,  on  the  Westcott  Ranch,  Solo- 
man,  Kansas. 

JAMES  A.  VAN  OSDOL,  an  Indiana  lawyer 
of  over  thirty  years  experience,  has  largely 
specialized  his  services  in  behalf  of  the 
Union  Traction  Company  of  Indiana  since 


that  transportation  system  was  put  in  oper- 
ation. Mr.  Van  Osdol  is  general  attorney 
for  the  company,  with  offices  and  head- 
quarters at  Anderson,  and  at  one  time  was 
associated  as  a  law  partner  with  Charles  L. 
Henry,  who  perhaps  more  than  any  other 
man  was  responsible  for  inaugurating  the 
building  of  interurban  electric  lines  which 
are  now  comprised  in  this  splendid  Union 
Traction  System. 

Mr.  Van  Osdol  is  of  old  Holland  Dutch 
lineage,  first  established  in  the  colony  of 
New  Jersey.  The  early  records  show  that 
a  member  of  the  Van  Osdol  family  was 
sent  by  the  Dutch  government  to  America 
for  the  purpose  of  testing  clays  with  a 
view  to  the  establishment  of  potteries. 
This  pioneer  Van  Osdol  was  so  well  satis- 
fied with  the  new  country  that  he  re- 
mained, and  started  the  American  branch 
of  the  family  which  subsequently  moved 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  later  came  down  the 
Ohio  Valley  to  Southern  Indiana.  Through 
most  of  the  generations  the  family  have 
been  farmers. 

James  A.  Von  Osdol  was  born  in  Cass 
Township,  Ohio  County,  Indiana,  August 
4,  1860,  son  of  Boston  Weaver  and  Rachel 
(Jenkins)  Van  Osdol.  His  early  life  was 
spent  in  the  rugged  and  backwoods  districts 
of  Ohio  County,  and  his  early  education 
was  limited  to  the  public  schools  there  in 
winter  terms,  while  his  services  found  am- 
ple employment  on  the  farm  during  the 
summer.  In  this  way  his  life  went  on  un- 
til he  was  seventeen  years  of  age,  when  he 
obtained  a  certificate  and  began  teaching 
school.  This  was  a  vocation  he  followed 
for  six  years  in  his  native  county.  The 
last  three  years  of  that  time  he  studied  law 
at  home  privately,  and  in  1883  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  by  Judge  Allyson.  He 
had  in  the  meantime  moved  to  Vevay, 
Switzerland  County,  Indiana,  and  shortly 
he  joined  William  D.  Ward  under  the  firm 
name  of  Ward  &  Van  Osdol,  which  was 
continued  until  1893.  In  the  latter  year 
Mr.  Van  Osdol  moved  to  Elwood,  Indiana, 
where  he  practiced  for  two  years,  and  in 
1895  moved  to  Anderson,  and  there 
became  associated  with  Charles  L.  Henry 
and  E.  B.  McMahan  in  the  law  firm 
of  Henry,  McMahan  &  Van  Osdol.  This 
firm  was  continued  for  two  years.  Mr. 
Van  Osdol  was  associated  from  the  first 
with  Mr.  Henry  and  other  men  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Union  Traction  Company, 


2046 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  early  in  the  history  of  the  organiza- 
tion was  chosen  its  general  attorney  and 
has  since  been  at  the  head  of  the  legal  de- 
partment and  in  more  or  less  intimate 
touch  with  all  legal  matters  affecting  the 
organization  and  operation  of  the  present 
concern  known  as  the  Union  Traction  Com- 
pany of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Van  Osdol  is  one  of  the  directors  of 
the  Anderson  Trust  Company.  In  the 
spring  of  1917  he  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  Eed  Cross  organization  in  Madison 
County,  and  was  also  early  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  Advisory  Commit- 
tee of  the  American  Red  Cross.  Under 
his  leadership  Madison  County  responded 
generously  to  every  call  of  the  Red  Cross. 
He  has  been  quite  active  in  republican 
party  affairs,  and  perhaps  chiefly  so  while 
living  in  Southern  Indiana.  In  1888  he 
was  elected  superintendent  of  public 
schools  of  Switzerland  County.  Mr.  Van 
Osdol  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of 
Indianapolis,  the  Tourist  Club  of  Ander- 
son, the  Rotary  Club  of  Anderson,  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 
thias at  Vevay,  and  has  membership  in  the 
First  Methodist  Church  at  Anderson.  Mr. 
Van  Osdol  has  been  twice  married.  By  his 
first  marriage  he  has  a  son,  Robert.  In 
1894  he  married  Mrs.  Mary  F.  (Gould) 
Goodin,  of  Peru,  Indiana.  By  her  first  hus- 
band she  had  a  son,  Donald  Goodin.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Van  Osdol  have  one  child,  Gould 
J.  Van  Osdol,  born  in  1902. 

REX  D.  KAUFMAN  is  sole  proprietor  of 
the  Kaufman  Hardware  Company,  a  busi- 
ness which  was  established  in  Anderson 
many  years  ago  by  his  father  and  in  which 
he  developed  his  own  skill  and  capacity  as 
a  merchant.  This  is  one  of  the  large  con- 
cerns of  Eastern  Indiana,  and  does  both  a 
retail  and  jobbing  business  in  light  and 
heavy  hardware  and  mill  supplies  all  over 
this  portion  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Kaufman  was  born  November  14, 
1884,  at  Kokomo,  Indiana,  a  son  of  Dan 
T.  and  Eva  (Turner)  Kaufman.  His 
father  was  a  merchant  for  many  years, 
and  associated  with  George  W.  Davis  as 
a  partner  in  the  Lion  Store  at  Anderson 
from  1886  until  on  the  dissolution  of  the 
partnership,  Mr.  Davis  took  the  dry  goods 
department  and  Dan  Kaufman  the  hard- 
ware and  mill  supply  end,  which  he  con- 


tinued successfully  until  his  death  in  June, 
1915. 

Rex  D.  Kaufman  has  three  living  sis- 
ters. He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Anderson,  spending  three  years 
in  high  school.  From  early  boyhood  he 
had  worked  in  his  father's  store,  and  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  took  his  place  as  a  regular 
clerk  therein  and  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  every  branch  of  the  business. 
After  his  father's  death  he  bought  the  busi- 
ness and  has  continued  it  under  the  same 
high  plane  it  was  run  in  his  father's  day. 
It  requires  the  services  of  fifteen  people  to 
conduct  the  store.  Mr.  Kaufman  is  also 
a  stockholder  and  vice  president  of  the 
Wynne  Cooperage  Company  at  Wynne, 
Arkansas.  He  was  president  of  the  Ander- 
son Club  in  1916-17,  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Columbia  Club 
of  Indianapolis,  is  a  Knight  Templar  Ma- 
son, has  attained  the  thirty-second  degree 
in  the  Scottish  Rite,  is  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  of  Anderson  Lodge  No.  209, 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
and  is  quite  active  in  republican  party 
affairs. 

In  1912  he  married  Nondas  E.  Craft, 
daughter  of  William  and  Mary  Craft,  of 
Anderson. 

PHILIP  ZOERCHER  is  an  Indianapolis  law- 
yer who  is  one  of  the  important  contribu- 
tions of  Perry  County  to  the  capital  city. 
Mr.  Zoercher  has  long  been  prominent  in 
public  affairs  in  Indiana,  has  served  in  the 
State  Legislature,  as  Supreme  Court  re- 
porter, and  is  now  a  member  of  the  board 
of  state  tax  commissioners. 

Mr.  Zoercher  was  born  at  Tell  City,  In- 
diana, October  1,  1866,  son  of  Christian 
and  Mary  Anna  (Christ)  Zoercher.  They 
were  the  parents  of  eight  children,  six  of 
whom  are  still  living. 

Christian  Zoercher  was  born  in  Bavaria, 
Germany,  and  grew  up  there  until  sixteen 
years  of  age.  In  order  to  escape  com- 
pulsory military  service  he  left  the  Father- 
land and  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1848.  His  first  location  was  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  New  York,  where  he  worked  at  the  cab- 
inet maker's  trade.  After  that  he  lived 
successively  for  short  intervals  at  Cleve- 
land and  Cincinnati,  and  in  April,  1866, 
moved  to  Tell  City,  Indiana,  where  he 
found  employment  in  the  shops  of  that 
town.  While  at  Cincinnati  he  married, 


l'04o' 


and  early  in  the  history  of  the  organiza- 
tion was  chosen  its  general  attorney  and 
has  since  IK-CM  at  the  head  of  the  legal  de- 
partment and  in  more  or  less  intimate 
touch  with  all  legal  matters  affecting  the 
organization  and  operation  of  the  present 
concern  known  as  the  I'nion  Traction  Com- 
pany of  Indiana. 

-Mr.  Van  Osdol  is  one  of  the  directors  of 
the  Anderson  Trust  Company.  In  the 
spring  of  1917  lie  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  lied  Cross  organization  in  Madison 
County,  and  was  also  early  appointed  a 
member  of  the  Indiana  Advisory  Commit- 
tee of  the  American  lied  Cross.  1'nder 
his  leadership  Madison  County  responded 
generously  to  every  call  of  the  lied  Cross. 
Me  has  licen  <|iiite  active  in  republican 
party  affairs,  and  perhaps  chiefly  so  while 
living  jn  Southern  Indiana.  In  IS.ss  he 
was  elected  superintendent  of  public 
schools  of  Switzerland  County.  Mr.  Van 

Osdol  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of 
Indianapolis,  the  Tourist  Club  of  Ander- 
son, the  Rotary  Club  of  Anderson,  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Anderson  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 
thias at  Vcvay.  and  has  membership  in  the 
First  Methodist  Church  at  Anderson.  Mr. 
Van  Osdol  lias  been  twice  married.  Hy  his 
first  marriage  he  has  a  son.  Robert.  In 
1>94  he  married  Mrs.  Mary  K.  (Could) 
<  M  otlin.  of  I'ern,  Indiana,  Uy  her  first  hus- 
band she  had  a  son.  Donald  (ioodin.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Van  Osdol  have  one  child.  (!ould 
•  I.  Van  Osdol.  born  in  1902. 

l\i:.\  I).  KAITMAX  is  sole  proprietor  of 
the  Kaufman  Hardware  Company,  a  busi- 
ness which  was  established  in  Anderson 
many  years  ago  by  his  father  and  in  which 
lie  developed  his  own  skill  and  capacity  as 
a  merchant .  This  is  one  of  the  lartre  con- 
cerns of  Kastcrn  Indiana,  ami  does  both  a 
retail  and  jobbing  business  in  light  and 
heavy  hardware  and  mill  supplies  all  over 
this  portion  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Kaufman  was  born  November  14. 
1.NS4.  at  Koknmo,  Indiana,  a  son  of  Dan 
T.  and  Kva  •.  Turner  i  Kaufman.  Mis 
father  was  a  merchant  for  maiiv  years, 
and  associated  with  (iconic  \V.  Davis  as 
a  partner  in  the  Lion  Store  at  Anderson 
!  rom  1.*»M5  until  on  the  dissolution  of  the 
I  artnersliip.  Mr.  Davis  took  the  dry  {roods 
d- partinent  anil  Dan  Kaufman  the  hard- 
ware and  mill  supply  end.  which  he  con- 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 

tinned  siirrrssfnlly  until  his  death  in  June, 


Rex  D.  Kaufman  lias  three  living  sis- 
ters. Me  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Anderson,  spending  three  years 
in  high  school.  From  early  boyhood  he 
had  worked  in  his  father's  store,  and  at  the 
ape  of  eighteen  took  his  plaee  as  a  regular 
clerk  therein  and  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  every  branch  of  the  business. 
After  his  father's  death  he  bought  the  busi- 
ness and  has  continued  it  under  the  same 
high  plane  it  was  run  in  his  father's  day. 
It  requires  the  services  of  fifteen  people  to 
conduct  the  store.  Mr.  Kaufman  is  also 
a  stockholder  and  vice  president  of  the 
Wynne  Cooperage  Company  at  Wynne. 
Arkansas.  Me  was  president  of  the  Ander- 
son ('lub  in  l!ll(i-17,  is  a  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Columbia  Club 
of  Indianapolis,  is  a  Knight  Templar  Ma- 
son, has  attained  the  thirty-second  degree 
in  the  Scottish  Rite,  is  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine,  of  Anderson  Lodge  No.  2()!(, 
Henevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Klks, 
and  is  quite  active  in  republican  party 
affairs. 

In  1912  he  married  Nondas  K.  ('raft, 
daughter  of  William  and  Mary  Craft,  of 
Anderson. 

Pun. ii-  XOKKCIIKK  is  an  Indianapolis  law- 
yer who  is  one  of  the  important  contribu- 
tions of  Perry  County  to  the  capital  city. 
Mr.  Xoereher  has  long  been  prominent  in 
public  affairs  in  Indiana,  has  served  in  tin- 
State  legislature,  as  Supreme  Court  re- 
porter, and  is  now  a  member  of  the  board 
of  state  tax  commissioners. 

Mr.  Xoereher  was  born  at  Tell  City,  In- 
diana. October  1.  l;s(i(i.  son  of  Christian 
and  Mary  Anna  .Christ)  Xoereher.  They 
were  the  parents  of  eijrht  children,  six  of 
whom  are  still  living. 

Christian  Xo< -rrher  was  born  in  Havana, 
'iermany.  and  grew  up  there  until  sixteen 
years  of  age.  In  order  to  escape  com- 
pulsory military  service  he  left  the  Father- 
land and  came  to  the  I'nited  States  in 
IMS.  Mis  first  location  was  at.  Ponghkeep- 
sie.  Xew  York,  where  be  worked  at  the  cab- 
inet maker's  trade.  After  that  he  lived 
successively  for  short  intervals  at  Cleve- 
land and  Cincinnati,  and  in  April.  ISfifi, 
moved  to  Tell  City.  Indiana,  where  he 
found  employment  in  the  shops  of  that 
town.  While  at  Cincinnati  he  married. 


UBRMN 

OF  T'te 
UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2047 


and  after  moving  to  Tell  City  he  settled 
down  in  a  permanent  home.  Prominence  in 
politics  and  the  other  abnormal  events  of 
life  had  no  place  in  the  career  of  Christian 
Zoercher.  His  one  predominant  quality 
was  industry,  and  he  became  widely  known 
throughout  Perry  County  for  his  good,  sub- 
stantial qualities.  His  greatest  enjoyment 
was  in  the  quiet  and  happy  relationship 
of  his  home,  and  he  had  no  convivial  habits. 
He  was  honest  and  law  abiding,  and  his 
career  expressed  all  that  was  best  in  man- 
hood. In  religious  belief  he  was  a  Men- 
nonite,  but  there  being  no  church  of  that 
organization  in  his  locality  he  attended  the 
Evangelical  Church.  In  politics  he  was  a 
republican  until  1872,  and  from  that  time 
forward  a  democrat.  But  he  did  not  care 
to  make  a  name  in  politics,  his  only  public 
service  being  as  councilman.  He  died  hon- 
ored and  respected  February  6,  1917.  His 
wife  passed  away  in  September,  1906. 
Christian  Zoercher  was  especially  fortunate 
in  the  choice  of  a  wife.  She  bore  her  part 
in  the  making  of  a  home,  and  few  mothers 
were  loved  more  devotedly  than  this :. 
mother,  who  uncomplainingly  fiTJ^4;,4th.e 
niche  allotted  to  her. 

Mr.  Philip  Zoercher  grew  up  at  Tell 
City,  attended  the  public  schools  there  and 
the  Central  Normal  College  at  Danville. 
During  four  years  of  his  early  youth  he 
worked  in  the  factory  of  Tell  City..  He 
also  taught  school  one  year,  and  in  1888, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  was  elected  to  rep- 
resent Perry  County  in  the  State  Legisla- 
ture. He  was  re-elected  in  1890,  serving 
four  years  altogether.  At  least  one  im- 
portant law  now  upon  the  statute  books 
of  Indiana  testifies  to  his  legislative  experi- 
ence. This  was  the  bill  which  he  intro- 
duced compelling  county  auditors  to  apply 
the  surplus  funds  in  the  county  treasury  to 
the  redemption  of  its  outstanding  indebted- 
ness. 

While  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature 
Mr.  Zoercher  took  up  the  study  of  law,  and 
in  November,  1890,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  began  practice  at  Tell  City.  Dur- 
ing the  county  seat  fight  between  Cannel- 
ton  and  Tell  City,  and  against  his  better 
judgment,  he  was  induced  to  establish  an 
English  speaking  paper  in  his  native  city. 
This  was  the  Tell  City  News.  He  sold  this 
paper  in  1900  and  then  gave  his  complete 
attention  to-  his  private  law  practice.  In 
November,  1900,  Mr.  Zoercher  was  elected 


and  served  one  term  of  two  years  as  prose- 
cuting attorney  of  the  Second  Indiana 
Judicial  District.  It  is  reported  that  he 
was  probably  the  most  efficient  prosecuting 
attorney  that  district  ever  had. 

In  1912  Mr.  Zoercher  was  elected  re- 
porter for  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana, 
and  continued  to  discharge  the  responsibili- 
ties of  that  office  until  January  14,  1917. 
Since  that  time  he  has  been  a  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Zoercher  &  Patrick,  with 
offices  in  the  Fidelity  Loan  Building  of  In- 
dianapolis. In  March,  1917,  Mr.  Zoercher 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of 
state  tax  commissioners. 

June  26,  1892,  he  married  Miss  Martha 
McAdams.  They  have  three  children: 
Mary  Anna,  Martha  McAdams  and  James 
McAdams.  Mr.  Zoercher  is  affiliated  with 
the  Masonic  Order,  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
and  in  religious  practice  is  a  Presbyterian. 

WILLIAM  SAMUEL  CURTIS  was  born  at 
Newport  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  June 
19,  1850,  a  son  of  William  C.  and  Elizabeth 
B<  Curtis, ;;>  He  attended  McKendree  Col- 
legej  Lebanon,  Illinois,  and  Washington 
University,  St.  Louis,  and  became  first  a 
teacher  and  then  a  lawyer.  He  was  made 
Dean  of  the  St.  Louis  Law  School  in  1894 
and  Dean  Emeritus  in  1915.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Church  of  the  Unity,  St. 
Louis,  and  was  independent  in  his  politi- 
cal affiliations.  The  death  of  William  Sam- 
uel Curtis  occurred  at  Pier  Cove.  Michi- 
gan, May  23,  1916. 

ROBERT  ELLIOTT  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  twenty-five  years.  He  is  re- 
sponsible for  giving  this  city  one  of  its  im- 
portant industries,  the  Standard  Dry  Kiln 
Company,  of  which  he  is  president,  and 
has  handled  many  other  commercial  inter- 
ests at  the  same  time. 

A  native  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  born  Feb- 
ruary 11,  1859,  Mr.  Elliott  is  of  English 
and  Scotch  ancestry.  His  father,  Robert 
Elliott,  Sr.,  was  a  native  of  Canada  but 
for  sixty  years  lived  in  Detroit,  where  he 
died  in  1915.  In  Detroit  Robert  Elliott, 
Jr..  grew  up,  attended  the  local  schools, 
and  as  a  young  man  became  connected  with 
the  Huyatt  &  Smith  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany and  still  later  was  with  the  Detroit 
Blower  Company.  Here  it  was  that  he 
gained  a  technical  familiarity  with  the  dry 


2048 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


kiln  business,  especially  the  manufacture 
of  machines  for  drying  clay  products  and 
lumber.  He  has  witnessed  most  of  the  im- 
portant improvements  and  technical 
process  which,  beginning  with  a  crude 
blower  system,  has  advanced  from  stage  to 
stage,  involving  many  adaptations  in  detail 
and  a  gradual  change  of  basic  principle  to 
the  "Moist  Air"  system. 

As  a  result  of  the  failure  of  the  house  at 
Detroit  Mr.  Elliott  and  Mr.  A.  T.  Bemis 
in  1887  removed  to  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
and  started  a  similar  business  on  an  inde- 
pendent scale.  It  was  freely  predicted  that 
they  would  fail.  However,  they  knew  what 
they  were  about  as  a  result  of  long  and 
thorough  experience,  and  all  predictions  as 
to  the  outcome  of  their  enterprise  failed  to 
materialize.  Mr.  Elliott  finally  bought  the 
interest  of  his  partner,  and  in  1890  incor- 
porated the  company  with  a  capital  stock 
of  $50,000.  In  order  to  get  a  more  cen- 
tral location  he  moved  his  plant  to  Indian- 
apolis in  1894.  Here  the  industry  has 
grown  and  flourished,  with  Mr.  Elliott  as 
directing  head  from  the  beginning  until 
within  the  past  year  or  so,  when  his  son 
Robert  C.  took  the  active  management. 

Mr.  Elliott  is  also  vice  president  of 
Brown-Huffstetter  Sand  Company  and 
president  of  the  Western  Machine  Works. 
He  has  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  ma- 
terial growth  and  social  affairs  of  Indian- 
apolis and  has  membership  in  many  of  the 
more  notable  organizations  of  Indianapolis, 
including  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Athaeneum,  the  Academy  of  Music,  the 
Rotary  and  Woodstock  clubs  and  the  Ma- 
sonic Order,  in  which  he  is  a  Knight  Tem- 
plar, a  Shriner,  and  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason.  Politically  he  is  an 
independent  republican  and  in  religion  is 
a  Unitarian. 

In  1889  Mr.  Elliott  married  Miss  Anna 
Schaefer.  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Their 
three  children  are  named  Robert  C.,  Amy 
Louise  and  Edward  J. 

GEORGE  L.  BOXHAM  is  an  Anderson  mer- 
chant and  business  man,  proprietor  of 
what  is  known  as  the  "Popular  Price  Shoe 
Store,"  and  has  justly  earned  every  suc- 
cessive promotion  and  added  success  that 
have  followed  his  efforts  since  early  boy- 
hood. 

Mr.  Bonham  was  born  December  21, 
1863,  at  Hartford  City,  Indiana,  son  of 


William  A.  and  Mary  A.  (Robey)  Bon- 
ham.  He  is  of  English  ancestry,  and  the 
first  American  of  the  name,  George  Bon- 
ham,  came  to  this  country  in  colonial  times 
and  settled  on  a  tract  of  virgin  land  in 
Pennsylvania.  Later  members  of  the  fam- 
ily were  soldiers  in  the  Revolution,  and  in 
nearly  all  the  generations  the  Bonhams 
have  been  agriculturists.  Peter  Bonham, 
grandfather  of  George  L.  settled  in  Perry 
County,  Ohio,  in  1832,  was  a  pioneer  there, 
and  in  1836  came  still  further  west  to  a 
comparatively  pioneer  community,  locating 
in  Blackford  County,  Indiana,  where  he 
bought  government  land  near  the  present 
City  of  Roll.  He  was  a  high  type  of  citi- 
zen, and  lived  an  industrious  and  honored 
career.  He  died  in  1858.  He  married 
Susanna  H.  Yost,  and  they  had  eight  chil- 
dren. Fifth  among  these  children  was 
William  A.  Bonham,  who  was  born  in 
Perry  County,  Ohio,  in  1834.  He  grew 
up  on  a  farm,  had  a  country  school  educa- 
tion, and  attended  an  academy  in  Ohio. 
For  a  time  he  taught  school  in  Perry 
County,  Ohio,  and  on  returning  to  Indiana 
taught  in  Washington  Township  of  Black- 
ford  County.  Later  he  took  up  the  study 
of  law  with  A.  B.  Jetmore  of  Hartford 
City,  and  about  the  close  of  the  Civil  war 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Blaekford 
County.  He  practiced  with  success  for 
twenty  years.  He  died  in  1888.  Politically 
he  first  affiliated  with  the  democratic  and 
afterward  with  the  republican  party.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  on  the  democratic 
ticket  to  the  State  Senate,  and  subsequently 
he  was  republican  candidate  for  Congress 
from  the  Hartford  City  District.  As  a  law- 
yer he  handled  a  general  practice  and  was 
perhaps  best  known  for  his  ability  in  crimi- 
nal law. 

George  L.  Bonham  was  the  second  in  a 
family  of  three  children.  He  was  educated 
in  Hartford  City,  but  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
began  contributing  to  his  own  support. 
During  vacation  seasons  he  worked  for  a 
local  grocery  firm,  and  it  was  his  distinction 
to  inaugurate  the  first  free  delivery  system 
of  groceries  in  that  town.  Up  to  that 
time  it  had  been  the  general  practice  and 
custom  of  long  standing  that  purchasers 
should  in  some  way  get  their  purchases 
home  without  the  merchant  having  any  re- 
sponsibility after  the  goods  left  the  coun- 
ter. Mr.  Bonham  did  the  delivery  work 
with  an  old  hand  cart.  He  kept  this  up  for 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2049 


several  vacation  seasons.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  left  public  school  altogether  and 
went  to  work  as  clerk  in  the  grocery  de- 
partment of  a  local  department  store. 
Later  he  transferred  his  services  to  the  shoe 
department,  and  acquired  much  knowledge 
that  he  has  been  able  to  utilize  ever  since. 
For  fifteen  years  he  was  with  the  Weiler 
Department  Store  at  Hartford  City,  and 
much  of  that  time  was  buyer  and  manager 
for  the  shoe  department. 

Having  an  ambition  to  get  into  business 
for  himself,  and  having  thriftily  saved  his 
money  for  that  purpose,  he  opened  his  first 
stock  of  shoes  only  a  block  away  from 
where  he  had  been  employed,  and  remained 
in  business  there  for  ten  years  under  the 
name  George  L.  Bonham,  Popular  Price 
Shoe  Store,  "On  the  Square."  Mr.  Bon- 
ham  finally  sold  his  business  in  Hartford 
City  with  the  intention  of  going  to  Cali- 
fornia. He  changed  his  mind,  and  con- 
tracted to  buy  an  established  business  at 
Marion,  Indiana.  The  agreement  fell 
through  and  in  1914  he  came  to  Anderson 
and  established  a  new  store  at  815  Meri- 
dian Street.  He  was  there  two  years,  and 
the  lease  having  expired  he  moved  to  his 
present  location  at  the  corner  of  Meridian 
and  Ninth  streets,  the  former  location  of 
the  Anderson  Banking  Company.  This 
store  is  headquarters  for  the  W.  L.  Douglas 
shoes,  and  he  has  built  no  a  trade  that  now 
seeks  his  goods  from  all  the  country  sur- 
rounding Anderson,  including  large  por- 
tions of  Delaware,  Henry  and  Marion 
counties. 

In  1886  Mr.  Bonham  married  Cora  Belle 
Atkinson,  daughter  of  James  L.  and  Martha 
J.  (Stevens)  Atkinson.  Her  parents  lived 
near  Upland  in  Grant  County.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bonham  have  four  children:  Ruth, 
who  married  Raymond  A.  Klefeker,  of 
Oklahoma  City ;  is  the  mother  of  two  sons 
and  three  daughters;  Martha,  at  home; 
James  "William,  who  was  born  in  1895, 
graduated  from  the  high  school  in  1913  and 
is  now  associated  with  his  father  in  busi- 
ness; and  George  L.,  born  in  1908.  Mr. 
Bonham  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
board  of  stewards  of  the  First  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  having  filled  all  the 
chairs  and  sat  in  the  Grand  Lodge  of  that 
order. 


W.  A.  CLARK  is  an  Anderson  business 
man,  proprietor  of  the  W.  A.  Clark  Trans- 
fer Company,  a  business  which  he  has  built 
up  to  a  large  service,  though  he  began  it 
with  himself  as  sole  operative  and  with  his 
only  equipment  a  horse  and  dray. 

Mr.  Clark  was  born  at  Anderson  October 
30,  1869,  son  of  Henry  and  Margaret  (Lee) 
Clark.  He  is  of  Scotch  and  English  ances- 
try. The  family  before  coming  to  Indiana 
lived  in  Darke  County,  Ohio.  W.  A.  Clark 
received  most  of  his  education  in  country 
school  No.  6  in  Lafayette  Township  of 
Madison  County.  While  getting  his  educa- 
ti«»  he  also  worked  on  the  home  farm,  and 
that  was  his  experience  and  routine  in  life 
until  he  was  about  nineteen.  His  father 
also  did  a  teaming  business,  and  the  sou 
worked  as  a  driver,  but  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-one came  into  Anderson  and  spent  eleven 
months  as  an  employe  of  the  Big  Four  Rail- 
way Company.  He  was  paid  $1.35  per  day. 
Though  the  wages  were  small  he  managed 
to  set  aside  a  certain  sum  as  saving  and 
capital,  and  from  that  modest  accumula- 
tion he  bought  his  first  horse  and  dray  and 
began  trucking.  From  that  he  has  de- 
veloped a  service  that  would  now  require 
a  number  of  horse  drays  and  motor  trucks, 
and  is  busy  every  working  day  in  the 
year.  His  equipment  and  service  are 
largely  made  use  of  by  the  various  factories 
of  Anderson. 

March  25,  1895,  Mr.  Clark  married  Addie 
May  McNatt,  daughter  of  Samuel  and 
Mary  Ann  (Moore)  McNatt.  They  have 
four  children :  Beulah  Margaret,  who  is  em- 
ployed by  her  father ;  Ralph,  born  in  1903 ; 
Katherine  Pauline,  born  in  1909 :  and  Fred, 
born  in  1913.  Mr.  Clark  is  an  independent 
republican  in  polities  and  is  affiliated  with 
the  Knights-  of  the  Golden  Eagle.  Mrs. 
Clark  and  daughter  are  members  of  the 
First  Christian  Church. 

MICHAEL  GEORGE  O'BRIEN.  In  naming 
the  prominent  men  of  Anderson  now  in 
commercial  life,  account  must  be  taken  of 
those  who  are  representative  in  professional 
as  well  as  strictly  business  activity,  and 
no  better  example  can  be  presented  than 
Michael  George  O'Brien,  who  is  not  only  at 
the  head  of  his  own  bond  and  brokerage 
business,  but  is  identified  officially  or  other- 
wise with  a  number  of  other  stable  con- 
cerns. Mr.  O'Brien  bears  a  name  that  in- 


2050 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


dicates  Irish  ancestry,  and  no  one  could 
take  more  genuine  pride  in  having  come 
from  an  old  County  Clare  family,  de- 
scended from  Brian  Boru.  He  is  a  vigor- 
ous broad-minded,  generous-hearted  man, 
college  bred  and  widely  read,  and  for  many 
years  devoted  his  brilliant  talents  to  the 
work  of  the  Christian  ministry,  in  which 
he  became  favorably  known  all  over  and 
beyond  the  state. 

Michael  George  O'Brien  was  born  at 
LaFayette  in  Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana, 
July  15,  1862.  His  parents  were  Michael 
and  Hannah  (McMahon)  O'Brien.  In  boy- 
hood he  attended  the  parochial  school  and 
afterward  took  a  course  in  Professor  Ken- 
nedy 's  business  college  at  LaPayette.  Sub- 
sequently circumstances  so  guided  his  life 
that  he  spent  three  years  in  a  theological 
course,  where  he  received  his  degree  in 
1887.  Three  years  later  he  was  ordained 
by  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Conference  at 
Fairmount,  Indiana,  a  minister  of  that 
body  and  his  first  charge  was  at  Peru,  In- 
diana. Mr.  O'Brien  remained  there  for 
three  years  and  then  was  transferred  to 
the  Wesleyan  Church  at  South  Wabash, 
where  he  spent  three  more  years  of  earnest 
effort,  and  the  next  six  years  were  spent 
ministering  to  the  Wesleyan  Methodist 
churches  at  Wabash,  Lewis  Creek  and  at 
Hope,  Indiana. 

In  the  meanwhile,  through  closer  study 
of  theological  history  and  wider  personal 
experiences,  Mr.  O'Brien  came  to  the  part- 
ing of  the  ways  with  the  Wesleyan  Church 
but  was  not  ready  to  lay  aside  the  burdens 
he  had  assumed  when  he  had  become  a  min- 
ister. Hence  he  turned  to  the  Christian 
Church,  with  which  religious  denomination 
he  united  at  Columbus.  Indiana,  and  sub- 
sequently was  pastor  of  the  Central  Chris- 
tian Church  at  Kankakee,  Illinois,  for  three 
years.  During  this  latter  period  he  became 
chaplain  of  the  Eastern  Illinois  State  Hos- 
pital, being  an  appointee  of  former  Gov- 
ernor Deneen.  This  was  his  closing  year 
of  ministerial  work. 

During  his  entire  period  of  service  in  the 
church  Mr.  O'Brien  had  been  faithful  and 
zealous,  had  increased  membership  and 
added  to  church  property.  He  was  beloved, 
trusted  and  admired  wherever  his  pastor- 
ates had  been  located.  But,  even  honest 
affection  and  real  esteem  will  not,  in 
modern  days,  provide  sufficiently  for  the 


Jiormal  needs  of  a  growing  family  when 
supplemented  merely  by  the  very  meager 
salary  usually  voted  a  minister  in  the  above 
religious  organizations,  and  this  situation 
finally  became  so  acute  that  Mr.  O'Brien 
in  self  defense,  determined  to  leave  profes- 
sional life  entirely  and  embark  in  business, 
where  a  decided  natural  talent  would  give 
him  opportunity  to  properly  provide  for 
those  dependent  upon  him.  Many  protests 
assailed  him,  and  among  the  influences  that 
sought  to  break  his  resolve  were  flattering 
calls  to  several  Chicago  churches. 

For  two  years  Mr.  O'Brien  then  served 
as  district  manager  of  the  Illinois  Life  In- 
surance Company,  and  then  went  into  busi- 
ness for  himself,  in  the  line  of  stocks  and 
bonds,  and  for  three  years  was  junior  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  Hetherington  &  O'Brien, 
general  brokers,  at  Kankakee,  Illinois. 
From  that  city  he  removed  to  Mansfield, 
Ohio,  and  in  association  with  F.  A.  Wilcox 
of  Akron  and  C.  H.  Waltes  of  Rochester, 
New  York,  organized  what  is  now  known 
as  the  Mansfield  Rubber  Company,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  officials.  He  also 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  National 
Rolling  Mill  Company,  of  Mansfield,  and 
served  as  its  vice  president  for  three  years. 
In  1912  Mr.  O'Brien  came  to  Anderson, 
and  has  been  practically  interested  here 
ever  since.  He  assisted  in  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Shimer  Wire  and  Steel  Com- 
pany, and  served  as  vice  president  until  the 
plant  was  moved  from  Anderson  to  Evans- 
ville,  Indiana,  and  he  continued  with  the 
company  for  four  years,  since  when  he  has 
been  a  permanent  resident  of  Anderson, 
and  in  1917  opened  his  present  bond  and 
brokerage  office.  Among  other  Anderson 
enterprises  in  which  Mr.  O'Brien  is  inter- 
ested is  the  Lincoln  Motor  Truck  Company, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
is  a  director.  The  success  which  has  at- 
tended Mr.  O'Brien  in  his  business  under- 
takings has  been  gained  through  the  honor- 
able methods  that  might  have  been  expected 
of  a  many  of  such  high  personal  character. 

Mr.  O  'Brien  was  married  in  1885  to  Miss 
Fidelia  Smith,  who  was  born  in  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  and  is  a  daughter  of 
Thomas  and  Lorena  (Castor)  Smith,  the 
family  being  old  settlers  in  that  section. 
Seven  children  were  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
O'Brien  and  three  daughters  are  married. 
Tn  political  life  Mr.  O'Brien  is  identified 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2051 


with  the  republican  party.  He  belongs  to 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  ot 
Elks  and  is  a  Mason  of  high  degree. 

I 

CHARLES  HENRY  SELL  has  had  a  long 
record  of  service  as  a  merchant  at  Rich- 
mond, and  has  had  an  unusually  varied 
and  interesting  experience  during  his 
career. 

He  was  born  at  Anington  in  Wayne 
County,  Indiana,  in  1867,  son  of  Francis 
M.  and  Charlotte  (Bedell)  Sell.  He  is  of 
German  and  English-Scotch  ancestry.  He 
attended  public  schools  to  the  age  of  twelve 
and  then  went  to  work  in  a  grocery  store. 
He  made  such  progress  that  when  he  was 
fifteen  or  sixteen  years  old  he  managed  a 
small  store  on  his  own  responsibility.  Then 
for  ten  years  he  was  employed  by  M.  C. 
Henley,  serving  as  shipping  clerk  and  in 
other  capacities.  He  also  learned  the  ma- 
chinist trade,  spending  three  years  with 
Gaar,  Scott  &  Company,  and  for  one  year 
was  with  the  Robinson  Machine  Company. 
On  leaving  Richmond  he  was  in  Kansas 
City  with  the  Economy  Gas  Burner  Lamp 
Company  a  year,  and  with  Swift  &  Com- 
pany there  one  year,  having  charge  of  three 
small  departments  of  that  corporation. 

In  the  meantime  Mr.  Sell  had  amused 
himself  and  acquired  much  skill  as  an  ama- 
teur camera  artist.  He  made  this  a  source 
of  much  value  to  him  while  traveling 
through  California  on  a  vacation,  and 
practically  paid  his  expenses  for  a  time 
with  his  camera  in  a  general  tour  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  Coast.  He  finally 
returned  to  Richmond  from  Boston  and  es- 
tablished a  grocery  business  of  his  own, 
borrowing  the  money.  His  first  business 
was  on  the  west  side  on  Richmond  Avenue, 
and  he  enjoyed  unusual  prosperity  there 
for  five  years.  He  then  opened  the  White 
Meat  Market  on  Main  Street,  and  a  year 
later  traded  for  a  grocery  and  meat  market 
on  Swain  Avenue.  He  has  since  continued 
this  business,  but  since  1917  has  been  grad- 
xially  relieving  himself  of  his  responsibili- 
ties with  the  expectation  of  retiring  and  en- 
joying his  ten  acre  farm,  where  he  raises 
pigs  and  chickens.  He  also  owned  a  sub- 
division of  forty-two  lots,  and  has  sold  half 
of  these  lots  for  building  purposes. 

In  1905  Mr.  Sell  married  Bertha  Gaines, 
of  Richmond.  They  have  one  child,  Charles 
Drury,  born  June  3,  1917.  Mr.  Sell  is  an 
independent  republican  in  politics,  a  mem- 

VoL    V— 10 


ber  of  the  First  Christian  Church,  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Lodge  and 
Knights  of  Pythias  at  Richmond. 

I 

GEORGE  F.  EDENHARTER,  M.  D.  The 
service  of  one  of  Indiana's  greatest  institu- 
tions, the  Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Indianapolis,  has  been  to  a  large 
degree  the  direct  expression  and  the  fruits 
of  the  ability,  experience  and  administra- 
tive work  of  Dr.  George  F.  Edenharter. 
Doctor  Edenharter  is  now  closing  his  twen- 
ty-fifth consecutive  year  as  its  superintend- 
ent. For  sixteen  years  he  held  the  office  in 
recurring  four-year  terms,  but  in  1909  was 
re-elected  for  an  indefinite  term  and  since 
then  for  good  and  sufficient  reasons  there 
has  been  no  re-election. 

At  this  point  it  is  not  possible  to  do  full 
justice  to  the  Central  Indiana  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  or  Doctor  Edenharter 's  service 
as  its  administrative  head.  However  it  is 
possible  to  gather  from  the  remarks  and 
comments  of  men  eminent  in  the  profession 
and  institutional  administration  some  of 
the  outstanding  features  of  the  work  which 
may  properly  be  mentioned  here.  Indiana 
was  one  of  the  first  states  to  introduce  an 
improvement  upon  the  old  methods  of  han- 
dling the  insane  by  the  establishment  of 
a  pathological  laboratory  and  hospital  for 
the  sick  insane.  When  this  department 
was  dedicated  by  the  Marion  County  Medi- 
cal Society  in  December,  1896,  a  noted  Chi- 
cago specialist,  Dr.  L.  Hektoen,  in  the 
course  of  his  address  said:  "The  present 
occasion  marks  the  most  significant  step  in 
the  advancement  and  improvement  of  the 
humanitarian  work  in  which  institutions 
like  the  Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  In- 
sane are  engaged.  The  inauguration,  under 
the  present  auspicious  circumstances,  of  a 
fully  equipped,  substantial  department  of 
this  hospital,  built  in  accordance  with  the 
best  modern  views,  reflects  great  credit 
upon  the  development  of  American  alien- 
ism, upon  the  intelligence  of  the  Board 
of  Control  of  this  institution  and  of  its 
superintendent. ' ' 

Some  years  later,  in  1904,  after  the 
laboratory  of  pathology  had  been  in  opera- 
tion and  had  shown  its  value,  the  speaker, 
Prof.  Frank  W.  Langdon,  M.  D.,  before  the 
Indianapolis  Medical  Society  congratulated 

members  upon  pioneer  work  being  ac- 
complished by  the  institution  in  the  west. 
"How  well  it  has  been  organized,"  said 


2052 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


this  speaker,  "and  flow  well  it  is  fulfilling 
its  mission  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to 
tell  you.  The  superintendent  of  this  hos- 
pital is  building  his  monument  from  day  to 
day  and  year  to  year,  not  alone  in  the  mate- 
rial structures  devoted  to  pathological 
anatomy  and  the  sick  insane,  but  also  by 
his  devotion  to  the  higher  researches  of 
neurologic  and  psychiatric  medicine.  These 
annual  meetings  of  the  leading  medical  so- 
ciety of  Indiana  under  the  roof  of  the  most 
complete  laboratory  for  psychiatric  re- 
search of  any  hospital  for  the  insane  in  our 
country  are  in  themselves  unique ;  they  are 
also  equally  helpful  and  stimulating  to  the 
practitioner  and  the  special  student  of 
nervous  and  mental  diseases." 

More  significant  still  was  the  language 
used  by  the  board  of  trustees  in  March, 
1909,  when  they  re-elected  Doctor  Eden- 
harter  for  a  fifth  term  as  superintendent. 
After  expressing  their  unqualified  approval 
and  commendation  of  his  administration 
the  board  made  record  as  follows:  "The 
wards  of  the  state  entrusted  to  this  institu- 
tion receive  the  most  modern  and  progres- 
sive treatment  known  to  hospital, practice ; 
in  fact,  the  work  being  done  h*re-W^O  fa- 
vorably received  by  the  profession  that 
many  leading  alienists  of  not  only  this 
country  but  of  other  countries  visit  this 
hospital  and  in  written  communications 
and  otherwise  evidence  their  most  hearty 
and  enthusiastic  approval  of  methods  em- 
ployed and  results  accomplished.  These 
results  are  the  outgrowth  of  the  theories 
and  plans  of  Dr.  George  F.  Edenharter, 
put  into  practice,  and  in  thus  expressing 
ourselves  we  are  endeavoring  to  give  but 
the  simple  justice  due  him  without  over 
laudation." 

In  its  editorial  comment  upon  this  action 
of  the  Board  the  Indianapolis  News  said : 
"The  people  of  all  parties  have  recognized 
that  in  Doctor  Edenharter  the  state  has 
found  a  man  of  unusual  executive  ability 
and  devotion  to  the  public  service.  Many 
suggestions  have  been  made  that  his  serv- 
ices be  drawn  on  for  larger  duties.  Pos- 
sibly in  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  the 
affairs  of  this  hospital  most  at  heart,  there 
can  be  no  greater  service  to  the  state  than 
to  see  that  the  inmates  have  proper  care 
and  attention.  At  any  rate  Doctor  Eden- 
harter has  practically  given  his  professional 
career  to  this  work.  The  state  owes  much 
to  such  men  as  he.  It  knows  that  with  such 


a  man  in  charge  an  institution  will  be 
administered  with  the  highest  degree  of 
efficiency  and  success.  To  supervise  such 
a  hospital  involves  self  sacrificing  labor  and 
a  lofty  humanitarian  spirit.  Having 
found  in  Doctor  Edenharter  these  qualities 
in  eminent  degree  it  is  fortunate  that  the 
state  can  command  his  services." 

Upon  the  twentieth  anniversary  of  the 
dedication  of  the  Pathological  Department, 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Indianapolis 
Medical  Society  December  19,  1916,  the 
following  resolution  was  read  by  Dr. 
Charles  P.  Emerson  and  adopted  by  a  ris- 
ing vote:  "On  this,  the  twentieth  anni- 
versary of  the  establishment  of  the  Patho- 
logical Institute  of  the  Central  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  of  Indiana,  we,  the  members  of 
the  Indianapolis  Medical  Society,  do  ex- 
tend to  Dr.  George  P.  Edenharter  our 
heartiest  congratulations  on  the  splendid 
work  which  he  is  accomplishing. 

"It  was  his  prophetic  vision  which  led 
him  to  honor  the  state  of  Indiana  by  the 
erection  of  the  first  pathological  institute 
in  direct  connection  with  a  hospital  for 
the-in^ne,  the  first  in  the  United  States. 
This '  institute  and  its  yearly  reports  have 
and  are  exerting  a  wide  influence  in 
America. 

"Through  his  plans  the  physicians  of  In- 
diana here  have  the  opportunity  to  attend 
courses  for  the  study  and  care  of  the  insane. 

"Through  his  co-operation  the  students 
of  the  Indiana  University  School  of  Medi- 
cine have  opportunities  to  study  psychiatry 
unsurpassed  in  any  other  medical  school. 

"This  institution,  with  its  pathological 
institute,  its  hospital  for  the  sick  insane,  its 
exercise  and  amusement  hall  and  its  other 
pioneer  features,  owes  much  of  its  excel- 
lence and  its  educational  value  to  the  wise 
management  of  Doctor  Edenharter,  to 
whom  we  now  extend  our  greetings." 

Doctor  Edenharter  had  been  engaged  in 
the  private  practice  of  medicine  in  Indian- 
apolis for  about  seven  years  before  his  ele- 
vation to  his  present  responsibilities.  He 
was  born  at  Piqua,  Miami  County,  Ohio, 
June  13,  1857.  son  of  John  and  Elizabeth 
(Roseberg)  Edenharter.  Doctor  Eden- 
harter attended  the  public  schools  of  Ohio, 
finishing  in  Dayton.  In  1878  he  followed 
his  parents  to  Indianapolis,  and  studied 
medicine  in  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana, 
where  he  was  graduated  M.  D.  in  1886.  In 
1904,  in  recognition  of  his  ability  and  dis- 


U3RARY 

OF  TUE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  UilNOiS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2053 


tinguished  services  in  the  cause  of  human- 
ity and  his  effort  in  behalf  of  higher  medi- 
cal education  and  research  work,  Wabash 
College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  Mas- 
ter of  Arts.  After  graduation  Doctor 
Edenharter  opened  his  office  in  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  several  years  did  a  general 
practice  as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  He 
was  first  appointed  superintendent  of  the 
Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  on 
April  7,  1893.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
for  two  years  been  attending  physician  and 
surgeon  to  the  Marion  County  Asylum,  for 
one  year  performed  similar  duties  at  the 
County  Workhouse,  and  in  1889  was  elected 
for  two  years  as  superintendent  of  the  In- 
dianapolis City  Hospital,  a  position  to 
which  he  was  chosen  with  the  unanimous 
vote  of  both  the  republicans  and  democrats 
of  the  City  Council.  Doctor  Edenharter 
has  been  a  democrat  since  casting  his  first 
vote,  and  from  1883  to  1887  was  representa- 
tive of  the  eighth  ward  in  the  City  Coun- 
cil. In  1887  he  was  democratic  nominee 
for  mayor. 

His  eminence  as  a  hospital  administra- 
tor and  in  the  care  and  treatment  of  the 
insane  has  enabled  him  to  wield  a  great 
power  and  influence  not  only  through  the 
Indianapolis  hospital  but  among  similar  in- 
stitutions elsewhere  in  the  state  and  in 
other  states.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  and 
largely  as  a  result  of  his  advocacy  that  -the 
Legislature  in  1905  created  a  new  district 
for  the  insane  population,  establishing  the 
Southeastern  Hospital.  He  was  also  influ- 
ential in  securing  the  amending  of  the  bill 
providing  for  an  epileptic  village  in  such 
a  way  as  to  provide  for  the  hopeful  or 
curable  cases  rather  than  for  the  incurably 
insane  epileptics  assigned  to  the  regular 
hospitals  for  the  insane.  It  was  largely 
due  to  his  advice  and  effort  that  Indiana 
located  her  hospital  for  the  criminal  insane 
at  Michigan  City  in  preference  to  locating 
such  an  institution  at  the  Hospital  for  In- 
sane at  Logansport. 

Doctor  Edenharter  is  widely  known  in 
professional  circles,  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medico-Psychological  Associa- 
tion, the  New  York  Medico-Legal  Society, 
of  which  he  has  served  as  vice  president 
for  Indiana,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Medical  Society,  the  Marion  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society  and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  a  thirty-third  degree  Scottish 


Rite  Mason  and  member  of  Capital  City 
Lodge  No.  312,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 
June  6, 1888,  Doctor  Edenharter  married 
Miss  Marion  E.  Swadener,  of  Dayton,  Ohio. 
She  was  born  and  reared  in  Ohio,  daughter 
of  Michael  and  Marie  (Michel)  Swadener. 
Mrs.  Edenharter  died  September  27,  1909. 
She  was  the  mother  of  one  son,  Ralph, 
born  in  Indianapolis  July  19,  1889. 

BENJAMIN  A.  RICHARDSON,  who  for  half 
a  century  was  a  resident  of  Indianapolis, 
served  the  Eighty-Fourth  Indiana  Volun- 
teers in  the  Civil  war,  was  prominent  in 
the  Indiana  National  Guard  and  quarter- 
master general  of  Indiana  under  Governor 
James  A.  Mount  during  the  Spanish- 
American  war.  As  these  facts  indicate  he 
had  a  career  out  of  the  ordinary  in  both 
experience  and  achievement.  While  the 
routine  of  his  life  ran  smoothly  and  quietly 
for  many  years,  death  came  suddenly  as  to 
a  good  soldier  and  in  the  form  of  a  tragedy 
that  brought  sorrow  to  an  entire  commu- 
nity. General  Richardson  and  his  wife  were 
driving  their  automobile  from  their  home 
in  Southport  to  Indianapolis  when  they 
were  struck  by  a  fast  mail  train  on  the 
Pennsylvania  road  and  were  instantly 
killed.  This  tragedy  occurred  October  29, 
1918. 

The  Indianapolis  News  commenting  edi- 
torially on  this  tragedy  said:  "A  fine, 
genial  gentleman,  a  man  who  kept  his  youth 
and  never  lost  his  temper — such  was  Ben- 
jamin A.  Richardson,  long  time  a  citizen 
of  Indianapolis.  And  through  all  his  yea.rs 
as  a  soldier,  occupant  of  a  state  office,  and 
citizen  he  had  lived  a  happy,  unblemished 
life.  The  pathos  of  his  taking  off  will  not 
fail  to  impress  the  community.  Here  was 
a  man  that  had  been  a  participant  in  many 
battles  of  our  great  Civil  war;  who  had 
lived  beyond  the  three  score  and  ten  years 
period ;  who  rarely  knew  illness  though 
often  in  personal  danger,  and  yet  who  met 
a  violent  death  at  a  railroad  crossing. 
With  him  also  died  his  wife — a  woman 
greatly  respected  for  her  many  qualities. 
The  state  and  especially  the  city  owe  Mr. 
Richardson  a  d*bt  of  affectionate  remem- 
brance. He  was  always  ready  to  serve  oth- 
ers. He  lived  the  life  of  a  patriotic,  pub- 
lic-spirited citizen. ' ' 

His  paternal  ancestors  were  of  New 
England  stock!  The  first  American  was 
Samuel  Richardson,  born  in  England  in 


INDIANA  AND   INDIANANS 


tinguislicd  services  in  tlio  cause  of  hnman- 
ity  and  his  effort  in  behalf  of  higher  medi- 
cal education  and  research  work,  \Valwsh 
College  eont'erred  ii])on  him  the  degree  Mas- 
ter of  Arts.  After  graduation  Doctor 
Edenharter  opened  his  office  in  Indian- 
apolis, and  for  several  years  did  a  general 
practice  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  lie 
\VHS  first  appointed  superintendent  of  the 
Central  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  on 
April  7,  1S9.'5.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
for  two  years  been  attending  physician  and 
surgeon  to  the  Marion  County  Asylum,  for 
<nic  year  performed  similar  duties  at  the 
County  Workhouse,  and  in  1S89  was  elected 
for  two  years  as  superintendent  of  the  In- 
dianapolis City  Hospital,  a  position  to 
which  he  was  chosen  with  the  unanimous 
vote  of  lioth  the  republicans  and  democrats 
of  the  City  Council.  Doctor  Kdenliarter 
has  hern  a  democrat  since  casting  his  first 
vote,  and  from  1SS:}  to  1SS7  was  representa- 
tive of  the  eighth  ward  in  the  City  Coun- 
cil. In  1887  he  was  democratic  nominee 
for  mayor. 

His  eminence  as  a  hospital  administra- 
tor and  in  the  care  and  treatment  of  the 
insane  has  enabled  him  to  wield  a  great 
jiower  and  influence  not  only  through  the 
Indianapolis  hospital  hut  among  similar  in- 
stitutions elsewhere  in  the  state  and  in 
other  slates.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  and 
largely  as  a  result  of  his  advocacy  that  the 
Legislature  in  l!t()r>  created  a  new  district 
for  the  insane  population,  establishing  the 
Soul  heastern  Hospital.  He  was  also  influ- 
ential in  securing  the  amending  of  the  bill 
providing  for  an  epileptic  village  in  such 
a  way  as  to  provide  for  the  hopeful  or 
curable  cases  rather  than  for  the  incurably 
insane  epileptics  assigned  to  the  regular 
hospitals  for  the  insane:  It  was  largely 
due  to  his  advice  and  effort  that  Indiana 
located  her  hospital  for  the  criminal  insane 
at  .Michigan  City  in  preference  to  locating 
siieh  an  institution  at  the  Hospital  for  In- 
sane at  Lngansport. 

Doctor  Kdenliarter  is  widely  known  in 
professional  circles,  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medico- Psychological  Associa- 
tion.  the  New  York  Medico- Legal  Society, 
of  which  he  lias  served  as  vice  president 
for  Indiana,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Medical  Society,  the  Marion  County 
Medical  Society,  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Society  and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. Hi-  is  a  thirtv-third  degree  Scottish 


Kite  Mason  and  member  of  Capital  City 
Lodge  No.  -ll..  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 
June  (i.  ls>*.  Doctor  Kdenliarter  married 
Miss  Marion  K.  Swadener.  of  Dayton.  Ohio. 
She  was  born  and  reared  in  Ohio,  daughter 
of  Michael  and  Marie  <  Michel  i  Swadener. 
Mrs.  Edenharter  died  September  '21.  l!»(l!l. 
She  was  the  mother  of  one  son.  Kalph, 
horn  in  Indianapolis  .July  lit.  !>*!(. 

liKX.i AMIN  A.  KiriiAKOsoN.  who  for  half 
a  century  was  a  resident  of  Indianapolis, 
served  the  Eighty-Fourth  Indiana  Volun- 
teers in  the  Civil  war.  was  prominent  in 
the  Indiana  National  (iuard  and  quarter- 
master general  of  Indiana  under  (lovernor 
James  A.  Mount  during  the  Spanish- 
American  war.  As  these  facts  indicate  he 
had  a  career  out  of  the  ordinary  in  both 
experience  anil  achievement.  While  the 
routine  of  his  life  ran  smoothly  and  quietly 
for  many  years,  death  came  suddenly  as  to 
a  good  soldier  and  in  the  form  of  a  tragedy 
that  brought  sorrow  to  an  entire  commu- 
nity, (ieneral  Kiehardsnn  and  his  wife  were 
driving  their  automobile  from  their  home 
in  Southport  to  Indianapolis  when  they 
were  struck  by  a  fast  mail  train  on  the 
Pennsylvania  road  and  were  instantly 
killed.  This  tragcdv  occurred  October  L'it. 
1918. 

The  Indianapolis  News  commenting  edi- 
torially on  this  tragedy  said:  "A  tine, 
genial  gentleman,  a  man  who  kept  his  youth 
and  never  lost  his  temper — such  was  llen- 
.jainin  A.  Kichardson.  long  time  a  citi/.eii 
of  Indianapolis.  And  through  all  bis  years 
as  a  soldier,  occupant  of  a  state  office,  and 
citixen  he  had  lived  a  happy,  unblemished 
life.  The  pathos  of  his  taking  off  will  not 
i';iil  to  impress  the  community.  Here  was 
a  man  that  had  been  :\  participant  in  many 
battles  of  our  great  Civil  war:  who  had 
lived  beyond  the  three  score  and  ten  years 
period:  who  rarely  knew  illness  though 
often  in  personal  danger,  and  yet  who  met 
a  violent  death  at  a  railroad  crossing. 
With  him  also  died  his  wife — a  woman 
greatly  rrspeeted  for  her  many  qualities. 
The  state  and  especially  the  city  owe  Mr. 
Kiehardson  a  debt  of  affect ionate  remem- 
brance. He  was  always  ready  to  serve  oth- 
ers, lie  lived  the  life  of  a  patriotic,  pub- 
lic-spirited citixen." 

His  paternal  ancestors  were  of  New 
England  stock*  The  liiM  American  was 
Samuel  Kichardson.  born  in  England  in 


2054 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


1610,  who  came  to  New  England  about 
1635.  A  surveyor  by  profession,  he  sur- 
veyed and  laid  out  the  Town  of  Woburn, 
Massachusetts,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  its  first  church.  Samuel,  Jr.,  was  born 
in  Woburn  May  22,  1646.  A  son  of  his 
fourth  marriage  was  David  Richardson, 
who  was  born  in  Woburn  April  14,  1700. 
Their  son,  Capt.  Aaron  Richardson,  was 
born  at  Newton,  Massachusetts,  October  2, 
1740,  and  was  the  father  of  Nathan  Henry 
Richardson. 

Lewis  Richardson  a  son  of  Nathan 
Henry,  was  born  in  Oneida  County,  New 
York,  in  November,  1813.  He  married 
Mary  Jane  McElroy,  who  was  born  in 
Oneida  County  April  20,  1813,  daughter  of 
William  and  Esther  (Austin)  McElroy. 
After  their  marriage  they  lived  on  a  farm 
in  Wayne  County,  New  York,  in  a  locality 
still  known  as  Richardson's  Corners.  In 
1859  they  moved  to  Delaware,  Ohio,  and 
during  the  Civil  war  their  home  was  in 
Wavne  County,  Indiana.  Mrs.  Lewis 
Richardson  died  in  Wayne  County  in  1862, 
her  death  being  hastened  by  the  loss  of  a 
son  in  the  army  and  the  departure  of  the 
younger  son,  Benjamin,  to  the  front.  Lewis 
Richardson  afterward  returned  to  Dela- 
ware, Ohio,  took  up  the  insurance  business, 
and  died  at  the  home  of  his  son  in  Indian- 
apolis in  1890. 

Benjamin  Austin  Richardson  was  born 
at  Wolcott,  Wayne  County,  New  York, 
April  30,  1840.  He  attended  district 
school  there,  had  the  routine  discipline  of 
the  home  farm,  and  after  the  family  moved 
to  Delaware,  Ohio,  he  attended  the  town 
schools  for  two  winters.  He  also  attended 
school  for  a  brief  time  at  Dublin,  Indiana. 
His  mother  sought  to  dissuade  him  from 
going  into  the  army,  but  after  his  older 
brother,  Nathan,  had  died  he  overcame  her 
objections,  and  in  August,  1862,  enlisted 
in  Company  C  of  the  Eighty-fourth  In- 
diana Infantry.  From  that  time  he  was 
in  the  army,  later  as  a  non-commissioned 
officer  until  mustered  out  at  Indianapolis 
May  10,  1865.  After  the  war  he  was  ap- 
pointed clerk  in  the  office  of  Major  Dunn, 
chief  mustering  officer,  in  the  old  Washing- 
ton Hall,  and  remained  to  make  the  final 
report  for  Major  Dunn  to  the  government. 
Later  he  worked  as  bookkeeper,  also  at- 
tended night  school  and  the  Bryant  and. 
Stratton  and  the  Purdy  Business  colleges 
at  Indianapolis.  For  a  number  of  years 


he  was  collector  and  cashier  for  the  Indian- 
apolis Gas  Light  and  Coke  Company,  but 
in  1876,  seeking  less  confining  employment, 
entered  the  real  estate  and  insurance  busi- 
ness. He  was  prominent  in  insurance 
circles  forty  years,  and  he  also  handled  a 
large  volume  of  real  estate.  The  insurance 
firm  was  Richardson  &  McCrea  and  later 
Richardson,  Kothe  &  McCrea. 

Known  as  a  successful  business  man,  he 
was  frequently  honored  with  responsibili- 
ties outside  of  his  private  affairs.  He  was 
especially  interested  in  military  organiza- 
tions, and  was  a  member  of  the  first  mili- 
tary company  organized  at  Indianapolis 
after  the  Civil  war,  of  which  company  Ben- 
jamin Harrison  was  the  captain.  On  July 
29,  1882,  he  was  made  captain  of  Richard- 
son's Zouaves  of  Indianapolis,  and  filled 
that  position  until  he  resigned  November 
10,  1883.  This  company  gained  a  reputa- 
tion under  his  instruction  and  won  many 
laurels  in  competitive  drills.  It  was  the 
first  northern  company  to  make  a  trip  to 
the  south  after  the  Civil  war  to  compete 
in  a  military  tournament,  and  was  enthu- 
siastically received  and  carried  off  many 
honors  in  the  drill  contest  at  Houston, 
Texas.  Later  he  was  commissioned  major 
and  made  inspector  of  rifle  practice  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Chase,  and  in  1897  Gov- 
ernor Mount  appointed  him  quartermas- 
ter-general of  Indiana  during  the  Spanish- 
American  war.  He  began  his  term  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1897,  and  served  until  March1  31, 
1901,  during  which  period  his  duties  were 
ablv  and  faithfully  discharged. 

General  Richardson  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Memorial  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Indianapolis  and  was  an  elder  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  was  active .  in 
Masonry  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  hold- 
ing a  number  of  official  distinctions  in  the 
Uniform  rank  of  the  latter.  He  was  a 
member  of  George  H.  Thomas  Post  No.  17, 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  of  Camp 
No.  80,  Union  Veteran  Legion.  He  grew  up 
in  a  democratic  family  but  cast  his  first  vote 
for  Abraham  Lincoln  while  in  the  army. 
At  one  time  he  was  trustee  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Home  for  Aged  and  Friendless 
Women.  He  also  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Governors  of  the  Indianapolis 
Board  of  Trade,  of  which  he  had  been  a 
member  for  many  years. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2055 


September  13,  1867,  in  Jackson  County, 
Missouri,  General  Richardson  married  Miss 
Estelle  Carpenter.  She  was  born  and 
reared  in  Delaware  County,  Ohio,  her 
parents  having  moved  to  Missouri  in  1866. 
She  was  descended  from  William  Carpen- 
ter, who  came  from  England  in  1638  and 
settled  at  Rehoboth,  Massachusetts.  Later 
members  of  the  family  were  participants 
in  the  Indian  wars  and  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  Mrs.  Richardson  died  April 
11,  1900,  at  the  age  of  fifty-one.  Novem- 
ber 12,  1902,  General  Richardson  married 
Miss  Susan  Ballard.  Their  life  companion- 
ship was  a  most  happy  one  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  Mrs.  Richardson  was  dis- 
tinguished by  her  interests  and  active  work 
in  college  and  church  affairs.  She  was  a 
trustee  of  the  Western  College  for  Women 
at  Oxford,  Ohio.  She  was  a  graduate  of 
that  college.  She  was  born  at  Athens, 
Ohio,  November  23,  1856,  and  was  de- 
scended from  William  Ballard,  who  came 
to  America  as  a  member  of  Governor  Win- 
throp's  Colony. 

General  Richardson  by  his  first  marriage 
had  six  children.  Three  daughters  died  in 
infancy  or  early  girlhood.  The  three  sons 
are  Nathan  Henry,  Benjamin  A.,  Jr.,  and 
Sherrill  E.  Benjamin  A.  is  a  dental  sur- 
geon in  Indianapolis,  having  received  his 
education  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Sherrill  E.  lives  at  Hartford 
City. 

Nathan  H.  Richardson,  the  oldest  son, 
was  educated  in  Wabash  College  and  since 
early  youth  has  been  engaged  in  the  insur- 
ance business  at  Indianapolis.  He  is  now 
secretary  of  the  insurance  department  of 
the  Bankers  Savings  &  Trust  Company.  It 
was  doubtless  his  father's  noble  example 
and  encouragement  that  led  him  to  take  a 
deep  interest  in  military  affairs  and  he  as- 
sisted in  reorganizing  the  State  Militia 
after  the  old  National  Guard  was  federal- 
ized  for  service  in  the  European  war,  and 
is  now  a  lieutenant  in  Company  H  in  the 
Indiana  State  Militia.  Nathan  H.  Rich- 
ardson married  Miss  Gallic  Lee,  a  native  of 
Peoria,  Illinois.  Her  father,  Fielding  T. 
Lee,  was  a  member  of  the  old  mercantile 
house  of  Eastman,  Slacker  &  Lee  of  Indian- 
apolis. Mr.  Richardson  is  a  republican  and 
a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

PHILIP  T.  COLGROVE.  Among  the  In- 
dianans  who  have  entered  the  ranks  of  the 


legal  profession  and  gained  success  is  num- 
bered Philip  T.  Colgrove,  who  was  born  at 
Winchester  April  17,  1858.  He  is  a  grad- 
uate of  Olivet  College,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Michigan  in  1879, 
on  his  twenty-first  birthday.  He  after- 
ward served  two  terms  as  prosecuting  at- 
torney of  Barry  County,  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate  in  1888,  serving  two  terms, 
was  a  presidential  elector  in  1889,  and 
has  gained  prominence  as  a  political 
speaker. 

Mr.  Colgrove  was  elected  grand  chan- 
cellor of  Michigan,  Knights  of  Pythias,  in 
1889,  and  in  1898  was  made  supreme  chan- 
cellor. He  married  Carrie  M.  Goodyear, 
and  they  have  son  and  daughter,  Lawrence 
and  Mabel. 

WILLIAM  H.  AUGUR.  No  one  takes  a 
greater  interest  in  the  present  war  activi- 
ties of  every  American  community  than 
William  H.  Augur  of  Peru.  As  Mr.  Augur 
from  his  local  government  position  as  post- 
master views  the  passing  soldiers  and  par- 
ticipates in  the  loyal  and  patriotic  demon- 
strations of  his  home  city  he  recalls  many 
scenes  of  his  boyhood  when  as  a  fifer  he 
helped  put  enthusiasm  into  the  boys  who 
were  marching  away  from  his  Indiana  home 
to  battle  against  slavery  and  for  the  Union. 

In  July,  1908,  Mr.  Augur  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  National  Association  of 
Civil  War  Musicians,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic. 

Mr.  Augur  was  born  at  Laurel  in  Frank- 
lin County,  Indiana,  December  22,  1850, 
one  of  the  eleven  children  of  William  S. 
and  Jane  (McKown)  Augur,  the  former  a 
native  of  New  York  and  the  latter  of  Penn- 
sylvania. His  father  was  a  butcher  by 
trade  and  died  in  1855.  The  mother  passed 
away  forty  years  later,  in  1895.  Both  were 
born  in  1810. 

William  H.  Augur  lived  in  his  native 
county  until  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  at- 
tended the  public  schools  and  was  eleven 
years  old  when  the  Civil  war  broke  out. 
His  native  village  of  Laurel  organized  a 
martial  band,  which  became  famous 
throughout  the  entire  country.  As  a  lad 
Mr.  Augur  learned  to  perform  on  a  fife, 
and  he  became  a  member  of  this  band, 
which  escorted  the  troops  raised  from 
Franklin  County  to  their  place  of  starting 
for  the  front.  Mr.  Augur  continued  to 
keep  up  his  practice  on  the  fife,  and  for 


2056 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


years  in  Miami  County  whenever  martial 
music  was  presented  he  participated  as  the 
regular  fifer  and  has  attended  old  settlers 
meetings,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  re- 
unions and  similar  ceremonies  without 
number.  He  has  served  as  national  fife 
major  of  the  National  Association  of  Civil 
War  Musicians. 

To  complete  his  education  Mr.  Augur 
attended  the  Kuhn  and  Curran's  Academy 
at  Cincinnati  for  about  five  terms.  In  1865 
he  and  a  brother  came  to  Peru  and  engaged 
in  the  butchering  business,  this  employ- 
ment being  interrupted  somewhat  by  his 
school  attendance  and  also  by  some  work 
as  a  railroad  man.  However,  he  continued 
in  the  active  ranks  of  local  butchers  until 
1891,  and  for  many  years  has  been  a  mem- 
ber at  large  of  the  Amalgamated  Meat 
Cutters  and  Butchers  Workmen  of  North 
America.  Through  his  musicianship  he  is 
also  a  member  of  Peru  Local  No.  225, 
American  Federation  of  Musicians.  Other 
fraternal  associations  are  with  the  Masons, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  Royal  Arcanum  and 
the  Royal  Fellowship. 

Mr.  Augur  is  best  known  in  Miami 
County  through  his  long  and  effective  pub- 
lic service.  From  March,  1891,  to  1895  he 
served  as  city  editor  of  the  Miami  County 
Sentinel,  an  office  which  -by  its  nature  was 
practically  a  public  position.  In  1895  he 
became  deputy  county  clerk  to  Charles  R. 
Hughes,  and  held  that  office  until  June  6, 
1903.  In  1902  he  was  elected  county  clerk, 
the  term  to  begin  January  1,  1904,  because 
of  the  new  law  making  all  official  terms 
of  county  officers  begin  at  the  first  of  the 
year.  The  term  of  Mr.  Hughes  had  ex- 
pired June  6,  1903,  and  in  the  vacancy  thus 
created  Mr.  Augur  was  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  County  Commissioners  to  serve 
until  his  own  regular  term  of  four  years 
began.  He  was  re-elected  for  a  second 
term,  and  for  eight  years  and  seven  months 
was  clerk  of  courts  of  Miami  County.  By 
special  election  he  was  chosen  city  clerk 
of  Peru  in  1882,  and  was  reelected  in  the 
spring  of  1883,  serving  two  years.  On 
March  28,  1914,  Mr.  Augur  was  appointed 
postmaster  at  Pern,  and  took  over  the  du- 
ties and  responsibilities  of  that  office  on 
April  21,  1914.  Thus  the  office  has  been 
under  his  administration  for  over  four 
years.  Mr.  Augur  has  been  very  active  as 
a  democrat,  having  been  elected  chairman 


of  the   Democratic  Central  Committee  in 
1910  and  again  in  1912. 

December  22,  1873,  he  married  Miss  Eva 
Josephine  Mason,  of  Mattoon,  Illinois. 
They  have  four  children :  Ruby  Louise, 
Charles  J.,  Frederick  0.  and  Josephine  T. 
Ruby  Louise  married  William  A.  Alex- 
ander, of  Peru,  Indiana,  June  11,  1913. 
Josephine  married  J.  Omer  Cole,  and  they 
have  two  cfiildren,  James  Omer  and  Mary 
Josephine. 

ALFRED  M.  GLOSSBBENNER.  When  the 
Glossbrenner  family  moved  to  Indianapolis 
in  January,  1882,  from  Jeffersonville,  Al- 
fred M.  Glossbrenner  who  was  born  in  the 
latter  town  August  15,  1869,  was  a  few 
months  past  twelve  years  of  age.  At  Jef- 
fersonville he  had  been  in  school  for  six 
years.  His  association  with  formal  institu- 
tions of  learning  practically  ended  with  his 
removal  to  Indianapolis. 

The  first  occupation  which  he  dignified 
and  made  a  source  of  living  income  in  In- 
dianapolis was  selling  newspapers.  He 
also  worked  as  a  cash  boy  in  a  large  store. 
A  year  later  he  became  an  office  employe 
of  humble  status  and  with  a  vague  routine 
of  duties.  In  these  days  much  is  heard  of 
vocational  education,  by  which  boys  are 
furnished  a  training  fitted  into  the  practi- 
cal affairs  of  business  and  life.  Led  by 
ambition  and  energy  Alfred  Glossbrenner 
figured  out  a  system  of  vocational  training 
for  himself  while  he  was  working  for  a  liv- 
ing in  stores  and  offices.  As  opportunity 
offered  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of 
bookkeeping,  arithmetic  and  various  other 
branches,  the  mastery  of  which  he  realized 
as  a  necessity  to  his  continued  advance- 
ment. While  in  the  office  he  spent  five 
nights  a  week  in  the  study  of  commercial 
law. 

The  door  of  opportunity  opened  to  him 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  when  he  was  taken 
in  as  bookkeeper  and  general  office  man 
with  the  printing  house  of  Levey  Brothers 
&  Company.  This  business  had  recently 
moved  from  Madison  to  Indianapolis.  It 
was  not  one  of  the  biggest  concerns  of  In- 
dianapolis when  Mr.  Glossbrenner  became 
identified  with  it.  But  he  proved  himself 
superior  to  his  normal  functions  and  was 
soon  supplying  some  of  the  energy  and 
ideas  which  promoted  the  upbuilding  and 
broadening  out  of  the  concern.  With  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2057 


growing  success  of  the  company  his  own 
position  became  one  of  larger  responsibili- 
ties, and  in  the  course  of  promotion  he 
was  made  secretary  and  treasurer,  and  sub- 
sequently vice  president  and  manager. 
Levey  Brothers  &  Company  is  now  one  of 
the  largest  firms  in  the  general  printing 
and  stationery  business  in  Indiana,  and 
much  of  the  success  of  the  house  is  credited 
to  Mr.  Glossbrenner. 

In  other  ways  he  has  proved  himself  a 
man  of  usefulness  in  his  home  city.  He 
has  always  taken  an  active  part  in  republi- 
can politics,  and  in  1898  accepted  the  nomi- 
nation for  state  representative  at  a  consid- 
erable sacrifice  to  his  personal  business  af- 
fairs. During  the  Sixty-first  General  As- 
sembly he  made  his  influence  felt  in  the 
promotion  of  many  good  measures.  Mr. 
Glossbrenner  is  credited  with  having  first 
formally  brought  the  name  of  Albert  J. 
Beveridge  to  the  attention  of  the  people  of 
Indiana  in  connection  with  the  honor  of 
United  States  senator.  He  helped  organize 
and  largely  directed  the  campaign  which 
finally  elected  Mr.  Beveridge  to  a  seat  in 
the  Upper  House  of  Congress  April  28, 
1906.  In  October,  1908,  Mayor  Charles  A. 
Bookwalter  appointed  Mr.  Glossbrenner 
member  of  the  City  Sinking  Fund  Com- 
mission. 

He  is  well  known  in  social  and  fraternal 
affairs,  was  treasurer  of  the  Marion  Club 
four  years,  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia 
and  other  republican  clubs,  has  been  on  the 
governing  committee  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
is  a  member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner,  an  Odd  Fellow  and  a  Knight  of 
Pythias. 

November  14,  1894,  he  married  Miss  Min- 
nie M.  Stroup,  of  Waldron,  Indiana.  Three 
sons  were  born  to  them,  Daniel  Independ- 
ence Glossbrenner,  born  July  4,  1896 ;  Al- 
fred Stroup,  born  June  6.  1901 ;  and  George 
Levey,  born  September  15,  1904. 

CHARLES  H.  WINTERSTEEN  is  a  business 
man  of  Newcastle  who  has  come  graduallv 
and  through  hard  working  energy  and 
sound  ability  to  his  present  position  of  pros- 
perity. Mr.  Wintersteen  has  a  well  estab- 
lished business  as  harness  maker  and  dealer 
in  automobile  specialties  and  hardware,  and 
his  service  in  these  lines  is  taken  advantage 
of  by  patrons  all  over  Henry  and  adjoining 
counties. 


Mr.  Wintersteen  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Seven  Mile  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  No- 
vember 21,  1869,  son  of  Daniel  Y.  and  Han- 
nah (Conover)  Wintersteen.  His  paternal 
ancestors  have  been  in  this  country  four 
generations.  His  great-grandfather,  Dan- 
iel Wintersteen,  came  from  Germany  and 
was  a  colonial  settler  in  America.  Most  of 
the  Wintersteens  have  been  farmers,  and 
that  was  the  occupation  of  Daniel  Y.  Win- 
tersteen. Charles  H.  Wintersteen  attended 
public  schools  at  Strawn  in  Henry  County, 
where  his  parents  located  when  he  was  a 
year  and  a  half  old.  As  was  customary, 
he  attended  school  in  the  winter  and 
worked  on  the  farm  in  the  summer.  At  the 
age  of  seventeen  an  accidental  injury  kept 
him  on  crutches  for  nineteen  months.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  began  planning  for  some 
other  career  than  farming,  and  in  the 
spring  of  1889  went  to  work  to  learn  the 
harness  making  trade  at  Louisville  in 
Henry  County.  In  the  fall  of  1891  he 
went  to  Jay  County,  and  for  several  years 
was  associated  with  his  father  in  farming 
a  small  place.  Up  to  the  fall  of  1895  he 
continued  farming,  and  between  crops 
worked  at  his  trade,  walking  seven  miles 
from  his  home  to  Red  Key  to  the  shop.  In 
April,  1896,  Mr.  Wintersteen  opened  a  har- 
ness making  shop  at  Louisville,  Indiana, 
having  a  cash  capital  of  only  $16  when  he 
embarked  on  that  enterprise.  His  business 
prospered  from  the  start,  and  he  had  built 
it  up  to  considerable  proportions,  when  on 
August  14,  1890,  he  sold  out  to  his  former 
employe,  R.  Mcllvaine.  After  that  he  was 
again  in  business  at  Louisville,  but  on  De- 
cember 13,  1905,  came  to  Newcastle  and  a 
few  days  later  opened  a  new  shop  across 
the  street  from  his  present  loeat'on.  In 
1908  he  moved  to  an  adjoining  building 
and  in  1914  came  to  his  present  headquar- 
ters at  1411  East  Rice  Street.  He  handles 
a  Iflrge  line  of  general  harness  goods,  also 
makes  and  repairs  harness,  and  has  also 
developed  an  important  department  in  sup- 
plying automobile  specialties  and  hardware. 
Mr.  Wintersteen  married  April  27,  1897, 
Hattie  Cherry,  of  Dublin,  Indiana.  They 
have  one  son,  Paul  Homer,  who  is  now  a 
^unior  in  the  Civil  and  Electric  Engineer- 
ing Department  of  Purdue  University.  He 
(rraduated  with  honors  from  the  Newcastle 
High  School.  While  at  Purdue  he  is  also 
taking  the  regularly  prescribed  course  of 
military  training,  and  is  thus  getting  ready 


2058 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


to  serve  his  country  in  the  way  that  his 
abilities  and  training  best  fit  him.  Mr. 
Wintersteen  has  been  affiliated  with  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the 
Eagles.  He  is  a  member  of  the  First  Chris- 
tian Church  of  Newcastle  and  in  politics  is 
a  republican. 

JOSEPH  N.  TILLETT.  The  soldier  receives 
his  "honorable  discharge"  to  signify  that 
his  term  of  service  has  been  faithfully  ful- 
filled. The  civilian  goes  on  working  to  the 
end,  or  merely  retires,  without  any  special 
mark  or  recognition  of  the  fact.  Many  men 
fairly  win  "honorable  retirement"  even  if 
they  do  not  have  a  certificate  to  that  effect. 

One  of  these  who  can  now  enjoy  dignity 
and  ease  is  Hon.  Joseph  N.  Tillett  of  Peru, 
who  has  practiced  law  in  Miami  County 
nearly  thirty  years  and  has  to  his  credit 
two  terms  of  faithful  service  as  a  circuit 
judge.  Since  leaving  the  bench  in  1914 
Judge  Tillett  has  given  some  attention  to 
his  private  practice  as  member  of  the  firm 
Tillett  &  Lawrence,  but  as  a  matter  of 
personal  enjoyment  he  takes  more  pleasure 
and  pride  in  looking  after  his  farm  of  350 
acres  adjoining  Peru  and  raising  corn  and 
wheat  than  in  the  law. 

That  farm  means  the  more  to  Judge  Til- 
lett because  it  was  the  scene  of  his  birth. 
He  was  born  November  27,  1865,  youngest 
of  the  seven  children  of  William  and  Eliza- 
beth (Grimes)  Tillett.  His  grandparents 
were  James  and  Susannah  (Buck)  Tillett, 
natives  of  Virginia  and  representatives  of 
old  Virginia  families.  William  Tillett  was 
also  a  native  of  Virginia.  James  Tillett 
brought  his  family  to  Indiana  in  the  early 
years  of  the  last  century,  first  locating  in 
Wayne  County,  and  in  1834  coming  to  the 
fringe  of  settlements  along  the  Wabash 
Valley  in  Miami  County.  He  acquired  a 
tract  of  wild  land  in  Peru  Township  and 
put  up  with  the  inconveniences  of  log 
cabin  existence  for  several  years.  James 
Tillett  and  wife  both  died  in  Miami  County. 
He  was  a  Jacksonian  democrat,  and  both 
his  son  and  grandson  have  followed  him 
in  those  political  principles.  James  Tillett 
was  one  of  the  early  county  commissioners 
of  Miami  County. 

William  Tillett,  father  of  Judge  Tillett, 
was  still  a  boy  when  brought  to  Miami 
County.  The  schools  of  his  day  by  no 
means  measured  up  to  those  of  his  mature 
years,  but  what  he  failed  to  gain  in  the 


way  of  thorough  book  learning  he  made  up 
in  practical  knowledge  of  all  the  secrets 
and  mysteries  of  the  forest  which  sur- 
rounded him.  He  was  distinguished  as  a 
skillful  hunter,  and  gained  his  share  of  the 
honors  of  the  chase  in  times  when  the  woods 
of  Miami  County  were  filled  with  deer, 
wild  turkey  and  other  game.  As  a  farmer 
and  good  citizen  he  was  equally  successful 
and  lived  a  life  of  usefulness  and  honor, 
though  without  specially  dramatic  events. 
He  died  February  6,  1903.  His  wife,  a 
native  of  Ohio,  died  March  30,  1901.  She 
was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church. 

It  was  on  the  old  homestead  near  Peru 
that  Joseph  Newton  Tillett  spent  his  boy- 
hood, attending  the  district  schools,  the 
public  schools  of  Peru  two  years,  and  in, 
1883  entering  old  Wabash  College  at  Craw- 
fordsville.  He  received  his  Bachelor  of 
Science  degree  from  that  institution  in 
1888  and  during  the  next  two  years  studied 
law  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  His  law 
degree  was  granted  with  the  class  of  1890. 

Admitted  to  the  Indiana  bar,  Judge  Til- 
let  at  once  began  practice  at  Peru,  being 
associated  with  Nott  N.  Antrim  under  the 
name  Antrim  &  Tillett  until  1894.  In  that 
year  Judge  Tillett  was  elected  prosecuting 
attorney,  and  was  re-elected  and  served 
two  consecutive  terms.  In  that  office  he 
made  a  record  as  a  thoroughly  capable,  dili- 
gent, efficient  and  impartial  official,  a 
record  which  followed  him  when  he  left 
office  to  resume  private  practice  and 
brought  him  in  1902  the  well  merited  hon- 
ors of  election  as  judge  of  the  Fifty-First 
Judicial  Circuit,  Judge  Tillett  presided 
over  the  bench  for  six  years,  and  was  re- 
elected  for  a  second  term  in  1908. 

Judge  Tillett  has  given  his  political  alle- 
giance to  the  same  party  which  commanded 
the  support  of  his  father  and  grandfather. 
He  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  at  Peru.  On  August 
10,  1893,  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Bald- 
win, of  Washington,  Indiana.  They  have 
two  children,  Lois  Elizabeth  and  Robert 
Baldwin. 

EDWARD  R.  THOMPSON  for  many  years 
has  enacted  the  role  of  a  merchant  in  Rich- 
mond, and  is  now  senior  partner  of  Thomp- 
son &  Borton,  dealers  in  men's  and  boy's 
clothing  and  furnishings. 

Mr.  Thompson,  who  has  spent  practically 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2059 


all  his  life  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  was 
born  at  Webster  in  that  county  in  October, 
1862.  He  is  a  son  of  John  M.  and  Mary 
Charlotta  (Davis)  Thompson.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His  ancestors  first 
settled  in  North  Carolina.  His  grandfather 
was  Robert  Thompson.  John  M.  Thomp- 
son, his  father,  settled  at  Washington,  now 
Greens  Fork,  Wayne  County.  He  served 
as  a  Union  soldier  in  the  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty-Fourth  Infantry  during  1863-65. 

Edward  R.  Thompson  was  the  next  to 
the  youngest  in  a  family  of  eight  children, 
and  received  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  Webster  and  the  old 
Friends  Academy.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he 
was  a  country  school  teacher,  and  followed 
that  work  for  three  years  in  Wayne  and 
Grant  counties,  Indiana.  He  acquired  hisi 
first  mercantile  training  as  a  salesman  for 
the  Richmond  clothing  merchant  Sam  Fox 
at  waeres  of  $4.50  a  week.  He  was  with  Mr. 
Fox  for  five  years  and  then  continued  at 
the  same  location  with  the  firm  of  Beal  & 
Gregg  for  five  years.  He  had  worked  hard, 
had  made  the  best  use  of  his  opportunities 
and  experience,  and  with  a  modest  capital 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  William 
Widup  under  the  name  Widup  &  Thomp- 
son at  803  Main  Street.  This  firm  con- 
tinued and  prospered  for  ten  years,  after 
which  the  partnership  was  dissolved.  Then 
on  account  of  his  wife's  health  Mr.  Thomp- 
son went  South  and  was  retired  from  busi- 
ness for  about  seven  years.  In  1916,  after 
the  death  of  his  wife,  he  returned  to  Rich- 
mond and  opened  a  store  at  625  Main 
Street.  After  a  year  and  a  half  Mr.  Fred 
R.  Borton  bought  the  interest  of  his  part- 
ner and  since  July,  1917,  the  business  has 
been  conducted  as  Thompson  and  Borton. 

In  1895  Mr.  Thompson  married  Adah 
Heard,  daughter  of  Dr.  George  and  Emma 
(Borton)  Heard  of  Richmond.  She  died 
February  19,  1915,  the  mother  of  one 
daughter,  Ardath  S.  Mr.  Thompson  is  an 
independent  republican  and  is  affiliated 
with  the  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church. 

HORACE  G.  HARDY.  Several  Indiana 
communities  have  known  Horace  G.  Hardy 
as  a  successful  and  enterprising  business 
man  and  citizen.  He  is  now  proprietor  of 
the  H.  G.  Hardy  Hardware,  Plumbing, 
Tinware  and  Farming  Implement  business, 
the  largest  of  its  kind  at  Pendleton. 


Mr.  Hardy  was  born  at  Markleville  in 
Madison  County,  Indiana,  in  1874,  son  of 
S.  F.  and  Rebecca  (James)  Hardy.  He  is 
of  Scotch  ancestry.  The  Hardys  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  in  colonial  times.  His  grand- 
father, Neal  Hardy,  in  early  days  walked 
the  entire  distance  from  Pennsylvania  to 
Indiana,  and  for  a  time  did  farm  labor  in 
this  state.  He  then  went  back  to  Pennsyl- 
vania to  claim  his  bride,  Miss  Roberts,  and 
brought  her  to  his  chosen  home  in  Indiana 
in  a  two  horse  vehicle.  They  located  two 
miles  east  of  Pendleton,  where  Neal  Hardy 
cleared  up  a  farm  from  the  wilderness.  He 
had  eighty  acres,  and  he  lived  there,  a  pros- 
perous and  highly  respected  citizen,  until 
his  death  on  December  4,  1860. 

S.  F.  Hardy,  one  of  six  children,  grew 
up  on  the  home  farm  in  Madison  County. 
He  was  a  man  of  somewhat  adventurous 
disposition  and  made  two  trips  to  the  min- 
ing regions  around  Denver,  Colorado.  On 
these  trips,  made  before  the  days  of  trans- 
continental railroads,  he  traveled  by  ox 
team  from  St.  Louis.  He  was  quite  suc- 
cessful as  a  miner  and  invested  his  proceeds 
in  lots  in  the  new  Town  of  Denver.  This 
property  had  he  retained  it  would  have 
made  him  very  well  to  do.  After  his  min- 
ing experience  he  worked  on  a  farm  in 
Indiana  until  1861,  when  he  enlisted  in  the 
Sixteenth  Indiana  Infantry  as  a  sergeant. 
He  was  all  through  the  war,  was  twice 
wounded,  and  made  a  most  creditable 
record  as  a  soldier  that  is  a  matter  of  spe- 
cial pride  to  his  descendants.  He  was 
not  mustered  out  until  1865.  After  the  war 
he  engaged  in  general  merchandising  at 
Markleville,  and  in  1904  retired  and  moved 
to  Pendleton,  where  he  died  in  1908.  He 
retained  his  interest  in  the  business  at 
Markleville  until  his  death.  His  widow  is 
still  living  at  Pendleton. 

Horace  G.  Hardy  was  third  in  a  family 
of  eight  children,  six  of  whom  are  still  liv- 
ing. He  got  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  at  Markleville,  also  attended 
the  noted  Spiceland  Academy  in  Henry 
County,  and  from  1895  to  1897  was  a  stu- 
dent in  Indiana  State  University.  On  leav- 
ing college  he  returned  to  Markleville,  and 
was  associated  with  his  father  in  the  store 
antil  1905.  He  then  engaged  in  business 
for  himself,  handling  buggies,  hardware 
and  implements.  After  five  years  he  re- 
moved to  Tipton,  Indiana,  and  as  a  stock- 
holder and  director  in  the  Binkley  Buggy 


2060 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


Company  was  its  traveling  representative 
over  Indiana  and  Illinois  for  a  year  and  a 
half.  Selling  out  these  interests,  Mr. 
Hardy  returned  to  Pendleton  in  1910  and 
bought  the  old  established  hardware  busi- 
ness at  J.  B.  Rickey  on  Pendleton  Avenue. 
Two  years  later  he  moved  to  his  present 
location  and  has  kept  expanding  and  in- 
creasing his  business  until  he  now  handles 
all  classes  of  general  hardware,  has  facili- 
ties for  tin,  plumbing,  heating  and  other 
services,  and  also  has  a  department  devoted 
to  harness  goods.  Mr.  Hardy  is  a  stock- 
holder in  the  Pendleton  Trust  Company 
and  has  various  other  interests,  including 
a  good  eighty-acre  farm  a  mile  and  a  half 
east  of  town. 

This  company  also  respects  his  record  of 
public  service.  He  has  been  township 
trustee  since  1914,  and  was  president  of 
the  Town  Board  in  1910.  From  1907  to 
1910  he  was  president  of  the  Pendleton 
Gas  Company.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Pendleton  School  Board  and  president  of 
the  Library  Board,  and  everything  that 
concerns  the  welfare  of  the  community  is 
certain  to  enlist  his  hearty  and  active  co- 
operation. Mr.  'Hardy  has  filled  all  the 
chairs  of  his  Masonic  Lodge  and  is  also  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
at  Markleville,  with  the  Sons  of  Veterans, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Sigma  Nu  College 
fraternity  of  Indiana  University.  Mr. 
Hardy  comes  of  a  long  line  of  Hicksite 
Quakers  and  is  himself  a  member  of  the 
same  faith. 

MYRON  G.  REYNOLDS.  In  Indiana's 
great  industrial  history  few  names  of  more 
importance  will  be  found  than  that  of  the 
late  Myron  G.  Reynolds  of  Anderson.  Mr. 
Reynolds  possessed  the  genius  of  the  inven- 
tor, the  persistence  of  the  true  and  tried 
business  man,  had  faith  in  his  dreams  and 
his  ability,  and  in  the  course  of  his  lifetime 
was  able  to  translate  his  visions  into 
effective  realities  and  was  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  fortunate  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  useful  men  of  the  state. 

He  represented  an  old  and  prominent 
family  of  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  where 
he  was  born  June  16,  1853.  Mr.  Reynolds 
closed  his  useful  life  at  the  age  of  onlv 
sixty-four  years.  His  parents  were  Brazila 
;'nd  Lydia  (Lay ton)  Reynolds.  They  were 
both  born  in  New  Jersey  and  were  early 


settlers  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Bra- 
zila Reynolds  was  a  millwright  by  trade 
and  followed  that  occupation  for  many 
years  at  Williamsburg. 

With  .only  a  common  school  education 
Myron  G.  Reynolds  perfected  himself  in 
the  blacksmith's  trade  in  his  father's  car- 
riage works  at  Williamsburg.  He  remained 
with  his  father,  working  steadily  year  after 
year  until  he  was  twenty-five  years  old. 
He  and  a  brother  then  conducted  a  plan- 
ing mill,  and  his  experience  continued  in 
the  routine  of  mechanical  trade  and  indus- 
try for  a  number  of  years.  Myron  G.  Rey- 
nolds rendered  his  greatest  service  to  the 
world  when  he  invented  a  gas  governor. 
That  was  in  1890.  There  was  no  question 
of  its  effectiveness  and  its  perfection 
judged  by  every  requirement  of  service. 
However,  as  is  usually  the  case  capital 
was  shy  of  a  practically  unknown  inventor 
and  untested  invention.  Mr.  Reynolds  lo- 
cated in  Anderson  in  1890,  and  after  much 
persistent  work  and  effort  secured  a 
backer  for  his  invention.  The  market  came 
practically  as  soon  as  the  product  was  ready 
for  it  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  the 
Reynolds  Gas  Governor  has  stood  every  test 
of  utility  and  service  and  has  been  dis- 
tributed in  practical  use  all  around  the 
world.  The  corporation  to  manufacture  it 
was  known  as  the  Reynolds  Gas  Regulator 
Company,  and  it  was  one  of  the  primary 
industries  of  Anderson.  Mr.  Reynolds  was 
its  president  and  general  manager  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  afterward  became  sole 
owner. 

The  Reynolds  Gas  Regulator  Company, 
of  which  Mrs.  C.  B.  Reynolds  is  now  sec- 
retary and  treasurer,  are  manufacturers  of 
artificial  gas  governors  and  natural  gas 
regulators  for  all  kinds  of  pressure  reduc- 
tion, the  present  output  being  based  on  the 
original  inventions  of  Mr.  Reynolds.  Those 
inventions  made  possible  the  control  of 
artificial  as  well  as  natural  gas,  and  the  sys- 
tem and  processes  are  now  used  in  all  the 
large  cities,  such  as  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 
In  working  out  the  invention  and  in  build- 
ine  up  the  industry  based  upon  it  Mr.  Rey- 
nolds expressed  the  best  of  his  genius  and 
character.  He  had  that  pride  which  is  an 
essential  quality  of  the  true  manufacturer, 
and  felt  that  his  regulator  industry  was  to 
be  his  real  monument  in  the  world  and  his 
contribution  to  the  welfare  of  humanity. 
It  was  characteristic  of  him  that  he  showed 


2060 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Company  was  its  traveling  representative 
over  Indiana  and  Illinois  for  a  year  and  a 
half.  Selling  out  those  interests,  Mr. 
Hardy  returned  to  Pendleton  in  1910  and 
bought  the  old  established  hardware  busi- 
ness at  •).  H.  Hiekey  on  Pendleton  Avenue. 
Two  years  later  he  moved  to  his  present 
location  and  lias  kept  expanding  and  in- 
creasing his  business  until  he  now  handles 
all  classes  of  genera!  hardware,  has  facili- 
ties for  tin.  plumbing,  heating  and  other 
services,  and  also  has  a  department  devoted 
to  harness  goods.  .Mr.  Hardy  is  a  stock- 
holder in  the  Pendleton  Trust  Company 
and  has  various  other  interests,  including 
a  good  eighty-acre  farm  a  mile  and  a  half 
east  of  town. 

This  company  also  respects  his  record  of 
public*  service.  He  has  been  township 
trustee  since  1914,  and  was  president  of 
the  Town  Hoard  in  1!>H>.  From  1907  to 
1910  he  was  president  of  the  Pendleton 
Gas  Company.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Pendleton  School  Hoard  and  president  of 
the  Library  Hoard,  and  everything  that 
concerns  the  welfare  of  the  community  is 
certain  to  enlist  his  hearty  and  active  co- 
operation. Mr.  Hardy  has  tilled  all  the 
chairs  of  his  Masonic  Lodge  and  is  also  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 
lie  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
at  Markleville,  with  the  Sons  of  Veterans, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Sigma  Xu  College 
fraternity  of  Indiana  I'niversity.  Mr. 
Hardy  comes  of  a  long  line  of  Ilicksite 
Quakers  and  is  himself  a  member  of  the 
same  faith. 

MVROX  G.  RI:YXOM>S.  Tn  Indiana's 
great  industrial  history  few  names  of  more 
importance  will  be  found  than  that  of  the 
late  Myron  G.  Reynolds  of  Anderson.  Mr. 
Reynolds  possessed  the  genius  of  the  inven- 
tor, the  persistence  of  the  true  and  tried 
business  man,  had  faith  in  his  dreams  and 
his  ability,  and  in  the  course  of  his  lifetime 
was  able  to  translate  his  visions  into 
effective  realities  and  was  regarded  as  one 
if  the  most  fortunate  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  useful  men  of  tin*  stale. 

lie  represented  an  old  and  prominent 
family  of  Wayne  County.  Indiana,  where 
he  was  born  June  Ifi,  lS.">:i.  Mr.  Reynolds 
closed  his  useful  life  at  the  age  of  onlv 
sixty-four  years.  His  parents  were  Braxila 
;Mid  Lydia  (Layton)  Reynolds.  They  were 
both  born  in  New  Jersev  and  were  earlv 


settlers  in  Wayne  County,  Indiana.  Bra- 
zila  Reynolds  was  a  millwright  by  trade 
and  followed  that  occupation  for  many 
years  at  Williamsburg. 

With  only  a  common  school  education 
Myron  G.  Reynolds  perfected  himself  in 
the  blacksmith's  trade  in  his  father's  car- 
riage works  at  Williamsburg.  He  remained 
with  his  father,  working  steadily  year  after 
year  until  he  was  twenty-five  years  old. 
He  and  a  brother  then  conducted  a  plan- 
ing mill,  and  his  experience  continued  in 
the  routine  of  mechanical  trade  and  indus- 
try for  a  number  of  years.  Myron  G.  Rey- 
nolds rendered  his  greatest  service  to  the 
world  when  he  invented  a  gas  governor. 
That  was  in  1890.  There  was  no  question 
of  its  effectiveness  and  its  perfection 
judged  by  every  requirement  of  service. 
However,  as  is  usually  the  case  capital 
was  shy  of  a  practically  unknown  inventor 
and  untested  invention.  Mr.  Reynolds  lo- 
cated in  Anderson  in  1S90.  and  after  much 
persistent  work  and  effort  secured  a 
backer  for  his  invention.  The  market  came 
practically  as  soon  as  the  product  was  ready 
for  it  and  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  the 
Reynolds  Gas  Governor  has  stood  every  test 
of  utility  and  service  and  has  been  dis- 
tributed in  practical  use  all  around  the 
world.  The  corporation  to  manufacture  it 
was  known  as  the  Reynolds  Gas  Regulator 
Company,  and  it  was  one  of  the  primary 
industries  of  Anderson.  Mr.  Reynolds  was 
its  president  and  general  manager  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  afterward  became  sole 
owner. 

The  Reynolds  Gas  Regulator  Company, 
of  which  Mrs.  C.  1>.  Reynolds  is  now  sec- 
retarv  and  treasurer,  are  manufacturers  of 
artificial  gas  governors  and  natural  gas 
regulators  for  all  kinds  of  pressure  reduc- 
tion, the  present  output  being  based  on  the 
original  inventions  of  Mr.  Reynolds.  Those 
inventions  made  possible  the  control  of 
artificial  as  well  as  natural  gas,  and  the  sys- 
tem and  processes  are  now  used  in  all  the 
large  cities,  such  as  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 
In  working  out  the  invention  and  in  build- 
in  <r  up  the  industry  based  upon  it  Mr.  Rey- 
nolds expressed  the  best  of  his  genius  and 
character.  He  had  that  pride  which  is  an 
essential  quality  of  the  true  manufacturer, 
and  felt  that  his  regulator  industry  was  to 
be  his  real  monument  in  the  world  and  his 
contribution  to  the  welfare  of  humanity. 
It  was  characteristic  of  him  that  he  showed 


LJ:RARY 

OF  T'lE 
UNIVERSITY  Of  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


2061 


an  intense  loyalty  to  his  business  as  well  as 
to  his  fellow  men.  He  possessed  faith, 
enthusiasm  and  tremendous  energy  to  back 
up  all  his  plans  and  ideals.  Happy  is  the 
man  who  has  a  work  to  do,  and  not  merely 
a  job.  The  primary  consideration  with 
Mr.  Reynolds  was  his  work,  and  he  never 
thought  of  measuring  his  success  by  the  ac- 
cumulation of  wealth.  He  felt  that  his 
work  was  worthy  and  the  world  has  judged 
it  according  to  his  own  ideals,  and  in  get- 
ting the  work  done  he  considered  no  cost, 
labor  nor  pains  sufficient  to  deter  him  from 
the  end  in  view.  Needless  to  say,  he  always 
enjoyed  the  confidence  of  his  associates, 
and  while  the  first  and  final  test  of  his  suc- 
cess was  proved  by  his  own  conscience,  he 
was  not  lacking  in  a  sincere  appreciation 
of  the  esteem  paid  him  by  his  fellow  men. 
He  was  broad  and  liberal  in  his  sympathies, 
and  had  an  unusual  ability  to  value  the 
finer  things  of  life. 

He  also  lent  his  capital  and  judgment  to 
the  promotion  and  management  of  several 
other  important  industries  at  Anderson. 
He  was  one  of  the  stockholders  of  thfe-'GJ'eH'--' 
tral  Heating  Company  and  president  of 
that  corporation.  He  was  vice  president 
and  a  large  stockholder  in  the  Indiana  Silo 
Company,  the  largest  enterprise  of  its  kind 
in  the  United  States.  With  all  his  success 
he  remained  essentially  democratic,  and 
never  lost  that  good  humor,  that  poise  and 
fellowship  which  enabled  him  to  move  as 
easily  in  the  higher  circles  of  society  as 
among  his  own  workmen.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  honored  residents  of  Anderson. 
He  lived  in  that  city  twenty-five  years,  and 
in  1910  built  one  of  the  finest  homes  there. 
In  1892  he  married  Miss  Carrie  B.  Bous- 
man.  Her  only  child  is  Myron  B.  Reynolds. 

MARJORIE  BENTON  COOKE  was  born  in 
Richmond,  Indiana,  and  is  now  a  resident 
of  the  City  of  New  York.  After  attend- 
ing preparatory  schools  in  Detroit  and  Chi- 
cago she  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Chicago,  class  of  1899,  and  began  her  pro- 
fessional life  in  recital  work  of  original 
sketches  and  monologues,  spending  her 
leisure  time  in  writing  stories,  plays  and 
poetry.  In  1910  she  gave  to  the  world  her 
first  novel,  "The  Girl  Who  Lived  in  the 
Woods,"  and  this  has  been  followed  by 
many  well  known  works,  including  one  vol- 
ume of  short  plays  and  a  collection  of  orig- 
inal plays  for  children. 


CHARLES  ALBERT  COLE  began  the  practice 
of  law  at  Peru  forty  years  ago.  His  reputa- 
tion as  a  lawyer  has  been  as  clean  as  his 
success  has  been  abundant,  and  when  a 
number  of  years  ago  his  fellow  citizens  and 
professional  brethren  began  to  call  him 
"Judge"  Cole  they  were  prompted  to  do 
so  from  a  serious  appreciation  of  the  fact 
that  he  was  well  worthy  of  judicial  honor. 
Those  honors  came  to  him  when  in  1914 
he  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Fifty- 
First  Judicial  Circuit,  succeeding  Judge 
Joseph  Newton  Tillett.  Judge  Cole  for  the 
past  four  years  has  held  court  in  this  cir- 
cuit, and  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  ablest 
jurists  in  Northern  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Peru  Town- 
ship of  Miami  County  March  21,  1855,  son 
of  Alfonso  A.  and  Sarah  (Henton)  Cole. 
His  father  died  in  1862.  The  family  home 
was  soon  moved  to  Peru,  where  Judge  Cole 
attended  the  public  schools.  He  left  In- 
diana University  in  his  junior  year  to  enter 
the  law  office  of  Lyman  Walker,  and  was 
'admitted  to  the  Miami  County  Bar  Jan- 


uary .'8 

Along  with  his  large  private  practice 
Judge  Cole  has  always  manifested  com- 
mendable interest  in  public  affairs.  He  has 
served  as  county  attorney,  member  of  the 
city  school  board,  and  in  1880  was  elected 
on  the  democratic  ticket  to  represent  Miami 
Countv  in  the  Legislature.  He  is  a  Knight 
of  Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church. 

December  3,  1884,  Judge  Cole  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  Shirk,  daughter  of  Harvey 
J.  and  Eliza  M.  Shirk  of  Peru.  They  have 
two  children,  Albert  Harvey  and  Sarah 
Helen.  The  son  is  a  graduate  of  the  liter- 
ary and  law  departments  of  Indiana  Uni- 
versity and  became  associated  with  his 
father  in  practice.  The  daughter  was  also 
educated  in  Indiana  University  and  in  a 
musical  school  in  the  east. 

JOHN  S.  ALLDREDGE.  In  the  epoch  mak- 
ing Legislature  of  1917  one  of  the  best  in- 
formed and  most  influential  members  was 
John  S.  Alldredge  of  Anderson,  represent- 
ing Madison  County.  Mr.  Alldredge  was 
elected  in  1916,  overcoming  the  heavy 
democratic  majority  which  for  a  number 
of  years  had  seated  all  candidates  of  that 
party  in  Madison  Countv.  His  <^nponent 
was  William  Mullen  of  Summitville. 

In  the  organization  of  the  House  of  Rep- 


2062 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


resentatives  at  Indianapolis  in  1917  Mr. 
Alldredge  was  assigned  on  committees  on 
cities  and  towns,  chairman  of  the  loan  and 
trust  committee,  committee  on  mileage  and 
per  diem.  The  most  distinctive  work  he 
did  in  that  session  was  to  draw  up  the  bill, 
which  was  at  first  known  as  the  Alldredge 
Woman 's  Suffrage  Bill.  When  this  became 
law  it  was  known  as  the  McKinley  Bill, 
but  Mr.  Alldredge  was  the  real  author  of 
the  essential  features  of  the  law,  the  provi- 
sions of  which  place  Indiana  among  the 
list  of  progressive  states  which  share  the 
electoral  privileges  and  responsibilities  with 
both  sexes.  Mr.  Alldredge  also  introduced 
and  succeeded  in  having  passed  the  bill 
raising  the  amount  allowed  Civil  war  vet- 
erans and  their  wives  for  burial  and  ceme- 
tery expenses.  The  old  allowance  was  $50, 
and  it  was  raised  to  $75.  Mr.  Alldredge 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  hardest  working 
and  most  studious  members  of  the  Legis- 
lature, and  impressed  his  ability  upon 
much  of  the  work  done  in  the  1917  session. 

Mr.  Alldredge  has  long  been  interested 
in  politics,  and  good  government,  and  is  a 
successful  business  man  of  Anderson.  He 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  Mount  Pleasant 
Township,  Delaware  County,  Indiana,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1875.  His  parents  were  John 
.  and  Susanna  (Baxla)  Alldredge,  of  Dela- 
ware County.  The  Alldredge  ancestry  is  a 
distinguished  one,  coming  originally  from 
England.  The  first  American  of  the  name 
was  Edmund  Alldredge,  who  came  from 
Northern  England,  settled  in  North  Caro- 
lina, and  served  as  a  private  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  He  fought  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill.  It  is  said  that  he  took  with 
him  as  a  souvenir  from  that  battlefield  a 
British  powderhorn  embellished  by  a 
brazen  deer  on  one  side. 

A  local  historian  whose  researches  delved 
into  the  records  of  some  of  the  veterans  of 
the  War  of  1812  in  Delaware  County,  a 
few  years  ago  published  the  following  re- 
garding Edmund  Alldredge,  grandfather 
of  John  S.  Alldredge  and  a  son  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary soldier  just  mentioned.  Accord- 
ing to  this  account  Edmund,  Jr.,  was  born 
April  2,  1784,  in  North  Carolina.  His  fun- 
damental education  was  limited,  but  all  his 
life  he  was  a  wide  reader.  Hearing  of 
the  fertile  country  in  Indiana  he  set  out 
on  horseback  and  rode  the  entire  distance. 
When  he  arrived  in  what  is  now  Delaware 
County  the  community  known  as  Muncie- 


town,  now  Muncie,  did  not  contain  more 
than  half  a  dozen  houses.  He  entered  a 
fine  tract  df  land  and  secured  a  patent  from 
the  government.  He  had  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  a  young  lady  near  Cincin- 
nati, Miss  Jane  Mulford.  They  were  mar- 
ried October  4,  1810,  and  the  wedding 
trip  was  a  journey  on  horseback  from  her 
father's  house  to  the  new  home  in  the 
woods.  They  became  the  parents  of  ten 
children:  Francis  B.,  Elijah,  Hiram,  Wil- 
liam, Isaac,  Kezia,  Mary,  John,  Elizabeth 
and  Edmund,  Jr.  When  the  second  war 
for  independence  was  declared  Edmund, 
Sr.,  joined  the  standard  of  General  Har- 
rison. He  suffered  much  during  the  cam- 
paign in  Michigan,  and  refusing  promotion 
he  served  in  the  ranks  until  peace  was  de- 
clared. When  he  returned  home  his  oldest 
son  did  not  recognize  him  with  his  buckskin 
clothes,  soldier  equipment  and  his  Indian 
tomahawk.  He  again  took  up  farming  and 
stock  raising  and  prospered  until  1833, 
when  a  scourge  of  milk  sickness  visited  the 
community  and  in  a  little  more  than  a  year 
five  of  his  family,  including  his  wife,  died. 
He  married  three  times  after  that.  This 
veteran  of  the  War  of  1812  died  March  30, 
1858,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  his  death 
being  the  result  of  an  accident  when  he 
fell  from  a  load  of  hay.  His  last  words  to 
his  son  John  were:  "I  am  going  to  rest, 
having  no  fear  of  death. ' '  He  was  a  worthy, 
honest  man,  absolutely  truthful,  trusted 
and  respected  by  his  neighbors,  and  a 
faithful  Christian.  In  politics  he  was  an 
ardent  whig,  despising  slavery  and  doing 
all  in  his  power  against  it.  Of  his  kindred 
only  two  now  remain, Edmund  F.  Alldredge 
of  Muncie  and  J.  S.  Alldredge  of  Anderson. 

John  S.  Alldredge  in  the  maternal  line  is 
descended  from  James  Turner,  who  was  an 
English  sailor  and  who  later  came  to  the 
colonies  and  fought  on  the  American  side 
in  the  Revolution.  Mr.  Alldredge 's  grand- 
mother, Catherine  (Turner)  Baxla,  had  six 
brothers  and  three  brothers-in-law  who 
were  soldiers  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  one 
of  them  was  Col.  James  Turner  after  whom 
Jamestown,  Ohio,  was  named. 

John  S.  Alldredge  grew  up  in  the  coun- 
try district  of  Mount  Pleasant  Township, 
attended  the  district  schools  there,  also  the 
Muncie  High  School  and  the  Muncie  Nor- 
mal School,  and  finished  with  a  business 
course  in  the  Indiana  Business  College.  In 
1892,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  began 


, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2063 


teaching  in  country  districts,  and  subse- 
quently studied  law  with  Judge  Templer 
at  Muncie.  Mr.  Alldredge  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1898,  and  soon  afterward  was 
appointed  deputy  prosecuting  attorney  of 
Delaware  County,  and  gained  valuable  ex- 
perience during  the  four  years  he  spent 
in  that  office. 

In  1906  he  removed  to  Anderson,  and 
since  then  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the 
real  estate  business.  Among  other  experi- 
ences he  was  for  five  years  a  mail  carrier, 
and  at  one  time  was  state  delegate  at  large 
to  the  National  Letter  Carriers  Associa- 
tion. His  real  estate  business  has  grown 
and  increased  from  year  to  year,  and  he 
has  handled  a  large  volume  of  important 
transactions  in  that  field.  His  offices  are  in 
the  Union  Building  at  Anderson.  Mr. 
Alldredge  owns  several  fine  farms  compris- 
ing several  hundred  acres  of  land  near 
Anderson,  and  has  considerable  other  prop- 
erty interests. 

In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  republi- 
can, with  rather  decided  independent  pro- 
clivities. At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  County  Committee 
in  Delaware  County.  In  1907  he  was  can- 
didate for  the  nomination  of  mayor  at  An- 
derson, and  practically  had  the  nomination 
within  his  control,  but  in  the  end  turned 
the  strength  of  his  following  to  a  rival 
candidate.  In  1912  he  was  nominated  for 
the  office  of  county  treasurer,  but  was  de- 
feated in  that  year  of  democratic  land- 
slides. However,  he  ran  far  ahead  of  his 
ticket. 

In  1895  Mr.  Alldredge  married  Leathy 
Lucinda  Wellington,  daughter  of  Rev. 
John  R.  and  Malinda  (Holt)  Wellington. 
Her  father  was  for  many  years  an  active 
minister  of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  of 
Dunkard  denomination,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  in  1906  was  pastor  of  the  Church 
of  the  Brethren  at  Anderson.  Mrs.  All- 
dredge's  mother  died  in  1908.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Alldredge  have  two  children:  Linna  lola 
and  Sherman  Cromer,  the  latter  born  in 
1902.  The  daughter  is  now  the  wife  of 
Russell  Lee  Showalter,  of  Anderson,  and 
Mr.  Alldredge  has  one  grandson,  John. 
Wellington  Showalter,  born  March  15. 
1917. 

CHARLES  HENRY  CHURCH  is  a  veteran 
Indiana  banker.  In  1917  he  rounded  out 
a  service  of  thirty  consecutive  years  as 


cashier  of  the  Delaware  County  National 
Bank  at  Muncie.  This  is  an  institution 
with  a  capital  of  $150,000  and  is  the  old, 
est  bank  of  continuous  business  in  Dela- 
ware County.  It  was  organized  April  14, 
1887,  as  a  state  bank,  and  has  been  under 
a  national  charter  since  1892.  Some  of 
the  foremost  citizens  and  business  men  of 
Delaware  County  have  always  been  con- 
nected with  its  board  of  directors.  Charles 
H.  Church  was  the  first  cashier,  and  well 
informed  men  have  given  him  much  of  the 
credit  for  the  fact  that  the  bank  has 
weathered  all  financial  storms  and  has  ac- 
quired and  retained  the  complete  confi- 
dence of  the  business  public. 

Mr.  Church  has  been  a  resident  of  In- 
diana as  long  as  he  has  been  cashier  of  this 
bank.  He  came  to  Muncie  when  it  was 
just  beginning  its  unprecedented  growth 
and  development  as  a  center  of  the  nat- 
ural gas  district.  In  1887  it  had  a  popu- 
lation of  8,000  while  today  its  population 
is  over  30,000.  Mr.  Church,  like  his  bank, 
has  kept  his  interests  enlarging  and  grow- 
ing with  the  development  of  his  city  and 
has  a  recognized  place  among  the  effective 
workers  for  the  city's  welfare. 

Mr.  Church  was  born  in  Chenango 
County,  New  York,  at  a  place  called 
Church  Hollow,  in  honor  of  his  family. 
His  father,  William  Church,  was  a  promi- 
nent man  in  that  section  of  New  York 
State.  He  was  a  merchant  and  for  many 
vears  was  postmaster  of  Church  Hollow. 
He  also  served  as  county  sheriff.  He  was 
actively  leagued  with  the  forces  battling 
slavery  before  the  war,  was  a  whig  in  poli- 
tics and  afterwards  a  republican,  and  was 
a  supporter  and  close  personal  friend  of 
Horace  Greeley. 

Charles  H.  Church  was  educated  in  the 
common  and  academic  schools  of  his  na- 
tive county.  From  early  manhood  to  the 
present  time  his  business  interests  have 
always  been  as  a  merchant  and  financier. 
From  New  York  State  he  moved  to  Ohio 
and  in  1872  organized  the  First  National 
Bank  at  New  London  in  that  state.  He 
was  vice  president  and  manager  of  this 
bank  until  he  came  to  Muncie.  Mr.  Church 
also  organized  the  Muncie  Savings  and 
Loan  Company  in  1888  and  became  its 
treasurer,  and  is  still  treasurer  and  a  di- 
rector. He  was  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  the  Indiana  Bankers  Association, 
and  in  1906  was  honored  with  the  office  of 


2064 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president  of  the  association.  His  opinions 
have  frequently  been  quoted  on  financial 
matters,  and  in  any  gathering  of  men  of 
business  or  bankers  he  is  a  conspicuous 
figure. 

Mr.  Church  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason, 
has  been  very  active  in  the  different 
branches  of  that  order,  and  in  politics  has 
been  a  republican  since  casting  his  first 
vote  for  Abraham  Lincoln.  In  December, 
1918,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Church  celebrated  the 
golden  anniversary  of  their  wedding.  Mrs. 
Church  before  her  marriage  was  Miss  Lou 
Tyler,  daughter  of  Henry  P.  and  Ann  Ty- 
ler of  Norwalk,  Ohio.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Church  have  two  sons,  William  and  Ernest. 
William  is  engaged  in  the  wholesale  gro- 
cery business  at  Peru,  Indiana  and  Ernest 
is  living  in  Denver,  Colorado. 

DAVID  M.  ISGRIGG,  long  prominent  in  the 
lumber  industry  at  Indianapolis,  represents 
a  pioneer  family  of  the  city. 

His  father,  the  late  James  A.  Isgrigg, 
was  one  of  the  early  lumber  merchants  of 
Indianapolis.  The  Isgrigg  family  came 
to  America  from  England  in  1725,  and  for 
a  number  of  generations  they  lived  in 
Maryland.  There  were  soldiers  of  the 
name  who  fought  for  independence  during 
the  Revolution,  and  one  of  the  family,  Dan- 
iel Isgrigg,  came  to  the  Ohio  River  coun- 
trv  with  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  in 
1789.  James  A.  Isgrigg  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  February  2, 
1830.  In  1849  he  .ioined  the  army  of  gold 
seekers  and  crossed  the  western  plains  to 
California.  After  his  experiences  in  the 
gold  mines  he  returned  by  way  of  Panama 
and  New  York  City,  and  he  had  to  show 
for  his  hardships  and  adventures  in  Cali- 
fornia about  $1,000. 

In  1853  James  A.  Isgrigg  came  to  In- 
diana and  entered  the  lumber  business  at 
Indianapolis.  For  a  time  he  was  in  busi- 
ness at  Market  Street  and  the  Big  Four 
track,  and  later  his  yards  were  on  Four- 
teenth Street  and  Senate  Avenue.  He  was 
a  successful  business  man  and  equally  es- 
teemed for  his  public  spirit  and  his  honor- 
able and  upright  character.  He  retired 
from  business  in  1899  and  died  July  24, 
1908.  James  A.  Isgrigg  married  Julia 
Noble,  now  deceased.  For  nearly  half  a 
century  he  was  identified  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  as  a 
member. 


David  M.  Isgrigg  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis November  6,  1859,  grew  up  in  his 
native  city  and  attended  public  schools, 
and  in  the  course  of  his  business  career 
spent  a  number  of  years  in  New  York  City 
and  Chicago.  He  followed  in  the  footsteps 
of  his  father  as  a  lumber  merchant,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  conducted  one  of 
the  most  extensive  retail  lumber  yards  in 
the  city,  on  Northwest  Avenue  and  Twen- 
ty-First Street.  Politically  he  is  a  repub- 
lican. 

| 

WILLIAM  E.  HANEY.  It  is  thought  that 
many  produce  either  comfort  or  dismay 
that  forces  put  in  motion  long  ago  are, 
by  one  of  the  primary  laws  of  physics,  still 
producing  results.  That  fact  is  a  supreme 
justification  of  history.  Otherwise  a  busy 
and  preoccupied  people  might  well  forget 
the  past  as  having  no  relation  or  conse- 
quence in  the  present.  But  the  truth  is 
that  the  civilization  of  today  was  produced 
in  large  part  by  the  men  of  yesterday.  The 
living  present  is  only  a  narrow  fringe  be- 
tween the  great  dead  past  and  the  looming 
future.  The  older  the  community  or  state 
the  more  it  owes  to  the  forces  and  person- 
alities which  were  at  work  before  this  gen- 
eration came  on  the  stage. 

In  the  City  of  Logansport  there  were 
two  notable  names  that  thus  belong  in  the 
era  before  the  present  generation.  One 
was  William  W.  Haney  and  the  other  his 
son,  the  late  William  E.  Haney.  The  for- 
mer was  born  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, December  25,  1809,  and  died  at  Lo- 
'gsmsport  April  20,  1889.  His  only  son, 
William  E.  Haney,  was  born  at  Lewisburg, 
Indiana,  December  28,  1837,  and  died  at 
Logansport  March  16,  1916.  The  surviv- 
ing representative  of  the  family  in  Logans- 
port  is  Mrs.  Jessie  M.  Uhl. 

William  W.  Haney  was  a  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  (Weaver)  Haney.  Being  people 
of  small  means  they  were  unable  to  provide 
their  son  with  any  education  except  that  of 
the  primitive  local  schools.  But  William 
W.  Haney  grew  up  and  lived  in  a  time 
when  brains  and  energy  were  more  import- 
ant than  conventional  culture.  He  pos- 
sessed keen  perception  and  a  fine  memory, 
excelled  in  his  judgment  of  men,  and  was 
a  master  in  handling  large  and  complicated 
affairs.  During  his  youth  he  lived  on  a 
farm  and  developed  a  fine  physique.  After 
his  farm  experience  he  worked  in  a  hotel, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2065 


clerked  in  a  store,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen joined  the  engineering  corps  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  a  portion  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  between  Easton  and 
Bristol.  For  a  time  he  also  boated  coal 
along  the  river.  He  was  made  superin- 
tendent of  a  division  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal,  then  resumed  coal  transportation, 
again  had  supervision  of  a  branch  of  the 
canal,  and  carried  out  a  contract  for  the 
construction  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
canal  feeder. 

Such  was  his  training  and  experience 
before  coming  West.  He  arrived  at  the 
Village  of  Peru,  Indiana,  July  4,  1835.  He 
had  made  the  journey  by  steamboat,  flat- 
boat  and  pirogue.  The  great  improvement 
then  talked  of  on  every  hand  was  the  pro- 
posed building  of  the  Wabash  Canal.  Mr. 
Haney  soon  had  a  force  of  men  engaged  in 
construction  work,  supplying  stone  for  the 
Peru  dam  and  later  taking  a  contract  for 
a  section  of  the  canal  at  Lewisburg.  When 
that  was  completed  he  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising at  Lewisburg,  selling  goods  both 
to  the  white  and  Indian  population. 

July  15,  1851,  William  W.  Haney  estab- 
lished his  home  at  Logansport.  For  a  time 
he  was  a  merchant,  but  his  chief  interests 
were  as  a  dealer  in  real  estate  and  as  a 
private  banker.  For  several  years  he  was 
president  of  the  Logansport  branch  of  the 
old  bank  of  the  State  of  Indiana.  The 
energy  and  native  resources  of  his  mind 
were  indicated  by  the  fact  that  he  picked 
up  in  this  busy  career  a  substantial  knowl- 
edge of  the  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  soon  after  locating  at  Logansport.  He 
never  had  more  than  a  limited  office  prac- 
tice, but  used  his  knowledge  of  the  law 
advantageously  in  his  own  affairs.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  member  and  leading  sup- 
porter of  the  Broadway  Methodist  Church 
at  Logansport. 

Through  all  his  material  activities  ran 
the  golden  thread  of  a  splendid  character. 
What  he  was  as  a  man  and  citizen  was  well 
described  by  his  old  friend  Judge  D.  P. 
Baldwin  in  remarks  delivered  after  the 
death  of  Mr.  Haney.  "The  late  Mr.  Haney 
was  a  remarkable  man  in  many  respects. 
This  is  proved  by  the  grand  fortune  he 
accumulated  in  this  little  city  where  money 
is  scarce  and  riches  the  exception.  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  Mr.  Haney  had  the 
best  financial  brain  of  any  man  that,  at 
least  in  my  time,  ever  lived  in  Logansport. 


At  seventy-nine  years,  and  until  his  last 
sickness,  his  mind  was  as  clear  and  as 
quick  as  that  of  any  man  in  middle  life. 
Mr.  Haney 's  honesty  was  very  remarkable. 
No  scandal  was  ever  connected  with  his 
great  fortune.  His  word  was  sacred.  He 
took  no  undue  advantages.  He  was  a  re- 
markably friendly  man,  he  was  as  kind 
and  sociable  with  a  tramp  as  with  a  mil- 
lionaire. He  did  not  know  what  pride  was 
any  more  than  he  knew  what  deceit  and 
double  dealing  were.  He  was  always  clean- 
mouthed.  No  one  ever  heard  him  retail- 
ing scandal  or  speaking  unkindly.  Mr. 
Haney 's  great  wealth  brought  upon  him, 
as  wealth  or  exceptional  success  always 
does,  a  great  weight  of  envy  or  ralliery, 
but  he  took  it  good  humoredly.  No  one 
ever  knew  him  to  get  angry  or  excited,  and 
much  less  vindictive  or  sullen.  No  one 
knew  better  of  good  and  ill  of  life  and  hu- 
manity. Mr.  Haney  did  not  pretend  to' 
be  anything  else  than  a  business  man  and 
never  sought  office  or  promotion  of  any 
kind.  He  did  not  set  up  to  be  a  charitable 
man  any  more  than  a  talented  man,  and 
yet  his  kindly  voice,  friendly  ways,  and 
unquestionable  honesty  gave  him  a  happy 
and  honored  old  age,  and  made  him  a  gen- 
eral favorite  with  all  classes." 

December  13,  1836,  he  married  Miss 
Louisiana  Fidler,  who  survived  him  a  num- 
ber of  years.  They  had  only  two  children, 
Maria  Emma,  who  died  a  number  of  years 
ago,  and  William  E. 

The  late  William  E.  Haney  had  all  the 
qualities  of  native  ability  and  character 
which  distinguished  his  father.  He  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools,  attending 
school  at  Logansport  after  1851.  His  first 
business  venture  with  his  father  was  in 
the  produce  business  in  1859,  but  soon 
afterward  he  engaged  in  farming  in  Cass 
County,  and  continued  that  occupation 
about  twelve  years.  On  his  return  to  Lo- 
gansport he  was  for  a  brief  time  in  the 
boot  and  shoe  business,  later  a  broker,  and 
more  and  more  became  associated  with  his 
father  in  handling  their  extensive  enter- 
prises. When  his  father  died  the  manage- 
ment of  the  entire  estate  devolved  upon 
him,  and  he  handled  it  as  the  just  and 
righteous  steward,  and  justified  his  ac- 
counting by  the  highest  moral  as  well  as 
business  standards.  For  all  the  means  and 
influence  he  possessed  he  exercised  them 
with  the  most  unassuming  manner  and  stu- 


2066 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


diously  avoided  all  honors  associated  with 
politics  or  public  life.  He  voted  as  a  re- 
publican, and  his  only  fraternal  connection 
was  with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks. 

April  5,  1859,  he  married  Miss  Christina 
Conrad.  Her  father,  William  Conrad  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Cass  County. 
Mrs.  Haney  died  in  the  spring  of  1871,  the 
mother  of  eight  children.  Six  of  these 
children  died  in  infancy  and  early  child- 
hood. The  two  to  reach  adult  age  were 
Carrie  E.  and  Jessie  M.  Jessie  M.  is  a 
resident  of  Logansport,  at  730  Broadway, 
and  is  the  widow  of  Miller  Uhl,  of  the  well 
known  Uhl  family  of  Cass  County. 

JOHN  H.  PETERS,  a  former  postmaster  of 
Michigan  City,  has  been  identified  with 
the  working  business  affairs  of  that  com- 
munity since  early  days,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  one  of  the  most  highly  respected 
residents. 

He  was  born  in  the  Village  of  Schwink- 
endorf  in  the  Province  of  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin,  Germany.  His  father  was  a 
stone  cutter  by  trade  and  spent  all  his  life 
in  Germany.  The  mother  survived  her 
husband  and  afterward  came  to  America 
vith  her  two  daughters  and  spent  her  last 
days  in  Michigan  City. 

John  H.  Peters  attended  school  steadily 
to  the  age  of  fourteen,  after  which  he 
learned  the  stone  cutter's  trade  under  his 
father.  He  worked  at  the  trade  in  his 
native  land  until  he  was  eighteen  years 
old,  and  then  left  home  to  come  to  America. 
He  was  nine  weeks  on  a  sailing  vessel  be- 
fore reaching  Quebec,  and  from  there  he 
went  to  Rochester,  New  York.  He  was  a 
stranger,  had  practically  no  resources  after 
paying  his  expenses  over,  and  was  unable 
to  speak  the  English  language.  He  was  an 
an  apt  scholar  and  by  experience  and  prac- 
tice quickly  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the 
new  language  and  also  adapted  himself 
quickly  to  American  customs  and  ways. 
For  two  months  he  worked  on  a  railroad 
pnd  then  came  to  Michigan  City.  Michigan 
City  at  that  time  had  only  a  few  hundred 
inhabitants,  and  a  large  part  of  the  present 
site  was  covered  with  woods,  while  game  of 
all  kinds  was  abundant  in  the  surrounding- 
country  district.  Even  deer  was  still  found 
in  this  locality. 

Mr.  Peters  entered  railroad  work  and 
had  charge  of  the  local  yards  making  up 


trains,  and  finally  was  promoted  to  ticket 
seller.  He  officiated  at  the  ticket  win- 
dow for  twenty-one  years.  He  then  re- 
signed the  railroad  service  to  engage  in 
business  as  a  grocery  merchant  on  Franklin 
street.  In  company  with  M.  C.  Follet  he 
erected  a  business  building  on  the  west 
side  of  that  street  between  Fourth  and 
Fifth  streets.  After  being  a  grocery  mer- 
chant for  about  a  year  he  sold  out  and  then 
bought  an  interest  in  a  shoe  business  with 
his  son-in-law,  W.  J.  Fealock.  The  firm 
of  Fealock  and  Peters  continued  for  nine 
years,  after  which  Mr.  Peters  sold  out  and 
has  since  devoted  his  time  to  his  private 
interests.  He  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Michigan  City  by  President  Arthur  in 
January,  1884,  and  held  that  office  two 
years. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  married 
Henrietta  Oppermann.  She  was  born  in 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  daughter  of  Henry 
Oppermann,  who  on  coming  to  the  United 
States  located  at  Michigan  City  and  spent 
his  last  days  there.  Mrs.  Peters  died  in 
1885.  For  his  second  wife  he  married 
Mary  O'Connell.  She  was  born  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  daughter  of  William  and 
Alice  (Carroll)  O'Connell,  natives  of  Ire- 
land, her  father  of  Limerick  and  her 
mother  of  Louth.  Her  parents  on  coming 
to  America  settled  in  Massachusetts,  where 
her  father  died.  Later  her  mother  married 
Michael  McHenry,  and  in  1869  moved  to 
Michigan  City,  where  both  of  them  died. 

Mr.  Peters'  three  children  are  by  his  first 
marriage.  They  are  Herman,  Emma  and 
Minnie,  six  others  were  born  to  this  union 
but  died  when  small.  Minnie  became  the 
wife  of  W.  J.  Fealock  and  died  leaving  four 
children,  named  Arthur,  Walter,  Florence 
and  Henrietta. 

Mr.  Peters  has  been  a  stanch  republican 
ever  since  receiving  the  gift  of  American 
citizenship.  He  represented  his  ward  in 
the  City  Council  four  years. 

WILLIAM  H.  INSLEY  is  founder  and  head 
of  one  of  Indiana's  distinctive  industries, 
The  Insley  Manufacturing  Company  at  In- 
dianapolis. It  would  be  instructive  to  deal 
with  this  company  somewhat  at  length  for 
more  reasons  than  one,  not  only  because  of 
its  present  size  and  the  scope  and  service- 
ableness  of  its  output,  but  also  as  reflect- 
ing and  illustrating  the  remarkable  possi- 
bilities of  growth  that  proceed  from  the 


2066 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ilioii.sly  avoided  all  honors  associated  with 
politics  or  public  litV.  He  voted  as  a  re- 
publican, and  his  only  fraternal  connection 
was  with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks. 

April  ~).  18f>9.  he  married  Miss  Christina 
Conrad.  Her  father.  William  Conrad  was 
•  me  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  ('ass  County. 
Mrs.  Ilaney  died  in  the  spring  of  1871.  the 
mother  of  ci<rht  children.  Six  of  these 
children  died  in  infancy  and  early  child- 
hood. The  two  to  reach  adult  age  were 
Carrie  E.  and  Jessie  .M.  Jessie  M.  is  a 
resident  of  Logansport.  at  730  Broadway, 
and  is  the  widow  of  Miller  I'hl.  of  the  well 
known  I'hl  family  of  Cass  <  'onntv. 

JOHN  II.  PKTKKS.  a  former  postmaster  of 
Michigan  City,  lias  been  identified  with 
the  working  business  affairs  of  that  com- 
munity since  early  days,  and  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  one  of  the  most  highly  respected 
residents. 

He  was  horn  in  the  Village  of  Schwink- 
endorf  in  the  Province  of  Mecklenburg- 
Sehwerin.  (Jeriminy.  His  father  was  a 
stone  cutter  by  trade  and  spent  all  his  life 
in  (icnnaiiy.  The  mother  survived  her 
husband  and  afterward  came  to  America 
v-ifh  her  two  daughters  and  spent  her  l.-.st 
days  in  Michigan  City. 

John  II.  Peters  attended  school  steadily 
to  the  age  of  fourteen,  after  which  he 
learned  the  stone  cutter's  trade  under  his 
father.  lie  worked  at  the  trade  in  his 
native  land  until  he  was  eighteen  years 
old,  and  then  left  home  to  come  to  America, 
lie  was  nine  weeks  on  a  sailing  vessel  he- 
fore  reaching  Quebec,  and  from  there  he. 
went  to  Rochester,  New  York.  lie  was  a 
stranger,  had  practically  no  resources  after 
paying  his  expenses  over,  and  was  unable 
to  speak  the  English  language.  He  was  an 
an  apt  scholar  and  by  experience  and  prae- 
tice  quickly  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the 
new  language  and  also  adapted  himself 
ouickly  to  American  customs  and  ways. 
For  two  months  he  worked  on  a  railroad 
and  then  came  to  Michigan  City.  Michigan 
City  at  that  time  had  only  a  few  hundred 
inhabitants,  and  a  large  part  of  the  present 
site  was  covered  with  woods,  while  game  of 
all  kinds  was  abundant  in  the  surrounding 
country  district.  Even  deer  was  still  found 
in  this  locality. 

Mr.  Peters  entered  railroad  work  and 
had  charge  of  the  local  yards  making  up 


trains,  and  finally  was  promoted  to  ticket 
seller.  He  officiated  at  the  ticket  win- 
dow for  twenty-one  years.  He  then  re- 
signed the  railroad  service  to  engage  in 
business  as  a  grocery  merchant  on  Franklin 
street.  In  company  with  M.  C.  Follet  he 
erected  a  business  building  on  the  west 
side  of  that  street  between  Fourth  and 
Fifth  streets.  After  being  a  grocery  mer- 
chant for  about  a  year  he  sold  out  and  then 
bought  an  interest  in  a  shoe  business  with 
his  son-in-law.  \V.  J.  Fealock.  The  firm 
of  Fealoek  and  Peters  continued  for  nine 
years,  after  which  Mr.  Peters  sold  out  and 
has  since  devoted  his  time  to  his  private 
interests.  lie  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Michigan  City  by  President  Arthur  in 
January.  1SS4.  and  held  that  office  two 
years. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  married 
Henrietta  Opperinann.  She  was  horn  in 
Mecklenhiirg-Schwerin,  daughter  of  Henry 
Oppermann,  who  on  coming  to  the  1'nited 
States  located  at  Michigan  City  and  spent 
his  last  days  there.  Mrs.  Peters  died  in 
1885.  For  his  second  wife  lie  married 
Mary  O 'Council.  She  was  born  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  daughter  of  William  arid 
Alice  (Carroll)  O'Comiell,  natives  of  Ire- 
land, her  father  of  Limerick  and  her 
mother  of  Louth.  Her  parents  on  coming 
to  America  settled  in  Massachusetts,  where 
her  father  died.  Later  her  mother  married 
Michael  McIIenry,  and  in  1869  moved  to 
Michigan  City,  where  both  of  them  died. 

Mr.  Peters'  three  children  are  by  his  first 
marriage.  They  are  Herman.  Emma  and 
Minnie,  six  others  were  born  to  this  union 
but  died  when  small.  Minnie  became  the 
wife  of  W.  J.  Fealock  and  died  leaving  four 
children,  named  Arthur,  Walter,  Florence 
and  Henrietta. 

Mr.  Peters  has  been  a  stanch  republican 
ever  since  receiving  the  gift  of  American 
citi/enship.  He  represented  his  ward  in 
the  City  Council  four  vears. 

WILLIAM  II.  TXSLKV  is  founder  and  head 
of  one  of  Indiana's  distinctive  industries. 
The  Tnsley  Manufacturing  Company  at  In- 
dianapolis. It  would  be  instructive  to  deal 
with  this  company  somewhat  at  length  for 
more  reasons  than  one,  not  only  because  of 
its  present  size  and  the  scope  and  service- 
ableness  of  its  output,  but  also  as  reflect- 
inir  and  illustrating  the  remarkable  possi- 
bilities of  growth  that  proceed  from  the 


OF  HE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2067 


liihited  material  resources  but  unlimited 
mind  and  will  of  the  chief  personality  be- 
hind it. 

Started  as  a  small  plant  for  the  manu- 
facture of  structural  steel  products,  the 
Insley  Manufacturing  Company  today  has 
appropriated  a  large  and  important  field 
of  its  own,  making  a  varied  line  of  appli- 
ances and  equipment  for  the  economical 
and  effective  handling  of  material  used  in 
construction  work,  especially  in  construc- 
tion where  concrete  is  employed  on  a  large 
scale  and  in  vast  quantities.  The  Insley 
products  may  be  found  today  in  general 
use  wherever  the  government,  big  steel 
corporations  and  other  industries  are  con- 
structing such  great  work  as  dry  docks, 
dams  and  breakwaters,  retaining  walls,  etc. 
In  fact  the  equipment  manufactured  at 
Indianapolis  by  this  company  has  gone  to 
all  the  ends  of  the  earth,  and  has  been 
used  by  contractors  in  Europe  and  Austra- 
lia, as  well  as  in  all  parts  of  America. 

The  Insley  Manufacturing  Company  was 
organized  in  1907.  The  first  place  of  busi- 
ness was  on  South  Meridian  Street  at  the 
railroad  tracks,  but  in  1912  the  company 
commenced  the  building  of  a  large  plant ^t 
North  Olney  and  East  St.  Clair  streets.  In 
the  last  six  or  eight  years  the  company  has 
devised  and  has  manufactured  machinery 
that  has  served  to  revolutionize  the  use  of 
concrete  materials  on  a  large  scale  in  con- 
struction projects.  Most  of  the  machines 
and  appliances  are  covered  by  basic  patents 
owned  or  controlled  by  the  company.  One 
of  the  most  important  contributions  by  this 
company  to  the  field  of  modern  industrial 
appliances  is  the  gravity  tower  for  con- 
veying and  pouring  concrete.  These  tow- 
ers are  now  a  familiar  sight  wherever  large 
buildings,  bridges,  piers  and  other  works 
are  in  process  of  construction  involving  the 
use  oi  concrete. 

When  the  business  was  first  organized 
William  H.  Insley,  its  president,  was  not 
only  the  executive  but  was  the  bookkeeper, 
draftsman  and  engineer,  and  did  prac- 
tically all  the  business  in  the  office  as  well 
as  much  outside.  At  the  present  time  the 
company  maintains  a  staff  of  thirty  to  forty 
engineers,  office  assistants  and  clerks,  be- 
sides a  small  army  of  workmen  in  the  shops. 

The  Insley  family  are  pioneers  of  In- 
diana and  are  of  Scotch  ancestry.  The 
great-grandfather  of  William  H.  Insley, 
Job  Insley,  is  buried  at  Newtown,  near  At- 

Vol.    V— 11 


tica,  in  Fountain  County,  Indiana.  The 
grandfather,  Ellis  Insley,  came  with  his 
brothers  to  Indiana  and  entered  land  in 
Fountain  County  as  early  as  1827.  He 
spent  all  his  active  life  as  a  fanner.  Ellis 
Insley  during  the  '60s  moved  to  a  farm  on 
North  Illinois  Street,  or  road,  in  what  is 
now  the  City  of  Indianapolis.  This  farm 
was  opposite  the  Blue  farm  near  what  is 
now  Meridian  Heights.  He  also  served  as 
a  member  of  the  commission  which  laid  out 
the  Crown  Hill  Cemetery  at  Indianapolis, 
and  in  that  city  of  the  dead  his  own  re- 
mains now  rest.  He  was  a  very  active 
churchman  and  did  much  to  keep  up  the 
Methodist  Church  in  the  various  communi- 
ties where  he  lived. 

The  father  of  William  H.  Insley  was  Dr. 
William  Quinn  Insley,  who  was  born  near 
Newtown,  Fountain  County,  Indiana,  in 
1838.  He  received  a  good  education,  tak- 
ing his  medical  course  in  the  University  of 
Michigan  and  in  the  Cincinnati  Medical 
College.  He  practiced  his  profession  at 
Terfe  Haute,  Indiana.  He  died  in  1880 
and,,  is  buried  at  Crown  Hill  Cemetery  at 
.; Indianapolis.-  -He  was  a  Scottish  Rite 
Masdh  and  Knight  Templar.  Doctor  Ins- 
ley  married  Celia  Whitmore,  who  was  born 
at  Rocky  Hill,  Connecticut,  daughter  of 
Edward  Whitmore.  The  Whitmores  on 
coming  to  Indiana  settled  near  Fort 
Wayne.  Mrs.  William  Insley  died  in  1906. 
at  the  age  of  sixty-six.  They  were  the 
parents  of  seven  children,  five  of  whom  are 
still  living:  Edward,  an  editor  of  the  Los 
Angeles  Examiner;  Avis,  wife  of  Ben 
Blanchard,  of  Independence,  Kansas;  Wil- 
liam H. ;  Rebecca,  widow  of  Lewis  Casper, 
of  New  York  City;  and  Robert  B.,  who  is 
assistant  to  the  president  of  Nordyke.  & 
Marmon  Company,  Indianapolis. 

William  H.  Insley  was  born  at  his  par- 
ents' home  at  Terre  Haute  January  16, 
1870.  As  a  boy  he  attended  school^  at  a 
schoolhouse  two  miles  north  of  Newtown  in 
Fountain  County.  When  seventeen  years 
of  age  he  began  teaching  which  he  con- 
tinued for  two  years,  and  then  spent  two 
years  as  a  student  at  DePauw  University, 
at  Greencastle,  Indiana.  All  his  thought 
and  effort  were  directed  toward  an  educa- 
tion that  would  fit  him  for  some  of  the 
larger  responsibilities  of  life,  and  from  the 
first  his  mind  was  directed  into  technical 
and  industrial  channels.  With  this  pur- 
pose in  mind,  though  without  means  and 


2068 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


with  no  assurance  that  he  could  remain  con- 
secutively, he  entered  the  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute  at  Terre  Haute.  To  support  him- 
self and  pay  his  tuition  he  was  willing  to 
accept  any  honorable  employment,  and 
while  there  he  conducted  a  boarding  house, 
acted  as  tutor,  and  succeeded  in  finishing 
his  course  only  $400  in  debt,  that  in  itself 
being  an  achievement  which  was  an  earnest 
of  his  future  success.  Thus  equipped  with 
a  technical  education,  he  went  to  work  as 
draftsman  with  the  Brown,  Ketcham  Iron 
Works,  and  later  served  as  chief  draftsman 
in  charge  of  the  Engineering  Department 
of  the  Noelke-Riehards  Iron  Works.  It 
was  from  this  work  that  he  withdrew  and 
set  up  in  business  for  himself.  At  that  time 
he  had  practically  no  capital,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  his  structural  iron  business  went 
along  with  very  modest  returns.  Gradually 
he  began  specializing  in  concrete  work 
equipment,  and  from  that  time  forward  the 
success  of  his  business  has  been  assured. 

Mr.  Insley  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  and  the  Ameri- 
can Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and 
is  widely  known  among  engineering  and 
technical  circles  throughout  the  country. 
He  is  a  Mason  and  a  trustee  of  the  Irving- 
ton  Methodist  Church,  where  he  and  his 
wife  are  members.  In  1903  he  married 
Jane  Williams,  daughter  of  Francis  A.  Wil- 
liams, an  attorney  of  Corning,  New  York. 
Mrs.  Insley  is  a  niece  of  Charles  R.  Wil- 
liams, formerly  editor  of  the  Indianapolis 
News.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Insley  have  one  son, 
Francis  H.,  now  a  student  in  the  Indian- 
apolis public  schools. 

JAMES  MORTON  CALLAHAN,  an  educator 
of  recognized  ability,  claims  Bedford,  In- 
diana, as  the  place  of  his  birth.  His  life 
has  been  devoted  to  educational  work,  and 
he  has  become  well  known  on  the  lecture 
platform,  was  lecturer  on  American  diplo- 
matic history  and  archives  at  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  1898-1902,  director  of 
Bureau  of  Historical  Research,  1900-02, 
head  of  the  department  of  history  and  poli- 
tics, West  Virginia  University,  1902 —  and 
dean  of  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
1916 — .  He  has  conducted  extensive  re- 
searches in  the  manuscript  diplomatic 
archives  at  Washington,  London,  and 
Paris,  and  has  won  distinction  by  his 
studies  in  international  politics  and  diplo- 
macy. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Interna- 


tional Deep  Waterways  Association,  to  the 
National  Conservation  Congress  in  1911, 
and  has  represented  West  Virginia  at  vari- 
ous conferences  as  delegate  by  appointment 
of  the  governor  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Callahan  married  Maud  Louise  Ful- 
cher,  and  they  have  one  daughter,  Kath- 
leen Callahan. 

HAL  A.  ALDRIDGE  is  a  veteran  traveling 
salesman  who  on  retiring  from  the  road 
a  few  years  ago  set  up  in  business  for  him- 
self at  Anderson  as  proprietor  of  a  dry 
cleaning  establishment.  There  were  possi- 
bilities which  he  realized  in  this  work,  and 
he  has  exemplified  his  ambition  and  plans 
by  making  the  Guarantee  Shop,  of  which 
he  is  proprietor,  the  largest  business  of  its 
kind  in  that  city. 

Mr.  Aldridge  was  born  at  Tipton,  In- 
diana, September  26,  1886,  son  of  James  F. 
and  Ollie  (Bozell)  Aldridge.  He  is  of 
English  ancestry,  and  the  family  have  lived 
in  America  for  many  generations.  When 
he  was  ten  years  old  his  parents  came  to 
Anderson,  and  here  he  continued  his  educa- 
tion in  the  city  schools.  When  he  was 
twelve  years  old  his  mother  died,  and  from 
that  time  forward  Hal  A.  Aldridge  has 
made  his  own  way  in  the  world.  For  ten 
years  he  was  a  boy  workman  in  different 
factories,  spending  seven  years  in  a  local 
glass  factory.  He  finally  went  on  the  road 
selling  jewelry  for  a  Chicago  house  and 
traveled  over  Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and 
Illinois  for  seven  years,  building  up  a  large 
acquaintance  with  retail  merchants  over 
these  states.  He  gradually  accumulated 
a  little  capital,  and  seeking  an  opportunity 
for  a  business  of  his  own  established  his 
present  dry  cleaning  shop  at  1015  Main 
Street,  opening  it  on  July  15,  1916.  He 
has  made  a  wonderful  success  of  this  busi- 
ness, and  now  handles  work  not  only  for 
the  City  of  Anderson  but  drawn  from  the 
neighboring  towns  of  Alexandria,  Middle- 
town,  Pendleton  and  other  places. 

In  1906  Mr.  Aldridge  married  Metta  L. 
Brown,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Sadie 
(Hutchinson)  Brown  of  Anderson.  They 
have  one  son,  Edmund  Arthur,  born  in 
1907.  Mr.  Aldridge  in  politics  votes  the 
republican  ticket  in  national  affairs  but 
is  independent  locally.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  United  Commercial  Travelers,  and 
with  his  wife  belongs  to  the  Central  Chris- 
tian Church. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2069 


CHARLES  I.  SMITH  first  became  identified 
with  business  affairs  at  Anderson  as  book- 
keeper for  a  produce  house.  Later  he  ac- 
quired an  interest  in  the  business,  which 
he  had  learned  from  the  ground  up,  and 
is  now  a  member  of  the  firm  Moulton  & 
Smith  Company,  wholesale  fruits  and  vege- 
tables. At  the  same  time  he  has  acquired 
numerous  other  business  connections,  and 
is  one  of  the  men  of  Anderson  whose 
interests  are  most  widespread  and  who 
exert  a  large  influence  over  business  affairs 
both  in  that  city  and  elsewhere. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  at  Muskegon,  Michi- 
gan, in  October,  1879,  son  of  Andrew  C. 
and  Gertrude  R.  (Kratz)  Smith.  He  is  of 
German  ancestry.  His  father  came  from 
Germany  at  the  age  of  five  years  and  lived 
in  Detroit,  Michigan,  until  he  was  thirty, 
developing  a  business  there  as  a  wholesale 
meat  and  provision  dealer.  He  died  at 
Muskegon,  Michigan,  November  15,  1917. 

Charles  I.  Smith,  who  is  one  of  four 
brothers,  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Muskegon,  including  high  school.  His 
business  experience  began  very  early.  He 
was  only  fourteen  when  he  went  to  work 
for  the  firm  of  Moulton  &  Kiedel  of  Mus- 
kegon. They  were  produce  merchants,  and 
his  first  work  was  driving  a  truck.  He 
rapidly  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  busi- 
ness in  all  details,  and  after  three  years 
the  company  had  so  much  confidence  in 
him  as  to  send  him  to  Anderson  as  book- 
keeper of  the  branch  store.  He  began  work 
here  October  6,  1897,  when  he  was  only 
eighteen  years  old.  In  1904  Mr.  Smith 
bought  the  Riedel  interest  in  the  local  busi- 
ness, acquiring  that  interest  on  credit.  The 
firm  was  organized  as  Moulton  &  Com- 
pany. Their  location  is  at  116-18  Main. 
Street,  and  with  subsequent  expansions  the 
firm  does  business  with  thirty-nine  towns 
over  this  section  of  Indiana.  The  company 
was  incorporated  in  1912,  with  Mr.  Smith 
as  secretary  and  treasurer  and  owner  of 
half  the  stock. 

In  the  meantime  his  services  have  been 
sought  by  a  number  of  other  business  or- 
ganizations. He  is  a  stockholder  and  di- 
rector of  the  Madison  County  Trust  Com- 
pany, the  American  Playground  Device 
Company,  the  Rolland  Title  Company  of 
Anderson,  the  Security  Investment  Com- 
pany of  Anderson,  the  Anderson  Invest- 
ment Company,  the  People's  Milling  Com- 
pany of  Muskegon,  Michigan,  the  Colum- 


bia Tire  and  Rubber  Company  of  Buffalo, 
New  York,  the  Beebe  Title  Company  of 
Anderson,  the  Frankfort  Carburetor  Com- 
pany of  Frankfort,  Indiana.  Mr.  Smith 
also  has  real  estate  investments  both  at 
Anderson  and  at  Muskegon,  Michigan.  For 
this  successful  representation  of  his  busi- 
ness career  his  own  industry  and  capabili- 
ties have  been  largely  responsible,  since  he 
started  life  without  reliance  upon  other 
assets  than  his  own  character  afforded. 

In  1910  he  married  Miss  Ida  C.  Beck- 
man,  daughter  of  John  and  Margaret 
(Ringen)  Beckman.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  repub- 
lican, and  in  January,  1918,  refused  an  ap- 
pointment as  member  of  the  Board  of  Po- 
lice Commissioners  at  Anderson.  He  is 
affiliated  with  Anderson  Lodge  of  the  Be- 
nevolent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

JESSE  BELMONT  ROGERS,  M.  D.  For 
nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  Doctor  Ro- 
gers has  borne  the  reputation  of  a  careful 
and  conscientious  physician  at  Michigan 
City,  where  practically  all  of  his  profes- 
sional career  has  been  spent.  Before  com- 
ing to  Michigan  City  he  had  considerable 
experience  in  the  civil  engineering  field, 
but  gave  that  up  to  enter  the  medical  pro- 
fession. 

He  was  born  in  the  parish  of  Byfield, 
Town  of  Newbury,  Essex  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, December  30,  1865.  He  was  the 
youngest  of  the  five  children  of  Abiel  and 
Susan  (Rogers)  Rogers.  His  grandfathers 
were  Nathaniel  Rogers  and  James  Rogers, 
both  of  English  ancestry.  Nathaniel  Ro- 
gers was  an  American  soldier  in  the  War  of 
1812,  and  otherwise  was  a  farmer  and  spent 
his  long  and  useful  life  in  Essex  County. 
James  Rogers,  the  maternal  grandfather, 
was  a  native  of  New  Hampshire  and  was 
a  millwright  and  miller  by  trade. 

Abiel  Rogers  was  born  at  Byfield  June 
10,  1828,  grew  up  on  a  farm,  and  lived 
at  Byfield  until  a  few  months  before  his 
death,  when  he  came  to  Michigan  City  and 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight. 

Doctor  Rogers  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Newbury,  also  the  Putnam  Free 
School  at  Newburyport,  and  after  graduat- 
ing in  1883  entered  Dartmouth  College, 
where  he  took  the  engineering  course  and 
was  graduated  in  1887.  For  several  years 
following  Doctor  Rogers  was  connected 
with  the  engineering  staff  of  the  Great 
Northern  and  Northern  Pacific  Railroads, 


2070 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  saw  much  adventure  and  experience  in 
the  great  northwestern  country.  But  the 
work  was  not  altogether  congenial  and  he 
sought  something  more  to  his  liking  and 
began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  C.  G. 
Higbee  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  In  1892  he 
entered  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  at 
Chicago  and  graduated  M.  D.  in  1895. 
After  a  brief  practice  at  Lincoln,  Illinois, 
he  moved  to  Michigan  City,  and  succeeded 
to  the  practice  of  Dr.  E.  Z.  Cole.  He  has 
enjoyed  many  professional  successes  and 
honors  and  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Homeopathy. 

November  14,  1893,  Doctor  Rogers  mar- 
ried Miss  Marian  S.  Woods,  who  was  born 
at  LaCrosse,  Wisconsin,  daughter  of  Oliver 
S.  and  Vernie  (Mclntire)  Woods.  The  two 
children  born  to  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Rogers 
both  died  in  early  life.  Mrs.  Rogers  is  a 
member  of  the  Baptist  Church  while  Doctor 
Rogers  is  a  Congregationalist.  He  is 
affiliated  with  Acme  Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Michigan  City 
Chapter  No.  25,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Michi- 
gan City  Commandery  No.  30,  Knights 
Templar,  Michigan  City  Council  No.  56, 
Royal  and  Select  Masters,  and  also  belongs 
to  the  local  lodge,  No.  265,  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Washington  Lodge  No.  94,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  Michigan  City  Lodge  No. 
432  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks.  He  is  a  member  of  the  City  Board 
of  Health  and  is  active  in  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  a  member  of  the  Pottawat- 
tomie  Country  Club. 

ROBERT  W.  BAILEY  is  general  manager 
and  vice  president  of  the  J.  W.  Bailey 
Company,  one  of  the  largest  firms  in  Madi- 
son County  handling  building  supplies,  coal 
and  other  materials.  They  have  their  prin- 
cipal offices  and  yards  at  Anderson,  and 
also  a  branch  of  the  business  at  Pendleton, 
conducted  under  the  name  of  the  Fall  City 
Supply  Company. 

The  Bailey  family  has  been  well  known 
in  Anderson  for  many  years.  Robert  W. 
Bailey  was  born  at  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  Aug- 
ust 22,  1887,  and  was  a  child  when  his 
parents,  James  W.  and  Anna  L.  (Brown) 
Bailey,  moved  to  Anderson.  The  family 
were  farmers  in  Southern  Ohio.  The 
Baileys  are  of  English  stock,  first  locating 
in  Pennsylvania  and  coming  to  Southern 
Ohio  in  pioneer  times.  The  maternal 
grandfather,  Henry  Brown,  was  the 


founder  of  that  family  in  Ohio.  Mr.  Bailey 's 
ancestors  have  been  in  the  main  farmers, 
but  some  of  them  have  been  lawyers,  physi- 
cians and  ministers.  James  W.  Bailey  on 
coming  to  Anderson  in  1890  was  employed 
as  a  bookkeeper  in  the  Cathedral  Glass 
Company.  Later  he  established  himself 
in  the  builders'  supply  business  at  Jackson 
Street  and  the  Big  Four  Railroad,  and  that 
was  the  beginning  of  the  present  J.  W. 
Bailey  Company. 

Robert  W.  Bailey  graduated  from  the 
Anderson  High  School  in  1905,  and  then 
entered  Purdue  University,  where  he  ob- 
tained his  Bachelor  of  Science  degree  in 
1909.  For  a  time  he  was  employed  in  the 
engineering  department  of  the  Buckeye 
Manufacturing  Company  at  Anderson,  and 
then  entered  the  service  of  the  Philadelphia 
Quartz  Company,  and  made  the  plans  and 
helped  construct  the  large  plant  of  that 
company  at  Gardenville,  New  York,  a 
suburb  of  Buffalo.  Returning  to  Anderson 
in  1911,  Mr.  Bailey  entered  the  copartner- 
ship with  his  father,  and  since  1914,  when 
his  father  retired,  has  been  manager  and 
vice  president  of  the  company.  The  com- 
pany is  incorporated  for  $10,000,  and  does 
business  all  over  Madison  County. 

In  1911  Mr.  Bailey  married  Ruth  B. 
Buck,  daughter  of  Alfred  and  Martha 
(Bliven)  Buck.  The  Bliven  family  is  the 
oldest  in  the  City  of  Anderson.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bailey  have  three  children:  Martha 
W.,  born  in  1912 ;  Robert  W.,  Jr.,  born  in 
1914 ;  and  John  W.,  born  in  1917. 

While  always  a  keen  student  of  politics 
and  interested  in  the  success  of  the  republi- 
can party,  Mr.  Bailey  has  had  no  time  for 
official  participation  in  public  affairs.  He 
is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason  and  Knight  Templar,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  Indiana  Delta  Chapter  of  the  Phi 
Kappa  Psi  college  fraternity  of  Purdue. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Purdue  Alumni 
Association,  of  the  Anderson  Rotary  Club, 
and  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

JOHN  L.  HOGUE  is  one  of  the  leading  au- 
tomobile salesmen  of  Anderson,  and  is  one 
of  the  partners  in  the  Hogue-Fifer  Sales 
Company,  operating  one  of  the  chief  sales 
agencies  in  that  city. 

Mr.  Hogue  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Sabina,  Ohio,  in  1877r  son  of  William  R. 
and.  Emma  (Titus)  Hogue.  His  ancestry 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2071 


is  Scotch-Irish.  He  grew  up  as  a  farmer 
boy,  had  a  country  school  education  in  the 
winter  time,  and  also  spent  eight  months 
in  the  Normal  School  at  Lebanon,  Ohio. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  went  to  work 
on  his  grandfather's  farm,  remained  there 
two  years,  and  gradually  acquired  experi- 
ence in  other  lines.  For  two  years  he  was 
engaged  in  building  rigs  and  oil  pumps 
with  a  large  oil  well  supply  house  at  Lima, 
Ohio.  He  then  took  up  a  trade  as  a  bar- 
ber, worked  in  different  towns  in  Ohio,  and 
in  1903  moved  to  Anderson,  and  for  several 
years  conducted  one  of  the  well  patronized 
shops  of  the  city.  Being  attracted  into  the 
automobile  field,  he  proved  himself  a  suc- 
cessful salesman  during  three  years  of  con- 
nection with  the  Hill  Stage  Company,  sell- 
ing Ford  and  Overland  cars.  He  then  went 
with  the  Robinson  Sales  Company,  selling* 
the  Dodge  and  Ford  cars,  but  on  March  1, 
1917,  established  the  present  business  of 
the  Hogue-Fifer  Sales  Company. 

Mr.  Hogue  is  a  democrat  in  politics,  a 
member  of  the  Christian  Church,  is  affil- 
iated with  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose  and  is 
a  citizen  who  is  always  alert  to  opportunity 
and  public  spirited  in  his  attitude  with  re- 
gard to  everything  connected  with  the  wel- 
fare of  Anderson.  He  married  Miss  Leeta 
Roller,  daughter  of  Albert  Roller,  and  they 
have  two  children,  Delbert,  born  in  1901, 
and  Dorothy,  born  in  1904. 

HON.  JOSEPH  M.  RABB  took  his  first  cases 
as  a  lawyer  soon  after  the  war,  in  which 
he  had  played  his  part  and  rendered  full 
duty  as  a  youthful  but  brave  and  energetic 
soldier  for  three  years.  He  has  practiced 
law  half  a  century,  and  more  than  half  of 
that  time  has  been  either  a  Circuit  or  Ap- 
pellate Court  judge. 

Judge  Rabb  was  born  at  Covington  in 
Fountain  County,  Indiana,  February  14, 
1846,  son  of  Smith  and  Mary  (Carwile) 
Rabb.  His  father  was  born  in  Warren 
County,  Ohio,  and  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
one,  while  his  mother  was  a  native  of  In- 
diana and  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight. 
Judge  Rabb  was  the  third  among  their  nine 
children.  His  father  was  a  shoemaker  by 
trade,  and  for  fifty-six  years  was  in  the 
boot  and  shoe  business  at  Perrysville,  In- 
diana. For  over  twenty  years  of  that  time 
he  served  as  postmaster.  He  received  hia| 
first  appointment  and  commission  as  post- 
master from  President  Lincoln.  He  was  a 


loyal  and  enthusiastic  republican  from  the 
time  this  party  was  formed  until  his  death. 

As  a  boy  at  Perrysville  Judge  Rabb  at- 
tended the  public  schools,  but  his  educa- 
tion was  not  completed  until  after  the  war. 
On  July  22,  1862,  a  short  time  after  his  six- 
teenth birthday,  he  enlisted  in  Company 
K  of  the  Seventy-First  Indiana  Infantry. 
He  was  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis  August 
18,  and  just  two  days  later,  August  20, 
1862,  received  his  baptism  of  fire  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Richmond,  Kentucky.  The  fighting 
began  at  daylight  and  continued  practically 
uninterrupted  until  ten  o'clock  at  night. 
It  was  one  of  the  critical  battles  in  beating 
back  the  advancing  forces  of  Bragg.  The 
Seventy-First  Indiana  lost  fifty-four  men 
killed,  including  a  lieutenant  colonel  and 
major,  215  wounded  and  500  captured. 
The  remnants  of  the  regiment  were  reor- 
ganized as  the  Sixth  Indiana  Cavalry. 
With  the  Sixth  Cavalry  Judge  Rabb  con- 
tinued through  the  various  campaigns  made 
by  General  Burnside  in  East  Tennessee, 
and  in  1864,  at  Paris,  Kentucky,  he  and  his 
comrades  were  remounted  and  were  then 
assigned  to  General  Sherman 's  army.  They 
were  in  the  advance  upon  and  siege  of 
Atlanta,  following  which  they  returned  to- 
Tennessee  to  follow  Hood  up  to  Franklin 
and  Nashville,  when  his  forces  were  dis- 
sipated. He  then  broke  down  the  resistance 
of  the  Confederates  represented  chiefly  by 
Wheeler's  Cavalry  and  General  Forrest's 
Raiders.  Judge  Rabb  was  mustered  out  at 
Pulaski,  Tennessee,  as  corporal  of  his 
company. 

After  his  return  home  he  attended 
school  one  term  at  Asbury  University  at 
Greencastle,  and  then  entered  the  law  offices 
of  Judge  Brown  and  Gen.  George  Wagner. 
He  applied  himself  diligently  to  his  law 
books  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868. 
In  1870,  upon  the  death  of  General  Wag- 
ner, he  became  a  partner  of  Mr.  Brown  in 
the  firm  of  Brown  &  Rabb.  After  two  years 
he  practiced  for  himself,  and  was  then  as- 
sociated with  Allen  High  in  the  firm  of 
Rabb  &  High  until  the  death  of  his  part- 
ner three  years  later.  Judge  Rabb  in  1882 
was  elected  circuit  judge  of  the  Twenty- 
first  Circuit,  including  the  three  counties 
of  Fountain,  Warren  and  Vermilion.  He 
remained  on  the  bench  of  this  circuit  twen- 
ty-four years,  constituting  one  of  the  long- 
est services  as  a  circuit  judge  in  Indiana. 
In  1906  Judge  Rabb  was  elevated  to  the 


2072 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Appellate  Court  Bench,  and  after  serving1 
one  term  retired  to  private  life.  He  then 
located  at  Logansport  and  is  now  associated 
with  M.  F.  Mahoney  and  U.  L.  Fansler 
under  the  firm  name  of  Rabb,  Mahoney  & 
Fansler. 

Judge  Rabb  is  a  republican  and  has 
been  so  in  all  his  political  activities.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic.  On  June  11,  1872,  he  married 
Miss  Lottie  Morris.  She  died  May  7,  1888, 
the  mother  of  five  children,  two  of  whom 
died  in  infancy,  while  the  daughter  Clara 
died  in  1900,  the  wife  of  Guy  Winks.  On 
November  11,  1884,  Judge  Rabb  married 
Ida  Elwell.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Louise,  now  a  teacher  in  the  Logansport 
High  School. 

DR.  HORACE  ELLIS,  state  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction  of  Indiana,  is  an 
educator  of  the  widest  experience,  of  great 
attainments  and  splendid  ideals,  and 
brought  to  his  present  office  a  previous 
excellent  record  as  an  administrator  and 
a  thorough  familiarity  with  the  needs  and 
the  working  relations  of  all  the  many  in- 
stitutions under  his  supervision. 

Practically  his  entire  life  has  been  de- 
voted to  the  schools  of  Indiana,  and  he 
has  given  active  service  in  every  school 
capacity,  as  rural  teacher,  village  principal, 
city  superintendent,  normal  school  presi- 
dent, university  president. 

Doctor  Ellis  was  born'  in  Decatur,  Illi- 
nois, July  9,  1861,  a  son  of  Ira  and  Mary 
Frances  (Ferguson)  Ellis.  His  early  life 
was  spent  in  a  rural  environment,  he  was 
reared  on  a  farm  and  attended  country 
schools.  He  began  his  career  as  a  country 
school  teacher  and  continued  that  work 
until  1882.  In  the  meantime  he  was  ac- 
cepting every  opportunity  to  advance  his 
own  knowledge  and  improve  his  resources, 
and  for  part  of  his  higher  education  he 
attended  Butler  College  at  Indianapolis. 
From  1885  to  1892  he  was  superintendent 
of  Indianapolis  suburban  schools.  He  then 
reentered  Indiana  University,  from  which 
he  received  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1896.  The 
University  of  Indianapolis  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  Master  of  Arts  in  1897,  and 
he  has  the  degree  Bachelor  of  Philosophy 
conferred  in  1903. 

During  1896-98  Doctor  Ellis  taught  at 
Lafayette  and  North  Vernon,  Indiana,  was 
superintendent  of  public  schools  at  Frank- 


lin, Indiana,  from  1898  to  1902,  and  at  that 
date  accepted  the  only  call  away  from  the 
schools  of  Indiana,  when  he  went  to  Idaho 
and  served  two  years,  1902-04,  as  president 
of  the  Idaho  State  Normal  School.  In 
1904  he  returned  to  Indiana  to  become 
president  of  Vincennes  University.  He  has 
always  been  allied  in  politics  with  the  re- 
publican party  and  in  1914  accepted  a 
place  on  the  state  ticket  as  candidate  for 
state  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
As  is  well  known,  the  republican  ticket  of 
that  year  suffered  defeat  all  along  the  line, 
but  in  1916  Doctor  Ellis'  name  was  again 
placed  as  a  candidate,  and  the  appreciation 
of  his  fitness  for  the  office  is  well  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  he  lead  the  entire  ticket 
in  many  counties  of  the  state.  He  assumed 
the  duties  of  his  present  office  in  Indian- 
apolis on  March  15,  1917.  His  conduct  of 
the  affairs  of  his  great  office  during  the  war 
won  the  hearty  approval  of  the  Federal 
government  for  the  brilliant  and  patriotic 
cooperation  with  the  nation. 

Doctor  Ellis  has  also  been  widely  known 
as  a  public  institute  lecturer  and  chau- 
tauqua  superintendent  and  his  services 
have  been  constantly  in  demand  on  the  lec- 
ture platform.  He  is  active  in  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  one  of  its  prominent 
laymen,  and  has  long  been  identified  with 
a  large  Bible  class  as  teacher.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  College 
fraternity,  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason  and 
member  of  numerous  educational  and 
learned  societies.  In  1886  he  married  Miss 
Grace  V.  Mapes,  of  Indianapolis.  His  son, 
Lieut.  Max  M.  Ellis,  served  with  dis- 
tinction throughout  the  war  with  Germany, 
and  his  otKer  son.  Howell,  served  as  head 
of  the  manuscript  department  in  his 
father's  office  in  the  capitol. 

ELNATHAN  CORY.  Among  those  whom 
Indiana  claims  among  her  pioneers  and 
representative  citizens  should  be  men- 
tioned Elnathan  Cory,  one  of  the  early 
residents  of  Tippecanoe  County.  He  was 
born  at  New  Carlisle,  Ohio,  March  11, 
1811,  and  died  near  Montmorenci,  Indiana, 
January  18,  1864.  He  came  to  Indiana 
shortly  after  his  marriage  and  secured  a 
large  body  of  land  near  Lafayette,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  leaders  of  his  day  in  that 
section  of  the  state.  He  served  as  captain 
in  the  Indiana  Militia  for  many  years,  was 
one  of  the  local  founders  and  most  zealous 


•J072 


INDIANA  AND   INDIANAXS 


Appellate  Cuiift  Bench,  and  after  serving 
one  term  retired  to  private  life.  Me  thru 
located  at  Loganapott  and  is  now  associated 
with  .M.  I1'.  Mahniioy  ainl  I'.  1..  Fansler 
under  tin-  linn  iiann>  of  Kahb.  Mahoney  >.<: 
Fansler. 

•ludfie  llahh  is  a  republican  and  has 
lieeu  su  in  all  his  political  activities.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  (Jrand  Army  of  the 
Kepuhlie.  On  .lime  11.  is"'-',  he  married 
Miss  Lottie  .Morris.  She  died  May  7.  1SSS. 
the  mother  of  live  children,  two  of  whom 
died  in  infancy,  while  the  daughter  Clara 
died  in  lilOO.  the  wife  of  (inv  Winks.  (>n 
November  11,  1SS4.  -Indue  Uahh  married 
Ida  Klwell.  They  have  one  daughter, 
lionise,  now  a  teacher  in  the  Loyansport 
Ilitrh  School. 

Di(.  HII|{\<  i;  Hi. i. is.  state  superintend- 
ent ol'  pnl>lic  instruction  of  Indiana,  is  an 
•  •dilcator  of  the  widest  experienre.  of  ureal 
attainments  and  splendid  ideals,  and 
brought  to  Ins  present  office  a  previous 

excellent  r ml  as  an  administrator  and 

a  thorough  familiarity  with  the  needs  and 
the  \\orkinsr  relations  of  all  the  many  in- 
stitutions under  his  supervision. 

Practically  his  entire  life  has  been  do- 
voted  to  the  schools  of  Indiana,  and  he 
has  irjven  active  service  in  everv  school 
capacity,  as  rural  teacher,  village  principal, 
cily  superintendent,  normal  school  presi- 
dent, university  president. 

Doctor  Kllis  was  born  in  Decatur.  Illi- 
nois. .Inly  !(.  1S(J1.  a  son  of  Ira  and  Mary 
Frances  (  Ferguson  i  Ellis.  His  early  life 
was  spent  in  a  rural  environment,  he  was 
reared  on  a  farm  and  attended  country 
schools.  Me  he<ran  his  career  as  a  country 
school  teacher  and  continued  that  work 
until  1SS2.  In  the  meantime  he  was  ac- 
cepting every  opportunity  to  advance  his 
own  knowledge  and  improve  his  resources, 
and  for  part  of  his  hiirher  education  lie 
attended  ISutler  College  at  Indianapolis. 
From  1ss.">  to  Is'l'J  he  was  superintendent 
of  I  ndianapolis  suburban  schools.  lie  then 
(•centered  Indiana  I  diversity,  from  which 
lie  received  the  A.  IS.  deirrce  in  iSitfi.  The 
I'liiversity  of  Indianapolis  conferred  upon 
him  the  decree  Master  of  Arts  in  1*!l~.  and 
he  has  the  decree  ISaehelor  of  Philosophy 
eonfcrrcd  in  1!MW. 

Duriii-j-  1SIMJ-MS  Doctor  Kllis  taiiuht  at 
Lafayette  and  North  Vernon.  Indiana,  was 
superintendent  of  public  schools  at  Frank- 


lin. Indian. i.  from  1S!)S  to  IfMCJ.  and  at  that 
date  accepted  the  only  call  away  from  the 
schools  of  Indiana,  when  he  went  to  Idaho 
and  served  two  years.  l!H)lM>4,  as  president 
of  the  Idaho  State  Normal  School.  In 
1!K)4  he  returned  to  Indiana  to  become 
president  of  Yinceiines  I'niversity.  lit1  has 
always  been  allied  in  polities  with  the  re- 
publican parly  and  in  1!M4  accepted  a 
place  on  the  state  ticket  as  candidate  for 
state  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 
As  is  well  known,  the  republican  ticket  of 
that  year  suffered  defeat  all  alonu  the  line, 
but  in  l!lll>  Doctor  Kllis'  name  was  auain 
placed  as  a  candidate,  and  the  appreciation 
of  his  litness  for  the  office  is  well  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  he  lead  the  entire  ticket 
in  many  counties  of  the  state.  He  assumed 
the  duties  of  his  present  office  in  Indian- 
apolis on  March  !•">.  1!H7.  His  conduct  of 
the  affairs  of  his  irreat  office  during  the  war 
won  the  heart v  approval  of  the  Federal 
government  for  the  brilliant  and  patriotic 
cooperation  with  the  nation. 

Doctor  Kllis  has  also  been  widely  known 
as  a  public  institute  lecturer  and  chau- 
taiK|iia  superintendent  and  his  services 
have  been  constantly  in  demand  on  the  lec- 
ture platform.  He  is  active  in  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  one  of  its  prominent 
laymen,  and  has  lon«r  been  identified  with 
a  I  a  rue  ISible  class  as  teacher.  lie  is  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  College 
fraternity,  is  a  Kni-jht  Templar  Mason  and 
member  of  numerous  educational  and 
learned  societies.  In  1SS(i  he  married  Miss 
Grace  V.  Mapes,  of  Indianapolis.  His  son, 
Lieut.  Max  M.  Kllis,  served  with  dis- 
tinction throughout  the  war  with  Germany, 
and  his  other  son.  Howell.  served  as  head 
of  the  manuscript  department  in  his 
father's  oflice  in  the  eapitol. 

Ki. NATHAN"  Com'.  Amonu  those  whom 
Indiana  claims  amon<;  her  pioneers  ainl 
represent;!!  ive  eiti/ens  should  be  men- 
tioned Klnathan  Cory,  one  of  the  earlv 
residents  of  Tippecanoe  County.  lie  was 
born  at  New  Carlisle,  Ohio,  March  11. 
1*11.  and  died  near  Montmorenei.  Indiana. 
January  IS.  1SIJ4.  He  came  to  Indiana 
shortly  after  his  marriage  ainl  secured  a 
larire  body  of  land  near  Lafayette,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  leaders  of  his  day  in  that 
section  of  the  state.  He  served  as  captain 
in  the  Indiana  Militia  for  many  years,  was 
one  of  the  local  founders  and  most  xealous 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2073 


leaders  of  the  old  "Underground  Rail- 
road" for  helping  runaway  slaves  on  to 
freedom,  and  was  an  abolitionist,  whig  and 
republican. 

Elnathan  Cory  married  Susannah  Harr, 
and  they  became  the  parents  of  six  children. 

CHARLES  G.  CARPENTER.  Forty-six  years 
of  continuous  association  with  the  Rich- 
mond Roller  Mills  makes  Charles  G.  Car- 
penter a  veteran  in  the  business  affairs  of 
that  city  and  one  of  the  oldest  practical 
millers  in  the  state.  The  long  continued 
fidelity  he  has  shown  as  a  factor  in  this 
business  is  characteristic  of  his  citizenship 
and  character  in  general.  He  has  seldom 
joined  as  a  leader  in  public  affairs,  but  is 
always  known  as  a  quiet,  hard-working 
citizen,  willing  to  do  his  part  and  doing 
it  without  fuss  or  clamor. 

Mr.  Carpenter  was  born  at  Wilmington 
in  Clinton  County,  Ohio,  in  1836,  son  of 
Walter  T.  and  Susan  (Mabie)  Carpenter. 
He  is  of  an  old  English  family.  Three 
brothers  of  the  name  came  to  America, 
two  settling  in  New  England  and  one  in 
New  York.  Charles  G.  Carpenter  is  de- 
scended from  the  New  York  colonist.  Wal- 
ter T.  Carpenter  moved  from  New  York 
State  to  Clinton  County,  Ohio,  had  a  gen- 
eral store  there,  and  later  engaged  in  the 
commission  business  at  Cincinnati  with  his 
brother  Calvin.  They  had  the  first  com- 
mission house  in  that  city  and  were  located 
on  the  Basin  of  the  old  Whitewater  Canal. 
He  and  his  brother  Ezra  were  dairymen  at 
Cincinnati.  They  had  some  cows  which 
they  pastured  on  the  present  site  of  the 
Grand  Central  Station.  Leaving  Cincin- 
nati he  went  to  Clarksville,  Clinton  County, 
Ohio,  and  purchased  a  farm,  but  sold  this 
farm  and  moved  to  Richmond  and  bought 
100  acres  of  land  near  that  city. 

Charles  G.  Carpenter  acquired  a  good 
education  in  Cincinnati,  attending  the 
Friends  Private  School,  one  year  in  the 
West  Town  Boarding  School  near  Phila- 
delphia, and  for  three  years  was  a  student 
in  Earlham  College  at  Richmond.  At  that 
time  his  father  was  superintendent  of  Earl- 
ham  College.  He  acquired  a  business  ex- 
perience by  clerking  in  a  grocery  store  two 
years,  and  then  for  fifteen  years  devoted 
all  his  time  to  farming  near  Richmond. 
On  returning  to  the  city  he  engaged  inde- 
pendently in  the  grocery  business  for  two 
years  under  the  name  Carpenter  &  Newlan. 


It  was  in  1873  that  Mr.  Carpenter  be- 
came manager  for  the  Greet  Street  Mills  of 
Richmond.  In  1885  these  mills  were  re- 
organized as  the  Richmond  Roller  Mills, 
and  Mr.  Carpenter  is  still  manager,  and  has 
seen  the  business  grow  to  great  proportions 
and  many  changes  have  been  introduced  in 
the  mechanical  processes  during  his  time. 
The  Richmond  Roller  Mills  are  known  for 
their  product  "Fancy  Patent"  and  "Hax- 
all"  flours.  They  are  also  dealers  in  field 
seeds. 

Mr.  Carpenter  married  in  1863  Elizabeth 
W.  Newlan,  a  daughter  of  James  and  Ma- 
tilda Newlan,  of  Jefferson  County,  Ohio. 
To  their  marriage  were  born  two  daugh- 
ters. Mary  Edna  and  Caroline  .M.,  the  lat- 
ter still  at  home.  The  former  is  the  wife 
of  W.  S.  Hiser  of  Indianapolis  and  has 
one  son,  Walter  C. 

Mr.  Carpenter  has  long  been  prominent 
in  the  Friends  Church,  of  which  he  is  a 
birthright  member.  Since  1883  he  has  been 
treasurer  of  the  Indiana  Yearly  Meeting. 
Politically  he  is  a  republican. 

I 

ALONZO  J.  HILEMAN  is  a  veteran  in  the 
boot  and  shoe  trade,  traveled  all  over  In- 
diana and  other  states  for  a  number  of 
years  representing  some  of  the  leading  shoe 
manufacturers  of  the  Middle  West,  and 
finally  established  a  permanent  business 
of  his  own  at  Elwood,  where  he  now  has  a 
well  appointed  and  thoroughly  stocked 
store  of  merchandise  at  116  South  Ander- 
son Street. 

Mr.  Hileman  was  born  in  Madison 
County,  Indiana,  on  a  farm,  in  1864,  son 
of  Robert  M.  and  Eliza  (Tilson)  Hileman. 
His  experience  during  boyhood  was  not 
unlike  that  of  other  Indianans  of  the  time. 
He  attended  country  school  in  winter, 
worked  in  the  fields  in  summer,  and  all 
the  time  had  a  growing  ambition  to  do 
something  different  from  farm  work.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  went  to  Huntsville, 
had  a  year  of  experience  working  in  a  gen- 
eral store,  until  the  establishment  was 
burned  out,  and  then  engaged  in  his  first 
independent  effort  as  a  merchant,  asso- 
ciated with  W.  R.  Tigue,  under  the  name 
Tigue  &  Hileman,  proprietors  of  a  general 
store  at  Pendleton.  They  were  there  two 
years,  and  after  selling  out  Mr.  Hileman 
went  on  the  road  as  traveling  representa- 
tive of  some  of  the  leading  shoe  houses  of 
Cincinnati.  For  three  vears  he  traveled 


2074 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


over  the  Territory  of  Indiana,  West  Vir- 
ginia and  Southern  Ohio,  representing 
Hickman,  Taylor  &  Company  of  Cincin- 
nati, then  for  a  similar  period  was  with 
W.  P.  Thorn  &  Company  of  Cincin- 
nati ;  then  for  four  years  represented  P. 
Sullivan  &  Company  of  Cincinnati  in  In- 
diana and  Western  Ohio;  for  two  years 
sold  the  goods  of  Vail,  Dittenhofer  &  Son 
of  Cincinntti,  and  until  1893  was  with  the 
firm  Plant  &  Marks,  a  shoe  manufacturing 
company  of  Indiana.  He  then  invested 
some  of  his  capital  and  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Thomas  Conner  under  the  name 
Conner  &  Hileman  and  opened  a  stock  of 
high  class  footwear  at  107  South  Anderson 
Street  in  Elwood.  This  partnership  con- 
tinued for  seven  years,  with  Mr.  Hileman 
still  traveling.  He  then  bought  out  his 
partner,  left  the  road,  and  has  given  his 
best  energies  since  that  date  to  his  own  busi- 
ness. In  1908  he  moved  to  his  present 
quarters,  and  has  owned  both  the  store  and 
the  building  since  1913.  He  has  developed 
a  large  trade  both  in  the  city  and  surround- 
ing country  districts,  and  the  name  Hile- 
man throughout  this  territory  is  associated 
with  the  most  reliable  and  satisfactory 
goodn.  Mr.  Hileman  has  also  acquired  some 
other  business  interests  and  is  owner  of 
some  local  real  estate. 

In  1892  he  married  Flora  M.  Greenley, 
daughter  of  John  Greenley  of  Elwood. 
They  have  three  children,  Louise  G.,  wife 
of  Ralph  Carpenter,  who  is  connected  with 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Elwood,  Fred 
G.,  who  enlisted  in  the  army  in  May,  1917, 
and  is  now  supply  sergeant  at  the  Head- 
quarters Troop  of  the  Thirty-Eighth  Divi- 
sion in  Camp  Shelby;  and  George  A.,  who 
was  born  in  1899  and  is  now  a  sophomore 
in  the  Chemical  Engineering  Corps  at  Pur- 
due University. 

Mr.  Hileman  is  a  republican  in  politics. 
He  is  prominent  in  the  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks  No.  368,  and  is 
lecturing  knight  for  the  order.  He  is  treas- 
urer of  the  Indiana  Retailers  Boot  &  Shoe 
Association,  and  enjoys  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion among  all  the  business  men  of  Indiana 
in  this  line.  Mr.  Hileman  attends  the 
Methodist  Church. 

WALTER  H.  MELLOR,  of  Michigan  City,  is 
one  of  the  most  prominent  jewelers  of 
Indiana,  and  has  developed  business  of 
large  proportions  from  a  beginning  with 


exceedingly  modest  capital  and  only  his 
individual  skill  and  resources  to  depend 
upon.  Mr.  Meller  has  twice  served  as 
president  of  the  Indiana  State  Retail  Jewel- 
ers' Association,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  American  Na- 
tional Association  of  Retail  Jewelers.  He 
is  now  secretary  of  the  Steel  F.  Roberts 
Memorial  Fund,  which  is  maintained  by  the 
National  Jewelers  Association. 

Mr.  Mellor  was  born  at  Michigan  City 
in  1875.  His  father,  William  Mellor,  was 
born  at  Oldham,  England,  where  the  grand- 
parents spent  all  their  lives.  William  Mel- 
lor was  reared  and  educated  in  his  native 
town,  and  as  a  young  man  came  to  America, 
married  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  and  soon 
afterward  moved  to  Indiana  with  his  wife 's 
people.  They  located  in  Porter  County, 
and  from  there  he  enlisted  in  the  Ninth 
Indiana  Infantry,  and  saw  much  active 
and  arduous  service  during  the  war  of  the 
rebellion.  After  his  honorable  discharge 
he  returned  home  and  soon  located  in 
Michigan  City,  where  he  became  a  dry 
goods  merchant.  He  was  in  business  until 
his  death,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven.  He 
married  Sarah  Grace  Battye.  She  was 
born  at  Staleys  Bridge,  Lancashire,  Eng- 
land, daughter  of  William  and  Sarah  Bat- 
tye, who  afterwards  came  to  America  and 
after  several  years  of  residence  at  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  moved  to  Porter  County,  In- 
diana, where  they  were  on  a  farm  two  or 
three  years  and  spent  their  last  days  in 
Michigan  City.  Mrs.  William  Mellor  is  still 
living  at  Michigan  City.  Her  five  children 
are  Eliza,  William,  Charles,  George  and 
Walter  H. 

Walter  H.  Mellor  attended  the  city 
schools  and  then  began  an  apprenticeship 
Michigan  City.  Later  he  attended  Parsons 
at  the  jeweler's  trade  in  the  Beck  store  at 
Horological  School,  now  the  Bradley  Poly- 
technic Institute  at  Peoria.  When  his 
course  there  was  completed  Mr.  Mellor  was 
employed  in  several  cities,  and  in  1902  en- 
gaged in  the  jewelry  business  for  himself. 
His  capital  was  extremely  small,  but  he 
was  an  expert  jeweler  and  managed  his 
resources  with  consummate  skill  until  today 
his  store  has  one  of  the  most  complete 
stocks  and  one  of  the  finest  appointed  es- 
tablishments of  the  kind  in  the  state. 

September  7,  1904,  Mr.  Mellor  married 
Inez  Herrick.  She  was  born  in  Cherokee, 
Iowa,  daughter  of  E.  C.  and  Marion  (Hall) 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2075 


Herrick.  On  the  paternal  side  she  is  of 
English  and  on  the  maternal  side  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry.  Mrs.  Mellor  is  a  member 
of  Cherokee  Chapter,  Daughters  of  the 
American  Revolution,  and  her  four  bars  in- 
dicate direct  descent  from  four  Revolu- 
tionary ancestors.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mellor 
have  one  daughter,  Marion  Inez. 

Mr.  Mellor  is  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
is  a  member  of  the  Potawattomie  Country 
Club,  and  was  one  of  the  promoters  and  or- 
ganizers of  the  Michigan  City  Rotary  Club. 
He  is  chairman  of  the  Michigan  City  Chap- 
ter of  the  Red  Cross  and  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
local  War  Chest. 

Ross  DOWDEN  is  one  of  the  capable  men 
of  affairs  of  Delaware  County,  and  has 
gained  the  secure  confidence  of  the  people 
of  that  section  by  the  very  capable  admin- 
istration of  his  duties  as  county  recorder. 

Mr.  Dowden  was  born  in  Delaware 
County  March  9,  1886,  son  of  Marion  V. 
and  Alice  (Bryant)  Dowden.  Both  par- 
ents were  natives  of  Indiana.  Marion  Dow- 
den was  a  blacksmith  by  trade,  and  in  1862 
enlisted  in  the  Eighty-Fourth  Indiana  In- 
fantry, and  was  with  the  regiment  during 
its  splendid  record  of  service  through  the 
Tennessee,  Atlanta  and  subsequent  cam- 
paigns until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was 
a  very  loyal  member  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic. 

Mr.  Ross  Dowden  was  the  youngest  of 
eight  children,  five  of  whom  are  still  living. 
He  was  educated  in  public  schools  and  as 
a  boy  began  his  business  career  working  in 
Some  of  Muncie  's  factories.  He  was  in  em- 
ployment in  industrial  positions  for  about 
ten  years,  and  resigned  his  last  work  in 
1914  when  he  was  nominated  on  the  demo- 
cratic ticket  for  recorder  of  Delaware 
County.  He  was  elected  in  this  normally 
republican  county  by  a  good  majority,  and 
took  up  his  duties  in  office  in  1915.  Mr. 
Dowden  has  not  only  made  an  efficient 
county  officer,  but  is  known  as  a  public 
spirited  young  man  who  takes  a  pride  in 
his  city  and  county  and  is  always  willing 
to  perform  a  helpful  part.  He  is  affiliated 
with  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks,  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows, and  has  served  as  secretary  of  the 


local  Lodge  of  Eagles  for  ten  years.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Protestant 
Church. 

September  20, 1917,  Mr.  Dowden  married 
Miss  Lucile  Veach,  daughter  of  J.  M. 
Veach,  a  farmer  living  near  Mount  Summit. 

\ 

MARY  STEMBRIDGE,  of  Evansville,  has  a 
place  among  the  useful  women  of  Indiana 
on  account  of  her  long  service  in  the  cause 
of  education.  For  over  forty  years  she 
has  presided  over  the  Carpenter  School  of 
Evansville  as  principal.  She  comes  of  a 
family  of  educational  traditions,  and  her 
father  was  author  of  the  spelling  book 
known  as  the  "Western  Speller,"  at  one 
time  widely  used  throughout  the  southern 
states. 

Miss  Stembridge  is  a  native  of  Muhlen- 
berg  County,  Kentucky,  where  her  fore- 
fathers were  pioneers  in  Indian  times.  Her 
great-grandfather,  John  Stembridge,  was  a 
native  of  England  and  coming  to  America 
in  colonial  times  settled  at  or  near  James- 
town, Virginia.  William  Stembridge,  her 
grandfather,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  was 
well  educated  for  his  time,  and  after  going 
to  Kentucky  was  one  of  the  first  teachers 
in  Muhlenberg  County.  He  acquired  land 
there,  was  a  slave  owner,  and  to  planting 
he  gave  the  energies  of  his  mature  years. 
He  married  Polly  Ward,  of  a  very  interest- 
ing pioneer  family.  Robert  Ward,  the 
great-grandfather  of  Miss  Stembridge,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to  this  country 
when  a  youth,  locating  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  was  with  the  Continental  army  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  In  1791  he  em- 
barked his  family  and  household  goods  on 
a  flatboat,  drifting  down  the  Ohio  and  set- 
tled in  Muhlenberg  County,  Kentucky.  At 
that  time  every  family  home  was  in  a  pe- 
culiar sense  a  "castle,"  extraordinary  pre- 
cautions being  necessary  to  safeguard  the 
inmates  from  hostile  attacks  of  Indians. 
The  Ward  family  pewter  set  had  to  be 
melted  and  molded  into  bullets  as  a  meas- 
ure of  safety.  Through  the  influence  of 
Robert  Ward  the  first  Methodist  mission- 
aries visited  Muhlenburg  County.  The 
neighbors  improvised  some  rough  benches 
to  be  used  at  the  meetings,  and  some  of 
these  frontier  religious  gatherings  were 
held  on  the  lawn  of  the  Ward  home.  Miss 
Stembridge  among  other  cherished  heir- 
looms has  carefully  preserved  a  dress  that 
must  be  over  a  century  old.  It  was  made 


2076 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


for  her  Aunt  Betsey  Ward.  The  cotton 
was  grown  on  the  Ward  plantation,  and 
probably  some  of  the  Ward  slaves  spun 
and  wove  it  into  cloth. 

Miss  IStembridge 's  father  acquired  a  good 
education  both  in  the  common  schools  and 
under  home  tuition,  and  for  years  was  in- 
terested in  educational  matters.  He  was  a 
merchant  at  Elkton  in  Todd  County,  after- 
ward at  Greenville,  and  on  leaving  Ken- 
tucky moved  to  Evansville,  where  he  be- 
came a  wholesale  grocer,  and  was  in  the 
same  line  at  Louisville.  He  died  in  Evans- 
ville at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  He  married 
Margaret  Ann  Akers,  who  attained  the  age 
of  seventy.  She  was  born  at  Hopkinsville, 
Kentucky,  daughter  of  Larkin  Nichols  and 
Sarah  (Harrison)  Akers,  both  families  of 
Virginia  ancestry.  One  prominent  repre- 
sentative of  the  Akers  name  was  Peter 
Akers.  author  of  the  Akers  Commentary. 
Miss  Stembridge  is  one  of  three  children : 
William  Robert,  Mary,  and  Sally. 

Mary  Stembridge  completed  her  educa- 
tion in  the  Greenville  Female  Seminary  at 
Greenville,  Kentucky,  and  began  her  career 
as  a  teacher  in  the  schools  of  Evansville  in 
1872.  The  first  year  she  was  in  the  Car- 
penter School,  and  then  for  three  years  was 
a  teacher  in  what  is  now  the  Wheeler 
School.  She  then  returned  to  the  Carpen- 
ter School  as  principal,  and  has  held  that 
responsible  post  and  supervised  the  educa- 
tion of  thousands  of  boys  and  girls,  includ- 
ing many  who  have  since  made  their  mark 
in  the  world.  She  was  the  center  of  in- 
terest and  honor  when  in  1916  there  oc- 
curred a  "Home  Coming"  of  the  old  pu- 
pils of  the  Carpenter  School,  when  mature 
men  and  women  gathered  from  far  and 
near  to  renew  associations  of  the  past.  Miss 
Stembridge  is  a  member  of  the  Trinity 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Evansville. 

MADISON  J.  BRAY  M.  D.  One  of  the 
earliest  and  most  distinguished  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  Southern  Indiana  was  the 
late  Dr.  Madison  J.  Bray  of  Evansville. 

He  was  born  at  Turner,  Androscoggin 
County,  Maine,  January  1,  1811,  son  of 
Captain  William  and  Ruth  (Cushman) 
Bray.  His  father  was  a  lumberman  and 
merchant.  Doctor  Bray  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen left  school  as  a  student  to  become  a 
teacher,  and  followed  that  occupation  for 
eight  years.  He  then  attended  a  course  of 
medical  lectures  in  Dartmouth  College,  but 


finished  his  training  in  Bowdoin  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1835. 

In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  started 
west,  traveling  by  railroad,  stage  and  river 
boat.  At  Evansville  he  found  the  only 
doctor  of  the  village,  William  Traftqn, 
burdened  with  the  taxing  exertions  of  a 
town  and  country  practice  that  required 
almost  constant  and  exhausting  riding  and 
driving.  Doctor  Trafton  gladly  accepted 
a  partner  to  share  in  his  labors,  and  for 
years  Doctor  Bray  had  all  the  experiences 
of  a  pioneer  physician. 

In  1847  he  and  others  established  the 
Evansville  Medical  College,  in  which  he 
filled  the  chair  of  surgery  until  1862.  In 
that  year  he  resigned  to  aid  in  organizing 
the  Sixtieth  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry 
Regiment,  and  was  commissioned  regi- 
mental surgeon.  He  was  with  the  com- 
mand until  ill  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
sign two  years  later.  He  then  resumed  his 
duties  at  the  Medical  College.  He  was  sur- 
geon at  the  Marine  Hospital  at  Evansville 
four  years,  and  later  at  St.  Mary's  Hospi- 
tal. In  1855  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  and  he 
contributed  frequently  to  medical  journals. 

After  a  residence  of  sixty-five  years, 
filled  with  useful  labors  and  services,  he 
died  at  Evansville  August  22,  1900,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-nine.  In  1838  he  married 
Elizabeth  Johnson,  daughter  of  Charles 
and  Ann  (Tate)  Johnson.  His  only  son, 
Madison  J.,  Jr.,  is  still  living  in  Evausville, 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  business. 

RICHARD  A.  EDWARDS.  The  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Peru  is  one  of  the  oldest 
banks  under  national  charter  in  Indiana, 
having  been  organized  in  1864,  soon  after 
the  passage  of  the  National  Bank  Act. 
Through  all  its  existence  it  has  been  con- 
servatively managed,  and  its  officers  and 
stockholders  represent  a  large  share  of  the 
moneyed  interests  and  business  enterprise 
of  Miami  County. 

In  1881  Richard  Arthur  Edwards  gave 
up  his  share  in  the  faculty  of  Knox  College 
at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  to  identify  himself 
with  this  institution,  and  for  nearly  forty 
years  he  has  been  devoting  to  it  the  best  of 
his  abilities  and  the  skill  gained  from 
accumulating  experience.  Mr.  Edwards  is 
one  of  the  oldest  bankers  in  the  state.  The 
First  National  Bank  of  Peru  has  a  capital 
of  $100,000,  surplus  of  $100,000,  and  is  one 


2076 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAXANS 


for  her  Aunt  Betsey  Ward.  The  cotton 
was  grown  on  the  Ward  plantation,  and 
pn>lml>ly  some  of  the  Ward  slaves  spun 
and  wove  it  into  cloth. 

Miss  Stembridge 's  father  acquired  a  good 
education  both  in  the  common  schools  and 
under  home  tuition,  and  for  years  was  in- 
terested in  educational  matters.  lie  was  a 
merchant  at  Elkton  in  Todd  County,  after- 
ward at  Greenville,  and  on  leaving  Ken- 
tucky moved  to  Evansville,  where  he  be- 
came a  wholesale  grocer,  and  was  in  the 
same  line  at  Louisville.  He  died  in  Evans- 
ville at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  lie  married 
Margaret  Ann  Akers.  who  attained  the  asre 
of  seventy.  She  was  horn  at  Ilopkinsville. 
Kentucky,  daughter  of  Larkin  Nichols  and 
Sarah  (Harrison)  Akers.  both  families  of 
Virginia  ancestry.  One  prominent  repre- 
sentative of  the  Akers  name  was  Peter 
Akers.  author  of  the  Akers  Commentary. 
Miss  Stembridge  is  one  of  three  children: 
William  Robert.  Mary,  and  Sally. 

Mary  Stembridge  completed  her  educa- 
tion in  the  Greenville  Female  Seminary  at 
Greenville.  Kentucky,  and  began  her  career 
as  a  teacher  in  the  schools  of  Evansville  in 
1S72.  The  first  year  she  was  in  the  Car- 
penter School,  and  then  for  three  years  was 
a  teacher  in  what  is  now  the  Wheeler 
School.  She  then  returned  to  the  Carpen- 
ter School  as  principal,  and  has  held  that 
responsible  post  and  supervised  the  educa- 
tion of  thousands  of  boys  and  girls,  includ- 
ing many  who  have  since  made  their  mark 
in  the  world.  She  was  the  center  of  in- 
terest and  honor  when  in  1916  there  oc- 
curred a  "Home  Coming"  of  the  old  pu- 
pils of  the  Carpenter  School,  when  mature 
men  and  women  gathered  from  far  and 
near  to  renew  associations  of  the  past.  Miss 
Stembridge  is  a  member  of  the  Trinity 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Evansville. 

M.\nisox  J.  BKAY  M.  T).  One  of  the 
earliest  and  most  distinguished  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  Southern  Indiana  was  the 
lato  Dr.  Madison  J.  Bray  of  Evansville. 

Tie  was  born  at  Turner.  AndrORCOffgill 
County.  Maine,  January  1.  1811,  son  of 
Captain  William  and  Rulli  (Cushman) 
Bray.  His  father  was  a  lumberman  and 
merchant.  Doctor  Bray  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen left  school  as  a  student  to  become  a 
teacher,  and  followed  that  occupation  for 
eight  years.  He  then  attended  a  course  of 
medical  lectures  in  Dartmouth  College,  but 


finished  his  training  in  Bowdoin  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1835. 

In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  started 
west,  traveling  by  railroad,  stage  and  river 
boat.  At  Evansville  he  found  the  only 
doctor  of  the  village,  William  Trafton, 
burdened  with  the  taxing  exertions  of  a 
town  and  country  practice  that  required 
almost  constant  and  exhausting  riding  and 
driving.  Doctor  Trafton  gladly  accepted 
a  partner  to  share  in  his  labors,  and  for 
years  Doctor  Bray  had  all  the  experiences 
of  a  pioneer  physician. 

In  1S47  he  and  others  established  the 
Evansville  Medical  College,  in  which  he 
filled  the  chair  of  surgery  until  1862.  In 
that  year  he  resigned  to  aid  in  organizing 
the  Sixtieth  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry 
Regiment,  and  was  commissioned  regi- 
mental surgeon.  He  was  with  the  com- 
mand until  ill  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
sign two  years  later.  lie  then  resumed  his 
duties  at  the  Medical  College.  He  was  sur- 
geon at  the  Marine  Hospital  at  Evansville 
four  years,  and  later  at  St.  Mary's  Hospi- 
tal. In  18").i  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society,  and  he 
contributed  frequently  to  medical  journals. 

After  a  residence  of  sixty-five  years, 
filled  with  useful  labors  and  services,  he 
died  at  Evansville  August  22.  1900.  at  the 
age  of  eighty-nine.  In  1838  he  married 
Eli/abeth  Johnson,  daughter  of  Charles 
and  Ann  (Tate)  Johnson.  His  only  son, 
Madison  J.,  Jr.,  is  still  living  in  Evansville. 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  business. 

RICHARD  A.  EDWARDS.  The  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Peru  is  one  of  the  oldest 
banks  under  national  charter  in  Indiana, 
having  been  organi/ed  in  1864,  soon  after 
the  passage  of  the  National  Bank  Act. 
Through  all  its  existence  it  has  been  con- 
servatively managed,  and  its  officers  and 
stockholders  represent  a  large  share  of  the 
moneyed  interests  and  business  enterprise 
of  Miami  County. 

In  1881  Richard  Arthur  Edwards  gave 
up  bis  share  in  the  faculty  of  Knox  College 
at  Galeshurg.  Illinois,  to  identify  himself 
with  this  institution,  and  for  nearly  forty 
years  he  has  been  devoting  to  it  the  best  of 
his  abilities  and  the  skill  gained  from 
accumulating  experience.  Mr.  Edwards  is 
one  of  the  oldest  bankers  in  the  state.  The 
First  National  Bank  of  Peru  has  a  capital 
of  $100,000.  surplus  of  $100.000.  ami  is  one 


- 
- 


UBR4N 

OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLJNOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2077 


of  the  strongest  banks  in  the  Wabash  Val- 
ley. 

Mr.  Edwards  represents  a  family  of  edu- 
cators and  cultured  New  England  people. 
He  was  born  at  Bridgewater,  Massachu- 
setts, November  9,  1851,  son  of  Rev. 
Richard  and  Betsey  (Josslyn)  Edwards. 
Not  long  after  his  birth  his  father  moved 
to  Salem,  Massachusetts,  and  was  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Normal  School 
until  1859.  In  that  year  the  family  went 
to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  Rev.  Richard 
Edwards  served  two  years  as  president  of 
the  St.  Louis  Normal  School,  and  from 
1861  to  1873  was  president  of  the  Illinois 
State  Normal  University  at  Normal.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  did  much  to  establish  the 
Normal  University  as  the  useful  and  splen- 
did institution  it  is  today.  He  was  a 
great  teacher,  and  also  had  many  of  the 
qualities  of  the  modern  business  adminis- 
trator and  systematizer.  His  name  has  a 
permanent  and  well  deserved  place  in  the 
history  of  Illinois  education.  For  several 
years  he  also  served  as  state  superintei«Jetit- 
of  schools  in  Illinois,  and  then  entered  the 
Congregational  ministry.  His  chief  service 
as  minister  was  rendered  as  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  Church  at  Princeton,  Illi- 
nois, an  historic  church  in  which  before  the 
war  the  great  abolition  leader  Lovejoy  dis- 
tinguished the  pastorate.  Rev.  Richard 
Edwards  spent  his  last  years  at  Blooming- 
ton.  Illinois,  where  he  died  March  7,  1908. 

Richard  A.  Edwards  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  St.  Louis  and  at  Normal, 
Illinois,  being  a  student  of  the  latter  in- 
stitution while  his  father  was  president. 
When  eighteen  years  old  he  taught  his  first 
school  at  Paxton,  Illinois,  and  was  princi- 
pal of  schools  there  two  years.  In  1872  he 
entered  Dartmouth  College,  but  removed  at 
the  beginning  of  his  junior  year  to  Prince- 
ton University,  and  graduated  A.  B.  from 
that  institution  in  1876.  He  had  previously 
for  one  year  been  connected  with  Rock 
River  Seminary  at  Mount  Morris,  Illinois, 
and  after  graduation  returned  there  as  in- 
structor of  Greek  and  Latin.  In  1878  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  English  literature 
and  rhetoric  in  Knox  College. 

On  giving  up  the  quiet  dignities  and 
pleasant  associations  of  the  scholastic  life 
in  1881  Mr.  Edwards  accepted  the  position 
of  assistant  cashier  of  the  First  National 
Bank  at  Peru.  In  1884  he  was  made 
cashier,  and  in  that  capacity  had  increasing 


responsibilities  and  the  management  of  the 
bank.  In  January,  1911,  he  became  presi- 
dent, and  his  son,  M.  A.  Edwards,  is  now 
cashier.  Mr.  Edwards  has  been  an  import- 
ant factor  in  Peru's  advancement  as  a 
leading  commercial  city.  He  has  served  as. 
an  officer  and  stockholder  in  a  number  of 
industrial  concerns,  and  his  personality  is 
a  rallying  point  for  any  broad  cooperative 
movement  in  which  the  welfare  and  repu- 
tation of  the  community  are  at  stake.  Mr. 
Edwards  is  a  republican,  as  was  his  father, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Columbia  Club  of 
Indianapolis,  the  University  Club  of  Chi- 
cago, and  he  and  his  wife  are  affiliated  with 
the  Baptist  Church.  In  1880  Mr.  Edwards 
married  Miss  Alice  Shirk,  a  member  of  the 
prominent  Shirk  family!  of  Peru.  Her 
father,  Elbert  H.  Shirk,  was  for  a  number 
of  years  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Peru.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edwards 
have  a  family  of  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters. - . 

-'*  *^HoSiAS;'C6RY.  Among  the  men  respon- 
sible for  the  development  of  Indiana  and 
her  institutions  mention  is  made  of  Thomas 
Cory,  an  educator  of  distinction  in  his  day. 
the  author  of  a  text  book,  "Manual  of 
Land  Surveying,"  very  generally  used 
throughout  Indiana  for  many  years,  and 
an  engineer  of  recognized  ability  and  the 
inventor  of  several  important  devices  cov- 
ering a  wide  field. 

Thomas  Cory  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Montmorenci  in  Tippecanoe  County,  In- 
diana, February  10.  1838.  and  his  death 
occurred  at  Berkeley,  California,  May  30, 
1915.  He  was  a  student  of  Wabash  Col- 
lege, class  of  1859,  where  he  studied  engi- 
neering, and  after  leaving  college  followed 
that  profession,  educational  work,  agricul- 
ture, and  work  at  his  inventions.  He  was 
at  one  time  connected  with  Purdue  Uni- 
tversity,  and  his  name  and  that  of  his 
father.  Elnathan  Cory,  deserve  lasting 
recognition  for  the  part  they  played  as  real 
pioneers  of  Indiana. 

Thomas  Cory  married  at  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania.  December  29,  1863,  Carrie 
Storey,  and  they  reared  a  large  family  of 
children  who  do  them  honor. 

i 

PETER  J.  REEHLTXG.  An  Indiana  citi- 
zen of  exceptionally  wide  experience  is 
Peter  J.  Reehling,  who  for  thirty  rears  has 
been  identified  in  different  capacities  with 
the  American  Express  Company,  and  is 


2078 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


now  agent  and  manager  of  the  company's 
business  at  Anderson. 

Mr.  Reehling  is  a  native  of  Indiana  and 
is  of  that  substantial  German  stock  that 
sought  free  homes  in  America  after  the 
revolutions  in  Germany  against  Prussian- 
ism  during  the  '30s  and  '40s.  His  parents 
were  Phillip  J.  and  Elizabeth  (Kaiser) 
Reehling.  Phillip  J.  Reehling  was  born  in 
Baden,  Germany,  in  1813.  He  saw  active 
service  in  the  Baden  army,  and  as  a  soldier 
bore  arms  against  the  king  of  Prussia  when 
the  present  house  of  Hohenzollern  was  seek- 
ing to  dominate  the  various  provinces  and 
states  of  Germany.  Phillip  Reehling  re- 
fused to  remain  under  the  rule  of  the  con- 
queror, and  as  soon  as  he  could  accumulate 
sufficient  money  to  defray  his  expenses  he 
came  to  America. 

In  1840  he  took  passage  on  a  sailing 
vessel  and  was  three  months  in  reaching 
America.  Twice  the  boat  was  in  sight  of 
land  when  it  was  blown  out  to  sea.  He 
traveled  by  way  of  Buffalo  and  Toledo  and 
from  that  point  drove  overland  to  Fort 
Wayne.  He  paid  fifty  dollars  to  the  driver. 
The  driver  became  sick  of  his  undertaking 
and  tried  to  return  to  Toledo,  but  Phillip 
Reehling  with  the  aid  of  a  shotgun  com- 
pelled him  to  continue  the  journey.  Phil- 
lip Reehling  at  that  time  was  accompanied 
by  his  wife  and  a  baby  six  months  old. 
Two  other  members  of  the  party  were  his 
mother  and  father,  then  people  past  sev- 
enty. His  first  home  was  seven  miles  south 
of  Fort  Wayne,  where  he  bought  forty  acres 
of  land.  This  land  was  located  on  the  old 
Pickaway  Road.  He  worked  that  forty 
acres  until  1856,  when  Chief  Godfrey  of 
the  Miami  Indians,  learning  that  Mr.  Reeh- 
ling had  in  his  possession  100  silver  dol- 
lars, persuaded  him  to  buy  105  acres  across 
the  St.  Mary's  River  on  the  Winchester 
Road.  This  was  only  the  initial  payment, 
and  the  balance  was  paid  out  in  coon 
skins.  Phillip  Reehling  looked  after  both 
farms  until  1861,  when  he  turned  the 
larger  place  over  to  his  older  son,  Jacob, 
and  after  that  managed  the  home  farm 
until  he  retired.  He  died  at  Fort  Wayne 
in  1891,  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight,  and 
his  wife  passed  away  in  1893,  also  aged 
seventy-eight.  They  had  five  sons  and 
three  daughters. 

Peter  J.  Reehling,  youngest  of  the  fam- 
ily, was  born  on  the  old  home  farm  in  In- 
diana in  1853.  He  received  his  education 


at  Fort  Wayne  in  J.  Weber's  private  school 
from  1861  to  1872.  On  leaving  school  he 
went  to  work  as  clerk  in  the  store  of  his 
brother-in-law,  John  Otto,  at  Auburn,  In- 
diana. Mr.  Otto  was  a  veteran  of  the 
Civil  war.  Mr.  Reehling  remained  in 
Otto 's  boot  and  shoe  store  until  1875,  when 
he  opened  a  similar  business  of  his  own  at 
Bluffton,  Ohio,  and  remained  there  until 
1882.  He  then  sold  out  and  returning  to 
Indiana  was  clerk  in  a  store  at  Rushville 
for  two  years,  and  then  went  on  the  road 
for  a  year  selling  shoes  for  the  Carnahan- 
Hanna  Company  of  Fort  Wayne.  His  ter- 
ritory was  Central  and  Southern  Indiana. 

Mr.  Reehling 's  first  connection  with  the 
American  Express  Company  dates  from 
October  10,  1887.  Though  he  knew  noth- 
ing of  the  business,  he  accepted  the  place 
of  agent  at  Rushville  and  remained  there 
two  years.  Superintendent  Fargo  then 
sent  him  to  Alton,  Illinois,  as  agent  for 
the  company.  He  remained  at  Alton 
eleven  months,  and  returning  to  Rushville 
became  express  messenger  with  a  run  from 
North  Vernon,  Indiana,  to  Benton  Harbor, 
Michigan.  He  was  on  the  road  a  year  and 
a  half,  and  in  1892  was  appointed  agent 
at  Alexandria,  Indiana,  which  was  his 
home  for  fifteen  years.  He  then  served  as 
local  agent  at  Richmond  two  and  a  half 
years,  as  traveling  agent  eleven  months 
from  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  to  St.  Louis, 
and  from  Danville  to  Cairo  eleven  months, 
was  local  agent  at  Lima,  Ohio,  at  Wabash, 
Indiana,  at  Alexandria,  and  at  Kokomo  for 
two  years,'  and  again  at  Wabash  for  2y% 
years.  In  March,  1916,  he  accepted  his 
present  post  as  agent  and 'manager  of  the 
company's  business  at  Anderson.  His  fam- 
ily continued  to  reside  at  Alexandria, 
where  he  owns  considerable  real  estate 
and  also  his  property  at  Indianapolis. 

In  1875  Mr.  Reehling  married  Melissa 
Martin,  daughter  of  I.  W.  and  Mary 
(O 'Conner)  Martin  of  Columbus  Grove. 
Her  father  was  a  Union  soldier  in  the  Civil 
war,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  a 
grain  merchant  at  Columbus  Grove.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Reehling  have  four  children: 
Adelbert  Ira.  born  in  1876,  and  now  a  res- 
ident of  Alexandria,  where  he  is  agent  for 
the  American  Express  Company  and  is  un- 
married ;  Esreula,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
two  years;  Lula,  born  in  1882,  and  died  a 
day  after  her  birth ;  and  Ellen  Clara,  born 
in  1895,  and  still  at  home  with  the  family. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2079 


She  is  a  graduate  of  the  high  school  and 
took  two  years  of  musical  instruction  in 
the  Indiana  Musical  Conservatory. 

Mr.  Reehling  in  political  matters  is 
strictly  independent.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  on  the  citizens  ticket  as  councilman 
for  the  Second  Ward  at  Bluffton,  Ohio. 
For  a  number  of  years  he  was  quite  active 
in  political  affairs  but  finally  became  dis- 
gusted with  politics  and  has  exercised  his 
strictly  independent  judgment  in  support- 
ing any  candidate.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Alexandria,  and 
belongs  to  the  subordinate  lodge  and  uni- 
form rank  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

I 

HON.  HARRY  L.  CRUMPACKER,  now  serv- 
ing a  second  term  as  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Porter  and  LaPorte  counties,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1905,  and  has  ac- 
cumulated many  distinctions  in  the  brief 
period  of  his  professional  work.  Judge 
Crumpacker's  home  since  beginning  prac- 
tice has  been  at  Michigan  City. 

It  is  doubtful  if  any  family  has  contrib- 
uted more  names  to  the  substantial  citizen- 
ship, the  farming  and  business  and  profes- 
sional activities  of  Northwestern  Indiana. 
The  thirteen  American  colonies  were  hardly 
organized  when  John  Crumpacker  emi- 
grated from  Holland  in  1762  and  settled  in 
Bedford  County,  Virginia.  The  family 
lived  in  Virginia  many  years.  Owen  Crum- 
packer, a  son  of  John,  was  born  in  Bote- 
tourt  County,  Virginia,  in  1783,  and  was 
an  American  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812, 
serving  with  the  Seventh  Virginia  Regi- 
ment. He  married  Hannah  Woodford. 

The  third  son  of  this  couple  was  Theo- 
philus  Crumpacker,  grandfather  of  Judge 
Crumpacker.  Theophilus  was  born  in 
Botetourt  County,  Virginia,  January  17, 
1823. 

About  1828  Owen  Crumpacker  brought 
his  family  west  to  Indiana,  first  locating 
in  Union  County,  in  1832  coming  to  Porter 
County,  and  Owen  was  a  fanner  there  un- 
til his  death,  when  about  sixty-five  years  of 
age.  His  wife,  Hannah,  reached  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  eighty-six. 

Theophilus  Crumpacker  was  a  small  boy 
when  brought  to  Indiana.  He  lived  in 
Porter  and  LaPorte  Counties,  and  for  a 
year  or  so  during  the  Civil  war  had  his 
home  on  a  farm  near  Kankakee,  Illinois. 
He  then  returned  to  Porter  County  and  es- 
tablished his  home  on  a  farm  three  mileai 


east  of  Valparaiso.  In  1890  he  retired  from 
his  farm  and  made  his  home  in  Valparaiso 
until  his  death  November  27,  1908.  The- 
ophilus Crumpacker  married  Harriet  Em- 
mons,  who  was  born  in  Montgomery 
County,  Virginia,  December  23,  1822, 
daughter  of  William  and  Elsie  (Kirk) 
Emmons.  The  Emmons  family  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  descent  and  they  moved 
West  from  Virginia  at  an  early  date,  Wil- 
liam Emmons  establishing  a  home  in  Cass 
County,  Michigan,  in  1832.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  sixty-eight,  and  his  widow,  Elsie, 
survived  to  the  age  of  eighty-one. 

Theophilus  Crumpacker  and  wife  had 
eight  children,  namely :  John  W.,  father  of 
Judge  Crumpacker;  Edgar  D.,  who  was 
born  May  27,  1852,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1876,  and  for  many  years  has  been 
a  prominent  figure  in  the  public  life  of  the 
state  and  the  nation,  representing  the 
Tenth  Indiana  District  in  Congress  from 
1897  to  1913 ;  Daniel  W.,  long  in  the  rail- 
way mail  service;  Eliza  A.,  who  married 
Melvin  W.  Lewis ;  Peter,  for  many  years  a 
lawyer  at  Hammond ;  Dora  A.,  who  mar- 
ried Iredell  Luther;  Charles,  of  Valpa- 
raiso; and  Grant,  a  prominent  Valparaiso 
lawyer.  Nearly  all  the  Crumpackers  have 
had  a  tendency  to  go  into  politics.  Theo- 
philus was  one  of  the  early  day  republi- 
cans, and  for  three  terms  represented  his 
district  in  the  State  Legislature  and  was 
a  factor  in  local  politics  in  Porter  County. 

John  W.  Crumpacker,  father  of  Judge 
Crumpacker,  was  born  in  New  Durham 
Township  of  LaPorte  County,  March  9, 
1849.  He  spent  most  of  his  youth  in  Por- 
ter Count v  on  his  father's  farm,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  rural  schools  and  the  North- 
ern Indiana  Normal  School,  now  the  Val- 
paraiso University,  and  at  one  time  was  a 
teacher.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  deputy 
county  treasurer  of  Porter  County,  serving 
until  1879.  In  the  fall  of  1878  he  was 
elected  county  treasurer  and  by  re-election 
in  1880  filled' that  office  with  the  confidence 
and  efficiency  familiarly  associated  with 
the  Crumpacker  family  until  August,  1883. 
In  1884  he  became  cashier  and  manager  of 
the  Hobart  Bank  of  Valparaiso.  Then,  in 
February,  1885,  he  assumed  his  duties  as 
cashier  of  the  LaPorte  Savings  Bank,  and 
was  a  well  known  LaPorte  banker  from 
that  time  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  1913. 

January  3,  1877,  John  W.  Crumpacker 


2080 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


married  Anna  J.  Smith.  She  was  born  in 
Norwalk,  Ohio,  a  daughter  of  Hiram  and 
Harriet  (Ashley)  Smith,  both  natives  of 
-Massachusetts.  Mrs.  John  W.  Crumpacker 
now  makes  her  home  with  her  only  son  and 
child,  Judge  Crumpacker.  John  W.  Crum- 
packer was  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 

Harry  L.  Cumpacker  was  born  at  Val- 
paraiso, Indiana,  May  6,  1881.  He  ac- 
quired a  liberal  education,  graduating  from 
the  LaPorte  High  School  in  1899,  and  then 
entering  the  University  of  Michigan.  He 
received  his  A.  B.  degree  in  1903,  and  con- 
tinued his  studies  in  the  law  department 
until  attaining  the  LL.  B.  degree  in  1905. 
In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  began  ac- 
tive practice  at  Michigan  City  and  enjoyed 
a  large  business  as  a  lawyer  until  entering1 
upon  his  duties  on  the  bench.  He  served 
as  city  attorney,  and  in  1914  was  elected 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  for  the  district 
of  LaPorte  and  Porter  counties.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1918. 

In  1907  Judge  Crumpacker  married  Miss 
Blanche  E.  Bosserman,  a  native  of  LaPorte 
and  daughter  of  Charles  and  Emma  (Web- 
ber) Bosserman.  Her  father  was  of  early 
Pennsylvanian  ancestry  and  was  long 
prominent  in  the  business  affairs  of  La- 
Porte,  where  he  lived  many  years,  until  his 
death.  Mrs.  Crumpacker 's  maternal  grand- 
father, Leroy  D.  Webber,  was  a  native  of 
Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  and  a  son 
of  Stebbins  F.  and  Emeline  (Pope)  Web- 
ber, the  former  a  native  of  Massachusetts 
and  the  latter  of  New  York.  Leroy  D. 
Webber  located  at  LaPorte  as  early  as  1851, 
and  in  the  same  year  engaged  in  the  hard- 
ware business.  That  business  is  still  con- 
tinued under  the  name  the  Webber  Hard- 
ware Company.  He  served  as  mayor  of 
the  city  and  as  a  member  of  the  school 
board. 

Judge  and  Mrs.  Crumpacker  had  three 
children :  John  W.,  Helen,  and  Louise. 
Mrs.  Crumpacker  died  in  1914.  Judge 
Crumpacker  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  and  he  is  affiliated  with 
Theta  Delta  Chi  fraternity,  Acme  Lodge 
No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
Washington  Lodge  No.  94,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  is  a  member  of  the  Potawattomie 
Country  Club,  of  the  Michigan  City  Cham- 
be^  of  Commerce,  and  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association.  Like  his  father  and 


practically  all  the  family,  he  is  a  steadfast 
republican. 

BARZILLAI  OWEN  BARNES,  deceased,  was 
manager  and  treasurer  of  the  Union  Grain 
&  Feed  Company  of  Anderson.  This  is  an 
industry  that  has  grown  and  prospered  un- 
til its  products  are  now  recognized  as 
standard  in  quality  and  excellence  over 
many  states.  With  the  growth  of  the  in- 
dustry Mr.  Barnes  was  a  practical  influ- 
ence and  did  much  to  give  the  business  its 
splendid  reputation  and  success. 

Mr.  Barnes  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  at 
Somerset  in  Perry  County  in  1870,  son  of 
John  and  Phoebe  (Bowman)  Barnes. 
Some  of  his  ancestors  were  English  and 
some  of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  stock,  but  the 
family  for  the  most  part  have  been  in 
America  for  a  number  of  generations.  Go- 
ing back  over  the  different  generations 
most  of  the  men  have  been  farmers.  Mr. 
Barnes  grew  up  on  his  father's  farm  in 
Perry  County,  Ohio,  being  educated  in  the 
country  schools,  the  Somerset  High  School 
and  in  1900  graduated  Ph.  B.  from  Otter- 
bein  University  at  Westerville,  Ohio.  He 
continued  a  member  of  the  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation of  that  splendid  Ohio  institution. 

For  two  years  after  leaving  college  Mr. 
Barnes  remained  at  Westerville  as  assist- 
ant cashier  of  the  local  bank.  In  1903  he 
removed  to  Anderson,  Indiana,  and  for 
four  years  was  manager  of  the  fire  insur- 
ance and  renting  departments  of  the  Union 
Savings  &  Investment  Company.  Then,  in 
1907,  he  went  with  the  Union  Grain  &  Coal 
Company,  being  bookkeeper  for  one  year, 
and  from  1908  was  its  manager,  and  was| 
also  treasurer,  stockholder  and  director. 
This  company  ships  and  manufactures  a 
large  variety  of  stock  feeds.  Under  their 
individual  brand  and  trade  mark  they  mar- 
ket three  brands  of  chicken  feed,  two 
brands  of  dairy  feed,  two  brands  of 
horse  feed  and  also  special  feeds  for 
hogs  and  other  domestic  animals.  They 
also  manufacture  considerable  quantities  of 
corn  meal  and  corn  flour.  Their  shipments 
go  east  as  far  as  Boston,  and  are  distrib- 
uted over  a  number  of  states  in  the  Middle 
West.  The  capacity  of  the  plant  is  eighty 
tons  per  day.  It  is  a  business  which  has. 
grown  up  gradually,  altogether  on  the  merit 
of  the  products,  and  without  excessive  ad- 
vertising or  stimulation. 

Mr.  Barnes  was  also  a  man  of  other  in- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2081 


terests  in  Anderson.  He  was  a  republican 
voter  and  a  member  of  the  United  Breth- 
ren Church.  In  1903  he  married  Miss 
Maggie  Lambert,  daughter  of  G.  A.  and 
Glendora  Lambert,  of  Union  City,  Indiana. 
They  had  a  household  of  three  children, 
Albert  Owen,  aged  twelve,  Glendora,  aged 
ten,  and  Dwight  Lambert,  aged  five.  Mrs. 
Barnes  died  September  10, 1916.  On  March 
28,  1918,  Mr.  Barnes  married  Esther  May 
Downey.  She  was  born  in  Anderson,  In- 
diana, where  she  was  reared  and  educated. 
Mr.  Barnes  died  October  10,  1918.  His 
widow  is  still  a  resident  of  Anderson,  In- 
diana. 

ARTHUR  ROESKE  occupies  an  important 
position  in  business  circles  at  Michigan 
City,  and  is  in  a  line  of  industry  which  has 
been  in  the  family  in  that  locality  for  up- 
wards of  fifty  years.  He  is  secretary  and 
manager  of  the  Riselay  Brick  Company. 

For  several  generations  the  Roeske  fam- 
ily were  farmers  and  shepherds  in  Eastern 
Germany  in  the  Province  of  Posen,  now, 
included  within  the  limits  of  the  new  na- 
tion of  Poland.  His  great-grandfather 
died  in  Posen  in  middle  life.  Christian 
Roeske  was  born,  reared  and  married  in, 
Posen,  and  during  his  early  life  tended 
many  large  flocks  in  that  country.  HQ 
married  Augusta  Pahl,  whose  father  died 
in  Germany  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety- 
eight  and  his  mother  at  eighty-three.  In 
1864  Christian  Roeske,  accompanied  by  his 
sons  Michael  and  Christopher,  came  tq 
America,  traveling  by  sailing  vessel  and 
being  fourteen  weeks  on  the  ocean.  They 
landed  at  Quebec  and  on  the  25th  of  June 
reached  Michigan  City  after  a  journey 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  River  and  around 
the  lakes  to  Detroit,  and  thence  by  railroad 
to  Michigan  City.  Another  member  of  the 
family  was  his  daughter,  Augusta.  Later 
they  were  joined  by  his  wife  and  sons 
August  and  Theodore.  Christian  Roeske 
after  some  varied  employment  bought 
^eighty  acres  of  timbered  land  in  Michigan. 
Township,  and  took  his  family  to  that  place 
in  the  country.  He  died  there  at  the  age 
of  fifty-four  in  1870,  his  widow  surviving 
many  years  and  passing  away  at  the  age 
of  eighty-five.  Both  were  members  of  the 
Lutheran  Church.  They  had  nine  chil- 
dren, six  sons  and  three  daughters. 

The  late  Christopher  Roeske,  father  of 
Arthur  Roeske,  was  born  near  Gromden  in 


Posen,  Germany,  April  27,  1847.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  land  and  worked 
there  as  a  shepherd.  He  was  seventeen 
years  old  when  the  family  came  to  Michi- 
gan City,  and  he  at  once  took  upon  him- 
self the  responsibilities  of  providing  for 
his  own  living  and  assisting  the  family  in 
getting  settled.  For  a  time  he  was  em- 
ployed as  a  construction  hand  by  the  Mich- 
igan Central  Railroad.  Later  he  worked 
in  a  factory  and  on  his  father's  farm,  and 
learned  the  brick  making  business  in  the 
plant  of  Charles  Kellogg  at  Michigan  City. 
Having  learned  the  business,  in  1869  he 
and  his  brothers  leased  a  tract  of  land  from 
Reynolds  Couden  and  established  a  brick 
plant  of  their  own.  After  seven  years 
they  bought  the  brick  yard  and  sawmill  of 
Denton  Miller,  and  continued  both  enter- 
prises until  1880.  In  that  year  the  saw- 
mill was  abandoned  and  they  erected  a 
flour  mill  on  Waterford  Road.  This  mill 
was  made  thoroughly  modern  in  all  its 
equipment  and  machinery,  and  had  a  ca- 
pacity of  100  barrels  per  day.  The  four 
brothers  continued  the  business  until  the 
death  of  Michael,  and  soon  afterward  Theo- 
dore retired  on  account  of  ill  health. 
Christopher  and  August  then  continued 
the  business  together,  operating  a  large 
brick  yard  where  about  6,000,000  bricks 
were  made  every  year,  and  also  the  flour 
mill.  Christopher  Roeske  was  active  in 
business  until  his  death  August  22,  1912. 
He  was  a  director  of  the  Citizens  Bank  of 
Michigan  City,  and  was  affiliated  with  the 
Masonic  Lodge,  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and 
Knights  Templar.  In  politics  he  was  a 
democrat,  and  served  several  terms  as 
county  commissioner. 

Christopher  Roeske  married  Mrs.  Au- 
gusta (Meese)  Matthias,  widow  of  Peter 
Matthias.  She  was  born  in  Mecklinburg 
Schwerin,  Germany,  and  when  a  girl  came 
to  America  with  her  foster  mother,  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Heitman.  By  her  first  marriage 
she  had  five  children :  Anna,  who  married 
Hermann  Warnke;  Dora,  who  married 
Henry  Warnke;  Alexander,  Peter,  and 
William  Matthias.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Christo- 
pher Roeske  had  four  children:  Arthur, 
Oscar,  Martha,  and  Lydia.  Martha  is  the 
wife  of  O.  I.  Lowe  and  Lydia  married 
William  Staiger. 

Arthur  Roeske  was  born  at  Michigan 
City  January  1,  1877,  and  during  his  youth 
attended  the  parochial  and  public  schools. 


2082 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


After  completing  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  he  took  a  course  in  the  Michi- 
gan City  Business  College,  and  then  be- 
came associated  with  his  father  in  business. 
In  February,  1917,  he  became  cashier  of 
the  First  Calumet  Trust  and  Savings  Bank. 
He  was  already  financially  interested  in 
the  Riselay  Brick  Company,  and  in  1918 
he  resigned  his  position  with  the  bank  to 
devote  all  his  time  to  the  affairs  of  this 
company  of  which  he  is  secretary  and 
manager. 

December  4,  1901,  Mr.  Roeske  married 
Miss  Emma  Daman,  a  native  of  Michigan 
City.  Her  father,  Fred  Darman,  was  born 
in  Schleswig,  Germany,  son  of  Fred  Dar- 
man, Sr.,  who  brought  his  family  to  Amer- 
ica and  settled  in  Porter  County,  Indiana, 
buying  a  farm  near  the  east  line  of  that 
county  and  not  far  from  Westville.  Late 
in  life  he  moved  to  Michigan  City,  where 
he  died.  Fred  Darman,  Jr.,  was  reared 
and  educated  in  his  native  land,  and  after 
coming  to  America  lived  for  a  time  in  Buf- 
falo, New  York,  and  then  came  to  Indiana 
and  was  a  farmer  in  Porter  County ,;*but 
for  many  years  lived  in  Michiea^p^Gijtjf  t^d: 
was  engineer  at  the  city  waterworks.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine.  Fred  Dar- 
man, Jr.,  married  Augusta  Klank,  who 
was  born  in  Pomerania,  Germany,  and 
came  to  America  when  a  young  woman, 
probably  being  the  only  member  of  her 
family  to  come  to  this  country.  She  died 
at  the  age  of  thirty-four.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Roeske  have  two  sons,  Arthur  Gerald  and 
Ralph  Christopher.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Roeske 
are  members  of  St.  John's  Evangelical 
Church,  and  fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with 
Acme  Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  Michigan  City  Chapter  No. 
83,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City 
Council  No.  56,  Royal  and  Select  Masters, 
and  Michigan  City  Commandery  No.  30, 
Knights  Templar. 

JAMES  T.  ROYSE  gave  three  of  the  best 
years  of  his  young  manhood  to  fighting  the 
cause  of  the  Union  in  the  Civil  "War,  and 
since  then  for  more  than  half  a  century 
has  been  identified  with  the  business  life 
of  Indiana,  chiefly  as  a  merchant.  For  the 
past  fifteen  years  he  has  lived  at  Elwood, 
and  is  sole  proprietor  of  the  J.  T.  Royse, 
house  furnishings,  stoves  and  ready  to 
wear  goods,  one  of  the  largest  mercantile 
houses  of  the  city. 


Mr.  Royse  was  born  at  New  Albany,  In* 
diana,  March  23,  1842,  son  of  H.  H.  and 
Sarah  (Poison)  Royse.  The  family  has 
been  in  America  many  generations,  and 
were  pioneers  in  Kentucky.  For  the  most 
part  the  Royses  have  been  agriculturists. 
H.  H.  Royse  in  1832  established  a  stove 
factory  at  New  Albany,  Indiana,  the  oldest 
stove  manufacturing  concern  in  the  state. 
H.  H.  Royse  died  in  1872  and  his  wife  in 
1859.  They  had  three  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

James  T.  Royse,  youngest  of  the  family, 
was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  town.  His  education  was  continued 
only  to  his  fourteenth  year,  after  which  he 
went  to  work  learning  the  tinsmith  busi- 
ness. In  1859  he  went  out  to  Iowa  and 
lived  on  the  farm  of  his  uncle,  Irwin  Pol- 
son,  in  Marion  County  until  July,  1861. 

Mr.  Royse 's  military  service  is  credited 
to  an  Iowa  regiment.  He  enlisted  October 
17,  1861,  in  the  Fourth  Iowa  Infantry,  and 
was  a  soldier  three  years  and  six  weeks. 
He  was  mustered  out  and  given  an  honor- 
able,discharge  in  1864,  at  the  end  of  three 
lefieaWt'f-'but  re-enlisted  and  stayed  until 
practically  the  end  of  the  war.  He  took 
part  in  the  concluding  campaign  of  the 
Union  armies  in  the  Southwest,  fighting  at 
Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas,  and  was  in  the  great 
Pittsburg  campaign,  including  the  battles 
of  Jackson  and  Tupelo.  For  all  the  dan- 
gers to  which  he  was  exposed  he  was  never 
injured.  Mr.  Royse  for  a  number  of  years 
has  had  membership  in  John  A.  Logan  Post 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  at  La- 
fayette, Indiana. 

After  the  war  he  settled  at  Rockville  in 
Parke  County,  Indiana,  and  for  a  year  had 
a  half  interest  in  a  general  store  with  J. 
A.  Moreland  under  the  name  Moreland  & 
Royse.  Returning  to  New  Albany,  he  con- 
ducted a  hat  store  in  that  city  for  seven 
years. 

In  1872  Mr.  Royse  married  Virginia 
Smith,  daughter  of  George  "W.  and  Nancy 
(Herrick)  Smith,  who  were  originally  a 
Virginia  family.  By  this  marriage  Mr. 
R"byse  had  two  children,  Mary,  born  in 
1873  and  died  at  the  age  of  sixteen;  and 
George,  who  now  lives  at  Indianapolis  and 
is  connected  with  the  Indianapolis  Gas 
Company. 

From  New  Albany  Mr.  Royce  located  at 
Indianapolis,  where  he  established  a  fur- 
niture house  near  the  old  postoffice  on  Mar- 


U3RARV 
OF  T4£ 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2083 


ket  Street.  Three  years  later  he  moved  to; 
Washington  Street,  fronting  the  State 
House,  and  was  in  business  there  for 
twelve  years.  His  next  location  was  at 
Terre  Haute,  where  he  managed  a  rug  sell- 
ing agency  employing  seventy-five  sales- 
men, and  he  sold  goods  on  an  extensive 
scale  and  did  a  very  profitable  business  for 
nine  years.  After  that  he  opened  another 
furniture  business  and  remained  at  Terre 
Haute  nine  years,  his  store  being  on  Main 
and  Seventh  streets. 

For  a  brief  time  after  that  he  was  again 
at  Indianapolis,  and  then  opened  a  furni- 
ture house  at  Lafayette,  where  he  remained 
ten  years.  In  the  meantime  he  had  estab- 
lished branch  stores  at  Elwood  and  at 
Alexandria,  and  in  1902  he  removed  to  El- 
wood  and  has  since  concentrated  all  his 
work  and  attention  to  the  main  store  in 
that  city.  He  has  a  large  trade  in  the  city 
and  the  surrounding  country  for  fifteen  or 
twenty  miles.  Mr.  Royce  has  also  ac- 
quired other  business  interests  and  has  con- 
siderable local  real  estate. 

In  February,  1887,  he  married  for  his 
second  wife  Cora  Lee  Plant,  daughter  of 
James  and  Sarah  Plant.  They  have  two 
children,  Corinne,  Mrs.  Ray  Nuding  of 
Elwood,  and  Ruth,  who  married  Harry 
Banfield  of  Elwood,  and  has  a  son,  James, 
born  in  1911. 

Mr.  Royse  is  a  republican  in  politics. 
He  is  affiliated  with  Masonry  in  the  Lodge 
and  Royal  Arch  Chapters,  has  served  as 
trustee  of  Elwood  Lodge  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  His 
church  home  is  the  Methodist. 

W.  0.  CRAWFORD.  A  business  that  has 
furnished  a  service  to  the  critical  demands 
of  the  Richmond  public  for  over  sixty-five 
years  is  the  dry  goods  and  house  furnish- 
ing firm  now  under  the  sole  ownership  and 
direction  of  "W.  0.  Crawford,  and  formerly 
established  by  his  grandfather.  During 
its  existence  three  generations  of  the  fam- 
ily have  been  identified  with  it. 

"W.  0.  Crawford  was  born  at  Richmond 
in  1863,  a  son  of  John  Y.  and  Ella  S. 
( Mitchell)  Crawford.  He  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry,  and  many  members  of  the 
family  were  agriculturists.  His  grand- 
father, Daniel  B.  Crawford,  opened  the 
first  general  store  in  Richmond,  on  Main 
Street,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  streets. 

Vol.   V— IS 


He  opened  this  in  1850  under  the  firm 
name  of  Scott  &  Crawford.  In  1857  he 
became  sole  owner,  and  the  business  was 
continued  under  the  name  Daniel  B.  Craw- 
ford until  he  took  his  son,  John  Y.,  into 
partnership.  Daniel  B.  Crawford  died  in 
1888.  The  firm  of  D.  B.  Crawford  &  Son 
was  changed  to  John  Y.  Crawford,  and  on 
October  6,  1912,  W.  0.  Crawford  succeeded 
to  the  business. 

Mr.  Crawford  received  a  grammar  and 
high  school  education  in  Richmond  and  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  entered  his  father's 
store.  He  learned  rapidly  and  was  a  dili- 
gent workman,  and  hard  work  has  been 
part  of  his  program  every  year  of  his  life 
to  the  present  time  and  accounts  largely 
for  his  success. 

In  1887  he  married  Rossie  L.  Craig, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Franklin  Craig  of 
Richmond.  They  have  two  sons:  John 
Malcolm,  born  January  14,  1900,  and  Rich- 
ard Wallace,  born  in  1906.  Mr.  Crawford 
is  a  republican  voter,  is  a  member  of  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
and  his  church  affiliations  are  with  the 
Presbyterian. 

FRANK  E.  ROEHM,  of  the  firm  of  Schlegel 
&  Roehm,  contractors  and  builders,  with 
offices  in  the  Lombard  Building  at  Indian- 
apolis, has  had  nearly  thirty  years  of  prac- 
tical experience  in  the  building  line.  He 
engaged  in  business  for  himself  after  re- 
signing the  position  of  superintendent  with 
the  old  and  well  known  firm  of  W.  P. 
Jungclaus  Company. 

Mr.  Roehm  is  a  son  of  John  and  Mary 
(Scherger)  Roehm.  His  father,  a  native 
of  Germany,  came  to  the  United  States 
between  1849  and  1850,  and  after  a  brief 
residence  in  Cincinnati  moved  to  Dearborn 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  worked  at  his 
trade  as  shoemaker.  This  trade  he  had 
learned  in  the  old  country.  He  was  a  skill- 
ful workman,  diligent,  and  made  a  good 
living  for  his  family.  He  was  active  in 
his  work  until  a  short  time  before  his 
Heath.  Soon  after  coming  to  the  United 
States  he  beeame  a  naturalized  citizen,  and 
was  an  American  in  spirit  as  well  as  in 
profession.  He  died  when  thirty -two  years 
of  age.  and  his  widow  is  still  living.  They 
were  the  parents  of  seven  children.  The 
father  was  a  democrat,  but  never  aspired 
to  any  office. 

Frank  E.  Roehm,  next  to  the  youngest 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2083 


ket  Street.  Three  years  later  he  moved  to 
Washington  Street,  fronting  the  State 
House,  and  was  in  business  there  for 
twelve  years.  His  next  location  was  at 
Terre  Haute,  where  he  managed  a  rug  sell- 
ing agency  employing  seventy-five  sales- 
men, and  he  sold  goods  on  an  extensive 
scale  and  did  a  very  profitable  business  for 
nine  years.  After  that  he  opened  another 
furniture  business  and  remained  at  Torre 
Haute  nine  years,  his  store  being  on  Main 
and  Seventh  streets. 

For  a  brief  time  after  that  he  was  again 
at  Indianapolis,  and  then  opened  a  furni- 
ture house  at  Lafayette,  where  he  remained 
ten  years.  In  the  meantime  he  had  estab- 
lished branch  stores  at  El  wood  and  at 
Alexandria,  and  in  1902  he  removed  to  El- 
wood  and  has  since  concentrated  all  his 
work  and  attention  to  the  main  store  in 
that  city.  He  has  a  large  trade  in  the  city 
and  the  surrounding  country  for  fifteen  or 
twenty  miles.  Mr.  Royce  has  also  ac- 
quired other  business  interests  and  has  con- 
siderable local  real  estate. 

In  February,  1887.  he  married  for  his 
second  wife  Cora  Leo  Plant,  daughter  of 
.Tames  and  Sarah  Plant.  They  have  two 
children,  Corinno,  Mrs.  Ray  Nuding  of 
El  wood,  and  Ruth,  who  married  Harry 
Banfield  of  Elwood.  and  has  a  son,  James, 
born  in  1911. 

Mr.  Royse  is  a  republican  in  politics. 
He  is  affiliated  with  Masonry  in  the  Lodge 
and  Royal  Arch  Chapters,  has  served  as 
trustee  of  Elwood  Lodge  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  His 
church  home  is  the  Methodist. 

W.  O.  CRAWFORD.  A  business  that  has 
furnished  a  service  to  the  critical  demands 
of  the  Richmond  public  for  over  sixty-five 
years  is  the  dry  goods  and  house  furnish- 
ing firm  now  under  the  solo  ownership  and 
direction  of  W.  O.  Crawford,  and  formerly 
established  by  his  grandfather.  During 
its  existence  three  cronerations  of  the  fam- 
ily have  been  identified  with  it. 

W.  O.  Crawford  was  born  at  Richmond 
in  1863.  a  son  of  John  Y.  and  Ella  S. 
(Mitehoin  Crawford.  Ho  is  of  Sooteh- 
Trish  ancestry,  and  many  members  of  the 
family  were  agriculturists.  His  grand- 
father. Daniel  B.  Crawford,  opened  the 
first  general  store  in  Richmond,  on  Main 
Street,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  streets. 

Vol.    V— 12 


He  opened  this  in  1850  under  the  firm 
name  of  Scott  &  Crawford.  In  1857  he 
became  sole  owner,  and  the  business  was 
continued  under  the  name  Daniel  B.  Craw- 
ford until  he  took  his  son.  John  Y..  into 
partnership.  Daniel  B.  Crawford  died  in 
1888.  The  firm  of  D.  B.  Crawford  &  Son 
was  changed  to  John  Y.  Crawford,  and  on 
October  6.  1912,  W.  O.  Crawford  succeeded 
to  the  business. 

Mr.  Crawford  received  a  grammar  and 
high  school  education  in  Richmond  and  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  entered  his  father's 
store.  Ho  learned  rapidly  and  was  a  dili- 
gent workman,  and  bard  work  has  been 
part  of  his  program  every  year  of  his  life 
to  the  present  time  and  accounts  largely 
for  his  success. 

In  1887  he  married  Rossio  L.  Craig, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Franklin  Craig  of 
Richmond.  They  have  two  sons:  John 
Malcolm,  born  January  14.  1900.  and  Rich- 
ard Wallace,  born  in  1906.  Mr.  Crawford 
is  a  republican  voter,  is  a  member  of  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
and  his  church  affiliations  are  with  the 
Presbyterian. 

FRANK  E.  ROF.IIM.  of  the  firm  of  Schlesel 
&  Roehm,  contractors  and  builders,  with 
offices  in  the  Lombard  Building  at  Indian- 
apolis, has  bad  nearly  thirtv  years  of  prac- 
tical experience  in  the  buildinsr  line.  He 
engaged  in  business  for  himself  after  re- 
signing the  position  of  superintendent  with 
the  old  and  well  known  firm  of  W.  P. 
Jnixrclaus  Company. 

Mr.  Roehm  is  a  son  of  John  and  Mary 
('Scborgorl  Roehm.  His  father,  a  native 
of  Germany,  came  to  the  T'nited  States 
between  1849  and  1S50.  and  after  a  brief 
residence  in  Cincinnati  moved  to  Dearborn 
County.  Indiana,  where  he  worked  at  his 
trade  as  shoemaker.  This  trade  he  had 
learned  in  the  old  country.  He  was  a  skill- 
ful workman,  diliiront.  and  made  a  good 
living  for  his  family.  He  was  active  in 
his  work  until  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  Soon  after  comintr  to  the  1'nited 
States  he  became  a  naturalixed  citizen,  and 
w;is  an  American  in  spirit  as  well  as  in 
profession.  He  died  when  thirty-two  years 
of  a<je.  and  bis  widow  is  still  living.  They 
were  the  parents  of  seven  children.  The 
father  was  a  democrat,  but  never  aspired 
to  any  office. 

Frank  E.  Roehm.  next  to  the  youngest 


2084 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


child,  received  a  common  school  education, 
attending  school  in  Dearborn  and  Frank- 
lin counties,  but  after  he  was  fourteen  he 
left  home  and  became  self  supporting.  His 
ample  success  in  subsequent  years  is  the 
more  creditable  because  of  this  early  in- 
dependence and  self-direction.  His  first 
experience  was  as  a  farm  laborer.  He 
did  not  find  farming  congenial,  and  he 
soon  moved  across  the  state  line  into  Ohio 
and  for  a  year  and  a  half  was  employed 
as  caretaker  of  a  small  estate.  Mr.  Boehm 
came  to  Indianapolis  in  1891,  and  became 
a  carpenter's  apprentice  with  the  firm  of 
Jungclaus  &  Schoemacher.  After  his  ap- 
prenticeship he  continued  work  with  the 
same  firm  as  a  journeyman  until  they  dis- 
solved partnership,  and  he  then  continued 
with  the  W.  P.  Jungclaus  Company.  He 
was  advanced  from  foreman  to  superin- 
tendent of  construction,  and  resigned  in 
1914  to  form  a  partnership  with  Mr. 
Schlegel  under  the  name  of  Schlegel  & 
Roehm,  general  contractors  and  builders. 
They  have  the  facilities  and  experience  for 
the  adequate  handling  of  practically  any 
contract.  Mr.  Roehm  is  the  practical  man, 
in  charge  of  all  outside  construction,  while 
his  partner  is  chief  estimator  and  office 
manager. 

Mr.  Roehm  married  Miss  Leota  Coble, 
a  native  of  Indiana.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren :  Robert,  Frances  and  Dorothy.  Mr. 
Roehra  and  family  are  Catholics  in  re- 
ligion. In  politics  he  is  absolutely  inde- 
pendent, voting  according  to  the  dictates 
of  his  conscience  and  his  judgment. 

ELIJAH  A.  MORSE  was  born  in  South 
Bend,  Indiana,  in  1841.  During  his  early 
youth  he  removed  to  the  east  with  his 
parents.  He  served  his  country  during  the 
Civil  war,  and  later  became  prominent  as 
a  manufacturer  of  stove  polish  in  Canton, 
Massachusetts.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives  in 
1876,  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in 
1886  and  1887,  and  as  a  republican  was 
elected  to  the  Fifty-first,  Fifty-second, 
Fifty-third  and  Fifty-fourth  congresses. 
His  death  occurred  at  Canton,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1898. 

CHELLA  M.  DAWLEY  has  built  up  a  busi- 
ness at  Anderson  which  is  a  credit  to  her 
enterprise  and  an  instance  of  what  a  young 
woman  of  determined  purpose  and  energy 


can  achieve  in  the  business  world.  She  is 
proprietor  of  the  Dawley  Millinery  Shop, 
probably  the  largest  business  of  its  kind  in 
Madison  County. 

Miss  Dawley  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Blackford  County,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
Nathan  W.  and  Emma  (Sutton)  Dawley. 
She  comes  of  good  old  American  stock. 
Her  early  education  was  that  of  country 
schools,  supplemented  lajter  by  three  years 
in  the  Montpelier  High  School.  After  her 
mother  died  she  went  to  work,  and  gained 
her  preliminary  business  experience  in  the 
Purman  and  Johnston  department  store  at 
Montpelier.  Later  for  eight  years  she  was 
saleswoman  for  H.  Mosler  &  Son  at  Port- 
land, Indiana,  and  during  that  time  ac- 
quired a  great  aggregate  of  experience  and 
skill  which  served  her  in  good  stead  when 
in  1909  she  came  to  Anderson  and  with 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Grimes  opened  a  millinery 
shop  under  the  name  Grimes  &  Dawley. 
The  location  then  was  where  the  store  is 
now,  at  15  West  Tenth  Street.  After  two 
years  Miss  Dawley  bought  out  her  partner, 
and  has  since  done  much  to  improve  and 
increase  her  business,  remodeling  the  store 
and  enlarging  its  facilities.  Miss  Dawley 
is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

HENRY  KOELLN.  Some  of  the  most  sub- 
stantial edifices  of  brick  and  stone  in  and 
around  Michigan  City  attest  the  ability 
and  long  practical  experience  of  Henry 
Koelln  as  a  contractor  and  builder.  Mr. 
Koelln  acquired  his  trade  and  profession 
from  his  father,  and  has  had  the  business 
push  and  energy  to  enable  him  to  build  up 
an  organization  that  counts  in  the  sphere 
of  building  and  contracting. 

He  was  born  at  Waterloo  in  Waterloo 
County,  Ontario.  His  father,  Claus  Koelln, 
was  born  in  April,  1830,  in  Schleswig-Hol- 
stein  of  Danish  parentage  and  ancestry. 
He  acquired  a  good  education,  and  in  1853 
brought  his  family  to  America,  being  on: 
the  ocean  in  a  sailing  vessel  for  seven 
weeks.  His  destination  was  Waterloo, 
Iowa.  At  that  time  there  were  no  rail- 
roads in  Iowa,  and  it  was  almost  impossible 
to  learn  anything  of  the  state.  Imme- 
diately on  landing  he  proceeded  to  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  and  while  still  con- 
templating proceeding  westward  to  Iowa 
he  was  informed  that  a  town  of  the  same 
name  was  thirty  miles  away,  and  thus  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2085 


influence  of  name  directed  him  to  that  lo- 
cality in  Ontario  instead  of  to  what  is  now 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  cities  of  Iowa. 
He  traveled  to  Waterloo,  Ontario,  with  an 
ox  team  and  found  a  small  town  in  the 
midst  of  the  wilderness.  Being  a  natural 
mechanic  he  was  soon  busy  with  contracting 
and  building,  and  has  continued  to  live  in 
this  section  of  Ontario  to  the  present  time. 
He  married  Anna  Van  Yahn,  also  a  native 
of  Schleswig-Holstein  and  of  Danish  par- 
entage. She  died  in  1913.  They  had  six; 
children,  named  Charles,  Henry,  Matilda, 
John,  Julius,  and  Anna.  Julius  is  a  con- 
tractor and  builder  at  Detroit. 

Henry  Koelln  acquired  his  education  in 
Waterloo  and  inherited  good  mechanical 
talent.  He  acquired  expert  practice  in 
the  trade  of  brick  and  plaster  mason  from 
his  father,  and  on  leaving  home  went  to 
Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  and  was  a  con- 
tractor and  builder  in  that  city  for  twelve 
years.  Since  then  his  home  and  business 
headquarters  have  been  in  Michigan  City. 
He  has  perfected  an  organization  that  is 
widely  known  in  building  circles,  and  he 
has  carried  out  many  large  contracts  in 
adjoining  states.  The  Judge  Montgomery 
residence  in  Lansing,  Michigan,  was  con- 
structed by  Mr.  Koelln.  In  Michigan  City 
he  constructed  some  of  the  larger  buildings 
of  the  Haskell  and  Barker  Car  Company, 
including  its  office  building.  He  also  built 
the  Citizens  Bank  Building,  the  high  school 
building,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation Building,  and  St.  Mary's  Par- 
sonage. 

In  1902  Mr.  Koelln  married  Miss  Hattie 
Warkentine,  a  native  of  Michigan  City  and 
member  of  one  of  its  old  and  well  known 
families.  Her  parents  were  Henry  W.  and 
Louise  Warkentine,  the  former  deceased 
and  the  latter  still  living  at  Michigan  City. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Koelln  have  two  daughters, 
named  Ruth  and  Margaret.  The  parents 
are  members  of  the  First  Church  of  Chrjst 
and  Mr.  Koelln  is  affiliated  with  Acme* 
Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  and  is  a  life  member  of  Michigan 
City  Lodge  No.  432,  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks.  In  politics  he  is 
independent. 

MILTON  ASBURY  WOOLLEN.  For  nearly 
half  a  century  the  late  Milton  Asbury 
Woollen  was  an  active  factor  in  Indian- 
apolis business  affairs,  and  from  January 


4,  1905,  until  1912  was  president  of  the 
American  Central  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Lawrence 
Township,  Marion  County,  January  18, 
1850,  son  of  Milton  and"  Sarah  (Black) 
Woollen  and  a  brother  of  William  W. 
Woollen  and  Dr.  Greenly  V.  Woollen  of 
Indianapolis.  He  had  only  a  common 
school  education.  From  the  age  of  four- 
teen for  two  years  he  worked  as  a  special 
messenger  with  the  telegraph  office.  He 
then  took  a  commercial  course  in  a  business 
college,  and  for  two  years  was  bookkeeper 
in  the  local  offices  of  the  Singer  Sewing 
Machine  Company.  In  1868  he  began  his 
independent  career  as  a  feed  and  grain 
merchant,  and  in  a  few  years  had  extended 
his  connections  all  over  Central  Indiana. 
In  1893  he  became  one  of  the  organizers 
of  a  wholesale  produce  commission  busi- 
ness, and  was  vice  president  of  the  com- 
pany until  March,  1902. 

At  that  date  he  acquired  a  very  consid- 
erable interest  in  the  American  Central 
Life  Insurance  Company  of  Indianapolis, 
and  was  its  secretary  until  he  became  its 
president  in  1905.  His  successor  as  pres- 
ident is  his  son  Herbert  M.  Woollen. 

Milton  A.  Woollen  was  a  republican,  and 
his  interest  in  civic  affairs  was  largely  ex- 
pressed through  his  membership  in  such 
organizations  as  the  Board  of  Trade,  which 
he  served  as  president  in  1908,  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  and  various  charitable  or- 
ganizations. He  was  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lumbia Club,  the  Marion  Club,  was  a  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason,  and  a  member  of  the 
First  Baptist  Church.  He  married  Miss 
Ida  Baird,  a  native  of  Cincinnati  but 
reared  in  Indianapolis.  Their  children 
were:  Herbert  M..  Elma,  deceased,  and 
Orin  Woollen  Smith. 

HERBERT  M.  WOOLLEN  was  born  at  In- 
dianapolis December  1,  1875.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  Manual  Training  High 
School, attended  Purdue  University  through 
the  Sophomore  year,  and  in  1901  grad- 
uated as  Bachelor  of  Science  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin.  The  following  three 
years  he  spent  in  the  Central  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  the  Indiana 
Medical  College  at  Indianapolis  from  which 
latter  college  he  graduated.  His  post  grad- 
uate work  was  done  in  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  the  New  York 


2086 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Polyclinic.  Returning  to  Indianapolis,  he 
was  associated  in  practice  for  six  years 
with  his  uncle,  Dr.  G.  V.  Woollen.  At  the 
same  time  he  became  connected  with  the 
Ear,  Nose,  and  Throat  Clinic  and  was  a 
lecturer  in  the  Department  of  Bacteriol- 
o&y  in  the  Indiana  Medical  College. 

He  served  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  of  the  medical  section  of  the 
American  Life  Convention,  composed  of 
medical  directors  of  insurance  companies. 
In  1904  he  became  assistant  medical  di- 
rector of  the  American  Central  Life  In- 
surance Company,  subsequently  was  secre- 
tary of  the  company,  and  in  1912  became 
its  president.  He  is  a  member  of  the  As- 
sociation of  Life  Insurance  Presidents. 

He  is  also  president  of  the  Sterling  Mo- 
tor Car  Company,  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, Country,  University,  Woodstock, 
and  Dramatic  clubs,  is  a  Scottish  Rite  Ma- 
son, and  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta  The'ta 
and  Phi  Rho  Sigma  fraternities. 

January  7,  1907,  he  married  Miss  Irma 
Wocher  of  Indianapolis,  a  graduate  of  Mrs. 
Hartman  's  School  for  Women  at  New  York 
City.  Mrs.  Woollen  takes  an  active  part 
in  dramatic  and  musical  affairs  in  Indian- 
apolis. 

GEORGE  J.  MAROTT  began  his  independ- 
ent business  career  a  little  more  than  thir- 
ty-five years  ago  in  Indianapolis  with  a 
capital  that  would  hardly  buy  a  single 
share  of  the  stock  in  the  various  companies 
and  organizations  with  which  he  is  now 
actively  identified.  American  people  will 
never  fail  to  admire  success  of  this  sub- 
stantial kind,  especially  when  it  has  been 
achieved  by  the  exertion  of  so  much  per- 
sonal ability  and  in  so  clean  and  public 
spirited  a  manner  as  is  the  case  with  Mr. 
Marott.  The  significance  of  his  success  is 
more  than  individual.  Some  of  his  asso- 
ciates who  are  in  a  position  to  know  say 
that  Mr.  Marott  has  done  more  for  Indian- 
apolis within  the  last  twenty  years  than 
any  other  one  citizen. 

The  story  of  his  career  begins  at  Daven- 
try,  Northamptonshire,  England,  Decem- 
ber 10,  1858.  His  family  were  of  English 
ancestry  for  generations  back.  His  par- 
ents were  George  P.  and  Elizabeth  (Webb) 
Marott.  Their  six  children  were  Eliza- 
beth, George,  Ellen.  Frederick  Currlia, 
Joseph  E.,  and  Catherine.  All  these 
reached  mature  years  except  Frederick. 


George  P.  Marott  was  a  boot,  and  shoe  man- 
ufacturer in  England.  In  1875  he  came 
to  the  United  States  and  established  a  re- 
tail shoe  business  at  16  North  Pennsylvania 
Street  in  Indianapolis,  and  continued  in 
that  line  until  his  retirement  in  1900. 

George  J.  Marott  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  was  baptized  in  the 
Episcopal  Church  of  Daventry,  which  vil- 
lage, also,  was  his  birthplace.  Before  he 
was  eleven  years  of  age  he  was  working  in 
his  father's  shoe  factory,  and  the  only  in- 
terruption to  that  employment  was  a  year 
and  a  half  which  he  subsequently  spent  in 
a  grammar  school  at  Northampton.  For 
fully  a  half  a  century  he  has  been  identified 
with  one  or  another  branch  of  the  shoe 
business.  His  boyhood  was  passed  in  a 
period  when  technical  education  with  its 
manual  training  courses  and  almost  unlim- 
ited opportunities  were  unknown,  and  his 
vocational  education  consisted  of  a  long 
and  thorough  apprenticeship  at  his  fath- 
er's business.  He  mastered  every  detail. 
In  1875,  in  his  seventeenth  year,  he  came 
to  America  with  his  father  and  until  1884 
clerked  in  his  father's  shoe  store  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

For  several  years  his  wages  were  ten 
dollars  a  week.  He  had  in  the  meantime 
become  impressed  with  the  great  truth  that 
no  man  deserves  success  who  does  not  save. 
He  made  a  resolution  to  save  five  dollars  a 
week  out  of  his  weekly  salary,  and  at  a 
cost  of  such  self-denial  as  perhaps  few 
readers  can  appreciate  he  succeeded  in  do- 
ing it,  saving  $260  the  first  year  and  by 
wise  use  of  this  capital  increasing  his  ac- 
cumulation until  at  the  end  of  the  third 
year  he  had  $1,000  in  cash  and  two  lots  in 
Emporia,  Kansas,  which  had  cost  him  $100. 
Having  reached  this  stage  of  comparative 
affluence  he  married,  and  used  up  all  his 
capital  in  furnishing  a  home  and  buying  a 
piano  for  his  wife.  His  wage  was  still  ten 
doljars  a  week,  and  his  wife  before  mar- 
riage agreed  to  accept  the  situation.  With 
all  the  added  responsibilities  of  a  family 
Mr.  Marott  still  kept  up  his  resolution  to 
save  something,  but  at  the  end  of  five  years 
had  only  $167  in  addition  to  the  two  lots 
in  Kansas.  With  this  capital  he  deter- 
mined to  enter  the  retail  shoe  business.  His 
resources  consisted  largely  of  confidence  in 
himself,  but  he  also  had  the  training  and 
all  the  qualifications  of  experience.  If 
ever  the  old  adage  about  great  oaks  grow- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2087 


ing  from  small  acorns  was  justified  it  is, 
applicable  to  the  Marott  shoe  business.  The 
story  of  the  founding  of  the  enterprise  is 
of  so  much  interest  and  has  so  much  inspir- 
ation in  it  that  the  picturesque  details  may 
well  be  t6ld  in  a  few  paragraphs  taken, 
from  an  article  which  recently  appeared 
in  "System,"  the  magazine  of  business. 

"Marott  showed  his  sound  business 
sense  at  the  start  in  his  choice  of  a  loca- 
tion for  his  store.  He  selected  a  room  in 
the  very  heart  of  the  retail  district  of  In- 
dianapolis. With  the  sum  of  $167  in  his 
pocket  he  agreed  to  pay  a  rental  of  $1,800 
a  year.  Out  of  his  capital  Marott  trans- 
ferred $150  to  the  landlord,  one  month's 
advance  rent,  but  was  allowed  ten  addi- 
tional days  in  which  to  clean  up  the  rub- 
bish left  by  his  predecessor.  His  next  step 
was  to  call  upon  ten  jobbers  and  manufac- 
turers with  whom  he  had  become  ac- 
quainted while  working  for  his  father.  He 
proposed  that  each  one  should  extend  him 
a  credit  of  $200  on  the  consideration  that 
it  would  never  exceed  this  amount.  On 
the  other  hand  the  creditors  were  not  to 
press  him  iinduly  but  were  to  permit  him 
to  pay  off  the  original  indebtedness  when 
he  could.  Marott  had  a  hard  struggle 
with  pessimistic  jobbers.  One  pointed  to  the 
appalling  failures  which  had  occurred  and 
was  occurring  in  the  shoe  business  in  In- 
dianapolis, cited  the  case  of  the  man  who 
had  failed  in  the  very  room  Marott  had 
rented  and  hesitated  so  long  that  Marott 's 
heart  sank.  Nevertheless,  this  jobber  and 
the  other  nine  finally  agreed  to  extend 
the  credit  Marott  asked. 

"By  good  fortune  Marott  learned  that 
the  fixtures  used  by  his  predecessor  were 
stored  in  a  basement  nearby.  He  imme- 
diately entered  into  negotiations  for  them. 
He  found  that  he  could  buy  the  lot  for 
twenty  dollars,  because  the  owner  hap- 
pened to  need  the  basement  at  once.  New, 
they  could  not  have  been  bought  for  five 
hundred  dollars.  To  avoid  confessing  that 
he  had  no  money,  Marott  suggested  to  the 
owner  that  some  of  the  parts  might  be 
missing  or  damaged  and  asked  if  he  would 
make  a  reduction  for  anything  that  might 
be  lacking.  The  owner  agreed  to  make  an; 
allowance  for  anything  that  did  not  come 
UD  to  the  specifications.  So  Marott  was 
able  to  have  the  shelving  removed  without 
confessing  that  he  had  no  money  with 
which  to  pay  for  it. 


"Next  he  applied  for  a  loan  of  four  hun- 
dred dollars  on  his  household  furniture. 
He  needed  a  line  of  shoes  to  complete  his 
stock  which  he  could  not  buy  in  Indianap- 
olis and  for  this  cash  was  required.  He 
succeeded  in  securing  two  hundred  dollars, 
for  which  he  gave  a  chattel  mortgage,  and 
this  with  a  few  dollars  left  from  his  origi- 
nal capital,  gave  him  two  hundred  and 
seventeen  dollars.  He  took  a  train  to  Cin- 
cinnati. There  he  gave  an  order  amount- 
ing to  two  hundred  twenty-eight  dollars. 
He  had  two  hundred  seventeen  dollars, 
minus  his  railroad  fare,  with  which  to  pay 
it.  He  asked  the  jobbers  consent  to  send 
a  check  for  the  balance  when  the  goods 
arrived,  which  was  granted. 

"Marott  had  selected  his  stock  by  twelve 
o'clock,  but  he  had  given  the  jobber  his 
last  nickel.  He  had  eaten  nothing  since 
the  night  before.  He  had  used  all  his* 
money  in  purchases  of  goods.  It  was  mid- 
night when  he  reached  home.  He  had  not 
eaten  for  thirty  hours.  But  Marott  prom- 
ised his  stomach  future  rewards  for  the 
present  sacrifice.  He  asked  the  Cincinnati 
jobber  to  ship  his  goods  immediately.  The 
carpenters  were  putting  up  the  shelves  in 
the  store  and  he  could  not  pay  them  until 
he  had  moved  some  stock. 

"When  the  shoes  arrived  the  drayman 
paid  the  freight  and  presented  the  check 
to  Marott.  Having  no  money  he  asked  the 
drayman  to  hold  the  check  until  some  other 
goods  arrived.  The  drayman  obliged  him 
and  asked  no  questions. 

"As  soon  as  the  shoes  were  in  the  store- 
room he  plunged  into  them,  verified  the  in- 
voice, and  prepared  to  receive  customers. 
Then  he  went  into  the  highways  and  by- 
ways, detained  his  friends  wherever  he 
found  them,  as  well  as  nearly  everyone 
to  whom  he  had  sold  shoes,  and  announced 
that  he  had  opened  a  store.  He  solicited 
their  immediate  custom.  In  this  way  he 
sold  enough  shoes  before  the  formal  open- 
ing to  pay  the  carpenters,  the  dray-man 
and  the  owner  of  the  shelving  and  sent  a 
check  to  Cincinnati. 

"The  organization  when  the  store  opened 
consisted  of  three  persons:  Marott 's  wife, 
Marott  himself  and  a  boy.  George  Knodle. 
Thev  sold  eighty-four  dollars  worth  of 
stock  that  dav.  and  closed  a  few  minutes 
before  midnight.  The  profits  above  all  ex 
penses  were  eleven  dollars,  exactly  one  dol- 
lar more  than  Marott  had  ever  earned  for 


2088 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


a  week's  work.  That  night  was  almost 
the  happiest  of  Marott's  life.  After  clos- 
ing the  store  he  bought  three  stogies  for 
five  cents,  smoked  until  two  o'clock  and 
made  plans.  Some  persons  might  have 
sent  for  a  box  of  the  best  cigars  on  the 
market  under  the  circumstances,  but  Ma- 
rott  resolved  to  do  without  luxuries  until 
he  had  really  a  firm  foundation  under 
him." 

This  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  quality 
of  courage  and  enterprise  with  which  Mr. 
Marott  entered  the  business.  In  every 
way  he  showed  himself  a  progressive  mer- 
chant. He  was  constantly  introducing 
novelties,  was  seeking  attention  by  unusual 
displays  and  unusual  goods,  and  the  re- 
sult was  that  the  first  year  he  cleared  over 
$3,000.  At  the  end  of  the  fifth  year  it  is 
said  that  he  had  made  $25,000  clear  of 
debt.  Another  significant  thing  that  con- 
cerns his  record  is  that  during  the  first 
eight  years  he  was  in  business  downtown, 
all  his  competitors  in  the  shoe  business 
there  failed  excepting  two.  But  Marott>?s 
establishment  continued  to  prosper  and 
grow,  and  in  1890  he  moved  froa»;lj%  orig- 
inal location  and  in  1911  lease^'y*;s£rtm- 
story  building  for  twenty-five  years  at  a 
rental  of  $20,000,  and  this  is  the  home  of 
one  of  the  greatest  shoe  stores  in  the 
United  States.  In  fact  it  has  so  long  been 
a  prosperous  concern  that  most  Indianap- 
olis citizens  have  forgotten  that  it  was  ever 
a  small  and  unpretentious  store. 

This  business,  big  as  it  is,  is  only  one  of 
varied  interests  which  look  to  Mr.  Marott 's 
business  ability  and  judgment  for  guidance 
and  direction.  More  than  any  other  local 
man  he  carried  responsibilities  that  in- 
sured the  successful  organization  and  es- 
tablishment of  the  Citizens  Gas  Company. 
In  fact  he  was  the  real  father  of  that  en- 
terprise and  dictated  its  franchise.  He 
spent  thousands-  of  dollars  of  his  own 
money  in  bringing  about  the  organization, 
in  fighting  the  opposition,  in  educating 
public  opinion  and  securing  popular  sup- 
port and  finally  with  his  selected  associates, 
obtained  popular  subscription  to  tho  can- 
ital  stock.  The  people  of  Indianapolis 
felt  a  great  deal  of  pride  and  satisfaction 
when  thev  secured  gas  at  60  cents  per  1,000. 
whereas  before  they  had  paid  90  cents,  and 
all  who  were  well  informed  paid  their  re- 
spects find  gratitude  to  Mr.  Marott. 

For  many  years  he  has  also  been  active 


in  street  railway  and  interurban  railway 
development.  In  1890  he  became  owner 
of  the  street  railway  system  of  Logansport, 
becoming  president  of  the  company.  He 
sold  that  property  in  1902.  Mr.  Marott 
built  the  road  of  the  Kokomo,  Marion  & 
Western  Traction  Company,  now  known  as 
the  Indiana  Railways  &  Light  Company, 
and  is  president  and  principal  owner  of  the 
stock.  This  company  owns  and  operates 
the  electric  line  between  Kokomo  and  Ma- 
rion and  Kokomo  and  Frankfort,  and  also 
the  street  car  system  and  electric  light 
plant  of  Kokomo,  including  the  heating 
system  of  Kokomo.  This  company  oper- 
ates the  lighting  plants  of  more  than 
twenty  small  towns  in  that  part  of  the 
state. 

Mr.  Marott  has  many  other  important 
business  interests,  including  much  valuable 
real  estate  and  an  active  connection  with 
various  industrial  and  business  enterprises. 
A  number  of  years  ago  he  acquired  the 
ownership  of  the  old  Enterprise  Hotel  on 
Massachusetts  Avenue,  an  early  landmark 
of  the  city  erected  in  1870.  He  pulled 
dawn. .  the  hotel  building,  and  in  1906 
erectttl  "a-  structure  with  every  arrangement 
and  facility  for  the  use  and  purpose  of  a 
modern  department  store.  Owing  to  the 
panic  of  1907  the  building  was  unoccupied 
until  1908,  when  he  organized  the  Marott 
Department  Store  Company,  one  of  the 
largest  concerns  of  the  kind  in  Indiana. 

With  such  brevity  of  statement  concern- 
ing Mr.  Marott's  career  it  is  possible  that! 
a  just  appreciation  of  his  position  and  in- 
fluence in  Indianapolis  and  Indiana  may 
be  lacking.  However,  it  is  possible  to 
quote  from  two  unimpeachable  sources  of 
testimony  to  his  life  of  effectiveness  and 
public  spirit  that  will  serve  to  supplement 
what  has  been  told  so  briefly  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraphs. 

The  following  are  the  words  written  a 
few  years  ago  by  Volney  T.  Malott,  presi- 
dent of  the  Indiana  National  Bank: 
''George  J.  Marott  is  one  of  the  leading 
business  men  of  Indianapolis,  and  through 
his  active  ability  and  foresight  has  placed 
himself  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  the  mer- 
chants of  the  Middle  AVest.  Started  with 
meager  beginnings,  he  has  by  the  strict  ob- 
servance of  good  business  principles  accu- 
mulated a  large  fortune.  His  operations 
have  not  been  entirely  confined  to  mercan- 
tile pursuits,  for  he  has  been  a  heavy  in. 


- 


LI3RARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2089 


vestor  in  real  estate  and  in  public  utilities 
within  the  state." 

More  of  his  personal  character  is  revealed 
in  what  was  said  of  him  by  the  veteran  In- 
dianapolis editor  and  financier  John  H. 
Holliday.  In  Mr.  Holliday's  words, 
' '  George  J.  Marott  is  one  of  our  successful 
men  and  owes  that  success  to  his  persistent 
energy,  good  judgment  and  close  adher- 
ence to  business  principles  and  methods. 
As  a  merchant  he  has  taken  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  modern  conditions  and 
adapted  his  business  accordingly.  As  au 
investor  and  promoter  of  enterprises  he  has, 
been  shrewd  and  daring,  yet  at  the  same, 
time  conservative,  putting  money  only  in 
such  things  as  promised  well  in  the  future 
and  managing  those  concerns  with  extreme 
care  .and  efficiency.  He  always  calculates 
the  cost,  never  goes  beyond  his  depth,  and 
makes  no  engagements  that  he  does  not 
keep." 

Mr.  Marott  was  always  a  staunch  demo- 
crat until  quite  recently,  but  with  no  par- 
ticipation in  party  affairs  beyond  lending 
his  influence  and  encouragement  to  good 
government  policies.  He  is  a  member  of 
no  denominational  religion  and  is  in  thor- 
ough accord  with  the  spirit  and  practice  of 
Masonry,  in  which  he  holds  the  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  of  Scottish  Rite  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  November  27, 
1879.  he  married  Miss  Ella  Meek,  daugh- 
ter of  Jesse  and  Nancy  Meek.  Her  father 
pnd  mother  were  pioneers  of  Richmond, 
Indiana,  and  her  father  was  for  many  years 
an  active  business  man  of  Richmond. 

EDWARD  R.  DYE.  Though  his  home  and 
many  of  his  business  interests  are  still  rep- 
resented in  White  County,  where  the  Dye 
family  have  been  prominent  for  many 
years.  Edward  R.  Dye  is  an  almost  daily 
attendant  at  his  offices  in  the  Traction  and 
Terminal  Building  at  Indianapolis,  and 
from  that  point  directs  one  of  the  leading 
coal  production  firms  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Dye  was  born  in  West  Virginia  Oc- 
tober 31.  1861,  a  son  of  James  W.  and 
Nancy  (Tavlor)  Dve.  His  father  was  also, 
a  native  of  West  Virginia,  and  the  paternal 
ancestry  goes  back  to  Scotland.  George 
Dve.  grandfather  of  Edward  R.,  was  in 
his  day  a  stock  raiser  and  feeder  for  the 
export  trade.  He  lived  in  a  southern  state 
and  owned  his  slaves,  but  after  thev  were 
freed  several  of  them  remained  faithful  to 


their  master  and  refused  to  leave  his  home. 
He  died  in  the  early  '80s.  Ill  his  family 
were  seven  sons  and  four  daughters,  and 
two  of  the  sons  are  still  living.  James  W. 
Dye  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
West-  Virginia,  and  in  1866  located  in 
White  County,  Indiana,  where  he  became 
prominent  as  a  farmer  and  stock  dealer. 
He  died  in  1904.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church. 

Edward  R.  Dye  is  the  oldest  of  three 
sons.  He  was  reared  and  educated  in. 
White  County,  and  in  1897  engaged  in  the 
lumber  business  at  Wolcott  in  that  county. 
About  five  years  before  the  death  of  his, 
father  he  and  his  brothers  bought  the  lum- 
ber business  which  was  conducted  under 
the  name  of  J.  W.  Dye  &  Sons  and  rein- 
corporated  the  company.  Since  then  they 
have  established  branches  and  yards  in  a 
number  of  Indiana  towns,  and  Mr.  Edward 
R.  Dye  is  still  a  member  of  the  firm. 

In  1901  he  entered  the  coal  industry, 
taking  charge  of  the  Indianapolis  office  of 
the  United  Fourth  Vein  Coal  Company  in 
December,  1905.  In  1913  he  become  pres- 
ident, general  manager  and  treasurer  of 
the  company.  This  company  owns  valua- 
ble mines  in  Greene  County,  located  in  the 
Linton  district  and  at  Jasonville.  The 
mines  are  now  producing  capacity  tonnage. 
The  coal  from  these  mines  is  especially 
adapted  to  domestic  and  manufacturing 
purposes  because  of  its  low  percentage  of 
sulphur.  It  is  also  extensively  used  in 
c'av  products  manufacture. 

On  September  28,  1881,  Mr.  Dye  married 
Miss  Maud  Britton,  daughter  of  James  and 
Anna  (Gill)  Britton  of  Newark,  Ohio.  Mr. 
Dve  and  family  reside  at  Monticello,  In- 
diana. They  have  two  daughters,  Lula  E. 
and  Edna  A.  Lula  is  the  wife  of  J.  R, 
Gardner  and  Edna  is  the  wife  of  E.  L. 
Gardner.  E.  L.  Gardner  is  a  major  in  the 
Army  Reserve  Corps  at  Camp  Lee,  Vir- 
ginia. J.  R.  Gardner  is  associated  with 
Mr.  Dye  under  the  firm  name  of  Dye  & 
Gardner,  general  hardware,  automobiles 
anH  accessories. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dve  are  members  of  the 
Christian  Science  Church.  He  is  a  demo- 
crat in  politics  and  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason 
and  Shriner. 

CHARLES  J.  WATKKR,  who  was  born  in 
Indianapolis  April  6.  1880.  has  proved 
himself  so  keenly  alive  to  his  opportunities 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2089 


vestor  in  real  estate  and  in  public-  utilities 
within  the  state." 

More  of  his  personal  character  is  revealed 
in  what  was  said  of  him  by  the  veteran  In- 
dianapolis editor  and  financier  John  II. 
Holliday.  In  Mr.  Holliday's  words, 
"George  J.  Marott  is  one  of  our  successful 
men  and  owes  that  success  to  his  persistent, 
energy,  good  judgment  and  close  adher- 
ence to  business  principles  and  methods. 
As  a  merchant  he  has  taken  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  modern  conditions  and 
adapted  his  business  accordingly.  As  an 
investor  and  promoter  of  enterprises  he  has. 
been  shrewd  and  daring,  yet  at  the  same 
time  conservative,  putting  money  only  in. 
such  things  as  promised  well  in  the  future 
and  managing  those  concerns  with  extreme 
care  and  efficiency.  He  always  calculates 
the  cost,  never  goes  beyond  his  depth,  and 
makes  no  engagements  that  he  does  not 
keep." 

Mr.  Marott  was  always  a  staunch  demo- 
crat until  quite  recently,  but  with  no  par- 
ticipation in  party  affairs  beyond  lending 
his  influence  and  encouragement  to  good 
government  policies.  lie  is  a  member  of 
no  denominational  religion  and  is  in  thor- 
ough accord  with  the  spirit  and  practice  of 
Masonry,  in  which  he  holds  the  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  of  Scottish  Rite  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  November  27, 
1879.  he  married  Miss  Ella  Mock,  daugh- 
ter of  Jesse  and  Nancy  Meek.  Her  father 
j'ii'1  mother  were  pioneers  of  Richmond. 
Indiana,  and  her  father  was  for  many  years 
an  active  business  man  of  Richmond. 

EDWARD  R.  DVK.  Though  his  home  and 
ninny  of  his  business  interests  are  still  rep- 
resented in  White  County,  where  the  Dye 
family  have  been  prominent  for  many 
years.  Edward  R.  Dye  is  an  almost  daily 
attendant  at  his  offices  in  the  Traction  and 
Terminal  Huildinur  at  Indianapolis,  and 
from  that  point  directs  one  of  the  leading 
coal  production  firms  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Dye  was  born  in  West  Virginia  Oc- 
tober 31.  1861.  a  son  of  James  W.  and 
Nancy  (Tavlor)  T)ve.  His  father  was  also: 
a  native  of  West  Virginia,  and  the  paternal 
ancestry  goes  back  to  Scotland.  George 
Dve.  irrandfather  of  Edward  R.,  was  in 
his  day  a  stock  raiser  and  feeder  for  the 
export  trade.  He  lived  in  a  southern  state 
and  owned  his  slaves,  but  after  tliev  were 
freed  several  of  them  remained  faithful  to 


their  master  and  refused  to  leave  his  home. 
He  died  ill  the  early  '80s.  In  his  family 
were  seven  sons  and  four  daughters,  and 
two  of  the  sons  are  still  living.  James  W. 
Dye  was  educated  in  the  common  schools  of 
West-  Virginia,  and  in  1866  located  in 
White  County,  Indiana,  where  he  became 
prominent  as  a  farmer  and  stock  dealer. 
He  died  in  1904.  lie  was  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church. 

Edward  R.  Dye  is  the  oldest  of  three 
sons.  He  was  reared  and  educated  in. 
White  County,  and  in  1897  engaged  in  the 
lumber  business  at  Wolcott  in  that  county. 
About  five  years  before  the  death  of  his 
father  he  and  his  brothers  bought  the  lum- 
ber business  which  was  conducted  under 
the  name  of  J.  W.  Dye  &  Sons  and  ^in- 
corporated the  company.  Since  then  they 
have  established  branches  and  yards  in  a 
number  of  Indiana  towns,  and  Mr.  Edward 
R.  Dye  is  still  a  member  of  the  firm. 

In  1901  he  entered  the  coal  industry, 
taking  charge  of  the  Indianapolis  office  of 
the  I'nited  Fourth  Vein  Coal  Company  in 
December,  190;">.  In  1913  he  become  pres- 
ident, general  manager  and  treasurer  of 
the  company.  This  company  owns  valua- 
ble mines  in  Greene  County,  located  in  the 
Linton  district  and  at  Jasonville.  The 
mines  are  now  producing  capacity  tonnage. 
The  coal  from  these  mines  is  especially 
adapted  to  domestic-  and  manufacturing 
purposes  because  of  its  low  percentage  of 
sulphur.  It  is  also  extensively  used  in 
c'av  products  manufacture. 

On  September  28,  1881.  Mr.  Dye  married 
Miss  Maud  Hritton.  daughter  of  James  and 
Anna  (Gill)  Rritton  of  Newark.  Ohio.  Mr. 
Dve  and  f-imily  reside  at  Montieello.  In- 
diana. They  have  two  daughters.  Lula  E. 
and  Edna  A.  Lula  is  the  wife  of  J.  R. 
Gardner  and  Edna  is  the  wife  of  E.  L. 
Gardner.  E.  L.  Gardner  is  a  major  in  the 
Army  Reserve  Corps  at  Camp  Lee.  Vir- 
ginia. J.  R.  Gardner  is  associated  with 
Mr.  Dye  under  the  firm  name  of  Dye  & 
Gardner,  general  hardware,  automobiles 
an>'  accessories. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dve  are  members  of  the 
Christian  Science  Church.  He  is  a  demo- 
crat i"  polities  and  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason 
and  Shriner. 

Cu  \UI.KS  J.  WATKI-R.  who  was  born  i» 
Indianapolis  Anril  (5.  1880.  has  proved 
himself  so  keenly  alive  to  his  opportunities 


2090 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  has  made  such  vigorous  and  effective 
use  of  them  and  of  his  own  talents  and 
abilities  that  today  he  ranks  as  one  of  the 
principal  general  contractors  in  the  city, 
with  general  offices  in  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  Building  and  with  a  splendid 
organization  representing  a  large  amount 
of  capital,  machinery  and  tools,  and  an 
organization  of  expert  men  capable  of  han- 
dling almost  any  contract  in  the  building 
line. 

Mr.  Wacker  was  born  at  the  old  home 
of  his  parents  in  North  Indianapolis  on 
Thirtieth  Street.  His  father  is  August 
Wacker,  who  has  for  many  years  been  en- 
gaged in  developing  and  building  up  In- 
dianapolis and  has  specialized  in  construct- 
ing homes  on  property  owned  by  him,  sell- 
ing the  finished  improvement.  Charles  J. 
Wacker  spent  the  first  fifteen  years  of  his 
life  at  his  father's  country  residence  or 
farm  in  what  is  now  Riverside  Park.  The 
next  three  years  he  was  learning  a  trade 
in  a  blacksmith  shop  in  Haughville,  and 
became  a  very  proficient  and  expert  black- 
smith and  horseshoer.  He  abandoned  the 
trade  to  go  to  work  for  his  father  in  build- 
ing homes.  He  made  a  close  study  of 
building  operations,  and  had  opportunity 
to  perfect  his  abilities  during  such  work 
as  excavating  for  foundations,  laying  ce- 
ment sidewalks  or  walls  for  houses,  and 
gradually  his  experience  enabled  him  to 
take  larger  and  more  important  contracts 
and  develop  into  the  general  contracting 
business. 

His  first  real  contract  was  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  Shelter  House  at  Riverside 
Park.  He  then  built  a  Shelter  House  at 
Military  Park,  and  from  that  his  program 
of  work  has  been  constantly  varied  and 
has  assumed  almost  enormous  proportions. 
Among  more  extensive  contracts  handled 
by  him  should  be  mentioned  the  following: 
The  T.  B.  Laycocb  plant;  additions  to  the 
Parry  manufacturing  plant;  excavation 
for  the  Meridian  Street  Church ;  drop 
forge  works;  St.  Vincent's  Hospital;  ad- 
dition to  the  Methodist  Hospital ;  Castle 
Hall  on  Ohio  Street;  part  of  the  Indiana 
News  Building  on  North  Senate  Avenue; 
J.  B.  Bright  wholesale  coffee  house :  Oaks 
Manufacturing  Company  plant  on  Roose- 
velt Avenue;  Polk  Milk  Company  garage; 
City  Baking  Company  plant  at  Sixteenth 
and  Bellefontaine ;  Indianapolis  Baking 
Company  on  Vermont  Street;  Wabash 


Packing  Company  plant  on  Dakota  and 
Ray ;  Oliver  Chilled  Plow  Works  warehouse 
at  Donalson  and  Norwood ;  Meridian 
Hotel ;  Judah  Peckham  Building  on  North 
Capitol ;  Memorial  Fountain  at  University 
Park ;  Indianapolis  Heat  &  Light  Build- 
ing on  Kentucky  Avenue;  Terre  Haute 
Theater  at  Eighth  and  Main.  A  some- 
what unusual  contract  now  in  process  of 
fulfillment  is  the  construction  of  a  huge 
Dutch  windmill,  built  almost  entirely  out 
of  concrete,  located  at  Miami,  Florida,  and 
owned  by  Carl  Fischer. 

As  this  brief  record  of  business  shows 
Mr.  Wacker  is  a  thoroughly  progressive 
man  of  extraordinary  energy  and  of  un- 
usual business  equipment.  He  is  one  of 
the  prominent  members  of  the  Builders 
&  Contratcors  Association  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  is  a  member  of  the  Canoe  Club 
and  the  Turnverein. 

EDWIN  W.  KEIGHTLEY  was  born  in  Van- 
Buren  County,  Indiana,  in  1843.  He  be- 
gan the  practice  of  law  in  St.  Joseph 
County,  Michigan,  and  was  elected  as  a 
representative  to  the  Forty-fifth  Congress. 
After  retiring  from  office  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  Constantine,  Michigan. 

CHARLES  B.  MANN  is  one  of  the  live  and 
enterprising  business  men  of  Anderson, 
proprietor  of  the  Charles  B.  Mann  Com- 
pany, operating  a  high  class  musical  mer- 
chandise store  on  Meridian  Street  between 
Ninth  and  Tenth  Streets.  He  has  the  ex- 
clusive agency  in  Madison  County  of  the 
Baldwin  Piano  Company. 

He  is  a  son  of  Louis  C.  and  Martha 
(Brown)  Mann  of  Floyd  County,  Indiana, 
where  Charles  B.  Mann  was  born  on  a  farm 
in  1874.  He  is  of  English  ancestry,  and 
some  of  his  forefathers  came  to  this  coun- 
try about  the  time  of  the  Mayflower. 

As  a  boy  Mr.  Mann  had  the  advantages 
of  the  public  schools  of  New  Albany,  In- 
diana, and  he  also  attended  DePauw  Col- 
lege at  New  Albany.  After  leaving  college 
he  went  to  work  helping  his  father  in  a  dry 
goods  store,  and  with  the  advantage  of  ex- 
perience and  a  modest  capital  he  soon 
started  a  business  of  his  own,  which  he 
conducted  quite  profitably  for  a  time.  He 
next  engaged  in  the  grocery  trade  for  two 
years. 

About  this  period  he  married  Miss  Julia 
0  'Connell,  daughter  of  William  and  Ellen 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2091 


O'Connell  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  After 
his  marriage  Mr.  Mann  was  employed  for 
two  years  as  an  instructor  of  boxing  and 
general  athletics  at  Purdue  University.  He 
has  always  been  an  athlete  and  has  kept 
up  a  live  interest  in  this  subject  even  to 
the  present  time.  For  two  years  Mr.  Mann 
was  located  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  as 
local  agent  for  the  Metropolitan  Insurance 
Company,  but  in  February,  1917,  removed 
to  Anderson  and  established  his  own  music 
house,  obtaining  the  Madison  County 
agency  of  the  Baldwin  Company.  He  de- 
veloped the  business  so  rapidly  that  at  the 
end  of  six  months  he  had  to  move  his  store 
to  larger  quarters.  Mr.  Mann  is  a  member 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  An- 
derson and  in  politics  is  independent. 

JOHN  B.  NEU,  now  living  in  Indianapolis 
practically  retired  from  active  business 
pursuits,  is  deserving  of  especial  mention 
among  the  older  citizens  of  Indiana.  His 
business  career  has  been  honorable,  his  par- 
ticipation as  an  American  of  foreign  birth 
is  creditable,  particularly  his  service  as  a 
Union  soldier,  and  in  all  the  relationships 
of  a  long  life  he  has  proved  himself  worthy. 

Born  in  Germany,  he  came  to  America 
when  a  boy,  and  with  the  firm  resolution  to 
make  this  country  his  home.  He  learned, 
the  language  and  customs  of  the  people, 
and  then  put  his  loyalty  to  test  by  volun- 
teering as  a  soldier  in  the  Union  army. 
After  the  war  he  learned  the  chair  maker's 
trade,  and  about  1880  engaged  in  this  line 
of  business  for  himself  as  a  manufacturer 
at  Indianapolis.  His  business  affairs  pros- 
pered and  his  plant  grew  with  himself  in 
active  charge.  About  1906  he  turned  over 
the  business  to  his  two  sons,  and  is  now  re- 
tired. The  business  is  now  operated  under 
the  name  J.  B.  Neu's  Sons. 

Mr.  Neu  has  never  taken  any  active  part 
in  politics  except  to  vote  for  principles  and 
measures  rather  than  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  a  party  creed.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Catholic  Church. 

He  married  Catherine  Wentz.  The  nine 
children  constituting  their  family  are : 
William  J. ;  Catharine ;  Lena  and  Margaret, 
both  deceased ;  Clara ;  Annie,  deceased :, 
Laura ;  Ida,  Mrs.  Edward  N.  Messick :  and 
Frank  J.  The  mother  of  these  children 
died  June  10,  1896. 

Mr.  Neu's  love  for  his  adopted  land  is 
unquestioned.  His  honorable  methods  of 


business  have  commended  him  to  all,  and 
it  is  with  a  great  wealth  of  esteem  that  he 
is  passing  his  declining  years  in  his  home 
city  of  Indianapolis. 

HENRY  HERBERT  THOMAS,  president  of, 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Frankfort,  has 
for  many  years  been  a  conspicuous  factor 
in  the  business  and  public  life  of  Clinton 
and  Tipton  counties.  He  is  a  successful 
man  who  started  life  as  a  poor  orphan  boy 
with  nothing  but  his  two  hands  to  help 
him  in  the  struggle,  and  it  is  seldom  given 
to  man  to  make  better  and  wiser  use  of, 
his  opportunities  than  Mr.  Thomas  has 
done. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Tipton 
County,  Indiana,  August  18,  1848,  son  of 
Minar  L.  and  Cynthia  (Jeffrey)  Thomas. 
His  grandparents,  David  L.  and  Phoebe 
Thomas,  came  from  New  York  State,  where 
their  son  Minar  L.  was  born  in  1816,  and 
were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Fayette 
County,  Indiana,  where  for  a  number  of 
years  they  put  up  with  and  endured  the 
hardships  and  difficult  circumstances  ofi 
pioneering.  David  L.  Thomas  died  in  1862 
and  his  wife  in  1858.  Minar  L.  Thomas 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  was  run- 
ning a  saw  and  grist  mill  at  Windfall,  In- 
diana. In  the  spring  of  1862  he  left  this 
business  to  volunteer  as  orderly  sergeant, 
afterward  being  made  first  lieutenant  in 
Company  F  of  the  Fifty-Fourth  Indiana 
Infantry.  He  was  almost  immediately  in- 
ducted into  the  great  campaigns  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  was  at  the  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg,  and  after  the  fall  of  that  city  he 
was  stricken  with  the  dreaded  scourge  of 
diarrhea,  which  carried  away  so  many 
brave  boys  of  the  Union.  He  was  finally 
sent  home,  having  barely  sufficient  strength 
to  reach  Tipton  County,  and  he  died  three 
days  after  his  arrival.  His  wife  had  passed 
awav  in  1859. 

Henry  Herbert  Thomas  was  eleven  years 
old  when  his  mother  died  and  was  still  a 
boy  when  his  soldier  father  passed  away. 
Such  early  educational  opportunities  as 
he  had  were  confined  to  the  district  schools. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  took  up  the 
serious  problem  of  earning  his  own  living. 
He  did  farm  work,  also  was  employed  as  a 
teamster,  and  really  introduced  himself  to 
a  business  career  as  a  dealer  in  livestock. 
He  was  remarkably  successful  in  this  field 
and  continued  it  for  about  fifteen  vears. 


2092 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


From  1876  until  1887  he  was  associated 
with  J.  H.  Fear.  Later  for  many  years  he 
was  engaged  in  the  wholesale  produce  busi- 
ness. 

His  fellow  citizens  in  Tipton  County 
early  recognized  his  qualifications  as  a  pub- 
lic man  as  well  as  a  good  business  man 
and  in  1886  elected  him  county  clerk.  He 
was  elected  on  the  republican  ticket  over  a 
strong  democratic  majority,  being  one  of 
the  few  members  of  his  party  chosen  for 
office  that  year.  During  the  next  two  years 
he  gave  all  his  time  to  his  office,  but  in 
1888  resumed  his  place  in  the  produce  busi- 
ness with  J.  H.  Fear.  In  1907  Mr.  Thomas 
sold  his  interests  in  the  produce  business 
and  soon  afterwards  removed  to  Frank- 
fort. 

In  1901  another  political  honor  came  to 
him  when  he  was  elected  joint  representa- 
tive of  Tipton  and  Clinton  counties.  This 
time  also  he  ran  far  ahead  of  his  ticket. 
In  1910  he  was  chosen  councilman  at  large 
in  Frankfort,  but  resigned  after  two  years. 
Mr.  Thomas  has  long  been  identified  with 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Frankfort  as  a 
stockholder  and  director,  and  in  1914  his 
fellow  directors  elected  him  president  of 
the  bank.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
strongest  banks  in  Clinton  County.  Mr. 
Thomas  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Franklin 
Loan  and  Trust  Company  and  the  Frank- 
fort Heating  Company,  and  is  the  owner 
of  extensive  farms  in  Montgomery  and 
Howard  counties. 

Fraternally  he  is  affiliated  with  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
He  is  still  active  in  the  republican  ranks, 
and  attends  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  In  1878  he  married  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Free,  daughter  of  Randolph  Free  of 
Alexandria,  Indiana. 

OSCAR  C.  BRADFORD  is  one  of  the  business 
np"  j»nd  merchants  of  Marion,  and  in  the 
past  fourteen  years  has  developed  a  hard- 
ware and  implement  enterprise  which  fur- 
nishes supplies  all  over  Grant  County. 

He  represents  the  largest  family  in 
Grant  County,  and  they  have  record  of 
more  than  seventy  years  residence.  He  is 
a  great-grandson  of  John  Bradford,  a  na- 
tive of  England,  who  on  coming  to  this 
country  located  in  Western  Virginia,  in 
Hardy  County,  in  what  is  now  Grant 
County,  West  Virginia.  It  was  in  the  pres- 
ent State  of  West  Virginia  that  George 


Bradford,  a  son  of  John,  was  born  in  1783. 
George  Bradford  lived  in  the  hills  of  Vir- 
ginia until  past  middle  age.  In  the  early 
'40s  he  bought  some  land  in  Grant  County, 
and  in  1843  established  his  family  there. 
He  died  twelve  years  later,  in  1855.  His 
first  wife  was  Mary  Stingley,  and  they  had 
four  sons,  Leonard,  John,  George  and  Dan- 
iel. For  his  second  wife  he  married  Eliza- 
beth Schell,  also  a  native  of  Virginia  and 
of  German  ancestry.  She  became  the 
mother  of  sixteen  children,  named  Rachel, 
Isaac,  Henry,  Moses,  Casper,  Joseph,  Wil- 
liam R.,  Catherine,  Rebecca,  Mary  J.,  Eliza- 
beth Ann,  Jesse  T.,  and  Noah  and  thr,ee 
others  who  died  in  infancy. 

Jesse  T.  Bradford,  father  of  the  Marion 
merchant,  was  born  in  West  Virginia  Jan- 
uary 20,  1836,  and  was  seven  years  old 
when  the  family  came  to  Grant  County. 
Living  at  a  time  when  he  did  his  educa- 
tional advantages  were  meager.  He  at- 
tended only  sixty-five  days  in  the  common 
schools  each  year.  He  also  attended  the 
Indiana  Normal  School  at  Marion,  Indiana, 
for  eight  weeks.  At  the  age  of  twenty-five 
he  moved  from  the  home  place  to  a  farm 
in  section  15  of  Washington  Township,  and 
occupied  that  place  and  was  busy  with  its 
cultivation  and  management  for  forty- 
seven  years.  In  1906  he  retired  to  Marion 
and  became  actively  identified  with  the 
hardware  business  with  his  sons.  During 
his  early  adult  life  he  was  a  stanch  repub- 
lican, but  later  gave  his  principal  support 
to  the  prohibition  party.  November  4, 
1860,  he  married  Lucy  J.  Gaines,  who  died 
March  5.  1874,  the  mother  of  four  sons. 
On  April  11,  1876,  he  married  Angeline 
Silvers,  and  they  became  the  parents  of  five 
children.  Jesse  Bradford  died  January  29, 
1919. 

Oscar  C.  Bradford,  son  of  Jesse  T.  and 
Lucy  J.  (Gaines)  Bradford,  was  born  in 
Washington  Township  of  Grant  County, 
December  18,  1869.  Reared  in  a  rural  en- 
vironment, he  attended  the  common  schools, 
spent  one  year  in  DePauw  University  at 
Greencastle.  and  finished  a  commercial 
course  in  the  Indianapolis  Business  Col- 
lege in  1896.  He  also  attended  the  Marion 
Normal  College  during  the  summer  terms, 
and  was  a  successful  teacher  from  1890  to 
1900. 

He  entered  business  in  1900  as  book- 
keener  with  a  hardware  firm  at  Warren, 
Indiana,  and  subsequently  was  secretary- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2093 


treasurer  of  the  Warren  Machine  Company 
and  one  of  its  directors.  This  company 
manufactured  oil  well  machinery  and  did 
a  large  general  shop  and  repair  business. 
In  1904  Mr.  Bradford  withdrew  to  give 
all  his  time  to  the  hardware  and  implement 
business  in  which  he  became  associated  with 
his  father  and  brother.  Their  store  has 
grown  and  prospered  and  is  the  medium 
through  which  a  large  share  of  the  tools 
and  other  supplies  are  distributed  through 
the  City  of  Marion  and  the  adjoining  agri- 
cultural districts. 

For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Bradford 
has  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential democrats  of  Grant  County.  He( 
was  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Central 
Committee  of  the  county  in  the  campaign 
of  1912,  and  as  a  result  of  that  campaign 
the  county  returned  a  large  vote  to  Presi- 
dent Wilson  and  effected  a  complete  change 
in  the  personnel  of  the  county  offices.  In 
1908  he  was  elected  a  trustee  of  Washing- 
ton Township.  He  resigned  the  office  of 
trustee  in  June.  1914,  to  accept  the  post- 
mastership  of  Marion,  Indiana. 

June  17,  1899,  Mr.  Bradford  married 
Ethel  O.  Stevens,  who  was  born  in  Pleas- 
ant Township  of  Grant  County,  daughter 
of  Harrison  and  Sarah  (Beach)  Stevens. 
Four  children  have  been  born  to  their 
union :  Ruth  M.,  Doris  A..  George  R.  and 
Sarah  Elizabeth.  Doris  died  in  1906,  at 
the  age  of  five  years.  Sarah  Elizabeth  was 
born  June  2,  1918. 

ORVILLE  0.  CARPENTER.  In  that  group 
of  men  which  has  succeeded  in  bringing 
Newcastle  to  a  front  rank  among  Indiana 
cities  there  has  been  no  more  loyal  and 
diligent  factor  in  promoting  every  line  of 
enterprise  than  Orville  O.  Carpenter,  as- 
sistant cashier  of  the  Farmers  National 
Bank. 

Mr.  Carpenter  has  been  identified  with 
Henry  County's  life  and  affairs  for  about 
twenty  years.  He  was  born  on  a  farm  four 
miles  west  of  Fairmont,  Grant  County, 
Indiana,  in  1875,  son  of  Lewis  H.  and 
Margaret  L.  (Black)  Carpenter.  Several 
generations  ago  three  English  brothers 
cnme  to  this  country  and  established  the 
Carpenter  family.  The  grandfather,  Wal- 
ker Carpenter,  came  West  from  New  Jer- 
sey. Lewis  H.  Carpenter  moved  from  Bel- 
mont  County.  Ohio,  to  Grant  County,  In- 
diana, in  1868.  and  developed  a  good  farm 


not  far  from  Fairmont.  Selling  out  there 
in  1878,  he  moved  to  Henry  County,  near 
Newcastle,  where  he  now  lives. 

Orville  O.  Carpenter  attended  public 
schools  in  Henry  County,  is  a  graduate  of 
the  Newcastle  High  School,  and  subse- 
quently spent  one  year  in  the  State  Normal 
at  Terre  Haute  and  one  year  in  an  In- 
dianapolis business  college.  In  July,  1899, 
returning  to  Newcastle,  he  and  Howard  S. 
Henley  established  a  hardware  business  on 
East  Broad  Street.  The  firm  of  Carpenter 
&  Henley  continued  5%  years,  at  the  end 
of  which  time  Mr.  Carpenter  bought  out 
his  partner  and  conducted  it  as  the  Car- 
nenter  Hardware  Company  for  S1/^  years 
longer.  He  sold  his  business  largely  for 
the  purpose  of  spending  two  winters  in 
Florida  to  benefit  his  daughter's  health.  In 
the  meantime  he  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business,  and  has  been  extensively  handling 
farms  and  farm  loans  as  a  broker  and  on 
his  own  account.  In  1915  he  bought  a 
block  of  stock  in  and  accepted  the  addi- 
tional responsibilities  of  his  present  post 
as  assistant  cashier  of  the  Farmers  Na- 
tional Bank. 

Mr.  Carpenter  owns  a  half  interest  in 
500  acres  of  Indiana  farm  land,  and 
throusrh  his  land  holdings  has  done  much 
to  stimulate  the  production  of  Chester 
White  hogs  and  Polled  Angus  cattle.  His 
name  is  associated  with  many  other  of  the 
live  interests  of  the  city. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Country  Club,  is 
a  republican,  is  a  Mason,  a  member  of 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  at  In- 
dianapolis, the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Red 
Men  and  the  Methodist  Church.  In  1899 
he  married  Miss  Myrtle  Hewitt,  daughter 
of  George  and  Martha  (Koons)  Hewitt  of 
Newcastle.  Four  children  were  born  to 
their  marriage :  Margaret ;  Mary,  who  was 
born  in  1903  and  died  in  1912;'Hewitt  L., 
born  in  1908 ;  and  Orville  0.,  Jr.,  born  in 
1910. 

STUART  BROWN  is  one  of  that  growm? 
fraternity  of  automobile  salesmen  in  In- 
diana, and  is  a  member  of  the  firm  Gault 
&  Brown,  who  represent  "Dodge  Cars  and 
Dodare  Service"  over  Madison  County. 
They  have  the  county  agency  for  the  Dodge 
Brothers  cars,  and  have  done  much  to  in- 
sure the  proper  prestige  for  this  type  of 
automobile  in  that  part  of  the  state. 

Mr.    Brown    was   born   at    Indianapolis 


2094 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


September  16,  1888,  son  of  Henry  and 
Pearl  (Brumley)  Brown.  He  is  of  Scotch 
ancestry.  The  Brown  family  were  pio- 
neers at  Indianapolis,  locating  there  even 
before  the  state  capital  was  moved  to  that 
locality.  His  great-grandfather,  Oliver  P. 
Brown,  was  a  pioneer,  coming  from  Xenia, 
Ohio,  to  Indianapolis  in  1818.  He  was  one 
of  the  pioneer  merchants  of  Indianapolis, 
with  a  store  on  East  Washington  Street, 
and  lived  there  the  rest  of  his  life.  Henry 
Brown,  father  of  Stuart  Brown,  is  now  a 
farmer  and  fruit  grower  at  Walla  Walla, 
Washington.  The  mother  died  in  1912. 
Of  the  two  sons  the  other  one,  Ira,  lives 
with  his  father. 

Stuart  Brown  was  reared  and  educated 
in  Indianapolis  and  for  3a/2  years  attended 
the  Manual  Training  School  of  that  city, 
getting  a  thorough  practice  in  shop  and 
mechanical  work.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
entered  Vorhees  Business  College  and  spent 
one  year  in  that  institution.  After  this 
commercial  training  Mr.  Brown  went  to 
work  in  the  offices  of  the  Cincinnati,  Ham- 
ilton &  Dayton  Railway  as  stenographer 
and  bookkeeper.  A  year  later  he  went  to 
St.  Louis  and  was  stenographer  in  the 
offices  of  the  Burlington  Railroad  for  two 
years.  In  1907,  when  he  located  at  Ander- 
son, he  became  bookkeeper  and  stenog- 
rapher for  the  Union  Grain  &  Feed  Com- 
pany. He  was  with  that  organization  for 
nine  years,  and  much  of  the  time  was  its 
traveling  representative. 

Attracted  into  automobile  work,  Mr. 
Brown  showed  his  quality  as  a  salesman 
with  the  Waddell  Buick  Company,  and  for 
eight  months  made  an  energetic  campaign 
all  over  Madison  County  selling  the  Buick 
cars.  He  then  formed  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  Zuriel  Gault,  under  the  name  Gault 
&  Brown,  and  established  the  Madison 
County  agency  for  the  Dodge  cars.  Their 
location  is  921-931  Central  Avenue,  where 
they  have  a  splendid  salesroom,  and  also 
shop  and  other  facilities  with  a  perfect 
service  for  the  Dodge  cars.  They  also  con- 
duct three  branches  in  Madison  County, 
one  at  Elwood,  one  at  Alexandria  and 
one  at  Summitville. 

Mr.  Brown  has  acquired  various  inter- 
ests at  Anderson,  and  is  a  man  of  affairs 
in  the  county.  He  is  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  having  been  through 
all  the  chairs,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers.  He  is  a 


Presbyterian  and  a  democratic  voter.  At 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  1908,  he  married 
Florence  May  Bell,  daughter  of  Francis  M. 
and  Sarah  (Hann)  Bell.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Donna,  born  in  1910. 

JOHN  HENRY  VAJEN.  It  was  a  remark- 
able life  that  came  to  a  close  with  the 
death  of  John  Henry  Vajen  at  Indian- 
apolis on  May  28,  1917.  It  was  remarkable 
not  only  for  its  length  and  its  association 
with  so  many  changing  eras  of  national 
progress,  but  also  for  its  individual 
achievements  and  influences  that  are  woven 
into  the  business  and  civic  structure  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  a  young  and  prosper- 
ing business  man  during  those  momentous 
days  when  America  was  girding  itself  for 
the  struggle  over  the  Union  and  slavery. 
He  lived  through  the  prosperous  half  cen- 
tury that  followed,  marking  an  era  of  ma- 
terial development  such  as  the  world  has 
never  seen,  and  his  life  came  to  an  end 
after  war's  fury  had  again  loosed  itself 
upon  the  world  and  had  even  drawn  the 
land  of  his  adoption  into  an  ever  widening 
conflict. 

The  life  that  came  to  a  close  at  the  age 
of  eighty-nine  had  its  beginning  at  Bre- 
men, Hanover,  Germany,  March  19,  1828, 
under  the  English  Flag.  He  was  a  son  of 
John  Henry  and  Anna  Margaretha 
(Woernke)  Vajen.  He  came  of  a  long  line 
of  Lutheran  clergymen  and  educators. 
His  father  was  a  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Stade  in  Hanover.  In  1836,  when 
John  H.,  Jr.,  was  eight  years  old,  the  fam- 
ily sought  a  home  in  America,  locating  in 
Baltimore,  where  the  father  spent  a  year 
as  a  teacher.  He  was  a  man  of  unusual 
talents  and  was  a  musician  as  well  as  a 
teacher  and  preacher.  From  Baltimore  the 
family  moved  to  Cincinnati,  and  then  in 
1839  John  H.  Vajen,  Sr.,  with  several  other 
families  bought  land  in  Jackson  County, 
Indiana,  near  Seymour,  and  organized  a 
colony  of  German  Lutherans. 

The  late  John  Henry  Vajen  was  eleven 
years  of  age  when  brought  to  Indiana.  He 
spent  most  of  his  youth  on  a  farm,  and  his 
studies  were  largely  directed  with  a  view 
to  his  entering  the  ministry.  In  1845  his 
father  died,  and  that  turned  his  activities 
into  an  entirely  new  channel.  He  was  then 
seventeen  years  of  age,  and  he  soon  left 
home  to  seek  employment  in  Cincinnati. 
As  clerk  in  a  large  wholesale  and  retail 


! 


, 


NIC 

-    */ .  -'  • 


2094 


INDIANA  AND  1NDTANANS 


September  16,  1888,  son  of  Henry  and 
I'earl  (  Brumley  )  Brown.  He  is  of  Scotch 
ancestry.  The  Brown  family  were  pio- 
neers at  Indianapolis,  locating  there  even 
before  the  state  capital  was  moved  to  that 
locality.  His  great-grandfather,  Oliver  P. 
Brown,  was  a  pioneer,  coming  from  Xenia, 
Ohio,  to  Indianapolis  in  1818.  He  was  one 
of  the  pioneer  merchants  of  Indianapolis, 
with  a  store  on  East  Washington  Street, 
and  lived  there  the  rest  of  his  life.  Henry 
Brown,  father  of  Stuart  Brown,  is  now  a 
farmer  and  fruit  grower  at  Walla  Walla, 
Washington.  The  mother  died  in  1912. 
Of  the  two  sons  the  other  one,  Ira,  lives 
with  his  father. 

Stuart  Brown  was  reared  and  educated 
in  Indianapolis  and  for  31 •_>  years  attended 
the  Manual  Training  School  of  that  city, 
getting  a  thorough  practice  in  shop  and 
mechanical  work.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
entered  Vorhees  Business  College  and  spe)it 
one  year  in  that  institution.  After  this 
commercial  training  Mr.  Brown  went  to 
work  in  the  offices  of  the  Cincinnati,  Ham- 
ilton &  Dayton  Railway  as  stenographer 
and  bookkeeper.  A  year  later  he  went  to 
St.  Louis  and  was  stenographer  in  the 
offices  of  the  Burlington  Railroad  for  two 
years.  In  1907.  when  he  located  at  Ander- 
son, he  became  bookkeeper  and  stenog- 
rapher for  the  Til  ion  Grain  &  Peed  Com- 
pany. He  was  with  that  organization  for 
nine  years,  and  much  of  the  time  was  its 
traveling  representative. 

Attracted  into  automobile  work.  Mr. 
Brown  showed  his  quality  as  a  salesman 
with  the  Waddell  Buick  Company,  and  for 
eight  months  made  an  energetic  campaign 
all  over  Madison  County  selling  the  Buick 
cars.  He  then  formed  a  partnership  with 
Mr.  Zuriel  Gault,  under  the  name  Gault 
&  Brown,  and  established  the  Madison 
County  agency  for  the  Dodge  cars.  Their 
location  is  921-931  Central  Avenue,  where 
they  have  a  splendid  salesroom,  and  also 
shop  and  other  facilities  with  a  perfect 
service  for  the  Dodge  cars.  They  also  eon- 
duct  three  branches  in  Madison  County, 
one  at  Elwood.  one  at  Alexandria  and 
one  at  Snmmitville. 

Mr.  Brown  has  acouired  various  inter- 
ests at  Anderson,  and  is  a  man  of  affairs 
in  the  countv.  He  is  affiliated  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  having  been  through 
all  the  chairs,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
United  Commercial  Travelers.  He  is  a 


Presbyterian  and  a  democratic  voter.  At 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  1908,  he  married 
Florence  May  Bell,  daughter  of  Francis  M. 
and  Sarah  (Ilann)  Bell.  They  have  one, 
daughter.  Donna,  born  in  1910. 

•Tonx  HENRY  VA.JEX.  It  was  a  remark- 
able life  that  came  to  a  close  with  the 
death  of  John  Henry  Vajen  at  Indian- 
apolis on  May  2S,  1917.  It  was  remarkable 
not  only  for  its  length  and  its  association 
with  so  many  changing  eras  of  national 
progress,  but  also  for  its  individual 
achievements  and  influences  that  are  woven 
into  the  business  and  civic  structure  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  a  young  and  prosper- 
ing business  man  during  those  momentous 
days  when  America  was  girding  itself  for 
the  struggle  over  the  Union  and  slavery. 
He  lived  through  the  prosperous  half  cen- 
tury that  followed,  marking  an  era  of  ma- 
terial development  such  as  the  world  has 
never  seen,  and  his  life  came  to  an  end 
after  war's  fury  had  again  loosed  itself 
upon  the  world  and  had  even  drawn  the 
land  of  his  adoption  into  an  ever  widening 
conflict. 

The  life  that  came  to  a  close  at  the  age 
of  eighty-nine  had  its  beginning  at  Bre- 
men, Hanover.  Germany.  March  19,  1828. 
under  the  English  Flag.  He  was  a  son  of 
•Folm  Henry  and  Anna  Margaretha 
( Woernke)  Vajen.  lie  came  of  a  long  line 
of  Lutheran  clergymen  and  educators. 
His  father  was  a  professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Stade  in  Hanover.  In  1836,  when 
John  II.,  Jr.,  was  eight  years  old,  the  fam- 
ily sought  a  home  in  America,  locating  in 
Baltimore,  where  the  father  spent  a  year 
as  a  teacher.  He  was  a  man  of  unusual 
talents  and  was  a  musician  as  well  as  a 
teacher  and  preacher.  From  Baltimore  the 
family  moved  to  Cincinnati,  and  then  in 
1S39  John  II.  Vajen,  Sr..  with  several  other 
families  bought  land  in  Jackson  Comity, 
Indiana,  near  Seymour,  and  organized  a 
colony  of  German  Lutherans. 

The  late  John  Henry  Vajen  was  eleven 
years  of  age  when  brought  to  Indiana.  He 
<pcnt  most  of  his  youth  on  a  farm,  and  his 
studies  were  largely  directed  with  a  view 
tn  his  entering  the  ministry.  In  1845  his 
father  died,  and  that  turned  his  activities 
into  an  entirely  new  channel.  He  was  then 
seventeen  years  of  age.  and  he  soon  left 
home  to  seek  employment  in  Cincinnati. 
As  clerk  in  a  large  wholesale  and  retail 


• 


LI3RARY 
OF  TME 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2095 


hardware  store  he  made  such  good  use  of 
his  opportunities  and  became  so  indispens- 
able to  the  firm  that  in  1848  he  was  given 
an  interest  therein. 

In  1850  Mr.  Vajen  married  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  severed  his  interest  with  the 
Cincinnati  firm  and  came  to  Indianapolis. 
In  this  city  he  opened  a  wholesale  and 
retail  hardware  store  on  East  Washington 
Street,  and  in  1856,  to  better  accommo- 
date his  growing  trade,  he  erected  what 
was  then  one  of  the  modern  buildings  of 
the  downtown  district,  a  four-story  struct- 
ure at  21  West  Washington  Street.  J.  S. 
Hildebrand  and  J.  L.  Fugate  became  asso- 
ciated with  him.  In  1871  Mr.  Vajen  re- 
tired from  the  hardware  business,  selling 
his  interest  to  his  partners,  and  for  more 
than  forty  years  he  was  busied  only  with 
his  private  affairs.  He  had  a  summer  home 
at  Lake  Maxincuckee,  Indiana,  and  spent 
many  weeks  each  year  there,  enjoying  his 
favorite  sport  of  fishing.  He  also  invested 
heavily  in  local  real  estate,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  a  wealthy  man. 

In  1861,  when  the  Civil  war  broke  out, 
Governor  Morton  appointed  Mr.  Vajen 
quartermaster  general  of  the  state.  It  be- 
came his  duty  in  this  capacity  to  form  all 
the  plans  with  regard  to  the  equipment  of 
the  first  contingent  of  Indiana  troops.  He 
carried  out  this  work  with  such  energy  and 
vigor  that  the  Indiana  troops  were  the  first 
well  equipped  forces  in  the  field,  and  that 
fact  has  always  redounded  to  Indiana's 
credit  in  the  history  of  that  great  struggle. 
Much  of  the  early  equipment  for  these  vol- 
unteers was  obtained  largely  through  Mr. 
Vajen 's  personal  credit.  He  became  known 
as  the  "right  hand  man"  of  Governor  Mor- 
ton, and  at  the  present  time  his  efforts 
as  an  organizer  can  perhaps  be  better  ap- 
preciated than  at  any  previous  date. 

Mr.  Vajen 's  active  life  was  contem- 
poraneous with  the  life  of  Indianapolis. 
He  saw  it  grow  from  a  struggling  village 
of  a  thousand  inhabitants  to  a  large  com- 
mercial city.  He  was  prominently  iden- 
tified with  practically  all  the  early  charities 
and  enterprises  of  the  city.  In  1864  he 
assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  bank- 
in  sr  house  of  Fletcher,  Vajen  &  Company, 
which  was  merged  into  the  Fourth  National 
Bank  and  afterward  became  the  Citizens 
National  Bank.  Mr.  Vajen  was  a  director 
and  stockholder  in  this  institution  until  it 
surrendered  its  charter. 


At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  only 
surviving  one  of  the  original  incorporators 
of  the  Crown  Hill  Cemetery  Association, 
and  gave  substantially  to  public  and  pri- 
vate charities  of  all  kinds.  He  was  a  Mason 
and  Odd  Fellow,  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  and  a  very  ardent  republi- 
can, though  not  in  politics  save  as  a  voter. 
Throughout  his  long  life  he  was  a  fine 
example  of  the  man  devoted  to  plain  living 
and  high  thinking,  and  one  whose  chief 
delight  was  in  the  simple  things  of  the 
world. 

In  1850  Mr.  Vajen  married  Miss  Alice 
Fugate.  daughter  of  Thomas  F.  and  Eliza- 
beth (Eckert)  Fugate.  Mrs.  Vajen  died 
in  1901.  Seven  children  were  born  to 
them:  Willis,  who  died  in  1899;  Frank 
L. ;  John,  who  died  in  1885 ;  Fannie,  wife 
of  Charles  S.  Voorhees,  a  son  of  Senator 
Voorhees:  Alice,  wife  of  Henry  Lane  Wil- 
son ;  Charles  T. ;  and  Mrs.  Caroline  Vajen 
Collins.  Mr.  Vajen  was  also  survived  by 
seven  grandchildren  and  three  great-grand- 
children. 

'  GEORGE  QJ  DUNN,  an  Indiana  congress- 
man of  the  early  days,  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Bedford.  Indiana.  He  was 
elected  as  a  whig  to  the  Thirtieth  Congress, 
and  as  a  republican  was  a  member  of  the 
Thirty-fourth  Congress.  Mr.  Dunn  died  at 
Bedford,  Indiana,  in  1857. 

WILLIAM  LEVI  ABBOTT.  Success  in  busi- 
ness is  largely  a  matter  of  connecting  good 
work  and  service  into  a  chain  in  which 
every  successive  link  is  a  little  larger  and 
stronger  than  the  one  preceding,  all  of 
them  constituting  the  substantial  achieve- 
ments of  a  career.  This  has  been  the  ex- 
perience of  William  Levi  Abbott  of  Elwood, 
who  has  been  steadily  lengthening  out  his 
chain  since  he  obtained  his  first  opportun- 
ity to  prove  his  ability  in  mechanical  lines 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

Mr.  Abbott  is  sole  proprietor  of  the  El- 
wood  house  of  W.  L.  Abbott,  agency  for 
Ford  cars,  garage  accessories  and  fueling 
station.  He  was  born  at  Sulphur  Springs 
in  Henrv  Countv.  Indiana.  March  22,  1873, 
son  of  George  W.  and  Rebecca  Ann  (Fes- 
ler)  Abbott.  The  Abbotts  were  of  English 
stock,  and  the  first  of  the  family  was 
George  W.  Abbott,  who  came  in  colonial 
times  from  England  and  settled  in  Mary- 
land. The  records  of  the  family  disclose 


2096 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


that  most  of  the  male  members  have  been 
either  merchants  or  farmers. 

William  L.  Abbott  attended  his  first 
school  in  the  country  of  White  County, 
Illinois.  His  parents  had  moved  to  that 
locality  from  Indiana.  In  order  to  get 
to  school  he  had  to  walk  four  miles  through 
the  woods,  and  the  school  was  held  in  a 
log  building.  When  he  was  seven  years 
old  the  family  returned  to  Indiana  and  lo- 
cated south  of  Dundee  in  Madison  County 
on  the  old  Fesler  farm.  The  Feslers  are 
a  family  of  German  origin.  Here  George 
W.  Abbott  managed  the  farm,  while  his, 
.  son  William  L.  attended  the  Branick 
schoolhouse  for  two  years.  The  family  next 
moved  to  the  vicinity  of  Alexandria,  where 
the  boy  furthered  his  education  by  three 
years  in  the  King  schoolhouse.  Then  they 
went  back  to  Dundee,  and  he  was  again  a 
pupil  in  the  Branick  schoolhouse  until  he 
was  about  the  age  of  fifteen.  For  another 
year  he  lived  with  his  grandfather,  David 
Fesler,  and  attended  King  school.  All  this 
time  his  school  work  was  done  during  the 
winter,  while  in  the  summer  he  worked  on 
farms.  In  1890  Mr.  Abbott  entered  Pur- 
due University  at  Lafayette,  Indiana,  with 
the  intention  of  pursuing  a  course  and  per- 
fecting himself  in  electrical  and  mechanical 
engineering.  The  first  year  he  was  able 
to  attend  six  months  and  the  second  year 
only  five  months  before  his  money  run 
out.  However,  the  schooling  was  valuable 
to  him  and  on  returning  to  Elwood  he 
found  employment  in  the  machine  shops  of 
the  Shively  business  which  occupied  the  site 
now  held  by  Crane's  Grand  Opera  House. 
This  work  gave  him  much  knowledge  of 
electrical  and  mechanical  engineering. 
Three  years  after  that  he  was  foreman  in 
the  machine  shops  of  the  Pittsburg  Plate 
Glass  Company  at  Elwood.  His  ambition 
was  to  get  into  business  for  himself,  and 
taking  the  modest  capital  he  had  accumu- 
lated and  in  association  with  his  father 
and  brother  he  opened  the  feed  mill  known 
as  the  Abbott  Mill.  This  institution  did 
grindinsr  and  offered  a  valuable  service  to 
the  public  for  many  years  and  was  both  a 
flour  and  feed  mill.  In  the  fall  of  1916 
Mr.  Abbott  closed  out  the  business.  Since 
1912  he  has  been  one  of  the  principal  deal- 
ers in  Ford  automobiles  in  this  section  of 
Indiana.  He  has  the  agency  for  Pipe 
Creek  and  Duck  Creek  townships,  half  of 
Boone  Township  in  Madison  County,  and 


half  of  Madison  Township  in  Tipton 
County.  He  has  done  a  big  business  in 
these  popular  cars,  and  has  built  up  two 
establishments  at  Elwood  for  service  and 
garage  purposes,  one  at  1514  North  B 
Street,  a  building  130  by  90  feet,  and  an- 
other 34  by  84  feet  at  234  North  Sixteenth 
Street.  Mr.  Abbott  also  has  various  other 
interests  in  local  companies  and  banks. 

In  1893  he  married  Miss  Ida  F.  Myerly, 
daughter  of  John  Henry  Myerly  of  Elwood. 
Mr.  Abbott  has  also  been  active  in  local 
politics  and  is  a  republican.  For  six  years 
he  represented  the  Second  Ward  in  the 
City  Council.  He  has  filled  all  the  chairs 
except  that  of  noble  grand  in  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows  at  Elwood  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  and  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
His  religious  faith  is  that  expressed  by  the 
Christian  Church. 

WILLIAM  J.  REAVIS,  M.  D.,  has  been  a 
member  of  the  medical  fraternity  at  Evans- 
ville  for  over  thirty  years.  He  has  served 
the  community  in  the  capacity  of  an  able 
and  conscientious  physician  and  surgeon, 
and  so  far  as  his  duties  have  permitted  has 
allied  himself  with  every  worthy  movement 
in  civic  affairs. 

Doctor  Reavis  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Center  Township  of  Gibson  County,  In- 
diana, September  7,  1853,  a  son  of  James 
Reavis,  who  was  born  in  the  same  township 
in  1829,  and  a  grandson  of  William  and 
Catherine  (Hensley)  Reavis.  Gile'  R.  Stor- 
ment's  history  of  Gibson  County  gives  the 
following  account  of  the  grandfather :  "In 
1817  William  Reavis  married  Catherine 
Hensley,  and  soon  after  that  event  they 
made  a  long  and  tedious  trip  to  this  county 
on  pack  horses  and  settled  near  the  present 
site  of  Francisco,  about  a  mile  southwest 
and  in  the  timber,  where  he  erected  a  log 
cabin  and  cleared  a  tract  of  land  and  by 
industry  made  them  a  fine  farm."  William 
Reavis  was,  it  is  thought,  a  native  of  one 
of  the  Carolinas.  He  died  in  1855  and  his 
widow  two  years  later.  His  brothers  Isom 
and  Daniel  followed  him  to  Gibson  County 
in  1818.  His  two  sons  served  in  the  Union 
army  as  members  of  the  Forty-Second  Regi- 
ment of  Indiana  Volunteers. 

James  Reavis  was  reared  on  a  farm,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  marriage  began  house- 
keeping in  a  log  cabin.  There  was  no  stove, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2097 


and  his  wife  did  the  cooking  by  the  open 
fire.  She  was  also  an  adept  in  those  house- 
wifely arts  of  carding,  spinning  and  weav- 
ing, and  dressed  all  her  family  in  home- 
spun. In  1861  James  Reavis  and  his  only 
brother,  Alexander,  enlisted  in  Company 
F  of  the  Forty-second  Indiana  Infantry 
and  went  south  with  the  command.  Alex- 
ander lost  his  life  in  Andersonville  Prison. 
James  was  in  all  the  campaigns  and  battles 
of  his  regiment  until  failing  health  brought 
him  an  honorable  discharge  in  1864.  He 
then  resumed  farming  in  Southern  Indi- 
ana, and  having  inherited  a  part  of  the  old 
homestead  he  bought  other  lands  and  lived 
there  a  prosperous  and  highly  thought  of 
resident  until  his  death  in  1882.  He  mar- 
ried Margaret  Chambers,  who  was  born  near 
Kings  Station  in  Gibson  County,  daughter 
of  Norman  and  Elizabeth  (Wallace)  Cham- 
bers. Her  grandfather  Chambers  was  a 
pioneer  of  Gibson  County  and  lived  to  a 
good  old  age.  Norman  Chambers  was  a 
railroad  man  and  lost  his  life  in  a  railroad 
accident  when  a  young  man.  Mrs.  James 
Reavis  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-six.  Her 
six  children  were :  William  J. ;  Mary,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  ten  years;  Alexander, 
who  was  killed  in  a  railroad  wreck;  Re- 
becca A. ;  Ella  J. ;  and  Julia  A. 

Doctor  Reavis  attended  "Old  Hickory," 
a  rural  school  in  his  native  communitv 
taught  by  Farmer  McConnel.  The  furni- 
ture of  that  old"  building  he  well  recalls. 
The  seats  were  made  of  logs  split  in  halves, 
with  wooden  pins  to  keep  them  above  the 
floor,  and  he  wrote  manv  times  with  a 
goose  quill  pen  on  a  plain  plank  nailed 
around  one  side  for  a  desk.  Later  he 
attended  Fort  Branch  High  School  and 
also  Oakland  City  College.  Doctor  Reavis 
was  a  successful  teacher  before  he  became 
a  physician.  Altogether  he  taught  for 
seven  rears  in  Gibson  and  Warrick  coun- 
ties. In  the  meantime  he  was  studying 
medicine  with  Doctors  Scales  and  Tyner 
and  in  1877  attended  a  course  of  lectures 
in  the  Ohio  Medical  College  of  Cincinnati. 
Before  graduating  he  began  practice  in 
Richland  Citv,  Spencer  County,  but  in 
1885  returned  to  the  Ohio  Medical  College 
and  received  his  diploma  in  1886.  With 
these  mialifications  and  experiences  he  be- 
gan his  work  at  Evansville  and  continued 
uninterruptedly  to  the  present  time. 

In  1878  Doctor  Reavis  married  Florence 
G.  Allen,  a  native  of  Warrick  County, 


daughter  of  Manville  Allen,  a  farmer  of 
that  county.  She  died  in  1893.  Doctor 
Reavis  married  for  his  present  wife  Elsie 
M.  Hammerle.  She  was  born  and  reared 
and  educated  in  Bavaria,  Germany.  Doctor 
Reavis  is  a  member  of  Park  Chappel  Pres- 
byterian Church,  while  Mrs.  Reavis  is  a 
Catholic,  a  member  of  the  Church  of  the 
Assumption.  He  is  active  in  the  Vander- 
burg  County  Medical  Society,  also  the  In- 
diana State  Society  and  the  Ohio  Valley 
Medical  Association,  is  affiliated  with 
Evansville  Lodge  of  Elks  and  is  physician 
for  the  local  branches  of  the  Woodmen  of 
the  World  and  the  Tribe  of  Ben  Hur. 

FRANK  A.  SCHOENBERGER  is  manager  of 
the  Morris  Five  and  Ten  Cent  Store  at 
Elwood,  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Morris 
Company  at  Bluffton,  and  is  a  man  of  long 
and  thorough  business  experience  who  has 
always  given  a  good  account  of  himself 
in  relation  to  the  opportunities  presented 
him  since  boyhood. 

Mr.  Schoenberger  was  born  at  Upper 
Sandusky,  Ohio,  June  2,  1883,  a  son  of 
Jacob  and  Tillie  (Schwilk)  Schoenberger. 
He  is  of  Swiss  and  jGerman  stock.  His 
grandfather  and  two  brothers  came  to 
America  and  settled  at  Kirby  in  Wyandot 
County,  Ohio,  in  pioneer  times.  Frank  A. 
Schoenberger  attended  the  public  schools 
at  Forest,  Ohio,  and  was  little  more  than 
a  boy  when  he  went  to  work  in  a  grocery 
store  at  Forest.  He  remained  there  ten 
years  and  during  that  time  was  employed 
by  five  different  firms.  In  the  meantime, 
having  an  ambition  to  make  the  most  of 
himself,  he  supplemented  his  earlier  ad- 
vantages in  school  by  two  courses  with  the 
International  Correspondence  School  of 
Scranton,  taking  both  the  business  course 
and  a  civil  service  course.  Leaving  home 
surroundings.  Mr.  Schoenberger  was  for 
seven  months  with  the  National  Cash 
Register  Company  at  Dayton,  was  time- 
keeper in  the  cost  department  of  the  In- 
ternational Harvester  Company  at  Spring- 
field three  years,  for  nine  months  clerked 
in  the  Big  Four  Railroad  offices  at  Mid- 
dletown,  Ohio,  and  was  then  appointed  sta- 
tion agent  at  Elwood,  Ohio,  for  the  Big 
Four.  He  remained  there  three  years  and 
then  returned  to  Dayton  and  took  the  man- 
agement of  one  of  the  drug  stores  owned 
by  his  brother,  H.  E.  Schoenberger.  He 
managed  this  business  two  years,  and  from 


2098 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


there  came  into  his  present  relations  with 
the  Morris  Company  as  assistant  manager 
of  its  store  at  Newcastle,  Indiana.  From 
June  14,  1913,  until  December  1st  of  the 
same  year  he  was  manager  of  that  business, 
and  then  removed  to  Elwood  to  take  the 
active  management  of  the  Morris  store  in 
that  city. 

December  24,  1903,  Mr.  Schoenberger 
married  Ruth  D.  Wells,  daughter  of  Frank 
R.  and  Mollie  (Neal)  Wells.  They  have 
one  child,  Edwin  Wells,  born  in  1907. 
Mrs.  Sehoenberger  is  prominent  socially 
and  a  woman  of  many  varied  talents  and 
capabilities.  She  is  organist  of  the  First 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Elwood, 
and  is  also  an  elocutionist  who  has  given 
many  readings  before  different  organiza- 
tions. Mr.  Schoenberger  is  affiliated  with 
Carthage  Lodge  No.  573,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  in  Ohio,  and  in  politics 
votes  as  an  independent. 

ROBERT  MAURICE  ROOF,  chief  engineer 
and  vice  president  of  the  Laurel  Motor 
Corporation  at  Anderson,  has  achievement 
to  his  credit  as  an  inventor  that  seems 
destined  to  give  him  a  foremost  place 
among  Indiana's  famous  men  in  the  in- 
dustrial field. 

He  represents  an  old  and  notable  family 
of  Henry  County.  He  was  born  in  New- 
castle September  13,  1882,  son  of  James 
W.  and  Rosa  B.  (Lewis)  Roof.  His  great- 
grandfather, Samuel  Roof,  was  born  in 
Shenandoah  County,  Virginia,  March  3, 
1797,  his  parents  having  come  from  Ger- 
many. He  married  in  1819  Dorothy  Stef- 
fey.  of  Virginia,  and  they  had  four  sons 
and  five  daughters.  In  1835  they  moved 
by  wagons  over  the  highways  and  trajls 
to  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  and  in  1837 
Samuel  Roof,  who  was  a  tanner  by  trade, 
took  charge  of  a  tannery  at  Newcastle, 
when  that  was  a  village  of  only  a  few 
houses  surrounded  by  dense  forests.  Sam- 
uel Roof  and  his  wife  were  among  the 
charter  members  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ 
at  Newcastle  when  that  church  was  estab- 
lished, and  were  faithful  in  every  relation- 
ship to  their  church  and  their  community. 
Samuel  Roof  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-one, 
on  March  3,  1878.  his  wife  having  died  in 
1871.  John  W.  Roof,  son  of  Samuel,  and 
grandfather  of  Robert  M.,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia June  6,  1821,  and  was  fourteen  years 
old  when  the  familv  came  to  Indiana.  In 


1839  he  carried  mortar  for  the  workmen 
erecting  the  county  offices  at  Newcastle. 
He  also  drove  teams  in  the  pioneer  trans- 
portation traffic  between  Newcastle  and 
Cincinnati.  Later  he  bought  a  tract  of 
heavily  timbered  land  near  Newcastle,  and 
on.  that  he  settled  down  after  his  marriage. 
Marietta  Stout  became  his  bride  in  1848. 
John  W.  Roof  was  a  prosperous  and  suc- 
cessful farmer  in  Henry  County,  and  he 
and  his  wife  became  the  parents  of  eight 
children,  four  sons  and  four  daughters, 
who  reached  mature  years. 

One  of  these  was  James  W.  Roof,  father 
of  Robert  M.,  and  who  was  born  at  New- 
castle and  was  also  a  construction  engineer. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-four.  His 
widow,  Rosa  B.  (Lewis)  Roof,  living  at 
Knightstown,  Indiana,  was  a  daughter  of 
Edward  Lewis,  also  a  pioneer  of  Henry 
County.  Robert  M.  Roof  has  a  brother, 
Walter  Raymond  Roof,  now  a  resident  of 
Chicago  and  a  man  of  prominence  in  en- 
gineering circles,  being  chief  engineer  of 
bridges  for  the  Chicago,  Great  Western 
Railway  Company.  , 

The  early  boyhood  of  Robert  M.  Roof 
was  spent  in  Henry  County.  He  obtained 
his  first  schooling  at  Muncie,  Indiana,  and 
was  only  seventeen  when  he  began  a  prac- 
tical apprenticeship  at  the  machinist's 
trade,  and  contributed  some  of  his  early 
earnings  to  put  his  brother  through  college. 
Later  he  entered  experimental  work,  and 
has  given  years  of  study  and  application 
to  the  problems  of  internal  combustion  en- 
gines. On  coming  to  Anderson  he  was 
chief  engineer  for  six  years  with  the  An- 
derson Foundry  and  Machine  Works. 
While  there  he  brought  out  a  complete  line 
of  the  Semi-Deisel  engines,  and  these  gave 
him  an  international  reputation.  They 
passed  the  inspection  of  the  Italian  Navy. 
In  1908  he  brought  out  an  aviation  motor 
engine.  His  first  motor  had  a  successful 
test,  and  enabled  one  of  the  aeroplanes  of 
that  day  to  make  a  remarkable  record.  The 
motor  was  widely  advertised  in  other  coun- 
tries and  was  known  as  the  "Gray  Eagle." 
Tn  1916  he  designed  and  brought  out  the 
Roof  16-Overhead  Valve  Cylinder  Head  for 
internal  combustion  engines. 

In  1916  also  Mr.  Roof  organized  the  Roof 
Auto  Specialty  Company,  which  later  be- 
came merged  with  the  Laurel  Motors  Cor- 
poration, of  which  he  is  vice  president  and 
chief  engineer. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2099 


In  1905  Mr.  Roof  married  Miss  Minnie 
E.  Jones,  daughter  of  Levi  and  Anna 
Jones.  They  have  one  son,  Robert  Maurice, 
Jr.  Mr.  Roof  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason. 

i 

HENRY  ASHELY  ROOT,  founder  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  Root  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany at  Michigan  City,  is  a  veteran  in  the 
lumber  business,  and  in  former  years  also 
operated  extensively  as  a  building  con- 
tractor. He  is  one  of  the  few  men  still 
active  in  affairs  who  saw  service  through 
practically  all  the  war  of  the  rebellion. 

Mr.  Root  was  born  in  Hebron,  Connecti- 
cut, June  27,  1845.  His  family  is  of  Eng- 
lish origin  and  was  established  in  America 
in  colonial  times.  His  great-grandfather, 
Joshua  Root,  Sr.,  was  born  in  Connecticut 
July  8,  1753.  In  September,  1775,  he  mar- 
ried Sarah  Chapman.  They  spent  all  their 
lives  in  Connecticut.  Joshua  Root,  Jr., 
who  was  born  near  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
July  22,  1787,  owned  and  occupied  a  farm 
in  that  part  of  the  town  af  Hebron  known 
as  Gilead  Society.  He  spent  his  last  years 
there.  He  married  Esther  Ingraham,  who 
was  born  June  8,  1792,  of  Scotch  ancestry. 

Austin  Root,  father  of  Henry  A.,  was 
born  in  Glassbury,  Connecticut,  January 
3,  1816,  and  spent  his  boyhood  and  early 
youth  on  a  farm.  In  young  manhood  he 
removed  to  Colchester,  and  for  a  time  was 
in  the  employ  of  the  Hayward  Rubber 
Company.  He  resigned  this  work  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health  and  resumed  farming 
at  Manchester,  Connecticut,  a  short  time 
later  had  a  farm  at  Tolland,  and  finally 
engaged  in  the  general  merchandise  busi- 
ness on  Tolland  Street  and  continued  it  the 
rest  of  his  active  life.  He  died  June  11, 
1884,  at  Rodville,  Connecticut.  The 
maiden  name  of  his  wife  was  Mariva  Post. 
She  was  born  in  Connecticut  and  died 
February  15, 1880,  at  Tolland,  Connecticut. 
There  were  four  children.  Esther  Ann, 
Ellen  Electa,  Henry  Ashely  and  Emma 
Mariva. 

Henry  Ashely  Root  acquired  a  good  edu- 
cation while  a  boy.  He  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Hebron  and  also  the  Bacon 
Academy  at  Colchester.  He  was  not  yet 
sixteen  years  old  when  the  Civil  war  broke 
out,  and  in  April,  1861,  at  the  first  call  for 
troops,  he  volunteered  for  the  three 
months'  service.  During  that  three  months 
•he  participated  in  the  memorable  first  bat- 
tle of  Bull  Run.  He  received  his  honorable 

Vol.    V— 13 


discharge,  returned  home,  and  in  1862 
again  enlisted,  this  time  joining  Company 
K  of  the  Twenty-second  Regiment  of  Con- 
necticut Infantry  and  was  commissioned 
as  captain.  After  about  eight  months  by 
special  order  from  the  War  Department  he 
went  on  detached  duty,  and  remained  with 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  participated 
in  some  of  the  greatest  campaigns  of  the 
war.  He  was  in  Washington  at  the  Grand 
Review,  and  did  not  receive  his  honorable 
discharge  from  the  service  until  1865,  more 
than.four  years  after  his  first  enlistment. 

Mr.  Root  was  not  yet  twenty-one  years 
of  age  when  he  returned  a  veteran  soldier. 
He  learned  the  carpentry  trade  at  Rock- 
ville,  Connecticut,  and  soon  set  up  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  as  a  contractor  and  builder 
at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut.  In  1872  he 
came  West  to  Chicago,  the  year  following 
the  great  fire  of  that  city,  and  was  a  resi- 
dent and  engaged  in  business  there  until 
1873.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  moved 
to  White  Cloud.  Michigan,  as  vice  president 
and  manager  of  the  Wilcox  Lumber  Com- 
pany. He  sold  his  interests  in  that  com- 
pany in  1881.  He  moved  to  Michigan  City 
and  was  engaged  in  the  lumber  industry 
for  several  years,  and  in  the  meantime  es- 
tablished the  Root  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, building  planing  mills  and  other 
factories  for  the  manufacture  of  interior 
finish.  The  company  still  supplies  a  large 
volume  of  demand  for  interior  finish,  and 
many  carloads  leave  the  plant  every  year 
for  distant  points. 

On  April  3,  1864.  while  still  in  the  army, 
Mr.  Root  married  Miss  Clara  Eaton,  a  na- 
tive of  Tolland.  Connecticut,  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  J.  C.  Eaton.  Mrs.  Root  died 
April  7,  1903.  For  his  second  wife  Mr. 
Root  married  Jennie  Blanche  McKelvey. 
She  was"  born  at  Johnstown,  Pennsvlvania. 
Her  father,  James  McKelvey,  was  born  on 
a  farm  in  Indiana  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  when  a  young  man  went  to  work  in  a 
rolling  mill  at  Johnstown,  and  later  quit 
that  to  buy  a  tract  of  mountain  timber  land. 
He  converted  the  timber  into  lumber  and 
also  built  up  a  large  industry  as  a  char 
coal  burner,  a  material  which  was  in  great 
demand  at  the  rolling  mills.  The  business 
since  his  death  has  been  continued  and  is 
now  carried  on  by  his  sons  Eugene  and 
Frank  McKelvey.  the  former  a  resident  of 
Hollidaysburg  and  the  latter  of  Coal  Cove, 
Pennsylvania.  Mrs.  Root  died  January  28, 


2100 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1915,  leaving  five  children,  named  James 
Henry,  Henry  Ashely,  Jr.,  David  Ray, 
Annie  Jean  and  Joseph  McKelvey. 

Mr.  Root  was  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He 
joined  the  Elias  Howe  Post  at  Bridgeport, 
Connecticut,  in  1866.  He  is  now  a  member 
of  Rawson  Post,  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic, at  Michigan  City,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  two  years  has  been  commander  of 
the  Post  for  twenty  years.  He  was  made 
a  Master  Mason  in  Corinthian  Lodge  at 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  in  1865,  and  is 
now  affiliated  with  Acme  Lodge  No.  83,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Michigan 
City  Chapter  No.  25,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Michigan  City  Commandery  No.  30, 
Knights  Templar,  and  Indianapolis  Con- 
sistory of  the  Scottish  Rite. 

i 

THEODORE  STEIN.  A  multitude  of  busi- 
ness activities  have  consumed  the  years  of 
Theodore  Stein  since  he  arrived  at  matur- 
ity, and  few  of  his  contemporaries  in  In- 
dianapolis have  shown  greater  ability  at 
handling  large  and  variegated  business  re- 
sponsibilities. ...  - 

Mr.  Stein  was  born  in  Indianapolis  NOT. 
vember  7,  1858.  He  has  an  nitiftfefctSng-' an- 
cestry. On  the  one  hand  he  is  connected 
with  a  solid  old  German  house,  related  to 
the  nobility,  and  extending  back  in  well 
authenticated  records  for  more  than  a  thou- 
sand years.  On  the  other  hand  Mr.  Stein 
is  one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  In- 
diana State  Society  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution,  some  of  his  ancestors  having 
been  in  this  country  early  enough  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  war  for  independence.  Mr. 
Stein  some  years  ago  served  as  treasurer 
and  also  as  president  of  the  Indiana  State 
Society.  The  possessions  of  the  Stein  fam- 
ily at  one  period  constituted  one  of  the 
petty  principalities  of  the  German  Empire. 
These  possessions  in  1806  were  mediatized 
along  with  those  of  other  princely  houses. 
The  ruins  of  the  Stein  ancestral  castle, 
called  "Burg  Stein."  erected  in  1050  A.  D., 
may  still  be  seen  along  with  those  of  Nas- 
sau, the  Ancestral  home  of  the  present 
queen  of  Holland,  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  Lahn,  not  far  from  the  City  of  Cob- 
lenz  on  the  Rhine. 

Theodore  was  the  oldest  of  the  five  sons 
of  Ernest  Christian  Frederick  Stein  and 
Catherine  Elizabeth  Stein.  His  father  was 
a  poor  but  worthy  scion  of  the  highest 


German  nobility,  while  the  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  a  well-to-do  German  ' '  Gutsbe- 
sitzer."  Frederick  Stein,  the  father,  after 
coming  to  Indianapolis,  took  an  active  in- 
terest in  the  organization  of  the  republican 
party  and  became  that  party's  first  elected 
candidate  for  city  clerk  in  1856.  It  is  said 
of  him  as  a  matter  of  distinction  that 
when  later  he  became  a  justice  of  the  peace 
he  invariably  tried  to  arrange  the  dif- 
ferences of  the  people  brought  before  his 
court  on  an  amicable  basis.  While  thereby 
he  avoided  imposing  heavy  money  penal- 
ties, he  incidentally  curtailed  his  own  in- 
come, and  set  a  precedent  which  few  of  his 
contemporary  squires  dared  to  follow. 

Theodore  Stein  received  his  education 
during  a  few  limited  years  in  the  old  Ger- 
man English  Independent  School  of  In- 
dianapolis. But  during  those  years  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  such  diligence  that  he 
acquired  a  knowledge  such  as  many  other 
students  get  only  from  college. 

At  the  beginning  of  his  business  career 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  versatility. 
While  following  his  daily  vocation  of  book- 
keeper and  manager  of  a  large  lumbering 
insjtjtution  he  was  secretary  of  four  savings 
•aritTloan  associations  and  treasurer  of  an- 
other. Mr.  Stein  is  given  credit  for  cre- 
ating an  abstract  of  title  business  second 
to  none  anywhere,  and  which  finally  became 
the  nucleus  for  the  establishment  of  the 
Indiana  Title  Guarantee  and  Loan  Com- 
piny.  with  which  Mr.  Stein's  name  is  in- 
delibly connected.  In  1896  he  was  a  most 
influential  factor  in  saving  from  destruc- 
tion the  old  German  Mutual  Insurance 
Company,  which  had  been  brought  into 
beins  by  that  sturdy  old  stock  of  Germans 
which  added  so  materially  in  the  upbuild- 
ing of  our  beautiful  capital  city.  Upon  the 
reorganization  in  the  same  year  into  a 
stock  company  under  the  name  of  the  Ger- 
man Fire  Insurance  Company  of  Indiana, 
Mr.  Stein  became  its  president.  While 
fhese  and  other  matters  have  occupied  a 
generous  share  of  his  time  and  opportunity 
Mr.  Stein  has  always  given  a  helping  hand 
in  the  advancement  of  his  home  city.  He 
wrote  not  only  a  history  of  the  German 
Fire  Insurance  Company  of  Indiana,  but 
also  a  history  of  the  German-English  Inde- 
pendent School  of  Indianapolis,  which  lat- 
ter preserves  to  posterity  not  only  views 
of  Indianapolis  of  the  past,  but  also  a  hun- 
dred or  more  portraits  of  earlier  citizens 


U3KARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOi" 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2101 


of  German  descent,  together  with  bio- 
graphical notes  pertaining  to  same.  He  is 
one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  Columbia 
Club,  and  as  a  republican  was  active  in  the 
early  days  of  the  Marion  Club.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Re- 
form League  of  New  York  City,  and  of  the 
Navy  League  of  the  United  States,  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  He  has  al- 
ways aided  church  enterprises,  is  a  lover 
of  music  and  all  that  tends  to  better  family 
social  life,  is  a  member  of  the  Athenaeum, 
and  is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  Mystic 
Shriner.  Mr.  Stein  married  an  Indian- 
apolis girl,  Miss  Kuhn,  on  March  15,  1882. 
They  have  a  daughter,  Pauline  Kathryn, 
and  a  son,  Theodore  Stein,  Jr. 

FRANK  WAMPLER.  The  locality  where 
Frank  Wampler  grew  up  and  spent  his 
boyhood  was  Gosport  in  Owen  County, 
Indiana.  In  the  year  1895  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  getting  Gosport  into  communi- 
cation with  the  outside  world  by  means 
of  a  telephone  system.  When  the  idea  had 
been  properly  weighed  and  discussed  and 
acted  upon  Mr.  Wampler  was  put  in  charge 
as  manager  of  the  local  company. 

That  was  the  beginning  of  his  career  as 
a  telephone  man.  Today  his  home  and 
headquarters  are  in  Indianapolis,  and  he  is 
general  manager  of  the  Central  Union 
Telephone  Company  for  the  State  of  In- 
diana and  one  if  not  the  best  known  tele- 
phone men  in  Indiana.  When  the  United 
States  began  marshalling  and  organizing 
its  power,  resources  and  men  for  the  effi- 
cient conduct  of  the  great  war,  Mr. 
Wampler  was  asked  by  Governor  Goodrich 
to  serve  on  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
of  Indiana,  and  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Communication  and 
chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Employers' 
Cooperation.  After  that  he  divided  his 
time  and  energies  between  the  C.  U.  T. 
Company's  offices  and  the  office  of  the 
State  Council  of  Defense. 

Mr.  Wampler  was  born  on  a  farm  a  mile 
east  of  Gosport,  Indiana,  June  18,  1875. 
His  grandfather,  Jefferson  Wampler,  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia,  was  reared  in  the  faith  of 
the  Dunkard  Church.  He  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  of  Monroe  County,  Indiana, 
and  at  Gosport  was  one  of  those  instru- 
mental in  establishing  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

John  Wampler,  father  of  Frank  Wam- 


pler, was  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  of 
Monroe  County  and  died  in  Gosport  in 
1907,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  In  1885 
he  also  established  a  store  at  Gosport,  but 
retired  from  that  service  in  1900.  For 
many  years  he  had  served  continuously 
in  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace.  His 
chief  characteristic  was  his  hospitality,  and 
he  was  never  happier  than  when  his  house 
was  filled  with  congenial  guests.  John 
Wampler  married  Margaret  E.  Johns,  who 
was  born  in  Morgan  County,  Indiana,  and 
died  at  Gosport  in  1915,  in  her  eightieth 
year.  Her  children  were:  James  W.,  now 
in  the  government  service;  Nora  B.,  wife 
of  Melvin  T.  Moore,  of  Gosport ;  Charles 
E.,  roadmaster  of  the  Monon  Railway  at 
Bloomington,  Indiana ;  Rebecca  E.,  widow 
of  Albert  H.  Rott  and  living  at  Joliet, 
Illinois;  Maggie,  deceased;  Thomas  C.,  of 
Gosport;  and  Frank. 

Frank  Wampler  spent  most  of  his  boy- 
hood on  the  farm  and  in  Gosport.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  and  as  soon  as 
old  enough  began  helping  his  father  in  the 
store.  Several  summer  seasons  he  helped 
furnish  recreation  for  the  community  by 
playing  baseball  with  his  home  town  team. 
He  was  married  in  1894  to  Nellie  K.  Rog- 
ers, who  was  also  born  and  reared  in  Gos- 
port. In  1895,  when  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  he  accepted  the  position  of  manager 
of  the  local  telephone  exchange  at  Gosport. 
In  1896  he  was  made  solicitor  at  Indian- 
apolis for  the  Central  Union  Telephone 
Company,  and  was  employed  in  that  capac- 
ity in  different  towns  and  cities  of  the 
state  until  1898.  Then  following  a  brief 
interval  the  Central  Union  Telephone  Com- 
pany was  glad  to  get  him  back  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  solicitor,  and  after  a  short  time 
he  was  made  special  agent  for  the  com- 
pany, with  widely  varied  and  oftentimes 
very  important  duties.  Finally  he  became 
district  superintendent  at  Terre  Haute,  and 
in  1914  his  office  headquarters  were  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis. 

While  Mr.  Wampler  has  easily  been  too 
busy  for  public  office  except  so  far  as  he 
has  regarded  public  service  as  a  duty  im- 
posed upon  him  by  the  great  war,  he  has 
been  interested  in  good  government  every- 
where and  in  1898  he  held  the  office  of 
city  clerk  of  Gosport.  He  is  a  democrat, 
and  a  firm  believer  in  the  principles  of  the 
Jeffersonian  type  of  democracy.  In  Ma- 
sonry he  is  affiliated  with  Gosport  Lodge 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN  A  XS 


2101 


of  German  descent,  together  with  bio- 
graphical notes  pertaining  to  same.  He  is 
one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  Columbia 
Club,  and  as  a  republican  was  active  in  the 
early  days  of  the  .Marion  Club.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Re- 
form League  of  New  York  City,  and  of  the 
Navy  League  of  the  United  States,  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  lie  has  al- 
ways aided  church  enterprises,  is  a  lover 
of  music  and  all  that  tends  to  better  family 
social  life,  is  a  member  of  the  Athena-um, 
and  is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  Mystic 
Shriner.  Mr.  Stein  married  an  Indian- 
apolis girl.  Miss  Kuhn,  on  March  15,  1882. 
They  have  a  daughter,  Pauline  Kathryn, 
and  a  son,  Theodore  Stein,  Jr. 

FRANK  WAMPLER.  The  locality  where 
Frank  Wampler  grew  up  and  spent  his 
boyhood  was  Gosport  in  Owen  County, 
Indiana.  In  the  year  1895  he  conceived 
the  idea  of  getting  Gosport  into  communi- 
cation with  the  outside  world  by  means 
of  a  telephone  system.  When  the  idea  had 
been  properly  weighed  and  discussed  and 
acted  upon  Mr.  Wampler  was  put  in  charge 
as  manager  of  the  local  company. 

That  was  the  beginning  of  his  career  as 
a  telephone  man.  Today  his  home  and 
headquarters  are  in  Indianapolis,  and  he  is 
general  manager  of  the  Central  Union 
Telephone  Company  for  the  State  of  In- 
diana and  one  if  not  the  best  known  tele- 
phone men  in  Indiana.  When  the  United 
States  began  marshalling  and  organizing 
its  power,  resources  and  men  for  the  effi- 
cient conduct  of  the  great  war,  Mr. 
Wampler  was  asked  by  Governor  Goodrich 
to  serve  on  the  State  Council  of  Defense 
of  Indiana,  and  was  appointed  chairman 
of  the  Committee  on  Communication  and 
chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Employers' 
Cooperation.  After  that  he  divided  his 
time  and  energies  between  the  C.  U.  T. 
Company's  offices  and  the  office  of  the 
State  Council  of  Defense. 

Mr.  Wampler  was  born  on  a  farm  a  mile 
east  of  Gosport,  Indiana,  June  18,  1875. 
His  grandfather,  Jefferson  Wampler,  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia,  was  reared  in  the  faith  of 
the  Dunkard  Church.  He  was  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  of  Monroe  County,  Indiana, 
and  at  Gosport  was  one  of  those  instru- 
mental in  establishing  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

John  Wampler,  father  of  Frank  Wam- 


pler, was  a  farmer  and  stock  raiser  of 
Monroe  County  and  died  in  Gosport  in 
1907,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  In  1885 
he  also  established  a  store  at  Gosport,  but 
retired  from  that  service  in  1900.  For 
many  years  he  had  served  continuously 
in  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace.  His 
chief  characteristic  was  his  hospitality,  and 
he  was  never  happier  than  when  his  house 
was  tilled  with  congenial  guests.  John 
Wampler  married  Margaret  K.  -Johns,  who 
was  born  in  Morgan  County.  Indiana,  and 
died  at  Gosport  in  1915.  in  her  eightieth 
year.  Her  children  were:  James  W.,  now 
in  the  government  service:  Nora  H.,  wife 
of  Melvin  T.  Moore,  of  Gosport:  Charles 
E.,  roadmastcr  of  the  Motion  Railway  at 
Hloomington,  Indiana  ;  Rebecca  E.,  widow 
of  Albert  II.  Rott  and  living  at  Joliet, 
Illinois;  Maggie,  deceased:  Thomas  C.,  of 
Gosport;  and  Frank. 

Frank  Wampler  spent  most  of  his  boy- 
hood on  the  farm  and  in  Gosport.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  and  as  soon  as 
old  enough  began  helping  his  father  in  the 
store.  Several  summer  seasons  he  helped 
furnish  recreation  for  the  community  by 
playing  baseball  with  his  home  town  team. 
He  was  married  in  1894  to  Nellie  K.  Rog- 
ers, who  was  also  born  and  reared  in  Gos- 
port. In  1895,  when  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  he  accepted  the  position  of  manager 
of  the  local  telephone  exchange  at  Gosport. 
In  1896  he  was  made  solicitor  at  Indian- 
apolis for  the  Central  Union  Telephone 
Company,  and  was  employed  in  that  capac- 
ity in  different  towns  and  cities  of  the 
state  until  1898.  Then  following  a  brief 
interval  the  Central  Union  Telephone  Com- 
pany was  glad  to  get  him  back  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  solicitor,  and  after  a  short  time 
lie  was  made  special  agent  for  the  com- 
pany, with  widely  varied  and  oftentimes 
very  important  duties.  Finally  he  became 
district  superintendent  at  Terre  Haute,  and 
in  1914  his  office  headquarters  were  re- 
moved to  Indianapolis. 

While  Mr.  Wampler  has  easily  been  too 
busy  for  public  office  except  so  far  as  he 
has  regarded  public  service  as  a  duty  im- 
posed upon  him  by  the  great  war,  he  has 
been  interested  in  good  government  every- 
where and  in  1898  he  held  the  office  of 
city  clerk  of  Gosport.  He  is  a  democrat, 
and  a  firm  believer  in  the  principles  of  the 
Jefferson ian  type  of  democracy.  In  Ma- 
sonry he  is  affiliated  with  Gosport  Lodge 


. 


2102 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


No.  92,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  is  a 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  member  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine  at  Indianapolis.  He  is  also 
affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and 
the  Indiana  Democratic  Club,  the  Indiana 
Athletic  Club,  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Jovian  Order,  the  Hoosier 
Motor  Club  and  the  Canoe  Club.  He  is  in- 
terested in  agricultural  stock  raising  and 
enjoys  the  time  that  can  be  spared  from 
his  other  duties  looking  after  his  farm.  He 
has  always  been  and  still  is  a  consistent 
hard  worker,  and  believes  that  this  char- 
acteristic has  been  99%  responsible  for  his 
success.  He  is  a  splendid  judge  of  men, 
has  shown  ability  to  retain  the  loyalty  of 
his  subordinates,  and  is  one  of  the  all 
around  good  citixens  of  Indiana. 

GEORGE  H.  DUNN,  a  representative 
to  Congress  from  Indiana,  resided  in 
Lawrenceburg  of  this  state.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Legislature  a  number 
of  years,  and  was  elected  as  a  whig  to 
the "  Twenty-fifth  Congress.  He  died  at 
Lawrenceburg  in  1854. 

HARRY  STOUT,  who  died  at  Indianapolis 
June  10,  1914,  was  a  supremely  successful 
merchant  and  at  the  age  of  forty-nine  had 
achieved  a  position  that  would  have  done 
credit  to  a  much  longer  life. 

His  spirited  citizenship  was  on  a  par 
with  his  business  ability.  That  citizenship, 
dominated  by  ardent  patriotism,  is  a  mat- 
ter of  pride  with  Indianapolis  people  who 
in  recent  months  have  followed  closely  the 
performance  of  his  three  soldier  sons.  No 
family  in  Indiana  can  be  traced  further 
hack,  to  the  very  foundation  of  the  Ameri- 
can Republic.  The  remote  American  an- 
cestor was  Richard  Stout,  an  Englishman, 
who  established  his  home  in  the  colony  of 
New  Jersey  about  the  time  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers  were  preparing  to  colonize  the  bar- 
ren and  hostile  coast  of  Massachusetts. 
Soon  after  he  went  to  New  Jersey  a  Dutch 
ship  was  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Sandy 
Hook.  Among  the  passengers  was  a  man 
named  Van  Prince  and  his  wife  Penelope. 
They  escaped  to  the  coast  only  to  fall  into 
the  hand's  of  Indians,  who  murdered  Van 
Prince.  Through  the  intercession  of  one 
of  the  chiefs  of  the  war  party  Mrs.  Van 
Prince  was  ransomed,  and  after  incredible 
hardships,  subsisting  on  berries,  she  eventu- 


ally reached  New  Amsterdam,  now  New 
York  City.  There  in  1622  she  united  her 
fortunes  with  Richard  Stout.  As  a  pioneer 
American  mother  her  achievements  were 
remarkable.  She  lived  to  the  age  of  110 
years,  reared  a  large  family,  and  in  eighty- 
eight  years  numbered  her  descendants  at 
502.  One  son,  David,  was  born  and  lived 
all  his  life  in  New  Jersey.  His  son,  Ben- 
jamin H.,  crossed  the  mountains  and  ven- 
tured into  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky  and 
helped  redeem  that  country  from  savages. 

Dr.  Oliver  H.  Stout,  son  of  Benjamin  H., 
was  born  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  May  16. 
1800.  He  married  Harriet  Whaley,  who 
was  born  in  the  same  locality  August  31, 
1807.  Dr.  Oliver  Stout  graduated  from  a 
medical  college  at  Lexington  which  has 
since  been  removed  to  Louisville,  and  was 
in  the  active  practice  of  medicine  in  Ken- 
tucky until  he  removed  to  Thorntown,  In- 
diana, about  1858.  He  finally  came  to 
Indianapolis,  in  which  city  he  died  August 
13.  1862. 

Benjamin  G.  Stout,  son  of  Dr.  Oliver 
Stout,  was  born  at  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
June  11,  1829.  September  13,  1853.  lie 
married  Elizabeth  Howe.  Soon  after  their 
marriage  they  came  to  Indianapolis.  In 
that  city  for  a  time  he  worked  as  a  book- 
keeper, later  was  in  the  wholesale  and  re- 
tail grocery  trade,  and  also  conducted  .a 
retail  shoe  business.  He  is  remembered  by 
somo  of  the  older  citizens  as  a  typical 
Southern  gentleman,  devoted  to  his  home, 
honest  and  upright' in  all  his  dealings,  and 
widely  known  and  respected.  He  died  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1875.  His  wife  was  born  in 
Kentuckv.  January  3,  1837,  and  is  still  liv- 
ing at  Indianapolis  at  the  advanced  age 
of  eighty-two.  She  was  the  mother  of  five 
children,  the  only  two  to  reach  maturity 
beiner  Edward  E.  and  Harry. 

Edward  E.  Stout  was  born  July  25,  1862, 
in  Indianapolis,  and  this  city  has  been 
his  home  all  his  life.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools,  and  the  greater  part 
of  his  adult  years  were  spent  as  an  active 
associate  with  his  brother  in  merchandising. 
He  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
and  Knight  Templar  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  He  married  Helen 
E.  Billings. 

The  late  Harry  Stout,  whose  ancestry 
and  family  record  has  thus  been  briefly 
traced,  was  born  July  16,  1865.  His  brief 
life  was  impressive  in  its  character  and  its 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2103 


accomplishments.  He  completed  his  edu- 
cation at  Purdue  University,  where  in  two 
years  he  did  all  that  was  required  of  the 
regular  three  years  course.  Mr.  Harry 
Stout  had  original  ideas  and  the  courage  to 
put  them  into  effect.  In  1888  he  entered 
the  retail  business  at  318  Massachusetts 
avenue.  This  location  was  then  clearly  out 
of  the  regular  retail  district  of  the  city,  and 
it  was  freely  predicted  that  he  would  fail. 
Three  years  later  his  brother  Edward 
joined  him.  They  adopted  the  plan  of 
handling  reputable  goods  for  the  popular 
trade,  sold  on  a  smaller  margin  of  profit, 
and  by  selling  in  large  quantities  attained 
the  same  ends  which  other  merchants 
reached  by  selling  at  larger  profits  and  in 
lesser  quantities.  The  Stout  brothers  pros- 
pered, and  in  time  established  four  branch 
stores,  all  of  which  are  still  in  flourishing 
operation. 

It  is  evident  that  Harry  Stout  had  the 
true  business  instinct.  He  was  a  careful 
buyer,  painstaking,  and  always  the  courte- 
ous, kindly  gentleman.  His  earthly  life 
ended  when  youth  and  ambitions  were  still 
fresh  possessions,  and  his  death  was  a  dis- 
tinct loss  to  the  community. 

He  married  Florence  Allerdice,  who  is 
also  deceased.  Their  four  children  were : 
Oliver  Hart,  born  March  11,  1896 ;  Sidney 
A.,  born  March  10,  1897;  Kichard  Hard- 
ing, born  October  15,  1899 ;  and  Florence 
Lydia,  who  was  born  February  5,  1902, 
and  died  June  28,  1913. 

Though  the  three  sons  are  still  young, 
they  have  already  won  the  right  and  priv- 
ilege of  lasting  memory  in  any  history  of 
Indianapolis.  The  son  Oliver  H.  was 
graduated  from  Princeton  University  in 
1917.  He  joined  the  first  officers  training 
camp  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  was 
transferred  to  the  aviation  corps  at  Colum- 
bus, and  on  completing  his  course  stood 
second  in  his  class,  with  an  average  of  935£ . 
He  was  sent  to  Europe  for  training  and 
spent  three  months  in  France  and  twenty 
months  in  Italy.  He  held  the  rank  of  first 
lieutenant  at  the  time  of  his  discharge. 

Sidney  A.  Stout,  the  second  son,  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Wiscon^ 
sin  in  1918.  In  August,  1917,  he  volun- 
teered for  the  aviation  corps  in  the  war 
against  Germany  and  was  commissioned 
second  lieutenant  May  12,  1918.  He  held 
this  rank  at  the  date  of  his  discharge. 

Richard  H.  Stout,  the  youngest,  lacked 


three  months  of  finishing  the  second  year 
at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  when  he  en- 
listed in  the  American  Ambulance  section 
of  the  French  Army.  He  sailed  for  Europe 
March  10,  1917,  on  a  vessel  carrying  muni- 
tions to  the  allies  and  seventy-five  recruits. 
For  transporting  wounded  under  heavy  fire 
and  gas  attacks  in  the  Champagne  and  at 
Verdun  on  the  20th  of  August  and  5th  of 
September,  1917,  he  was  decorated  with  the 
French  Cross  of  War  with  the  Palm.  The 
few  who  have  received  these  awards  among 
Americans  have  had  their  names  and  rec- 
ords published  from  coast  to  coast  in  this 
country.  He  was  discharged  from  the  am- 
bulance service  and  enlisted  in  the  Ameri- 
can Air  Service  in  Paris,  October  25,  1917. 
He  received  his  flying  training  in  France 
and  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant 
May  17, 1918.  He  is  still  in  service  abroad. 
While  much  has  necessarily  been  omitted, 
even  this  outline  shows  that  the  Stout 
family  from  earliest  times  to  the  present 
have  exemplified  the  best  of  Americanism 
in  spirit  and  practice  and  it  is  a  particu- 
larly honored  name  at  Indianapolis. 

JOHN  W.  CLOW  is  one  of  the  eneregtic 
merchants  of  Anderson,  has  been  in  busi- 
ness in  that  city  for  many  years,  and  is 
proprietor  of  the  Clow  grocery  and  meat 
market  at  1130  Main  Street. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Madison 
Township,  Putnam  County,  Indiana.  June 
22,  1860,  son  of  William  and  Louisa 
< Brown)  Clow.  The  Clows  are  Scotch  and 
the  Browns  are  an  Irish  family.  Grand- 
father John  Clow  came  from  Syrshire, 
Scotland,  when  eighteen  years  of  age,  and 
with  his  two  brothers,  Stephen  and  Alex- 
ander, settled  in  New  Hampshire  on  gov- 
ernment land.  In  the  War  of  1812  they 
served  as  soldiers,  and  after  that  struggle 
became  separated  and  there  is  no  record 
of  the  brothers  of  John.  John  Clow  after- 
ward moved  to  Kentucky  and  reared  a  fam- 
ily of  five  daughters  and  three  sons.  His 
home  was  at  Sharpsburg,  Kentucky,  where 
John  Clow  died  at  the  remarkable  age  of 
ninety-nine  years,  eleven  months  and  twen- 
ty days. 

William  Clow,  the  second'  son  of  his 
father,  was  reared  and  received  his  school- 
ing at  Sharpsburg,  Kentucky,  and  lived 
there  until  he  was  twenty  years  old.  In 
1848  he  came  to  Putnam  County,  Indiana, 
and  later  started  for  the  Southwest  and 


2104 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


traveled  over  a  large  part  of  Texas  on  foot. 
While  on  that  excursion  he  was  captured 
by  Indians,  and  was  held  a  prisoner  for 
six  months.  He  finally  managed  to  make 
his  escape,  reached  civilization  at  San  An- 
tonio, and  came  back  to  Indiana  chiefly 
by  the  water  route.  He  married  at  Green- 
castle,  Indiana,  in  1858,  and  from  there 
moved  to  Iroquois  County,  Illinois,  where 
he  took  up  a  government  homestead.  On 
that  he  lived  eleven  years,  selling  out  to 
return  to  Putnam  County,  Indiana,  and 
finally  moved  from  his  farm  in  that  county 
to  Boone  County,  and  spent  his  last  years 
at  Advance.  He  died  April  21,  1915,  aged 
eighty-four  years,  two  months  and  eleven 
days. 

Thus  John  W.  Clow  inherits  a  strain  of 
hardy  and  vigorous  ancestry,  and  his  nor- 
mal expectation  of  life  is  much  above  the 
average.  He  received  his  early  schooling 
chiefly  in  Martin  Township  of  Iroquois 
County,  Illinois.  He  was  a  school  boy  in 
the  country  districts  of  that  county  up  to 
the  age  of  fourteen,  and  at  the  same  time 
worked  for  his  father.  Later  he  was  a 
hired  man  for  laboring  farmers,  and  at 
Georgetown,  Illinois,  acquired  a  knowledge 
of  the  butcher  business.  Mr.  Clow  came 
to  Anderson  in  1890,  and  on  the  21st  of 
April  began  work  in  a  local  butcher  shop. 
He  was  employed  by  various  grocery  and 
butcher  markets  altogether  for  twenty-eight 
years.  February  2,  1916,  Mr.  Clow  set  up 
in  business  for  himself  with  a  meat  market 
at  1130  Main  Street,  and  in  October,  1917, 
added  a  stock  of  well  selected  groceries  and 
now  has  one  of  the  liberally  patronized 
establishments  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Clow  married  in  1881  Sarah  E. 
Fuqua,  daughter  of  George  L.  and  Martha 
(Myers)  Fuqua  of  Greencastle,  Indiana. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Clow  had  five  children,  only 
two  of  whom  are  now  living.  Louella  is 
Mrs.  Herbert  C.  Wright  of  Anderson.  Hol- 
land Angus,  the  son,  was  born  in  1894  and 
is  associated  with  his  father  in  business. 
He  married,  May  28,  1917,  Hazel  Holtz- 
claw. 

Mr.  Clow  is  a  democrat  in  politics,  is 
affiliated  with  Anderson  Lodge  No.  416, 
Knights  of  Pythias,  with  the  Modern 
Woodmen  of  America,  and  stands  high 
both  in  business  and  social  circles. 

ALBERT  JAMES  HENRY,  second  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Michigan  City  Trust  and  Sav- 


ings Bank,  has  been  identified  with  the 
business  and  civic  affairs  of  the  city  for 
the  past  thirty  years  and  is  one  of  the  old- 
est and  best  known  residents  of  LaPorte 
County. 

He  was  born  at  Pine  Station  in  Clinton 
County,  Pennsylvania.  His  grandfather 
was  an  early  settler  in  that  county,  buying 
land  bordering  on  the  stream  which  became 
known  as  Henry  Run.  He  was  a  farmer 
and  also  a  distiller,  and  was  drowned  while 
fording  the  Susquehanna  River.  Thomas 
Henry,  father  of  Albert  James,  spent  all 
his  life  in  Clinton  County,  and  died  there 
in  1898.  He  was  then  eighty-four  years 
of  age.  He  was  a  whig  and  republican. 
He  married  Elizabeth  Shaner,  who  was 
born  in  Clinton  County  and  died  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three.  They  had  six  children : 
Margaret,  Sadie,  Tillie,  Flora,  Cordie  and 
Albert  J. 

Albert  James  Henry  grew  up  on  his 
father's  farm,  attended  public  schools,  and 
as  a  boy  entered  the  lumber  industry. 
He  acquired  a  knowledge  of  all  the  oper- 
ating details  of  the  business,  and  in  1879 
removed  to  White  Cloud,  Newaygo.County, 
•Michigan,  where  he  worked  in  a  lumber 
mill.  In  1882  he  came  to  Michigan  City, 
and  was  for  one  year  in  the  employ  of  Ross 
and  Root,  and  then  for  nine  years  was 
manager  of  the  Jonathan  Boyd  Lumber 
Company.  Mr.  Henry  then  formed  the 
Henry  Lumber  Company,  and  that  is  one 
of  the  oldest  firms  dealing  in  lumber  at  the 
south  end  of  Lake  Michigan. 

In  1889  he  married  Miss  Emma  Frehse, 
who  was  born  at  LaPorte,  daughter  of 
Charles  and  Wilhelmina  Frehse.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Henry  have  two  sons,  Charles  L.  and 
Albert  J.,  Jr.  Charles  was  a  member  of 
the  Thirteenth  Company  of  the  Twentieth 
Engineers,  and  saw  active  service  in  France 
during  1918.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  are 
members  of  the  Trinity  Episcopal  Church, 
of  which  he  is  senior  warden  and  for  fif- 
teen years  has  held  the  office  of  vestryman. 
He  is  affiliated  with  Acme  Lodge  No.  83, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Michi- 
gan City  Chapter  No.  25,  Royal  Arch  Ma- 
sons, Michigan  City,  Commandery  No.  3, 
Knights  Templar,  and  belongs  to  the  Scot- 
tish Rite  Consistory  of  Indianapolis. 

EDWARD  HARVEY  GRISWOLD,  M.  D. 
Though  Indiana  is  not  his  native  state, 
Doctor  Griswold  has  earned  more  than  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2105 


local  reputation  by  his  work  as  physician 
and  surgeon  at  Peru,  where  he  located  more 
than  twenty-five  years  ago  as  physician  in 
charge  of  the  Wabash  Employes  Hospital. 
Credit  is  given  him,  and  deservedly,  for 
making  that  institution  what  it  is  today, 
one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  rail- 
road hospitals  in  the  Middle  West. 

This  is  a  time  when  many  men  experi- 
ence a  sense  of  peculiar  satisfaction  that 
their  own  lives  are  so  deeply  rooted  in  the 
American  past.  Doctor  Griswold  possesses 
a  most  interesting  ancestral  history.  The 
Griswold  family  was  founded  in  America 
by  Edward  Winslow  Griswold,  who  came 
from  England  and  located  at  Windsor, 
Connecticut,  as  early  as  1639.  Harvey 
Griswold,  grandfather  of  Doctor  Griswold 
of  Peru,  was  a  native  of  New  England  and 
at  the  'age  of  nineteen  moved  west  to  Mis- 
souri. He  established  a  home  in  the  his- 
toric community  known  as  Marthasville, 
and  became  owner  of  a  tract  of  land  which 
included  a  little  country  cemetery  in  which 
the  body  of  Daniel  Boone  was  laid  to  rest 
when  that  great  pioneer  died  at  Marthas- 
ville. Later  the  State  of  Kentucky  claimed 
the  remains  of  Boone,  asserting  a  prior 
and  larger  claim  upon  him  than  Missouri. 
The  decision  in  the  matter  rested  with  Har- 
vey Griswold.  He  consented  on  the  con- 
dition that  the  Kentucky  commissioners  en- 
ter into  a  contract  binding  themselves  and 
their  state  to  the  erection  of  a  suitable 
monument  to  Boone 's  memory.  This  con- 
tract, now  many  years  old,  is  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Doctor  Griswold  of  Peru.  There 
were  other  historic  associations  around  the 
old  Griswold  home  and  the  little  Town  of 
Marthasville.  One  is  connected  with  the 
little  log  house,  put  together  with  wooden 
pins,  and  standing  not  far  from  the  bury- 
ing ground  of  Daniel  Boone.  In  that  house 
was  held  the  first  conference  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

Svlvanius  Griswold,  son  of  Harvey  Gris- 
wold, took  up  the  profession  of  medicine, 
which  his  grandfather  before  him  had 
adorned.  Doctor  Svlvanius  was  born  at 
Marthasville,  Missouri,  August  10,  1832, 
was  educated  in  the  Masonic  College  at 
Lexington,  Missouri,  and  graduated  from 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  at  St.  Louis. 
He  married  into  a  physician's  family,  his 
wife  being  Lockie  Ann  Arnold,  a  native  of 
Missouri  and  of  Scotch  ancestry.  Her 


father,  Doctor  Arnold,  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia and  for  many  years  practiced  medi- 
cine at  Lexington,  Missouri. 

Edward  Harvey  Griswold  came  by  his 
profession  naturally,  with  his  father,  mater- 
nal grandfather  and  paternal  great-grand- 
father as  worthy  examples  and  followers 
of  the  calling.  Doctor  Griswold  spent  his 
early  life  in  Lafayette  and  in  Franklin 
County,  Missouri,  finished  his  literary  edu- 
cation in  the  Missouri  State  University, 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  his 
father.  He  graduated  from  the  University 
Medical  College  at  Kansas  City  March  14, 
1891.  After  a  brief  practice  at  Marthas- 
ville he  accepted  the  position  of  physician 
in  charge  of  the  Wabash  Employes  Hos- 
pital at  Peru,  and  became  a  resident  of  that 
city  June  1,  1891.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Order  of  Railway  Surgeons  of  the 
Miami  County  and  Indiana  State  Medical 
Societies  and  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, and  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons.  He  has  always  been  a 
close  student  of  medicine,  and  has  used  his 
personal  influence  and  prestige  to  advance 
the  standards  of  the  profession  generally. 
Doctor  Griswold  attended  a  post-graduate 
school  in  New  York  in  1895.  He  is  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason  and  with  his  wife 
is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 

In  May.  1895,  Doctor  Griswold  married 
Georgine  Rettig.  They  have  two  sons,  Ret- 
tig  Arnold  and  Edward  Harvey  Griswold. 
Rettig  Arnold  Griswold,  who  was  a  student 
at  Harvard  University,  at  the  age  of  eight- 
een enlisted  at  the  declaration  of  war,  en- 
tering the  naval  aviation  service,  and  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  ensign  in  March, 
1918,  since  which  time  he  has  been  in  ac- 
tive service  in  naval  aviation  on  the  North 
Sea  and  in  Italy,  and  is  still  in  the  service. 
Edward  Harvey  enlisted  for  the  war,  but 
being  too  young  had  to  content  himself 
with  the  Students  Army  Training  Corps. 

CHARLES  GUSTAVE  LAWSON  is  a  veteran 
in  experience  in  the  glass  making  industry, 
and  has  been  connected  with  plants  all 
over  the  district  of  the  Middle  West  from 
Western  Pennsylvania  to  Indiana.  He  is 
at  present  factory  manager  of  Works  No. 
7  of  the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company 
at  Elwood. 

Mr.  Lawson  was  born  on  a  farm  in  the 
district  of  Sodermanland,  Sweden,  in  1865. 
His  parents  were  Lars  Eric  and  Annie 


2106 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Charlotte  Anderson.  His  father  was  a 
skilled  cabinet  and  pattern  worker,  and  was 
also  employed  for  many  years  on  a  large 
estate  in  Sweden.  While  getting  his  edu- 
cation Charles  G.  Lawson  helped  his  father 
on  this  farm  and  remained  in  Sweden  until 
1882,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  when  he  came 
to  America,  landing  in  New  York  and  join- 
ing an  uncle  who  lived  in  Allegheny  City, 
Pennsylvania.  He  had  no  special  qualifi- 
cations through  skill  in  trade  or  otherwise, 
and  depended  upon  his  hands  and  labor  to 
earn  him  a  place  of  usefulness  in  the  world. 
For  3V2  weeks  he  worked  on  the  streets  of 
Allegheny  City.  He  then  began  as  laborer 
in  the  plant  of  the  Pittsburgh  Clay  Pot 
Company,  and  was  with  that  firm  for  nine 
years,  learning  in  every  detail  the  trade  of 
pot  maker.  Leaving  them  he  removed  to 
Findlay,  Ohio,  and  was  potmaker  for  the 
Findlay  Clay  Pot  Company  for  seven 
months.  In  1891  he  went  to  Pittsburgh 
and  was  with  the  Phoenix  Clay  Pot  Com- 
pany until  June,  1892,  when  he  went  to 
Muncie,  Indiana,  and  for  one  year  was 
foreman  in  the  clay  pot  plant  of  )G$l|'>B#>tlx-' 
ers  Company.  He  returned  to  Pittsburgh 
in  the  fall  of  1893,  during  the  financial 
panic,  and  failing  to  secure  employment 
in  his  regular  line  he  did  landscape  garden- 
ing seven  months.  He  was  pot  maker  un- 
til 1895  with  the  Lancaster  Co-operative 
Glass  Company  at  Lancaster,  New  York, 
and  then  went  back  to  Findlay  as  pot 
maker  for  the  Findlay  Clay  Pot  Company. 
In  1896  Mr.  Lawson  joined  the  Ohio  Val- 
ley Clay  Company  at  Steubenville,  Ohio, 
and  after  a  year  and  a  half  was  made  fore- 
man of  the  plant  and  was  there  until  1909. 
He  then  accepted  the  position  of  foreman 
of  the  clay  department  at  Bellairville, 
Pennsylvania,  for  the  Columbia  Plate  Glass 
Company.  In  February,  1911,  he  removed 
to  Ottawa,  Illinois,  and  took  contracts  for 
the  making  of  clay  pots  for  the  Federal 
Plate  Glass  Company  eleven  months.  Then 
for  two  years  he  was  foreman  of  the  clay 
department  of  the  Ford  Plate  Glass  Com- 
pany at  Toledo,  and  on  March  17,  1914, 
came  to  Elwood  as  factory  manager  of 
Plant  No.  7  of  the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass 
Company.  This  is  one  of  the  large  plants 
of  what  is  perhaps  the  largest  plate  glass 
company  in  the  world,  and  at  Elwood  they 
manufacture  shapes  and  blocks  for  glass 
making. 

Mr.  Lawson  still  owns  property  at  Steu- 


benville, Ohio,  where  he  lived  for  many 
years.  In  1902  he  married  Miss  Stella  N. 
Carnahan,  daughter  of  Franklin  and  Mar- 
garet (Hale)  Carnahan  of  Steubenville. 
They  have  two  children:  Charles  Edward, 
born  in  1908,  and  Dorothy  Evelyn,  born 
in  1911.  They  also  legally  adopted  when 
one  year  old  Vergil  Irene  Cheeks.  This 
adopted  daughter,  who  grew  up  in  their 
home,  is  now  Mrs.  Lowell  Rogers  of  El- 
wood and  has  one  child,  Robert  Lowry, 
born  on  March  7,  1918. 

Mr.  Lawson  has  always  been  a  vigorous 
republican  in  politics.  At  Steubenville  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  City  Council 
in  1907  from  the  First  Ward,  representing 
it  two  years.  In  1917  he  was  elected  a  re- 
publican councilman  in  Elwood  from  the 
Third  Ward  for  a  four  year  term.  His 
election  was  the  only  break  that  year  in 
the  solid  triumph  of  the  socialist  party  at 
Elwood.  All  other  city  offices  were  filled 
bv  socialist  candidates.  Mr.  Lawson  is 
chairman  of  the  claims  committee  and  a 
member  of  the  advertising  and  other  com- 
m'itfe&'-<of  the  City  Council.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  is  prominent  in  Masonry,  be- 
ing affiliated  with  Steubenville  Lodge  No. 
45,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  of 
which  he  is  a  past  master,  is  past  high 
priest  of  Royal  Arch  Chapter  No.  15,  and 
has  also  filled  the  various  offices  in  the 
Council,  Royal  and  Select  Masters.  In  the 
Knights  Templar  he  has  filled  all  the 
offices  except  Knight  Templar  commander. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Lodge  of  Perfection 
of  the  eighteenth  degree,  Scottish  Rite,  and 
is  affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks  at  Elwood  and  in 
1918  was  vice  chancellor  of  the  local  lodge 
of  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Fraternal  Order  of  Eagles. 

CALVIN  SYLVESTER  MILLER  has  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  been  a  factor  in  the  business 
affairs  of  Elwood  as  manager  of  the  Jay 
Grain  Company.  He  has  developed  a  large 
business  and  has  brought  Elwood  to  the 
front  as  a  grain  market  in  Eastern  In- 
diana. 

Mr.  Miller  was  born  at  Mulberry,  Clin- 
ton County,  Indiana,  April  11,  1873,  son 
of  John  and  Marie  (Karb)  Miller.  The 
Millers  are  originally  of  German  stock  but 
have  been  in  America  for  many  genera- 
tions. Their  home  before  coming  to  In- 


U3RARY 

OF  TIE 

HNfVFRSITY  OF  ILLINOI." 


. 


; 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2107 


diana  was  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania. 
John  Miller  was  born  in  Lehigh  County 
November  15,  1834.  When  he  was  four 
years  old  his  family  moved  to  Clinton 
County,  Indiana,  where  they  were  among 
the  pioneers.  He  grew  up  there,  learned 
the  trade  of  carpenter,  and  followed  car- 
penter work  and  general  building  most  of 
his  active  career.  He  also  owned  a  farm 
of  100  acres  in  Clinton  County,  and  it  was 
the  home  where  he  died  February  9,  1895. 
His  wife  died  there  in  May,  1899. 

Calvin  S.  Miller  was  the  fourth  child 
of  his  parents,  his  early  years  were  sur- 
rounded with  a  rural  environment,  and  his 
early  education  was  obtained  in  a  country 
school  in  Madison  Township  of  Clinton 
County.  As  his  strength  permitted  he 
helped  his  father  during  the  summer 
seasons,  and  in  1893,  at  the  age  of  twenty, 
entered  Purdue  University  for  the  purpose 
of  pursuing  a  course  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering. He  was  in  the  university  until 
February,  1895,  when  after  the  death  of  his 
father  and  having  inherited  the  home  place 
he  returned  to  take  active  charge  and  re- 
mained a  farmer  until  September  1,  1899. 
At  that  date  he  arrived  in  Elwood,  and  has 
since  been  manager  of  the  Jay  Grain  Com- 
pany. This  business  has  always  had  one 
location,  but  since  Mr.  Miller  became  man- 
ager its  facilities  have  been  greatly  im- 
proved, including  the  construction  of  a 
thoroughly  modern  elevator.  The  company 
buys  grain  over  all  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory about  Elwood  and  ships  largely  to  the 
eastern  markets  of  Baltimore,  New  York 
and  Buffalo.  Mr.  Miller  is  a  stockholder 
and  director  in  the  Jay  Grain  Company 
and  is  also  a  stockholder  and  director  of 
the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  Elwood.  While 
these  interests  tax  all  his  time  and  atten- 
tion he  has  never  failed  to  respond  to  pub- 
lic spirited  calls  upon  his  service  for  some 
object  of  general  and  mutual  benefit.  In 
1915  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
County  Council  of  Madison  County,  and 
has  also  done  committee  work  with  the  El- 
wood Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is  a 
democrat,  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge  at  Elwood  and  Lodge  No.  166  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  in  the  same  city.  He 
and  his  family  are  Methodists. 

The  only  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Miller  is 
now  with  the  American  forces  in  training 
for  the  great  war.  Mr.  Miller  married  in 
1896  Iva  Peters,  daughter  of  Robert  and 


Anna  (Elliott)  Peters  of  Clinton  County. 
Their  son,  Marlston  J.,  was  born  July  9, 
1897.  He  was  given  good  school  advan- 
tages, and  was  pursuing  a  mechanical  en- 
gineering course  in  Purdue  University,  as 
a  sophomore,  when  he  volunteered  at  In- 
dianapolis in  November,  1917,  and  is  now 
a  private  in  the  Six  Hundred  and  Sixty- 
Fifth  Aero  Squadron  at  Kelly  Field,  San 
Antonio,  Texas. 

HON.  CHARLES  J.  MURPHY.  The  com- 
munity that  has  longest  known  Mr. 
Charles  J.  Murphy  is  White  County,  In- 
diana, which  sent  him  to  the  Legislature  a 
number  of  years  ago  and  has  come  to  ap- 
preciate his  activities  as  a  banker,  farmer 
and  one  of  the  practical  and  fancy  stock 
raisers  who  have  given  fame  to  the  Brook- 
ston  locality.  Mr.  Murphy  is  also  a  fa- 
miliar figure  in  the  state  capital,  has  a  num- 
ber of  interests  at  Indianapolis,  and  main- 
tains an  office  in  the  Merchants  National 
Bank  Building  in  that  city. 

Mr.  Murphy  was  born  at  Brookston  in 
White  County  December  29,  1872,  a  son 
of  Jerre  and  Harrietta  (Mclntyre) 
Murphy.  He  comes  of  a  prominent  pio- 
neer family  of  White  County.  His  grand- 
father, Jerre  Murphy,  brought  his  family 
from  County  Kerry,  Ireland,  first  locating 
in  Dover,  Delaware,  and  in  1832  emigrated 
to  Indiana.  After  a  brief  residence  in  In- 
dianapolis he  moved  to  Brookston  in  White 
County,  and  for  a  period  of  eighty  years 
the  family  name  has  been  identified  with 
the  history  and  development  of  that  section. 
Mr.  Murphy's  father  was  twelve  years  of 
age  when  the  family  came  to  Indiana,  and 
he  achieved  a  remarkable  success  as  a  far- 
mer and  stock  raiser,  and  was  also  vice 
president  of  the  Brookston  Bank. 

Charles  J.  Murphy  was  born  and  reared 
on  a  farm,  was  educated  in  common  schools, 
the  Brookston  High  School  and  Purdue 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1893  with  honors  in  the  Civil  Engineering 
Department.  He  thus  had  a  thorough 
technical  training  to  supplement  his  nat- 
ural talents  and  the  practical  experience 
he  had  gained  at  home.  Into  the  quarter  of 
a  century  since  he  closed  his  college  career 
he  has  compressed  a  life  of  strenuous  and 
important  activity.  He  turned  primarily 
to  farming  on  the  old  Murphy  homestead, 
and  farming  from  first  to  last  has  repre- 
sented one  of  his  real  and  deep  abiding 


. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2107 


diana  was  in  Lehigh  County,  Pennsylvania. 
John  Miller  was  born  in  Lehigh  County 
November  15,  1834.  When  he  was  four 
years  old  his  family  moved  to  Clinton 
County,  Indiana,  where  they  were  among 
the  pioneers.  He  grew  up  there,  learned 
the  trade  of  carpenter,  and  followed  car- 
penter work  and  general  building  most  of 
his  active  career.  He  also  owned  a  farm 
of  100  acres  in  Clinton  County,  and  it  was 
the  home  where  he  died  February  9,  1895. 
His  wife  died  there  in  May,  1899. 

Calvin  S.  Miller  was  the  fourth  child 
of  his  parents,  his  early  years  were  sur- 
rounded with  a  rural  environment,  and  his 
early  education  was  obtained  in  a  country 
school  in  Madison  Township  of  Clinton 
County.  As  his  strength  permitted  he 
helped  his  father  during  the  summer 
seasons,  and  in  1893,  at  the  age  of  twenty, 
entered  Purdue  University  for  the  purpose 
of  pursuing  a  course  in  mechanical  engi- 
neering. He  was  in  the  university  until 
February,  1895.  when  after  the  death  of  his 
father  and  having  inherited  the  home  place 
he  returned  to  take  active  charge  and  re- 
mained a  farmer  until  September  1,  1899. 
At  that  date  he  arrived  in  Elwood,  and  has 
since  been  manager  of  the  Jay  Grain  Com- 
pany. This  business  has  always  had  one 
location,  but  since  Mr.  Miller  became  man- 
ager its  facilities  have  been  greatly  im- 
proved, including  the  construction  of  a 
thoroughly  modern  elevator.  The  company 
buys  grain  over  all  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory about  Elwood  and  ships  largely  to  the 
eastern  markets  of  Baltimore,  New  York 
and  Buffalo.  Mr.  Miller  is  a  stockholder 
and  director  in  the  Jay  Grain  Company 
and  is  also  a  stockholder  and  director  of 
the  Citizens  State  Bank  of  Elwood.  While 
these  interests  tax  all  his  time  and  atten- 
tion he  has  never  failed  to  respond  to  pub- 
lic spirited  calls  upon  his  service  for  some 
objer-t  of  general  and  mutual  benefit.  In 
191")  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
County  Council  of  Madison  County,  and 
has  also  done  committee  work  with  the  El- 
wood Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is  a 
democrat,  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge  at  Elwood  and  Lodge  No.  166  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  in  the  same -city.  He 
and  his  family  are  Methodists. 

The  only  son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Miller  is 
now  with  the  American  forces  in  training 
for  the  great  war.  Mr.  Miller  married  in 
1896  Iva  Peters,  daughter  of  Robert  and 


Anna  (Elliott)  Peters  of  Clinton  County. 
Their  son,  Marlston  J.,  was  born  July  9, 
1897.  He  was  given  good  school  advan- 
tages, and  was  pursuing  a  mechanical  en- 
gineering course  in  Purdue  University,  as 
a  sophomore,  when  he  volunteered  at  In- 
dianapolis in  November.  1917,  and  is  now 
a  private  in  the  Six  Hundred  and  Sixty- 
Fifth  Aero  Squadron  at  Kelly  Field.  San 
Antonio,  Texas. 

Hox.  CHARLES  J.  MTHI-HY.  The  com- 
munity that  has  longest  known  Mr. 
Charles  J.  Murphy  is  White  County,  In- 
diana, which  sent  him  to  the  Legislature  a 
number  of  years  ago  and  has  come  to  ap- 
preciate his  activities  as  a  banker,  farmer 
and  one  of  the  practical  and  fancy  stock 
raisers  who  have  given  fame  to  the  Brook- 
ston  locality.  Mr.  Murphy  is  also  a  fa- 
miliar figure  in  the  state  capital,  has  a  num- 
ber of  interests  at  Indianapolis,  and  main- 
tains an  office  in  the  Merchants  National 
Bank  Building  in  that  city. 

Mr.  Murphy  was  born  at  Brookston  in 
White  County  December  29,  1872,  a  son 
of  Jerre  and  Harrietta  (Mclntyrel 
Murphy.  He  comes  of  a  prominent  pio- 
neer family  of  White  County.  His  grand- 
father. Jerre  Murphy,  brought  his  family 
from  County  Kerry.  Ireland,  first  locating 
in  Dover,  Delaware,  and  in  1832  emigrated 
to  Indiana.  After  a  brief  residence  in  In- 
dianapolis he  moved  to  Brookston  in  White 
County,  and  for  a  period  of  eighty  years 
the  family  name  has  been  identified  with 
the  history  and  development  of  that  section. 
Mr.  Murphy's  father  was  twelve  years  of 
age  when  the  family  came  to  Indiana,  and 
he  achieved  a  remarkable  success  as  a  far- 
mer and  stock  raiser,  and  was  also  vice 
president  of  the  Brookston  Bank. 

Charles  J.  Murphy  was  born  and  reared 
on  a  farm,  was  educated  in  common  schools. 
the  Brookston  High  School  and  Purdue 
University,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1893  with  honors  in  the  Civil  Engineering 
Department.  He  thus  had  a  thorough 
technical  training  to  supplement  his  nat- 
ural talents  and  the  practical  experience 
he  had  gained  at  home.  Into  the  quarter  of 
a  century  since  he  closed  his  college  career 
he  has  compressed  a  life  of  strenuous  and 
important  activity.  Hi-  turned  primarily 
to  farming  on  the  old  Murphy  homestead, 
and  farming  from  first  to  last  has  repre- 
sented one  of  his  real  and  deep  abiding 


2108 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


interests  in  life.  His  present  farm,  three 
miles  west  of  Brookston,  is  considered 
one  of  the  finest  examples  of  intensive  and 
extensive  agriculture  and  stock  husbandry 
in  Indiana.  It  comprises  760  acres,  and 
besides  what  the  soil  produces  it  is  the  feed- 
ing ground  for  hundreds  of  cattle  and 
other  livestock.  His  "play  thing"  and 
chief  pleasure  is  his  famous  herd  of  fancy 
bred  Shorthorn  cattle.  Stockmen  are  be- 
coming aware  that  not  even  in  the  home 
haunts  of  this  famous  breed  in  England 
are  found  better  specimens  than  have  been 
bought  and  acquired  by  Mr.  Murphy  for 
the  foundation  of  his  herd  at  Brookston. 

However,  early  in  his  career  as  a  farmer 
Mr.  Murphy's  interests  branched  out  into 
other  affairs.  He  took  up  contracting  and 
has. built  miles  of  roads  and  ditches  and 
has  also  constructed  schoolhouses,  churches 
and  other  buildings.  As  a  banker  he  is  a 
director  of  the  Farmers  Bank  at  Brookston, 
and  director  and  first  vice  president  of  the 
State  Savings  &  Trust  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

For  a  long  period  of  years  Northwestern 
Indiana  has  considered  him  one  of  its  lead- 
ers in  the  democratic  party.  For  a  time 
he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Democratic 
Central  Committee  and  has  constantly 
used  his  influence  to  promote  the  best  inter- 
ests of  his  party  in  the  state.  He  was 
elected  from  White  County  to  the  Legisla- 
ture in  1899  and  1901,  and  rendered  a 
splendid  service  to  his  constituency.  By 
appointment  from  Governor  Ralston  he 
served  for  a  time  as  a  member  of  the  Public 
Service  Commission  of  Indiana.  "When  he 
was  selected  as  a  member  of  this  Commis- 
sion to  take  over  the  functions  of  the  older 
railroad  commission  of  the  state  the  In- 
dianapolis News  said  of  him  in  reviewing 
the  work  of  the  Commission  that  "its  uni- 
form success  and  general  efficiency  were 
clue  in  great  measure  to  the  untiring  efforts 
of  Mr.  Murphy.  The  state  has  been  par- 
ticularly fortunate,"  declared  the  News, 
"in  gaining  the  services  of  Mr.  Murphy 
as  a  member  of  this  important  body.  His 
judgment  and  foresight  are  exceptionally 
keen  and  his  ability  and  efficiency  have 
manifested  themselves  in  practically  every 
decision  that  has  been  rendered  by  the 
Commission. ' ' 

He  accepted  this  public  service  at  great 
sacrifice  of  his  own  private  interests,  but 
lost  no  time  in  regretting  this  fact  and  gave 


the  full  benefit  of  his  wide  experience 
and  ability  to  the  work  at  hand.  Before 
the  bill  creating  the  Public  Service  Com- 
mission had  passed  both  Houses  of  the 
Legislature  in  1915,  Mr.  Murphy's  name 
was  selected  as  a  possible  member  of  the 
body.  He  had  no  desire  to  enter  public 
life  or  assume  the  responsibilities  which 
such  an  office  would  entail.  When  Gov- 
ernor Ralston  selected  his  name  among  the 
first  to  be  considered  for  the  Commission, 
Mr.  Murphy  felt  the  call  of  duty  .and  ac- 
ceded to  the  will  of  the  Governor. 

The  duties  that  now  compel  his  residence 
part  of  the  time  in  Indianapolis  and  the 
maintenance  of  an  office  here  are  in  con- 
nection with  the  Ocotillo  Products  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis,  a  $3,000,000  corpora- 
tion of  which  he  was  one  of  the  promoters 
and  organizers.  He  is  secretary-treasurer 
of  this  corporation.  An  Indiana  organiza- 
tion, it  has  its  plant  at  Salome,  Arizona, 
and  is  engaged  in  converting  the  ocotillo 
plant  of  the  desert  region  into  various  use- 
ful and  essential  products,  chief  of  which 
is  a  gum  resembling  rubber  and  having 
many  of  the  uses  of  rubber. 

Mr.  Murphy  married  Miss  Margaret 
Beckman,  of  Crown  Point,  Lake  County. 
They  have  one  son,  Charles  B.  Murphy. 

JUDGE  MILLARD  Cox  was  born  near 
Noblesville,  Indiana,  February  25,  1856. 
He  received  his  literary  and  professional 
training  in  Indiana,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1880.  He  served  as  judge  of  the 
Criminal  Court  of  Indianapolis  in  1890-94, 
and  was  afterward  nominated  for  the  Su- 
perior Court  judgeship.  He  is  also  an 
author  of  well  known  ability. 

FRANK  D.  HAIMBAUGH,  of  Muncie,  has 
had  and  continues  to  have  a  busy  life.  The 
manifold  tasks  of  the  boy  on  the  farm  en- 
gaged his  early  years.  A  teacher  in  the 
public  schools  until  near  thirty,  for  twenty 
years  he  was  an  active  and  prominent  fig- 
ure in  the  newspaper  business  of  the  state. 
A  ready  and  forceful  writer,  he  held  a 
prominent  place  with  the  fraternity  of  the 
state  and  gained  a  wide  and  notable  ac- 
quaintance with  the  leaders  and  workers 
of  the  democratic  party  of  the  common- 
wealth. Ever  consistent  in  the  advocacy 
of  the  doctrine  of  his  political  faith,  he 
secured  and  held  the  friendship  of  those 
who  were  in  opposition  to  him  in  politics. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2109 


At  present  he  is  serving  as  postmaster  at 
Muncie. 

Mr.  Haimbaugh  was  born  in  Fairfield 
County,  Ohio,  September  24,  1856,  son  of 
David  and  Margaret  (Leonard)  Haim- 
baugh. In  1863  his  parents  removed  to 
Fulton  County,  Indiana,  locating  on  a 
farm,  which  continued  to  be  the  home  of 
the*  father  until  his  death  in  1898.  It  was 
the  ambition  of  David  Haimbaugh  and 
his  good  wife  to  do  well  the  task  of  each 
day  and  rear  their  children  in  habits  of 
industry  and  to  be  citizens  of  integrity. 
These  sturdy  pioneers  were  willing  to  un- 
dergo the  hardships  incident  to  day  and 
environment,  so  that  those  who  were  de- 
pendent on  them  might  have  a  few  of  the 
meager  comforts  of  life  and  better  advan- 
tages than  was  the  lot  of  the  parents. 
Those  who  knew  these  hardy  toilers  of  the 
soil  all  agreed  that  they  were  God  fearing 
people,  industrious,  patient  and,  above  all, 
honorable  citizens,  the  kind  of  people  to 
merit  and  command  the  respect  of  neigh- 
bors and  friends.  David  Haimbaugh  was 
a  democrat  of  the  old  school.  Such  were 
the  parents  and  such  the  heritage  that  was 
left  to  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  Mr. 
Haimbaugh  says  the  dearest  memory  of  his 
mother  is  the  fact  that  he  never  heard  her 
utter  an  uncomplimentary  word  of  any 
one. 

Frank  D.  Haimbaugh,  the  fourth  in  a 
family  of  six  children,  grew  to  manhood  on 
the  farm  in  Fulton  County  and  attended 
the  common  schools  prevalent  in  that  day, 
which  at  best  were  but  meager  avenues  of 
learning,  with  terms  of  three  months  in 
each  twelve.  After  completing  the  work 
in  the  district  school  he  was  dependent  on 
his  own  resources  for  a  higher  education. 
This  he  secured  in  the  high  school  of  Eoch- 
ester,  Indiana,  being  a  member  of  the  first 
graduating  class  of  the  year  1878.  In  1880 
he  completed  the  scientific  course  at  the 
Northern  Indiana  Normal  School,  now  Val- 
paraiso University,  receiving  his  degree. 
For  ten  years  pending  his  seeking  an  edu- 
cation Mr.  Haimbaugh  taught  in  the  rural 
and  village  schools  of  his  county,  and 
served  as  principal  of  the  Brookston,  In- 
diana, High  School  for  four  years.  In  the 
year  1885  he  was  elected  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  of  Fulton  County,  serv- 
ing two  years.  During  the  encumbency 
of  this  office  he  advanced  the  schools  of  the 
county  to  a  higher  standard  than  pre- 


viously attained.  His  position  among  the 
educators  of  the  state  was  sufficiently  emi- 
nent that  he  was  prominently  mentioned 
for  the  nomination  of  state  superintendent 
at  the  hands  of  the  Democratic  State  Con- 
vention in  1890,  but  having  just  recently 
engaged  in  the  newspaper  business  he 
would  not  permit  the  use  of  his  name  be- 
fore the  convention.  From  1887  to  1889 
the  business  of  life  insurance  engaged  his 
attention  in  Iowa  and  his  home  state. 

In  November,  1889,  in  association  with  a 
cousin,  he  purchased  the  Miami  County 
Sentinel  at  Peru,  and  thus  began  a  long 
career  in  the  newspaper  business,  ending 
in  1909.  In  June  of  1891,  having  sold  his 
interest  in  the  paper  at  Peru,  he  purchased 
an  interest  in  the  Muncie  Daily  and  Weekly 
Herald.  He  continued  as  editor  and  busi- 
ness manager  of  the  Herald  until  March, 
1905,  when  he  founded  the  Muncie  Press 
by  merging  the  Daily  Herald  and  Daily 
Times,  one  democrat  and  the  other  republi- 
can, establishing  the  Press  as  an  independ- 
ent publication.  From  1909  to  1913  Mr. 
Haimbaugh  was  engaged  in  the  business  of 
job  printing.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
solicited  to  accept  a  position  as  a  field  ex- 
aminer with  the  State  Board  of  Accounts, 
serving  with  credit  to  himself  and  the 
state  to  the  end  of  1915.  On  the  last  day 
of  February,  1916,  he  became  postmaster 
at  Muncie,  and  has  been  giving  the  best 
energies  of  an  active  personality  to  this 
work.  During  this  period  the  Muncie  post- 
office  has  become  the  supply  office  for  five 
adjacent  counties  and  the  central  account- 
ing office  for  Delaware  County,  and  during 
his  occupancy  of  the  office  the  business  has 
materially  increased,  while  the  parcel  post 
material  handled  has  practically  doubled. 

Mr.  Haimbaugh  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  first  man  ever  elected  twice  in 
succession  as  principal  doorkeeper  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  State  Leg- 
islature, serving  in  the  office  in  1889  and 
1891. 

Under  appointment  of  Governor  Durbin 
he  served  four  years  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Police  Commissioners  of  Muncie. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  first  Board 
of  Park  Commissioners  of  his  home  city. 
For  ten  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Mun- 
cie Commercial  Club,  and  was  the  first  of 
its  members  to  occupy  the  chair  of  presi- 
dent two  years.  He  served  ten  years  as 
president  of  Post  R,  Travelers  Protective 


2110 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Association  of  America.  For  more  than 
thirty  years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  In 
1893  he  was  elected  to  the  office  of  secre- 
tary of  the  Indiana  Democratic  Editorial 
Association,  revised  and  re-wrote  its  consti- 
tution and  by-laws  and  rounded  out  his 
services  to  the  association  by  serving  one 
term  as  its  president. 

Mr.  Haimbaugh  has  always  been  inter- 
ested in  all  the  things  that  make  for  com- 
munity welfare.  In  1896  he  was  largely 
instrumental  in  founding  the  Eastern  In- 
diana Normal  University,  and  served  as 
secretary  of  its  Board  of  Trustees,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  same  until  the  board 
ceased  to  exist.  This  institution  is  now 
under  the  management  of  the  State  of  In- 
diana. 

On  May  14,  1890,  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Emma  F.  Elginfritz,  of  War- 
saw, this  state. 

The  world  war  found  earnest  workers  in 
the  persons  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Haimbaugh, 
with  a  son  in  the  service  over  seas,  Mrs. 
Haimbaugh  was  a  constant  and  valiant 
worker  in  the  services  of  the  Red  Cross 
and  was  selected  as  chairman  of  the 
Delaware  County  contingent  of  the  War 
Mothers'  Association,  with  an  eligible  mem- 
bership of  more  than  2.000. 

In  November  of  1917  Mr.  Haimbaugh 
was  asked  to  serve  as  Federal  fuel  admin- 
istrator of  Delaware  County,  and  he  served 
with  such  fidelity  that  his  work  was  cited 
by  the  state  federal  fuel  administrator  for 
the  efficient  service  rendered. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Haimbaugh  have  one  child, 
Paul  A.,  born  in  November,  1892.  This 
son  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Muncie, 
completing  the  high  school  course,  and  in 
the  State  University.  He  was  commis- 
sioned a  lieutenant  from  the  first  officers 
training  camp  at  Fort  Harrison  and  de- 
tailed for  special  service  in  France,  arriv- 
ing in  that  country  in  October,  1917.  He 
served  in  divisions  of  heavy  field  artillery 
until  June,  1918,  when,  by  request,  he  was 
transferred  to  the  tank  division  of  the  serv- 
ice. He  was  a  lieutenant  with  the  Three 
Hundred  and  First  Battalion,  Heavy  Tank 
Corps,  until  the  end  of  hostilities.  The 
Three  Hundred  and  First  was  the  only 
Heavy  Tank  Corps  that  pot  into  action. 
This  battalion  with  the  Twenty-Seventh 
and  Thirtieth  division  of  American  troops, 
was  brigaded  with  the  British,  and  had  a 


part  in  the  terrific  bombardment  that  re- 
sulted in  the  smashing  of  the  Hindenberg 
line. 

A  worker  and  a  student,  public  spirited 
and  cosmopolitan  in  his  view  of  life,  Frank 
Haimbaugh  counts  the  things  that  he  may 
have  done  for  his  friends  and  the  com- 
munity he  calls  home  as  more  worth  while 
than  self  centered  selfishness  or  the  pla'ud- 
its  of  the  thoughtless  throng.  He  hopes  he 
has  learned  the  lesson  of  service  and  under- 
stands the  creed  of  sacrifice,  and  that  he 
has  been  in  a  small  measure  helpful  to  his 
fellow  man.  He  believes  that  men  should 
learn  to  be  heroes  of  peace  in  no  less  de- 
gree than  heroes  of  war,  and  that  to  each 
there  is  an  appointed  task  and  that  to  each 
will  be  given  the  guerdon  of  their  sacrifice. 

HENRY  MOORE,  M.  D.  A  great  and  good 
physician,  and  one  whose  work  had  much 
wider  range  than  that  of  the  average  prgc- 
titioner,  was  the  late  Dr.  Henry  Moore  of 
Indianapolis. 

He  was  born  March  15,  1841,  sixth  in  a 
family  of  nine  children  of  John  and  Lou- 
isa Moore.  John  Moore  and  wife  in  1835 
blazed  their  way  through  the  forests  from 
North  Carolina  and  settled  in  Washington 
Township  of  Hamilton  County,  Indiana. 
Their  first  home  was  miles  away  from 
neighbors,  and  they  lived  in  the  midst  of 
the  heavy  woods  and  endured  all  the  pri- 
vations of  the  pioneer.  They  were  wit- 
nesses and  factors  in  that  transitory  period 
while  Indiana  was  developing  from  a  wil- 
derness to  a  populous  and  peaceful  com- 
munity. John  Moore  died  in  1879  and  his 
wife  in  1877.  Dr.  Henry  Moore  was  the 
product  of  an  environment  that  was  little 
removed  from  the  utmost  simplicity  of 
frontier.  During  his  boyhood  he  attended 
rude  subscription  schools  and  trained  his 
hand  and  eye  by  the  practices  and  expe- 
riences of  the  farm  and  rural  communities 
of  Indiana  of  sixty  or  seventy  years  ago. 
His  desire  for  a  better  education  led  him 
to  attend  two  successive  terms  at  Westfield. 
After  getting  a  teacher's  certificate  he 
taught  one  term  of  district  school.  From 
there  he  entered  old  Northwestern  Chris- 
tian University,  now  Butler  College,  at  In- 
dianapolis, and  in  addition  to  his  literary 
studies  also  carried  on  the  study  of  medi- 
cine. 

Doctor  Moore  was  at  college  when  the 
news  came  to  Indianapolis  of  the  fall  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2111 


Fort  Sumter.  He  enlisted  immediately, 
first  as  a  private.  While  dressing  wounds 
of  his  comrades  his  knowledge  and  ability 
derived  from  his  previous  medical  studies 
came  to  light  and  he  was  appointed  hospi- 
tal steward  of  his  regiment.  Later  he  was 
detailed  to  act  as  assistant  surgeon,  a  posi- 
tion he  filled  in  General  Sigel's  department 
of  the  army  for  about  two  years.  It  should 
be  mentioned  that  at  the  time  of  his  first 
enlistment  he  was  brought  back  by  his 
father,  being  still  under  age,  and  he  finally 
got  into  service  with  the  Thirty-Fifth  Reg- 
iment of  Illinois  Infantry.  From  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  field  surgeon  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  hospitals  at  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  to  Albany,  Indiana,  with  the 
rank  of  captain  of  cavalry.  At  the  battle 
of  Pea  Ridge  he  received  honorable  men- 
tion in  the  official  reports  for  his  coolness 
and  bravery  in  attending  to  the  wounded 
under  fire.  While  serving  as  attendant  at 
the  hospital  at  Louisville  Doctor  Moore  con- 
tinued his  medical  studies,  graduated  from 
the  Louisville  University  of  Medicine  and 
passed  his  examination. 

After  the  war  he  returned  to  Hamilton 
County  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  in 
practice  at  Sheridan.  About  1885  he 
moved  to  Indianapolis,  and  continued  the 
work  of  his  profession  and  its  cognate  un- 
til his  death  on  December  4,  1913.  Doctor 
Moore  was  for  a  number  of  years  keenly 
interested  in  the  work  of  the  American 
Red  Cross,  was  appointed  special  organizer 
for  the  Red  Cross  for  Indiana,  and  effected 
organizations  in  every  county  of  the  state. 
He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  public 
health  movement  as  devoted  to  the  phase 
of  tuberculosis.  He  was  largely  instru- 
mental in  getting  an  appropriation  from 
the  State  Legislature  to  build  a  tubercu- 
losis hospital  at  Rockville,  and  continued 
to  be  actively  interested  in  the  institution 
until  it  was  completed.  He  was  also  an 
agent  in  the  purchase  of  the  site  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  asylum  at  Indianapolis. 
During  his  work  in  establishing  the  tuber- 
culosis societies  in  the  various  counties  he 
maintained  an  office  in  the  State  Capitol  at 
Indianapolis.  Doctor  Moore  had  finished 
dictating  his  final  report  when  he  died  in 
his  chair — an  end  which  was  well  fitting 
a  man  of  such  action  and  service.  He 
was  affiliated  with  the  Masonic  Order,  was 
P  republican  in  politics  and  a  member  of 
the  Methodist  Church.  Doctor  Moore  is 


remembered  by  his  old  associates  as  a  man 
who  was  deliberate  in  making  up  his  mind, 
but  when  he  had  decided  upon  a  course  of 
action  could  not  be  swerved  from  the  ob- 
jective. Affable,  congenial  and  compan- 
ionable, he  had  a  large  circle  of  friends 
and  everywhere  he  went  he  inspired  confi- 
dence. His  life  and  work  and  character 
well  deserve  the  memorial  that  can  be  given 
in  the  written  page. 

April  15,  1864,  Doctor  Moore  married 
Catherine  Rebecca  Padgett,  daughter  of 
William  and  Eliza  D.  Padgett.  Mrs. 
Moore,  who  is  still  living,  is  a  woman  of 
high  intellectual  attainments.  She  became 
engaged  to  Doctor  Moore  before  he  went  to 
the  war.  When  he  had  charge  of  a  hospi- 
tal at  Evansville  she  became  a  nurse  under 
his  direction.  After  their  marriage  they 
continued  lovers  and  companions,  devoted 
to  each  other  and  to  their  home  until  the 
ties  that  so  long  bound  them  were  loosed 
by  the  death  of  Doctor  Moore.  Mrs. 
Moore  is  now  living  in  California.  She 
was  the  mother  of  seven  children,  six  still 
living,  three  of  them  in  California  and 
three  in  Indiana. 

Otto  N.  Moore,  a  son  of  the  late  Dr. 
Henry  Moore,  and  youngest  of  the  six 
children,  is  a  young  business  man  of  In- 
dianapolis and  has  built  up  a  notable  in- 
dustry within  recent  years. 

He  was  born  February  25, 1880,  at  Spice- 
wood,  Indiana,  was  educated  in  the  high 
school  at  Irvington  and  spent  two  years 
in  Purdue  University.  He  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship as  a  mechanic,  and  has  devel- 
oped his  own  mechanical  skill  as  the  basis 
of  his  present  business.  When  the  great 
war  broke  out  with  Germany  he  was  pro- 
prietor of  a  small  tool  shop  at  Indianap- 
olis. He  has  made  it  instrumental  in  sup- 
plying the  heavy  demands  made  upon 
American  industry  and  has  developed  it  to 
the  Otto  N.  Moore  Company,  of  which  he  is 
president.  It  gives  employment  to  about 
120  men.  The  company  makes  all  kinds  of 
tools,  machine  and  small  tool  equipment  for 
munition  work,  and  has  contracts  for  a 
maximum  capacity  of  output  for  months  to 
come. 

Mr.  Moore  is  a  member  of  the  Rotary 
Club  of  Indianapolis.  September  8,  1907. 
he  married  Maude  E.  Jones,  daughter  of 
Rev.  Levi  and  Lucy  (Coggshell)  Jones. 
They  have  two  children,  Catherine  and 
Robert. 


2112 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


GLEN  WAYLAND  GATES.  A  big  business, 
well  managed,  still  growing,  is  that  of  the 
G.  W.  Gates  Cloak  House,  of  which  Mr. 
Gates  is  sole  proprietor.  The  home  office 
and  headquarters  are  in  Anderson,  but  he 
now  maintains  branch  offices  at  Muncie  and 
Fort  Wayne,  and  also  at  Dayton,  Ohio. 
Mr.  Gates  had  experience  and  had  demon- 
strated exceptional  talent  as  a  merchant 
hut  possessed  very  limited  capital  when  he 
made  his  start  as  an  independent  merchant 
at  Anderson,  and  the  business  as  it  stands 
today  is  very  largely  a  reflection  of  his 
progressive  management  and  tremendous 
energy. 

Mr.  Gates  was  born  at  Thorntown,  Boone 
County,  Indiana,  in  1873,  a  son  of  F.  W. 
and  Amanda  (McCoy)  Gates.  His  great- 
grandfather and  the  founder  of  the  family 
in  America  was  Richard  Gates,  who  came 
from  Scotland  and  was  a  pioneer  at  Fre- 
mont, Ohio,  where  he  cleared  up  and  de- 
veloped a  tract  of  government  land.  The 
grandfather,  also  named  Richard  Gates, 
moved  from  Ohio  to  Mount  Carmel,  In- 
diana, and  was  a  prosperous  farmer  in  that 
community.  Of  his  three  children  F.  W. 
Gates  was  the  second  son.  He  grew  up  as 
a  farmer  boy,  followed  farming  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  finally  engaged  in  the 
grocery  business. 

Glen  W.  Gates,  the  only  son  of  his  par- 
ents, the  others  of  the  family  being  three 
sisters,  spent  the  first  fifteen  years  of  his 
life  at  Mount  Carmel,  Indiana,  and  there 
attended  the  common  schools.  When  he 
was  fifteen  the  family  moved  to  Anderson, 
where  he  continued  his  studies  in  the  An- 
derson High  School  for  two  years. 

His  business  career  began  as  a  general 
workman  in  the  shipping  room  of  "The 
White  House"  conducted  by  Malott,  Long 
&  Company  at  Anderson.  It  was  that  old 
established  mercantile  firm  that  discovered 
and  developed  his  talents  in  merchandising. 
He  was  in  practically  every  department  of 
the  store  at  some  time,  and  everywhere  he 
constantly  absorbed  knowledge  and  grew 
to  meet  the  responsibilities  which  were 
placed  upon  him  in  increasing  measure. 
At  the  end  of  eight  years  he  was  manager 
of  the  cloak,  suit,  and  carpet  department 
of  the  store. 

From  here  he  went  to  Indianapolis  to 
accept  a  more  important  position  as  mana- 
ger of  the  carpet  department  of  the  W.  M. 
H.  Block  Company.  He  was  there  six 


years,  and  then  for  a  year  was  manager 
of  the  cloak  department  of  the  May  Com- 
pany, proprietors  of  one  of  the  largest  de- 
partment stores  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

In  1904  Mr.  Gates  came  to  Anderson  and 
bought  the  bankrupt  stock  of  Longnecker 
&  Tate  at  813  Meridian  Street.  He  had 
only  $1,100  of  actual  capital,  but  he  soon 
had  the  business  revived  and  prospering, 
with  a  growing  trade,  and  from  time  to 
time  it  was  necessary  to  enlarge  his  quar- 
ters and  when  further  expansion  was  de- 
sirable he  started  his  first  branch  house  in 
1913  at  Muncie,  while  in  1915  he  opened 
another  branch  at  Fort  Wayne  and  in  1916 
established  a  house  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  All 
these  branches  are  now  doing  well  and  the 
annual  aggregate  business  is  estimated  at 
a  value  of  fully  $750,000.  The  business  is 
incorporated,  with  Mr.  Gates  as  president 
of  the  company.  The  firm  employs  140 
people  and  does  business  all  over  the  Mid- 
dle West. 

Probably  the  principal  factor  contribut- 
ing to  Mr.  Gates'  success  in  merchandising 
is  his  faculty  of  infinite  detail  work,  which 
has  become  habit  and  second  nature  with 
him  and  enables  him  to  comprehend  and 
direct  the  operations  of  his  business  even 
now  when  it  is  several  times  as  large  as 
when  it  was  established. 

Mr.  Gates  is  also  a  director  and  stock- 
holder in  the  Anderson  Banking  Company, 
the  Farmers'  Trust  Company,  is  a  stock- 
holder in  the  Hill  Trip  Company  of  An- 
derson and  the  Hill  Standard  Company  of 
Anderson.  He  also  owns  640  acres  of  land 
in  Saskatchewan,  Canada,  and  this  farm 
produced  in  one  season  38,000  bushels  of 
oats. 

At  the  age  of  twenty -three,  in  1896,  Mr. 
Gates  married  Lenna  Feast,  daughter  of 
Thomas  S.  and  Barbara  Jane  (Bronenberg) 
Feast.  They  have  one  daughter,  Virginia, 
born  in  1905.  Mr.  Gates  is  independent  in 
politics,  is  a  member  of  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  is  active  in  the  Rotary 
Club,  and  has  earnestly  identified  himself 
with  every  movement  for  the  general  wel- 
fare of  his  city.  He  is  affiliated  with 
Mount  Moriah  Lodge,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  at  Anderson,  and  also  with  the 
Chapter,  Council,  and  Commandery  of  the 
York  Rite,  with  the  thirty-second  degree 
Consistory  of  the  Scottish  Rite  and  with 
the  Mystic  Shrine. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2113 


WILLIAM  TAYLOR  STOTT,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
Indiana  perhaps  more  than  other  states  has 
cherished  and  paid  honor  to  men  and 
women  whose  work  and  ambitions  have 
been  directed  unselfishly  to  the  enlighten- 
ment and  welfare  of  humanity  —  work 
never  measured  by  wealth  or  any  material 
standards.  To  that  already  long  list  which 
is  so  peculiarly  the  glory  of  this  state  there 
deserves  to  be  added  the  name  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Taylor  Stott,  who  was  a  brilliant  sol- 
dier in  the  Civil  war,  was  a  minister  and 
of  a  family  of  ministers  of  the  Gospel,  for 
over  thirty  years  bore  the  burdens  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  the  presidency  of  Frank- 
lin College,  and  was  president  emeritus 
when  he  died  November  1,  1918. 

Doctor  Stott  was  named  for  his  grand- 
father, Rev.  William  Taylor  Stott,  who  was 
born  in  Kentucky  of  Scotch  ancestors.  His 
religious  zeal  carried  him  into  the  sparsely 
settled  neighborhood  of  Madison,  Indiana, 
and  later  he  made  his  home  at  Vernon.  A 
giant  in  physical  appearance,  his  mental 
equipment  matched  it  well,  and  through 
his  preaching  more  than  1,000  converts 
were  baptized  and  added  to  the  church. 
His  work  took  him  in  fact  all  over  the 
state.  His  last  charge  was  at  North  Ver- 
non. More  than  fifty  years  he  preached 
at  Vernon.  He  was  a  soldier  in  the  War 
of  1812  under  General  Hull.  His  death  took 
place  at  the  home  of  his  son  near  North 
Vernon  at  the  age  of  ninety.  Long  life, 
well  balanced  mental  and  physical  powers, 
equanimity,  earnestness  and  hard  work 
seemed  to  have  characterized  all  members 
of  this  family.  Grandfather  Stott 's  wife 
was  Mary  Ann  Stott,  and  they  had  a  fam- 
ily of  three  sons  and  four  daughters. 

Rev.  John  Stott,  father  of  Doctor  Stott, 
was  born  in  Kentucky  and  married  Eliza- 
beth Vawter.  Her  ancestry  was  no  less 
distinguished.  Her  father,  Richard  Wil- 
liam Vawter,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  also 
came  to  Indiana  as  an  early  day  preacher. 
His  first  settlement  was  near  Madison,  but 
he  later  located  at  Vernon,  and  died  there 
in  1868,  at  the  age  of  ninety  years.  He 
Was  a  son  of  Rev.  Jesse  Vawter.  a  Baptist 
minister.  The  Vawters  are  of  French  and 
English  descent. 

Rev.  John  Stott  and  wife  came  from 
Kentucky  to  Indiana  about  1820,  and  after 
a  brief  residence  near  Madison  located  at 
North  Vernon.  For  ten  years  they  lived 
on  the  same  farm  in  Jennings  County,  and 


moved  to  Franklin  a  short  time  before  they 
died.  Rev.  John  Stott  died  in  December 
1887,  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven,  and  his 
widow  survived  until  November,  1893, 
when  she  had  lived  eighty-three  years. 
Rev.  John  Stott  as  a  Baptist  minister  had 
a  number  of  charges  in  Jennings  County 
as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  state.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  ministered  to  the 
parish  known  as  Geneva  parish  at  Greens- 
ville,  Indiana,  Graham,  Brush  Creek,  and 
Zenas  parishes  in  Ripley  County.  His  last 
pastorate  was  at  North  Vernon.  He  and 
his  wife  had  five  children :  Vawter,  who 
died  in  infancy ;  Martha,  wife  of  Maxa 
Monctieth,  of  Franklin;  Dr.  William  T. ; 
Miss  Mary  F.,  of  Franklin ;  and  Maria  J., 
deceased,  who  was  the  wife  of  James  N. 
Chaille. 

Dr.  William  Taylor  Stott  was  born  in 
Jennings  County,  near  Vernon,  May  22, 
1836.  He  spent  his  boyhood  days  on  the 
farm  near  Vernon,  was  given  his  early  edu- 
cational advantages  in  the  academy  at  Sar- 
dinia, and  with  that  preparation  entered 
Franklin  College  in  1856-57,  graduating  in 
1861.  The  July  following  his  graduation 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in  Company 
I  of  the  Eighteenth  Indiana  Infantry,  with 
Thomas  Pattison  as  colonel  commanding. 
His  ability  was  marked,  was  early  recog- 
nized by  his  superiors,  and  he  was  pro- 
moted to  captain  of  his  company.  With 
the  Eighteenth  Indiana  he  fought  the  en- 
tire war  around  the  Confederacy,  begin- 
ning with  the  campaigns  in  Missouri  and 
Arkansas,  continuing  until  the  Mississippi 
River  was  freed  of  its  Confederate  strong- 
holds, and  finally  going  east  to  the  great 
battlegrounds  in  Virginia.  In  this  time 
he  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Black  water, 
Sugar  Creek,  Pea  Ridge,  Cotton  Plant, 
Port  Gibson,  Champion  Hills,  Big  Black 
River,  Vicksburg,  Mustang  Island,  Fort 
Esperanza,  Baton  Rouge,  Berryville,  Hall 
Town,  Winchester,  Fisher's  Hill,  Newmar- 
ket, and  Cedar  Creek.  The  climax  of  his 
military  career  came  at  the  famous  battle 
of  Cedar  Creek.  During  the  fighting  Ma- 
jor Williams  had  fallen,  and  at  this  criti- 
cal moment  Captain  Stott  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  regiment,  reformed  his  men, 
and  with  rare  ability  and  coolness  led  them 
to  the  close  of  that  never  to  be  forgotten 
day.  As  a  soldier,  in  camp,  on  the  march 
or  in  the  field,  Doctor  Stott  maintained 
those  qualities  which  now  and  at  all  times 


2114 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


have  made  the  really  great  soldiers — self 
possession,  earnestness,  perseverance,  reso- 
lution— in  short,  character.  On  May  10, 
1865,  he  was  mustered  out,  having  served 
continuously  more  than  three  years  and 
six  months. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Doctor  Stott  en- 
tered Rochester  Theological  Seminary, 
where  after  three  years  he  graduated.  He 
had  received  the  degree  A.  B.  from  Frank- 
lin College,  and  in  1872  Kalamazoo  Col- 
lege in  Michigan  awarded  him  the  degree 
Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  he  had  the  honor- 
ary degree  Doctor  of  Laws  from  Shurtleff 
College  in  1899  and  from  Franklin  Col- 
lege in  1905. 

Doctor  Stott  was  ordained  to  the  min- 
istry in  1868,  and  was  pastor  at  Columbus, 
Indiana,  during  1868-69.  In  1869  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  natural  science  in 
Franklin  College,  and  during  the  first  year 
was  acting  president  of  the  institution.  In 
1872  he  became  a  professor  in  Kalamazoo 
College  at  Kalamazoo,  Michigan,  with  the 
chair  of  chemistry  and  physics.  In  a  few 
months  after  Franklin  College  had  been 
reorganized  he  was  asked  to  assume  the 
grave  responsibility  of  its  presidency.  He 
remained  president  of  Franklin  College 
from  1872  to  1905,  and  in  1905  was  elected 
president  emeritus.  As  head  of  one  of  the 
state  colleges  of  Indiana  Doctor  Stott 
showed  most  commendable  executive  abil- 
ity, and  throughout  the  years  exhibited 
a  breadth  of  culture,  keenness  of  percep- 
tion, fidelity,  and  perseverance  in  work 
which  not  only  made  his  name  an  inspira- 
tion all  over  the  state  but  gave  him  a  rep- 
utation among  those  engaged  in  higher 
education.  As  a  teacher  Doctor  Stott  has 
had  few  equals.  When  he  accepted  the 
presidency  of  Franklin  College  that  insti- 
tution was  burdened  with  a  debt  of  $13,000, 
with  no  assets.  When  he  retired  in  June, 
1905,  after  thirty-three  years  of  faithful 
and  untiring  efforts,  the  college  had 
assets  of  $464,000  and  only  a  small  floating 
indebtedness. 

The  three  years  following  his  retirement 
from  the  active  presidency  were  spent  in 
writing  a  history  of  the  Baptist  Church  in 
Indiana,  for  which  he  had  been  collecting 
data  for  years.  That  interesting  work,  en- 
titled the  Baptist  History,  1798-1908,  was 
published  in  1908  and  comprises  374  pages, 
much  of  it  a  vivid  narrative  of  the  early 


days  of  the  church  on  the  frontier.  It 
carries  the  reader  through  the  entire  his- 
tory of  the  Baptist  denomination  in  this 
part  of  the  country. 

From  September,  1908,  until  May,  1911, 
Doctor  Stott  was  president  of  the  Soldiers 
and  Sailors  Orphans  Home,  being  obliged 
to  resign  because  of  ill  health.  He  still 
wrote  occasionally  for  the  magazines  and 
denominational  papers.  He  was  always 
interested  in  the  affairs  of  state  and  nation, 
and  in  the  good  government  of  his  home 
community.  He  served  as  a  member  of 
the  City  Council,  having  been  elected  by 
liis  ward  by  the  largest  majority  on  record. 
His  methods  while  in  the  City  Council 
demonstrated  that  his  aim  was  not  to  ad- 
vance party  but  to  render  faithful  service 
to  the  city.  He  was  a  republican  in  poli- 
tics. In  1875  Doctor  Stott  was  president 
of  the  Indiana  Baptist  Convention  and 
from  1899  for  a  number  of  years  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Education 
of  Indiana.  He  also  served  as  associate 
editor  of  the  Baptist  Outlook. 

May  21,  1868,  Doctor  Stott  married  Ara- 
bella Ruth  Tracy,  of  Rochester,  New  York, 
daughter  of  Isaac  S.  and  Mary  M.  (Pierce) 
Tracy.  Five  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage,  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 
Cyril  H.,  the  youngest,  died  at  the  age  of 
seven  years.  Wilfred  T.  Stott  is  a  highly 
successful  journalist  and  is  now  managing 
editor  of  the  Portland  (Oregon)  Telegram. 
He  married  Frances  Dodge,  of  Chicago, 
and  has  a  son,  William  Taylor,  Jr.,  named 
after  his  grandfather.  Grace  E.  married 
Rev.  C.  R.  Parker,  of  LaPorte,  Indiana, 
and  has  two  children,  Cyril  R.  and  Ruth 
Eleanor.  The  daughter  Edith  married 
Rev.  F.  G.  Kenny,  of  Marion,  Indiana,  and 
has  one  child,  Grace  Elizabeth.  Roscoe 
Oilmore,  writer  and  lecturer,  and  the 
youngest  of  the  living  children,  resides  at 
Franklin,  Indiana.  He  married  Isabel  Por- 
ter, of  Petoskey,  Michigan.  They  have 
two  children,  Roscoe  Gilmore,  Junior,  and 
Isabel  Tracy. 

FRANCIS  H.  DOBAN  is  one  of  the  oldest 
living  native  sons  of  Michigan  City.  His 
name  is  known  all  over  LaPorte  County  be- 
cause of  his  long  continued  prominence 
in  public  affairs.  His  father  before  him 
had  an  important  share  in  developing 
Michigan  City  as  a  grain  center.  A  son 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


2115 


of  Francis  H.  Doran  is  Philo  Q.  Doran, 
one  of  LaPorte  County's  most  prominent 
lawyers. 

Francis  H.  Doran  was  born  in  Michigan 
City  in  1847.     His  grandfather,  Edward 
Doran,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  reared 
and  married  there,  and  brought  his  family 
to   America    about    1820.     He   landed    in 
Canada  and  lived  there  a  number  of  years, 
but  spent  his  last  years  in  LaPorte  County. 
Patrick  Doran,  father  of  Francis  H.,  was 
born   in    County   Monaghan,    Ireland,    of 
Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  and  was  three  years 
old  when  brought  to  America.     He  lived  in 
Canada  with  his  father  and  stepmother  to 
the  age  of  eleven,  but  not  being  well  treated 
by  his  stepmother  he  ran  away  from  home 
and   ever   afterward   was   self-supporting. 
For  a  time  he  drove  a  stage  in  Canada.    As 
early  as  1836  he  came  to  Indiana  with  Abi- 
jah  Bigelow,  the  Bigelows  being  one  of  the 
prominent    pioneer    families    of    LaPorte 
County.     They  came  to  Northern  Indiana 
with  teams  and  wagons.     Mr.  Bigelow  lo- 
cated at  what  later  became  known  as  Big- 
elow   Mills,    near    Wanatah    in    LaPorte 
County.     After  these  mills  were  built  Pat- 
rick Doran  operated  them  for  a  time  and 
later  moved  to  Michigan  City.     The  rail- 
roads had  not  yet  been  built,  and  farmers 
transported  their  grain  in  wagons  for  100 
miles  or  more  to  Michigan  City  to  seek 
an  outlet  for  it.     For  several  years  Patrick 
Doran   was   in   the   employ   of   Chauncey1 
Blair  and  other  capitalists,  and  stationed 
in  the  warehouses  at  Michigan  City  as  a 
grain  buyer.     He  represented  the  interests 
which  built  one  of  the  largest  elevators  on 
the  lake  front.    After  the  railroads  came 
Patrick  Doran  was  in  a  railroad  office  for 
a  time  and  later  for  forty  years  was  local 
agent  for  the  American  Express  Company. 
Though  the  practice  was  not  then  a  general 
one,  when  Patrick  Doran  left  the  service 
of  the  express  company  he  was  granted  a 
pension  for  long  and  faithful  service.     He 
died  in  Michigan  City  in  1890,  at  the  ripe 
age  of  seventy-seven.     Patrick  Doran  mar- 
ried Mary  Ann   McCulloch,   who  was   of 
Scotch-Irish  parentage.     She  died  in  mid- 
dle life,  leaving  four  children :  Maria,  who 
married  A.  F.  Earle ;  Nancy,  who  married 
L.  E.  Thompson,  now  deceased ;  Francis 
H. :  and  Edward  F.,  also  deceased. 

Francis   H.    Doran   obtained   his   early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Michigan 


City.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  went  on. 
the  road  as  a  traveling  salesman  for  the 
wholesale  lumber  trade.  He  was  the  first 
traveling  salesman  in  the  lumber  business 
out  of  Michigan  City.  His  interest  in  pub- 
lic affairs  and  politics  frequently  took  him 
out  of  regular  business  circles.  In  1891 
he  was  appointed  postmaster  by  President 
Harrison  and  served  four  years.  Then,  in 
1894,  he  was  elected  county  auditor  on  the 
republican  ticket.  He  carried  the  county 
by  258  votes,  whereas  Mr.  Cleveland  in 
1892  had  swept  the  county  by  1,452  ma- 
jority. At  the  expiration  of  his  first  term 
he  was  re-elected  and  gave  the  office  the 
benefit  of  his  personal  direction  and  effi- 
cient management  for  eight  years.  He  was 
at  one  time  a  candidate  at  the  primaries 
for  state  senator.  He  cast  his  first  vote  as 
a  republican,  and  has  been  a  stanch  sup- 
porter of  that  party  ever  since.  He  has 
been  a  delegate  from  many  districts  to 
state  conventions. 

For  a  time  Mr.  Doran  was  connected 
with  the  Pere  Marquette  Railway  Com- 
pany, and  later  became  associated  with  his 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  Earle,  in  the  undertak- 
ing business,  and  has  continued  that  es- 
tablishment since  the  death  of  Mr.  Earle. 

Mr.  Doran  married  Mary  Ellen  Quinn, 
who  was  born  at  Bainbridge  in  Putnam 
County,  Indiana.  Her  father,  Daniel  Quinn, 
was  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  pioneer  set- 
tler of  Bainbridge.  He  became  prominent 
in  business  affairs  and  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
Daniel  Quinn  married  Judith  Ann  Hale,  a 
half-sister  of  United  States  Senator  Eu- 
gene Hale  of  Maine.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Doran 
have  two  sons,  Philo  Q.  and  Edward  Ralph. 
Philo  Q.,  who  was  born  in  Michigan  City 
in  1872,  was  for  several  years  employed 
by  the  Pullman  Company,  studied  law  in 
his  leisure  hours,  was  admitted  to  the  La- 
Porte  bar  in  1895,  and  also  served  eight 
years  as  deputy  county  auditor  under  his 
father.  For  many  years  he  has  been  one 
of  the  successful  lawyers  of  the  state.  He 
married  Laura  Nye,  daughter  of  former 
Lieutenant  Governor  Mortimer  Nye.  They 
have  a  daughter,  Judith  C.  Edward  Ralph 
Doran,  second  son  of  Francis  Doran,  was 
born  in  Michigan  City,  November  19,  1878. 
He  was  with  the  Studebaker  Corporation 
as  accountant,  and  is  now  connected  with 
the  Chicago  Mica  Company,  and  located 


Vol.    V— 14 


2116 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


at  Valparaiso,  in  the  capacity  of  expert  ac- 
countant. He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Michigan  City  and  LaPorte. 

Francis  H.  Doran  is  affiliated  with  Acme 
Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Michigan  City  Chapter  No.  25, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City  Coun- 
cil No.  56,  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  Mich- 
igan City  Commandery  No.  30,  Knights 
Templar,  and  the  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine  at  Hammond.  He  also  belongs  to 
LaPorte  Lodge  of  Elks  and  is  chairman 
of  the  House  Committee  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  He  was  reared  in  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  while  his  wife  is  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church. 

WALTER  H.  LEWIS,  M.  D.  For  a  number 
of  years  Doctor  Lewis  enjoyed  an  extended 
medical  practice  in  and  around  Pendleton, 
but  has  since  given  his  chief  attention  to 
business  affairs,  and  is  now  senior  partner 
of  Lewis  Brothers,  druggists.  Doctor 
Lewis'  name  is  not  unknown  to  the  state 
at  large,  since  he  has  sustained  a  number 
of  responsibilities  and  honors  of  a  general 
public  nature. 

He  was  born  in  Fall  Creek  Township  of 
Madison  County,  Indiana,  December  25, 
1849.  His  Welsh  ancestors  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  many  generations  ago,  and 
the  family  have  always  been  closely  identi- 
fied with  the  Hicksite  Friends  Church. 
Doctor  Lewis  is  a  birthright  member  of 
that  church.  Doctor  Lewis  is  a  son  of  Si- 
meon and  Martha  (Fussell)  Lewis.  His 
father  came  to  Indiana  in  1832,  crossing 
the  country  in  the  days  before  railroads, 
and  was  an  early  day  merchant  of  the 
state.  In  1847  he  moved  to  Huntsville 
and  conducted  a  general  store  there  for 
many  years. 

Doctor  Lewis  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  Academy  at  Pendleton, 
spent  one  year  in  Asbury  College  at  Green 
castle,  and  is  a  graduate  of  medicine  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  From  1873 
until  1886  he  was  busy  with  his  growing 
general  practice  at  Pendleton,  but  since 
that  date  has  been  practically  retired  from 
his  profession.  In  1884  he  and  his  brother 
Horace  Lewis  opened  a  drug  store  at  Pen- 
dleton, and  this  is  now  one  of  the  oldest 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  Madison 
County.  His  brother  died  in  1911,  but  the 
firm  is  still  carried  on  as  Lewis  Brothers. 

In  1881  Doctor  Lewis  married  Jeanette 


Craven,  daughter  of  Judge  Hervey  Craven, 
formerly  circuit  judge  of  Madison  County. 
Four  children  have  been  born  to  their  mar- 
riage. Ward  C.,  born  in  1882,  is  now  with 
Columbia  University  Hospital  Unit  in 
France.  Ruth  S.  married  Thomas  Morris, 
of  Stockton,  California,  'and  they  have  one 
child,  Esther  Jeanette,  born  in  1916.  The 
third  child,  Jeanette,  is  now  a  teacher  of 
music  and  drawing  in  the  Pendleton 
schools.  The  youngest  daughter,  Margaret, 
married  Dr.  E.  H.  Clauser,  of  Rossville,  In- 
diana. Doctor  Clauser  at  the  present  time 
is  at  the  base  hospital  at  Camp  Sheridan. 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  Clauser  have  one  child, 
Jean,  born  in  1917. 

Doctor  Lewis  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Hanly  as  a  member  of  the  commission  to 
build  the  Southeastern  Hospital  of  Indiana. 
On  March  12,  1891,  he  became  president  of 
the  Pendleton  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, and  has  continuously  held  that  office 
for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  and  has 
wisely  directed  the  business  affairs  of  the 
association  and  in  such  a  way  as  to  result 
in  the  permanent  upbuilding  and  welfare 
of  the  city.  He  is  affiliated  with  Madison 
Lodge  No.  44,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  with  the  Council,  Royal  and  Select 
Masters,  and  has  held  all  the  offices  in  his 
lodge.  He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  in  politics  is  a  repub- 
lican. 

JOSEPH  R.  ROACH  is  one  of  the  successful 
Indianapolis  lawyers,  with  offices  in  the 
Fletcher  Savings  &  Trust  Building,  and 
came  to  this  city  a  few  years  ago  from 
Terre  Haute.  » 

He  was  born  in  Vigo  County,  Indiana, 
October  16,  1878,  son  of  John  J.  and  Mary 
(Golden)  Roach.  His  grandfather,  Joseph 
Roach,  was  born  in  Ireland  and  came  to 
America  in  1848,  locating  at  Rushville,  In- 
diana. John  J.  Roach  was  born  in  1854, 
and  has  been  a  well  known  citizen  of  Terre 
Haute  for  a  number  of  years.  He  served 
twelve  years  on  the  City  Council,  was  an 
ardent  democrat  and  a  devout  Catholic. 
In  the  family  were  five  children,  three  of 
whom  are  still  living. 

Joseph  R.  Roach,  the  oldest  of  the  chil- 
dren, was  educated  in  the  parochial  and 
high  schools  of  Terre  Haute,  and  after 
his  admission  to  the  bar  began  practice  in 
that  city  in  1911.  He  came  to  Indian- 


21]6 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


at  Valparaiso,  in  the  capacity  of  expert  ac- 
countant. He  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  .-.Michigan  City  and  La  Porte. 

Francis  II.  Doran  is  affiliated  with  Acme 
Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  Michigan  City  Chapter  No.  25, 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City  Coun- 
cil'No.  56,  Royal  and  Select  Masters.  Mich- 
igan City  Coinmandery  No.  30,  Knights 
Templar,  and  the  Temple  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine  at  Hammond.  He  also  belongs  to 
La  Porte  Lodge  of  Elks  and  is  chairman 
of  the  House  Committee  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce.  lie  was  reared  in  the  Epis- 
copal Church,  while  his  wife  is  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church. 

WALTER  II.  LKWIS.  M.  D.  For  a  number 
of  years  Doctor  Lewis  enjoyed  an  extended 
medical  practice  in  and  around  Pendleton, 
but  has  since  given  his  chief  attention  to 
business  affairs,  and  is  now  senior  partner 
of  Lewis  Brothers,  druggists.  Doctor 
Lewis'  name  is  not  unknown  to  the  state 
at  large,  since  he  has  sustained  a  number 
of  responsibilities  and  honors  of  a  general 
public  nature. 

lie  was  born  in  Fall  Creek  Township  of 
Madison  County,  Indiana,  December  25, 
1S49.  His  Welsh  ancestors  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  many  generations  ago.  and 
the  family  have  always  been  closely  identi- 
fied with  the  Hicksite  Friends  Church. 
Doctor  Lewis  is  a  birthright  member  of 
that  church.  Doctor  Lewis  is  a  son  of  Si- 
meon and  Martha  (Fussell)  Lewis.  His 
father  came  to  Indiana  in  1832,  crossing 
the  country  in  the  days  before  railroads. 
and  was  an  early  day  merchant  of  the 
state.  In  1847  he  moved  to  Huntsville 
and  conducted  a  general  store  there  for 
many  years. 

Doctor  Lewis  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  Academy  at  Pendleton, 
spent  one  year  in  Asbury  College  at  Green 
castle,  and  is  a  graduate  of  medicine  of  the 
I  "Diversity  of  Pennsylvania.  From  1873 
until  1886  he  was  busy  with  his  growing 
general  practice  at  Pendleton.  but  since 
that  date  has  been  practically  retired  from 
his  profession.  Tn  1884  he  and  his  brother 
Horace  Lewis  opened  a  drug  store  at  Pen- 
dleton. ami  this  is  now  one  of  the  oldest 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  Madison 
County,  flis  brother  died  ill  1911.  hut  the 
firm  is  still  carried  on  as  Lewis  Brothers. 

In  1881   Doctor  Lewis  married  Jeanette 


Craven,  daughter  of  Judge  Ilervey  Craven, 
formerly  circuit  judge  of  Madison  County. 
Four  children  have  been  born  to  their  mar- 
riage. Ward  C.,  born  in  1882,  is  now  with 
Columbia  I'niversity  Hospital  Unit  in 
France.  Ruth  S.  married  Thomas  Morris, 
of  Stockton,  California,  and  they  have  one 
child,  Esther  Jeanette,  born  in  1916.  The 
third  child,  Jeanette,  is  now  a  teacher  of 
music  and  drawing  in  the  Pendleton 
schools.  The  youngest  daughter,  Margaret, 
married  Dr.  E.  II.  Clauser,  of  Rossville,  In- 
diana. Doctor  Clauser  at  the  present  time 
is  at  the  base  hospital  at  Camp  Sheridan. 
Doctor  and  Mrs.  Clauser  have  one  child, 
Jean,  born  in  1917. 

Doctor  Lewis  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Hanly  as  a  member  of  the  commission  to 
build  the  Southeastern  Hospital  of  Indiana. 
On  March  12,  1891,  he  became  president  of 
the  Pendleton  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, and  has  continuously  held  that  office 
for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century  and  has 
wisely  directed  the  business  affairs  of  the 
association  and  in  such  a  way  as  to  result 
in  the  permanent  upbuilding  and  welfare 
of  the  city.  He  is  affiliated  with  Madison 
Lodge  No.  44,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons,  with  the  Council,  Royal  and  Select 
Masters,  and  has  held  all  the  offices  in  his 
lodge.  He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  in  politics  is  a  repub- 
lican. 

JOSEPH  R.  ROACH  is  one  of  the  successful 
Indianapolis  lawyers,  with  offices  in  the 
Fletcher  Savings  &  Trust  Building,  and 
came  to  this  city  a  few  years  ago  from 
Terre  Haute.  • 

He  was  born  in  Vigo  County.  Indiana, 
October  16,  1878,  son  of  John  j'.  and  Mary 
C  Golden1)  Roach.  His  grandfather,  Joseph 
Roach,  was  born  in  Ireland  and  came  to 
America  in  1848,  locating  at  Rushville.  In- 
diana. John  J.  Roach  was  born  in  1854, 
and  has  been  a  well  known  citizen  of  Terre 
Haute  for  a  number  of  years.  He  served 
twelve  years  on  the  City  Council,  was  an 
ardent  democrat  and  a  devout  Catholic. 
Tn  the  familv  were  five  children,  three  of 
whom  are  still  living. 

Joseph  R.  Roach,  the  oldest  of  the  chil- 
dren, was  educated  in  the  parochial  and 
high  schools  of  Terre  Haute,  and  after 
his  admission  to  the  bar  began  practice  in 
that  citv  in  1911.  He  came  to  Indian- 


U3RARY 

OF  TME 

UNIVERSITY  OF  RIW0S 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2117 


apolis  in  1914.  Mr.  Roach  is  a  democrat. 
He  is  married  and  has  two  children,  Joseph 
R.,  Jr.,  and  John  H. 

A  future  historian  who  may  write  the 
story  of  modern  Indiana  politics  without 
bias,  and  also  without  fear  or  favor,  will 
make  Joseph  R.  Roach  both  an  incidental 
and  a  vital  figure  in  some  of  his  chapters. 
If  this  personal  feature  is  elaborated  it 
will  have  much  of  the  elements  of  a  drama 
with  the  unusual  variation  of  a  villian  in 
the  plot  turning  the  tables  on  other  per- 
sonages "higher  up"  and  eventually  be- 
coming the  instrumentality  of  good  at  the 
climax.  Without  encroaching  upon  the 
labors  of  another,  it  is  proper  to  say  here 
that  Joseph  R.  Roach  deserves  no  small 
share  of  the  credit  for  some  of  the  ' '  whole- 
some fear  of  God"  which  now  more  than 
ever  before  seems  to  pervade  the  atmos- 
phere of  politics  in  Indiana.  The  current 
literature  on  the  subject  found  in  the  In- 
diana newspapers  during  the  first  half  of 
the  present  decade  and  one  article  in  par- 
ticular which  was  widely  read  was  an  ap- 
preciation of  Joseph  Roach  writtgft  «&/•[ 
Horace  H.  Herr,  appearing  in  the  Indiana 
Forum  of  October  17,  1915. 

RICHARD  W.  THOMPSON,  a  former  secre- 
tary of  .  the  navy,  was  born  in  Cul- 
peper  County,  Virginia.  After  coming  to 
Lawrence  County,  Indiana,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar,  was  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  Legislature,  1834-36,  a  member  of 
the  Senate,  1836-38,  was  for  a  short  time 
president  of  the  Senate,  was  a  member  of 
Congress,  1841  and  1847,  was  secretary  of 
the  navy  in  Hayes  cabinet,  and  he  was  also 
an  author  of  ability.  His  home  was  at 
Terre  Haute,  and  his  death  occurred  in 
1900. 

JONATHAN  OWEN  EDGERTON,  of  Rich- 
mond, has  given  practically  all  his  life  to 
the  cause  of  education,  and  even  with  his 
present  responsibilities  as  trustee  of  Wayne 
Township  his  duties  lie  principally  with 
the  public  schools  of  his  jurisdiction. 

He  was  born  in  Franklin  Township  of 
Wayne  County  November  8,  1857,  a  son  of 
Nathan  and  Ruth  (Rodgers)  Edgerton. 
He  is  of  English  and  Scotch-Irish  ances- 
try, arid  the  family  on  coming  to  America 
first  settled  in  North  Carolina.  His  father 
was  a  graduate  in  medicine  from  the  Ohio 


Medical  College  at  Cincinnati  but  for  many 
years  also  followed  farming. 

Jonathan  0.  Edgerton,  second  in  a  fam- 
ily of  five  children,  grew  up  in  the  country, 
attended  country  schools,  and  did  his  share 
of  work  on  the  home  farm  until  he  was 
nineteen.  He  then  entered  the  Centerville 
Normal  School,  and  after  two  terms  took 
up  the  work  of  teaching.  In  1881  he  re- 
ceived a  diploma  from  Ladoga  Normal 
School  in  Montgomery  County.  Altogether 
he  spent  twenty-five  years  in  country  and 
town  schools  as  teacher,  principal,  and 
school  administrator.  He  taught  in  Frank- 
lin, Greene,  New  Garden,  and  Wayne 
Townships  of  Wayne  County.  He  also 
taught  .  a  year  in  Randolph  County,  and 
was  principal  of  the  Fountain  City  and 
Webster  schools.  While  in  New  Garden 
Township  he  served  as  township  trustee 
from  1895  to  1900.  He  was  a  teacher  in 
Wayne  Township  for  eight  terms  and  was 
principal  of  the  school  at  East  Haven  Ave- 
nue and  the  National  Road.  Mr.  Edger- 
ton has  been  a  resident  of  Richmond  since 


. 

He  was  elected  to  his  present  important 
responsibilities  as  township  trustee  in  1914, 
and  so  capably  did  he  handle  the  affairs 
entrusted  to  his  management  that  he  was 
accorded  a  second  term  by  re-election  in 
1916.  He  has  always  been  a  republican, 
though  in  1914  he  was  elected  on  the  pro- 
gressive ticket.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men,  the  Loyal  Order 
of  Moose,  and  belongs  to  the  Friends 
Church. 

In  1889  Mr.  Edgerton  married  Miss  Lois 
Weeks,  daughter  of  John  Wesley  and  Car- 
rie M.  (Clark)  Weeks  of  Richmond.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Edgerton  have  a  family  of  three 
sons  and  three  daughters,  and  one  of  their 
sons,  Sergeant  C.  W.  Edgerton,  is  in  France 
with  the  aviation  department. 

CHARLES  C.  HOLLIS  has  for  many  years 
been  identified  with  the  telephone  industry 
in  Indiana  and  other  states,  and  at  present 
is  manager  for  the  receivers  of  the  Central 
Union  Telephone  Company  of  Muncie. 

He  was  born  in  Hamilton  County,  In- 
diana, September  28,  1860,  son  of  G.  N. 
and  Anna  (Jones)  Hollis.  His  paternal 
ancestry  goes  back  to  Holland,  while  in  the 
maternal  line  he  is  of  English  stock.  Mr. 
Hollis  was  onlv  five  vears  old  when  his 


2118 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


mother  died.  His  father,  who  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1843,  came  to  Indiana  in 
the  '50s,  locating  at  Westfield,  and  in  1875 
moved  to  Noblesville,  where  he  was  elected 
to  the  office  of  county  recorder.  After 
his  one  term  as  head  of  that  office  he  re- 
mained as  assistant  to  the  successor  for 
eight  years.  He  then  established  his  home 
at  Indianapolis,  but  since  1914  has  lived  in 
Chicago. 

After  the  death  of  his  mother  Charles 
C.  Hollis  lived  in  the  home  of  his  grand- 
mother until  he  was  twenty-three  years  of 
age.  May  22,  1884,  at  Indianapolis,  he 
married  Miss  Helena  Schaaf,  of  a  promi- 
nent German-American  family  of  that 
city.  Three  children  were  born  to  their 
marriage. 

For  nineteen  years  Mr.  Charles  C.  Hol- 
lis was  connected  with  the  Indianapolis 
Transfer  Company  as  agent.  In  1900  he 
removed  to  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  became 
district  manager  of  the  Michigan  State 
Telephone  Company,  with  headquarters  at 
Battle  Creek.  In  1908  he  returned  to  In- 
dianapolis and  was  one  of  the  managing 
officials  of  the  Central  Union  Telephone 
Company  in  that  city.  In  1913  he  was 
transferred  to  Muncie  as  manager  of  the 
business  in  that  city. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Muncie  Business 
Association,  Commercial  Club,  Rotary 
Club,  and  the  Illinois  Commercial  Men's 
Association.  Mr.  Hollis  attends  the  Ger- 
man Reformed  Church  and  in  politics  is  a 
democrat. 

! 

AUGUST  C.  HEITSCHMIDT  is  one  of  the 
oldest  active  business  men  of  Michigan  City 
and  for  many  years  has  carried  on  an  ex- 
tensive trade  in  flour,  feed,  agricultural 
implements,  wood,  coal,  and  building  ma- 
terials. 

He  is  a  native  of  Chicago.  His  grand- 
father, John  Heitschmidt,  was  born  in 
Prussia  and  brought  his  family  to  Amer- 
ica with  the  intention  of  settling  in  Chi- 
cago. He  died  in  LaPorte  while  en  route 
to  that  city.  His  son,  August  Heitschmidt, 
went  to  Chicago  as  early  as  1857,  when  it 
was  a  small  city  and  with  little  promise  of 
its  present  importance.  In  1865  he  re- 
turned to  Indiana,  and  bought  a  flour  mill 
in  Cool  Spring  Township  of  LaPorte 
County.  He  operated  it  as  a  custom  mill 
for  two  years,  and  then  returned  to  Chi- 
cago and  for  some  years  was  engaged  in 


the  grocery  and  feed  business.  He  died 
in  Chicago  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven. 
The  maiden  name  of  his  wife  was  Julia 
Ziemann.  She  was  born  in  Mecklenburg 
Schwerin,  Germany.  Her  father,  John 
Ziemann,  came  to  America  and  spent  his. 
last  years  in  Michigan  City. 

August  C.  Heitschmidt  was  reared  to  a 
life  of  industry.  When  only  eleven  years 
of  age  he  became  self-supporting.  For 
three  years  he  worked  on  a  farm  at  Wood- 
stock, Illinois,  then  lived  another  year  in 
Chicago,  worked  on  a  farm  near  Dundee, 
Illinois,  a  year,  and  before  coming  to  Mich- 
igan City  he  was  employed  in  the  iron  fin- 
ishing and  upholstering  business  at  Chi- 
cago. 

Mr.  Heitschmidt  located  at  Michigan 
City  in  1882.  In  1888  he  entered  his  pres- 
ent business,  and  has  conducted  one  of  the 
largest  supply  centers  for  the  commodities 
above  named  in  the  northern  part  of  La- 
Porte  County.  He  is  also  a  charter  mem- 
ber and  a  director  in  the  Michigan  Trust 
and  Savings  Bank  of  Michigan  City. 

In  1887  Mr.  Heitschmidt  married  Miss 
Emma  Warkentine,  daughter  of  Henry  and 
Louise  Warkentine.  The  only  child  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Heitschmidt  is  Ella,  wife  of 
Joseph  I.  Fladiger.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fladiger 
have  a  daughter  named  Marjorie.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Heitschmidt  are  members  of  St. 
John's  Church  at  Michigan  City,  and  he  is 
a  director  of  the  Michigan  City  Trust  and 
Savings  Bank,  is  independent  in  politics 
and  has  served  two  terms  in  the  City  Coun- 
cil and  also  as  a  police  commissioner.  He 
is  affiliated  with  Lodge  No.  230,  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  Acme  Lodge 
No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, Michigan  City  Chapter  No.  25,  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City  Council  No. 
56,  Royal  and  Select  Masons,  Michigan 
City  Commandery  No.  30,  Knights  Temp- 
lar, and  the  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
at  Hammond.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
National  American  Union. 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  KRIETENSTEIN.  This  is 
a  name  which  for  over  fifty  years  has  been 
identified  with  the  drug  and  paint  trade  at 
Terre  Haute,  but  that  is  only  one  of  many 
associations  which  make  Krietenstein  a 
name  of  prominence  in  that  section  of  the 
state.  Members  of  the  family  have  been 
active  in  the  civic  and  charitable  institu- 
tions, and  George  W.  Krietenstein  is  also 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2119 


widely  known  over  Indiana  in  a  political 
way. 

The  venerable  head  of  the  family  is  Carl 
Krietenstein,  who  has  been  a  resident  of 
Terre  Haute  for  nearly  sixty  years  and  has 
a  career  which  may  well  be  recalled  in  some 
detail  as  a  matter  of  instruction  and  in- 
spiration to  the  present  generation.  He 
was  born  in  Germany,  October  10,  1837, 
and  is  now  eighty-one  years  of  age.  His 
parents  were  G.  Henry  and  Wilhelmina 
(Ploeger)  Krietenstein.  Educated  in  his 
native  country,  where  he  learned  the  brick 
layer's  trade,  Carl  Krietenstein  came  to 
America  in  the  spring  of  1858.  The  sum- 
mer of  that  year  he  spent  at  Freeport,  Illi- 
nois, and  the  following  winter  at  New  Or- 
leans, and  in  the  spring  of  1859  arrived  at 
Terre  Haute,  where  his  first  employment 
was  as  a  gardener  and  teamster.  The  next 
year  he  went  to  work  as  a  section  hand 
for  the  Terre  Haute  &  Richmond  Railroad, 
putting  in  eleven  hours  a  day  for  wages  of 
a  dollar  a  day.  In  the  spring  of  1861  he 
took  a  position  as  a  brakeman  on  a  freight 
train  between  Terre  Haute  and  Indianap- 
olis. This  train  was  soon  discontinued,  and 
his  next  work  was  at  wages  of  a  dollar  a 
day  carrying  a  hod  for  a  local  plasterer  and 
cistern  builder. 

In  August,  1861,  Carl  Krietenstein  vol- 
unteered for  service  in  Company  E  of  the 
Thirty-Second  Regiment  of  Indiana.  This 
was  the  first  German  regiment  raised  in 
the  state.  Mr.  Krietenstein  was  with  it  in 
all  its  battles  and  engagements  for  over 
three  years,  and  was  mustered  out  and  re- 
ceived his  honorable  discharge  in  Septem- 
ber, 1864.  Returning  to  Terre  Haute,  he 
worked  as  assistant  baggage  master  and 
night  watchman  with  the  Vandalia  Rail- 
road until  1866,  after  which  he  was  freight 
and  money  clerk  with  the  Adams  Express 
Company  and  later  with  the  American, 
Express  Company.  It  was  in  November, 
1868,  that  he  formed  the  connection  which 
proved  a  long  and  straight  road  to  his  sub- 
sequent business  fortunes.  He  entered  the 
service  of  a  firm  conducting  a  drug  store 
in  the  old  Terre  Haute  Hotel.  He  was 
with  that  one  firm  for  over  twelve  years, 
and  in  that  time  he  carefully  laid  the 
foundation  for  his  independent  business 
career.  In  June,  1881,  he  became  mem- 
ber of  the  drug  firm  of  Shinkle  &  Krieten- 
stein. the  name  of  which  was  soon  changed 
to  Adamson  &  Krietenstein.  In  1885  Mr. 


Krietenstein  became  sole  proprietor  of  the 
business  and  in  the  following  year  moved 
to  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Ohio  streets, 
and  in  1896  bought  a  brick  business  block 
at  the  southwest  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Cherry  streets.  For  many  years  the 
business  has  been  a  combination  of  drugs 
and  a  complete  line  of  paints  and  glass, 
and  Carl  Krietenstein  was  an  independ- 
ent merchant  in  these  lines  for  over 
thirty  years.  His  name  is  also  prom- 
inently identified  in  other  ways  with 
Terre  Haute.  In  1860  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  German  Benevolent  Society  and 
was  continuously  an  officer  of  that  organi- 
xation  from  1865.  For  over  forty  years  he 
has  been  affiliated  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  has  served  as  com- 
mander of  Morton  Post,  Grand  Army  of 
the  Repxiblic,  and  has  been  a  faithful  re- 
publican since  casting  his  first  vote  in 
America.  In  February,  1860,  while  still  a 
wage  earner  and  manual  toiler  in  Terre 
Haute,  Carl  Krietenstein  married  Miss 
Mary  Glanzer,  who  was  also  born  in  Ger- 
many and  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1858.  They  lived  happily  together  in  an 
ideally  domestic  companionship  for  over 
half  a  century,  until  the  death  of  Mrs. 
Carl  Krietenstein  in  1912.  To  their  mar- 
riage were  born  five  children,  three  of 
whom  grew  to  maturity:  Minnie,  wife  of 
Walter  A.  Haley ;  William,  of  Terre  Haute ; 
and  George  William. 

George  William  Krietenstein  was  born 
at  Terre  Haute  July  4,  1871.  and  he  grew 
up  in  one  of  the  good  and  substantial 
homes  of  the  city  and  has  known  the  life 
of  its  streets  and  institutions  for  forty 
years.  He  attended  the  local  public 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  began 
assisting  his  father  in  the  store.  Respon- 
sibilities were  given  him  in  increasing 
measure,  and  he  was  one  of  the  factors  in 
the  local  management  of  the  business  until 
1901. 

In  that  year  Mr.  Krietenstein  was  ap- 
pointed custodian  of  the  State  House  at 
Indianapolis  by  Governor  Durbin.  He  was 
away  from  Terre  Haute  looking  after  his 
duties  at  Indianapolis  for  two  years,  when 
Le  resigned  and  resumed  his  active  connec- 
tion with  his  father's  business.  During 
1he  same  year  Governor  Durbin  appointed 
him  deputy  state  oil  inspector,  and  by  re- 
appointment  from  Governor  Hanly  he  filled 
that  office  six  years.  Mr.  Krietenstein  has 


2120 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


always  been  prominent  in  the  republican 
party,  and  has  done  much  to  build  up  and 
keep  up  the  organization  in  this  section 
of  the  state.  In  1900  he  was  district  man- 
ager of  the  Lincoln  League  of  Indiana,  and 
has  been  identified  with  various  other  po- 
litical organizations.  He  served  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Mount  with  the  rank  of 
major.  In  1915  Mr.  Krietenstein  was 
elected  sheriff  of  Vigo  County,  and  held 
that  office  until  January,  1917.  His  work 
as  sheriff  was  characterized  by  unflinching 
performance  of  duty  and  with  such  hon- 
esty and  capability  that  he  naturally 
aroused  much  opposition  and  in  January, 
1917,  he  was  practically  deposed  from  of- 
fice through  the  influence  of  the  brewers 
of  the  state.  Since  leaving  office  he  has 
bought  his  father's  business  and  is  now 
sole  proprietor. 

Mr.  Krietenstein  has  been  prominent  in 
the  Sons  of  Veterans,  was  treasurer  of  the 
department  of  Indiana  three  years  and  its 
commander  in  1901-02.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  Order,  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Or- 
der of  Elks,  the  Knights  of  the  Moqqjibflesy 
the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose,  and  {he  Trav- 
elers' Protective  Association. 

On  May  2,  1893,  Mr.  Krietenstein  mar- 
ried Miss  Minnie  Schirathin,  daughter  of 
Jacob  Schirathin,  of  Milwaukee,  Wiscon- 
sin. They  have  two  children,  Bertha,  born 
in  1894  and  now  the  wife  of  Herschel  G. 
Tuttle,  of  Terre  Haute,  and  Carl  Mount, 
who  was  born  in  1898,  and  though  not  yet 
twenty  years  of  age  has  made  a  brilliant 
record.  He  is  a  graduate  of  the  Culver 
Military  Academy,  and  is  now  serving  in. 
the  United  States  Navy. 

WILLIAM  HAERLE,  who  died  at  Indian- 
apolis November  26,  1905,  had  been  a  resi- 
dent of  that  city  for  over  forty  years  and 
had  a  career  of  great  usefulness  and  honor 
though  he  never  sought  any  of  the  conspic- 
uous positions  in  public  affairs. 

He  was  born  in  the  Kingdom  of  Wuer- 
temberg,  Germany,  April  1,  1837,  and  grew 
to  manhood  in  his  native  country,  obtain- 
ing a  good  practical  education.  He  served 
a  short  apprenticeship  as  a  clerk  in  Ger- 
many, and  there  and  at  home  learned  and 
practiced  the  lessons  of  frugality  and  in- 
dustry. At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  came 
to  America,  and  after  a  brief  residence  in 
Cincinnati  and  Chicago  came  to  Indianap- 


olis about  1849.  Here  he  was  employed  in 
the  store  of  .Charles  Mayer.  He  chose  for 
himself  a  rigorous  routine  of  self  denial, 
saved  nearly  all  he  earned,  and  in  1862  was 
enabled  to  set  himself  up  modestly  in  busi- 
ness, and  after  that  for  over  forty  years 
was  a  merchant  and  developed  a  splendid 
business.  Success  came  to  him  through 
good  management,  strict  integrity,  and  un- 
failing courtesy.  While  he  aided  politi- 
cal campaigns  occasionally  for  the  good  of 
the  community  that  was  not  his  natural 
sphere.  He  was  intensely  devoted  to  his 
home,  and  spent  his  leisure  hours  among 
his  loved  ones  surrounded  by  books  and 
flowers,  for  which  he  had  a  great  fondness. 

In  1865,  at  Louisville,  he  married  Miss 
Julia  A.  Pfingst,  who  was  also  born  in  Ger- 
many. She  died  in  1913.  Their  three 
surviving  children  are  George  C.,  Minnie, 
Mrs.  George  W.  Leighton  of  Chicago,  and 
Alma,  Mrs.  Roland  H.  Sherman  of  Win- 
chester, Massachusetts. 

George  C.  Haerle,  the  oldest  son,  was 
born  at  Indianapolis  September  23,  1867. 
He  attended  grammar  and  high  school,  and 
eSrty.  jjjt!  lyouth  became  associated  with  his 
father  in  business.  He  continued  that 
business  after  his  father's  death  until  1911. 
Since  that  date  he  has  been  occupied  chiefly 
with  his  own  private  business  affairs.  In 
1905  he  married  Norma  Hollweg.  Her 
father,  Louis  Hollweg,  was  one  of  the  old 
and  well  known  citizens  of  Indianapolis. 
Three  children  have  been  born  to  their 
marriage :  Louis  H.,  Elizabeth,  and  Eudolf. 

WALTER  L.  LEWIS  has  achieved  a  definite 
place  in  business  affairs  and  is  junior  part- 
ner of  Lewis  Brothers,  druggists,  at  Pen- 
dleton.  He  represents  an  old  family  in 
Indiana  and  one  that  has  been  established 
for  many  generations  in  America,  the  orig- 
inal ancestors  having  come  from  Wales. 
The  Lewises  lived  for  many  years  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

His  grandfather,  Simeon  Lewis,  came 
west  to  Indiana  when  a  young  man,  driving 
overland.  For  many  years  he  was  a  mer- 
chant at  Huntsville.  His  business  there 
was  continued  by  his  son  H.  F.  Lewis,  who 
in  1884  moved  to  Pendleton  and  was  a  busi- 
ness man  of  that  town  the  rest  of  his  life. 
H.  F.  Lewis  married  Eleanor  Kinnard. 

Walter  L.  Lewis,  son  of  H.  F.  and 
Eleanor  Lewis,  was  born  at  Pendleton  in 
1884.  He  attended  the  common  and  high 


LIBRARY 

OF  TIE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

• 

. 


.rOHX  A.  ROSS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2121 


schools  at  Pendleton,  and  had  a  college 
course  from  1901  to  1905.  After  leaving- 
college  he  was  for  three  years  foreman  and 
engineer  with  the  National  Concrete  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis.  He  then  entered 
the  employment  of  Lewis  Brothers,  and 
after  his  father's  death  in  1911  became  a 
member  of  this  firm,  an  old  established  firm 
for  handling  drugs,  paints,  and  oils  at 
Pendleton. 

In  1912  Mr.  Lewis  married  Helen  Fay 
Bement,  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  daughter  of 
J.  L.  and  Helen  (Sutherland)  Bement. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  have  two  children, 
Helen  Fay,  born  in  1913,  and  Eleanor  K., 
born  in  1915. 

Mr.  Lewis  is  a  republican  and  has  been 
very  active  in  supporting  his  party.  He 
served  as  secretary  of  the  township  com- 
mittee in  1914,  and  has  been  a  delegate  to 
the  Republican  State  Convention.  He  is 
affiliated  with  Madison  Lodge  No.  44,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Pendle- 
ton Chapter  No.  53,  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Council  No.  42,  Royal  and  Select  Masons, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Hicksite  Friends 
Church. 

I 

JOHN  A.  Ross,  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  of  Frankfort,  and  for 
many  years  a  successful  and  widely  known 
contractor  of  public  works,  has  many  ideal 
qualities  of  the  American  business  man. 
He  is  forceful  in  action,  prompt  in  deci- 
sion, quick  to  recognize  an  opportunity 
and  discriminate  between  the  false  and  the 
true.  These  practical  qualities  have  in- 
sured his  business  success,  and  in  his  fam- 
ily, among  his  friends  and  as  a  citizen  his 
relations  have  been  productive  of  no  less 
esteem. 

Mr.  Ross  was  born  near  Lafayette  in 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  January  26, 
1861,  a  son  of  Alexander  and  Mary  (John- 
son) Ross.  His  father  was  born  in  Ire- 
land of  Scotch  ancestry  and  came  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  soon  after- 
ward locating  at  Lafayette,  Indiana.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-two.  The 
mother  was  born  in  Sweden  and  was 
brought  to  America  at  the  age  of  twelve. 
She  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-three.  The 
parents  were  married  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  of  their  eight  children  two 
died  in  infancy,  while  five  sons  and  one 
daughter  are  still  living. 

John  A.  Ross,  the  oldest  of  these  chil- 


dren, had  about  the  average  opportunities 
of  the  Indiana  farm  boy.  He  attended 
public  schools  and  also  took  a  course  in 
bookkeeping  and  civil  engineering.  From 
the  age  of  fifteen  until  twenty-one  he  was 
helping  his  father  in  the  general  contract- 
ing business,  and  that  early  experience 
pointed  the  way  for  his  own  permanent 
career. 

In  1882  Mr.  Ross  first  came  to  Frank- 
fort, and  immediately  engaged  in  general 
contracting.  He  continued  in  the  same 
business  at  Lafayette,  Frankfort,  and  at 
Huntington,  and  in  1887  returned  to 
Frankfort,  which  now  has  been  his  home 
for  thirty-two  years.  Mr.  Ross  took  up  a 
large  field  of  general  contracting,  has  built 
innumerable  gravel  and  stone  roads,  county 
bridges  and  streets,  has  installed  sewerage 
and  other  municipal  improvements,  and 
his  enterprise  was  also  extended  to  the 
building  of  many  large  and  important 
buildings.  For  many  years  the  firm  was 
known  as  Ross  and  Hedgecock.  They  were 
awarded  contracts  for  improvements  in 
many  of  the  principal  streets  of  Frank- 
fort. In  Clinton  County  they  constructed 
miles  of  gravel  roads,  many  iron  bridges, 
and  their  early  works  have  stood  the  test 
of  time  and  serve  to  illustrate  the  charac- 
ter of  the  men  behind  the  business.  In 
1890  this  firm  established  the  Frankfort 
Brick  Works,  with  a  capacity  of  between 
3.500,000  and  4.000,000  bricks  per  year. 
The  plant  employed  from  sixty  to  seventy 
men.  It  was  visited  by  a  destructive  fire 
in  1891,  causing  a  loss  of  from  $15,000  to 
$18,000.  The  yards  were  rebuilt  on  a 
much  larger  scale.  Mr.  Ross  has  never 
had  any  serious  difficulty  with  his  labor. 
Strikes  have  not  been  a  part  of  his  business 
history,  and  this  is  due  almost  entirely  to 
the  uniformly  just  and  courteous  treat- 
ment of  his  men  and  his  recognition  of 
their  rights. 

There  are  many  large  building  contracts 
that  might  be  mentioned  to  illustrate  the 
important  scope  of  the  business.  He  erected 
the  Rossville  High  School,  the  Michisan- 
town  Hish  School,  the  Forest  High 
School,  the  First  Ward  School  in  Frank- 
fort, the  Ross  Block,  the  Dorner  Block,  the 
Fatzinger  Block,  Palmer  Hospital,  Kelley 
Block,  the  Kevs  Block,  the  American  Na- 
tional Bank  Building,  the  public  heating 
plant,  erected  the  Public  Library,  the  Post- 
office  building  in  Frankfort,  and  many 


lolIN   A.   ROSS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


'21-21 


schools  at  Pendlelon.  and  had  a  college 
course  from  1901  to  190;").  After  leaving1 
college  he  was  for  three  years  foreman  and 
engineer  with  the  National  Concrete  Com- 
pany of  Indianapolis.  He  then  entered 
the  employment  of  Lewis  Brothers,  and 
after  his  father's  death  in  1911  became  a 
member  of  this  firm,  an  old  established  firm 
for  handling  drugs,  paints,  and  oils  at 
IVndleton. 

In  1912  Mr.  Lewis  married  Helen  Fay 
Bement,  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  daughter  of 
•I.  L.  and  Helen  (Sutherland)  Bement. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lewis  have  two  children, 
Helen  Fay,  horn  in  1913,  and  Eleanor  K., 
born  in  1915. 

Mi1.  Lewis  is  a  republican  and  has  been 
very  active  in  supporting  his  party.  He 
served  as  secretary  of  the  township  com- 
mittee in  1914,  and  has  been  a  delegate  to 
the  Republican  State  Convention.  He  is 
affiliated  with  Madison  Lodge  No.  44,  An- 
cient Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Pendle- 
ton  Chapter  No.  iW.  Royal  Arch  Masons, 
Council  No.  42.  Royal  and  Select  Masons, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Ilicksite  Friends 
( 'luirch. 

I 

JOHN  A.  Ross,  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  of  Frankfort,  and  for 
many  years  a  successful  and  widely  known 
contractor  of  public  works,  has  many  ideal 
finalities  of  the  American  business  man. 
He  is  forceful  in  action,  prompt  in  deci- 
sion, ijiiick  to  recogni/e  an  opportunity 
and  discriminate  between  the  false  and  the 
true.  These  practical  qualities  have  in- 
sured his  business  success,  and  in  his  fam- 
ily, among  his  friends  and  as  a  citizen  his 
relations  have  been  productive  of  no  less 
esteem. 

Mr.  Ross  was  born  near  Lafayette  in 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana,  January  26, 
1S()1.  a  son  of  Alexander  and  Mary  ( John- 
son ">  Ross.  His  father  was  born  in  Ire- 
land of  Scotch  ancestry  and  came  to  this 
country  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  soon  after- 
ward locating  at  Lafayette,  Indiana.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-two.  The 
mother  was  born  in  Sweden  and  was 
brought  to  America  at  the  age  of  twelve. 
She  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-three.  The 
parents  were  married  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  and  of  their  eight  children  two 
died  in  infancy,  while  five  sons  and  one 
daughter  are  still  living. 

John   A.  Ross,  the  oldest  of  these  chil- 


dren, had  about  the  average  opportunities 
of  the  Indiana  farm  boy.  lie  attended 
public  schools  and  also  took  a  course  in 
bookkeeping  and  civil  engineering.  From 
the  age  of  fifteen  until  twenty-one  he  was 
helping  his  father  in  the  general  contract- 
ing business,  and  that  early  experience 
pointed  the  way  for  his  own 'permanent 
career. 

In  1882  Mr.  Ross  first  came  to  Frank- 
fort, and  immediately  engaged  in  general 
contracting.  lie  continued  in  the  same 
business  at  Lafayette.  Frankfort,  and  at 
Iluntington.  and  in  1887  returned  to 
Frankfort,  which  now  has  been  his  home 
for  thirty-two  years.  Mr.  Ross  took  up  a 
large  field  of  general  contracting,  has  built 
innumerable  gravel  and  stone  roads,  county 
bridges  and  streets,  has  installed  sewerage 
and  other  municipal  improvements,  and 
his  enterprise  was  also  extended  to  the 
building  of  many  large  and  important 
buildings.  For  many  years  the  firm  was 
known  as  Ross  and  ITedgecock.  They  were 
awarded  contracts  for  improvements  in 
many  of  the  principal  streets  of  Frank- 
fort. In  Clintoli  County  they  constructed 
miles  of  gravel  roads,  many  iron  bridges, 
and  their  early  works  have  stood  the  test 
of  time  and  serve  to  illustrate  the  charac- 
ter of  the  men  behind  the  business.  In 
18!)0  this  firm  established  the  Frankfort 
Brick  Works,  with  a  capacity  of  between 
:?..">00.000  and  4.000.00(1  bricks  per  year. 
The  plant  employed  from  sixty  to  seven ty 
men.  It  was  visited  by  a  destructive  fire 
in  1891,  causing  a  loss  of  from  $ir>.000  to 
$18.000.  The  yards  were  rebuilt  on  a 
much  larger  scale.  Mr.  Ross  has  never 
had  anv  serious  difficulty  with  his  labor. 
Strikes  have  not  been  a  part  of  his  business 
history,  and  this  is  due  almost  entirely  to 
the  uniformly  just  and  courteous  treat- 
ment of  his  men  and  his  recognition  of 
their  rights. 

There  are  many  la  rare  building  contracts 
that  might  i>e  mentioned  to  illustrate  the 
important  scope  of  the  business.  Tie  erected 
the  Rossville  ITiirh  School,  the  Michi-ran- 
town  Hiurh  School,  tbe  Forest  High 
School,  the  First  Ward  School  in  Frank- 
fort, the  Ross  Block,  the  Dorner  Block,  the 
Fatzinger  Block.  Palmer  Hospital.  Kelley 
Block.  the  Kevs  Block,  the  American  Na- 
tional Bank  Building,  the  public  heating 
plant,  erected  the  Public  Library,  the  Post- 
office  building  in  Frankfort,  and  manv 


' 


2122 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


similar  private  and  public  structures  in  In- 
diana, Illinois  and  Ohio,  and  even  across 
the  international  boundary  line  in  Canada. 
He  organized  the  Frankfort  Construction 
Company.  This  firm  laid  many  brick,  bit- 
ulithic  and  asphalt  streets  in  Anderson, 
Evansville  and  other  cities.  They  were 
bridge  builders  and  contractors  with  the 
Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  and  the  To- 
ledo, St.  Louis  and  "Western  railroads,  and 
built  bridges  that  would  aggregate  a  total 
of  more  than  four  miles  for  these  com- 
panies. 

Mr.  Ross  retired  from  the  contracting 
business  in  1915.  He  has  been  president 
of  the  American  National  Bank  throughout 
its  existence,  helping  organize  it  in  1902. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Frankfort  Heating  Company  and  the 
People's  Life  Insurance  Company  and  was 
the  largest  stockholder  in  each  at  the  time 
they  were  organized.  Among  property  in- 
terests he  owned  several  business  blocks 
and  several  hundred  acres  of  farming  land 
in  Indiana. 

February  12,  1884,  Mr.  Ross  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Lola  A.  Curtis.  She  was  born 
in  Lafayette,  Indiana,  and  after  a  beauti- 
ful life  of  religious  devotion,  love  for  her 
family  and  twenty-three  years  of  happy 
companionship  she  passed  away  February 
21,  1907.  She  was  the  mother  of  four  chil- 
dren, who  deeply  cherish  her  memory  and 
all  she  did  for  them  as  children.  The  old- 
est, Worley  A.,  was  well  trained  for  a  suc- 
cessful business  career,  but  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  with  Germany  he  enlisted  in  the 
Sixteenth  Engineer  Corps  and  was  with  one 
of  the  first  units  of  the  American  Forces 
in  France  in  1917.  He  earned  some  of  the 
credit  and  fame  paid  to  the  American  en- 
gineers during  1917.  His  service  was  per- 
manently interrupted  when  he  and  some  of 
his  comrades  became  the  victims  of 
ptomaine  poisoning.  Several  of  his  com- 
rades died,  and  he  was  invalided  home  in 
1918,  and  has  not  yet  recovered  his  health 
and  strength.  Worley  A.  Ross  married 
Grace  F.  Beebe,  and  they  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Helen  Frances.  The  second  child  of 
Mr.  Ross  is  Venita,  wife  of  Walter  R. 
Dyer,  of  Boone,  Iowa.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dyer 
have  one  son,  John  Sidney.  Margaret  Z. 
Ross  married  Dr.  E.  M.  Myers,  of  Boone, 
Iowa,  and  is  the  mother  of  two  sons, 
Edward  Morrison,  Jr.,  and  John  Ross. 
Dorothy  T.  Ross,  the  youngest  daughter,  is 


a  graduate  of  the  Frankfort  High  School 
and  of  the  National  Park  Seminary  at 
Forest  Glen,  Maryland.  She  now  resides 
at  her  father's  home. 

Mr.  Ross  has  always  been  an  active  par- 
ticipant in  politics,  voting  as  a  republican, 
but  never  had  any  desire  to  be  an  office 
holder.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  Mr.  Ross  contributed  to  the  win- 
ning of  the  war  his  individual  influence 
and  means  besides  sending  his  only  son 
overseas.  As  county  chairman  for  all  the 
Liberty  Loans  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  every  quota  over-subscribed. 

JOHN  B.  ALLEN,  a  United  States  senator 
and  a  lawyer,  was  born  at  Crawfordsville, 
Indiana,  May  18,  1845.  He  served  his 
country  in  the  Civil  war,  was  afterward 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  removed  to  Wash- 
ington Territory  in  1870.  He  served  the 
territory  as  a  United  States  attorney,  and 
was  elected  to  Congress  for  the  term  1889- 
91,  but  resigned  on  his  election  as  United 
States  senator  at  the  admission  of  Wash- 
ington as  a  state. 

C.  J.  McCRACKEN  is  secretary  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Denney-McCracken  Fruit  Com- 
pany, Incorporated,  at  Muncie.  Mr.  Mc- 
Cracken  engaged  in  the  produce  business  at 
Muncie  several  years  ago,  and  he  and  his 
associates  have  gradually  developed  a  busi- 
ness that  is  now  one  of  the  largest  in  East- 
ern Indiana.  It  covers  a  large  field,  deal- 
ing only  wholesale  and  as  jobbers.  They 
have  an  extensive  warehouse  and  plant,  and 
handle  a  large  proportion  of  the  fruits  and 
produce  distributed  among  the  retail  trad:; 
over  a  large  territory  surrounding  Muncie. 

Mr.  McCracken  was  born  in  Grant 
County,  Indiana,  July  27,  1882.  He  is  of 
Scotch  ancestry  in  the  paternal  line.  His 
great-grandfather,  David  McCracken,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  on  coming  to 
America  located  at  Philadelphia.  He 
bought  land  there  and  engaged  in  farm- 
ing it.  That  land  has  since  been  taken 
into  the  city  limits,  but  he  occupied  it  as  a 
farm  until  his  death.  At  the  present  time 
a  law  suit  is  pending  between  the  heirs  to 
that  property  and  the  City  of  Philadel- 
phia. The  heirs  claim  that  their  legal  title 
to  the  land  has  never  been  canceled.  David 
McCracken  on  coming  to  America  joined 
the  Friends  Church  at  Philadelphia,  and 
was  a  devout  adherent  of  that  religion  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2123 


rest  of  his  life,  and  the  same  faith  has 
since  been  transmitted  to  his  posterity. 
Long  before  much  was  thought  or  said  of 
temperance  he  was  an  ardent  advocate  of 
the  principles.  He  began  voting  as  a  whig 
and  afterwards  was  a  republican. 

The  McCracken  family  was  founded  in 
Grant  County,  Indiana,  during  the  '40s  by 
David  McCracken,  Jr.,  who  came  here  when 
young  and  unmarried  and  settled  on  a 
farm  near  Marion.  He  lived  there  until 
1872,  when  he  went  out  to  Nebraska  with 
his  family  and  was  a  farmer  on  the  plains 
of  that  state  for  several  years.  In  1912 
he  returned  to  Indiana  and  lived  with  his 
children  the  rest  of  his  days.  C.  J.  Mc- 
Cracken is  a  son  of  E.  J.  and  Margaret 
(Drucksmiller)  McCracken.  His  father 
was  born  in  this  state  and  has  been  a  highly 
successful  farmer  in  Grant  County.  Since 
1914  he  has  lived  in  the  City  of  Marion. 
He  is  a  stanch  republican  and  at  the  pres- 
ent writing  is  a  candidate  for  the  office 
of  county  commissioner.  Grant  County 
normally  gives  a  large  majority  to  the  re- 
publican ticket.  He  is  the  owner  of  two 
good  farms  in  Grant  County,  and  has  made 
something  of  a  record  in  that  section  as  a 
hog  raiser.  He  and  his  wife  have  three 
sons,  C.  J.  being  the  oldest. 

C.  J.  McCracken  grew  up  on  his  father 's 
farm,  and  acquired  his  early  education  in 
the  common  schools,  graduated  in  1898 
from  Roseberg  Academy,  and  then  took 
a  two  years'  commercial  coiirse  in  the 
Marion  Normal  School. 

After  his  education  he  went  to  work  as 
a  stenographer  at  Matthews,  Indiana,  later 
at  North  Manchester,  and  in  1905  accepted 
a  position  of  clerical  work  with  the  Lake 
Erie  and  Western  Railway.  He  was  in  the 
railway  service  for  six  years,  but  in  1911 
left  it  to  take  up  the  produce  business. 
Since  its  incorporation  he  has  been  one  of 
the  aggressive  men  in  The  Denney-Mc- 
Cracken  Fruit  Company.  The  president  of 
this  corporation  is  Will  H.  Dennty  and  the 
vice  president  G.  Clifton  Denney.  Their 
offices  and  warehouse  are  within"  half  a 
block  of  the  Union  Station  at  Muncie  and 
conveniently  located  on  the  Lake  Erie 
tracks.  While  they  began  as  fruit  and  pro- 
duce jobbers,  they  now  have  a  large  depart- 
ment devoted  to  flour,  and  handle  a  large 
share  of  the  flour  distributed  in  this  part 
of  the  state. 

Mr.  McCracken  is  an  active  member  of 


the  Friends  Church  at  Muucie  and  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics.  He  married  Miss 
Ethel  Hurst.  She  is  of  English  family,  her 
people  having  come  to  Indiana  from  Mary- 
land. Her  father  died  in  1912.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Church.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  McCracken  have  two  children :  Mar- 
garet, born  June  18,  1913,  and  David,  born 
October  12,  1914. 

ANDREW  J.  CRAWFORD.  The  manufac- 
ture of  iron  and  steel  in  Indiana  is  now 
almost  completely  localized  along  the  shores 
of  Lake  Michigan  in  the  extreme  northwest- 
ern corner  of  the  state.  It  is  not  in  a 
strict  sense  a  local  industry,  since  the  raw 
materials,  including  the  iron  ores,  are  not 
produced  in  Indiana  at  all.  There  was  a 
time  when  the  iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Wa- 
bash  Valley  in  particular  were  utilized  as 
the  basis  of  some  rather  flourishing  indus- 
tries, and  it  is  with  the  history  of  this 
business  that  the  name  of  Andrew  J.  Craw- 
ford is  most  interestingly  associated. 

Along  the  west  side  of  the  Wabash,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Terre  Haute,  was  found 
iron  ore  of  good  quality  and  close  to  the 
beds  of  block  coal.  Forty  or  fifty  years 
ago  these  ores  were  found  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  justify  their  being  gathered 
up  and  carted  to  Terre  Haute,  where  they 
were  utilized  in  the  Vigo  Blast  Furnace, 
which  had  been  established  by  Mr.  Craw- 
ford and  his  associations  and  which  was  the 
last  one  of  the  old  group  of  Indiana  fur- 
naces to  go  out  of  blast.  It  ceased  opera- 
tion about  1895. 

The  late  Andrew  J.  Crawford  belonged 
to  a  family  of  iron  masters  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  born  at  Westchester,  Montgomery 
County  of  that  state,  November  7,  1837,  a 
son  of  Alexander  L.  and  Mary  (List) 
Crawford.  His  parents  were  Pennsylvan- 
ians  and  of  Irish  and  German  stock.  Alex- 
ander L.  Crawford  was  an  ironmonger  and 
did  much  to  upbuild  the  early  iron  industry 
in  Pennsylvania.  He  is  credited  with  hav- 
ing established  the  first  iron  plant  at  New- 
castle and  also  constructed  the  first  railroad 
out  of  that  town,  known  as  the  Beaver 
Valley  Railroad,  connecting  with  the 
Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago.  In  the 
course  of  time  his  enterprises  made  him 
one  of  the  big  iron  men  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  son  of  a  successful  father  and 
reared  in  a  home  of  sound  and  substantial 
ideals,  Andrew  J.  Crawford  received  a 


2124 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


thorough  education  and  as  a  boy  became 
familiar  with  the  various  operations  in- 
volved in  the  manufacture  of  iron.  This 
experience  qualified  him  for  his  later  in- 
dependent achievements.  At  the  age  of 
thirty-two  he  came  to  Indiana,  and  after  a 
survey  of  different  localities  decided  upon 
Terre  Haute  as  the  scene  of  his  operations. 
Terre  Haute  at  that  time  had  a  foundry 
and  several  other  industries  employing  a 
number  of  iron  workers,  and  these  led  Mr. 
Crawford  to  locate  here.  He  built  the  Vigo 
Blast  Furnace  and  also  erected  the  North 
Rolling  Mill,  known  as  the  Wabash  Iron 
Works  Company.  He  became  president  of 
the  Wabash  Mills,  while  his  brother,  J.  P. 
Crawford,  was  secretary  and  treasurer. 
The  rolling  mills  and  kindred  interests  sub- 
sequently organized  under  the  Terre  Haute 
Iron  &  Steel  Company,  of  which  Mr.  Craw- 
ford was  vice  president.  The  rolling  mills 
continued  operation  until  1899,  when  they 
were  sold  to  the  steel  trust.  Mr.  Crawford 
was  also  interested  in  the  coal  mining  in- 
dustry and  was  a  member  of  various  bank- 
ing and  financial  organizations  of  Terre 
Haute. 

In  politics  he  was  a  staunch  republican, 
but  never  appeared  as  a  candidate  for  a 
public  office.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  Order.  Among  those  who  knew 
him  and  appreciated  his  character  he  is  re- 
membered for  his  remarkable  sagacity  in 
business  affairs,  and  also  for  a  genial  dis- 
position and  pleasant  manner,  so  that  he 
was  one  of  the  best  beloved  citizens  of 
Terre  Haute  and  his  entire  life  was  an 
example  of  rectitude  and  honor  which  may 
well  be  cherished  by  his  descendants. 

December  26,  1865,  he  married  Miss  Ann 
E.  Ibinson,  of  Newcastle,  Pennsylvania. 
They  became  the  parents  of  five  children : 
Alexander  L.,  deceased ;  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Kidder.  of  Paris,  Illinois ;  James  A. ;  John 
L. ;  and  Mrs.  Anna  M.  Bartlett,  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

ABRATTAM  HARSH,  president  and  sole 
owner  of  the  Tiger  Coal  and  Supply  Com- 
pany of  Richmond,  was  a  railroad  tele- 
grapher and  station  agent  for  a  number  of 
years  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  on  leaving 
railroading  he  took  up  the  coal  business 
and  is  now  a  veteran  in  that  line.  He  has 
built  up  a  large  and  prosperous  business  at 
Richmond,  dealing  in  coal,  coke  and  build- 
ers' supplies. 


He  was  born  in  Wayne  County,  near 
Wooster,  Ohio,  son  of  Zachariah  and  Han- 
nah (Meyers)  Harsh.  His  father  and 
mother  both  came  from  the  City  of  Wurms 
in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Germany,  and  first 
located  at  Massillon,  Ohio,  and  afterwards 
moved  to  Wooster,  where  they  lived  and 
died.  His  father  was  a  silk  weaver  and  an 
umbrella  maker  by  trade.  He  died  in  1897 
and  his  wife  in  1885. 

Abraham  was  the  oldest  in  a  family  of 
nine  children,  six  of  whom  are  still  living. 
To  the  age  of  fifteen  he  attended  public 
school  at  Wooster,  then  acquired  a  knowl- 
edge of  telegraphy,  and  was  assigned  his 
first  duties  as  an  operator  at  Louisville, 
Ohio,  with  the  Pennsylvania  Company. 
He  spent  fifteen  years  in  the  service  of  that 
railroad,  as  operator  and  station  agent  at 
different  point,  and  was  also  connected 
for  a  time  with  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton 
&  Dayton  Railway. 

In  December,  1901,  Mr.  Harsh  formed  a 
copartnership  with  E.  D.  Howe,  under  the 
name  Howe  &  Harsh,  dealers  in  coal  and 
coke.  They  were  associated  together  for 
eighteen  months,  having  a  flourishing  busi- 
ness at  Lima,  Ohio.  Mr.  Harsh  then  bought 
the  interest  of  his  partner  and  continued 
at  Lima  from  1903  to  1906.  Selling  out, 
he  came  to  Richmond  in  the  latter  year,  es- 
tablished a  yard  and  entered  the  coal  busi- 
ness under  the  name  A.  Harsh  Coal  &  Sup- 
ply Company.  In  October,  1916,  he  sold 
the  business,  but  re-entered  it  in  July,  1918, 
at  which  time  he  organized  the  present  cor- 
poration, the  Tiger  Coal  &  Supply  Com- 
pany. He  is  also  a  stockholder  in  the  Cliff- 
Wood  Coal  &  Supply  Company  at  Lima, 
Ohio,  and  is  vice  president  and  a  stock- 
holder in  the  First  National  Bank  and 
has  other  banking  and  real  estate  inter- 
ests. Success  has  come  to  him  in  generous 
measure  as  a  result  following  many  years 
of  persevering  labor  and  well  directed 
energy. 

In  1877  he  married  Fannie  M.  Pence, 
daughter  of  Jeremiah  and  Susan  (Myers) 
Pence  of  Louisville,  Ohio.  Mr.  Harsh  is 
independent  in  the  matter  of  politics,  is 
affiliated  with  Webb  Lodge  of  Masons  at 
Richmond,  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  at  Findlay  in  Hancock 
County,  Ohio,  with  the  Encampment  at 
Mansfield,  Ohio,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Richmond  Commercial  Club  and  of  the 
Jewish  Order  B'nai  B'rith. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2125 


MRS.  HARRIET  MARSH  JOHNSTON,  of 
Muncie,  has  engaged  in  many  of  those 
broader  activities  and  interests  which  are 
often  associated  with  the  successful  busi- 
ness man  and  citizen,  but  in  her  case  these 
have  come  and  have  been  subsequent  to  her 
faithful  work  as  wife  and  mother.  Mrs. 
Johnston  is  one  of  Indiana 's  notable  women 
of  the  present  century. 

Her  father  was  long  prominent  in  Mun- 
cie as  a  banker.  His  name  was  John  Marsh, 
a  native  of  Preble  County,  Ohio.  In  early 
life  he  followed  the  business  of  hatter  in 
Eaton,  Ohio,  and  for  two  terms  served  as 
treasurer  of  the  county.  He  moved  to 
Delaware  County,  Indiana,  in  1854,  and 
his  career  is  of  special  interest  because  of 
his  active  connection  with  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  old  Indiana  State  Bank. 
The  Muncie  branch  of  the  State  Bank  was 
organized  July  2,  1856,  and  began  business 
in  January  following.  Mr.  John  Marsh 
w?is  the  first  president  of  the  institution. 
This  local  branch  went  into  voluntary 
liquidation  following  the  passage  of  the 
National  Bank  Act  of  1863.  The  Muncie 
National  Bank  was  chartered  as  its  succes- 
sor and  with  the  same  officers.  Mr.  Marsh 
resigned  as  president  in  1874,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  organizing  the  Citizens  Bank, 
which  in  1875  was  made  the  Citizens  Na- 
tional Bank.  Mr.  Marsh  was  the  first  cash- 
ier of  this  institution  and  held  that  office 
until  his  death  in  1887.  Thus  for  over 
thirty  years  he  held  a  place  of  prominence 
in  Muncie 's  financial  affairs.  He  was  a 
man  of  model  Christian  character,  kind  and 
generous  to  a  fault,  and  his  memory  is  still 
held  in  grateful  regard  by  the  older  resi- 
dents of  Delaware  County.  He  was  a  very 
active  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  at  Muncie,  was  a  charter  member 
of  the  Masonic  Lodge  of  that  city,  and  was 
an  upholder  of  the  principles  of  the  re- 
piiblican  party  from  the  age  of  twenty -one. 
He  married  Mary  Mitchell,  who  died  in 
1900.  They  had  a  family  of  seven  chil- 
dren, all  living  but  one. 

The  old  Marsh  home  at  Muncie  has  been 
the  residence  of  Mrs.  Harriet  Johnston  all 
her  life.  She  was  born  there  October  25, 
1860,  being  next  to  the  youngest  of  her 
father's  children.  She  attended  the  com- 
mon and  high  schools  of  Muncie,  graduat- 
ing from  the  latter  in  1878.  She  was  also 
given  a  thorough  musical  education  in  the 
Cincinnati  Musical  College,  and  for  a  num- 


ber of  years  was  organist  of  the  Methodist 
Church  of  Muncie. 

October  11,  1881,  she  married  John  R. 
Johnston.  Mr.  Johnston  was  born  October 
11,  1857,  had  a  good  education  and  began 
his  business  career  with  his  father  in  the 
wholesale  drug  business.  After  coming  to 
Muncie  he  was  deputy  recorder  and  was 
holding  that  position  at  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1885.  He  was  a  republican  and  a 
member  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 

After  four  years  of  happy  married  life 
Mrs.  Johnston  was  left  with  the  duties  of 
home  maker  and  home  provider.  For  a 
time  she  worked  as  assistant  teller  in  her 
father's  bank,  but  since  1897  has  been 
engaged  in  the  fire  insurance  business,  and 
has  built  up  one  of  the  best  agencies  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  She  repre- 
sents a  number  of  the  old  reliable  compan- 
ies and  for  many  years  has  given  her  per- 
sonal attention  to  all  phases  of  the  busi- 
ness, even  to  the  adjustment  of  losses. 

While  a  very  energetic  business  woman 
Mrs.  Johnston  is  most  widely  known 
through  her  sustained  activity  and  interest 
in  everything  affecting  the  promotion  of 
culture  and  of  wholesome  institutions  in 
her  home  city.  She  is  a  vice  president  of 
the  Muncie  Art  Association,  was  one  of  the 
charter  members  of  the  Art  Students 
League,  is  a  member  of  the  Conversation 
Club,  and  has  been  prominent  in  literary 
and  civic  movements  of  various  kinds.  Re- 
cently she  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  raising 
Delaware  County's  quota  for  the  Liberty 
Loan.  Mrs.  Johnston  possesses  the  happy 
faculty  of  being  able  to  direct  her  complete 
energy  and  enthusiasm  to  the  subject  im- 
mediately at  hand.  When  she  is  in  her 
business  office  everything  is  business,  but 
many  of  her  best  friends  and  warmest  ad- 
mirers know  her  only  as  a  good  citizen  and 
as  a  woman  intensely  interested  in  matters 
of  literature  and  art.  Mrs.  Johnston  has  a 
wide  acquaintance  with  the  world  of  books 
and  with  the  world  of  travel.  She  has  vis- 
ited Europe  twice  and  has  also  toured  the 
Oriental  countries  of  China  and  Japan. 

The  primary  stimulus,  to  her  business 
career  was  provision  for  her  son,  in  whose 
mature  attainments  she  properly  takes 
great  pride.  Her  son,  Robert  Johnston, 
was  bom  August  22,  1883.  From  the  Mun- 
cie public  schools  he  entered  Cornell  Uni- 
versity and  was  thoroughly  trained  for  the 
profession  of  mechanical  and  civil  engi- 


2126 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


neer.  He  is  now  established  at  Detroit 
in  the  manufacture  of  high  tension  insula- 
tors, and  has  built  up  a  very  prosperous 
business,  one  of  his  largest  recent  contracts 
having  been  awarded  him  by  the  govern- 
ment. Mrs.  Johnston  is  chairman  of  the 
Muncie  Chapter  of  the  Red  Cross,  and  has 
been  very  active  in  the  work. 

JOHN  P.  KLUMPP.  Elwood  is  a  city  that 
became  prosperous  under  the  impetus 
afforded  by  the  natural  gas  discoveries  of 
the  '80s,  and  its  present  industrial  status 
is  largely  a  reflection  of  that  early  era. 
One  of  the  big  plants  there,  whose  products 
are  known  all  over  the  world,  is  the  Mac- 
beth-Evans Glass  Company.  The  assistant 
superintendent  of  this  plant  is  John  F. 
Klumpp.  His  father  is  active  superintend- 
ent, but  the  son  virtually  manages  the  en- 
tire establishment  at  Elwood. 

His  father  is  John  J.  Klumpp.  a  veteran 
in  the  glass  industry.  John  J.  Klumpp  is 
of  German  ancestry,  a  son  of  Charles 
Klumpp,  who  was  born  in  Germany  and 
came  to  America  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life  at  Pittsburg.  He  was  an  ixpett'. -me- 
chanic, and  he  reared  a  family  of  three 
sons  and  two  daughters.  John  J.  Klumpp 
was  the  second  youngest  of  these  children 
and  was  educated  in  Pittsburg,  but  at  the 
age  of  twelve  went  to  work  in  the  glass 
factory  of  George  A.  Macbeth  Company 
at  Pittsburg  in  1877.  His  first  work  was  as 
carrying  in  boy,  and  he  has  spent  practi- 
cally all  the  rest  of  his  life,  a  period  of 
forty  years,  with  the  Macbeth  Company, 
though  for  a  time  he  was  with  the  Thomas 
Evans  Company,  until  it  merged  with  the 
Macbeth  concern  in  1898.  John  J.  Klumpp 
acquired  phenomenal  skill  as  a  glass 
worker.  His  talents  were  exhibited  in  the 
Chicago  and  Pittsburg  Glass  Expositions, 
where  he  did  all  sorts  of  fancy  glass  mak- 
ing. He  worked  his  way  up  until  he  was 
traveling  salesman  through  the  eastern 
states  for  the  Thomas  Evans  Company. 
After  the  merger  of  the  two  concerns  he 
was  factory  manager  for  the  Eighteenth 
Street  plant  of  the  Macbeth  Evans  Glass 
Company  at  Pittsburg.  In  1902  he  came 
to  Elwood  as  general  superintendent  of 
the  Elwood  plant.  His  duties  in  recent 
years  have  become  of  a  more  general  na- 
ture, and  he  is  general  supervisor  of  prac- 
tical glass  making  at  the  Elwood  and 
Marion  plants  in  Indiana  and  the  Toledo 


plant  in  Ohio.  The  practical  oversight  of 
the  Elwood  industry  is  therefore  left  to 
his  son.  The  Elwood  business  employs 
about  400  people. 

John  F.  Klumpp  was  born  at  Pittsburg 
September  8,  1884,  son  of  John  J.  and  Ida 
(McCurry)  Klumpp.  The  mother  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  John  F.  Klumpp 
at  the  age  of  fifteen  left  public  school  to 
go  to  work  with  the  Thomas  Evans  Com- 
pany at  Pittsburg  as  assistant  paymaster. 
Two  years  later  he  was  promoted  to  ship- 
ping clerk,  and  was  then  transferred  to  the 
general  offices  at  Pittsburg  as  assistant 
manager  of  the  order  department  for  two 
years.  In  1902  he  came  to  Elwood,  and 
was  assistant  cashier  of  the  Elwood  works 
one  year,  was  then  cashier  and  office  man- 
ager until  1910,  since  which  date  he  has 
been  assistant  superintendent  under  his 
father.  He  also  has  various  other  business 
interests,  and  is  vice  president  and  a  di- 
rector of  the  Madison  Manufacturing 
Company,  a  clay  products  concern  employ- 
ing about  thirty-five  men.  He  is  chair- 
nian  of,  the  Industrial  Committee  of  the 
Elwood  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

In  1906  Mr.  Klumpp  married  Gladys  V. 
Moore,  daughter  of  T.  F.  and  Olive 
(Tharpe)  Moore  of  Hamilton  County,  In- 
diana. Her  father  is  a  farm  owner.  They 
have  five  children :  Dorothy  Vernon,  born 
in  1907 ;  John  Alford,  born  in  1908 ;  Mau- 
rice Franklin,  born  in  1915 ;  Robert  Harold, 
born  in  1916 ;  and  Betty  Jean,  born  in  1918. 
Mr.  Klumpp  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  and  is 
very  active  in  the  First  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  being  a  steward  of  the  church, 
and  was  assistant  superintendent  of  the 
Sunday  School  in  1913.  Politically  he  is 
identified  with  the  republican  party.  In 
1910  he  was  candidate  for  alderman  from 
the  Third  Ward,  but  lost  the  election  by 
nine  votes.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  State 
Republican  Convention  which  nominated 
James  Watson  for  governor. 

FREDERICK  HAMILTON  CRITCHPIELD  is 
general  superintendent,  production  man- 
ager and  mechanical  engineer  for  the 
Pierce  Governor  Company  at  Anderson,  the 
largest  manufacturers  of  gas  engine  gover- 
nors in  the  world.  This  is  one  of  Indiana's 
important  industries  and  one  that  gives, 
prestige  to  the  City  of  Anderson  as  an  in- 
dustrial center. 

Mr.  Critchfield  has  had  a  most  interest- 


• 
. 


• 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


WILLIAM  TAYLOR 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2127 


ing  and  varied  experience  as  a  mechanical 
engineer,  and  has  followed  his  trade  and 
profession  practically  all  the  way  around 
the  world.  He  was  born  at  Kendallville, 
Indiana.  November  9,  1886,  son  of  James 
H.  and  Jeannett  (Weaver)  Critchfield.  He 
is  of  English  ancestry.  Back  in  the  time 
of  Lord  Baltimore  two  brothers,  Rupert 
and  Elwin  Critchfield,  came  to  America 
from  Swasey,  England,  settling  in  Mary- 
land. Elwin  subsequently  returned  to 
England  and  during  the  troubles  which 
divided  that  country  into  civil  war  at  the 
time  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I  he  lost  his 
head.  Rupert  more  fortunately  chose  to 
remain  in  this  country,  moved  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  there  established  a  family.  In 
a  later  generation  some  of  the  Critchfields 
fought  as  gallant  soldiers  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Critchfield  received  his  early 
public  school  education  at  Shelby,  Ohio, 
and  in  1902  graduated  from  St.  Vincent 
Academy  at  Columbus.  From  earliest  boy- 
hood he  has  had  a  tendency  and  marked 
inclination  for  mechanical  pursuits.  His 
technical  education  he  picked  up  largely 
through  practical  experience.  His  first 
regular  employment  was  with  the  Darling 
Motor  Car  Company  at  Shelby,  Ohio.  Then 
for  three  years  he  was  with  the  William 
Powell  Company  at  Cincinnati  in  a  me- 
chanical position,  and  from  there  went 
half  way  around  the  world  to  Japan  and 
was  a  mechanical  engineer  in  the  service 
of  the  Japan  government  for  eleven  months 
at  Nagasaki  and  Yokohama.  On  his  way 
back  to  America  he  spent  thirteen  months 
at  Turin,  Italy,  where  he  was  employed  by 
the  Fiat  Motor  Car  Company  in  its  engi- 
neering department.  Returning  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  for  a  short  time  con- 
nected with  the  Rumely  plant  at  LaPorte, 
Indiana,  as  mechanical  inspector,  then  for 
eighteen  months  was  mechanical  inspector 
for  T.  W.  Warner  at  Toledo,  and  was  gen- 
eral foreman  for  a  time  with  the  Zenith 
Carburetor  Company  of  Detroit.  Prior  to 
coming  to  Anderson  he  was  production 
manager  and  efficiency  engineer  of  the  Gar- 
ford  Manufacturing  Company  at  Elyria, 
Ohio.  He  resigned  that  place  and  came  to 
Anderson  in  July.  1916,  to  begin  his  con- 
nection with  the  Pierce  Governor  Company. 
This  company  has  three  factories  and  em- 
ploys a  total  of  300  men. 

August  10,  1912,  Mr.  Critchfield  married 


Cecelia  Weigel,  of  Cincinnati.  They  have 
two  children ,  Frederick  James,  born  in 
1913 ;  and  Ranghilde  Cecile,  born  in  1916. 
Mr.  Critchfield  is  a  democrat  nationally 
but  is  non  partisan  in  local  affairs. 

HENRY  AXDREVV  TAYLOR.  The  Taylor 
family  has  well  earned  the  riches  of  com- 
munity esteem  which  is  paid  it  by  reason 
of  long  residence,  successful  business  enter- 
prise, and  the  constant  expression  of  high 
character  and  liberality  in  behalf  of  all  in- 
stitutions and  movements. 

The  pioneer  of  the  family  at  Lafayette 
was  Maj.  William  Taylor,  who  was  born 
at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  November  27,  1828,  his 
parents  being  also  natives  of  Ohio.  Major 
Taylor  died  at  his  home  on  South  Ninth 
Street  in  Lafayette  January  18,  1899.  A 
local  paper  at  the  time  referred  to  him  as 
a  "gallant  soldier  in  time  of  war  and  in 
peace  a  citizen  without  reproach."  Further 
it  said:  "In  all  the  relations  of  earthly 
existence  Maj.  William  Taylor  filled  the 
full  measure  of  sterling  manhood.  His 
standard  was  the  highest,  and  he  lived  up 
to  that  standard  in  every  act  of  his  life. 
Major  Taylor  has  left  the  legacy  of  a  good 
name,  which  will  be  a  source  of  pride  and 
comfort  to  the  loved  ones  who  survive  him. 
His  duties,  public  and  private,  were  well 
performed,  his  life's  work  conscientiously 
done,  and  he  has  lain  down  to  rest  at  the 
age  of  seventy  years.  His  kindness  and 
nobleness  of  character  will  not  soon  be  for- 
gotten. 

Major  Taylor  came  to  Lafayette  in  Octo- 
ber, 1849.  At  first  he  was  engaged  in 
the  lumber  business  with  his  father,  later 
took  up  the  coal  business,  and  was  iden- 
tified with  the  Natural  Gas  Company  at  its 
inception.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
Wilson  he  bought  the  private  bank  which 
was  the  oldest  banking  institution  of  La- 
fayette. With  his  son  Henry  A.  as  partner 
Major  Taylor  was  active  as  a  banker  until 
his  death.  He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  trustworthy  advisers  on  financial 
matters  in  the  city. 

His  title  was  well  earned  by  his  credit- 
able service  in  the  Civil  war.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion  he  joined  a  three 
months  reeiment.  and  was  captain  of  Com- 
pany E  of  the  Tenth  Indiana.  He  then  be- 
came ma.ior  of  the  Fortieth  Indiana  Regi- 
ment, and  served  from  September  21,  1861, 
to  March  9,  1862.  He  was  an  active  mem- 


WII.UAM  TAYLOU 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2127 


ing  and  varied  experience  as  a  mechanical 
engineer,  and  lias  followed  liis  trade  and 
profession  practically  all  the  way  around 
the  world.  He  was  horn  at  Kendallville, 
Indiana.  November  9,  1886,  son  of  James 
II.  and  Jcannett  (Weaver)  Critchfield.  He 
is  of  English  ancestry.  Back  in  the  time 
of  Lord  Baltimore  two  brothers,  Rupert 
and  Klwin  Critchfield.  came  to  America 
from  Swasey.  England,  settling  in  Mary- 
land.  Elwin  snbse(|iiently  returned  to 
England  and  during  the  troubles  which 
divided  that  country  into  civil  war  at  the 
time  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I  he  lost  his 
head.  Rupert  more  fortunately  chose  to 
remain  in  this  country,  moved  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  there  established  a  family.  In 
a  later  generation  some  of  the  Critchfields 
fought  as  gallant  soldiers  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Mr.  F.  IF.  Critchfield  received  his  early 
public  school  education  at  Shelby.  Ohio, 
and  in  1902  graduated  from  St.  Vincent 
Academy  at  Columbus.  From  earliest  boy- 
hood he  has  had  a  tendency  and  marked 
inclination  for  mechanical  pursuits.  His 
technical  education  he  picked  up  largely 
through  practical  experience.  His  first, 
regular  employment  was  with  the  Darling 
Motor  Car  Company  at  Shelby,  Ohio.  Then 
for  three  years  he  was  with  the  William 
Powell  Company  at  Cincinnati  in  a  me- 
chanical position,  and  from  there  went 
half  way  around  the  world  to  Japan  and 
was  a  mechanical  engineer  in  the  service 
of  the  Japan  government  for  eleven  months 
at  Nagasaki  and  Yokohama.  On  his  way 
back  to  America  he  spent  thirteen  months 
at  Turin,  Italy,  where  he  was  employed  by 
the  Fiat  Motor  Car  Company  in  its  engi- 
neering department.  Returning  to  the 
I'nited  States,  he  was  for  a  short  time  con- 
nected with  the  Riimely  plant  at  LaPorte, 
Indiana,  as  mechanical  inspector,  then  for 
eighteen  months  was  mechanical  inspector 
for  T.  W.  Warner  at  Toledo,  and  was  gen- 
eral foreman  for  a  time  with  the  Zenith 
Carburetor  Company  of  Detroit.  Prior  to 
coming  to  Anderson  lie  was  production 
manager  and  efficiency  engineer  of  the  Oar- 
ford  Manufacturing  Company  at  Elyria, 
Ohio.  He  resigned  that  place  and  came  to 
Anderson  in  Julv.  1916.  to  begin  his  con- 
nection with  the  Pierce  Governor  Company. 
This  company  has  three  factories  and  em- 
ploys a  total  of  300  men. 

August  10,  1912,  Mr.  Critchfield  married 


Cecelia  Wcigel.  of  Cincinnati.  They  have 
two  children  ,  Frederick  James,  born  in 
1913:  and  Ranghilde  Cocile.  born  in  1916. 
Mr.  CritchHeld  is  a  democrat  nationally 
but  is  non  partisan  in  local  affairs. 

HKXKY  ANOKKW  TAVLOK.  The  Taylor 
family  lias  well  earned  the  riches  of  com- 
munity esteem  which  is  paid  it  by  reason 
of  long  residence,  successful  business  enter- 
prise, and  the  constant  expression  of  high 
character  and  liberality  in  behalf  of  all  in- 
stitutions and  movements. 

The  pioneer  of  the  family  at  Lafayette 
was  Ma.j.  William  Taylor,  who  was  born 
at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  November  27.  1S28.  his 
parents  being  also  natives  of  Ohio.  Major 
Taylor  died  at  his  home  on  South  Ninth 
Street  in  Lafayette  January  IS.  1S!»9.  A 
local  paper  at  the  time  referred  to  him  as 
a  ''gallant  soldier  in  time  of  war  and  in 
peace  a  citizen  without  reproach."  Further 
it  said:  "In  all  the  relations  of  earthly 
existence  Maj.  William  Taylor  filled  tin- 
full  measure  of  sterling  manhood.  IFis 
standard  was  the  highest,  and  he  lived  up 
to  that  standard  in  every  act  of  his  life. 
Major  Taylor  has  left  the  legacy  of  a  good 
name,  which  will  be  a  source  of  pride  and 
comfort  to  the  loved  ones  who  survive  him. 
His  duties,  public  and  private,  were  well 
performed,  his  life's  work  conscientiously 
done,  and  he  has  lain  down  to  rest  at  the 
age  of  seventy  years.  His  kindness  and 
nobleness  of  character  will  not  soon  be  for- 
gotten. 

Major  Taylor  came  to  Lafayette  in  Octo- 
ber, 1849.  At  first  he  was  engaged  in 
the  lumber  business  with  his  father,  later 
took  up  the  coal  business,  and  was  iden- 
tified with  the  Natural  Gas  Company  at  its 
inception.  After  the  death  of  Alexander 
Wilson  he  bought  the  private  bank  which 
was  the  oldest  banking  institution  of  La- 
fayette. With  his  son  Henry  A.  as  partner 
Major  Taylor  was  active  as  a  banker  until 
his  death.  He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  trustworthy  advisers  on  financial 
matters  in  the  city. 

His  title  was  well  earned  by  his  credit- 
able service  in  the  Civil  war.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  rebellion  he  joined  a  three 
months  regiment,  and  was  captain  of  Com- 
pany E  of  the  Tenth  Indiana.  lie  then  be- 
came major  of  the  Fortieth  Indiana  Regi- 
ment, and  served  from  September  21,  1861. 
to  March  9.  1862.  He  was  an  active  mem- 


2128 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN  AN  S 


ber  of  John  A.  Logan  Post  No.  3,  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  and  was  also  affi- 
liated with  the  Masons  and  with  the  Im- 
proved Order  of  Red  Men. 

On  May  30,  1854,  Major  Taylor  married 
Miss  Angeline  Hubler.  She  was  born  at 
Miamisburg,  Ohio,  October  24, 1833,  daugh- 
ter of  Joseph  and  Anna  (Davis)  Hubler. 
When  she  was  a  small  girl  her  parents  came 
to  Lafayette,  and  she  attended  private 
schools  in  that  city  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen graduated  from  the  Wesleyan  Female 
Seminary  at  Fort  Wayne.  Mrs.  William 
Taylor  died  in  Chicago,  at  the  home  of  her 
daughter,  Mrs.  Harriet  T.  McCoy,  on  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1915.  What  her  life  meant  to 
the  community  was  well  expressed  at  the 
time  of  her  death  in  the  following  words: 
"She  was  one  of  the  leading  women  of  the 
county  and  was  intensely  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  the  city  and  its  institutions. 
She  was  a  woman  of  high  ideals,  cultured 
and  accomplished,  made  many  friends  and 
was  revered  by  all  who  knew  her.  She  was 
for  years  active  in  the  social  life  of  the 
community  and  her  home  was  the  scene  of 
many  brilliant  functions.  She  was  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  oldest  families  in  the 
county,  having  lived  in  this  county  for 
nearly  three  quarters  of  a  century." 

Major  Taylor  and  wife  had  three  chil- 
dren :  Walter  W.  Taylor ;  Henry  A. ;  and 
Mrs.  Harriet  McCoy. 

Henry  Andrew  Taylor  had  a  brief  life, 
but  one  filled  to  overflowing  with  business 
achievements  and  with  every  activity  and 
influence  that  betoken  the  fine  character 
and  high  ideals.  He  was  born  at  Lafayette 
February  4,  1869,  and  died  at  Lafayette 
December  18,  1905,  when  in  his  thirty- 
seventh  year.  He  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Lafayette  and  also  attended 
Purdue  University.  In  1886,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  he  went  out  to  Redfield,  South 
Dakota,  and  was  associated  with  his  brother 
Walter  in  the  banking  business  for  six 
years.  He  then  removed  to  Moline,  Illi- 
nois, and  for  two  years  was  a  director  in 
the  Moline  Plow  Company.  On  his  return 
to  Lafayette  he  became  associated  with  his 
father,  and  they  bought  the  old  banking 
house  of  Wilson  &  Hanna,  reorganizing 
and  continuing  it  under  the  firm  name  of 
William  Taylor  &  Son.  After  his  father's 
death  he  continued  the  business  until  Octo- 
ber 1,  1904,  when  this  bank  and  that  con- 
ducted by  William  S.  Baugh  were  consoli- 


dated and  a  new  organization  known  as  the 
American  National  Bank  promoted,  of 
which  Henry  A.  Taylor  was  president  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

The  fullness  and  scope  of  his  career  are 
perhaps  best  reflected  in  words  that  were 
written  of  him  at  the  time  of  his  death : 
"Mr.  Taylor's  career  was  one  that  might 
well  serve  as  a  criterion  for  any  young 
man  starting  out  on  a  business  life.  He 
represented  the  best  type  of  progressive 
citizenship  and  enjoyed  the  fullest  confi- 
dence of  every  person  with  whom  he  was 
ever  associated  in  business.  He  was  ever 
alive  to  the  interests  of  Lafayette,  and  his 
heart  was  set  on  bringing  this  city  into 
prominence  as  a  commercial  and  industrial 
center.  He  gave  money,  time  and  personal 
effort  to  every  movement  tending  to  benefit 
the  city  and  many  times  gave  public  mat- 
ters precedence  over  private  business 
affairs.  No  young  man  ever  sought  de- 
served aid  from  Henry  Taylor  and  went 
away  disappointed. 

"His  integrity  was  as  unquestioned  as 
his  generosity  and  his  personality  was 
charming  and  most  attractive.  In  his 
passing  Lafayette  has  lost  one  of  its  most 
useful  citizens  and  his  place  will  be  hard 
to  fill.  Mr.  Taylor  was  quiet  and  unas- 
suming but  he  held  in  reserve  an  abundance 
of  vitality  and  mental  vigor  and  his  keen- 
ness and  remarkable  gift  of  insight  and 
judgment  were  often  commented  upon.  In 
social  and  business  affairs  alike  he  was  the 
center  of  interest  and  his  opinions  were 
always  regarded  as  sound  and  unques- 
tioned. Equally  notable  was  his  perse- 
verance and  ability  to  overcome  obstacles 
and  discouragement. 

' '  Henry  Taylor  was  treasurer  of  the  La- 
fayette Telephone  Company  and  one  of  its 
originators.  He  was  the  moving  spirit  in 
the  company's  progress  and  is  responsible 
in  large  measure  for  its  success.  He  held 
a  large  amount  of  stock  in  the  Sterling 
Electric  Works  and  was  treasurer  of  the 
Central  Union  Life  Insurance  Company. 
Mr.  Taylor  served  for  some  time  on  the 
West  Side  School  Board.  He  was  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Mason  and  was  also  affiliated 
with  the  Elks,  Eagles  and  Druids. 

"In  public  life  and  in  his  home  Henry 
Taylor's  presence  was  like  a  ray  of  sun- 
shine and  his  pleasing  personality  asserted 
itself  wherever  he  went.  He  was  a  verit- 
able prince  among  his  fellow  men  and  will 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2129 


be  missed  for  a  long  time  to  come.  His 
whole  make  up,  rugged  and  robust  as  it 
seemed  on  the  surface,  teemed  with  good 
will,  malice  toward  none  and  with  charity 
for  all,  and  often  he  went  out  of  his  way 
to  aid  one  in  distress.  At  the  bank  he 
was  the  living  exponent  of  good  cheer  and 
buoyant  spirits,  and  all  of  the  men  asso- 
ciated with  him  in  business  admired  him 
for  his  manly  traits  of  character  and 
sterling  business  qualities.  He  was  square 
with  himself  and  the  world.  At  the  club 
he  was  always  the  center  of  an  admiring 
group,  and  his  beaming  countenance  and 
hearty  handshake  endeared  him  to  all  who 
met  him  in  a  business  or  social  way." 

At  Moline,  Illinois,  April  15,  1891, 
Henry  A.  Taylor  married  Miss  Cornelia 
Louise  Friberg.  Mrs.  Taylor,  who  is  still 
living  at  Lafayette,  is  a  daughter  of  An- 
drew Friberg,  who  died  at  the  Taylor 
home  in  Lafayette  October  11,  1894. 

Andrew  Friberg  had  a  most  interesting 
career.  He  was  born  in  Sweden  April  8, 
1828,  and  learned  the  blacksmith's  trade 
in  his  native  country.  Coming  to  the 
United  States  in  1850,  after  nine  months 
in  Chicago  he  went  to  Moline,  Illinois,  and 
seven  months  after  entering  the  employ  of 
Deere,  Tate  &  Gould  was  made  foreman 
of  their  blacksmith  department,  a  position 
he  held  twelve  years.  In  1864  he  went 
west  to  the  mountains,  but  the  following 
year  returned  to  Moline  and  in  company 
with  Henry  W.  Candee  and  R.  "W.  Swan 
started  the  implement  manufacturing 
works  of  Camdee,  Swan  &  Company,  with 
Mr.  Friberg  as  manager.  In  1870  this 
concern  was  developed  into  the  Moline 
Plow  Company,  and  Mr.  Friberg  con- 
tinued actively  connected  therewith  in  dif- 
ferent capacities  until  November,  1893. 
He  was  the  vice  president  for  a  number  of 
years  before  his  death.  He  soon  after- 
wards came  to  Lafayette  and  spent  his  last 
days  at  the  home  of  his  daughter. 

Andrew  Friberg  married  at  Rock  Is- 
land, Illinois,  November  20,  1854,  Miss 
Louisa  Peterson,  who  was  born  in  Sweden 
in  1832  and  died  March  3,  1881.  They 
had  eight  children,  five  sons  •  and  three 
daughters :  Alfred  Bertrand,  deceased ; 
Cassius  D. ;  Edward  Francis,  deceased ; 
George  Hodden;  Ina  Jane;  Cornelia 
Louisa.  Mrs.  Taylor ;  Minnie  N.,  deceased ; 
and  Oliver  Philip. 

Mrs.   Taylor  finished  her  education   at 


St.  Catherine's  Academy  at  Davenport, 
Iowa.  For  many  years  she  has  been  active 
in  literary  and  club  circles  in  Lafayette, 
being  a  member  of  the  Thursday  Club,  on 
the  Board  of  the  Home  Hospital  and  on 
the  Board  of  the  Lafayette  Industrial 
School. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  A.  Taylor  had  two 
children,  William  Friberg,  born  May  20, 
1892,  and  Mary  Louise,  born  January  8, 
1901. 

William  Friberg  Taylor,  who  graduated 
from  Purdue  University  with  the  class  of 
1913,  has  made  a  record  of  which  all  his 
family  and  friends  are  proud,  and  would 
do  credit  to  his  grandfather  Maj.  William 
Taylor.  It  might  be  said  of  him  as  of  his 
grandfather  that  he  has  been  "a  gallant 
soldier  in  time  of  war  and  in  peace  a  citi- 
zen without  reproach."  In  September, 
1918,  word  was  received  in  Indiana  that 
Capt.  William  F.  Taylor,  of  Battery  C, 
One  Hundred  and  Fiftieth  Field  Artil- 
lery, in  the  famous  Rainbow  (Forty -sec- 
ond) Division,  had  been  promoted  to 
major.  He  first  joined  Battery  C  when 
that  unit  was  first  mustered  into  state 
service  December  15,  1914,  as  part  of  the 
National  Guard.  He  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  sergeant,  but  was  honorably  dis- 
charged in  the  spring  of  1915,  when  he 
left  Lafayette  to  accept  employment  in 
Detroit.  He  returned  to  the  Battery  in 
June,  1916,  reenlisting  for  Mexican  border 
service.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  sergeant  the  day  the  Battery  arrived 
at  Llano  Grande,  Texas.  When  the  Bat- 
tery was  mustered  out  of  federal  service 
in  January,  1917,  he  again  received  ar 
honorable  discharge  and  returned  to  De- 
troit as  consulting  engineer  for  a  large 
automobile  concern.  It  was  in  this  capac- 
ity that  Major  Taylor  was  acting  when 
the  United  States  declared  war  on  Ger- 
many. He  was  immediately  offered  the 
captaincy  of  Battery  C,  which  he  ac- 
cepted, and  shortly  afterward  he  came  to 
Lafayette  to  take  charge  of  the  work  of 
recruiting  the  unit  to  war  strength.  The 
Battery  commanded  by  Captain  Taylor 
left  Lafayette  June  30,  1917,  and  the  fol- 
lowing October  went  to  a  port  of  embarka- 
tion, sailing  for  France,  where  as  one  of 
the  units  of  the  Rainbow  Division  it  had  a 
share  in  the  heavy  and  continuous  work 
to  which  that  noted  National  Guard  Divi- 
sion was  exposed.  Captain  Taylor  was 


2130 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


with  his  Battery  during  the  critical  and 
decisive  action  on  the  western  front  in  the 
summer  of  1918,  and  on  July  15th  Cap- 
tain Taylor  was  slightly  gassed  east  of 
Rheims  on  the  Champagne  front.  He  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  soon  after- 
ward, and  until  the  armistice  was  signed 
was  on  duty  with  his  division.  As  the 
Rainbow  Division  was  retained  for  Persh- 
ing's  Army  of  Occupation,  Major  Taylor 
and  his  battalion  marched  into  Germany 
and  did  not  leave  there  until  April  15, 
1919,  when  they  embarked  for  the  United 
States.  The  Rainbow  Division  paraded  in 
New  York  and  Washington,  and  afterward 
was  demobilized  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harri- 
son, Indianapolis,  Indiana.  For  a  young 
man  only  twenty-six  years  of  age  Major 
Taylor  has  made  a  wonderful  record  that 
will  stand  out  even  more  brilliantly  as  the 
events  of  the  great  war  come  to  be  better 
understood. 

He  was  married  on  August  10,  1917,  to 
Katharine  Levering  Vinton,  daughter  of 
Judge  and  Mrs.  H.  H.  Vinton  of  Lafay- 
ette, Indiana. 

CASE  BRODERICK,  a  lawyer  and  congress- 
man, was  born  in  Grant  County,  Indiana, 
September  23,  1839.  In  1858  he  removed 
to  Kansas.  He  was  a  Civil  war  soldier,  was 
a  probate  judge  of  Jackson  County,  a  state 
senator,  1880-84,  an  associate  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Idaho,  1884-88,  and  was 
a  member  of  Congress  in  1891-99,  from  the 
First  Kansas  District. 

MICHAEL  T.  HANLEY  went  to  Muncie 
along  with  one  of  the  industries  that  were 
moved  to  that  city  thirty  years  ago,  after 
Muncie  had  become  an  important  center 
in  the  natural  gas  territory  of  Eastern  In- 
diana. Mr.  Hanley  is  now  one  of  the  very 
successful  and  prosperous  business  men  of 
Muncie.  He  began  his  life  career  as  a  boy, 
earning  small  wages  in  a  factory,  and  his 
success  is  due  to  that  steady  and  persistent 
labor  which  is  always  seeking  better  things 
and  creating  new  opportunities  with  new 
conditions. 

Mr.  Hanley  was  born  at  Bunker  Hill, 
Illinois,  September  7,  1860,  a  son  of  Thomas 
and  Mary  M.  (Buckley)  Hanley.  His 
father,  who  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to 
America  in  the  '40s  and  lived  at  Bunker 
Hill,  Illinois,  for  a  time.  Later  he  took 


his  family  to  New  Albany,  Indiana,  where 
he  was  employed  in  the  shops  of  a  railroad. 
He  worked  in  that  position  until  his  death. 
He  was  a  very  able  mechanic,  and  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  highest  wages  paid  his  class 
of  service.  He  died  in  1867.  He  left  a 
widow  and  five  sons,  Michael  being  only 
seven  years  old.  The  mother  died  in  1885. 
Three  of  the  sons  are  still  living. 

After  the  death  of  the  father  the  chil- 
dren were  kept  for  a  time  at  home  by  their 
mother,  until  she  found  it  impossible  to  pro- 
vide for  them,  and  then  four  of  the  boys, 
including  Michael,  were  placed  in  the 
Orphans  Home  at  Vincennes,  a  Catholic  in- 
stitution. Somewhat  later  provision  was 
made  that  two  of  the  sons  should  remain 
at  the  Home  and  two  should  go  back  to 
their  mother.  Michael  Hanley  spent  three 
years  in  the  institution  at  Vincennes,  then 
returned  to  New  Albany,  where  as  a  boy  he 
went  to  work  in  the  rolling  mills  at  55 
cents  a  day.  He  proved  diligent,  reliable 
and  responsible  and  gradually  promoted 
himself  by  his  efficiency  to  larger  wages  and 
bigger  work.  He  was  finally  made  a  pud- 
dler  and  was  paid  the  then  high  wages  of 
$8  per  day. 

From  New  Albany  Mr.  Hanley  went  to 
Greencastle,  Indiana,  and  became  connected 
with  the  nail  works  of  the  Darnell  Mills. 
Through  the  efforts  of  the  Muncie  Board  of 
Trade  this  large  nail  factory  was  obtained 
for  Muncie  and  moved  to  the  city  in  1889. 
Here  it  was  renamed  the-  Muncie  Nail 
Works,  with  Mr.  Frank  Darnell  as  presi- 
dent. Mr.  Hanley  continued  in  the  employ 
of  the  company  at  Muncie,  but  later  went 
with  the  Muncie  Republic  Steel  and  Iron 
Company,  and  was  its  manager  in  1892. 
After  the  gradual  failure  of  the  natural 
gas  in  the  Muncie  territory  the  steel  and 
iron  works  went  out  of  business.  Mr.  Han- 
ley then  became  an  operator  in  the  oil  and 
gas  fields,  and  acquired  a  number  of  leases 
and  drilled  a  number  of  wells.  As  the  oil 
business  did  not  offer  large  prospects  for 
the  future  in  Delaware  County,  he  was  con- 
stantly looking  out  for  some  new  opportun- 
ity, and  thus  became  one  of  the  pioneers 
in  the  automobile  field  when  that  vehicle 
was  just  coming  into  its  share  of  popular- 
ity. Mr.  Hanley  began  the  automobile 
business  in  a  very  small  way,  having  a 
small  shop  near  his  present  extensive  and 
handsome  quarters.  His  work  and  facili- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2131 


ties  found  appreciation  and  his  business 
has  grown  apace  with  the  enormous  expan- 
sion of  the  automobile. 

Today  the  Hanley  automobile  building 
alone  cost  over  $75,000  and  it  is  one  of  the 
best  constructed  and  designed  buildings  of 
the  type  in  Indiana.  It  has  salesrooms, 
accessories  department  and  garage  with  a 
capacity  for  storing  200  cars.  Mr.  Hanley 
makes  a  specialty  in  his  sales  department 
of  the  Hudson  and  Interstate  cars.  It  is 
estimated  that  today  he  has  property  inter- 
ests valued  at  $200,000  or  more,  which  is 
ample  evidence  that  he  has  made  excellent 
use  of  his  time  and  energies  since  he  left 
the  Orphans  Home  at  Vincennes.  He  is 
also  one  of  the  leading  public  spirited  citi- 
zens of  Muncie,  ever  ready  to  lend  a  hand 
in  building  up  local  enterprises  and  in 
doing  his  share  as  an  individual.  He  is  a 
stanch  democrat  in  politics  and  has  been 
honored  with  a  number  of  places  of  trust 
and  responsibility.  He  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Public  Works  in  Muncie 
four  years,  was  appointed  and  served  eight 
years  as  a  member  of  the  Park  Board  and 
for  two  years  was  on  the  Board  of  Safety. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

April  23,  1883,  at  New  Albany,  Indiana, 
Mr.  Hanley  married  Miss  Catherine  Con- 
nell.  Her  people  came  from  Dublin,  Ire- 
land. They  are  the  parents  of  five  chil- 
dren, four  sons  and  one  daughter,  Mary, 
William,  Edward,  Frank  and  Leo.  The 
daughter,  Mary,  is  the  wife  of  Dr.  W.  J. 
Molloy.  All  the  children  were  liberally 
educated  in  the  parochial  schools  and  in 
the  higher  institutions  of  learning. 

JACOB  SCHUSTER.  Few  business  men  of 
Anderson,  Indiana,  have  traveled  so  far 
and  seen  so  much  of  real  adventure  as  has 
Jacob  Schuster,  an  important  commercial 
force  in  this  city,  the  senior  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Schuster  Brothers,  clothiers.  Mr. 
Schuster  has  not  yet  reached  middle  age, 
yet  he  has  traveled  to  far  countries,  has 
participated  in  a  great  war  and  has  proved 
himself  able  not  only  in  military  but  also 
in  business  life. 

Jacob  Schuster  was  born  in  1874,  at  Har- 
risburg,  Pennsylvania.  His  parents  were 
Myer  and  Lina  Schuster,  who  came  to 
America  some  fifty  years  ago  from  one  of 
the  border  towns  of  old  Poland.  They  set- 
tled in  the  capital  City  of  Pennsylvania, 

Vol.    V— 15 


and  the  father  conducted  a  store.  Jacob 
attended  school  in  his  native  place  until 
he  was  fourteen  years  old,  and  then  began 
to  be  self-supporting,  his  first  employer  be- 
ing a  Mr.  Katz,  a  clothing  merchant,  for 
whom  he  was  a  clerk  for  eighteen  months. 
He  remained  at  home  until  he  was  twenty 
years  of  age,  and  then  went  to  Toronto, 
Canada,  and  worked  in  a  clothing  house  for 
a  time  and  then  decided  to  see  something 
more  of  the  world,  his  attention  having 
been  directed  to  South  Africa.  Family 
affection  in  the  Schuster  family  was  strong, 
and  the  young  man  returned  to  Harrisburg 
to  see  his  parents  before  he  started. 

After  the  long  journey  by  land  and  sea 
was  concluded,  this  being  in  1895,  Mr. 
Schuster  found  himself  in  Johannesburg, 
and  after  he  had  looked  around  a  bit  he 
started  a  general  store  on  the  Rand  at 
Germantown,  Transvaal,  South  Africa.  He 
was  diligent  and  attentive,  qualities 
needed  for  success  in  any  land,  and  soon 
found  himself  in  a  prosperous  way,  but  his 
plans  were  all  disarranged  by  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Boer  war.  He  accepted  condi- 
tions as  he  found  them,  and  with  the 
friends  he  had  made  in  his  new  home 
joined  the  South  African  Territorials  at 
Cape  Town  in  October,  1899,  the  command 
being  known  as  the  South  African  Light 
Horse.  He  participated  in  the  relief  of 
Ladysmith,  and  was  in  other  battles  under 
the  command  of  General  De  Wet,  and  be- 
cause of  his  bravery  was  promoted  to  a 
first  lieutenancy  after  fifteen  months  of 
service,  and  was  honorably  discharged  and 
mustered  out  twenty-eight  months  after  en- 
listment. 

When  Mr.  Schuster  returned  to  German- 
town  he  found  his  business  affairs  in  a  bad 
way  and  his  stock  almost  destroyed  but 
later  the  British  government  re-imbursed 
him  on  account  of  his  services  in  the  war, 
his  entire  period  of  service  having  reflected 
credit  on  him.  He  re-established  his  busi- 
ness at  Germantown,  and  success  again  at- 
tended him,  and  when  he  grew  homesick 
for  his  native  land  he  was  able  to  sell  out 
at  a  profit. 

In  1907  Mr.  Schuster  returned  to 
America  and  reached  Anderson,  Indiana, 
February  18,  1908.  and  after  establishing 
a  clothing  store  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
opened  his  present  store  in  this  city  and 
has  conducted  the  two  stores  ever  since. 
The  Anderson  city  store  is  the  largest  in 


2132 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Madison  County,  and  his  customers  come 
from  every  part  of  it,  as  Mr.  Schuster  car- 
ries so  complete  and  satisfactory  a  stock  of 
clothing,  hats  and  furnishings  for  men  and 
boys,  and  his  business  methods  are  honor- 
able and  upright.  In  addition  to  his  stores 
he  has  other  important  business  interests. 

Mr.  Schuster  was  married  in  1908  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Jacobs,  who  is  a  daughter 
of  Abraham  Jacobs,  now  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, but  formerly  of  Harrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, the  Jacobs  family  moving  to  the 
former  city  in  1903.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Schuster  have  three  children :  Simon, 
Harry  and  Mae,  born  respectively  in  1909, 
1910  and  1913.  Mr.  Schuster  is  liberal 
minded  in  the  religious  field  and  is  not 
active  in  politics,  being  willing  to  support 
good  and  able  men  of  whom  his  own  ex- 
perienced judgment  can  approve  in  the 
interest  of  good  government  and  the  gen- 
eral welfare.  He  is  identified  with  the 
Masons,  the  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Eagles 
at  Anderson. 

OMER  D.  BULLERDICK  is  head  ot  some 
of  the  important  business  enterprises  of 
Richmond,  including  the  0.  D.  Bullerdick 
Coal  Yards,  and  also  an  extensive  business 
as.  a  wholesale  flour  merchant. 

Born  at  Richmond  May  15.  1886,  Mr. 
Bullerdick  started  in  life  with  only  the 
average  training  and  equipment,  but  with 
the  energy  and  determination  to  make  the 
best  of  his  circumstances  and  opportunities, 
and  what  he  has  accomplished  stands  as 
evidence  of  his  ability  and  success.  His 
parents  were  H.  C.  and  Anna  (Knollman) 
Bullerdick.  His  grandfather  came  from 
Germany  and  was  an  early  settler  in 
Indiana. 

Mr.  Bullerdick  after  attending  grammar 
and  high  schools  became  an  apprentice  at 
the  jewelry  trade  with  the  Jenkins  Jewelry 
Company.  He  gave  up  that  and  after  tak- 
ing a  course  in  bookkeeping  with  the  Rich- 
mond Business  College  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  Richmond  Canning 
Company.  He  turned  his  resources  from 
that  into  the  coal  business,  and  for  three 
years  his  father  owned  a  half  interest  in 
the  plant,  but  since  1917  Mr.  Bullerdick 
has  been  sole  proprietor  and  has  a  large 
amount  of  capital  employed,  a  well 
equipped  plant  and  requires  the  services 
of  about  twentv  men.  He  is  also  owner 
of  the  Cambridge  City  Coal  Company  at 


Cambridge  City.  Mr.  Bullerdick  has  a 
large  warehouse  used  in  his  wholesale  flour 
business.  He  keeps  two  men  on  the  road 
selling  flour  and  deals  in  two  widely  known 
stable  brands,  "Mother  Hubbard"  and 
"Kaws." 

Mr.  Bullerdick  is  a  member  of  the  Rich- 
mond Commercial  Club,  the  Masonic  Order, 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of 
Elks  and  the  Rotary  Club.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  First  English  Lutheran 
Church.  In  1908  he  married  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Cook,  daughter  of  George  Cook. 

SIDNEY  L.  HOLMAN  is  a  veteran  insur- 
ance man  of  Michigan  City,  but  the  insur- 
ance business  has  not  been  his  restricted 
field  of  activities,  since  for  a  number  of 
years  he  was  identified  with  the  develop- 
ment and  progress  of -Nebraska  territory 
and  state,  and  was  a  means  of  founding 
the  most  prosperous  towns  in  that  part  of 
the  west. 

Mr.  Holman  has  had  a  long  and  active 
career.  He  was  born  in  Genesee  Countv, 
New  York,  November  13,  1838.  His  father, 
Thomas  Holman,  was  born  in  Sussex 
County,  England,  and  learned  the  trade  of 
tailor  in  his  father's  shop.  His  first  wife 
died  in  England  and  in  1831  he  came  to 
America,  bringing  his  only  daughter.  They 
were  six  weeks  in  making  the  voyage,  and 
he  soon  located  at  Pittsford  in  Monroe 
County,  New  York.  A  few  years  later  he 
moved  to  Genesee  County,  and  that  was 
his  home  until  1839.  From  that  time  until 
1851  he  again  resided  at  Pittsford,  and 
then  started  for  the  west.  The  railroad 
had  been  completed  as  far  as  New  Buffalo, 
Michigan,  and  he  traveled  by  rail  to  that 
point,  thence  coming  by  wagon  and  team 
to  Springfield  Township  in  LaPorte 
County.  He  bought  a  small  farm  there  and 
located  on  the  Plank  Road  between  Michi- 
gan City  and  South  Bend.  At  that  home 
he  not  only  supervised  the  cultivation  of 
his  fields  but  also  followed  his  trade  and 
kept  toll  gate.  He  died  at  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-five.  In  New  York  he  mar- 
ried for  his  second  wife  Miss  Margaret 
Brown,  who  was  born  at  Woodhull  in 
Steuben  County,  New  York.  Her  father, 
John  Brown,  was  a  native  of  Ireland  and 
came  to  America  at  the  age  of  seven  years 
and  lived  at  Woodhull  and  afterward  in 
Monroe  County,  New  York,  where  he  died. 
John  Brown  married  Miss  Shear,  and  they 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2133 


had  five  sons  and  five  daughters.  Mrs. 
Margaret  Holman  survived  her  husband 
and  for  a  few  years  lived  in  Tioga  County, 
Pennsylvania,  but  subsequently  returned 
to  Indiana  with  her  son  Sidney  and  con- 
tinued to  live  among  her  children  in  this 
state  to  the  age  of  eighty-five.  She  was  the 
mother  of  eight  children,  two  of  whom  died 
in  early  childhood  and  the  six  to  grow  up 
were  Roxie,  Alfred,  Sidney  L.,  Arthur  J., 
Emeline  and  Martha. 

Sidney  L.  Holman  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  New  York  State,  and  after 
the  age  of  fifteen  attended  school  in  Spring- 
field Township  and  at  LaPorte.  His  inde- 
pendent business  career  began  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  He  had  the  gift  and  genius 
of  a  business  man,  and  at  the  outset  of  his 
career  he  stocked  a  wagon  with  Yankee 
notions  and  drove  about  the  country  sell- 
ing from  house  to  house.  Among  his  stock 
was  also  some  patent  medicines.  He  was 
on  the  road  two  seasons  and  then  taught 
three  winter  terms  in  school.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  taken  up  the  study  of  law  in 
the  office  of  J.  A.  Thornton  at  Michigan 
City,  and  Judge  Ferran  at  LaPorte.  Mr. 
Holman  in  1864  became  an  insurance  solici- 
tor at  LaPorte.  It  soon  developed  that  he 
was  an  unusually  resourceful  solicitor  of 
insurance,  and  his  company  soon  assigned 
him  to  more  important  tasks  than  individ- 
ual work,  especially  the  opening  up  of  new 
territory  and  the  establishment  of  local 
agencies.  Mr.  Holman  first  went  to  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Nebraska  in  the  spring  of  1866,  at 
a  time  when  that  now  great  state  was  un- 
occupied government  land,  much  of  it  cov- 
ered with  immense  herds  of  buffalo.  He 
spent  the  summer  season  there  and  in  the 
fall  of  1866  entered  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  where  he 
received  his  degree  as  a  lawyer  in  1868  and 
was  concurrently  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
Michigan  and  Nebraska.  He  was  a  pioneer 
member  of  the  bar  of  Columbus,  Nebraska, 
and  practiced  law  and  also  sold  insurance. 
In  company  with  George  Graves  he  bought 
a  tract  of  land  in  Stanton  County,  and 
they  then  formed  a  partnership  with  Lud- 
wig  Lehmann,  who  owned  an  adjoining 
tract  where  he  platted  the  Town  of  Stan- 
ton.  In  1872  Mr.  Holman  returned  to 
Michigan  City  and  resumed  the  insurance 
business  a  year,  and  then  established  head- 
quarters at  LaPorte  for  another  year.  Go- 
ing back  to  Nebraska  to  look  after  his  inter- 


ests he  made  his  home  in  Stanton  for  a 
time.  In  1879  the  Fremont  and  Elkhorn 
Valley  Railroad,  now  a  branch  of  the 
Northwestern,  was  projected  and  Mr.  Hol- 
man returned  to  Nebraska  to  get  the  route 
laid  through  Stanton.  The  three  proprie- 
tors gave  the  company  the  right  of  way 
through  the  town,  also  one  half  oPthe  town 
lots,  and  thus  put  their  town  on  the  line  of 
railway.  Mr.  Holman  continued  to  reside 
in  Stanton  until  1882,  when  he  returned  to 
Michigan  City  and  since  then  for  a  period 
of  over  thirty-five  years  has  been  engaged 
in  the  insurance  and  real  estate  business. 

In  1872  he  married  Miss  Rachel  S.  Stan- 
ton.  She  was  born  in  LaPorte  County, 
daughter  of  Aaron  and  Martha  (Boyer) 
Stanton.  Aaron  Stanton  was  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  of  Nantucket  ancestry  and 
was  one  of  the  very  earliest  settlers  in 
what  is  now  La  Porte  County,  arriving  in 
1830.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Holman  have  one 
son,  Scott  Stanton.  He  married  Gladys 
Schutt,  and  they  have  two  children,  Vir- 
ginia and  Harrison. 

Mr.  Holman  served  twenty-three  years 
PS  secretary  of  the  Insurance  Board  of 
Michigan  City.  He  is  affiliated  with  Acme 
Lodge  No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons. 

S.  EARL  CLARK.  Indiana  had  no  glass 
making  industry  to  speak  of  until  the  era 
of  natural  gas,  inaugurated  about  thirty 
years  ago.  One  of  the  oldest  men  in  the 
Indiana  glass  industry  is  S.  Earl  Clark, 
superintendent  and  general  manager  of 
Plant  No.  7  of  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass 
Company  at  Elwood.  Mr.  Clark  has  been 
connected  with  this  industry  practically 
thirty  years  in  Indiana. 

He  was  born  at  West  Richfield  in  Sum- 
mit County,  Ohio,  in  1856,  son  of  Samuel 
S.  and  Caroline  (Prickett)  Clark.  He  was 
the  only  son,  and  the  three  daughters  are 
now  deceased.  The  family  is  of  Scotch  and 
English  descent,  and  has  been  in  America 
for  many  generations.  The  Clarks  have 
been  chiefly  farmers  and  merchants.  Sam- 
uel S.  Clark  was  a  druggist  at  West  Rich- 
field, Ohio,  many  vears.  He  died  in  1906 
and  his  wife  in  1907. 

S.  E«rl  Clark  acquired  his  early  educa- 
tion at  West  Richfield  in  the  public  schools, 
and  for  three  years  attended  a  general 
course  at  Oberlin  College.  He  left  college 
to  go  to  work  at  Akron,  where  he  remained 


2134 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


some  five  years,  and  then  about  thirty  years 
ago  joined  the  Pittsburg  Plate  Glass  Com- 
pany in  its  plant  at  Kokomq,  Indiana.  For 
ten  years  he  was  foreman  at  Kokomo,  also 
assistant  superintendent  and  was  then  ap- 
pointed superintendent.  In  1898  he  was 
sent  to  Elwood  as  superintendent  of  No.  7 
plant,  and  has  been  supervising  head  of 
this  industry  ever  since  with  the  exception 
of  five  years  when  the  company  sent  him 
to  Crystal  City,  Missouri.  There  under  his 
direct  superintendence  the  largest  glass 
plant  in  the  world  was  constructed.  Mr. 
Clark  was  in  Missouri  from  1904  to  1909. 
He  lost  his  health  in  that  state  and  in  1909 
the  company  bore  the  expense  of  a  re- 
cuperating trip  through  Europe,  during 
which  he  toured  England,  Belgium  and 
France. 

Mr.  Clark  married  Lucy  C.  Viall,  daugh- 
ter of  Burrell  and  Jane  Viall.  They  have 
one  child,  Louise  E.,  now  fifteen  years  old. 

Mr.  Clark  has  been  a  prominent  republi- 
can in  Indiana.  In  1904  he  represented  the 
Eighth  District  in  the  Chicago  National 
Convention  when  Theodore  Roosevelt  was 
nominated.  He  has  been  a  member  of  a 
number  of  state  conventions.  Mr.  Clark 
is  affiliated  with  Elwood  Lodge  of  Elks. 

MENDLE  SAFFER  is  junior  member  of  the 
firm  Neremberg  &  Saffer,  a  firm  of  very 
enterprising  and  aggressive  merchants  who 
have  already  established  and  built  lip  a 
chain  of  hat  and  haberdashery  stores 
known  as  Progress  Stores.  Mr.  Saffer  is 
in  charge  of  the  business  at  Richmond,  and 
the  home  city  where  the  business  was* 
started  is  Kokomo,  but  there  is  also  a  store 
at  Terre  Haute. 

Mr.  Saffer  was  born  at  Richmond  in 
1895,  son  of  Solomon  and  Esther  (Libo- 
witz)  Saffer.  He  acquired  a  thorough 
education,  attending  the  Manual  Training 
School  at  Indianapolis  and  had  a  commer- 
cial course  in  the  Central  Business  Col- 
lege. For  a  year  and  a  half  he  was  em- 
ployed as  assistant  chemist  in  the  labora- 
tory of  the  Citizens  Gas  Company.  He 
then  formed  a  partnership  with  Frank 
Neremberg  at  Kokomo  in  1916,  and  they 
opened  a  shoe  and  men's  furnishing  goods 
store  on  Main  Street,  known  at  that  time 
as  the  Progress  Store.  They  soon  after- 
ward opened  another  store  at  Kokomo, 
then  one  at  Terre  Haute,  and  on  Decem- 


ber   1,    1918,    Mr.    Saffer   established   the 
branch  on  Main  Street  in  Richmond. 

Mr.  Saffer,  who  is  unmarried,  is  an  inde- 
pendent republican,  a  member  of  Rich- 
mond Lodge  No.  196,  Free  and  Accepted 
Masons. 

CHARLES  L.  BUSCHMANN  is  vice  president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Lewis  Meier 
&  Company,  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
organizations  at  Indianapolis. 

The  earlier  generation  of  the  Buschmann 
family  was  represented  by  the  late  Wil- 
liam Buschmann,  who  was  born  at  Biele- 
feld, Germany,  in  1824,  and  died  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1893.  He  was  reared  and 
educated  in  his  native  land,  had  some  serv- 
ice in  the  war  of  1848  there,  and  in  1852 
came  to  America  and  almost  immediately 
located  at  Indianapolis.  Here  he  began 
that  association  with  Henry  Severin,  Sr., 
which  remained  unbroken  between  them 
for  over  forty  years  and  which  through 
their  respective  sons  is  a  business  alliance 
of  great  power  and  dignity  in  Indianapolis 
today.  The  elder  Buschmann  and  Severin 
established  a  retail  grocery  store  on  North 
Street,  and  from  that  location  moved  to 
Fort  Wayne  Avenue.  In  1892  William 
Buschmann,  Sr.,  turned  over  his  interest 
to  his  son  William  F.  and  enjoyed  retired 
life  for  a  year  before  his  death.  He  is  re- 
membered by  his  contemporaries  still  liv- 
ing as  a  man  of  mature  judgment,  of  splen- 
did civic  loyalty  and  of  personal  integrity 
that  could  never  be  doubted  or  questioned. 
He  married  Caroline  Froelking,  who  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  died  in  1880, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-seven.  They  married 
at  Indianapolis  and  were  the  parents  of 
six  sons  and  one  daughter,  five  of  the 
sons  and  one  daughter  still  living. 

Charles  L.  Buschmann,  who  was  the 
third  among  the  children  of  his  parents, 
was  born  at  Indianapolis  September  5, 
1867,  was  educated  in  the  local  public 
schools  and  for  one  year  attended  Capitol 
University  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  In  1885,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  he  returned  to  his  home 
city  and  after  a  course  in  the  Indianapolis 
Business  College  he  became  bookkeeper  in 
the  office  of  William  Buschmann  &  Com- 
pany. In  1887  he  entered  the  employ  of 
Lewis  Meier  and  Company,  in  which  his 
brother,  Louis  Buschmann,  was  an  inter- 
ested partner.  The  business  was  founded 


21:54 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


some  live  years,  iind  then  about  thirty  years 
ago  joined  the  Piltsburg  Plate  Glass  Com- 
pany in  its  plant  at  Kokomo.  Indiana.  For 
ten  years  he  was  foreman  at  Kokoinn,  also 
assistant  superintendent  and  was  then  ap- 
pointed superintendent.  In  1898  he  was, 
sent  to  Elwood  as  sui)erinteiident  of  No.  7 
plant,  and  has  been  supervising  head  of 
this  industry  ever  since  with  the  exeeption 
ol'  five  years  when  the  company  sent  him 
to  Crystal  City.  Missouri.  There  under  his 
direct  superintendence  the  largest  glass 
plant  in  the  world  was  constructed.  Mr. 
Clark  was  in  Missouri  from  1904  to  1909. 
He  lost  his  health  in  that  state  and  in  1909 
the  company  bore  the  expense  of  a  re- 
cuperating trip  through  Europe,  during 
which  he  toured  England.  Belgium  and 
Kranee. 

Mr.  Clark  married  Lucy  C.  Viall,  daugh- 
ter of  BuiTell  and  .lane  Viall.  They  have 
one  child.  Louise  K.,  now  fifteen  years  old. 

Mr.  Clark  hus  been  a  prominent  republi- 
can in  Indiana.  In  1904  he  represented  the 
Eighth  District  in  the  Chicago  National 
('(invention  when  Theodore  Roosevelt  was 
Humiliated.  lie  has  been  a  member  of  a 
number  of  state  conventions.  Mr.  Clark 
is  affiliated  with  Klwood  Lodge  of  Elks. 

MI:NI>I.I:  SAKFKK  is  junior  member  of  the 
firm  Ncremberg  &  Saffer.  a  firm  of  very 
enterprising  and  aggressive  merchants  who 
have  already  established  and  built  up  a 
chain  of  hat  and  haberdashery  stores 
known  as  Progress  Stores.  Mr.  Saffer  is 
in  charge  of  the  business  at  Richmond,  and 
the  home  city  where  the  business  was 
started  is  Kokomo,  but  there  is  also  a  store 
at  Tei-re  Haute. 

Mr.  Saffer  was  born  at  Richmond  in 
1<S9.">.  son  of  Solomon  and  Esther  (Liho- 
wit/>  Saffer.  lie  acquired  a  thorough 
education,  attending  the  Manual  Training 
School  at  Indianapolis  and  had  a  commer- 
cial course  in  the  Central  Business  Col- 
lege. For  a  year  and  a  half  lie  was  em- 
ployed as  assistant  chemist  in  the  labora- 
tory of  the  Citi/cns  Gas  Company.  He 
then  formed  a  partnership  with  Frank 
Neromberg  at  Kokomo  in  191(>.  and  they 
opened  a  shoe  and  men's  furnishing  goods 
store  on  Main  Street,  known  at  that  time 
as  tlii-  Progress  Store.  They  soon  after- 
ward opened  another  store  at  Kokomo. 
then  one  at  Terre  Haute,  and  on  Decem- 


ber   1,    191S.    Mr.    Saffer    established    the 
branch  on   Main   Street  in  Richmond. 

Mr.  Saffer,  who  is  unmarried,  is  an  inde- 
pendent republican,  a  member  of  Rich- 
mond Lodge  No.  196,  Free  and  Aeeepted 
Masons. 

CiiAiti.KS  L.  BrsciiMAX.v  is  vice  president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Lewis  Meier 
&  Company,  one  of  the  chief  commercial 
organixations  at  Indianapolis. 

The  earlier  generation  of  the  Buschmann 
family  was  represented  by  the  late  Wil- 
liam Buschmann,  who  was  born  at  Biele- 
feld, Germany,  in  1824,  and  died  at  In- 
dianapolis in  18!):{.  He  was  reared  and 
educated  in  his  native  land,  had  some  serv- 
ice in  the  war  of  1848  there,  and  in  1852 
came  to  America  and  almost  immediately 
located  at  Indianapolis.  Here  he  began 
that  association  with  Henry  Severin,  Sr., 
which  remained  unbroken  between  them 
for  over  forty  years  and  which  through 
their  respective  sons  is  a  business  alliance 
of  great  power  and  dignity  in  Indianapolis 
today.  The  elder  Buschmann  and  Severin 
established  a  retail  grocery  store  on  North 
Street,  and  from  that  location  moved  to 
Fort  Wayne  Avenue.  In  1892  William 
Buschmann,  Sr..  turned  over  his  interest 
to  his  son  William  F.  and  enjoyed  retired 
life  for  a  year  before  his  death.  lie  is  re- 
membered by  his  contemporaries  still  liv- 
ing as  a  man  of  mature  judgment,  of  splen- 
did civic  loyalty  and  of  personal  integrity 
that  could  never  be  doubted  or  questioned. 
He  married  Caroline  Froelking,  who  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  died  in  1880, 
at  the  age  of  thirty-seven.  They  married 
at  Indianapolis  and  were  the  parents  of 
six  sons  and  one  daughter,  five  of  the 
sons  and  one  daughter  still  living. 

Charles  L.  Busehmann,  who  was  the 
third  among  the  children  of  his  parents, 
was  born  at  Indianapolis  September  ">. 
lSb'7.  was  educated  in  the  loeal  public 
schools  and  for  one  year  attended  Capitol 
I 'nivcrsity  at  Columbus.  Ohio.  In  188;"),  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  he  returned  to  his  home 
city  and  after  a  course  in  the  Indianapolis 
Business  College  lie  became  bookkeeper  in 
the  office  of  William  Buschmann  &  Com- 
pany. In  1887  he  entered  the  employ  of 
Lewis  Meier  and  Company,  in  which  his 
brother,  Louis  Buschmann.  was  an  inter- 
ested partner.  The  business  was  founded 


• 


LDRARY 

OF  T\£ 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2135 


by  Lewis  Meier.  Charles  L.  Buschmann 
took  a  keen  interest  in  every  department 
of  the  business,  familiarized  himself  with 
its  details,  and  on  merit  was  advanced  from 
one  responsibility  to  another  until  in  1901 
he  was  made  vice  president  and  general 
manager.  In  that  year  the  business  was  in- 
corporated. Louis  Buschmann,  brother  of 
Charles  L.,  died  in  1898^ and  Lewis  Meier 
passed  away  in  1901.  In  1901  Henry 
Severin  bought  the  Meier  interests,  and 
Mr.  Charles  L.  Buschmann  and  his  broth- 
ers acquired  the  remaining  interests, 
though  the  original  title  was  retained  and 
its  prosperity  has  continued  to  advance. 
The  president  of  the  company  is  Henry 
Severin,  Charles  L.  Buschmann  is  vice 
president  and  general  manager,  and  Theo 
Seuel  is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Mr.  Buschmann  has  well  earned  a  solid 
success  in  his  native  city  and  has  always 
been  that  type  of  citizen  who  could  be  de- 
pended upon  for  co-operation  and  effective 
contribution  to  every  public  spirited 
movement.  He  is  a  republican,  is  affiliated 
with  Oriental  Lodge  No.  500,  Free:  a»ds  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  is  a  Scottish  Rite  MSson, 
Mystic  Shriner,  also  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lumbia Club,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Ro- 
tary Club,  Marion  Club  and  other  social 
organizations,  and  he  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Tabernacle  Church.  He 
has  various  other  business  interests  outside 
of  those  represented  by  the  Lewis  Meier 
&  Company. 

Mr.  Buschmann  married  Miss  Grace 
Clay  Hooker,  who  was  born  at  Terre 
Haute  November  21,  1879,  daughter  of 
James  and  Mary  »T.  Hooker,  later  of  Meri- 
dian Heights,  Indianapolis.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Buschmann  have  two  children,  Severin  and 
Charles  E.  Severin  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Indiana  in  1917,  taking  both 
the  regular  literary  course  and  having  one 
year  of  law.  Just  before  graduation  he  en- 
tered the  first  officers  training  camp  at  Fort 
Benjamin  Harrison,  and  was  one  of  the 
youngest  men  in  that  camp  to  receive  the 
commission  of  second  lieutenant.  He  was 
promoted  to  first  lieutenant  in  July  and 
captain  in  August,  1918,  at  which  time  he 
sailed  for  France.  The  armistice  was 
signed  when  he  was  on  his  way  to  the  battle 
front.  Returning  to  Brest  he  made  appli- 
cation and  was  admitted  to  a  four  months' 
course  at  the  University  of  Paris. 


E.  A.  MARPLE  is  manager  of  the  White 
River  Creamery  Company  at  Muncie,  one 
of  the  numerous  plants  of  the  Fox  River 
Butter  and  Creamery  Company.  This  is 
one  of  the  institutions  that  indicate  a  new 
trend  to  agricultural  activities  in  Indiana, 
and  well  informed  persons  agree  that  In- 
diana is  destined  to  occupy  a  rising  scale  of 
importance  in -the  great  dairy  industry  of 
the  country. 

The  manager  of  the  Muncie  plant  was 
born  December  18,  1887,  at  North  Bend  in 
Nebraska,  a  son  of  W.  W.  and  Nancy 
(Reister)  Marple.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  came  to  the  Middle  "West  in 
the  '60s,  and  for  about  five  years  taught 
school  in  Illinois.  He  then  removed  to 
Macon,  Missouri,  where  he  was  a  general 
merchant,  and  several  years  later  went  to 
St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  engaged  in  the 
creamery  business.  He  was  one  of  the  pio- 
neers in  what  is  now  a  big  American  in- 
dustry. While  at  St.  Joseph  he  visited 
Chicago  and  consulted  Mr.  Truesdale.  then 
president  of  the  Rock  Island  Railroad. 
Und^r-Mr.  Truesdale 's  advice  and  under 
the  auspices  of  the  railroad  company  he 
was  engaged  to  promote  a  system  of  cream- 
eries along  the  lines  of  that  road.  He  es- 
tablished and  organized  ninety-six  cream- 
eries, and  developed  the  business  to  a  high 
potentiality  for  the  Rock  Island  Road.  One 
of  the  principal  centers  of  the  industry  was 
at  St.  Joseph,  and  W.  W.  Marple  for  a 
number  of  years  managed  that  plant  under 
his  personal  supervision. 

W.  W.  Marple  finally  came  with  his  fam- 
ily to  Muncie,  Indiana,  and  established  here 
the  White  River  Creamery.  Later  this 
was  consolidated  with  the  Fox  River  Com- 
pany, and  has  since  been  under  the  per- 
sonal management  and  supervision  of  Mr. 
E.  A.  Marple.  The  plant  now  turns  out  a 
million  pounds  of  butter  annually  and 
40,000  gallons  of  ice  cream.  It  has  6.300 
patrons. 

E.  A.  Marple  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  in  1908 
graduated  from  Drake  University  at  Des 
Moines,  Iowa.  In  the  meantime  he  had  ac- 
quired a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  cream- 
ery business  in  every  detail  from  his  father, 
and  that  business  has  since  been  his  profes- 
sion and  his  work  has  brought  him  a  lead- 
ing and  authoritative  position  in  creamery 
circles. 

September    3,    1910,    at    Chicago,    Mr. 


2136 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Marple  married  Miss  Nellie  Dwyer,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Dwyer  of  that  city.  They  have 
one  son,  W.  W.  Marple,  born  December  8, 
1916. 

FRANK  RIDGWAY  LEEDS,  M.  D.  There 
has  been  no  name  in  the  annals  of  this 
city  from  earliest  pioneer  times  that  gath- 
ered to  itself  more  of  the  distinctions  of 
business,  professional  and  civic  prominence 
than  Leeds.  Doctor  Leeds  is  member  of  the 
third  generation  of  the  family  in  this  sec- 
tion of  Indiana,  and  is  a  son  of  Alfred  W. 
Leeds  and  is  a  grandson  of  that  splendid 
La  Porte  County  pioneer  Offley  Leeds. 

The  American  ancestry  of  the  family 
runs  back  to  Thomas  Leeds,  a  native  of 
England  who  came  to  America  about  1677 
and  settled  at  Shrewsbury,  New  Jersey. 
On  August  6,  1678,  he  married  for  his  third 
wife  Margaret  Collier,  of  Marcus  Hook, 
Pennsylvania.  The  line  of  descent  from 
this  pioneer  couple  is  traced  through  Dan- 
iel, Japheth,  Japheth,  Jr.,  Daniel,  Offley, 
Alfred  W.  and  Frank  Ridgway. 

Offley  Leeds  was  born  in  New  Jersey  in 
1798,  being  one  of  a  family  of  twelve  chil- 
dren. He  was  reared  on  a  farm,  was  edu- 
cated in  common  schools  and  as  a  youth 
taught  during  the  winters  and  assisted  on 
the  farm  the  rest  of  the  year.  From  his 
earnings  and  savings  he  eventually  engaged 
in  the  merchandise  business  at  Egg  Harbor, 
New  Jersey.  He  was  successful  and  added 
to  his  capital  slowly  but  surely.  Later  a 
vessel  in  which  he  had  a  large  shipment  of 
goods  bought  in  Philadelphia  was  wrecked 
and  the  goods  lost.  He  had  bought  the  mer- 
chandise partly  on  credit.  He  at  once  went 
to  the  merchants  and  frankly  told  them 
that  he  was  unable  to  meet  his  bills  unless 
they  could  sell  him  more  goods  on  credit. 
They  promptly  extended  his  credit  and  he 
justified  their  patience  and  steadily  pros- 
pered in  his  affairs.  Later  he  sold  his  busi- 
ness in  New  Jersey  and  for  a  time  was  a 
miller  on  Staten  Island,  New  York.  In 
1837  he  sold  his  interests  in  the  east  and 
came  west  to  Michigan  City.  He  invested 
in  thousands  of  acres  of  land  around  that 
new  town,  and  for  years  was  one  of  the 
largest  real  estate  owners  in  Northern  In- 
diana. He  also  established  a  store  at 
Michigan  City  and  conducted  a  general 
merchandise  business  until  1852.  Later  he 
became  interested  in  flour  mills  and  other 


business  enterprises.  He  was  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  old  State  Bank  of  Indiana. 
Again  and  again  his  resources  and  judg- 
ment were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  many 
community  undertakings  in  that  part  of 
LaPorte  County.  During  thq  panic  of 
1857  many  local  manufacturers  were  un- 
able to  get  cash  for  their  goods  and  were 
obliged  either  to^elose  or  to  pay  their  help 
in  scrip.  When  merchants  refused  to  ac- 
cept this  scrip  Offley  Leeds  stepped  into 
the  breach  and  guaranteed  its  payment, 
thus  enabling  a  number  of  local  business 
men  to  continue  their  factories  until  the 
recurrence  of  good  times.  Thus  it  was  with 
an  honored  name  as  well  as  with  a  comfort- 
able fortune  that  Offley  Leeds  passed  to  his 
reward  in  1877.  He  married  Charlotte 
Ridgway,  a  native  of  New  Jersey  and 
daughter  of  Jeremiah  and  Judith  Ridg- 
way. The  Ridgways  were  another  pioneer 
family  of  LaPorte  County.  Offley  Leeds 
and  wife  had  three  children ;  Alfred  W., 
Caroline  C.  and  Walter  0.  Through  many 
generations  the  prevailing  religion  of  the 
Leeds  family  was  that  of  the  Friends 
Church. 

Alfred  W.  Leeds  was  born  at  Tuckerton, 
New  Jersey,  January' 7,  1824.  He  grew  up 
in  LaPorte  County  and  for  many  years 
was  associated  with  his  father  in  the  man- 
agement of  their  extensive  realty  deals  and 
other  business  affairs.  He  died  November 
23,  1883.  Alfred  W.  Leeds  married  Minnie 
Lell,  daughter  of  John  and  Christina  Lell, 
natives  of  Stuttgart,  Germany.  The  Lell 
family  came  to  America  and  settled  in  La- 
Porte  County  in  1854.  Mrs.  Minnie  Leeds 
after  the  death  of  her  husband  became 
noted  for  the  successful  management  of  her 
business  affairs.  She  was  a  director  in  the 
Citizens  Bank  and  a  stockholder  in  many 
corporations.  Among  other  buildings 
which  she  erected  is  the  First  National 
Bank  Building  at  Michigan  City.  She  was 
also  deeply  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the 
Public  Library  and  was  a  member  of  its 
Board  of  Trustees.  She  died  at  Michigan 
City  June  28,  1911.  Alfred  W.  Leeds  and 
wife  had  seven  children :  Eva,  who  married 
Dr.  E.  Z.  Cole,  a  physician  and  surgeon 
cf  Michigan  City,  later  moving  to  Balti- 
more, Maryland  ;  Alfred  W. ;  Julia  A.,  wife 
of  Samuel  J.  Taylor;  Arthur  L.,  a  physi- 
cian now  in  the  Medical  Corps  of  the 
United  States  Army  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2137 


tenant ;  William,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  years ;  Frank  R. ;  and  Alice  Mae, 
wife  of  Gilbert  L.  Lock. 

Dr.  Frank  Ridgway  Leeds  was  born  at 
Michigan  City  and  had  most  liberal  op- 
portunities and  advantages  in  his  home  and 
in  school  and  university.  He  attended  the 
city  schools,  spent  two  years  in  the  Armour 
Institute  at  Chicago,  and  began  the  study 
of  medicine  with  his  brother-in-law,  Doctor 
Cole.  He  graduated  M.  D.  in  1899  from 
the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  at  Chi- 
cago. For  one  year  he  was  an  interne  in 
the  Chicago  Baptist  Hospital  and  for  two 
years  practiced  at  Waterville,  Oneida 
County,  New  York.  From  there  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  city  and  has  been  stead- 
ily engaged  in  a  large  practice  ever  since. 
In  1915  he  established  the  Nova  Baths, 
which  have  since  developed  into  an  impor- 
tant sanitarium  for  the  treatment  of  di- 
seases of  various  kinds,  especially  those 
yielding  to  modern  electro,  mechanical  and 
hydro  therapeutic  methods.  During  the 
influenza  epidemic  in  1918  many  patients 
were  successfully  treated  in  the  sanitarium. 

August  29,  1900,  Doctor  Leeds  married 
Miss  Florence  Clark.  She  was  born  at 
Chazy  in  Clinton  County,  New  York, 
daughter  of  James  B.  and  Mary  A.  (Wil- 
son) Clark  and  granddaughter  of  Samuel 
and  Lorinda  (McLain)  Clark  of  early 
Scotch  ancestry.  Her  first  American  an- 
cestor was  an  English  soldier  who  came  to 
the  colonies,  and  after  his  discharge  set- 
tled in  New  Hampshire.  Later  his  five  sons 
moved  to  Clinton  County,  New  York,  and 
the  road  upon  which  they  settled  took  the 
name  of  Clark  Street.  These  five  sons 
burned  brick  and  each  built  a  substantial 
brick  house  on  Clark  Street,  those  old 
buildings  still  standing  in  good  condition. 
The  father  of  Mrs.  Leeds  was  a  merchant 
at  Ellenburg,  New  York,  for  several  years, 
then  resumed  farming,  and  late  in  life 
came  to  Michigan  City  and  spent  his  last 
days  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leeds.  Mrs. 
Leeds'  mother  is  still  living  in  Michigan 
Citv. 

Doctor  and  Mrs.  Leeds  have  two  chil- 
dren :  James  Clark  and  Eva-Deane.  Doctor 
and  Mrs.  Leeds  are  members  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
City,  County,  State  and  American  Medi- 
cal Associations  and  by  re-election  in  1917 
is  now  serving  his  second  term  as  county 
coroner.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Acme 


Lodge  of  Masons.  He  was  appointed  medi- 
cal examiner  for  the  Exemption  Board  for 
Local  Number  One  for  LaPorte  County, 
and  served  until  the  close  of  the  -war.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club  and  of 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

HERMAN  KUCHENBUCH,  of  Richmond,  is 
one  of  the  veteran  confectionery  manu- 
facturers of  Indiana.  He  learned  his  busi- 
ness more  than  fifty  years  ago  at  Cincin- 
nati, and  has  been  a  candy  manufacturer 
at  Richmond  for  thirty  years.  He  is  pro- 
prietor of  the  wholesale  business  at  169 
Fort  Wayne  Avenue,  being  maker  of 
widely  known  "Home  Confections.'' 

Mr.  Kuehenbuch  was  born  at  Matagorda 
on  the  Texas  Gulf  Coast  May  24,  1848,  son 
of  John  and  Teresa  (Rust)  Kuehenbuch. 
His  parents  came  from  Hanover,  Germany, 
and  were  among  the  early  German  colonists 
of  Texas.  His  father  attempted  to  make 
clay  brick  in  Texas,  but  failed  in  that 
venture,  since  the  clay  was  not  of  the 
proper  quality.  He  died  in  1853. 

Herman  Kuehenbuch  spent  his  boyhood 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  the  family  set- 
tled. He  attended  school  for  two  years  at 
St.  John's  School  in  Cincinnati,  and  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  went  to  work  to  make 
his  living.  For  a  time  he  was  employed  in 
packing  hardtack  for  the  Union  Army. 
The  Civil  war  was  then  in  progress.  He 
worked  for  Henry  Warwick  on  Court 
Street  in  Cincinnati  two  years.  In  July, 
1864,  he  began  his  apprenticeship  at  the 
candy  business  with  the  firm  of  Austin  & 
Smith.  He  was  with  that  Cincinnati  firm 
of  confectioners  fourteen  years,  and  be- 
came foreman  of  one  of  the  departments. 
Then  for  nine  years  he  was  with  Mitchell 
&  Whitelaw,  confectioners.  During  that 
time  he  served  two  years  as  president  of 
the  Confectioners  Union  at  Cincinnati,  was 
county  delegate  of  the  Union  two  years, 
and  in  1884  was  chairman  of  the  Strike 
Committee  which  secured  complete  re- 
dress of  all  grievances  and  demands. 

Mr.  Kuehenbuch  first  came  to  Richmond 
in  1888.  and  for  two  years  was  with  the 
firm  of  Hinchman  &  Cox  as  a  foreman.  He 
was  then  in  business  for  a  time  as  a  retailer 
ft  Middletown,  Ohio,  and  then  successively 
for  brief  periods  was  at  Marion.  Indiana. 
Richmond,  Cincinnati,  Akron,  Ohio,  again 
at  Cincinnati,  at  Dayton,  and  then  re- 
turned to  form  his  present  long  continuous 


2138 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


relations  with  Richmond.  He  opened  a 
place  of  business  of  his  own,  and  now 
manufactures  candy  entirely  for  the  whole- 
sale trade.  Mr.  Kuchenbuch  invented  the 
"Ferre  Stick,"  a  stick  candy  which  is 
widely  known  and  sold  all  over  this  section 
of  the  Middle  West. 

In  1872,  at  Cincinnati,  Mr.  Kuchenbuch 
married  Miss  Elizabeth  Roof,  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Kate  Roof,  of  Cincinnati. 
They  have  three  children :  Herman,  of 
Covington,  Kentucky,  who  is  married  and 
has  four  children ;  Catherine ;  and  Albert, 
of  Connersville,  Indiana,  who  is  married 
and  has  three  children.  Mr.  Kuchenbuch  is 
a  democrat  in  politics  and  a  member  of  St. 
Mary's  Church.  . 
•  •  '  -N:  V  ~  • 

INDIANA  BrsiNESs  COLLEGE  is  the  cor- 
porate title  of  an  association  or  university 
of  schools,  fourteen  in  number,  represented 
in  as  many  Indiana  cities  and  towns,  each 
school  with  its  individual  name  and  its 
corps  of  instructors,  but  managed  under  a 
general  plan  and  benefiting  by  the  cen- 
tralized efficiency  of  the  headquarters  at 
Indianapolis. 

This  is  perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  ex- 
ample of  the  application  to  education  of  the 
principle  and  policy  long  ago  evolved 
from  American  experience  in  industry  and 
business.  The  most  notable  contribution 
of  America  to  the  economic  progress  of 
the  world  has  been  through  standardization 
and  centralized  management.  Industry 
as  represented  in  mining,  manufacturing1 
and  transportation,  retail  merchandising 
and  even  in  later  years  agriculture,  has 
been  so  thoroughly  energized  and  vitalized 
by  this  principle  and  policy  that  its  appli- 
cation to  commercial  education  was  doubt- 
less inevitable,  though  it  remained  for  a 
group  of  men  with  characteristic  Indiana 
enterprise  and  push  to  really  perfect  the 
plan  as  now  exemplified  by  the  Indiana 
Business  College. 

The  starting  point  or  nucleus  of  the 
system  was  a  school  at  Logansport  which  in 
1902  was  purchased  by  the  interests  that 
later  became  organized  and  incorporated 
as  the  Indiana  Business  College.  In  1903 
the  same  interests  acquired  the  business 
college  at  Kokomo  and  another  college  at 
Marion.  In  the  fall  of  1903  the  Muncie 
Business  College  was  purchased.  During 
the  same  year  another  extension  brought 
into  the  group  two  biisiness  schools  at  An- 


derson, which  were  then  consolidated  as 
one  school,  and  has  since  been  part  of  the 
Indiana  Business  College  under  the  name 
Anderson  Business  College.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1905  Mr.  Cring  and  his  associates 
went  to  Lafayette  and  bought  the  business 
college  in  that  city.  Also  in  1905  they 
purchased  the  Richmond  Business  College 
and  a  little  later  incorporated  within  their 
system  the  schools  at  Newcastle  and  Co- 
lumbus and  also  the  Central  Business  Col- 
lege at  Indianapolis.  A  few  years  later 
two  other  business  colleges  at  Indianapolis 
were  bought  and  consolidated  with  the  Cen- 
tral Business  College.  The  next  schools  to 
fall  in  line  were  those  at  Vincennes  and 
Washington,  and  at  Crawfordsville,  and 
the  most  recent  unit  under  the  general  or- 
ganization is  the  Peru  Business  College, 
purchased  in  1916.  This  total  of  fourteen 
individual  schools,  all  managed  by  the  In- 
diana Business  College,  have  an  annual  en- 
rollment of  over  4,000  students,  which  rep- 
resents one  of  the  largest  totals  of  attend- 
ance of  any  business  college  system  in 
America. 

American  ideals  of  education  have  been 
undergoing  rapid  changes.  When  the 
young  person  has  acquired  a  well-rounded 
general  education,  he  starts  out  to  special- 
ize. If  he  wants  to  be  a  doctor  he  at- 
tends a  medical  college ;  if  a  lawyer,  a  law 
school ;  if  a  business  man,  a  business  college. 
It  is  hardly  claiming  too  much  to  say  that 
the  business  college  as  a  type  was  a  pioneer 
in  this  new  order  of  education,  supplying 
definite  technical  instruction  for  a  definite 
purpose.  The  need  for  such  schools  and 
such  training  was  never  greater  than  at 
the  present  time,  and  considering  this  nor- 
mal demand  and  the  abnormal  demand 
created  by  the  stupendous  growth  in  the  in- 
dustrial and  commercial  interests  of  In- 
dianapolis and  Indiana  within  the  past- 
few  years,  it  is  fortunate  indeed  that  such 
an  organization  as  the  Indiana  Business 
College  was  already  in  existence  and  with 
a  splendid  record  of  results  already  ob- 
tained in  furnishing  adequately  trained 
business  assistants.  Now,  under  the  stress 
of  intense  reconstruction  activities  and  the 
need  for  especially  trained  help,  the  various 
colleges  comprised  under  this  corporate 
management  have  found  their  resources 
taxed  to  the  uttermost  to  perform  the  es- 
sential duties  laid  upon  them.  It  must  be 
realized  that  specific,  definite  business 


INDIANA  AND  INDJANANS 


2139 


schools,  such  as  these,  fill  a  real  and  im- 
portant place  in  our  commercial  life. 

The  men  behind  the  Indiana  Business 
College  are  Charles  C.  Cring,  president; 
Fred  W.  Case,  vice  president;  Ora  Butz, 
general  manager.  These  are  all  in  the  gen- 
eral offices  of  the  organization  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  other  stockholders  and  directors 
are  J.  T.  Pickerill  at  Muncie,  R.  H.  Puter- 
baugh  at  Lafayette,  and  W.  L.  Stump  at 
Richmond.  These  are  managing  and  di- 
recting heads,  while  each  school  has  a  com- 
plete corps  of  principals  and  teachers. 

A  man  of  very  interesting  attainments 
and  experience  is  Mr.  Charles  C.  Cring, 
president  of  the  corporation.  He  was  born 
in  Delaware  County,  Ohio,  in  the  typical 
log  cabin  associated  with  the  birth  of  so 
many  enterprising  and  successful  Ameri- 
cans. The  labor  and  trials  he  underwent 
in  educating  himself  have  proved  splendid 
qualifications  for  his  subsequent  career  as 
a  teacher.  He  was  educated  in  the  coun- 
try schools,  later  in  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University,  and  when  still  in  his  teens 
taught  his  first  school.  Prior  to  his  connec- 
tion with  the  system  of  which  he  is  now 
the  head  he  was  four  years  engaged  in 
business  college  work  at  South  Bend. 

Nearly  every  successful  American  recog- 
nizes some  fundamental  principle  or  rule 
upon  which  he  has  co-ordinated  and  devel- 
oped his  experience  and  his  achievements. 
A  few  years  ago  Mr.  Cring  recognized  the 
chief  significance  of  bookkeeping  as  noth- 
ing more  or  less  than  simple  honesty — the 
setting  down  of  debits  and  credits,  repre- 
senting exchange  of  value  for  equal  value, 
and  involving  of  necessity  a  "quid  pro 
quo"  in  every  transaction.  It  was  a  de- 
nial of  the  fallacy  that  one  can  get  "some- 
thing for  nothing"  and  bookkeeping  sim- 
ply proved  with  regard  to  this  fallacy  that 
"it  can't  be  done,"  and  thus  added  to  the 
evidence  which  has  been  accumulating 
since  the  time  of  Adam  Smith  that  trade  is 
a  matter  of  mutual  benefit,  and  not  simple 
robbery  or  piracy.  What  he  recognized 
as  fundamental  to  the  success  of  business 
in  general  Mr.  Cring  applied  throughout 
his  experience  as  manager  and  head  of  the 
business  colleges,  and  that  policy  is  largely 
responsible  for  the  success  and  growth  of 
the  Indiana  Business  College.  The  policy 
also  explains  the  slogan  of  the  college — 
service.  The  finest  enunciation  of  this 
word  in  a  business  motto  is  the  motto  of 


the  Rotarian  that  "he  profits  most  who 
serves  best,"  and  it  is  the  spirit  of  that 
motto  Mr.  Cring  constantly  endeavors  to 
interpret  through  the  schools. 

While  those  acquainted  with  the  schools, 
their  work  and  their  organic  management, 
claim  they  constitute  one  of  the  remark- 
able achievements  in  specialized  training, 
there  is  a  natural  modesty  on  the  part  of 
Mr.  Cring  that  disposes  him  to  share  the 
credit  with  his  associates  and  assistants. 
He  would  say  that  he  has  been  fortunate, 
others  would  say  that  he  has  been  wise  and 
discriminating,  in  selecting  the  men  and 
women  to  work  with  him  in  order  to  give 
the  best  of  training  to  the  thousands  of 
pupils  who  attend  and  have  attended  this 
system  of  schools.  In  the  fifteen  years  of 
the  growth  and  development  of  the  Indiana 
Business  College  there  has  come  about  a 
thorough,  smooth  working,  result  produc- 
ing organization,  with  a  policy  evolved  and 
improved  by  the  combined  thought  and  ex- 
perience of  a  number  of  men  who  have 
made  this  special  field  of  education  their 
particular  study  for  years.  The  Indiana 
Business  College  is  so  organized  that  noth- 
ing but  the  highest  and  most  efficient  serv- 
ice results. 

JAMES  H.  KROH.  It  was  the  generally 
felt  and  expressed  sentiment  of  the  people 
of  Indianapolis  at  the  time  of  the  death 
of  James  H.  Kroh  on  June  1,  1917,  that  a 
man  had  been  removed  from  scenes  of  ac- 
tivities from  which  he  could  be  ill  spared 
and  that  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight,  despite 
all  the  achievements  to  his  credit,  his  life 
had  not  been  rounded  out  with  the  useful- 
ness and  service  which  the  people  had  come 
to  expect  from  him  and  upon  which  the 
community  as  a  whole  had  depended  as  one 
of  the  forces  in  general  improvement  and 
betterment. 

His  place  in  the  community  was  well  de- 
scribed in  the  columns  of  the  Indianapolis 
News,  which  said :  ' '  Perhaps  no  one  in  In- 
dianapolis took  a  deeper  interest  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  city  than  Mr.  Kroh.  His 
retiring  disposition  kept  him  out  of  public 
view,  but  those  who  have  had  much  to  do 
with  the  awakened  civic  interest  in  Indian- 
apolis knew  and  estimated  Mr.  Kroh  at  his 
true  worth.  Along  with  a  fine  spirit  of 
altruism  he  did  much  charitable  work  in 
a  quiet  way.  During  the  flood  of  1913  he 
was  deeply  moved  by  the  suffering  of  the 


2140 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


people  on  the  west  side.  For  days  his  auto- 
mobile was  at  the  disposal  of  the  authori- 
ties, and  he  contributed  money  and  food 
and  clothing  to  the  relief  of  the  unfortu- 
nate. While  in  West  Indianapolis  his  at- 
tention was  called  to  the  destruction  of  the 
homes  of  two  widows.  Mr.  Kroh  engaged 
a  force  of  men,  placed  the  houses  back  on 
the  foundations,  removed  the  debris,  then 
papered  and  painted  the  houses  at  his  own 
expense." 

All  of  this  was  in  keeping  with  the  char- 
acter and  ideals  of  the  man.  While  his 
years  were  spent  in  diligent  and  successful 
occupation  with  business,  his  business  af- 
fairs were  always  conducted  with  a  disin- 
terestedness which  made  of  them  a  sort  of 
public  and  community  service. 

James  H.  Kroh  was  born  in  Wabash 
County,  Illinois,  December  7,  1859.  His 
parents  were  Harrington  Tice  and  Chris- 
tiana (Harrington)  Kroh,  the  former  a  na- 
tive of  Berkeley  County,  Virginia,  and  the 
latter  of  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania.  The-. 
Kroh  family  was  of  Holland  Dutch  descent, 
and  some  of  the  name  were  well  known  itt 
the  early  history  of  Virginia.  HscfrcHigfoii 
Tice  Kroh  was  an  old  school  medical  prac- 
titioner in  Pennsylvania  and  in  Illinois. 
He  was  one  of  those  hard  working  doctors 
who  rode  night  and  day  in  answer  to  calls 
of  distress,  and  it  was  doubtless  from  him 
that  James  H.  Kroh  learned  the  spirit  of 
disinterested  service  early  in  life. 

A  common  school  education  in  his  na- 
tive county  was  supplemented  by  a  course 
at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  after  leaving  school 
James  H.  Kroh  taught  in  country  districts. 
He  finally  entered  the  employ  of  the  Mc- 
Cormick,  now  the  International  Harvester, 
Company,  and  was  general  agent  for  this 
company  at  Evansville,  Indiana,  Cham- 
paign, Illinois,  Indianapolis,  and  Omaha. 
In  1904  he  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and 
entered  actively  into  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness. He  was  associated  with  the  old  firm 
of  J.  B.  Heywood  and  H.  C.  Kellogg. 
Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Heywood  and  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Kellogg  Mr.  Kroh  con- 
ducted the  business  alone. 

In  the  re<U  estate  field  imich  emphasis 
and  stress  should  be  placed  upon  the  work 
which  he  did  in  developing  that  portion  of 
Indianapolis,  Fall  Creek.  A  tract  of  land 
that  was  little  better  than  a  waste  was  re- 
claimed and  set  in  motion  plans  of  improve- 
ment which  have  radically  changed  condi- 


tions and  made  that  one  of  the  most  prom- 
ising sections  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Kroh 
should  also  be  remembered  as  a  factor  in 
the  park  development  of  Indianapolis,  and 
he  gave  steadily  the  strength  of  his  influ- 
ence to  creating  a  system  of  parks  and 
playgrounds  that  would  be  consistent  with 
the  population  and  the  dignity  of  Indian- 
apolis as  one  of  the  largest  cities  of  the 
Middle  West. 

While  not  a  member  of  any  church,  Mr. 
Kroh  was  liberal  of  time  and  means  to 
charity  and  other  worthy  enterprises.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, the  Real  Estate  Board,  and  was  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason  and  cast  his  polit- 
ical vote  independently,  though  usually 
with  republican  tendencies. 

December  17,  1895,  he  married  Miss  Cora 
E.  Phelps,  daughter  of  Davis  H.  and  Lydia 
(Hodsoii)  Phelps.  Her  parents  were  both 
natives  of  Henry  County,  Indiana,  where 
her  father  was  prominent  as  a  stock  man. 
Two  children  were  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Kroh,  Evangeline  and  Kuth,  the  latter  now 
deteased,  Mrs.  Kroh  and  her  daughter  re- 
s'lde"  at  ••&8k2  North  Meridian  Street. 

EDWIN  RUFUS  MONTGOMERY  has  won  a 
high  place  for  himself  in  the  agricultural 
and  commercial  communities  of  Summit- 
ville,  where  he  is  utilizing  his  long  and 
successful  experience  as  a  practical  farmer 
and  in  an  equally  enterprising  management 
of  the  Summitville  Grain  Company. 

Mr.  Montgomery  was  born  July  3,  1880, 
son  of  S.  D.  and  Mary  C.  (Thomas)  Mont- 
gomery. The  Montgomerys  are  of  Irish 
stock,  but  were  early  settlers  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  and  from  there  came  to  In- 
diana. S.  D.  Montgomery  moved  to  La- 
fayette Township  in  Portage  County,  In- 
diana, more  than  sixty  years  ago  and  had 
one  of  the  good  farms  near  Frankton.  Ed- 
win R.  Montgomery  acquired  his  common 
school  education  in  Monroe  Township  of 
Madison  County,  and  when  only  a  boy  he 
began  assisting  his  father  in  handling  the 
home  farm  of  100  acres  a  mile  from  Ores- 
tes. On  that  farm  he  lived  until  his  mar- 
riage in  1900  to  Susan  Pearl  Matney, 
daughter  of  Elias  and  Mahala  (Dalrymple) 
Matney.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Montgomery  had 
two  children,  Hazel,  born  in  1903,  and  Ber- 
nice,  born  in  1906.  The  wife  and  mother 
died  June  30,  1917,  and  on  July  16,  1918, 
Mr.  Montgomery  married  Florence  Estella 


' 


. 


OF  Tit 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


• 


. 


. 


U3RAW 

OF  TIE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDTANANS 


2141 


Brake,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Oscar 
Brake. 

Mr.  Montgomery  continued  farming  for 
himself  and  still  owns  a  place  of  108  acres 
which  he  now  rents  to  a  tenant.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1918,  he  retired  from  the  farm  to  be- 
come manager  of  the  Summitville  Grain 
Company.  This  company  does  an  exten- 
sive business  all  around  the  country  about 
Summitville,  buying  and  selling  grain, 
coal,  seed  and  feed. 

Mr.  Montgomery  is  a  republican  and  at 
the  present  writing  is  candidate  for  town- 
ship trustee.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Ma- 
sonic and  Odd  Fellows  Lodges  of  Summit- 
ville and  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

ELMER  APPERSON.  Any  one  acquainted 
with  automobile  history  as  made  in 
America  during  the  past  twenty  years 
knows  that  it  is  a  matter  of  many  being 
called  and  few  chosen  for  permanent  and 
satisfactory  rewards  and  honors.  Among 
those  whose  claims  to  distinction  and  real 
success  are  most  substantial  KJ,nwr  Apper- 
son,  of  Kokomo,  has  his  posifiori  wisil  for- 
tified today  as  president  of  the*Apperson 
Brothers  Automobile  Company,  and  there 
is  perhaps  no  other  American  whose  con- 
nection with  automobile  manufacture  is  ex- 
tended further  back  into  the  historic  past. 

The  little  Indiana  city  near  where  he  was 
born  August  13,  1861,  and  where  he  has 
spent  his  life  has  many  reasons  to  be  grate- 
ful to  the  man  who  was  once  a  hard  work- 
ing but  rather  obscure  mechanic  in  the 
town.  The  Appersons  are  an  old  American 
family,  the  record  going  back  to  a  Dr. 
James  Apperson,  who  came  from  England 
prior  to  1668  and  settled  in  the  County 
of  New  Kent,  Virginia.  In  Indiana  before 
the  Apperson  brothers  made  the  name  a 
synonym  of  mechanical  genius  the  family 
were  substantial  farmers.  The  father  of 
the  Apperson  brothers  -was  Elbert  Severe 
Apperson,  who  was  born  December  29, 
1832,  and  died  August  13,  1895.  He  was  a 
Howard  County  farmer  for  many  years. 
His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Anne  Eliza 
Landon,  a  daughter  of  William  Landon. 
Elmer  Apperson  is  a  second  ;cousin  of 
Phoebe  Apperson  Hearst,  and  he  is  a  great- 
great-grandson  of  Daniel  Boone  of  Ken- 
tucky. 

Elmer  Apperson  gained  his  first  instruc- 
tion in  a  country  school  in  Howard  County. 


He  also  attended  the  grade  schools  at  Ko- 
komo and  the  normal  school  at  Valparaiso. 
Probably  the  event  and  undertaking  of  his 
career  of  greatest  significance  came  in 
September,  1888,  when  with  his  brother 
Edgar  he  established  a  machine  shop  at 
Kokomo  known  as  the  Riverside  Machine 
Works.  Elmer  Apperson  was  one  of  the 
owners  and  manager  of  this  plant.  Some 
four  or  five  years  later  the  Riverside  Ma- 
chine Works  became  actually  though  not 
in  name  the  first  automobile  factory  in 
America.  In  those  works  were  designed, 
made  and  finished  the  parts  which  entered 
into  the  pioneer  American  automobile,  the 
first  Haynes-Apperson  car.  Thus  for  a 
ouarter  of  a  century  Mr.  Apperson  has 
'been  interested  in  automobile  manufac- 
ture, and  the  Apperson  Brothers  Automo- 
bile Company,  of  which  he  is  president,  is 
in  a  sense  the  flowering  and  fruitage  of 
these  many  years  of  experience. 

Mr.  Apperson  is  also  a  director  in  the 
Kokomo  Trust  Company.  He  is  a  republi- 
can, a  member  of  the  Elks,  and  socially  is 
.a,  member  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Club. 
Sotrt'h  Shore  Country  Club  of  Chicago  and 
the  Kokomo  Country  Club.  He  is  a  Pres- 
byterian in  religious  affiliation. 

Mr.  Apperson  was  married  in  1912  to 
Catherine  Elizabeth  Clancy,  daughter  of 
Matthew  Cleary  Clancy. 

EDGAR  LANDOX  APPERSON,  a  younger 
brother  of  Elmer  Apperson,  with  whom  he 
is  associated  in  the  Apperson  Brother's 
Automobile  Company-,  has  shared  honors  in 
many  of  the  experiences  and  achievements 
of  the  Apperson  family  in  automobile  his- 
torv. 

He  was  born  near  Kokomo  October  3, 
1869,  a  son  of  Elbert  Severe  and  Anne 
Eliza  (Landon)  Apperson.  He  finished  his 
education  in  the  Kokomo  High  School  and 
before  he  was  twenty  years  old  was  asso- 
ciated with  his  brother  in  the  Riverside 
Machine  Works  at  Kokomo.  He  also  as- 
sisted his  brother  in  building  and  design- 
ing the  first  practical  American  automo- 
bile, constructed  in  the  Riverside  Machine 
Works.  In  later  years  he  has  been  secre- 
tary treasurer  of  the  Apperson  Brothers 
Automobile  Company  and  is  now  general 
manager  of  this  company  at  Kokomo.  He 
is  also  a  director  in  the  Howard  National 
Bank  at  Kokomo,  is  a  republican,  a  Mason 
and  Elk,  Presbyterian,  and  a  member  of 


2142 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  Kokomo  Country  Club  and  the  Crane 
Lake  Game  Preserve. 

November  9,  1910,  at  Waukesha,  Wiscon- 
sin, he  married  Inez  Marshall,  daughter  of 
Henry  Marshall,  who  served  with  the  rank 
of  captain  in  the  Union  army  during  the 
war. 

GERRITT  S.  VAN  DEUSEN,  a  former  mayor 
of  Michigan  City  and  one  of  its  oldest  busi- 
ness men,  has  been  a  resident  of  that  In- 
diana community  for  over  half  a  century. 

He  is  descended  from  some  of  the  orig- 
inal Knickerbocker  stock  of  New  York. 
Abraham  Van  Deusen  was  a  native  and  life 
long  resident  of  Holland.  Five  of  his  sons 
came  to  America,  and  all  were  early  settlers 
in  Columbia  County,  New  York.  These 
five  sons  were  named  Isaac,  Melchert,  Teu- 
wis,  Jacob  and  Peter. 

The  first  American  generation  of  this 
branch  was  represented  by  Teuwis.  and  the 
subsequent  line  comes  through  Matthew 
Abrahamse,  Robert,  Sr.,  Robert,  Jr.,  James, 
Robert  I.,  Robert  R.,  and  Gerritt  S.  Rob- 
ert Van  Deusen,  Jr.,  was  baptizetl  Sep- 
tember 1,  1700,  his  sponsors  being  Martin 
and  Marretye  Van  Buren.  James  Van 
Deusen  marriecj  Elizabeth  Smith. 

Robert  I.  Van  Deusen,  grandfather  of 
the  Michigan  City  business  man,  was  born 
at  Claverack,  New  York,  December  15, 
1772.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was  a 
Massachusetts  farmer  living  near  Ashley' 
Falls.  He  married  Barbara  Sharpe. 

Robert  R.  Van  Deusen  was  born  at 
Greenbush,  New  York,  September  12,  1809. 
He  acquired  a  good  education  and  early 
turned  his  attention  to  the  study  of  law. 
After  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  located 
at  Morrisville,  New  York,  and  practiced 
there  steadily  until  he  removed  to  Michi- 
gan City  in  1866.  He  continued  in  active 
practice  until  his  death  June  25,  1878.  He 
married  Elvira  Stewart,  who  was  born  in 
Madison  County,  New  York,  January  30, 
1819,  and  died  at  Michigan  City  when 
about  seventy-five  years  of  age.  She  was 
a  member  of  the  Methodist  Church.  They 
had  eleven  children,  named  Mary  E.,  Anna 
E.,  Stewart  A.,  Sarah  M.,  Henry  Clay, 
Ella,  Robert  S.,  Jay  R.,  Gerritt  S./Estelle, 
and  Arthur  E. 

Gerritt  S.  Van  Deusen  was  born  at  Mor- 
risville, Madison  County,  New  York,  Jan- 
uary 7,  1851.  He  was  about  fifteen  years 
old  when  his  father  came  to  Michigan  City. 


He  attended  the  public  schools  of  Morris- 
ville and  completed  his  education  in  the 
high  school  at  Michigan  City.  As  a  suc- 
cessful business  man  Mr.  Van  Deusen  takes 
pride  in  the  fact  that  he  began  life  on  a 
comparatively  humble  scale.  For  two 
years  he  was  employed  as  baggage  master 
and  brakeman  with  the  Michigan  Central 
Railway.  Then  for  thirteen  years  he  was 
a  commercial  traveler,  but  resigned  his  po- 
sition on  the  road  to  establish  a  factory  at 
Michigan  City  for  the  manufacture  of  reed 
and  rattan  goods.  He  made  that  a  highly 
successful  enterprise,  and  after  selling  it 
took  up  the  contracting  business,  building 
good  roads,  and  developed  an  organization 
and  facilities  which  constructed  many 
miles  of  improved  highways  in  many  coun- 
ties. In  1907  Mr.  Van  Deusen  retired  on 
account  of  ill  health,  and  after  an  exten- 
sive tour  of  Europe  returned  home  and 
has  since  been  identified  with  banking  and 
other  enterprises.  With  W.  B.  Hutchin- 
son  and  Philip  Zorn  he  organized  the  Mer- 
chants Mutual  Telephone  Company,  and  is 
still  one  of  its  directors  and  was  formerly 
secretary  and  treasurer.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Citizens  Bank  of 
Michigan  City.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Te- 
cumseh  Facing  Mill  Company  and  of  the 
Mount  Airy  Stone  Company. 

November  9,  1881,  Mr.  Van  Deusen  mar- 
ried Miss  Rachel  Sloane  Couden.  Mrs. 
Van  Deusen  was  born  in  Michigan  City. 
Her  father,  Reynolds  Couden,  was  born  in 
Poland,  Ohio,  where  his  parents  were 
among  the  pioneers.  He  learned  the  tin- 
ner's trade  and  in  1834  came  west  and  lo- 
cated at  Michigan  City,  a  town  that  had 
just  been  established  about  a  year.  He 
bought  land  and  opened  one  of  the  first 
hardware  stores  and  tinshops,  his  place  of 
business  being  on  Franklin  Street.  He 
continued  active  as  a  merchant  for  upwards 
of  half  a  century,  and  died  at  Michigan 
City  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven.  He  mar- 
ried in  Michigan  City  Margaret  S.  Mar- 
shall, who  was  born  in  Weathersfield, 
Ohio,  daughter  of  William  and  Rachel 
(McElroy)  Marshall,  of  Scotch  and  Irish 
ancestry.  Reynolds  Couden  and  wife  had 
five  children :  William  M. ;  Albert  R.,  who 
became  a  prominent  officer  in  the  United 
States  Navy ;  Chauncey  B. ;  Rachel  S. ;  and 
J.  C.  F. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Van  Deusen  had  three 
children,  Margaret,  Grace  Marshall  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2143 


Henry.  The  oldest  and  youngest  died  in 
infancy.  The  daughter  is  now  the  wife  of 
William  B.  Hutchinson,  Jr.,  and  they  are 
the  parents  of  two  children,  William  and 
Gerritt.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Van  Deusen  have 
long  been  active  members  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  has  served  on  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  church  for  up- 
wards of  forty  years  and  is  the  oldest 
trustee  in  point  of  continuous  service  now 
living.  Mr.  Van  Deusen  has  been  a  power 
in  republican  politics  in  the  state,  and  has 
attended  as  delegate  many  of  the  state  and 
other  conventions  of  his  party.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  National  Convention  which 
nominated  William  McKinley.  For  two 
years  he  was  an  alderman,  and  from  1894 
to  1898  was  mayor  of  Michigan  City.  Mr. 
Van  Deusen  is  affiliated  with  Acme  Lodge 
No.  83,  Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons, Michigan  City  Chapter  No.  25,  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  Michigan  City  Council  No. 
56,  Royal  and  Select  Masons,  and  Michigan 
City  Commandery  No.  30,  Knights  Tem- 
plar. 

AMOS  WHITELEY,  JR.  Since.  1892  the 
name  Whiteley  has  been  .one  of  the  most 
significant  in  the  industrial  upbuilding  of 
the  City  of  Muncie.  In  that  year  the 
great  corporation  which  had  formerly  had 
its  home  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  moved  its 
7nalleable  iron  foundry  to  Muncie,  and 
there  soon  built  up  a  manufacturing  town 
called  Whiteley,  a  notable  addition  to  the 
population  and  industrial  resources  of  the 
larger  city  of  Muncie. 

One  of  the  present  representatives  of  the 
family  is  Amos  Whiteley,  Jr.,  who  was 
named  for  his  honored  grandfather,  an  emi- 
nent American  manufacturer.  He  was 
born  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  January  5,  1885, 
a  son  of  Burt  H.  Whiteley.  The  latter, 
also  a  native  of  Springfield,  was  for  years 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  malleable 
iron  castings.  On  coming  to  Muncie  he 
established  the  Whiteley  Malleable  Cast- 
ings "Company,  to  which  he  gave  his  time 
and  attention  in  its  management  until  his 
death  in  1917.  As  a  citizen  no  man  stood 
higher  in  Muncie  than  Burt  H.  Whiteley. 
His  natural  ability  as  an  industrial  leader 
was  carried  over  into  civic  affairs  and  into 
his  personal  relations,  so  that  he  well 
earned  the  esteem  paid  him  for  his  many 
admirable  qualities.  He  was  one  of  the 
men  who  found  Muncie  a  small  city  facing 


decline  through  the  passing  of  the  boom 
period  caused  by  natural  gas,  and  gave  it 
new  life  and  prosperity  and  brought  it  to 
a  city  of  over  30,000  population.  His 
name  was  identified  with  nearly  every 
worthy  enterprise  of  Muncie  in  a  quarter 
of  a  century.  He  founded  The  Home  Hos- 
pital on  the  site  of  the  old  Anthony  home- 
stead. For  many  years  he  was  a  director 
of  the  Delaware  County  Bank,  and  was 
also  interested  financially  in  the  building 
of  the  Star  and  Columbia  theaters  of  Mun- 
cie. He  was  a  Unitarian  in  religious  be- 
lief, was  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and 
Shriner,  and  an  Elk. 

Amos  Whiteley,  Jr.,  was  the  only  child 
of  his  parents.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Muncie,  Howe  Military 
School,  and  the  Millikan  University  at  De- 
catur,  Illinois.  In  early  life  he  learned 
the  pattern  making  trade  in  his  father's 
shop  and  was  active  in  the  foundry  depart- 
ment until  1910,  when  he  was  made  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  Whiteley 
Malleable  Castings  Company.  In  1916  Mr. 
Whiteley  withdrew  from  this  business  and 
established  one  of  the  largest  garages  iiv 
Muncie.  This  he  still  continues.  Mr. 
Whiteley  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  and  is  affiliated  with  the 
Muncie  Elks.  July  25,  1906,  at  Muncie, 
he  married  Miss  Mabel  Stewart. 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  BROWN,  who  died  Jan- 
uary 17,  1919,  had  figured  prominently  in 
the  business  life  of  Indianapolis  for  many 
years,  and  accomplished  much  as  a  mer- 
chant and  especially  as  a  builder. 

Mr.  Brown  was  born  at  Indianapolis,  in 
a  house  standing  at  612  North  New  Jersey 
Street,  January  12,  1857,  a  son  of  John 
William  and  Sophia  Catherine  (Vajen) 
Brown.  His  mother  was  a  sister  of  John 
H.  Vajen,  who  served  as  quartermaster 
general  during  the  Civil  war  under  Gov- 
ernor Morton.  John  W.  Brown  died  in 
1909  and  his  wife  in  1907.  It  has  long 
been  the  practice  of  the  family  to  assemble 
in  reunion  every  Christmas,  and  in  1917 
the  descendants  of  John  W.  and  Sophia 
Catherine  Brown  in  attendance  at  this 
union  were  sixty-two  in  number,  including 
children  and  grandchildren. 

John  William  Brown  was  born  at 
Bicken,  Nassau,  Germany,  while  his  wife 
was  born  near  Bremen.  John  W.  Brown 
came  to  the  United  States  with  his  parents 


2144 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  1848,  when  fourteen  years  of  age,  and 
the  family  located  at  once  in  Indianapolis, 
where  they  erected  a  two-story  brick  house 
for  a  residence  and  used  part  of  the  build- 
ing for  a  bakery  shop.  It  was  in  this  old 
house,  located  on  New  Jersey  Street,  that 
George  W.  Brown  was  born.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  John  George  Brown,  brother 
of  John  William,  was  a  grocery  merchant 
of  Indianapolis.  John  W.  Brown  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  volunteered  for 
service  in  the  ranks.  However,  owing  to 
the  scarcity  of  bakers  in  Indianapolis  he 
was  employed  by  Governor  Morton  and 
John  Vajen  to  take  a  contract  to  supply 
the  quartermaster's  department.  Thus  he 
did  baking  for  the  soldiers  in  the  camp 
near  Indianapolis  during  the  war,  and  from 
that  contract  he  secured  his  start  in  busi- 
ness affairs.  Finally  he  acquired  a  part- 
nership with  William  Buschmann  &  Com- 
pany, and  was  one  of  the  managers  in  that 
extensive  wholesale  business  of  groceries, 
flour  and  feed.  During  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  John  William  Brown  was 
chiefly  identified  with  real  estate. 

George  William  Brown  spent  his  boy- 
hood and  youth  in  the  Indianapolis  of  Civil 
war  time  and  the  decade  following.  Un- 
til he  was  about  twelve  years  old  he  at- 
tended parochial  school,  and  after  that  had 
a  year  in  public  schools  and  for  one  year 
was  a  student  of  German  and  Latin  in  the 
Reformed  Church  Academy.  His  educa- 
tion was  completed  with  a  business  course 
under  Professor  Hollenbeck  at  Butler  Uni- 
versity. During  school  days  Mr.  Brown 
acquired  valuable  experience  with  differ- 
ent firms.  He  seemed  to  possess  a  special 
genius  for  drawing  and  making  plats,  and 
he  worked  for  some  time  in  Barnard  & 
Johnson's  real  estate  office  doing  this  work. 
These  plats  were  in  great  demand  and  were 
readily  sold  to  the  real  estate  men  of  the 
city.  While  in  Butler  University  Mr. 
Brown  also  did  work  as  an  errand  boy  for 
the  Citizens  National  Bank. 

In  1875  he  entered  the  wholesale  depart- 
ment of  the  Bowen  &  Stewart  book  store, 
and  was  there  two  years,  during  which 
time  he  acciuired  a  very  practical  knowl- 
edge of  bookkeeping.  From  1877  to  1880 
he  managed  his  father's  grocery  business, 
in  which  he  had  a  partnership  interest. 
He  then  took  up  a  new  line  altogether,  en- 
gaging as  a  shoe  merchant,  a  business 
which  continued  in  the  family  for  thirty- 


five  years,  until  it  was  finally  wound  up  in 
1917.  Mr.  Brown,  however,  had  sold  his 
interest  in  the  store  in  1895  to  his  brother 
Frank,  who  continued  it  until  1908,  at 
which  time  it  was  sold  to  Raymond  B. 
Brown,  a  son  of  George  W. 

In  1890  Mr.  Brown  organized  the  Ger- 
man-American Building  Association,  with 
authorized  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000.  He 
was  vice  president  of  this  organization 
when  it  consolidated  with  the  Indiana  So- 
ciety for  Savings.  Albert  Sahm,  who  was 
a  schoolmate  of  Mr.  Brown,  has  been  treas- 
urer of  the  organization  since  its  incep- 
tion. Mr.  Brown  was  active  in  the  busi- 
ness as  secretary  for  twenty  years. 

In  late  years  his  business  interests  were 
largely  in  the  field  of  real  estate  develop- 
ment and  building.  He  constructed  inde- 
pendently several  large  buildings,  includ- 
ing the  Pennsylvania  Flat,  Raymond  Flat, 
Vienna  Flat,  St.  Albans,  Belle  Terrace, 
and  Bungalow  Park  apartments.  He  also 
organized  a  $100,000  corporation  which 
built  the  property  known  as  Delaware 
Court  and  was  president  of  the  company. 

Mr.  Brown  interested  himself  in  public 
affairs  and  was  prominent  in  the  progres- 
sive party.  In  1914  he  was  on  that  ticket 
as  candidate  for  treasurer  of  Marion 
County,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  getting 
more  votes  than  any  other  candidate  ex- 
cept Senator  Beveridge. 

Probably  nothing  afforded  Mr.  Brown 
more  satisfaction  than  the  service  he  was 
able  to  render  during  his  many  years  of 
active  membership  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church  and  the  honors  accorded  him  by 
the  church.  From  1885  he  served  as  an 
elder,  in  1911  was  vice  moderator  of  the 
Indiana  Synod,  for  twenty-four  years  was 
elder  and  office  bearer  of  Memorial  Pres- 
bytery of  Indianapolis;  was  superintend- 
ent of  the  Sunday  School  at  Fifth  Christ 
Church  in  1883-85,  superintendent  of  the 
Sixth  Presbyterian  Church  Sunday  School 
from  1888  to  1890,  and  three  times  was 
sent  to  the  General  Assembly,  for  the  years 
1903,  1914  and  1917,  an  honor  which-  Mr. 
Brown  especially  appreciated.  From  1911 
to  1914  he  was  treasurer  and  chairman  of 
the  finance  committee  of  the  Church  Fed- 
eration of  Indianapolis.  He  was  eight 
years  treasurer  of  Indiana  Synod  Home 
Missions  Committee,  and  independently  he 
raised  $350.000  for  Winona  Assembly  and 
Winona  Technical  Institute.  Among  other 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2145 


activities  Mr.  Brown  wrote  much  for  re- 
ligious organs  in  Indianapolis  and  for  daily 
newspapers,  and  was  one  of  the  most  prom- 
inent laymen  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  state.  He  was  a  director  in  1905-06 
of  the  Indianapolis  Commercial  Club. 

He  married  Mary  J.  Coble,  of  a  well 
known  family  of  Marion  County.  Before 
her  marriage  Mrs.  Brown  was  a  teacher  in 
the  districts  around  Indianapolis.  Her 
father,  George  Coble,  was  born  near  River- 
side Park  in  Marion  County,  and  was  a 
farmer  there  many  years.  He  died  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1898.  Her  mother,  Mary 
Ann  (Doty)  Coble,  was  also  born  in  Ma- 
rion County  and  died  in  1911. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown  had  six  children : 
Bess  M.,  who  died  in  1912,  Gertrude  Va- 
jen,  Raymond  Dwight,  Mrs.  Edith  Grace 
Brubaker,  Paul  Owen,  and  Karl  Franklin. 
There  are  seven  grandchildren. 

CLARENCE  A.  HARTLEY,  M.  D.  For  the 
past  ten  years  one  of  the  best  qualified 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  Southern  In- 
diana has  been  Dr.  Clarence  A.  Hartley  of 
Evansville.  Doctor  Hartley  has  spent  most 
of  his  life  in  Southern  Indiana,  grew  up  in 
the  hills  of  Warrick  County,  was  a  teacher, 
and  while  studying  medicine  was  a  civil 
service  employe  in  the  Government  offices 
at  Washington. 

Doctor  Hartley  was  born  in  Marion 
County,  Illinois.  His  father,  Henry  Hart- 
ley, was  born  on  a  farm  in  Warrick 
County,  Indiana,  where  his  parents  were 
pioneers.  Henry  Hartley  followed  farm- 
ing in  Southern  Indiana  until  1873,  when 
he  removed  to  Marion  County,  .Illinois, 
where  he  firmed  three  years.  He  then  re- 
turned to  Warrick  County  and  bought  a 
farm  in  Anderson  Township,  where  he  con- 
tinued general  farming  and  stock  raisin? 
the  rest  of  his  life.  He  married  Abigail 
Horton.  She  was  a  native  of  Anderson 
Township  of  Warrick  County,  daughter  of 
James  and  Amanda  (Bates)  Horton.  Her 
parents  were  both  born  in  Rhode  Island 
and  were  early  settlers  in  Anderson  Town- 
ship, their  locality  becoming  known  as 
Yankeetown.  James  Horton  improved  a 
good  farm  there  and  was  one  of  the  influ- 
ential citizens.  Mrs.  Henry  Hartlev  died 
at  the  age  of  seventy-two,  the  mother  of 
eight  children :  Salvin.  James  N..  Fannie, 
Lou,  Union,  Clarence  A.,  Viola  and  Elmer. 

Dr.  Clarence  A.  Hartley  attended  pub- 


lic schools  in  Warrick  County  and  making 
good  use  of  his  advantages  qualified  as  a 
teacher  in  the  public  schools.  Later  he 
entered  the  State  Normal  School  at  Terre 
Haute  and  was  graduated  in  1898.  From 
there  he  went  to  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  after  perfecting  himself  in 
shorthand  and  typewriting  became  a  cleri- 
cal employe  in  the  offices  of  the  secretary 
of  the  treasury.  He  was  one  of  the  gov- 
ernment workers  in  Washington  for  nearly 
ten  years,  until  1907.  In  the  meantime 
he  used  his  leisure  to  attend  lectures  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  George 
Washington  University,  where  he  grad- 
uated M.  D.  in  1907.  He  also  had  a  post- 
graduate course  in  the  same  university, 
and  in  1909,  with  this  thorough  training 
and  with  many  natural  qualifications,  he 
entered  upon  his  busy  career  as  a  physi- 
cian and  surgeon  at  Evansville.  He  is  a 
member  in  good  standing  of  the  Vander- 
burg  County  Medical  Society,  the  Indiana 
State  Medical  Association,  the  Ohio  Valley 
Medical  Association  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  staff  of  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
the  Deaconess  Hospital  and  is  attending 
physician  to  the  Children's  Clinic  of  the 
same  institution. 

In  1907  Doctor  Hartley  married  Amer- 
ica Catherine  Collins.  She  was  born  in 
Warrick  County,  a  daughter  of  Salvin  and 
Amanda  Collins.  Their  two  children  are 
Clarence  A.,  Jr.,  and  Flora  Elizabeth. 
Their  daughter  Mary  Catherine  died  at  the 
age  of  eleven  months.  Doctor  Hartley  is 
affiliated  with  Reed  Lodge  No.  316.  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  Evansville  Chapter 
No.  12,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose, 
the  Elks,  and  the  Evansville  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 

CHARLES  W.  HARTLOFP,  M.  D.  The  name 
Hartloff  has  been  prominent  in  the  medical 
annals  of  Evansville  for  many  years,  hav- 
ing been  borne  by  two  men  of  distinction 
in  the  profession,  the  late  Dr.  Richard 
Hartloff  and  his  son  and  successor  Dr. 
Charles  W.  Hartloff. 

The  former  was  born  in  Wermelskirchen, 
Rheinnfalz,  Germany,  in  1845,  son  of  Fred- 
erick Hartloff.  who  was  a  weaver  by  trade. 
In  1854  the  latter  came  to  America,  ac- 
companied by  his  wife  and  son,  and  they 
were  twenty-three  days  in  crossing  the 


2146 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ocean  on  a  sailing  vessel.  From  the  port 
of  Philadelphia  they  journeyed  westward 
to  Ironton,  Ohio,  and  two  years  later  set- 
tled at  German  Ridge  in  Perry  County,  In- 
diana. Securing  a  tract  of  timber  land, 
Frederick  Hartloff  soon  had  the  rude  com- 
forts of  a  log  house  for  his  family,  and  with 
the  industry  characteristic  of  the  German 
settler  continued  his  work  until  he  had  a 
fine  farm  with  all  the  improvements.  Late 
in  life  he  retired  to  Buffaloville  in  Spencer 
County,  where  he  died. 

Dr.  Richard  Hartloff  had  the  rudiments 
of  his  education  in  his  native  land,  but 
from  the  age  of  nine  attended  American 
schools  both  at  Ironton,  Ohio,  and  in  Spen- 
cer County.  He  finished  his  literary 
course  in  Wallace  College  at  Berea,  Ohio, 
and  from  there  entered  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Louisville, 
where  he  was  graduated  with  the  M.  D. 
degree  in  March,  1870.  It  is  now  nearly 
half  a  century  since  he  began  his  work  as 
a  well  equipped  practitioner  at  .Eyan'sville,. 
He  was  a  close  student  of  hte 'profession, 
attending  clinics  and  schools  in  New  York 
and  also  going  abroad  to  study  in  Vienna. 
He  was  in  practice  thirty  years,  his  useful 
career  being  closed  by  death  June  21,  1900. 

He  married  Caroline  Johann,  a  native  of 
Perry  County,  Indiana,  and  daughter  of 
Frederick  and  Barbara  Johann,  natives  of 
German}*  and  early  settlers  in  Southern 
Indiana.  She  died  in  1875,  leaving  besides 
her  son  Charles  a  daughter,  Emma  Caro- 
line, now  the  wife  of  John  F.  Habbe  of  In- 
dianapolis. Dr.  Richard  Hartloff  married 
a  second  wife,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Oliver,  a  na- 
tive of  Manchester,  England,  who  died  in 
1903.  Her  son  by  a  former  marriage  is 
also  deceased. 

Charles  W.  Hartloff  was  born  in  Coun- 
cil Township,  Perry  County,  Indiana,  in 
1870,  and  in  1887  graduated  from  the 
Evansville  High  School.  He  took  the  full 
academic  course  at  the  University  of  In- 
diana, graduating  A.  B.  in  1892.  Later  he 
entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  diploma  and  degree  in  1897. 
After  a  year  of  practice  in  his  home  city 
he  entered  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and 
then  went  abroad,  spending  two  years  in 
travel  and  study,  chiefly  at  the  University 
of  Vienna,  which  then  claimed  some  of 
the  greatest  figures  in  medicine  and  surg- 
ery in  the  world. 


Doctor  Hartloff  returned  to  Evansville 
a  few  months  before  his  father's  death,  and 
at  once  took  up  his  large  practice,  respon- 
sibilities for  which  his  talents  and  excep- 
tional training  admirably  qualified  him. 
For  the  past  twenty  years  he  has  had  a 
very  busy  career.  In  addition  to  his  pri- 
vate practice  he  has  served  as  secretary  of 
the  city  board  of  health  and  of  the  board 
of  pension  examiners,  and  is  now  chief  med- 
ical inspector  of  the  Evansville  schools. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  County  and  State 
Medical  Societies,  also  of  the  Ohio  Valley, 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  the 
American  Public  Health  Association. 

In  1896  Miss  Annie  Marie  Kaiser,  of 
Port  Huron,  Michigan,  became  his  wife. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Maryland  Eliza- 
beth, who  is  a  graduate  of  the  Evansville 
High  School,  spent  one  year  in  Penn  Hall 
at  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  is 
now  a  student  in  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan. Doctor  Hartloff  and  family  are  mem- 
bers .of  the  St.  John  Evangelical  Church. 
ftfrfs  affiliated  with  Reed  Lodge,  Fr.ee  and 
Ancient  Masons,  Evansville  Chapter,  Royal 
Arch  Masons,  Simpson  Council,  Royal  and 
Select  Masons,  LaVallette  Commandery, 
Knights  Templar,  Evansville  Consistory, 
Scottish  Rite,  and  Hadi  Temple  of  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  He  is  also  an  Elk,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Evansville  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  the  Country  and  Crescent 
Clubs. 

WILLIAM  FRANKLIN  CLEVELAND,  M.  D. 
The  responsibilities  of  a  busy  practitioner 
have  been  the  lot  of  Dr.  William  Franklin 
Cleveland  of  Evansville  for  more  than  a 
quarter  of  a  century.  At  the  same  time 
he  has  managed  to  take  an  active  interest 
in  local  affairs,  and  has  been  connected 
with  the  management  of  municipal  govern- 
ment, and  made  a  fine  record  during  his 
term  as  a  state  senator. 

Doctor  Cleveland  was  born  in  Johnson 
Township,  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  No- 
vember 23,  1855.  His  grandfather,  Charles 
Cleveland,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  born 
in  1800,  and  he  moved  from  that  state  to 
Kentucky  and  came  to  Indiana  about  1832, 
locating  in  what  is  now  Johnson  Township 
of  Gibson  County.  He  made  the  journey 
with  a  pair  of  oxen  and  six  head  of  houses. 
He  crossed  the  Ohio  River  at  Louisville 
and  completed  the  journey  through  the 
woods  to  what  is  now  Johnson  Township. 


' 


OF  Tit 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


V 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


2147 


He  was  a  pioneer  there  and  settled  in  the 
midst  qf  the  woods,  when  wild  game  of 
all  kinds  abounded.  He  bought  a  tract  of 
timbered  land  and  built  a  log  house,  which 
was  the  first  home  of  the  Cleveland  familj- 
in  Indiana.  He  cleared  up  a  large  tract 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  as  a  prosper- 
ous farmer.  He  and  his  wife  had  eleven 
children. 

John  T.  Cleveland,  father  of  Doctor 
Cleveland,  was  born  in  Kentucky  and  was 
brought  to  Indiana  when  about  six  years 
old.  At  that  time  there  were  no  railroads, 
not  even  canals,  and  the  entire  journey 
was  made  with  wagons  and  teams.  For 
several  years  Evansville,  twenty -one  miles 
away,  was  the  nearest  market  and  supply 
point.  John  T.  Cleveland  therefore  had  a 
pioneer  environment  until  he  was  well  to- 
ward his  middle  age.  He  grew  up  on  a 
farm,  later  bought  eighty  acres  of  timbered 
land  in  Johnson  Township  of  Gibson 
County,  and  also  provided  for  his  family 
the  typical  log  house.  It  was  in  this  house 
that  Doctor  Cleveland  was  born.  His 
energies  sufficed  to  bring  a  considerable 
area  under  cultivation,  and  he  was  both  a 
farmer  and  stock  raiser  and  did  much  to 
improve  his  property,  planting  fruit  trees, 
and  he  eventually  lived  in  a  good  frame 
house.  He  died  there  in  his  seventieth 
year.  He  married  Mary  Jane  Davis,  who 
was  born  in  Montgomery  Township  of  Gib- 
son County,  a  daughter  of  "William  Ross 
and  Sally  (Johnson)  Davis,  pioneers  in. 
that  section  of  Indiana.  She  died  in 
1865,  and  four  of  her  children  reached  ma- 
ture years,  being  named  James  Marshall, 
William  Franklin,  Joel  Davis,  and  Thomas 
Monroe. 

William  Franklin  Cleveland  has  always 
been  glad  that  his  early  youth  was  spent 
in  the  wholesome  rural  environment, 
though  his  early  ambitions  caused  him  to 
seek  advantages  and  opportunities  in  a 
larger  field.  He  attended  rural  schools, 
also  the  Fort  Branch  High  School,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty  began  teaching  in  his 
native  county.  Altogether  he  was  con- 
nected with  school  work  for  about  fifteen 
years.  While  teaching  he  also  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  and  in  1890  entered  the 
Louisville  Medical*  College,  where  he  was 
graduated  and  received  his  diploma  in 
1892.  In  the  same  year  he  came  to  Evans- 
ville, and  has  been  busied  with  a  large  and 
growing  practice  ever  since.  During  the 

Vol.    V— IB 


world  war  he  served  as  the  medical  mem- 
ber of  Draft  Board  Division  No.  3  at 
Evansville.  Doctor  Cleveland  represented 
the  Sixth  Ward  of  Evansville  in  the  City 
Council  for  ten  years  and  nine  months, 
constituting  three  terms.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  State  Senate  in  1912,  and 
gave  much  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  that 
office  during  the  two  following  sessions. 

In  1882  he  married  Mary  E.  Pritchett. 
She  was  born  in  Montgomery  Township  of 
Gibson  County,  a  daughter  of  William  H. 
and  Martha  (Gudgel)  Pritchett.  She  is  a 
sister  of  another  well  known  Evansville 
physician,  Dr.  W.  S.  Pritchett.  Doctor 
and  Mrs.  Cleveland  have  one  son,  Walter 
R.  Cleveland,  who  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Evansville  High  School  and  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Indiana, 
and  is  now  a  rising  young  physician  in 
Evansville.  He  married  Anita  Richards, 
and  they  have  one  daughter,  named  Helene 
Frances. 

WALTER  OLDS,  of  Fort  Wayne,  is  round- 
ing out  a  career  of  fifty  years  as  a  member 
of  the  legal  profession.  He  was  a  Union 
soldier,  studied  law  after  the  war,  began 
practice  in  Indiana,  achieved  the  dignity 
and  honors  of  the  Circuit  and  Supreme 
Bench,  afterward  was  for  some  years  a 
leading  member  of  the  Chicago  bar,  and 
for  over  eighteen  years  has  been  a  resident 
of  Fart  Wayne  and  is  one  of  the  chief 
railway  attorneys  and  counsels  in  the  state. 

Judge  Olds  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  August  11, 
1846,  a  son  of  Benjamin  and  Abigail 
(Washburn)  Olds.  His  father  was  a  na- 
tive of  Pennsylvania,  born  in  1795.  His 
mother  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  New 
York,  in  1805.  Of  their  large  family  of 
eleven  children,  nine  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, two  are  now  living,  Lester  and  Walter 
Olds.  Benjamin  Olds,  though  a  farmer, 
having  developed  and  improved  240  acres 
in  Morrow  County,  was  also  a  regularly  or- 
dained minister  of  the  Methodist  Church 
and  successfully  combined  both  vocations. 
In  politics  he  was  a  whig  and  later  a  repub- 
lican, and  had  a  record  as  a  soldier  of  the 
War  of  1812.  A  more  intensely  patriotic 
family  it  would  be  difficult  to  find.  Five  of 
his  sons  were  soldiers  in  the  Civil  war: 
James,  who  served  as  major  of  the  Sixty- 
fifth  Ohio  Infantry  in  Gen.  John  Sher- 
man's Brigade;  Sanford,  who  was  a  mem- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2147 


He  was  a  pioneer  there  and  settled  in  the 
midst  of  the  woods,  when  wild  game  of 
all  kinds  abounded.  lie  bought  a  tract  of 
timbered  land  and  built  a  log  house,  which 
was  the  first  home  of  the  Cleveland  family 
in  Indiana.  He  cleared  up  a  large  iract 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  as  a  prosper- 
ous farmer.  lie  and  his  wife  had  eleven 
children. 

John  T.  Cleveland,  father  of  Doctor 
Cleveland,  was  born  in  Kentucky  and  was 
brought  to  Indiana  when  about  six  years 
old.  At  that  time  there  were  no  railroads, 
not  even  canals,  and  the  entire  journey 
was  made  with  wagons  and  teams.  For 
several  years  Evansville.  twenty-one  miles 
away,  was  the  nearest  market  and  supply 
point.  -John  T.  Cleveland  therefore  had  a 
pioneer  environment  until  he  was  well  to- 
ward his  middle  age.  He  grew  up  on  a 
farm,  later  bought  eighty  acres  of  timbered 
laud  in  Johnson  Township  of  (iibsmi 
County,  and  also  provided  for  his  familv 
the  typical  log  house.  It  was  in  this  house 
that  Doctor  Cle\-eland  was  horn.  His 
energies  sufficed  to  bring  a  considerable 
area  under  cultivation,  and  he  was  both  a 
farmer  and  slock  raiser  and  did  much  to 
improve  his  property,  planting  fruit  trees, 
and  he  eventually  lived  in  a  good  frame 
house.  lie  died  there  in  his  seventieth 
year.  lie  married  Mary  Jane  Davis,  who 
was  horn  in  Montgomery  Township  of  Oib- 
son  County,  a  daughter  of  William  Ross 
and  Sally  ( Johnson t  Davis,  pioneers  in 
that  section  of  Indiana.  She  died  in 
1S6.~>.  and  four  of  her  children  reached  ma- 
ture yea  IN.  .beinir  named  James  Marshall. 
William  Franklin.  Joel  Davis,  and  Thomas 
Monroe. 

William  Franklin  Cleveland  has  always 
been  glad  that  his  early  youth  was  spent 
in  the  wholesome  rural  environment, 
though  his  early  ambitions  caused  him  to 
seek  advantages  and  opportunities  in  a 
larger  field.  He  attended  rural  schools, 
also  the  Fort  Branch  High  School,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty  began  teaching  in  his 
native  county.  Altogether  he  was  con- 
nected with  school  work  for  about  fifteen 
years.  While  teaching  he  also  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  and  in  1S90  entered  the 
Louisville  Medical-  College,  where  ho  was 
graduated  and  received  his  diploma  in 
1S92.  In  the  same  year  he  came  to  Evans- 
ville. and  has  been  busied  with  a  large  and 
crowing  practice  ever  since.  During  the 

V..I.     V      Ifi 


world  war  he  served  ;is  the  medical  mem- 
ber of  Draft  Hoard  Division  No.  ••  a' 
Kvansville.  Doctor  Cleveland  represented 
the  Sixth  Ward  of  Kvansville  in  the  City 
Council  for  ten  years  and  nine  months, 
constituting  three  term-..  ||c  \v;|.,  elected 
a  member  of  the  Stale  Senate  in  1IH2.  and 
gave  much  of  his  time  to  the  duties  of  that 
office  during  the  two  followiiii*  ve-sioiis. 

In  ISM'  he  married  Mary  K.  IVitchett. 
She  was  born  in  Montgomery  Township  of 
Gibson  County,  a  daughter  of  William  II. 
and  Martha  iGudgeli  I'ritchett.  She  i»  a 
sister  of  another  well  known  KvaiiNvil1-- 
physician.  Dr.  W.  S.  I'ritchett.  Doctor 
and  Mrs.  Cleveland  have  one  son.  Waller 
U.  Cleveland,  who  is  a  uraduatc  of  the 
Kvansville  Hi«rh  School  and  the  medical 
department  of  the  I'niversity  of  Indiana. 
:md  is  now  a  rising  young  physician  in 
Kvansville.  He  married  Anita  KichanK. 
and  they  have  one  dantrhter.  named  Heh-iie 
Frances. 

WAI.TKK  Oi.ns.  of  Fort  Wayne,  is  round- 
ing out  a  career  of  fifty  years  as  a  member 
of  the  legal  profession.  lie  wa--  a  I'nion 
soldier,  studied  law  after  the  war.  began 
practice  in  Indiana,  achieved  the  diirnity 
and  honors  of  the  Circuit  and  Supreme 
Bench,  afterward  was  for  some  years  a 
leading  member  of  the  Chicago  .bar.  and 
for  over  eighteen  years  has  been  a  resident 
of  F«rt  Wayne  and  is  one  of  the  ehirf 
railway  attorneys  and  counsels  in  the  state. 

Judge  Olds  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  in  Morrow  County.  Ohio.  August  11. 
1S4(5.  a  son  of  Benjamin  and  Abigail 
i  Washhurn  i  Olds.  His  father  was  a  ua- 
tire  of  Pennsylvania,  born  in  179."».  His 
mother  was  born  in  Jefferson  County.  New 
York,  in  1SO.">.  Of  their  large  family  of' 
eleven  children,  nine  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, two  are  now  living.  Lester  and  Walter 
Olds.  Benjamin  Olds,  though  a  farmer, 
having  developed  and  improved  240  acre-, 
in  Morrow  County,  was  also  a  regularly  or- 
dained minister  of  the  Methodist  Church 
and  successfully  combined  both  vouations. 
In  politics  he  was  a  whisr  and  later  a  repub- 
lican, and  had  a  record  as  a  soldier  of  tin- 
War  of  1S12.  A  more  intensely  patriotic 
family  it  would  be  difficult  to  tind.  Five  of 
his  sons  were  soldiers  in  the  Civil  war: 
James,  who  served  as  major  of  the  Sixty- 
fifth  Ohio  Infantry  in  Gen.  John  Sher- 
man's Brigade;  San  ford,  who  was  a  mem- 


2148 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ber  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-First 
Ohio  Infantry  and  died  as  a  result  of 
wounds  received  in  the  first  battle  of  Chick- 
amauga;  Lester,  who  was  in  Company  D 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-First 
Regiment.  Chauneey,  who  was  in  the 
Third  Ohio  Cavalry  and  at  Munfordville, 
Kentucky,  was  shot  through  the  left  lung 
and  shoulder  and  died  seven  weeks  later 
because  of  the  wounds. 

The  first  sixteen  years  of  the  life  of  Wal- 
ter Olds  were  spent  on  his  father's  Ohio 
farm,  and  nothing  out  of  the  ordinary  dis- 
tinguished that  period.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools,  and  was  seventeen 
years  of  age  when,  in  June,  1864,  he  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  his  older  brothers  and 
enlisted  in  Company  A  of  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Seventy-Fourth  Ohio  Infantry. 
He  was  with  that  regiment  in  all  of  its 
campaigns  in  the  Middle  West  until  finally 
taken  ill  in  North  Carolina  when  on  the 
march  to  join  General  Sherman's  army, 
and  was  sent  to  the  army  hospital.  He 
received  his  honorable  discharge  at  the 
close  of  the  war  while  still  in  the  hos- 
pital. This  useful  military  service  was 
a  prelude  to  his  long  career  of  useful- 
ness in  civil  life.  Returning  home  he  at- 
tended the  Capital  University  at  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  and  read  law  with  his  brother 
James  at  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio.  In  1869 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar  be- 
fore the  Supreme  Court,  and  on  April  2d 
of  the  same  year  located  at  Columbia  City, 
Indiana,  where  he  began  practice  in  part- 
nership with  A.  Y.  Hooper,  who  was  at  that 
time  state  senator.  That  partnership  con- 
tinued six  years,  until  the  death  of  Sena- 
tor Hooper.  In  1876  Judge  Olds  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  and  served  with  that 
body  during  1877-79.  In  the  meantime  his 
practice  had  steadily  grown,  but  he  prac- 
tically resigned  it  to  accept  a  place  on  his 
party's  ticket  as  candidate  for  circuit  judge 
for  the  District  of  Kosciusko  and  Whitley 
counties.  He  was  elected  in  1884,  and 
served  until  1888,  when  he  resigned.  From 
the  Circuit  bench  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  and  began  his 
duties  as  an  associate  justice  January  7, 
1889.  He  -was  a  member  of  the  Supreme 
Court  until  June  15,  1893,  when  he  re- 
signed. Two  of  the  decisions  he  wrote 
and  handed  down  while  in  the  Supreme 
Court  were  appealed  to  the  United  States 


Supreme  Court  and  both  upheld  by  the 
higher  tribunal. 

From  1893  until  1901  Judge  Olds  was 
identified  with  an  important  corporation 
and  railway  practice  in  Chicago,  but  in  1901 
returned  to  Indiana  and  located  at  Fort 
Wayne.  Judge  Olds  is  Indiana  attorney 
for  the  New  York,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way Company  and  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michi- 
gan Southern,  is  local  attorney  for  the  Lake 
Erie  &  Western  and  the  Ohio  Electric  Com- 
pany, and  represents  a  number  of  other 
large  interests.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent  trial  lawyers  of  Indiana. 

Judge  Olds  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  republican  politics  and  has  served 
as  district  committeeman  and  county  chair- 
man. He  is  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  the  Order  of  Elks  and  the 
University  Club. 

July  1,  1873,  at  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio,  he 
married  Miss  Marie  J.  Merritt,  who  was 
born  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  December  4, 
1850,  daughter  of  Z.  L.  Merritt,  a  promi- 
nent business  man  of  Mount  Gilead.  Judge 
and  Mrs.  Olds  have  one  son,  Lee  Merritt 
Olds,  who  has  attained  a  successful  position 
in  his  father's  profession  and  whose 
biography  follows. 

MA.I.  LEE  M.  Ou>s,  a  "native  son"  of 
Indiana,  was  born  at  Columbia  City  Octo- 
ber 21,  1874.  He  is  the  son  of  Walter  and 
Marie  J.  (Merritt)  Olds.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Columbia  City  and 
took  a  two-year  course  at  Wabash  College. 
He  then  entered  Michigan  Military  Acad- 
emy at  Orchard  Lake,  Michigan,  graduat- 
ing from  that  institution  in  1893.  He  then 
took  a  one-year  literary  course  at  North- 
western University,  Evanston,  Illinois,  and 
having  completed  that,  entered  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  same  university,  graduat- 
ing from  that  department  in  1896.  At  the 
time  of  his  graduation  he  was  president  of 
the  Law  Students'  Association  of  the  three 
law  schools  then  in  Chicago,  comprising 
about  2,500  students.  He  immediately  en- 
tered into  the  practice  of  law  with  his 
father,  Judge  Walter  Olds  at  Chicago. 

He  enlisted  during  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can war  and  was  elected  captain  of  Com- 
pany A,  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-First 
Indiana,  of  which  regiment  ex-Governor 
Winfield  T.  Durbin  was  colonel.  He  was 
afterward  promoted  to  major  of  that  regi- 
ment, serving  until  the  close  of  the  war, 


LEE  MEREITT  OLDS 


L>148 


INDIANA  AND   INDIANANS 


her  of  the  One  Hundred  mid  Twenty-First 
Ohio  Infantry  and  died  as  a  result  of 
wounds  received  in  the  first  battle  of  Chick- 
amauga ;  Lester,  who  was  in  Company  1) 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twenty-First 
Regiment.  Chaniicey.  who  was  in  the 
Third  Ohio  Cavalry  and  at  Munfordville, 
Kentucky,  was  shot  through  tho  left  lung 
and  shoulder  and  died  seven  weeks  later 
because  of  the  wounds. 

The  first  sixteen  years  of  the  life  of  Wal- 
ter Olds  were  spent  on  his  father's  Ohio 
farm,  and  nothing  out  of  the  ordinary  dis- 
tinguished that  period.  lie  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools,  and  was  seventeen 
years  of  age  when,  in  June.  1S64.  he  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  his  older  brothers  and 
enlisted  in  Company  A  of  the  One  Hun- 
dred and  Seventy-Fourth  Ohio  Infantry. 
lie  was  with  that  regiment  in  all  of  its 
campaigns  in  the  .Middle  West  until  finally 
taken  ill  in  North  Carolina  when  on  the 
march  to  join  General  Sherman's  army, 
and  was  sent  to  the  army  hospital.  lie 
received  his  honorable  discharge  at  the 
close  of  the  war  while  still  in  the  hos- 
pital. This  useful  military  service  was 
a  prelude  to  his  long  career  of  useful- 
ness i?i  civil  life.  Returning  home  he  at- 
tended the  Capital  University  at  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  and  read  law  with  his  brother 
James  at  Mount  Gilead,  Ohio.  In  1869 
he  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar  be- 
fore the  Supreme  Court,  and  on  April  2d 
of  the  same  year  located  at  Columbia  City. 
Indiana,  where  he  began  practice  in  part- 
nership with  A.  V.  Hooper,  who  was  at  that 
time  state  senator.  That  partnership  con- 
tinued six  years,  until  the  death  of  Semi- 
tor  Hooper.  In  1876  Judge  Olds  was 
rlected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  and  served  with  that 
body  during  1877-79.  In  the  meantime  his 
practice  had  steadily  grown,  but  he  prac- 
tically resigned  it  to  accept  a  place  on  his 
party's  ticket  as  candidate  for  circuit  .judge 
for  the  District  of  Koscinsko  and  Whitley 
counties.  He  was  elected  in  1SS4.  and 
served  until  1SSS,  when  he  resigned.  From 
the  Circuit  bench  he  was  promoted  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  and  began  his 
duties  as  an  associate  justice  January  7. 
1889.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Supreme 
Court  until  June  1f>,  189:5.  when  he  re- 
signed. Two  of  the  decisions  he  wrote 
and  handed  down  while  in  the  Supreme 
Court  were  appealed  to  the  United  States 


Supreme  Court  and  both  upheld  by  the 
higher  tribunal. 

From  1893  until  1901  Judge  Olds  was 
identified  with  an  important  corporation 
and  railway  practice  in  Chicago,  but  in  1901 
returned  to  Indiana  and  located  at  Fort 
Wayne.  Judge  Olds  is  Indiana  attorney 
for  the  New  York,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Rail- 
way Company  and  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michi- 
gan Southern,  is  local  attorney  for  the  Lake 
Krie  &  Western  and  the  Ohio  Electric  Com- 
pany, and  represents  a  number  of  other 
large  interests.  He  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent  trial  lawyers  of  Indiana. 

Judge  Olds  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  republican  politics  and  has  served 
as  district  committeeinan  and  county  chair- 
man. He  is  a  member  of  the  (irand  Army 
of  the  Republic,  the  Order  of  Elks  and  the 
University  Club. 

July  |,  1873,  at  .Mount  (iilead,  Ohio,  he 
married  Miss  Marie  J.  Mcrritt,  who  was 
born  in  Morrow  County,  Ohio,  December  4, 
1850,  daughter  of  'A.  L.  Merritt,  a  promi- 
nent business  man  of  Mount  (Jilead.  Judge 
and  Mrs.  Olds  have  one  son.  Lee  Merritt 
Olds,  who  has  attained  a  successful  position 
in  his  father's  profession  and  whose 
biography  follows. 

M.\. i.  LKI-:  M.  OLDS,  a  "native  son"  of 
Indiana,  was  horn  at  Columbia  City  Octo- 
ber 21.  1874.  He  is  the  son  of  Walter  and 
Marie  J.  (Merritt)  Olds.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Columbia  City  and 
took  a  two-year  course  at  Wabasli  College. 
He  then  entered  Michigan  Military  Acad- 
emy at  Orchard  Lake,  Michigan,  graduat- 
ing from  that  institution  in  189:5.  He  then 
took  a  one-year  literary  course  at  North- 
western University.  Kvanston,  Illinois,  and 
having  completed  that,  entered  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  same  university,  gradual- 
ing  from  that  department  in  1896.  At  the 
time  of  his  graduation  he  was  president  of 
the  Law  Students'  Association  of  thi'  three 
law  schools  then  in  Chicago,  comprising 
about  2.. ')(!()  students.  He  immediately  en- 
tered into  the  practice  of  law  with  his 
father.  Judge  Walter  Olds  at  Chicago. 

He  enlisted  during  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can war  and  was  elected  captain  of  Com- 
pany A,  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-First 
Indiana,  of  which  regiment  ex-Governor 
Winfield  T.  Dnrbin  was  colonel.  He  was 
afterward  promoted  to  major  of  that  regi- 
ment, serving  until  the  close  of  the  war, 


LEE  MERRITT  OLDS 


• 


LBttRV 

OF  TME 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2149 


having  been  in  Cuba  several  months.  It 
is  said  of  him  by  the  historian  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Sixty-First  Indiana  Regi- 
ment that  "he  was  a  born  commander." 

At  the  close  of  the  Spanish-American 
war  Major  Olds  did  not  feel  that  he  wanted 
to  at  once  take  up  indoor  work  again, 
therefore  he  took  employment  with  a  rail- 
road construction  company  for  about  a 
year,  after  which  he  went  to  Korea  with  a 
mining  company  and  was  engaged  there 
for  another  year.  While  engaged  in  rail- 
road construction  work  and  mining  he  had 
a  large  number  of  men  under  his  supervi- 
sion. 

After  his  experience  in  mining  he  re- 
turned to  this  country  and  located  in  San 
Francisco  in  1902,  re-entering  the  practice 
of  law,  devoting  all  his  time  and  energy  to 
his  profession.  He  immediately  established 
a  practice  which  by  reason  of  his  strict  in- 
tegrity, energy  and  ability  has  steadily 
grown  until  he  is  now  enjoying  a  lucrative 
practice  and  is  one  of  San  Francisco's  lead- 
ing lawyers. 

Major  Olds  was  married  to  Miss^Wlfii*-. 
fred  L.  Keogh,  a  native  of  San  Francisco, 
in  1902,  and  to  them  have  been  born  three 
sons,  Walter  K.,  Merritt  R.,  and  Winfield  L. 

WILLIAM  E.  HORSLEY,  lawyer,  present 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Forty-Third 
Indiana  Circuit  and  former  sheriff  of  Vigo 
County,  has  a  personal  record  that  is  not 
less  noteworthy  than  the  competent  and 
able  services  he  has  rendered  in  public  of- 
fice, all  of  which  have  been  duly  appre- 
ciated by  the  people  of  Terre  Haute  and 
his  native  county. 

There  are  a  number  of  people  in  Terre 
Haute  who  remember  William  E.  Horsley 
when  as  a  boy  he  blacked  boots  and  sold 
papers  on  the  streets  of  that  city.  It  is  a 
case  in  which  a  youth  with  limited  oppor- 
tunities and  unlimited  determination  has 
gained  some  of  the  prizes  of  life  which  arc 
everywhere  valued  as  the  signs  and  sym- 
bols of  substantial  success. 

He  was  born  in  Honey  Creek  Township 
of  Vi«;o  County  September  29,  1873,  a  son 
of  General  and  Fannie  (Russel)  Horsley, 
the  former  a  native  of  Indiana  and  the 
latter  of  England.  The  mother  came  to 
Canada  with  her  parents  when  nine  years 
of  age.  General  Horsley  was  a  brick  ma- 
son by  trade,  and  died  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
eight  and  his  wife  at  thirty-nine. 


Thus  when  a  small  boy  William  E. 
Horsley  was  left  an  orphan  and  had  no 
other  means  of  support  except  what  was 
created  by  his  own  labor.  When  only  nine 
years  of  age  he  was  working  in  a  brick 
yard,  and  at  the  age  of  eleven  found  em- 
ployment in  the  Wabash  Rolling  Mills.  At 
thirteen  he  entered  an  apprenticeship  at 
the  brick  layer's  trade,  and  this  was  his 
consecutive  vocation  for  a  period  of  eight- 
een years.  Realizing  his  deficiencies  of 
education,  he  made  every  effort  to  supply 
it  by  study  at  home,  and  he  also  bought  a 
scholarship  in  the  International  Corres- 
pondence School  and  finished  a  technical 
course.  He  finally  developed  his  trade  into 
that  of  a  building  contractor,  and  for  two 
years  did  a  very  successful  business  in  that 
line. 

Mr.  Horsley  has  for  many  years  been  one 
of  the  influential  men  in  the  republican 
party  of  Vigo  County.  In  1904  he  was 
-elected  on  that  ticket  to  the  office  of  sheriff, 
and  was  re-elected  for  a  second  term. 
;  This  fre-election  in  itself  constituted  a  nota- 
•.ble  iiieicifWun  local  politics,  since  he  was 
the  first  republican  sheriff  to  secure  a  re- 
election in  the  annals  of  the  county.  In 

1909  he  was  nominated  on  the  republican 
ticket  for  mayor  of  Terre  Haute,  but  was 
defeated. 

In  1912  Mr.  Horsley  entered  the  Indiana 
Law  School,  where  he  finished  the  course 
with  credit  and  honor  and  graduated  LL. 
B.  in  1914.  Returning  to  Terre  Haute,  he 
accepted  the  nomination  for  prosecuting 
attorney  and  made  a  good  canvass  but  was 
unable  to  overcome  the  democratic  ma- 
jority of  that  year.  In  1916  another  im- 
portant distinction  in  his  career  came  when 
he  was  the  only  republican  elected  on  the 
ticket  in  Vigo  County.  Since  beginning 
his  duties  as  prosecuting  attorney  he  has 
justified  his  election  and  the  confidence  re- 
posed in  him  by  his  supporters. 

Mr.  Horsley  is  affiliated  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,  and  the  Loyal  Order  of  Moose.  In 

1910  he  married  Miss  Anna  M.  Dolan,  of 
Paris,  Illinois. 

CHARLES  K.  ZOLLMAN.  Though  a  law- 
yer by  profession,  Charles  K.  Zollman  is 
best  known  over  the  southern  part  of  In- 
diana lay  his  capable  services  in  public  po- 


2150 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


sitions,  as  a  former  representative,  as  pros- 
ecuting attorney  of  Clark  County,  and  at 
present  as  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court. 

His  family  have  been  identified  with 
Clark  County  for  over  sixty  years.  They 
represent  some  of  the  liberty  loving  ele- 
ments of  Central  Europe  who  broke  away 
from  the  political  and  social  conditions 
there  during  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury and  have  shown  their  patriotism  and 
worth  as  Americans.  His  great-grand- 
father, Christopher  Zollman,  was  born  in 
Nassau,  Germany,  in  1784.  He  served  as 
a  soldier  in  the  first  Napoleonic  war  in 
Europe,  and  was  also  a  participant  in  the 
German  revolutionary  movement  of  1848. 
By  trade  he  was  a  weaver.  When  seventy 
years  old  he  came  with  other  members  of 
the  family  to  America  and  settled  near 
Charlestown,  Indiana,  where  he  died  in 
1868.  He  and  his  family  came  to  America 
on  a  sailing  vessel  called  the  Southampton, 
and  were  thirty-eight  days  in  making  the 
voyage. 

The  grandfather  of  Charles  K.  Zollman 
was  John  Zollman,  who  was  born  Novem- 
ber 1,  1813,  in  the  province  of  Nassau,  Ger- 
many. He  was  reared  and  married  there, 
was  a  weaver  by  trade  like  his  father,  and 
for  six  years  was  a  member  of  the  German, 
army.  He  joined  the  rebellion  of  the 
Southern  German  states  in  1848,  and  was 
a  captain  in  the  revolutionary  army.  In 
March,  1854,  he  came  to  America  with  his 
family,  and  settled  near  Charlestown  in 
Oregon  Township,  Clark  County,  Indiana. 
He  became  a  farmer  and  cleared  up  a 
large  tract  of  land.  He  died  on  his  home- 
stead near  Charlestown,  November  8,  1890. 
During  the  American  Civil  war  he  was  a 
strong  supporter  of  the  Union,  and  though 
too  old  for  active  service  himself  he  with 
other  Union  sympathizers  of  Oregon  Town- 
ship hired  a  substitute.  John  Zollman  mar- 
ried Jeannette  Schwenk.  She  was  born  in 
Nassau,  Germany,  June  16,  1816,  and  died 
near  Charlestown,  Indiana,  March  30, 1890. 
She  was  the  mother  of  three  children: 
Philip,  who  was  a  farmer  and  died  near 
Lexington  in  Scott  County,  Indiana,  in 
1898;  William;  and  Charles,  a  retired 
farmer  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana. 

William  Zollman,  father  of  Charles  K., 
was  born  at  Mansfield,  Nassau,  Germany, 
November  1,  1841,  and  was  thirteen  years 
of  age  when  brought  to  America.  He  fol- 


lowed farming  as  his  occupation  and  died 
at  Charlestown  November  14,  1918.  He 
was  a  democrat  in  politics  and  an  active 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Wil- 
liam Zollman  married  Elizabeth  Boehmer, 
who  was  born  in  Clark  County,  Indiana, 
December  1,  1852,  and  died  at  Charlestown 
January  12,  1914.  Her  father,  Charles 
Boehmer,  was  born  on  the  borderland  be- 
tween Alsace  and  Bavaria  June  7,  1809, 
and  left  his  native  country  at  the  age  of 
fifteen,  spending  six  years  in  France,  and 
about  1838  emigrated  to  America  and  be- 
came one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  in  In- 
diana. He  was  a  saddler  by  trade  and 
died  January  5,  1882.  His  first  wife  was 
Miss  Margaret  Schleichter,  who  was  born 
in  Baden,  Germany,  in  1821,  and  died  in 
Clark  County,  Indiana,  August  26,  1849. 
Her  only  child,  Freda,  who  died  in  Ala- 
bama in  September,  1890,  became  the  wife 
of  Daniel  Eyer,  a  real  estate  broker  at 
Cullman,  Alabama.  Charles  Boehmer  mar- 
ried for  his  second  wife  Elizabeth  Hacker 
in  1851.  She  also  was  born  in  South  Ba- 
den, February  9,  1821,  and  died  near 
Charlestown,  Indiana,  September  22,  1890. 
Mrs.  William  Zollman  was  the  only  child 
of  that  marriage.  William  Zollman  and 
wife  had  three  children:  Charles  K. ;  Ed- 
ward, who  died  at  the  age  of  three  years; 
and  Chris,  a  farmer  near  Otisco,  Indiana. 

Charles  K.  Zollman  was  born  on  his  fath- 
er's farm  near  Charlestown,  Clark  County, 
Indiana,  March  1,  1876.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  acquired  in  the  rural  schools,  and 
he  afterward  attended  the  normal  school 
at  Lexington,  Indiana,  and  in  1900  grad- 
uated LL.  B.  from  the  law  department  of 
the  University  of  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
The  year  of  his  graduation  he  was  elected 
to  represent  Clark  County  in  the  State 
Legislature,  and  was  re-elected  for  a  sec- 
ond term  in  1902.  In  the  sessions  of  1901 
and  1903  he  served  on  state  and  penal  in- 
stitutions committee  and  other  important1 
committees.  Mr.  Zollman  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  Fourth  Judi- 
cial Circuit  in  1904,  and  was  also  re-elected 
to  that  office,  serving  four  years.  After 
that  he  resumed  the  private  practice  of 
law,  and  in  1914  stood  second  in  the  pri- 
mary race  for  the  office  of  circuit  clerk. 
In  1918  he  was  nominated  for  that  office 
and  elected  by  a  majority  of  589. 

Mr.  Zollman  is  a  democrat,  a  member  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2151 


the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  affiliated 
with  Tell  Lodge  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  at  Jeffersonville,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Clark  Bar  Association.  He 
is  unmarried.  He  owns  a  good  home  at) 
Charlestown  ajid  also  a  farm  in  Clark 
County. 

i 

FRANKLIN  M.  ROSE  has  long  been  looked 
upon  as  one  of  the  able  and  substantial 
business  men  of  Jeffersonville,  but  his  chief 
forte  and  experience  has  been  in  the  coal 
industry.  He  is  one  of  the  oldest  coal  mer- 
chants of  Southern  Indiana. 

The  Rose  family  has  been  identified  with 
Indiana  since  territorial  times.  The  fam- 
ily originated  in  Holland,  and  were  early 
Dutch  colonial  settlers  in  New  York.  Mr. 
Rose's  grandfather,  Hubbell  Rose,  was 
born  in  Indiana  when  it  was  a  territory, 
in  1814.  He  was  one  of  the  early  day 
farmers  in  the  vicinity  of  Jeffersonville, 
and  died  there  about  1884. 

William  E.  Rose,  father  of  the  Jefferson- 
ville merchant,  was  born  in  Clark  County, 
Indiana,  in  1844.  He  spent  all  his  life  in 
that  vicinity,  and  as  a  boy  enlisted  with  an 
Indiana  regiment  of  infantry  and  saw  ac- 
tive service  throughout  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion. Later  he  located  at  Jeffersonville, 
and  during  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life 
he  was  shipping  clerk  for  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company.  He  died  at  Jefferson- 
ville in  1914.  He  was  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ular citizens,  served  as  a  member  of  the 
City  Council,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  trustee  of  Jeffersonville  Lodge  No.  3, 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
also  trustee  of  Myrtle  Lodge,  Knights  of 
Pythias.  Much  of  the  time  outside  of  busi- 
ness he  gave  to  the  Methodist  Church.  He 
was  a  local  minister  and  active  in  all  phases 
of  church  work.  He  was  identified  with 
the  Wall  Street  Church  at  Jeffersonville. 
In  politics  he  was  a  republican.  William 
E.  Rose  married  Sarah  E.  Golden,  who  was 
born  at  Jeffersonville  in  1846  and  is  still 
living  there.  Of  their  children  the  oldest, 
William,  died  in  early  youth.  Charles  H. 
is  with  the  Car  Service  Bureau  at  Jeffer- 
sonville. The  third  is  Franklin  M.  David 
H.  is  a  merchant  and  a  city  trustee  of  Jef- 
fersonville. Jesse  E.  is  in  the  men's  fur- 
nishing goods  business  at  Kokomo,  Indiana. 
Herbert  died  in  infancy.  Nellie  is  unmar- 
ried and  living  with  her  mother.  Clar- 


ence died  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and 
Ada  V.,  the  youngest,  is  the  wife  of  Clifton 
B.  Funk,  a  conductor  with  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral Railroad  Company  living  at  Hodgen- 
ville,  Kentucky. 

Franklin  M.  Rose  was  born  in  Jefferson- 
ville January  15,  1869,  and  received  his 
education  in  the  local  schools,  including 
two  years  in  the  high  school.  He  was  be- 
tween fifteen  and  sixteen  years  old  when 
he  left  school,  and  later  had  a  business 
course  in  the  Bryant  and  Stratton  Busi- 
ness College  at  Louisville.  For  four 
months  he  worked  in  the  Frank  Brothers 
dry  goods  store  at  Jeffersonville,  and  on 
November  22,  1886,  became  an  employe  of 
W.  S.  Jacobs,  one  of  the  oldest  coal  mer- 
chants. He  learned  every  phase  of  the 
business  during  the  nine  years  he  was  with 
Mr.  Jacobs.  Mr.  Jacobs  sold  out  to  the 
Jeffersonville  Coal  and  Elevator  Company. 
Mr.  Rase  continued  with  that  organization 
for  another  nine  years.  In  1904  he  and 
Thomas  O'Neil  formed  a  partnership  as 
coal  merchants,  and  on  June  3,  1911,  Mr. 
Rose  bought  out  his  partner  and  has  since 
been  sole  owner.  The  business,  a  large 
and  extensive  one,  is  now  conducted  as  the 
Franklin  M.  Rose  Company,  with  yards  at 
Eighth  and  Wall  Streets,  and  the  offices  at 
438  Spring  Street.  Mr.  Rose  also  owns 
a  business  building  on  Spring  Street  and 
a  modern  home  at  815  East  Seventh 
Street. 

In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  repub- 
lican. He  is  ex-treasurer  and  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Wall 
Street  Methodist  Church,  and  is  affiliated 
with  Myrtle  Lodge.  Knights  of  Pythias. 
Jeffersonville  Camp,  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America,  and  Jeffersonville  Lodge  No.  340, 
Ancient  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  Horeb 
Chapter  No.  66,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and 
Jeffersonville  Commandery  No.  27,  Knights 
Templar. 

In  1907,  at  Greencastle,  Indiana,  Mr. 
Rose  married  Miss  Nettie  Sellers.  •  Her 
parents.  Western  and  Margaret  Sellers, 
live  at  Greencastle,  her  father  beinar  a 
farmer.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rose  have  three 
children :  Margaret,  born  April  26,  1909 ; 
Laura  Wood,  born  in  May.  1912:  and  Alice 
Elizabeth,  born  in  October,  1914. 

JAMES  E.  TAGGART,  president  of  the  Jef- 
ferson Township  Public  Library  Board,  is 


2152 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the  Clark 
County  bar  from  the  point  of  continuous 
service,  having  begun  practice  at  Jeffer- 
sonville  thirty-four  years  ago. 

Mr.  Taggart  was  born  at  Charlestown. 
Clark  County,  July  1,  1858.  His  grand- 
father, James  Taggart,  and  his  great-grand- 
father, Samuel  Taggart,  were  both  born  at 
Colerain,  Ireland.  The  family  came  to 
America  and  settled  in  Southern  Indiana 
in  1817,  a  year  after  Indiana  became  a 
state.  James  Taggart  was  born  in  1799, 
and  became  a  pioneer  physician  at  Charles- 
town.  He  also  followed  farming.  He 
died  at  Charlestown,  Indiana,  in  1879.  His 
first  wife  was  Alethea  Childs.  She  died 
in  Kentucky  soon  after  the  birth  of  her 
only  son,  Samuel  C.  For  his  second  wife 
he  married  Miss  Welch,  and  by  that  union 
had  two  children :  Ann,  who  married  Col- 
onel Samuel  W.  Simondson,  an  officer  in 
the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  war,  and 
Mary  Ellen,  who  is  unmarried  and  lives  at 
New  Albany,  Indiana.  Doctor  Tagjrart 
mnrried  for  his  third  wife  Miss  Bare.  The 
children  of  that  union  were  six  in  number. 
Amanda,  wife  of  Samuel  Brown,  a  mer- 
chant at  Columbus,  Kansas ;  Albert,  a 
merchant  who  died  at  Wichita,  Kansas: 
Alice  M.,  wife  of  Dr.  D.  L.  Field,  one  of 
the  veteran  physicians  of  Jeffersonville ; 
Willie  John,  a  retired  physician  and  sur- 
geon at  New  Albany ;  James  C.,  publisher 
of  a  newspaper  at  Dallas,  Texas ;  and  Mar- 
eus.  who  is  in  the  abstract  business  in 
Kansas. 

Samuel  C.  Taggart,  father  of  James  E., 
was  born  in  Clark  County,  Kentucky,  in 
1828.  His  father  moved  to  Clark  County, 
Indiana,  about  1833,  and  here  he  grew  up 
and  married.  He  graduated  A.  B.  from 
Hanover  College,  Indiana,  and  took  his 
degree  in  medicine  from  the  Louisville 
Medical  College.  He  was  in  regular  prac- 
tice at  Charlestown  until  1880,  and  from 
1880  to  1884  served  as  clerk  of  the  Cir- 
cuit Court.  He  then  lived  retired  four 
years,  and  from  1888  to  1895  was  presi- 
dent of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Jeffer- 
sonville. He  died  at  Charlestown.  Indiana, 
February  2,  1901.  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Taggart 
was  a  stanch  republican  and  a  very  ac- 
tive member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
He  married  Cynthia  E.  McCampbell.  She 
was  born  near  Charlestown,  Indiana,  in 
1833,  and  died  there  in  1895.  There  were 


three  children :  Charles,  who  died  in  in- 
fancy ;  James  Edward ;  and  Alethea  Jane, 
who  died  at  Charlestown  in  1916,  wife  of 
Charles  E.  Lewis,  now  in  the  insurance 
business  at  Charlestown. 

James  Edward  Taggart  received  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Charlestown,  and  in  1879  graduated  Bach- 
elor of  Science  from  his  father's  alma  ma- 
ter, Hanover  College.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Phi  Delta  Theta  college  fraternity. 
From  1880  to  1884  Mr.  Taggart  served  as 
deputy  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  under 
his  father.  In  1885  he  graduated  LL.  B. 
from  the  Union  College  of  Law  at  Chicago, 
and  entering  upon  the  practice  of  law  at 
Jeffersonville  July  1st  of  the  same  year. 
Since  then  he  has  steadily  maintained  high 
prestige  as  an  attorney,  with  a  large  gen- 
eral practice.  Mr.  Taggart  is  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  an  elder  of  the 
church,  and  clerk  of  its  session.  He  is  a 
republican,  and  in  many  ways  has  been 
actively  identified  with  the  community  life 
of  his  home  city. 

September  24,  1885,  at  Jeffersonville, 
Mr.  Taggart  married  Miss  Nettie  B.  Wines- 
burg.  Her  father,  John  P.  Winesburg,  was 
born  in  West  Virginia  in  1822  and  came 
to  Southern  Indiana  during  the  forties. 
For  manv  years  he  was  a  merchant  at  Jef- 
fersonville, where  he  died  in  December, 
1902.  John  P.  Winesburg  married  Mag- 
dalena  Kesserman.  She  was  born  in  Switz- 
erland in  1828  and  died  at  Jeffersonville  in 
August,  1901. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Taggart  have  two  children  : 
Jennie  W.,  a  graduate  of  the  Jeffersonville 
High  School,  lives  at  home.  Samuel  Clar- 
ence, also  a  graduate  of  the  high  school,  is 
in  the  government  service,  employed  at  the 
government  depot  at  Jeffersonville. 

JEFFERSONVILLE  TOWNSHIP  Prm,ic  LI- 
BRARY. One  of  the  institutions  of  which 
Jeffersonville  is  most  proud  is  its  hand- 
some public  library.  As  its  name  indi- 
cates, it  is  in  a  sense  a  continuation  of  one 
of  the  old  township  libraries  established 
and  maintained  under  the  provisions  of 
one  of  the  older  laws  on  the  statute  books 
of  the  state.  However,  in  that  condition 
it  was  of  comparatively  little  benefit  to  the 
community  which  it  was  supposed  to  serve. 

The  present  library  is  largely  due  to  the 
individual  efforts  of  Miss  Hannah  Zuluaf, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2153 


a  public  spirited  woman  who  was  ably  as- 
sisted by  the  women's  literary  clubs  of  the 
city.  The  movement  was  begun  in  1887, 
and  in  a  few  months  $1,200  had  been 
raised.  The  culmination  of  the  movement 
was  delayed  because  of  a  technicality  in 
the  state  law.  This  had  to  be  surmounted 
by  special  legislation.  On  December  1, 
1900,  about  1,400  volumes  and  other  prop- 
erty of  the  old  Township  Library  were 
transferred  to  the  new  association,  known 
as  the  Jeffersonville  Township  Public  Li- 
brary, and  from  that  date  the  institution 
of  today  may  be  said  to  have  existed. 

At  the  organization  of  the  library  in  its 
present  form  Bertha  F.  Poindexter  was 
chosen  librarian,  and  has  worked  earnestly 
for  its  upbuilding.  Miss  Poindexter  is  a 
native  of  Jeffersonville,  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools,  and  also  attended  Bor- 
den  Academy  and  the  Library  School  at 
Indianapolis.  The  library  was  originally 
located  over  the  Citizens  National  Bank, 
but  in  January,  1905,  it  occupied  the  new 
building  in  Warder  Park.  This  is  one  of 
the  handsomest  library  buildings  of  the 
state,  and  is  constructed  of  Bedford  stone 
in  the  style  of  the  Italian  Renaissance.  The 
library  contains  10,000  volumes,  classified 
according  to  the  Dewey  Decimal  System, 
and  from  the  first  the  volumes  have  been 
accessible  to  the  public  on  the  "open 
shelf"  plan,  except  the  volumes  of  fiction. 

Miss  Poindexter  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  Church  and  a  member  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. 
She  is  a  member  of  an  American  family 
long  distinguished  for  patriotism  and  all 
those  valuable  qualities  of  citizenship  now 
so  much  emphasized.  She  is  a  daughter 
of  Gabriel  and  Mary  F.  (Willey)  Poindex- 
ter. In  the  maternal  line  she  is  descended 
from  Barzilhi  Willey,  who  fought  as  a  sol- 
dier in  the  Revolution  with  a  Connecticut 
regiment.  His  son,  John  F.  Willey,  was 
born  in  June,  1809,  where  the  City  of  Cin- 
cinnati now  stands.  The  following  year 
the  family  removed  to  Clark  County,  In- 
diana, coming  down  the  Ohio  in  flat  boats 
ar<r\  landing  at  Jeffersonville. 

The  Poindexters  came  from  Louisa 
County,  Virginia,  a  year  or  two  before  the 
Willeys.  The  Poindexters  were  for  many 
generations  in  the  Old  Dominion.  Clevias 
S.  Poindexter  was  with  a  Virginia  regi- 
ment in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Gabriel 


Poindexter  and  wife  had  nine  children: 
Fountain  W.,  who  was  cashier  of  the  Citi- 
zens National  Bank  of  Jeffersonville  and 
died  in  1902 ;  Charles  Edgar,  whose  career 
is  sketched  in  more  detail  in  following  par- 
agraphs ;  Harry  C.,  a  lawyer,  former  judge 
of  the  City  Court  of  Jeffersonville  and  now 
superintendent  of  the  Government  Depot 
at  Jeffersonville ;  Miss  Bertha  F. ;  Mary  A., 
who  died  in  1907,  wife  of  Dr.  E.  L.  Elrod, 
a  physician  and  surgeon  at  Henryville,  In- 
diana, now  deceased ;  Frank  C.,  a  letter 
carrier  at  Indianapolis;  and  three  other 
children  that  died  in  infancy. 

Charles  Edgar  Poindexter,  president  of 
the  Citizens  Trust  Company  of  Jefferson- 
ville, had  his  first  business  training  after 
leaving  school  in  the  Adams  Express  Com- 
pany at  Jeffersonville.  During  eight  years 
he  was  for  a  greater  part  of  the  time  agent 
for  the  company.  For  six  years  he  was 
connected  with  the  Louisville  and  Cincin- 
nati Mail  Boat  Line,  part  of  the  time  as 
cashier  and  agent  at  Louisville.  Then  for 
eight  years  he  was  freight  agent  for  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Jeffersonville, 
and  in  1893  entered  the  Citizens  National 
Bank  at  Jeffersonville  as  cashier.  He  has 
remained  with  that  institution  continu- 
ously during  its  present  existence  as  the 
Citizens  Trust  Company,  and  in  all  posi- 
tions, including  that  of  president,  has 
served  the  institution  well,  and  its  pros- 
perity is  largely  a  reflection  of  his  per- 
sonal oversight  and  direction. 

In  1884  Mr.  Poindexter  married  Ophelia 
Read,  of  Port  Fulton.  Her  father,  John 
F.  Read,  was  born  at  Washington  in  Dav- 
iess  County,  Indiana,  October  4,  1822,  was 
educated  at  Hanover  College,  and  studied 
law  with  the  noted  Humphrey  Marshall,  of 
the  same  family  as  Chief  Justice  Marshall. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Legislature  one 
term,  and  for  eight  years  was  in  tho 
United  States  Land  Office  at  Jeffersonville. 
At  one  time  he  served  as  president  of  the 
Ford  Plate  Glass  Company  at  Jefferson- 
ville, and  as  president  of  the  Citizens  Na- 
tional Bank.  In  1840  Mr.  Read  married 
Eliza  Keigwin,  who  died  in  1852,  the 
mother  of  one  child.  Mr.  Read  married  in 
1855  Eliza  Pratt.  She  became  the  mother 
of  nine  children,  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Poindex- 
ter being  the  oldest. 


2154 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Charles  E.  Poindexter  has  one  son,  James 
Edgar,  now  cashier  of  the  Citizens  Trust 
Company.  Mr.  Poindexter  is  affiliated 
with  Clark  Lodge  No.  40,  Ancient  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons,  with  the  Royal  Arch 
Chapter  No.  66,  and  Commandery  No.  27, 
Knights  Templar.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

WILLIAM  H.  ENGLISH.  Politically  the 
high  tide  of  the  power  and  prestige  of 
William  Harden  English  came  during  the 
tremendously  vital  decade  of  the  '50s,  when 
the  destiny  of  the  nation,  as  it  is  again  to- 
day, was  in  the  hands  of  the  democratic 
party.  William  H.  English  during  those 
years  was  an  acknowledged  leader  of  the 
Indiana  democracy,  and  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  strongest  and  clearest  minds  among 
the  "Northern  Democrats"  in  the  Na- 
tional Congress  of  those  years.  Only  those 
familiar  with  the  history  of  that  decade 
can  understand  and  appreciate  this  phase 
of  the  career  of  William  H.  English.  In 
the  recollections  "of  older  men  of  the  pres- 
ent generation  his  fame  chiefly  rests  upon 
the  fact  that  late  in  life  he  was  drawn 
from  his  quiet  business  activities  at  In- 
dianapolis and  made  a  candidate  for  vice 
president  of  the  United  States.  In  a  busi- 
ness way  William  H.  English  was  for  many 
years  a  prominent  banker  of  Indianapolis, 
and  his  fortune  was  so  used  in  the  up- 
building of  the  city  that  various  monu- 
ments to  his  business  enterprise  are  mat- 
ters of  daily  familiar  association  with  the 
life  of  the  people. 

The  breadth  and  variety  of  his  interests 
and  achievements  can  be  best  understood 
from  a  straightforward  narrative  of  his 
career.  But  first  something  should  be  said 
concerning  his  honorable  ancestry,  and, 
particularly  of  his  parents. 

His  great-great-grandfather  was  James 
English,  a  son  of  Thomas  English.  James 
came  to  America  about  1700,  locating 
near  Laurel,  Delaware.  The  line  of  de- 
scent is  carried  through  his  son  James,  the 
latter 's  son  Elisha  English  to  Elisha  Gale, 
who  was  the  father  of  William  H.  English. 
Elisha  English  was  a  native  of  Delaware 
and  married  Sarah  Wharton,  a  native  of 
the  same  state  and  a  daughter  of  Capt. 
Revel  Wharton,  who  commanded  an  Amer- 
ican privateer  during  the  Revolution,  was 
captured  in  action,  and  died  on  board  an 
English  prison  ship.  Elisha  and  Sarah 


Wharton  English  removed  to  Kentucky  in 
1792,  and  in  1830,  late  in  life,  went  to 
Greene  County,  Illinois,  where  they  lived 
among  their  children.  They  died  in  ad- 
vanced age,  after  a  married  companionship 
of  more  than  fifty  years.  All  their  fourteen 
children  grew  up  and  married  and  had  chil- 
dren of  their  own  before  this  venerable 
couple  died,  at  which  time  their  descend- 
ants numbered  about  200. 

The  founder  of  the  family  in  Indiana 
was  Ma.i.  Elisha  Gale  English,  who  was 
born  in  Kentucky  and  removed  to  Scott 
County.  Indiana,  in  1818.  He  located  there 
only  a  few  years  after  the  Indian  massacre 
known  as  the  Pigeon  Roost  massacre.  He 
had  an  important  part  in  the  making  of 
the  early  history  of  Indiana,  and  his  name 
was  known  and  respected  over  a  wide  terri- 
tory. He  was  especially  prominent  in  the 
formation  of  the  early  laws  and  institutions 
of  the  state.  His  residence  was  always  in 
Scott  County,  though  the  closing  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  Indianapolis  with  his 
son  William  H.,  where  he  died  November 
14,  1874.  He  was  for  several  terms  sheriff 
of  Scott  County  and  for  nearly  a  score  of 
years  had  an  almost  continuous  service  as 
a  member  of  either  the  Indiana  House  of 
Representatives  or  the  Senate.  He  was  also 
at  one  time  United  States  marshal  for  the 
District  of  Indiana. 

Major  English  married  Mahala  Eastin. 
She  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  one  of  the 
seventeen  children  of  Lieut.  Philip  and 
Sarah  (Smith)  Eastin.  Her  ancestry 
is  a  notable  one.  She  was  a  direct  descend- 
ant of  Louis  DuBois,  the  Huguenot  paten- 
tee and  colonist  of  the  Kingston  and  New 
Palz  districts  in  the  State  of  New  York. 
Another  ancestor  was  Jost  Hite,  who  estab- 
lished the  first  settlement  west  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains  in  Virginia,  where  he  re- 
ceived from  King  George  II  a  grant  of 
more  than  100,000  acres  of  land  upon 
which  he  located  his  colony  of  fellow  Ger- 
man emigrants  from  the  province  of 
Alsace.  Of  this  branch  of  the  family  Wil- 
liam H.  English  was  in  the  fifth  generation 
from  Col.  John  Hite,  who  served  as  an 
officer  in  the  Colonial  forces  prior  to  the 
Revolution.  After  the  Declaration  of  In-' 
dependence  he  became  a  member  of  the 
first  Board  of  Justices  of  Frederick  County, 
Virginia,  and  administered  the  oath  of  al- 
legiance to  the  other  members.  Lieut. 
Philip  Eastin,  father  of  Mahala  Eastin,  was 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2155 


an  officer  in  the  Fourth  and  Eighth  Vir- 
ginia Regiments  in  the  Revolution,  serving 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  Hi&  wife's  father, 
Capt.  Charles  Smith,  saw  service  as  an  offi- 
cer under  George  Washington,  then  a  colo- 
nel, in  the  French  and  Indian  wars,  and 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Great 
Meadows. 

To  be  well  born  has  always  been  ac- 
counted a  blessing,  and  that  was  the  first 
distinction  of  William  Hayden  English. 
At  his  father's  home  near  Lexington,  Scott 
County,  Indiana,  he  first  saw  the  light  of 
day  August  27,  1822.  The  development  of 
his  early  character  was  formulated  by 
many  influences,  perhaps  least  of  which 
were  the  primitive  district  schools  he  at- 
tended. Still  more  important  were  the 
rugged  ideals  upheld  at  home  by  his  hon- 
ored father  and  gentle  minded  mother,  and 
the  various  men  of  prominence  in  that  sec- 
tion of  Indiana  whom  as  a  boy  he  heard 
discuss  the  various  questions  of  the  day. 
Besides  the  public  schools  he  attended  for 
three  years  Hanover  College.  After  leav- 
ing college  he  acquired  a  few  law  books, 
and  showed  such  powers  of  concentrated 
study  and  assimilation  that  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  proved  himself  eligible  under 
the  strict  examination  then  required  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  with  the  privilege 
of  practicing  in  the  Circuit  Court.  Soon 
afterward  he  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Court  for  examination,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  before  that  tribunal.  While  the 
law  did  not  become  a  permanent  profession, 
it  is  said  that  "he  possessed  a  mind  noted 
for  its  logic  and  clearness  of  reason,  and 
his  marked  success  at  the  bar  could  not  but 
have  been  assured  had  he  chosen  to  remain 
in  that  profession."  For  a  short  time  he 
was  associated  in  kis  profession  with  the 
famous  Joseph  G.  Marshall.  His  ambitions 
were  always  in  the  line  ef  politics.  For 
four  years  he  filled  a  position  in  a  depart- 
ment at  Washington,  and  that  practically 
marked  his  divorce  from  law  practice.  Be- 
fore he  was  of  age  he  was  chosen  a  delegate 
from  Scott  County  to  the  Democratic  State 
Convention  which  nominated  Gen.  T.  A. 
Howard  for  governor.  He  rode  to  the  capi- 
tal city  on  horseback.  When  Tyler  became 
president  Mr.  English  was  made  postmas- 
ter of  his  home  town  of  Lexington,  then 
the  county  seat  of  Scott  County.  In  1843 
he  was  chosen  principal  clerk  of  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Legislature.  At  the  end  of 


the  session  he  precipitated  himself  with  all 
the  vigor  and  enthusiasm  of  his  youth  into 
the  presidential  campaign  in  which  Henry 
Clay  and  James  K.  Polk  were  the  rival 
candidates.  He  took  the  stump  in  behalf 
of  Polk,  and  after  the  latter 's  election  was 
appointed  to  a  position  in  the  treasury  de- 
partment at  Washington.  In  1848  he 
proved  a  vigorous  opponent  of  General 
Taylor,  and  on  the  day  before  the  latter 's 
inauguration  as  president  sent  to  President 
Polk  a  vigorous  letter  of  resignation  which 
was  copied  by  the  press  all  over  the  coun- 
try. Among  the  delegates  to  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention  of  1848  were 
the  father  of  Mr.  English,  his  uncle,  Revel 
W.  English,  and  two  other  uncles.  It  was 
in  that  convention  he  met  Samuel  J.  Tilden, 
that  being  the  beginning  of  a  friendship 
which  existed  until  the  death  of  Mr.  Til- 
den.  While  clerk  of  the  claims  committee 
in  the  United  States  Senate  in  1850  Mr. 
English  listened  to  the  famous  speeches 
made  by  Webster,  Benton,  Calhoun,  Cass 
and  Clay,  speeches  that  have  become  clas- 
sics in  American  political  oratory. 

In  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
October,  1850,  Mr.  English  was  elected  sec- 
retary, and  later  was  delegated  to  supervise 
the  publication  of  the  Constitution,  the 
Journals  and  Addresses.  All  these  activi- 
ties and  experiences  came  to  him  before  he 
was  thirty  years  of  age.  In  1851  his  native 
county  sent  him  to  the  State  Legislature, 
and  he  thus  served  during  the  first  session 
after  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution 
and  enjoyed  many  of  the  heaviest  responsi- 
bilities and  honors  in  connection  with  the 
program  of  legislation  which  was  made 
necessary  by  the  new  constitution.  He  was 
nominated  for  speaker  of  the  House,  being 
defeated  by  nine  votes  by  John  W.  Davis, 
a  former  speaker  of  the  National  House 
of  Representatives  and  later  a  minister  to 
China.  In  a  short  time  a  disagreement 
arose  between  the  speaker  and  the  House, 
resulting  in  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Davis, 
and  Mr.  English  was  chosen  his  successor. 
It  is  said  that  during  the  term  of  three 
months  as  speaker  not  a  single  appeal  was 
taken  from  his  decisions. 

William  H.  English  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress from  his  Indiana  district  in  October, 
1852.  Thus  his  service  as  a  national  legis- 
lator began  with  the  administration  of 
President  Pierce.  Of  the  Thirty-third  Con- 
gress, which  ended  in  1854,  Mr.  English 


2156 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  the  last  survivor  of  the  two  senators 
and  eleven  members  of  the  House  constitut- 
ing the  Indiana  delegation.  It  was  during 
that  session  that  the  famous  Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill  was  introduced  into  the  House. 
Mr.  English  was  a  member  of  the  commit- 
tee on  territories,  to  which  this  bill  was  re- 
ferred. He  drew  up  the  minority  report, 
and  it  is  said  that  the  amendments  which 
he  advocated  led  to  important  modifications 
of  the  bill  as  it  was  finally  adopted.  At 
that  time  Mr.  English  was  a  pronounced 
champion  of  the  popular  sovereignty  idea, 
which  has  been  so  prominently  associated 
with  the  name  of  Senator  Stephen  A. 
Douglas  of  Illinois.  The  issue  of  slavery 
was  involved  in  practically  every  measure 
that  came  before  Congress  during  that  and 
following  sessions.  The  position  of  Mr. 
English  in  this  respect  was  marked  by  a 
studied  conservatism,  so  that  he  probably 
found  favor  neither  with  the  radical  aboli- 
tionists nor  with  the  fire  eaters  from  the 
South.  His  attitude  can  best  be  expressed 
in  his  own  words  found  in  the  Congres- 
sional Record  of  that  period:  "I  am  a 
native  of  a  free  state  and  have  no  love 
for  the  institution  of  slavery.  Aside  from 
the  moral  question  involved  I  regard  it  as 
<in  injury  to  the  state  where  it  exists,  and 
if  it  were  proposed  to  introduce  it  where 
I  reside  I  would  resist  it  to  the  last  ex- 
tremity." Those  familiar  with  the  history 
ol  the  period  will  recall  the  storm  of  abuse 
which  fell  upon  the  champions  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Mr.  English  was 
one  of  the  three  representatives  from  a 
free  state  who  secured  re-election  as  cham- 
pions of  that  bill.  Furthermore,  at  that 
time  he  was  one  of  the  most  determined  op- 
ponents of  the  Know  Nothing  issue  and 
party  in  American  politics,  and  is  credited 
with  having  done  as  much  as  any  other  in- 
dividual in  the  nation  to  bring  about  the 
downfall  of  that  element  or  faction.  At 
the  close  of  his  second  term  Mr.  English 
did  not  become  a  candidate  for  renomina- 
tion,  but  in  the  District  Convention,  after 
a  long  drawn-out  contest,  was  given  a  unan- 
imous nomination  for  a  third  term,  and 
he  was  re-elected  by  a  larger  majority  than 
over  before.  At  the  beginning  of  his  third 
term  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  postoffices  and  post  roads.  Dur- 
ing this  term  the  Kansas  question  was  the 
most  acute  interest  before  Congress,  and 
here  again  Mr.  English's  attitude  was  that 


of  the  moderate  and  conservative  democrat. 
He  consistently  opposed  the  admission  of 
Kansas  under  the  LeCompton  Constitu- 
tion unless  it  were  adopted  by  a  fair  and 
full  vote  of  the  people,  as  it  had  not  been 
when  first  submitted.  Mr.  English  was 
author  of  the  bill  known  in  Kansas  and 
national  history  as  the  "English  Bill," 
which  provided  for  the  resubmission  of  the 
LeCompton  Constitution  to  a  fair  and  full 
vote  of  the  people  of  that  territory.  When 
that  vote  was  taken  under  the  law  the  con- 
stitution was  decisively  defeated. 

Political  careers  were  made  and  unmade 
with  astonishing  rapidity  in  the  decade 
before  the  Civil  war,  and  it  is  indicative 
of  the  confidence  felt  in  Mr.  English's  char- 
acter and  abilities  that  he  was  re-elected 
for  a  fourth  term,  and  was  in  continuous 
service  from  1853  until  practically  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  war.  He  was  also 
while  at  Washington  a  regent  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute  for  eight  years,  had  much 
to  do  with  controlling  the  finances  of  the 
institution,  and  rendered  many  other  valu- 
able services.  President  Buchanan  also  of- 
fered him  high  honors  of  appointive  posi- 
tion, which  he  declined.  Similar  favors 
were  also  tendered  him  later  by  President 
Johnson  and  declined. 

In  1860  Mr.  English  was  a  member  of 
the  National  Campaign  Committee  of  the 
democratic  party.  Though  not  a  delegate, 
he  attended  the  National  Convention  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  he  used 
every  possible  means  at  his  command  to 
reconcile  the  opposing  elements  of  the 
North  and  South.  Concerning  this  period 
of  his  career  another  biographer  has  said : 
"His  efforts,  however,  as  well  as  all  efforts 
of  all  peacemakers  in  those  troublous  times 
were  unavailing  and  the  distinguished  In- 
dianan  returned  to  Washington  sadly  de- 
pressed at  heart.  While  in  this  state  of 
feeling  he  made  a  memorable  speech  in 
Congress  touching  the  existing  state  of  af- 
fairs. In  it  he  predicted  that  the  rank 
and  file  of  the  democratic  party  would 
never  forgive,  and  asserted  that  it  ought 
never  to  forgive,  those  who  had  heedlessly 
precipitated  that  state  of  affairs  upon  the 
country.  He  denounced  secession  from 
the  beginning  and  exerted  every  possible 
measure  to  induce  Southern  members  to 
abandon  it.  Speaking  for  his  own  constit- 
uents in  Indiana  he  asserted  that  they 
would  "march  under  the  flag  and  keep  step 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2157 


to  the  music  of  the  Union."  Seeing  only 
a  bloody  conflict  ahead  at  this  time,  he  de- 
termined to  retire  from  active  participa- 
tion as  an  official,  and  in  conformity  with 
his  expressed  wishes  his  successor,  who  was 
a  close  personal  friend,  was  chosen  in  his 
stead.  He  took  no  active  part  in  the  war, 
but  was  at  all  times  a  firm  and  consistent 
supporter  of  the  Union  cause.  He  was 
offered  command  of  a  regiment  by  Gover- 
nor Morton,  but  declined.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Democratic  State  Convention 
in  1861.  He  supported  Gen.  George  B. 
McClellan  for  president  in  1864,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  powerful  friends  of  Sam- 
uel J.  Tilden  in  the  presidential  campaign 
of  1876.  Later  he  served  a  term  as  chair- 
man of  the  Democratic  State  Central  Com- 
mittee. In  June,  1880,  from  what 
amounted  to  practically  political  retire- 
ment, Mr.  English  was  called  by  his  unani- 
mous nomination  for  vice  president  of  the 
United  States.  The  official  notification  of 
his  nomination  was  delivered  to  him  at  the 
home  of  Gen.  Winfield  Scott  Hancock,  the 
presidential  nominee,  on  July  13,  and  on 
the  30th  of  the  month  he  accepted  the  nomi- 
nation in  a  vigorous  letter  that  formed  the 
keynote  of  the  campaign.  It  was  the  com- 
bination of  the  names  Hancock  and  English 
during  the  presidential  campaign  of  that 
year  that  brought  Mr.  English  his  widest 
political  fame  outside  of  his  native  state. 

Long  before  he  undertook  the  respon- 
sibilities of  this  campaign  Mr.  English  had 
become  one  of  the  foremost  business  men 
and  financiers  of  Indianapolis.  A  capacity 
for  the  effective  handling  of  business  and 
financial  affairs  distinguished  him  from  his 
early  manhood  forward.  His  business  life 
was  characterized  by  absolute  standards  of 
honesty,  and  he  exacted  from  himself  the 
same  systematic  and  careful  efficiency 
which  he  demanded  of  others.  He  was  one 
of  the  men  who  brought  about  the  organi- 
sation and  incorporation  of  th  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Indianapolis  in  1863.  Soon 
afterward  his  business  interests  caused  him 
to  remove  from  Scott  County  to  Indian- 
anolis.  He  was  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  fourteen  years,  and  during 
that  time  its  capital  stock  was  increased  to 
a  million  dollars.  He  also  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Indianapolis  Clearing  House 
Association  and  the  Indianapolis  Banking 
Association,  and  acquired  a  controlling 
interest  in  the  local  street  railroad  system. 


On  July  25,  1877,  he  resigned  the  presi- 
dency of  the  bank,  sold  his  stock  in  the 
street  railway,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
did  not  own  a  dollar's  worth  of  stock  in 
any  corporation.  His  fortune  was  repre- 
sented by  many  judicious  investments  in 
real  estate  not  only  in  Indianapolis  but 
elsewhere.  Mr.  English  rendered  conspicu- 
ous service  to  his  home  city  and  the  state 
at  large  when  through  his  influence  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  Indiana 
was  adopted  restricting  the  indebtedness  of 
municipalities  to  a  2%  valuation. 

In  the  evening  of  his  life  Mr.  English 
took  up  literary  work,  and  he  filled  his 
days  with  continuous  and  arduous  devo- 
tion to  the  tasks  of  historical  compilation. 
He  wrote  a  comprehensive  history  of  the 
conquest  of  the  Northwest,  and  one  of  the 
best  of  the  older  histories  of  Indiana,  char- 
acterized specially  by  its  faithfulness  to  de- 
tails, bears  the  name  William  H.  English 
on  its  title  page.  These  works  were  not 
completed  according  to  his  plans  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  as  he  contemplated  addi- 
tional volumes.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
enthusiastic  members  of  the  Indiana  His- 
torical Society,  and  was  its  president  when 
he  died,  and  by  his  will  he  left  a  substantial 
sum  to  carry  on  the  society's  work. 

It  WHS  a  career  of  such  well  rounded 
activities  and  interests  that  came  to  a  close 
in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his  life,  on 
February  7,  1896.  The  biography  of  such 
an  eminent  Indianan  would  be  worthy  of  a 
volume  at  least,  and  obviously  this  sketch 
has  had  to  be  content  with  the  briefest 
summary.  Of  the  many  estimates  that  ap- 
peared of  his  life  and  character  only  one 
can  here  be  ouoted,  an  editorial  from  the 
Indianapolis  Sentinel. 

"William  H.  English  h-d  in  hi"i  the 
elements  that  make  men  successful  in  the 
highest  degree.  Pre-eminent  among  his 
qualities  was  that  sound  judgment  which  is 
ordinarily  called  common  sense.  He  had 
the  ability  to  grasp  a  fact  and  infer  that 
practical  significance  with  almost  unerring 
certainty.  He  had  much  confidence  in  his 
own  judgment,  and  so  had  others.  Few 
men  were  more  sought  for  counsel  than 
he  by  those  admitted  to  his  favor,  and  the 
correctness  of  his  opinions  in  practical  mat- 
ters was  almost  proverbial.  His  good  judg- 
ment extended  to  men  as  well  as  measures. 
He  had  a  keen  insight  into  human  natiire, 
whether  of  men  singly  or  in  masses.  For 


2158 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


these  reasons  he  was  a  thoroughly  practical 
man,  self  reliant,  firm,  resolute.  To  this 
was  added  the  one  thing  necessary  for  the 
ideal  business  man — a  scrupulous  honesty 
in  his  dealings  with  his  fellow  men.  His 
integrity  was  unquestioned. 

"William  H.  English  was  a  man  of  much 
greater  talent  and  ability  than  he  was  sup- 
posed to  have  by  those  who  did  not  know 
him  well.  This  was  true  in  the  years  pre- 
ceding the  Civil  war,  when  he  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  politics  and  became  known 
throughout  the  nation  by  his  participation 
in  the  great  political  struggle  of  his  time, 
but  the  last  thirty-five  years  of  his  life  was, 
from  choice,  largely  passed  in  business  and 
personal  pursuits.  The  chief  departure 
from  this  was  when  his  party  associates 
called  him  from  retirement  for  the  period 
of  a  presidential  nomination.  This  was  not 
of  his  seeking.  The  nomination  for  the 
vice  presidency  came  through  the  efforts 
of  party  leaders  who  knew  the  man's  ster- 
ling worth  and  ability.  If  circumstances 
had  encouraged  his  continuance  in  public 
life  he  undoubtedly  would  have  gained 
very  high  rank,  but  the  disruption  of  his 
party  and  the  new  alignments  produced  by 
the  Civil  war  caused  him  to  prefer  a  busi- 
ness life. 

"It  was  a  natural  result  that  a  man  of 
large  means,  who  was  subject  to  many  ap- 
peals from  undeserving  purposes,  should 
sometimes  have  his  'rough  side  out,'  but 
Mr.  English  was  neither  unkindly  nor  il- 
liberal. He  was  always  ready  to  aid  in 
works  of  charity  and  relief  when  they 
were  administered  through  channels  in 
which  -he  had  confidence,  and  his  private 
benefactions  were  more  extensive  than  even 
his  intimate  friends  knew.  He  did  not 
advertise  them.  He  had  a  keen  sympathy 
for  suffering  and  misery,  and  an  especially 
soft  spot  in  his  heart  for  the  aged  who  were 
destitute.  The  gray  hair  and  the  bowed 
form  were  certificates  of  helplessness  and 
desert  that  he  never  questioned." 

It  is  to  the  memory  of  this  distinguished 
Tndianin  that  a  well  known  street — 
English  Avenue — in  Indianapolis  was 
dedicated,  and  his  name  is  also  borne  by  the 
Town  of  English,  the  county  seat  of  Craw- 
ford County.  There  are  bronze  statues  of 
him  at  English  and  also  at  Scottsburg.  the 
county  seat  of  his  native  county.  Many 
of  the  nation's  greatest  men,  including 
President  Grover  Cleveland,  paid  their  ex- 


pressions of  tribute  and  respect  to  his  mem- 
ory at  the  time  of  his  death.  His  body, 
at  the  request  of  the  governor,  lay  in  state 
at  the  Indiana  capital  before  being  laid  to 
rest  beside  the  remains  of  his  wife  in  Crown 
Hill  cemetery.  A  few  years  before  his 
death  William  H.  English  was  made  a 
Mason  in  Center  Lodge  No.  23,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  A  distinctive 
feature  of  this  initiation  was  the  fact  that 
his  son  William  E.  was  master  of  the  lodge 
and  presided  at  the  ceremonies  of  confer- 
ring the  degrees  upon  his  father.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

In  1847,  while  serving  as  a  clerk  in  the 
treasury  department  at  Washington,  Mr. 
English  married  Miss  Emma  Mardulia 
Jackson,  of  Virginia.  She  died  in  1877. 
They  had  only  two  children,  a  son,  William 
E.,  and  a  daughter,  Rosalind.  Rosalind 
became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Willoughby  Wall- 
ing, a  prominent  physician  and  surgeon  of 
Chicago,  and  at  one  time  United  States 
Consul  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  The  two 
grandsons  of  William  H.  English,  William 
English  Walling  and  Willoughby  George 
Walling,  have  attained  no  small  measure  of 
distinction,  especially  the  former,  a  promi- 
nent settlement  worker,  a  leader  in  the 
socialist  party,  and  a  student,  writer  and 
lecturer  on  many  phases  of  sociology  and 
of  Russian  affairs,  in  which  country  he 
spent  a  long  period  of  residence.  The  other 
grandson,  Willoughby  G.,  is  a  Chicago 
banker  and  well  known  business  man,  and 
is  one  of  the  leading  officials  in  the  Red 
Cross  organization  of  the  United  States. 

WILLIAM  E.  ENGLISH.  Born  to  wealth 
and  high  social  position,  William  E.  Eng- 
lish has  proved  in  every  relationship  of  his 
career  thoroughly  worthy  of  his  opportuni- 
ties and  honors.  He  inherits  many  of  the 
enviable  qualifications  of  his  father,  Wil- 
liam H.  English,  especially  in  his  mastery 
of  business  affairs  and  his  distinguishing 
power  as  a  leader  among  men. 

Born  at  the  old  family  home,  Englishton 
Park,  in  Scott  County,  Indiana,  William 
Eastin  English  lived  there  during  his  early 
boyhood  years,  attending  in  the  meantime 
both  private  and  public  schools.  After  the 
family  came  to  Indianapolis  he  completed 
his  education  in  Northwestern  Christian 
University,  now  Butler  College,  and  later 
graduated  from  the  University  Law  School. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2159 


For  five  years  he  engaged  in  the  private 
practice  of  law  at  Indianapolis  under  the 
firm  name  of  English  &  Wilson,  his  partner 
being  Hon.  John  R.  Wilson,  deceased. 
After  giving  up  the  law  Mr.  English  spent 
about  three  years  abroad,  visiting  every 
country  in  Europe,  from  Norway  to  Greece, 
and  also  extending  his  travels  and  observa- 
tions around  the  Mediterranean,  in  the 
Holy  Land,  Egypt,  and  North  Africa.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  widely  traveled  men  in 
the  State  of  Indiana.  Out  of  his  travels  he 
has  contributed  to  the  local  press  many 
interesting  letters  and  other  writings. 

As  the  only  son  of  Hon.  William  H.  Eng- 
lish he  has  always  had  heavy  business  re- 
sponsibilities in  managing  the  large  real 
estate  holdings  of  the  English  family.  He 
owns  the  English  Block,  one  half  built  by 
his  father  years  ago  and  the  other  half  by 
himself  in  1898,  and  one  of  the  landmarks 
of  the  Indianapolis  business  district.  The 
English  Block  includes  both  English's 
Opera  House  and  the  Hotel  English. 

Politics  has  afforded  an  outlet  for  some 
of  the  most  intense  activities  of  his  career. 
He  grew  up  with  a  firm  allegiance  to  his 
father's  party  and  was  one  of  the  promi- 
nent democrats  of  Indiana  until  the  great 
division  in  that  party  in  1896.  Since  then 
his  affiliations  have  been  as  a  republican. 
He  began  doing  political  work  even  before 
reaching  his  majority.  He  acted  in  the 
early  daj-s  as  a  member  of  the  city,  county 
and  state  committees,  and  in  1878  was 
chairman  of  both  the  Marion  County  and 
the  Indianapolis  Democratic  Committees. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  nominated  for  the 
Legislature  from  Marion  and  Shelby  coun- 
ties, and  succeeded  in  overcoming  a  strong 
opposition  majority  by  more  than  200  votes. 
During  his  service  in  the  Legislature  of 
1879-80  he  was  the  youngest  member  of 
the  Lower  House  and  represented  what  was 
then  the  largest  district  in  the  state.  He 
was  several  times  called  upon  to  preside 
as  speaker,  and  he  showed  much  of  the  par- 
limentary  ability  which  had  distinguished 
his  father.  He  was  chairman  of  the  stand- 
ing committee  on  the  affairs  of  the  City  of 
Indianapolis  and  a  member  of  the  reap- 
portionment  committee.  He  was  author  of 
the  law  for  the  limitation  of  the  indebted- 
ness of  Marion  County,  also  for  the  con- 
gressional reapportionment  of  the  state, 
and  a  number  of  other  important  bills.  He 
declined  nomination  to  Congress  in  1880 


because  his  father  was  in  that  year  demo- 
cratic candidate  for  vice  president  on  the 
ticket  with  General  Hancock.  In  1882, 
however,  he  accepted  the  nomination  for 
Congress,  and  after  one  of  the  most  turbu- 
lent campaigns  known  in  the  annals  of  the 
state  overcame  a  large  opposition  majority 
and  was  elected.  He  was  thus  a  member 
of  the  Forty-Eighth  Congress  from  1883  to 
1885.  Among  the  bills  introduced  by  him 
were  those  providing  for  an  international 
copyright  law,  the  issuance  of  coin  certifi- 
cates of  small  denominations  and  the  in- 
crease of  pensions  for  crippled  soldiers  and 
sailors.  He  was  also  chairman  and  author 
of  the  report  made  by  the  Committee  on 
the  Alcoholic  Liquor  Traffic  Commission. 
He  was  the  youngest  member  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  during  that  session. 
After  the  close  of  his  term  he  declined  re- 
nomination. 

Mr.  English  was  a  delegate  to  the  Chi- 
cago National  Democratic  Convention  of 
1892,  and  the  Indiana  delegation  unani- 
mously chose  him  to  make  the  seconding' 
speech  favoring  the  nomination  of  Grover 
Cleveland  for  president.  That  speech  in 
the  opinion  of  the  press  and  the  other  dele- 
gates was  one  of  the  happiest  conceived  and 
best  received  speeches  of  the  convention. 
He  was  also  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
rules  and  order  of  business  in  that  conven- 
tion, and  during  the  following  campaign 
was  vice  president  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  Democratic  clubs.  In  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  at  Chicago  in  1896 
he  was  again  a  delegate  from  the  Seventh 
Indiana  District,  and  was  one  of  the  man- 
agers of  the  campaign  of  Governor  Claude 
Matthews,  who  was  Indiana's  favorite  son 
for  the  presidential  nomination  that  year. 
When  William  J.  Bryan  was  acclaimed  the 
leader  of  the  democratic  party  Mr.  English 
refused  to  support  his  platform  on  the  free 
coinage  issues,  etc.,  and  took  no  active  part 
in  the  campaign  that  followed.  In  the 
McKinley  and  Roosevelt  campaign  of  1900 
he  was  one  of  the  most  popular  figures  and 
speakers  in  all  republican  gatherings  and 
exercised  a  great  influence  in  behalf  of 
those  candidates  throughout  the  State  of 
Indiana.  He  accompanied  Mr.  Roosevelt 
on  his  tour  of  the  state.  Again  in  1904  he 
canvassed  Indiana  from  one  end  to  the 
other  in  behalf  of  Mr.  Roosevelt  and  his 
fellow  townsmen  and  neighbor,  Charles  W. 
Fairbanks,  again  accompanying  the  vice 


2160 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president 's  special  train  over  the  state.  His 
services  as  a  campaigner  were  again  in 
demand  during  1908,  in  which  year  he  ac- 
companied President  Taft  on  his  speaking 
tour  of  the  state,  and  was  also  on  the  spe- 
cial train  of  Senator  Beveridge  and  that  of 
James  E.  Watson,  the  republican  candidate 
for  governor.  Mr.  English  was  a  delegate 
to  the  'Republican  National  Convention  at 
Chicago  in  1912.  Since  1900  he  has  also 
been  a  delegate  to  numerous  city,  county, 
district  and  state  conventions  of  the  party. 
In  the  city  campaign  of  1901  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Republican  Executive  Commit- 
tee, and  after  the  election  was  appointed 
president  of  the  Board  of  Safety,  or  police 
and  fire  commissioners,  serving  in  1901-02. 
He  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Park 
Commissioners  of  Indianapolis  in  1898-99. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Marion  County 
Republican  Executive  Committee  in  the 
campaigns  of  1906  and  1908,  was  vice 
president  of  the  Republican  State  Conven- 
tions of  1902  and  1918  and  chairman  of 
'  the  committee  on  rules  and  order  of  busi- 
ness in  the  State  Convention  of  1904,  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  credentials  in  the 
convention  of  1906,  and  chairman  of  the 
Marion  County  Delegation  in  the  State 
Conventions  of  1910,  1912  and  1914.  In 
1908  he  received  13,000  out  of  the  16,000 
votes  cast  at  the  republican  county  prima- 
ries for  the  office  of  state  senator,  and  at 
the  general  election  ran  far  ahead  of  the 
defeated  party  ticket.  In  1910,  again  a 
nominee  of  the  unsuccessful  party  for  state 
senator,  he  received  the  highest  vote  cast 
at  the  primary  election  of  any  candidate 
upon  the  entire  republican  ticket. 

In  1916  he  was  again  nominated  unani- 
mously as  a  candidate  for  state  senator  by 
the  republicans  of  Marion,  Hendricks  and 
Hamilton  counties.  This  was  the  largest 
district  in  the  state,  containing  some  100,- 
000  voters  and  near  400,000  inhabitants. 
After  a  strenuous  speaking  campaign  he 
was  elected  by  the  overwhelming  majority 
of  9,188  votes,  being  ahead  of  his  general 
ticket  in  each  of  the  three  counties. 

He  was  one  of  the  recognized  leaders  of 
the  Senate  during  the  session  of  1917,  and 
was  the  author  of  numerous  important 
measures  introduced  into  that  body  or 
enacted  into  law  at  that  session.  He  was 
especially  recognized  as  an  authority  upon 
constitutional  questions  and  was  made 
chairman  of  the  standing  committee  on  con- 


stitutional revision,  to  which  all  proposed 
amendments  or  changes  in  the  constitution 
were  referred. 

He  was  the  author  of  the  amendment  to 
the  constitution  prohibiting  the  extension 
of  terms  or  increase  of  salaries  during 
official  terms,  which  passed  both  Houses  of 
the  Assembly  and  was  signed  by  the  gov- 
ernor. He  was  also  the  author  of  eight 
other  important  Constitutional  amend- 
ments which  passed  the  Senate  practically 
unanimously.  He  also  served  on  the  im- 
portant committees  on  judiciary,  military 
affairs,  rules,  agriculture,  rivers  and  waters 
and  soldiers  monuments.  One  of  the  most 
important  laws  enacted  at  this  session  of 
the  Legislature  was  his  bill  providing  for 
absent  voting  by  soldiers,  traveling  men, 
railroad  employes,  etc. 

Among  various  other  important  acts  of 
which  he  was  the  author  was  the  important 
law  providing  for  the  destruction  of  infe- 
rior court  records  against  juvenile  offend- 
ers who  have  reformed,  the  law  providing 
an  age  limit  for  enforced  jury  service, 
changing  the  name  of  Monument  Place  to 
Monument  Circle,  etc. 

Mr.  English  made  a  notable  record  in  the 
Spanish-American  war.  Soon  after  the 
outbreak  of  that  war,  notwithstanding  his 
large  business  interests  and  other  home  du- 
ties, he  was  offered  appointment  by  Presi- 
dent McKinley  as  paymaster  in  the  army, 
with  the  rank  of  major,  but  he  declined  this 
in  order  that  he  might  secure  service  at  the 
front.  May  17,  1898,  President  McKinley 
appointed  him  to  the  rank  of  captain  of 
United  States  Volunteers  in  the  quarter- 
master's department.  Again  he  made  an 
urgent  personal  request  for  service  that 
would  put  him  on  the  firing  line,  and  on 
June  10,  1898,  was  assigned  to  duty  as  an 
aide  upon  the  personal  staff  of  Maj.  Gen. 
Joseph  Wheeler,  commanding  the  cavalry 
division.  In  that  capacity  he  served 
throughout  the  Santiago  campaign.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  soldiers  to  embark  for 
Cuba,  and  had  the  distinguished  honor  of 
being  the  only  Indiana  volunteer  in  Gen- 
eral Shaffer's  entire  army.  In  the  bom- 
bardment of  El  Paso  Hill  during  the  battle 
of  July  1st  before  Santiago  he  was  disabled 
by  his  horse  rearing  and  falling  backward 
with  and  upon  him  as  the  result  of  a  wound 
from  a  Spanish  shrapnel  shell.  The  horse's 
shoulder  was  wounded,  several  men  were 
killed  nearby,  and  Col.  Theodore  Roosevelt 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2161 


sustained  a  slight  wound  from  the  same 
shell.  Captain  English  was  crushed  be- 
neath the  falling  horse  and  was  found  to 
be  dangerously  injured  internally.  Other 
complications  developed,  and  the  army  sur- 
geons soon  ordered  his  immediate  removal 
from  Cuba.  A  short  time  before  he  lef,t 
the  island  the  home  newspapers  in  Indian- 
apolis bulletined  his  death.  After  several 
weeks  of  suffering  and  gradual  recovery  he 
returned  to  Indianapolis,  where  he  was 
given  a  remarkable  demonstration  of  wel- 
come and  personal  esteem  by  various  or- 
ganizations, including  the  Veterans  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  One  token 
which  he  especially  appreciated  was  a  jew- 
eled officer's  sword  presented  to  him  by 
his  brethren  of  the  Masonic  order,  with  the 
words  engraved  upon  it  "As  a  token  of  his 
services  to  his  country."  As  a  result  of 
his  injury  and  continued  illness  Captain 
English  was  given  an  extended  sick  leave, 
and  was  granted  his  honorable  discharge 
on  December  31,  1898.  He  declined  to  ac- 
cept any  pay  for  his  services  from  the 
government,  and  more  than  $1,000  were 
returned  to  the  Federal  treasury.  After 
retiring  from  the  United  States  army  he 
was  honored  by  Governor  Mount  with  the 
appointment  as  paymaster  general  on  the 
staff  of  the  governor,  with  the  rank  of  colo- 
nel. In  1900  he  was  appointed  inspector 
general,  with  the  rank  of  colonel  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Durbin  and  later  as  aide 
de  camp,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  on  the 
staffs  of  Governor  Hanly  and  Governor 
Goodrich. 

Captain  English  was  one  of  the  three 
founders  of  the  national  association  of  the 
United  Spanish  War  Veterans,  and  was 
elected  its  first  commander  in  chief.  He 
gave  to  it  the  name  which  the  association 
bears.  He  was  the  first  department  com- 
mander of  Indiana  of  the  association  of 
Spanish-American  War  Veterans,  and  has 
been  vice  commander  of  Indiana  Com- 
mandery,  Military  Order  of  Foreign  Wars, 
and  senior  vice  commander  in  chief  and 
department  commander  of  Indiana  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Naval  and  Military  Order 
of  the  Spanish-American  War.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Veterans  of  For- 
eign Wars,  whose  membership  is  confined  to 
soldiers  who  have  personally  served  on  for- 
eign soil  in  time  of  war,  and  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of 
Santiago  de  Cuba,  made  up  of  soldiers  who 


served  in  the  Santiago  campaign.  He  also 
commanded  the  division  of  Spanish  War 
Veterans  in  the  inaugural  parade  when 
Theodore  Roosevelt  became  president  of  the 
United  States  and  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
chief  marshal  at  the  inauguration  of  Presi- 
dent Taft.  At  the  death  of  his  old  com- 
mander, Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler,  the  latter 's 
family  selected  Captain  English  as  one  of 
the  pall  bearers  at  the  military  funeral  in 
Washington. 

Captain  English  became  interested  in 
military  affairs  at  an  early  age.  He  was 
one  of  the  charter  members  of  the  Indian- 
apolis Light  Infantry  and  as  a  member  of 
the  State  Militia,  he  did  active  service 
through  the  Coal  Creek  riots  and  on  vari- 
ous other  occasions.  The  "William  E. 
English  Guards,"  named  in  his  honor,  was 
organized  and  mustered  into  the  state  serv- 
ice May  16,  1886,  and  was  the  first  colored 
company  in  the  state  to  enter  the  Indiana 
National  Guard.  The  William  E.  English 
Zouaves  of  Indianapolis  was  likewise  named 
in  his  honor  and  for  many  years  was  one 
of  the  crack  organizations  of  its  kind  in  the 
Union.  "Captain  William  E.  English 
Camp"  No.  64  of  the  National  Association 
of  Spanish-American  War  Veterans  was 
also  named  for  him. 

Captain  English  is  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent Masons  of  Indiana,  an  authority  on 
its  history  and  has  filled  the  highest  office 
in  the  state,  that  of  grand  master  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Indiana,  from  May  26, 
1903,  to  May  24,  1904.  He  is  a  life  mem- 
ber of  Indiana  Consistory  of  the  Scottish 
Rite,  in  which  he  has  attained  the  thirty- 
second  degree,  is  a  member  of  the  Shrine, 
and  has  filled  all  the  various  chairs  of  pre- 
siding officer  in  the  different  Masonic 
bodies  of  the  York  Rite.  He  is  also  past 
grand  exalted  ruler  of  the  Order  of  Elks  of 
the  United  States,  and  was  the  first  exalted 
ruler  or  presiding  officer  of  Indianapolis 
Lodge.  Captain  English  is  author  of  the 
History  of  Early  Masonry  in  Indiana,  pub- 
lished in  1902.  That  work  may  possibly 
receive  additions,  but  it  constitutes  an  au- 
thority in  the  main  which  will  never  be 
supplanted. 

Some  of  the  many  other  interests  thai 
fill  up  the  time  of  this  busy  Indianapolis 
citizen  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
organizations  of  which  he  is  a  member : 
Indianapolis  Commercial  Club  (Chamber 
of  Commerce),  of  which  he  has  served  as 


2162 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president;  Indiana  Society  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution  of  which  he  is  an 
ex-president;  and  an  ex- vice  president; 
ex-president  of  the  Indiana  Society  of  Colo- 
nial Wars;  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Society;  vice  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Benevolent  Society;  vice 
president  of  the  Old  Northwestern  Genea- 
logical Society ;  member  -of  the  Society  of 
Cincinnati ;  Huguenot  Society  of  America ; 
Holland  Society  of  America;  Indiana  So- 
ciety of  Chicago ;  Society  of  Indiana  Pio- 
neers; Western  Writers  Association;  In- 
dianapolis Bar  Association ;  Indianapolis 
Art  Association ;  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade ;  Indianapolis  Gun  Club ;  New  York 
Lambs  Club;  Army  and  Navy  Club  of 
Washington  ;  Indianapolis  University  Club, 
Columbia  Club,  Marion  Club,  Country 
Club,  Woodstock  Club  and  Canoe  Club. 
He  has  also  been  made  an  honorary  member 
of  three  labor  unions,  Local  No.  3,  Indian- 
apolis Musicians  Protective  Association, 
Local  No.  30,  International  Alliance  of 
Theatrical  Stage  Employees  and  Local  No. 
7,  International  Alliance  of  Bill  Porters 
and  Billers. 

Captain  English  makes  his  permanent 
home  and  legal  residence  at  the  Hotel  Eng- 
lish, Indianapolis,  where  he  resides  in  a 
handsome  apartment  of  eleven  rooms  with 
his  only  child,  his  daughter  Miss  Rosalind 
English.  They  spend  a  great  deal  of  time, 
however,  at  their  beautiful  country  resi- 
dence "Englishton  Park,"  the  ancestral 
home  in  Scott  County,  Indiana,  which  has 
successively  sheltered  five  generations  of 
the  English  family,  and  which  comprises 
some  800  acres  within  its  boundaries. 

BERT  McBnn>E  is  a  native  son  of  the  Hoo- 
sier  state,  and  comes  from  sturdy  Scotch 
ancestors,  who  immigrated  from  Scotland 
to  this  country  in  1776  and  settled  on  Fish- 
ing Creek  in  South  Carolina  in  1780.  The 
battle  between  Colonel  Tarleton,  in  com- 
mand of  the  British,  and  General  Gates,  in 
command  of  the  American  troops,  was 
fought  on  the  land  that  they  entered,  and 
losing  all  their  property  during  this  battle 
they  moved  to  Kentucky  and  later  moved 
to  Rush  County,  Indiana,  where  Mr.  Mc- 
Bride  was  born. 

The  blood  of  his  Scotch  ancestry  has 
evinced  an  unfailing  initiative,  independ- 
ence, ability  and  determination  which  have 
brought  him  both  practical  leadership  and 


the  confidence  of  his  associates.  He  re- 
ceived his  rudimentary  education  in  the 
district  schools  and  later  continued  his 
studies  in  the  University  of  De  Pauw  at 
Greencastle,  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Rush  County 
on  the  20th  day  of  February  1870,  and  is 
a  son  of  William  P.  and  Clarissa  (Kirk- 
patrick)  McBride,  both  being  born  in  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  and  both  being  of  ster- 
ling pioneer  families  of  Indiana.  They 
now  maintain  their  home  in  Knightstown, 
Indiana,  where  they  live  retired. 

On  June  9,  1892,  Bert  McBride  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Mary  Amelia  Widau, 
who  was  born  in  Dearborn  County,  In- 
diana, her  parents  having  moved  to  Rush 
County  when  she  was  a  child.  They  have 
one  child,  Richard  Eugene,  born  January 
4,  1902. 

Mr.  McBride  was  for  eighteen  months 
after  his  marriage  in  charge  of  the  opera- 
tion of  his  father's  farm  in  Rush  County. 
He  then  moved  to  Knightstown,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  the  carriage  and  farm  im- 
plement business  as  a  wholesale  and  retail 
dealer.  He  continued  in  this  business  until 
1900,  in  which  year  he  sold  his  interest  in 
Knightstown  and  moved  to  Indianapolis, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness until  the  year  1905,  at  which  time  he 
took  charge  of  the  real  estate  and  insurance 
department  of  the  Security  Trust  Comt 
pany.  In  1906  he  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  Trust  Company  and  a  year  later 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  company, 
in  which  office  he  continued  until  1916, 
when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  presidency 
of  the  Continental  National  Bank,  one  of 
the  leading  financial  institutions  of  the 
state,  and  of  which  he  is  still  president. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Ancient  and  Ac- 
cepted Scottish  Rite  Masons  and  a  mem- 
ber of  several  social  organizations.  He 
maintains  his  residence  at  2012  North  .Dela- 
ware Street. 

WILLIAM  J.  CLUNE  is  president  of  M. 
Clune  &  Company,  furniture  manufactur- 
ers, an  old  established  industry  that  has 
been  growing  and  prospering  in  Indian- 
apolis for  half  a  century  and  has  been  re- 
sponsible for  no  small  share  of  the  credit 
and  prestige  of  this  city  as  a  manufactur- 
ing center. 

The  founder  of  the  business  was  the  late 
Michael  Clune,  who  was  in  fact  one  of  the 


2162 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president ;  Indiana  Society  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution  of  which  he  is  an 
ex-president ;  and  an  ex-vice  president ; 
ex-president  of  the  Indiana  Society  of  Colo- 
nial Wars;  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
Historical  Society;  vice  president  of  the 
Indianapolis  Benevolent  Society;  vice 
president  of  the  Old  Northwestern  Genea- 
logical Society;  member -of  the  Society  of 
Cincinnati;  Hugnenot  Society  of  America; 
Holland  Society  of  America;  Indiana  So- 
ciety of  Chicago;  Society  of  Indiana  Pio- 
neers; Western  Writers  Association;  In- 
dianapolis liar  Association:  Indianapolis 
Art  Association;  Indianapolis  -Hoard  of 
Trade:  Indianapolis  (Jiui  Club;  New  York 
Lambs  Club:  Army  and  Navy  Club  of 
Washington;  Indianapolis  I'niversity  Club, 
Columbia  Club,  Marion  Club.  Country 
Club,  Woodstock  Club  and  Canoe  Club. 
He  has  also  been  made  an  honorary  member 
of  three  labor  unions.  Local  No.  :},  Indian- 
apolis Musicians  Protective  Association, 
Local  No.  '.](},  International  Alliance  of 
Theatrical  Stage  Employees  and  Local  No. 
7,  International  Alliance  of  Hill  Porters 
and  Hillers. 

Captain  English  makes  his  permanent 
home  and  legal  residence  at  the  Hotel  Eng- 
lish, Indianapolis,  where  he  resides  in  a 
handsome  apartment  of  eleven  rooms  with 
his  only  child,  his  daughter  Miss  Rosalind 
English.  They  spend  a  great  deal  of  time, 
however,  at  their  beautiful  country  resi- 
dence "Englishton  Park,"  the  ancestral 
home  in  Scott  County,  Indiana,  which  has 
successively  sheltered  five  generations  of 
the  English  family,  and  which  comprises 
some  800  acres  within  its  boundaries. 

HERT  McBninK  is  a  native  son  of  the  Hoo- 
sier  state,  and  comes  from  sturdy  Scotch 
ancestors,  who  immigrated  from  Scotland 
to  this  country  in  1776  and  settled  on  Fish- 
ing Creek  in  South  Carolina  in  1780.  The 
battle  between  Colonel  Tarleton.  in  com- 
mand of  the  British,  and  General  Gates,  in 
command  of  the  American  troops,  was 
fought  on  the  land  that  they  entered,  and 
losing  all  their  property  during  this  battle 
they  moved  to  Kentucky  and  later  moved 
to  Rush  County,  Indiana,  where  Mr.  Mc- 
Hride  was  born. 

The  blood  of  his  Scotch  ancestry  has 
evinced  an  unfailing  initiative,  independ- 
ence, ability  and  determination  which  have 
brought  him  both  practical  leadership  and 


the  confidence  of  his  associates.  He  re- 
ceived his  rudimentary  education  in  the 
district  schools  and  later  continued  his 
studies  in  the  I'niversity  of  De  Pauw  at 
Greencastle,  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in.  Rush  County 
on  the  '20th  day  of  February  1870,  and  is 
a  son  of  William  P.  and  Clarissa  (Kirk- 
patrick)  McBride.  both  being  born  in  Rush 
County,  Indiana,  and  both  being  of  ster- 
ling pioneer  families  of  Indiana.  They 
now  maintain  their  home  in  Knightstown, 
Indiana,  where  they  live  retired. 

On  -lune  9,  1892,  Bert  McBride  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Mary  Amelia  Widau, 
who  was  born  in  Dearborn  County,  In- 
diana, her  parents  having  moved  to  Rush 
County  when  she  was  a  child.  They  have 
one  child,  Richard  Eugene,  born  January 
4,  1902. 

Mr.  Me  Bride  was  for  eighteen  months 
after  his  marriage  in  charge  of  the  opera- 
tion of  his  father's  farm  in  Rush  County. 
He  then  moved  to  Knightstown,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  the  carriage  and  farm  im- 
plement business  as  a  wholesale  and  retail 
dealer.  He  continued  in  this  business  until 
1900,  in  which  year  he  sold  his  interest  in 
Knightstown  and  moved  to  Indianapolis, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 
ness until  the  year  1905,  at  which  time  he 
took  charge  of  the  real  estate  and  insurance 
department  of  the  Security  Trust  ComT 
pany.  In  1906  he  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  Trust  Company  and  a  year  later 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  company, 
in  which  office  he  continued  until  1916, 
when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  presidency 
of  the  Continental  National  Bank,  one  of 
the  leading  financial  institutions  of  the 
state,  and  of  which  he  is  still  president. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Ancient  and  Ac- 
cepted Scottish  Rite  Masons  and  a  mem- 
ber  of  several  social  organizations.  He 
maintains  his  residence  at  2012  North  Dela- 
ware Street. 

WILLIAM  J.  Ci.rxE  is  president  of  M. 
Chine  &  Company,  furniture  manufactur- 
ers, an  old  established  industry  that  has 
been  growing  and  prospering  in  Indian- 
apolis for  half  a  century  and  has  been  re- 
sponsible for  no  small  share  of  the  credit 
and  prestige  of  this  city  as  a  manufactur- 
ing center. 

The  founder  of  the  business  was  the  late 
Michael  Chine,  who  was  in  fact  one  of  the 


L 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2163 


pioneers  to  enter  the  field  of  manufactur- 
ing at  Indianapolis.  He  was  born  in 
County  Clare,  Ireland,  and  all  his  people 
were  of  the  farming  class.  When  he  was 
five  years  of  age  his  parents  came  to  the 
United  States  and  located  near  Browns- 
burg,  Indiana,  where  he  attended  school 
and  grew  to  manhood.  In  1864  he  came 
to  Indianapolis  and  began  the  manufacture 
of  mattresses.  He  had  a  very  small  shop, 
and  his  industry  was  not  one  calculated  to 
attract  much  attention.  Gradually  he  took 
up  the  upholstering  of  furniture,  lounges, 
and  davenports,  and  gradually  developed 
a  general  furniture  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment, the  growth  of  which  kept  pace 
with  the  development  of  Indianapolis  as  a 
city.  For  many  years  the  establishment 
has  been  located  at  1402  South  Meridian 
Street.  Michael  Clune  seemed  to  have  the 
faculty  of  making  all  his  business  affairs 
paosper.  The  surplus  from  his  manufac- 
turing he  invested  in  real  estate,  and  as  a  ' 
rule  all  his  investments  were  made  with  a:, 
view  to  permanency,  so  that  he;  ormld 
hardly  be  called  a  speculator.  His  Iju'sirieis 
interests  and  his  character  made  him  a  nat- 
ural leader  in  public  affairs  and  much  con- 
cerned with  everything  that  affected  the 
welfare  of  his  home  community.  For  many 
years  he  was  prominent  in  the  democratic 
party.  The  old  Twenty-Fourth  Ward  prac- 
tically regarded  his  word  as  law  and  gos- 
pel for  many  years.  When  the  democratic 
party  went  astray,  as  he  believed  during 
Brvan  's  time,  he  turned  from  his  allegiance 
and  was  an  equally  fervid  supporter  of 
republican  success  after  that.  While  he 
was  a  man  of  very  positive  character,  he 
was  regarded  by  all  his  friends  as  liberal 
in  views  and  extremely  generous  and  chari- 
table. The  death  of  this  worthy  old  time 
citizen  of  Indianapolis  occurred  in  June, 
1914,  when  he  was  seventy-one  years  of  age. 
He  married  Cecilia  Curran,  who  was  born 
in  Ireland  and  is  still  living.  The  family 
were  active  members  of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul 
Cathedral.  They  were  the  parents  of  the 
following  children :  William  J. ;  Anna,  wife 
of  John  R.  Walsh,  of  Detroit ;  Cecilia,  wife 
of  Martin  McDermott,  treasurer  of  M. 
Clune  &  Company;  Mary,  wife  of  Walter 
R.  Shiel,  of  Indianapolis;  Tim,  who  died 
in  1912,  at  the  age  of  twenty-nine ;  Dan,  liv- 
ing in  New  York;  and  Joseph,  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

William  J.  Clune  was  born  at  Indian- 

Vo!.   V— 17 


apolis  April  11,  1870,  and  finished  his  edu- 
cation at  St.  Viator's  College  at  Kankakee, 
Illinois,  graduating  in  1887.  He  returned 
home  to  help  his  father  in  business  and 
was  actively  associated  with  him  until  the 
close  of  his  life.  He  learned  furniture 
manufacturing  in  every  detail,  and  was 
well  qualified  to  succeed  his  father  as  presi- 
dent of  M.  Clune  &  Company.  The  output 
of  this  factory  is  distributed  over  many 
of  the  eastern  states  as  well  as  throughout 
the  Central  West. 

Mr.  Clune  is  a  democrat  and  he  and,  his 
family  are  members  of  Sts.  Peter  and 
Paul's  Cathedral.  He  married  Miss  Clare 
Langsencamp,  daughter  of  William  Lang- 
sencamp.  To  their  marriage  have  been 
born  four  children :  Elizabeth,  Dorothy, 
Rose  Mary  and  Clarence. 

JOHN  H.  DELLINGER  represents  the 
sturdy  and  progressive  agricultural  ele- 
ment  in  Southern  Indiana,  his  family  were 
pioneers  in  Clark  County,  and  he  gave 
practically  .all  his  active  years  to  farming 
undine-was  called  to  the  duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  the  office  of  sheriff  of 
Clark  County,  a  position  in  which  he  is 
now  serving. 

The  Dellinger  family  originated  in  Ger- 
many, but  were  identified  with  some  of  the 
early  emigrations  from  the  German  states 
to  America.  A  number  of  generations  ago 
the  family  located  in  North  Carolina. 
Sheriff  Dellinger 's  grandfather  was  Capt. 
John  Dellinger,  a  native  of  North  Carolina. 
He  served  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  the 
War  of  1812.  Later  he  joined  the  pioneer 
settlers  near  I'tica  in  Clark  County,  In- 
diana, and  followed  farming  there  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  married  Barbara  Bolinger. 
who  was  also  a  native  of  North  Carolina 
and  died  in  Clark  County,  Indiana. 

Henry  Dellinger,  father  of  the  present 
sheriff,  was  born  near  Jeffersonville,  In- 
diana, in  1824.  He  spent  all  his  life  as  a 
farmer,  and  died  on  his  farm  three  miles 
east  of  Jeffersonville  January  16,  1903. 
He  became  a  republican  in  politics  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Biptist  Church.  Henry 
Dellinger  married  Claudine  M.  Clark,  who 
was  born  at  Fulton,  Ohio,  in  1843,  and  is 
now  living  with  her  son  John.  She  was  the 
mother  of  two  sons,  John  H.  and  William. 
The  latter  was  a  farmer  and  merchant  and 
died  at  Solon,  Indiana. 

John    Henry    Dellinger   was    born   near 


2164 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Jeffersonville  December  29,  1861.  He  had 
a  country  school  education,  graduated  from 
the  Jeffersonville  High  School  in  1884,  at- 
tended Hanover  College  one  year,  and  in 
1886  took  a  business  course  at  New  Albany. 
He  then  took  up  the  vocation  to  which  he 
had  been  trained  as  a  boy,  and  for  thirty 
years  was  a  practical  farmer.  He  still 
owns  the  old  homestead  three  miles  east  of 
Jeffersonville,  comprising  155  acres,  a  well 
improved  grain  and  stock  farm. 

Mr.  Dellinger  was  elected  sheriff  of 
Clark  County  in  1916  and  entered  upon 
the  duties  of  his  office  for  a  term  of  two 
years  in  1918.  He  is  a  republican  and  was 
elected  on  that  ticket,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  He  is 
affiliated  with  Utica  Lodge  No.  331,  Ancient 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and  for  the 
past  fifteen  years  has  been  clerk  of  Ivanhoe 
Camp  No.  3951,  Modern  Woodmen  of 
America,  at  Utica.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  college  fraternity  Phi  Delta  Theta. 

Mr.  Dellinger  married  in  Clark  County 
in  1887  Miss  Mary  E.  Lentz,  daughter  of 
Lewis  Lentz.  Her  father  was  born  at 
Utica  in  1831,  but  spent  most  of  his  life 
in  Kentucky  as  a  farmer.  He  was  also 
a  local  magistrate  there  twenty-five  years 
and  was  president  of  a  roads  corporation. 
He  died  at  St.  Matthews,  Kentucky,  in 
1893.  Lewis  Lentz  married  Mary  E.  Parks, 
who  spent  all  her  life  at  St.  Matthews,  Ken- 
tucky. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dellinger  are  the 
parents  of  four  children :  Emily  May  is 
the  wife  of  George  Schlosser  a  farmer  near 
Jeffersonville ;  John  Sherman  now  manages 
the  homestead  farm;  Clark  and  Mildred 
Leone  are  both  at  home,  the  former  a 
sophomore  and  the  latter  a  junior  in  the 
Jeffersonville  High  School. 

JAMES  M.  STODDARD,  M.  D.  For  the  past 
dozen  years  the  City  of  Anderson  has  had 
no  more  capable  and  thoroughly  qualified 
physician  and  surgeon  than  Dr.  James  M. 
Stoddard,  and  it  was  both  with  regret  and 
patriotic  pride  that  the  community  saw 
him  leave  his  private  practice  to  accept 
service  with  the  United  States  government. 
On  August  30,  1917,  he  was  commissioned 
a  captain  in  the  medical  section  of  the  Offi- 
cers Reserve  Corps,  and  on  January  2, 
1918,  he  began  a  preliminary  course  of 
training  in  the  treatment  of  infected 
wounds  at  the  Rockefeller  Institute  at  New 
York. 


He  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  born  at  Lin- 
den, Montgomery  County,  May  6,  1878, 
son  of  Orren  and  Arminta  (Montgomery) 
Stoddard.  His  father  was  also  a  physi- 
cian, but  prior  to  that  time  nearly  all  the 
generations  of  which  there  is  record  were 
substantial  farming  people.  The  Stoddards 
are  English  and  the  Montgomerys  also,  and 
it  was  for  this  branch  of  the  Montgomery 
family  that  Montgomery  County,  Indiana, 
was  named.  Doctor  Stoddard 's  great- 
grandfather in  one  of  the  lines  was  George 
Pogue,  the  first  settler  at  Indianapolis,  for 
whom  the  noted  Pogue 's  Run  was  named, 
and  a  son  of  General  Pogue,  a  leader  and 
officer  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Doctor 
Stoddard  has  a  most  interesting  memento 
of  this  pioneer  Indiana  ancestor 'in  a  pair 
of  wrought  iron  scissors  which  were  ham- 
mered out  by  the  sturdy  blacksmith  Pogue 
in  his  own  forge. 

Doctor  Stoddard  grew  up  and  received 
his  early  education  at  that  picturesque  town 
on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash  in  Sullivan 
County,  Merom,  and  in  1896  he  graduated 
from  the  Union  Christian  College  of  that 
town.  From  there  he  entered  Wabash  Col- 
lege in  the  junior  class,  graduating  Bache- 
lor of  Science  in  1898.  He  spent  a  year  in 
post-graduate  work  and  in  the  preparatory 
medical  course,  and  was  Baldwin  prize  ora- 
tor at  Wabash.  He  was  also  assistant  in 
the  biological  laboratory.  In  1900  he  en- 
tered the  Indiana  Medical  College  at  In- 
dianapolis, where  he  was  graduated  M.  D. 
in  1902.  He  served  one  year  as  interne  in 
the  Protestant  Deaconess  Hospital,  and  for 
a  year  was  also  laboratory  and  surgical 
assistant  to  the  noted  Dr.  W.  W.  Wishard 
of  Indianapolis. 

With  the  thorough  training  and  qualifi- 
cations implied  in  the  above  outlined  pre- 
liminary work,  Doctor  Stoddard  began 
private  practice  in  1903  at  Kennard,  Henry 
County,  Indiana,  but  in  1905  removed  to 
Anderson,  where  he  soon  built  up  a  very 
gratifying  general  practice  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon.  In  1912  he  served  as  coroner 
of  Madison  County,  having  been  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  to  succeed 
Dr.  Charles  Trueblood.  Doctor  Stoddard 
owns  a  farm  of  eighty  acres  in  Sullivan 
County,  Indiana,  but  has  never  been  able 
to  give  it  any  of  his  personal  supervision. 
He  is  affiliated  with  the  Modern  Woodmen 
of  America  and  is  a  member  of  the  Central 
Christian  Church. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANAXS 


2165 


In  1904  he  married  Ruby  E.  Palmer, 
daughter  of  John  M.  and  Addie  M.  (Jes- 
sup)  Palmer.  Her  father  for  many  years 
was  an  Anderson  merchant.  Doctor  and 
Mrs.  Stoddard  have  one  child,  Palmer,  born 
in  1911. 

HART  F.  FARWELL,  president  of  the  Citi- 
zens Independent  Telephone  Company  of 
Terre  Haute,  is  one  of  the  most  prominent 
men  in  the  independent  telephone  move- 
ment of  the  United  States  today,  and  has 
been  identified  with  that  movement  from 
its  inception.  An  interesting  bit  of  statis- 
tics regarding  the  telephone  industry  is 
afforded  by  Mr.  Farwell's  statement  that 
when  he  undertook  to  organize  his  first  in- 
dependent telephone  company  in  Illinois 
there  were  only  400,000  telephones  in  the 
United  States,  while  today  the  number  of 
instruments  in  use  over  the  United  States 
approximately  is  13,000,000.  One  of  the 
principal  causes  of  that  growth  has  of 
course  been  the  normal  development  of  the 
telephone  industry,  the  appreciation  of  its 
indispensable  services  to  business  and  social 
needs,  and  the  increase  in  population,  but 
aside  from  that  those  who  have  any  first 
hand  knowledge  of  the  development  of  the 
telephone  during  the  past  twenty-five  years 
appreciate  that  the  biggest  single  stimulus 
was  the  so-called  ' '  independent  movement ' ' 
which  shook  the  old  established  telephone 
interests  out  of  their  sloth  and  conserva- 
tism and  actually  made  the  telephone  pop- 
ular and  a  thing  of  the  people  instead  of  a 
rather  exclusive  adjunct  of  business  and 
the  densely  populated  cities. 

Mr.  Farwell,  though  a  native  of  Illinois, 
and  a  resident  of  Terre  Haute  only  since 
1906,  has  an  interesting  connection  with 
the  city  going  back  to  pioneer  times.  His 
maternal  grandfather,  Hart  Fellows,  is 
said  to  have  arrived  in  Terre  Haute  about 
the  year  1823.  Two  sisters  also  came  with 
him  at  the  same  time.  Hart  Fellows  re- 
mained only  a  brief  time  in  Terre  Haute 
before  he  moved  over  the  line  into  Illinois. 
Hart  F.  Farwell  was  born  at  Frederick, 
Illinois,  March  17,  1861,  a  son  of  Maro  and 
Ann  (Fellows)  Farwell,  the  former  a  na- 
tive of  New  Hampshire  and  the  latter  of 
Illinois.  Hart  F.  Farwell  was  their  only 
child.  He  spent  his  boyhood  in  his  native 
village  and  attended  grammar  and  high 
school  at  Farmer  City,  Illinois. 

His  father  was  a  merchant  and  the  boy 


gained  a  thorough  knowledge  of  merchan- 
dising by  work  in  the  store  until  he  was 
about  twenty  years  old.  He  then  removed 
to  Astoria.  Illinois,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  hardware  business  for  himself  and 
where  he  remained  until  1895.  It  was  in 
that  year  that  he  sold  out  his  store  and 
entered  the  independent  telephone  field,  or- 
ganizing a  company  at  Astoria  and  extend- 
ing the  lines  to  Peoria.  where  he  organized 
another  company  to  put  in  a  local  exchange 
in  that  city.  After  that  Mr.  Farwell  did  a 
general  telephone  brokerage  business.  He 
then  bought  the,  independent  telephone  in- 
terests at  Bloomington,  Illinois,  and  with 
the  growth  and  development  of  this  com- 
pany, which  has  since  bought  out  several 
other  companies,  he  is  still  identified  and  is 
vice  president  of  the  Bloomington  corpora- 
tion. In  1912  he  became  president  of  the 
Citizens  Independent  Telephone  Company 
of  Terre  Haute.  He  is  now  one  of  the 
prominent  officials  in  three  of  the  larger 
independent  telephone  companies,  the 
Wabash  Valley  Kinloch,  the  Bloomington 
and  the  Terre  Haute.  He  is  also  a  director 
in  the  United  States  Independent  Tele- 
phone Association.  As  head  of  the  Terre 
Haute  company  he  has  about  400  people  di- 
rectly under  his  management  and  supervi- 
sion. 

Mr.  Farwell  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  Mystic  Shriner, 
and  is  affiliated  with  Terre  Haute  Lodge 
No.  86  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks.  In  1883  he  married  Miss 
Belle  Bonnell,  daughter  of  Henry  Bonnell 
of  Griggsville,  Illinois.  They  have  three 
children,  Maro,  Hubert  and  Kate. 

HON.  ARTHUR  R.  ROBINSON,  prominent 
lawyer  and  present  state  senator  at  In- 
dianapolis, has  had  that  kind  of  career 
which  is  most  significant  of  American  man- 
hood and  virility,  and  is  not  only  a  credit 
to  him  but  is  a  source  of  enlightened  citi- 
zenship to  the  community  and  state. 

A  native  of  Ohio,  Mr.  Robinson  was  born 
in  the  Village  of  Pickerington,  Fairfield 
County.  His  father,  John  F.  Robinson, 
and  his  grandfather,  Jacob  Robinson,  were 
blacksmiths  by  trade.  Jacob  Robinson 
fought  as  a  soldier  in  the  Mexican  war. 

Losing  his  father  early  in  life,  Arthur 
R.  Robinson  became  the  chief  support  of 
his  widowed  mother,  who  is  still  living  in 
the  house  where  Mr.  Robinson  was  born. 


2166 


INDIANA  AND  INDIA  NANS 


He  managed  to  attend  the  high  school  at 
Pickerington,  but  at  the  same  time  was 
working  for  a  living  by  selling  papers, 
clerking  in  a  store  and  accepting  every 
other  employment  that  promised  an  honest 
dollar. 

His  proficiency  and  progress  in  his 
studies  are  amply  testified  to  by  the  fact 
that  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  passed  the 
examination  for  a  teacher's  certificate.  At 
sixteen  he  was  teaching  a  term  of  district 
school.  Unable  to  see  a  future  in  teaching, 
he  returned  to  clerking  and  was  in  a  local 
store  about  four  years.  At  the  age  of  nine- 
teen he  entered  the  Ohio  Normal,  now  the 
Ohio  Northern  University,  at  Ada,  and  a 
year  later  was  granted  the  degree  Bachelor 
of  Commercial  Science. 

One  of  the  important  events  of  his  life 
occurred  at  Ada,  where  he  met  Miss  Frieda 
Elfers,  also  a  student  at  the  University. 
On  December  27,  1901,  when  she  was  seven- 
teen and  he  twenty,  they  were  married. 

After  his  marriage  Mr.  Robinson  went  to 
Columbus,  Ohio,  and  was  a  resident  of  that 
city  four  years.  Having  considerable  ,9i*jgi- 
nality  and  a  sense  of  practicar^a^fe&y,  he 
became  a  window  decorator,  and  for  the 
last  two  years  of  his  stay  at  Columbus  had 
charge  of  the  advertising,  show  card  writ- 
ing and  nearly  all  the  management  of  one 
of  the  large  stores  of  that  city. 

The  direct  outgrowth  of  his  experience 
at  Columbus  was  an  opportunity  to  em- 
bark in  general  publicity  work  for  an  edu- 
cational institution.  His  services  were  ac- 
quired by  the  International  Textbook  Com- 
pany of  Scranton.  His  work  was  so  much 
appreciated  that  he  was  made  division  su- 
perintendent at  Indianapolis,  and  was  ad- 
vanced in  both  a  monetary  and  official  way 
until  when  only  twenty-five  years  of  age  he 
was  being  paid  over  $5,000  a  year. 

It  is  impossible  for  a  man  like  Senator 
Robinson  to  remain  in  the  rut  of  routine 
performance.  While  working  for  the  In- 
ternational Textbook  Company  he  was 
studying  law,  and  in  1908  entered  the  In- 
diana Law  School,  where  he  was  graduated 
LL.  B.  and  was  valedictorian  of  his  class  in 
1910.  About  the  time  of  his  graduation  he 
was  offered  the  position  of  assistant  general 
manager  of  the  company.  To  fill  this  place 
would  have  required  his  moving  away  from 
Indianapolis,  but  he  had  fully  made  up  his 
mind  to  become  a  permanent  resident  of 
the  capital  City  of  Indiana.  However,  he 


did  accept  conditionally  the  offer,  but  re- 
tained his  home  in  Indianapolis..  Mean- 
while he  was  finishing  a  liberal  education 
in  the  University  of  Chicago,  from  which 
he  has  the  degree  Ph.  B.  given  in  1913. 

In  1910  Mr.  Robinson  organized  the  law 
firm  of  Robinson,  Symmes  &  Marsh  at  In- 
dianapolis. Since  1915  this  has  been  the 
firm  of  Robinson  &  Symmes,  with  a  valu- 
able share  of  the  law  practice  of  the  capi- 
tal city.  Since  1913  Mr.  Robinson  has 
given  his  entire  attention  to  the  practice 
of  law  with  the  exception  of  the  time  spent 
in  the  World  war.  Those  most  familiar 
with  him  know  Mr.  Robinson  as  the  liver 
of  the  strenuous  life  and  a  man  who  has 
never  failed  in  any  important  undertaking. 
He  enlisted  in  the  first  Officers'  Training 
Camp  at  Fort  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana, 
May  10, 1917,  was  commissioned  First  Lieu- 
tenant of  Infantry  August  15,  1917,  as- 
signed to  the  Three  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
Fourth  Infantry,  Eighty-Fourth  Division 
at  Camp  Zachary  Taylor,  Kentucky,  Au- 
,gust  27,  1917,  was  promoted  to  Captain  of 
-  Jp&Hita'.y,  December  31,  1917,  and  sailed 
foT""Ffance  via  Southampton,  England, 
September  1,  1918.  He  was  transferred  to 
the  Thirty-Ninth  Infantry,  Fourth  Divi- 
sion, November  10,  1918 ;  joined  the  Thirty- 
Ninth  Infantry  at  Cornmercy,  France,  and 
marched  into  the  American  Army  of  Occu- 
pation Area  near  Coblenz,  Germany,  with 
this  organization.  At  present  (May  1, 
1919)  he  is  a  captain,  commanding  Head- 
quarters Company,  Thirty-Ninth  Infantry, 
American  Army  of  Occupation,  stationed 
at  Rolandseck  on  the  Rhine,  Germany. 

In  1914  he  was  elected  state  senator  on 
the  republican  ticket.  His  abilities  brought 
him  into  prominence  in  the  Senate,  and  he 
was  floor  leader  during  the  sessions  of  1914- 
15  and  1916-17.  Senator  Robinson  has 
been  continuously  in  demand  as  a  public 
speaker.  He  has  high  and  stimulating 
ideals  of  the  responsibility  of  a  capable  citi- 
zen in  political  affairs,  and  feels  that  the 
great  need  of  the  times  is  an  unselfish  in- 
terest and  working  in  politics.  Senator 
Robinson  is  a  Methodist,  a  Knight  Templar 
and  thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite 
Mason,  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine, 
and  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks  and  various  other  fraterni- 
ties. He  belongs  to  the  Columbia  and  Mar- 
ion clubs  and  the  Indianapolis  and  Indiana 


WWBBTTY  8F 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2167 


Bar  associations.  Senator  and  Mrs.  Robin- 
son have  three  children,  named  Arthur 
Raymond,  Willard  Elfers  and  Catherine 
Caroline. 

JAMES  M.  GOSSOM,  present  mayor  of 
Terre  Haute,  has  been  active  in  business 
and  politics  in  that  city  for  a  number  of 
years.  In  politics  he  has  never  been  a  sel- 
fish seeker  for  the  honors  or  rewards  of 
office,  and  his  work  has  been  done  largely 
to  aid  his  friends  and  the  cause  of  good 
government.  Those  who  have  known  him 
longest  and  best  speak  of  him  as  frank, 
fearless  and  ready  to  fight  for  any  cause 
that  he  believes  to  be  right  and  just. 

Mayor  Gosson  was  born  in  Edmonson 
County,  Kentucky,  July  24,  1875,  a  son  of 
W.  G.  and  Mary  Emma  (Jordan)  Gossom. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Warren  County 
and  his  mother  of  Barren  County,  Ken- 
tucky, and  both  of  them  died  in  that  state. 
Of  their  six  children  five  grew  to  maturity, 
three  daughters  and  two  sons,  James  M. 
being  the  fifth  in  age. 

Left  an  orphan  at  an  early  time,  he  re- 
ceived most  of  his  education  at  the  hands 
of  Sisters  of  Charity  in  St.  Columbia  Acad- 
emy. On  March  17,  1898,  he  left  Ken- 
tucky and  the  following  day  arrived  at 
Paris,  Illinois,  where  he  secured  a  job  as  a 
farm  hand  at  $18  a  month.  In  1899  he  re- 
turned to  Kentucky  and  then  for  a  year 
worked  the  old  homestead,  but  soon  re- 
turned to  Paris  and  was  again  on  a  farm 
for  several  months.  But  farming  did  not 
offer  advantages  sufficient  to  keep  him  per- 
manently in  that  business.  For  about  five 
months  he  was  employed  by  a  wholesale  no- 
tion house  of  Chicago,  later  became  assist- 
ant manager  of  a  business,  and  then  en- 
tered the  services  of  the  Nelson  Morris 
Packing  Company  of  Chicago.  For  this 
firm  he  came  to  Terre  Haute,  and  for  seven 
years  was  their  city  salesman.  Mr.  Gossom 
next  entered  the  employ  of  the  Indiana 
Milling  Company,  where  for  about  four 
years  he  was  foreman.  While  there  he 
lost  his  right  hand  in  the  mill  machinery 
and  this  compelled  him  to  seek  a  different 
branch  of  business. 

About  that  time  he  was  elected  county 
commissioner,  but  failed  to  qualify  for  the 
office.  He  was  appointed  to  the  office  of 
city  comptroller,  and  with  the  removal  of 
Mayor  Roberts  from  office  he  was  appointed 
in  his  stead  and  has  since  had  the  execu- 


tive direction  of  the  municipal  government 
of  Terre  Haute.  In  March,  1917,  he  was 
nominated  for  another  term.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  stanch  and  active  democrat. 

Mr.  Gossom  married  in  1900  Jessie  Sal- 
lee.  They  have  five  children,  four  daugh- 
ters and  one  son :  Allie  Bell,  Lita  S.,  Lulu 
Muriel,  Mary  Emma  and  Don  Roberts. 

CHARLES  ELMER  GOODELL,  a  prominent 
educator,  well  known  in  Indiana  and  in 
other  states,  has  his  home  at  Franklin,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  connected  with 
Franklin  College.  He  came  to  the  city  as 
a  student  of  the  college  in  1885  and  was 
graduated  in  the  classical  course  with  the 
degree  of  A.  B.,  and  also  did  post-graduate 
work.  In  1889-90  he  taught  at  Franklin 
College  in  the  modern  language  depart- 
ment. Practically  his  entire  life  has  been 
devoted  to  teaching  and  the  broader  phases 
of  education. 

Mr.  Goodell  was  born  at  Washburn,  Illi- 
nois, in  1862,  son  of  Harrison  and  Mary 
(Taylor)  Goodell.  His  father  was  a  fanner 
near  Peoria  and  died  there  in  1877,  being 
a  man  of  considerable  prominence  in  his 
locality  and  holding  several  local  positions. 
This  is  a  branch  of  the  Goodell  family 
which  has  a  number  of  prominent  connec- 
tions. Some  of  the  notable  men  who  claim 
kin  with  the  original  Goodell  stock  are  for- 
mer President  Taft,  Dr.  Herbert  John- 
son, a  prominent  Baptist  clergyman  of 
Boston ;  Dr.  C.  L.  Goodell,  a  well-known 
Methodist  divine  of  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
and  William  Goodell  Frost,  President  of 
Berea  College  in  Kentucky. 

Mary  Taylor  Goodell,  mother  of  Doctor 
Goodell,  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1824. 
daughter  of  Thomas  Taylor,  a  prominent 
Baptist  clergyman  in  Illinois  from  1830  to 
1854.  The  Taylor  family  lived  at  Hart- 
ford, near  Springfield,  Illinois.  She  be- 
longed to  the  Virginia  family  of  Taylors, 
including  President  Zachary  Taylor  in  its 
membership.  Mary  Taylor  Goodell  is  still 
living,  nearly  ninety-five  years  old,  at  Bed- 
ford, Indiana. 

Professor  Goodell  acquired  his  high 
school  education  at  Mankato,  Minnesota. 
After  leaving  Franklin  College  in  1890  he 
entered  Cornell  University  and  pursued 
post-graduate  courses  in  history  and  polit- 
ical science  in  1892,  and  acquired  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts  from  Cornell.  In 
May,  1918,  Colgate  University  honored  him 


. 


• 


. 


- 
. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2167 


Bar  associations.  Senator  and  Mrs.  Robin- 
son have  three  children,  named  Arthur 
Raymond,  Willard  Elfers  and  Catherine 
Caroline. 

JAMES  M.  GOSSOM,  present  mayor  of 
Terre  Haute,  has  been  active  in  business 
and  politics  in  that  city  for  a  number  of 
years.  In  polities  he  has  never  been  a  sel- 
fish seeker  for  the  honors  or  rewards  of 
office,  and  his  work  has  been  done  largely 
to  aid  his  friends  and  the  cause  of  good 
government.  Those  who  have  known  him 
longest  and  best  speak  of  him  as  frank, 
fearless  and  ready  to  fight  for  any  cause 
that  he  believes  to  be  right  and  just. 

.Mayor  Gosson  was  born  in  Edmonson 
County,  Kentucky.  July  24,  1875.  a  son  of 
W.  G.  and  Mary  Emma  (Jordan)  Gossom. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  Warren  County 
and  his  mother  of  Barren  County,  Ken- 
tucky, and  both  of  them  died  in  that  state. 
Of  their  six  children  five  grew  to  maturity, 
three  daughters  and  two  sons,  James  M. 
being  the  fifth  in  age. 

Left  an  orphan  at  an  early  time,  he  re- 
ceived most  of  his  education  at  the  hands 
of  Sisters  of  Charity  in  St.  Columbia  Acad- 
emy. On  March  17,  1898,  he  left  Ken- 
tucky and  the  following  day  arrived  at 
Paris.  Illinois,  where  he  secured  a  job  as  a 
farm  hand  at  $1$  a  month.  In  1899  he  re- 
turned to  Kentucky  and  then  for  a  year 
worked  the  old  homestead,  but  soon  re- 
turned to  Paris  and  was  again  on  a  farm 
for  several  months.  But  farming  did  not 
offer  advantages  sufficient  to  keep  him  per- 
manently in  that  business.  For  about  five 
months  lie  was  employed  by  a  wholesale  no- 
tion house  of  Chicago,  later  became  assist- 
ant manager  of  a  business,  and  then  en- 
tered the  services  of  the  Nelson  Morris 
Packing  Company  of  Chicago.  For  this 
firm  he  came  to  Terre  Haute,  and  for  seven 
years  was  their  city  salesman.  Mr.  Gossom 
next  entered  the  employ  of  the  Indiana 
Milling  Company,  where  for  about  four 
years  he  was  foreman.  While  there  he 
lost  his  right  hand  in  the  mill  machinery, 
and  this  compelled  him  to  seek  a  different 
branch  of  business. 

About  that  time  he  was  elected  county 
commissioner,  but  failed  to  qualify  for  the 
office.  He  was  appointed  to  the  office  of 
city  comptroller,  and  with  the  removal  of 
Mayor  Roberts  from  office  he  was  appointed 
in  his  stead  and  has  since  had  the  execu- 


tive direction  of  the  municipal  government 
of  Terre  Haute.  In  March.  1917.  he  was 
nominated  for  another  term.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  stanch  and  active  democrat. 

Mr.  Gossom  married  in  1900  Jessie  Sal- 
lee.  They  have  five  children,  four  daugh- 
ters and  one  son  :  Allie  Bell.  Lita  S.,  Lulu 
Muriel.  Mary  Emma  and  Don  Roberts. 

CHARLES  ELMER  GOODELL.  a  prominent 
educator,  well  known  in  Indiana  and  in 
other  states,  has  his  home  at  Franklin,  and 
for  a  number  of  years  was  connected  with 
Franklin  College.  He  came  to  the  city  as 
a  student  of  the  college  in  1885  and  was 
graduated  in  the  classical  course  with  the 
degree  of  A.  B.,  and  also  did  post-graduate 
work.  In  1889-90  he  taught  at  Franklin 
College  in  the  modern  language  depart- 
ment. Practically  his  entire  life  has  been 
devoted  to  teaching  and  the  broader  phases 
of  education. 

Mr.  Goodell  was  born  at  Washburn.  Illi- 
nois, in  1862.  son  of  Harrison  and  Mary 
(Taylor)  Goodell.  His  father  was  a  farmer 
near  Peoria  and  died  there  in  1877.  being 
a  man  of  considerable  prominence  in  his 
locality  and  holding  several  local  positions. 
This  is  a  branch  of  the  Goodell  family 
which  has  a  number  of  prominent  connec- 
tions. Some  of  the  notable  men  who  claim 
kin  with  the  original  Goodell  stock  are  for- 
mt'r  President  Taft.  Dr.  Herbert  John- 
son, a  prominent  Baptist  clergyman  of 
Boston:  Dr.  C.  L.  Goodell,  a  well-known 
Methodist  divine  of  Brooklyn.  New  York, 
and  William  Goodell  Frost.  President  of 
Berea  College  in  Kentucky. 

Mary  Taylor  Goodell.  mother  of  Doctor 
Goodell.  was  born  in  Kentucky  in  1S24. 
daughter  of  Thomas  Taylor,  a  prominent. 
Baptist  clergyman  in  Illinois  from  1S30  to 
1854.  The  Taylor  family  lived  at  Hart- 
ford, near  Springfield.  Illinois.  She  be- 
longed to  the  Virginia  family  of  Taylors, 
including  President  Zadiary  Taylor  in  its 
membership.  Mary  Taylor  Goodell  is  still 
living,  nearly  ninety-five  years  old.  at  Bed- 
ford, Indiana. 

Professor  Goodell  acquired  his  high 
school  education  at  Mankato.  Minnesota. 
After  leaving  Franklin  College  in  1890-he 
entered  Cornell  University  and  pursued 
post-graduate  courses  in  history  and  polit- 
ical science  in  1892.  and  acquired  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts  from  Cornell.  In 
Mav.  1918.  Colgate  T'niversitv  honored  him 


' 


2168 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  After 
completing  his  work  in  Cornell  he  returned 
to  Mankato  as  principal  of  the  high  school, 
but  two  years  later  came  again  to  Franklin 
College  as  professor  of  history.  He  held 
that  chair  until  1900.  During  a  well-earned 
leave  of  absence  until  1900  he  was  a  Fel- 
low in  Political  Science  at  the  University  of 
Chicago.  Following  that  he  was  for  three 
years  connected  with  the  faculty  of  the 
State  Agricultural  College  at  Manhattan, 
Kansas,  and  in  1903  took  up  his  work  at 
Denison  University  in  Ohio.  He  was  ac- 
tively identified  with  Denison  fourteen 
years,  being  registrar  and  dean  of  the  sum- 
mer school.  In  July,  1917,  he  was  ap- 
pointed successor  to  Doctor  Hanley,  presi- 
dent of  Franklin  College.  Thus  he  is  again 
with  the  institution  in  which  he  has  al- 
ways had  a  keen  interest  and  from  which 
he  was  graduated. 

Along  with  teaching  and  school  adminis- 
tration Mr.  Goodell  has  done  much  public 
speaking,  and  there  is  a  great  demand  for 
his  services  in  this  field.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  fraternity,  and  was 
instrumental  in  securing  a  charter  of  the 
Phi  Delta  Theta  for  Denison  University. 

In  August,  1890,  he  married  Miss  Laura 
B.  Ogle,  of  Indianapolis,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Albert  and  Mary  (Cotton)  Ogle.  Her 
parents  were  both  born  near  near  Vevay, 
Indiana.  Her  father  lives  in  Indianapolis. 
He  held  three  important  pastorates  in  the 
state  and  is  best  known  for  his  work  as 
general  superintendent  of  State  Missions 
for  the  Baptist  Church  of  Indiana,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  for  nineteen  years.  He  is  still 
active  at  the  age  of  eighty,  and  for  the 
last  ten  years  has  been  superintendent  of 
finances  and  treasurer  of  the  First  Baptist 
Church  at  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Ogle  sprang 
from  that  famous  English  family  of  Ogle 
that  gave  two  admirals  to  the  fleet  of  the 
English  navy  and  two  governors  to  the 
State  of  Maryland.  Mrs.  Goodell 's  mother, 
Mary  J.  (Cotton)  Ogle,  who  died  in  Janu- 
ary. 1919,  was  granddaughter  of  Judge 
William  Cotton  of  Vevay,  Indiana.  Judge 
Cotton  was  a  member  of  Indiana's  first 
Constitutional  Convention  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  fourteen  of  the  first  sixteen  legisla- 
tive assemblies  of  the  state,  and  was  also 
the  first  federal  judge  of  Indiana.  Mrs. 
Ogle's  grandfather  on  her  maternal  side 
was  John  Gilliland,  a  civil  engineer,  who 


was  one  of  the  state  commissioners  that  se- 
lected Indianapolis  as  a  site  for  the  new 
state  capital  and  made  the  first  plat  of  the 
city. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Goodell  have  two  sons, 
Charles  Lawrence,  born  in  Franklin,  In- 
diana, May  12,  1895,  and  Robert  Taylor, 
born  at  Indianapolis  March  20,  1898. 
Charles  Lawrence  gave  up  his  studies  as 
a  sophomore  in  Denison  University  in  the 
spring  of  1917  to  go  into  business  at  In- 
dianapolis. A  short  time  later  he  enlisted 
in  the  Naval  Radio  Reserve,  took  his  train- 
ing in  the  Great  Lakes  Naval  Station,  was 
transferred  to  the  Ordnance  Department 
and  is  now  Merchant  Marine  Quartermas- 
ter Customs  Naval  Inspector  at  Geneva, 
Ohio.  Robert  Taylor  Goodell  took  his  aca- 
demic training  in  Doane  Academy  of  Deni- 
son University  and  is  now  in  Franklin,  In- 
diana. 

HILARY  EDWIN  BACON,  owner  of  a  large 
department  store  in  Evansville,  is  a  suc- 
cessful and  it  may  be  said  a  typical  Ameri- 
can business  man,  thorough,  methodical, 
broad-minded,  public  spirited  and  with 
many  interests  that  make  him  valuable  to 
the  community,  though  essentially  one  of 
its  quiet  and  most  modest  members. 

He  was  born  November  6,  1851,  at  Roar- 
ing Springs,  Trigg  County,  Kentucky,  of  a 
fine  old  Southern  family,  his  father, 
Charles  Asbury  Bacon,  having  been  born 
in  Virginia  and  his  mother,  Margaret  (Gib- 
son) Bacon  was  a  native  of  Alabama.  He 
grew  up  on  a  Kentucky  farm,  attended 
country  school,  and  left  business  college 
at  Evansville  to  enter  the  dry  goods  busi- 
ness. The  large  department  store  of  which 
he  is  proprietor  is  in  the  nature  of  an  evo- 
lution of  his  own  abilities  and  progress 
from  young  manhood  to  the  present.  He  is 
also  a  director  of  the  Citizens  National 
Bank  and  the  Morris  Plan  Bank.  Politi- 
cally he  is  classed  as  a  liberal  democrat, 
voting  for  the  best  man  and  the  best  meas- 
ures of  the  time  regardless  of  party.  He  is 
on  the  official  board  of  the  Trinity  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church. 

October  11,  1888,  he  married  Miss  Albion 
Fellows,  daughter  of  Rev.  Albion  and  Mary 
(Erskine)  Fellows.  The  sketch  of  Mrs. 
Bacon  as  one  of  the  prominent  Indiana 
women  of  the  present  generation  is  pub- 
lished on  other  pages  of  this  publication. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2169 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bacon  had  four  children: 
Margaret,  deceased ;  Albion,  wife  of  George 
D.  Smith;  and  Joy  and  Hilary,  twins. 

PUBLIC  SAVINGS  INSURANCE  COMPANY  OP 
AMERICA  is  one  of  several  prominent  in- 
surance organizations  whose  home  is  in  In- 
diana. It  has  already  developed  an  exten- 
sive business  in  ordinary  and  industrial  in- 
surance, and  is  the  only  company  of  its 
kind  in  Indiana  covering  these  two  lines. 

It  was  organized  January  1,  1910,  start- 
ing out  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  In  1911 
this  was  increased  to  $289,010,  which  is  its 
present  paid  up  capital. 

The  first  president  of  the  company  was 
H.  Thomas  Head,  the  first  secretary-treas- 
urer was  Charles  W.  Folz,  and  the  first 
vice  president,  Lawrence  G.  Cummins. 
The  first  medical  director  was  Dr.  M.  C. 
Leeth.  In  1917  Mr.  Head  retired  as  presi- 
dent and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Carl  G. 
Winter.  In  1911  Mr.  Cummins  was  suc- 
ceeded by  William  F.  Fox  as  vice  presi- 
dent. 

GUSTAVUS  SCHURMANN,  remembered  by 
many  of  the  citizens  of  Indiana,  and  par- 
ticularly Indianapolis,  was  christened  John 
Melchior  Gustavus  Schurmann.  It  is  with- 
in the  bonds  of  moderation  to  speak  of  him 
as  one  of  the  most  eminent  foreign  born 
citizens  who  had  their  home  at  Indian- 
apolis. He  died  in  that  city  October  4, 
1870.  The  impress  of  his  life  and  works 
can  be  traced  in  Indianapolis  commerce 
and  real  estate  today. 

America  received  a  priceless  gift  of  citi- 
zenship in  the  thousands  of  high  spirited 
Germans  who  were  driven  out  of  their  na- 
tive country  and  came  to  this  land  of  free- 
dom during  the  late  '40s.  Among  those 
who  thoroughly  represented  the  wealth  and 
social  station  of  the  Fatherland  Gustavus 
Schurmann  was  one.  He  was  born  at 
Eilpa,  near  Hagen  in  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, on  Christmas  day,  1811.  His  father 
was  a  well-to-do  cloth  manufacturer.  Gus- 
tavus was  liberally  educated,  and  when  a 
young  man  took  up  the  manufacture  of 
broadcloth  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  this  being 
his  father's  occupation.  Eventually  he  op- 
erated one  of  the  largest  establishments  of 
its  kind  in  Prussia,  a  factory  that  pro- 
duced broadcloth  and  woollen  blankets.  His 
intellectual  pursuits  were  varied.  He  mar- 


ried in  Germany  and  became  the  father  of 
two  children  by  this  wife,  who  died  in  the 
old  country. 

It  is  highly  significant  that  Gustavus 
Schurmann,  though  a  man  of  considerable 
property,  had  an  active  sympathy  with  the 
movement  toward  democracy  in  the  Ger- 
man provinces  and  staunchly  aligned  him- 
self with  those  who  brought  this  movement 
to  the  circle  of  the  revolution  in  1848. 
Many  thousands  of  aspiring  young  Ger- 
mans had  expatriated  themselves  after  the 
collapse  of  the  revolution,  but  Gustavus 
Schurmann  had  to  do  even  more,  he  had  to 
sacrifice  much  of  the  wealth  which  he  had 
accumulated.  From  Antwerp  he  took  pas- 
sage on  a  sailing  vessel  bound  for  America, 
landing  in  New  York  after  seven  stormy 
weeks.  He  went  first  to  Washington  and 
then  to  Virginia,  and  in  this  state  he  mar- 
ried Catharine  Bengels,  who  had  come  to 
America  on  the  same  vessel  that  brought 
Mr.  Schurmann. 

The  capital  he  had  brought  from 
the  old  country,  made  him  a  fortune. 
About  1850  he  came  west,  locating  in  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  where  he  soon  acquired 
considerable  property.  One  of  his  charac- 
teristics was  his  undaunted  faith  in  Amer- 
ican investments.  At  one  time  when  Louis- 
ville citizens  were  offering  their  properties 
for  sale  at  a  sacrifice  on  the  Court  House 
steps,  he  invested  freely  and  placed  a  large 
share  of  his  surplus  in  local  properties 
which  subsequently  redeemed  themselves 
and  proved  the  validity  of  his  judgment. 
While  at  Louisville  he  also  acquired  inter- 
ests in  the  Louisville  &  Nashville,  the  old 
J.  M.  &  I.  and  the  Little  Miami  and  other 
rai'way  properties. 

He  was  a  keen  and  eager  student  of 
American  life  and  institutions.  Indianap- 
olis appeared  to  him  as  a  city  of  commer- 
cial possibilities  and  as  a  home  town,  and 
later  he  bought  the  property  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  New  York  and  Meridian 
streets,  on  which  stood  one  of  the  first  brick 
dwelling  houses  in  Indianapolis.  During 
the  early  '50s  he  came  to  Indianapolis  to 
make  this  his  permanent  home,  and  there- 
after steadily  devoted  himself  to  his  grow- 
ing business  interests.  Gustavus  Schur- 
mann, as  this  record  indicates,  was  a  man 
of  wonderful  capacity  and  of  varied 
knowledge  and  adaptability.  He  supplied 
much  capital  and  also  his  individual 


2170 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS 


strength  of  judgment  to  many  of  the  com- 
mercial enterprises  at  Indianapolis.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  Oil  City, 
Pennsylvania.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  largest  real 
estate  owners  in  this  city. 

With  all  his  wealth  he  was  extremely 
charitable.  He  contributed  liberally  of  his 
means  to  the  support  of  benevolent  and 
charitable  concerns.  Especially  during  the 
Civil  war  his  patriotism  displayed  itself 
in  generous  contributions  to  the  Union.  He 
was  the  largest  individual  contributor  in 
Indianapolis  of  money  and  means  to  the 
cause.  From  first  to  last  he  had  implicit 
faith  in  the  North,  in  the  justice  of  its 
stand  and  in  the  inevitable  issue  of  the 
conflict.  He  was  a  Protestant  in  religion, 
and  in  politics  had  no  active  part  so  far 
as  office  holding  was  concerned.  His  wife 
died  at  Indianapolis  April  11,  1858.  Their 
four  sons  and  one  daughter  were  named 
Alphonso,  Charles,  Emma,  Edward,  and 
Henry.  Charles  died  December  22,  1911. 
Alphonso,  who  married  Emma  Baunach, 
lived  in  New  York  and  died  May  11,  1919. 
He  has  two  children  surviving  him,  named 
Edward  and  Clifford.  Charles  married 
Maria  H.  Jones,  who  had  been  principal  of 
the  Sixth  Ward  School  in  Indianapolis,  and 
of  their  two  children,  Howard  and  Helen, 
the  latter  is  now  deceased.  Emma  married 
Edward  Schurmann,  a  cousin,  and  is  now 
living  near  Dresden,  Saxony.  The  son 
Henry  was  born  April  7,  1858,  was  edu- 
cated in  this  country  and  abroad,  married 
Eva  L.  Smock  January  12,  1881,  and  lives 
in  Indianapolis. 

Edward  Schurmann  was  born  at  Indian- 
apolis May  2,  1856.  He  received  his  first 
advantages  in  the  local  schools  of  this  city, 
but  at  the  age  of  fourteen  was  sent  abroad 
to  Germany,  where  he  attended  private 
school  at  Dresden,  also  Leipsic  University, 
and  coming  back  to  his  native  land  pur- 
sued special  courses  in  chemistry  and  lan- 
guages at  Harvard  University.  Mr.  Schur- 
mann is  a  widely  traveled  citizen  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  has  been  abroad  many 
times  for  pleasure,  and  he  knows  European 
life  and  conditions  almost  as  well  as  those 
of  his  native  country.  After  his  education 
he  engaged  in  the  art  glass  business  at 
Indianapolis.  He  has  interested  himself  in 
many  movements  for  civic  improvement 
and  betterment.  He  married  Lida  R. 
Heaton. 


JOSEPH  H.  WEINSTEIN,  M.  D.  Combin- 
ing the  services  of  father  and  son  there 
has  been  a  Weinstein  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  and  surgery  in  Terre 
Haute  for  forty  years.  Both  representa- 
tives of  the  name  have  gained  distinction 
in  the  field  of  surgery,  and  Dr.  Joseph  H. 
Weinstein  might  be  named  with  the  ablest 
men  in  that  branch  of  the  profession  in  In- 
diana. 

His  father  was  the  late  Dr.  Leo  J.  Wein- 
stein, who  died  at  Terre  Haute  in  1909. 
He  was  born  at  Covington,  Kentucky,  Jan- 
uary 19,  1848.  His  father,  Joseph  Wein- 
stein, was  a  native  of  Russia  and  his  mother 
of  Germany.  Doctor  Leo  was  six  years  old 
when  his  mother  died  and  eleven  at  the 
death  of  his  father,  and  was  thus  early 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources.  Possess- 
ing rather  more  than  average  abil- 
ity and  ample  courage  and  enterprise  to 
adapt  himself  to  circumstances,  he  man- 
aged to  acquire  considerable  schooling  in 
Cincinnati,  Covington,  Kentucky,  and  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  and  all  the  time  was  working 
out  the  problems  of  his  existence.  Though 
very  young  at  the  time,  he  was  handling 
a  small  clothing  business  at  Pana,  Illinois, 
while  the  Civil  war  was  in  progress.  While 
at  Pana  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Doctor  Huber,  later  studied  under 
Dr.  J.  H.  Leal  at  Bement,  Illinois,  and 
during  1867-68  was  a  student  in  Rush  Med- 
ical College  in  Chicago.  He  began  prac- 
tice as  an  under  graduate  in  Piatt  County, 
Illinois.  In  1874  he  graduated  M.  D.  from 
Miami  Medical  College  at  Cincinnati. 
Early  in  1878  Dr.  Leo  Weinstein  moved  to 
Terre  Haute,  where  his  abilities  and  tal- 
ents soon  gained  him  recognition  and 
brought  him  a  large  and  profitable  practice. 
In  1894  he  went  abroad,  and  was  a  student 
of  the  advanced  methods  and  of  some  of 
the  great  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Lon- 
don and  Edinburgh.  Dr.  Leo  Weinstein  as 
a  specialist  in  gynecology  was  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  on  the  medical  staff  of  the 
Union  Hospital  at  Terre  Haute,  which  he 
with  Doctor  Young,  and  Doctor  Swafford 
established.  He  retired  several  years  be- 
fore his  death.  He  was  a  member  and  at 
one  time  president  of  the  Aesculapian 
Medical  Society  of  the  Wabash  Valley,  and 
also  a  member  of  the  Vigo  County  and  In- 
diana State  Medical  Societies  and  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  was 
also  a  figure  in  local  politics  as  a  republi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2171 


can.  In  1887-89  he  represented  his  home 
ward  in  the  City  Council,  became  secretary 
of  the  Terre  Haute  Board  of  Health  in 
1884,  and  was  secretary  of  the  County 
Board  of  Health  from  1887  to  1889.  In 
1902  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Vigo 
County  Council,  and  during  his  two  terms 
of  service  was  president  of  the  council. 
The  Wabash  Bridge  and  the  Glenn  Orphan 
Home  were  built  while  he  was  president. 
He  was  a  Mason  and  Odd  Fellow  and  a  • 
member  of  the  First  Congregational  Church 
of  Terre  Haute. 

December  25,  1866,  Dr.  Leo  Weinstein 
married  Miss  Thirza  B.  Hamilton,  who  was 
born  in  Vigo  County,  Indiana,  and  is  still 
living  at  Terre  Haute.  Her  father,  Joshua 
B.  Hamilton,  was  a  pioneer  physician  of 
the  county.  Dr.  Leo  Weinstein  and  wife 
had  three  children :  Carrie  L.,  wife  of  John 
V.  Barker ;  Alice  E.,  wife  of  Alexander  G. 
Gavins,  of  Indianapolis ;  and  Joseph  H. 

Dr.  Joseph  H.  Weinstein  was  born  near 
Monticello,  Piatt  County,  Illinois,  July  16, 
1876,  and  was  two  years  of  age  when  his 
parents  moved  to  Terre  Haute.  In  that 
city  he  acquired  his  early  education  in  the 
grammar  and  high  schools,  afterwards  for 
a  time  was  a  student  of  medicine  and  den- 
tistry at  Chicago,  attending  Rush  Medical 
College,  also  studied  privately  under  his 
father,  and  in  1897  graduated  from  his 
father's  alma  mater,  Miami  Medical  Col- 
lege at  Cincinnati.  He  became  associated 
with  his  father  in  practice  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  gradually  assumed  practically  all  the 
business  of  the  firm.  After  the  death  of 
his  father  he  was  associated  with  several 
men  of  his  profession.  Doctor  Weinstein 
has  accepted  every  opportunity  to  associate 
himself  with  the  eminent  men  of  his  pro- 
fession, went  abroad  in  1905,  attending 
clinics  and  medical  courses  at  Berlin, 
Vienna,  and  London,  and  before  returning 
to  Terre  Haute  was  a  resident  student  of 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  for  a  time.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  has  been  gynecologist 
of  the  Union  Hospital  staff  at  Terre  Haute, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Aesculapian  Med- 
ical Society,  the  State  Medical  Association, 
and  the  American  Medical  Association.  He 
also  is  affiliated  with  the  Independent  Or- 
der of  Odd  Fellows,  and  with  Lodge  No. 
86  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order 
of  Elks.  In  a  business  way  he  was  vice 
president  of  the  Fouts  Hunter  Manufac- 
turing Company  of  Terre  Haute. 


In  1898  Doctor  Weinstein  married  Anna 
M.  Hunter,  daughter  of  Col.  W.  R.  and 
Callie  Hunter,  both  now  deceased.  They 
have  one  daughter,  Marion,  who  attended 
Goucher  College  at  Baltimore  for  two 
years,  after  which  she  served  in  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  army,  as  laboratory 
technician,  at  Rockefeller  Institute,  New 
York  City. 

Dr.  Joseph  H.  Weinstein  was  given  a  cap- 
taincy in  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  army, 
and  assigned  to  duty  for  special  course  of 
instruction  at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in 
Chicago,  May  4,  1918.  From  there  he  was 
sent  to  Camp  Logan,  Houston,  Texas,  where 
he  was  transferred  to  and  made  chief  of 
surgery  in  Base  Hospital  Eighty-Six,  sail- 
ing September  1st,  1918,  for  France.  This 
Base,  located  at  Mesnes,  is  the  largest  hos- 
pital center  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

BURTIS  PAUL  THOMAS,  City  Engineer 
of  LaPorte,  has  spent  all  his  life  in  LaPorte 
County,  is  a  practical  civil  engineer  and 
surveyor,  and  his  name  and  career  serve  to 
introduce  a  number  of  well  known  fam- 
ilies of  that  part  of  the  state. 

Mr.  Thomas  was  born  in  Scipio  Town- 
ship, a  few  miles  south  of  LaPorte,  June 
29,  1874.  His  great-grandfather  was  a 
relative  of  the  Daniel  Boone  family,  and 
was  born  in  Buncombe  County,  North  Car- 
olina. He  moved  across  the  mountains  and 
became  an  early  settler  of  Kentucky, 
where  he  married.  Later  he  established  a 
home  in  Jennings  County,  Indiana,  and 
was  there  in  time  to  live  with  and  be  ac- 
quainted with  many  of  the  Indians  and  In- 
dian chiefs.  He  was  a  real  frontiersman, 
and  was  completely  at  home  in  the  wild 
life  of  that  section.  An  expert  hunter,  he 
practically  supplied  his  table  with  wild 
meat  all  the  year.  He  also  improved  a 
good  farm  from  the  wilderness,  and  con- 
tinued his  residence  there  until  his  death. 

His  son,  Elias  C.  Thomas,  grandfather  of 
the  LaPorte  civil  engineer,  was  born  in 
Jennings  County  and  though  his  boyhood 
was  spent  in  a  time  when  schools  were 
meagerly  equipped,  he  made  such  good  use 
of  his  opportunities  that  he  was  able  to 
teach  and  conducted  some  of  the  pioneer 
subscription  schools  in  the  log  cabins  of 
his  locality.  He  also  became  very  profi- 
cient in  using  the  old  fashioned  implement 
known  as  the  frow  in  making  shingles. 
After  his  marriage  he  moved  to  Jefferson 


2172 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


County,  Indiana,  renting  land  seven  miles 
from  Madison,  and  lived  there  until  1844. 
That  was  the  year  when  the  Thomas  fam- 
ily became  established  in  LaPorte  County. 
From  the  southern  part  of  the  state  they 
came  north'  by  wagon  and  teams,  since 
there  was  practically  no  other  method  of 
transportation.  They  also  brought  along 
two  cows.  They  were  on  the  road  sixteen 
days,  and  on  arriving  they  found  LaPorte 
a  small  village.  The  head  of  the  family 
used  his  team  to  haul  and  transport  goods 
and  various  commodities  for  a  time,  and 
later  rented  land  in  Kankakee  Township 
and  continued  the  life  of  a  farmer  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.  He  mar- 
ried Caroline  Patton.  She  was  a  native  of 
North  Carolina,  Her  father,  Houston  Pat- 
ton,  a  native  of  the  same  state,  came  to  In- 
diana as  a  pioneer  in  Jefferson  County,  im- 
proved a  farm  there,  and  in  1844  he  also 
came  to  LaPorte  County  and  bought  land 
that  is  now  included  in  the  Fair  Grounds. 
Houston  Patton  was  an  active  farmer  un- 
til after  the  death  of  his  wife,  when  he  re- 
tired to  LaPorte  and  lived  with  his  son,  dy- 
ing at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty  years. 
He  married  a  Miss  Cunningham.  Caroline 
Patton  Thomas  died  when  about  sixty 
years  of  age.  Her  nine  children  were 
Frank,  Davidson,  Joseph  A.,  Thomas  J., 
Andrew,  Elizabeth,  Lizzie,  John  M.,  and 
Silas  A. 

Joseph  A.  Thomas,  father  of  Burtis 
Paul,  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  In- 
diana, October  12,  1842,  and  was  in  his  sec- 
ond year  when  the  family  came  to  LaPorte 
County.  He  attended  the  pioneer  schools 
here,  and  after  reaching  manhood  became 
associated  with  his  father  and  brother  in 
farming.  In  May,  1864,  he  enlisted  in 
Company  B  of  the  One  Hundred  Thirty- 
Eighth  Indiana  Infantry  for  the  100  days' 
service.  He  was  made  corporal  in  his  com- 
pany, and  was  with  his  regiment  in  the 
South  until  honorably  discharged  Septem- 
ber 20,  1864.  He  then  resumed  his  place 
on  the  farm  and  after  his  marriage  bought 
land  in  Scipio  Township.  This  he  occupied 
several  years  and  then  moved  to  the  farm 
of  his  mother-in-law  in  Wills  Township  of 
LaPorte  County.  This  farm  subsequently 
was  inherited  by  his  wife,  and  they  made 
that  their  home  until  1918  and  now  live 
retired  in  LaPorte.  In  1873  Joseph  A. 
Thomas  married  Mary  Ingram.  She  was 


born  in  Wills  Township  of  LaPorte  County 
August  21,  1852.  Her  father,  William  In- 
gram, a  native  of  the  vicinity  of  Hagers- 
town,  Maryland,  and  the  son  of  a  planter 
and  slave  holder  in  that  state,  grew  up 
there  and  after  a  brief  residence  with  an 
uncle  in  Ohio  came  to  LaPorte  County  and 
bought  land  in  Wills  Township,  becoming 
identified  with  the  country  in  its  pioneer 
area  of  development.  A  log  cabin  stood  on 
the  land,  and  in  that  cabin  his  daughter 
Mary  was  born.  Later  the  logs  were  plas- 
tered inside  and  weather-boarded  out,  and 
with  a  frame  addition  it  served  as  a  com- 
fortable residence  until  the  death  of  Wil- 
liam Ingram  at  the  age  of  sixty-two.  He 
married  Sarah  Wagner,  a  native  of  Hamil- 
ton County,  Ohio.  Her  father,  David 
Wagner,  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  La- 
Porte  County,  securing  land  in  Wills  Town- 
ship, which  he  occupied  until  his  death. 
Mrs.  Sarah  Ingram  survived  her  husband 
many  years  and  passed  away  at  the  age 
of  seventy-seven.  Joseph  A.  Thomas  and 
wife  had  two  sons,  Burtis  P.  and  Benja- 
min J. 

•  Burtis.  Paul  Thomas  attended  the  city 
schools  of  LaPorte.  He  was  very  fond  of 
athletics  and  outdoor  sports  and  while  in 
high  school  was  a  member  of  the  football 
team,  and  in  one  of  the  games  was  seriously 
injured,  his  hearing  being  impaired,  and  in 
consequence  of  this  injury  he  did  not  re- 
main to  graduate  and  soon  resumed  his 
place  on  the  farm.  Later  he  took  up  the 
study  of  surveying  and  civil  engineering, 
and  has  rendered  a  great  deal  of  service  in 
that  capacity.  In  1911  he  was  elected 
county  surveyor  and  re-elected  in  1913, 
serving  two  full  terms.  In  January,  1918, 
he  was  appointed  city  engineer  of  LaPorte 
and  is  now  giving  to  that  position  all  his 
professional  time  and  energies. 

In  1909  he  married  Miss  Ella  C.  Seidler. 
She  was  born  at  LaPorte,  a  daughter  of 
Joseph  and  Mary  Seidler.  Mr.  and  Mr» 
Thomas  have  two  children,  Valerie  and  De- 
los.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  are  members 
of  St.  Paul  Episcopal  Church.  He  is  af- 
filiated with  Excelsior  Lodge  No.  41,  An- 
c'ent  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  LaPorte 
Chapter  No.  15,  Royal  Arch  Masons.  La- 
Porte  Council  No.  32,  Royal  and  Select 
Masters,  and  he  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  LaPorte  Chapter  No.  280  of  the  Eastern 
Star.  He  is  also  affiliated  with  the  Elks. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2173 


CLEMENS  VONNEGUT.  As  was  pointed 
out  by  Mr.  Dunn  in  his  History  of  Indian- 
apolis, no  single  foreign  nationality,  as  a 
nationality,  had  a  greater  influence  in  the 
development  of  the  city  than  the  German. 
The  city  owes  a  special  debt  to  the  Ger- 
mans who  came  following  the  collapse  of 
the  revolutionary  movement  of  1848.  In 
that  struggle  they  had  lost  their  father- 
land, but  they  brought  with  them  to  the 
New  World  a  vision  and  an  impulse  to  in- 
tellectual and  political  betterment  which 
meant  much  to  the  new  nation,  as  a  nation, 
and  to  countless  communities  throughout 
the  Middle  West.  On  the  broad  prairies 
and  in  the  forests,  in  peace  and  in  war,  in. 
every  branch  of  human  endeavor  and  hu- 
man achievement,*  by  brave  and  earnest 
service  they  made  compensation  to  the  land 
of  their  adoption.  One  of  these  at  Indian- 
apolis was  the  late  Clemens  Vonnegut. 

At  fifteen  years  of  age  Clemens  Vonne- 
gut, Sr.,  was  apprenticed  to  a  merchant 
banker  in  Muenster,  Westphalia.  Six 
years  later  he  entered  the  business  of  a 
manufacturer  of  silk  velvet  ribbons  at  Cre- 
feld,  on  the  Holland  border.  He  made 
rapid  progress  and  after  having  covered 
France,  Belgium,  Holland,  England,  Aus- 
tria, and  the  German  countries  as  a  com- 
misvoyageur  he  was  entrusted  with  the  task 
of  establishing  an  agency  in  America. 

Mr.  Vonnegut  arrived  in  New  York  City 
in  the  summer  of  1851,  when  twenty-seven 
years  of  age.  He  came,  he  saw,  and  he 
was  conquered.  The  purpose  in  hand  ac- 
complished, he  resigned  his  position,  re- 
nounced allegiance  to  his  erstwhile  king, 
and  became  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
in  all  that  word  implies. 

Before  we  follow  him  out  West  let  us 
speak  of  the  personality  of  the  man,  who 
has  now  long  been  gathered  unto  his  fath- 
ers. He  had  to  quit  school  before  grad- 
uating because  of  ill  health  and  weak  eyes. 
While  he  did  not  become  robust,  he  built 
up  his  constitution  through  outdoor  exer- 
cise and  gymnastics,  and  was  enabled  to 
endure  the  hardships,  first  of  a  European 
apprenticeship  and  then  that  of  the  Amer- 
ican small-town  storekeeper  in  the  days 
when  business  hours  extended  from  the 
crow  of  the  cock  until  late  into  the  night. 

When  he  left  school  he  decided  to  im- 
prove his  interrupted  education  after  busi- 
ness hours,  and  while  his  colleagues 
lounged,  he  finished  his  school  work,  and 


kept  up  his  music  and  reading  of  English, 
French,  and  German  classics  and  history. 
He  was  never  interested  in  cards,  hunting, 
or  fishing,  and  that  may  account,  in  part, 
for  his  aversion  to  the  handling  of  sporting 
goods,  which  in  the  early  days  consisted 
mainly  of  guns  and  tackle.  Golf  was  not 
then  in  vogue.  For  sociable  recreation  he 
joined  a  singing  society  and  a  gymnastic 
association. 

He  was  earnestly  interested  in  public  af- 
fairs, especially  in  educational  matters. 
He  was  a  republican  in  politics,  independ- 
ent, however,  in  local  affairs,  yet  he  was  a 
member  of  the  School  Board  for  twenty- 
eight  years  and  but  for  enfeebled  health 
could  have  enjoyed  the  honor  more  years, 
though  he  never  spent  a  minute  nor  a  dol- 
lar at  electioneering.  He  was  willing  to 
serve  conscientiously,  if  called,  but  willing 
to  retire  if  another  should  be  found  more 
desirable.  It  is  very  fitting  and  appro- 
priate that  one  of  the  public  schools  of  his 
city  is  named  in  his  honor. 

Before  becoming  so  closely  identified 
with  the  public  schools  he  assisted  in  the 
founding  of  the  German-English  Inde- 
pendent Schools,  which  the  German  citizens 
of  Indianapolis  established  in  1859  to  sup- 
plement the  rather  meagre  facilities  af- 
forded at  that  time  by  the  common  school 
system.  For  a  dozen  years  following  the 
Civil  war  it  was  one  of  the  famous  institu- 
tions of  Indianapolis,  and  for  over  fifteen 
years  Mr.  Clemens  Vonnegut  was  one  of 
the  most  active  members  of  the  society  sup- 
porting the  school ;  in  fact  was  its  president 
most  of  the  time. 

Mr.  Vonnegut  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Indianapolis  Turngemeinde,  from  which 
was  later  developed  the  Social  Turnverein 
of  Indianapolis.  This  characteristic  insti- 
tution of  German  club  life  was  established 
in  1851.  The  members  of  this  organiza- 
tion were  the  pioneers  in  introducing  phy- 
sical education  and  manual  training  in  the 
public  schools.  Clemens  Vonnegut  held  a 
fifty-five  years  membership  in  the  Turn- 
verein, and  his  influence  and  co-operation 
were  vital  in  the  establishment  and  suc- 
cessful operation  of  the  Normal  College  of 
the  North  American  Gymnastic  Union,  lo- 
cated in  the  Athenaeum. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  in  1917  Gov- 
ernor Goodrich  and  Lieutenant  Ord,  of  the 
United  States  Army,  found  the  members 
of  the  college  better  qualified  for  drill  mas- 


2174 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ters  than  the  members  of  any  other  local 
organization. 

When  in  1896,  at  seventy-two  years  of 
age,  Mr.  Vonnegut  retired  from  business, 
he  kept  himself  in  good  physical  condition 
through  gymnastics  and  long  walks.  He 
continued  the  study  of  music  and  wrote 
essays  on  education  and  moral  philosophy, 
and  translations  into  his  native  tongue 
from  a  favorite  American  author. 

These  pastimes  were  interspersed  with 
help  to  his  grandchildren  in  their  studies 
of  algebra,  geometry,  Latin,  and  French. 
Accustomed  to  close  application  to  work 
during  nearly  two  generations,  he  had  to 
keeo  himself  always  busy. 

Clemens  Vonnegut  was  liberal  in  reli- 
gion, but  essentially  religious  in  tempera- 
ment and  venerated  all  sacred  things.  He 
was  humane,  prudent,  scrupulously  honest, 
always  willing  to  advise  and  to  help  any 
who  had  gained  his  confidence,  and  these 
qualities  secured  for  him  a  host  of  friends, 
who  truly  loved  him.  When  he  died  in; 
1918  Indianapolis  lost  a  worthy,  ..citizen,-, 
whose  life  the  people  should  Whg 'ctierfsh  in 
memory. 

Mr.  Vonnegut  came  to  Indianapolis  in, 
the  year  of  his  landing,  1851,  on  invitation 
of  a  schoolmate,  Charles  Volmer,  who  had 
preceded  him  a  few  years.  He  formed  a 
partnership  with  his  friend,  a  relationship, 
that  continued  until  1858,  when  Mr.  Von- 
negut bought  the  interests  of  Mr.  Volmer, 
who  went  to  California,  and  from  that  time 
Mr.  Vonnegut  conducted  the  business  alone 
until  he  associated  his  sons  with  him. 

Successively,  as  they  left  school,  the  Ger- 
man-English School  and  the  Indianapolis 
High  School,  they  entered  the  store,  be- 
ginning with  broom  and  duster,  and  when 
they  arrived  at  majority,  respectively,  they 
were  admitted  as  partners. 

The  original  venture  was  a  general  mer- 
chandise store.  When  Mr.  Vonnegut  took 
over  the  business  alone  he  closed  out  the 
sundries  and  carried  only  hardware,  tools, 
leather,  and  findings.  In  those  days  in  or- 
der to  get  leather  from  the  tanner  the 
dealer  had  to  furnish  a  reasonable  quantity 
of  hides,  and  these1  hides,  bought  from 
butcher  friends  (who  made  one  understand 
that  they  were  bestowing  a  favor)  were 
trimmed,  sorted,  and  bundled  by  candle 
light  after  the  store  closed.  In  1867  he 
closed  out  the  leather  business  and  devoted 
himself  to  hardware  and  tools,  factory, 


foundry,  mill,  and  machine  shop  supplies 
and  kindred  groods. 

In  1898  the  business  was  moved  to  its 
present  location,  120  to  124  East  Washing- 
ton Street,  and  it  was  incorporated  in  1908 
as  the  Vonnegut  Hardware  Company.  The 
officers  are :  Franklin  Vonnegut,  president ; 
Clemens  Vonnegut,  vice  president;  George 
Vonnegut,  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Clemens  Vonnegut  on  January  24,  1853, 
married  Miss  Catharine  Blank,  who  died 
April  13,  1904.  They  were  the  parents  of 
four  sons,  three  of  whom  are  still  living. 

The  eldest,  Clemens,  Jr.,  born  November 
19,  1853,  entered  his  father's  establishment 
in  1869.  After  an  intermission  of  twenty 
years,  1890  to  1910,  dujing  which  he  was 
manager  of  the  Indianapolis  Coffin  Com- 
pany and  the  National  Casket  Company, 
he  returned  to  the  hardware  business.  As 
a  republican  he  represented  Marion  County 
in  the  State  Legislature  in  1895.  He  mar- 
ried Emma  Schnull  of  Indianapolis.  They 
have  three  children :  Ella  is  the  wife  of, 
.-"^•jfL  Stewart,  and  they  have  one  child, 
Susan.  Anton  married  Ina  Hollweg,  and 
their  three  children  are  Louise,  Richard, 
and  Antonette.  Walter  married  Margaret 
Potts.  They  have  one  daughter,  Irma 
Ruth. 

The  second  son  was  Bernard  Vonnegut, 
who  was  born  August  8,  1855,  and  died  in 
August,  1908.  After  a  short  trial  of  the 
mercantile  business  he  entered  an  archi- 
tects office,  but  after  a  year  sought  to  re-, 
store  his  failing  health  by  working  as  a 
carver  with  mallet  and  chisel  in  the  Itten- 
bach  Contracting  Company's  stone  yard. 
Then  after  an  apprenticeship  with  a  man- 
ufacturer of  mathematical  instruments  he 
entered  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology  at  Boston,  of  which  he  was  a 
graduate,  and  took  advanced  work  in  the 
School  of  Technology  in  Hanover,  Ger^ 
many,  and  later  in  a  similar  institute  in. 
Berlin.  On  returning  to  Indianapolis  he 
entered  upon  a  long  continued  and  suc- 
cessful career  as  an  architect,  establishing 
the  firm  of  Vonnegut  &  Bohn.  He  married 
Xannie  Schnull.  They  had  three  children : 
Kurt  married  Edith  Lieber.  They  have 
two  children,  Bernard  and  Alice.  Irma  is 
unmarried.  Alex  married  Ray  Dryer. 

Franklin  Vonnegut,  the  third  son  of 
Clemens  Vonnegut,  was  born  October  20, 
1856.  He  has  been  uninterruptably  iden- 
tified with  the  hardware  business  for  for- 


lmuuOF  T'iE 
W/VERS/TY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2175 


ty-six  years.  Mr.  Franklin  Vonnegut  is  a 
director  and  was  president  of  the  Citizens 
Gas  Company  during  the  first  eight  years 
of  its  existence.  He  is  also  president  t  of, 
the  trustees  of  the  Normal  College  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union  and 
president  of  the  Patriotic  Gardeners'  Asso- 
ciation during  the  recent  campaign  to  urge 
all  city  people  to  produce  sufficient  war 
needs,  having  been  chairman  of  the  Vacant 
Lots  Cultivation  Committee.  He  succeeded 
his  father  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
School  Commissioners,  but  after  five  years 
of  service  was  obliged  to  resign  in  order  to 
look  after  hs  private  business  affairs.  He 
has  served  as  president  of  the  Commercial 
Club  and  as  director  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  In  politics  he  is  a  republican. 

Mr.  Franklin  Vonnegut  married  Pauline 
Von  Hake,  who  died  May  12,  1890.  She 
was  the  mother  of  three  children:  Theo- 
dore F.  married  Lucy  Lewis.  They  have 
one  child,  Pauline.  Felix  married  Edna 
Goth.  Arthur  married  Lillian  Fauvre, 
they  have  two  children,  Franklin  Fauvre 
and  Virginia. 

The  fourth  son,  George  Vonnegut,  born 
October  22,  1860,  has  been  connected  with 
his  father's  business  since  1876  except  for 
a  period  of  two  years  when  he  was  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Seminary  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Gymnastic  Union,  at  that  time  located 
at  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin.  For  several 
years  he  taught  gymnastics  in  the  Athen- 
aeum. He  married  Lillie  Goeller,  and 
their  three  children  are  Erwin,  Ralph,  and 
Carl.  George  Vonnegut  is  an  active  mem- 
ber and  was  for  several  years  a  director 
in  the  Commercial  Club,  president  and  di- 
rector in  the  Merchants'  Association,  is  ac- 
tive in  other  civic  organizations  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union. 

PORTER  HODGE  LINTHICUM,  M.  D.,  is  con- 
tinuing the  professional  work  which  his 
honored  father,  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Lin- 
thicum,  carried  on  for  so  many  years  at 
Evansville. 

While  he  did  not  win  the  fame  that  has 
been  bestowed  upon  many  American  physi- 
cians and  surgeons,  the  late  Dr.  Edward 
Linthicum  was  in  every  sense  of  the  term 
a  great  physician,  great  in  point  of  abili- 
ties, in  zeal,  in  power  as  a  diagnostician 
and  in  that  all-around  service  which  the 
competent  doctor  can  give  a  community. 


He  was  born  in  the  village  of  Ruinsey, 
then  in  Muhlenburg,  now  McLean,  County, 
Kentucky,  May  3,  1844.  His  great-grand- 
father, Hezekiah  Linthicum,  was  a  native 
of  Wales,  where  the  family  lived  in  a  lo- 
cality known  as  Linthicum.  With  two 
brothers,  named  John  and  Zachariah,  he 
came  to  America  in  1740  and  located  in 
Maryland.  The  place  of  settlement  by 
these  brothers  subsequently  became  known 
as  Linthicum  Landing.  John  Linthicum, 
grandfather  of  Dr.  Edward  Linthicum,  was 
born  in  Maryland  and  had  three  sons, 
named  Edward,  Otho  and  Rufus.  The  two 
former  became  wealthy  and  were  the 
founders  of  the  Linthicum  Institute  at 
Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 

Rufus  Linthicum,  father  of  Doctor  Ed- 
ward, was  also  a  physician,  so  that  for  three 
consecutive  generations  the  family  has  fur- 
nished able  men  to  this  profession.  He  was 
a  native  of  Maryland,  acquired  a  good  edu- 
cation, and  in  the  early  days  moved  to 
Kentucky,.  When  in  Lexington  he  studied 
under  Doctor  Dudley  and  then  settled  in 
the  village  of  Rumsey,  then  in  Muhlenburg 
County.  He  practiced  there  several  years, 
then  bought  a  farm  near  Sacramento  in 
the  same  county,  but  after  a  few  years  sold 
that  property  and  removed  to  Henderson 
County,  purchasing  a  farm  near  Robards 
Station,  on  the  Knoblick  road,  twelve  or 
fourteen  miles  from  the  Town  of  Hender- 
son. In  that  community  his  service  as  a 
physician  continued  practically  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Rufus  Linthicum  married  Sarah 
Hicks.  They  reared  ten  children,  named 
Sally,  Betsey,  Nora,  Sue,  Rufus.  Daniel, 
William,  Saunders,  Otho  and  Edward. 
The  sons  all  became  physicians  and  all  were 
very  successful  in  their  chosen  profession. 
Daniel  served  as  a  surgeon  in  General 
Johnston's  army  in  the  Confederate  cause. 
Otho  was  valedictorian  of  his  graduating 
class.  William  and  Saunders  both  died 
after  a  short  but  brilliant  career  as  doctors. 
Rufus  passed  away  in  middle  life. 

Dr.  Edward  Linthicum  attended  school 
at  Rumsey  and  Sacramento,  Kentucky,  and 
was  about  nineteen  years  old  when  his 
father  died.  He  then  engaged  in  tobacco 
culture  on  the  home  farm,  and  from  work 
continued  several  years  he  made  the  money 
which  paid  for  his  medical  education.  He 
had  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  office  of  his  father,  and  in  1865  went 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


21  To 


ty-six  years.  Mr.  Franklin  Vonnegut  is  a 
director  and  was  president  of  the  Citizens 
Gas  Company  during  the  first  eight  years 
of  its  existence.  He  is  also  president  of! 
the  trustees  of  the  Normal  College  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union  and 
president  of  the  Patriotic  Gardeners'  Asso- 
ciation during  the  recent  campaign  to  urge 
all  city  people  to  produce  sufficient  war 
needs,  "having  been  chairman  of  the  Vacant 
Lots  Cultivation  Committee.  He  succeeded 
his  father  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
School  Commissioners,  but  after  five  years 
of  service  was  obliged  to  resign  in  order  to 
look  after  hs  private  business  affairs.  He 
has  served  as  president  of  the  Commercial 
Club  and  as  director  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  In  politics  he  is  a  republican. 

Mr.  Franklin  Vonnegut  married  Pauline 
Von  Hake,  who  died  May  12,  1890.  She 
was  the  mother  of  three  children:  Theo- 
dore F.  married  Lucy  Lewis.  They  have 
one  child,  Pauline.  Felix  married  Edna 
Goth.  Arthur  married  Lillian  Fauvre, 
they  have  two  children,  Franklin  Fauvre 
and  Virginia. 

The  fourth  son,  George  Vonnegut,  born 
October  22,  I860,  lias  been  connected  with 
his  father's  business  since  1876  except  for 
a  period  of  two  years  when  he  was  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Seminary  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Gymnastic  Union,  at  that  time  located 
at  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin.  For  several 
veal's  lie  taught  gymnastics  in  the  Athen- 
aeum. He  married  Lillie  Goeller,  and 
their  three  children  are  Erwin,  Ralph,  and 
Carl.  George  Vonnegut  is  an  active  mem- 
ber and  was  for  several  years  a  director 
in  the  Commercial  Club,  president  and  di- 
rector in  the  Merchants'  Association,  is  ac- 
tive in  other  civic  organization*  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Hoard  of  Directors  of  the 
North  American  Gymnastic  Union. 

PORTKK  IIoiXiK  LlXTIIICTM,  M.   I).,  is  CO11- 

tinuing  the  professional  work  which  his 
honored  father,  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Lin- 
thieum.  carried  on  for  so  many  years  at 
Evansville. 

While  he  did  not  win  the  fame  that  has 
been  bestowed  upon  many  American  physi- 
cians and  surgeons,  the  late  Dr.  Edward 
Lintliiciiin  was  in  every  sense  of  the  term 
a  great  physician,  great  in  point  of  abili- 
ties, in  zeal,  in  power  as  a  diagnostician 
and  in  that  all-around  service  which  the 
competent  doctor  can  give  a  community. 


He  was  born  in  the  village  of  Rumsey. 
then  in  Muhlenburg.  now  McLean,  County, 
Kentucky,  May  3,  1844.  His  great-grand- 
father, Ilezekiah  Linthicum.  was  a  native 
of  Wales,  where  the  family  lived  in  a  lo- 
cality known  as  Linthicum.  With  two 
brothers,  named  John  and  Zaehariah,  he 
came  to  America  in  174U  and  located  in 
Maryland.  The  place  of  settlement  by 
these  brothers  subsequently  became  known 
as  Linthicum  Landing.  John  Linthicum, 
grandfather  of  Dr.  Edward  Linthicum,  was 
born  in  Maryland  and  had  three  sons, 
named  Edward,  Otho  and  Rufus.  The  two 
former  became  wealthy  and  were  the 
founders  of  the  Linthicum  Institute  at 
Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia. 

Rufus  Linthicum,  father  of  Doctor  Ed- 
ward, was  also  a  physician,  so  that  for  three 
consecutive  generations  the  family  has  fur- 
nished able  men  to  this  profession.  He  was 
a  native  of  Maryland,  acquired  a  good  edu- 
cation, and  in  the  early  days  moved  to 
Kentucky,.  When  in  Lexington  lie  studied 
under  Doctor  Dudley  and  then  settled  in 
the  village  of  Rumsey,  then  in  Muhlenhurg 
County.  He  practiced  there  several  years, 
then  bought  a  farm  ne-'.r  Sacramento  in 
the  same  county,  but  after  a  few  years  sold 
that  property  and  removed  to  Henderson 
County,  purchasing  a  farm  near  Robards 
Station,  on  the  Knoblick  road,  twelve  or 
fourteen  miles  from  the  Town  of  Hender- 
son. In  that  community  his  service  as  a 
physician  continued  practically  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Rufus  Lintliicum  married  Sarah 
Ilicks.  They  reared  ten  children,  named 
Sally,  Betsey,  Nora.  Sue,  Rufus.  Daniel. 
William,  Saunders,  Otho  and  Edward. 
The  sons  all  became  physicians  and  all  were 
very  successful  in  their  chosen  profession. 
Daniel  served  as  a  surgeon  in  General 
Johnston's  army  in  the  Confederate  cause. 
Otho  was  valedictorian  of  his  graduating 
class.  William  and  Saunders  both  died 
after  a  short  but  brilliant  career  as  doctors. 
Rufus  passed  away  in  middle  life. 

Dr.  Edward  Linthicum  attended  school 
at  Rumsey  and  Sacramento,  Kentucky,  and 
was  about  nineteen  years  old  when  his 
father  died.  He  then  engaged  in  tobacco 
culture  on  the  home  farm,  and  from  work 
continued  several  years  he  made  the  money 
which  paid  for  his  medical  education.  He 
had  commenced  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  office  of  his  father,  and  in  1865  went 


. 


2176 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


to  Cincinnati,  attending  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  College,  and  from  there  entered 
the  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1868.  Return- 
ing to  Kentucky  and  practicing  three  years, 
he  moved  to  Roseville,  Arkansas,  and  in 
1873  began  his  long  and  eventful  service 
in  Evansville.  His  attainments  and  abili- 
ties were  soon  recognized  and  he  was  bur- 
dened with  an  extensive  practice.  His  work 
was  almost  continuous  for  forty-five  years 
at  Evansville  until  his  death  on  December 
23,  1918.  He  married  Atta  Porter,  and 
Porter  Hodge  Linthicum  was  their  only 
child. 

Dr.  Edward  Linthicum  was  a  man  of 
versatile  gifts  and  these  talents  were  im- 
proved by  a  life  of  study.  He  was  a  nat- 
ural linguist  and  read  French  and  German 
and  spoke  both  languages  fluently.  He  was 
always  eager  to  keep  abreast  of  the  times, 
and  he  also  acquired  a  wide  range  of 
knowledge  on  other  subjects.  While  he  was 
skillful  in  surgery  and  general  medicine, 
he  was  especially  esteemed  in  his  private 
practice  and  by  his  fellow  members  of  the 
profession  for  his  searching  powers  of  diag- 
nosis. He  also  measured  up  to  the  highest 
standards  imposed  by  the  Hippocratic  oath, 
and  never  at  any  time  was  known  to  devi- 
ate from  the  best  ethics  of  the  profession. 
He  was  a  friend  of  the  younger  doctors 
struggling  for  a  foothold,  and  did  much 
to  encourage  younger  men.  His  avocation, 
if  he  had  one,  was  music.  He  encouraged 
every  musical  activity  attempted  in  Evans- 
ville during  his  life,  and  was  organizer  and 
first  president  of  the  Evansville  Lyric  So- 
ciety. He  served  as  a  member  of  the  City 
Council  of  Evansville,  and  when  elected 
led  the  entire  ticket.  He  was  a  conserva- 
tive democrat  in  politics.  He  was  also  a 
member  and  served  as  president  of  the  Ev- 
ansville Business  Men's  Association.  With 
four  other  physicians  he  organized  the 
City  Hospital  at  Evansville,  and  was  a 
third  owner  in  that  institution.  In  1875 
he  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
Evansville  Medical  College  -and  in  1876 
was  made  professor  of  urinary  diseases  and 
clinical  surgery.  In  1885  he  made  an  ex- 
tensive tour  of  the  continent  of  Europe, 
studying  in  the  hospitals  of  London,  Ber- 
lin and  Vienna.  While  abroad  one  of  the 
Balkan  wars  broke  out  between  Bulgaria 
and  Serbia,  and  he  offered  his  services  to 
the  Serbian  government  as  a  surgeon,  and 


as  such  served  during  that  war.  He  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Deaconess 
Hospital  at  Evansville,  a  member  of  and 
at  .one  time  president  of  the  surgical  staff 
of  that  institution,  a  member  of  the  medi- 
cal staff  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital,  a  member 
of  the  Vanderburg  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, Indiana  State  and  Mississippi  Valley 
medical  societies  and  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can College  of  Surgeons. 

Dr.  Porter  Hodge  Linthicum,  who  was 
born  at  Evansville,  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  graduat- 
ing from  high  school  there  in  1895.  His 
preparation  for  his  chosen  career  was  un- 
usually long  and  thorough.  After  one  year 
in  the  Indiana  State  University  he  entered 
Yale  College,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1901. 
Preparatory  to  the  study  of  medicine  he 
took  his  scientific  work  in  the  University 
of  Chicago,  graduating  with  the  degree 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  1904  and  then  en- 
tered Rush  Medical  College,  from  which 
he  received  his  M.  D.  degree  in  1908.  After 
a  competitive  examination  he  was  awarded 
first  honors  in  a  large  class  competing  for 
the  coveted  interneships  in  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital at  Chicago.  After  one  year  as  in- 
terne he  returned  to  Evansville  and  became 
actively  associated  with  his  father.  Dr. 
Edward  Linthicum  is  said  to  have  fairly 
idolized  his  only  son,  and  probably  nothing 
afforded  him  greater  satisfaction  than  to 
see  him  return  thoroughly  qualified  and 
ready  to  take  up  the  work  which  the  senior 
Linthicum  had  carried  on  so  long  in  Ev- 
ansville. Doctor  Linthicum,  like  his  father, 
is  fond  of  music  and  at  the  age  of  ten 
began  the  study  of  the  violin  and  continued 
it  until  he  began  his  professional  career. 
While  in  Yale  College  he  played  the  violin 
in  the  New  Haven  Symphony  Orchestra. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  fra- 
ternity and  of  the  Nu  Sigma  Nu  medical 
fraternity.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
various  medical  societies,  including  the 
American  Medical  Association,  belongs  to 
the  Evansville  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
Crescent  and  Country  clubs,  is  a  member 
of  the  medical  staff  of  the  Deaconess  Hos- 
pital, the  Vanderburg  County  Tuberculosis 
Hospital,  the  Baby  Milk  Fund  Clinic  and 
Hospital,  and  has  served  as  secretary  of 
the  Board  of  Health  since  1914.  He  is  also 
affiliated  with  Reed  Lodge  No.  316,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2177 


WILLIAM  S.  BLISS  is  one  of  the  group  of 
men  of  great  enterprise  who  undertook  the 
drainage  and  development  of  the  rich 
swamp  and  overflowed  lands  in  the  valley 
of  the  Kankakee  River  in  Northwestern 
Indiana.  Mr.  Bliss  still  has  large  inter- 
ests in  that  section,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  a  well  known  resident  of 
LaPorte. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Yates  City 
in  Knox  County,  Illinois.  His  father  was 
Cyrus  Bliss,  who  was  born  in  Chautauqua 
County,  New  York,  in  1834.  The  ances- 
tors of  the  Bliss  family  settled  around  Ply- 
mouth, Massachusetts,  as  early  as  1634. 
The  grandfather,  Zenas  Bliss,  also  a  native 
of  New  York  State,  brought  his  family 
west  to  Illinois  in  1836.  He  started  from 
Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  and  on 
reaching  the  headquarters  of  the  Ohio 
built  a  raft,  loaded  it  with  lumber,  con- 
structed a  cabin  to  accommodate  the  fam- 
ily, and  floated  the  rude  vessel  down  the 
Ohio  to  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi. 
There  he  sold  the  timber  and  lumber,  and 
took  a  steamboat  up  the  Illinois  River  to 
Peoria.  He  bought  land  in  Peoria  County 
and  there  improved  a  farm,  and  was  a 
highly  respected  resident  of  the  commun- 
ity until  his  death.  Zenas  Bliss  married 
Mabel  Gillett,  who  spent  her  last  years  in 
Peoria  County. 

Cyrus  Bliss  was  only  two  years  old  when 
his  parents  moved  to  Illinois.  He  grew  up 
in  a  pioneer  community,  made  use  of  every 
opportunity  to  acquire  an  education,  and 
when  a  young  man  removed  to  Knox 
County  and  bought  a  tract  of  land  in  Salem 
Township,  part  prairie  and  part  timber. 
He  became  one  of  the  prosperous  farmers 
of  that  region  and  was  also  an  extensive 
stock  raiser.  He  married  Angeline  Smith, 
a  native  of  Indiana,  daughter  of  Elias  and 
Susan  (Brown)  Smith,  her  father  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  her  mother  of  Kentucky. 
Angeline  Smith  is  now  deceased. 

William  S.  Bliss  was  one  of  six  children. 
He  first  attended  district  schools,  graduat- 
ing from  the  Yates  City  High  School  and 
for  several  years  was  a  teacher  in  Quincy 
schools  and  in  Yates  City.  When  not 
teaching  he  employed  his  time  at  farming, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  marriage  bought  266 
acres,  a  large  farm  lying  in  four  different 
townships  and  three  different  counties, 
Knox,  Fulton  and  Peoria  counties.  He 
used  this  land  for  general  farming,  and 


also  branched  out  extensively  into  the  rais- 
ing and  fattening  of  livestock.  In  1896 
he  sold  this  farm  and  used  his  capital  to 
invest  in  Kankakee  Valley  lands  in  In- 
diana, and  since  that  time  in  company 
with  others  drained  many  thousands  ofi 
acres  in  that  section,  and  made  it  one  oP 
the  most  productive  regions  of  the  entire 
state.  Mr.  Bliss  lived  near  Hamlet  in,' 
Starke  County  until  1908,  and  since  then 
has  been  a  resident  of  LaPorte,  from  which 
city  he  looks  after  his  large  land  and  busi- 
ness affairs. 

In  1889  he  married  Miss  Mary  E.  Shedd. 
She  was  born  at  Farmington,  Peoria 
County,  Illinois,  daughter  of  Ezra  and 
Lydia  (Reed)  Shedd.  Both  the  Shedd 
and  Reed  families  come  of  old  New  Eng- 
land stock.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bliss  have  two 
children,  Rolland  R.  and  Gertrude.  RoU 
land  is  a  graduate  of  the  LaPorte  High 
School  and  of  Purdue  University  with  the 
degree  Mechanical  Engineer.  During  the 
great  war  he  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  chem- 
ical section  of  the  United  States  Army. 
The  daughter,  Gertrude,  graduated  from 
the  LaPorte  High  School,  from  Northwest- 
ern University  at  Evanston,  Illinois,  and 
did  post-graduate  work  at  the  Chicago  Uni- 
versity. She  is  now  secretary  to  Dr.  Mor- 
ton A.  Price  at  the  National  Dental  Re- 
search Institute  at  Cleveland.  Gertrude 
Bliss  married  George  G.  Geisler,  who  is  a 
physician  and  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
in  the  medical  corps  of  the  United  States 
Army,  and  when  the  armistice  was  signed 
was  in  charge  of  a  convalescent  hospital 
in  Denver. 

The  parents  of  Mr.  Bliss  were  Presby- 
terians and  he  and  his  wife  are  of  the 
same  faith.  He  has  been  a  member  of  (he 
official  board  of  the  church.  He  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics  and  for  the  past  five 
years  has  been  a  member  of  the  City  Coun- 
cil and  during  1917  was  president  of  the 
Local  Exemption  Board. 

JOHN  HENRY  ZUVER.  A  lawyer  by 
profession  and  a  journalist  by  evolution, 
John  Henry  Zuver,  editor  of  the  South 
Bend  News  Times,  has  gained  distinction 
as  a  newspaper  man  of  ability  and  as  a 
writer  of  note.  He  began  his  career  with 
the  practice  of  the  law,  but  he  was  later 
attracted  to  journalistic  work,  by  associa- 
tion and  liking,  a  field  in  which  he  has  ob- 
tained eminence  and  reputation.  Mr.  Zu- 


2178 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


ver  was  born  at  Amboy,  Hillsdale  County, 
Michigan,  July  29,  1873,  and  is  a  son  of* 
Henry  and  Julia  A.  (Kuhns)  Zuver.  ( 

The  Zuver  family  originated  in  Holland, 
from  which  country  came  Henry  Zuver,  the 
great-great-grandfather  of  John  H.,  who 
located  in  Pennsylvania  and  fought  as  a 
soldier  during  the  Revolutionary  war. 

His  grandson,  also  named  Henry,  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  was  an  agricultur- 
ist and  country  storekeeper,  and  died  at 
Burbank,  Wayne  County,  Ohio.  Henry 
Zuver,  the  third  of  the  name,  and  the  father 
of  John  H.,  was  born  July  24,  1826,  in 
Mercer  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
still  a  lad  when  taken  by  his  pioneer  par- 
ents to  Wayne  County,  Ohio.  There  hei 
was  reared  to  manhood  and  married,  and 
shortly  thereafter  moved  to  Amboy,  Mich- 
igan, where  for  forty  years  he  followed 
agricultural  pursuits.  About  the  year 
1894  he  retired  from  active  labor  and  went 
to  Pioneer,  Williams  County,  Ohio,  where 
his  death  occurred  July  14,  1896.  He  was 
originally  a  republican,  but  some  time  af- 
ter the  close  of  the  Civil  war  transferred 
his  political  allegiance  to  the  democratic 
party.  He  belonged  to  the  United  Breth- 
ren Church.  Mr.  Zuver  married  Julia  A. 
Kuhns,  who  was  born  March  10,  1830,  in 
Germany,  and  died  March  14,  1891,  at  Am- 
boy, Michigan,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  the  following  children :  Liberty  F. 
who  is  a  retired  farmer  at  Frontier,  Mich- 
igan; Sophronia  S.,  who  is  the  wife  of 
David  D.  Terrell,  a  retired  farmer  of  Cam- 
den,  Michigan;  Elmer  E.,  who  is  a  farmer 
of  Camden,  Michigan;  Mary  C.,  the  wife 
of  Carl  A.  Southwell,  a  farmer  of  Mont- 
pelier,  Ohio;  Alta  E.,  the  wife  of  Frank 
Haskins,  of  Jackson,  Michigan;  Harriet 
S.,  the  wife  of  Hiram  H.  Burdict,  a  farmer 
of  Quincy,  Michigan ;  Luella  J.,  the  wife 
of  Henry  Sprow,  a  retired  farmer  of  Read- 
ing, Michigan;  Lylla  B.  Tuttle,  an  artist, 
residing  at  Chicago,  Illinois;  and  John( 
Henry. 

John  H.  Zuver  attended  the  public 
schools  of  Amboy,  Michigan,  and  passed 
from  the  high  school  at  Pioneer,  Ohio,  in 
1889  to  Hillsdale  (Michigan)  College,  then! 
taking  up  the  study  of  law  at  Detroit, 
Michigan,  an  institution  from  which  hej 
graduated  in  October,  1893.  Being  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  at  that  time,  he  commenced 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Jackson, 


Michigan,  where  he  remained  until  1901 
as  a  practitioner.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
had  his  attention  drawn  to  the  law  publish- 
ing business,  and  from  1897  until  1905 
was  identified  with  a  law  publishing  house 
at  Jackson  and  Battle  Creek.  He  was 
drawn  from  that  into  newspaper  work, 
which  naturally  attracted  him,  and  from 
1905  until  1908  he  was  identified  with  the 
Battle  Creek  (Michigan)  Moon.  In  the, 
latter  year  he  became  editor  of  the  Battle 
Creek  Journal,  and  continued  in  that  ca- 
pacity until  1911,  when  he  became  special 
writer  for  the  Grand  Rapids  Herald.  In 
February,  1912,  he  transferred  his  services, 
to  the  South  Bend  News-Times,  in  the  same 
capacity,  and  in  1914  became  editor  of  this 
publication,  a  position  which  he  has  since 
retained.  Mr.  Zuver  is  widely  known 
among  newspaper  men.  He  is  particularly 
well  known  as  a  writer  upon  political  and 
legal  subjects,  and  is  the  author  of  the 
John  Jay  tome  of  "The  Earthly  Pilgrim- 
ages of  the  Chief  Justices  of  the  United 
States,"  (1902),  a  work  in  which  is  re- 
viewed the  lives  of  Chief  Justices  Jay, 
Rutledge,  Ellsworth,  Marshall,  Taney, 
Chase,  Waite,  and  Fuller.  The  series  was 
well  received  by  the  press  and  public  gen- 
erally, but  made  a  particular  appeal  to  the 
legal  fraternity.  Mr.  Zuver  is  also  the 
author  of  several  booklets,  particularly  one 
entitled,  "Get  Ready  to  Lead,"  and  an- 
other, "The  Spirit  of  Helpfulness,"  both 
dealing  with  the  World  War,  which  have 
had  a  large  circulation.  He  has  been  a 
democrat  since  1912,  when  he  left  the  re- 
publican party  with  the  progressive  move- 
ment, and  never  went  back.  He  is  no  poli- 
tican,  however,  playing  the  role  of  teacher 
and  educator,  after  an  independent  order, 
rather  than  a  manipulator,  and  has  no  as- 
pirations for  public  office.  He  belongs, 
with  his  family,  to  the  Presbyterian 
Church. 

On  June  19,  1895.  at  Detroit,  Michigan, 
Mr.  Zuver  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Mary  C.  Campbell,  daughter  of  James 
and  Barbara  (McNeill)  Campbell,  both  ofi 
whom  are  deceased.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Zuver 
have  two  children :  Leah  Barbara,  born 
February  7,  1898,  who  is  attending  De 
Pauw  University  as  a  member  of  the  jun- 
ior class;  and  John  Henry,  Jr.,  born  May 
22,  1903,  a  junior  in  the  South  Bend  High1 
School. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2179 


JOSEPH  M.  STEPHENSON.  One  of  the  re- 
cent additions  to  northern  Indiana  journal- 
ism is  Joseph  M.  Stephenson,  who  in  1917 
became  publisher  and  manager  of  the  South 
Bend  News-Times,  the  official  newspaper 
of  Saint  Joseph  County  and  one  of  the 
leading  publications  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  state.  While  Mr.  Stephenson  is  still 
a  young  man,  he  has  had  much  experience 
in  other  fields,  and  the  manner  in  which  he 
has  conducted  the  News-Times  since  assum- 
ing its  management  presages  well  for  its 
future  development  and  success. 

Mr.  Stephenson  was  born  June  22,  1892, 
at  Rochester,  Indiana,  and  is  a  son  of  R.  C. 
and  Ella  J.  (Maxwell)  Stephenson.  On 
the  paternal  side  he  is  of  Scotch  descent, 
his  ancestors  having  come  at  an  early  day 
to  the  colony  of  Virginia,  while  on  his 
mother's  side  he  is  of  English  stock,  the 
Maxwell's  having  been  colonial  settlers  of 
the  Old  Dominion.  R.  C.  Stephenson  was 
born  February  19,  1864,  at  Wabash,  In- 
diana, and  was  there  reared  and  educated, 
moving  to  Rochester  in  1881.  He  followed 
the  profession  of  law  for  a  number  of  years 
and  eventually  turned  his  attention  to 
banking,  coming  to  South  Bend  in  1907, 
and  being  at  this  time  president  of  the 
Saint  Joseph  County  Loan  and  Trust  Com- 
pany. A  republican  in  politics,  he  has 
been  a  leader  of  his  party  here,  and  in  1905 
was  state  senator  representing  Wabash  and 
Fulton  counties.  He  belongs  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Church.  In  fraternal  circles  he  is 
prominent,  being  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows  and  the  Masons,  and  belonging  to 
South  Bend  Blue  Lodge;  South  Bend 
Chapter  No.  29,  Royal  Arch  Masons ;  South 
Bend  Commandery  No.  13,  Knights  Tem- 
plar, and  Indianapolis  Consistory,  thirty- 
second  degree.  Mr.  Stephenson  was  mar- 
ried at  Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio,  to  Miss  Ella 
J.  Maxwell,  who  was  born  at  that  place, 
and  they  are  the  parents  of  two  sons:  Jo- 
seph M. ;  and  Hugh  R.,  who  is  a  freshman 
at  Purdue  University. 

After  attending  the  public  schools  of 
Rochester,  Indiana,  Joseph  M.  Stephenson 
took  a  course  at  Staunton  Military  Acade- 
my, Staunton,  Virginia,  following  which  he 
entered  the  University  of  Indiana.  While 
attending  the  university  he  belonged  to  the 
Delta  Tau  Delta  Greek  letter  fraternity. 
He  only  finished  his  junior  year  at  college, 
leaving  in  1912  to  accept  a  position  as  as- 


Vol.   V— 18 


sistant  state  bank  examiner.  After  a  short 
time  spent  in  this  work  he  became  assistant 
cashier  of  the  International  Trust  and  Sav- 
ings Bank  of  Gary,  Indiana,  and  in  1914 
was  promoted  to  the  cashiership,  which  he 
retained  until  1917.  In  that  year  he  came 
to  South  Bend  to  become  publisher  and 
manager  of  the  News-Times.  This  paper 
was  founded  in  1883  as  a  democratic  organ 
by  J.  B.  Stoll,  as  the  Times,  and  in  1904 
was  consolidated  with  the  News,  an  evening 
paper.  It  is  published  daily  and  Sunday, 
and  has  a  large  circulation  throughout 
northern  Indiana  and  southern  Michigan. 
It  is  considered  an  excellent  advertising 
medium  and  a  clean,  reliable  and  thor- 
oughly up-to-the-minute  publication,  pre- 
senting its  readers  with  authentic  and  in- 
teresting general  news  matters,  with  spe- 
cal  feature  departments  and  timely  edi- 
torials. Mr.  Stephenson  is  a  democrat,  and 
a  member  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
He  is  a  director  and  treasurer  of  the  Con- 
servative Life  Insurance  Company  of 
America.  He  belongs  also  to  the  Country 
Club,  the  University  Club,  the  Rotary  Club 
and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  all  of 
South  Bend. 

Mr.  Stephenson  was  married  November 
28, 1914,  at  South  Bend,  to  Miss  Alice  Sum- 
mers, daughter  of  G.  R.  and  Mercy  (Long- 
ley)  Summers.  Mr.  Summers,  a  resident  of 
South  Bend,  was  formerly  a  member  of 
the  State  Senate  from  Saint  Joseph  County. 

EVAN  J.  MARTIN,  general  manager  of  the 
Advance  Company,  manufacturers  of  sash 
operating  devices  and  green  house  fittings, 
is  one  of  the  able,  industrious  young  exec- 
utives at  Richmond,  and  only  recently  re- 
turned from  a  service  of  a  year  and  a  half 
with  the  American  military  forces. 

Mr.  Martin  was  born  at  Centerville,  In- 
diana, in  1895,  son  of  L.  B.  and  Arminda 
(Black)  Martin.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestry. His  great-grandfather  Martin  came 
from  Ireland  and  settled  near  Boston.  The 
grandfather,  James  B.  Martin,  came  to  In- 
diana in  early  days  and  settled  northwest 
of  Centerville.  L.  B.  Martin  was  the  sec- 
ond son  and  spent  his  life  at  Centerville, 
where  he  died  in  1910.  Evan  J.  Martin 
has  three  brothers  and  one  sister.  He  at- 
tended the  grammar  schools  and  high 
school,  and  in  1913,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
went  to  work  with  the  Advance  Company 
at  Richmond,  running  a  drill  press.  Six 


2180 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


months  later  he  was  made  shipping  clerk, 
six  months  after  that,  order  clerk,  and 
gradually  other  responsibilities  were  con- 
ferred upon  him  until  he  is  now  practi- 
cally manager  of  all  departments.  The 
company  employs  thirty-five  men  and  its 
output  has  a  wide  distribution  over  the 
United  States  and  Canada  and  even  to 
some  foreign  countries. 

Mr.  Martin  is  unmarried.  He  is  a  re- 
publican in  politics,  and  a  member  of  the 
Baptist  Church.  On  April  13,  1917,  a  few 
days  after  America  entered  the  war  against 
Germany,  he  enlisted  and  at  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks joined  the  infantry.  He  was  soon 
sent  west  to  the  Benecia  Arsenal  in  Cali- 
fornia and  assigned  to  the  ordnance  de- 
partment on  September  12,  1917.  On 
May  8,  1918,  he  was  transferred  to  Camp 
Hancock,  Augusta,  Georgia,  where  he  re- 
mained from  May  12th  to  July  19th.  He 
was  then  put  in  the  chemical  warfare  serv- 
ice in  the  Englewood  Arsenal  in  Maryland, 
and  on  November  1,  1918,  was  commis- 
sioned a  second  lieutenant.  He  received 


his  honorable  discharge  December  21,  191!j,  .„ 
after   having   performed   &•'  r"$ai i-working" 
service  to  the  Government  throughout  prac- 
tically the  entire  period  of  the  war. 

WILLIAM  MORELAND  McGuiRE.  Since  his 
admission  to  the  bar  in  1911  Mr.  McGuire 
has  gained  the  secure  prestige  of  the  able 
and  competent  attorney  at  Indianapolis, 
and  all  his  affiliations  and  interests  mark 
him  out  for  continued  distinction  in  the 
profession. 

To  his  profession  Mr.  McGuire  brought 
experience  gained  by  a  number  of  years  of 
hard  work  and  a  service  that  made  him 
familiar  with  more  than  one  technical 
phase  of  commercial  life.  All  of  this  has 
been  exceedingly  valuable  to  him  in  his 
profession. 

Mr.  McGuire  was  born  at  Indianapolis,  a 
son  of  Charles  E.  and  Rebecca  O.  (Craw- 
ford) McGuire.  His  father  is  still  living 
at  Indianapolis,  while  his  mother  died  in 
1903.  There  were  three  children:  Charles 
Edward,  who  died  in  1914 ;  Shirley,  widow 
of  Burton  N.  Daniels ;  and  William  M. 

Mr.  McGuire  finished  his  early  education 
in  the  Indianapolis  High  School.  Just 
when  he  determined  to  study  law  is  not 
known,  but  in  any  case  the  necessity  of 
looking  out  for  himself  would  have  inter- 
fered with  a  regular  course  of  study  in 


preparation.  For  about  two  years  he 
worked  as  a  railroader,  for  two  years  was 
cashier  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  at  In- 
dianapolis, was  on  the  road  for  a  time  as 
traveling  representative  of  the  Underwood 
Typewriter  Company,  and  for  two  years 
was  bookkeeper  with  the  Keyless  Lock  Com- 
pany at  Indianapolis.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  completed  a  course  in  the  Vories 
Business  College.  With  the  means  accu- 
mulated by  his  varied  business  experiences 
he  finally  entered  the  American  Central 
Law  School,  now  known  as  the  Ben  Harri- 
son Law  School  at  Indianapolis,  completed 
the  course  and  received  his  degree  in  1911. 
Since  then  he  has  given  his  best  energies 
to  the  building  up  of  a  law  practice,  and 
has  offices  in  the  Occidental  Building. 

J.  HENRY  AMT.  An  Indianapolis  busi- 
ness that  has  grown  and  prospered  with 
passing  years  and  has  achieved  a  place  of 
importance  in  the  commercial  affairs  of 
the  city,  and  which  is  also  a  reflection  of 
the  energy  and  ability  largely  of  one  man, 
JS.the  food  products  house  of  J.  Henry  Amt 
JCtfrnpany  at  1928-1934  Shelby  Street. 

This  firm  now  enjoys  a  very  extensive 
local  business  in  food  products,  chiefly 
vinegar,  pickles,  kraut,  mangoes,  spices, 
extracts,  etc.,  and  in  the  sixteen  years  since 
it  was  started  its  growth  and  prosperity 
have  been  largely  promoted  by  Mr.  Amt, 
president  and  general  manager  of  the  com- 
pany. 

Mr.  Amt  has  spent  most  of  his  active 
years  in  Indianapolis,  and  is  extremely 
loyal  to  his  home  city  and  to  the  land  of 
his  adoption.  He  was  born  in  the  King- 
dom of  Hanover,  Germany,  June  18,  1862, 
son  of  George  and  Catherine  Amt.  His 
father  was  a  contractor  and  builder.  Both 
parents  were  members  of  the  Reformed 
Church.  The  mother  died  when  J.  Henry 
was  only  eight  years  of  age,  and  the  father 
passed  away  three  years  later,  but  after  a 
second  marriage. 

J.  Henry  Amt  had  the  advantages  of  the 
German  schools  in  his  home  town,  but  his 
early  years  were  not  altogether  happy  in 
the  home  surroundings.  From  school  he 
went  to  work  in  cotton  mills,  and  was  thus 
employed  until  he  was  twenty-one  years 
old. 

Seeking  better  opportunities  in  the  land 
of  America,  he  then  came  to  the  United 
States,  landing  at  Baltimore  and  proceed- 


liJSARY 
OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  Of 


jj-    v    y     •*>•  -    —       w     '^  ^  jf »-          *'    "    —  "^  •**•   » 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2181 


ing  almost  directly  to  Indianapolis.  His 
uncle,  Herman  Amt,  was  living  in  this  city, 
and  with  him  the  young  man  found  em- 
ployment. His  uncle  was  a  gardener  and 
truck  raiser.  During  the  next  six  years  he 
worked  steadily,  gained  rapidly  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  English  language  and  Ameri- 
can business  customs,  and  after  this  period 
of  preparation  he  entered  the  service  of  W. 
D.  Huffman  &  Company,  well  known  man- 
ufacturers of  food  products.  He  went  into 
this  business  not  only  to  earn  a  living  but 
also  with  his  eyes  open  to  opportunity,  and 
he  constantly  studied  every  detail  of  the 
business  in  which  he  was  employed. 
Equipped  by  experience  and  with  a  mod- 
est amount  of  capital,  in  January,  1901, 
he  and  his  cousin,  B.  Amt,  formed  a  part- 
nership -and  set  themselves  up  in  business. 
This  partnership  continued  until  1908, 
when  it  was  dissolved.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  the  firm  located  where  it  is 
today.  The  business  was  incorporated  in 
January,  1911,  under  the  name  J.  Henry 
Amt  Company. 

Mr.  Amt  married  in  1893  Miss  Johanna 
Leupen.  They  have  one  son,  George  H., 
who  was  born  March  31,  1894,  and  is  now 
associated  with  his  father  in  business.  He 
married  Miss  Annabel  Roempke,  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  they  have  one  child,  Georgi- 
anna.  The  family  are  members  of  the  Re- 
formed Church,  and  Mr.  Amt  is  affiliated 
with  the  Modern  "Woodmen  of  America. 

JOHN  HAYES  JAMES,  M.  D.,  D.  C.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  October  17, 
1851,  a  mile  west  of  Yorktown,  Delaware 
County,  Indiana.  His  parents  were  Jehu 
W.  and  Mary  B.  (Hayes)  James.  The 
former's  father  was  the  son  of  Evan  and 
Rebecca  (Pickering)  James,  who  had  come 
to  Indiana  in  1824  and  settled  on  land  near 
Greensboro,  Henry  County,  Indiana.  Here 
they  cleared  their  farm  in  the  dense  forest 
and  raised  a  family  of  twelve  children,  as 
was  the  custom  in  those  days.  The  young- 
est child  of  this  family,  Jehu  W.  James, 
was  born  June  24,  1829,  and  lived  on  his 
father's  farm  until  after  the  death  of  his 
parents.  He  then  removed  to  Madison 
County,  and  here  became  acquainted  with 
Mary  B.  Hayes,  whom  he  married  January 
16,  1851.  Soon  after  their  marriage  they 
settled  on  a  farm  west  of  Yorktown,  In- 
diana, and  it  was  here  on  the  17th  of  Octo- 


ber, of  that  year,  that  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  John  Hayes  James,  was  born. 

The  James  ancestors  came  to  America 
from  Wales  soon  after  William  Penn  had 
established  his  colony  in  Pennsylvania. 
There  were  three  brothers  who  came  to 
this  colony,  but  of  these  three  only  one  re- 
mained there,  the  others  locating  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Eastern  Tennessee.  The  brother 
who  lived  in  Philadelphia  was  Evan  James, 
and  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  near  the 
city,  and  on  a  hill,  which  was  known  for 
many  years  as  James'  Hill,  built  his  home. 
With  the  extension  of  the  city's  boundaries 
this  was  finally  included  within  the  City 
of  Philadelphia.  A  son  of  this  family, 
Samuel  James,  when  grown  settled  in  the 
western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  on  a  farm 
bordering  on  the  Monongahela  River.  He 
had  a  son,  Evan  James,  who  located  in  what 
is  now  the  northern  part  of  West  Virginia 
and  became  a  miller.  Here  he  met  the 
Pickering  families  and  married  a  daugh- 
ter, Rebecca  Pickering.  After  a  short  time 
in'  Ohio  they  moved  to  Indiana  in  1824. 

The  Pickering  families  came  from  En- 
gland. Both  the  Pickering  and  James 
families  were  identified  with  the  Society  of 
Friends  or  Quakers,  some  being  in  the  Or- 
thodox branch  and  some  in  the  Hicksite. 

Mary  B.  Hayes,  second  daughter  of  Silas 
and  Hannah  (Vernon)  Hayes  and  mother 
of  John  H.  James,  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  and  came  to  Indiana 
with  her  parents  at  the  age  of  six  years. 
While  living  on  a  farm  in  Spring  Valley, 
east  of  Pendleton,  which  is  a  Hicksite  lo- 
cality, she  became  acquainted  with  and 
married  Jehu  W.  James. 

The  Hayes  ancestors  also  came  from 
England  and  become  prominent  in  the  af- 
fairs of  the  colony  established  by  William 
Penn,  as  did  the  Vernons  likewise. 

John  Hayes  James  was  brought  upon  a 
farm  in  the  Spring  Valley  neighborhood 
east  of  Pendleton.  He  grasped  every  op- 
portunity offered  to  attend  school  in  this 
place,  and  worked  on  the  farm  the  rest 
of  the  time.  Every  book  which  he  could 
procure  he  read.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  he  applied  for  a  license  to  teach  school, 
and  spent  the  winter  months  in  so  doing. 
During  the  spring  and  summer  he  attended 
school,  going  to  the  Pendleton  High  School, 
the  Joseph  Franklin  Normal  at  Anderson 
and  the  Indiana  State  Normal  School  at 
Terre  Haute. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2181 


ing  almost  directly  to  Indianapolis.  His 
uncle,  Herman  Amt,  was  living  in  this  city, 
and  with  him  the  young  man  found  em- 
ployment. His  uncle  was  a  gardener  and 
truck  raiser.  During  the  next  six  years  he 
worked  steadily,  gained  rapidly  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  English  language  and  Ameri- 
can business  customs,  and  after  this  period 
of  preparation  he  entered  the  service  of  W. 
1).  Huffman  &  Company,  well  known  man- 
ufacturers of  food  products.  He  went  into 
this  business  not  only  to  earn  a  living  but 
also  with  his  eyes  open  to  opportunity,  and 
he  constantly  studied  every  detail  of  the 
business  in  which  he  was  employed. 
Equipped  by  experience  and  with  a  mod- 
est amount  of  capital,  in  January,  1901, 
he  and  his  cousin.  B.  Amt,  formed  a  part- 
nership and  set  themselves  up  in  business. 
This  partnership  continued  until  1908, 
when  it  was  dissolved.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  the  firm  located  where  it  is 
today.  The  business  was  incorporated  in 
January,  1911,  under  the  name  J.  Henry 
Amt  Company. 

Mr.  Amt  married  in  1893  Miss  Johanna 
Leupen.  They  have  one  son,  George  H., 
who  was  born  March  31,  1894,  and  is  now 
associated  with  his  father  in  business.  He 
married  Miss  Annabel  Roempke.  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  they  have  one  child,  Georgi- 
anna.  The  family  are  members  of  the  Re- 
formed Church,  and  Mr.  Amt  is  affiliated 
with  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 

JOHN  HAYKS  JAMES,  M.  D.,  D.  C.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  October  17, 
1851.  a  mile  west  of  Yorktown,  Delaware 
County,  Indiana.  His  parents  were  Jehu 
W.  and  Mary  B.  (Hayes)  James.  The 
former's  father  was  the  son  of  Evan  and 
Rebecca  (Pickeriiig)  James,  who  had  come 
to  Indiana  in  1824  and  settled  on  land  near 
Greensboro,  Henry  County,  Indiana.  Here 
they  cleared  their  farm  in  the  dense  forest 
and  raised  a  family  of  twelve  children,  as 
was  the  custom  in  those  days.  The  young- 
est child  of  this  family,  Jehu  W,  James, 
was  born  June  24,  1829,  and  lived  on  his 
father's  farm  until  after  the  death  of  his 
parents.  He  then  removed  to  Madison 
County,  and  here  became  acquainted  with 
Mary  B.  Hayes,  whom  he  married  January 
16,  1851.  Soon  after  their  marriage  they 
settled  on  a  farm  west  of  Yorktown.  In- 
diana, and  it  was  here  on  the  17th  of  Octo- 


ber, of  that  year,  that  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  John  Hayes  James,  was  born. 

The  James  ancestors  came  to  America 
from  Wales  soon  after  William  Penn  had 
established  his  colony  in  Pennsylvania. 
There  were  three  brothers  who  came  to 
this  colony,  but  of  these  three  only  one  re- 
mained there,  the  others  locating  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Eastern  Tennessee.  The  brother 
who  lived  in  Philadelphia  was  Evan  James, 
and  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  near  the 
city,  and  on  a  hill,  which  was  known  for 
many  years  as  James'  Hill,  built  his  home. 
With  the  extension  of  the  city's  boundaries 
this  was  finally  included  within  the  City 
of  Philadelphia.  A  son  of  this  family, 
Samuel  James,  when  grown  settled  in  the 
western  part  of  Pennsylvania,  on  a  farm 
bordering  on  the  Monongahela  River.  He 
had  a  vson,  Evan  James,  who  located  in  what 
is  now  the  northern  part  of  West  Virginia 
and  became  a  miller.  Here  he  met  the 
Pickering  families  and  married  a  daugh- 
ter. Rebecca  Pickering.  After  a  short  time 
in  Ohio  they  moved  to  Indiana  in  1824. 

The  Pickering  families  came  from  En- 
gland. Both  the  Pickering  and  James 
families  were  identified  with  the  Society  of 
Friends  or  Quakers,  some  being  in  the  Or- 
thodox branch  and  some  in  the  Hicksite. 

Mary  B.  Hayes,  second  daughter  of  Silas 
and  Hannah  (Vernon)  Hayes  and  mother 
of  John  H.  James,  was  born  in  Chester 
County,  Pennsylvania,  and  came  to  Indiana 
with  her  parents  at  the  age  of  six  years. 
While  living  on  a  farm  in  Spring  Valley, 
east  of  Pendleton,  which  is  a  Hicksite  lo- 
cality, she  became  acquainted  with  and 
married  Jehu  W.  James. 

The  Hayes  ancestors  also  came  from 
England  and  become  prominent  in  the  af- 
fairs of  the  colony  established  by  William 
Penn,  as  did  the  Vernons  likewise. 

John  Hayes  James  was  brought  upon  a 
farm  in  the  Spring  Valley  neighborhood 
east  of  Pendleton.  He  grasped  every  op- 
portunity offered  to  attend  school  in  this 
place,  and  worked  on  the  farm  the  rest 
of  the  time.  Every  book  which  he  could 
procure  he  read.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  he  applied  for  a  license  to  teach  school, 
and  spent  the  winter  months  in  so  doing. 
During  the  spring  and  summer  he  attended 
school,  going  to  tiie  Pendleton  High  School, 
the  Joseph  Franklin  Normal  at  Anderson 
and  the  Indiana  State  Normal  School  at 
Terre  Haute. 


2182 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


In  the  spring  of  1878  he  began  the  study 
of  medicine  in  an  office  in  Pendleton,  and 
continued  to  teach  and  study  in  this  way 
until  the  fall  of  1879,  when  he  entered  the 
Physio-Medical  College  of  Indiana  at  In- 
dianapolis. From  this  school  he  was  gradu- 
ated February  26,  1881,  and  located  in 
Carmel,  Indiana.  A  few  months  later, 
October  4,  1881,  he  married  Mary  J.  Lee- 
son,  eldest  daughter  of  James  and  Isabel 
(Bradbury)  Leeson,  and  to  this  union  were 
born  one  son  and  two  daughters.  Later 
they  moved  to  Middletown,  Indiana,  and 
after  a  period  of  two  years  he  gave  up  the 
practice  of  medicine  and  returned  to  teach- 
ing and  clerical  work.  In  1890  he  took  his 
family  to  Anderson,  where  he  has  resided 
ever  since,  except  for  a  short  time  that  he 
lived  in  Indianapolis. 

It  was  in  Anderson  that  he  became  par- 
tially paralyzed  and  consulted  Dr.  F.  L. 
Carey,  a  chiropractor,  from  whose  treat- 
ments he  gained  relief  from  a  number  of 
ailments  in  addition  to  the  paralysis.  In 
a  short  time  he  assisted  Doctor  Carey  in 
establishing  his  school,  which  was  known 
as  the  Indiana  School  of  Chiropractic,  and 
formed  a  partnership  in  his  practice  as 
well.  It  was  at  this  time  that  he  opened 
their  Indianapolis  office  and  resided  there. 
This  association  lasted  for  a  number  of 
years,  but  later  Doctor  James  returned  to 
Anderson  and  established  his  own  prac- 
tice. He  now  has  Dr.  A.  J.  Spaulding 
associated  with  him  and  this  partnership 
is  known  as  Doctors  James  &  Spaulding. 

THOMAS  R.  LEWIS,  president  of  the 
Lewis-Forbes  Lumber  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis, has  more  than  a  local  prominence  in 
the  lumber  industry.  His  activities  have 
made  him  well  known  among  lumbermen 
throughout  several  of  the  Central  States, 
and  he  has  been  connected  with  the  man- 
ufacturing and  distributing  end  of  the 
business  in  both  the  hard  wood  and  the 
pine  areas  of  the  Southwest  and  the  Cen- 
tral West. 

Mr.  Lewis  was  born  in  the  hard  wood 
timber  districts  of  Wayne  County,  Mich- 
igan, March  25,  1860,  and  comes  of  a  rug- 
ged pioneer  class  of  people  whose  honesty 
of  purpose  and  integrity  of  character  were 
never  for  a  moment  to  be  questioned.  His 
father.  Rev.  W.  R.  Lewis,  was  a  native  of 
Canada  and  of  French  and  English  ances- 
try. Some  years  before  the  birth  of 


Thomas  R.  Lewis  the  parents  moved  to 
Wayne,  Michigan,  and  Rev.  W.  R.  Lewis 
for  a  number  of  years  followed  farming 
and  also  the  ministry  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  He  died  on  his  nine- 
tieth birthday  in  1909.  He  and  an  older 
son,  Albert,  were  soldiers  in  a  Michigan 
regiment  during  the  Civil  war.  This  son 
lost  his  life  on  Southern  battlefields. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  Thomas  R.  Lewis 
left  public  school  and  for  several  years 
supported  himself  as  a  farm  hand  in 
Michigan.  He  also  worked  on  a  farm  in 
Kansas.  Since  the  age  of  seventeen  he  has 
been  connected  with  some  phase  or  opera- 
tion of  the  lumber  industry,  whether  oper- 
ating in  the  timber  or  handling  lumber 
and  building  supplies  as  a  commercial  com- 
modity. His  earlier  experiences  were  with 
the  woods  and  mills  of  Indian  Territory, 
Arkansas,  and  Texas,  and  in  1884  he  en- 
tered the  employ  of  the  G.  B.  Shaw  Lum- 
ber Company  at  Kansas  City.  Later  he 
was  made  manager  of  the  lumber  yard  at 
Wellington,  Kansas,  for  the  Long-Bell 
Lumber  Company,  which  is  today  the 
greatest  lumber  corporation  in  the  Central 
West.  The  Long-Bell  Company  subse- 
quently made  him  purchasing  agent  at 
Texarkana,  Arkansas.  Coming  to  Indiana, 
Mr.  Lewis  had  a  lumber  yard  at  Summit- 
ville  and  then  removed  to  Indianapolis  and 
in  1895  organized  the  firm  of  the  Burnet- 
Lewis  Lumber  Company  at  Fountain 
Snuare.  This  corporation  was  dissolved  in 
1916,  and  Mr.  Lewis  with  his  present  asso- 
ciates, under  the  name  Lewis-Forbes  Lum- 
ber Company,  took  over  the  old  established 
plant  of  the  Burnet-Lewis  Lumber  Com- 
pany and  yards  at  Shelby  Street  and  the 
Belt  Line  Railway,  which  was  established 
in  1901.  The  firm  established  a  branch 
yard  and  mill  at  Thirtieth  Street  and  Ca- 
nal in  1908.  The  products  of  those  yards 
and  mills  are  general  construction  build- 
ing material  and  high  grade  finish.  The 
firm  is  classed  as  one  of  the  leading  ones 
of  Indianapolis.  They  do  business  both 
wholesale  and  retail. 

In  1885  Mr.  Lewis  married  Miss  Mary 
Bays,  who  was  born  in  Lake  County,  In- 
diana, daughter  of  Charles  Bays.  Mrs. 
Lewis  died  leaving  one  daughter,  Lillian, 
now  the  wife  of  W.  W.  Fulton,  special 
state  agent  of  the  Western  Adjustment 
Company.  In  1890  Mr.  Lewis  married 
Harriet  Bays.  They  have  four  children : 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2183 


Fern,  wife  of  W.  W.  Timmerman,  a  resi- 
dent of  Cincinnati  and  sales  manager  for 
a  large  music  house  of  that  city;  Lucian 
W.,  vice  president  of  the  Lewis-Forbes 
Lumber  Company;  Burnet  B.  and  Doro- 
thy M.,  both  at  home. 

Mr.  Lewis  has  always  been  a  republican. 
He  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Broad- 
way Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  he 
is  on  the  official  board  of  the  church.  Fra- 
ternally he  is  affiliated  with  Land  Mark 
Lodge,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and 
Murat  Temple,  Ancient  Arabic  Order, 
Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

JOHN  WEBER.  Public  attention  to  and 
interest  in  a  business  increase  in  propor- 
tion as  its  service  is  of  vital  importance  to, 
the  daily  and  regular  needs  and  necessi- 
ties of  mankind.  In  Indianapolis  there  is 
a  phrase  that  means  much  in  both  a  busi- 
ness and  domestic  way.  This  phrase  is 
"Weber  Milk,"  which  signifies  not  only 
high  standards  of  quality  and  purity  but 
also  the  economy  which  in  these  days  of 
high  costs  of  living  is  especially  appre- 
ciated. ( 

The  founder  of  this  business  and  the 
man  who  built  it  up  from  a  beginning 
where  he  supplied  hardly  more  than  half 
a  dozen  customers  is  Mr.  John  Weber,  pres- 
ident of  the  Weber  Milk  Company.  Mr. 
Weber  was  born  in  Germany  sixty-nine 
years  ago.  He  came  in  boyhood  to  Amer- 
ica, having  no  means  and  only  an  ambition 
to  make  the  best  of  his  opportunities  and 
to  learn  and  adapt  himself  to  American 
ways  and  the  freedom  of  American  life. 
After  three  years  spent  at  Rochester,  New 
York,  he  came  on  to  Indianapolis.  Here 
his  first  employment  was  as  a  cement 
worker.  Later  he  went  into  the  Vandalia 
Railroad  round  house  and  put  in  seven, 
years  there. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  married,  and 
while  still  earning  his  living  in  other  em- 
ployments he  started  in  1884  a  dairy  busi- 
ness with  only  two  cows.  He  found  it  a 
business  of  possibilities  and  profit  and  one 
for  which  his  special  talent  made  him  a 
master  of  its  complicated  technique.  Con- 
sequently the  Weber  milk  business  has 
grown  and  expanded,  and  in  1912  the 
Weber  Milk  Company  was  incorporated. 
A  number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Weber  bought 
ninety  acres  of  land  at  the  edge  of  Indian- 
apolis as  ihe  home  of  his  dairy,  and  that 


land  is  now  within  the  city  limits.  Mr. 
Weber  is  president  of  the  company,  and 
the  other  active  officials  are  his  sons,  John 
J.,  vice  president,  George  H.,  secretary  and 
treasurer,  and  Peter  J.,  superintendent  of 
the  plant. 

The  equipment  of  this  plant  leaves  noth- 
ing to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  the  highest 
class  and  most  modern  and  sanitary  appli- 
•  ances  for  the  perfect  refrigeration  and 
distribution  of  milk  from  the  point  of  pro- 
duction to  the  consumer.  The  business 
represents  a  large  investment  and  requires 
the  daily  service  of  a  considerable  force 
of  men.  In  the  way  of  material  appli- 
ances in  distribution  there  are  large  motor 
trucks  used  in  conveying  the  milk  from 
the  dairy  barns  to  the  distributing  sta- 
tions, and  from  there  seventeen  wagons 
take  the  bottles  to  the  back  doors  of  a  large 
list  of  consumers. 

The  business  with  its  present  standing 
and  facilities  represents  the  growth  of 
years  and  is  the  result  of  a  remarkable  de- 
gree of  family  unity  and  family  co-opera- 
tion. As  already  noted,  John  Weber  when 
he  started  the  business  had  only  two  cows, 
and  it  was  only  incidental  to  his  other 
work.  He  kept  it  growing,  but  always  so 
that  he  could  give  every  detail  his  closest 
supervision,  and  as  his  sons  came  of  age 
he  made  a  place  for  each  of  them  and  en- 
couraged them  to  seek  their  opportunities 
at  home  rather  than  outside. 

Mr.  Weber  married  Martinna  Schwent- 
zer.  She  was  born  in  Germany  and  when 
a  young  lady  of  eighteen  came  to  this 
country  with  her  sister.  She  was  living1 
at  Rochester,  New  York,  when  she  and 
John  Weber  met  and  formed  the  acquaint- 
ance which  culminated  in  their  marriage 
at  Indianapolis.  Mrs.  Weber  was  a  splen- 
did housewife  and  mother  and  was  greatly 
missed  when  she  passed  away  in  1902,  at 
the  age  of  fifty-two.  She  was  the  mother 
of  nine  children.  Three  are  now  deceased, 
one  in  infancy.  Elizabeth  died  after  her 
marriage  to  John  Schmitz,  leaving  two 
children.  William  died  at  the  age  of  four 
years.  A  brief  record  of  the  living  chil- 
dren is  •.  Catherine,  wife  of  Charles  Braun, 
a  printer  living  at  Indianapolis;  Amelia, 
wife  of  George  Derleth,  a  grocery  merchant 
at  Indianapolis;  John  J.,  thirty-seven 
years  old  and  vice  president  of  the  Weber 
Milk  Company;  George  H.,  aged  thirty- 
four,  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  com- 


r 


2184 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


pany;  Peter  J.,  aged  thirty,  superintend- 
ent ;  and  Anna,  the  youngest,  at  home  with 
her  father.  The  family  are  all  members 
of  St.  Catherine's  Catholic  Church. 

ANNIK  FELLOWS  JOHNSTON.  The  fol- 
lowing article,  telling  more  than  any  for- 
mal biography  could  tell  of  the  distin- 
guished author  and  former  Indianan,  was 
written  for  the  Book  News  Monthly  of  No- 
vember, 1916,  by  her  sister,  Albion  Fellows 
Bacon  of  Evansville: 

' '  May-Dew  charm  and  the  luck  of  May 's 
emerald,  fairy  gifts  of  flower  and  thorn, 
were  the  birth  portion  of  my  sister  Annie, 
The  love  of  many  it  has  brought  her,  travel 
and  fame  and  rich  fullness  of  life.  It  has 
brought  her  heavy  cares  and  sorrows,  too, 
but  with  the  power  to  give  consolation  to  a 
great  number  of  hearts. 

"She  is  known  to  many  through  her 
books,  which  are  most  self-revealing.  Yet, 
much  as  they  teach  and  tell,  their  lessons 
would  have  far  more  value  if  their  readers 
knew  that  they  are  full  of  bits  of  the  au-i 
thor's  own  girl  life. 

"Only  those  who  grew  up  with  her 
know  the  fountain  sources  of  her  inspira- 
tion, and  of  the  beauty  that  fills  both  her 
prose  and  poetry.  We  recognize  the  'lilac 
plumes,  nodding  welcome  at  the  door' — it 
was  Grandfather's  door.  The  'fields  of 
ripened  wheat,'  where  the  'Bob  White' 
whistled — those  were  Uncle  James'  fields, 
down  by  the  'lower  barn.'  The  ferns  of; 
the  homestead  woodlands,  the  flowers  of 
old  neighbors'  gardens,  have  been  trans- 
planted to  her  pages,  and  through  them  all 
blows  the  country  air  of  our  hill-top  home. 
The  country  folk  we  lived  among,  and  their 
miaint,  wholesome  sayings,  live,  too,  in  her 
books. 

"It  was  a  bit  of  Arcady,  a  real  Golden 
Age,  that  childhood  of  ours.  The  glamour 
of  those  idyllic  years  gives  a  charm  to  all 
of  her  story  scenes,  and  it  was  in  them 
that  she  gathered  up  sunshine  and  rain- 
bows that  in  after  years  have  not  only 
transformed  her  own  troubles,  but  have 
taught  scores  of  her  readers  the  same  sweet 
alchemy. 

"Here  among  the  hills  of  southern  In- 
diana we  lived,  three  sisters,  with  a  wi- 
dowed mother.  Lura,  the  eldest,  was  with 
us  only  on  college  vacations.  Annie  and  I 
played  together,  dreamed,  sang,  wrote 
verses,  and  'made  up'  fairy  tales  together. 


We  shared  the  household  tasks,  making 
them  lighter,  but  longer,  by  chanting 
verses,  or  acting  dramatic  parts,  with  tea- 
towel  or  broom  suspended.  We  tripped 
lown  the  road  to  the  country  school  to- 
gether, breaking  the  tinkling  ice  in  the 
ruts,  or  pulling  clovers,  as  the  months  va- 
ried. The  brown  lunch  basket  we  carried 
between  us — I  can  smell  it  yet — sometimes 
held  turn -overs  or  cookies  of  Annie's 
making. 

"She  was  a  favorite  at  school,  with  her 
blithesome  manner  and  quick  Irish  repar- 
tee, and  known  as  the  'Prettiest  Little 
Girl  in  the  County— 0.'  While  she  did 
excellent  class  work,  she  was  most  noted 
for  her  reading.  In  fact,  one  class  poet  on 
'Exhibition  Day,'  declared:  'To  hear  An- 
nie read  I  would  walk  half  a  mile,  Her 
voice  is  so  clear  and  so  natural  her  style.' 

"Naturalness,  normalness  and  simple 
unaffectedness  were  part  of  her  charm 
then,  as  they  have  always  been.  The  great- 
ness of  the  humble  appealed  to  her,  even 
in  childhood,  and  she  was  the  darling  of 
the  old  country  settlers,  whose  cabins  she 
visited,  whose  lore  she  learned,  and  whose 
old  fables  and  proverbs  she  collected. 

"A  large  store  of  these  she  drank  in 
from  our  grandfather,  John  Erskine,  from 
County  Antrim,  Ireland,  as  she  followed 
him  about  his  great  garden  and  orchard. 
His  quaint  saws  and  sayings  are  sown 
thickly  in  her  books. 

"But  if  we  take  to  tracing  back  the 
sources  of  her  inspiration  we  must  stop  at 
our  mother,  'The  MacGregor'  of  our  fam- 
ily. She  was  a  rare  spirit,  Spartan,  Puri- 
tan, yet  full  of  idealism,  romance  and  fire 
— and  had  the  most  common  sense  of  any 
one  I  ever  knew.  How  much  we  owe  to 
the  up-buildings  and  down-settings  of  her 
firm  but  loving  hand  we  shall  never  be  able 
to  tell.  She  revered  an  idea,  and  when 
Annie  had  an  inspiration — as  she  often  had 
— I  can  hear  mother  say  'Drop  everything 
now,  fly  upstairs  and  write.  I'll  finish 
your  work.'  As  callow  as  Annie's  early 
genius  was,  it  was  precious  and  sacred  in 
Mother's  sight,  and  she  fanned  the  flame 
of  inspiration  with  tireless  zeal.  She  held 
up  before  us  the  ideals  of  our  New  Eng- 
land minister-father,  and  what  ideals  she 
gave  us  of  her  own !  Her  aspirations — 
wings  that  she  had  not  been  able  to  soar 
with — she  fastened  to  our  little  shoulders 
and  bade  us  speed  skyward  and  sing.  She 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2185 


held  us  to  reading  until  we  could  not  be 
driven  from  books,  and  were  fain  to  dig 
into  the  dry  sands  of  our  father's  theolog- 
ical library  for  wells  to  refresh  us.  Dry 
digging,  indeed,  and  scanty  the  store  of 
fiction  that  ever  came  our  way!  But  the 
stately  poets  were  ours,  and  fairy  tales,  re- 
cited to  us  by  simple  folk  who  half  be- 
lieved them,  and  ghost  stories,  told  by 
'help'  who  candidly  shivered  at  them,  so 
we  got  our  share  of  mental  salad  along 
with  the  dry  roots  and  savory  herbs. 
Songs  we  gathered,  out  of  the  air — it  was 
full  of  them,  and  we  breathed  them  in — 
old  ballads,  war  songs,  hymns — they  be- 
came a  part  of  our  souls.  But  with  crea- 
tive magic  Annie  wove  romance  into  all  the 
everyday  life  of  school  and  farm,  writing; 
it  out  in  verses  or  stories  that  thrilled  us 
to  hear. 

"  'Aren't  you  proud  of  her?'  friends 
asked  us,  after  she  had  become  famous. 

"  'No  more  than  we  always  were,'  we 
answered.  'We  knew  it  was  in  her.' 

"Children  ask  me  about  her  wherever  I 
go.  'What  is  she  like?'  And-they  touch 
with  childish  awe  my  hands  that  have  held 
hers.  If  they  could  only  have  known  her 
and  played  with  her  as  a  child,  I  think, 
and  I  try  to  paint  portraits  of  her,  as  she 
was  then  and  is  now. 

"One  picture  shows  her  as  a  child,  with, 
round  face,  dark  bobbed  hair,  brown  eyes 
full  of  laughter,  red  lips  and  pearly  teeth 
— romping,  racing,  teasing,  ready  for  any 
adventure — the  best  of  'good  scouts,'  yet 
always  loving  to  be  neat  and  dainty.  In 
fact,  dress  was  her  one  weakness,  and  I 
can  see  her  big  round  tears  splashing  down 
when  she  was  not  allowed  to  wear  her  pale- 
green  shoes  or  her  party  dress  to  the  little 
country  church.  I  can  see  her,  daring  and 
wilful,  climbing  the  cherry  trees,  sliding 
down  the  hay,  swinging  on  the  'big  gate.' 
Again,  in  gentle,  helpful  mood,  she  is  pick- 
ing strawberries  for  Grandfather,  helping 
Aunt  Sallie  to  set  the  table  for  the  thresh- 
ers, or  taking  care  of  the  baby  for  Aunt 
Lou. 

"I  can  see  her  at  the  'Literary'  declaim- 
ing with  the  patriotic  fervor  that  flashes 
through  her  books,  while  her  cheeks  glow 
and  her  eyes  are  like  stars. 

"Again,  in  a  picture  of  later  girlhood, 
she  is  sitting,  with  unwonted  meekness, 
while  I  tire  her  hair  in  a  sleek  and  shining 
'French  twist,'  which  she  could  not  achieve 


herself.  These  were  the  times  of  my  tri- 
umph, for  she  was  wont  to  rule  me  with  a 
high  hand,  claiming  the  superior  wisdom 
of  her  two  years  of  seniority — 'for  your 
own  good,'  she  would  say,  with  a  prim  set 
of  the  mouth,  but  a  laugh  in  her  eye. 

"The  last  picture  of  her  days  in  Arcady 
is  that  of  a  young  girl,  dressed  in  soft 
white,  standing  in  the  shady  lane,  gather- 
ing the  wild  roses  that  trailed  over  the  low, 
lichened  rail  fence.  There  is  the  delicate 
flush  of  the  wild  rose  on  her  face,  and  she 
fastens  one  in  her  dark  hair.  Her  brown 
eyes  are  full  of  dreams,  as  she  looks  away 
across  the  valley  to  the  blue  rim  of  the  dis- 
tant hills. 

"  'The  glamour  closed  about  her'  then 
— after  that  reality  began.  She  taught  a 
country  school  at  seventeen,  attended  the 
University  of  Iowa  the  next  year,  taught 
some  more  in  the  Evansville  schools,  took 
up  clerical  work  for  a  while  in  a  cousin's 
office,  and  later  married  William  L.  Johns- 
ton. We  had  a  double  wedding,  just  after 
a  wonderful  visit  to  Europe  together. 
Soon  afterwards  we  published  a  book  of 
poems  together.  , 

"After  three  years  of  married  life  her 
husband  died,  and  she  was  left  with  three 
step-children,  a  boy  of  ten  and  two  older 
girls.  Up  to  that  time  she  had  written 
only  poems  and  short  stories.  The  follow- 
ing year  she  published  her  first  book,  'Big 
Brother.'  , 

"Never  was  there  a  more  loving  and  de- 
voted mother,  and  her  devotion  was  tested 
to  the  utmost  by  the  death  of  the  younger 
daughter  and  the  failing  health  of  the  son. 
She  traveled  all  about  the  country  with 
him,  seeking  health.  In  Arizona  they 
lived  on  the  desert,  in  tents,  where  'The 
Desert  of  Waiting'  gave  up  its  story  to 
her,  to  comfort  hundreds  of  hopeless 
hearts.  Then  they  tried  San  Antonio. 
Texas,  moving  later  to  the  hill  country  of 
Texas,  where  they  bought  a  home  which 
they  called  'Penacres.' 

"After  the  son's  death  six  years  ago  she 
and  her  daughter  went  to  Pewee  Valley. 
Kentucky,  the  Lloydsboro  Valley  of  the 
'Little  Colonel'  stories.  There  she  bought 
the  Lawton  place,  known  as  'The  Beeches' 
in  her  stories,  the  Mecca  of  loving  pilgrims 
from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

"It  is  a  beautiful  place,  with  a  tangle- 
wood  back  of  it,  an  old-fashioned  garden 
at  the  side  of  it,  with  lilies  and  hollyhocks 


2186 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


and  peonies.  All  about  the  lawn  stand  the 
great  beeches,  with  branches  sweeping  to 
their  feet,  and  squirrels  whisking  among 
them. 

"Pewee  Valley  is  a  typical  story-book 
place,  but  only  a  few  of  the  people  of  her 
tales  move  about  there  now  in  real  life. 
Aunt  Allison  is  still  there,  in  a  lovely  home 
just  across  the  avenue,  and  Mom  Beck,  in 
her  eighties,  is  still  interesting  and  talka- 
tive. But  time  has  wrought  many  changes, 
and  the  principal  characters  no  longer  live 
there. 

"It  is  just  an  hour's  trolley  ride  from 
Louisville,  and  a  short  distance  from  An- 
chorage, and  in  these  places  live  other  mem- 
bers of  her  Authors  Club — the  creators  of 
'Emmy  Lou,'  of  'Mrs.  Wiggs,'  of  the  'Lady 
of  the  Decoration, '  and  others. 

"In  that  happy  valley's  festivities  and 
frolics  my  sister  cannot  take  the  same  share 
that  she  did  in  our  country  parties.  Such 
a  planner  of  parts,  such  a  designer  of 
costumes,  such  a  decorator  of  gala  scenes 
as  she  has  been !  The  business  of  being  an 
author  does  not  allow  much  of  it  now,  but 
she  enjoys  it  as  hugely  as  ever,  when  she 
has  time  to  participate. 

"Never  was  a  more  delightful  aunt  or 
cousin.  No  birthday  is  forgotten,  no  spe- 
cial occasion  left  neglected.  Her  Christ- 
mas box  is  the  plum  of  the  whole  pie,  for 
no  one  selects,  wraps,  ties,  nor  packs  just 
as  she  does,  with  such  verses  and  greetings. 

"Is  that  enough  of  a  picture?  If  not, 
let  me  say,  in  desperation  of  making  a  por- 
trait, she  is  the  thoughtfulest,  most  unsel- 
fish, considerate,  dependable  person  one 
could  know.  Since  childhood  she  has  been 
at  the  top  of  my  brief  list  of  those  who 
could  be  absolutely  trusted  to  keep  a  secret, 
and  to  say  just  what  she  thinks  if  you  ask 
her  to. 

"It  would  not  be  fair  to  her  not  to  show 
a  later  portrait,  since  she  has  lived,  trav- 
eled and  experienced  so  much.  'Don't 
leave  out  the  lines,'  she  always  insists. 
There  are  lines  of  care  about  her  eyes,  and 
there  are  shadows  in  them,  but  there  are 
also  the  lines  of  mirth  aboxit  her  mouth, 
and  the  mouth  and  eyes  are  not  long  with- 
out a  smile. 

"One  trait,  as  yet  unmentioned,  speaks 
through  all  her  stories :  Her  deep  religious 
faith,  which  has  permeated  her  life  and 
kept  optimism  alive  in  the  darkest  days. 

"Her  books  have  been  blessed,  indeed, 


to  judge  by  the  letters  that  come  to  her 
from  those  who  have  learned  patience  and 
resignation,  purity,  service,  courage  and 
sacrifice,  from  her  'Little  Colonel'  and 
other  stories. 

"It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how 
often  the  legends  and  motto  lines  of  her 
books  have  furnished  themes  for  papers, 
names  and  motifs  for  clubs;  how  many 
boys  wear  the  'white  flower'  to  remind 
them  to  'keep  the  tryst,'  how  many  girls 
string  rosaries  in  token  that  little  •  duties 
well  done  are  like  pearls,  or  wear  Tusitala 
rings  to  remind  them  of  the  'Road  of  the 
Loving  Heart,'  'Orders  of  Hildegarde'  are 
formed,  'The  Princess  Winsom'  is  played, 
favorite  characters  of  her  stories  are 
copied,  on  the  stage  or  in  young  lives. 

"In  twenty-three  years  my  sister  has 
written  twenty-seven  books,  and  fathers 
and  mothers  as  well  as  children  steadily 
ask  for  'more.'  When  the  'Little  Colonel' 
married,  and  'Mary  Ware'  followed  suit, 
she  determined  to  let  them  live,  always 
young  in  the  'Never-Never  Land,'  and  not 
pursue  them  to  the  time  of  wrinkles  and 
chimney  corners.  To  take  their  place  she 
has  given  us  an  entirely  new  and  delightful 
child  '  Georgina  of  the  Rainbows. '  The  sea 
comes  into  this  story  and  the  quaint  old 
fishing  town  at  the  tip  of  Cape  Cod,  where 
the  Pilgrims  first  landed.  But  there  are 
Kentucky  people  in  it  too,  so  the  traditions 
of  the  South  mingle  with  the  traditions  of 
New  England  in  '  Georgina  V  upbringing, 
and  both  play  a  part  in  all  her  sayings  and 
doings.  The  old  town-crier  in  the  story 
gives  'Georgina'  a  'line  to  live  by,'  from 
one  of  Milton 's  sonnets — '  Still  bear  up  and 
steer  right  onward. '  It  is  a  story  of  hope, 
and  its  message  is  '  As  long  as  a  man  keeps 
hope  at  the  prow  he  keeps  afloat.'  ' Geor- 
gina's  Service  Stars'  has  been  written  since 
this  article." 

i 

JOSEPH  A.  WERWINSKI.  In  the  career 
of  Joseph  A.  Werwinski  there  is  to  be 
found  material  for  the  writing  of  a  story 
regarding  a  young  man  who  may  be  called 
not  inaccurately  a  city  builder.  Only  a 
few  years  have  passed  since  he  entered 
upon  active  participation  in  the  affairs  of 
South  Bend,  but  already  he  is  generally  rec- 
ognized as  one  of  his  community's  most 
useful  and  capable  citizens,  and  has  at- 
tained a  powerful  place  in  the  confidence 
of  the  people  of  the  Polish  race  here.  Mr. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2187 


Werwinski  was  born  at  South  Bend,  In- 
diana, January  14,  1882.  His  father, 
Michael  Werwinski,  was  born  in  Poland, 
and  came  from  that  country  to  America 
because,  like  most  immigrants,  he  was  a 
man  of  vision,  thrift  and  enterprise  who 
sought  larger  opportunities  that  seemed  to 
lie  open  to  him  in  his  native  land,  a  captive 
country  of  an  intensely  liberty-loving 
people.  Wedged  in  between  three  powerful 
neighbors,  Poland  could  only  dream  of  her 
past  glories.  From  this  unfortunate  and 
romantic  country  came  Michael  Werwinski, 
still  a  young  man.  He  became  a  pioneer 
merchant,  and  not  long  after  his  arrival 
met  and  married  Amelia  Kaiser,  who  was 
born  at  Otis,  Indiana,  and  so  the  first  im- 
portant fact  to  be  noted  about  Joseph  A. 
Werwinski  is  that  he  is  well  born,  in  the 
great  free  country  where  his  father  had 
settled,  from  a  race  which  had  known  per- 
secution and  privation  and  which  had 
borne  these  things  with  fortitude.  The 
spirit  of  adventure  and  enterprise  which 
has  characterized  the  young  man's  career 
was  inherited  from  his  father.  Both  found 
the  freedom  here  which  was  denied  to  the 
Polish  people  at  home. 

The  elder  Werwinski  cast  his  fortunes 
with  the  «ity  of  South  Bend,  reared  his 
children  to  be  loyal  Americans,  passed  his 
life  in  merchandising,  and  died  in  1891. 
He  and  his  wife,  who  still  survives  and  re- 
sides at  South  Bend,  had  two  children: 
Joseph  A.  and  Ignatius  K.,  the  latter  a 
resident  of  South  Bend,  connected  with 
the  United  States  quartermaster's  depart- 
ment. After  the  death  of  her  first  husband 
Mrs.  Werwinski  married  Antone  Beczkie- 
wicz,  a  South  Bend  merchant,  who  retired 
from  active  pursuits  some  years  before  his 
death  in  1912.  They  had  three  children : 
Stanislaus,  aged  twenty-two  years,  a  stu- 
dent of  music  of  great  future  promise,  liv- 
ing at  South  Bend;  Peter,  born  in  1899, 
attending  the  South  Bend  High  School ; 
and  Sadie,  born  in  1901,  attending  Saint 
Joseph's  Academy. 

After  thoroughly  grounding  himself  in 
the  principles  of  education  by  attending 
the  public  schools  of  South  Bend  Joseph  A. 
Werwinski  allowed  himself  to  follow  his  in- 
clinations toward  a  business  career,  and  for 
two  years  attended  a  business  college. 
After  this  he  went  to  the  normal  school  at 
Valparaiso,  and  following  this  had  a  short 
experience  as  an  educator,  teaching  in  the 


schools  of  Olive  Township,  Saint  Joseph 
County.  Two  years  of  teaching  completed 
his  experience  in  this  line,  and  in  the  mean- 
time he  had  been  appointed  deputy  trustee 
of  Portage  Township,  the  duties  of  which 
he  discharged  in  a  capable  and  trustworthy 
manner.  In  1907  Mr.  Werwinski  entered 
upon  the  course  which  has  since  made  him 
one  of  the  most  energetic,  prominent  and 
substantially  situated  citizens  of  South 
Bend.  During  the  first  three  years  he 
worked  industriously  as  clerk  in  a  real 
estate  office.  Then,  having  gained  what  he 
considered  sufficient  experience,  and  being 
possessed  of  ample  self-confidence,  he  em- 
barked upon  a  career  of  his  own  and  soon 
became  known  as' a  capable  and  reliable  op- 
erator in  realty. 

Mr.  Werwinski 's  first  enterprise  of  ap- 
preciable proportions  was  the  opening  up 
of  a  large  tract  of  land  on  which  were 
erected  modest  homes  for  the  factory  work- 
ers of  various  nationalities.  This  difficult 
proposition  he  handled  so  successfully  that 
he  at  once  rose  to  a  recognized  position  in 
the  real  estate  fraternity  of  the  city,  and 
from  that  time  to  the  present  he  has  been 
one  of  the  most  active  dealers  and  handlers 
of  large  properties  here.  In  all,  he  has 
built  more  than  300  houses,  which  he  has 
sold  to  workingmen,  thereby  bringing  con- 
tentment and  comfort  to  hundreds  of 
people  and  elevating  the  physical  value  of 
the  city  in  a  considerable  degree.  Mr. 
Werwinski  is  identified  with  a  number  of 
prominent  concerns,  business  and  civic.  He 
is  president  of  the  Smogor  Lumber  Com- 
pany. He  was  one  of  the  seven  organizers 
of  the  Morris  Plan  Bank,  which  practically 
drove  the  "loan  sharks"  out  of  South 
Bend,  and  thus  gave  the  man  with  a  small 
income  a  chance  to  borrow  necessary  sums 
at  small  rates.  He  is  one  of  the  directors 
of  this  bank  as  well  as  a  member  of  its 
finance  committee.  Mr.  Werwinski  has 
held  several  offices  of  a  political  character 
and  at  this  time  is  vice  censor  of  the  Polish 
National  Alliance  of  America,  a  fraternal 
institution  with  net  assets  of  over  $3.000.- 
000.  Possessed  of  strong  public  spirit,  he 
has  rendered  practical  aid  to  the  play- 
ground movement,  to  civic  center  enter- 
prises, to  the  movements  making  for  ad- 
vancement of  the  community  welfare  and 
to  business  enterprises.  He  is  active  in  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  and  popular  with  his  fellow-mem- 


2188 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


bers  in  the  South  Bend  Country  Club.  His 
career  is  indicative  of  the  spirit  of  enter- 
prise so  noticeable  among  a  certain  class 
of  young  men  of  the  twentieth  century, 
and  illustrates  clearly  what  may  be  accom- 
plished if  the  spirit  is  willing  and  the 
mind  is  capable. 

ROBERT  S.  MoK/EE  was  for  nearly  half  a 
century  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  actors 
in  the  commercial  life  of  Indiana.  His  in- 
terests and  activities  were  widespread,  but 
during  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  they 
were  largely  concentrated  at  Indianapolis. 
It  is  for  the  purpose  of  recalling  some  of 
his  services  as  a  business  man  and  citizen 
and  also  as  a  record  of  other  members  of  a 
family  that  has  long  been  distinguished  in 
the  state  that  the  following  paragraphs  are 
written. 

The  McKees  were  Scotch  Covenanters, 
and  when  driven  out  of  Scotland  settled  in 
Ireland.  One  of  the  family  was  Sir  Pat- 
rick McKee,  who  had  a  fine  landed  estate 
in  the  Province  of  Ulster.  James  McKee, 
father  of  Robert  S.,  was  born  in  Ireland 
May  23,  1793.  December  6,  1813,  he  mar- 
ried Agnes  McMullan,  who  was  born  No- 
vember 14,  1793,  and  died  in  Ireland  Octo- 
ber 5,  1837.  James  McKee  died  at  Wheel- 
ing, West  Virginia,  in  August,  1863.  The 
names  of  their  children  were:  James  M., 
born  November  4,  1817 ;  William  H.,  born 
August  10,  1819,  and  died  November  24, 
1867,  after  a  long  and  prominent  military 
career ;  Robert  S. ;  Eliza  Ann,  born  April 
29,  1824;  Margaret,  born  September  18, 
1825 ;  and  Sophie,  born  August  3,  1828. 

Robert  S.  McKee  was  born  in  Tullycavy, 
Downpatrick,  County  Down,  Ireland,  Jan- 
uary 8,  1823.  He  had  meager  educational 
advantages,  but  his  early  environment  did 
not  serve  to  stifle  his  ambitious  and  enter- 
prising nature.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
left  Ireland  to  join  his  brother  William, 
who  had  settled  in  Philadelphia.  There  he 
went  to  work  as  clerk  for  a  company  en- 
gaged in  transporting  goods  over  the  moun- 
tains between  Baltimore  and  Wheeling. 
That  experience  he  subsequently  utilized  to 
engage  in  business  for  himself.  In  1847  he 
floated  down  the  Ohio  River  on  a  flatboat 
and  located  at  Madison,  Indiana.  There 
with  Josiah  S.  Weyer  he  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  business  under  the  name 
Weyer  &  McKee.  This  subsequently  be- 
came R.  S.  McKee  &  Company,  and  the 


house  became  well  known  all  over  the  coun- 
try. Before  the  Civil  war  its  business  at- 
tained to  large  proportions.  From  this  his 
interests  spread,  and  he  was  a  factor  in 
the  management  of  the  National  Branch 
Bank  at  Madison  with  the  Madison  Fire 
and  Insurance  Company.  In  1865,  remov- 
ing to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  he  founded 
the  wholesale  grocery  house  of  McKee, 
Cunningham  &  Company.  The  trade  of 
this  concern  covered  the  entire  south.  Mr. 
McKee  during  his  residence  at  Louisville 
was  also  a  member  of  the  first  board  of 
directors  of  the  Citizens  National  Bank, 
and  there,  as  at  Indianapolis,  later  became 
connected  with  every  movement  for  the 
upbuilding  of  the  city. 

In  1872  Robert  S.  McKee  removed  to 
Indianapolis.  Here  his  business  success 
overshadowed  all  his  earlier  achievements. 
He  organized  the  wholesale  boot  and  shoe 
house  of  McKee  and  Branham.  Later  this 
was  incorporated  as  the  McKee  Shoe  Com- 
pany. Robert  S.  McKee  filled  the  office  of 
president  of  the  corporation  until  his  death. 
Under  his  guidance  the  company  became 
foremost  among  the  shoe  houses  of  the 
country. 

Though  he  started  in  life  with  no  mate- 
rial advantages,  he  demonstrated  the  fact 
that  ability  and  strength  of  will  are  supe- 
rior weapons  with  which  to  fight  the  battle 
of  life.  His  mental  faculties  were  clear, 
his  mind  active  and  receptive,  and  his  in- 
telligence keen  and  broad.  He  became 
noted  for  his  intellectual  acquirements  and 
remarkable  fund  of  information.  His 
qualities  as  a  leader  were  unquestioned 
and  he  became  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
in  commercial  and  financial  circles  in  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  a  director  of  the  In- 
diana National  Bank,  was  the  first  secre- 
tary of  the  Belt  Railroad  and  Stockyards 
Company,  and  during  his  later  years  owned 
a  large  amount  of  local  real  estate. 

The  veteran  Indianapolis  banker,  Vol- 
ney  T.  Malott,  once  said  of  Robert  S.  Mc- 
Kee that  he  ' '  was  one  of  our  best  citizens,  a 
man  of  sterling  worth,  possessed  of  the 
highest  honor,  a  merchant  of  the  old  school, 
thoroughly  and  carefully  trained,  exact 
with  himself  and  others  in  all  business 
transactions.  He  took  a  large  interest  in 
civic  affairs.  He  was  liberal  in  his  contri- 
butions to  his  church  and  various  charit- 
able institutions.  As  a  bank  director  in 
Madison,  Indiana,  Louisville,  Kentucky, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2189 


and  Indianapolis,  covering  a  period  of  more 
than  fifty  years,  he  was  always  prompt 
and  regular  in  attendance  and  was  a  val- 
uable member  of  the  Board,  his  business 
training  and  large  experience  rendering 
him  conservatively  progressive  and,  to- 
gether with  his  closely  analytical  mind, 
making  him  a  valuable  counsellor  on  any 
board." 

Of  a  most  positive  character,  Robert  S. 
McKee  exemplified  that  force  of  personal- 
ity which  is  associated  with  the  Scotch- 
Irishman.  Perhaps  his  most  notable  trend 
was  his  abhorrence  of  debt.  His  nature 
was  strong  and  true,  and  knowing  men  at 
their  real  value  had  no  toleration  of  deceit 
or  meanness  in  any  of  the  relations  of  life. 
He  did  not  come  so  largely  into  the  atten- 
tion of  the  public  eye  as  did  many  of  his 
contemporaries  who  accomplished  less  and 
who  did  less  for  the  world,  but  he  felt 
the  responsibilities  which  success  imposes 
and  ever  endeavored  to  live  up  to  these 
responsibilities  in  the  straightforward,  un- 
demonstrative  way  characteristic  of  the 
man.  He  served  for  many  years  as  an  elder 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  In- 
dianapolis and  was  a  stanch  republican, 
though  his  name  was  probably  never  asso- 
ciated with  any  public  office,  an  honor  for 
which  he  had  no  ambition.  His  death, 
which  occurred  June  9,  1903,  removed  from 
Indianapolis  one  who  had  done  much  to 
promote  its  best  interests  and  to  bring 
it  to  a  position  among  the  leading  business 
centers  of  the  United  States. 

A  man  of  great  prominence  himself,  Rob- 
ert S.  McKee  by  marriage  became  allied 
with  some  of  the  historic  names  in  Indiana. 
In  1850  he  married  Miss  Celine  Elizabeth 
Lodge,  a  native  of  this  state.  She  died  in 
1861,  and  in  1866  he  married  her  sister 
Mary  Louise  Lodge.  They  were  daughters 
of  William  Johnston  and  Mary  Grant 
(Lemon)  Lodge.  They  were  descendants 
of  Christopher  Clark,  and  in  the  maternal 
line  were  connected  with  the  Boone,  Grant 
and  Morgan  families.  William  Johnston 
Lodge's  mother  was  a  Johnston,  a  direct 
descendant  of  Christopher  Clark,  who 
came  to  America  in  1625  and  took  a  grant 
of  land  from  the  English  king.  His  daugh- 
ter, Agnes  Clark,  married  Lord  Robert 
Johnston,  younger  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Shaftsbury.  A  great-grandfather  of  Mrs. 
McKee  was  Capt.  William  Grant,  who  was 
born  Februarv  22,  1726.  He  married 


Elizabeth  Boone,  who  was  born  February 
5,  1733,  a  daughter  of  Squire  and  Sarah 
(Morgan)  Boone  and  a  sister  of  Daniel 
Boone.  In  their  large  family  of  children 
the  youngest  was  Rebecca  Boone,  who  was 
born  June  4,  1774,  and  married  John 
Lemon. 

Concerning  Capt.  William  Grant  there 
is  a  record  that  he  was  a  man  of  good 
education  for  the  time  in  which  he  flour- 
ished, had  substantial  standing  as  an  ex- 
tensive land  owner,  and  was  a  stanch  pa- 
triot during  the  Revolution,  being  a  trusted 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  in 
North  Carolina.  He  also  gave  active  serv- 
ice in  that  struggle.  Later,  in  company 
with  his  brother-in-law,  Daniel  Boone,  he 
was  among  those  who  defended  the  frontier, 
and  was  one  of  the  few  who  escaped  with 
Boone  at  the  battle  of  the  Blue  Lick  in 
Kentucky.  The  story  of  Bryan's  Station 
in  Kentucky  sets  forth  that  it  was  founded 
by  those  North  Carolinians  William,  Mor- 
gan, James  and  Joseph  Bryan,  of  whom  the 
first  named  was  the  leading  spirit.  With 
them  was  William  Grant,  whose  wife,  like 
that  of  William  Bryan,  was  a  sister  of 
Daniel  Boone.  At  the  battle  of  Elkhorn 
William  Grant  was  wounded  and  his  broth- 
er-in-law, William  Bryan,  was  killed.  Two 
of  William  Grant 's  sons,  Samuel  and  Moses, 
were  killed  by  the  Indians.  They  had  come 
over  to  Indiana  from  Kentucky  with  Col- 
onel Johnston  on  an  expedition  to  punish 
thieving  Indians,  and  with  others  were 
ambushed,  a  number  being  killed,  among 
them  one  of  the  Grants.  The  other  brother 
went  back  to  look  for  him  in  company  with 
a  relative  who  volunteered  to  assist  him, 
and  they  too  were  slain.  Grant  County, 
Indiana,  is  named  in  their  honor.  William 
Grant  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  and  to  the 
close  of  his  life  was  respected  as  a  superior 
character — a  typical  gentleman  of  the  old 
school,  dignified,  honorable  and  worthy  of 
the  regard  in  which  he  was  held.  He  left 
property  including  slaves,  and  many  of  his 
descendants  still  reside  in  Indiana  and 
Kentucky. 

Robert  S.  McKee  was  the  father  of  six 
children,  four  by  his  first  marriage  and 
two  by  the  second.  The  oldest  is  William 
J.  McKee  of  Indianapolis,  who  served  as 
a  brigadier  general  of  Indiana  volunteers 
in  the  Spanish -American  war.  The  second 
is  Edward  L.,  noted  on  other  pages.  James 
Robert  has  attained  a  high  executive  posi- 


2190 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tion  in  the  General  Electric  Company,  and 
married  Miss  Mary  S.  Harrison,  daughter 
of  the  late  President  Benjamin  Harrison. 
Frank  Latham,  the  fourth  child,  is  a  New 
York  business  man.  Richard  Boone  died  at 
Indianapolis  in  1907.  Celine  Lodge  mar- 
ried Charles  W.  Merrill,  of  the  Bobbs  Mer- 
rill Company,  publishers  of  Indianapolis. 

EDWARD  L.  McKEE,  a  son  of  the  late 
Robert  S.  McKee,  has  for  many  years  been 
one  of  the  fortunate  and  valued  citizens  of 
Indianapolis.  He  was  fortunate  in  coming 
of  a  family  of  such  worthy  associations 
with  the  city  and  state  and  also  fortunate 
in  his  choice  of  a  business  environment  in 
which  his  talents  have  brought  him  signal 
success. 

He  was  born  while  his  parents  lived  at 
Madison,  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  March 
13,  1856.  He  began  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  that  town  and  at  the  age 
of  nine  removed  with  his  parents  to  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  where  he  continued  to  at- 
tend public  school  and  later  was  again  in 
high  school  at  Madison.  Sixteen  years  old 
when  the  family  came  to  Indianapolis,  he 
began  work  with  a  wholesale  shoe  house, 
and  that  one  line  of  business  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  him,  though  not  without  numer- 
ous other  interests,  to  the  present  time.  In 
1879,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  he  became 
associated  with  his  brother  James  McKee 
and  Aquilla  Jones  in  founding  the  whole- 
sale shoe  company  of  Jones,  McKee  &  Com- 
pany. The  founders  of  this  business  were 
all  well  known  and  enterprising  men,  and 
built  up  the  prestige  of  their  house  beyond 
the  borders  of  Indiana.  In  1896  it  was  re- 
organized as  the  McKee  Shoe  Company, 
with  Edward  L.  McKee  as  vice  president. 
During  the  past  twenty  years  Mr.  McKee 's 
business  associations  and  interests  have 
been  constantly  broadening.  In  1896  he 
was  elected  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
National  Bank,  but  resigned  that  executive 
office  in  1904,  though  remaining  a  director. 
He  also  served  as  a  director  of  the  Union 
Trust  Company,  vice  president  of  the  retail 
dry  goods  house  of  H.  P.  Wasson  &  Com- 
pany, and  president  of  the  Atlanta  Tin 
Plate  and  Sheet  Iron  Company.  Perhaps 
the  business  with  which  his  name  is  chiefly 
identified  is  the  Merchants  Heat  and  Light 
Company,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers and  incorporators  and  of  which  he 
became  president  in  1904.  Mr.  McKee 's 


success  in  business  has  been  of  a  most  sub- 
stantial character.  He  undoubtedly  in- 
herited many  of  his  father's  splendid  quali- 
ties, and  also  had  the  advantage  of  care- 
ful training  under  that  veteran  merchant 
and  business  man. 

Mr.  McKee  during  the  last  forty  years 
has  been  a  factor  in  every  prominent  move- 
ment undertaken  to  broaden  the  power  and 
responsibilities  of  Indianapolis  and  im- 
prove local  conditions.  However,  he  has 
not  been  in  politics  beyond  exercising  his 
personal  influence  in  behalf  of  a  worthy 
municipal  program.  He  is  a  republican,  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  his  wife  belongs  to  the  Second  Church 
of  Christ,  Scientist.  February  21,  1900, 
Mr.  McKee  married  Miss  Grace  Wasson. 
Her  father  was  Hiram  P.  Wasson,  another 
prominent  Indianapolis  merchant.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  McKee  have  two  children,  Ed- 
ward L.,  Jr.,  a  captain  in  the  United  States 
Army,  and  Hiram  Wasson. 

JOHN  COOPER  PROPS.  The  City  of  Mun- 
cie  has  no  more  public-spirited  citizen  than 
John  Cooper  Props,  who  has  been  identi- 
fied with  that  community  successively  as 
newspaper  man,  farmer  and  lawyer,  but 
chiefly  as  one  of  the  leading  distributors 
of  automobiles.  Mr.  Props  is  secretary  and 
general  manager  of  the  Props-Dunn  Motor 
Company,  which  is  the  oldest  automobile 
concern  in  Delaware  County  and  through 
which  and  Mr.  Props'  personal  influence 
over  a  thousand  Ford  cars  have  been  sold 
in  Delaware  County  alone.  The  Props- 
Dunn  Motor  Company  is  counted  as  one  of 
the  model  Ford  agencies  in  Indiana,  and 
the  success  and  prosperity  of  the  business 
is  largely  attributed  by  Mr.  Props  to  the 
fact  that  he  has  always  endeavored  to  fol- 
low the  policies  outlined  by  Henry  Ford. 

Furthermore,  Mr.  Props  represents  a 
family  of  historical  interest  in  this  section 
of  the  state.  Particularly  in  the  Missis- 
sinewa  Valley  do  the  annals  of  the  Props 
family  go  back  for  several  generations  to 
the  very  pioneer  and  frontier  period. 

John  Props,  founder  of  the  family  in 
Delaware  County,  was  member  of  a  large 
group  of  Virginia  settlers  who  went  there 
and  founded  homes  at  a  time  when  every 
homemaker  was  a  pioneer  in  the  western 
advancement  of  the  nation.  John  Props 
was  born  May  13.  1808,  in  Rockbridge 
County,  near  the  Natural  Bridge,  was  of 


21!»0 


INDIANA  AND  IXDTANANS 


tion  in  the  General  Electric  Company,  and 
married  Miss  Mary  S.  Harrison,  daughter 
of  the  late  President  Benjamin  Harrison. 
Frank  Latham,  the  1'onrth  child,  is  a  New 
York  business  man.  Kichard  Boone  died  at 
Indianapolis  in  1907.  Celine  Lodge  mar- 
ried Charles  \V.  Merrill,  of  the  Hobbs  Mer- 
rill Company,  publishers  of  Indianapolis. 

EmvAHD  L.  MclvKK,  a  son  of  the  late 
Robert  S.  McKce.  has  for  many  years  been 
one  of  the  fortunate  and  valued  citizens  of 
Indianapolis.  He  was  fortunate  in  coming 
of  a  family  of  such  worthy  associations 
with  the  city  and  state  and  also  fortunate 
in  his  choice  of  a  business  environment  in 
which  his  talents  have  brought  him  signal 
success. 

He  was  born  while  his  parents  lived  at 
Madison.  .Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  March 
13.  1856.  He  began  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  that  town  and  at  the  age 
of  nine  removed  with  his  parents  to  Louis- 
ville. Kentucky,  where  he  continued  to  at- 
tend public  school  and  later  was  again  in 
high  school  at  Madison.  Sixteen  years  old 
when  the  family  came  to  Indianapolis,  he 
began  work  with  a  wholesale  shoe  house, 
and  that  one  line  of  business  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  him,  though  not  without  numer- 
ous other  interests,  to  the  present  time.  Tn 
1879.  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  he  became 
associated  with  his  brother  James  McKee 
and  Aqiiilla  Jones  in  founding  the  whole- 
sale shoe  company  of  Jones,  McKce  &  Com- 
pany. The  founders  of  this  business  were 
all  well  known  and  enterprising  men.  and 
built  up  the  prestige  of  their  house  beyond 
the  borders  of  Indiana.  In  1MKi  it  was  re- 
organized as  the  McKee  Shoe  Company, 
with  Edward  L.  McKee  as  vice  president. 
During  the  past  twenty  years  Mr.  McKee's 
business  associations  and  interests  have 
been  constantly  broadening.  In  lS!»(i  he 
was  elected  vice  president  of  the  Indiana 
National  Hank,  but  resigned  that  executive 
office  in  1904.  though  remaining  a  director, 
lie  also  served  as  a  director  of  the  I'nion 
Trust  Company,  vice  president  of  the  retail 
dry  goods  house  of  II.  P.  Wasson  &  Com- 
pany, and  president  of  the  Atlanta  Tin 
Mate  and  Sheet  Iron  Company.  Perhaps 
the  business  with  which  his  name  is  chiefly 
identified  is  the  Merchants  Heat  and  Light 
Company,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  or- 
pjini/ers  and  incorporators  ;m<l  of  which  he 
became  president  in  19(14.  Mr.  McKec's 


success  in  business  has  been  of  a  most  sub- 
stantial character.  He  undoubtedly  in- 
herited many  of  his  father's  splendid  quali- 
ties, and  also  had  the  advantage  of  care- 
ful training  under  that  veteran  merchant 
and  business  man. 

Mr.  McKee  during  the  last  forty  years 
has  been  a  factor  in  every  prominent  move- 
ment undertaken  to  broaden  the  power  and 
responsibilities  of  Indianapolis  and  im- 
prove local  conditions.  However,  he  has 
not  been  in  politics  beyond  exercising  his 
personal  influence  in  behalf  of  a  .  worthy 
municipal  program.  He  is  a  republican,  a 
member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  his  wife  belongs  to  the  Second  Church 
of  Christ,  Scientist.  February  21.  1900, 
Mr.  McKee  married  Miss  ({race  Wasson. 
Her  father  was  Hiram  P.  Wasson,  another 
prominent  Indianapolis  merchant.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  McKee  have  two  children.  Ed- 
ward L.,  Jr.,  a  captain  in  the  Tnited  States 
Army,  and  Hiram  Wasson. 

JOHN*  COOPKR  Pnoi's.  The  City  of  Mun- 
cie  has  no  more  public-spirited  citizen  than 
John  Cooper  Props,  who  has  been  identi- 
fied with  that  community  successively  as 
newspaper  man.  farmer  and  lawyer,  but 
chiefly  as  one  of  the  leading  distributors 
of  automobiles.  Mr.  Props  is  secretary  and 
general  manager  of  the  Props-Dunn  Motor 
Company,  which  is  the  oldest  automobile 
concern  in  Delaware  County  and  through 
which  and  Mr.  Props'  personal  influence 
over  a  thousand  Ford  cars  have  been  sold 
in  Delaware  County  alone.  The  Props- 
Dunn  Motor  Company  is  counted  as  one  of 
the  model  Ford  agencies  in  Indiana,  and 
the  success  and  prosperity  of  the  business 
is  largely  attributed  by  Mr.  Props  to  the 
fact  that  he  has  always  endeavored  to  fol- 
low the  policies  outlined  by  Henry  Ford. 

Furthermore,  Mr.  Props  represents  a 
family  of  historical  interest  in  this  section 
of  the  state.  Particularly  in  the  Missis- 
sinewa  Valley  do  the  annals  of  the  Props 
family  go  back  for  several  generations  to 
the  very  pioneer  and  frontier  period. 

John  Props,  founder  of  the  family  in 
Delaware  County,  was  member  of  a  large 
group  of  Virginia  settlers  who  went  there 
and  founded  homes  at  a  time  when  every 
homemaker  was  a  pioneer  in  the  western 
advancement  of  the  nation.  John  Props 
was  born  May  13.  180S.  in  Kockbridge 
County,  near  the  Natural  Bridge,  was  of 


U3RAW 

UNIVERSE  TOF  ILLINOIS 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2191 


German  descent,  learned  the  trade  of  black- 
smith, and  as  a  young  man  was  employed 
in  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Perry.  Oncom- 
ing to  Indiana  he  did  work  for  the  con- 
tractors building  the  Wabash  Canal.  At 
Pendleton,  in  Madison  County,  marriage 
linked  him  with  another  pioneer  family, 
when  Eliza  Janes  became  his  wife  on  June 
12,  1838.  She  was  born  in  Logan  County, 
Ohio,  October  26,  1820,  and  died  on  her 
birthday  in  1846.  Her  father,  Zachariah 
Janes,  was  a  soldier  of  the  War  of  1812 
and  a  pioneer  in  Madison  County,  settling 
near  Pendleton  while  the  Indians  were 
there  and  building  a  log  cabin  with  a  dirt 
floor.  That  was  his  home  until  the  latter 
'50s,  when  he  moved  to  the  vicinity  of 
Lexington,  Missouri,  and  died  there  in 
1867.  By  his  wife.  Nany  George,  who 
was  born  in  Logan  County,  Ohio,  in  1796 
and  died  in  Madison  County  in  1834,  his 
children  were  Mrs.  John  Props,  Mrs.  Nancy 
Davis,  Mrs.  Mary  Ann  Hardman,  Sarah 
Cravens,  Mrs.  Lucinda  Maull  and  Mrs.  Su- 
sanna Miller.  The  children  of. 'M^.;  and 
Mrs.  John  Props  were :  John  A.,  William 
Henry,  James  Madison  and  Lemuel  Theo- 
dore. All  these  sons  were  soldiers  in  the 
Civ,il  war  and  John  A.  died  in  the  service. 
It  is  said  that  John  Props  built  the  first 
blacksmith  shop  in  Marion,  Grant  County. 
HP  died  in  1859. 

William  Henry  Props,  son  of  John 
Props,  was  born  at  Marion,  Indiana,  June 
18,  1841.  He  was  five  years  old  when  his 
mother  died  and  he  was  cared  for  in  the 
home  of  Burtney  Euley,  and  when  seven 
years  old  went  to  live  with  Joel  W.  Long, 
who  cared  for  him  as  his  own  child  until 
he  was  grown  to  manhood.  In  the  home 
of  Mr.  Long  he  was  well  trained  for  a  life 
of  usefulness.  The  first  school  he  attended 
was  kept  in  a  log  cabin  on  a  corner  of  the 
home  farm,  and  later  he  was  pupil  in  a 
school  located  where  the  town  of  Eaton  in 
Delaware  County  now  stands.  October  5, 
1862,  when  a  little  past  his  majority,  he 
enlisted  at  Muncie  in  Company  B  of  the 
Sixty-Ninth  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry 
for  three  years'  service.  His  first  battle 
was  at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  on  August 
30th  of  the  same  year.  He  was  shot  through 
the  right  lung,  was  reported  as  dead  by 
his  captain  and  comrades,  but  had,  in  fact, 
been  carried  off  the  field  by  the  nephews 
of  James  Yates,  a  slaveholder  of  the  neigh- 
borhood, who  disappeared  on  the  approach 


of  the  Union  army.  Some  negroes  also  as- 
sisted in  the  rescue  and  the  wounded  man 
was  carefully  cared  for  in  a  negro  cabin 
nearby  until  he  was  able  to  return  home. 
He  came  as  a  joyful  surprise  to  his  friends, 
who  had  mourned  him  as  dead  and  were 
even  then  arranging  a  memorial  service. 
He  was  honorably  discharged  from  the 
army  on  account  of  disability  November 

25,  1862. 

For  all  the  suffering  he  endured  because 
of  his  service  in  the  army,  he  was  for  many 
years  successfully  engaged  in  farming  and 
stock  raising,  and  was  one  of  the  intelligent 
farmers  who  were  leaders  in  the  agricul- 
tural development  of  Delaware  County. 
His  fine  farm  of  195  acres  near  Eaton  is 
still  considered  a  valuable  property  there. 
A  republican,  his  early  interest  in  politics 
recalls  the  incident  that  when  he  was  only 
fifteen  he  and  two  other  boy  companions, 
John  and  Robert  L.  Brandt,  cut,  hauled 
and  assisted  in  raising  the  flagpole  for  the 
first  republican  campaign  when  Fremont 
wajs  candidate  for  President.  He  supported 
LincblriVand  Grant  by  his  early  votes,  then 
turned  a  greenbacker,  voting  for  Peter 
Cooper  and  Weaver,  became  identified  with 
the  later  organization  of  the  people 's  party, 
and  finally  became  a  firm  supporter  of 
William  J.  Bryan.  He  was  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  John  Brandt  Post,  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  of  Eaton,  named  to  commem- 
orate the  services  of  his  old  comrade,  John 
Brandt,  who  died  as  a  result  of  wounds  at 
Chickamauga.  The  sum  of  his  life  was  one 
of  well-spent  activity,  honorable  actions 
and  relations  in  every  sphere,  and  he  died 
June  8,  1907,  respected  and  esteemed  by 
family  and  friends  alike.  He  and  his  wife 
were  members  of  the  Christian  Church, 
lived,  and  practiced  Christianitv  as  part  of 
their  daily  life,  where  charitable  to  a  fault 
and  were  constant  and  instant  in  acts  of 
kindness.  His  good  wife  died  July  3,  1902. 

William  H.  Props  married  September  7, 
1865.  Sarah  Lewis,  who  was  born  May 

26,  1845,  in  Niles  Township  of  Delaware 
County,    daughter    of    John    and    Mary 
(Babb)  Lewis.    Her  father  was  one  of  the 
original  land  entrants  of  Niles  Township. 
The  children  of  William  H.  Props  and  wife 
were :    Mrs.  Marv  McFee,  deceased ;  Rachel 
Louella,  whose  first  husband  was  Reuben 
Estep.  and  her  second  George  Pickerill; 
Joel  W.,  who  died  June  21,  1905.  at  the 
age  of  thirty-six,  leaving  a  small  son,  Emil 


2192 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


W. ;  George  Robert,  who  died  at  the  age 
of  nineteen ;  John  Cooper,  and  Nettie  B. 
Silers. 

This  brings  the  family  down  to  John 
Cooper  Props,  who  was  the  sixth  child  of 
his  father's  family.  He  was  born  in  Union 
Township  of  Delaware  County  March  20, 
1877,  and  was  well  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Eaton  and  for  three  summers 
attended  the 'National  Normal  University 
at  Lebanon,  Ohio.  For  five  years  he  was 
a  teacher  in  Delaware  County.  In  May, 
1899,  he  began  work  for  the  Muncie  Star, 
and  assisted  in  establishing  that  great  In- 
diana newspaper.  In  1902  he  transferred 
his  services  to  the  Marion  News-Tribune, 
but  in  1903  left  journalism  to  become  a 
practical  farmer  at  Wellington,  Illinois, 
managing  320  acres  owned  by  his  wife's 
uncle,  Oliver  P.  Dunn,  who  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  Props-Dunn  Motor  Company  at 
Muncie. 

In  1904  Mr.  Props  entered  the  real  estate 
and  insurance  business  at  Eaton,  and  while 
there  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  Before  fairly  engaging  in  practice  he 
took  over  the  distribution  of  Ford  and 
Studebaker  automobiles  for  Delaware 
County  in  1909.  That  business  soon  re- 
quired so  much  of  his  time  that  he  was 
forced  to  give  up  all  his  other  active  in- 
terests except  his  farm,  which  he  still  op- 
erates. 

Mr.  Props  conducted  the  automobile 
agency  alone  until  the  fall  of  1912,  when 
he  took  in  one  of  his  principal  competi- 
tors, George  J.  Brooker,  incorporating  as 
the  Props-Brooker  Motor  Company.  The 
agency  was  established  at  Walnut  and  Sec- 
ond streets  in  Muncie.  September  1,  1915, 
Mr.  Props  bought  his  partner's  interest, 
and  then  changed  the  corporate  name  to 
Props-Dunn  Motor  Company.  In  the 
spring  of  1916  a  brick  building  621/2  by 
125  feet  at  Walnut  and  Gilbert  streets  in 
Muncie  was  bought  and  remodeled  for  the 
purpose  of  making  it  a  permanent  home 
for  the  business.  Before  it  was  ready  £->r 
occupancy  in  the  fall  the  business  had  out- 
grown its  prospective  location,  and  the  com- 
pany was  forced  to  retain  its  old  location 
at  Walnut  and  Second  streets,  which  is 
used  as  a  Ford  service  station  and  motor 
truck  and  tractor  service  station. 

Mr.  Props  has  been  a  live  man  in  the 
motor  car  industry  in  many  ways.  He 
organized  the  first  motor  club  in  Muncie, 


was  its  first  president,  and  was  also  presi- 
dent of  the  first  auto  dealers '  association  in 
Delaware  County. 

His  business  record  indicates  that  he  is 
a  man  of  initiative,  and  at  the  same  time 
he  has  also  shown  and  exhibited  a  com- 
mendable spirit  of  independence  and  de- 
votion to  principle  in  politics  and  all  civic 
affairs.  He  has  adhered  to  principles  which 
he  believed  to  be  right  whether  they  were 
popular  or  not.  As  a  young  man  he  en- 
dured not  a  little  persecution  for  advocat- 
ing the  reform  measures  which  have  been 
adopted  by  both  the  leading  political  par- 
ties. Mr.  Props  is  affiliated  with  all 
branches  of  Masonry,  including  the  Knights 
Templar,  the  Scottish  Rite  and  Mystic 
Shrine,  and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Elks 
and  Odd  Fellows. 

April  9,  1902,  in  Union  Township  of 
Delaware  County,  he  married  Miss  Beatrice 
McKeever,  who  was  born  in  Grant  County 
of  this  state  February  14,  1876,  a  daughter 
of  Albert  and  Elmyra  (Dunn)  McKeever. 
Her  father  was  a  carpenter  at  Jonesboro, 
Indiana.  Mrs.  Props  was  a  small  child 
when  her  mother  died,  leaving  three  chil- 
dren, Zelma  R.,  Charles  L.  and  Beatrice. 
Beatrice,  from  the  age  of  four  years,  was 
reared  and  tenderly  cared  for  by  her  uncle, 
Oliver  P.  Dunn.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Props  have 
three  children :  Isabella  Dunn  Props,  born 
at  Wellington,  Illinois,  September  15, 1903  ; 
William  Oliver,  born  at  Eaton  May  10, 
1910,  now  deceased,  and  Sarah,  born  Octo- 
ber 12,  1911. 

REV.  FRANCIS  HENRY  GAVISK.  The  cares 
and  burdens  of  managing  the  largest  Cath- 
olic church  in  Indiana  has  not  prevented 
Rev.  Francis  H.  Gavisk  from  assuming  a 
share  in  benevolent  and  social  work  that 
gives  his  career  almost  a  national  reputa- 
tion. He  is  one  of  the  broad  minded  and 
able  Catholic  clergymen  who,  while  never 
subordinating  the  interests  and  welfare  of 
their  own  church,  have  worked  wholeheart- 
edly and  constructively  in  the  service  of 
humanity,  and  have  been  frequently  hon- 
ored and  entrusted  with  responsibilities 
wherein  they  represent  their  church  in  the 
broad  domain  of  state  and  nation. 

Father  Gavisk  is  a  native  of  Indiana, 
born  at  Evansville  April  6,  1856,  son  of 
Michael  and  Mary  (Tierney)  Gavisk.  His 
parents  came  from  Ireland.  Father  Ga- 
visk was  educated  in  parochial  schools  at 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2193 


Evansville,  and  in  1874,  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  went  to  work  as  a  reporter  with 
the  Evansville  Courier.  He  remained  with 
that  journal  as  reporter  and  editor  until 
1880.  He  prepared  f<jr  his  chosen  calling 
in  St.  Meinrad's  College  and  Seminary  in 
Spencer  County,  Indiana,  where  he  com- 
pleted both  the  classical  and  theological 
courses.  In  the  Abbey  Church  at  St.  Mein- 
rad's  May  30,  1885,  he  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  by  Rt.  Rev.  F.  S.  Chatard, 
Bishop  of  Indianapolis.  In  1914  the  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame  conferred  upon 
Father  Gavisk  the  honorary  degree  LL.  D. 

One  of  the  notable  facts  connected  with 
his  long  service  as  a  priest  is  that  all  the 
time  he  has  been  identified  with  St.  John's 
Church  at  Indianapolis,  recognized  as  the 
largest  church  of  that  denomination  in  the 
state.  He  was  appointed  assistant  rector 
on  June  20,  1885,  and  since  1890  has  been 
rector,  and  in  that  capacity  has  had  the 
active  administration  and  has  promoted  in 
numberless  ways  the  growth  and  prosper- 
ity of  this  splendid  congregation.  Since 
1899  Father  Gavisk  has  been  chancellor  of 
the  Diocese  of  Indianapolis. 

Outside  of  the  honors  and  dignities  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  his  church  Father 
Gavisk  is  a  member  and  from  1910  to 
1915  was  vice  president  and  in  1915-16 
president  of  the  National  Conference  of 
Charities  and  Corrections.  Since  1907,  by 
appointment  from  the  governor,  he  has 
been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  State  Chari- 
ties in  Indiana  and  is  a  director  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Society  of  Indian- 
apolis, and  in  November,  1915,  the  gover- 
nor appointed  him  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mission of  Indiana  to  study  questions  of 
mental  defectives.  He  is  also  a  trustee  of 
the  Indianapolis  Foundation,  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
the  Indianapolis  Art  Association  and  the 
Indianapolis  Literary  Club.  He  has  also 
been  active  in  the  American  Red  Cross,  as 
member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
Indiana,  and  has  served  on  the  Citizens 
Library  Committee  of  the  Indianapolis 
Public  Library. 

i 

JOHN  HENRY  LENSMANN  is  a  veteran 
merchant  in  Indianapolis.  It  would  not 
be  too  much  to  claim  for  him  that  he  has 
been  identified  with  the  grocery  trade  on 
the  south  side  of  the  city  for  a  longer 
period  than  any  other  of  his  contempo- 


raries. As  far  back  as  May,  1865,  fifty- 
three  years  ago,  he  did  his  first  work  in  a 
south  side  grocery  store,  and  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  subsequent  period  has 
been  an  independent  merchant.  He  has 
been  steadily  in  his  present  place  of  busi- 
ness at  2022  Shelby  Street  since  May  2, 
1874.  Mr.  Lensmann  is  proprietor  of  a 
large  hardware  and  grocery  establishment, 
and  has  served  more  than  a  generation  of 
customers  in  that  locality.  His  store  is  in 
fact  a  landmark  on  the  south  side,  one  of 
the  most  familiar  locations  to  all  the  people 
in  that  section. 

Mr.  Lensmann  was  born  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Hanover,  Germany,  October  4,  1846,  son 
of  Herman  Henry  and  Katherine  (Kranke) 
Lensmann.  His  parents  spent  all  their 
lives  in  Germany.  His  father  was  an  edu- 
cator and  for  a  period  of  fifty-eight  years 
was  connected  with  the  German  public  in- 
stitutions of  education.  In  addition  he  also 
had  the  active  supervision  of  a  large  gov- 
ernment farm.  His  parents  were  members 
of  the  Lutheran  Church.  Of  their  children 
three  are  still  living :  Catherine,  unmarried, 
and  living  in  Germany;  Mrs.  William 
Maschmeyer,  of  Indianapolis;  and  John 
Henry. 

John  Henry  Lensmann  was  chiefly  edu- 
cated in  the  schools  taught  by  his  father. 
When  a  youth  he  left  his  native  land  to 
seek  the  opportunities  of  the  New  World. 
He  arrived  in  March,  1865,  just  about  the 
close  of  the  Civil  war.  What  induced  him 
to  come  to  Indianapolis  was  the  presence 
in  this  city  of  a  friend  named  Herman 
Rosebruck,  who  at  that  time  was  a  grocery 
merchant  at  East  Street  and  Virginia  Ave- 
nue. Mr.  Lensmann  first  went  to  work  for 
a  local  merchant  named  John  Helm  at  Dav- 
idson and  Michigan  streets.  Three  months 
later  he  was  working  in  the  store  of  Henry 
Rodewald,  where  he  remained  fifteen 
months,  and  then  took  a  new  place  with 
Fred  Rosebruck  at  Bradshaw  and  Virginia 
Avenue.  Four  years  later  he  was  admitted 
to  partnership,  and  they  were  in  business 
together  for  two  years.  The  firm  was 
closed  out  during  the  panic  of  1873,  and 
Mr.  Lensmann  had  to  begin  all  over  again. 
He  worked  for  a  new  start  with  John 
Koehler,  but  soon  was  in  business  again 
for  himself  at  Prospect  and  Spruce  streets, 
and,  as  already  noted,  in  1874  moved  to 
his  present  location. 

His  has  been  a  business  career  worthy  of 


2194 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


note  in  Indianapolis.  He  has  succeeded  by 
constant  and  straightforward  effort,  and 
has  always  done  his  best  to  avail  himself 
of  the  opportunities  to  do  well  for  himself 
and  furnish  a  reliable  service  to  the  com- 
munity. After  coming  to  the  United  States 
Mr.  Lensmann  in  order  the  better  to  equip 
himself  as  an  American  business  man  at- 
tended a  business  college  in  Indianapolis 
and  took  a  course  in  bookkeeping.  This 
old  business  school  was  located  just  in  the 
rear  of  the  old  Indianapolis  postoffice. 
Soon  after  coming  to  Indianapolis  Mr. 
Lensmann  united  with  Zion's  Evangelical 
( 'hurch  and  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  that 
church  for  twelve  years.  He  and  his  fam- 
ily are  now  members  of  St.  John's  Evan- 
gelical Church,  and  for  the  past  three  years 
he  has  been  church  treasurer. 

In  1865,  the  same  year  he  came  to  In- 
dianapolis, Mr.  Lensmann  married  Fred- 
ericka  Rogge,  who  was  born  in  Westphalia, 
Germany,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
at  the  age  of  sixteen.  They  have  one  son 
and  one  daughter,  Henry  and  Louise. 
Henry  is  a  carpenter  and  builder  at  In- 
dianapolis. Louise  is  now  organist  for  St. 
John's  Evangelical  Church. 

tt 

WILLIAM  RATHEBT  is  an  Indianapolis 
business  man  and  citizen  whose  record  is 
one  of  business  accomplishment  and  clear 
and  straightforward  citizenship  throughout 
the  more  than  forty  years  he  has  lived 
here.  He  is  head  of  William  Rathert  & 
Sons  and  is  president  of  the  Sanitary  Milk 
Products  Company. 

Mr.  Rathert  was  born  in  Germany  May 
14,  1852,  son  of  Christian  and  Eleanor 
(Prange)  Rathert.  His  father  was  a  far- 
mer and  land  owner  in  Germany,  and  both 
parents  spent  all  their  lives  there.  Strange 
to  say,  Mr.  Rathert  never  returned  to  his 
native  land. 

Reared  and  educated  in  Germany,  Wil- 
liam Rathert  was  a  boy  of  fifteen  when  in 
company  with  Frederick  J.  Meyer  and 
others  he  started  for  America.  He  had 
relatives  in  this  country,  including  his 
uncle,  Fred  Prange,  a  well  known  early 
contractor  of  Indianapolis,  and  had  another 
relative  living  near  Cumberland,  Indiana. 
The  journey  to  America  was  an  eventful 
one.  Storms  beset  the  vessel  and  kept  it 
back  from  its  course,  and  even  when  the 
boat  was  going  into  port  danger  was  not 


over,  since  the  signal  gun  exploded  and 
killed  a  number  of  passengers  grouped 
nearby. 

William  Rathert  had  little  knowledge  of 
American  life  and  w£ys,  had  practically  no 
capital,  but  had  all  the  energy  necessary 
to  put  him  ahead  in  whatever  line  of  work 
he  chose.  His  first  employment  was  with 
his  uncle,  Fred  Prange,  as  an  apprentice  in 
the  building  trades.  His  wages  the  first 
year  were  $7  a  month  and  the  next  year 
$12  a  month.  He  thus  acquired  an  expert 
knowledge  of  the  carpenter's  trade,  and 
while  working  during  the  day  he  supple- 
mented his  education  by  attending  night 
school.  He  finally  acquired  a  partnership 
with  his  uncle. 

From  the  building  business  Mr.  Rathert 
in  1875  became  associated  with  his  wife's 
father  as  a  grocery  merchant.  They  began 
selling  goods  at  the  same  place  where  the 
William  Rathert  &  Sons  establishment  now 
is,  749-751  South  Meridian  Street.  It  is 
probable  that  only  one  other  merchant  on 
the  south  side  of  Indianapolis  has  been  do- 
ing business  longer  than  Mr.  Rathert.  This 
old  timer  is  Mr.  Schrader  on  Virginia  Ave- 
nue. Mr.  Rathert 's  early  partner  in  the 
grocery  business  was  Charles  Schwomeyer. 
After  his  death  Mr.  Rathert  conducted  the 
business  alone  until  his  sons,  William  F. 
and  Paul  E.,  reached  an  age  where  they 
were  admitted  to  partnership. 

As  a  successful  merchant  Mr.  Rathert 's 
interests  and  co-operation  have  been  sought 
in  other  business  affairs.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Grocers  Baking  Com- 
pany, was  a  member  of  its  Building  Com- 
mittee, and  was  also  one  of  the  organizers 
and  on  the  Building  Committee  of  the  San- 
itary Milk  Products  Company,  now  one  of 
the  flourishing  concerns  of  the  city. 

On  coming  to  Indianapolis  he  became 
identified  with  Zion's  Evangelical  Church, 
served  it  as  a  member  of  its  Board  of  Trus- 
tees and  as  treasurer,  and  six  years  ago, 
when  Friedens  Church  was  organized,  he 
became  a  charter  member,  and  has  since 
been  active  in  all  its  affairs.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Building  Committee,  and 
was  formerly  treasurer  and  is  now  secre- 
tary of  the  church.  He  has  been  a  member 
of  the  Protestant  Orphans  Society  since 
1878,  and  for  a  number  of  years  has  be- 
longed to  the  Deacons  Society.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Building  Committee  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2195 


Independent  Turnverein.  In  earlier  years 
he  usually  voted  the  democratic  ticket  but 
latterly  has  been  independent. 

In  1875  Mr.  Rathert  married  Louisa 
Schwomeyer,  daughter  of  Charles  Schwo- 
meyer.  Mrs.  Rathert  was  born  only  a  block 
from  her  present  home.  Of  the  four  chil- 
dren born  to  them,  Carl  died  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  and  Clara  in  early  childhood.  The 
two  surviving  sons  are  William  F.  and 
Paul  E.,  both  capable  business  men  and 
associated  with  their  father  in  the  William 

Rathert  &  Sons  Store. 

i 

CHARLES  D.  LEGG,  sole  proprietor  of  one 
of  the  leading  grocery  establishments  of 
Anderson,  is  the  type  of  American  citizen 
who  makes  his  own  opportunities  in  life 
and  has  a  sound  foundation  in  experience 
and  ability  for  every  promotion  and  in- 
crease in  his  prosperity. 

He  was  born  in  Benton  Township  of 
Pike  County,  Ohio,  in  1875,  son  of  Edward 
Allen  and  Elizabeth  (Day)  Legg.  His 
English  ancestors  settled  in  Virginia  dur- 
ing colonial  times,  and  some  members  of 
the  family  fought  as  soldiers  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

The  early  experiences  of  life  came  to 
Charles  D.  Legg  on  his  father's  farm  in 
Pike  County,  Ohio.  He  had  a  public  school 
education  and  also  acknowledges  the  valu- 
able training  received  during  his  work  in 
the  county  treasurer's  office  for  a  time. 
After  coming  to  Indiana  he  worked  on  a 
farm  two  years  at  monthly  wages.  He 
farmed  in  White  County  from  1909  to 
1915,  and  arrived  in  Anderson  in  October 
of  that  year.  He  soon  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  his  brother  Christopher  E.,  and 
the  firm  of  Legg  Brothers  soon  made  a  sub- 
stantial showing  among  the  mercantile 
houses  of  Anderson,  both  being  men  of 
great  energy  and  extending  the  facilities 
of  their  firm  to  a  large  proportion  of  the 
homes  of  the  city.  In  November,  1918,  Mr. 
Legg  bought  out  his  brother  and  has  since 
been  sole  proprietor,  and  has  continued  the 
business  under  equally  prosperous  auspices. 

In  1905  he  married  Miss  Dora  Ander- 
son. They  have  two  bright  young  children, 
Donald  A.  and  Lucile.  Mr.  Legg  is  a  thor- 
oughly public  spirited  citizen,  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  of  the  Mer- 
chants Association,  and  has  wielded  con- 
siderable influence  in  local  politics  as  a 


democrat.  He  and  his  wife  are  members 
of  the  Baptist  Church,  and  he  is  affiliated 
with  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

i 

JAMES  S.  CRUSE  has  achieved  almost  the 
dignity  of  being  the  dean  of  the  real  estate 
profession  in  Indianapolis,  and  he  acquired 
his  early  knowledge  of  real  estate  values 
when  Indianapolis  was  a  comparatively 
small  city  and  has  been  in  business  for  him- 
self fulh'  thirty  years.  Mr.  Cruse  is  essen- 
tially a  business  man,  though  he  also  finds 
time  to  lend  a  hand  in  the  various  public 
movements  in  which  Indianapolis  has  a 
part. 

He  was  born  at  New  Albany,  Floyd 
County,  Indiana,  July  16,  1858,  son  of 
John  P.  and  Annie  M.  (Dudley)  Cruse, 
the  former  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  and  the 
latter  of  Virginia.  His  parents  married  at 
New  Albany,  and  in  1862  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis, where  they  spent  the  rest  of 
their  days.  The  father  was  formerly  a  con- 
tractor and  builder,  but  his  later  years 
were  spent  as  a  brick  manufacturer  and 
dealer.  James  S.  Cruse  was  the  only  son. 
and  his  sister,  Mary,  became  the  wife  of 
Henry  J.  Wiethe  of  Indianapolis. 

From  the  age  of  four  years  James  S. 
Cruse  has  lived  in  Indianapolis.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  his  first 
regular  work  was  done  in  his  father's  brick 
yard.  He  did  some  of  the  heavy  manual 
toil  as  well  as  looking  after  books  and  ac- 
counts. His  life  work  was  opened  to  him 
during  his  employment  as  clerk  in  the  ab- 
stract office  of  John  H.  Batty.  After  the 
death  of  Mr.  Batty  he  remained  with  the 
successor  of  the  business,  and  the  experi- 
ence gave  him  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
real  estate  values  in  this  part  of  the  state. 
Later  he  was  connected  with  the  real  estate 
rental  agency  of  Giles  S.  Bradley,  later 
with  Dain  &  McCullough  and  subsequently 
with  Mr.  Dain  alone.  On  the  death  of  this 
real  estate  man  Mr.  Cruse  bought  the  busi- 
ness and  has  conducted  it  successfully  now 
for  over  thirty  years.  December  19,  1908, 
it  was  incorporated  as  the  J.  S.  Cruse 
Realty  Company,  with  Mr.  Cruse  as  presi- 
dent. It  is  one  of  the  larger  real  estate 
firms  of  the  city  and  has  a  number  of 
departments  with  facilities  and  organiza- 
tions furnishing  a  perfect  service  as  a  rent- 
ing agency  in  the  general  handling  and 
care  of  large  properties  and  also  for  the 


Vol.    V— 19 


2196 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


execution  of  real  estate  transactions  in- 
volving outside  suburban  and  farm  prop- 
erty. 

Mr.  Cruse  is  also  president  of  the  Mar- 
ion Tile  Guarantee  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis. He  is  a  republican  voter  and  a 
member  of  the  Columbia,  Commercial  and 
Marion  Clubs,  the  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade,  and  in  Masonry  has  attained  the 
thirty -second  degree  of  Scottish  Rite  and 
belongs  to  the  Mystic  Shrine.  In  1896  he 
married  Miss  Fannie  Jones,  daughter  of  the 
late  William  H.  Jones  of  Indianapolis. 

T.  TALMADGE  CULVER  is  proprietor  of  the 
Culver  Dairy  Creamery  at  Richmond,  a 
business  he  established  a  few  years  ago  and 
has  built  up  to  successful  proportions.  Mr. 
Culver,  a  man  of  versatile  talents,  and  who 
has  appeared  on  the  stage  from  coast  to 
coast  as  reader  and  singer,  has  found  both 
a  congenial  and  satisfying  business  in  sup- 
plying the  finest  grades  of  pure  milk  and 
cream  to  this  Indiana  community. 

He  was  born  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1892, 
son  of  A.  L.  and  Minnie  Josephine  (Beery- 
hill)  Culver.  The  Culvers  are  an  old  Eng- 
lish family,  long  established  in  America. 
His  father  is  now  an  orange  grower  at 
Boynton,  Florida. 

T.  Talmadge  Culver  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  and  worked  his  way  to  pay 
for  his  expenses  while  in  high  school  and 
college.  He  graduated  from  high  school 
in  1910  and  in  1913  entered  the  Northwest- 
ern University  at  Chicago,  graduating  in 
1915  from  the  School  of  Oratory  and  tak- 
ing post-graduate  work  in  both  music  and 
oratory.  For  three  years  Mr.  Culver  was 
with  the  Redpath  Lyceum  Bureau  on  the 
Chautauqua  Circuit  as  a  reader.  While  in 
university  he  was  a  member  of  the  Glee 
Club  as  reader  and  tenor,  and  traveled 
from  coast  to  coast  and  also  visited  the 
Panama  Canal  zone. 

Mr.  Culver  married  Miss  Laura  Brooks, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Pauline  Brooks 
of  Wisconsin.  She  was  a  graduate  of 
Northwestern  University.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Dorothv  May,  born  August  16, 
1917. 

For  four  months  Mr.  Culver  helped  his 
father  on  the  orange  grove  in  Florida  and 
in  September,  1916,  came  to  Richmond  and 
opened  his  present  creamery  business.  He 
manufactures  butter,  buttermilk  and  cot- 
tage cheese,  and  supplies  a  large  retail 


trade.  He  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge  at  Richmond,  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Christian  Church,  and  in  politics  is 
independent. 

JAMES  YORK  WELBORN,  M.  D.,  who  has 
earned  special  distinction  as  a  surgeon,  has 
for  twenty  years  been  associated  with  Dr. 
Edwin  Walker  of  Evansville  in  the  Walker 
Hospital,  and  is  now  the  head  surgeon  of 
that  noted  institution. 

Doctor  Welborn  represents  one  of  the 
oldest  familes  of  Southern  Indiana,  and 
also  an  American  ancestry  that  goes  back 
to  the  founding  of  Virginia.  He  was  born 
at  Stewartsville  in  Posey  County.  He  is  a 
lineal  descendant  in  the  tenth  generation 
from  John  Welborn,  who  settled  at  James- 
town May  24,  1610.  The  heads  of  the  suc- 
cessive generations  in  the  American  an- 
cestry are  as  follows :  John,  Jonathan,  Cap- 
tain Thomas,  Samuel,  John,  Jesse  York, 
William  Wallace,  Dr.  George  Walker  and 
James  York. 

Doctor  Welborn 's  great-grandfather, 
Jesse  York  Welborn,  a  native  of  North 
Carolina,  moved  to  Kentucky  and  thence  to 
the  Territory  of  Indiana  prior  to  1810.  He 
had  lived  here  half  a  dozen  years  before 
Indiana  became  a  state.  Locating  at  Mount 
Vernon,  he  was  a  man  of  prominence  in 
that  locality  for  many  years,  serving  as 
postmaster.  He  wore  the  tall  silk  hat  then 
the  fashion,  and  the  story  goes  that  he  car- 
ried the  few  letters  constituting  the  mail 
for  Mount  Vernon  in  this  headgear  and 
handed  them  out  to  the  addressees  as  he 
met  them.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
first  State  Legislature. 

The  medical  profession  is  a  tradition  in 
the  Welborn  family.  Doctor  Welborn 's 
grandfather,  Dr.  William  W.  Welborn,  who 
was  born  at  Mount  Vernon,  Indiana,  grad- 
uated from  the  Evansville  Medical  College 
and  after  a  brief  practice  in  that  city  re- 
moved to  Stewartsville  in  Posey  County 
and  continued  his  professional  work  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  fifty-six.  He  mar- 
ried Hannah  Walker,  a  sister  of  Dr.  George 
B.  Walker,  of  Evansville,  dean  of  the 
Evansville  Medical  College.  She  survived 
her  husband  several  years  and  died  at 
Evansville  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight. 

Dr.  George  W.  Welborn,  father  of  James 
York  Welborn,  was  born  at  Mount  Vernon 
in  1843,  attended  old  Asbury  College,  at 
Greencast'e,  Indiana,  and  soon  after  the 


If- 


21% 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


execution  of  real  estate  trjinsactioiis  in- 
volving outside  suburban  and  farm  prop- 
erty. 

Mr.  Cruse  is  also  president  of  the  .Mar- 
ion Tile  Guarantee  Company  of  Indian- 
apolis, lie  is  a  republican  voter  and  a 
member  of  the  Columbia,  ( 'ommercial  and 
.Marion  Clubs,  the  Indianapolis  Board  of 
Trade,  and  in  -Masonry  has  attained  the 
thirty-second  degree  of  Scottish  Kite  and 
belongs  to  the  .Mystic  Shrine.  In  l>S9u'  he 
married  Miss  Fannie  Jones,  daughter  of  the 
late  William  II.  Jones  of  Indianapolis. 

T.  TALMADUE  CI/LVEK  is  proprietor  of  the 
Culver  Dairy  Creamery  at  Richmond,  a 
business  he  established  a  few  years  ago  anil 
has  built  up  to  successful  proportions.  Mr. 
Culver,  a  man  of  versatile  talents,  and  who 
has  appeared  on  the  stage  from  eoast  to 
coast  as  reader  and  singer,  has  found  both 
a  congenial  and  satisfying  business  in  sup- 
plying the  finest  grades  of  pure  milk  and 
cream  to  this  Indiana  community. 

He  was  born  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1892, 
son  of  A.  L.  and  Minnie  Josephine  ( Beery - 
hillj  Culver.  The  Culvers  are  an  old  Eng- 
lish family,  long  established  in  America. 
His  father  is  now  an  orange  grower  at 
1'oynton,  Florida. 

T.  Talmadge  Culver  attended  the  com- 
mon schools  and  worked  his  way  to  pay 
for  his  expenses  while  in  high  school  and 
college,  lie  graduated  from  high  school 
in  1!»10  and  in  191:}  entered  the  Northwest- 
ern I'niversity  at  Chicago,  graduating  in 
1!M.">  from  the  School  of  Oratory  and  tak- 
ing post-graduate  work  in  both  music  and 
oratory.  For  three  years  Mr.  Culver  was 
with  the  Kcdpath  Lyceum  Hureau  on  the 
CliaulaiKjua  Circuit  as  a  reader1.  While  in 
university  lie  was  a  member  of  the  Glee 
Club  as  reader  and  tenor,  and  traveled 
from  coast  to  coast  and  also  visited  the 
Panama  Canal  /one. 

Mr.  Culver  married  Miss  Laura  Brooks, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Pauline  Brooks 
of  Wisconsin.  She  was  a  graduate  of 
Northwestern  I 'Diversity.  They  have  one 
dauirhter.  Dorothv  May,  born  August  16, 
1!H7. 

For  four  months  Mr.  Culver  helped  his 
father  on  the  orange  grove  in  Florida  and 
in  September.  IftKi.  came  to  Richmond  and 
opened  his  present  creamery  business.  He 
manufactures  butter,  buttermilk  and  cot- 
tage cheese,  and  supplies  a  large  retail 


great  -  grandfather, 
a    native   of    North 


trade.  lie  is  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge  at  Richmond,  is  a  member  of  the 
First  Christian  Church,  and  in  polities  is 
independent. 

JAMES  YORK  WELHORX,  M.  I).,  who  has 
earned  special  distinction  as  a  surgeon,  has 
for  twenty  years  been  associated  with  Dr. 
Kdwin  Walker  of  Evansville  in  the  Walker 
Hospital,  and  is  now  the  head  surgeon  of 
that  noted  institution. 

Doctor  Welborn  represents  one  of  the 
oldest  familes  of  Southern  Indiana,  and 
also  an  American  ancestry  that  goes  back 
to  the  founding  of  Virginia.  He  was  born 
at  Stewartsville  in  Posey  County.  lie  is  a 
lineal  descendant  in  the  tenth  generation 
from  John  Welborn,  who  settled  at  James- 
town May  24,  1610.  The  heads  of  the  suc- 
cessive generations  in  the  American  an- 
cestry are  as  follows:  John,  Jonathan,  Cap- 
tain Thomas,  Samuel.  John,  Jesse  York, 
William  Wallace,  Dr.  George  Walker  and 
James  York. 

Doctor  Welborn 's 
Jesse  York  Welborn. 
Carolina,  moved  to  Kentucky  and  thence  to 
the  Territory  of  Indiana  prior  to  ISlO.  He 
had  lived  here  half  a  do/en  years  before 
Indiana  became  a  state.  Locating  at  Mount 
Yernon,  he  was  a  man  of  prominence  in 
that  locality  for  many  years,  serving  as 
postmaster.  He  wore  the  tall  silk  hat  then 
the  fashion,  and  the  story  goes  that  lie  car- 
ried the  few  letters  constituting  the  mail 
for  Mount  Vernon  in  this  headgear  and 
handed  them  out  to  the  addressees  as  he 
met  them.  lie  was  also  a  member  of  the 
first  State  Legislature. 

The  medical  profession  is  a  tradition  in 
the  Welborn  family.  Doctor  Welborn 's 
grandfather.  Dr.  "William  W.  Welborn.  who 
was  born  at  Mount  Yernon,  Indiana,  grad- 
uated from  the  Evansville  Medical  College 
and  after  a  brief  practice  in  that  city  re- 
moved to  Stewartsville  in  Posey  County 
and  continued  his  professional  work  until 
his  death  at  the  age  of  fifty-six.  lie  mar- 
ried Hannah  Walker,  a  sister  of  Dr.  George 
B.  Walker,  of  Evansville,  dean  of  the 
Evansville  Medical  College.  She  survived 
her  husband  several  years  and  died  at 
Kvansville  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight. 

Dr.  George  W.  Welborn.  father  of  James 
York  Welborn,  was  born  at  Mount  Yernon 
in  1S4:{.  attended  old  Asbury  College,  at 
GreeneastJe.  Indiana,  and  soon  after  the 


. 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2197 


breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  entered  the 
Union  array,  and  on  account  of  his  medical 
knowledge  was  assigned  to  hospital  duty. 
He  was  in  the  army  until  the  close  of  hos- 
tilities, and  returning  home  soon  engaged 
in  the  mercantile  business  at  Evansville. 
Later  he  took  the  full  course  of  the  Evans- 
ville Medical  College,  graduating  in  1877, 
and  began  practice  in  his  father's  home 
town,  Stewartsville,  and  continued  his  la- 
bors until  his  death  at  the  age  of  sixty-one. 
He  married  Martha  Stinnette,  who  was 
born  in  Elkton,  Kentucky,  daughter  of 
Whiting  and  Nettie  (Britton)  Stinnette. 
They  had  four  children,  named  William, 
Annie,  James  York  and  Helen. 

James  York  Welborn  acquired  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Stewarts- 
ville, also  attended  his  father's  alma  mater, 
DePauw  University,  and  from  there  en- 
tered the  Marion  Simms  Medical  School  in 
St.  Louis,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1899.  In  the  same  year  he  came  to  Evaus- 
ville  and  became  associated  with  his  cousin, 
Dr.  Edwin  Walker  in  the  Walker  Hos- . 
pital.  Doctor  Welborn  has  always  been  a 
close  student  of  his  profession,  has  taken 
numerous  post-graduate  courses  and  is  a 
member  of  the  American  College  of  Sur- 
geons as  well  as  of  the  County  and  State 
Medical  societies  and  the  Ohio  Valley  Med- 
ical Association. 

In  1902  he  married  Mamie  Begley, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Baxter  Begley  of  Ingle- 
field,  Indiana.  They  have  three  children, 
Susanna  Jane,  James  York,  Jr.,  and  Mary 
Aline.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Welborn  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the  official 
board.  He  has  served  as  city  health  officer 
of  Evansville,  and  during  the  war  ac- 
cepted an  appointment  as  consulting  sur- 
geon of  the  Marine  Hospital  at  Evansville, 
serving  without  pay.  Fraternally  he  is  af- 
filiated with  Evansville  Lodge  No.  64,  Free 
and  Accepted  Masons;  Evansville  Consis- 
tory of  the  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine, 
Evansville  Lodge  No.  143,  Knights  of 
Pythias ;  Lodge  No.  214,  Independent  Or- 
der of  Odd  Fellows,  and  Evansville  Lodge 
of  Elks.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Coun- 
try Club. 

Doctor  Welborn  is  an  enthusiastic  hunter 
and  has  visited  the  canebrakes  of  Louis- 
iana, the  tangled  jungles  of  Missouri  and 
the  forest  fastnesses  of  the  State  of  Maine 
•n  search  of  big  game.  He  humorously 


states  that  most  of  the  big  game  was  alive 
at  last  accounts,  and  while  this  fs  no  dis- 
credit to  his  marksmanship,  it  is  evident 
that  Doctor  Welborn  is  more  a  hunter  for 
the  sake  of  outdoor  life  than  for  the 
trophies  of  the  chase.  At  home  he.  has 
evinced  a  fondness  for  the  pursuit  of  hor- 
ticulture, particularly  the  growing  of 
peaches.  He  developed  an  orchard  of  100 
acres  in  Georgia,  and  now  has  seventy-five 
acres  of  fine  fruit  in  Vanderburg  County. 

The  patriotic  services  rendered  during 
the  war  by  Dr.  J.  Y.  Welborn  of  the  Walker 
Hospital  as  consulting  surgeon  at  the  Ma- 
rine Hospital,  serving  without  pay,  have 
brought  him  recognition  and  honor.  He 
has  been  issued  a  commission  as  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Public  Health  Service, 
carrying  the  rank  of  major.  His  term  will 
be  for  five  years. 

Doctor  Welborn  offered  the  Walker  Hos- 
pital and  the  services  of  its  staff  of  physi- 
cians and  nurses  to  the  government  when 
the  amended  physical  qualification  ruling 
was  adopted,  placing  registrants  with 
minor  defects  in  a  remedial  group  to  be 
accepted.  JPtfcen  cured.  The  Walker  staff 
assisted  in  examining  registrants  of  the 
First  Division  and  tendered  their  services 
in  caring  for  the  families  of  soldiers. 

WILLIAM  CALVERT  WELBORN,  one  of  the 
able  members  of  the  Evansville  bar,  was 
born  on  a  farm  near  Cynthiana  in  Posey 
county,  son  of  Joseph  R.  and  Rebecca  (Cal- 
vert)  Welborn,  a  grandson  of  Samuel  Wel- 
born and  lineally  descended  in  the  ninth 
generation  from  John  Welborn,  who  ar- 
rived in  Jamestown,  Virginia,  in  May,  1610. 
Of  the  family  James  Welborn,  represent- 
ing the  fifth  generation  in  America,  served 
as  a  Revolutionary  soldier.  His  son, 
Moses  Welborn,  emigrated  from  North 
Carolina  and  settled  in  Posey  County,  In- 
diana, improving  a  farm  there.  Samuel 
Welborn,  grandfather  of  William  C.  Wel- 
born, was  born  near  Guilford  Court  House, 
in  North  Carolina,  and  as  young  man  went 
to  Gibson  County,  Indiana,  and  while 
working  on  a  farm  met  his  future  wife, 
Mary  Waters.  He  remained  in  Gibson 
County  and  became  a  successful  farmer 
and  quite  active  in  public  affairs,  serving 
four  years  as  county  treasurer. 

Joseph  R.  Welborn  was  reared  and  edu- 
cated in  Gibson  County,  later  moved  to 
Posey  County,  and  for  many  years  has  been 


2198 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


devoted  to  farming  and  stock  raising,  spe- 
cializing in  pure-bred  Shorthorn  cattle  and 
Poland-China  hogs.  He  still  occupies  his 
old  farm.  His  wife,  Rebecca  Calvert,  who 
died  in  1897,  the  mother  of  three  children, 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  Posey  County,  a 
daughter  of  William  and  Martha  (Endi- 
cott)  Calvert  and  a  granddaughter  of  Pat- 
rick Calvert,  a  pioneer  of  Vanderburg 
County. 

William  C.  Wei  born  received  his  early 
education  in  the  Cynthiana  schools, -gradu- 
ated Bachelor  of  Arts  from  the  University 
of  Indiana  in  1899,  and  from  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  University  in  1903.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1902  and  for 
eleven  years  practiced  at  Greenfield,  In- 
diana. Since  July  15,  1913,  his  home  has 
been  at  Evansville,  where  he  has  practiced 
in  partnership  with  Hon.  A.  J.  Veneman. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Vanderburg  County 
Bar  Association,  and  of  the  Greenfield  Bap- 
tist Church,  while  his  wife  is  a  member  of 
the  Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 
He  married  November  26,  1903,  Edith 
Gauntt.  She  was  born  at  Marion,  Indiana, 
a  daughter  of  Jasper  and  Addie  (Evans) 
Gauntt.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Welborn  have  four 
daughters  named  Marion,  Ruth,  Dorothy 
and  Frances. 

JOHN  ROBERTS  was  a  pioneer  Indiana 
business  man,  one  of  the  comparatively 
few  who  in  the  middle  years  of  the  last 
century  had  interests  that  extended  beyond 
the  immediate  locality  of  his  residence. 

His  home  for  many  years  was  at  Brook- 
ville, where  he  located  as  a  boy  from  his 
native  State  of  Kentucky.  He  was  born 
near  Georgetown,  Kentucky,  April  10, 
1813,  son  of  Billingsley  and  Nancey  (Jew- 
ell) Roberts.  His  father  was  a  modest 
planter  in  Kentucky,  had  a  few  slaves,  but 
freed  them  many  years  before  the  war  and 
in  fact  before  abolition  had  become  a 
prominent  force  or  influence  in  the  coun- 
try. He  died  in  Kentucky  and  soon  after- 
ward his  widow  in  1828  brought  her  little 
family  to  Brookville,  Indiana,  settling  a 
short  distance  above  that  town.  John  Rob- 
erts, who  was  fifteen  years  of  age  when  he 
came  to  Indiana,  was  second  in  a  family 
of  ten  children.  He  had  a  very  limited 
education,  though  his  own  intellect  and  his 
constant  habit  of  observation  and  industry 
well  made  up  for  this  early  deficiency. 
The  schooling  he  did  receive  was  obtained 


in  a  log  schoolhouse  of  pioneer  times,  com- 
forts and  facilities. 

At  Brookville  his  first  regular  business 
was  pork  packing,  and  he  built  one  of  the 
leading  establishments  of  its  kind  in  that 
town.  Later  he  engaged  in  milling  and 
operated  a  warehouse.  He  also  acquired 
and  operated  a  line  of  canal  boats  between 
Cambridge  City  and  Cincinnati.  His  busi- 
ness enterprises  seemed  to  prosper  almost 
without  exception,  and  as  his  wealth  ac- 
cumulated he  invested  in  real  estate,  and 
owned  large  tracts  of  land  in  different 
parts  of  Indiana.  In  character  he  was 
quiet  and  unobtrusive,  though  these  quali- 
ties did  not  interfere  with  the  exhibition 
of  executive  ability  of  the  highest  type. 
In  whatever  he  undertook  he  was  forceful 
and  persistent  and  seldom  undertook  any- 
thing which  he  did  not  see  through  to  suc- 
cess. During  the  Civil  war  he  became  en- 
deared to  the  families  of  soldiers  by  large 
contributions  to  their  support  and  com- 
fort. After  the  organization  of  that  party 
he  acted  with  the  republicans,  though 
probably  his  name  was  never  connected 
with  a  public  office  as  an  aspirant  or  can- 
didate. 

In  November,  1834,  at  the  home  of  the 
bride  three  miles  north  of  Brookville,  Mr. 
Roberts  married  Mary  M.  Templeton, 
daughter  of  Robert  Templeton,  a  promi- 
nent citizen  and  pioneer  of  the  Brookville 
region  who  had  come  to  Indiana  from 
South  Carolina.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  Rob- 
erts had  a  large  family  of  children,  but 
only  four  reached  maturity,  and  three  are 
now  living:  Mrs.  Caroline  Peck;  Mrs. 
Helen  M.  Heron;  Mrs.  Nannie  R.  Shirk, 
wife  of  Elbert  H.  Shirk  of  Tipton,  In- 
diana ;  and  James  E.  Roberts. 

Mr.  John  Roberts  died  January  14,  1891, 
and  his  widow  survived  him  until  Decem- 
ber 18,  1900. 

James  E.  Roberts,  their  only  living  son, 
has  for  many  years  been  a  resident  of  In- 
dianapolis. He  was  born  at  Brookville, 
October  27,  1849,  attended  college  at 
Brookville,  and  his  first  business  experience 
was  as  clerk  in  a  store  in  his  native  town. 
Later  he  removed  to  Lafayette  and  from 
there  to  Connersville,  where  for  three  years 
he  was  in  the  hardware  business.  Later  he 
became  a  furniture  manufacturer  as  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  Munk  &  Roberts  Furniture 
Company.  In  1893  Mr.  Roberts  moved  to 
Indianapolis  and  has  since  lived  retired. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2199 


November  23,  1881,  he  married  Mary 
Claypool,  daughter  of  Benjamin  F.  Clay- 
pool.  She  died  October  16,  1894.  On  Jan- 
uary 4,  1905,  Mr.  Roberts  married  Hen- 
rietta West  Stevens,  daughter  of  John 
West  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  and  widow 
of  George  E.  Stevens. 

ALEXANDER  HERON.  The  services  by 
which  Alexander  Heron  became  a  figure  in 
Indiana  affairs  were  rendered  during  his 
many  years  of  incumbency  as  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  He  was  a 
sterling  figure  among  Indiana  farmers,  a 
leader  and  educator  in  the  best  sense  of  the 
term,  and  he  did  much  that  may  properly 
be  remembered  and  given  a  place  in  these 
records. 

He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
May  2,  1827,  and  died  in  Indianapolis  May 
29,  1900.  His  parents  were  James  and 
Barbara  Heron.  James  Heron  with  his 
family  came  in  early  days  from  Baltimore 
to  Connersville,  Indiana.  Both  he  and  his 
wife  died  in  Fayette  County,  and  of  their 
six  children  two  are  living. 

Alexander  Heron  received  most  of  his 
education  in  Connersville,  and  after  his 
father's  death  he  remained  at  home  tend- 
ing the  farm  for  his  mother.  In  1873  he 
came  to  Indianapolis  as  secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  he  held  that 
office  continuously  until  a  few  months  be- 
for  his  death. 

In  politics  he  was  a  democrat,  but  had 
strong  independent  leanings.  January  14, 
1864,  he  married  at  Brookville,  Indiana, 
Miss  Helen  Roberts,  daughter  of  John  and 
Mary  M.  (Templeton)  Roberts.  Mrs. 
Heron  survives  her  honored  husband,  re- 
siding at  1827  North  Meridian  Street  in 
Indianapolis.  She  is  the  mother  of  two 
children:  Mary  R.,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Garver; 
and  Charles  A.,  who  is  a  farmer  in  Tipton 
County. 

Mrs.  Heron's  parents  spent  practically 
all  their  lives  in  Indiana.  Her  father  was 
born  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  came  to 
Brookville,  Indiana,  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 
He  acquired  several  farms  and  various 
business  interests,  and  both  he  and  his  wife 
died  at  Indianapolis.  In  politics  he  was  a 
republican.  Mrs.  Heron  was  one  of  eight 
children,  and  three  are  still  living,  her  sis- 
ter being  Mrs.  Nannie  R.  Shirk  of  Tipton, 
and  her  brother,  James  E.  Roberts  of  In- 
dianapolis. 


WILLIAM  C.  OSBORNE  is  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Danville  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Danville  Trust  Company. 
Hendricks  County's  financial  history 
largely  revolves  around  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Danville.  It  was  founded  in 
1863,  the  same  year  that  the  National  Bank 
Act  was  passed,  and  one  of  the  men  inter- 
ested in  its  establishment  was  the  grand- 
father of  the  present  president.  It  is  an 
institution  reflecting  credit  upon  the  per- 
sonnel of  its  officers  and  directors  and  of 
unequestionable  resources  and  strength. 
The  bank  has  resources  of  over  $900,000, 
while  its  affiliated  organization,  the  Dan- 
ville Trust  Company,  has  resources  of 
$120,000. 

Mr.  Osborne  was  born  in  Howard 
County,  Indiana,  June  16,  1865,  about  two 
years  after  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Danville  was  founded.  His  parents  were 
Edmund  and  Martha  (Cook)  Osborne,  and 
he  is  of  an  English  Quaker  family.  His 
great-great-grandfather,  Matthew  Osborne, 
settled  in  North  Carolina  at  an  early  day. 
Mr.  Osborne 's  grandfather,  Henry  Os- 
borne, came  from  North  Carolina  to  In- 
diana in  1820  and  located  on  a  farm  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state,  near  Paoli, 
where  for  a  time  he  engaged  in  wagon 
making.  In  1835  he  again  pioneered,  this 
time  locating  on  a  farm  in  Howard  County. 
He  was  a  devout  Quaker  and  a  man  of  ex- 
emplary life  and  principles.  In  1875  he 
moved  to  Hendricks  County,  having  pre- 
viously been  interested  in  the  establishment 
of  the  bank  at  Danville.  His  family  con- 
sisted of  three  sons  and  one  daughter. 

Edmund  Osborne  was  the  oldest  child. 
He  spent  most  of  his  life  in  Howard 
County,  where  he  became  an  extensive  land 
owner,  and  much  of  that  property  is  still 
held  by  his  descendants.  He  died  in  1907. 

William  C.  Osborne  is  the  oldest  of  the 
three  living  children  of  his  parents.  He 
had  a  common  school  education,  also  at- 
tended West  Town  Academy  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  for  several  years  taught  school, 
his  teaching  experience  being  in  the  states 
of  Pennsylvania,  Florida  and  Iowa.  Until 
about  thirty  years  of  age  he  spent  most  of 
his  time  on  his  father's  farm  and  had  an 
active  share  in  the  farm  management.  In 
1895  he  located  at  Danville,  becoming  book- 
keeper in  a  local  bank  and  serving  as  cash- 
ier four  vears.  Since  1906  he  has  been 


2200 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


president  of  the  First  National  Bank.  Mr. 
Osborne  is  also  one  of  the  wealthy  farmers 
of  Hendricks  County,  having  three  well  im- 
proved farms  in  that  county  and  220  acres 
in  Howard  County.  He  is  a  republican 
voter  and  is  affiliated  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  He  retains  the 
faith  of  his  forefathers,  that  of  the  Quaker 
Church,  and  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  a  trustee  of  Earlham  College  at  Rich- 
mond. His  wife  has  served  several  years 
on  the  Educational  Committee  of  that 
college. 

Mr.  Osborne  married,  October  24,  1899, 
Miss  Christina  Rogers,  of  Georgia.  They 
have  five  children :  Annie  Martha,  Florence, 
Elizabeth,  Miriam  and  Edmund  R. 

STERLING  R.  HOLT  came  to  Indianapolis 
in  1869.  He  was  then  nineteen  years  of 
age,  and  several  years  passed  before  his 
work  and  abilities  attracted  attention  be- 
yond his  immediate  employers.  Through 
sheer  force  of  will  and  the  exercise  of  good 
common  sense  and  industry  Mr.  Holt  has 
come  to  attain  a  prominent  position  in 
business  affairs,  and  twenty  years  ago  was 
a  recognized  leader  in  the  democratic  party 
of  the  State  of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Holt  was  born  in  Graham,  Alamance 
County,  North  Carolina,  March  26,  1850, 
son  of  Seymour  P.  and  Nancy  A.  Holt. 
His  parents  were  both  natives  of  North 
Carolina  and  spent  their  lives  there.  Like 
other  Southern  families  they  suffered  from 
the  ravages  of  the  Civil  war,  and  as  Ster- 
ling R.  Holt  was  at  that  time  of  school  age 
he  was  deprived  of  many  of  the  advantages 
which  in  a  peaceful  condition  of  the  coun- 
try he  might  have  secured. 

He  had  beeu  on  his  own  resources  and 
making  his  own  way  for  several  years  be- 
fore he  came  to  Indianapolis.  Here  he 
worked  at  whatever  employment  was  of- 
fered, and  at  the  same  time  he  prepared 
himself  for  a  business  career  by  completing 
a  course  in  the  Bryant  &  Stratton  Business 
College. 

In  1872  he  began  work  as  a  clerk  in  the 
retail  dry  goods  firm  of  Muir  &  Foley, 
with  whom  he  remained  three  years.  He 
practiced  the  strictest  economy  while 
there,  and  on  leaving  the  house  used  his 
limited  capital  to  establish  a  drug  store  at 
164  West  Washington  Street,  having  as  a 
partner  a  practical  pharmacist.  This  busi- 


ness grew  and  prospered  for  seven  years, 
until  Mr.  Holt  sold  his  interests. 

In  the  meantime  for  four  years  he  had 
been  in  the  ice  business  and  in  1880,  after 
selling  his  drug  store,  he  became  associated 
with  other  parties  in  the  organization  of 
the  Indianapolis  Ice  Company.  In  1888 
a  division  was  made  of  this  business,  Mr. 
Holt  retaining  the  wholesale  department. 
For  many  years  his  fundamental  interests 
in  a  business  way  at  Indianapolis  have  been 
as  an  ice  manufacturer  and  dealer.  He 
acquired  interests  in  ice  companies  and 
firms  in  various  cities  and  towns  of  the 
state,  and  the  Indianapolis  enterprise  con- 
ducted under  his  own  name  is  the  largest 
of  the  kind  in  the  city. 

Mr.  Holt  in  poiltics  has  been  a  steadfast 
but  broadminded  and  when  occasion  re- 
quires an  independent  worker  in  the  demo- 
cratic party.  Under  Mayor  Sullivan  he 
was  president  of  the  Board  of  Public 
Safety  for  Indianapolis,  in  1890  was  elected 
chairman  of  the  Marion  County  Demo- 
cratic Central  Committee,  and  in  1892  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  county  treasurer. 
He  filled  that  office  one  term,  not  being  a 
candidate  for  re-election.  In  1895  Mr.  Holt 
became  chairman  of  the  Democratic  State 
Central  Committee  of  Indiana.  After  the 
National  Convention  of  1896  he  resigned, 
since  he  was  unable  to  support  the  free 
silver  candidacy  of  William  J.  Bryan. 

Mr.  Holt  is  an  active  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Board  of  Trade  and  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias  and 
prominent  in  both  the  York  and  Scottish 
Rites  of  Masonry.  He  is  affiliated  with  the 
Lodge,  Royal  Arch  Chapter  and  Knight 
Templar  Commandery,  with  the  Indiana 
Consistory  of  the  Scottish  Rite,  and  with 
Murat  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine.  Sep- 
tember 18,  1874,  five  years  after  he  came 
to  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Holt  married  Miss 
Mary  Gregg.  She  is  a  native  of  Indiana, 
and  her  father,  Martin  Gregg,  was  at  one 
time  a  successful  business  man  of  Danville. 

I 

ALVAH  C.  STEELE  represents  one  of  the 
old  and  substantial  families  of  St.  Joseph 
County,  was  himself  a  successful  teacher 
for  a  number  of  years,  but  since  1910  has 
concentrated  his  duties  as  cashier  of  the 
North  Liberty  State  Bank.  Mr.  Steele  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  that  bank  and  de- 
serves some  of  the  credit  for  its  growth  and 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2201 


flourishing  condition  today.  The  bank  has  a 
capital  of  $25,000,  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  of  $15,000,  and  its  deposits  are  more 
than  $200,000,  reflecting  the  prosperity  of 
that  rich  and  attractive  country  surround- 
ing the  Town  of  North  Liberty.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  bank,  Isaac  Reamer,  died  re- 
cently, and  at  this  writing  the  vice  presi- 
dent, J.  L.  Weaver,  is  acting  president, 
while  most  of  the  executive  administration 
of  the  bank  and  its  affairs  devolves  upon 
the  cashier,  Mr.  Steele. 

Mr.  Steele  was  born  at  North  Liberty, 
Indiana,  April  16,  1877.  His  grandfather, 
Elias  Steele,  was  born  in  Somerset  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1810,  and  at  an  early  age 
was  thrown  upon  his  own  responsibilities 
by  the  death  of  his  father.  He  came  to 
manhood  in  Ohio,  and  in  1865  moved  with 
his  family  to  Plymouth,  Indiana,  and  from 
there  in  1867  to  Liberty  Township  of  St. 
Joseph  County,  where  he  bought  120  acres 
of  land  only  partly  cleared.  He  finally  be- 
came proprietor  of  what  has  long  been 
known  as  the  old  Steele  homestead,  about 
200  acres  in  Liberty  Township.  In  his 
time  he  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  largest 
land  owners  in  St.  Joseph  County,  having 
about  1,800  acres.  He  was  not  only  suc- 
cessful in  a  business  way  but  gave  much  of 
his  time  to  the  unremunerated  duties  as 
minister  of  the  German  Baptist  Church. 
He  was  a  notable  figure  in  the  life  of  St. 
Joseph  County,  and  died  on  his  farm  at 
North  Liberty  in  1877.  He  voted  as  a  whig 
and  later  as  a  republican.  He  married 
Elizabeth  Bickel,  who  was  born  in  Holmes 
County,  Ohio,  and  died  at  North  Liberty, 
Indiana,  in  her  eighty-second  year.  They 
were  the  parents  of  a  large  family  of  eight 
children,  six  sons  and  two  daughters. 

John  Steele,  father  of  Alvah  C.,  was  born 
in  Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  in  1847,  was 
reared  and  educated  there,  and  was  twenty 
years  of  age  when  the  family  moved  to 
Liberty  Township  of  St.  Joseph  County. 
There  he  became  extensively  engaged  in 
the  buying  and  shipping  of  stock,  accumu- 
lated a  fine  farm  of  260  acres,  and  was  long 
regarded  as  one  of  the  county's  most  sub- 
stantial citizens.  He  died  at  his  old  home 
in  Liberty  Township  in  1890.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Church  of  the  Brethren  and 
a  republican  in  politics.  John  Steele  mar- 
ried Emeline  Houser,  who  is  still  living  at 
North  Liberty.  She  was  born  in  Coshocton 
County,  Ohio,  December  12,  1844,  daughter 


of  George  and  Lucy  (Long)  Houser,  being 
one  of  eleven  children.  George  Houser  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1813,  and  lived  to 
be  seventy-one  years  of  age.  He  grew  up 
in  Ohio  from  the  age  of  eleven  and  about 
1856  brought  his  family  to  St.  Joseph 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  followed  farm- 
ing for  many  years.  His  wife  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1817  and  died  at  the  age 
of  seventy-eight. 

John  Steele  and  Emeline  Houser  were 
married  March  9,  1876,  and  they  were  the 
parents  of  four  children.  The  oldest  is 
Alvah  C.  The  second  is  Maude  E.,  who 
graduated  from  the  Walkerton  High  School 
in  1899,  taught  school  for  a  number  of 
years,  part  of  the  time  at  Mishawaka,  and 
is  now  the  wife  of  J.  F.  Price,  a  hardware 
merchant  at  North  Liberty.  The  younger 
daughter,  Beatrice  M.,  finished  the  com- 
mon school  work  in  1896,  at  the  age  of 
twelve  years,  graduated  from  the  Walker- 
ton  High  School  in  1902,  and  later  received 
her  degree  A.  B.  from  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity, where  she  made  her  major  study 
history.  She  has  done  much  useful  work 
as  a  teacher  and  is  now  principal  of  the 
high  school  of  Tyner,  Indiana.  The  fourth 
and  youngest  child  is  John  R..  who  gradu- 
ated from  the  North  Liberty  High  School 
and  also  from  the  Walkerton  High  School, 
and  is  now  cashier  of  the  Union  Bank  at 
Lakeville,  Indiana. 

Alvah  C.  Steele  grew  up  on  his  father's 
farm  in  St.  Joseph  County,  finished  the 
course  of  the  rural  schools  in  1894,  and 
later  was  a  student  in  Valparaiso  Univer- 
sity. He  began  teaching  in  young  man- 
hood, taught  in  St.  Joseph  and  Elkhart 
counties,  and  for  one  year  was  connected 
with  the  schools  of  Henryetta,  Oklahoma. 
Mr.  Steele  put  in  an  aggregate  of  fifteen 
years  in  school  work,  and  during  that  time 
was  superintendent  of  the  city  schools  at 
Wakarusa,  Indiana,  and  also  of  the  public 
schools  of  Tyner  and  Larwill.  Indiana. 

Mr.  Steele  is  treasurer  of  the  Heim  Ce- 
ment Products  Company  and  is  a  director 
of  the  Union  Bank  of  Lakeville,  Indiana. 
He  is  a  republican  voter  and  has  always 
taken  a  keen  interest  in  everything  that 
affects  the  welfare  of  his  home  community. 
He  owns  his  residence  on  Maple  Street  in 
North  Liberty. 

November  26.  1903,  at  Walkerton,  In- 
diana, he  married  Miss  Maude  Rensberger. 
daughter  of  Elias  and  Anna  (Inman) 


2202 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


Rensberger.  Her  parents  reside  at  Walker- 
ton,  her  father  being  a  retired  merchant. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Steele  have  two  children : 
Max  E.,  born  May  15,  1909,  and  Robert 
A.,  born  July  20, 1912. 

WILLIAM  OTIS  ROCKWOOD.  Of  the  Rock- 
wood  family  which  for  so  many  years  has 
been  prominently  identified  with  the  busi- 
ness and  industrial  fortunes  of  Indiana, 
William  Otis  Rockwood  was  head  of  the 
first  generation  in  this  state.  The  name  to- 
day is  most  familiarly  associated  with  a 
large  manufacturing  concern  at  Indian- 
apolis, but  through  the  three  generations 
of  the  family  it  has  numerous  connections 
with  railroad  building,  manufacturing, 
banking  and  other  interests  not  only  in 
Indiana  but  in  other  states. 

The  Rockwoods  are  of  stanch  old  New 
England  ancestry.  '  The  father  of  William 
O.  Rockwood  was  Rev.  Dr.  Elisha  Rock- 
wood,  who  graduated  from  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege in  1802,  and  for  twenty-seven  years 
was  a  minister  of  Westboro  parish  in 
Massachusetts.  He  married  Susanna  Brig- 
ham  Parkman,  daughter  of  Breck  Parkman 
and  a  granddaughter  of  Rev.  Ebenezer 
Parkman,  who  was  the  first  minister  at 
Westboro. 

Of  this  parentage  William  Otis  Rock- 
wood  was  born  at  Westboro,  Massachusetts, 
February  12,  1814.  He  was  liberally  edu- 
cated, being  a  student  in  the  academies  of 
Leicester  and  Amherst  and  completing  his 
classical  course  in  Yale  College.  His  boy- 
ish passion  for  adventure  led  him  to  try 
the  sea,  where  in  a  short  time  he  experi- 
enced the  wide  gulf  that  separates  reality 
from  romance.  Subsequently  he  clerked  in 
a  store  and  taught  school. 

In  1836,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he 
went  west  to  Illinois,  and  married  in  that 
state  Helen  Mar  Moore.  In  1837  they  set- 
tled on  a  small  farm  near  Madison,  Indiana. 
From  there  William  0.  Rockwood  moved  to 
Shelbyville,  where  he  engaged  in  the  mill- 
ing business.  He  also  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  Shelbyville  Lateral  Branch  Rail- 
road. It  was  through  railroading  that  he 
first  came  into  prominence  among  the 
builders  of  the  new  state.  On  moving  to 
Indianapolis  he  became  treasurer  of  the 
Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railway,  and 
filled  that  office  thirteen  years,  until  he  re- 
signed in  1868.  He  was  one  of  the  promi- 
nent railroad  men  of  his  day  in  Indiana. 


Other  interests  rapidly  accumulated.  The 
Town  of  Rockwood,  Tennessee  was  named 
in  his  honor.  There,  with  his  son  William 
E.,  he  founded  the  Roane  Iron  Company, 
an  industry  in  which  his  grandsons  still 
have  an  interest.  He  also  established  a 
rolling  mill  at  Chattanooga.  William  O. 
Rockwood  held  many  official  positions  in 
the  commercial  development  of  Indiana, 
and  but  few  of  the  large  undertakings 
launched  at  Indianapolis  in  his  day  did 
not  have  him  as  a  director  or  participant. 
His  activities  covered  such  varied  fields  as 
banking,  railroads,  insurance,  mining  and 
iron  manufacture.  He  was  a  man  of  ut- 
most probity  of  character  and  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  Indianapolis  November 
13,  1879,  was  regarded  not  only  as  a  loss 
to  the  citizenship  of  his  home  community 
but  to  the  state  at  large.  He  and  his  wife 
were  the  parents  of  three  children,  Helen 
Mar,  who  became  the  wife  of  Rev.  Hanford 
A.  Edson ;  William  E. ;  and  Charles  B. 

The  late  William  E.  Rockwood,  son  of 
William  O.,  was  founder  of  the  Rockwood 
Manufacturing  Company  of  Indianapolis. 
He  was  born  at  Madison,  Indiana,  October 
23,  1847,  and  lived  there  until  about  1859, 
when  the  family  came  to  Indianapolis.  He 
was  not  yet  fourteen  years  of  age  when  the 
Civil  war  broke  out.  Some  of  the  same 
enthusiasm  that  had  caused  his  father  to 
go  to  sea  no  doubt  urged  the  boy  to  an 
active  share  in  the  patriotic  activities  which 
then  claimed  the  attention  of  the  larger 
part  of  the  citizens  both  north  and  south. 
In  July,  1861,  he  was  first  granted  the 
privilege  of  association  with  men1  older 
than  himself  in  the  army.  At  the  very 
beginning  of  the  war  he  was  at  Franklin, 
Louisiana,  where,  though  very  young,  he 
felt  and  appreciated  the  animosity  held  by 
the  southern  people  toward  the  Federal 
Government.  Then  and  there  he  made  up 
his  mind  to  do  all  in  his  power  for  the 
Union.  In  July,  1862,  he  was  refused  per- 
mission to  join  the  Seventy-First  Indiana 
Volunteer  Infantry,  then  in  camp  at  In- 
dianapolis, on  account  of  his  youth.  How- 
ever, he  insisted  so  strongly  that  he  was 
permitted  to  go  to  the  front  as  servant  to 
Capt.  A.  Dyer  of  Company  F,  with  the  un- 
derstanding that  he  could  enlist  when  he 
was  old  enough.  His  first  engagement  was 
at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  where  the  Union 
troops  were  captured  by  the  Confederates 
under  General  Kirby  Smith.  In  this  en- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2203 


gagement  he  received  a  wound  in  the  foot. 
As  this  wound  was  given  no  medical  or 
surgical  care,  it  brought  upon  him  untold 
suffering  at  the  time,  and  was  a  source  of 
trouble  to  him  all  the  rest  of  his  life.  With 
other  prisoners  he  was  granted  a  parole, 
but  endured  almost  incredible  hardships  in 
getting  back  to  the  Federal  lines.  A  part 
of  the  way  he  was  carried  on  the  backs  of 
his  comrades.  At  Cynthiana  he  was  left  in 
order  that  the  others  might  more  rapidly 
reach  the  Ohio  River.  He  suffered  so  much 
from  his  wound  that  at  one  time  it  seemed 
that  the  foot  would  have  to  be  amputated. 
In  the  meantime  his  father,  having  learned 
of  his  predicament  and  location,  went  after 
him  and  brought  him  back  to  Indianapolis. 
He  remained  there  recuperating  until  May, 

1863,  when  he  went  to  Camp  Nelson,  Ken- 
tucky, and  was  employed  as  an  assistant 
by  the  train  forage  master.     As  such  he 
made  one  trip  to  Knoxville  to  the  relief  of 
General  Burnside,  and  another  to  Cumber- 
land Gap.     The  latter  journey  was  one  of 
great  hardship  on  account  of  the  weather. 
For  this  work,  covering  a  period  of  seven 
months,  he  was  given  $15.     On  March  15, 

1864,  with  his  father's  consent,  he  enlisted 
in  the  Seventeenth  Indiana  Volunteer  In- 
fantry and  was  detailed  as  an  orderly  to 
Gen.  John  T.  Wilder.    An  unusual  fea- 
ture of  Mr.  Rockwood  's  military  service  did 
not  come  to  light  until  after  the  war  was 
over.     His  father  had  given  consent  to  his 
enlistment,  taking  it  for  granted  that  the 
boy  would  soon  tire  of  the  service  and  be 
ready  to  quit.     For  this  reason  his  name 
was  erased  from  the  muster  rolls  and  not- 
withstanding his  arduous  service  the  rec- 
ords of  the  United  States  Government  are 
silent  as  to  his  patriotic  loyalty.     But  all 
the  facts  given  herein  are  fully  substan- 
tiated, and  the  record  of  no  soldier  of  the 
Civil  war  might  more  fittingly  find  a  place 
in  the  rolls  of  the  war  department.     He 
continued  to  serve  as  orderly  to  General 
Wilder  until  November,  1864,  when  he  was 
brought  back  to  Indianapolis  and  placed 
in  school. 

After  the  war  William  E.  Rockwood  be- 
came associated  with  his  father  and  with 
General  Wilder  at  Chattanooga,  Tennes- 
see. They  built  a  pig  iron  furnace  at  Rock- 
wood,  and  subsequently  a  flour  mill  at 
Chattanooga.  William  E.  Rockwood  spent 
considerable  time  at  Rockwood  and  at 
Chattanooga,  and  had  charge  of  all  the 


work  of  improvements  on  the  Cumberland 
River  under  the  Rivers  and  Harbors  Com- 
mission of  the  United  States  Government 
from  1879  to  1881.  Under  his  supervision 
this  river  was  made  navigable  from  Carth- 
age down  to  the  mouth. 

Returning  to  Indianapolis  in  1881,  pri- 
marily to  give  his  children  better  educa- 
tional advantages,  he  became  local  repre- 
sentative for  the  Roane  Iron  Company  in 
handling  the  product  of  the  furnace  at 
Rockwood.  At  Indianapolis  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  years.  Along  with  ability  as 
executive  and  administrator  he  also  showed 
originality  in  the  field  of  invention.  He 
invented  and  patented  the  paper  pulley, 
now  in  general  use.  In  1884  William  E. 
Rockwood  built  a  factory  on  South  Penn- 
sylvania Street,  but  in  1900  erected  a  new 
plant  at  1801-2001  English  Avenue.  This 
industry  was  begun  on  a  small  scale,  but 
through  the  different  years  has  grown  and 
prospered  until  it  is  one  of  Indianapolis' 
most  substantial  industries.  After  1893 
his  sons  George  0.  and  William  M.  were 
actively  associated  with  him. 

William  E.  Rockwood  was  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  and  a  republican 
in  politics.  His  later  life  was  spent 
largely  in  retirement,  owing  to  the  suffer- 
ings entailed  by  his  injury  while  a  soldier. 
While  he  directed  large  and  important  in- 
terests he  was  naturally  modest  and  many 
lesser  men  were  more  widely  known  in  his 
home  city  and  state.  His  intimate  friends 
were  confined  to  a  comparatively  small  cir- 
cle, but  the  friends  he  did  have  were  bound 
to  him  by  ties  of  affection  and  respect  that 
more  than  compensated  for  a  larger  list. 

William  E.  Rockwood  died  December  28, 
1908.  October  23,  1871,  he  married  Miss 
Margaret  A.  Anderson,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Anderson,  whose  home  was  near 
Greensburg,  Indiana.  Six  children  were 
born  to  their  marriage :  George  O. ;  Wil- 
liam M. ;  Charles  P. ;  Helen  M. ;  Mary  A., 
who  died  at  the  age  of  four  years;  and 
Margaret  A.,  now  Mrs.  John  Goodwin. 

The  Rockwood  Manufacturing  Company 
founded  by  William  E.  Rockwood  is  now 
conducted  by  his  sons  George  O.  and  Wil- 
liam M.  The  plant  covers  two  city  blocks 
and  its  importance  as  a  local  industry  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  that  about  325  peo- 
ple find  employment  within  its  walls. 

The  president  of  the  company,  George 
0.  Rockwood,  was  born  at  Chattanooga, 


2204 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Tennessee,  August  7,  1872.  He  received 
his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Indianapolis,  and  for  three  years  attended 
Purdue  University  at  Lafayette.  Since 
coming  of  age  he  has  been  steadily  inter- 
ested in  the  business  founded  by  his  father. 
He  is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Uni- 
versity and  Country  clubs,  and  has  varied 
associations  with  the  social  and  civic  affairs 
of  his  home  city.  On  May  1,  1907,  he  mar- 
ried Mrs.  Marie  Rich  Sayles,  daughter  of 
W.  S.  Rich  of  Brooklyn,  Massachusetts. 
By  her  marriage  to  Herman  Sayles  she  is 
the  mother  of  one  son,  Sheldon  B.  Sayles, 
now  a  second  lieutenant  of  field  artillery 
in  the  National  Army.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Rock- 
wood  have  one  daughter,  Diana. 

VICTOR  H.  ROTHLEY  is  a  prominent  In- 
dianapolis business  man,  and  for  many 
years  has  been  a  manufacturer  of  office 
and  bank  fixtures.  He  is  president  of  the. 
Aetna  Cabinet  Company,  one  of  the  larg- 
est firms  of  its  kind  in  the  stat6.J •  'Ml  •;]1  3  ' 

This  business  was  originally  established 
about  1893,  being  a  small  plant,  the  mov- 
ing spirit  of  which  was  Ed  Seikler.  At 
that  time  the  output  was  chiefly  the  prod- 
uct of  hand  labor.  In  1895  another  group 
of  men  took  over  the  business  and  estab- 
lished the  Aetna  Cabinet  Company.  Those 
who  have  furnished  their  personal  energy, 
their  capital  and  enthusiasm  to  the  growth 
of  this  business  have  been  Mr.  Rothley,  now 
president  of  the  corporation,  Ed.  S.  Ditt- 
rich,  vice  president  and  secretary,  George 
F.  Seibert,  who  is  treasurer,  and  Charles 
N.  Shockley  and  Harry  Miller.  Twenty- 
three  years  ago  when  this  business  was  or- 
ganized its  capital  stock  was  $3,000,  and  at 
the  present  time  the  company  is  operating 
on  $25,000  of  capital.  Until  1898  the 
plant  was  at  312  West  Georgia  Street,  and 
then  moved  to  the  present  location,  321-329 
West  Maryland  Street.  This  ground  was 
for  a  time  leased  from  Albert  Metzger,  but 
was  afterward  purchased  and  many  im- 
provements have  been  made  on  the  land 
and  the  buildings.  The  company  now 
specializes  in  office  and  bank  fixtures  and 
has  filled  many  important  contracts  all 
over  the  state  of  Indiana  and  even  in  other 
states. 

Victor  H.  Rothley  was  born  in  Tell  City, 
Perry  County,  Indiana,  June  12,  1864,  son 
of  Philip  C.  and  Mary  (Kasser)  Rothley. 


His  father  was  one  of  those  aspiring  and 
liberty -loving  Germans  who  left  their  coun- 
try at  the  climax  of  the  revolutionary 
troubles  of  1848  and  sought  homes  and  op- 
portunities in  the  New  World.  He  was  a 
compatriot  of  Carl  Schurz.  Coming  to 
America  Philip  Rothley  landed  at  New 
York,  and  worked  at  the  cabinet  maker's 
trade  and  after  a  time  moved  to  New  Phil- 
adelphia, Ohio,  where  he  married  Mary 
Kasser.  She  was  a  native  of  Switzerland 
and  had  come  to  this  country  with  her 
people  when  a  young  woman. 

After  his  marriage  Philip  C.  Rothley 
with  a  relative  named  Braun  opened  a  gro- 
cery store,  but  soon  left  the  counter  and 
his  business  at  the  behest  of  a  strong  pa- 
triotism and  enlisted  at  the  first  call  for 
troops  to  put  down  the  rebellion.  He 
served  with  Company  A,  commanded  by 
Captain  Robinson,  in  the  Fifty-First  Ohio 
Volunteers  throughout  the  three  months' 
period  and  then  re-enlisted  in  the  same 
command.  He  was  at  the  battle  of  Mur- 
ffeeitom),  Chattanooga,  and  Missionary 
Ridge,  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  followed 
Sherman  on  the  march  to  the  sea.  While 
he  was  in  the  army  his  family  moved  to 
Tell  City,  Indiana,  and  there  he  rejoined 
them  after  his  honorable  discharge  from 
the  ranks.  At  Tell  City  he  resumed  his 
business  as  a  cabinet-maker.  He  lived  a 
long  and  useful  career,  and  passed  away 
in  1910,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three.  His 
wife  died  at  seventy-three,  and  they  had 
the  satisfaction  of  celebrating  the  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  their  wedding.  They  were 
active  members  of  the  Lutheran  Church 
and  Philip  Rothley  was  a  republican  voter. 
Of  their  nine  children  Victor  was  one  of 
the  oldest. 

Mr.  Victor  Rothley  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  town  and  in 
his  early  youth  had  some  experience  work- 
ing on  a  machine  in  a  cabinet  making  shop. 
Then  in  1887  he  came  to  Indianapolis  and 
for  a  brief  time  was  employed  in  the  Moore 
desk  factory.  From  here  he  went  back 
to  Tell  City  and  afterward  was  employed 
at  his  trade  in  Chicago.  In  1895  he  en- 
gaged in  business  for  himself,,  and  since 
then  has  been  largely  responsible  for  the 
success  and  upbuilding  of  the  Aetna  Cab- 
inet Company. 

In  1895,  the  same  year  he  entered  busi- 
ness for  himself,  Mr.  Rothley  married  Cyn- 
thia Dunlap,  who  was  born  in  Tippecanoe 


• 


; 


LJKARY 
OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2205 


County,  Indiana,  fifty-three  years  ago, 
daughter  of  James  Moore.  Mrs.  Rothley 
died  November  20,  1917,  leaving  no  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Rothley  had  always  been  true 
to  the  religion  in  which  he  was  reared,  that 
of  the  Lutheran  Church.  He  is  affiliated 
with  Lodge  No.  13,  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks,  is  a  member  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  is  a  republican  voter,  and 
is  active  in  the  Manufacturers'  Association 
and  the  Contractors'  Association  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

THOMAS  C.  DAY.  Those  familiar  with 
the  career  of  Thomas  C.  Day  during  his 
forty  years  residence  in  Indianapolis  say 
that  no  man  has  done  more  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  extension  of  practical  Chris- 
tianity and  morality  in  the  city.  By  the 
hardest  kind  of  work  he  achieved  success 
in  a  business  way  a  number  of  years  ago, 
and  has  made  his  means  an  influence  to 
promote  several  good  and  wholesome  in- 
stitutions in  which  he  has  been  especially 
interested. 

Mr.  Day  is  a  native  of  England,  born 
February  28,  1844,  but  has  lived  in  the 
United  States  since  early  childhood.  He  is 
of  Devonshire  ancestry,  and  many  of  the 
name  were  identified  with  manufacturing 
in  that  portion  of  Southern  England,  be- 
ing owners  of  the  stoke  mills.  His  parents 
were  Thomas  and  Mary  A.  (Gould)  Day. 
Thomas  Day  was  for  twelve  years  con- 
nected with  the  grocery  house  of  H.  H. 
and  S.  Budgett  &  Company  of  Bristol 
and  London,  rising  from  an  inferior  posi- 
tion to  the  head  of  the  spice  department. 

In  1848  he  brought  his  family  to  the 
United  States,  settling  near  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin.  Subsequently  he  abandoned 
all  business  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Wis- 
consin Conference.  He  was  a  very  suc- 
cessful church  builder  and  organizer  and 
did  not  retire  from  the  active  ministry 
until  overtaken  by  old  age.  He  died  at 
Indianapolis  at  the  age  of  ninety-three. 

Thomas  C.  Day  spent  much  of  his  early 
youth  and  manhood  in  the  far  Northwest 
when  it  was  a  pioneer  country,  especially 
in  Minnesota.  He  finished  his  education 
in  Hamline  University,  then  located  at 
Redwing,  Minnesota.  As  a  result  of  the 
financial  panic  which  began  in  1857  and 
which  swept  away  his  father's  modest  for- 
tune, the  youth  was  compelled  to  become 


self  supporting.  Thereafter  he  taught 
school  and  attended  college,  as  opportunity 
offered  until  completing  his  freshman  year. 
At  that  time  the  Civil  war  was  in  progress 
and  his  only  brother  had  enlisted.  Thomas 
desiring  to  follow  him  into  the  service,  but 
on  account  of  delicate  health  was  dis- 
suaded from  that  course  by  his  parents. 
But  in  1863,  when  the  Sioux  rebellion  be- 
gan in  Minnesota,  he  joined  the  United 
States  Cavalry  and  was  on  duty  until  the 
Indian  troubles  were  over. 

At  the  age  of  eighteen  Thomas  C.  Day 
went  to  England,  representing  a  publish- 
ing house  of  Hartford,  Connecticut.  After 
a  year  he  returned  to  the  United  States 
and  took  up  life  insurance,  a  business  to 
which  he  devoted  many  years  of  his  active 
career.  He  became  state  agent  for  Min- 
nesota and  Northern  Iowa  of  the  Aetna 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  subsequently 
he  and  his  brothers  formed  a  partnership 
as  general  agents  for  Minnesota,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Northern  Iowa.  In  1872  Thomas 
C.  Day  was  given  charge  of  the  Chicago 
office  of  the  Aetna  Company,  his  territory 
including  the  northern  half  of  Indiana. 

While  living  in  Minnesota  he  had  in- 
duced the  Aetna  Life  Insurance  Company 
to  make  certain  loans  upon  farm  lands. 
These  investments  had  such  fortunate  re- 
sults that  Mr.  Day  was  gradually  trans- 
ferred from  the  department  of  securing 
policies  for  the  insurance  company  to  han- 
dling and  loaning  its  assets  for  investment 
purposes.  He  placed  large  sums  of  insur- 
ance money  in  the  State  of  Indiana  and 
in  1877  removed  to  Indianapolis  in  order 
the  better  to  look  after  his  business.  Since 
then  his  work  has  largely  been  the  loaning 
of  money  upon  agricultural  lands  and  city 
properties  in  various  states.  In  1882  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  William  C. 
Griffith,  and  the  firm  of  Thomas  C.  Day  & 
Company  was  continued  until  the  death  of 
Mr.  Griffith  in  January,  1892.  The  com- 
pany title  was  continued  with  George  W. 
Wishard  and  William  E.  Day,  a  son  of 
Thomas  C.,  as  associates  of  the  senior  mem- 
ber. One  of  Mr.  Day's  chief  services  in 
broader  community  affairs  h^s  been  his 
effective  leadership  in  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  at 
Indianapolis.  For  three  years  he  was 
president  of  the  local  association,  was  for 
two  years  at  the  head  of  the  Boy's  Club, 
and  has  given  unreservedly  of  his  time  and 
means  to  the  upbuilding  of  this  splendid 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


22U3 


Couitty,  Indiana,  fifty-three  years  ago, 
daughter  of  James  Moore.  Mrs.  Rothley 
died  November  '20.  1!U7,  leaving  no  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Rothley  had  always  been  true 
to  the  religion  in  which  lie  was  reared,  that 
of  the  Lutheran  Church.  He  is  affiliated 
with  Lodge  No.  13.  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks,  is  a  member  of  the 
Columbia  Club,  is  a  republican  voter,  and 
is  active  in  the  Manufacturers'  Association 
and  the  Contractors'  Association  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

THOMAS  C.  I).\v.  Those  familiar  with 
the  career  of  Thomas  C.  Day  during  his 
forty  years  residence  in  Indianapolis  say 
that  no  man  has  done  more  for  the  estab- 
lishment and  extension  of  practical  Chris- 
tianity and  morality  in  the  city.  My  the 
hardest  kind  of  work  lie  achieved  success 
in  a  business  way  a  number  of  years  ago. 
and  has  made  his  means  an  influence  to 
promote  several  good  and  wholesome  in- 
stitutions in  which  he  has  been  especially 
interested. 

Mr.  Day  is  a  native  of  England,  born 
February  12S.  1S44.  but  has  lived  in  the 
I'nited  States  since  early  childhood.  He  is 
of  Devonshire  ancestry,  and  many  of  the 
name  were  identified  with  manufacturing 
in  that  portion  of  Southern  England,  be- 
ing owners  of  the  stoke  mills.  His  parents 
were  Thomas  and  Mary  A.  (Gould)  Day. 
Thomas  Day  was  for  twelve  years  con- 
nected with  the  grocery  house  of  H.  H. 
and  S.  Mudgett  &  Company  of  Bristol 
and  London,  rising  from  an  inferior  posi- 
tion to  the  head  of  the  spice  department. 

In  1848  he  brought  his  family  to  the 
I'nited  States,  settling  near  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin.  Subsequently  lie  abandoned 
all  business  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Wis- 
consin Conference.  He  was  a  very  suc- 
cessful church  builder  and  orsani/.er  and 
did  not  retire  from  the  active  ministry 
until  overtaken  by  old  age.  He  died  at 
Indianapolis  at  the  age  of  ninety-three. 

Thomas  C.  Day  spent  much  of  his  early 
youth  and  manhood  in  the  far  Northwest 
when  it  was  a  pioneer  country,  especially 
in  Minnesota.  He  finished  his  education 
in  Ilamline  I'liiversity,  then  located  at 
Redwing,  Minnesota.  As  a  result  of  the 
financial  panic  which  began  in  18.")7  and 
which  swept  away  his  father's  modest  for- 
tune, the  youth  was  compelled  to  become 


self  supporting.  Thereafter  h<-  taujrht 
school  and  attended  college.  a>  opportunity 
offered  until  completing  his  freshman  year. 
At  that  time  the  Civil  war  was  in  progress 
and  his  only  brother  had  enlisted.  Thomas 
desiring  to  follow  him  into  the  service,  but 
on  account  of  delicate  health  was  dis- 
suaded from  that  course  by  his  parents. 
l>nl  in  18(53.  when  the  Sioux  rebellion  be- 
gan in  Minnesota,  he  joined  the  I'nited 
States  Cavalry  and  was  on  duty  until  the 
Indian  troubles  were  over. 

At  the  ajre  of  eighteen  Thomas  C.  Day 
went  to  England,  represent  ing  a  publish- 
ing house  of  Hartford.  Connecticut.  After 
a  year  he  returned  to  the  I'nitcd  States 
and  took  up  life  insurance,  a  business  to 
which  he  devoted  many  years  of  his  active 
career.  lie  became  state  agent  for  Min- 
nesota and  Northern  Iowa  of  the  Aetna 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  subsequently 
he  and  his  brothers  formed  a  partnership 
as  general  agents  for  Minnesota.  Wiscon- 
sin and  Northern  Iowa.  In  1S72  Thomas 
C.  Day  was  given  charge  of  the  Chicago 
office  of  the  Aetna  Company,  his  territory 
including  the  northern  half  of  Indiana. 

While  living  in  Minnesota  he  had  in- 
duced the  Aetna  Life  Insurance  Company 
to  make  certain  loans  upon  farm  lands. 
These  investments  had  such  fortunate  re- 
sults that  Mr.  Day  was  gradually  trans- 
ferred from  the  department  of  securing 
policies  for  the  insurance  company  to  han- 
dling and  loaning  its  assets  for  investment 
purposes.  He  placed  large  sums  of  insur- 
ance money  in  the  State  of  Indiana  and 
in  1877  removed  to  Indianapolis  in  order 
the  better  to  look  after  his  business.  Since 
then  his  work  has  largely  been  the  loaning 
of  money  upon  agricultural  lands  and  city 
properties  in  various  states.  In  1882  In- 
formed a  partnership  with  William  C. 
Griffith,  and  the  firm  of  Thomas  C.  Day  & 
Company  was  continued  until  the  death  of 
Mr.  Griffith  in  January.  1892.  The  com- 
p-uiy  title  was  continued  with  George  W. 
Wishard  and  William  E.  Day.  a  son  of 
Thomas  C.,  as  associates  of  the  senior  mem- 
ber. One  of  Mr.  Day's  chief  services  in 
broader  community  affairs  Ins  been  his 
effective  leadership  in  the  V.  M.  C.  A.  at 
Indianapolis.  For  three  years  he  was 
president  of  the  local  association,  was  for 
two  years  at  the  head  of  the  Boy's  Club, 
and  has  given  unreservedly  of  his  time  and 
means  to  the  upbuilding  of  this  splendid 


2206 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


institution.  For  years  he  has  been  a  rul- 
ing elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Indianapolis.  He  was  a  vigorous  advo- 
cate of  a  compulsory  educational  law,  and 
was  a  member  of  a  committee  having 
charge  of  a  bill  for  that  purpose  which 
was  advocated  before  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  1896-97.  Mr.  Day  was  equally 
ardent  in  his  advocacy  of  a  juvenile  court 
for  Marion  County,  and  deserves  a  large 
share  of  the  credit  for  the  passage  of  the 
bill  establishing  such  a  court  in  1902-03. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  general  commit- 
tee which  prepared  the  modern  school  law 
of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Day  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  Indianapolis  Commercial 
Club,  being  one  of  its  organizers,  also  a 
member  of  the  Columbia  Club  since  its 
organization  in  1888,  and  has  long  been 
a  director  and  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Union  Trust  Company. 

February  10,  1873,  he  married  Miss 
Katharine  Huntington.  Her  father  was 
the  late  Rev.  William  P.  Huntington.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Day's  five  children  are  Florence, 
Dwight  Huntington,  William  Edward, 
Frederick  Huntington  and  Helen  Hunting- 
ton.  These  children  reside  in  Indianapolis, 
New  York  and  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  SWITZER,  D.  D. 
Few  men  have  it  in  them  to  sustain  so  many 
important  interests  and  responsibilities  in 
so  broad  a  field  as  Dr.  George  W.  Switzer 
of  Lafayette  has  carried  throughout  a  pe- 
riod of  over  thirty  years.  Doctor  Switzer 
is  one  of  the  prominent  members  of  the 
Northwest  Indiana  Conference  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church  and  while  the 
church  and  the  welfare  of  humanity  have 
had  the  first  claim  upon  his  talents  he  has 
also  become  a  highly  successful  business 
man,  and  his  abilities  as  an  executive  and 
administrator  have  of  course  distinguished 
him  especially  in  the  field  of  religious  or- 
ganization. 

Doctor  Switzer  has  been  a  permanent 
resident  of  Lafayette  for  a  long  period  of 
years  and  in  that  city  he  is  close  to  the 
home  where  he  was  born  in  Tippecanoe 
County,  November  2,  1854.  He  is  a  son  of 
Peter  and  Catherine  (Shambaugh)  Swit- 
zer. His  paternal  great-grandfather  and 
grandfather  were  both  natives  of  Virginia, 
while  the  father  was  a  native  of  Ohio.  The 
Shambaughs  came  originally  from  Ger- 


many, and  the  date  of  their  landing  in 
Philadelphia  was  September  9,  1749.  Thus 
on  both  sides  Doctor  Switzer  is  of  old  colo- 
nial ancestry.  The  Switzer  and  Sham- 
baugh families  came  to  Tippecanoe  County, 
Indiana,  in  1828,  when  much  of  the  wild- 
erness still  remained  in  its  primeval  con- 
dition. These  families  lived  on  adjoining 
farms. 

George  W.  Switzer,  seventh  child  of  his 
parents,  grew  up  on  his  father's  farm,  and 
aside  from  home  his  early  associations 
were  chiefly  with  the  country  school  and 
church.  In  1875  he  entered  Asbury,  now 
DePauw  University  at  Greencastle,  and 
from  that  fine  old  Methodist  institution  he 
received  the  degree  A.  B.  in  1881,  that  of 
A.  M.  in  1884,  while  in  1900  his  alma  ma- 
ter honored  him  with  the  degree  Doctor  of 
Divinity. 

The  summer  after  his  graduation  he  and 
Professor  John  BaDe  Motte  visited  Europe, 
Mr.  Switzer  going  as  a  delegate  to  the 
World's  International  Conference  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  which 
met  in  the  month  of  July  at  Exeter  Hall, 
London.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  Mr.  Switzer  married  on  September 
20,  1881,  Lida  Westfall,  daughter  of  Hon. 
Harvey  Westfall. 

In  1880  he  entered  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal ministry  in  the  Northwest  Indiana  Con- 
ference, and  Bis  active  duties  as  a  pastor 
began  in  1881  at  Plainfield,  Indiana,  where 
he  remained  three  years.  During  his  col- 
lege work  at  DePauw  he  had  served  two 
years  in  ministerial  duties.  From  1884  to 
1887  he  was  stationed  at  Shawnee  Mound, 
where  he  had  charge  of  the  churches  of 
that  circuit  for  three  years.  He  was  then 
appointed  to  the  First  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church  at  Crawfordsville,  where  he 
served  a  pastorate  of  five  years,  from  1887 
to  1892.  Among  the  members  of  his  con- 
gregation was  General  Lew  Wallace,  who 
was  a  regular  attendant.  An  intimate 
friendship  sprang  up  between  this  great 
military  and  literary  figure  of  Indiana  and 
the  then  youthful  pastor.  From  Craw- 
fordsville Mr.  Switzer  went  to  Brazil,  In- 
diana, where  he  remained  from  1892  to 
1895,  and  was  not  only  in  charge  of  the 
city  church  but  of  four  mission  churches 
and  a  Sunday  School  held  in  a  school  house. 
This  was  one  of  his  most  strenuous  posi- 
tions, and  it  brought  him  in  touch  with  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2207 


variety  of  people  in  all  walks  of  life,  min- 
ers, workers  in  shops  and  mills,  as  well  as 
proprietors  and  business  men. 

In  1895  Mr.  Switzer  was  appointed  to 
the  West  Lafayette  Church.  The  appoint- 
ment was  made  in  view  of  the  ability  he 
had  shown  as  an  organizer  and  the  special 
purpose  was  to  promote  a  new  church 
building  suitable  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  membership  and  students  who  de- 
sired to  worship  with  them.  During  his 
six  years  there,  from  1895  to  1901,  he  more 
than  justified  all  expectations  entertained, 
not  only  in  the  building  of  the  church  but 
in  the  increase  of  its  membership.  The 
West  Lafayette  Church  today,  equipped 
with  a  pipe  organ,  mechanical  ventilation, 
large  provisions  for  the  Sunday  School  and 
all  social  work,  stands  as  a  tribute  to  this 
pastorate. 

In  1901  Doctor  Switzer  was  appointed 
to  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
at  LaPorte.  His  stay  there  was  for  two 
years  only,  but  in  that  time  the  church  was 
rebuilt,  decorated,  beautiful  cathedral  glass 
windows  placed  in  the  auditorium  and  a 
plan  formulated  for  the  rebuilding  of  the 
parsonage. 

At  the  Conference  held  in  South  Bend  in 
September,  1903,  presided  over  by  Bishop 
I.  W.  Joyce,  Doctor  Switzer  was  selected 
for  a  district  superintendent,  or,  as  it  was 
then  known,  presiding  elder.  Bishop 
Joyce  gave  him  choice  of  three  districts, 
and  he  chose  the  Lafayette  district,  return- 
ing to  Tippecanoe  County.  For  the  six 
years  ending  in  1909  Doctor  Switzer  gave 
untiring  service  to  his  duties  as  superin- 
tendent. In  1908  he  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Conference  of  the  church  which 
met  at  Baltimore. 

While  at  Lafayette  Doctor  Switzer  had 
assumed  business  responsibilities  in  addi- 
tion to  his  many  other  ties  and  associations 
with  that  city,  and  at  the  close  of  his  dis- 
trict superintendency  he  requested  the  pre- 
siding bishop  to  let  him  have  lighter  work 
and  allow  him  to  remain  in  Lafayette.  For 
a  time  he  served  as  the  general  secretary  of 
the  Methodist  Hospital  at  Indianapolis.  He 
also  assisted  on  other  special  occasions 
without  any  fixed  salary.  Subsequently 
Bishop  McDowell  appointed  him  to  take 
charge  of  the  Jasper  H.  Stidham  gift  and 
endowment  for  a  Methodist  Church  at  Tay- 
lor's Station.  For  several  years  services 
were  held  in  the  Consolidated  School  House 


of  Union  Township.  When  the  church 
building  was  completed  he  had  charge  of 
the  little  congregation  that  worshipped  in 
this  unique  chapel,  and  was  appointed  trus- 
tee of  the  Endowment  Fund  of  the  same. 
No  happier  people,  or  pastor,  meet  for  wor- 
ship than  does  those  of  the  community 
where  the  Jasper  H.  Stidham  people  con- 
gregate. All  are  invited,  for  the  good  of 
the  community,  as  well  as  personal  good, 
and  every  worthy  cause  has  free  consider- 
ation. This  pastorate  has  continued  for 
nearly  six  years. 

From  the  time  of  his  attendance  at  the 
World's  Conference  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  Doctor  Switzer  has 
believed  in  the  utility  and  power  of  this 
world  wide  organization  of  men  for  reli- 
gious life  and  work.  Twice  he  has  been 
the  president  of  the  state  organization  and 
several  times  the  vice  president.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  has  been  an  advisory 
member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  and  more 
recently  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  war 
work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation and  helped  in  the  drive  to  raise 
Indiana's  share.  For  almost  ten  years  he 
was  president  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  in  Lafayette  and  served 
as  such  during  the  time  of  the  building  of 
the  new  home.  He  was  a  leader  in  the 
campaign  for  the  lifting  of  the  debt  and 
contributed  more  than  any  other  individual 
to  see  that  obligation  wiped  out. 

For  twenty-seven  years  Doctor  Switzer 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Battle  Ground 
Camp  Meeting  Association,  serving  as  its 
secretary  fourteen  years  and  for  ten  years 
as  president.  He  has  always  kept  in  close 
touch  with  his  alma  mater,  DePauw  Uni- 
versity and  for  a  number  of  years  served 
as  a  member  of  the  Joint  Board  of  Trus- 
tees and  Visitors  and  was  a  substantial 
helper  in  increasing  the  endowment  of  the 
university. 

Doctor  Switzer  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Home  Hospi- 
tal at  Lafayette,  giving  fine  and  faithful 
service  in  that  capacity,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Organized  Charities  of 
Lafayette.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  the  Woman's  Christian  Home,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Preachers  Aid  Society,  and  is 
the  ministerial  member  of  the  Investing 
Committee  of  its  large  endowment.  Doc- 
tor Switzer  is  interested  in  the  welfare  of 
the  entire  County  of  Tippecanoe,  and  often 


2208 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


serves  as  supply  for  other  churches  than 
those  of  his  own  denomination. 

His  business  responsibilities  have  for 
many  years  kept  him  in  close  touch  with 
the  financial  community  of  Lafayette.  For 
over  twenty-five  years  he  has  been  a  direc- 
tor of  the  Baker-Vawter  Company,  the 
widely  known  firm  of  stationery  manufac- 
turers, whose  head  offices  are  now  at  Ben- 
ton  Harbor,  Michigan.  In  1917  he  became 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  this 
company. 

Doctor  Switzer  is  a  member  of  the  Beta 
Theta  Pi  college  fraternity,  is  a  Knights 
Templar  Mason,  and  an  independent  re- 
publican in  politics. 

Two  children  have  blessed  his  home.  The 
daughter,  a  graduate  of  DePauw  Univer- 
sity and  with  post-graduate  work  to  her 
credit  in  Purdue  University  and  Oberlin 
College,  is  the  wife  of  Professor  Glenn  A. 
Shook,  Ph.  D.,  now  a  member  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  Wheaton  College  of  Norton,  Massa- 
chusetts. Doctor  and  Mrs.  Shook  have  one 
daughter,  Elizabeth  Louise  Shook,  who  is 
the  special  pride  of  her  grandfather.  The 
son,  Vincent  Westfall  Switzer,  a  graduate 
of  Illinois  State  University,  is  connected 
with  the  Baker-Vawter  Company  of  Ben- 
ton  Harbor,  Michigan,  and  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  its  Board  of  Directors,  and  treasurer. 

In  October,  1918,  Doctor  Switzer  and  his 
wife  moved  to  St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  for 
temporary  residence.  Doctor  Switzer  is 
still  a  member  of  the  Northwest  Indiana 
Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  and  has  a  pastorate  in  South  Bend, 
being  the  pastor  of  the  Epworth  Memorial 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  South 
Bend,  Indiana.  He  is  a  director  in  the 
First  Merchants  National  Bank  of  Lafay- 
ette, Indiana,  the  largest  bank  of  that  city. 
He  was  a  director  of  the  American  National 
Bank  and  its  vice  president.  The  Ameri- 
can National  Bank  with  two  others  liqui- 
dated and  the  First  Merchants  National 
Bank  was  organized.  He  attends  the 
meetings  of  the  bank,  looks  after  the  inter- 
est of  the  farm  in  Tippecanoe  County,  and 
other  business  interests  the  first  week  of 
each  month,  and  is  thus  still  related  to 
Indiana. 

As  this  brief  outline  has  shown.  Doctor 
Switzer 's  life  interests  have  been  by  no 
means  narrow.  He  is  a  very  human  man, 
with  sympathies  for  all,  with  an  optimism 
generated  from  actual  experience  and  close 


touch  with  all  classes  of  people.  He  is  a 
friend  to  those  needing  friends,  is  a  helper 
of  the  helpless,  and  uncomplainingly  has 
made  sacrifices  for  the  sake  of  persons  and 
interests  especially  dear  to  him. 

ADA  L.  (STUBBS)  BERNHARDT  since  Feb- 
ruary, 1903,  has  been  librarian  of  the  Mor- 
risson-Reeves  Library,  of  Richmond,  and 
during  that  time  has  made  this  institution 
of  constantly  broadening  value  and  service 
to  the  entire  community. 

Mrs.  Bernhardt  was  born  in  Richmond, 
a  daughter  of  Lewis  D.  and  Emily  (Men- 
denhall)  Stubbs.  Her  ancestors  were  Eng- 
lish people  who  came  in  colonial  times  to 
New  England  and  Pennsylvania,  and  a 
later  branch  of  the  family  were  pioneers  in 
Preble  County,  Ohio. 

Mrs.  Bernhardt  graduated  from  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Richmond  and  took  her  A.  B. 
degree  from  Earlham  College  in  1879.  In 
1884  she  married  William  C.  Bernhardt,  of 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  who  died  in  1889. 
Mr.  Bernhardt  was  a  lawyer.  They  had 
one  son,  Carl  Bernhardt,  who  was  a  former 
editorial  writer  with  the  Richmond  Pallad- 
ium and  the  Indianapolis  Sun,  and  is  now 
a  resident  of  New  York.  He  was  educated 
in  Earlham  College  and  later  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University. 

After  the  death  of  her  husband  Mrs. 
Bernhardt  in  1889  became  private  secre- 
tary to  William  Dudley  Foulke,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  service  until  she  turned  to 
her  present  duties  as  librarian. 

JOHN  W.  MOORE  has  long  been  promi- 
nent as  a  railroad  and  latterly  as  a  con- 
sulting and  constructional  engineer.  His 
present  headquarters  are  in  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  Moore  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  son  of  the 
late  Dr.  Henry  Moore,  one  of  the  promi- 
nent physicians  and  business  men  of  the 
state. 

Dr.  Henry  Moore  was  born  in  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  son  of  John  Moore,  a  na- 
tive of  North  Carolina.  John  Moore  with 
his  young  wife  crossed  the  Blue  Ridge 
Mountains  on  horseback,  and  after  a  brief 
sojourn  in  Ohio  moved  to  Hamilton 
County,  Indiana,  in  pioneer  times.  He 
was  a  farmer  there  and  became  a  man  of 
influence  in  his  community.  He  reared  a 
large  family.  He  was  a  strong  republican, 
a  supporter  and  admirer  of  Governor  Mor- 
ton, Indiana's  war  governor,  and  he  took 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2209 


an  active  part  in  bringing  to  justice  the 
anti-war  conspirators  of  that  time. 

Dr.  Henry  Moore  lived  at  home  to  the 
age  of  seventeen  and  then  enlisted  in  the 
Twenty-Fifth  Illinois  Infantry.  Soon  af- 
ter his  enlistment  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Medical  Corps  and  during  the  last  two 
years  of  his  service  had  charge  of  the  Gov- 
ernment Hospital  at  New  Albany.  He 
was  in  the  service  four  years  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  surgeon.  He  was  in 
the  heat  of  the  battle  of  Missionary  Ridge 
and  other  important  engagements.  His 
early  education  was  acquired  in  the  public 
schools  and  later  he  graduated  from  the 
Indianapolis  Medical  College.  He  began 
practice  at  Milwood  in  Hamilton  County 
and  had  a  busy  career  as  a  country  physi- 
cian for  twenty-five  years.  He  built  the 
first  house  at  Milwood  and  later  was  instru- 
mental in  having  the  name  of  the  village 
changed  to  Sheridan  in  honor  of  the  great 
Civil  war  general.  He  was  a  man  of  keen 
business  vision  and  of  great  enterprise  and 
worked  for  the  welfare  of  the  state.  He 
was  instrumental  in  securing  the  construc- 
tion of  a  railroad  from  Frankfort,  Indiana, 
to  Indianapolis,  by  securing  the  right  of 
way  for  that  line.  He  was  active  in  build- 
ing the  First  Methodist  Church  at  Sheri- 
dan, and  was  affiliated  with  the  Masonic 
Lodge  at  Deming,  Indiana.  He  was  an  ar- 
dent republican.  Besides  his  medical  prac- 
tice at  Sheridan  he  conducted  a  fine  farm 
two  and  a  half  miles  east  of  the  town,  and 
became  an  extensive  land  owner.  He  was  a 
father  of  a  family  of  six  children,  John  W. 
being  the  oldest. 

John  W.  Moore  was  born  in  New  Al- 
bany, Indiana,  January  18,  1865.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Catherine  R. 
Paget.  In  1880  the  family  removed  to  In- 
dianapolis, locating  at  Irvington,  where  Dr. 
Henry  Moore  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  At 
Indianapolis  he  became  extensively  identi- 
fied with  railroad  promotion  and  operation 
and  was  general  manager  of  the  Central 
Indiana  Railroad.  Governor  Durbin  ap- 
pointed him  to  investigate  and  recommend 
a  location  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute 
of  Indiana,  and  it  was  upon  his  recom- 
mendation largely  that  the  institution  was 
established.  Later  he  was  similarly  em- 
ployed to  investigate  and  recommend  the 
location  for  the  present  Tuberculosis  Hos- 
pital near  Rockville  in  Parke  County  and 
had  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  hos- 


pital building.  His  death  came  suddenly. 
He  dropped  dead  in  the  State  House  at  In- 
dianapolis December  2,  1912.  At  that  time 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  Tuberculosis  Hospital. 

John  W.  Moore  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  common  schools  of  Sheridan 
and  the  Union  High  School  at  Westfield, 
Indiana.  After  the  family  moved  to  In- 
dianapolis he  attended  Butler  College  and 
took  a  special  engineering  course  for  four 
years.  He  was  employed  as  the  civil  and 
locating  engineer  for  several  railroad  com- 
panies and  for  ten  years  was  chief  engineer 
in  charge  of  construction  of  the  Central 
Indiana  Railroad.  In  1903  he  resigned 
that  position  to  become  chief  engineer  of 
the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Traction 
Company,  and  held  that  post  eight  years. 
Since  then  he  has  been  engaged  in  private 
practice  as  a  consulting  and  construction 
engineer.  He  has  made  something  of  a 
specialty  of  furnishing  plans  and  specifica- 
tions for  increasing  water  supply  for  cities 
and  large  enterprises,  planning  sanitary 
systems  and  air  lift  pumping  systems.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  of  the  Indiana  Engineer- 
ing Society,  and  of  the  Indiana  Sanitary 
and  W.  S.  A.  He  is  a  Knight  Templar 
Mason,  a  member  of  the  Rotary  Club  and 
is  a  republican  in  politics. 

MOSES  ROSENTHAL  was  one  of  the  re- 
markable characters  of  Central  Indiana 
during  his  life  time,  and  was  one  of  the 
few  men  whose  influence  was  wholly  for 
good.  The  pages  of  this  publication  can 
hardly  contain  the  record  of  any  man 
whose  life  work  was  more  completely  an 
expression  of  unselfish  devotion  and  labor 
in  behalf  of  those  he  loved,  whether  family 
or  intimate  friends. 

He  was  born  February  2,  1844,  at  Nag- 
lesburg  in  the  Kingdom  of  Wurtemberg, 
Germany,  of  Hebrew  parentage.  He  was 
the  oldest  of  ten  children,  including  three 
half  brothers.  As  a  boy  he  had  good  ad- 
vantages, but  was  left  an  orphan  at  thir- 
teen and  from  that  time  forward  was  com- 
pelled to  do  for  himself.  Realizing  the 
limited  opportunities  in  the  old  country, 
he  determined  to  seek  his  home  and  for- 
tune in  America.  Soon  after  the  death  of 
his  father  and  while  still  at  an  age  when 
the  average  boy  is  within  the  sheltering 
protection  of  parents  he  crossed  the  At- 


2210 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


lantic  Ocean  to  America.  His  first  employ- 
ment in  this  country  was  in  an  abbatoir  at 
Buffalo.  One  of  his  chief  characteristics 
was  an  intelligence  and  energy  that  enabled 
him  to  master  any  undertaking  in  an  in- 
creditably  short  time.  As  a  result  of  the 
exercise  of  this  intelligence  he  came  when 
a  beardless  boy  to  Indiana  as  a  buyer  of 
cattle.  He  was  thrifty,  and  shortly  before 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  located  at 
Indianapolis  as  a  member  of  the  wholesale 
and  retail  clothing  establishment  of  Hays 
&  Rosenthal. 

By  the  time  he  was  nineteen  years  of 
age  Moses  Rosenthal  had  brought  his  nine 
brothers  and  sisters  to  this  country,  and 
later  most  of  them  were  married  from  his 
home.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  him- 
self married  Frances  Hays,  daughter  of  his 
former  partner.  It  will  indicate  the  tre- 
mendous energy  of  his  nature  and  his  ex- 
ceptional business  ability  to  state  that  at 
the  time  of  his  marriage,  aside  from  his 
numerous  family  charities,  he  had  accumu- 
lated $11,000  in  cash,  a  store  in  Kokomo 
and  had  no  debts. 

His  generosity  and  public  spirit  were 
signally  manifested  during  the  period  of 
the  Civil  war.  When  Morgan  threatened 
to  devastate  the  central  portion  of  the  state 
he  closed  his  store,  volunteered  his  serv- 
ices to  Governor  Morton,  and  served  ninety 
days  as  a  member  of  the  state  troops.  This 
was  not  his  only  sacrifice  in  behalf  of  the 
Union.  He  was  owner  of  a  stave  and 
heading  factory  at  Kokomo.  Thousands 
of  dollars  worth  of  valuable  material  in 
this  plant  were  consumed  by  the  Union 
troops  for  fuel,  and  he  never  received  a 
cent  of  payment  for  this  property.  He 
also  owned  a  flax  mill  at  Logansport,  but 
after  the  death  of  one  of  his  employes  and 
the  injury  of  a  number  of  others  through 
a  boiler  explosion  he  could  no  longer  live 
there  and  he  accordingly  razed  the  prop- 
erty and  moved  to  Peru.  From  the  latter 
place  he  again  returned  to  Indianapolis, 
and  for  a  time  operated  a  shoe  store  in  the 
Rates  House  and  a  furnishing  store  at  37 
East  Washington  Street. 

Unlike  many  of  his  race  Mr.  Rosenthal 
had  no  particular  desire  for  riches  beyond 
what  would  suffice  for  the  comforts  his  ac- 
cumulations would  procure  to  those  near 
and  dear  to  him.  Undoubtedly  had  he  ex- 
ercised his  business  talents  to  their  full 
bent  he  might  have  become  one  of  the 


wealthiest  men  of  Indiana.  First  and  last, 
however,  he  was  swayed  by  a  broad  sense 
of  duty  to  humanity,  and  like  the  philoso- 
pher of  old  could  exclaim  that  humanity's 
every  interest  was  his  own.  Scores  of 
needy  individuals  were  made  happier  and 
better  for  his  benefactions,  and  many  of 
these  still  living  recall  his  memory  with 
loving  words  of  praise. 

His  life  was  made  the  more  notable  for 
the  strong  friendships  he  formed  and  kept 
to  the  end  of  his  days.  The  making  of 
friends  was  not  a  studied  effort  with  him, 
but  was  merely  a  natural  consequence  upon 
the  attributes  of  his  character  already  de- 
scribed. He  was  on  terms  of  intimacy 
with  most  of  the  noted  men  of  his  day. 
There  is  no  question  that  the  death  of  his 
warm  and  personal  friend  Thomas  A. 
Hendricks  hastened  his  own  end.  Mr. 
Rosenthal  was  exceedingly  democratic,  ap- 
proachable, agreeable,  charitable  in  his 
views  and  acts,  and  as  nearly  as  is  humanly 
possible  his  life  was  a  complete  expression 
of  the  best  ideals  of  charity. 

The  names  of  his  children  were:  Max 
M.,  of  Davenport,  Iowa;  Delia  R.,  Mrs. 
Norbert  Gunzberger,  of  New  York ;  Walter 
M.,  of  New  York;  Eugene  M.,  of  Detroit; 
Albert  M. ;  Edwin  M.,  of  Toledo,  Ohio; 
and  Irma  H.,  Mrs.  Emile  Despres. 

Albert  M.  Rosenthal,  the  only  one  of  the 
children  of  the  late  Moses  Rosenthal  still 
living  in  Indiana,  was  born  at  Kokomo,  Oc- 
tober 17,  1876.  He  acquired  his  education 
chiefly  in  what  is  now  the  Shortridge  High 
School  in  Indianapolis.  He  was  nine  years 
of  age  when  his  father  died,  and  he  soon 
afterward  began  earning  his  own  living. 
He  early  took  up  real  estate  and  insurance 
and  subsequently  traveled  as  a  salesman 
for  a  wholesale  paper  establishment.  In- 
heriting much  of  the  quick  intelligence  of 
his  father,  he  rapidly  mastered  all  the  de- 
tails of  the  paper  business  and  in  1903 
founded  the  Standard  Paper  Company  of 
Indianapolis,  of  which  he  has  since  been 
president.  This  is  one  of  the  larger  com- 
mercial enterprises  of  the  capital  city. 
Mr.  Rosenthal  is  an  able  business  man  and 
widely  known  over  his  native  state. 

He  married  Miss  Gertrude  Kirshbaum. 
daughter  of  Raphael  Kirshbaum,  who  died 
in  1916.  Their  two  daughters  are  named 
Flora  Margaret  and  Janet  Susaine. 

PAUL  OSCAR  TAUEB,  one  of  the  leading 
business  men  of  Lebanon,  has  been  identi- 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2211 


fied  with  that  city  since  1900,  and  is  the 
present  mayor  of  that  hustling  little  city. 

Mr.  Tauer,  who  has  a  military  record  as 
a  soldier  of  the  Spanish-American  war, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  New  York,  Sep- 
tember 21,  1871.  His  parents,  Oscar  and 
Josephine  (Nichols)  Tauer,  were  both  na- 
tives of  Germany.  His  father  was  born 
October  17,  1836,  and  came  to  America  af- 
ter his  marriage,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one. 
He  was  a  college  graduate  and  an  expert 
piano  maker  by  trade.  He  finally  located 
at  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  began  the  man- 
ufacture of  the  Star  pianos,  and  has  built 
up  one  of  the  largest  industries  of  its  kind 
in  Indiana,  his  products  going  all  over  the 
world.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Lutheran 
Church,  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias  and  Mason 
and  one  of  the  best  known  citizens  of  Leb- 
anon. His  wife  was  born  in  Germany  in 
1840  and  died  at  Richmond  in  1889.  She 
was  very  devout  in  her  attendance  and 
work  in  the  German  Lutheran  Church.  Of 
their  six  children  five  are  still  living:  Ada- 
line,  unmarried  and  living  at  Detroit, 
Michigan ;  Oscar,  with  his  father  in  busi- 
ness; Paul  O. ;  Emil,  a  florist  at  Richmond  ; 
Anna,  wife  of  John  Sickman,  an  overall 
manufacturer  at  Richmond ;  and  Henrietta, 
deceased. 

Mr.  Paul  0.  Tauer  was  educated  in  the 
Richmond  public  schools.-  In  1898  he  en- 
listed in  Company  F  of  the  One  Hundred 
Sixty-First  Indiana  Infantry.  He  went 
with  his  regiment  to  Cuba,  served  as  a  pri- 
vate and  later  as  a  sergeant,  and  his  regi- 
ment was  commanded  by  Colonel  Winfield 
T.  Durbin,  afterward  governor  of  Indiana. 
Mr.  Tauer  is  a  member  of  the  Spanish- 
American  "War  Veterans  Association,  be- 
ing affiliated  with  Eli  Clampitt  Camp  No. 
49  at  Lebanon,  and  is  a  past  commander. 

Mr.  Tauer  came  to  Lebanon  in  4900  and 
engaged  in  the  floral  business,  in  which  he 
had  considerable  previous  training.  He 
bought  an  old  and  run  down  plant,  and 
has  developed  a  large  and  prosperous  en- 
terprise, the  only  business  of  its  kind  in 
Boone  County.  His  plant  is  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  city,  and  he  has  three 
acres  of  ground  at  the  disposal  of  his  busi- 
ness. He  also  has  one  of  the  modern 
homes  of  Lebanon. 

Mr.  Tauer  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Lebanon  City  Council  in  1910,  serving  a 
term  of  four  years,  and  in  1918  was  elected 
mayor  for  a  term  of  four  years.  He  is  a 
progressive  in  everything  that  concerns  the 


Vol.   V— 20 


welfare  of  the  community  as  well  as  in  his 
own  business.  Mr.  Tauer  is  a  republican, 
is  affiliated  with  the  Masons,  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  and  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church.  January  11,  1899,  he 
married  Miss  Minnie  Brooks,  a  native  of 
Peru,  Indiana.  She  died  October  13,  1901, 
the  mother  of  one  child,  Myron  B.,  now  a 
student  in  the  public  schools.  October  23, 
1902,  Mr.  Tauer  married  Miss  lone  McCas- 
lin,  a  native  of  Lebanon  and  a  daughter  of 
Andrew  and  Mary  (Campbell)  McCaslin. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Tauer  have  three  children: 
Mary  Ann,  Lowell  Robert,  and  Paul,  Jr. 

EARL  A.  THOMAS.  While  his  early  ex- 
periences were  with  industrial  and  manu- 
facturing plants,  Earl  A.  Thomas  has 
shown  signal  ability  in  handling  mercan- 
tile enterprises,  and  as  manager  and  stock- 
holder in  the  Rapp  Cut  Price  Company  at 
Richmond  he  has  made  the  record  of  prac- 
tically doubling  the  volume  of  business 
transacted  by  that  store  every  year  since 
he  took  charge  in  1915.  The  Rapp  Cut 
Price  Company  is  incorporated  for  $160,- 
000,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  mercantile 
corporations  of  Indiana,  operating  seven 
branches,  handling  men  and  women's  ready 
to  wear  clothing,  shoes  and  other  goods. 
The  Richmond  store  commands  a  trade 
over  a  radius  of  twenty-five  miles  around 
the  city. 

Mr.  Thomas  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Jonesboro  in  Grant  County,  Indiana,  in 
1885,  son  of  A.  B.  and  Sarah  A.  (White) 
Thomas.  He  is  of  Welsh  ancestry  and  his 
people  have  been  in  this  country  for  many 
generations.  His  father  was  born  in  In- 
diana and  his  mother  was  sixteen  years  old 
:when  she  came  from  Virginia  with  her 
parents. 

Earl  A.  Thomas  grew  up  on  a  farm,  at- 
tended district  schools  and  helped  with  the 
work  of  the  farm  until  he  was  eighteen. 
At  Kokomo  he  worked  for  a  year  and  a 
half  as  a  polisher  in  the  Rockford  Bit 
Works,  then  two  years  with  the  Haynes 
Automobile  Works  as  helper  in  the  case 
hardening  department.  An  opportunity 
more  in  accord  with  his  abilities  and  ambi- 
tions came  as  salesman  in  the  general  store 
of  the  C.  M.  Levitt  Cut  Price  Company  at 
Kokomo.  He  spent  two  years  there  and 
was  then  with  the  T.  C.  Rapp  Company  at 
Kokomo  as  clerk  in  the  general  store  in 


2212 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


1912.  He  was  advanced  rapidly,  and  in 
1915  was  made  manager  of  the  Richmond 
store  and  given  an  opportunity  to  acquire 
stock  in  the  corporation. 

Mr.  Thomas  married,  May  1,  1912,  Mar- 
tha Oram,  a  daughter  of  James  P.  and 
Nancy  Oram  of  Kokomo.  They  have  one 
son,  Richard  Oram  Thomas,  born  in  1915. 
Mr.  Thomas  has  interested  himself  in  a 
public  spirited  manner  with  the  affairs  of 
Richmond,  is  independent  in  politics,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Friends  Church. 

HUGH  THOMAS  MONTGOMERY,  M.  D.  One 
of  the  best  known  names  in  scientific  and 
medical  circles  in  Northern  Indiana  is  that 
of  Dr.  Hugh  Thomas  Montgomery,  who 
began  the  practice  of  medicine  over  forty 
years  ago  and  for  more  than  thirty-five 
years  has  been  a  resident  of  South  Bend. 

Doctor  Montgomery  was  born  at  Browns- 
ville in  Southwestern  Pennsylvania  Decem- 
ber 10,  1849,  but  has  lived  since  childhood 
in  Indiana.  The  Montgomery  family  in 
England  dates  back  by  well  authenticated 
records  to  the  time  of  William  the  Con- 
queror. The  British  Encyclopedia  states 
that  Roger  de  Montgomery  (1030:1094) 
was  a  counsellor  of  William,  Dtal&  vt  Nor- 
mandy, before  the  latter  made  his  inva- 
sion of  England.  He  was  probably  en- 
trusted by  William  with  the  government  of 
Normandy  during  the  expedition  of  1066. 
Roger  came  to  England  the  following  year 
and  received  extensive  grants  of  land  in 
different  parts  of  the  Kingdom.  He  be- 
came the  Earl  of  Arundel.  In  1071  the 
greater  part  of  the  County  of  Shropshire 
was  granted  to  him,  carrying  with  it  the 
Earl  of  Shropshire,  though  from  his  prin- 
cipal residence  at  the  Castle  of  Shrewsbury 
he  like  his  successors  was  generally  styled 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury. 

It  is  a  well  established  fact  that  three 
brothers  named  William,  Robert,  and  Hugh 
Montgomery  came  to  America  in  early  col- 
onial times  and  settled  at  Jamestown,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1666.  It  is  said  that  Hugh  re- 
turned to  England  and  died  unmarried. 
However,  the  name  Hvigh  has  appeared  in 
almost  every  generation,  and  many,  of  the 
Montgomery  name  and  bearing  the  Chris- 
tian name  Hugh,  have  lived  in  nearly  every 
state  of  the  Union. 

Dor-tor  Montgomery's  grandfather  was 
named  Hugh.  He  was  a  boat  builder  with 
yards  on  the  Monongehela  River  at 


Brownsville,  Pennsylvania.  He  built  many 
boats  for  the  river  traffic  before  the  era 
of  railroads.  He  lived  there  until  his 
death. 

Riland  Montgomery,  father  of  Doctor 
Montgomery,  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor. 
Not  liking  his  employer  he  ran  away  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  and  went  to  Georgia, 
where  he  followed  his  trade  a  few  years. 
He  then  returned  to  Brownsville,  making 
it  his  home  until  1850,  when  he  removed 
to  Mount  Vernon,  Indiana,  and  engaged  in 
business  as  a  merchant  tailor  for  two  years. 
He  then  turned  his  attention  to  the  grain 
and  produce  business.  In  1854  he  and 
seven  men  started  down  the  river  with  two 
boats  loaded  with  grain  and  produce. 
None  of  the  eight  men  were  ever  heard 
from  and  it  is  supposed  they  were  victims 
of  river  pirates. 

Riland  Montgomery  married  Caroline 
Jane  Poland.  She  was  born  in  or  near 
Hagerstown,  Maryland,  May  31,  1826, 
daughter  of  Thomas  and  Ellenora  (Dun- 
can) Poland.  When  she  was  fourteen 
years  old  she  lost  her  mother,  and  being 
the  oldest  child  she  cared  for  and  tenderly 
reared  and  disciplined  her  younger  broth- 
'ers'  and  sisters.  She  did  not  accompany 
her  husband  to  Mount  Vernon  but  joined 
him  a  few  weeks  later,  making  the  journey 
by  boat  down  the  Monongehela  and  Ohio 
rivers.  After  she  had  become  convinced 
of  the  death  of  her  husband  she  went  to 
Ohio  and  lived  with  some  of  her  relatives 
near  Columbus,  but  in  the  fall  of  1855 
came  to  South  Berd.  Soon  afterwards  she 
married  Abner  Tibbets,  a  farmer.  They 
lived  successively  at  Lakeville,  then  at 
Warsaw,  afterward  at  Bourbon  and  finally 
at  Plymouth,  where  Mr .  Tibbets  died. 
Doctor  Montgomery's  mother  survived  her 
second  husband  many  years  and  for  fif- 
teen years  lived  with  her  son  Hugh.  She 
died  in  her-  ninety-second  year  and  was 
both  physically  and  mentally  strong  to  the 
last. 

Dr.  Hugh  Thomas  Montgomery  was 
about  six  years  old  when  his  mother  came 
to  South  Bend.  He  received  most  of  his 
early  education  in  the  schools  of  Warsaw 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr. 
A.  C.  Matchett  at  Bourbon.  After  eight- 
een months  in  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege, now  the  Medical  Department  of 
Northwestern  University,  he  was  graduated 
March  16,  1875,  and  in  June  of  the  same 


U3HUA 

OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF 

• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2213 


year  began  practice  at  Wakarusa  in  Elk- 
hart  County.  From  there  in  1883  he  re- 
moved to  South  Bend,  and  has  been  con- 
tinuously active  in  his  profession  as  a  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  ever  since.  He  has 
kept  himself  abreast  in  the  advance  of 
medical  science,  and  has  also  indulged  his 
interest  for  a  deep  study  and  research  of 
other  lines  of  science  and  also  in  ancient 
history.  Doctor  Montgomery  has  been  re- 
garded for  many  years  as  probably  the 
best  authority  on  the  geology  of  Northern 
Indiana,  particularly  the  region  around 
South  Bend,  and  has  written  a  number  of 
articles  on  the  glacial  period.  Doctor 
Montgomery  had  his  home  on  West  Wash- 
ington Street  in  South  Bend  until  1913, 
when  he  bought  a  two-acre  tract  three  miles 
east  of  the  Court  House,  and  there  built 
a  home  with  grounds  ample  to  furnish  him 
occupation  for  all  his  leisure  hours.  He 
has  improved  these  grounds  with  shade  and 
ornamental  trees  and  fruits,  and  is  an  en- 
thusiastic gardener  and  amateur  horticul- 
turist. Doctor  Montgomery  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  Northern  Indiana  Historical 
Society. 

He  married  Miss  Hattie  Linwood  Cook. 
Mrs.  Montgomery  was  born  at  Sparta,  Wis- 
consin, a  daughter  of  Elisha  B.  and  Mary 
Ann  (Marchant)  Cook.  Her  mother  was 
born  in  the  Thomas  Mayhew  house  at  Ed- 
gerton  in  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachu- 
setts, July  8,  1833.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Mont- 
gomery have  four  children :  Ethel  Lin- 
wood  ;  Chester  Riland,  now  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court;  Grace;  and  Zolah.  Grace 
is  the  wife  of  Harvey  (Gintz)  and  has  two 
children,  John  and  Elizabeth. 

Doctor  Montgomery  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Joseph  County  and  Indiana  State  Med- 
ical societies,  the  Tri-State  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  now  serving  as  health  com- 
missioner of  St.  Joseph  County. 

CHESTER  RILAND  MONTGOMERY,  judge  of 
the  St.  Joseph  Superior  Court,  is  one  of 
the  distinguished  younger  lawyers  of 
Northern  Indiana,  and  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  present  office  well  qualified 
both  by  experience  and  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  law. 

Judge  Montgomery  was  born  November 
13,  1881,  at  Wakarusa,  Elkhart  County, 
Indiana.  When  he  was  a  year  old  his  par- 
ents moved  to  South  Bend.  He  is  the  son 


of  Dr.  Hugh  T.  Montgomery,  whose  long 
life  and  services  are  made  a  matter  of  rec- 
ord on  other  pages  of  this  publication.  As 
is  told  in  that  record  Judge  Montgomery 
is  descended  from  a  long  line  of  Norman 
English  ancestors,  and  his  Americanism 
extends  back  over  2y2  centuries.  Judge 
Montgomery  represents  some  of  the  sturd- 
iest qualities  of  the  old  time  pioneers  of 
the  wilderness  who  had  the  courage  and 
the  enterprise  to  blaze  new  trails  into  the 
west  and  stand  guard  on  the  frontiers  of 
civilization. 

Following  his  course  in  the  South  Bend 
High  School  Mr.  Montgomery  attended 
Wabash  College  at  Crawfordsville  and 
Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  Illinois.  He 
studied  law  in  Washington  University  at 
St.  Louis,  and  immediately  after  his  grad- 
uation began  practice  in  South  Bend.  He 
soon  answered  the  call  to  public  responsi- 
bilities in  the  line  of  his  profession  and 
in  1910  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
for  the  Sixtieth  Judicial  Circuit.  By  re- 
election he  held  that  office  for  eight  years, 
and  proved  one  of  the  most  capable  and 
courageous  prosecutors  St.  Joseph  County 
ever  had.  It  was  largely  his  splendid  rec- 
ord in  that  office  which  brought  him  elec- 
tion as  judge  of  the  St.  Joseph  Superior 
Court  in  1918.  His  term  as  judge  began 
January  1,  1919. 

Judge  Montgomery  married  Miss  Jessa- 
mond  Wasson  of  Galesburg,  Illinois.  They 
are  the  parents  of  two  children,  John  Was- 
son and  Jane  Brownlee.  Judge  Mont- 
gomery is  a  democrat,  is  affiliated  with 
South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294,  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  South  Bend  Chapter  No. 
29,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  is  an  Elk, 
Knight  of  Pythias,  and  an  Eagle.  He  be- 
longs to  the  St.  Joseph  County  Bar  Asso- 
ciation and  also  to  the  Indiana  Bar  Associa- 
tion. 

GEORGE  W.  HARTMAN.  It  was  from  the 
soil  and  as  an  industrious  tiller  thereof 
that  George  W.  Hartman  of  Westville  won 
his  prosperity,  and  by  equally  efficient  re- 
lationship with  the  community  has  long 
enjoyed  their  regard  as  a  citizen. 

Mr.  Hartman  was  born  near  the  village 
of  Kouts  in  Porter  County,  Indiana,  March 
6,  1857.  His  father,  Christopher  Hart- 
man, was  born  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Ger- 
many. December  31.  1824.  He  grew  up 
on  a  German  farm,  had  a  common  school 


r 


- 
' 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


221 :{ 


year  began  practice  at  Wakarusa  in  Elk- 
hart  County.  From  there  in  1883  he  re- 
moved to  South  Bend,  and  has  been  con- 
tinuously active  in  his  profession  as  a  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  ever  since.  He  has 
kept  himself  abreast  in  the  advance  of 
medical  science,  and  has  also  indulged  his 
interest  for  a  deep  study  anil  research  of 
other  lines  of  science  and  also  in  ancient 
history.  Doctor  Montgomery  has  been  re- 
garded for  many  years  as  probably  the 
best  authority  on  the  geology  of  Northern 
Indiana,  particularly  the  region  around 
South  Bend,  and  has  written  a  number  of 
articles  on  the  glacial  period.  Doctor 
Montgomery  had  his  home  on  West  Wash- 
ington Street  in  South  Bend  until  1913, 
when  he  bought  a  two-acre  tract  three  miles 
east  of  the  Court  House,  and  there  built 
a  home  with  grounds  ample  to  furnish  him 
occupation  for  all  his  leisure  hours.  He 
has  improved  these  grounds  with  shade  and 
ornamental  trees  and  fruits,  and  is  an  en- 
thusiastic gardener  and  amateur  horticul- 
turist. Doctor  Montgomery  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  Northern  Indiana  Historical 
Society. 

He  married  Miss  Hattie  Linwood  Cook. 
Mrs.  Montgomery  was  born  at  Sparta.  Wis- 
consin, a  daughter  of  Elisha  B.  and  Mary 
Ann  (Marchant)  Cook.  Her  mother  was 
born  in  the  Thomas  Mayhew  house  at  Ed- 
gerton  in  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachu- 
setts, July  S.  1S33.  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Mont- 
gomery have  four  children :  Ethel  Lin- 
wood  ;  Chester  Riland,  now  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court :  Grace;  and  Zolali.  Grace 
is  the  wife  of  Harvey  (flint/)  and  has  two 
children,  John  and  Elixabeth. 

Doctor  Montgomery  is  a  member  of  the 
St.  Joseph  County  and  Indiana  State  Med- 
ical societies,  the  Tri-State  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion. He  is  now  serving  as  health  com- 
missioner of  St.  Joseph  County.  ' 

CIIKSTKK  Ifn.Axn  MONTGOMERY,  judge  of 
the  St.  Joseph  Superior  Court,  is  one  of 
the  distinguished  younger  lawyers  of 
Northern  Indiana,  and  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  present  office  well  qualified 
both  by  experience  and  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  law. 

Judge  Montgomery  was  born  November 
13.  1881.  at  Wakarusa.  Elkhart  County, 
Indiana.  When  he  was  a  year  old  his  par- 
ents moved  to  South  Bend.  lie  is  the  son 


of  Dr.  Hugh  T.  Montgomery,  whose  long 
life  and  services  are  made  a  matter  of  rec- 
ord on  other  pages  of  this  publication.  As 
is  told  in  that  record  Judge  .Montgomery 
is  descended  from  a  long  line  of  Norman 
English  ancestors,  and  his  Americanism 
extends  back  over  2I1>  centuries.  Judge 
Montgomery  represents  some  of  the  sturd- 
iest qualities  of  the  old  time  pioneers  of 
the  wilderness  who  had  the  courage  and 
the  enterprise  to  blaze  new  trails  into  the 
west  and  stand  guard  on  the  frontiers  of 
civilization. 

Following  liis  course  in  the  South  Bend 
High  School  Mr.  Montgomery  attended 
Wabash  College  at  Crawfordsville  and 
Knox  College  at  Galesburg,  Illinois.  He 
studied  law  in  Washington  University  at 
St.  Louis,  and  immediately  after  his  grad- 
uation began  practice  in  South  Bend.  He 
soon  answered  the  call  to  public  responsi- 
bilities in  the  line  of  his  profession  and 
in  1910  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
for  the  Sixtieth  Judicial  Circuit.  By  re- 
election he  held  that  office  for  eight  years, 
and  proved  one  of  the  most  capable  and 
courageous  prosecutors  St.  Joseph  County 
ever  had.  It  was  largely  his  splendid  rec- 
ord in  that  office  which  brought  him  elec- 
tion as  judge  of  the  St.  Joseph  Superior 
Court  in  191S.  His  term  as  judge  began 
January  1.  1910. 

Judge  Montgomery  married  Miss  Jessa- 
inond  Wasson  of  Galesburg.  Illinois.  They 
are  the  parents  of  two  children,  John  Was- 
son and  Jane  Brownlee.  Judge  Mont- 
gomery is  a  democrat,  is  affiliated  with 
South  Bend  Lodge  No.  294.  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons.  South  Bend  Chapter  No. 
29,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  and  is  an  Elk. 
Knight  of  Pythias,  and  an  Eagle.  He  be- 
longs to  the  St.  Joseph  County  Bar  Asso- 
ciation and  also  to  the  Indiana  Bar  Associa- 
tion. 

GKOIH;F.  W.  HARTMAN.  It  was  from  the 
soil  and  as  an  industrious  tiller  thereof 
that  George  W.  Ilartman  of  Westville  won 
his  prosperity,  and  by  equally  efficient  re- 
lationship with  the  community  has  long 
enjoyed  their  regard  as  a  citizen. 

Mr.  Ilartman  w;is  born  near  the  village 
of  Kouts  in  Porter  County.  Indiana.  March 
fi.  l,s.~)7.  II is  father.  Christopher  Ilart- 
man. was  born  in  Hesse-Darmstadt.  Ger- 
many. December  31.  1S24.  He  grew  up 
on  a  German  farm,  had  a  common  school 


2214 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


education,  and  was  a  farmer  in  his  native 
land  until  about  1850,  when  he  came  to 
America.  He  was  on  the  ocean  six  weeks, 
and  after  a  brief  stay  in  New  York  went 
west  to  Milwaukee,  from  there  to  Chicago 
which  was  still  a  small  city,  and  finding 
no  prospects  in  the  West  returned  to  New 
York.  Later  he  went  to  Michigan  City, 
and  for  a  time  was  employed  by  the  Mich- 
igan Central  Railway  Company  hauling 
wood  for  fuel,  wood  being  burned  by  the 
locomotives  instead  of  coal.  Afterward  for 
a  time  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Pan- 
handle Railway.  He  worked  at  small 
wages,  and  by  the  greatest  economy  he  ac- 
quired capital  and  equipment  which  enab- 
led him  to  start  out  as  a  farmer.  From 
1854  to  1866  he  made  his  home  in  Porter 
County  and  afterward  moved  to  "Westville, 
where  he  died  at  the  age  of  seventy -seven. 
He  was  reared  a  Lutheran  and  was  always 
an  adherent  of  that  faith  and  in  politics 
was  a  republican. 

Christopher  Hartman  married  Mary  E. 
Barnes,  who  was  born  at  Dexter,  Maine, 
and  died  April  5,  1902,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
five.  Her  husband  died  October  29,  1900. 
She  was  member  of  one  of  the  notable  pio- 
neer families  of  LaPorte  County.  Her 
parents  were  Ivory  and  Elmira  Barnes, 
who  came  from  Maine  to  LaPorte  County 
in  early  days.  Ivory  Barnes  was  an  ex- 
pert axman,  and  when  sawmills  were  not 
numerous  he  employed  his  skill  in  hewing 
timber,  and  no  doubt  worked  out  the  tim- 
ber that  entered  into  the  frame  of  many 
buildings  still  standing  in  LaPorte  and 
Porter  counties.  He  spent  his  last  days 
in  "Westville  and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
six.  Mrs.  Christopher  Hartman,  who  died 
at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  was  a  sister  of 
George  W.  Barnes,  who  according  to  local 
histories  was  the  first  "settler  in  Galena 
Township  of  LaPorte  County,  establishing 
his  home  there  about  1833.  The  first  town- 
ship election  was  held  in  his  house.  He 
was  a  man  of  uncommon  nerve  and  force 
of  character,  and  was  one  of  the  worthiest 
of  the  pioneers  of  that  section  of  the  state. 
Christopher  TIartman  and  wife  had  three 
children :  George  "W.,  Olive  Jane,  and  Wil- 
liam T. 

George  W.  Hartman  attended  a  rural 
school  taught  in  a  one  room  building  with 
home  made  furniture,  and  also  had  some 
of  the  advantages  of  the  schools  at  West- 
ville. When  only  thirteen  he  chose  to  be- 
come self-supporting,  and  he  has  always 


relied  upon  hard  work  and  industry  as  the 
sure  road  to  prosperity.  The  first  farm 
he  was  able  to  acquire  was  a  mile  and  a 
half  northwest  of  Westville.  He  sold  that 
and  bought  the  Barr  farm,  which  he  occu- 
pied seventeen  years,  and  then  bought  the 
place  where  he  now  lives  on  the  Lincoln 
Highway  a  mile  west  of  Westville.  He  has 
made  many  improvements  on  his  land  and 
has  always  borne  the  reputation  of  being 
one  of  the  high  class  farmers  of  that  com- 
munity. 

April  10,  1894,  Mr.  Hartman  married 
Elsie  A.  Chase.  She  was  born  in  Polk 
County,  Iowa,  March  16,  1869,  daughter 
of  Charles  and  Mary  A.  (Herrold)  Chase. 
Her  father  was  born  in  New  York  State 
October  7,  1828,  went  to  Michigan  with  his 
parents  in  1840,  moved  to  Iowa  in  1859, 
and  while  there  enlisted  and  served  three 
years  in  the  Union  Army  as  a  member  of 
the  Seventh  Iowa  Infantry.  He  was  sev- 
eral times  captured  and  was  confined  in 
both  Libby  and  Andersonville  prisons. 
He  came  of  a  military  family,  five  of  his 
brothers  and  two  of  his  brothers-in-law 
being  soldiers  in  the  same  war. 

Mrs.  Hartman  died  in  1910.  -In  1913 
Mr.  Hartman  married  Ida  Ullom,  of  Cass 
Township,  LaPorte  County,  daughter  of 
William  and  Hannah  (Dowd)  Ullom.  Her 
father  was  born  in  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
of  early  German  ancestry,  while  her  mother 
was  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  Mrs.  Hart- 
man is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  Mr.  Hartman  is  affiliated 
with  Westville  Lodge  No.  309,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  with  Westville  Lodge  No.  136,  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  has 
filled  all  the  chairs  in  the  Odd  Fellows 
Lodge  and  been  a  delegate  to  the  Grand 
Lodge  six  times.  He  is  a  republican  and 
has  filled  the  office  of  road  supervisor  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Westville  Town 
Council. 

A  HOOSIEB  's  WAR  RECORD 
By  Hector  Fuller 

The  cities  have  been  decorated ;  triumphal 
arches  have  been  erected ;  banners  have 
flown  and  militant  bands  have  played. 
North,  South,  East,  and  West  the  paved 
streets  have  echoed  the  steady  rythm  of 
the  marching  feet  of  the  soldiers  returned 
from  a  victorious  war!  Their  duty  is 
done;  their  honors  are  recorded,  and  still 
we  mourn  for  those  who  shall  return  no 
more! 


2214 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


education,  and  was  a  farmer  in  his  native 
land  until  about  18f>0,  when  he  came  to 
America.  He  was  on  the  ocean  six  weeks, 
and  after  a  brief  stay  in  New  York  went 
west  to  .Milwaukee,  from  there  to  Chicago 
which  was  still  a  small  city,  and  finding 
no  prospects  in  the  West  returned  to  New 
York.  Later  he  went  to  Michigan  City, 
and  for  a  time  was  employed  by  the  Mich- 
igan Central  Railway  Company  hauling 
wood  for  fuel,  wood  being  burned  by  the 
locomotives  instead  of  coal.  Afterward  for 
a  time  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Pan- 
handle Railway.  lie  worked  at  small 
wages,  and  by  the  greatest  economy  he  ac- 
quired capital  and  equipment  which  enab- 
led him  to  start  out  as  a  farmer.  From 
18~>4  to  1866  he  made  his  home  in  Porter 
County  and  afterward  moved  to  Westville, 
where  he  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven. 
lie  was  reared  a  Lutheran  and  was  always 
an  adherent  of  that  faith  and  in  politics 
was  a  republican. 

Christopher  Ilartman  married  Mary  E. 
Barnes,  who  was  born  at  Dexter,  Maine, 
and  died  April  5,  1902,  at  the  age  of  sixtv- 
h've.  Her  husband  died  October  29,  1900. 
She  was  member  of  one  of  the  notable  pio- 
neer families  of  LaPorte  County.  Her 
parents  were  Ivory  and  Elmira  Barnes, 
who  came  from  Maine  to  LaPorte  County 
in  early  days.  Ivory  Barnes  was  an  ex- 
pert axman,  and  when  sawmills  were  not 
numerous  he  employed  his  skill  in  hewing 
timber,  and  no  doubt  worked  out  the  tim- 
ber that  entered  into  the  frame  of  many 
buildings  still  standing  in  LaPorte  and 
Porter  counties.  He  spent  his  last  days 
in  Westville  and  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
six.  Mrs.  Christopher  Ilartman,  who  died 
at  the  a<re  of  sixty-five,  was  a  sister  of 
George  W.  Barnes,  who  according  to  local 
histories  was  the  first  settler  in  Galena 
Township  of  LaPorte  County,  establishing 
his  home  there  about  1833.  The  first  town- 
ship election  was  held  in  his  house.  He 
was  a  man  of  uncommon  nerve  and  force 
of  character,  and  was  one  of  the  worthiest 
of  the  pioneers  of  that  section  of  the  state. 
Christopher  TIartman  and  wife  had  three 
children:  George  W.,  Olive  Jane,  and  Wil- 
liam T. 

Georgo  W.  Ilartman  attended  a  rural 
school  taught  in  a  one  room  building  with 
home  made  furniture,  and  also  had  some 
of  the  advantages  of  the  schools  at  West- 
ville. When  only  thirteen  he  chose  to  be- 
come self-supporting,  and  he  has  always 


relied  upon  hard  work  and  industry  as  the 
sure  road  to  prosperity.  The  first  farm 
he  was  able  to  acquire  was  a  mile  and  a 
half  northwest  of  Westville.  He  sold  that 
and  bought  the  Barr  farm,  which  he  occu- 
pied seventeen  years,  and  then  bought  the 
place  where  lie  now  lives  on  the  Lincoln 
Highway  a  mile  west  of  Westville.  He  has 
made  many  improvements  on  his  land  and 
has  always  borne  the  reputation  of  being 
one  of  the  high  class  farmers  of  that  com- 
munity. 

April  10,  1894,  Mr.  Ilartman  married 
Elsie  A.  Chase.  She  was  born  in  Polk 
County,  Iowa,  March  16,  1869,  daughter 
of  Charles  and  Mary  A.  (Herrold)  Chase. 
Her  father  was  born  in  New  York  State 
October  7,  1828,  went  to  Michigan  with  his 
parents  in  1840,  moved  to  Iowa  in  1859, 
and  while  there  enlisted  and  served  three 
years  in  the  I'liion  Army  as  a  member  of 
the  Seventh  Iowa  Infantry.  He  was  sev- 
eral times  captured  and  was  confined  in 
both  Libhy  and  Andersonville  prisons. 
He  came  of  a  military  family,  five  of  his 
brothers  and  two  .of  his  brothers-in-law 
being  soldiers  in  the  same  war. 

Mrs.  Ilartman  died  in  1910.  In  1913 
Mr.  Ilartman  married  Ida  T'llom,  of  Cass 
Township,  LaPorte  County,  daughter  of 
William  and  Hannah  (Dowd)  Ullom.  Her 
father  was  born  in  Athens  County,  Ohio, 
of  early  German  ancestry,  while  her  mother 
was  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  Mrs.  Hart- 
man  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church.  Mr.  Ilartman  is  affiliated 
with  Westville  Lodge  No.  309,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  with  Westville  Lodge  No.  136,  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  has 
filled  all  the  chairs  in  the  Odd  Fellows 
Lodge  and  been  a  delegate  to  the  Grand 
Lodge  six  times.  He  is  a  republican  and 
has  filled  the  office  of  road  supervisor  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Westville  Town 
Council. 

A  HOOSIKR'S  WAR  RECORD 
/?//  lift-tor  Fuller 

The  cities  have  been  decorated  ;  triumphal 
arches  have  been  erected :  banners  have 
flown  and  militant  bands  have  played. 
North,  South,  East,  and  West  the  paved 
streets  have  echoed  the  steady  rythra  of 
the  marching  feet  of  the  soldiers  returned 
from  a  victorious  war!  Their  duty  is 
done;  their  honors  are  recorded,  and  still 
we  mourn  for  those  who  shall  return  no 
more ! 


. 


OF  TIE 

UNIVERSE  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2215 


But,  as  "the  tumult  and  the  shouting 
dies"  we  have  time  to  look  about  and  give 
thought  to  those  soldiers  of  peace  who 
"carried  on"  while  the  more  obvious  he- 
roes fought  in  Flanders  Fields.  Each  city 
of  them  all  claims — and  with  right — that  it 
helped  to  win  the  war,  but  though  the  final 
verdict  is  not  yet — it  will  take  the  mellow- 
ing hand  of  time  to  judge — Chicago's  part 
is  undisputed. 

And,  always,  the  spirit  of  any  city  is 
the  spirit  of  a  man !  Some  one  shall  al- 
ways dominate;  the  place  of  leadership 
shall  always  be  filled.  It  was  Ole  Hanson 
who  by  his  brave  stand  against  the  Bol- 
shevick  tendencies  of  the  Industrial  Work- 
ers of  the  World  made  Seattle  famous;  it 
was  Mitchel,  mayor  of  New  York,  who,  fly- 
ing to  his  heroic  death,  placed  that  metropo- 
lis on  the  map  of  the  Great  War.  It  was 
William  H.  Rankin  and  his  "Chicago 
Plan"  that  placed  Chicago  in  the  forefront 
of  American  cities  that  did  their  noble  part 
in  making  the  world  safe  for  democracy. 

By  now  everybody  knows  him-J^Williain 
H.  Rankin,  the  auburn-haired  boy  of  New 
Albany,  Indiana.  His  intimates  call  him 
"The  Lamplighter"  after  the  famous 
novel  of  our  boyhood  days,  for  he  began 
his  career  by  lighting  the  street  lamps  of 
his  home,  Hoosier,  town ;  and  like  so  many 
Hoosiers  he  has  been  spreading  the  gospel 
of  light  ever  since. 

You  can't  beat  them,  these  Hoosiers; 
they  are  all  of  the  same  fighting  and  writ- 
ing stock.  There  was  James  Whitcomb 
Riley,  who  began  life  as  a  sign-painter  and 
who  cavorted  like  a  clown  with  an  Indian- 
medicine  show,  to  end  the  great  poet  of  his 
times  and  honored  of  all  men.  There  is 
Meredith  Nicholson,  who  began  as  a  police 
reporter  to  arrive  at  the  status  of  the  pop- 
ular novelist  of  his  day.  There  was  Lew 
Wallace,  whom  they  shipped  to  Constant- 
inople only  to  have  him  come  back  with 
"Ben  Hur,"  the  greatest  religious  story 
of  the  ages.  There  are  hundreds  of  oth- 
ers, but  these  stand  out,  and  prominent  in 
the  galaxy  of  efficient  Hoosiers  stands  the 
name  of  William  H.  Rankin. 

When  the  war  broke  out  Rankin  had  al- 
ready risen  to  a  foremost  place  among  the 
advertising  experts  of  America.  He  had 
won  it  by  hard-won  knowledge  and  effi- 
ciency. He  had  handled  millions  of  dol- 
lars, spent  under  his  direction  for  advertis- 
ing space,  and  he  was  a  firm  believer  in  the 


all-American  doctrine  of  "It  pays  to  ad- 
vertise. ' ' 

So  it  was  that  when  in  the  confusion  of 
the  early  days  of  the  war  there  had  to  be 
co-ordination  of  effort  to  help  the  govern- 
ment, it  was  William  H.  Rankin  who 
evolved  the  ideas  that  saved  the  day.  It 
was  he  who  taught  the  government  and  the 
nation  to  advertise.  It  was  the  steady  and 
persistent  and  well-placed  advertising  that 
made  the  people  see  and  realize  just  what 
the  nation  required  if  the  war  was  to  be 
speedily  and  efficiently  won. 

It  was  in  connection  with  securing  mem- 
bers for  the  Red  Cross  and  the  sale  of 
Liberty  Bonds  that  Mr.  Rankin  came  for- 
ward first  with  what  he  modestly  called 
"The  Chicago  Plan"  of  advertising,  but 
which  was — as  all  are  willing  to  concede 
now — really  the  Rankin  Plan.  He  was 
one  of  the  body  of  advertising  men  who 
called  on  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Mc- 
Adoo  and  assured  him  that  the  advertising 
men  of  America  were  behind  him  to  a  man. 
Congress  when  it  provided  for  the  issue  of 
Liberty  Bonds  made  no  provision  for  ad- 
vertising the  sale  of  these  bonds,  and  Wil- 
liam H.  Rankin  was  keen  enough  to  see 
that  no  such  tremendous  proposition  in- 
volving billions  of  dollars  could  hope  to 
be  successful  without  advertising.  As  the 
government  had  no  money  with  which  to 
pay  for  the  advertising  some  way  had  to 
be  found.  That  was  Rankin 's  way. 

The  business  men  of  the  country  were 
asked  to  contribute  millions  of  dollars  in 
cash  and  part  of  their  advertising  space  al- 
ready contracted  for;  to  donate  it  to  the 
service  of  the  nation.  The  first  page  of 
copy  was  written  by  Mr.  Rankin 's  partner, 
our  own  Wilbur  D.  Nesbit,  and  was  in- 
serted in  the  Chicago  Tribune  May  2.  1917  ; 
it  was  paid  for  by  Thomas  E.  Wilson, 
president  of  Wilson  and  Company.  This 
was  an  advertisement  calling  for  help  for 
the  Red  Cross  and  it  was  answered  by 
nearly  20,000  people,  each  of  whom  con- 
tributed from  $1  to  $100.  Forty-five 
other  Chicago  business  men  followed  Mr. 
Wilson 's  example,  with  the  result  that  sub- 
scriptions came  in  for  $650,000  in  cash 
and  416,000  new  members  were  enrolled. 

This  wonderful  success  in  Chicago  stim- 
ulated the  rest  of  the  country.  The  Asso- 
ciated Advertising  Clubs  of  the  World  in 
convention  in  St.  Louis  adopted  "The  Chi- 
cago Plan,"  with  the  result  that  the  Gov- 


2216 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


eminent  organized  a  Division  of  Advertis- 
ing patterned  after  the  Rankin  idea  of 
getting  the  patriotic  business  men  of  the 
country  to  volunteer  advertising  space,  or 
else  pay  for  additional  space  to  aid  the 
Government  in  winning  the  war. 

The  plan  created  nearly  $10,000,000 
worth  of  newspaper,  magazine,  bill  board, 
painted  sign  and  trade  paper  advertising 
for  the  Government.  As  "The  Fourth  Es- 
tate" so  aptly  summed  up  this  work:  "The 
publishers  and  advertisers  of  the  country 
owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Mr.  Rankin  foj- 
this.  It  is  a  national  object  lesson,  the  ef- 
fect of  this  will  be  felt  in  all  lines  of  busi- 
ness." And  it  has  been! 

In  scores  of  governmental  campaigns 
the  influence  of  Mr.  Rankin  was  felt.  The 
pioneer  work  he  did  in  the  Red  Cross  and 
early  Liberty  Loan  campaigns  was  felt 
throueh  all  that  followed.  It  was  the  Ran- 
kin idea  that  put  over  the  "Smileage 
Books"  that  brought  delight  and  happiness 
to  our  fighting  men  even  within  reach  of 
the  shot  and  shell  of  the  enemy.  It  was 
the  Rankin  idea  that  aided  Provost  Mar- 
shal General  Crowder  to  get  together  the 
needed  number  of  fighting  men  under  the 
Selective  Service  Law,  so  that  Carl  Byoir, 
of  the  Committee  on  Public  Information 
in  Washington  wrote: 

"Only  one  man  with  an  irresistible  and 
confident  optimism  maintained  against  all 
objection  that  the  thing  could  be  done.  It 
will  be  part  of  the  everlasting  glory  of  the 
advertising  profession  in  America  that  the 
thing  was  done — that  the  greatest  advertis- 
ing campaign  of  the  war  was  the  campaign 
for  registration  under  the  second  Selective 
Service  Law,  and  that  instead  of  a  deficit 
of  names  at  the  close  of  the  campaign  there 
were  over  400,000  more  men  who  had  sig- 
nified their  willingness  to  serve  their  coun- 
try under  arms  than  the  most  optimistic 
estimate  of  the  Provost  Marshal  General 
had  called  for. 

"If  I  were  asked  to  name  the  men  who 
without  title  of  honor  or  distinction  de- 
voted himself  most  completely  to  the  ser- 
vice of  war  time  advertising  I  could  not 
honestly  mention  any  other  name  than  that 
of  William  H.  Rankin." 

So,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  an- 
other Hoosier  has  climbed  the  pinnacle  to 
distinction. 

Of  course  this  does  not  tell  the  whole 


story,  for  Rankin 's  activities  in  patriotic 
advertising  touched  practically  every  im- 
portant development  of  war  times.  Mr. 
Rankin  prepared  advertising  under  his 
"idea"  for  the  War  Savings  Stamps;  he 
designed  and  prepared  advertising  to  aid 
in  Hoover's  campaign  for  conserving 
wheat;  he  made  the  great  financiers,  the 
largest  advertising  merchants,  the  leaders 
of  the  great  industries  see  what  wonders 
could  be  wrought  by  advertising  courage. 
His  own  unalterable  belief  and  bravery 
in  the  face  of  grim  discouragements  heart- 
ened up  the  entire  business  world  and 
forced  it  to  take  a  finer  outlook  and  more 
courageous  view. 

And  high  as  William  H.  Rankin  stands 
in  the  business  world  of  Chicago,  it  is  still 
a  young  man  who  has  won  such  success 
for  himself  and  for  his  city.  He  has  only 
just  celebrated  his  forty-first  birthday — 
the  celebration  was  held  in  his  native  town 
of  New  Albany,  and  telegrams  from  all 
the  world  arrived  there  to  do  him  honor 
on  the  occasion.  As  has  been  said,  he  be- 
gan to  earn  money  by  lighting  the  street 
lamps  of  New  Abany,  then  he  sold  news- 
papers ;  then  he  drove  a  grocery  wagon  for 
$2  a  week.  Then  he  became  a  stenogra- 
pher, but  not  a  very  good  one ;  that  is  per- 
haps why  he  is,  with  the  firm  of  R^nkin 
and  Company,  of  which  he  is  president, 
employing  about  100  good  stenographers. 
Next  he  tried  to  be  a  railroad  man,  and 
here  he  came  into  contact  wiht  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  for  whiqh, 
since,  he  has  done  so  much.  It  was  in 
handling  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation exhibitions  that  he  first  realized 
that  the  only  way  to  get  people  to  support 
a  cause  was  through  advertising  and  he 
published  a  paper,  "The  Young  Men,"  in 
which  he  always  insisted  on  giving  the  ad- 
vertiser full  value  for  his  money. 

This  minor  newspaper  experience  led 
him  to  Indianapolis  and  the  Star  League 
of  newspapers,  which  he  left  to  become  ad- 
vertising manager  for  the  Bobbs-Merrill 
Company,  the  publishers  of  all  of  James 
Whitcomb  Riley's  works.  His  debut  in 
Chicago  was  made  two  years  later  when  he 
became  western  manager  of  the  Street  Rail- 
wavs  Advertising  Company.  It  was  in 
1908  that  he  was  made  vice  president  of 
the  Mahin  Advertising  Company,  and 
when  John  Lee  Mahin  wanted  to  move  to 
New  York  Mr.  Rankin  with  his  associates, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2217 


Wilbur  D.  Nesbit,  H.  A.  Groth,  and  Rob- 
ert E.  Binehart,  bought  the  Mahin  busi- 
ness and  it  turned  into  the  William  H. 
Rankin  Company,  now  one  of  the  staunch- 
est  advertising  companies  in  America. 

But  it  is  not  alone  in  the  measure  of  his 
own  success  that  William  H.  Rankin 
counts ;  the  work  he  has  done  counts  as  a 
success  for  Chicago;  it  is  his  individuality 
backing  up  his  creative  "ideas"  that  en- 
titles Chicago  to  so  large  a  credit  in  its 
work  of  winning  the  war. 

And  the  gain  that  has  been  made  to  Chi- 
cago through  the  work  of  Mr.  Rankin  is  all 
the  finer  because  it  has  always  been  a  gain 
of  high  and  lofty  ideals.  He  might  take 
for  his  motto  that  line  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson :  ' '  The  salary  in  any  business  un- 
der heaven  is  not  the  only  nor,  indeed,  the 
first  question.  But  that  your  business 
should  be  first  honest  and,  second,  useful, 
are  points  in  which  honor  and  morality  are 
concerned." 

Mr.  Rankin  is  a  member  of  Chicago  Ath- 
letic, Midday,  Chicago  Yacht  Club,  Chi- 
cago Advertising  Association,  Skokie, 
Evanston  and  Olympia  Fields  Country 
Club;  also  the  Manhattan  Club  of  New 
York  and  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis. 

He  is  happily  married,  the  proud  father 
of  three  boys  and  two  girls.  His  residence 
is  1100  Judson  Avenue,  Evanston;  busi- 
ness addresses,  104  South  Michigan  Ave- 
nue, Chicago,  50  Madison  Avenue,  New 
York,  and  610  Riggs  Building,  Washing- 
ton. 

F.  H.  BADET.  There  was  a  time,  un- 
doubtedly now  past,  when  the  bulk  of  all 
the  toys  that  make  a  happy  make-believe 
world  for  American  children  of  all  ranks 
were  manufactured  in  European  countries. 
The  industry  was  neglected  in  the  United 
States  because  the  cheapness  of  foreign  la- 
bor halted  competition,  rather  than  a  lack 
of  native  inventive  and  executive  talent. 
New  England,  however,  finally  led  the  way 
into  toy  manufacturing,  and  an  extensive 
business  along  this  line  is  now  being  done, 
being  greatly  accelerated  in  the  past  few 
years.  South  Bend  can  claim  one  of  the 
largest  factories  in  this  industry  in  the 
United  States,  operating  under  the  name 
of  the  South  Bend  Toy  Manufacturing 
Company,  of  which  F.  H.  Badet  is  presi- 
dent. 

F.  H.  Badet  is  of  New  England  birth 


and  of  French  ancestry.  His  great-grand- 
father, Capt.  Pierre  Badet,  was  the  com- 
mander of  a  French  merchantman  when 
his  vessel  was  captured  off  the  New  Eng- 
land coast  by  an  English  man-of-war  near 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Cap- 
tain Badet  was  released  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  and  finding  his  surroundings 
agreeable,  decided  to  establish  his  perma- 
nent home  there,  where  he  subsequently 
married  and  became  a  man  of  consequence. 
He  was  the  founder  of  a  family  that  has 
been  honorably  represented  here  ever  since. 

F.  H.  Badet  was  born  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  August  30,  1848.  His  par- 
ents were  Henry  S.  and  Elizabeth  H.  (Par- 
•  melee)  Badet.  Henry  S.  Badet  was  born 
at  New  London  in  1819,  and  died  there  in 
March,  1905.  He  was  a  son  of  Thomas  S. 
and  Harriet  (Butler)  Badet,  both  natives 
of  Connecticut,  dying  at  New  London 
about  1855.  Henry  S.  Badet  spent  his  en- 
tire life  in  his  native  place  and  there  en- 
gaged in  the  grocery  business.  In  his  po- 
litical life  he  was  a  republican  and  frater- 
nally he  was  a  Mason.  He  was  a  man  of 
sterling  character,  honest  and  upright,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church.  He  married  Elizabeth  H.  Parme- 
lee,  who  was  born  at  Durham,  Connecticut, 
in  July,  1822,  and  died  at  South  Bend,  In- 
diana, in  1909.  They  had  the  following 
children :  F.  H. ;  Evelyn,  the  wife  of  W. 
A.  Bugbee,  who  conducts  an  abstract  and 
title  business  at  South  Bend;  Caroline,  who 
died  at  New  London ;  Jennie,  the  widow 
of  J.  Vanden  Bosch,  who  was  a  manufac- 
turer of  furniture  at  South  Bend ;  and 
Alice  W.,  who  resides  at  South  Bend. 

F.  H.  Badet  was  about  sixteen  years  old 
when  he  left  the  New  London  High  School 
to  go  into  his  father's  grocery  store,  and 
he  remained  in  that  connection  for  nine 
years.  In  1874  he  came  to  South  Bend 
and  with  J.  W.  Teel  embarked  in  the  busi- 
ness of  manufacturing  croquet  sets  and 
baseball  bats.  The  venture  proved  very 
successful  and  soon  their  helping  force  of 
one  employe  grew  to  eight  and  then  to 
ten,  and  in  1883  the  business  was  incorpor- 
ated as  the  South  Bend  Toy  Manufactur- 
ing Company  to  cover  the  widened  field  of 
their  products.  In  addition  to  their  first 
manufactured  articles  the  factory  now 
turns  out  boys'  wagons,  shoe-fly  horses, 
children's  tables  and  chairs  and  doll  car- 
riages and  numerous  other  toys  for  which 


2218 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


there  is  an  increasing  demand.  The  facil- 
ities of  the  factory  have  been  greatly  in- 
creased and  both  offices  and  plant  are  on 
High  Street,  the  latter  occupying  seven 
acres  of  land  along  the  New  York  Central 
tracks.  About  400  workmen  are  employed 
and  toys  are  shipped  all  over  the  United 
States  and  provision  is  being  made  for 
heavy  business  abroad.  The  officers  of  the 
company  are :  F.  H.  Badet,  president ;  H. 
S.  Badet,  treasurer;  and  F.  S.  Chrisman, 
secretary. 

F.  H.  Badet  was  married  at  New  Lon- 
don, Connecticut,  September  5,  1876,  to 
Miss  Harriet  Spencer,  a  daughter  of  the 
late  John  0.  and  Mary  J.  (Winchester) 
Spencer.  The  father  of  Mrs.  Badet  was  ' 
mail  agent  for  many  years  on  the  New 
York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Badet  have  one  son,  Harry 
S.,  who  is  treasurer  of  the  South  Bend  Toy 
Manufacturing  Company.  After  being 
graduated  from  the  high  school  of  South 
Bend  he  spent  two  years  in  Purdue  Uni- 
versity and  then  entered  into  his  present 
business.  He  married  Miss  Edna  Prass, 
and  they  have  two  children,  Barbara,  who 
was  born  November  7,  1915,  and  Harry, 
Jr.,  born  March  7,  1918. 

F.  H.  Badet  is  one  of  South  Bend's 
leading  business  men.  In  addition  to  his 
manufacturing  interests  he  is  vice  presi- 
dent and  a  director  of  the  South  Bend  Na- 
tional Bank  and  a  director  of  the  First 
National  Bank.  Among  his  valuable  pieces 
of  property  at  South  Bend  is  his  handsome 
modern  residence  on  South  Main  Street, 
which  was  built  in  1890.  In  politics  he  is 
a  republican  but  has  never  been  unduly 
active  outside  of  good  citizenship,  and  the 
only  public  capacities  in  which  he  has  con- 
sented to  serve  have  been  as  vice  president 
and  a  director  of  the  Riverview  Cemetery 
Association.  He  is  a  valued  member  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Commer- 
cial Athletic  Club.  Since  youth  Mr.  Badet 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  belongs  to  the  First  Presby- 
terian at  South  Bend,  in  which  he  is  a 
member  of  the  board  of  elders.  His  busi- 
ness career  at  South  Bend  has  covered 
forty-four  years  and  is  one  that  not  only 
reflects  credit  upon  his  ability  and  enter- 
prise, but  has  brought  capital  and  desir- 
able notoriety  to  his  city. 

CURTIS  W.  BALLARD  has  been  a  resident 
of  Jeffersonville  over  thirty  years,  and  in 


that  time  has  come  to  represent  as  many 
important  interests  in  the  city  and  in 
Clark  County  as  probably  any  other  one 
individual. 

Mr.  Mallard  was  born  in  Shelby  County, 
Kentucky,  October  13,  1868.  His  paternal 
ancestors  came  originally  from  France  and 
settled  in  Virginia  in  colonial  times.  His 
grandfather,  Camdon  Ballard,  was  a  native 
of  Oldham  County,  Kentucky,  and  died 
at  LaGrange  in  that  state  at  the  age  of 
sixty  years.  He  was  a  man  of  more  than 
local  prominence,  served  as  a  member  of 
the  State  Senate,  and  helped  write  one  of 
the  constitutions  of  Kentucky.  He  mar- 
ried Lavinia  Raley,  who  also  spent  her  life 
in  Kentucky  and  died  at  LaGrange  at  the 
age  of  eighty-eight. 

W.  J.  Ballard,  father  of  Curtis  W.,  was 
born  in  Oldham  County,  Kentucky,  in 
1847  and  is  now  a  resident  of  Chicago.  He 
grew  up  in  Oldham  County  and  when  a 
boy  enlisted  in  the  Union  army,  in  the 
Fifteenth  Kentucky  Infantry.  He  was  all 
through  the  war,  and  among  other  engage- 
ments was  at  Shiloh,  Lookout  Mountain, 
and  Missionary  Ridge  and  at  Gettysburg. 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  Shelby 
County,  was  married  there,  and  for  four 
years  served  as  deputy  under  his  brother, 
John  T.  Ballard,  county  clerk.  Later  he 
was  in  the  mail  service  at  Washington,  D. 
C.,  and  has  been  connected  with  the  postal 
service  ever  since.  He  is  now  mail  agent 
for  the  United  States  Government  and  has 
had  his  home  and  headquarters  at  Chicago 
for  the  past  six  years.  In  politics  he  is  a 
sterling  republican.  W.  J.  Ballard  mar- 
ried Mary  Moody,  who  was  born  in  Shelby 
County,  Kentucky,  in  1847.  Curtis  W.  is 
the  older  of  their  two  children.  John  A. 
is  a  farmer  in  Jeffersonville  Township,  In- 
diana. 

Curtis  W.  Ballard  was  reared  in  Shelby 
County,  Kentucky,  and  at  the  age  of  eight- 
een graduated  from  a  collegiate  institute 
at  Shelby ville.  Up  to  the  age  of  twenty 
he  farmed  with  his  grandfather  in  Shelby 
County,  and  in  1887  moved  to  Jefferson- 
ville, Indiana,  where  his  interests  have 
since  been  centered.  Mr.  Ballard  for  up- 
wards of  twenty  years  was  connected  with 
the  American  Car  and  Foundry  Company 
at  Jeffersonville.  In  1904  he  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  Legislature  on  the 
democratic  ticket,  being  chosen  in  a  year 
which  was  predominantly  republican.  He 
was  one  of  the  nineteen  democrats  in  the 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2219 


House  of  Representatives  in  the  session  of 
1905.  He  continued  to  be  active  in  poli- 
tics and  in  1906  was  elected  county  clerk 
of  Clark  County.  His  term  of  office  began 
February  24,  1908.  He  was  re-elected  in 
1910,  and  held  the  office  eight  years,  until 
February,  1916. 

On  August  21,  1916,  Mr.  Ballard  bought 
the  Evening  News  and  National  Democrat 
of  Jeffersonville,  and  has  been  publisher 
and  proprietor  of  these  well  known  and 
staunch  old  democratic  organs  ever  since. 
The  Evening  News  was  established  March 
1,  1872,  and  the  National  Democrat  in 
1871.  Both  are  democratic  papers,  the 
former  being  a  daily  paper  and  the  latter 
a  weekly.  They  serve  as  official  papers  in 
Clark  County  and  have  a  large  influence 
in  molding  public  opinion  all  over  South- 
ern Indiana.  Mr.  Ballard  owns  the  build- 
ing, plant  and  offices  at  25  Spring  Street. 

He  is  also  a  large  property  owner,  own- 
ing a  farm  in  Scott  County,  built  one  of 
the  best  private  residences  in  Jeffersonville 
in  1913,  and  is  owner  of  five  other  dwelling 
houses  which  he  rents.  Mr.  Ballard  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Church,  is  affil- 
iated with  Jeffersonville  Lodge  No.  362, 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks, 
Clark  Lodge  No.  140,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  and  Jeffersonville  Lodge 
No.  268,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men.  He 
is  a  past  sachem  of  the  Red  Men  and  was 
a  delegate  to  the  National  Conventions  of 
the  Order  in  1913,  1914,  and  1915. 

July  15,  1911,  at  Indianapolis  Mr.  Bal- 
lard married  Miss  Fannie  L.  Williamson, 
daughter  of  John  and  Virginia  (Quinkard) 
Williamson.  Her  father  was  a  merchant 
and  died  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  where 
her  mother  is  still  living.  Mrs.  Ballard 
died  at  Jeffersonville  November  12,  1918. 

RICHARD  LIEBER.  At  no  time  in  half  a 
century  have  such  rigorous  tasks  been  ap- 
plied to  the  quality  and  efficiency  of  Amer- 
ican citizenship.  Citizenship  formerly  was 
largely  a  privilege,  today  it  is  a  duty  and 
responsibility.  To  be  diligent  in  business, 
faithful  in  family  and  personal  relation- 
ships, straightforward  in  action  and  pur- 
pose is  not  quite  enough  to  expect  of  a 
loyal  American.  The  admirable  virtues  of 
normal  times  must  be  supplemented  by  a 
positiveness  in  spirit,  and  a  sacrifice  of 
many  other  interests  in  behalf  of  the  one 


great  and  supreme  need  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

While  Indiana  has  thousands  of  such 
self-sacrificing  citizens  there  is  much  in- 
spiration and  encouragement  afforded  by 
the  case  of  Mr.  Richard  Lieber  of  Indian- 
apolis. Mr.  Lieber  is  a  native  of  Germany 
and  represented  one  of  the  old  families  of 
Rhineland,  and  his  father  stood  high  in 
the  confidence  of  both  military  and  civil 
authorities  in  the  Fatherland.  No  coun- 
try in  the  world  afforded  more  special  ad- 
vantages and  training  to  its  selected  class 
of  youths,  of  which  Richard  Lieber  was  a 
privileged  member.  But  he  had  a  passion 
for  individual  development  and  expression 
of  character,  and  from  an  early  age  could 
not  be  in  sympathy  with  a  system,  how- 
ever wonderful  in  its  results,  which  super- 
imposed regulation  of  private  life  and  con- 
duct from  above. 

As  a  boy  Richard  Lieber  rebelled  at  the 
restrictions  laid  down  for  his  guidance.  He 
could  not  be  restful  under  a  system  which 
planned  the  actions  of  his  life  in  advance 
for  him.  Even  at  school  he  got  into  trou- 
ble with  the  authorities  because  he  had 
ideas  of  his  own  which  he  dared  divulge, 
and  only  the  influence  of  his  father  saved 
him  from  punishment.  As  he  grew  up  his 
views  became  more  pronounced.  He  found 
it  difficult  to  breathe  freely  under  the  en- 
vironment. He  therefore  went  to  England 
to  pursue  the  English  language  and  acquire 
a  knowledge  of  the  Government  and  social 
theories  of  that  country.  For  a  similar 
reason  he  came  on  to  America.  After  due 
deliberation  he  decided  that  he  had  more 
talent  as  a  "citizen  than  as  a  sub- 
ject." He  therefore  took  out  naturaliza- 
tion papers  and  foreswore  his  allegiance  to 
the  Kaiser.  In  America  he  found  inde- 
pendence of  thought  and  action  that  had 
been  denied  him  as  a  boy.  Possessed  of  a 
keen  mind  and  indomitable  energy,  it  was 
not  long  until  he  had  become  actively  iden- 
tified with  bettering  the  conditions  of  his 
adopted  country.  It  has  not  been  charac- 
teristic of  Mr.  Lieber  as  an  Indianapolis 
citizen  to  adopt  or  be  patient  with  half-way 
measures.  He  has  given  the  full  force  of 
his  energy  to  everything  he  has  undertaken, 
and  his  career  has  been  a  most  beneficial 
one  to  city  and  state. 

His  father.  Otto  Lieber,  was  born  in 
Duesseldorf,  Germany,  March  24,  1825.  He 


2220 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


was  reared  and  educated  there,  but  com- 
pleted his  higher  training  in  Berlin.  He 
was  trained  for  the  profession  of  surveyor 
and  architect,  and  in  that  capacity,  having 
entered  government  service,  had  the  direc- 
tion of  the  building  of  roads,  waterways, 
restoration  of  historic  buildings  and  the 
general  development  of  the  country.  In 
younger  days  he  built  the  Saar  Railway 
from  Treves  into  Lorraine.  While  sta- 
tioned at  St.  Jean-Saarbruecken  he  was  as- 
sociated with  French  officials  in  building 
the  Rhine-Marne  canal.  He  was  a  man  of 
distinction  in  the  matter  of  education,  at- 
tainments, and  culture.  In  civil  capacity 
he  was  privy  counsellor  to  the  interior 
government.  He  made  only  one  visit  to 
the  United  States,  when  he  attended  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago 
in  1893.  His  notes  taken  at  the  time  are 
a  classic  on  his  observations  of  the  United 
States.  While  stationed  on  the  Moselle  he 
met  at  Muelheim  Maria  Richter,  whom  he 
married  in  1868.  They  had  three  children  : 
Richard,  Maria,  and  Hedwig.  The  two 
daughters  and  their  mother  still  reside  in 
Germany.  Privy  Counsellor  Otto  Lieber 
died  in  Germany  August  8,  1897. 

Richard  Lieber  was  born  at  St.  Jean- 
Saarbruecken,  Germany,  September  5, 
1869.  Much  of  his  early  education  was 
under  the  direction  of  private  tutors.  As 
already  indicated,  this  period  of  his  life 
was  a  rather  stormy  one  and  he  was  more 
or  less  constantly  in  conflict  with  those  in 
authority  around  him.  In  1890,  having 
reached  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  went  to 
England  to  live,  but  in  1891  came  to  the 
United  States.  During  his  stay  in  Eng- 
land his  studies  were  directed  toward  ac- 
quiring a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  Eng- 
lish language  and  theory  of  government. 
Mr.  Lieber  came  direct  to  Indianapolis  in 
February,  1891,  and  here  for  a  time  he  was 
employed  by  the  hardware  firm  of  Francke 
&  Schindler.  Later  he  became  interested 
in  the  development  of  coal  tar  products, 
and  helped  organize  the  Western  Chemical 
Company.  Possessed  of  a  fine  critical  and 
literary  ability  he  also  engaged  in  news- 
paper work  and  was  city  editor  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Tribune  four  years.  His  father- 
in-law,  Philip  Rappaport,  was  sole  owner 
of  that  paper.  Mr.  Lieber  was  connected 
with  the  Tribune  from  1893  to  1896.  In 
the  latter  year  he  founded  the  firm  of 
Richard  Lieber  &  Company,  importer  of 


wines  and  artificial  mineral  waters.  In 
the  fall  of  1905  this  firm  was  merged  with 
that  of  James  R.  Ross  &  Company,  with 
which  Mr.  Lieber  continued  his  active  busi- 
ness connection  until  1918. 

As  city  editor  of  the  Tribune  Mr.  Lieber 
made  much  of  the  May  Music  Festival, 
which  gave  a  new  and  distinct  impetus  to 
the  social  life  of  Indianapolis.  He  was 
musical  and  at  one  time  dramatic  critic  of 
the  Indianapolis  Journal  in  the  days  when 
what  that  paper  said  meant  much  in  music 
circles.  He  also  made  many  trips  abroad 
and  acted  as  foreign  correspondent.  As 
such  he  was  the  first  to  tell  of  the  relief  of 
Ladysmith  during  the  Boer  war.  When 
Mayor  Shank  created  an  advisory  commis- 
sion for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  public 
and  the  mayor  informed  on  the  needs  of 
the  city,  Mr.  Lieber  was  a  member  of  the 
commission,  part  of  the  time  as  secretary 
and  chairman  of  the  committee  on  public 
service.  The  result  of  his  intelligent  work 
brought  about  a  saving  of  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars  in  the  fire  insurance 
bill  of  Indianapolis.  This  was  attained 
largely  through  his  efforts  to  create  the 
Merchants  and  Manufacturers  Bureau  of 
Indianapolis,  founded  for  the  purpose  of 
assuring  equitable  rates  for  policy  holders 
and  see  that  fire  protection  was 'thorough 
and  adequate  in  the  city.  During  his  serv- 
ice Mr.  Lieber  succeeded  in  having  motor 
vehicles  introduced  for  the  drawing  of  fire 
apparatus,  and  also  led  the  movement  for 
the  establishment  of  the  Salvage  Corps. 
Many  of  his  constructive  plans  have  been 
the  permanent  model  for  subsequent  muni- 
cipal activity.  For  three  years  he  served 
as  president  of  the  old  Indianapolis  Trade 
Association,  which  later  was  merged  with 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  also 
served  as  executive  member  for  the  state 
on  the  currency  commission.  The  value 
of  his  fight  against  national  waste  and  his 
great  interest  in  the  commission  of  natural 
resources  was  acknowledged  by  his  elec- 
tion as  chairman  of  the  local  board  of  gov- 
ernors of  the  Fourth  National  Conservation 
Congress  held  in  this  city  in  1912. 

Mr.  Lieber  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Executive  Board  of  the  North  American 
Gymnastic  Union,  an  organization  that  has 
accomplished  a  splendid  work  in  educating 
American  citizenship. 

Governor  Goodrich,  the  present  Indiana 
executive,  appointed  Mr.  Lieber  secretary 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


2221 


and  executive  officer  of  the  State  Board 
of  Forestry  of  Indiana.  Mr.  Lieber  not 
only  has  a  broad  knowledge  of  human  cul- 
ture and  the  arts  of  music  and  literature, 
but  for  years  has  been  an  intimate  com- 
panion of  nature  and  the  great  out  of  doors. 
It  was  this  interest  and  qualifications 
which  made  him  peculiarly  adapted  for 
service  on  the  State  Board  of  Forestry. 
He  resigned  his  own  salary  with  that  board 
in  favor  of  a  former  expert  member  to 
perform  the  actual  work.  He  is  also  mili- 
tary secretary  to  the  governor  and  chief 
of  his  staff  with  rank  of  colonel.  He  and 
some  of  his  associates  have  started  a  move- 
ment that  has  for  its  object  the  care  of  the 
soldiers  who  will  come  back  from  the  war 
disabled.  These  men,  to  whom  every  Amer- 
ican community  will  owe  so  much,  require 
exactly  some  such  provision  and  foresighted 
care  so  that  they  may  be  reintegrated  into 
society  as  self-sustaining  and  useful  mem- 
bers. 

Governor  Ralston  appointed  Mr.  Lieber 
member  of  the  Turkey  Run  Commission 
for  the  purpose  of  saving  that  wonderland 
from  the  woodman's  axe.  He  reorganized 
this  commission,  which  eventually  came 
under  the  control  of  the  State  Historical 
Commission.  Its  purpose  was  to  establish 
parks,  and  in  the  centennial  year  1916  it 
erected  a  visible  monument  commemorat- 
ing that  event,  when  two  properties  were 
bought,  McCormick's  Creek  Canyon  in 
Owen  County  and  Turkey  Run  on  Sugar 
Creek  in  Parke  County.  These  properties 
were  turned  over  to  the  state  and  have  been 
accepted  by  Governor  Goodrich,  who  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Lieber  chairman  of  the  State 
Park  Commission. 

August  28,  1893,  Mr.  Lieber  married 
Emma  Rappaport.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren: Otto  Walther,  Ralph  Willard  and 
Marie  Jeanette,  the  latter  a  student  at 
Wellesley  College,  Massachusetts.  Mr. 
Lieber  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the 
first  dollar  a  year  man  in  the  state,  while 
Mrs.  Lieber  has  divided  her  time  be- 
tween Red  Cross  home  service  and  auxil- 
iary work  to  the  soldiers  of  Indiana.  Their 
son  Walther,  in  service  since  June,  1917,  is 
first  lieutenant  and  attached  to  the  Judge 
Advocate's  office  of  the  American  Expedi- 
tionary forces  at  General  Headquarters, 
Chaumont,  France. 


FRANK  MARION  JONES  has  been  a  busi- 
ness man  of  Richmond  many  years,  a  dealer 
in  agricultural  implements,  and  is  now 
head  of  the  Jones  &  Farmers  Company, 
dealers  in  agricultural  implements  and  fer- 
tilizers. 

He  was  born  at  Hillsboro,  Ohio,  May  9, 
1864,  son  of  A.  D.  and  Susan  (Schooler) 
Jones.  He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  For 
several  generations  the  family  lived  in  Vir- 
ginia. His  grandfather  was  John  Jones, 
who  settled  at  Hillsboro,  Ohio,  in  early 
days.  A.  D.  Jones  was  the  youngest  of 
three  sons  and  six  daughters,  and  after  his 
marriage  moved  to-  Owen  County,  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life. 
Frank  Marion  Jones  had  three  brothers  and 
one  sister.  He  was  only  fourteen  when  his 
father  died,  and  for  several  years  he 
worked  during  the  summer  and  continued 
schooling  in  the  winter.  L*ater  he  began 
teaching  in  country  schools,  and  followed 
that  occupation  a  number  of  years.  He 
also  opened  a  dry  goods  and  grocery  at 
Monterey,  Kentucky,  and  sold  goods  for 
nineteen  years.  From  Kentucky  he  came 
to  Richmond,  Indiana,  and  became  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  and  general  manager  of 
the  McConiha  Company,  holding  that  posi- 
tion for  thirteen  years.  He  then  organized 
the  Jones  &  Williams  Implement  Company, 
but  after  three  years  bought  out  his  part- 
ner, H.  E.  Williams,  and  continued  the 
business  as  Jones  &  Farmers  Company. 
This  firm  are  the  local  representatives  at 
Richmond  and  over  most  of  Wayne  County 
for  the  International  Harvester  Company, 
the  John  Deere  Plow  Company,  the  Ameri- 
can Steel  and  Wire  Fence  Company,  and 
the  Globe  Fertilizer  Company.  Mr.  Jones 
retailed  more  of  the  Globe  Fertilizer  prod- 
ucts in  one  year  than  any  other  represen- 
tative, his  total  sales  for  one  season  aggre- 
gating eighty-two  carloads. 

In  1884  he  married  Miss  Roxie  Bourne, 
daughter  of  John  M.  Bourne  of  Kentucky. 
To  their  marriage  were  born  three  daugh- 
ters and  one  son.  Mr.  Jones  is  a  republi- 
can, is  affiliated  with  Webb  Lodge  of 
Masons,  the  Benevolent  and  Protective 
Order  of  Elks,  and  the  First  Baptist 
Church. 

LUTHER  DANA  WATERMAN,  M.  D..  who 
at  the  time  of  his  death  was  professor 
emeritus  of  medicine  in  the  Indiana  Uni- 


2222 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


versity  School  of  Medicine,  was  an  In- 
dianan  whom  members  of  his  profession 
and  cultured  citizens  of  all  classes  will  most 
frequently  recall  in  coming  generations  as 
a  matter  of  gratitude  for  kindly  and  pur- 
poseful influences  that  emanated  from  his 
life  and  also  for  the  foundation  which 
he  so  liberally  provided  under  the  name  of 
"The  Luther  Dana  Waterman  Institute 
for  Scientific  Research." 

Doctor  Waterman  in  May,  1915,  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  trustees  of  Indiana 
University,  Bloomington,  Indiana,  deeds 
for  property  amounting  in  value  to  $100,- 
000  on  the  condition  that  after  his  death 
the  proceeds  from  the  property  should  be 
devoted  to  the  establishment  and  perma- 
nent maintenance  of  an  institute  for  scien- 
tific research  and  that  the  trustees  would 
annually  appropriate  an  amount  equal  to 
the  income  from  his  property  to  a  similar 
purpose.  This  generous  gift  was  accepted 
by  the  trustees,  who  pledged  the  faith  of 
the  institution  to  carry  out  the  conditions. 

This  act  of  Doctor  Waterman  was  hailed 
as  being  the  largest  gift  for  scientific  re- 
search ever  made  in  Indiana.  The  gift  was 
made  as  the  result  of  a  long  cherished  plan 
on  the  part  of  Doctor  Waterman,  and  with 
a  minimum  of  restrictions  which  might 
interfere  with  its  most  effective  use.  He 
gave  it  with  the  understanding  that  the 
money  was  to  be  used  for  general  scientific 
research  covering  as  wide  a  field  as  possible, 
and  that  it  should  be  spent  in  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, but  aside  from  this  the  trustees 
were  to  be  left  a  free  hand  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  fund. 

It  is  only  rarely  that  a  man  comes  to  the 
close  of  a  long  life  with  character  and  serv- 
ices that  justify  such  a  tribute  as  was  paid 
to  Doctor  Waterman  by  President  Bryan, 
who  took  Doctor  Waterman's  life  as  the 
theme  of  his  address  to  the  senior  class  in 
June,  1915.  Everything  spoken  by  Doctor 
Bryan  at  that  time  was  echoed  responsively 
and  sincerely  by  all  who  knew  the  simplic- 
ity and  nobility  of  Doctor  Waterman's  life. 
The  address  of  tribute  by  Doctor  Bryan 
was  as  follows : 

"I  wish  to  say  a  few  words  to  the  oldest 
member  of  our  faculty — Dr.  Luther  Dana 
Waterman,  professor  of  medicine  emeritus. 

' '  Surgeon  in  the  Federal  Army,  prisoner 
of  war  at  Macon  and  Charleston,  in  civil 
life  physician  and  professor  of  medicine, 
you  have  in  eighty-four  years  won  position 


and  honors  and  fortune  such  that  many 
would  for  them  sacrifice  everything  else  in 
the  world.  But  I  wish  these,  my  children, 
to  see  that  you  have  made  your  way  up  to 
a  great  practical  success  without  sacrific- 
ing everything  else  in  the  world.  You  have 
not  sacrificed  your  interest  in  the  worlds 
that  lie  outside  your  vocation  as  physician. 
Most  men  of  every  calling  are  caught  with- 
in the  trap  of  their  own  business.  Not  you. 
You  have  escaped  that  trap.  You  have 
traveled  far  among  men  and  books  and 
ideas.  You  are  not  of  those  who  bear  a 
title  from  the  college  of  liberal  arts  and 
are  yet  aliens  from  its  spirit.  In  the  world 
of  the  liberal  arts  you  are  a  citizen.  You 
are  friend  with  Plato  and  Virgil  and  Dar- 
win and  their  kind.  You  know  that  these 
are  not  dead  names  in  the  academic  cata- 
logue, but  living!  forces  and  makers  of 
societj'.  In  that  world  you  have  spoken 
your  own  word  in  verses  which  are  reso- 
lutely truthful,  discriminating  and  brave. 
The  joy  of  living  as  you  have  done  in  the 
wide,  free  and  glorious  world  of  the  liberal 
arts  as  such  that  many  for  it  have  sacrificed 
everything  else,  including  that  practical 
success  which  you  have  not  sacrificed. 

"But  besides  your  successes  inside  and 
beyond  your  calling  you  have  had  another 
fortune.  Long  ago  there  came  to  you  an 
idea.  You  had  lived  from  the  days  of  the 
tallow  candle  and  a  thousand  things  which 
went  with  that  to  the  days  of  the  electric 
light  and  a  thousand  things  which  go  with 
that.  Within  your  lifetime  you  had  seen 
an  incredible  access  of  power,  enlighten- 
ment and  freedom,  from  the  discovery  of 
truth  of  which  all  preceding  generations 
had  been  ignorant.  You  had  then  the  in- 
sight, the  conviction  that  the  Great  Charity 
is  the  discovery  of  truth,  which  is  thence- 
forth light  and  power  and  freedom  for  all 
men.  This  conviction  became  your  deepest 
purpose.  Thirty-two  years  ago  you  wrote : 
He  who  would  make  his  life  a  precious 

thing 

Must  nurse  a  kindly  purpose  in  his  soul. 
These  lines  were  your  confession.  There 
was  a  secret  purpose  which  you  were  cher- 
ishing. You  worked  for  that.  You  saved 
for  that.  For  that  you  had  the  secret  joy 
of  living  sparely,  austerely  as  a  soldier. 

"Sir,  you  have  no  son.  But  the  scholars 
who  work  upon  the  foundation  which  you 
have  established  here  shall  be  your  sons. 
Far  down  the  years  when  all  of  us  are  in 


WJVERSITY  OF 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2223 


the  dust  your  virile  sons  shall  be  here  keep- 
ing alive  your  name  and  your  hope.  And 
so  shall  be  fulfilled  your  saying  that — They 
live  longest  in  the  future  who  have  truest 
kept  the  purposes  of  life." 

With  these  things  to  serve  as  an  interpre- 
tation of  his  life  and  spirit  the  ordinary 
facts  of  biography  can  be  simply  and 
briefly  told.  Doctor  Waterman  was  born 
November  21,  1830,  at  Wheeling,  Virginia, 
now  West  Virginia.  From  1832  to  1855  he 
lived  in  Ohio,  and  during  that  time  was  a 
student  at  Miami  University  four  years. 
He  also  taught  school,  studied  medicine, 
and  graduated  from  the  Medical  College . 
of  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  in  1853.  Coming  to 
Indiana  in  1855,  his  home  was  at  Kokomo 
ten  years.  However,  during  that  time  he 
went 'to  what  was  then  the  northwest  fron- 
tier, and  at  Mankato,  Minnesota,  estab- 
lished the  first  newspaper,  The  Independ- 
ent. In  August,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  of  the  Thirty-Ninth  Regiment,  In- 
diana Volunteers,  by  Governor  Morton, 
and  was  with  the  army  as  surgeon  over 
three  years.  During  that  time  he  was 
medical  director  of  the  Second  Division  of 
the  Twentieth  Corps,  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, then  medical  director  of  the  First 
Division  of  the  same  corps,  and  for  one 
month,  owing  to  the  absence  of  superior 
officers,  was  medical  director  of  corps  under 
Gen.  Phil  Sheridan.  His  two  months  as  a 
prisoner  of  war  was  spent  at  Macon,  Geor- 
gia, and  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Doctor  Waterman  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis in  May,  1865,  and  that  city  was  ever 
afterward  his  home.  He  was  in  his  eighty- 
eighth  year  when  he  died  June  30,  1918. 
Doctor  Waterman  was  a  charter  organizer 
of  the  old  Indiana  Medical  College,  served 
four  years  as  professor  of  anatomy  and 
was  then  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine.  For  two  or  three 
years  he  was  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the 
Indianapolis  City  Hospital.  He  was  for  a 
time  secretary  of  the  State  Medical  Society, 
and  in  1878  was  its  president.  His  address 
on  "Economy  and  Necessity  of  a  State 
Board  of  Health"  started  the  state  wide 
movement  which  led  to  the  establishment 
of  that  board.  The  Medical  Society  printed 
5,000  copies  of  the  address  for  public  dis- 
tribution. Doctor  Waterman  retired  in1 
1893,  after  forty  years  of  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  surgery,  and  for  the  twenty-five 
years  following  his  life  was  remarkable  for 


its  activities  both  physical  and  mental.  His 
many  varied  interests  in  the  field  of  litera- 
ture and  scholarship  have  been  previously 
referred  to.  His  work  as  a  poet  is  best 
known  to  the  public  through  his  book  of 
verse  entitled  "Phantoms  of  Life,"  pub- 
lished in  1883. 

JOE  BEATTY  BURTT  was  born  in  Indiana 
and  lived  in  this  state  until  he  went  to 
Chicago  to  practice  law  thirty  years  ago. 
Mr.  Burtt  is  not  an  ordinary  lawyer.  The 
interest  attaching  to  his  career  is  due  not 
merely  to  his  successful  handling  of  a  large 
volume  of  practice  nor  to  the  conventional 
affiliations  most  good  and  able  lawyers 
form.  Mr.  Burtt  is  one  of  that  increasing 
number  of  lawyers  who  recognize  their 
profession  not  as  a  privilege  but  as  a  re- 
sponsibility. One  of  the  greatest  Ameri- 
can law  teachers  has  recently  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  too  many  young  men 
preparing  for  the  profession  adopt  the  at- 
titude that  the  law  is  no  more  than  a  trade, 
an  occupation,  a  business,  like  any  other 
means  of  livelihood.  He  brands  this  a 
fundamental  error.  "The  law,"  he  says, 
"as  a  pursuit  is  not  a  trade.  It  is  a  pro- 
fession. It  ought  to  signify  for  its  follow- 
ers a  mental  and  moral  setting  apart  from 
the  multitude — a  priesthood  of  justice." 
The  recognition  of  this  principle  has  been 
the  long  and  consistent  attitude  of  Mr. 
Burtt,  and  in  the  fact  that  he  is  what  might 
be  called  a  "practical  idealist"  in  his  pro- 
fession and  has  devoted  and  is  devoting 
the  best  efforts  of  his  life  to  humanitarian 
movements,  particularly  in  fraternal  edu- 
cation, crime  prevention,  conciliation,  and 
arbitration,  and  in  prevention  of  injustice 
and  oppression,  his  career  has  a  genuine 
distinction. 

Mr.  Burtt  was  born  in  Clark  County, 
Indiana,  in  1862,  son  of  Eli  and  Paulina 
(Hardin)  Burtt.  His  character  seems  re- 
flected from  the  personalities  of  his  ances- 
tors. The  Burtts  came  originally  from 
Lincolnshire,  England,  and  first  located  in 
Maryland.  Since  pioneer  days  the  family 
has  lived  in  Clark  County,  Indiana.  Mr. 
Burtt 's  grandfather,  Amasa  Burtt,  before 
his  death  requested  that  no  tombstone  be 
erected  over  his  grave,  and  that  the  money 
for  that  purpose  be  used  to  educate  some 
child.  Mr.  Burtt 's  father,  though  never 
having  had  school  advantages,  was  in  real- 
ity a  man  of  genuine  education  and  a  firm 


• 


• 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


222:] 


the  dust  your  virile  sons  shall  be  here  keep- 
ing alive  your  name  and  your  hope.  And 
so  shall  be  fulfilled  your  saying  that — They 
live  longest  in  the  future  who  have  truest 
kept  the  purposes  of  life." 

With  these  things  to  serve  as  an  interpre- 
tation of  his  life  and  spirit  the  ordinary 
facts  of  biography  can  be  simply  and 
briefly  told.  Doctor  Waterman  was  born 
November  21,  1830,  at  Wheeling,  Virginia, 
now  West  Virginia.  From  1832  to  1855  he 
lived  in  Ohio,  and  during  that  time  was  a 
student  at  Miami  University  four  years. 
He  also  taught  school,  studied  medicine, 
and  graduated  from  the  Medical  College, 
of  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  in  1853.  Coining  to 
Indiana  in  1855,  his  home  was  at  Kokomo 
ten  years.  However,  during  that  time  he 
went  to  what  was  then  the  northwest  fron- 
tier, and  at  Maiikato,  Minnesota,  estab- 
lished the  first  newspaper,  The  Independ- 
ent. In  August,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  of  the  Thirty-Ninth  Regiment,  In- 
diana Volunteers,  by  Governor  Morton, 
and  was  with  the  army  as  surgeon  over 
three  years.  During  that  time  he  was 
medical  director  of  the  Second  Division  of 
the  Twentieth  Corps,  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, then  medical  director  of  the  First 
Division  of  the  same  corps,  and  for  one 
month,  owing  to  the  absence  of  superior 
officers,  was  medical  director  of  corps  under 
Gen.  Phil  Sheridan.  His  two  months  as  a 
prisoner  of  war  was  spent  at  Macon,  Geor- 
gia, and  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

Doctor  Waterman  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis in  May,  1865,  and  that  city  was  ever 
afterward  his  home.  He  was  in  his  eighty- 
eighth  year  when  he  died  June  30,  1918. 
Doctor  Waterman  was  a  charter  organizer 
of  the  old  Indiana  Medical  College,  served 
four  years  as  professor  of  anatomy  and 
was  then  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine.  For  two  or  three 
years  he  was  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the 
Indianapolis  City  Hospital.  He  was  for  a 
time  secretary  of  the  State  Medical  Society, 
and  in  1878  was  its  president.  His  address 
on  "Economy  and  Necessity  of  a  State. 
Hoard  of  Health"  started  the  state  wide 
movement  which  led  to  the  establishment 
of  that  board.  The  Medical  Society  printed 
5.000  copies  of  the  address  for  public  dis- 
tribution. Doctor  Waterman  retired  in 
1S93,  after  forty  years  of  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  surgery,  and  for  the  twenty-five 
years  following  his  life  was  remarkable  for 


its  activities  both  physical  and  mental.  His 
many  varied  interests  in  the  field  of  litera- 
ture and  scholarship  have  been  previously 
referred  to.  His  work  as  a  poet  is  best 
known  to  the  public  through  his  book  of 
verse  entitled  "Phantoms  of  Life."  pub- 
lished in  1883. 

Joi:  HKATTY  Brirrr  was  born  in  Indiana 
and  lived  in  this  state  until  he  went  to 
Chicago  to  practice  law  thirty  years  ago. 
Mr.  Burtt  is  not  an  ordinary  lawyer.  The 
interest  attaching  to  his  career  is  due  not 
merely  to  his  successful  handling  of  a  large 
volume  of  practice  nor  to  the  conventional 
affiliations  most  good  and  able  lawyers 
form.  Mr.  Burtt  is  one  of  that  increasing 
number  of  lawyers  who  recogni/e  their 
profession  not  as  a  privilege  but  as  a  re- 
sponsibility. One  of  the  greatest  Ameri- 
can law  teachers  has  recently  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  too  many  young  men 
preparing  for  the  profession  adopt  the  at- 
titude that  the  law  is  no  more  than  a  trade, 
an  occupation,  a  business,  like  any  other 
means  of  livelihood.  He  brands  this  a 
fundamental  error.  "The  law,"  he  says. 
"as  a  pursuit  is  not  a  trade.  It  is  a  pro- 
fession. It  ought  to  signify  for  its  follow- 
ers a  mental  and  moral  setting  apart  from 
the  multitude — a  priesthood  of  justice.'' 
The  recognition  of  this  principle  has  been 
the  long  and  consistent  attitude  of  Mr. 
Burtt,  and  in  the  fact  that  he  is  what  might 
be  called  a  "practical  idealist''  in  his  pro- 
fession and  has  devoted  and  is  devoting 
the  best  efforts  of  his  life  to  humanitarian 
movements,  particularly  in  fraternal  edu- 
cation, crime  prevention,  conciliation,  and 
arbitration,  and  in  prevention  of  injustice 
and  oppression,  his  career  has  a  genuine 
distinction. 

Mr.  Burtt  was  born  in  Clark  County. 
Indiana,  in  1862.  son  of  Eli  and  Paulina 
(Hardin)  Burtt.  His  character  seems  re- 
flected from  the  personalities  of  his  ances- 
tors. The  Burtts  came  originally  from 
Lincolnshire.  England,  and  first  located  in 
Maryland.  Since  pioneer  days  the  family 
has  lived  in  Clark  County,  Indiana.  Mr. 
Bnrtt's  grandfather,  Amasa  Burtt,  before 
his  death  requested  that  no  tombstone  be 
erected  over  his  grave,  and  that  the  money 
for  that  purpose  be  used  to  educate  some 
child.  Mr.  Bnrtt's  father,  though  never 
having  had  school  advantages,  was  in  real- 
ity a  man  of  genuine  education  and  a  firm 


2224 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


believer  in  schools  and  useful  training,  and 
made  every  sacrifice  to  give  his  children 
all  the  advantages  in  his  power.  In  dif- 
ferent generations  the  Burtts  have  lived 
long  and  useful  lives,  and  left  an  impress 
for  good  on  their  respective  communities. 

Joe  Beatty  Burtt  grew  up  on  a  farm  a 
mile  and  a  half  from  Utica.  He  attended 
the  Franklin  schoolhouse  at  Utica  and  at 
the  age  of  nineteen  entered  Oberlin  Col- 
lege, Ohio,  where  he  spent  four  years  as  a 
student.  In  1886  he  entered  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  taking  the  junior  and 
senior  years  of  the  literary  department, 
graduating  in  the  class  of  1888  and  finish- 
ing his  law  course  in  the  same  institution 
in  1889.  He  left  the  farm  with  barely 
the  equipment  of  a  common  school  educa- 
tion, and  completed  his  college  work  of 
nine  years  in  seven  years. 

Unlike  many  young  college  graduates  he 
knew  where  he  was  going  and  what  he  was 
going  to  do  before  his  diploma  from  the 
University  of  Michigan  was  in  his  hands. 
On  June  28,  1889,  he  arrived  in  Chicago, 
and  his  home  has  been  there  ever  since. 
His  first  employment  was  in  a  law  office 
at  a  salary  of  six  dollars  a  week.  About 
the  middle  of  September,  1889,  he  was 
given  a  place  at  forty  dollars  a  month  in 
the  law  office  of  Mr.  Sidney  C.  Eastman, 
since  then  referee  in  bankruptcy.  In 
March,  1890,  Mr.  Burtt  married  Anna  H. 
Gurney,  of  Hart,  Michigan. 

March  1,  1891,  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  Mark  R.  Sherman,  and  their  interest- 
ing and  profitable  association  continued  for 
over  eleven  years,  until  May  1,  1902.  On 
May  19,  1903,  after  a  period  of  practice 
alone,  Mr.  Burtt  formed  a  law  partnership 
with  Frank  L.  Kriete.  In  October,  1907, 
George  H.  Kriete,  a  brother,  was  taken  into 
the  firm,  under  the  name  Burtt,  Kriete  & 
Kriete.  In  September,  1908,  Charles  L. 
Mahony  came  into  the  partnership,  the 
title  being  changed  to  Mahony,  Burtt, 
Kriete  &  Kriete.  Since  October,  *1912,  Mr. 
Bnrtt  has  practiced  alone. 

As  already  noted,  Mr.  Burtt  has  put 
most  value  upon  those  things  he  has  been 
able  to  accomplish  through  his  profession 
for  the  general  good  of  humanity.  Like 
the  good  physician  who  willingly  prevents 
disease  and  thereby  lessens  the  financial 
returns  from  his  work,  Mr.  Burtt 's  long 
continued  activities  in  crime  prevention 
and  the  prevention  of  needless  or  unjust 


litigation  have  a  similar  effect  on  the  law- 
yer's income. 

The  outstanding  feature  of  his  work  is 
fraternal  education  and  the  promotion  of 
the  spirit  of  fraternity.  Mr.  Burtt  is  a 
widely  known  orator,  and  among  his  nu- 
merous addresses  in  public  the  one  which 
he  believes  has  accomplished  the  most  good 
is  entitled  "Side  Lights  on  American  Sen- 
timent," in  which  he  emphasizes  "that  the 
greatest  need  of  the  world  today  is  the  ap- 
plication of  the  principles  of  fraternity  to 
all  the  issues  of  life  and  for  men  who  are 
true  fraternalists  in  their  heart,  who  have 
learned  the  lesson  of  self-control,  men  who 
have  become  self-reliant,  men  who  are  in- 
spired by  the  spirit  of  service  in  their  re- 
lations with  other  men."  Mr.  Burtt  found 
the  chief  source  of  his  inspiration  on  this 
subject  in  the  great  character  of  Lincoln, 
whose  life  and  works  are  today  vital  in  the 
world's  affairs  because  they  are  so  thor- 
oughly impregnated  with  the  spirit  of  fra- 
ternity. 

At  the  National  Convention  of  the  Re- 
ligious Education  Association  at  Washing- 
ton in  1908  Mr.  Burtt  delivered  an  address 
on  Fraternal  Education,  which  later  was 
published  by  the  Association  in  the  book 
entitled  "Education  and  National  Char- 
acter." At  the  second  national  peace  con- 
gress held  at  Chicago  in  1909,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Chicago  Association  of 
Commerce,  Mr.  Burtt 's  address  on  "Fra- 
ternal Orders  and  Peace"  was  published 
as  part  of  the  proceedings  of  the  congress. 

Mr.  Burtt  was  one  of  the  incorporators 
of  the  Fraternal  Education  Association  in 
1910,  and  was  its  president  for  eight  years. 

He  has  freely  given  his  time  and  influ- 
ence to  all  fraternal  education  movements, 
community  building,  community  welfare 
work,  and  in  all  movements  organized  to 
bring  about  the  application  of  moral  laws 
to  the  affairs  of  everyday  life  he  has  con- 
tributed his  active  co-operation. 

His  general  and  particular  interest  in 
crime  prevention  has  been  only  a  corollary 
of  his  other  interests.  In  1915  Mr.  Burtt 
was  chairman  of  the  Crime  Prevention 
Committee  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  Knights  of 
Pythias,  of  Illinois.  Associated  with  him 
were  John  L.  Whitman,  of  the  House  of 
Correction,  and  other  practical  sociologists. 
This  committee  made  a  crime  prevention 
survey  of  lodge  room  environments  in  the 
City  of  Chicago.  In  1912  he  was  chair- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2225 


man  of  the  Crime  Prevention  Committee 
of .  the  Chicago  Bar  Association.  This 
committee  undertook  a  crime  prevention 
survey  of  the  illegal  practices  of  lawyers, 
especially  among  those  who  encouraged  lit- 
igation. Much  more  startling  were  the 
findings  of  the  Committee  of  College  Men, 
of  which  Mr.  Burtt  was  chairman  in  1910, 
undertaking  a  crime  prevention  survey  of 
the  colleges  and  universities  of  the  United 
States.  This  survey,  it  should  be  noted, 
was  undertaken  long  before  the  present 
great  war.  It  showed  among  other  things 
that  a  large  number  of  our  colleges  and 
universities  were  producing  criminals  and 
sending  them  out  in  the  world  to  exploit 
society ;  that  many  of  these  institutions 
were  turning  out  mental  prostitutes  as 
professors  who  had  "finished  off  in  Ger- 
many;" and  that  these  men  who  had  come 
under  the  German  influence  had  lost  all 
sight  of  moral  values  in  life  and  were  em- 
phasizing the  necessity  for  merely  physi- 
cal and  mental  efficiency,  ignoring  entirely 
man's  spiritual  nature. 

It  will  serve  a  good  purpose  to  note 
some  of  his  other  activities  in  this  direc- 
tion. Mr.  Burtt  inaugurated  and  directed 
the  Crime  Prevention  Movement  among  the 
lodges  which  helped  to  close  7,146  saloons 
in  Chicago  on  October  10,  1915,  without 
the  necessity  of  punishing  anyone.  This 
movement  was  started  in  the  Thomas  J. 
Turner  Masonic  Lodge  of  Chicago,  Janu- 
ary 10,  1907.  In  1912  he  directed  the 
Crime  Prevention  Survey  for  the  Chicago 
Law  and  Order  League.  He  inaugurated 
and  directed  the  Crime  Prevention  Move- 
ment against  landlords  who  tolerate  law- 
less saloons  in  lodge  buildings,  a  movement 
which  started  in  Chicago  January  11,  1915, 
and  resulted  in  the  Masonic  Temple  going 
dry  on  April  30,  1916.  Mr.  Burtt  is  now 
directing  the  movement  to  make  every 
school,  lodge,  and  church  a  preventorium, 
and  for  a  long  time  has  advocated  co-oper- 
ation among  the  churches,  schools  and 
lodges  in  the  Crime  Prevention  Movement. 

In  recent  years  Mr.  Burtt  has  been 
drawn  into  many  crime  prevention  move- 
ments, including  the  Sunday  closing  of  sa- 
loons and  law  observance  generally.  He 
lends  freely  of  his  time  and  means  in  all 
matters  of  conciliation,  arbitration  and 
such  measures  as  will  prevent  discord  and 
hatred  among  men.  He  is  intensely  inter- 
ested in  the  prevention  of  injustice  and 


oppression,  and  again  and  again  has  of- 
fered his  services  in  cases  that  came  to  his 
observation  where  poor  or  ignorant  people 
are  subjected  to  persecution.  A  case  of 
this  kind  occurred  recently  involving  the 
Darner  family  at  Glen  Ellyn,  Illinois.  The 
Darners  were  Russian  Poles,  who  were 
made  the  victims  of  persecution  and  as- 
sault on  the  part  of  ill-advised  patriots 
who  alleged  that  they  were  pro-German. 
The  Darners  being  unable  to  secure  counsel 
in  DuPage  County  Mr.  Burtt 's  services 
were  engaged  and  he  not  only  defended  the 
accused  in  court  but  went  to  the  Glen 
Ellyn  community  and  by  bringing  mem- 
bers of  the  two  factions  into  a  calm  and 
dispassionate  discussion  secured  a  closer 
approximation  to  justice  than  could  have 
been  obtained  from  the  most  lengthy  pro- 
cess of  formal  litigation. 

In  these  feverish  times  when  men  are 
falling  over  themselves  in  the  accomplish- 
ment of  definite  and  practical  tasks,  and 
too  often  lacking  a  spirit  of  fraternity  and 
the  breadth  of  vision  that  comes  therefrom, 
Mr.  Burtt  is  undoubtedly  a  man  with  a 
message.  That  message  in  brief  is  that 
everyone  should  strive  to  make  the  world 
safe  for  everything  and  every  person  that 
makes  for  the  betterment  of  mankind,  and 
on  the  converse  should  strive  to  make"  the 
world  unsafe  for  every  element  that  is  op- 
posing such  progress.  To  that  ultimate 
end  of  fraternal  co-operation  and  good  will 
Mr.  Burtt  is  freely  devoting  his  time  and 
talents. 

In  politics  he  has  been  more  or  less  iden- 
tified with  the  democratic  party,  and 
served  as  a  precinct  committeeman  of  that 
party  from  1910  to  1912.  He  is  a  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  a 
Knight  of  Pythias,  an  Odd  Fellow,  and  a 
member  of  the  University  Congregational 
Church.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Sane  Fourth  Association,  and  was  one 
of  its  original  twenty-one  trustees. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Burtt  have  two  children : 
John  Gurney  Burtt  and  Helen  Katheryn 
Burtt.  John  Gurney  Burtt  married  Miss 
Louise  S.  Avery,  and  they  have  a  son, 
John  Gurney  Burtt,  Jr. 

J.  DORSET  FORREST,  corporation  execu- 
tive and  farmer,  was  formerly  a  professor 
in  Butler  College,  at  Indianapolis,  but  for 
the  past  ten  years  has  been  actively  iden- 


2226 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tified  with  the  organization  and  general 
management  of  the  Citizens  Gas  Company 
of  that  city.  Mr.  Forrest  has  become 
widely  known  both  in  the  field  of  scholar- 
ship and  in  business  and  technical  affairs, 
and  is  one  of  the  few  practical  business 
men  of  Indianapolis  who  may  write  the  de- 
gree Doctor  of  Philosophy  after  his  name. 

Mr.  Forrest  was  born  at  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  July  21,  1866,  son  of  Andrew  J. 
and  Emily  Louise  (Dorsey)  Forrest.  He 
has  an  interesting  ancestry.  He  is  a  direct 
descendant  of  that  Thomas  Forrest  who, 
as  a  member  of  the  London  Company, 
which  colonized  Virginia,  migrated  to  that 
colony  in  1608  with  his  entire  family  and 
was  the  first  settler  at  Jamestown  to  bring, 
his  family  with  him.  After  Bacon's  Re- 
bellion, in  which  the  Forrests  sided  with 
Bacon,  one  branch  of  the  family  migrated 
to  Maryland  and  the  other  to  Gloucester 
County,  Virginia,  in  order  to  avoid  perse- 
cution from  Governor  Berkeley.  It  is  from 
the  Gloucester  County  branch  of  the  family 
that  the  Baltimore  Forrests  are  descended. 
Mr.  Forrest's  grandfather,  Jacob  Forrest, 
was  a  native  of  Baltimore,  but  of  Virginia 
parentage. 

Andrew  J.  Forrest  who  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore in  1839,  was  a  mechanical  engineer. 
He  died  at  Baltimore  late  in  1918.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  between  the  states  he 
went  to  Virginia  to  enter  the  Confederate 
Army,  but  on  account  of  shortage  of  muni- 
tion plants  and  workers  in  the  South,  was 
early  withdrawn  from  army  duty  and  as- 
signed to  the  manufacture  of  cannon  at  the 
Tredegar  Iron  Works  and  later  to  the 
manufacture  of  rifles  at  an  arsenal  in  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina.  For  a  short 
time  he  was  in  the  Confederate  Navy,  and 
he  did  a  great  deal  of  that  hazardous  work 
known  as  blockade  running.  He  operated 
from  Wilmington,  Charleston  and  Galves- 
ton  to  Nassau,  Bermuda  and  England. 
Three  times  he  was  captured  by  Federal 
cruisers  but  exchanged  or  released  through 
efforts  of  the  British  ambassador  after  short 
periods  in  prison.  After  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  Baltimore  and  was  in  the  sugar 
refining  business  until  1877,  after  which 
he  was  connected  with  numerous  enter- 
prises as  an  engineer,  including  the  city 
water  department.  He  died  late  in  1918. 

His  wife,  Emily  Louise  Dorsey,  was  born 
at  Baltimore  in  1838.  Her  father,  Wil- 
liam Dorsey,  was  born  in  England,  being 


brought  to  Baltimore  by'  his  parents  when 
a  small  boy.  He  was  a  builder  in  Balti- 
more until  the  war  of  1861-65,  when  he 
entered  the  Confederate  Army  and  rose  to 
the  rank  of  colonel.  Following  the  war  he 
settled  in  Western  Virginia,  where  he  lived 
until  his  death.  Emily  Louise  Dorsey 's 
mother  died  when  she  was  a  child,  and  her 
girlhood  was  spent  with  an  aunt  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island.  She  returned  to  Bal- 
timore about  1858,  was  married  there  in 
1864,  and  left  immediately  for  Nassau, 
Bahama  Islands,  which  had  become  her  hus- 
band's  headquarters  while  in  the  blockade 
running  service.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
she  returned  to  Baltimore  and  is  still  living 
in  that  city. 

J.  Dorsey  Forrest  secured  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  common  schools  of  Baltimore 
and  the  Baltimore  City  College.  From 
1881,  when  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age,  until 
1888,  he  was  connected  with  the  brick 
manufacturing  business  at  Baltimore,  but 
left  that  to  enter  Hiram  College,  near 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  remained  to  complete 
the  course  and  receive  his  A.  B.  degree  in 
1892.  During  1893  he  was  a  graduate  stu- 
dent in  the  Ohio  State  University,  and 
from  1894  to  1897  was  a  graduate  student 
and  fellow  in  sociology  at  the  University 
of  Chicago.  His  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  was  awarded  him  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  in  1899.  One  of  the 
products  of  his  scholarship  is  his  work  en- 
titled ' '  The  Development  of  Western  Civi- 
lization," published  in  1905  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago  Press  and  Cambridge 
(England)  University  Press. 

On  leaving  the  University  of  Chicago 
Mr.  Forrest  became  Professor  of  Sociology 
and  Economics  in  Butler  College,  Indian- 
apolis, holding  that  chair  from  1897  to 
1907.  In  the  latter  year  he  obtained  a 
leave  of  absence  in  order  to  take  charge  of 
the  organization  of  the  Citizens  Gas  Com- 
pany. He  soon  found  it  necessary  to  de- 
vote his  entire  attention  to  the  Gas  Com- 
pany and  resigned  from  the  college  faculty 
in  1909.  He  has  since  been  secretary  and 
general  manager  of  the  Gas  Company,  and 
its  responsible  executive  from  the  time  of 
its  organization.  The  Citizens  Gas  Com- 
pany operates  by-product  coke  ovens  as  the 
chief  source  of  gas  supply,  and  its  business 
in  coke  and  by-products  is  much  greater 
than  its  gas  business.  Early  in  1916  Mr. 
Forrest  undertook  to  expand  the  business 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2227 


by  recovering  and  refining  benzol  products 
in  order  to  supply  the  Allies  with  explo- 
sives. The  company  supplied  materials  for 
high  explosives  to  Great  Britain,  France, 
Russia  and  Italy,  and  later  to  the  United 
States.  Its  activities  thus  extended  to  all 
the  battle  fronts  long  before  the  United 
States  entered  the  war.  Through  the  man- 
agement of  that  important  public  utility 
he  has  rendered  perhaps  his  chief  public 
service  to  the  city.  In  1918  the  Milburn 
By-Products  Coal  Company  was  incorpo- 
rated in  West  Virginia,  to  provide  a  por- 
tion of  the  coal  required  by  the  Citizens 
Gas  Company  of  Indianapolis,  and  Mr. 
Forrest  became  president  of  that  company. 
Mr.  Forrest  also  owns  and  operates  a  large 
farm  near  Warrenton,  Virginia. 

Mr.  Forrest  has  never  been  in  politics 
and  has  never  held  an  elective  office.  He 
was  active  in  many  movements  for  the  pur- 
pose of  bringing  the  United  States  to  sup- 
port the  Allies  in  the  European  war  and 
was  a  member  of  the  coke  committee  of 
the  Council  of  National  Defense  until  the 
council  was  superceded  by  various  gov- 
ernmental agencies.  Mr.  Forrest  has  been 
an  independent  in  politics. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
Economic  Association,  American  Socio- 
logical Society,  American  Gas  Institute, 
By-Product  Coke  Producers'  Association, 
American  Saddle-Horse  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion, American  Aberdeen- Angus  Breeders' 
Association,  Indianapolis  Literary  Club, 
University  Club,  Woodstock  Club,  Con- 
temporary Club  and  of  the  Disciples  of 
Christ  Church.  These  various  organiza- 
tions indicate  some  rather  unusual  inter- 
ests and  activities. 

Mr.  Forrest  married  Cordelia  Kautz, 
daughter  of  J.  A.  and  Inez  (Gillen)  Kautz 
of  Kokomo,  Indiana.  Her  father  is  pub- 
lisher of  the  Kokomo  Tribune.  They  have 
one  child,  a  daughter. 

J.  A.  CONREY.  For  over  half  a  century 
the  name  Conrey  has  been  prominently 
identified  with  the  business  of  furniture 
manufacture  in  Indiana.  The  pioneer  ii 
this  industry  at  Shelbyville  was  the  late 
David  L.  Conrey,  whose  son  J.  A.  Conrey 
is  now  head  of  the  Conrey-Davis  Manu- 
facturing Company,  who  have  a  plant  that 
is  one  of  the  largest  industrial  assets  of 
Shelbyville,  and  whose  products  are  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  United  States  and 

Vol.    V— 21 


in  foreign  countries.  The  firm  is  largely 
a  specialty  concern  in  the  furniture  line, 
manufacturing  various  types  of  tables  and 
also  such  specialty  articles  as  smokers' 
stands  and  cabinets,  umbrella  stands, 
lamps,  etc. 

J.  A.  Conrey  was  born  July  1,  1854,  in 
Franklin  County,  Indiana,  son  of  David 
L.  and  Hannah  S.  (Jemisou)  Conrey.  His 
father  was  born  in  Franklin  County  in 
1830,  spent  the  early  part  of  his  career 
there  in  the  furniture  manufacturing  busi- 
ness, and  finally  in  1866  moved  his  plant 
to  Shelbyville,  where  he  had  the  first  in- 
dustry of  that  kind  in  the  city.  His  busi- 
ness grew,  and  from  sales  aggregating  only 
a  few  thousand  dollars  a  year  the  volume 
of  business  transacted  finally  reached  more 
than  a  half  million  dollars  annually.  The 
business  was  operated  under  his  own  name 
and  is  still  continued.  He  was  a  man  of 
fine  business  and  civic  character  and  his 
death  in  July,  1916,  was  widely  mourned. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  of  Shelbyville  Lodge  No.  28  of 
Masons,  and  was  a  stanch  republican.  He 
and  his  wife  had  two  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, all  of  whom  are  still  living. 

J.  A.  Conrey,  the  oldest  of  the  family, 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Shel- 
byville, in  Moorehill  College,  and  after 
leaving  school  was  for  several  years  a  gen- 
eral merchant  in  Shelbyville  and  Fayette 
counties.  He  then  became  connected  with 
the  furniture  business  as  a  traveling  sales- 
man, and  represented  the  output  of  several 
large  firms.  He  was  on  the  road  altogether 
for  twenty-five  years,  and  in  that  time 
made  his  goods  known  to  retailers  and  job- 
bers in  every  important  city  between  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific.  In  the  meantime, 
in  1885,  he  had  also  entered  the  manu- 
facturing end  of  the  business,  with  Charles 
Beiley  and  Company,  and  was  president  of 
this  business  until  1902.  In  that  year  he 
organized  the  present  Conrey-Davis  Manu- 
facturing Company. 

Mr.  Conrey  is  a  republican  in  politics,  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Church  and  is  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 
In  1878  he  married  Miss  Delia  Hecker  of 
Shelbyville.  Mr.  Conrey  owns  a  beautiful 
summer  home  in  Northern  Michigan,  and 
snends  some  portion  of  every  year  in  that 
delightful  district,  where  his  chief  recrea- 
tions are  fishing  and  golf. 


2228 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


FRANK  M.  DILLING.  It  cannot  be  too 
frequently  emphasized  that  character  and 
enterprise  mean  more  as  vital  factors  in  the 
success  and  development  of  a  business  than 
mere  capital.  A  better  illustration  of  the 
truth  would  be  difficult  to  find  than  in  the 
career  of  Frank  M.  Dilling,  the  great  In- 
dianapolis manufacturing  confectioner, 
head  of  an  establishment  that  is  easily 
reckoned  as  one  of  the  big  industries  of 
the  capital  city. 

From  this  industrial  plant,  employing 
in  normal  times  a  large  force  of  people  in 
the  various  departments,  and  from  the 
handsome  executive  offices  of  Mr.  Dilling  it 
seems  a  far  cry  to  that  time  about  thirty- 
five  years  ago  when  Mr.  Dilling  with  only 
$2.50  in  cash  assets  made  his  first  batch  of 
candy  designed  for  the  commercial  trade. 

Mr.  Dilling  was  born  at  Hagerstown, 
Indiana,  March  31,  1867,  and  thus  he  is 
another  of  Indiana  native  sons  who  at- 
tained prominence  in  the  business  affairs  of  ' 
this  state.  His  parents  were  Daniel  and 
Sarah  (Bowers)  Dilling  of  Hagerstown. 
His  father,  who  died  in  1888,  was  for  many 
years  a  druggist  at  Hagerstown.  Frank  M. 
Dilling  spent  his  early  years  in  his  native 
town,  attending  common  schools,  and  as  he 
was  possessed  of  the  spirit  of  independence 
and  his  people  were  by  no  means  wealthy, 
he  accepted  every  opportunity  even  while  a 
school  boy  to  earn  his  own  spending  money. 
He  sawed  wood  many  days  at  a  meager 
wage,  and  he  also  worked  in  his  father's 
store  and  practically  served  an  apprentice- 
ship at  the  drug  business.  When  he  was 
sixteen  years  of  age  he  entered  into  an 
agreement  to  become  an  apprentice  of  Mr. 
Charles  Legg  at  Hagerstown.  Mr.  Legg 
had  a  baking  shop,  and  young  Dilling  spent 
three  months  learning  that  trade.  From 
there  he  went  to  Richmond,  then  to  Con- 
nersville  and  Hartford  City.  From  Hart- 
ford City  he  went  back  to  Hagerstown  and 
about  that  time  he  determined  to  engage  in 
that  business  which  has  since  proved  his 
life's  work,  manufacturing  confectionery. 

Having  only  $2.50,  as  above  stated,  and 
with  no  trade  in  prospect  and  nothing  to 
encourage  him  or  keep  up  his  courage  ex- 
cept his  own  determination  and  ambition, 
he  encountered  further  opposition  from  his 
father,  who  did  all  he  couJd  to  keep  his 
son  out  of  this  venture.  It  is  significant 
that  two  weeks  after  the  beginning  of  the 
Dilling  candy  factory  the  father  was  so 


interested  and  so  thoroughly  convinced  as 
to  form  a  partnership  with  his  son.  Frank 
M.  Dilling  after  manufacturing  his  candy 
presented  it  to  the  retail  trade,  hiring  out 
his  horse  and  rig  to  take  traveling  men  to 
the  various  villages  in  that  section  of  the 
state.  Thus  by  manufacturing  a  high  class 
product  and  by  using  good  business  meth- 
ods to  exploit  its  sale,  Mr.  Dilling  soon 
found  himself  at  the. head  of  a  prosperous 
business,  conducted  under  the  firm  name 
of  Dilling  &  Son;  This  continued  until 
after  the  death  of  his  father,  and  Mr. 
Dilling  found  himself  handicapped  for  lack 
of  a  partner  and  from  Hagerstown,  moved 
to  Marion,  Indiana,  in  1889,  and  organized 
a  new  business  with  Mr.  Claude  Fowler 
under  the  name  of  Dilling  &  Fowler.  These 
men  had  a  capital  of  only  $60  to  embark 
in  the  business  and  they  secured  the  base- 
ment of  a  house  in  that  town  and  cooked, 
slept,  ate  and  made  candy  in  those  re- 
stricted quarters.  Nevertheless  the  firm 
showed  signs  of  prosperity  and  it  did  pros- 
per. After  a  year  Fowler  sold  his  interest 
to  John  Huber  and  Huber  in  turn  sold  the 
next  year  to  J.  M.  Fowler  of  Camden, 
Ohio.  Under  this  new  organization  the 
business  continued  and  prospered  for  ten 
years. 

In  1897  Mr.  Dilling  sold  his  interest  in 
the  business  to  J.  M.  Fowler,  who  there- 
after continued  it  under  the  name  J.  M. 
Fowler  Company.  From  Marion,  Mr.  Dill- 
ing removed  to  Indianapolis  and  here  en- 
tered business  as  a  manufacturing  confec- 
tioner on  a  large  scale,  organizing  and  in- 
corporating the  firm  of  Dilling  &  Company 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $40,000.  Mr.  Dilling 
is  president,  Mr.  J.  M.  Cox  is  vice  presi- 
dent, Guy  Conkrite,  treasurer,  and  Charles 
Cox,  secretary.  The  business  has  grown 
by  leaps  and  bounds  and  now  occupies  an 
imposing  three  story  structure  on  North 
Senate  Avenue.  While  its  possibilities  of 
expansion  and  increase  have  been  seriously 
interfered  with  by  present  war  conditions, 
it  is  an  industry  with  resources  and  sta- 
bility more  than  sufficient  to  tide  it  over 
the  critical  times.  Before  the  war  the 
company  had  about  275  people  on  the  pay 
roll  and  among  other  facilities  has  a  fleet 
of  fourteen  automobile  trucks.  The  confec- 
tionery of  Dilling  &  Company  has  almost 
a  nation  wide  distribution,  and  the 
standard  and  quality  have  always  been 
maintained.  As  a  special  line  of  confec- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2229 


tionery  they  specialize  in  chocolates  and 
the  manufacture  of  chocolate  direct  from 
the  cocoa  bean.  Dilling  &  Company  besides 
being  a  successful  business  corporation  is 
to  those  intimate  with  its  workings  a  large 
family  of  loyal  and  co-operating  units,  the 
firm  having  always  shown  a  keen  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  the  employes,  and  the  lat- 
ter responding  with  complete  loyalty  to  the 
good  of  the  business  as  a  whole.  It  is  cus- 
tomary for  Dilling  &  Company  to  celebrate 
the  anniversary  of  the  establishment  of  the 
business  every  year  on  the  8th  of  February, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  this  occasion 
has  been  made  significant  by  a  banquet  at- 
tended by  all  the  officers,  directors  and  em- 
ployes of  the  company. 

In  1893  Mr.  Dilling  married  Rachael 
Frell.  Two  daughters  were  born  to  their 
marriage,  Mildred  and  Charline.  Mildred 
is  a  graduate  of  Knickerbocker  Hall,  and 
is  a  talented  musician  and  harpist,  con- 
ducting her  own  studios  in  New  York  City. 
She  was  a  student  of  music  in  France  until 
the  outbreak  of  the  war.  The  daughter 
Charline  is  the  wife  of  N.  C.  Brewer  of  the 
Star  Gum  Company  of  Chicago,  and  they 
have  two  children,  Charles  and  Mildred. 
In  1914  Mr.  Dilling  married  Mary  D. 
Whipple  of  Portland,  Indiana,  daughter  of 
John  and  Mary  (Foltz)  Whipple. 

GEORGE  W.  VARNEK,  M.  D.  In  the  thirty 
odd  years  of  his  residence  at  Evansville, 
Doctor  Varner  has  earned  above  the  best 
distinctions  of  the  physician  and  surgeon 
the  esteem  paid  a  man  of  well  rounded 
and  balanced  character  and  faculties  en- 
gaged  in  many  praiseworthy  movements 
that  insure  and  improve  the  welfare  of  an 
entire  community. 

He  was  born  July  7,  1862,  five  miles 
south  of  Lincoln  City  in  Clay  Township  of 
Spencer  County,  not  far  from  where  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  spent  part  of  his  boyhood. 
His  great-grandfather  was  a  Kentucky 
pioneer.  His  grandfather,  Jacob  Varner, 
a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  came  from  that 
state  to  Indiana  and  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  of  Spencer  County,  where  he  ac- 
quired and  improved  a  tract  of  Govern- 
ment land  and  lived  out  his  years  as  a 
farmer. 

Doctor  Varner  is  a  son  of  Isaac  and  Ida 
M.  (Alley)  Varner.  His  father  was  born 
in  Spencer  County  in  1825,  and  after  he 
was  grown  took  up  a  Government  claim  a 


mile  from  the  old  homestead.  The  log 
cabin  he  built  was  the  home  to  which  he 
took  his  bride,  and  in  following  years  his 
industry  put  much  of  the  land  under  cul- 
tivation, he  set  out  fruit  trees,  erected  good 
frame  buildings  and  for  many  years  was 
one  of  the  most  substantial  citizens  of  the 
community.  He  died  in  1900.  His  wife, 
who  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-one,  was  also 
a  native  of  Clay  Township,  where  her 
father,  Samuel  Alley,  had  established  a  pio- 
neer home.  These  worthy  parents  had  five 
children  :  Jacob  X.,  deceased ;  George  W. ; 
Charlotte  Ann,  now  occupying  the  old 
homestead ;  William  T.,  who  also  followed  a 
medical  career  and  is  deceased ;  and  Alice, 
Mrs.  Lewis  Hutchinson. 

George  W.  Varner  has  always  been  in- 
clined to  studious  ways  and  scientific  tastes. 
From  the  common  schools  of  his  home 
neighborhood  he  entered  the  National  Nor- 
mal University  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  when 
Alfred  Holbrook  was  at  the  head  of  the 
school,  and  was  there  well  fitted  for  the 
task  of  teaching,  which  he  followed  while 
studying  medicine.  In  1886  he  graduated 
from  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  at 
Louisville,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his 
class  and  was  recipient  of  two  gold  medals, 
one  for  general  proficiency,  the  other  for 
best  examinations  in  anatomy.  For  a  year 
he  served  as  interne  or  house  physician  at 
the  Louisville  City  Hospital,  and  then  ac- 
cepted a  further  opportunity  for  experi- 
ence under  the  direction  of  men  high  in  the. 
profession  as  interne  in  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital for  the  Relief  of  Ruptured  and  Crip- 
pled Children.  In  1895  he  left  his  growing 
practice  at  Evansville  to  take  post-gradu- 
ate courses  in  New  York  and  at  Vienna, 
Austria,  where  he  came  in  touch  with  some 
of  the  master  surgeons  of  the  world,  giving 
special  attention  to  that  branch  and  to 
gynecology. 

Doctor  Varner  located  at  Evansville  in 
1888,  establishing  his  office  on  the  west 
side.  His  work  as  a  skilful  surgeon  early 
attracted  attention,  and  for  years  his  prac- 
tice came  from  practically  every  county  in 
Southern  Indiana.  He  has  been  surgeon  to 
St.  Mary's  Hospital  and  the  Vanderburg 
County  Orphans  Home,  has  been  examin- 
ing physician  for  many  fraternal  orders 
and  insurance  companies,  and  the  heaviest 
demands  were  made  upon  him  as  a  consult- 
ant. He  is  a  member  of  the  Indiana  and 
American  Medical  Associations,  and  has  a 


2280 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


large  library  of  medical  works  and  an  ex- 
tensive collection  of  books  covering  his  fa- 
vorite branches  of  general  science  and  lit- 
erature. 

Outside  of  his  profession  there  is  abun- 
dant evidence  of  his  energies  and  versatile 
gifts  and  interests.  He  is  vice  president 
and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  West  Side 
Bank ;  is  vice  president  of  the  West  Side 
Building,  Loan  and  Savings  Association ; 
and  president  of  the  West  Side  Real  Estate 
and  Insurance  Company.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  and  first  medical  director 
of  the  American  Bankers  Life  Insurance 
Company.  He  is  a  director  of  the  Evans- 
ville  Pure  Milk  Company,  and  for  two 
years  president  of  the  West  Side  Business 
Men's  Association.  He  was  the  first  to  ad- 
vocate a  public  city  library,  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  to  raise  funds  for 
that  purpose  and  secure  the  liberal'  dona- 
tion made  by  Mr.  Carnegie.  Now  no  city 
in  the  country  is  better  served  by  library 
facilities,  there  being  several  branches  of 
the  main  library,  and  the  circulation  of 
books  has  reached  50,000  a  month. 

While  so  much  of  his  life  has  been  de- 
voted to  work  that  in  the  best  sense  of  the 
term  is  public  service,  Doctor  Varner  has 
not  been  in  politics  beyond  casting  a  vote 
for  republican  candidates  and  serving  dur- 
ing 1893-95  as  member  at  large  on  the 
city  council.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church  and  of  the  lodge, 
chapter  and  commandery  in  Masonry  and 
the  Mystic  Shrine. 

June  24,  1891,  Doctor  Varner  married 
Miss  Olive  L.  Edmond,  daughter  of  John 
F.  Edmond,  a  well  known  farmer  citizen 
of  Vanderburg  County.  Their  five  chil- 
dren are  Olin  E.,  Victor  I.,  Marguerite  O., 
Earl  V.  and  Norman  L.  Marguerite  is  the 
wife  of  Samuel  Howard  and  they  have  a 
son  named  George  Preston.  The  son  Olin 
is  the  soldier  representative  of  the  family, 
serving  as  supply  sergeant  with  the  Na- 
tional Army  in  France.  Victor  is  preparing 
for  his  father's  profession  as  a  student  in 
the  University  of  Indiana. 

WILLIAM  P.  COLLINGS  earned  his  f.rst 
success  as  a  livestock  dealer  in  Parke 
County,  where  he  was  born  and  reared,  and 
from  there  about  twenty  years  ago  moved 
into  the  field  where  he  had  to  meet  the 
keenest  competition  in  the  Chicago  stock- 


yards district.     There  he  is  today  one  of 
the  leading  livestock  commission  men. 

Mr.  Ceilings  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Parke  County  in  1863,  son  of  John  D.  and 
Amanda  J.  (Moore)  Collings.  His  parents 
were  also  natives  of  the  same  county,  and 
their  respective  families  were  identified 
with  that  section  from  pioneer  days.  Wil- 
liam P.  Collings  grew  up  on  a  farm  and 
he  gained  experience  in  livestock  husban- 
dry and  in  dealing  when  only  a  boy.  He 
was  a  well  known  stock  trader  in  Western 
Indiana  long  before  he  moved  to  Chicago 
in  1896.  In  that  year  he  established  his 
headquarters  at  the  Union  stockyards,  asso- 
ciated with  the  Standard  Livestock  Com- 
mission Company.  Later  he  was  connected 
with  and  vice  president  of  the  Bowles  Live- 
stock Commission  Company.  In  1917  he 
established  his  present  business  under  the 
name  W.  P.  Collings  &  Son,  livestock  com- 
mission merchants.  His  son  Frank  J.  Col- 
Jh*gs  is  a  member  of  the  firm.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  Mr.  Collings  has  specialized  in 
the  handling  of  sheep.  The  Chicago  mar- 
ket recognizes  him  as  an  authority  in  this 
branch  of  livestock,  and  as  a  salesman  he 
probably  has  as  large  a  volume  of  business 
to  his  individual  credit  as  any  other  of  his 
competitors.  Mr.  Collings  is  a  democrat 
in  politics. 

He  married  Miss  Mary  S.  Siler,  who 
was  born  and  reared  in  Parke  County,  In- 
diana. They  have  three  sons,  Frank  J., 
a  member  of  the  firm  with  his  father,  and 
George  Cole  and  Walter  Lee  Collings,  both 
of  whom  are  now  in  the  United  States 
Army  in  France.  George  Cole  Collings 
is  a  private  in  an  auto  truck  organization.  . 
Walter  Lee  is  a  lieutenant  in  the  regular 
infantry.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Chi- 
cago, and  has  been  promoted  to  his  pres- 
ent rank  through  sheer  force  of  merit  and 
ability. 

DEMARCHUS  C.  BROWN.  Nine  years  after 
the  Indiana  State  Library  was  placed 
under  the  control  of  the  State  Board  of 
Education,  with  consequent  increase  of 
appropriation,  Demarchus  C.  Brown  was 
chosen  to  the  post  of  librarian,  succeeding 
W.  E.  Henry.  While  the  State  Library  is 
practically  as  old  as  Indianapolis  itself,  it 
is  not  too  much  to  claim  that  the  real  use- 
fulness of  the  collection  of  books  as  an 
adjunct  to  the  state's  educational  system 


OF  TIE 
WfVERSITY  Of  mjNOr: 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2231 


and  as  a  general  reference  library  for  all 
the  officials  of  the  state  at  Indianapolis  and 
for  the  people  in  general  has  been  greater 
within  the  last  ten  years  than  in  all  the 
years  that  preceded. 

Mr.  Brown,  the  librarian,  is  not  only 
versed  in  library  technique  and  administra- 
tion, but  is  himself  a  classical  scholar  and 
a  man  of  broad  literary  tastes  and  has 
some  modest  achievements  of  his  own  in 
the  field  of  literature. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  June  24, 
1857,  son  of  Philip  and  Julia  (Troester) 
Brown.  His  grandfather  was  Andrew 
Brown  of  Butler  County,  Ohio.  Philip 
Brown,  while  he  never  enjoyed  superior 
educational  advantages,  was  a  real  scholar 
and  his  library  was  his  chiefest  treasure. 
Mr.  Brown  undoubtedly  inherits  his  lit- 
erary tastes  from  his  father.  Philip  Brown 
was  born  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  in  1800, 
and  in  1852  moved  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  lived  until  his  death  in  1864.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  lumber  business  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  city.  His  wife, 
Julia  Troester,  was  a  native  of  Reutlingen, 
Wuertemberg,  Germany,  where  she  was 
born  in  1832.  She  died  in  1874.  Of  their 
four  children,  Amptor,  Hilton  U.,  De- 
marchus  C.  and  Femina,  the  oldest  and 
youngest  died  in  childhood.  Hilton  U.  is 
general  manager  of  the  Indianapolis  News. 

Demarchus  C.  Brown  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Indianapolis  and  later  the 
Northwestern  Christian  University,  now 
Butler  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  in  1879.  He  especially  excelled 
in  the  classical  languages,  and  upon  the 
death  of  the  Greek  professor  was  made 
tutor  in  that  language.  In  1880  he  re- 
ceived his  Master's  degree,  and  the  years 
1882-83  he  spent  abroad  in  the  University 
of  Tuebingen,  Germany,  and  the  British 
Museum  at  London.  He  returned  to  be- 
come instructor  in  Greek  and  secretary  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  Butler  College. 
In  1884  he  was  elected  to  fill  the  chair  of 
Greek  Language,  and  it  was  from  that 
position  that  he  was  called  to  his  present 
post  .as  state  librarian  in  September,  1906. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  accepted  every 
opportunity  to  study  abroad.  The  fall 
of  1892  he  spent  in  Paris  and  the  winter 
of  1892-93  in  the  American  School  of 
Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  Greece.  The 
summer  of  1896  he  was  abroad  as  a  visitor 
and  student  at  the  Berlin  Museum,  and 


during  the  fall  of  1897  he  and  his  wife  were 
engaged  in  research  work  at  Munich, 
Athens  and  Rome.  In  1899  they  worked 
together  in  the  museums  of  Paris  and  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Brown  was  translator  of  "Selec- 
tions from  Lucian, ' '  published  in  1896,  and 
of  "American  Criminology,"  from  the 
work  of  Freudenthal.  This  was  brought 
out  in  1907  by  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties. He  is  also  author  of  Indiana  Legis- 
lature and  State  Manual,  published  in  1907 
and  1909. 

Since  his  first  appointment  in  1893  by 
Governor  Matthews  Mr.  Brown  has  been  an 
active  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties. He  served  as  president  of  the  Indiana 
Conference  of  Charities  in  1904.  He  was 
elected  president  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  State  Librarians  in  1910-11,  served 
as  secretary  of  the  Indiana  Centennial 
Commission,  and  has  membership  in  vari- 
ous scholarly  bodies,  including  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  America,  the  American 
Philological  Association,  the  Classical  As- 
sociation of  the  Middle  West,  the  American 
Library  Association,  the  Indianapolis  Lit- 
erary Club,  which  he  served  as  president, 
the  Contemporary  Club  and  the  Athe- 
naeum, both  of  which  he  has  also  served  as 
president.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Disciples  Church. 

In  March,  1881,  Mr.  Brown  married 
Miss  S.  Anna  Rudy  of  Paris,  Illinois.  She 
died  in  April,  1891.  On  September  1, 
1897,  Mr.  Brown  married  Jessie  Lanier 
Christian.  Mrs.  Brown's  great-great- 
grandfather on  the  maternal  side  was  Col. 
Benjamin  Harrison  of  Virginia,  father  of 
William  Henry  Harrison,  ninth  president 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown 
have  one  son,  Philip  C.,  born  in  1901. 

CLINTON  C.  COLLIER,  M.  D.  Of  the 
colony  of  prominent  Indiana  men  in  Chi- 
cago, Dr.  Clinton  C.  Collier  has  taken  high 
rank  as  a  specialist  in  eye,  ear,  nose  and 
throat,  and  also  as  a  teacher  of  medicine 
who  has  long  held  important  positions  with 
various  medical  faculties  in  that  city. 

Doctor  Collier  is  a  native  of  Sullivan 
County,  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  in 
1876,  son  of  James  A.  and  Glovina  (Kes- 
ter)  Collier.  The  Collier  family  is  men- 
tioned in  all  the  local  histories  of  Sulli- 
van County  as  among  the  pioneers.  When 
Doctor  Collier  was«  small  boy  his  parents 


INDIANA  AND  IXDIANAXS 


2231 


and  as  a  general  reference  library  for  all 
the  officials  of  the  state  at  Indianapolis  and 
for  the  people  in  general  has  been  greater 
within  the  last  ten  years  than  in  all  the 
years  that  preceded. 

Mr.  Brown,  the  librarian,  is  not  only 
versed  in  library  technique  and  administra- 
tion, but  is  himself  a  classical  scholar  and 
a  man  of  broad  literary  tastes  and  has 
some  modest  achievements  of  his  own  in 
the  field  of  literature. 

He  was  born  at  Indianapolis  June  24, 
1857,  son  of  Philip  and  Julia  (Troester) 
Brown.  His  grandfather  was  Andrew 
Brown  of  Butler  County,  Ohio.  Philip 
Brown,  while  he  never  enjoyed  superior 
educational  advantages,  was  a  real  scholar 
and  his  library  was  his  chiefest  treasure. 
Mr.  Brown  undoubtedly  inherits  his  lit- 
erary tastes  from  his  father.  Philip  Brown 
was  "born  in  Butler  County,  Ohio,  in  1800, 
and  in  18f>2  moved  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  lived  until  his  death  in  1864.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  lumber  business  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  city.  His  wife, 
Julia  Troester,  was  a  native  of  Reutlingen, 
Wuertemberg,  Germany,  where  she  was 
born  in  1<s:52.  She  died  in  1874.  Of  their 
four  children.  Amptor,  Hilton  U.,  De- 
marchus  C.  and  Femina,  the  oldest  and 
youngest  died  in  childhood.  Hilton  V.  is 
general  manager  of  the  Indianapolis  News. 

Demarchus  C.  Brown  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  <if  Indianapolis  and  later  the 
Northwestern  Christian  University,  now 
Butler  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  in  1879.  lie  especially  excelled 
in  the  classical  languages,  and  upon  the 
death  of  the  Greek  professor  was  made 
tutor  in  that  language.  In  1880  he  re- 
ceived his  Master's  degree,  and  the  years 
1882-83  lie  spent  abroad  in  the  University 
of  Tnebingen.  Germany,  and  the  British 
Museum  at  London.  He  returned  to  be- 
come instructor  in  Greek  and  secretary  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  Butler  College. 
In  1884  he  'was  elected  to  fill  the  chair  of 
Greek  Language,  and  it  was  from  that 
position  that  he  was  called  to  his  present 
post  .as  state  librarian  in  September,  1906. 

In  the  meantime  he  had  accepted  every 
opportunity  to  study  abroad.  The  fall 
of  1892  he  spent  in  Paris  and  the  winter 
of  1 892-93  in  the  American  School  of 
Classical  Studies  at  Athens,  Greece.  The 
summer  of  1896  he  was  abroad  as  a  visitor 
and  student  at  the  Berlin  Museum,  and 


during  the  fall  of  1.S97  he  and  his  wife  were 
engaged  in  research  work  at  Munich, 
Athens  and  Rome.  In  1M99  they  worked 
together  in  the  museums  of  Paris  and  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Brown  was  translator  of  "Selec- 
tions from  Lucian."  published  in  1896.  and 
of  "American  Criminology."  from  the 
work  of  Freudenthal.  This  was  brought 
out  in  1907  by  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties. He  is  also  author  of  Indiana  Legis- 
lature and  State  Manual,  published  in  1907 
and  1909. 

Since  his  first  appointment  in  1893  by 
Governor  Matthews  Mr.  Brown  has  been  an 
active  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Chari- 
ties. He  served  as  president  of  the  Indiana 
Conference  of  Charities  in  1904.  He  was 
elected  president  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  State  Librarians  in  1910-11,  served 
as  secretary  of  the  Indiana  Centennial 
Commission,  and  has  membership  in  vari- 
ous scholarly  bodies,  including  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  of  America,  the  American 
Philological  Association,  the  Classical  As- 
sociation of  the  Middle  West,  the  American 
Library  Association,  the  Indianapolis  Lit- 
erary Club,  which  he  served  as  president, 
the  Contemporary  Club  and  the  Athe- 
naeum, both  of  which  he  has  also  served  as 
president.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Indiana  Historical  Society  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Disciples  Church. 

In  March,  1881,  Mr.  Brown  married 
Miss  S.  Anna  Rudy  of  Paris,  Illinois.  She 
died  in  April.  1891.  On  September  1, 
1897.  Mr.  Brown  married  Jessie  Lanier 
Christian.  Mrs.  Brown's  great-great- 
grandfather on  the  maternal  side  was  Col. 
Benjamin  Harrison  of  Virginia,  father  of 
William  Henry  Harrison,  ninth  president 
of  the  United  States.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown 
have  one  son,  Philip  C.,  born  in  1901. 

CI.INTOX  C.  COLLIER.  M.  D.  Of  the 
colony  of  prominent  Indiana  men  in  Chi- 
cago, Dr.  Clinton  C.  Collier  has  taken  high 
rank  as  a  specialist  in  eye,  ear.  nose  and 
throat,  and  also  as  a  teacher  of  medicine 
who  has  long  held  important  positions  with 
various  medical  faculties  in  that  city. 

Doctor  Collier  is  a  native  of  Sullivan 
County.  Indiana,  where  he  was  born  in 
1876.  son  of  James  A.  and  Glovina  (Kes- 
ter)  Collier.  The  Collier  family  is  men- 
tioned in  all  the  local  histories  of  Sulli- 
van County  as  among  the  pioneers.  When 
Doctor  Collier  was  a  small  boy  his  parents 


2232 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


moved  out  to  Kansas,  and  he  lived  in  that 
state  until  the  age  of  seventeen.  His  real 
career  began  when  he  left  home  at  that 
time,  and  is  the  more  interesting  because 
he  has  depended  upon  himself  and  his  in- 
dividual exertions,  whether  as  a  student  or 
as  a  professional  man.  From  Kansas  he 
went  to  Texas,  thence  to  Missouri,  and 
from  there  to  Tennessee.  In  1898  he  was 
living  in  Tennessee,  and  at  Union  City  vol- 
unteered his  services  for  the  Spanish-Amer- 
ican war,  being  assigned  to  the  Second  Ten- 
nessee Infantry  and  later  transferred  to  the 
Regular  Army  in  the  Second  Division  Hos- 
pital, Second  Army  Corps.  For  a  time  he 
was  on  detached  service  and  served  in  sev- 
eral hospitals. 

Doctor  Collier  came  to  Chicago  in  1899, 
soon  after  this  army  experience.  His  abili- 
ties brought  him  quick  promotion,  but  he 
was  not  above  earning  his  living  in  the  early 
stages  of  his  student  life  by  any  honorable 
vocation.  Thus  his  early  career  was  not 
without  privation  and  self-sacrifice.  While 
engaged  in  his  preliminary  studies  for  med- 
icine in  1899  he  was  employed  as  a  conduc- 
tor on  the  Chicago  Elevated  Railway.  He 
studied  in  two  medical  colleges,  the  Chicago 
Homeopathic  and  the  Hahnemann.  He  also 
gained  some  of  his  literary  education  in 
Austin  College,  of  which  he  is  a  graduate, 
and  attended  the  Lewis  Institute  of  Chi- 
cago. Doctor  Collier  has  the  type  of  mind 
which  not  only  assimilates  knowledge  read- 
ily, but  is  able  to  impart  it  equally  well. 
This  faculty  was  recognized  while  still  a 
student.  He  was  also  assigned  as  an  in- 
structor in  the  Chicago  Homeopathic  Col- 
lege and  later  became  a  professor  in  Hahne- 
mann College.  He  combined  teaching  with 
studying,  and  also  took  his  full  course  of 
the  American  College  of  Osteopathy.  Doc- 
tor Collier  graduated  from  the  Chicago 
Homeopathic  College  in  1904,  from  the 
Hahnemann  College  in  1906,  and  subse- 
quently he  received  the  M.  D.  degree  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at 
Chicago  of  the  regular  school  of  medicine. 

In  addition  to  his  large  private  practice 
Doctor  Collier  is  now  associate  professor  of 
rhinology  and  laryngology  in  Hahnemann 
College.  He  was  formerly  demonstrator  of 
anatomy,  rhinology  and  laryngology  in 
the  Chicago  Homeopathic  College,  and  has 
also  been  a  teacher  in  the  American  College 
of  Osteopathy. 

He  took  up  general  practice  in  1904,  but 


of  late  years  has  specialized  almost  entirely 
in  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat. 
In  preparation  for  this  work  he  did  post- 
graduate study  in  the  Chicago  University, 
the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  of 
New  York,  and  the  Metropolitan  Hospital 
of  New  York.  Doctor  Collier  is  a  member 
of  practically  all  the  medical  societies,  in- 
cluding the  American  Medical  Association. 
His  success  in  his  profession  has  brought 
him  many  honors  and  a  substantial  pros- 
perity. He  owns  a  beautiful  country  home 
in  Michigan,  and  spends  part  of  his  time 
there.  The  satisfaction  which  he  might 
otherwise  enjoy  without  stint  in  his  pro- 
fessional advancement  has  been  marred  by 
the  tragedy  which  befell  him  when  he  lost 
his  wife.  She  was  a  patient  convalescing 
from  the  birth  of  a  child,  which  she  had 
always  wanted,  and  whether  this  joy  was 
too  much  for  her  mind  will  never  be  known, 
but  one  night  upon  the  nurse  leaving  the 
room,  she  fell  from  the  sixth  story  and  was 
crushed  to  death.  She  left  that  which  she 
wanted  most.  James  Clinton  Collier,  three 
weeks  old.  She  had  named  him  after  his 
grandfather,  Dr.  James  A.  Collier.  Doctor 
Collier  was  married  to  her  in  1909.  Her 
death  occurred  December  30,  1917.  Before 
her  marriage  she  was  Nellie  Nequest  of 
Whitehall,  Michigan. 

JOHN  ROBERT  LENFESTEY.  Two  of  the 
oldest  and  best  known  names  in  Grant 
County  are  those  of  Lenfestey  and  Brown- 
lee.  A  successful  Chicago  business  man, 
president  of  the  Advertising  Electrotyping 
Company,  John  Robert  Lenfestey  was  born 
at  Marion  in  Grant  County  in  1874,  and 
is  a  son  of  Capt.  Edward  S.  and  Laura 
(Brownlee)  Lenfestey.  His  parents  were 
both  born  in  Marion.  She  was  a  daughter 
of  Judge  John  Brownlee,  the  first  resident 
judge  in  Grant  County,  and  a  sister  of 
Judge  Hiram  Brownlee.  Both  were  at  one 
time  judges  of  the  United  States  Court  in 
Indiana.  The  old  Judge  Brownlee  home 
at  Marion  was  a  scene  of  old-time  hospital- 
ity and  entertainment.  Most  of  the  notable 
characters  in  the  public  life  of  Indiana 
during  the  middle  period  of  the  last  cen- 
tury were  at  various  times  guests  under 
the  Brownlee  roof. 

The  late  Capt.  Edward  S.  Lenfestey 
served  his  country  gallantly  and  with  dis- 
tinction through  the  Civil  war,  attaining 
to  the  rank  of  captain  and  commanding 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2233 


his  company  in  many  battles.  In  civil  life 
he  became  likewise  prominent,  beginning 
his  career  as  a  lawyer,  and  serving  at  one 
time  as  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature. 
On  account  of  a  throat  affection  he  engaged 
in  the  real  estate  business  at  Marion.  His 
ability  was  chiefly  pronounced  in  promot- 
ing and  carrying  out  large  business 
projects.  Several  years  were  spent  in  the 
West  in  the  late  '70s  and  early  '80s,  and 
he  was  a  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  a  num- 
ber of  new  western  cities.  He  built  the 
first  street  car  line  at  Trinidad,  Colorado, 
also  the  first  gas  works  and  the  first  large 
hotel  in  that  town,  and  his  enterprise  ex- 
tended in  similar  manner  to  other  impor- 
tant undertakings  in  Colorado. 

John  Robert  Lenfestey  was  with  his 
father  in  the  West  for  several  years.  He 
attended  school  both  at  Topeka,  Kansas, 
and  Trinidad,  Colorado.  He  acquired  his 
early  business  experience  in  the  West,  but 
since  1901  has  been  a  resident  of  Chicago. 
He  was  for  a  time  with  the  Santa  Fe  Bail- 
way  and  later  was  traveling  freight  and 
passenger  agent  for  the  Frisco  System, 
with  headquarters  both  in  Chicago  and  San 
Antonio,  Texas.  From  that  he  became  in- 
terested in  the  electrotyping  business  and 
established  the  Advertising  Electrotyping 
Company,  of  which  he  is  president  and 
owner.  This  is  one  of  the  important  ad- 
juncts of  the  great  advertising  business  of 
America  and  Mr.  Lenfestey  has  built  up  an 
industry  that  is  one  of  the  most  complete 
in  facilities  and  service  in  the  Middle  West. 

Through  many  years  he  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  big  commercial  and  social 
life  of  Chicago.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Forty  Club,  the  Indiana  Society  of  Chi- 
cago, the  Chicago  Athletic  Club,  the  South 
Shore  Country  Club,  the  Exmoor  Country 
Club,  the  Association  of  Commerce,  the 
Illinois  Manufacturers'  Association  and  the 
Chicago  Advertising  Association.  Mr. 
Lenfestey  is  vice  president  of  the  Interna- 
tional Electrotypers '  Association.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Carrie  Jungblut  of  Chicago,  who 
was  born  and  reared  in  that  city.  They 
have  a  son,  John  Robert,  Jr. 

ALFRED  RUPUS  BONE.  If  it  is  proper  to 
speak  of  a  man  growing  old  in  an  industry 
so  young  as  the  telephone  business,  the 
distinction  might  well  be  applied  to  Alfred 
Rufus  Bone,  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  who 
spent  many  years  in  this  state,  but  for  the 


past  twenty  years  has  been  an  official  of 
the  Chicago  Telephone  Company  and  is 
now  general  commercial  superintendent  of 
that,  one  of  the  largest  individual  groups 
of  the  Bell  Telephone  System. 

Mr.  Bone  acquired  something  like  a  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  intricacies  of  tele- 
phony at  a  time  when  probably  not  one  out 
of  ten  persons  in  the  United  States  had 
ever  seen  a  telephone  instrument,  and  when 
a  telephone  exchange  was  regarded  as  al- 
most a  useless  innovation  by  the  stand- 
patters of  that  day. 

Mr.  Bone  was  born  in  Shelby  County, 
Indiana,  June  25,  1871,  son  of  Alfred 
Plummer  and  Louisa  M.  (Deacon)  Bone, 
both  now  deceased.  His  father,  who  was 
born  in  1836  in  Shelby  County,  lived  there 
for  many  years,  and  from  that  county  en- 
listed for  service  with  the  One  Hundred 
and  Thirty-Third  Indiana  Infantry  during 
the  Civil  war.  He  saw  much  of  the  hard 
and  dangerous  service  of  his  regiment,  was 
in  the  great  Atlanta  campaign  and  many 
battles,  and  was  captured  and  held  a  pris- 
oner in  Andersonville  prison. 

The  important  fact  of  his  career  of  spe- 
cial interest  in  the  sketch  of  his  son  is  that 
he  established  at  Greensburg,  Indiana,  in 
1884  a  telephone  exchange  that  was  one  of 
the  pioneer  plants  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States  and  in  Indiana.  At  that  time  Alfred 
Rufus  Bone  was  thirteen  years  old,  and 
during  the  next  year  he  acquired  knowledge 
sufficient  to  qualify  him  as  a  telephone  op- 
erator in  his  father's  exchange.  Since  then 
for  nearly  thirty-five  years  he  has  been  al- 
most continuously  in  the  telephone  business 
and  has  witnessed  all  its  remarkable  expan- 
sion and  development.  After  serving  as 
operator  he  became  repair  man,  collector 
and  general  assistant  to  his  father's  plant 
at  Greensburg.  From  1890  to  1892  he  was 
a  student  at  Bethany  College  in  West  Vir- 
ginia. 

After  his  college  career  he  took  up  a  dif- 
ferent line  of  work,  and  from  1893  to  1895 
was  business  manager  of  the  Anderson 
Democrat  of  Indiana.  From  1895  to  1898 
he  was  located  in  the  Northwest  as  a  spe- 
cial agent  for  the  Interior  Department  of 
the  United  States  Government.  Returning 
to  Greensburg  he  became  business  manager 
of  the  Greensburg  Telephone  Company  and 
from  there  went  to  Chicago  in  1899.  Since 
that  year  he  has  been  identified  with  the 
Chicago  Telephone  Company,  and  one  pro- 


2234 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


motion  has  followed  another  until  he  is  now 
general  commercial  superintendent. 

His  pioneer  work  is  recognized  by  his 
membership  in  the  society  known  as  the 
Telephone  Pioneers  of  America.  He  is  one 
of  the  prominent  men  in  the  Chicago  Asso- 
ciation of  Commerce.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Bone  is  a  republican,  a  Pres- 
byterian, a  Mason  and  Elk,  and  a  Beta 
Theta  Pi.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Athletic  Club,  Traffic  Club,  Electric  Club, 
of  which  he  was  president  in  1915,  Busi- 
ness Men's  Prosperity  Club,  of  which  he 
was  president  in  1916,  and  the  Ridge  Coun- 
try Club.  His  chief  recreation  is  golf. 
September  7,  1892,  Mr.  Bone  married  Miss 
Estelle  Kennedy  Aldrich  of  Greensburg. 
Their  three  children  are  Hester  Louisa, 
Julia  Walker  and  Alfred  Rufus,  Jr. 

CAPT.  OTHO  H.  MORGAN.  A  native  of 
Indiana,  and  one  of  the  gallant  young  men 
who  served  as  officers  in  the  Union  Army 
from  this  state,  Capt.  Otho  H.  Morgan  for 
over  fifty  years  has  been  a  resident  of  Chi- 
cago and  one  of  the  leaders  in  business  and 
industrial  affairs  of  that  city.  Captain 
Morgan  is  president  of  the  Chicago  Var- 
nish Company,  one  of  the  oldest  corpora- 
tions of  its  kind  in  the  Middle  West. 

He  was  born  at  Lawrenceburg,  Indiana, 
August  11,  1838,  son  of  Doctor  Elisha  and 
Catherine  (Coit)  Morgan.  The  parents 
were  both  born  in  Connecticut  and  repre- 
sent old  New  England  families.  Doctor 
Morgan  and  wife  located  at  Lawrenceburg, 
Indiana,  about  1836,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  he  practiced  medicine  in  that  section 
of  the  state.  Later  he  removed  to  Cincin- 
nati, where  he  enjoyed  the  highest  standing 
in  his  profession  for  many  years.  He  was 
in  fact  one  of  the  men  of  large  influence 
and  usefulness  in  the  city.  In  the  maternal 
line  Captain  Morgan  is  a  nephew  of  the 
late  P.  L.  Spooner,  of  Indiana,  and  cousin 
of  Senator  John  C.  Spooner  of  Wisconsin, 
whose  uncle,  Col.  Ben  Spooner,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished citizen  of  Indiana  during  the 
first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

From  childhood  Captain  Morgan  was 
reared  in  Cincinnati,  where  he  attended 
public  schools.  He  finished  his  education 
in  Williston  Seminary  at  East  Hampton, 
Massachusetts.  In  the  fall  of  1861  on  his 
own  initiative  he  went  to  Indianapolis  and 
called  upon  the  adjutant  general  of  the 


state  who  authorized  him  to  recruit  for  the 
Seventh  Indiana  Battery.  Governor  Mor- 
ton commissioned  young  Morgan  second 
lieutenant  in  the  Seventh  Indiana  Light 
Battery  which  was  recruited  at  Columbus, 
Vincennes  and  Terre  Haute  for  the  Army 
of  the  Cumberland.  With  this  command 
he  was  soon  engaged  in  active  service,  leav- 
ing for  the  battlefield  from  Louisville,  his 
first  stop  being  at  Mumfordsville,  Ken- 
tucky. The  march  continued  then  to  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  and  later  Lieutenant 
Morgan  was  in  the  siege  of  Corinth,  and 
after  a  return  march  to  Louisville  went 
with  his  command  to  the  war  center  in 
Southeastern  Tennessee  and  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Chattanooga,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Lookout  Mountain,  Chickamauga 
and  the  Atlanta  Campaign.  In  April, 
1864,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain and  commanded  his  battery  until  De- 
cember of  that  year,  after  the  close  of  the 
Atlanta  campaign.  His  three  years'  serv- 
ice having  expired  he  returned  to  Cincin- 
nati, with  a  splendid  record  for  bravery 
and  efficiency  as  a  Union  officer. 

Captain  Morgan  came  to  Chicago  in 
1866.  In  association  with  his  father-in- 
law,  the  late  Anson  C.  Potwin,  he  founded 
the  Chicago  Varnish  Company.  This  was 
at  first  a  partnership,  later  became  a  cor- 
poration, and  now  has  a  capital  of  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  dollars  and  is  one  of  the  big 
industrial  establishments  of  the  Great 
Lakes  metropolis.  It  is  in  fact  as  well  as 
in  inspiration  "a  business  built  on  honor." 
Captain  Morgan  has  been  president  of  the 
Chicago  Varnish  Company  since  1888,  and 
with  a  record  as  officer  in  the  company 
for  over  half  a  century  he  is  one  of  the 
veteran  business  men  of  Chicago. 

Captain  Morgan  is  a  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  the  Union  League 
Club,  the  York  and  Scottish  Rite  Masons, 
a  member  of  the  John  A.  Logan  Post, 
G.  A.  R.,  and  a  companion  in  the  Illinois 
Commandery  of  the  Loyal  Legion. 

On  January  19,  1864,  he  married  at 
Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  Miss  Julia  Potwin. 
Her  father,  Anson  C.  Potwin,  was  a  hard- 
ware merchant  in  Terre  Haute  before 
coming  to  Chicago.  Captain  and  Mrs. 
.Morgan  reside  at  Highland  Park.  Their 
five  living  children  are  Anson  C. ;  Elisha ; 
Catharine  C.,  wife  of  Robert  C.  Day ;  Helen 
V..  wife  of  Tom  W.  Bellhouse;  and  Julia, 
wife  of  Frank  S.  North.  Captain  Morgan's 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2235 


oldest  son  was  William  P.  Morgan,  now 
deceased.  Through  this  deceased  son  Cap- 
tain Morgan  has  a  grandson,  Lieut.  Wil- 
liam 0.  Morgan,  now  with  the  American 
Army  in  France. 

WILLIS  S.  PRITCHETT,  M.  D.  In  the  many 
years  he  has  practiced  medicine  at  Evans- 
ville  Dr.  Pritchett  has  been  satisfied  to 
serve  his  increased  clientage  in  the  capac- 
ity of  a  skillful  and  conscientious  general 
practitioner,  and  he  is  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful of  the  good  family  doctors  who 
have  been  so  justly  admired  and  have 
proved  themselves  the  tried  and  faithful  in 
time  of  need.  * 

Dr.  Pritchett  was  born  in  a  log  house  on 
a  farm  in  Montgomery  Township  of  Gib- 
son County,  Indiana,  and  his  father,  Wil- 
liam Henderson  Pritchett,  was  born  on  the 
same  farm,  in  1828.  His  grandfather, 
Elisha  Pritchett,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania, 
moved  from  there  to  Virginia,  later  to  Ken- 
tucky, and  finally  became  a  pioneer  in  the 
wilderness  of  Gibson  County,  Indiana, 
where  he  had  to  clear  away  great  trees  be- 
fore he  could  build  his  log  cabin,  the  first 
home  of  the  family  in  this  state.  In  course 
of  time  he  converted  his  tract  of  govern- 
ment land  into  a  good  farm,  and  lived  there 
with  the  esteem  of  his  neighbors  until  his 
death  about  1861.  He  married  Elizabeth 
Rutledge,  a  native  of  Tennessee. 

William  H.  Pritchett,  after  getting  his 
education  in  the  common  schools  and  com- 
ing to  man 's  estate,  bought  the  interests  of 
the  other  heirs  in  the  home  farm,  and  in- 
dustriously cultivated  it  for  many  years. 
He  was  a  resident  of  that  one  locality  for 
over  eightv  ye^rs,  and  died  there  Septem- 
ber 6,  1913.'  His  wife,  who  died  in  1907, 
was  also  a  native  of  Montgomery  Township, 
where  her  parents,  William  and  Lucy 
Gudgel,  were  early  settlers.  The  seven 
children  of  William  H.  and  Martha  (Gud- 
gel) Pritchett  were:  George,  Elvira,  Wil- 
lis, Mary  Ellen,  Florence,  Perry  and  Es- 
telle.  These  children  have  never  divided 
their  interests  in  the  old  home  farm. 

Willis  S.  Pritchett  grew  up  in  the  whole- 
some environment  where  he  was  born,  at- 
tended rural  schools  and  at  Oakland  City, 
and  by  his  earnings  as  a  teacher  largely 
paid  for  his  higher  education  until  he  was 
fitted  for  his  profession.  After  teaching 
a  year,  he  spent  two  years  in  the  Danville 
Normal,  again  taught  a  couple  of  years, 


followed  by  a  year  in  Professor  Holbrook's 
Normal  University  of  Lebanon,  Ohio. 
There  was  still  another  year  of  teaching  to 
his  credit,  and  in  the  meantime  he  was 
studying  medicine  with  his  cousin  Dr. 
Gudgel,  and  then  entered  the  Louisville 
Medical  College  after  having  attended  lec- 
tures for  a  year  in  Evansville  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

Dr.  Pritchett  received  his  medical  dip- 
loma at  Louisville  in  1889,  and  at  once  re- 
turned to  Evansville,  where  he  spent  a 
year  as  interne  in  the  Marine  Hospital.  He 
then  began  general  practice  with  offices  on 
Second  Avenue,  and  has  continued  steadily 
in  his  professional  labors  ever  since.  He 
is  a  highly  esteemed  member  of  the  County 
Medical  Society,  also  of  the  Indiana  and 
American  Medical  Associations.  He  is 
affiliated  with  St.  George  Lodge,  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  is  a  member  of  Bayard 
Park  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In 
1889  he  married  Matilda  E.  Keuhn,  a  na- 
tive of  Evansville  and  daughter  of  August 
Keuhn. 

CARL  D.  KINSEY.  Indiana  people  who 
keep  themselves  informed  on  current  mu- 
sical activities  and  organizations  are  aware 
that  it  is  a  native  Hoosier  who  is  vice  pres- 
ident and  manager  of  the  Chicago  Musical 
College,  the  largest  institution  of  its  kind 
in  the  United  States,  and  he  has  perhaps 
even  wider  fame  through  his  long  service 
with  the  Chicago  Apollo  Club  and  more 
recently  as  manager  of  the  North  Shore 
Music  Festival  Association. 

Mr.  Kinsey  was  born  at  Fort  Wayne  in 
1879,  son  of  John  F.  and  Emily  (Zimmer- 
man) Kinsey.  He  took  up  the  study  of 
music  when  only  six  years  of  age.  He 
was  also  liberally  educated  in  science  and 
literature,  attending  Purdue  University  at 
Lafayette.  Mr.  Kinsey  is  a  graduate  of 
the  Chicago  Musical  College,  where  he  spe- 
cialized in  piano,  with  the  class  of  1898. 
After  that  he  took  up  organ  study  with 
Harrison  M.  Wild,  and  subsequently  be- 
came manager  of  the  Chicago  Apollo  Club, 
a  famous  organization  which  had  deserved 
national  fame.  Then  some  years  ago  Mr. 
Kinsey  organized  the  North  Shore  Music 
Festival  Association  at  Evanston,  and  as 
manager  has  supervised  what  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  has  been  perhaps  the  crowniner 
musical  event  in  the  Middle  West.  This 
association,  which  has  its  annual  program 


2236 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


in  May  of  each  year,  embraces  a  chorus  of 
six  hundred  voices,  with  a  children's  chorus 
of  fifteen  hundred. 

Though  one  of  the  younger  men  in  mu- 
sical affairs  Mr.  Kinsey  is  undoubtedly  one 
of  those  who  have  contributed  most  to  the 
development  of  musical  art  and  education 
in  the  country  tributary  to  Chicago.  It 
is  a  special  .tribute  to  his  energies  and 
abilities  that  he  is  vice  president  and  man- 
ager and  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Chi- 
cago Musical  College.  This  institution, 
founded  in  1867,  by  Dr.  Ziegfeld,  has  had 
a  continuous  growth  and  development, 
scarcely  impeded  by  the  great  fire  of  1871, 
and  for  many  years  had  its  home  in  the 
famous  Central  Music  Hall  of  Chicago,  and 
is  now  housed  in  a  special  building  of  its 
own,  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  struc- 
tures fronting  Michigan  Avenue.  In  the 
half  century  of  its  existence  the  Chicago 
Musical  College  has  trained  and  has  in- 
fluenced through  both  its  pupils  and  its 
staff  of  teachers  probably  a  larger  section 
of  musical  taste  in  the  Middle  West  than 
all  other  institutions  combined..,  ,M.  ,  . 

Mr.  Kinsey  married  Miss  Edwraa  Du- 
plaine,  of  Chicago.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Myron  and  Letitia  Kinsey. 

SAMUEL  A.  HARPER  is  a  native  of  In- 
diana and  won  his  first  cases  as  a  lawyer 
at  Auburn.  For  the  past  seventeen  years 
he  has  practiced  in  Chicago,  with  a  steadily 
growing  fame  as  a  lawyer  and  author,  and 
particularly  for  his  constructive  work  in 
the  field  of  social  legislation.  He  is  one 
of  the  notable  Indianans  of  Chicago. 

Mr.  Harper  was  born  at  Orland  Septem- 
ber 7,  1875,  a  son  of  Chester  S.  and  Emma 
(Taylor)  Harper.  He  received  his  early 
education  in  the  Waterloo  High  School  of 
this  state,  attended  the  Kent  College  of 
Law  at  Chicago  in  1895.  and  from  1896  to 
1899  was  a  student  in  the  literary  and  law 
departments  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan. He  received  his  LL.  B.  degree  in 
1899.  From  the  latter  year  until  1901  he 
practiced  at  Auburn  with  Frank  S.  Roby 
under  the  firm  name  of  Roby  and  Harper. 
Judge  Roby,  his  associate,  was  later)  a 
justice  of  the  Appellate  Court  of  Indiana. 
Mr.  Harper  served  as  chief  deputy  prose- 
cuting attorney  for  the  Thirty-fifth  Ju- 
dicial District,  Steuben  and  DeKalb  coun- 
ties, in  1899  and  1900.  He  removed  to 
Chicago  in  1901. 


He  has  specialized  in  the  law  of  insur- 
ance and  represents  several  insurance  com- 
panies as  general  counsel.  He  served  as 
assistant  attorney,  under  Governor  Yates, 
of  the  Illinois  State  Insurance  Department 
from  1901  to  1903,  and  was  attorney  for 
the  Illinois  Department  of  Factory  Inspec- 
tion, 1904-08.  In  1910  he  was  appointed 
attorney  for  the  Illinois  Commission  on 
Workmen's  Compensation. 

Mr.  Harper  is  a  recognized  authority  on 
workmen's  compensation  insurance  and 
systems.  He  studied  these  systems  abroad 
in  1910.  He  originated  the  present  form 
of  elective  system  of  workmen's  compensa- 
tion, with  the  coercive  provision  abolishing 
common  law  defenses,  a  plan  that  has  since 
been  adopted  in  most  of  the  states  of  the 
Union,  and  which,  despite  the  earlier  opin- 
ion of  some  noted  authorities,  has  been 
sustained  by  all  the  courts.  As  attorney  for 
the  Illinois  Commission  on  Occupational 
Diseases,  Mr.  Harper  drafted  one  of  the 
first  occupational  disease  laws  ever  adopted 
in  America.  He  has  been  identified  with 
the  preparation  of  most  of  the  laws  of  Il- 
linois' for  social  and  industrial  betterment. 
He  was  associated  with  Louis  D.  Brandeis, 
now  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
in  representing  the  State  of  Illinois  in 
the  Supreme  Court  in  the  test  case  of  the 
Illinois  Woman's  Ten-Hour  Law.  This 
was  one  of  the  early  cases  which  sustained 
legislation  enacted  for  the  protection  of 
women  workers. 

In  1909  Governor  Deneen  appointed  him 
secretary  and  attorney  for  the  Illinois  In- 
dustrial Commission.  Mr.  Harper  is  a 
man  of  very  wide  interests  and  activities. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Illinois  Society  for 
Mental  Hygiene;  member  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  of  the  Chicago  Law  Institute, 
1909  to  1912:  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can, Illinois  State  and  Chicago  Bar  Asso- 
ciations, the  Illinois  Audubon  Society,  the 
Indiana  Society  of  Chicago,  is  a  Knight  of 
Pythias,  and  belongs  to  the  Hamilton  Club, 
being  one  of  the  directors  from  1917  to 
1920,  the  Prairie  Club,  and  the  Maywood 
Club,  which  he  served  as  president  in  1910- 
11,  the  Maj-wood  Bird  Club,  of  which  he 
is  president.  These  latter  memberships  in- 
dicate Mr.  Harper's  chief  recreation  aside 
from  his  profession.  He  has  studied  bird 
life  for  many  years,  and  by  the  same  token 
is  a  lover  of  all  outdoors  and  when  out  to 
enjoy  nature  he  prefers  walking  to  mo- 


OF  HE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILJJNOr 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2237 


toring.  Mr.  Harper  is  author  of  "Harper 
on  Workmen's  Compensation,"  (Callag- 
han)  of  "Twelve  Months  with  the  Birds 
and  Poets,"  (Seymour),  and  of  numerous 
contributions  to  legal  and  literary  journals. 
His  home  is  in  the  attractive  wooded 
suburb  of  Chicago,  River  Forest,  and  hia 
offices  are  at  220  South  State  Street. 
March  30,  1904,  he  married  Miss  Mary  C. 
McKibbin,  of  McKeesport,  Pennsylvania. 
They  have  one  son,  Samuel,  Jr. 

GILBERT  H.  HENDREN.  While  his  legal 
residence  is  in  Greene  County,  where  he 
has  lived  since  boyhood  and  where  he  still 
owns  a  good  farm,  Gilbert  H.  Hendren  for 
the  past  eight  years  has  been  an  official 
resident  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  for  six 
years  state  examiner  of  the  State  Board  of 
Accounts  and  also  state  examiner  for  the 
Department  of  Inspection  and  Supervision 
of  Public  Offices. 

Mr.  Hendren  is  the  type  of  official  whose 
personality  and  ability  are  broader  than  his 
office.  He  has  in  fact  achieved  national 
distinction  in  devising  and  standardizing 
accounting  systems  for  state,  municipal  and 
county  offices,  and  his  writings  and  reports 
on  these  subjects  are  found  in  almost  every 
library  in  this  country  and  abroad  devoted 
to  municipal  and  public  accounting.  Since 
taking  his  position  as  state  examiner  in 
1913  it  has  been  estimated  that  his  work 
in  devising  and  standardizing  accounting 
systems  and  bringing  about  reforms  in  the 
method  of  expenditure  of  public  moneys 
has  saved  millions  of  dollars  to  the  State 
of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Hendren  has  been  indefatigable  in 
his  labor  in  this  work.  Much  of  the  time 
he  has  worked  both  day  and  night,  and  only 
the  strong  physical  and  mental  organiza- 
tion with  which  he  is  endowed  could  with- 
stand such  a  strain.  He  has  made  ex- 
tensive compilations  of  reports  on  various 
phases  of  state  and  count}'  expenditures  in 
every  department  of  government,  to  which 
he  has  added  valuable  and  instructive 
monographs,  and  his  writings  on  these  sub- 
jects have  brought  world  wide  attention. 
He  has  perfected  the  present  uniform  sys- 
tem of  bookkeeping  and  the  examination  of 
county  officials'  accounts,  carried  out  under 
his  direction  by  a  staff  of  competent  and. 
experienced  examiners.  His  efforts  have 
also  brought  about  uniformity  in  the  fees 
of  the  public  officials  and  uniform  construc- 


tion of  the  laws  by  the  various  officials  of 
the  state. 

Mr.  Hendren  was  born  at  Canal  Win- 
chester in  Franklin  County,  Ohio,  March 
29,  1857,  a  son  of  Lewis  C.  and  Joanna 
(Dorsey)  Hendren.  When  he  was  fourteen 
years  of  age  his  parents  moved  from  their 
Ohio  farm  to  a  farm  near  Marco  in  Greene 
County,  Indiana.  Mr.  Hendren  grew  up  as 
a  farm  boy,  had  a  local  school  education, 
and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  qualified  and 
taught  his  first  term  of  school.  Later  he 
worked  as  a  telegraph  operator  and  railroad 
agent.  He  was  a  student  of  the  Central 
Law  School  of  Indianapolis  in  1879-1880. 
For  seven  years  he  was  a  merchant  at 
Marco.  His  first  public  office  was  that  of 
township  trustee,  and  for  eight  years  he 
was  deputy  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Greene  County.  When  he  gave  up  mer- 
chandising he  went  into  the  real  estate 
and  mortgage  loan  business  at  Bloomfield 
and  continued  that  as  his  leading  interest 
for  a  number  of  years.  For  two  years  he 
was  also  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Bloom- 
field  Democrat.  Mr.  Hendren  first  came  to 
Indianapolis  as  chief  clerk  of  the  State 
Building  and  Loan  Department,  an  office 
he  filled  for  21/2  years.  In  that  time  he  was 
the  principal  author  of  and  helped  secure 
the  passage  of  the  present  state  law  govern- 
ing building  and  loan  associations.  This 
law  is  regarded  as  a  model  of  its  kind  and 
has  done  away  with  many  of  the  evils  of 
building  and  loan  practice. 

Mr.  Hendren  married  Miss  Anna  M. 
Hadley  of  Mooresville,  Indiana.  Her 
father,  Rev.  Jeremiah  Hadley,  was  a  promi- 
nent minister  of  the  Friends  Church  and 
for  several  years  represented  his  denomina- 
tion in  religious  work  among  the  Indians 
of  Southeastern  Kansas. 

On  June  1,  1919,  Mr.  Hendren  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Indiana  Industrial 
Board  at  the  same  salary  he  received  as 
state  examiner.  The  ultimate  object  of  this 
board  is,  first :  To  prevent  accidents,  or  to 
reduce  those  that  do  occur  to  the  inevitable 
class.  Second :  To  furnish  to  the  injured 
employes  and  their  dependents  an  abso- 
lutely certain  indemnity  in  case  of  injury. 

The  Workmen's  Compensation  Laws  are 
distinctively  a  product  of  modern  and  eco- 
nomic conditions.  The  first  Workmen's 
Compensation  Law  adopted  by  any  of  the 
states  was  in  1910,  and  now  thirty-eight 
states  have  the  law  in  some  form.  The 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2237 


toring.  Mr.  Harper  is  author  of  ''Harper 
on  Workmen's  Compensation,"  (Callag- 
han)  of  "Twelve  Months  with  the  Birds 
and  Poets,"  (Seymour),  and  of  numerous 
contributions  to'  legal  and  literary  journals. 
His  home  is  in  the  attractive  wooded 
suburb  of  Chicago,  River  Forest,  and  his 
offices  arc  at  220  South  State  Street. 
March  30,  1904,  he  married  Miss  Mary  C. 
McKibbin,  of  McKeesport,  Pennsylvania. 
They  have  one  son,  Samuel,  Jr. 

GILBERT  H.  HEXDREX.  While  his  legal 
residence  is  in  Greene  County,  where  he 
has  lived  since  boyhood  and  where  he  still 
owns  a  good  farm,  Gilbert  II.  Hendren  for 
the  past  eight  years  has  been  an  official 
resident  of  Indianapolis.  He  was  for  six 
years  state  examiner  of  the  State  Board  of 
Accounts  and  also  state  examiner  for  the 
Department  of  Inspection  and  Supervision 
of  Public  Offices. 

Mr.  Hendrcn  is  the  type  of  official  whose 
personality  and  ability  are  broader  than  his 
office.  He  has  in  fact  achieved  national 
distinction  in  devising  and  standardizing 
accounting  systems  for  state,  municipal  and 
county  offices,  and  his  writings  and  reports 
on  these  subjects  are  found  in  almost  every 
library  in  this  country  and  abroad  devoted 
to  municipal  and  public  accounting.  Since 
taking  his  position  as  state  examiner  in 
1913  it  has  been  estimated  that  his  work 
in  devising  and  standardizing  accounting 
systems  and  bringing  about  reforms  in  the 
method  of  expenditure  of  public  moneys 
has  saved  millions  of  dollars  to  the  State 
of  Indiana. 

Mr.  Hcndren  has  been  indefatigable  in 
his  labor  in  this  work.  Much  of  the  time 
he  has  worked  both  day  and  night,  and  only 
the  strong  physical  and  mental  organiza- 
tion with  which  he  is  endowed  could  with- 
stand such  a  strain.  He  has  made  ex- 
tensive compilations  of  reports  on  various 
phases  of  state  and  county  expenditures  in 
every  department  of  government,  to  which 
he  has  added  valuable  and  instructive 
monographs,  and  his  writings  on  these  sub- 
jects have  brought  world  wide  attention. 
He  has  perfected  the  present  uniform  sys- 
tem of  bookkeeping  and  the  examination  of 
countv  officials'  accounts,  carried  out  under 
his  direction  by  a  staff  of  competent  and 
experienced  examiners.  His  efforts  have 
also  brought  about  uniformity  in  the  fees 
of  the  public  officials  and  uniform  construc- 


tion of  the  laws  by  the  various  officials  of 
the  state. 

Mr.  Hendren  was  born  at  Canal  Win- 
chester in  Franklin  County.  Ohio.  March 
29,  1857,  a  son  of  Lewis  C.  and  Joanna 
(Dorsey)  Hendren.  When  he  was  fourteen 
years  of  age  his  parents  moved  from  their 
Ohio  farm  to  a  farm  near  Marco  in  Greene 
County,  Indiana.  Mr.  Hendren  grew  up  as 
a  farm  boy,  bad  a  local  school  education, 
and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  qualified  and 
taught  his  first  term  of  school.  Later  In- 
worked  as  a  telegraph  operator  and  railroad 
agent.  He  was  a  student  of  the  Central 
Law  School  of  Indianapolis  in  1S79-1SMI. 
For  seven  years  he  was  a  merchant  at 
Marco.  His  first  public  office  was  that  of 
township  trustee,  and  for  eight  years  he 
was  deputy  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of 
Greene  County.  When  he  gave  up  mer- 
chandising he  went  into  the  real  estat-1 
and  mortgage  loan  business  at  Uloomtield 
and  continued  that  as  his  leading  interest 
for  a  number  of  years.  For  two  years  he 
was  also  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Bloom- 
field  Democrat.  Mr.  Hendren  first  came  to 
Indianapolis  as  chief  clerk  of  the  State 
Building  and  Loan  Department,  an  office 
he  filled  for  21  o  years.  In  that  time  he  was 
the  principal  author  of  and  helped  secure 
the  passage  of  the  present  state  law  govern- 
ing building  and  loan  associations.  This 
law  is  regarded  as  a  model  of  its  kind  and 
has  done  away  with  many  of  the  evils  of 
building  and  loan  practice. 

Mr.  Hendren  married  Miss  Anna  M. 
Hadley  of  Mooresville.  Indiana.  Her 
father.  Rev.  Jeremiah  Hadley,  was  a  promi- 
nent minister  of  the  Friends  Church  and 
for  several  years  represented  his  denomina- 
tion in  religious  work  among  the  Indians 
of  Southeastern  Kansas. 

On  June  1.  1919.  Mr.  Hendren  was  ap- 
pointed a  Member  of  the  Indiana  Industrial 
Board  at  the  same  salary  he  received  a* 
state  examiner.  The  ultimate  object  of  this 
board  is,  first:  To  prevent  accidents,  or  to 
reduce  those  that  do  occur  to  the  inevitable 
class.  Second :  To  furnish  to  the  injured 
employes  and  their  dependents  an  abso- 
lutely certain  indemnity  in  case  of  injury. 

The  Workmen's  Compensation  Laws  are 
distinctively  a  product  of  modern  and  eco- 
nomic conditions.  The  first  Workmen '> 
Compensation  Law  adopted  by  any  of  the 
states  was  in  1910,  and  now  thirty-eight 
states  have  the  law  in  some  form.  Tin- 


2238 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


Federal  Government  has  enacted  a  law  pro- 
viding for  compensation  for  disability  and 
death  of  Government  employes  by  acci- 
dent arising  out  of  their  employment. 

The  human  part  of  the  equipment  of  a 
railroad  train  should  bear  even  a  closer  re- 
lationship to  the  cost  of  the  operation  of 
the  railroad  than  the  mechanical  part  of 
the  equipment,  and  for  this  reason  should 
become  a  part  of  the  cost  of  the  construc- 
tion and  maintenance  of  the  road. 

After  Mr.  Hendren's  years  of  service  as 
state  examiner,  in  which  he  dealt  with  men 
of  all  political  departments  and  with  all 
units  of  Government — county,  township, 
town,  city  and  state,  he  will  begin  his  work 
as  a  member  of  the  State  Industrial  Board 
with  a  most  valuable  experience  that  will 
greatly  aid  him  in  his  new  work. 

With  the  great  social  and  industrial  un- 
rest prevailing  in  Russia,  Germany,  Austria 
and  other  European  countries  and  with  a 
general  propaganda  movement  being  spread 
by  the  Bolshevist  element  of  these  coun- 
tries, the  other  countries  of  Europe  and  to 
a  considerable  degree  the  United  States,  the 
Industrial  boards  of  Indiana  and  other 
states  will  be  the  logical  instruments, 
clothed  with  power  by  law  to  do  vastly  more 
in  the  interest  of  good  government  and  for 
the  employers  and  employes  than  all  other 
departments  combined. 

FRANK  H.  KNAPP  spent  his  boyhood  on  a 
farm  in  Elkhart  County,  but  since  1884 
has  been  a  resident  of  Chicago.  He  has 
long  been  prominent  in  fraternal  affairs 
and  is  now  national  representative  at  Chi- 
cago of  the  American  Insurance  Union. 

He  was  born  in  Ontario  County,  New 
York,  on  his  grandfather's  farm,  Septem- 
ber 15,  1849.  His  father,  William  Henry 
Knapp,  was  born  on  the  same  farm  in 
1818.  That  land  has  been  in  the  possession 
of  the  Knapp  family  for  more  than  a  cen- 
tury, and  only  three  transfers  have  been 
recorded  since  the  government  patent  was 
issued.  A  cousin  of  Frank  H.  Knapp  is 
Hon.  Walter  H.  Knapp,  who  is  now  excise 
commissioner  of  the  State  of  New  York  by 
appointment  from  Governor  Whitman  and 
with  headquarters  at  Albany. 

William  H.  Knapp  came  to  Elkhart 
County  in  April,  1849,  and  secured  a  farm 
a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  village  of 
Middlebury.  He  spent  the  rest  of  his  life 
there,  was  a  very  practical  farmer,  a  horse- 


man and  breeder  of  many  fine  animals  on 
his  farm.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Bap- 
tist church  and  was  first  a  whig  and  later 
a  republican.  It  is  said  that  while  he 
never  cared  for  public  office  he  worked 
energetically  in  behalf  of  the  candidates  of 
his  party,  and  frequently  visited  the  homes 
of  his  neighbors  on  election  days,  where  he 
would  fill  in  with  a  helping  hand  in  the 
work  of  the  farm  in  order  that  they  might 
go  to  the  poles  and  vote.  He  was  well 
known  all  over  Elkhart  County  for  his  in- 
tegrity and  honorable  dealing,  and  with 
that  reputation  he  died  in  1870.  In  New 
York  State  he  married  Miss  Catherine 
Eliza  Mattison.  She  was  born  in  Ontario 
County,  New  York,  on  an  adjoining  farm, 
in  1820  and  died  also  in  1870.  Her  mother 
was  a  Parkhurst  of  the  well-known  New 
York  family  of  that  name.  William  H. 
Knapp  and  wife  had  two  sons,  Leonard  A. 
and  Frank  H.  Leonard,  who  was  born 
October  15,  1842,  enlisted  in  May,  1861,  in 
Company  E  of  the  Twenty-Eighth  New1 
York  Infantry,  and  served  until  fatally 
wounded  at  Antietam  September  17,  1862. 
He  died  two  weeks  later  and  was  buried 
at  Middlebury,  Indiana. 

When  Frank  H.  Knapp  was  two  months 
old  his  mother  took  him  to  the  farm  in 
Elkhart  County.  As  a  boy  he  attended 
the  district  schools,  worked  in  the  fields 
and  around  the  home,  attended  high  school 
at  Middlebury  and  Goshen,  and  from  the 
age  of  twenty-one  was  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tical work  of  a  farmer  for  five  or  six  years. 
But  most  of  his  active  career  has  been 
spent  in  some  form  of  public  service  or 
business.  He  served  as  assistant  deputy 
under  Colonel  Alba  M.  Tucker,  county 
auditor  of  Elkhart  County,  and  was  later 
deputy  county  treasurer  and  assistant  in 
the  county  clerk's,  county  recorder's  and 
sheriff's  offices. 

In  1884  Mr.  Knapp  went  to  Chicago  as 
private  secretary  to  W.  G.  Wilson,  presi- 
dent of  the  Wilson  Sewing  Machine  Com- 
pany. Ten  years  later,  at  Mr.  Wilson's 
death,  he  was  employed  by  the  Illinois 
Trust  &  Savings  Bank  as  assistant  in  set- 
tling the  Wilson  and  other  estates.  This 
work  occupied  his  time  for  about  four 
years. 

.  For  over  twenty  years  Mr.  Knapp  has 
been  prominent  in  fraternal  circles.  For 
thirteen  years,  until  1911,  he  was  advisory 
scribe  of  the  Royal  League  for  the  State 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2230 


of  Illinois,  and  in  1911  became  supreme 
scribe  of  the  Vesta  Circle,  one  of  the  high- 
est offices  in  the  Society.  This  fraternal 
insurance  organization  was  later  merged 
with  the  American  Insurance  Union,  the 
headquarters  of  which  are  at  Columbus, 
Ohio.  Mr.  Knapp  is  now  national  repre- 
sentative, with  headquarters  in  the  Masonic 
Temple  at  Chicago.  •  He  is  a  member  of 
many  other  fraternities  and  has  been  a 
lifelong  republican. 

September  14,  1872,  he  married  Miss 
Jenny  Lind  Chamberlain.  Mrs.  Knapp 
was  born  at  Goshen,  Indiana,  February 
21.  1851,  and  died  at  Chicago  December 
21,  1893.  Their  only  daughter,  Christine 
Nilsson,  is  the  wife  of  Joseph  H.  Hender- 
son. She  is  the  mother  of  two  sons,  Frank 
L.  and  Lucian  F.  Mr.  Knapp 's  grandson 
Frank  L.  is  now  in  the  army. 

Mrs.  Knapp  was  a  daughter  of  Judge 
E.  M.  Chamberlain  and  a  cousin  of  Ex- 
Governor  General  Joshua  L.  Chamberlain 
of  Maine.  Judge  Ebenezer  M.  Chamber- 
lain was  one  of  the  distinguished  lawyers 
and  jurists  of  early  Indiana.  He  was 
born  in  the  State  of  Maine  August  20, 
1805,  son  of  a  shipbuilder  and  an  officer 
of  the  War  of  1812.  Judge  Chamberlain 
as  a  boy  had  an  experience  on  the  farm 
and  in  his  father's  shipyards.  He  studied 
law  in  Maine  and  acquired  something  more 
than  a  local  reputation  there  as  an  orator. 
With  only  a  few  dollars  he  had  earned 
teaching  school  he  came  to  Indiana  in 
1832,  secured  a  position  as  teacher  in  Fay- 
ette  County  and  also  studied  law  at  Con- 
nersville  until  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1833. 
He  at  once  moved  to  Elkhart  County  and 
was  one  of  the  early  resident  members  of 
the  bar.  He  was  elected  to  the  Legislature 
in  1835,  his  district  covering  nearly  a  fifth 
of  the  entire  area  of  the  state.  In  1842 
he  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  the 
o'd  Ninth  Judicial  District  and  in  1843 
became  presiding  judge  of  the  same  dis- 
trict, and  was  re-elected  without  opposi- 
tion in  1851.  His  service  of  nine  years  as 
judge  was  testified  to  by-  the  entire  bar  as 
"creditable,  dignified,  courteous  and  sat- 
isfactory." In  1844  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Democratic  National  Convention,  and 
in  1848  was  a  candidate  for  presidential 
elector.  He  resigned  from  the  bench  in 
1851  to  become  democratic  candidate  for 
Congress,  and  was  elected  by  nearly  a 
thousand  majority.  He  served  in  Congress 


two  terms  and  won  many  honors  both  as  a 
statesman  and  orator.  Judge  Chamberlain 
married  in  1838  Phebe  Ann  Hascall, 
daughter  of  Amasa  Hascall  and  member 
of  a  family  long  prominent  in  Elkhart 
County  and  Ontario  County,  New  York. 

WILBUR  D.  NESBIT,  who  served  his  lit- 
erary apprenticeship  in  Indiana  and  chose 
a  daughter  of  the  Hoosier  state  for  his 
wife,  is  one  of  the  Indiana  school  of  liter- 
ature. Although  much  of  his  mature 
career  has  been  largely  centered  in  Chi- 
cago, he  has  maintained  his  close  touch 
with  Indiana  and  consistently  acknowl- 
edges Indiana's  influence  upon  his  work. 

He  was  born  at  Xenia,  Ohio,  September 
16,  1871,  son  of  John  Harvey  and  Isabel 
(Fichthorne)  Nesbit.  After  a  public 
school  education  he  became  a  printer  and 
in  1889  located  in  Anderson,  where  he  soon 
became  city  editor  of  the  Anderson  Times. 
From  there  he  went  to  Muncie,  then  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  worked  on  the 
Journal  until  he  went  to  Baltimore  to  con- 
duct a  feature  column  on  the  American. 
In  1902  he  went  to  Chicago,  where  he  wrote 
features  for  the  Tribune  until  he  left  that 
paper  to  manage  a  syndicate  which  han- 
dled his  work.  In  Indianapolis  he  did  a 
great  deal  of  advertising  work,  and  after 
a  few  years  in  Chicago  he  was  induced  to 
give  part  of  his  time  to  what  was  then  the 
Mahin  Advertising  Company.  Three  years 
ago  he  joined  with  William  H.  Ran  kin.  an- 
other Indiana  man,  and  other  associates,  in 
buying  out  the  agency  which  is  now  known 
as  the  William  H.  Rankin  Company.  Mr. 
Nesbit  is  vice  president  of  the  company 
and  director  of  the  copy  staff. 

Mr.  Nesbit 's  writings  have  appeared  in 
most  of  the  magazines  of  the  country. 
Among  his  books  may  be  mentioned  "The 
Trail  to  Boyland,"  1904:  "The  Gentleman 
Ragman,"  1906;  "The  Land  of  Make-Be- 
lieve,"  1907;  "A  Friend  or  Two,"  "Your 
Flag  and  My  Flag,"  and  various  gift  pub- 
lications. Sir.  Nesbit  wrote  the  book  of 
"The  Girl  of  My  Dreams,"  a  musical  com- 
edy which  ran  for  five  seasons,  and  has 
written  several  other  theatrical  features. 

Mr.  Nesbit  lives  in  Evanston,  Illinois. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Little  Room,  Chi- 
cago Athletic  Association,  Midday,  Forty 
and  Cliff  Dwellers  Clubs  of  Chicago,  as 
well  as  of  the  Indiana  Society  of  Chicago. 
He  is  president  of  the  Forty  Club  and  a 


2240 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


past  president  of  the  Indiana  Society.  In 
Evanston  he  is  a  member  of  the  University 
Club  and  Glen  View  and  Evanston  Coun- 
try Clubs.  He  is  a  non-resident  member  of 
the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Nesbit  married  Mary  Lee  Jenkins, 
an  exceptionally  talented  musician  of  In- 
dianapolis, They  have  three  sons,  Rich- 
ard, Robert  and  Wilbur,  Jr. 

SARAH  NEGLEY  MC!NTOSH  was  one  of  the 
splendid  mothers  of  a  former  generation  of 
Indiana  citizens,  and  in  giving  space  in  this 
publication  to  the  prominent  women  of  In- 
diana none  could  be  more  worthily  consid- 
ered than  this  well  known  character  of 
Greene  County.  Her  most  familiar  title 
was  "Aunt  Sally"  Mclntosh. 

She  was  born  in  Ohio  September  22, 
1810,  a  daughter  of  Peter  Negley,  whose 
name  is  conspicuously  identified  with  the 
very  earliest  history  of  Marion  County,  In- 
diana. Peter  Negley  was  a  grandson  of 
Caspar  Negley,  who  in  1739,  then  a  young 
boy,  had  come  with  other  members  of  the 
Negley  family  from  Germany  to  America. 
The  Negleys  have  long  been  prominent  in 
Pennsylvania  and  in  other  central  western 
states. 

Peter  Negley  arrived  in  Marion  County, 
Indiana,  and  established  his  home  at  the 
town  of  Millersville  in  1819,  when  Aunt 
Sally  Mclntosh  was  only  nine  years  of  age. 
His  settlement  here  antedated  by  six  years 
the  establishment  of  Indianapolis.  He  was 
an  important  figure  in  the  early  affairs  of 
Marion  County,  and  was  a  farmer,  miller 
and  distiller. 

Thus  while  Sarah  Negley 's  early  life  was 
spent  amid  primitive  surroundings  she 
grew  up  with  the  mental  and  physical 
strength  of  her  sturdy  ancestors  and  al- 
ways manifested  much  of  that  independ- 
ence of  will  and  judgment  which  had 
caused  her  forefathers  generations  back  to 
espouse  the  cause  of  the  protestant  religion 
when  it  was  by  no  means  popular. 

On  May  10,  1829,  Sarah  Negley  married 
William  J.  Mclntosh,  and  she  became  the 
mother  of  eleven  children.  In  1837  the  Mc- 
Intoshs  moved  to  Greene  County,  Indiana, 
and  it  was  in  that  county  that  this  woman 
became  so  widely  known.  Like  the  woman 
of  the  Bible  she  was  diligent  and  faithful 
in  ordering  her  household  affairs  and  in 
bringing  up  her  children,  and  at  the  same 
time  she  found  abundant  energy  and  exer- 


cised her  ready  sympathy  in  acts  of  kind- 
liness and  love  throughout  a  large  com- 
munity. Her  death  occurred  November 
12,  1890. 

PRESTON  C.  RUBUSH.  On  the  basis  of 
work  accomplished  it  may  be  properly 
claimed  by  the  firm  of  Rubush  &  Hunter, 
architects,  that  it  represents  the  best  ideals 
of  the  profession  and  has  contributed  some 
of  the  most  satisfactory  and  distinctive  ex- 
amples of  modern  architecture  found  in 
Indianapolis  and  other  cities. 

The  head  of  this  firm  is  a  native  In- 
dianian,  born  at  the  village  of  Pairfield, 
Howard  County,  March  30,  1867.  William 
G.  Rubush,  his  father,  came  from  the  vicin- 
ity of  Staunton,  Virginia,  to  Indiana  about 
the  close  of  the  Civil  war.  For  a  time  he 
operated  a  shingle  factory  at  Fairfield, 
later  moved  his  factory  some  six  miles 
northwest  of  Martinsville,  and  finally  aban- 
doned that  industry  to  engage' in  farming. 
He  afterward  removed  to  Indianapolis, 
where  he  died  February  18,  1914.  He  was 
a  very  industrious  man,  had  ability  to 
make  money,  but  his  generous  disposition 
distributed  it  so  rapidly  that  there  was 
never  a  time  when  his  accumulations  repre- 
sented more  than  a  bare  margin  above  the 
necessities  of  life.  He  was  for  years  a 
stanch  member  and  supporter  of  the  United 
Brethren  Church.  He  married  Maria  E. 
Wyrick,  who  was  born  near  Zanesville, 
Ohio.  Five  of  their  six  children  are  still 
living. 

Preston  C.  Rubush  lived  with  his  parents 
until  he  reached  years  of  manhood  and  dis- 
cretion. After  leaving  the  common  schools 
he  worked  at  the  trade  of  carpenter  and 
also  as  a  cabinet  maker,  and  has  an  expert 
skill  in  these  mechanical  arts  and  industries 
which  are  almost  fundamentals  to  the  sci- 
ence of  architecture.  Later  he  took  a  spe- 
cial course  in  architecture  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  and  on  returning  from  that 
school  was  employed  in  the  offices  of  archi- 
tects at  Peoria,  Illinois,  and  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Rubush  has  practiced  architecture 
as  a  profession  for  twenty-five  years.  In 
December,  1893,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  Scharn  &  Rubush.  In  1895  this  be- 
came P.  C.  Rubush  &  Company,  and  ten 
years  later  was  succeeded  by  the  present 
firm  of  Rubush  &  Hunter. 

Mr.  Rubush  stands  deservedly  high  in 
his  profession.  One  of  the  reasons  why  his 


INDIANA  AND  INDIAN  AN  S 


2241 


business  has  prospered  is  that  in  all  con- 
tracts he  or  his  partners  give  a  personal 
supervision  to  the  work  in  hand,  and  this 
personal  service  has  been  appreciated  by 
the  owners. 

Some  of  the  more  important  buildings 
designed  and  constructed  by  the  firm  of  Ru- 
bush  &  Hunter,  and  which  are  landmarks  in 
the  city  of  Indianapolis,  are  the  Indiana 
State  School  for  Deaf,  the  Odd  Fellows 
Temple,  the  Masonic  Temple,  the  City  Hall, 
the  Hume-Mainsur  office  building,  the 
Coliseum  at  the  State  Fair  Grounds,  Buck- 
ingham Apartments,  Public  School  No.  66, 
First  Church  of  Christ,  Scientist,  Fidelity 
Trust  Building,  Marott  Department  Store, 
Circle  Theater  and  the  Hotel  Lincoln. 

Mr.  Rubush  has  been  a  factor  in  the  busi- 
ness, civic  and  social  life  of  Indianapolis 
for  many  years,  is  a  member  of  the  Colum- 
bus and  Marion  Clubs,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  Mason  and  a  Knights  Templar 
York  Rite  Mason  and  also  belongs  to  the 
Mystic  Shrine.  October  12,  1908,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Renah  J.  Wilcox. 

WOODFIN  D.  ROBINSON  is  distinguished 
among  the  lawyers  of  Indiana  by  his  long 
and  capable  service  as  judge  of  the  Appel- 
late Court  of  Indiana.  Thirty-five  years 
ago  he  began  practicing  at  Princeton,  and 
won  the  professional  honors  and  successes 
which  preceded  his  elevation  to  the  bench 
in  Gibson  County.  Judge  Robinson  is  now 
practicing  at  Evansville. 

He  comes  of  an  old  Indiana  family,  but 
was  born  on  a  farm  in  DeWitt  County,  Illi- 
nois, February  27,  1857.  Both  his  father 
and  grandfather  were  natives  of  Virginia, 
and  early  settlers  in  Kentucky  and  In- 
diana. His  father,  James  A.  Robinson, 
after  settling  in  Indiana  met  and  married 
Louisa  Benson  in  Gibson  County.  She  was 
born  in  Gibson  County  and  is  still  living 
there  at.the  age  of  eighty-five.  Her  father, 
William  Benson,  was  a  native  Kentuckian, 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  and 
came  to  Indiana  and  located  in  Gibson 
County  before  Indiana  was  admitted  to  the 
Union.  Soon  after  his  marriage  James  A. 
Robinson  moved  to  DeWitt  County,  Illi- 
nois, but  in  the  fall  of  1865  returned  to 
Gibson  County  and  was  a  substantial 
farmer  of  that  community  until  his  death, 
after  he  had  pabsed  the  seventy-sixth  year 
of  his  life.  He  and  his  wife  had  nine  chil- 


dren, one  of  whom  died  in  infancy,  and 
eight  reached  materity:  Martha,  now  de- 
ceased, Sylvester  B.,  Woodfin  D.,  William 
C.,  Belle,  Dove,  Ada  and  Anna. 

Judge  Robinson  was  eight  years  of  age 
when  his  parents  returned  to  Gibson 
County.  Until  he  was  twenty-two  his  home 
was  on  his  father's  farm,  and  when  not  in 
school  he  toiled  in  the  fields  and  looked 
after  many  details  of  the  farm  manage- 
ment. He  attended  country  schools,  went 
to  high  school  at  Owensville,  and  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  entered  Indiana  State  Uni- 
versity. He  took  the  full  four  years'  liter- 
ary course,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1879. 
The  following  year  he  was  principal  of 
schools  at  Cynthiana,  Indiana,  and  for  two 
years  had  charge  of  the  schools  at  Owens- 
ville. With  a  professional  career  as  his 
goal  he  studied  law  privately  while  teach- 
ing, then  attended  the  law  school  of  the 
University  of  Virginia,  and  completed  his 
preparation  in  the  University  of  Michigan, 
where  he  graduated  LL.  B.  in  1883. 

Judge  Robinson  was  admitted  to  the  In- 
diana bar  in  August,  1883,  and  at  once  en- 
tered practice  at  Princeton. 

The  first  important  political  honor  to 
which  he  aspired  was  representation  in  the 
State  Legislature.  He  was  elected  as  the 
candidate  on  the  republican  ticket  in  1894, 
•  and  his  one  term  of  service  satisfied  the 
most  sanguine  expectations  of  his  friends. 
In  the  fall  of  1896,  at  the  urgent  request 
of  the  leaders  of  his  party,  but  not  without 
considerable  sacrifice  on  his  own  part,  he 
became  the  republican  candidate  for  judge 
of  the  Appellate  Court  of  Indiana.  He  was 
elected  and  filled  that  high  judicial  office 
for  ten  years,  from  January,  1897,  to 
January,  1907.  Upon  leaving  the  bench 
Judge  Robinson  located  at  Evansville, 
where  he  has  enjoyed  a  large  practice  for 
the  past  eleven  years,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  well  known  law  firm  of  Robinson  and 
Stilwell. 

With  a  profound  knowledge  of  the  law 
and  with  an  analytical  mind,  Judge  Robin- 
son has  won  equal  distinction  as  an  able 
judge  and  also  as  an  advocate  in  his  pro- 
fession. In  all  the  relations  of  his  life 
he  has  manifested  a  spirit  of  justice,  sweet- 
ness of  temper,  gentle  courtesy,  and  an  es- 
sential kindliness. 

For  six  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
School  Board  at  Princeton,  and  for  three 
years  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 


2242 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tees  of  the  University  of  Indiana.  In 
1884  Judge  Robinson  married  Miss  Jessie 
M.  Montgomery,  daughter  of  F.  J.  Mont- 
gomery of  Owensville.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Virginia. 

GEORGE  MONKO  DARRACH,  M.  D.  For 
fully  half  a  century  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  widely  known  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  Indiana  was  the  late  Dr.  George  Monro 
Darrach,  whose  long  life  was  one  of  con- 
tinuously devoted  service  to  his  profession 
and  to  humanity.  His  name  is  also  hon- 
ored because  of  prominent  family  associa- 
tions, his  ancestors  having  been  men  of 
worth  and  substantial  character,  while 
several  of  his  sons  have  gained  high  posi- 
tions in  the  business  and  professional 
world.  One  of  the  sons  is  especially  well 
known  in  Indiana,  Eugene  H.  Darrach, 
who  has  been  a  leader  in  transportation 
circles  for  many  years  and"  is  head  of  one 
of  the  leading  transportation  businesses 
at  Indianapolis. 

The  founder  of  this  family  in  America 
was  Thomas  Darrach,  a  Scotch  Presbyte- 
rian and  a  native  of  Antrim,  Ireland.  He 
came  to  America  about  1750,  locating  at 
Georgetown,  Kent  County,  Maryland, 
where  he  was  a  merchant.  Liter  he  moved 
to  Philadelphia,  and  the  family  lived  there 
for  generations  and  some  of  the  name  are 
still  well  known  in  the  Quaker  City.  A  son 
of  Thomas  Darrach  was  James,  who  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Bradford. 

Dr.  William  Darrach,  a  son  of  James  and 
Elizabeth  Darrach,  was  born  June  16,  1796, 
at  Philadelphia,  and  married  Margaretta 
Monro.  He  became  an  honored  physician 
and  was  a  professor  in  old  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  and  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, being  a  graduate  of  both  institutions. 
He  was  also  author  of  several  books  and 
brochures  on  medical  subjects.  He  spent 
all  his  life  at  Philadelphia. 

A  son  of  Dr.  William  Darrach,  Georere 
Monro  Darrach  was  born  February  20, 
1827,  at  Philadelphia,  grew  up  in  that  city, 
and  in  1848  graduated  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  and  in  1850  from  the 
Pennsylvania  Medical  College.  He  came 
to  Indianapolis  in  1853,  but  in  1860  re- 
moved to  Napoleon  in  Ripley  County, 
where  he  continued  practice  for  several 
years.  On  returning  to  Marion  County  he 
located  at  Cumberland.  The  last  three 
years  of  his  life  he  lived  with  a  son  in  East 


St.  Louis,  where  he  died  February  25,  1910. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Marion 
County  Medical  Society,  and  during  the 
Civil  war  served  as  a  surgeon  in  Camp  Car- 
rington.  He  was  a  man  of  irreproachable 
character,  unselfishly  devoted  to  his.profes- 
sion,  and  like  many  other  physicians  of 
those  days  remained  a  poor  man  because 
unwilling  to  press  his  claims  against  debt- 
ors. Prior  to  the  Civil  war  he  had  charge 
of  the  smallpox  epidemic  at  Indianapolis. 
He  was  present  at  the  session  of  the  State 
Medical  Society  in  1860,  his  name  appear- 
ing on  the  list  of  original  members.  On 
September  25, 1855,  at  Indianapolis,  Doctor 
Darrach  married  Miss  Maria  Louisa  Ham- 
ilton, a  daughter  of  John  W.  and  Jane 
Elizabeth  (Sadler)  Hamilton.  The  Hamil- 
ton family  came  to  Marion  County  in  1835. 
Her  father  was  the  first  auditor  of  Marion 
Count}1  and  filled  that  office  fourteen  con- 
secutive years.  Mrs.  Darrach  died  Decem- 
ber 17,  1905.  Doctor  Darrach  was  faithful 
to  the  religion  of  his  ancestors,  and  was  a 
devout  Presbyterian.  He  and  his  wife  had 
five  children :  William  Hamilton,  who  died 
in  infancy ;  Frank  Monro,  a  resident  of 
East  St.  Louis,  Illinois ;  James  Hamilton, 
who  lives  in  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Charles 
Sadler,  of  East  St.  Louis;  and  Eugene 
Haslet. 

Eusrene  Haslet  Darrach,  of  Indianapolis, 
was  born  at  Napoleon,  Ripley  County,  In- 
diana, March  15,  1866.  Most  of  his  early 
youth  was  spent  at  Indianapolis,  where  he 
attended  the  public  schools  and  spent  one 
term  in  Butler  University.  In  1881,  at  the 
age  of  fifteen,  he  began  his  railway  career 
as  messenger  boy  with  the  P.  C.  &  St.  Louis 
Railway  Company.  His  has  been  a  record 
of  continued  service  and  rapid  promotion 
until  he  has  become  a  prominent  factor  in 
the  development  of  transportation  business. 
In  1882-84  he  was  rate  clerk  of  the  Division 
Freight  Office  of  the  P.  C.  &  St.  L.  Railway 
at  Indianapolis;  in  1884-88  was  in  the  chief 
clerk  car's  office  of  the  Burlington  &  Mis- 
souri River  Railway  at  Lincoln,  Nebraska ; 
in  1888-91  was  in  the  chief  clerk  car  ac- 
countant's office  of  the  Kansas  City,  Ft. 
Scott  &  Memphis  Railway  at  Kansas  City. 
Missouri;  in  1891-92  was  car  accountant  of 
the  Cold  Blast  Transportation  Company  at 
Kansas  City;  in  1892-93  was  superintend- 
ent of  car  service  of  the  Eureka  Transpor- 
tation Company  at  Kansas  City ;  in  1893-94 
was  superintendent  of  car  service  of  the 


INDIANA  AND  1ND1ANANS 


2243 


North  West  Dispatch  at  Detroit,  Michigan, 
and  Minneapolis ;  in  1895-99  was  manager 
of  the  Commerce  Dispatch  Line.  Mr.  Dar- 
rach  was  then  owner  and  manager  of  the 
special  freight  dispatch  car  lines  until  1902. 
In  1901  he  organized  the  Interstate  Car 
Company  at  Indianapolis,  and  from  1902  to 
1910  was  secretary  and  treasurer  and  since 
1910  has  been  president  and  owner  of  the 
business. 

June  28,  1893,  Mr.  Darrach  married 
Mary  Maude  Huntington,  whose  father, 
Spencer  Huntingdon,  lives  at  Cumberland, 
Indiana.  Mr.  Darrach  is  the  owner  of  the 
celebrated  Connor  Farm  near  Noblesville, 
which  has  a  special  place  in  Indiana  his- 
tory as  having  been  the  meeting  place  of 
the  commission  which  decided  upon  the  per- 
manent capital  of  Indiana. 

ALEXANDER  STAPLES.  Undoubtedly  the 
years  have  dealt  kindly  with  this  venerable 
citizen  of  South  Bend,  who  has  lived  there 
since  his  birth  nearly  eighty  years  ago.  He 
came  into  the  dignity  of  old  age  with  the 
esteem  accumulated  by  long  years  of  use- 
ful business  effort,  by  that  patriotism  and 
public  spirit  manifested  by  his  individual 
service  as  a  Union  soldier,  and  by  partici- 
pation in  many  phases  of  community  im- 
provement. 

He  was  born  at  South  Bend  June  10, 
1840.  His  grandfather,  Alexander  Staples, 
was  a  native  of  England  and  on  coming 
to  America  located  in  Portland,  Maine, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  Ralph 
Staples,  father  of  Alexander,  was  born  in 
Portland,  Maine,  and  had  the  genius  of  a 
Yankee  mechanic,  a  faculty  which  his  son 
Alexander  largely  inherited.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  millwright  and  carpenter.  In 
1835  he  moved  with  his  family  to  Ohio,  and 
a  year  later  settled  in  South  Bend,  arriv- 
ing in  that  little  village  of  Northern  In- 
diana with  a  wagon  and  ox  team.  From 
that  time  forward  he  was  identified  with 
much  of  the  enterprise  contributing  to  the 
growth  of  the  little  city.  The  first  winter 
he  and  his  family  lived  in  a  log  cabin.  At 
that  time  the  "Washington  Block"  the  first 
three-story  building  in  South  Bend,  was 
in  process  of  construction,  and  he  lent  his 
mechanical  skill  in  its  building.  He  con- 
tinued work  as  a  contractor  and  builder 
for  a  number  of  years,  and  was  also  promi- 
nent in  local  affairs,  serving  as  postmaster 
of  South  Bend  and  was  sheriff  of  St.  Joseph 

Vol.    V— 22 


County  from  1850  to  1852.  In  1861  he 
went  West  to  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  and 
engaged  in  constructing  quartz  mills.  He 
met  his  death  there  by  accident  in  1864. 
Ralph  Staples  married  Miss  Hannah  Crom- 
well, a  daughter  of  Olen  Cromwell  and  a 
lineal  descendant  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  She 
survived  her  husband  many  years  and 
passed  away  at  the  age  of  eighty-seven. 
Her  eight  children  were  named  Emanuel, 
Alexander,  Abraham,  Henry,  Charles,  I.  J., 
Jennie  and  Ralph.  Of  these  sons  Alexan- 
der, Abraham,  Henry  and  Charles  were  all 
Union  soldiers,  and  all  of  them  survived 
the  war  by  many  years. 

Alexander  Staples  had  a  good  education 
in  the  South  Bend  public  schools  of  the 
'40s  and  '50s.  Being  mechanically  inclined 
he  learned  the  carpenter's  trade  from  his 
father.  On  December  15,  1863,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-three,  he  enlisted  for  service  in 
the  Twenty-First  Indiana  Battery,  joining 
his  command  in  the  South  and  serving  as 
corporal.  He  was  with  the  Battery  during 
all  his  subsequent  service,  including  the 
battles  of  Nashville  and  Franklin,  and  re- 
ceived his  honorable  discharge  in  1865. 
Mr.  Staples  after  the  war  engaged  in  the 
business  of  building  moving,  and  directed 
an  expert  organization  for  forty  years,  the 
business  giving  him  the  competency  which 
he  has  enjoyed  since  1905. 

Mr.  Staples  had  to  solve  many  difficult 
problems  in  the  course  of  his  business 
career,  and  while  never  technically  trained 
for  that  profession  he  became  in  realty  a 
practical  engineer.  One  of  the  interesting 
stories  of  local  history  in  South  Bend  told 
bv  Judge  Howard  in  his  history  of  St. 
Joseph  County  is  a  record  of  Mr.  Staples' 
engineering  genius.  After  a  long  contro- 
versy the  city  authorities  had  determined 
upon  a  solution  of  the  waterworks  ques- 
tion, the  central  feature  of  which  was  to 
be  a  large  standpipe,  which,  however  fa- 
miliar in  modern  times,  was  then  regarded 
by  many  as  an  experimental  and  uncertain 
feature  of  waterworks  engineering.  The 
standpipe  was  to  be  five  feet  in  diameter 
and  200  feet  high,  the  different  sections 
being  riveted  together  in  a  solid  column 
and  afterward  raised  into  position  upon  the 
concrete  foundation.  Mr.  Staples  was  one 
of  the  committee  representing  the  city  gov- 
ernment and  he  was  chosen  for  the  most 
difficult  part  of  the  entire  performance, 
lifting  the  pipe  into  position.  On  the  14th 


2244 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  November,  1873,  says  Judge  Howard, 
the  raising  began  and  on  that  day  was  ele- 
vated about  22  feet.  On  Saturday  the 
work  was  continued  in  the  presence  of  5,000 
people,  and  at  4  p.  m.  it  had  reached  an 
elevation  of  70  degrees.  Work  was  re- 
sumed on  Sunday  and  on  Monday  at  2 :30 
p.  m.  it  stood  in  position.  An  impromptu 
celebration  followed  and  Mr.  Staples  was 
the  hero  of  the  hour. 

In  politics  Mr.  Staples  has  been  a  life- 
long democrat.  He  served  as  a  member  of 
the  city  council,  as  a  commissioner  of 
waterworks,  as  a  member  of  the  board  of 
public  works,  and  for  over  forty  years  was 
a  member  of  the  fire  department.  He  is 
one  of  the  charter  members  of  Auten  Post 
No.  8,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He 
and  his  wife  are  Presbyterians. 

In  1866  Mr.  Staples  married  Celestia 
Alexander,  who  was  born  in  Marshall 
County,  Indiana,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Alexander,  a  native  of  Ohio.  Mrs.  Staples 
died  in  1883,  leaving  two  sons,  Crawford 
E.  and  Guy  D.  Crawford  married  Emma 
Benas,  and  through  this  son  Mr.  Staples 
has  five  grandchildren,  named  Dale,  For- 
rest, Raymond,  Ruth  and  Crawford,  Jr. 
Three  of  these  grandsons  were  soldiers  in 
the  World  war,  Dale,  Forrest  and  Ray- 
mond, Dale  and  Raymond  serving  with  a 
lieutenant's  commission. 

In  1887  Mr.  Staples  married  Almira 
Lytle.  She  was  born  in  Indiana  County, 
Pennsylvania,  daughter  of  William  and 
Sarah  Lytle.  She  received  her  education 
in  Salisburg  Academy  and  Blairsville  Semi- 
nary, and  for  many  years  was  a  successful 
teacher  in  Pennsylvania  and  taught  a  year 
in  South  Bend  before  her  marriage. 

WILLIAM  FREDERICK  HOVVAT,  M.  D.  The 
Indiana  medical  profession  honored  Doctor 
Howat,  of  Hammond,  with  the  office  of 
president  of  the  Indiana  State  Medical 
Association  in  1911-12,  and  during  his  ac- 
tive career  of  over  a  quarter  of  a  century 
in  the  state  he  has  attained  many  other 
distinctions  both  in  his  profession  and  as  a 
citizen  of  Hammond. 

He  was  born  June  2,  1869,  in  Prince 
Edward  Island,  Canada,  son  of  John  Alex- 
ander and  Mary  (Rogers)  Howat.  He  was 
educated  in  Prince  of  Wales  College  from 
1886  to  1888,  and  graduated  in  medicine 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1892.  In  the  same  year  he  located  at 


Packerton,  Indiana,  but  in  1895  removed  to 
Hammond,  where  he  has  practiced  continu- 
ously. He  specializes  in  pulmonary  and 
cardio-vascular  diseases.  In  1892  Doctor 
Howat  married  Miss  Alice  A.  Webb,  of 
Prince  Edward  Island. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Lake  County  Medical  Society  and  its  presi- 
dent from  1900  to  1908.  He  was  president 
of  the  Hammond  Public  Library  Board 
from  its  organization  in  1903  to  October, 
1918,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
School  Trustees  from  J903  to  1910  and 
was  again  elected  to  the  board  in  June, 
1918.  He  was  active  in  politics  as  a  demo- 
crat, and  has  made  his  profession  a  medium 
of  service  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
country  in  the  war.  He  has  done  much 
Red  Cross  work,  was  a  member  of  Medical 
Advisory  Board  No.  47,  and  is  an  enthu- 
siastic amateur  gardener. 

Doctor  Howat '  entered  the  service  of  the 
United  States  in  October,  1918,  as  captain 
of  the  Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army, 
and  was  assigned  to  Base  Hospital,  Camp 
Dodge,  Iowa,  where  he  served  until  dis- 
charged in  April,  1919. 

Doctor  Howat  is  active  in  all  Masonic 
bodies,  is  a  member  of  the  Hammond  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  and  the  Hammond  Coun- 
try Club,  and  belongs  to  the  following  so- 
cieties: Lake  County  Medical  Society,  the 
Indiana  State  Medical  Association,  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Medical  Association,  Northern 
Tri-State  Medical  Society,  National  Tuber- 
culosis Association,  Fellow  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  American  Association  for 
Advancement  of  Science,  American  An- 
thropological Society,  American  Sociologi- 
cal Society,  Association  for  Labor  Legis- 
lation, American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science,  American  Asiatic  Society, 
Travel  Club  of  America,  Chicago  Medical 
Society,  Founder,  National  Historical  So- 
ciety, Fellow,  Royal  Society  for  Encourage- 
ment of  Arts,  Sciences  and  Manufactures, 
member  of  the  National  Geographic  So- 
ciety. 

WILLIAM  THOMAS,  a  man  of  wide  and 
varied  business  experience,  has  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  been  a  resident  of  Hammond, 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  business  men  and 
r-ttizens  of  the  community.  He  is  secretary 
of  the  Hammond  Manufacturing  Associa- 
tion. 

Mr.    Thomas    was   born    at   Albrighton, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2245 


Shropshire,  England,  December  18,  1863, 
a  son  of  John  and  Ann  Marie  (Hooper) 
Thomas.  His  parents  were  both  natives  of 
England  and  his  father  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy  and  his  mother  at  eighty-two.  Wil- 
liam was  the  third  among  their  six  children, 
four  of  whom  are  still  living. 

Mr.  William  Thomas  had  a  public 
school  education  at  Birmingham,  England, 
and  also  attended  Richardson's  Commer- 
cial College.  He  was  trained  for  a  com- 
mercial career,  and  his  first  work  and  ap- 
prenticeship was  six  years  employment 
with  J.  B.  Gausby  &  Company,  wholesale 
hardware.  For  about  two  years  he  was 
with  Southall  Brothers  &  Barclay,  manu- 
i'acturing  chemists,  as  an  accountant. 

On  coming  to  America  Mr.  Thomas  lo- 
cated at  Prince  Arthur's  Landing  in 
Canada,  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  spent  nine  years  with  the 
Thomas  Marks  Company  in  the  contractors 
supply  business.  In  1892  he  went  to  Chi- 
cago, and  was  with  the  Republic  National 
Bank  as  chief  clerk  of  the  bond  department 
three  years.  His  next  service  was  with  the 
Cudahy  Packing  Company  as  accountant 
in  their  offices  at  Omaha,  and  three  years 
later  he  came  to  Hammond,  Indiana,  and 
was  secretary  of  the  Simplex  Railway  Ap- 
pliance Company.  When  this  local  indus- 
try was  sold  to  the  American  Steel  Foun- 
dry Company  Mr.  Thomas  continued  with 
the  old  business  as  works  auditor,  his  pres- 
ent position. 

Mr.  Thomas  has  served  as  secretary  of 
the  Hammond  Country  Club  and  is  chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the 
Christian  Science  Church.  In  politics  he 
is  a  republican.  In  1887  he  married  Miss 
Alice  Sheldon,  who  was  born  at  Birming- 
ham, England,  and  died  at  Hammond.  In- 
diana, in  1916.  They  had  one  daughter, 
Beatrice  Mignon. 

CARL  EDWARD  BAUER,  a  mechanical  en- 
gineer by  profession,  has  been  an  Ameri- 
can for  over  thirty-five  years,  and  has  an 
important  record  of  work  and  experience 
in  American  industry.  He  is  now  works 
manager  of  the  American  Steel  Foundries 
at  Hammond. 

He  was  born  in  Germany  November  5, 
1857,  son  of  Ferdinand  and  Wilhelmina 
(Bock)  Bauer.  His  parents  spent  their 
lives  in  their  native  country,  his  father  dy- 


ing at  the  age  of  ninety-two  and  the  mother 
at  eighty-seven.  Of  their  six  children,  four 
sons  and  two  daughters,  two  are  living, 
Emil  and  Carl  Edward. 

Carl  Edward  Bauer,  the  youngest  of  the 
family,  was  educated  in  the  German  com- 
mon schools  and  also  in  an  institution  of 
collegiate  rank,  where  he  was  given  a 
technical  training  as  a  mechanical  engineer. 
Coming  to  America  in  1882,  his  first  loca- 
tion was  at  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  where  he 
was  employed  by  the  Terre  Haute  Car 
Works.  Later  he  was  with  the  Muskegon 
Car  Works  at  Muskegon,  Michigan,  was 
in  the  Indianapolis  Car  and  Machine  Com- 
pany plant  at  Indianapolis,  and  in  1897 
went  to  Chicago  as  secretary  of  the  Simplex 
Railway  Appliance  Company.  This  com- 
pany put  on  the  market  and  manufactured 
a  line  of  specialties  used  by  railways,  and 
in  1899  the  plant  was  removed  to  Ham- 
mond. Mr.  Bauer  continued  in  the  busi- 
ness under  its  original  title  until  1903, 
when  they  sold  out  to  the  American  Steel 
Company.  Since  then  the  Hammond  plant 
has  been  known  as  the  Simplex  Works  of 
the  American  Steel  Foundries.  Mr.  Bauer 
is  works  manager,  and  as  such  occupies  an 
important  position  in  this  prosperous  in- 
dustrial city. 

He  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason  and 
Shriner,  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  Knights  of 
Pythias  and  his  name  is  on  the  rolls  of 
membership  and  he  participates  in  most  of 
the  annual  gatherings  of  the  Indiana  So- 
ciety of  Chicago.  Mr.  Bauer  maintains  an 
independent  attitude  in  politics. 

In  1887  he  married  Miss  Olga  Witten- 
berg. Six  children  were  born  to  their  mar- 
riage, two  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  Wal- 
ter, the  oldest  son,  is  now  serving  with  the 
American  army  in  the  infantry.  The  sec- 
ond child  is  Margaret.  Carl  is  an  engineer, 
and  Emil,  the  youngest,  is  in  the  United 
States  Auxiliary  Navy. 

DANIEL  BROWN.  When  on  January  7, 
1918,  Daniel  Brown  assumed  the  duties 
and  responsibilities  of  mayor  of  Hammond 
his  entry  into  office  was  hailed  as  that  of 
a  common  sense  practical  business  man, 
one  who  could  bring  an  experience  with  a 
varied  routine  of  affairs  into  the  handling 
of  the  complex  duties  of  municipal  admin- 
istration. His  work  and  record  during  the 


2246 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


first  year  in  office  have  amply  satisfied  his 
constituents  and  critics  as  to  his  efficiency 
and  ability. 

Mr.  Brown  is  a  native  of  Indiana,  hav- 
ing been  born  at  Rochester  November  1, 
1875,  son  of  Charles  Fredrick  and  Mary 
Anna  (Reiber)  Brown.  His  parents  were 
both  natives  of  Germany,  but  the  family 
has  been  in  America  for  more  than  half  a 
century.  His  father  was  born  in  1838  and 
his  mother  in  1834.  Charles  F.  Brown 
came  to  America  with  his  brother  and  sis- 
ter when  ten  years  of  age,  traveling  by 
sailing  vessel  to  Quebec,  Canada,  and  from 
there  going  to  Ohio.  He  took  up  and 
learned  the  trade  of  butcher  and  followed 
it  for  several  years  at  Newark,  Ohio, 
where  he  married  Miss  Reiber.  She  was 
a  small  girl  when  she  accompanied  an 
older  brother  by  sailing  vessel,  forty-eight 
days  on  the  ocean,  to  America.  Charles  F. 
Brown  was  in  business  until  fifty-five  years 
of  age,  after  which  he  lived  with  his  chil- 
dren. He  was  a  member  of  the  Evangelical 
church  and  a  republican  in  politics.  He 
died  in  1913  and  his  wife  in  1902.  They 
had  eight  children,  and  five  are  still  living, 
three  sons  and  two  daughters. 

Daniel  Brown,  the  youngest  of  his  fa- 
ther's family,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  Rochester.  At  the  tender  age 
of  ten  he  assumed  the  responsibility  of 
making  his  own  living  and  was  employed 
in  a  hub  and  spoke  factory  at  forty  cents 
a  day.  Later  he  clerked  in  a  grocery  store 
for  a  year  and  finally  formed  a  connection 
which  was  destined  to  last  for  a  number  of 
years  and  bring  him  many  responsibilities. 
While  at  Rochester  he  went  to  work  for  the 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Company  Express,  and  re- 
mained in  the  company's  employ  for  about 
fourteen  and  one-half  years.  During  ten 
years  of  that  time  he  was  local  agent  at 
Rochester.  The  company  then  transferred 
him  to  Chicago  and  put  him  in  the  money 
department,  known  as  the  Paid  COD  De- 
partment, where  he  remained  three  years. 
His  next  work  was  as  agent  at  Des  Moines, 
Iowa,  but  on  July  26,  1909,  he  resigned 
from  the  company's  service  and  came  to 
Hammond,  Indiana.  For  seven  years  he 
was  in  the  restaurant  and  hotel  business 
at  Hammond  and  then  became  a  brick  man- 
ufacturer. He  was  secretary  and  treasurer 
of  the  Gary  Concrete  Brick  &  Stone  Com- 
pany until  October,  1917,  when  he  resigned 
his  office  to  enter  actively  upon  his  cam- 


paign for  the  office  of  mayor.  He  was 
elected  November  6th  and,  as  already 
noted,  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  of- 
fice for  the  four-year  term  in  January  fol- 
lowing. Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of  Gar- 
field  Lodge  No.  569,  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
cepted Masons,  Calumet  Lodge  No.  601, 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
in  politics  is  a  republican. . 

July  30,  1906,  he  married  Miss  Grace 
Curtis.  Mrs.  Brown  was  born  in  Athens, 
Indiana.  They  have  one  son,  Robert  Cur- 
tis Brown. 

CHARLES  MAY  MCDANIEL  has  for  over 
thirty  years  been  a  factor  of  increasing 
usefulness  and  experience  in  Indiana's 
educational  affairs.  He  has  been  especially 
distinguished  as  a  school  administrator, 
one  to  whom  could  be  safely  entrusted  the 
responsibilities  of  raising  and  broadening 
the  standards  of  public  school  work  and 
keeping  the  public  school  in  touch  with  the 
vital  demands  and  functions  of  life  itself. 
He  has  long  been  a  recognized  leader  in 
Indiana  educational  circles  and  organiza- 
tions, and  his  presence  has  come  to  be  re- 
garded as  indispensable  to  the  success  of 
any  convention  of  school  workers  in  the 
state. 

Mr.  McDaniel,  whose  work  since  1905 
has  been  as  superintendent  of  the  Ham- 
mond public  schools,  was  born  at  Craw- 
fordsville,  Indiana,  August  28,  1863.  son 
of  Owen  W.  and  Catherine  (Krug) 
McDaniel.  His  parents  were  both  natives 
of  Indiana,  and  his  mother  is  still  living. 
His  father,  who  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
nine,  was  a  saddler  by  trade.  He  was  a 
republican  and  a  member  of  the  Christian 
Church.  His  parents  had  only  two  chil- 
dren, one  of  whom  died  in  infancy. 

Charles  M.  McDaniel  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Crawfordsville,  and 
in  1885  graduated  from  Wabash  College. 
He  also  did  post-graduate  work  in  the  In- 
diana State  Normal,  in  the  University  of 
Chic^ero  and  in  other  schools. 

In  the  fall  of  1885,  after  leaving  Wabash 
College,  he  taught  his  first  term  of  school 
near  Crawfordsville,  and  his  early  success 
in  the  profession  encouraged  him  to  remain 
and  make  it  his  life  career.  He  was  Ejrin- 
cioal  four  years  at  Portland,  was  principal 
of  the  high  school  at  Newtown  one  year, 
was  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Edin- 
burg  one  year,  was  four  years  principal  of 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2247 


the  high  school  at  Madison,  and  for  nine 
years  was  school  superintendent  of  Madi- 
son. In  1905  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  public  school  system  of; 
Hammond. 

During  his  administration  as  head  of  the 
public  school  system  of  one  of  Indiana's 
largest  industrial  centers  four  new  school 
buildings  have  been  completed,  one  of  them 
being  the  industrial  high  school.  He  has 
constantly  studied  the  local  situation  and 
endeavored  to  adapt  the  schools  to  the  spe- 
cific needs  of  the  community.  He  has  done 
much  to  encourage  continuation  school 
work  and  vocational  education,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1912,  established  the  first  night 
school.  During  his  superintendency  the 
Hammond  schools  have  increased  their  fa- 
cilities for  manual  training,  domestic 
science,  shop  work,  and  commercial 
courses,  and  during  the  last  two  years  the 
schools  have  also  been  an  important  me- 
dium for  the  inculcation  of  Americanism 
and  patriotism. 

For  eight  years  Mr.  McDaniel  was  the 
choice  of  the  alumni  as  their  representa- 
tive on  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Wabash 
College.  He  has  served  as  president  of  the 
Southern  Indiana  Teachers'  Association, 
president  of  the  Northern  Indiana  Teach- 
ers' Association,  as  president  of  the  Town 
and  City  Superintendents'  Association,  as 
chairman  of  the  State  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion Executive  Committee,  and  has  worked 
actively  on  many  educational  committees 
of  different  societies.  He  is  vice  president 
of  the  Boy  Scouts  of  America  and  has 
served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  in 
outline  of  nature  work  of  the  National 
Educational  Association.  For  several  years 
he  was  principal  of  the  Winona  Lake  Sum- 
mer School.  He  is  vice  president  of  the 
Hammond  Chamber  of  Commerce,  has  been 
active  as  an  official  and  Sunday  School 
worker  in  the  Christian  Church,  is  a  Knight 
Templar  Mason  and  Shriner  and  is  also 
affiliated  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

At  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.  January  1, 
1889.  Mr.  McDaniel  married  Miss  Margaret 
M.  Blair,  a  native  of  Indiana.  They  have 
three  children,  two  daughters  and  one  son  : 
Wellie  May,  Paul  Wallace  and  Ruth 
Louise. 

FREDERICK  RICHARD  MOTT.  More  than 
forty  years  ago  when  the  principal  institu- 


tion of  the  city  of  Hammond  was  the 
slaughter  and  packing  house  of  the  Ham- 
mond Brothers,  a  young  man  named  Fred- 
erick R-  Mott  entered  the  service  of  the 
company  and  thus  became  permanently 
identified  with  the  city  for  which  he  has 
done  much  in  passing  years  and  which  has 
substantially  honored  him  as  a  resident. 
Mr.  Mott  is  a  former  mayor  of  Hammond, 
and  in  that  city  he  has  been  allied  by  mar- 
riage with  one  of  its  first  and  most  prom- 
inent families,  the  Hohmans. 
.  Mr.  Mott  was  born  in  Chicago  July  29. 
1857,  a  son  of  Jacob  Henry  and  Marie 
(Bauch)  Mott.  His  father  was  born  in 
Germany  in  1832  and  in  1850,  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  set  sail  for  the  New  World.  He 
was  seventy  days  on  the  ocean,  and  land- 
ing in  New  York  City  found  employment 
there  at  his  trade  as  carpenter.  In  1852, 
after  a  varied  experience  at  different 
points,  he  arrived  in  Chicago  and  soon  took 
up  the  building  trade.  He  became  one  of 
the  prominent  building  contractors  of  the 
city,  and  among  others  he  erected  the  first 
brew  house  for  Conrad  Seipp,  an  institu- 
tion still  continued  as  the  Seipp  Brewing 
Company.  He  also  erected  many  other 
houses  along  old  Canal  Street  and  else- 
where in  the  city.  He  continued  in  busi- 
ness until  his  death  in  1879.  In  1854,  two 
years  after  his  arrival  in  Chicago,  he  mar- 
ried Marie  Bauch,  who  was  born  in  Ger- 
many in  1836  and  died  in  1913.  She  had 
also  come  to  America  on  a  sailing  vessel 
and  was  nine-one  days  in  making  the  pas- 
sage. The  same  boat  brought  to  this  coun- 
try Conrad  Seipp,  and  he  and  Marie  Bauch 
had  been  schoolmates  in  Germany.  To  the 
marriage  of  Jacob  H.  Mott  and  wife  were 
born  two  daughters  and  three  sons. 

Of  this  family  Frederick  R.  Mott  is  the 
only  survivor.  He  was  the  second  child. 
He  acquired  his  early  education  in  the 
schools  of  Chicago  and  also  attended  school 
after  coming  to  Hammond.  At  the  age 
of  seventeen  he  went  to  work  as  an  em- 
ploye of  the  G.  H.  Hammond  Company, 
and  was  with  that  industry  during  its  most 
important  period  of  development.  He  re- 
mained in  the  service  of  the  Hammonds 
until  thirty  years  of  age,  but  in  the  mean- 
time had  been  promoted  to  head  book- 
keeper and  foreman  of  the  beef  depart- 
ment. In  1887  he  entered  the  real  estate 
business,  and  has  been  the  medium  of 
some  of  the  largest  transactions  in  real  es- 


2248 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tate  in  Hammond  and  vicinity.  He  is  pres- 
ident of  the  Lake  County  Title  and  Guar- 
antee Company  and  vice  president  of  the 
Hammond  Savings  &  Trust  Company,  and 
lias  long  been  one  of  the  city's  most  sub- 
stantial citizens.  He  was  elected  mayor  of 
Hammond  in  1894  and  served  four  years. 
In  politics  he  is  a  republican,  is  a  Knight 
Templar  Mason  and  Shriner,  and  is  affil- 
iated with  Hammond  Lodge  No.  601  of  the 
Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
Mr.  Mott  is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  and  has  served  as  warden. 

On  June  24,  1884,  Mr.  Mott  married 
Miss  Emma  Hohman.  Mrs.  Mott  is  a 
daughter  of  Ernest  and  Caroline  (Sibley) 
Hohman.  Both  her  father  and  mother 
were  remarkable  pioneer  characters  and 
their  memory  is  held  in  great  reverence  at 
Hammond.  Her  father  was  born  in  Prus- 
sia in  1817,  came  of  a  good  family,  was 
well  educated,  and  was  trained  to  the  trade 
of  tailor.  He  participated  in  the  German 
revolution  of  the  '40s  and  became  an  exile 
to  England.  At  Paris  he  married  Caroline 
Sibley,  a  native  of  Wales,  and  a  few  days 
after  their  marriage  in  1849  they  set  sail 
for  America.  Ernest  Hohman  conducted 
a  tiilor  shop  in  what  is  now  the  loop  dis- 
trict of  Chicago  for  about  two  years,  but 
in  1851  brought  his  fpmily  to  the  Calumet 
River,  and  his  was  the  first  family  to  locate 
where  the  city  of  Hammond  now  stands. 
Eventually  he  acquired  a  large  amount  of 
land  in  that  locality.  The  Hohman  home 
on  account  of  its  situation  almost  perforce 
had  to  furnish  entertainment  for  the  trav- 
el iner  public  that  came  around  the  bend 
of  Lake  Michigan  toward  Chicago,  and 
their  hotel  was  really  the  first  institution 
of  the  town.  They  sold  the  land  to  the 
business  men  who  established  the  first 
packing  plant,  and  it  would  be  a  long  story 
to  record  all  the  benefactions  which  have 
been  made  by  the  Hohmans  to  Hammond. 
Ernest  Hohman  died  December  18.  1873, 
and  was  survived  by  his  widow  until  June 
15,  1900.  Caroline  Hohman  was  a  greatly 
beloved  woman  of  the  city,  and  showed 
great  ability  in  handling  her  husband's 
estate.  One  of  the  chief  thoroughfares  of 
Hammond  is  Hohman  Street.  She  and  her 
husband  had  six  children,  four  daughters 
and  two  sons:  Mrs.  Otilia  Johnson: 
Charles  G. ;  Louis  E. ;  Agnes,  Mrs.  Ben- 
;pmin  Bell ;  Emma.  Mrs.  Mott :  and  Lena, 
wife  of  Dr.  T.  E.  Bell— all  still  living. 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mott  are  the  parents  of 
five  children :  Irene  Rose,  who  died  in  De- 
cember, 1917,  was  the  wife  of  Charles  W. 
Wilson.  Fred  H.  Mott  married,  August 
15,  1913,  Lucy  Brochenbraugh,  of  Lafay- 
ette, Indiana,  and  they  have  two  children, 
Pamela  and  Sarah  Ann.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Mott  have  a  service  flag  of  three  stars,  rep- 
resenting their  three  younger  sons  in  the 
service  of  their  country.  These  sons  are 
Robert  Edward,  Louis  and  Walter  Sibley. 
Robert  E.  is  now  with  the  Thirty-Fifth 
Engineers  Corps  in  France.  Corporal 
Louis  William  is  with  the  Thirty-Ninth  In- 
fantry. Ensign  Walter  S.  is  in  the  navy. 

J.  Ross  TRACY,  M.  D.,  D.  O.  One  of  the 
best  equipped  men  in  Madison  County  to 
serve  the  wants  and  needs  of  the  people  in 
the  medical  profession  is  Dr.  Tracy,  who 
not  only  has  the  training  and  the  thorough 
experience  of  the  general  medical  practi- 
tioner of  the  regular  school,  but  is  also 
a  well  equipped  Doctor  of  Osteopathy. 
Doctor  Tracy  has  done  some  splendid  work, 
and  his  reputation  is  rapidly  growing  all 
over  the  country  around  Anderson.  His 
offices  are  in  the  Union  Building. 

He  was  born  at  La  Clede  in  northeastern 
Missouri  in  April,  1887,  but  has  spent  most 
of  his  life  in  Anderson,  whither  his 
parents,  Dr.  F.  L.  and  Laura  (Ross)  Tracy, 
inoved  when  he  was  a  small  boy.  His  fa- 
Ihcr  has  spent  his  career  as  a  physician  and 
is  ."till  in  practice  at  Anderson.  Dr.  J. 
Ross  Tracy  is  a  graduate  of  the  Anderson 
High  School,  spent  two  years  in  Butler 
College  at  Indianapolis,  from  which  he 
his  his  A.  B.  degree,  and  is  also  a  member 
of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta  fraternity  of  that 
institution.  Doctor  Tracy  began  the  study 
of  medicine  in  the  Indiana  Medical  College 
cf  Indianapolis  and  was  graduated  M.  D. 
in  1909.  The  next  two  years  he  spent  in 
the  famous  osteopathic  school  at  Kirks- 
ville,  Missouri,  from  which  he  received  his 
degree  D.  0.  in  1911.  Returning  to  An- 
derson, he  was  engaged  in  general  prac- 
tice for  two  years,  after  which  he  pursued 
further  post-graduate  work  in  Northwest- 
ern Univeifiity  at  Chicago.  Since  then  he 
h°s  been  largely  engaged  in  an  office  prac- 
tice at  Anderson,  specializing  in  X-Ray 
work  and  in  other  lines  in  which  his  expe- 
rience and  inclinations  have  proved  him 
most  successful.  In  1917  Doctor  Tracy 
volunteered  to  join  the  Medical  Officers 


INDIANA  AND  JNDIANANS 


2249 


Reserve  Corps  to  render  service  with  the 
American  armies  in  France. 

In  1911  he  married  Miss  Vera  Harring- 
ton, daughter  of  F.  M.  and  Martha 
(Dutcher)  Harrington.  They  have  two 
children :  Martha  Elizabeth,  born  in  1913, 
and  Mary  Catherine,  born  in  1917.  Doctor 
Tracy  is  an  independent  democrat  and  is 
affiliated  with  the  Benevolent  and  Pro- 
tective Order  of  Elks. 

DANIEL  FASIG.  A  resident  of  Terre 
Haute  for  fifty-five  years  and  now  retired, 
Daniel  Fasig  has  been  one  of  the  most 
familiar  figures  in  the  life  of  that  city  both 
in  a  business  way  and  in  politics  and  pub- 
lic affairs.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was 
connected  with  the  police  department, 
much  of  the  time  was  superintendent  of 
police,  and  he  was  also  at  one  time  county 
sheriff. 

He  was  born  at  Marshall  in  Parke 
County,  Illinois,  January  29,  1850,  a  son, 
of  Henry  and  Eliza  (Taggart)  Fasig.  His 
father,  a  native  of  Ohio,  came  to  Illinois 
about  1846,  locating  in  Parke  County, 
where  he  died  at  the  early  age  of  twenty-* 
four.  His  wife,  also  a  native  of  Ohio, 
lived  to  be  seventy-one  years  of  age.  The 
father  died  in  1852  and  the  mother  in, 
1879.  Of  their  two  sons  Daniel  was  the 
only  one  to  grow  up. 

Daniel  Fasig  came  to  Terre  Haute  with 
his  mother  at  the  age  of  ten  years.  After 
a  limited  schooling  he  began  earning  his 
own  living  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  harness  maker,  and 
followed  that  business  for  about  ten  years. 
He  finally  formed  a  partnership  with  Os- 
car Froeb,  and  the  firm  of  Froeb  &  Fasig 
built  up  a  large  trade  in  the  harness  and 
saddlery  business  at  Terre  Haute.  Later 
he  entered  other  lines  of  business  and 
finally  became  a  wholesale  commission 
merchant  until  selling  his  interests  in 
1900  to  the  Vigo  County  Commission  Com- 
panv. 

His  prominence  as  a  business  man  has 
nearlv  always  been  accompanied  bv  some 
activitv  in  politics.  The  first  office  for 
which  he  was  ever  a  candidate  was  that  of 
town  marshal,  in  1877.  He  failed  to  be 
elected,  but  soon  afterward  went  on  the 
city  police  force  as  a  lieutenant,  serving 
four  years,  until  he  resigned.  In  1883  he 
was  appointed  chief  of  police,  and  held 
that  office  two  years.  In  1896  he  was  the 


unsuccessful  candidate  for  state  senator, 
was  also  candidate  for  county  auditor  in 
1898,  and  in  1900  was  elected  sheriff  of 
Vigo  County.  He  filled  that  office  two 
terms,  a  period  of  four  years  and  forty-one 
days.  After  retiring  from  the  sheriff's  of- 
fice Mr.  Fasijj  engaged  in  the  general  real 
estate  business,  and  through  that  and  his 
private  investments  has  become  one  of  the 
large  property  owners  of  Terre  Haute,  be- 
ing landlord  of  fourteen  houses  in  the  city. 

On  April  10,  1908,  Mr.  Fasig  was  ap- 
pointed chief  detective,  and  on  November 
10,  1910,  was  appointed  chief  or  superin- 
tendent of  police.  He  gave  an  active  and 
vigilant  administration  of  this  office  until 
January  15,  1915,  since  which  date  he  has 
been  permanently  retired. 

Mr.  Fasig  is  one  of  the  prominent  Ma- 
sons of  Terre  Haute,  is  a  charter  member 
of  Paul  Revere  Lodge,  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  belongs  to  the  Mystic 
Shrine,  and  is  also  a  member  of  the  Uni- 
formed Rank  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias, 
has  been  identified  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  for  forty  years,  a 
member  of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,  and  of  Elks  Lodee  No.  86. 

Mr.  Fasig 's  first  wife  was  S.  A.  Sea- 
sohultz,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Mary 
(Love)  Seaschu'tz.  In  1885  Mr.  Fasig 
married  Emma  Kissner,  whose  father.  Al- 
pheus  Kissner,  was  at  one  time  proprietor 
of  a  pioneer  Terre  Haute  hotel,  the  old 
Boston  House.  Mr.  Fasig  has  two  sons : 
Armand  A.,  who  now  lives  at  Anna,  Illi- 
nois, and  Curtis  O.,  "-ho  is  in  the  laundry 
business  at  Nevada,  Missouri. 

GAVIN  L.  PAYNE,  of  Indiananolis.  h»s 
been  a  .iournalist,  banker  and  soldier  in  his 
time,  hut  clings  more  fondly  to  recollef- 
tions  of  his  days  as  a  "newspaper  man." 
his  chief  experiences  in  that  profession 
cominer  about  the  time  Indianapolis  was 
changing  from  a  fledgling  city  to  a  metrop- 
olis. 

Mr.  Payne  is  from  as  pure  bred  Indiana 
stock  as  can  be  registered,  since  Hooker 
breeding  dates  from  statehood.  All  of  his 
grandmothers  and  frandfatbers  were  liv- 
ing' a*  or  near  Madison  during  the  cradle 
period  of  the  state.  One  grandfather, 
Horatio  Byfield.  who  came  down  the  Ohio 
River  on  a  flatboat.  climbed  over  the  hill 
at  Madison  and  settled  near  Dupont.  He 
made  the  first  wooden  plow  used  in  creating 


2250 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


an  Indiana  road.  This  implement .  hung1 
for  many  years  on  the  wall  of  the  S.tate 
Museum,  having  been  presented  by  the 
late  William  Wesley  Woolen.  The  other 
grandfather  was  a  pioneer  maker  of  fan- 
mills,  an  important  agricultural  accessory 
at  that  period,  and  maintained  a  sizeable 
factory  at  Madison. 

Gavin  L.  Payne  was  born  September  3, 
1869,  and  was  brought  to  Indianapolis  a 
child  in  arms  by  his  parents.  His  father, 
John  Godman  Payne,  had  gone  from 
Madison  in  April,  1861,  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen, as  a  drummer  boy  of  the  Thirteenth 
Indiana,  and  ended  his  volunteer  service 
in  1865  as  a  seasoned  veteran  of  eighteen 
years  of  age,  having  participated  in  Sher- 
man's march  to  the  sea. 

With  the  exception  of  several  years  as 
a  reporter  and  editor  in  the  South,  Gavin 
Payne  has  spent  his  entire  life  in  Indianap- 
olis. He  attended  the  public  and  high 
schools  and  carried  newspaper  routes  in 
various  parts  of  the  city.  At  nineteen  he 
secured  his  first  berth  as  a  reporter,  taking 
employment  with  the  old  Sentinel.  There 
being  no  telephones,  a  good  pair  of  legs 
was  a  fundamental  equipment  of  a  news; 
gatherer.  An  offer  coming  from  Memphis, 
Tennessee,  Mr.  Payne  went  there  to  find 
himself  in  the  midst  of  a  journalistic  storm 
center.  He  became  the  right  hand  man  of 
the  late  United  States  Senator  E.  W.  Car- 
mack,  a  noted  figure  in  the  history  of  Ten- 
nessee who  was  killed  in  a  sensational  man- 
ner on  the  streets  of  Nashville  several 
years  ago  by  the  Coopers.  Carmack  was  a 
brilliant,  virile  fire  eater,  afraid  of  nothing 
human,  and  with  a  high  chivalrous  sense 
of  honor.  He  gathered  about  him  a  staff 
of  young  journalists  who  adored  him. 
Memphis  was  more  or  less  of  a  wild,  un- 
ruly town,  and  the  youth  with  a  love  of 
adventure  found  it  in  abundance.  Mr. 
Payne  was  in  the  mountains  of  East  Ten- 
nessee for  quite  a  period  during  the  well 
remembred  mountaineers'  war.  He  cov- 
ered many  fascinating  assignments,  as 
newspaper  men  rate  them.  Among  others 
was  a  trip  up  the  Mississippi  River  on  the 
"Concord,"  the  first  modern  man-of-war 
to  come  up  that  stream.  Later  he  was  em- 
ployed at  New  Orleans  on  the  New  Delta, 
a  paper  organized  to  wipe  out  the  Louisiana 
lottery,  and  did  what  it  set  out  to  accom- 
plish. For  this  newspaper  Mr.  Payne  also 
"covered"  the  famous  Mafia,  which,  after 


several  years,  ended  with  the  lynching  of 
a  prison  full  of  Sicilians.  During  this 
wanderlust  season  of  his  youth  he  occupied 
the  post  of  city  editor  of  the  Louisville 
Commercial,  and  was  a  roommate  and  chum 
of  James  Keeley,  recently  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Herald  and  in  Mr.  Payne's  es- 
timation America's  leading  journalist. 

In  1893  Mr.  Payne  was  invited  to  come 
back  to  Indianapolis  as  city  editor  of  the 
Journal.  He  held  that  post  six  years,  a 
record  breaking  term  for  city  editors  in, 
those  days,  as  the  exasperating  require- 
ments of  the  post  had  a  tendency  to  put 
city  editors  in  asylums,  hospitals  or  ceme- 
teries. The  Journal  was  a  truthful,  con- 
servative daily  conducted  on  a  high  plane, 
and  while  without  the  huge  circulation  of 
present  day  newspapers  it  is  doubtful 
if  any  paper  in  the  state  has  ever  had  a 
greater  hold  on  the  confidence  of  its 
readers. 

During  his  service  on  the  Journal  Mr. 
Payne  was  elected  to  the  City  Council  from 
the  third  ward,  and  also  was  an  active 
member  of  the  Citizens  Advisory  Com- 
mittee of  the  Public  'Library  when  branch 
libraries  were  established  over  the  city. 
During  the  palmy  days  of  the  old  Indiana 
May  Musical  Festival,  when  all  the  great 
artists  of  the  earth  were  brought  to  In- 
dianapolis, Mr.  Payne  was  a  director  and 
vice  president  of  the  institution.  The 
Spanish- American  war  came  on  during  the 
last  great  festival  given  and  Mr.  Payne 
went  out  as  a  war  correspondent  for  the 
Journal,  spending  the  summer  at  the 
camps  at  Chickamauga  and  at  Tampa, 
Florida.  When  the  Indianapolis  Press 
was  established  in  1899,  he  was  invited  to 
act  as  city  editor  of  the  publication,  and 
remained  under  John  H.  Holliday  until 
the  presses  stopped  for  the  last  time. 

The  collapse  of  the  Press  led  Mr.  Payne 
to  conclude  that  a  change  of  occupation 
into  more  permanent  and  more  profitable 
lines  was  due.  The  opportunity  came  when 
he  was  offered  the  post  of  secretary  of  the 
newly -organized  Security  Trust  Company. 
Thus  he  entered  banking,  and  in  a  few 
years  became  president  of  the  company. 
About  that  time  there  was  a  development 
of  investment  banking,  offering  excep- 
tional opportunities,  and  Mr.  Payne  estab- 
lished the  house  of  Gavin  L.  Payne  &  Com- 
pany on  the  first  day  of  the  panic  of  1907. 

For  the  last  ten  years  Mr.  Payne  had 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2251 


been  identified  with  the  financing  of  many 
prominent  enterprises  in  Indianapolis.  He 
has  been  particularly  active  in  the  gas  sit- 
uation and  is  now  a  director  of  the  In- 
dianapolis Gas  Company.  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  Messrs.  V.  T.  Malott,  L.  C. 
Boyd  and  others  in  organizing  the  syn- 
dicate which  bought  the  Indianapolis  Gas 
Company  of  Commodore  E.  C.  Benedict 
of  New  York,,  and  thereby  consolidated  the 
gas  interests  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Payne 
had  been  a  leader  in  the  financing  of  the 
Citizens  Gas  Company.  He  was  a  syndi- 
cate manager  in  the  building  of  the  In- 
dianapolis and  Martinsville  traction  line. 
His  house  was  the  first  to  exploit  the  Porto 
Rican  government  bonds,  a  bit  of  pioneer- 
ing in  the  financial  field  which  resulted  in 
Indianapolis  becoming  the  best  market  in 
the  country  for  United  States  territorial 
bonds.  The  financing  of  the  Severin  Hotel, 
the  magnificent  Circle  Theater  and  other 
enterprises  has  been  entrusted  to  Mr. 
Payne. 

During  the  street  car  strike  of  several 
years  ago,  when  this  city  was  in  the  hands 
of  a  mob,  Mr.  Payne  was  called  upon  to 
serve  with  other  citizens  as  deputy  sheriff. 
He  was  put  in  charge  of  one  of  the  two 
platoons  by  Major  Robert  H.  Tyndall, 
who  had  general  oversight  of  the  situa- 
tion. This  service  led  Major  Tyndall,  who 
commanded  the  Indiana  Field  Artillery,  to 
urge  Mr.  Payne  as  a  patriotic  duty  to  take 
command  of  the  old  Battery  A,  a  famous 
organization  which  had  been  the  city's 
pride  for  a  third  of  a  century,  but  which 
had  been  run  down  through  the  general 
apathy  of  the  citizens  and  from  other 
causes.  Mr.  Payne  then  took  up  field  ar- 
tillery as  a  hobby,  and  when  the  call  came 
for  troops  for  the  Mexican  border  in  1916 
Captain  Payne  took  the  battery  to  the  Rio 
Grande  for  a  seven  months'  stay.  The  old 
battery  gained  new  laurels  in  the  border 
service  and  stood  high  in  the  firing  prac- 
tice and  conduct  during  maneuvers.  On 
his  retirement  from  the  battery  at  date  of 
muster  out,  January  19,  1917,  the  enlisted 
men  presented  him  with  a  silver  service, 
which  Captain  Payne  regards  as  his  most 
precious  possession. 

In  1904  he  married  Miss  Bertha  Fahn- 
ley,  daughter  of  Frederick  Fahnley.  Mrs. 
Payne  died  in  1918,  leaving  two  children, 
Ada  and  Frederick,  aged  respectively 
twelve  and  eleven.  Mr.  Payne  is  a  Scot- 


tish Rite  Mason,  and  a  member  of  the  Co- 
lumbia Club  and  of  other  organizations. 
He  is  an  euthusiastie  horseman.  In  his 
early  days  he  also  devoted  time  to  writing 
for  magazines  and  did  his  "bit"  in  verse 
writing. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Ger- 
many the  governor  of  Indiana  offered  Cap- 
tain Payne  command  of  a  new  regiment  of 
field  artillery  of  the  National  Guard,  and 
he  bent  all  his  efforts  to  the  perfection  of 
this  Second  Indiana  Field  Artillery  Regi- 
ment for  service.  This  regiment  was  twice 
inspected  by  regular  army  officers  and  fa- 
vorably reported  for  service,  but  the  secre- 
tary of  war  obstinately  held  to  a  policy  of 
taking  in  no  more  National  Guard  regi- 
ments. With  no  prospect  of  service  abroad 
Captain  Payne  became  a  major  in  the 
American  Red  Cross  and  was  sent  to  Porto 
Rico  and  assigned  to  Brigadier  General 
Chrisman,  who  had  command  of  15,000 
Porto  Rican  troops  ready  to  go  abroad. 
The  armistice  blocked  this  prospect  of  serv- 
ice abroad.  Mr.  Payne  served  four  months 
in  Porto  Rico  and  the  Virgin  Islands.  Dur- 
ing that  time  Porto  Rico  had  several  visi- 
tations of  earthquakes,  one  of  which  de- 
stroyed Mayaguez.  Mr.  Payne  was  no 
stranger  to  earthquakes,  having  been  in  the 
midst  of  the  quake  which  destroyed  Kings- 
ton, Jamaica,  in  January,  1907,  with  a 
frightful  loss  of  life. 

On  his  return  from  Red  Cross  service 
Mr.  Payne  became  vice  president  of  the 
new  Fletcher  American  Company  at  In- 
dianapolis. 

DR.  MILTON  B.  PINE.  Of  the  prominent 
Indiana  men  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Milton  B. 
Pine  is  a  native  of  South  Bend  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  in  business  in  that 
city. 

Doctor  Pine  is  founder  and  president  of 
the  Pine  Sanitarium,  devoted  exclusively 
to  the  institutional  treatment  of  alcoholism 
and  drug  addiction.  It  is  one  of  the  few 
institutions  of  its  kind  conducted  on  purely 
ethical  principles,  «nd  without  resort  to  the 
temporary  expedients  which  so  frequently 
have  been  practiced  in  such  sanitaria,  re- 
sulting only  in  substantial  profits  to  the 
proprietors  and  no  permanent  good  to  the 
patient.  It  is  easy  to  credit  the  assertion 
that  the  Pine  Sanitarium  is  the  most  luxuri- 
ous institution  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 
The  building  and  its  equipment  represent 


2232 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


an  outlay  of  $250,000.  No  expense  was 
spared  in  the  construction  of  the  establish- 
ment, which  was  built  for  and  formerly  oc- 
cupied as  a  home  by  the  late  Marshall 
Field,  Jr.  It  is  located  in  the  old  aristo- 
cratic section  of  Chicago,  at  1919  Prairie 
Avenue.  All  the  facilities  and  arrange- 
ments that  made  it  a  perfectly  appointed 
private  home  of  a  millionaire  are  now  con- 
verted to  the  use  and  comfort  of  its  patient 
guests.  The  Sanitarium  has  a  resident 
physician  and  a  staff  of  consulting  sur- 
geons and  specialists  that  insure  every  re- 
source of  medical  science. 

Milton  B.  Pine  was  born  at  South  Bend 
in  1873,  son  of  Leighton  and  Maria  C. 
(Barmore)  Pine.  He  was  reared  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  at  South  Bend. 
He  studied  dentistry  in  the  Chicago  Col- 
lege of  Dental  Surgery,  graduating  in 
April,  1894,  and  practiced  his  profession 
until  1900. 

Judge  Howard  in  his  History  of  South 
Bend  published  some  years  ago  makes  many 
references  to  his  father,  Leighton  Pine,  es- 
pecially in  connection  with  the  building  of 
the  city  waterworks.  Judge  Howard  says : 
"Mr.  Pine  was  not  only  the  untiring  genius 
of  the  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Company  of 
South  Bend ;  he  was  in  addition  one  of  the 
most  valued  citizens  of  the  city,  always 
foremost  in  what  pertained  to  the  welfare 
of  the  community  of  which  he  was  so  highly 
honored  a  member.  Leighton  Pine  was 
born  in  New  York  City  in  1844,  at  an  early 
age  learned  photography,  and  during  the 
Civil  war  was  an  official  photographer.  He 
entered  the  service  of  the  Singer  Sewing 
Machine  Company  in  the  early  '60s,  and  in 
1868  brought  a  branch  of  that  great  in- 
dustry to  South  Bend.  He  also  helped  or- 
ganize and  establish  the  Oliver  Chilled 
Plow  Works  in  South  Bend,  and  was  con- 
nected with  many  other  institutions  of  that, 
great  industrial  center.  He  died  Novem- 
ber 15,  1905." 

Milton  B.  Pine,  only  son  of  Leighton 
Pine,  returned  to  South  Bend  and  took 
charge  of  the  Singer  Manufacturing  Com- 
panv  as  successor  to  his  father  in  1903,  and 
continued  as  works  manager  about  eight 
years.  Then  after  a  trip  to  Europe  he  re- 
located in  Chicago  in  1908  and  organized 
the  Pine  Sanitarium. 

Doctor  Pine  is  an  old  time  active  member 
of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Club,  and  during, 
the  '90s  won  inanv  notable  records  as  a 


boxer.  He  had  a  boxing  contest  with  James 
J.  Corbett.  He  won  the  championship  of 
the  Athletic  Club  in  1896  in  boxing  and 
has  the  distinction  of  never  having  been 
knocked  down.  He  has  also  been  a  member 
of  the  Chicago  Yacht  Club,  the  Chicago 
Motor  Club  and  the  Chicago  Automobile 
Club,  being  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
latter.  Doctor  Pine  owned  the  first  steam 
automobile  in  Chicago. 

JOHN  FLETCHER  LAWRENCE,  a  lawyer  of 
commanding  position  at  Peru,  has  been 
identified  with  the  serious  work  of  his  pro- 
fession more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century. 
He  was  a  teacher  before  he  was  a  lawyer, 
and  is  a  man  of  wide  experience  in  men  and 
affairs. 

He  was  born  at  South  Bend,  Indiana, 
January  21,  1858,  son  of  John  Quincy  and 
Nancy  Ann,  (White)  Lawrence.  His 
father,  of  Scotch  ancestry,  was  born  at 
Beaver,  Pennsylvania,  in  1798,  and  died  in 
1861.  His  mother,  of  English  ancestry,  was 
born  at  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  in  1818, 
and  died  in  1898,  at  the  age  of  eighty.  The 
parents  were  married  at  Wooster,  Ohio,  and 
of  their  nine  children  John  F.  was  the 
youngest  and  the  only  one  now  living.  His 
father  was  a  millright  by  trade  and  also 
a  Methodist  minister.  On  locating  at  South 
Bend,  Indiana,  he  owned  and  operated  a 
planing  mill,  but  after  a  year  built  a  grist 
mill  and  saw  mill  on  Eel  River,  where  he 
Tve'l  one  year,  until  his  death.  He  began 
voting  as  a  whig,  and  actively  supported 
the  formation  of  the  republican  party  and 
Abraham  Lincoln's  candidacy  for  presi- 
dent. 

John  Fletcher  Lawrence  received  his 
early  education  in  the  schools  of  Miami 
County,  where  he  has  spent  most  of  the 
years  of  his  life.  He  also  attended  the  Cen- 
tral Normal  College  at  Danville,  and  for 
nine  years  was  a  teacher  and  then  became 
superintendent  of  schools  of  Miami  County. 
While  teaching  he  was  diligently  reading 
law,  and  in  1891  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
Since  then  he  has  been  in  practice  at  Peru. 
He  has  held  the  offices  of  city  and  county 
attorney.  He  was  associated  with  Walter 
C.  Bailey  under  the  firm  name  of  Bailey 
&  Lawrence  for  six  years.  He  then  became 
associated  with  David  E.  Rhodes  under  the 
name  of  Lawrence  &  Rhodes,  and  this  part- 
nership continued  until  the  year  1915. 
Mr.  Lawrence  then  formed  a  partnership 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2253 


for  the  pratice  of  the  law  with  Judge 
Joseph  N.  Tillett  upon  the  latter 's  retire- 
ment from  the  Circuit  Bench.  Mr.  Law- 
rence has  always  been  interested  in  repub- 
lican politics  and  has  served  as  delegate  to 
national  conventions  and  is  a  member  of 
the  State  Advisory  Committee.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Episcopal  Church  and  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity. 

On  June  11,  1883,  he  married  Miss  Alice 
Virginia  Boggs,  a  native  of  Cass  County, 
and  daughter  of  Dr.  Milton  M.  and  Mary 
Ann  (Penrose)  Boggs.  Doctor  Boggs,  who 
died  in  1918,  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine,  was 
a  pioneer,  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  war  and 
the  Civil  war,  and  greatly  beloved  physi- 
cian of  Miami  County. 

Mrs.  Lawrence  was  a  small  child  when 
her  mother  died  and  second  among  three 
children.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lawrence  have 
three  children.  Lucile,  the  oldest,  is  the 
wife  of  Ralph  A.  Fink,  living  at  Oak  Park, 
Illinois,  Mr.  Fink  being  the  manager  of 
the  Latham  Manufacturing  Company  of 
Chicago.  Jean  Marie,  the  second  daughter, 
married  Charles  E.  Steenman,  now  serving 
in  the  United  States  Ambulance  Corps  in 
France.  Hugh  Lawrence,  the  only  son, 
married  Marguerite  Elliott  Jett,  of  Clay 
City.  He  is  now  associated  in  law  practice 
with  the  firm  of  Tillett  &  Lawrence.  He 
was  educated  in  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity at  Cleveland  and  in  the  University  of 
Chicago. 

NOTE:  Prior  to  the  French  and  Indian  war 
with  the  English  colonies  in  1755  the  paternal 
ancestors  of  Mr.  Lawrence  had  the  misfortune 
to  lose  their  family  records  in  the  disastrous 
Indian  massacre  in  the  Wyoming  Valley,  New 
York,  thereby  causing  a  break  in  the  family 
genealogy  leading  back  to  England  via  Holland, 
the  latter  country  being  the  refuge  for  dis- 
senters from  the  Established  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

G.  EDWIN  JONES.  As  a  member  of  the 
Indiana  Society  of  Chicago  G.  Edwin  Jones 
has  the  distinction  of  being  the  "oldest  ex- 
ile Hoosier"  in  that  city.  He  has  been  a 
Chicagoan  since  the  first  vears  of  his  life, 
but  takes  considerable  pride  in  the  fact  that 
he  was  born  in  the  famous  Wabash  Valley 
on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash,  and  that  his 
father.  Col.  Daniel  A.  Jones,  was  a  big 
figure  in  the  commercial  and  industrial  life 
of  that  section  of  Indiana  before  he  became 
even  more  prominent  in  the  upbuilding  of 
Lake  Michigan's  metropolis. 


Col.  Daniel  A.  Jones  was  a  rare  and  in- 
teresting personality,  and  widely  known  all 
over  the  middle  west.  Descended  from  one 
of  the  early  New  England  families  of  North 
Adams,  Massachusetts,  he  was  born  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  came  West 
about  1820.  His  first  business  venture  was 
candle  making  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
Soon  afterward  he  established  his  home  at 
Newport  in  Vermilion  County,  Indiana. 
During  the  Blackhawk  Indian  War  of  1832 
he  served  as  a  colonel  of  Indiana  troops. 
He  was  a  business  man,  and  his  interests 
constantly  took  on  enlarged  scope.  Before 
1850  the  main  transportation  trunk  lines  of 
the  middle  west  were  the  rivers,  including 
the  Wabash,  and  at  Newport  Colonel  Jones 
established  a  pork  packing  industry  which 
made  that  town  a  rival  of  the  later  fame  of 
Chicago.  It  is  said  that  hogs  were  driven  to 
the  Jones  packing  house  at  Newport  from 
as  far  west  as  Iowa.  These  hogs  were  con- 
verted into  salt  pork  and  were  carried  by 
flatboat  and  other  conveyance  down  the  riv- 
ers to  New  Orleans  and  other  southern 
markets.  This  business  grew  and  brought 
Colonel  Jones  a  large  fortune.  He  was 
also  identified  with  pork  packing  at  Dan- 
ville, Illinois. 

When  Col.  Dan  Jones  came  to  Chicago 
in  1857  he  brought  a  capital  of  $250,000. 
then  considered  a  large  fortune.  He  was 
in  fact  one  of  the  chief  capitalists  to  come 
to  Chicago  with  so  much  money.  Both  his 
money  and  his  personal  enterprise  resulted 
in  a  great  development.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  old  Merchants  National 
Bank.  In  1857  he  built  a  packing  house  at 
State  and  Twenty-second  streets,  one  of 
the  first  if  not  the  first  packing  houses  in 
Chicago  which  is  still  standing,  and  the 
nucleus  of  and  forerunner  of  the  industry 
which  has  since  made  Chicago  the  largest 
cattle  market  and  packing  house  center  in 
the  world.  Mr.  G.  Edwin  Jones  has  some 
personal  memories  of  that  early  industry. 
He  recalls  that  the  first  stockyards  were  at 
the  corner  of  West  Madison  Street  and 
Ashland  Boulevard,  a  short  time  later  be- 
ing moved  to  State  and  Twenty-second 
streets,  still  later  to  Thirty-first  Street  and 
Cottage  Grove  Avenue,  and  finally  to  the 
present  location.  Colonel  Jones  was  one  of 
the  group  of  packers  and  cattle  men  who 
built  the  present  stockyards.  He  organized 
and  was  president  of  the  Union  Rendering 
Company,  which  for  a  number  of  years  was 


2254 


INDIANA  AND  1NDIANANS 


a  prominent  industry  in  the  stockyards  dis- 
trict. 

Col.  Daniel  A.  Jones  was  one  of  the  gen- 
uinely big  men  of  his  day  in  Chicago  and 
the  Middle  West.  The  scope  of  his  activi- 
ties and  the  result  of  his  influence  and  en- 
terprise could  not  be  told  in  a  brief  sketch. 
His  was  a  long  and  well  spent  life,  closing 
with  his  death  in  1886.  He  built  and  was 
president  of  the  City  Railway  of  Chicago, 
was  long  prominent  in  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade,  and  was  one  of  that  group  of 
men  who  rebuilded  and  reconstructed  the 
greater  Chicago  after  the  fire  of  1871. 
Col.  Daniel  Jones  married  Mary  Harris, 
who  died  not  long  after  the  birth  of  her 
son  6.  Edwin. 

G.  Edwin  Jones  was  born  at  Newport, 
Indiana,  in  1854.  He  is  still  living  at  the 
old  Jones  home  on  East  Twenty-Second 
Street,  just  off  Prairie  Avenue,  and  directly 
opposite  the  place  where  his  father  built 
his  first  home  on  coming  to  Chicago  in  1857, 
and  within  a  short  distance  of  where  his 
lather  erected  the  first  packing  house  at 
State  and  Twenty-Second  streets.  Mr. 
Edwin  Jones  was  for  some  years  one  of  the 
directors  of  the  Union  Rendering  Company. 
During  the  past  few  years  he  has  not  been, 
actively  engaged  in  business.  In  his  leisure 
time  he  has  gained  considerable  fame  in 
the  field  of  invention,  and  among  other 
things  has  perfected  a  hand  grenade  pos- 
sessing great  value  as  an  instrument  in, 
modern  warfare. 

Mr.  Jones  married  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Abner  Price,  whose  name  is  also  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  early  history  of 
Chicago.  Abner  Price  was  a  member  of 
the  firm  C.  &  A.  Price,  who  were  the  oldest 
contractors  and  builders  in  Chicago,  having 
erected  a  great  many  of  the  structures  now 
in  the  loop  district.  This  firm  was  origi- 
nally established  by  Cornelius  and  William 
Price  in  1848.  Abner,  a  young  brother, 
was  admitted  to  partnership  in  1857.  In 
the  old  days  of  Chicago,  before  the  fire  they 
huilt  such  business  houses  as  the  Sherman 
House  and  Tremont  House,  and  after  the 
fire  they  erected  many  large  blocks  to  take 
the  place  of  those  destroyed.  During  1872 
it  is  said  their  contracts  amounted  to  up- 
wards of  a  million  dollars,  and  they  em- 
ployed a  force  of  over  400  men.  They  built 
besides  the  hotels  mentioned  the  Reaper 
Block.  Field  and  Leiter's  wholesale  house, 
the  old  Northwestern  Depot,  the  Kimball 


Block,  the  Royal  Insurance  Block,  and  they 
also  raised  the  old  Sherman  House,  the  first 
brick  house  ever  raised  in  Chicago.  Abner 
Price  was  born  in  New  York  State  January 
11,  1832.  Besides  being  a  business  man  he 
was  noted  as  the  champion  amateur  shot  of 
the  United  States,  and  twice  defeated  Bo- 
gardus.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jones  have  one 
daughter,  Ruth,  widow  of  the  late  Raphael 
Fassett,  of  Chicago. 

LEWIS  L.  BARTH.  Of  Indianans  who 
have  become  residents  and  business  men  of 
Chicago,  Lewis  L.  Barth  has  attained  a  na-> 
tional  prominence  as  a  lumberman.  He  is 
vice  president  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Edward  Hines  Lumber  Company,  and 
is  identified  with  lumber  milling  concerns 
in  both  the  northern  and  southern  centers 
of  manufacture. 

Mr.  Barth  was  born  in  South  Bend,  In- 
diana, in  1850,  son  of  Henry  and  Lisetta 
(Korn)  Barth.  His  parents  located  at 
South  Bend  in  the  early  '40s.  Mr.  Barth 
finished  his  education  in  Notre  Dame  Uni- 
versity. Some'  years  ago  he  endowed  a 
room  at  Notre  Dame  in  memory  of  his  de- 
ceased sister,  Miss  Alice  Barth. 

His  early  experience  and  training  was 
as  bookkeeper  for  his  father  in  the  lumber 
and  grain  business  at  South  Bend,  begin- 
ning in  1869.  Ten  years  later,  in  1879, 
he  came  to  Chicago,  and  was  first  associated 
with  T.  M.  Avery  &  Son,  lumbermen. 
Later  he  was  with  the  S.  K.  Martin  Lum- 
ber Company,  and  while  there  became  as- 
sociated with  Mr.  Edward  Hines.  He  and 
Mr.  Hines  founded  the  present  Edward 
Hines  Lumber  Company  in  1892.  For 
over  a  quarter  of  a  century  Mr.  Barth 
has  been  a  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  this 
great  corporation,  making  it  one  of  the 
largest  manufacturing  and  distributing  or- 
ganizations for  lumber  in  the  middle  west. 
He  is  still  the  active  vice  president  of  the 
Company,  and  is  also  an*  officer  in  the  fol- 
lowing organizations :  The  Park  Falls  Lum- 
ber Company,  vice  president  and  director ; 
the  St.  Croix  Lumber  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany of  Winton,  Minnesota,  vice  president 
and  director;  Winton  State  Bank,  stock- 
holder; Jordan  River  Lumber  Company  at 
Kiln,  Mississippi,  vice  president;  The  Ed- 
ward Hines  Yellow  Pine  Lumber  Company 
at  Lumberton,  Mississippi,  vice  president ; 
John  E.  Burns  Lumber  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, stockholder  and  director;  Edward 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2255 


Hines  Farm  Land  Company  at  Winter, 
Wisconsin,  vice  president ;  Winter  State 
Bank,  vice  president.  All  the  lumber  com- 
panies mentioned  are  extensive  manufac- 
turers of  lumber.  The  Edward  Hines 
Company  has  fifteen  retail  lumber  yards  in 
Chicago. 

Mr.  Barth  is  a  former  president  of  the 
Lumbermen's  Association  of  Chicago.  He 
is  a  republican,  a  member  of  the  Union 
League  Club,  Mid-Day  Club,  Builders' 
Club,  Traffic  Club,  South  Side  Country 
Club,  and  the  Flossmoor  Club. 

His  first  wife  was  Carrie  Hahn.  She 
was  the  mother  of  two  children,  Helena 
and  Hattie.  Mr.  Earth's  present  wife  was 
Margaret  O'Reilly. 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  THOMPSON,  though  a 
resident  of  Chicago  over  thirty-five  years 
has  always  regarded  himself  as  an  Indiana 
man,  and  has  spent  most  of  his  boyhood  in 
Logansport,  where  members  of  the  family 
have  been  residents  since  pioneer  times. 

Mr.  Thompson  himself  was  born  in  Lake 
County,  Illinois,  in  1864,  son  of  Charles  F. 
and  Elizabeth  H.  (Twells)  Thompson.  The 
Thompsons  are  of  original  Connecticut 
stock.  From  that  state  some  of  the  family 
went  to  Central  New  York  more  than  a  cen- 
tury ago.  From  New  York  State  Mr. 
Thompson's  paternal  grandfather  came 
West  to  Willoughby,  near  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Charles  F.  Thompson,  Sr.,  moved  from 
Northern  Ohio  to  Illinois.  James  S. 
Twells,  maternal  grandfather  of  Charles 
F.  Thompson,  was  of  Pennsylvania  ances- 
try and  was  one  of  the  earliest  pioneer 
settlers  of  Logansport,  Indiana,  establish- 
ing his  home  there  when  Northern  Indiana 
was  still  the  home  of  Indians.  He  owned 
a  large  amount  of  land  around  that  city. 
His  daughter,  Elizabeth  H.  Twells,  was 
born  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
brought  as  a  child  to  Logansport,  where 
she  grew  up. 

His  paternal  grandmother  was  a  Gil- 
lette, and  through  her  Charles  F.  Thomp- 
son is  a  cousin  of  William  Gillette,  the 
famous  actor. 

During  the  early  childhood  of  Charles 
Francis  Thompson  his  parents  moved 
from  Illinois'  to  Logansport,  Indiana, 
where  he  grew  up  and  attended  school.  In 
1881,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  removed 
to  Chicago,  and  that  city  has  since  been 
his  home.  Continuously  since  that  time 


he  has  been  identified  with  the  lumber  in- 
dustry. He  was  first  a  clerk  in  the  office 
of  his  father,  who  had  lumber  interests  in 
Chicago  with  Mr.  Perley  Lowe.  In  1900 
Mr.  Thompson  became  associated  with  Mr. 
Lowe  naming  earlier  business  associations 
begun  by  his  father,  which  still  continues. 
During  the  past  he  has  been  an  extensive 
lumber  manufacturer  and  distributor,  has 
organized  several  successful  lumber  com- 
panies, but  at  the  present  time  has  retired 
from  some  of  his  larger  holdings,  and  is 
now  vice  president  of  the  C.  L.  Gray 
Lumber  Company  of  Meridian,  Missis- 
sippi, and  president  of  the  Meridian 
Wholesale  Company. 

Mr.  Thompson,  whose  business  offices 
are  at  332  South  Michigan  Avenue,  is  a 
member  of  the  Chicago  Athletic  Club, 
South  Shore  Country  Club,  Glen  View 
Club,  Flossmoor  Club,  Olympia  Fields 
Golf  Club,  the  Duck  Island  Preserve,  a 
hunting  club,  and  in  politics  is  a  republi- 
can. He  has  served  three  successive  years 
as  president  of  the  Western  Golf  Associa- 
tion, being  first  elected  to  that  office  in 
1909  and  again  in  1917,  1918  and  1919. 
He  married  Miss  Emma  M.  Adams,  who 
was  born  and  reared  in  Chicago,  and  they 
have  one  daughter,  Elizabeth. 

WILLIAM  WATSON  WOOLLEN.  For  that 
increasing  number  of  people  who  believe 
that  the  "durable  satisfactions"  of  life 
are  to  be  found  in  living  as  well  as  in 
action  and  in  service  as  well  as  achieve- 
ment, there  is  a  constantly  recurring  in- 
spiration in  the  career  of  such  'a  man  as 
William  Watson  Woollen  of  Indianapolis. 
He  is  one  of  the  few  lawyers  still  living  who 
prepared  their  first  briefs  before  the  open- 
ing guns  of  the  Civil  war  and  he  has 
always  enjoyed  the  highest  standing  in 
the  Indiana  bar  and  his  work  as  a  lawver 
brought  him  a  large  share  of  the  means 
that  enabled  him  to  pursue  his  intellectual 
diversion.  He  has  contributed  much  to 
the  literature  of  the  profession.  Perhaps 
the  largest  number  of  people  in  Indian- 
apolis and  Indiana  associate  his  name  with 
the  splendid  gift  of  Woollen's  Garden  of 
Birds  and  Botany  to  the  city.  As  a  nat- 
uralist he  ranks  high  among  the  authori- 
ties in  America  in  several  distinctive 
fields. 

The  Woollen  family  has  been  conspicu- 
ous in  the  history  of  Indianapolis  for  more 


2256 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


than  eight  decades.  William  Watson 
Woollen  was  born  at  Indianapolis  May  28, 
1838,  a  son  of  Milton  and  Sarah  (Black) 
Woollen.  One  reliable  authority  on  the 
family  genealogy  says  that  the  ancestry 
is  traced  to  Sir  John  Woollen  who  was 
buried  in  the  new  choir  of  White  Friars 
Church,  London,  in  1440.  The  founder 
of  the  American  branch  of  the  family  was 
Richard  Woollen,  who  came  from  England 
probably  in  1644  and  settled  near  Balti- 
more, Maryland.  He  was  one  of  the 
household  of  Leonard  Calvert,  proprietory 
governor  of  the  colony.  This  pioneer  was 
the  father  of  a  son  named  Philip  and  the 
grandfather  of  Richard  Woollen.  This 
Richard  Woollen  was  a  soldier  of  the 
American  Revolutionary  War. 

Leonard  Woollen,  son  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary soldier,  was  born  near  Ellicott's 
Mills,  Maryland,  in  June,  1774.  When 
he  was  eight  years  old  his  father  died,  and 
he  was  then  bound  out  to  a  Quaker  in 
Maryland,  who  treated  him  so  cruelly  that 
he  ran  away.  After  making  his  escape  he 
worked  on  a  farm  two  or  three  years,  and 
then  went  into  the  Far  West  and  was  em- 
ployed in  one  of  the  pioneer  iron  works  at 
Nashville,  Tennessee.  Six  years  later  he 
went  to  Kentucky  and  for  a  number  of 
years  lived  at  Bowman's  Station  near  the 
Mammoth  Cave.  While  there  he  became 
acquainted  with  Sarah  Henry  and  thev 
were  married  June  19,  1802.  Of  this 
union  there  were  twelve  children. 

In  1835  Leonard  Woollen  became  a  pio- 
neer resident  of  Indianapolis,  then  hardly 
more  than  a  village,  with  its  chipf  dis- 
tinction the  seat  of  government  for  the 
state.  Leonard  Woollen  bought  a  lot  at 
the  corner  of  Capitol  Avenue  and  Ohio 
Street,  where  he  built  his  residence  and 
occupied  it  until  his  death  February  21, 
1858.  His  occupation  was  that  of  farmer, 
and  as  such  he  purchased  a  farm  which  is 
now  part  of  Riverside  Park.  He  was  a 
charter  member  of  the  First  Christian 
Church  of  Indianapolis.  In  politics  he  was 
a  democrat.  His  wife  died  November  3, 
1856. 

Milton  Woollen,  father  of  William  Wat- 
son Woollen,  was  born  in  Kentucky  and 
after  moving  to  Indianapolis  was  for  a 
number  of  years  engaged  in  his  trade  as  a 
blacksmith.  An  injury  received  during 
his  work  caused  him  to  abandon  that  voca- 
tion and  move  to  a  farm  in  Lawrence  Town- 


ship about  eight  miles  northeast  from  the 
center  of  Indianapolis.  In  1861  he  re- 
turned to  Indianapolis  and  lived  there  until 
his  death  in  1868.  He  had  an  inventive 
mind  and  was  an  excellent  mechanic.  His 
wife  Sarah  Black  was  a  daughter  of  Joshua 
Black,  who  was  born  near  Ellicott's  Mills, 
Maryland,  October  3,  1788,  and  died  at  In- 
dianapolis December  4,  1879.  His  father 
Christopher  Black  came  from  Germany  and 
was  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Joshua  Black  served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the 
War  of  1812  and  in  spite  of  his  advanced 
years  was  a  member  of  the  Home  Guard 
during  the  Civil  War.  He  became  an  In- 
dianapolis pioneer  in  1826,  moving  from 
Maryland  over  .the  old  National  Road 
and  locating  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
Illinois  and  Ohio  streets.  He  was  a  car- 
penter and  cabinet  maker,  and  did  some  of 
the  work  on  the  first  State  Capitol  as  well 
as  other  prominent  public  buildings,  in- 
cluding some  of  the  pioneer  churches.  Dur- 
ing the  '40s  he  also  represented  the  First 
Ward  in  the  city  council. 

William  Watson  Woollen  grew  up  on 
his  father's  farm  northeast  of  Indianapolis, 
and  first  attended  the  district  schools. 
After  this  for  four  years  he  was  a  student 
in  Northwestern  Christian  University  now 
Butler  College  at  Indianapolis,  taking  a 
special  course.  He  graduated  from  the  law 
department  of  that  institution  with  the  de- 
gree LL.  B.  in  1860  and  then  began  the 
practice  of  law  independently.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Marion  County  Bar  April 
1  of  that  year  and  long  ago  rounded  out 
more  than  a  half  century  of  continuous 
work  in  the  profession  and  is  now  (1919) 
the  senior  member  of  the  Indianapolis  Bar. 
He  has  been  a  partner  in  various  law  firms, 
and  in  1888  became  senior  member  of  the 
firm  Woollen  &  Woollen,  with  his  son 
Evans  as  junior  partner.  His  brief  official 
record  is  merely  a  part  of  his  legal  career. 
He  was  district  prosecutor  of  the  Common 
Pleas  Court  for  the  District  of  Marion, 
Boone  and  Hendricks  counties  during  1862- 
65  and  was  county  attorney  for  Marion 
County  during  1882-85. 

Every  Indiana  lawyer  is  familiar  with 
some  of  the  standard  works  to  which  Mr. 
Woollen  has  contributed  as  an  author.  He 
is  author  of  "Indiana  Topical  Annota- 
tions," 1892;  "Indiana  Digest"  two  vol- 
umes, 1896;  "Special  Procedure,"  1897; 
"Trial  Procedure"  1899;  and  was  joint 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2257 


author  with  W.  W.  Whornton  of  "The  Law 
of  Intoxicating  Liquors,"  published  in 
1910. 

As  a  nature  lover  Mr.  Woollen  has  trav- 
eled and  explored  some  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  little  known  sections  of  his  own 
state  and  of  the  American  Continent. 
Much  of  his  distant  traveling  was  done  in 
the  Northwest  and  in  Alaska.  These  travels 
gave  him  the  material  for  a  volume  not  yet 
published  but  for  which  he  designed  the 
title  "Vancouver's  Explorations  Re-ex- 
plored." He  finds  his  chief  recreation  in 
tramping,  and  is  much  interested  in  the 
study  of  outdoor  life  and  natural  history, 
about  which  he  has  written  much  for  the 
local  press.  Throughout  Indiana  Mr. 
Woollen  is  regarded  as  an  authority  on 
everything  pertaining  to  the  phenomena  of 
the  state.  Bird  lovers  everywhere  know 
Mr.  Woollen's  work  entitled  "Birds  of 
Buzzard's  Roost,"  which  is  an  account  of 
the  life  history  of  fifty-two  of  our  common 
birds. 

A  few  miles  northeast  of  Indianapolis  is 
a  tract  of  forty-four  acres  known  as  Wool- 
len's Garden  of  Birds  and  Botany,  set 
aside  in  1897  as  a  sanctuary  for  wild  bird 
and  animal  life,  and  one  of  the  first,  if  not 
the  first,  of  the  kind  established  by  private 
enterprise  in  the  United  States.  In  1909 
this  was  deeded  to  the  City  of  Indianapolis 
by  Mr.  Woollen  to  be  maintained  perpetu- 
ally as  a  public  park  where  wild  bird  and 
animal  life  shall  be  carefully  protected  and 
as  a  place  for  nature  study  for  the  schools 
of  Indianapolis.  It  consists  of  twelve 
acres  of  cleared  and  cultivated  land  and 
the  remainder  of  heavily  wooded  hills  and 
ravines. 

His  varied  interests  and  enthusiasm  have 
brought  Mr.  Woollen  a  wealth  of  associa- 
tions with  people  and  organizations  well 
out  of  the  usual  acquaintance  of  the  aver- 
age lawyer.  He  assisted  in  the  organiza- 
tion and  has  thrice  been  president  of  the 
Indiana  Audubon  Society.  In  1908  he  was 
the  organizer  and  has  since  been  president 
of  the  Nature  Study  Club  of  Indiana.  He 
was  an  organizer  and  is  past  president  of 
the  Indianapolis  Humane  Society ;  organ- 
ized the  Original  Indianapolis  Civic  As- 
sociation and  has  served  as  its  president ; 
is  an  honorary  member  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  of  Indianapolis  in  recognition 
of  the  gift  of  Woollen's  Garden  of  Birds 
and  Botany  to  the  city;  is  honorary  mem- 


ber of  the  Marion  County  Bar  Associa- 
tion, by  reason  of  having  donated  to  it  a 
full  set  of  the  ' '  Acts  and  Laws  of  Indiana ' ' 
since  the  organization  of  the  state;  is  a 
Fellow  of  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Science 
and  a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Science ;  a  member  of  the  American  Bar 
Association,  Indiana  Bar  Association,  Na- 
tional Humane  Society,  John  Herron  Art 
Institute,  Contemporary  Literary  Club,  of 
the  National  Parks  Committee  of  the 
American  Civic  Federation.  Mr.  Woollen's 
dominating  personal  characteristics  have 
been  described  as  perseverance,  persistence 
and  patience  for  results.  He  is  a  Baptist 
but  for  many  years  a  communicant  with 
his  wife  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
February  5,  1863,  he  married  Mary 
Allen,  daughter  of  Henry  B.  Evans,  de- 
ceased. Her  father  was  a  physician  and 
surgeon  of  Marion  County.  Four  children 
were  born  to  their  marriage :  Evans,  a  law- 
yer for  many  years  associated  with  his 
father  and  president  of  the  Fletcher  Sav- 
ings &  Trust  Company  of  Indianapolis; 
Harry,  a  real  estate  man  at  Seattle,  Wash- 
ington ;  Maria,  wife  of  Harlow  Hyde  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  Paul  who  died  in  infancy. 

JOHN  E.  BOSSINGHAM  is  president  of  the 
Indiana  Tank  &  Boiler  Company  at  1123- 
1129  East  Maryland  Street,  Indianapolis. 
Mr.  Bossingham  not  merely  supplies  the 
financial  and  executive  management  to  this 
firm,  but  is  a  thoroughly  expert  and  widely 
experienced  boiler  maker,  had  all  sorts  and 
conditions  of  experience  from  journeyman 
workman  to  superintendent  of  some  of  the 
leading  plants  in  the  Middle  West,  and 
it  is  his  personal  ability  and  experience 
that  have  given  the  Indiana  Tank  &  Boiler 
Company  its  present  prosperity  and  insure 
a  continuingly  prosperous  future. 

Mr.  Bossingham  was  born  January  20, 
1863,  in  the  famous  English  manufactur- 
ing City  of  Leeds.  He  is  a  son  of  Edward 
and  Elizabeth  (Snushall)  Bossingham, 
the  former  a  native  of  Leeds  and  the  latter 
of  Peterborough.  In  1868  the  family  came 
to  the  United  States,  locating  at  East  Troy, 
Wisconsin,  and  in  1876  moving  to  Eagle, 
Wisconsin.  Edward  Bossingham  was  a 
tailor  in  business.  For  twelve  years  prior 
to  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Eagle 
October  31,  1910,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight, 
he  had  served  his  town  as  president  of  the 
board.  On  the  dav  of  his  burial  all  the 


2258 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


business  houses  closed  for  two  hours.  He 
was  a  useful  citizen  and  richly  deserved 
all  honors  paid  his  name  and  memory.  He 
was  a  republican  during  his  earlier  years 
of  American  citizenship  but  finally  became 
a  democrat.  His  widow  is  still  living  at 
Eagle  and  is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal 
Church.  Edward  Bossingham  for  many 
years  served  as  tyler  of  his  Masonic  lodge 
and  was  also  treasurer  of  the  Order  of 
Woodmen. 

John  Edward  Bossingham,  .the  only 
child  of  his  parents,  was  six  years  old 
when  brought  to  America,  and  he  acquired 
his  early  education  in  the  schools  of  a  Wis- 
consin village.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
went  to  work  for  himself  as  clerk  in  a 
hardware  store  at  Eagle.  Afterward  he 
spent  some  time  at  Algona,  Iowa,  and  later 
for  ten  years  was  at  Wauwatosa,  a  suburb 
of  Milwaukee.  There  he  was  associated 
with  J.  C.  Bump,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Bump  &  Bossingham.  In  1900  Mr.  Bos- 
singham moved  to  Milwaukee,  was  with  the 
Milwaukee  Boiler  Works,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  went  to  Oswego,  New  York,  where 
he  became  connected  with  the  Oil  Well 
Supply  Company.  He  left  there  to  accept 
a  position  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
in  connection  with  the  Bigelow  Company, 
and  had  the  responsibility  of  laying  out 
and  planning  the  work  of  their  boiler  fac- 
tory. Again  coming  westward,  Mr.  Bos- 
singham located  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  and 
for  a  time  was  connected  with  the  boiler 
works  of  the  Altman-Taylor  Company.  He 
spent  two  years  in  Toledo  with  the  Toledo 
Boiler  Works,  and  in  1907  became  superin- 
tendent of  the  Canton  Boiler  &  Engineer- 
ing Company  at  Canton,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Bossingham  has  been  a  resident  of 
Indianapolis  since  1913.  He  came  here  to 
take  the  general  management  of  the  Na- 
tional Boiler  &  Sheet  Iron  Works,  and  in 
1916  he  bought  a  portion  of  the  equipment 
of  this  company  and  organized  the  Indiana 
Tank  &  Boiler  Works,  of  which  he  is  the 
active  head. 

Mr.  Bossingham  is  a  member  of  Oriental 
Lodge  No.  500,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons, 
and  is  a  Woodman  of  the  World.  He  has 
been  a  Mason  thirty  years  and  a  Woodman 
twenty  years.  In  1889  he  married  Cather- 
ine M.  LeBarre,  daughter  of  Dwight  Le- 
Barre.  They  have  two  sons.  Ralph,  the 
older,  is  secretary  of  the  Indiana  Tank  & 
Boiler  Company.  Harold  is  now  with  the 


National  Army,  having  enlisted  in  Com- 
pany C  of  the  First  Indiana  Cavalry,  but 
is  now  a  member  of  the  One  Hundred  and 
Thirteenth  Supply  Train.  He  is  at  pre- 
sent in  France. 

JOHN  STARR  is  one  of  the  oldest  business 
men  of  Richmond,  and  has  been  identified 
with  the  coal  trade  there  for  over  forty 
years.  He  is  now  senior  partner  in  the 
firm  of  Starr  &  Woodhurst,  wholesale  and 
retail  coal  merchants  and  shippers. 

Mr.  Starr  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Rich- 
mond September  27,  1856,  and  represents 
one  of  the  early  Quaker  families  of  Wayne 
County.  His  grandparents  were  John  and 
Mary  (Willitts)  Starr,  both  natives  of 
Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.  In  1819  the 
family  moved  to  Preble  County,  Ohio,  and 
in  1832  moved  to  Wayne  Township  of 
Wayne  County.  John  Starr  was  well 
known  as  an  early  farmer  and  business 
man  of  that  section,  and  he  and  his  wife 
were  devout  members  of  the  Society  of 
Friends. 

Jesse  Starr,  father  of  the  Richmond  coal 
merchant,  was  born  in  Berks  County, 
Pennsylvania,  March  24,  1816,  and  he  fin- 
ished his  education  in  the  Richmond  High 
School.  He  acquired  his  father's  farm  and 
for  many  years  was  a  well  known  citizen 
of  the  county.  He  married  Sarah  M. 
Mathews,  of  a  family  that  came  to  Wayne 
County  in  1834. 

John  Starr  was  fifth  in  a  family  of  nine 
children.  He  attended  the  district  schools, 
the  Richmond  Business  College,  and  for 
two  years  was  bookkeeper  for  the  firm  of 
Matthews,  Winder  &  Company,  manufac- 
turers of  linseed  oil.  Then  for  nine  years 
Mr.  Starr  cultivated  a  farm  three  miles 
north  of  Richmond,  and  in  1878  entered 
the  coal  business  with  E.  K.  Shera  under 
the  firm  name  of  Shera  &  Starr.  Their 
yards  and  plant  were  located  on  Fort 
Wayne  Avenue  not  far  from  the  present 
quarters  of  Starr  &  Woodhurst.  After 
nine  years  Mr.  Starr  bought  his  partner's 
interest  and  continued  the  business  suc- 
cessfully alone  until  1916,  when  John 
Woodhurst  bought  a  half  interest.  Mr. 
Starr  is  also  owner  of  some  valuable  real 
estate  in  Richmond.  In  1902  he  married 
Ida  M.  Ford  and  they  have  one  daughter, 
Alice  Starr,  born  in  1903.  Mr.  Starr  is 
a  republican,  is  affiliated  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  is  a 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2259 


member  of  the  First  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

GEORGE  K.  DENTON,  who  appreciates  the 
honor  and  distinction  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  First  Indiana  District  in  represent- 
ing it  in  the  Sixty-Fifth  Congress,  has 
rounded  out  a  quarter  of  a  century  of  suc- 
cessful law  practice  at  Evansville. 

He  was  born  in  Webster  County,  Ken- 
tucky, on  a  farm,  November  17,  1864,  son 
of  George  M.  and  Emma  (Kirkpatrick) 
Denton.  His  grandfather,  Rev.  John  Den- 
ton,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  was  a  Metho- 
dist minister,  but  after  moving  to  Bran- 
denburg, Kentucky,  engaged  in  merchan- 
dising. He  married  Sally  Partridge,  who 
was  born  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Vir- 
ginia, where  her  father  was  a  planter  and 
slave  owner.  George  M.  Denton  was  born 
in  Meade  County,  Kentucky,  in  1832,  and 
for  many  years  was  a  farmer  in  Webster 
County,  where  he  died  in  March,  1918. 
His  wife,  mother  of  the  ex-congressman, 
was  born  at  Washington,  Ohio,  daughter  of 
James  and  Eliza  (Marsh)  Kirkpatrick. 
The  former,  a  native  of  Ireland  but  of 
Scotch  ancestry,  settled  in  Ohio.  Mrs. 
George  M.  Denton  died  in  1893,  the  mother 
of  four  children. 

George  K.  Denton  was  prepared  for  col- 
lege by  private  tutors,  and  graduated  A.  B. 
from  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University  in 
1891.  He  then  entered  Boston  University 
law  school,  graduating  valedictorian  of  his 
class  in  1893.  The  following  year  he  began 
practice  at  Evansville,  and  soon  achieved 
standing  among  the  first  of  his  profession. 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  on  the  demo- 
cratic ticket  in  1916,  taking  his  seat  at  the 
beginning  of  the  war  with  Germany  and 
serving  until  March,  1919.  He  is  general 
counsel  and  director  of  the  Intermediate 
Life'  Insurance  Company,  and  represents 
many  other  important  interests.  He  is  a. 
Methodist,  a  member  of  the  Sigma  Alpha 
Epsilon  and  of  the  Rotary  Club.  Decem- 
ber 16,  1895,  he  married  Sara  L.  Chick, 
daughter  of  Winfield  Scott  and  Mary 
Chick.  She  graduated  from  Boston  Uni- 
versity with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1895. 
They  have  two  children.  Winfield  K.  and 
Helen  M.  The  son  left  his  studies  in  De- 
Pauw University  in  1917  to  enter  the  avia- 
tion service  and  was  in  overseas  duty  for 
eight  months.  He  received  his  honorable 
discharge  in  February,  1919,  and  then  re- 

Vol.  V— 23 


Mimed  his  work  at  DePauw.  The  daughter 
Helen  is  a  student  at  Goucher  Seminary, 
Baltimore,  Maryland. 

ALBERT  N.  CRECRAFT  is  one  of  the  promi- 
nent editors  and  newspaper  men  of  In- 
diana, and  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century 
has  published  the  Franklin  Democrat  at 
Franklin.  Besides  conducting  a  paper  of 
recognized  leadership  in  the  democratic 
party  and  one  of  the  best  organs  of  public 
opinion  in  this  section  of  the  state,  Mr. 
Crecraft  has  to  his  credit  some  years  of 
active  teaching,  and  is  a  member  of  a  fam- 
ily long  and  prominently  known  both  in 
this  state  and  in  Ohio. 

Mr.  Crecraft  was  born  at  Reily,  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  December  3,  1859,  son  of 
Albert  John  and  Evelina  (Ross)  Crecraft. 
His  great-grandfather  Crecraft  was  a  na- 
tive of  England,  and  on  coining  to  America 
settled  in  Maryland,  where  he  died  at  an 
advanced  age.  Grandfather  Benoni  Cre- 
craft was  born  in  Maryland  and  became  an 
early  settler  in  Ohio."  In  1808,  when  all 
Ohio  and  the  country  to  the  west  was  vir- 
tually an  unbroken  wilderness,  he  took  up 
government  land  in  Butler  County  and  for 
many  years  was  a  practical  farmer  and 
also  an  educator  in  that  county.  He  died 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-five. 

Benoni  Crecraft  married  Asenath  John. 
Her  brothers,  Enoch  D.  John  and  Robert 
John,  became  early  pioneer  settlers  at 
Brookville,  Indiana.  The  John  family  were 
originally  from  Wales  and  on  coming  to 
America  settled  at  Philadelphia.  Enoch  D. 
John  married  Lavina  Noble,  a  sister  of 
James  and  Noah  Noble,  mentioned  later  on 
in  this  article  as  relatives  of  Mrs.  Albert 
N.  Crecraft.  Robert  John  was  the  father 
of  John  Price  Durbin  John,  an  eminent  In- 
diana educator,  and  a  cousin  of  Albert 
Crecraft.  Professor  John  is  a  resident  of 
Greencastle,  Indiana,  began  teaching  in  the 
public  schools  of  Franklin  County  before 
the  war,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
connected  with  the  faculty  and  from  1889 
to  1899  was  president  of  DePauw  Univer- 
sity. For  the  last  twenty  years  he  has  been 
active  on  the  lecture  platform  and  is  also 
author  of  several  public  works. 

Albert  John  Crecraft  was  born  in  Ohio, 
was  a  teacher  a  number  of  years  and  later 
was  engaged  in  farming  in  Butler  County, 
where  he  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-one.  He 
married  Evelina  Ross,  a  native  of  Ohio  and 


2260 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


daughter  of  James  Ross,  of  the  same  state. 
The  Ross  family  came  from  New  Jersey. 
James  Ross  was  a  contractor  and  built  the 
old  dormitory  of  Miami  University  at  Ox- 
ford, Ohio.  He  died  at  Oxford,  and  was 
the  father  of  two  children,  Evelina  and 
William  Ross.  Mrs.  Albert  J.  Crecraft 
died  in  1877,  as  the  result  of  an  accident 
caused  by  a  run  away  horse,  and  at  the  age 
of  fifty-one.  She  and  her  husband  were 
active  members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  They  had  ten  children,  six  sons 
and  four  daughters,  seven  still  living:  Miss 
Laura  C.,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio ;  Asenath, 
wife  of  Clarence  B.  Morris,  of  Middleton, 
Ohio;  John  H.,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio;  Albert 
X. ;  Luella,  wife  of  Irenus  Velson,  of  Ham- 
ilton ;  William  H.,  of  Hamilton ;  and 
Arthur  L.,  of  Oxford,  Ohio. 

Albert  N.  Crecraft  lived  in  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  until  he  was  nineteen  years 
of  age.  His  early  education  was  derived 
from  the  district  schools  of  his  native  lo- 
cality. He  took  a  scientific  course  in  the 
National  Normal  University  at  Lebanon, 
Ohio,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1878. 
When  only  sixteen  years  old  Mr.  Crecraft 
had  his  first  experience  in  a  profession  that 
seems  to  belong  to  the  family,  teaching  for 
one  term  before  entering  the  university  at 
Lebanon.  He  then  taught  another  year, 
and  for  one  year  was  a  student  in  Prince- 
ton College  in  New  Jersey.  After  that  he 
taught  at  Mount  Carmel,  Indiana,  at  Fair- 
»'  field  and  at  Brookville  and  was  principal 
of  schools  four  years.  For  six  years  Mr. 
Crecraft  was  county  superintendent  of 
schools  for  Franklin  County,  and  during 
three  years  of  that  time  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Teachers  Reading  Circle  Board 
and  the  Young  People's  Reading  Circle 
Board. 

While  county  superintendent  he  bought 
the  Brookville  Democrat,  of  which  he  was 
owner  two  years.  On  January  1,  1892,  he 
became  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Frank- 
lin Democrat.  Mr.  Crecraft  personally  has 
been  a  democratic  voter  since  he  came  to 
his  majority,  and  has  always  conducted  his 
paper  on  party  lines.  On  account  of  his 
wise  judgment  and  intelligent  grasp  of  af- 
fairs the  Franklin  Democrat  has  a  wide 
circulation  and  influence.  Its  editorials 
are  accepted  as  being  the  opinions  of  the 
local  leaders  of  the  democratic  party,  and 
outside  of  politics  the  progressive  policy  of 


this  journal  had  gained  popularity  with  all 
classes. 

Mr.  Crecraft  and  wife  are  active  mem- 
bers of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Mrs. 
Crecraft  is  the  only  woman  serving  on 
the  Johnson  County  Council  of  Defense. 

May  31,  1883,  Mr.  Crecraft  married  Miss 
Mary  Luella  Tyner.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren :  Earle  Willis,  Albert  Tyner  and  Rich- 
ard Tyner.  Albert  T.  died  in  infancy. 
Earle  Willis  graduated  from  Franklin  Col- 
lege with  the  class  of  1907. 

Mrs.  Crecraft  represents  in  her  ancestry 
a  number  of  noted  names  in  the  life  and 
affairs  of  Indiana  and  the  Middle  West. 
She  is  a  daughter  of  Richard  Henry  and 
Anna  (Miller)  Tyner.  Both  were  natives 
of  Franklin  County,  Indiana.  They  had 
just  two  children,  and  Mrs.  Crecraft 's  sis- 
ter, Rose  Willis,  is  the  wife  of  Arthur  A. 
Alexander,  of  Franklin. 

Richard  Henry  Tyner,  her  father,  was 
born  at  Brookville,  Indiana,  September  2, 
1831,  one  of  the  twelve  children  of  Richard 
and  Martha  Sedgwick  Willis  Swift  (Noble) 
Tyner.  Richard  Tyner  was  from  South 
Carolina,  was  a  pioneer  Baptist  minister  in 
Indiana,  and  built  one  of  the  first  churches 
erected  in  the  state,  south  of  Brookville,  in 
the  year  1812.  This  old  house  of  worship  is 
still  standing.  Rev.  Richard  Tyner  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Hackleman,  an  aunt  of  Gen- 
eral Pleasant  A.  Hackleman. 

.  Richard  Tyner,  Jr.,  son  of  Rev.  Richard, 
was  an  early  settler  of  Brookville,  bore  an 
important  part  in  the  business  life  of  that 
community  and  had  a  large  general  mer- 
fhandise  store.  He  afterward  moved  to 
Davenport,  Iowa.  His  wife  was  a  member 
of  the  Noble  family  which  came  out  of  Vir- 
ginia to  Kentucky  and  thence  to  Indiana. 
Martha  Noble  was  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Noble,  a  surgeon  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  who  was  related  to  Richard 
Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  hence  the  name 
Richard  Henri'  Tyner.  She  was  also  sis- 
ter of  James  and  Noah  Noble.  Noah  Noble 
was  one  of  the  first  governors  of  Indiana, 
«*hiie  James  Noble  was  one  of  the  first 
United  States  senators,  serving  from  1816 
to  1831,  and  dying  in  Washington.  The 
ivorv  headed  cane  which  James  Noble  car- 
ried while  a  senator  is  now  in  the  possession 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Crecraft.  Both  James  and 
Noah  Noble  were  men  of  the  highest  char- 
ao*pr  and  ability  and  of  national  repu- 
tation. 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2261 


Richard  Henry  Tyner,  father  of  Mrs. 
Crecraft,  never  held  any  public  office  but 
was  always  active  in  business  and  in  poli- 
tics. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  first  republi- 
can state  convention  in  Indiana,  and  as- 
sisted materially  in  organizing  that  party 
in  the  state.  In  early  life  he  was  employed 
by  a  Cincinnati  banking  association  to 
travel  over  Indiana  when  wild  cat  banking 
was  at  its  climax.  His  work  was  that  of  in- 
spector or  examiner,  and  as  there  were  few 
railroads  in  the  state  he  traveled  for  the 
most  part  on  horseback  over  roads  through 
swamps  and  heavy  timber.  His  duties  re- 
quired him  to  visit  almost  every  part  of  the 
state. 

James  Noble  Tyner,  an  uncle  of  Mrs. 
Crecraft,  was  a  congressman  from  the  Peru 
District  in  Indiana  several  terms,  was  as- 
sistant postmaster  general  under  President 
Grant,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  that  ad- 
ministration became  postmaster  general. 
Still  later  he  served  as  an  assistant  post- 
master general  and  for  a  time  was  attor- 
ney general  until  shortly  before  his  death. 
Another  brother  of  Richard  Henry  Tyner, 
and  an  uncle  of  Mrs.  Crecraft,  was  Gen. 
Noah  Noble  Tyner,  a  brave  soldier  in  the 
Civil  war .  Still  another  brother  was 
George  N.  Tyner,  of  Holyoke,  Massachu- 
setts,  who  was  connected  with  the  Holyoke 
Paper  Mills,  an  envelope  manufacturing 
business,  and  in  1900-01  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Senate  of  Massachusetts.  Thus 
many  members  of  the  Tyner  family  have 
giined  high  places  of  influence  in  the  life 
of  the  country. 

The  maternal  grandfather  of  Mrs.  Cre- 
craft was  Albert  Miller,  who  was  born  in 
Indiana  and  when  a  child  was  brought  by 
his  parents,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Miller, 
to  Franklin  County.  Later  he  became 
active  as  a  stock  dealer  and  also  conducted 
a  general  store  at  Fairfield,  Indiana,  in 
partnership  with  R.  H.  Tyner.  He  died  at 
Fairfield  at  the  age  of  eighty-three.  He 
also  served  as  a  member  of  the  State  Leg- 
islature of  Indiana.  Albert  Miller  was 
twice  married  and  had  a  large  family  who 
grew  to  maturity. 

THOMAS  EARLE  JARRARD,  who  is  vice 
president  of  the  Apperson  Bros.  Automo- 
bile Company  of  Kokomo,  is  too  young  a 
man  to  have  completed  the  seven  ages  of 
mortal  life,  though  his  active  career  natur- 
ally falls  into  seven  stages. 


He  is  a  native  of  Michigan,  was  educated 
at  Lansing  and  for  a  time  earned  his  living 
as  reporter  with  the  Lansing  State  Repub- 
lican. His  next  change  of  occupation  was 
foreman  of  a  yard  gang  in  the  Lansing 
Wheelbarrow  Works.  The  third  stage  was 
as  chemist  of  the  Beet  Sugar  Division  of 
the  Pittsburgh  Plate  Glass  Company,  and 
following  that  he  was  Meteorologist  with 
the  Michigan  State  Board  of  Health. 

The  fifth  place  brought  him  into  the 
automobile  industry,  where  he  is  today  one 
of  the  prominent  figures.  He  was  assistant 
to  the  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Reo  Motor 
Car  Company  at  Lansing,  and  was  next 
promoted  to  salesman  for  that  company. 
The  seventh,  and  last  place,  was  his  present 
and  congenial  and  useful  work  as  vice  presi- 
dent and  director  of  the  Apperson  Bros. 
Automobile  Company  at  Kokomo. 

Mr.  Jarrard  was  born  at  Pontiac,  Mich- 
igan, October  23,  1883,  son  of  William  Ells- 
worth and  Marguerite  (McGinnis)  Jarrard. 
His  father  was  a  graduate  of  Rutgers 
College.  Thomas  E.  Jarrard  attended  high 
school  at  Lansing,  and  also  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  College.  While  in  his  native 
state  he  also  had  some  military  experience. 
For  one  year  he  was  first  sergeant  and  for 
two  years  second  lieutenant  of  Battery 
A  of  the  Michigan  Field  Artillery.  He 
was  also  treasurer  of  the  Michigan  State 
League  of  Republican  Clubs.  He  is  a 
Knights  Templar  Mason  and  Shriner  and 
an  Elk,  a  member  of  the  Alpha  Omega 
Preparatory  School  Fraternity,  the  Koko- 
mo Country  Club  and  the  First  Congrega- 
tional Church. 

June  6,  1914,  at  Chicago  Mr.  Jarrard 
married  Therese  Marie  Keck,  daughter  of 
W.  S.  Keck,  a  member  of  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  Chicago. 

ARTHUR  B.  IRVIN,  president  of  the 
Farmers  Trust  Company  of  Rushville,  was 
for  many  years  a  successful  lawyer  of  that 
city,  and  has  acquired  numerous  interests 
that  identify  him  prominently  with  the 
community.  He  us  the  present  mayor  of 
Rushville. 

Mr.  Irvin  was  born  in  Rush  County, 
Indiana,  July  14,  1850,  son  of  Newton  and 
Phoebe  (McCrory)  Irvin.  His  grandfather, 
Elam  Irvin,  came  from  Ohio  to  Rush 
County  in  1835,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life  as  a  farmer.  He  lived  on  the  same 
farm  until  his  death.  He  was  an  exem- 


2262 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


plary  pioneer,  honorable  and  upright  in  all 
his  dealings,  and  won  the  confidence  of  the 
entire  community  in  which  he  lived.  He 
was  a  devout  Presbyterian.  Newton  Irvin, 
who  was  born  in  Ohio  in  1827,  was 
eight  years  old  when  brought  to  Indiana, 
was  the  third  of  five  children.  He  had  the 
privilege  of  attending  common  schools  only 
fourteen  weeks,  and  after  that  applied  him- 
self to  the  business  of  farming.  In  1880  he 
retired  from  the  active  responsibilities  of 
his  farm,  and  moved  to  Florida,  where  he 
died  in  1898.  He  was  a  whig  and  later 
a  republican,  and  was  loyal  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  that  party  for  many  years.  His 
wife  was  a  member  of  the  McCrory 
family  which  came  from  Ireland,  first  lo- 
cating at  Philadelphia,  and  afterwards 
moving  to  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  where 
the  McCrorys  were  prominent  early  set- 
tlers, and  also  flatboatmen  on  the  Ohio 
River.  Mr.  Irvin 's  maternal  grandfather 
helped  construct  the  main  road  between 
Rushville  and  Connersville. 

Arthur  B.  Irvin  was  the  oldest  of  three 
children.  He  received  his  early  education 
in  the  district  schools,  afterwards  read  law 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1871,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  He  at  once  opened  his 
office  in  the  city  of  Rushville  and  was  a 
successful  member  of  the  bar  there  nineteen 
years.  He  served  as  city  attorney  from 
1883  to  1891.  In  1891  he  organized  the 
Farmers  Banking  Company,  of  which  he 
was  cashier.  When  this  bank  was  reor- 
ganized in  1910  as  the  Farmers  Trust  Com- 
pany, Mr.  Irvin  became  its  president  and 
has  associated  with  him  some  of  the  best 
known  business  and  professional  men  in 
Rush  County.  The  bank  enjoys  a  high 
degree  of  prosperity,  and  has  total  re- 
sources of  over  $200.000. 

Mr.  Irvin  was  elected  and  has  served  as 
mayor  of  Rushville  since  1917,  and  has 
given  a  very  progressive  and  efficient  ad- 
ministration of  municipal  affairs.  He  is 
financially  interested  in  a  number  of  busi- 
ness enterprises,  being  the  president  of  the 
Rushville  Glove  Company  and  secretary  of 
the  Building  Association  No.  10. 

On  September  6,  1877,  in  Rush  County, 
he  married  Miss  Johanna  Scanlan,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Scanlan.  They  have  one 
daughter,  Effie  M.,  now  Mrs.  D.  L.  Reiser 
of  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


JOHN  C.  SPOONER  was  born  in  Lawrence- 
burg,  Indiana,  January  6,  1843.  During 
the  Civil  war  he  served  as  a  member  of  a 
Wisconsin  regiment,  to  which  state  the  fam- 
ily had  previously  removed,  and  during  the 
war  he  was  breveted  a  major.  In  1867  Mr. 
Spooner  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was 
in  general  practice  at  Madison  from  1870 
to  1884.  From  1885  until  1891  he  was  a 
United  States  senator,  was  a  candidate  for 
governor  of  Wisconsin  in  1892,  and  he  was 
tendered  many  high  official  positions. 

DAVID  C.  ARTHUR.  Twenty  years  a  law- 
yer and  in  successful  practice  at  Logans- 
port,  David  C.  Arthur  is  just  now  at  the 
peak  of  performance  and  power  as  one  of 
the  most  useful  citizens  of  his  community. 
Life  has  brought  him  experience,  and  he 
has  done  well  in  utilizing  the  accumulated 
wisdom  of  a  purposeful  and  energetic 
career. 

He  was  born  in  Darke  County,  Ohio, 
February  25,  1862,  one  of  the  ten  children 
of  Abner  and  Mary  (Bowman)  Arthur. 
When  he  was  five  years  of  age,  in  1867, 
his  parents  removed  to  Randolph  County, 
Indiana,  and  on  their  farm  David  C. 
Arthur  grew  toward  manhood.  He  had 
about  the  average  opportunities  of  an  In- 
diana farm  boy,  with  neither  wealth  nor 
dire  poverty.  He  was  not  content  with  the 
advantages  of  the  "poor  man's  uni- 
versity," the  district  schools,  and  when 
it  came  to  a  question  of  attending  a  school 
away  from  home  he  was  confronted  with 
the  question  of  earning  a  living  at  the 
same  time.  Living  and  tuition  came  from 
farm  work,  and  other  hand  labor,  and 
later,  as  he  became  qualified,  from  teach- 
ing. He  attended  the  National  Normal 
University  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  and  for  two 
terms  was  a  student  in  the  Indiana  State 
University.  Teaching  experience  brought 
him  to  Logansport  in  1894  as  principal  of 
the  high  school.  During  the  five  years  he 
was  in  that  office  he  studied  law  with 
Kistler  &  Kistler,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1899,  and  has  since  been  in  an  independ- 
ent and  a  growing  practice  and  patronage. 
For  two  years  he  was  an  associate  in  prac- 
tice with  John  M.  Ashby,  and  in  1909 
formed  the  partnership  of  Fickle  &  Arthur, 
the  senior  member  being  D.  D.  Fickle. 
This  partnership  was  dissolved  in  1915, 
and  the  firm  was  then  Arthur  &  Custer, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2263 


but  is  now  changed  to  Arthur  &  Arthur  on 
the  admission  of  Mr.  Arthur's  son. 

Mr.  Arthur  was  elected  a  member  of  tfie 
Logansport  City  School  Board  in  1910, 
and  became  secretary  of  the  board.  He  is 
a  democrat  in  politics,  a  member  of  vari- 
ous organizations,  and  for  many  years  was 
an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
December  25,  1894,  Mr.  Arthur  married 
Miss  Ellen  Jameson,  of  Lebanon,  Ohio. 
They  have  two  children,  Mary  and  Robert. 
The  daughter  is  at  present  a  student  in 
Defiance  College.  Robert  J.,  born  Feb- 
ruary 17,  1899,  graduated  from  the  Logans- 
port  High  School  in  the  1915  class,  at  the 
age  of  sixteen.  He  worked  in  his  father's 
office  one  year  as  stenographer  and  clerk, 
served  six  months  as  department  clerk  in 
the  Cass  Circuit  Court,  his  duties  being 
those  of  reading  and  record  clerk,  and  he 
graduated  in  law  in  1918,  with  the  B.  L. 
degree  from  Valparaiso  University.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  immediately  there- 
after on  examination,  the  order  of  admis- 
sion to  take  effect  February  17,  1920,  at 
which  time  he  will  be  twenty-one  years  of 
age.  Beginning  January  1,  1919,  he  en- 
tered the  firm  now  known  as  Arthur  & 
Arthur,  father  and  son  composing  the  firm. 
Their  offices  will  remain  in  the  old  location, 
the  Winfield  Building,  at  400  Broadway. 
His  experience  and  work  already  accom- 
plished permit  a  fine  and  creditable  review. 

HARRY  W.  WATT.  One  of  the  oldest 
mercantile  enterprises  in  Eastern  Indiana 
is  the  George  H.  Knollenberg  Company  of 
Richmond,  and  one  of  the  officials  longest 
identified  with  its  service  is  Harry  W. 
Watt,  secretary  of  the  company,  who  went 
to  work  for  the  store  more  than  forty 
ye°rs  ago  as  sales  clerk. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond,  June  24, 1855, 
son  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  N.  L.  C.  Watt,  and  is 
of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His  great- 
grandfather, who  came  from  the  north  of 
Ireland  and  settled  near  Greensburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, was  a  hatter  by  trade,  and  that 
was  also  the  occupation  of  the  grandfather, 
William  Watt,  who  made  his  own  hats  and 
sold  them  at  Brownsville  in  Union  County, 
Indiana. 

Harry  W.  Watt  after  attending  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Richmond  to  the  age  of  six- 
teen was  put  on  the  payroll  and  given  an 
opportunity  to  learn  merchandising  with 


A.  E.  Crocker  in  the  wholesale  and  retail 
notion  business.  He  gained  some  very  val- 
uable knowledge  during  the  four  years 
spent  with  the  Crocker  establishment,  and 
from  it  he  entered  the  service  of  what  was 
then,  in  1877,  called  the  George  Knolleu- 
berg  store.  When  that  business  was  or- 
ganized as  a  stock  company  in  1892  Mr. 
Watt  was  one  of  those  financially  inter- 
ested, and  in  1904  he  was  made  secretary 
of  the  corporation.  Forty-two  years  with 
one  house  is  nearly  a  record  among  the 
business  men  of  Richmond.  He  is  still 
active  on  the  floor  as  well  as  in  the  offices 
of  the  company,  and  is  manager  of  the 
hosiery,  underwear  and  glove  department. 
Mr.  Watt  has  never  married.  He  is  a 
democrat  in  politics,  a  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity,  Blue  Lodge,  Chapter, 
Council  and  Richmond  Commandery, 
Knights  Templar  No.  8,  and  is  a  member 
of  the  Commercial  Club. 

JOHN  HANSON  BEADLE,  journalist,  au- 
thor, was  born  in  Liberty  Township,  Parke 
County,  Indiana,  March  14,  1840.  He  was 
a  precocious  child,  frail  physically,  but 
strong  mentally.  His  parents  removed  to 
Rockville  when  he  was  eight  years  old,  and 
he  was  then  far  ahead  of  schoolmates  of 
his  age.  At  that  time  the  Sunday  schools 
of  Indiana  were  conducted  on  an  educa- 
tional basis,  with  memorizing  the  Scrip- 
tures as  a  prominent  feature ;  and  when  ten 
years  old  young  Beadle  could  recite  the 
entire  New  Testament.  There  was  excel- 
lent opportunity  for  instruction  in  the 
seminary  at  Rockville,  which  he  attended 
until  1857,  when  he  went  with  his  older 
brother,  William  H.  H.  Beadle,  to  Michi- 
gan University,  at  Ann  Arbor,  where  he 
continued  his  studies  until  1861.  In  the 
summer  of  1861  Company  A  of  the  Thirty- 
first  Indiana  Regiment  was  recruited  at 
Rockville,  and  both  of  the  boys  joined  it, 
William  as  first  lieutenant  and  John  as  pri- 
vate. William  became  captain  of  the  com- 
pany and  later  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  First  Michigan  Sharpshooters,  re- 
turning from  the  war  as  brevet  brigadier- 
general.  John  was  discharged  after  the 
battle  of  Fort  Donelson,  in  which  he  dis- 
played great  courage,  as  an  incurable  con- 
sumptive. His  health  improved,  and  he 
again  volunteered  as  a  private  in  the  One 
Hundred  and  Thirty-Third  Regiment.  This 


2264 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


regiment  was  not  organized  until  1864,  and 
was  mustered  out  of  service  at  the  close 
of  the  war. 

In  1868  he  located  at  Evansville  with  the 
intention  of  becoming  a  lawyer,  but  began 
writing  editorials  for  the  Evansville  Jour- 
nal; and  as  his  health  again  failed,  he  ob- 
tained a  position  as  correspondent  of  the 
Cincinnati   Commercial,   and   started   for 
California.    He  had  found  his  calling.    It 
was  the  day  of  the  newspaper  correspond- 
ent, and  Beadle  ranked  among  the  best. 
Most  of  this  stay  in  the  West  was  passed 
in  Utah,  where  he  became  the  editor  of  the 
Salt  Lake  Reporter.    It  was  a  time  when 
animosity  between  Mormons  and  Gentiles 
was  at  its  height,  and  the  evils  of  Mormon- 
ism  struck  Beadle  with  great  force.     He 
not  only  called  a  spade  a  spade,  but  if  the 
emergency  seemed  to  demand  it,  called  it 
a  spade  and  a  rake.     In  consequence  he 
was   attacked   by   Mormons   and   severely 
wounded.     The  tactical  mistake  of  his  as- 
sailants was  that  they  did  not  kill  him,  for 
he  did  more  to  form  the  popular  American 
estimate  of  Mormonism  than  any  other  one 
man.    He  returned  home  late  in  1869,  and 
in  1870  his  first  book,  "Life  in  Utah,  or 
the  Mysteries  and  Crimes  of  Mormonism," 
was  published  in  Philadelphia.     It  had  a. 
large  circulation,  and  was  followed  in  1872 
by  "Brigham's  Destroying  Angel,"  which 
was  the  story  of  the  life  and  confession  of 
Bill   Hickman.     His   reputation  was  now 
established  as  a  valuable  man  for  publishing 
syndicates,  and  three  more  books  followed, 
"The     Undeveloped     West,"     in     1873; 
"Women's  War  on  Whisky,"  in  1874,  and 
"Western    Wilds,"   in    1879.      In    April, 
1879.  he  became  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  Rockville  Tribune,  of  which  he  did  not 
make  a  financial  success,  as  party  politics 
was  rampant,  and  Beadle  had  a  habit  of 
printing  the  truth  as  he  saw  it,  without 
regard  to  party  considerations.     He  was  a 
reformer  by  nature,  and  although  his  out- 
spoken condemnation  for  wrong  was  not 
profitable  in  a  business  way,  he  sowed  seeds 
that  bnre  good  fruit  in  due  season.    Dur- 
ing this  period  he  also  did  special  work. 
In  the  winter  of  1879-80  he  traveled  in  the 
South,  and  wrote  an  elaborate  description 
of  the  Eads  jetties.     In  1884  he  was  em- 
ployed to  write  part  of  a  history  of  Texas. 
He  also  wrote  part  of  a  local  history  of 
Parke  and  Vigo  counties.    In  1884  he  was 
sent  on  a  tour  through  the  "Black  Belt," 


from   Washington,   District   of   Columbia, 
through  the  tidewater  country  to  Southern 
Louisiana.     In  1886  a  syndicate  sent  him 
on  one  of  the  most  notable  of  his  trips, 
in  which  he  went  on  a  dog  sledge,  in  the 
dead  of  winter,  to  Northern  Manitoba  and 
Saskatchewan.     The  same  syndicate  later 
sent  him  to  England  and  France  with  in- 
structions to  write  his  letters  "just  as  he 
would  if  he  were  doing  it  for  the  Rockville 
Tribune  and  the  people  of  Parke  County." 
His  last  work  as  a  newspaper  correspondent 
was  done  for  the  Cincinnati  Gazette,  over 
the  name  of  Hanson.    In  1882  Mr.  Beadle 
sold  an  interest  in  the  Rockville  Tribune 
to  Isaac  R.  Strouse,  a  practical  printer  who 
had  been  connected  with  the  paper  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  the  partnership  so  formed 
continued   with  mutual  satisfaction  until 
1888,  when  Beadle  went  to  New  York  to 
enter   the   employment   of   the   American 
Press  Association.     Mr.  Strouse  then  took 
over  the  entire  plant,  and  is  still  operating 
it.     Mr.  Beadle  took  the  position  of  his- 
torical and  political  editor  for  the  Amer- 
ican   Press   Association,    and   for  several 
years  applied  himself  so  assiduously  to  his 
duties  that  his  health  once  more  gave  way. 
In  1893  he  was  sent  to  Chicago  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  association  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition,  and  after  his  return 
from  there  was  sent  to  Washington  as  con- 
gressional correspondent,  in  which  position 
he  continued  until  1896.     After  going  to 
New  York,  Mr.  Beadle  used  to  spend  his 
annual  vacations  in  Parke  County,  where 
he  was  always  a  welcome  visitor,  and  dur- 
ing  these   visits   he   frequently    delivered 
speeches  and  lectures  on  political  and  eco- 
nomic topics.    His  greatest  pleasure,  how- 
ever, when  his  health  permitted,  was  tramp- 
ing   through    the    woods    and    along    the 
streams  in  the  neighborhood  of  his  birth- 
place in  Liberty  Township.     He  died  at 
Rockville  on  January  15,  1897. 

JOHN  FINLEY,  poet,  official,  was  born  at 
Brownsburg,  Rockridge  County.  Virginia, 
January  11,  1797.  His  ancestors  were 
Scotch-Irish  Presbvterians.  the  American 
lines  being  descendants  of  seven  brothers 
who  emigrated  from  Ireland  to  America 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century.  The  best 
known  of  the  brothers  was  Samuel,  an 
itinerant  revival  preacher,  who  was  ex- 
nelled  from  New  Haven  as  a  vagrant  for 
preaching  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a  "set- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2265 


tied  minister,"  and  later  conducted  a  fa- 
mous academy  at  Nottingham,  Maryland, 
from  which  he  was  called  to  the  presidency 
of  The  College  of  New  Jersey, 'now  Prince- 
ton University.  Another  brother,  John, 
was  an  associate  of  Daniel  Boone  in  the 
wilds  of  Kentucky.  The  youngest  brother, 
William,  settled  on  a  farm  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  His  son,  Andrew,  removed 
to  Brownsburg,  Virginia,  where  he  engaged 
in  merchandising,  and  also  had  a  farm 
near  the  village.  The  family  was  in  com- 
fortable circumstances,  and  the  son  John 
had  the  educational  advantages  of  the 
vicinity  until  his  father's  business  pros- 
perity was  destroyed  by  the  capture  of  a 
cargo  of  flour  by  the  British,  in  the  War  of 
1812.  John  then  went  to  work  for  a  rela- 
tive who  was  a  tanner  and  currier  in  Green- 
brier.  In  1816  he  decided  to  move  to  the 
West,  and  joined  an  emigrant  company, 
his  visible  wealth  consisting  of  a  horse,  a 
rifle,  a  pair  of  saddle-bags  and  fifty  dollars 
in  money.  He  was  better  educated  than 
the  majority  of  those  who  sought  the  fron- 
tier, and  was  an  eager  reader.  He  had  no 
difficulty  in  finding  employment  at  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  remained  for  four  years. 
In  1820  he  located  at  Richmond,  Indiana, 
which  was  his  permanent  home.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  the  Masonic  frater- 
nity, and  his  engaging  personality  and  in- 
telligence made  him  friends  on  all  sides, 
so  that  he  naturally  turned  to  public  life. 
His  official  career  began  as  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  in  1822.  In  1828-31  he  represented 
Wayne  County  in  the  Legislature,  and 
following  this  he  was  enrolling  clerk  of  the 
Senate  for  three  years.  In  these  positions 
he  met  all  the  leading  men  of  the  state, 
and  reached  a  political  status  that  he  al- 
wavs  retained.  In  1833  he  secured  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  the  Richmond  Palla- 
dium, then  the  principal  paper  of  Wayne 
County,  which  he  edited  until  1837.  In 
that  year  he  was  elected  county  clerk,  and 
this  necessitated  a  removal  to  Centerville. 
which  was  then  the  county  seat.  In  1845. 
on  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  returned 
to  Richmond,  and  in  1852  was  elected 
mayor  of  the  citv,  a  position  in  which  he 
was  continued  by  re-election  until  his 
de»th.  01  December  23,  1866. 

Mr.  Pinlev  was  always  fond  of  poetry, 
and  especially  of  the  poptrv  of  Robert 
Burns,  and  he  wrote  a  number  of  poems  at 
various  times.  He  had  an  ambition  to  pro- 


duce something  of  high  grade,  especially  a 
national  hymn  that  would  meet  a  popular 
demand,  but,  like  many  others,  his  best 
work  was  in  comparatively  unstudied  lines, 
where  he  was  entirely  natural.  His  last- 
ing fame  rests  on  a  poem  called  "The 
Hoosier 's  Nest,"  which  was  written  as  a 
New  Year's  address  for  the  Indianapolis 
Journal  of  January  1,  1833,  and  which 
made  the  word  Hoosier  the  popular  pseu- 
donym for  a  native  or  resident  of  Indiana. 
He  did  not  originate  the  word.  It  was  a 
slang  term  in  use  in  the  South  to  designate 
an  uncouth  rustic,  similar  to  "jay"  or 
"hayseed."  About  the  year  1830  there 
was  a  fad  for  giving  nicknames  to  the 
people  of  the  several  western  states, 
"Buckeye"  for  Ohio;  "Sucker"  for  Illi- 
nois; "Red  Horse"  for  Kentucky,  and 
"Hoosier"  fell  to  the  lot  of  Indiana.  Little 
attention  was  paid  to  it  until  Pinley's  poem 
was  printed,  and  then  it  was  adopted  by 
common  consent.  He  did  originate  the 
word  "  Hoosieroon, "  which  is  used  in  the 
poem  to  signify  a  Hoosier  child,  and  has 
led  some  philologists  to  suppose  that  the 
word  was  of  Spanish  origin.  Finley  knew 
no  Spanish,  but  was  familiar  with  the  end- 
ing through  such  words  as  quadroon  and 
octoroon.  Like  many  other  "American- 
isms" the  word  came  from  English  dialect, 
and  no  doubt  had  its  original  form  in 
"hooser,"  a  Cumberland  dialect  word  in- 
dicating anything  big  or  overgrown.  There 
vras  another  expression  in  the  original  poem 
that  was  in  use  at  the  time,  which  is  not 
included  in  the  later  reproductions.  It 
ended  with  these  lines: 

One  more  subject  111  barely  mention 
To  which  I  ask  your  kind  attention, 
My  pockets  are  so  shrunk  of  late 
I  cannot  nibble  "Hoosher  bait." 

The  word  was  most  commonly  so  spelled 
at  the  time ;  and  Hoosier  bait  was  a  name 
given  to  ginger-bread  that  was  baked  in 
bread  pans  and  lined  off  in  squares  indi- 
cating the  amount  purchasable  for  a 
"fi 'penny  bit."  Another  poem  of  Finlev's 
that  attained  wide  circulation  was  in  Irish 
dialect,  entitled  "Bachelor's  Hall."  This 
was  reproduced  in  England  and  Ireland 
and  attributed  to  Tom  Moore.  It  was  also 
set  to  music,  and  was  used  in  some  of  the 
school  reading:  books.  For  a  number  of 
v«»ars  Mr.  Finlev  was  known  as  "the 
Hoosier  poet."  but  that  title  has  now  gone 


2266 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


to  James  Whitcomb  Riley.  Riley,  like  all 
of  the  other  Indiana  writers,  recognized 
Finley  's  merit,  and  wrote  of  him : 

The  voice  that  sang  the  Hoosier's  Nest — 
Of  Western  singers  first  and  best — 

Strickland  W.  Gillilan  adds  the  lines : 

He  nursed  the  Infant  Hoosier  Muse 

When  she  could  scarcely  lisp  her  name ; 

#         »         »         » 

Let  not  the  stream  forget  the  springs, — 
Set  Finley 's  name  before  them  all. 

BUFUS  A.  LOCKWOOD,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  1811,  at  Stamford,  Connecticut,  but  he 
was  not  so  christened,  although  his  name 
appears  thus  on  the  rolls  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  His  real  name 
was  Jonathan  Jessup,  and  the  occasion  for 
his  dropping  it  was  the  beginning  of  a 
checkered  career  that  is  seldom  equaled  in 
fiction.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  while  at- 
tending Yale,  he  left  college  without  ex- 
planation or  notice  to  anyone  and  enlisted 
on  an  United  States  man-of-war.  On  his 
first  cruise  he  saw  a  shipmate  punished,  un- 
justly and  cruelly  as  he  thought,  and  on 
arriving  at  New  York  he  deserted.  He 
changed  his  name  to  hide  his  identity, 
adopting  his  mother's  family  name ;  worked 
his  way  to  Buffalo  on  an  Erie  canal  boat ; 
and  then  skipped  by  schooner  to  the  rising 
Village  of  Chicago.  From  here  a  farmer 
with  whom  he  formed  a  chance  acquaint- 
ance, took  him  by  wagon  to  Romney,  in 
Tippecanoe  County,  Indiana.  A  school 
teacher  was  needed  at  the  neighboring  vil- 
lage of  Rob  Roy,  and  Lockwood  was  em- 
ployed. Here  he  took  up  the  study  of  law 
by  himself,  committing  Blackstone's  Com- 
mentaries to  memory.  The  next  year  he 
removed  to  Crawfordsville,  where  he 
opened  another  school.  He  studied  law  at 
night,  married  without  a  dollar  in  the 
world,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Cir- 
cuit Court,  and  went  to  Thorntown  to  be- 
gin his  professional  career.  His  first  client 
was  himself,  in  an  action  for  debt,  in  which 
judgment  was  taken  against  him  for  a 
board  bill,  and  his  scanty  household  goods 
were  sold  by  the  constable.  He  lost  his 
second  case,  and  appealed  to  the  Supreme 
Court.  It  was  a  small  matter,  but  he  pre- 
pared himself  as  carefully  as  if  it  involved 
thousands.  At  the  session  of  the  Supreme 
Court  his  diffidence  and  his  uncouth  ap- 
pearance attracted  notice,  but  his  scholarly 


argument  attracted  more.  He  won  his  case 
and  also  won  an  offer  of  partnership  from 
Albert  S.  White,  then  a  leading  lawyer  of 
Lafayette  and  later  United  States  Senator 
and  United  States  District  Judge  for  In- 
diana. He  accepted,  and  financial  pres- 
sure was  relieved. 

The  new  relation  also  brought  his  oppor- 
tunity for  public  distinction.  In  a  quarrel 
over  a  bet  on  the  election  of  1836,  J.  H.  W. 
Frank,  the  popular  young  editor  of  the 
local  Democratic  paper,  stabbed  with  a 
pocketknife  and  killed  John  Woods,  an 
equally  popular  merchant.  The  case  stirred 
the  community  to  its  foundation.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  political  bias,  Woods  had  many 
personal  friends,  who  wanted  Frank  pun- 
ished. A  fund  for  prosecution  was  made 
up,  and  Henry  S.  Lane,  Isaac  Naylor  and 
William  P.  Bryant,  all  strong  men,  were 
employed  to  aid  the  prosecution.  On  the 
other  side  were  White  &  Lockwood,  and 
John  Pettit,  later  a  judge  of  the  Indiana 
Supreme  Court.  The  case  looked  bad  for 
Frank,  and  White  and  Pettit  advised  get- 
ting a  continuance  and  letting  the  defend- 
ant "jump  his  bail."  Lockwood  insisted 
that  it  was  better  to  stand  trial,  and  the 
case  was  practically  left  in  his  hands, 
though  Edward  A.  Hannegan  was  em- 
ployed to  assist  him.  Aside  from  one  lucky 
chance — the  failure  of  a  man  who  had 
heard  Frank  make  threats  against  Woods  ' 
to  appear  at  the  trial — it  was  conceded  that 
the  case  was  decided  on  Lockwood 's  argu- 
ment for  the  defense.  He  spoke  for  nine 
hours,  devoting  his  efforts  largely  to  de- 
nunciation of  a  state  of  society  that  per- 
mitted the  employment  of  men  who  were 
believed  to  have  personal  influence  with 
jurors  to  aid  in  a  government  prosecution 
and  inveighing  against  "the  clique  that  had 
contributed  money  to  secure  a  conviction." 
The  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  acquittal, 
and  Lockwood 's  fame  was  established.  A 
history  of  the  case  was  published  in  pamph- 
let form,  with  Lockwood 's  speech  in  full, 
and  widely  circulated.  Business  now  be- 
came prosperous,  but  he  was  a  natural 
gambler.  He  made  one  sane  investment  in 
the  purchase  of  320  acres  of  prairie  land 
northwest  of  Lafayette,  in  White  County; 
but  other  speculations  were  disastrous,  and 
left  him  overwhelmed  with  debt.  In  1842 
he  deposited  what  funds  he  could  collect 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  and  disap- 
peared. From  time  to  time  reports  were 
heard  from  him,  of  his  studying  civil  law 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2267 


in  the  City  of  Mexico,  of  reaching  Vera 
Cruz  with  $2,  which  he  staked  at  monte 
and  won  $50,  with  which  he  paid  his  pas- 
sage to  New  Orleans,  of  his  being  reduced 
to  manual  labor  at  that  place,  and  his  en- 
listing in  the  army  to  secure  a  bounty  of 
$20  with  which  to  redeem  his  trunk,  that 
was  held  for  a  board  bill.  The  enlistment 
at  least  was  a  fact,  and  he  was  ordered  to 
join  the  troops  in  Arkansas.  On  learning 
of  this,  his  old  friend  Hannegan,  who  was 
influential  politically,  posted  off  to  Wash- 
ington, secured  an  order  from  President 
Tyler  for  his  discharge,  and  forwarded  it 
to  Lockwood  with  $100  and  an  earnest  en- 
treaty to  come  back  to  his  friends.  He 
returned  to  Lafayette  to  find  that  his  White 
County  land  had  increased  largely  in  value. 
He  sold  it,  paid  his  debts,  and  was  getting 
along  well  until  the  California  excitement 
struck  the  country.  In  1849,  with  seven- 
teen others,  he  started  to  California  by  way 
of  Cape  Horn,  and  came  near  dying  of 
scurvy  on  the  passage.  At  San  Francisco 
he  found  employment  for  a  time  as  clerk 
in  a  law  office,  serving  also  as  janitor,  and 
losing  most  of  his  small  wages  in  gambling. 
An  old  friend  offered  him  a  case,  and  he 
embarked,  in  practice,  and  won.  Acciden- 
tally he  met  the  senior  partner  of  the  big 
firm  of  Palmer,  Cook  &  Co.,  who  employed 
him  in  an  important  case.  He  won  it,  and 
established  his  reputation  on  the  Coast.  He 
made  money;  and  the  more  he  made  the 
more  he  gambled. 

In  1853  he  announced  his  intention  to 
go  to  Australia.  Friends  tried  to  dissuade 
him,  but  in  vain.  Just  before  his  ship 
sailed  one  of  them  asked  him  if  he  had 
any  money,  and  he  coolly  tossed  his  last 
coin  into  the  bay,  with  the  remark  that  he 
would  start  free.  Arrived  at  Sydney,  he 
started  on  foot  on  the  overland  journey  to 
Melbourne,  some  700  miles  away.  On  get- 
ting there  he  found  that  the  laws  of  the 
Colony  prevented  anyone  from  practicing 
law  until  he  had  been  a  resident  for  seven 
years.  He  remained  for  more  than  a  year, 
finding  employment  first  as  bookkeeper  in 
a  mercantile  house,  then  as  clerk  in  a  law 
office,  and  finally  as  a  sheep  herder.  In 
1854  he  made  his  wav  back  to  California, 
apparently  a  changed  man.  To  a  friend 
he  said :  "I  know  you  thought  I  was  crazy, 
but  I  was  not.  It  was  the  sanest  act  of 
mv  life,  for  I  felt  that  I  must  do  some 
great  penance  for  my  sins  and  my  follies. 
I  wanted  to  put  a  gulf  between  me  and 


the  past."    He  at  once  resumed  practice, 
and  with  great  success.    Among  other  em- 
ployments he  was  called  into  the  celebrated 
Mariposa  land  case  by  John  C.  Fremont. 
Tins  was  based  on  a  Spanish  land  grant  of 
4 '  ten  square  leagues ' '  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains,  which  had  been  purchased  by 
Fremont.     The  local  courts  had  rejected 
the  claim,  but  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  had  reversed  the  decision, 
and  affirmed  Fremont's  title.    The  govern- 
ment's representatives  were  now  taking  an 
appeal  from  the  further  proceedings  of  the 
lower  court,  and  Lockwood  was  sent  to 
Washington  to  oppose  it.    Contrary  to  the 
usual   method,    the   decision   in   this   case 
(U.  S.  vs.  Fremont,  18  Howard,  p.  30)  does 
not  mention  the  names  of  the  attorneys, 
but  in  the  list  of  admissions  to  the  bar,  pre- 
fixed to  the  report  is  the  name  of  Buf  us  A. 
Lockwood,   of   California.    His  opposition 
to  the  appeal  was  based  on  two  grounds,  a 
failure  to  comply  with  the  court's  rules  of 
procedure,  and  the  claim  that  as  the  pro- 
ceedings involved  nothing  new,  it  was  in 
reality  an  appeal  from  the  former  decision 
of  the  Supreme  Court.    Tradition  says  that 
Lockwood  spoke  for  two  hours  on  the  law 
involved,  and  nothing  but  the  law,  receiv- 
ing the  close  attention  of  the  court,  and  that 
one  of  the  justices  said:     "That  man  is 
the  equal  of  the  best  lawyers  in  the  United 
States."     The  court  dismissed  the  appeal, 
and  Fremont's  title  was  established.     It  is 
said  that  Lockwood  received  a  fee  of  $100,- 
000  in  this  case.     In  1857,  before  it  was 
fully  disposed  of,  he  started  East  on  busi- 
ness, accompanied  by  his  wife  and  child. 
They  went  by  the  Isthmus,  and  left  Aspin- 
wall  on  the  ill-fated  ship  "Central  Amer- 
ica."   Off  the  Carolina  coast  they  encoun- 
tered a  terrific  storm,  and  the  vessel  sprung 
a  leak.     Lockwood  joined   the  crew,   and 
worked  at  the  pumps  until  satisfied  that 
the   case  was   hopeless.     Then   he   helped 
get  his  wife  and  child  into  a  boat,  which 
was  saved,  refusing  to  join  them  for  fear 
of  overloading  it.     Then  he  went  into  his 
cabin,  locked  the  door,  and  went  down  with 

the  ship. 

• 

CORTLAND  VAX  CAMP.  President  of  the 
Van  Camp  Hardware  &  Iron  Company,  also 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
Van  Camp  Packing  Company  and  the  Van 
Camp  Products  Company,  Cortland  Van 
Camp  stands  forth  unmistakably  as  one  of 
the  representative  business  men  and  influ- 


2268 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ential  citizens  of  Indianapolis,  which  has 
been  his  home  from  his  boyhood  days,  and 
to  whose  commercial  and  civic  advancement 
he  has  contributed  in  liberal  measure 
through  his  well  directed  business  enter- 
prises and  his  loyalty  and  liberality  as  a 
citizen. 

He  is  a  scion  of  one  of  the  old  and  hon- 
ored families  of  America,  and,  as  the  name 
implies,  he  is  a  representative  of  that 
sturdy  Holland  Dutch  stock  so  admirably 
described  by  Washington  Irving  in  his 
"Knickerbocker's  New  York."  The  orig- 
inal orthography  of  the  name  was  Van 
Capen,  and  the  family  was  one  of  ancient 
lineage  in  the  Netherlands,  whence  came 
the  original  progenitors  in  America,  set- 
tling in  New  York  and  New  Jersey  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  prefix  "Van" 
indicates  the  patrician  status  of  the  family 
in  Holland.  To  those  familiar  with  the 
history  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  quaint 
Dutch  village  which  was  the  nucleus  of  our 
national  metropolis,  there  comes  at  the 
mention  of  these  sterling  old  names  a  men- 
tal picture  in  which  sturdy  figures  seem 
to  leap  forth  from  the  midst  of  centuries, 
instinct  with  hearty,  vigorous  life,  and  rep- 
resentative of  stalwart  Christianity  and 
sovereign  integrity  of  character.  The  Van 
Camps  were  aggressive  and  liberty-loving, 
and  their  names  are  found  enrolled  as  pa- 
triot soldiers  in  the  Continental  line  during 
the  War  of  the  Revolution.  The  name  has 
ever  stood  symbolical  of  courage,  fortitude 
and  indomitable  energy,  and  these  sterling 
attributes  have  been  significantly  mani- 
fested in  the  career  of  Cortland  Van  Camp, 
who  has  wrought  well  under  conditions  al- 
most incomparably  different  from  those 
that  compassed  his  early  ancestors  in 
America. 

Records  extant  show  that  Charles  Van 
Camp,  whose  father  had  been  a  captain  of 
volunteers  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution, 
came  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  to  the 
Territory  of  Indiana  as  early  as  1804.  He 
was  among  the  first  permanent  settlers  of 
the  present  County  of  Dearborn,  and  there 
he  married  Mary  Halstead,  daughter  of 
James  Halstead,  who  had  brought  his  fam- 
ilv  overland  from  New  York  and  settled  at 
North  Bend.  Ohio.  On  Christmas  day  of 
the  year  1817  there  was  born  to  Charles 
and  Mary  (Halstead)  Van  Camp  a  son, 
to  whom  was  given  the  name  of  Gilbert  C. 
Van  Camp.  He  was  reared  under  the  con- 
ditions obtaining  in  the  early  pioneer  epoch, 


and  concerning  him  the  following  pertinent 
statements  have  been  written:  "He  pos- 
sessed the  very  best  traits  for  meeting  suc- 
cessfully the  difficult  conditions  of  a  new 
and  undeveloped  country.  Economical,  in- 
dustrious and  resourceful,  he  shaped  to  his 
own  will  the  possibilities  about  him."  He 
married  Miss  Hester  Jane  Raymond,  whose 
birth  occurred  July  19,  1828,  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  Westchester  County,  and 
whose  parents  were  early  settlers  of  Frank- 
lin County,  Indiana,  which  was  her  home 
at  the  time  of  her  marriage.  In  that  county 
Gilbert  C.  Van  Camp  continued  to  reside, 
devoting  his  attention  principally  to  milling 
and  merchandising,  until  1853,  when  he 
removed  with  his  family  to  Greensburg,  In- 
diana, continuing  there  until  1860,  when 
he  moved  to  Indianapolis,  with  whose  busi- 
ness and  civic  life  he  became  prominently 
identified.  His  life  was  one  of  signal  use- 
fulness and  honor  and  he  stood  exponent 
of  the  highest  type  of  loyal  citizenship. 
HO  continued  to  reside  in  Indianapolis  un- 
til his  death,  which  occurred  April  4,  1900. 
The  mother  died  at  Indianapolis  in  1912, 
aged  over  eighty-four  years.  Of  their  chil- 
dren three  sons  and  two  daughters  are  now 
living. 

Cortland  Van  Camp,  the  subject  of  this 
article,  was  born  in  Franklin  County,  In- 
diana, May  25,  1852,  and  was  about  eight 
years  of  age  at  the  time  of  the  family  re- 
moval to  Indianapolis,  where  he  was  reared 
to  manhood  and  where  he  has  continued  to 
reside  during  the  long  intervening  years, 
marked  by  worthy  accomplishment  and  con- 
secutive progress  as  one  of  the  world 's  ster- 
ling workers.  In  boyhood  he  attended  the 
public  and  private  schools  of  Indianapolis, 
and  also  pursued  a  course  in  a  business  col- 
lege and  had  private  instructions.  His 
first  position  was  bookkeeper  for  a  commis- 
sion merchant,  but  he  soon  relinquished  his 
position  to  take  un  an  independent  business 
career  that  has  been  marked  by  hard  work, 
discrimination  and  inflexible  integrity  of 
purpose.  In  1869,  w.hen  but  seventeen 
years  of  age,  Mr.  Van  Camp  formed  a  part- 
nership with  his  father  and  engaged  in  the 
fruit  and  general  commission  business.  In 
1876,  after  having  been  identified  with  this 
line  of  enterprise  for  a  period  of  about 
seven  vears,  Cortland  Van  Camp  retired 
from  the  same,  having  determined  to  seek 
a  field  of  business  operations  offering  wider 
opportunities  and  less  hazard  than  the  com- 
mission trade,  which  involves  the  handling 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2269 


of  perishable  products.  Upon  mature  re- 
flection he  decided  upon  the  hardware  busi- 
ness as  opening  encouraging  avenues  for 
the  accomplishment  of  desired  results,  al- 
though he  had  no  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
details  of  the  same  as  a  branch  of  trade. 
In  June,  1876,  he  purchased  the  business 
of  a  wholesale  hardware  house  in  Indian- 
apolis. Upon  entering  this  new  field  of 
enterprise  Mr.  Van  Camp  found  that  new 
methods  were  demanded  to  insure  the  ef- 
fective and  profitable  operation  of  the  busi- 
ness. His  plans  were  quickly  and  wisely 
formulated,  and  within  a  comparatively 
short  time  he  had  placed  the  business  upon 
a  substantial  basis.  Satiety  of  accomplish- 
ment has  never  been  in  evidence  at  any 
point  in  his  business  career,  and  thus  we 
find  that  he  soon  found  means  for  expand- 
ing the  scope  of  his  enterprise.  This  was 
done  by  the  consolidation  of  his  business 
with  another  iron  establishment.  This  con- 
solidation was  accomplished  in  1876  and  in 
1884  the  business  was  incorporated  under 
the  title  of  the  Hanson- Van  Camp  Com- 
pany. In  1886  Mr.  Hanson  withdrew  and 
thereupon  a  new  corporation  was  formed, 
under  the  present  title  of  the  Van  Camp 
Hardware  &  Iron  Company,  of  which  cor- 
poration Mr.  Van  Camp  has  been  president 
from  the  beginning.  The  volume  of  trade 
was  doubled  within  the  three  following 
years  and  the  business  of  the  company  has 
continued  to  show  a  steady  and  substantial 
increase,  so  that  the  concern  now  ranks 
as  one  of  the  first  of  the  kind  in  the  West. 
The  house  does  a  wholesale  business  and  is 
one  of  the  largest  jobbing  houses  in  the 
country.  Since  January,  1899,  Mr.  Van 
Camp  has  given  the  major  portion  of  his 
attention  to  the  supervision  of  this  large 
and  important  business,  of  which  he  is  the 
chief  executive  officer. 

Meanwhile  he  achieved  an  equally 
notable  business  success.  In  1882  Mr.  Van 
Camp,  with  his  father,  organized  the  Van 
Camp  Packing  Company,  which  by  good 
management  has  developed  into  one  of  the 
IpRding  packing  companies  of  the  country. 
He  remained  with  this  enterprise  until 
1900.  Twelve  vears  later  he  again  became 
interested  in  this  business,  reorganized  it, 
holding  the  office  of  president,  and  is  now 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors. 

Mr.  Van  Camp  is  not  the  type  of  man 
to  vaunt  his  own  success  or  accomplish- 
ment, and  in  view  of  this  fact  it  is  the 
more  gratifying  to  offer  the  following  esti- 


mate paid  him  by  a  prominent  banker  and 
influential  citizen  of  Indianapolis,  who 
said :  "I  have  known  Mr.  Van  Camp  inti- 
mately throughout  his  business  career  and 
consider  him  a  born  merchant  and  finan- 
cier. His  is  the  leading  hardware  and  iron 
house  in  the  state,  and  there  are  but  few 
larger  in  the  West.  The  concem  is  very 
aggressive  and  is  constantly  extending  its 
trade  into  new  territory.  Mr.  Van  Camp 
is  the  man  who  deserves  the  credit  for 
building  up  the  business  and  putting  it  on 
its  present  sound  financial  footing.  In  my 
opinion  this  has  required  greater  ability 
and  more  energy  and  persistence,  in  an  in- 
land city  like  Indianapolis,  than  would  be 
needed  in  a  city  such  as  St.  Louis  or  Chi- 
cago. Though  of  a  very  retiring  disposi- 
tion, Mr.  Van  Camp  is  strong  and  self- 
reliant  in  meeting  the  manifold  problems 
of  business  life." 

A  man  of  broad  mental  horizon  and  of 
most  practical  ideas,  Mr.  Van  Camp  has 
been  significantly  liberal  and  public- 
spirited  as  a  citizen,  and  his  influence  and 
capitalistic  support  have  been  given  to  nu- 
merous enterprises  and  measures  aside 
from  the  splendid  institution  which  he  has 
built  up  in  his  chosen  field.  Perhaps  one 
of  the  most  important  and  far-reaching  of 
his  ventures  was  when  he  became  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Indianapolis  Southern 
Railroad  Company,  a  road  giving  Indian- 
apolis a  through-route  to  the  South.  In- 
dianapolis had  long  been  waiting  a  direct 
road  to  the  coal  fields  of  the  state.  Sev- 
eral efforts  had  been  made  to  enlist  the 
aid  of  the  city  in  the  project  but  without 
success.  It  thus  became  necessary  for  pri- 
vate individuals  to  risk  capital  and  devote 
time  for  the  success  of  such  an  enterprise. 
Mr.  Van  Camp  with  three  others  undertook 
the  building  of  the  road,  shouldering  the 
entire  responsibility  and  without  soliciting 
the  sale  of  stock  to  their  friends  or  to  indi- 
viduals living  along  the  right  of  way.  Prior 
to  its  completion  the  road  was  purchased 
by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company 
and  was  then  completed  to  Effingham,  Illi- 
nois, there  connecting  with  the  main  line. 
Thus  through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Van  Camp 
and  his  associates  Indianapolis  secured  a 
railroad  connecting  the  cifv  direct  with  the 
coal  fields  and  with  the  Illinois  Central  the 
Citv  of  New  Orleans,  the  South  and  the 
gulf  ports.  The  road  was  opened  for  pas- 
senger traffic  December  17,  1906.  and  is 
practically  the  only  steam  railroad  com- 


2270 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


pleted  running  into  or  from  Indianapolis 
since  18»ti.  'mis  has  added  materially  to 
the  precedence  of  the  city  as  a  railroad 
and  distributing  center  whose  commercial 
facilities  are  01  the  highest  grade.  Mr. 
Van  Camp  was  not  merely  a  figurehead,  as 
is  often  the  case  in  sucn  enterprise,  but 
was  an  important  factor  in  financing  and 
making  the  enterprise  successful.  History! 
records  final  success,  and  much  good  there- 
by has  come  to  Indianapolis  and  contiguous 
territory.  He  has  contributed  in  many 
ways  to  the  industrial,  commercial  and 
civic  progress  of  the  capital  city,  and  no 
t-itizen  is  more  loyal  to  its  interest. 

One  who  has  had  the  power  to  achieve  so 
noteworthy  success  cannot  fail  to  have  defi- 
nite conviction  in  regard  to  matters  of 
public  polity,  and  thus  Mr.  Van  Camp  is 
found  arrayed  as  a  stanch  advocate  of 
the  principles  and  stands  sponsor  for  the 
best  in  civic  development.  His  reverence 
for  the  spiritual  verities  represented  by  the 
Christian  religion  is  of  the  most  insistent 
and  definite  type,  and  both  he  and  his  wife 
are  zealous  members  of  the  Second  Pres- 
byterian Church,  in  which  he- has  served 
as  deacon  and  trustee  and  is  an  elder  at 
the  present  time.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
University,  Columbia  and  Country  clubs, 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  Board 
of  Trade.  He  is  a  Thirty-second  degree 
Ancient  Accepted  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine. 

Concerning  the  personality  of  the  man 
no  better  estimate  could  be  asked  than  that 
given  by  one  who  has  known  him  thor- 
oughly as  a  citizen  and  as  a  man  among 
men:  "He  is  nobly  generous,,  giving 
cheerfully  and  abundantly  to  every  worthy 
philanthropy,  but  always  in  a  quiet  way, 
shrinking  from  all  ostentation  and  display. 
He  may  be  termed  a  silent  worker,  letting 
not  his  left  hand  know  what  his  right  hand 
doeth,  and  true  as  steel  to  whatever  cause 
he  may  espouse.  I  have  never  known  a 
man  in  whom  there  is  so  little  of  the  ego 
as  in  Cortland  Van  Camp." 

On  May  28,  1876,  was  solemnized  the 
marriage  of  Mr.  Van  Camp  to  Miss  Fan- 
nie A.  Patterson,  daughter  of  Samuel  J. 
Patterson,  who  was  a  representative  citizen 
of  Indianapolis  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
Of  the  five  children  of  this  union  three  are 
living.  Raymond  Patterson  Van  Camp, 
the  eldest  son,  was  educated  in  the  Michi- 
gan Military  Academy,  at  Orchard  Lake, 


and  at  the  first  call  for  troops  upon  the  in- 
ception of  the  Spanish- American  War  he 
promptly  tendered  his  services,  enlisting  in 
liattery  A,  Twenty-seventh  Indiana  Volun- 
teers, and  remaining  in  service  with  his 
command  until  the  same  was  mustered  out. 
He  is  now  a  vice  president  of  the  Van 
Camp  Hardware  &  Iron  Company  at  In- 
dianapolis. Ella  D.,  the  next  in  order  of 
birth,  is  now  the  wife  of  John  T.  Martin- 
dale.  Samuel  Gilbert,  the  second  son,  is  a 
vice  president  and  general  manager  of  the 
Van  Camp  Hardware  &  Iron  Company. 
Cortland  Malott  died  in  1909.  The  home 
of  Mr.  Van  Camp  is  the  handsome  resi- 
dence known  as  1354  North  Delaware 
Street. 

JOHN  T.  WILDER  was  born  in  Hunters 
Village,  Greene  County,  New  York,  Jan- 
uary 31,  1830.  During  seven  years  of  his 
early  life  he  served  an  apprenticeship  at 
the  iron  business,  and  later  he  built  and 
operated  general  machine  and  millwright's 
works  until  he  entered  the  Civil  war  as  a 
soldier.  During  that  struggle  he  made  a 
gallant  and  conspicuous  record  and  was 
brevetted  a  brigadier-general,  and  a  still 
further  honor  was  conferred  upon  him 
when  a  brigade,  Wilder 's  Lightning  Bri- 
gade, was  named  in  his  honor. 

In  1867  General  Wilder  organized  the 
Roane  Iron  Works,  also  built  and  operated 
two  blast  furnaces  at  Rockwood,  Tennes- 
see, the  first  in  the  South,  and  was  after- 
ward active  in  mineral  development  of 
Tennessee.  The  death  of  General  Wilder 
occurred  at  Jacksonville,  Florida,  October 
20,  1917. 

HENRY  WRIGHT  MARSHALL,.  .The  career 
of  Henry  Wright  Marshall  of  Lafayette  is 
marked  by  efficiency  and  sincerity.  He  has 
not  only  known  how  to  bring  about  effi- 
ciency and  inaugurate  improvements  in 
business  methods,  but  has  had  the  courage 
of  his  convictions  and  could  not  be  swerved 
from  his  purpose  once  he  made  up  his  mind 
upon  a  certain  course.  The  years  have 
brought  him  honors  and  wealth,  but  had 
material  prosperity  and  proper  recognition 
been  denied,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  he 
would  have  acted  exactly  as  he  has,  for 
Mr.  Marshall  is  conscientious  as  well  as 
able.  He  was  born  near  Springfield,  Ohio, 
January  29,  1865,  a  son  of  S.  H.  and  Sarah 
(Wright)  Marshall,  the  former  of  whom  is 


USRMft 

OF  HE 
WWERSFTY  OF  ILUWOis 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2271 


now  living  at  Montmorenci,  Indiana,  aged 
eighty-nine  years,  but  the  latter  is  de- 
ceased. 

Alter  completing  the  Montmorenci  High 
School,  and  the  Union  Business  College  of 
Lafayette,  Henry  Wright  Marshall  entered 
the  printing  and  wholesale  stationery  house 
of  John  Rosser  &  Company  of  Lafayette, 
where  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  print- 
ing business.  Six  years  ago  Mr.  Marshall 
purchased  The  Lafayette  Journal  and  has 
made  this  newspaper  one  of  the  most  force- 
ful in  the  state.  While  attending  to  the 
duties  pertaining  to  the  ownership  of  a 
newspaper  of  this  importance,  Mr.  Marshall 
has  become  a  well  known  figure  in  business 
circles,  and  is  vice  president  of  the  Public 
Utilities  Company  of  Evansville,  Indiana, 
which  furnishes  the  street  railway,  interur- 
ban,  gas  and  electric  service  for  this  sec- 
tion. Believing  in  the  importance  and 
value  of  agriculture,  Mr.  Marshall  is  largely 
and  intelligently  interested  in  farming. 

Politically  he  is  a  republican,  and  has 
represented  his  district  as  the  successful 
candidate  of  his  party  to  the  Indiana  State 
Assembly  during  the  sessions  of  1899,  1901 
and  1903,  and  was  speaker  of  the  House 
in  1903.  His  fraternal  connections  are  with 
the  Masons,  he  rising  in  that  order  to  the 
Thirty-second  degree,  and  he  'is  also  a 
Shriner;  and  belongs  to  the  Elks  and 
Knights  of  Pythias.  Socially  Mr.  Marshall 
belongs  to  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianap- 
olis and  the  Country,  Lincoln  and  Fayette 
clubs  of  Lafayette,  and  Country  Club  of 
Evansville. 

On  February  18,  1891,  Mr.  Marshall  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Laura  Van  Natta, 
a  daughter  of  Aaron  Van  Natta.  Mrs. 
Marshall  was  educated  at  De  Pauw  and 
Purdue  Universities  and  is  a  lady  of  unusu- 
al mentality.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marshall  have 
one  son,  Henry  W.  Marshall,  Jr.,  a  grad- 
uate of  Purdue  University,  who  married 
Helen  Bromm  of  Evansville,  Indiana.  Mr. 
Marshall  and  his  family  are  connected  with 
Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  La- 
fayette, Indiana,  and  have  been  for  many 
years. 

While  in  the  assembly  of  his  state  Mr. 
Marshall  distinguished  himself  in  a  number 
of  ways,  and  through  his  instrumentality 
some  exceedingly  important  legislation  was 
secured.  He  has  been  firm  and  loyal  in  his 
support  of  his  party  both  as  an  individual 
and  through  the  columns  of  his  newspaper, 


and  his  value  to  his  community  and  state 
cannot  be  easily  overestimated. 

STEPHEN  ST«ATTAN  is  an  Indiana  man 
whose  home  and  business  headquarters  for 
several  years  have  been  in  Chicago.  Mr. 
Strattan  belongs  to  Richmond,  where  for  a 
uuml>er  of  years  he  was  connected  with  the 
machinery  manufacturing  industries  of 
that  city,  and  his  chief  interest  has  been 
and  is  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
machinery  and  in  finance. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond,  December  8, 
1868,  a  son  of  Stephen  S.  and  Matilda  (El- 
derkin)  Strattan.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  is  a 
graduate  of  DePauw  University,  taking  the 
A.  B.  degree  in  1891,  and  his  degree  Master 
of  Arts  in  1894.  After  leaving  college  he 
entered  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company  of  Rich- 
mond, was  paymaster  of  the  company  and 
later  secretary  and  sales  manager  until 
1911.  In  1911  this  company  was  merged 
with  the  M.  Rumely  Company,  and  Mr. 
Strattan  was  secretary  of  the  latter  until 
he  resigned,  in  September,  1912. 

Since  October,  1912,  Mr.  Strattan  has 
been  president  of  the  Agricultural  Credit 
Company,  which  in  1918  was  reorganized 
as  the  Commercial  Acceptance  Trust,  of 
which  he  is  the  executive  head.  He  has 
been  a  director  of  the  Advance-Ruinely 
Company,  manufacturers  of  threshing  ma- 
chinery, tractors  and  gas  engines,  since 
1916,  and  is  a  director  in  a  number  of  other 
corporations.  For  ten  years  he  was  a  di- 
rector of  the  Second  National  Bank  of 
Richmond. 

While  living  in  Richmpnd  Mr.  Stratton 
served  as  president  of  the  school  board  for 
ten  years.  He  is  a  stand-pat  republican,  is 
a  member  of  the  University  Club,  the  Mid- 
lothian Country  Club  and  the  Mid-Day 
Club,  all  of  Chicago,  and  in  religious  affilia- 
tion is  an  Episcopalian. 

May  4,  1892,  at  Richmond,  he  married 
Ruby  Gaar,  her  father  being  Abram  Gaar, 
founder  of  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company.  Mr. 
Strattan  has  a  son,  Abram  Gaar  Strattan, 
who  is  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  National 
army.  During  the  war  he  was  an  aerial 
observer,  and  in  1919  was  assigned  to  duty 
with  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion. 

JUDGE  SAMUEL  C.  STIMSON,  former  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Vigo  County, 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2271 


iiow  living  at  Montuiorenci,  Indiana,  aged 
eighty-nine  years,  lutt  tlie  latter  is  de- 
ceased. 

Alter  completing  the  Montmorenci  High 
School,  and  the  I'nion  Business  College  of 
Lafayette,  Henry  Wright  Marshall  entered 
the  printing  and  wholesale  stationery  house 
of  John  Rosser  &  Company  of  Lafayette, 
where  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  print- 
ing diisiiiess.  Six  years  ago  Mr.  Marshall 
purchased  The  Lafayette  Journal  and  lias 
made  this  newspaper  one  of  the  most  force- 
ful in  the  state.  While  attending  to  the 
duties  pertaining  to  the  ownership  of  a 
newspaper  of  this  importance,  Mr.-  Marshall 
has  liecoine  a  well  known  figure  in  business 
circles,  and  is  vice  president  of  the  Public 
Utilities  Company  of  Evansville,  Indiana, 
which  furnishes  the  street  railway,  interur- 
ban,  gas  and  electric  service  for  this  sec- 
tion. Believing  in  the  importance  and 
value  of  agriculture,  Mr.  .Marshall  is  largely 
and  intelligently  interested  in  farming. 

Politically  he  is  a  republican,  and  has 
represented  his  district  as  the  successful 
candidate  of  his  party  to  the  Indiana  State 
Assembly  during  the  sessions  of  1899,  1001 
and  1!»U.'5.  and  was  speaker  of  the  House 
in  1!K)3.  His  fraternal  connections  are  with 
the  Masons,  he  rising  in  that  order  to  the 
Thirty-second  degree,  and  he  is  also  a 
Shriner;  and  belongs  to  the  Elks  and 
Knights  of  Pythias.  Socially  Mr.  Marshall 
belongs  to  the  Columbia  Club  of  Indianap- 
olis and  the  Country,  Lincoln  and  Fayette 
clubs  of  Lafayette,  and  Country  Club  of 
Kvansville. 

On  February  IS,  1891,  Mr.  Marshall  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Laura  Van  Natta, 
a  daughter  of  Aaron  Van  Natta.  Mrs. 
Marshall  was  educated  at  De  Pauw  and 
Purdue  I'niversities  and  is  a  lady  of  unusu- 
al mentality.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marshall  have 
one  son,  Henry  W.  Marshall.  Jr.,  a  grad- 
uate of  Purdue  University,  who  married 
Helen  Bromm  of  Evansville.  Indiana.  Mr. 
Marshall  and  his  family  are  connected  with 
Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  La- 
fayette, Indiana,  and  have  been  for  many 
years. 

While  in  the  assembly  of  his  state  Mr. 
Marshall  distinguished  himself  in  a  number 
of  ways,  and  through  his  instrumentality 
some  exceedingly  important  legislation  was 
secured.  He  has  been  firm  and  loyal  in  his 
support  of  his  party  both  as  an  individual 
and  through  the  columns  of  his  newspaper, 


and  his  value  to  his  community  and  state 
cannot  be  easily  overestimated. 

STKIMIEN  STKATTAN  is  an  Indiana  man 
whose  home  and  business  headquarters  for 
several  years  have  been  in  Chicago.  Mr. 
Strattan  belongs  to  Richmond,  where  for  a 
number  of  years  he  was  connected  with  the 
machinery  manufacturing  industries  of 
that  city,  and  his  chief  interest  lias  been 
and  is  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural 
machinery  and  in  finance. 

He  was  born  at  Richmond.  December  t>. 
1868.  a  son  of  Stephen  S.  and  Matilda  (El- 
derkin)  Strattan.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  is  a 
graduate  of  DePauw  University,  taking  the 
A.  B.  degree  in  1891,  and  his  degree  Master 
of  Arts  in  1894.  After  leaving  college  he 
entered  Gaar,  Scott  &  Company  of  Rich- 
mond, was  paymaster  of  the  company  and 
later  secretary  and  sales  manager  until 
11111.  In  1911  this  company  was  merged 
with  the  M.  Rumely  Company,  and  Mr. 
Strattan  was  secretary  of  the  latter  until 
lie  resigned,  in  September,  1912. 

Since  October.  1912.  Mr.  Strattan  has 
been  president  of  the  Agricultural  Credit 
Company,  which  in  1918  was  reorgani/.ed 
as  the  Commercial  Acceptance  Trust,  of 
which  he  is  the  executive  head.  He  has 
been  a  director  of  the  Advanee-Rumely 
Company,  manufacturers  of  threshing  ma- 
chinery, tractors  and  gas  engines,  since 
1916,  and  is  a  director  in  a  number  of  other 
corporations.  For  ten  years  he  was  a  di- 
rector of  the  Second  National  Bank  of 
Richmond. 

While  living  in  Richmond  Mr.  Stratton 
served  as  president  of  the  school  board  for 
ten  years.  He  is  a  stand-pat  republican,  is 
a  member  of  the  University  Club,  the  Mid- 
lothian Country  Club  and  the  Mid-Day 
Club,  all  of  Chicago,  and  in  religious  affilui- 
lion  is  an  Episcopalian. 

May  4,  1892,  at  Richmond,  lie  married 
Ruby  Gaar,  her  father  being  A  brain  Gaar. 
founder  of  Gaar.  Scott  &  Company.  Mr. 
Strattan  has  a  son.  Abram  Gaar  Strattan. 
who  is  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  National 
army.  During  the  war  he  was  an  aerial 
observer,  and  in  1919  was  assigned  to  duty 
with  the  United  States  Food  Administra- 
tion. 

Jrno.E  SAMTKI,  C.  STIMSON-.  former  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  Vigo  County. 


2272 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


has  dignified  his  forty  years  of  service  in 
the  legal  profession  by  many  distinguished 
services  both  as  a  practicing  lawyer  and  as 
a  judge  and  leading  citizen. 

Judge  Stimsou  was  born  at  Noblesville, 
Indiana,  May  9,  1846,  son  of  Rev.  William 
N.  and  Mary  Wilson  (Johnson)  Stimson. 
He  was  only  two  years  of  age  when  his 
mother,  a  native  of  Cincinnati,  died  in  1848. 
'Ihe  father,  Rev.  Mr.  Stimsou,  who  was 
born  in  Worcester,  New  York,  gave  his  life 
to  Christian  work  as  a  home  missionary  and 
minister  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  Presbyterian  mis- 
sionaries in  Indiana,  beginning  his  work 
with  the  establishment  of  a  mission  at 
Noblesville  in  1835.  He  later  had  charges 
at  Franklin,  Thomtown,  Lebanon  and 
other  Indiana  towns,  and  in  1888  removed 
to  Portland,  Oregon,  where  he  died  in  190'J, 
at  the  age  of  ninety-six. 

A  minister's  son  usually  spends  his 
youth  in  more  than  one  locality  and  Judge 
Stimson 's  early  career  was  no  exception  to 
the  rule.  He  finished  his  education  at 
Wabash  College,  and  later  was  granted  an 
honorary  degree  by  that  institution  and 
was  elected  one  of  its  trustees.  He  studied 
law  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  where 
he  was  graduated  LL.  B.  in  1872.  He  had 
begun  the  study  of  law  while  teaching  in  a 
seminary  at  Crawfordsville,  and  was  also  a 
student  in  the  offices  of  Richard  Dunnegan 
and  Samuel  Royse  at  Terre  Haute.  After 
his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1872  he  was 
associated  for  ten  years  with  his  former 
perceptor,  Mr.  Dunnegan,  and  had  various 
other  partners  during  his  active  member- 
ship in  the  bar.  On  November  1,  1897, 
Judge  Stimson  was  appointed  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy on  the  bench  of  the  Superior  Court 
and  was  regularly  elected  to  the  office  in 
1898  and  again  in  1902.  For  ten  years  he 
upheld  the  best  traditions  of  the  Indiana 
judiciary,  and  his  long  service  on  the  bench 
is  one  of  the  most  honorable  parts  of  his 
personal  career. 

Judge  Stimson  has  long  been  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  Bar  Association  and  the 
American  Bar  Association.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  latter  association's  convention 
at  Indianapolis. 

Judge  Stimson  first  married  in  1873  Miss 
Maggie  C.  Allen,  daughter  of  Rev.  A.  0. 
Allen  of  Indianapolis,  who  was  chaplain 
in  General  Beniamin  Harrison's  regiment 
during  the  Civil  War.  Rev.  Mr.  Allen  also 


had  the  honor  of  being  the  tirst  graduate 
of  Wabash  College.  Mrs.  Stimson  died  in 
1893,  after  twenty  years  of  married  com- 
panionship, leaving  one  son,  James  Cam- 
eron Stimson.  Later  Judge  Stimson  mar- 
ried Stella  C.  Courtright,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Calvin  Courtright,  a  Presbyterian  minis- 
ter. Judge  and  Mrs.  Stimson  have  two 
children,  Margaret  Elizabeth  and  Stuart 
Courtright. 

/ 

STEIX.A  COURTRIGHT  STIMSON.  Among 
those  Indiana  women  who  not  only  possess 
but  have  made  use  of  their  individual  tal- 
ents and  accomplishments  for  doing  good 
beyond  the  immediate  circles  of  their  home 
and  intimate  friendship,  Mrs.  Stella 
Courtright  Stimson  of  Terre  Haute  has 
well  earned  a  high  place.  Mrs.  Stimsou 
is  the  wife  of  Judge  S.  C.  Stimson,  one 
of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  members 
of  the  Terre  Haute  bar. 

One  quite  fairly  familiar  with  her  ex- 
perience and  her  work  wrote  of  Mrs.  Stim- 
son a  few  years  ago  the  following  brief 
sketch : 

"She  was  the  oldest  of  a  large  family 
of  children  born  to  a  Presbyterian  clergy- 
man holding  a  charge  in  a  small  town.  Mrs. 
Stimson,  if  she  were  a  man,  might  be  spoken 
of  as  a  live  wire.  In  her  little  body,  which 
looks  frail,  there  is  reserve  force  of  energy 
simply  amazing  to  her  friends.  She  was 
reared  in  a  deeply  religious  as  well  as  in- 
tellectual atmosphere.  Her  father  was  a 
scholar,  determined  that  his  children 
should  have  advantages  of  education.  Mrs. 
Stimson  was  sent  to  Wcllesley  College.  The 
self-denials  she  practiced  there  might  ap- 
pall an  ordinary  girl.  Mrs.  Stimson 's 
diversion  is  in  study.  Some  of  her  friends 
say  this  is  her  only  dissipation. 

"She  began  teaching  when  very  young. 
After  a  brief  married  life  she  found  herself 
a  widow  with  a  little  son  dependent  upon 
her  own  exertions  for  a  livelihood.  She 
again  took  up  teaching,  in  which  profession 
she  took  delight,  finding  it  an  intellectual 
stimulus.  She  taught  Latin  and  mathemat- 
ics. She  is  conversant  with  French,  Ger- 
man and  Spanish.  While  teaching  in  this 
city  at  Coates  College  she  married  Judge 
Stimson  and  took  up  domestic  duties.  Sho 
is  an  excellent  housekeeper,  doing  much  of- 
thr>  pp*ual  work." 

With  a  deep  and  vital  interest  aroused 
in  educational  affairs  by  her  experience  as 


INDIANA  AND  IND1ANANS 


2273 


a  teacher,  Mrs.  Stiinson  has  found  time 
amid  the  cares  and  responsibilities  of  do- 
mestic life  to  arouse  public  opinion  to  new 
needs  and  conditions  and  to  lend  herself 
as  a  practical  force  in  the  working  out  of 
many  admirable  programs  of  social  and 
civic  service.  Mrs.  Stimson  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  first  woman  of  Terre 
Haute  to  be  elected  a  member  of  the  school 
board,  an  office  she  took  hold  of  in  January, 
1912.  She  has  for  years  made  a  close  study 
of  the  fundamental  problems  underlying 
modern  education,  and  worked  with  untir- 
ing zeal  for  vocational  education  as  a  part 
of  Indiana's  school  system.  She  was  a 
leader  in  her  home  city  in  advocating  the 
teaching  of  sex  hygiene  in  the  public 
schools,  and  watched  successfully  in  the 
State  House  every  detail  of  the  enactment 
of  the  Rule  Abatement  Bill  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  1915. 

For  a  number  of  years  she  has  conducted 
a  weekly  Bible  class  at  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association.  She  has 
appeared  in  many  towns  and  cities  before 
various  organizatons  to  make  public  afl- 
dresses,  including  the  Women's  Union  La- 
bel League,  the  Retail  Clerks'  Union,  the 
Women 's  Christian  Temperance  Union  and 
the  Federation  of  Clubs. 

Mrs.  Stimson  is  a  scholar  and  critic,  is 
deeply  versed  in  modern  as  well  as  clas- 
sical literature,  and  has  done  much  to  in* 
terpret  and  extend  the  knowledge  of  stand- 
ard literature  among  the  circles  in  which 
she  moves. 

Many  articles  on  purely  literary  matters 
as  well  as  on  topics  of  general  social  and 
economic  concern  have  appeared  under  her 
pen  in  local  papers  and  magazines  of  na- 
tional character.  Mrs.  Stimson  brings  to 
her  literary  work  the  advantages  of  deep 
culture  supplemented  by  extensive  travel. 
She  had  been  abroad,  twice  in  Rome  as  well 
as  in  other  centers  of  art  and  culture  in 
modern  Europe. 

Of  a  woman  who  had  spent  so  many 
years  in  intimate  relationship  with  the  pub- 
lic life  and  affairs  of  her  home  community 
and  state  it  is  obviously  impossible  to  de- 
scribe her  activities  in  detail.  Of  her  varied 
public  services  doubtless  she  takes  the 
greatest  satisfaction  in  the  assistance  she 
lent  in  cleaning  up  her  home  city  of  Terre 
Haute  and  eliminating  the  corrupt  political 
conditions  which  gave  that  city  its  undesir- 
able fame.  It  was  on  the  evidence  presented 


by  Mrs.  Stimsou  and  her  co-workers  that  the 
ivoberts  gang  was  convicted  by  the  Federal 
courts.  i\ot  long  ago  there  appeared  a  para- 
graph in  the  .Literary  Digest  with  reterence 
to  -UTS.  Stiinsoii  s  work,  it  is  as  follows : 
"Mrs.  Stimsou  stood  all  day  as  watcher  in 
one  of  the  toughest  districts  in  Terre 
Haute.  She  saw  repeaters  who  had  changed 
their  clothing  come  back  and  vote,  and 
said  that  men  were  brought  up  to  vote  who 
did  not  know  the  names  under  which  they 
were  to  vote.  She  had  kept  records  of  re- 
peating on  her  poll  book  and  a  long  list  of 
those  who  voted  twice.  The  evidence  shown 
by  this  poll  book  was  the  principal  evidence 
that  sent  the  gang  to  prison. ' ' 

As  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Commit- 
tee of  the  Federation  of  Clubs  Mrs.  Stim- 
son spent  much  time  at  the  State  House 
during  the  Assembly  of  1913,  working  for 
the  measures  in  which  the  club  women  were 
interested,  notably  the  housing  or  tenement 
bill.  In  1915  she  was  acting  president  as 
well  as  chairman  of  the  Steering  Commit- 
tee of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Indiana 
Women,  representing  the  federated  organ- 
ization of  the  Women's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union,  Federation  of  Clubs,  Mothers 
Congress,  Franchise  League,  Indiana  Con- 
sumers' League,  Women's  Press  Club, 
Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae  and 
Women's  Relief  Corps.  She  was  chairman 
of  the  Steering  Committee  of  the  Council 
in  1917  when  it  secured  the  passage  of 
the  suffrage  bill  and  helped  in  the  enact- 
ment of  the  Constitutional  Convention  and 
Prohibition  measures.  The  council  main- 
tained an  office  in  the  State  House,  and 
from  there  conducted  a  publicity  and  edu- 
cational campaign  among  the  women  of  the 
state.  When  all  the  credits  have  been  prop- 
erly apportioned  it  will  doubtless  be  found 
that  Mrs.  Stimson  is  deserving  of  much 
praise  for  the  fact  that  Indiana  was  aligned 
in  the  prohibition  column  of  states.  The 
Chicago  Tribune  referred  to  her  at  one  time 
as  the  state's  "brainiest  woman." 

In  the  capacity  of  a  Florence  Crittenton 
board  member,  she  has  always  been  much 
interested  in  the  problem  of  the  unfortu- 
nate and  erring  girl,  and  hence  in  the 
elimination  of  the  dens  of  vice  of  her  home 
town. 

For  all  this  varied  work  and  service  Mrs. 
Stimson  has  doubtless  found  the  greatest 
satisfaction  in  her  own  conscience,  but  it  is 
only  natural  that  she  should  be  gratified  by 


2274 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


the  appreciation  that  has  been  paid  her  for 
her  efforts  in  behalf  of  clean  government, 
woman  suffrage  and  prohibition  by  the 
press  of  the  United  States  from  coast  to 
coast. 

JOSEPH  GREGORY  ELDER,  who  died  Decem- 
ber 2,  1918,  was  one  of  the  oldest  active 
business  men  of  Terre  Haute,  where  he 
lived  forty-seven  years,  with  a  record  of 
continuous  advancement  and  increasing 
achievement.  During  some  of  the  first 
years  of  his  residence  111  this  city  he  worked 
as  a  humble  mechanic.  Mr.  Elder  was 
president  of  the  Citizens  Savings  &  Loan 
Association  of  Terre  Haute,  one  of  the 
largest  organizations  of  its  kind  in  point 
of  assets  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 

He  had  an  interesting  family  history. 
He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Bedford  County, 
Pennsylvania,  February  22,  1852.  Aside 
from  his  home  city  of  Terre  Haute  no  place 
in  the  world  h'a~d  more  associations  for  Mr. 
Elder  than  that  oM  farm  on  which  he  was 
born  and  on  which  his  father  and  grand- 
father also  first  saw  the  light  of  day,  and 
a  part  of  the  soil  of  which  is  restricted  as 
the  burial  place  of  his  great-grandfather, 
grandfather  and  father.  The  farm  has 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  Elder  family 
for  127  years  and  is  now  owned  by  a  mem- 
ber of  the  fourth  generation.  Its  original 
purchaser  was  the  great-grandfather,  Wil- 
liam Elder,  a  native  of  Scotland  who  went 
to  Pennsylvania  in  colonial  times.  He  was 
one  of  three  brothers  to  emigrate,  and  one 
of  them  settled  in  Michigan  and  another 
in  Ohio.  William  Elder  acquired  the  190 
acres  of  land  when  it  was  an  uncleared 
wilderness,  and  it  is  due  to  the  successive 
labors  of  the  Elder  family  that  it  now  con- 
stitutes a  model  farm  with  all  the  modern 
improvements  and  one  of  the  most  valuable 
individual  estates  in  Bedford  County.  On 
this  land  was  born  the  grandfather,  James 
Elder,  and  he  spent  his  entire  life  there. 
John  Elder,  father  of  Joseph  G.,  was  born 
on  the  old  homestead,  and  died  there  when 
his  sou  Joseph  was  eighteen  months  of  age. 
The  mother  of  Joseph  G.  Elder,  Louisa 
Vickroy  Elder,  was  a  native  of  the  same 
section  of  Pennsylvania,  where  her  people 
were  pioneers.  Joseph  G.  Elder  was  the 
sixth  in  a  family  of  seven  children.  Tn 
1865,  when  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age, 
he  went  with  his  mother  to  Cumberland, 


Maryland,  where  he  lived  during  his  early 
life  in  Pennsylvania. 

In  June,  1871,  he  came  alone  to  Terre 
Haute,  and  his  mother  soon  afterward  fol- 
lowed him  to  this  city  and  died  at  his  home 
in  1904,  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight. 

When  Mr.  Elder  arrived' in  Terre  Haute 
his  total  possessions  amounted  to  only  20 
cents.  With  only  this  between  him  and 
starvation  he  was  not  slow  in  connecting 
himself  with  some  work,  and  he  found  his 
first  employment  in  the  James  Hook  plan- 
ing mill  at  wages  of  $1.75  a  day.  He  proved 
an  expert  man  in  handling  planing  mill 
machinery,  and  was  given  substantial  in- 
creases in  salary,  and  continued  with  the 
plant  until  it  was  burned  in  1880.  In  the 
meantime,  in  1879,  he  had  begun  general 
contracting  on  his  own  account,  and  he  con- 
tinued that  business  more  or  less  actively 
for  a  period  of  fifteen  years.  He  had  also 
spent  two  years  as  manager  of  a  farm  in 
Kansas  for  W.  R.  McKeen,  of  Terre  Haute, 
and  for  three  years  was  superintendent  of 
the  Terre  Haute  Street  Railway  Company, 
until  its  motive  power  was  changed  to  elec- 
tricity. 

In  1894  Mr.  Elder  entered  the  real  estate 
business  with  I.  H.  Royse,  and  after  six 
years  he  took  up  the  business  on  his  own 
account  as  a  partner  with  John  Poulkes. 
In  1909  he  organized  the  Elder  &  Trout 
Company,  a  complete  organization  for  han- 
dling real  estate,  loans  and  insurance,  and 
the  firm  has  handled  some  of  the  largest 
real  estate  transactions  in  Western  Indiana. 

Mr.  Elder  became  secretary  of  the  Wa- 
bash  Savings,  Loan  &  Building  Association 
in  1894,  and  that  business  was  largely  de- 
veloped under  his  personal  direction  and 
ability  until  it  became  the  largest  associa- 
tion in  Western  Indiana  and  fourth  in  size 
in  the  entire  state.  Its  name  has  since 
been  changed  to  the  Citizens  Savings  & 
Loan  Association,  with  Mr.  Elder  as  presi- 
dent. Through  this  association  and  through 
his  private  business  affairs  Mr.  Elder  prob- 
ably did  as  much  as  any  other  citizen  to- 
ward the  upbuilding  and  development  of 
Terre  Haute  and  vicinity. 

He  was  a  staunch  republican  and  one  of 
the  prominent  members  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  in  Indiana,  serving  on  the  board  of 
managers  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  Build- 
ing at  Indianapolis.  He  was  active  in  the 
Terre  Haute  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  for 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2275 


forty -seven  years  was  a  member  of  the  Cen- 
tennial Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  On 
January  20,  1888,  he  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet M.  Miller,  whose  father,  Daniel  Mil- 
ler, was  one  of  the  early  and  highly  re- 
spected business  men  of  Terre  Haute. 
Their  one  daughter,  Mallie  B.  Miller,  is 
now  the  wife  of  John  Lewis,  and  they  reside 
in  Los  Angeles,  California, 

COL.  CHARLES  ARTHUR  CARLISLE.  In- 
diana has  a  few  rare  men  whom  it  is  super- 
fluous to  mention  in  any  publication  of 
contemporary  biography.  Their  names  and 
personalities  and  most  of  their  achieve- 
ments need  no  index  or  cataloging  in  Who 's 
Who.  One  of  them  is  Colonel  Carlisle  of 
South  Bend.  The  following  paragraphs 
are  not  designed  to  honor  him  in  his  own 
generation  and  state,  but  to  perform  the 
duties  of  reference  when  these  volumes  are 
prized  as  a  record  of  the  past. 

His  lineage  is  that  of  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  ancient  families  of  Great  Britain. 
All  the  way  back  to  the  time  of  the  Norman 
conquest  genealogy  deals  only  with  sure 
and  authentic  facts  when  the  Carlisles  are 
concerned.  Despite  the  variety  of  spell- 
ings, all  members  of  the  family  are  of  the 
same  extraction.  The  surname  of  Carliell 
or  Carlisle  was  unquestionably  assumed 
from  the  City  of  Carlisle,  the  capital  of 
Cumberland.  England.  This  ancient  city 
was  an  important  Roman  town,  destroyed 
by  the  Danes  in  875  A.  D.,  rebuilt  by  Wil- 
liam II.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  im- 
prisoned there  in  1568.  The  word  Carlisle, 
or  Carlile  or  Carlyle  or  Carliell,  is  denned 
as  from  "Caer,"  city,  and  "Liel,"  "a 
strong  people." 

The  founder  of  the  family  was  Sir  Hil- 
dred  de  Carliell,  1060  A.  D.,  who  lived  and 
died  at  Carlisle,  England.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  importance,  receiving  possessions 
from  successive  monarchs  and  leaving  his 
honors  and  estates  to  posterity.  How  well 
the  family  supported  their  dignity  will  be 
seen  from  their  holding  so  frequently  the 
high  office  of  "Guarantees  of  Truces,"  be- 
tween the  two  kingdoms,  and  of  being  so 
honorably  associated  with  the  splendid  ret- 
inue of  Margaret  of  Scotland  on  her  mar- 
riage with  the  Dauphin  of  France.  In  the 
different  generations  loyalty  and  patriotism 
have  been  predominant  virtues,  and  they 
have  contributed  brave  and  valiant  leaders 
in  war,  upholders  of  civic  righteousness, 

Vol.  V— 24 


strong  and  zealous  churchmen,  and  many 
distinguished  names  to  the  domain  of  art 
and  literature. 

When  England  was  invaded  by  Scotland, 
Sir  Hildred's  oldest  son,  Sir  William  de 
Carlisle,  then  head  of  the  family,  sold  all 
his  lands  and  removed  into  Scotland,  seat- 
ing himself  at  Kinmount.  Other  members 
of  the  family  followed  Bruce,  the  "Lion" 
King  of  Scotland,  settling  themselves  in 
Annandale  between  1170  and  1180,  and 
later  we  find  the  names  of  Bruce  and  Doug- 
las, two  of  Scotland's  noble  leaders,  inter- 
woven in  marriage  with  that  of  Carlisle. 
Sir  William  Carlisle,  the  valiant  supporter 
of  King  Robert  Bruce,  was  rewarded  for 
his  loyalty  and  bravery  by  receiving  in  mar- 
riage the  hand  of  King  Bruce 's  favorite 
niece,  Lady  Margaret,  in  1329. 

The  names  of  John  and  Andrew  followed 
through  the  several  branches  of  the  orig- 
inal Scotch  branch  of  the  families,  and  the 
coat  of  arms  is  found  to  be  the  same  in  all. 
John  Carlisle,  second  surviving  son  of  Wil- 
liam, the  son  of  Edward,  third  son  of  Lord 
Carlisle  of  Torthorwald,  who  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  a  peer  by  James  III  in 
1470, — settled  in  Virginia  and  married  Miss 
Fairfax,  a  niece  of  Thomas,  Lord  Fairfax. 
Miss  Fairfax's  sister  married  Gen.  George 
Washington. 

Robert  Carlisle,  also  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Lord  Carlisle,  was  the  first  to  settle  in 
the  north  of  Ireland  during  the  planting  of 
Ulster  and  in  1611  was  established  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Newry  in  the  County  of 
Down.  Of  this  branch  of  the  family  came 
Andrew  Carlisle,  the  father  of  John  Car- 
lisle, the  father  of  Meade  Woodson  Carlisle, 
who  was  the  father  of  Col.  Charles  Arthur 
Carlisle. 

Colonel  Carlisle  feels,  as  an  American,  a 
special  pride  in  those  of  his  ancestors  who 
marched  with  the  "Loyal  Legion"  down 
through  the  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virginia 
and  over  the  mountains  to  the  northwest 
frontier,  locating  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  then 
an  advanced  military  post  and  fort  and 
afterwards  the  first  capital  of  the  State 
of  Ohio. 

Charles  Arthur  Carlisle  was  born  at  Chil- 
licothe, Ross  County,  Ohio,  May  4,  1864, 
son  of  Meade  Woodson  Clay  and  Emma 
V.  (Barr)  Carlisle.  He  attended  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  his  native  city,  but  to  his 
mother  he  gives  all  credit  for  her  persever- 
ing tutoring  at  home.  In  1884,  at  the  age 


2276 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


of  twenty,  he  was  employed  with  the  Ohio 
State  Journal  at  Columbus,  and  in  1886 
entered  the  railroad  service  with  the  Nickel 
Plate  (N.  Y.  C.  &  St.  L.  R.  R.)  at  Cleve- 
land, beginning  at  the  bottom  but  quickly 
getting  the  recognition  his  talents  and  in- 
dustry deserved,  and  by  1890  he  was  a 
high  official  in  the  manaagement  of  the 
Ohio  Central  lines  at  Toledo. 

September  17,  1891,  at  South  Bend,  Mr. 
Carlisle  married  Miss  Anne,  only  daughter 
of  Hon.  and  Mrs.  Clem  Studebaker.  The 
children  born  to  their  happy  union  have 
been :  Anne,  Mrs.  Lafayette  L.  Porter ; 
Charles  Arthur,  Jr. ;  Kathryn ;  Woodson 
S. ;  Alice,  who  died  June  9^  1901 ;  Richard 
M. ;  and  Eleanor.  J 

Mr.  Carlisle  became  a  director  of  the 
Studebaker  Brothers  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany and  served  as  an  officer  of  that  cor- 
poration for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury, and  in  like  manner  with  the  South 
Bend  Fuel  &  Gas  Company  and  the  South 
Bend  Malleable  Iron  Company  he  served 
as  a  director. 

He  was  president  and  helped  organize 
the  Harrison  Republican  Club  of  St.  Joseph 
County.  He  was  vice  president  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  executive  committee  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  National  Association  of 
Manufacturers,  and  if  the  will  of  that  or- 
ganization had  been  heeded  he  would  doubt- 
less have  been  a  member  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley's  cabinet  as  head  of  the  new  De- 
partment of  Commerce.  For  many  years 
he  served  as  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  Carriage  Builders  National 
Association.  He  was  at  one  time  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Scotch-Irish  Society  of  Amer- 
ica. He  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  thirty- 
second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and 
Shriner. 

He  served  four  years  on  Governor 
Mount's  military  staff  and  in  like  manner 
under  Governor  Durbin.  In  speaking  of 
him  Governor  Durbin  said:  "Colonel 
Oharles  Arthur  Carlisle  has  won  recogni- 
tion throughout  the  state  as  one  of  the 
most  active,  enterprising  and  successful 
business  men  of  Indiana,  widely  known  not 
onlv  because  of  his  connection  with  large 
business  enterprises  but  because  of  his 
public  spirit." 

He  was  a  personal  friend  of  President 
McKinley,  and  there  was  much  correspond- 
ence between  the  two.  One  cherished  au- 
tograph letter  from  that  martyred  states- 


man contains  the  following :  ' '  For  your  un- 
selfishness I  have  nothing  but  the  highest 
praise.  Mrs.  McKinley  says  you  must  not 
forget  to  send  the  children's  pictures,  and 
with  love  for  Mrs.  Carlisle,  we  remain  sin- 
cerely your  friends." 

Colonel  Carlisle  might  well  be  envied  for 
the  friends  he  has  made,  who  have  admired 
him  for  what  he  is,  for  what  he  has  done, 
and  especially  for  the  sincere  spirit,  evident 
in  every  phase  of  his  experience  and  char- 
acter, in  striving  to  serve  constructively 
and  helpfully.  Some  of  the  notable  men 
who  have  directly  expressed  their  apprecia- 
tion of  Colonel  Carlisle 's  services  have  been 
the  late  Bishop  John  H.  Vincent,  Hon. 
Charles  W.  Fairbanks,  Hon.  Albert  J. 
Beveridge  and  Judge  Stevenson  Burke  of 
Cleveland,  and  Hon.  D.  M.  Parry,  then 
president  of  the  National  Association  of 
Maufacturers.  Thomas  A.  Edison  once 
said :  ' '  Carlisle  is  a  typical  American, 
sanguine,  pushing  and  bright;  a  man  of 
the  'Wooly  West'  where  everybody  hustles 
and  business  is  limited  only  by  nervous 
prostration. ' ' 

Colonel  Carlisle's  grandparents,  as  Pres- 
byterians, helped  largely  to  build  the  First 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Chillicothe  and 
among  the  first  in  the  new  world,  and  em- 
ployed as  its  pastor  the  grandfather  of 
Woodrow  Wilson,  now  President  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Carlisle  is  a  member 
of  St.  Paul's  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
Memorial  Church,  of  South  Bend,  and 
places  the  church  first  among,  his  interests. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  the  Indiana  Club, 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Knife  and 
Fork  Club,  the  Rotary  Club,  all  of  South 
Bend  ;  the  Columbia  Club  and  Marion  Club 
of  Indianapolis;  the  Chicago  Club;  the 
American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science,  the  American  Institute  of  Civics, 
and  various  other  organizations  which  in- 
dicate his  deep  and  thoroughgoing  interest 
in  all  problems  affecting  the  local,  state 
and  national  welfare  and  progress. 

In  1912  Mr.  Carlisle  was  a  republican 
candidate  for  governor,  and  withdrew  be- 
fore the  state  convention  in  favor  of  his 
friend  Colonel  Durbin.  While  absent  from 
home  the  Thirteenth  Indiana  District  Con- 
vention nominated  him  for  Congress,  and 
he  was  drafted  into  service  and  made  a 
hard  unsuccessful  fight  with  the  normal 
strength  of  his  following  divided  among 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2277 


the  old-line  republicans  and  the  new  pro- 
gressives. 

A  peculiarly  interesting  and  grateful 
part  of  this  record  is  that  concerned  with 
the  period  of  the  World  war,  in  whose  vari- 
ous causes  Colonel  Carlisle,  Mrs.  Carlisle 
and  all  the  Carlisle  children  took  an  active 
part,  Colonel  Carlisle  serving  as  food  ad- 
ministrator of  his  community. 

Mrs.  Carlisle  was  selected  by  Governor 
Goodrich  to  serve  as  the  woman  member 
of  the  State  Council  of  Defense  for  Indiana 
and  as  chairman  of  the  Woman's  Council 
of  all  war  activities  in  the  state.  Under 
the  leadership  of  Mrs.  Carlisle  each  of  the 
ninety -two  counties  in  the  state  was  organ- 
ized, and  no  greater  efficiency  of  patriotic 
co-operation  is  found  in  all  the  annals  of 
history  than  that  developed  by  the  loyal 
women  of  Indiana.  It  was  Mrs.  Carlisle's 
first  effort  in  a  state-wide  organization,  but 
she  never  counted  cost  in  time  or  funds  to 
co-operate  in  each  county  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  all  possible  aid  to  the  boys  ' '  with 
the  colors."  The  detailed  work  of  this  or- 
ganization is  now  part  of  the  essential  his- 
tory of  Indiana  in  the  World  war. 

Mrs.  Anne  Porter  and  Miss  Kathryn  Car- 
lisle took  up  the  Red  Cross  work,  and  the 
lot  fell  to  Miss  Kathryn  to  go  to  the  front, 
where  she  spent  over  a  year  on  the  fighting 
lines  in  France.  The  Indiana  Society  oJ: 
Chicago  in  honoring  Miss  Kathryn  spoke 
with  pride  of  the  wonderful  services  ren- 
dered by  this  brave  "Hoosier  Soldier  Girl" 
in  charge  of  the  American  Red  Cross  Can- 
teen Service,  who  was  back  of  the  firing 
line  and  encouraged  the  troops  just  before 
going  into  battle  and  was  among  the  first 
to  greet  them  when  they  came  out.  She 
was  in  Paris  when  the  Germans  made  their 
unsuccessful  attacks. 

Lieut.  Woodson  S.  Carlisle,  a  student  at 
Yale  College,  and  under  draft  age,  offered 
his  services  and  entered  the  United  States 
Naval  Reserves,  beginning  at  the  bottom 
and  coming  out  with  the  commission  of 
lieutenant  (j.  g.)  'won  through  loyal,  de- 
voted and  consistent  service.  He  was  an 
officer  on  the  Agamemnon — formerly  the 
Kaiser  Wilhelm  II — one  of  the  great  trans- 
ports interned  by  the  American  government 
and  used  in  carrying  our  troops  overseas. 

Charles  A.  Carlisle,  Jr..  an  efficiency  en- 
gineer, devoted  his  exceptional  talents  with 
the  Savage  Arms  Company  at  Utica,  New 


York,  where  the  government  took  over  the 
production  of  the  Lewis  Machine  guns. 

CHARLES  W.  SMITH,  lawyer,  was  born  on 
his  father's  farm  in  Washington  Township, 
Hendricks  County,  Indiana,  on  February 
3,  1846.  His  father,  Morgan  Lewis  Smith, 
was  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of 
English  descent,  who  in  1832  came  to  Indi- 
ana and  located  on  the  land  which  was  to 
be  his  farm  when  the  forest  was  removed. 
In  1834,  having  made  the  beginnings  of  a 
home,  he  went  East  and  married  Miss  Mar- 
garet Iliff,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  of 
Welsh  descent,  then  living  in  New  Jersey. 
Charles  was  the  sixth  of  their  eight  chil- 
dren, the  first  four  dying  in  their  infancy, 
and  he  grew  up  on  the  farm,  attending  the 
common  schools  of  the  vicinity  and  Dan- 
ville Academy,  at  Danville,  Indiana.  He 
then  entered  Asbury,  now  DePauw  Univer- 
sity, for  a  collegiate  education.  The  Civil 
war  was  on,  and  young  Smith  had  very 
pronounced  Union  views,  so  in  April,  1864, 
he  enlisted,  for  a  term  of  100  days  in  Com- 
pany F  of  the  133rd  Indiana  Volunteer 
Infantry.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
he  re-enlisted,  and  later  was  transferred  to 
a  command  in  a  regiment  of  colored  troops. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  mustered 
out  as  first  lieutenant  and  adjutant  of  the 
109th  United  States  Colored  Infantry.  He 
returned  to  Asbury  and  finished  his  college 
course,  graduating  in  1867.  He  had  al- 
ready decided  to  study  law,  and  at  once 
went  to  Indianapolis  and  began  reading 
in  the  office  of  Barbour  &  Jacobs,  Lucian 
Barbour,  the  senior  member  of  this  firm, 
being  one  of  the  foremost  lawyers  of  In- 
diana. He  had  been  United  States  district 
attorney  under  President  Polk  but  had.gone 
over  to  the  new-born  republican  party  in 
1854,  and  had  been  elected  to  Congress  in 
that  year  from  the  Indianapolis  district. 
Smith  pursued  his  studies  so  vigorously 
that  he  was  enabled  to  graduate  from  the 
Indiana  Law  School  in  Indianapolis  in 
1868.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
same  year,  and  after  managing  an  office 
of  his  own  for  more  than  two  years  became 
a  member  of  his  preceptor's  firm,  which 
now  took  the  name  of  Barbour,  Jacobs  & 
Smith.  He  retained  this  relation  for  one 
vear,  and  then  withdrew  to  take  the  posi- 
tion of  special  counsel  for  the  Singer  Manu- 
facturing Company.  After  two  years  in 


2278 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


this  position  he  formed  a  partnership  with. 
Koscoe  Hawkins,  which  continued  until 
1877,  when  Mr.  Smith  became  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Duncan,  Smith  &  Duncan. 

Robert  Duncan,  the  senior  member  of 
this  firm,  was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  central 
Indiana  as  a  youth.  He  played  with  the 
Indian  boys  before  they  were  removed  from 
the  state,  and  entered  the  office  of  the  coun- 
ty clerk  of  Marion  County  as  deputy  when 
that  office  was  first  opened,  in  1822.  He 
continued  in  that  position  until  1834,  when 
he  was  elected  county  clerk,  and  held  that 
office  until  1850.  He  then  entered  the  prac- 
tice of  law  devoting  himself  chiefly  to  pro- 
bate work.  His  son,  John  S.  Duncan,  the 
junior  member  of  the  firm,  had  been  ap- 
pointed prosecuting  attorney  for  Marion 
County  in  186/7,  when  he  was  only  twenty- 
one  years  old,  and  held  that  office  for  three 
years,  winning  his  spurs  in  the  trial  of 
Nancy  Glem  and  others  for  "the  Cold 
Springs  murders,"  one  of  the  most  notable 
criminal  cases  ever  known  in  Indiana.  He 
was  twenty-three  days  older  than  Mr. 
Smith,  and  they  two  were  practically  the 
firm,  the  elder  Duncan  retiring  from  active 
practice.  This  partnership  continued  until 
the  death  of  John  Duncan,  more  than 
thirty-eight  years  later.  The  firm  was  em- 
ployed in  nearly  every  notable  criminal 
case  in  Indiana  during  that  period.  What 
is  rather  unusual,  the  civil  practice  was 
even  larger  than  its  criminal  practice,  and 
of  as  importanat  a  character.  The  member- 
ship of  the  firm  varied  occasionally,  John 
R.  Wilson,  a  brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Duncan, 
and  one  of  the  most  accomplished  of  Indi- 
ana lawyers,  being  a  member  for  several 
years,  and  later  Henry  H.  Hornbrook,  Mr. 
Smith 's  son-in-law,  a  lawyer  of  the  highest 
standing,  and  Albert  P.  Smith,  Mr.  Smith's 
son,  were  members.  After  John  Duncan's 
death  his  place  was  taken  by  Judge  Charles 
Kemster,  and  the  firm  is  now  Smith,  Rem- 
ster.  Hornbrook  &  Smith. 

Mr.  Smith  was  married  October  12,  18fi9, 
to  Miss  Mary  E.  Preseton  of  Greencastlo, 
Indiana,  and  in  addition  to  their  son,  Al- 
bert D.,  they  have  three  daughters :  Mar- 
garet, wife  of  Prof.  Wilbur  C.  Abbott,  of 
the  faculty  of  Yale;  Mary  Grace,  wife  of 
Mr.  Hornbrook,  and  Kate  P.,  wife  of  S.  P. 
Mincar.  a  prominent  merchant  of  Greens- 
burg,  Indiana.  While  devoting  his  atten- 
tion very  closely  to  his  profession,  Mr. 
Smith  has  had  three  other  passions.  He 


has  never  lost  his  interest  in  Civil  war  af- 
fairs, and  is  prominent  in  Grand  Army  and 
Loyal  Legion  circles.  In  1915  he  prepared 
a  paper  entitled  ''Life  and  Services  of 
Brevet  Major  General  Robert  S.  Foster," 
which  was  published  as  No.  6  of  Vol.  5,  of 
the  Indiana  Historical  Society's  Publica- 
tions. He  has  been  a  regular  attendant  at 
the  weekly  meetings  of  the  Indianapolis 
Literary  Club,  an  institution  of  which  near- 
ly e.very  really  prominent  man  in  Indian- 
apolis in  the  last  forty  years  has  been  a 
member.  He  has  for  more  than  forty  years 
taught  the  Bible  class  in  the  Sunday  school 
of  the  Meridian  Street  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  leading 
members.  Mr.  Smith  was  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  Indiana  Law  School  1895-8,  and 
lectured  on  "Evidence." 

LUTHER  VINTON  RICE  is  a  native  of  In- 
diana, who  in  his  professional  career  during 
thirty  years  has  become  a  recognized  expert 
and  authority  as  a  civil  and  mining  engi- 
neer. 

Mr.  Rice  was  born  on  a  farm  four  miles 
southwest  of  Ladoga,  Montgomery  County, 
Indiana,  in  1861,  son  of  Jasper  and  Sarah 
Margaret  (Gill)  Rice.  Most  of  his  youth 
was  spent  in  the  rural  community  where 
he  was  born,  with  the  exception  of  twelve 
years  when  he  resided  with  his  parents  in 
Dallas  County,  Iowa.  In  1883  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Central  Indiana  Normal 
School,  and  later  entered  Cornell  Univer- 
sity, where  he  prepared  for  his  profession, 
and  from  which  he  received  his  degree  as 
civil  and  mining  engineer  in  1889. 

His  first  work  in  the  engineering  pro- 
fession was  with  the  late  George  S.  Mori- 
son,  on  a  bridge  over  the  Missouri  river 
at  Nebraska  City,  Nebraska,  and  one  over 
the  Mississippi  river  at  St.  Louis,  and  with 
George  W.  G.  Ferris  as  resident  engineer 
on  a  bridge  over  the  Ohio  river  at  Cincin- 
nati. Later  he  became  bridge  engineer  and 
chief  draftsman  for  the  Pittsburg  &  Lake 
Erie  Railroad,  after  which  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  to  take  up  the  construction  of  the 
Union  Station  at  St.  Louis,  where  he  was 
made  resident  engineer.  At  the  time  this 
was  built  it  was  the  largest  and  costliest 
railroad  station  in  the  United  States,  and 
it  still  remains  one  of  the  notable  structures 
of  its  kind.  He  left  this  work  for  a  position 
as  construction  engineer  on  the  great  Ferris 
Wheel  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2279 


tioii  in  Chicago  in  1893.  Mr.  Rice  not  only 
had  charge  of  the  construction  of  this  new 
wonder  of  the  world,  but  also  had  charge  of 
the  operation  of  same,  and  during  the  four 
months  and  ten  days  of  its  operation  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  over  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  passengers  were  carried 
safely  without  a  single  accident.  Mr.  Rice 
afterward  had  charge  of  moving  the  Wheel 
to  the  North  Side  of  Chicago,  and  again  to 
St.  Louis  for  the  St.  Louis  Fair  ip  1904. 

The  president  of  the  Ferris  Wheel  Com- 
pany was  Robert  W.  Hunt,  of  the  firm  of 
Robert  W.  Hunt  &  Company,  with  which 
firm  Mr.  Rice  has  been  associated  for  about 
twenty-live  years.  This  company  is  one  of 
the  largest  engineering  organizations  in  the 
United  States,  with  headquarters  in  Chi- 
cago and  branch  offices  in  all  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  country.  Mr.  Rice  has 
charge  of  the  civil  engineering  and  mining 
department  of  this  firm,  and  in  this  position 
has  had  charge  of  some  large  and  respon- 
sible development  and  construction  opera- 
tions, among  other  things  the  Leiter  coal 
mining  property  at  ZeTgler,  Illinois,  the 
lowering  of  the  tunnels  in  the  Chicago  river, 
the  designing  and  construction  of  cement 
plants  at  Fenton,  Michigan,  Superior,  Neb- 
raska and  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  superintend- 
ing the  erection  of  many  large  buildings 
in  Chicago  and  several  of  the  largest  build- 
ings in  Indianapolis.  He  has  also  had 
charge  of  the  development  and  operation 
of  zinc  and  lead  mines  in  Wisconsin  for 
the  Field  Mining  &  Milling  Company  and 
the  Galena  Refining  Company,  and  for  the 
Whitebird  Mining  Company,  the  Producers 
Company,  the  Zinc-Lead  Corporation,  the 
Chicago-Miami  Lead  &  Zinc  Company,  and 
the  Pittsburg-Miami  Lead  &  Zinc  Company 
in  Oklahoma,  and  for  the  Embree  Iron 
Company  and  the  Tennessee  Zinc  Com- 
pany, Embreeville  Tennesee.  He  has  also 
been  engaged  on  the  exploration  of  coal 
properties  in  Canada  for  the  British  Col- 
lieries Brazeau,  Ltd.,  and  coal  mines  in 
northern  British  Columbia  for  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  and  the  exploration  of  coal 
properties  in  southwestern  Indiana  for  the 
Steel  Corporation.  He  has  also  reported 
upon  a  number  of  copper  properties 
throughout  the  west,  and  iron  properties  in 
Minnesota,  Michigan,  Ontario,  Tennessee, 
Georgia,  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  He 
has  examined  and  reported  upon  manga- 
nese ores  in  several  states  and  upon  clay 


and  phosphate  deposits  and  stone  and  mar- 
ble quarries  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

During  1918-19  Mr.  Rice  has  been  en- 
gaged in  the  development  of  the  largest 
coal  mining  property  in  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, near  Carlinville,  Macoupin  County. 
This  is  a  great  project  being  carried  out 
by  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana 
as  a  fuel  conservation  measure.  Mr.  Rice 's 
experience  has  also  included  the  appraisal 
of  various  mines,  railroads  and  other  prop- 
erties. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Western  Society 
of  Engineers  and  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  &  Metallurgical  Engineers. 

Mr.  Rice  married  an  Indiana  girl,  Miss 
Huldah  Jane  Neal,  of  Lebanon,  Indiana, 
daughter  of  Judge  Stephen  A.  Neal,  long 
a  prominent  Indiana  judge  and  lawyer. 

F.  T.  REED,  secretary  and  treasurer  of 
the  Guthrie-Thompson  Company  of  Indi- 
anapolis, was  a  teacher  during  his  young 
manhood  in  Jefferson  County,  afterward 
entered  public  office  and  business,  and  has 
been  a  well  known  resident  of  the  capital 
city  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  Guth- 
rie-Thompson Company,  whose  offices  are 
in  the  Lemcke  Building,  is  a  corporation 
capitalized  at  $375,000,  whose  special  serv- 
ice is  the  building  of  homes,  or,  as  the  com- 
pany expresses  it,  "builders  of  houses  to 
live  in."  Mr.  C.  N.  Thompson  is  president 
of  the  company  and  W.  A.  Guthrie  is  vice 
president. 

Mr.  Reed  was  born  in  Switzerland  Coun- 
ty, Indiana,  December  29,  1857,  a  son  of 
James  K.  and  Hester  M.  (Rodgers)  Reed. 
His  grandfather,  Henry  Reed,  was  a  Penn- 
sylvanian,  moved  to  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky, and  was  an  early  settler  in  southern 
Indiana.  James  K.  Reed  was  born  in  Jef- 
•ferson  County,  and  is  still  living  there  at 
the  advanced  age  of  eighty-one.  He  had  an 
interesting  service  as  a  Union  soldier.  He 
was  in  the  Third  Indiana  Cavalry,  in  Com- 
pany A,  and  was  with  his  command  three 
and  a  half  years.  For  a  time  the  Third 
Indiana  Cavalry  was  with  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  and  participated  in  twenty- 
five  battles  and  thirty  skirmishes.  The 
regiment  was  at  Antietam,  the  Wilderness, 
Gettysburg  and  many  other  great  battles. 
One  time  James  K.  Reed  was  called  upon 
by  his  captain  to  inspect  a  suspicious  dwell- 
ing house  across  the  river.  He  rode  over 


2280 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


only  to  find  the  house  filled  with  Confed- 
erates, who  compelled  him  to  surrender. 
While  he  was  being  marched  to  a  prison 
camp  he  managed  to  make  his  escape,  and 
subsequently  returned  home  to  nurse  a 
wound  received  in  a  shell  explosion.  It 
happened  that  his  captain  was  also  home 
011  a  furlough.  His  captain  supposed  that 
he  had  been  killed,  and  their  meeting 
brought  about  an  expression  of  great  sur- 
prise and  then  congratulation.  James  K. 
Reed  was  dicharged  in  1864  and  since  then 
has  been  a  farmer.  He  is  a  republican,  a 
Methodist,  and  has  long  been  prominent 
in  Jefferson  County,  where  he  served  two 
terms  as  county  commissioner.  He  is  affili- 
ated with  Moores  Hill  Lodge  of  Masons. 

Mr.  F.  T.  Reed  was  one  of  a  family  of 
four  daughters  and  two  sons.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Jefferson 
County  and  attended  Moores  Hill  Acade- 
my. As  a  teacher  his  work  in  Jefferson 
County  occupied  him  most  of  the  time  for 
thirteen  years.  He  also  served  four  years 
as  assistant  in  the  county  treasurer's  office. 
On  coming  to  Indianapolis  in  1893  Mr. 
Reed  became  connected  with  the  Southern 
Surety  Company  as  auditor,  and  he  held 
that  position  seven  years.  Since  1910  he 
has  been  secretary-treasurer  of  the  Guth- 
rie-Thompson  Company.  Various  other 
business  enterprises  have  had  his  co-opera- 
tion and  association  in  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  Reed  is  affiliated  with  North  Port 
Lodge  of  Masons,  and  with  Lodge  No.  56 
of  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  Outside  of 
home  and  business  his  chief  interest  has 
been  church  and  Sunday  school.  Since 
early  youth  he  has  been  a  close  student  of 
the  Bible  and  for  many  years  has  conducted 
a  large  adult  class  in  the  Sunday  school. 
He  is  an  active  member  of  both  the  church 
and  Sunday  school  of  the  West  Side  Meth- 
odist Church.  Mr.  Reed  married  for  his 
first  wife  Miss  Mary  Paris,  who  died  in 
1902,  the  mother  of  two  sons:  James  R., 
born  September  30,  1893,  and  Robert  T., 
born  May  1,  1900.  In  October,  1905,  Mr. 
Reed  married  Nerina  Whitehall. 

FRANCIS  BARBOUR  WYNN,  M.  D.  From 
the  elevated  plane  of  public  and  profes- 
sional service,  down  through  the  fields  of 
its  usefulness  to  the  community  and  into 
the  privacy  of  his  family  circle,  the  track 
of  the  life  of  Dr.  Francis  Barbour  Wynn 
has  been  characterized  by  a  constant  and 


consistent  uprightness  born  of  high  prin- 
ciples. His  professional  career  has  been 
marked  by  continuous  action,  the  honors 
which  he  has  been  tendered  have  been 
numerous  and  eminent,  his  achievements 
and  accomplishments  have  given  him  dis- 
tinction among  the  most  prominent  of 
Indiana's  sons,  and  as  a  citizen  he  has 
ever  publicly  displayed  his  patriotism. 
^  Doctor  Wynn  was  born  May  28,  1860,  at 
Springfield,  Indiana,  a  son  of  James  Mar- 
cellus  and  Margaret  (Barbour)  Wynn,  and 
traces  his  ancestry  in  America  back  to  the 
arrival  in  this  country  of  John  Wynn,  in 
1818.  John  Wynn,  eldest  son  of  James 
and  Isabella  Wynn,  was  born  at  Stokesley, 
England,  December  5,  1797,  and  was  edu- 
cated for  a  navigator,  having  received  a 
very  thorough  training  in  astronomy  and 
higher  mathematics.  In  the  year  1818,  at 
the  age  of  twenty -one,  he  came  to  America, 
and  after  long  journeyings  by  stage,  afoot 
and  by  flat-boat,  reached  the  new  settle- 
ment at  Brookville,  Indiana.  His  precious 
navigating  and  surveying  instruments  and 
library  (which  was  a  wonder  to  the  pioneer 
region)  were  pawned  at  Cincinnati  to  meet 
his  final  expenses  in  getting  settled  and  it 
was  one  of  the  happiest  moments  of  his  life 
when  he  had  made  enough  money  to  re- 
deem them.  In  the  new  country  his  serv- 
ices were  at  once  in  demand  as  surveyor 
and  teacher,  and  many  who  afterwards 
reached  national  distinction  were  his  pri- 
vate pupils,  amongs  them  ex-Postmaster 
General  Tyner.  John  Wynn  married 
Rachel  Goudie,  and  to  them  were  born  a 
large  family  of  children,  among  them 
James  Marcellus  Wynn,  father  of  Doctor 
Wynn. 

James  M.  Wynn  was  born  at  Brookville, 
Indiana,  February  14,  1833,  and  died  De- 
cember 23,  1898.  He  enjoyed  the  educa- 
tional privileges  secured  through  having  a 
father  who  was  a  highly  gifted  teacher 
and  the  idol  of  his  son,  and  also  received 
some  collegiate  training  at  Brookville  Col- 
lege. He  was  a  farmer  of  advanced  ideas, 
and  exceptional  intelligence,  often  making 
addresses  upon  stockraising,  scientific  farm- 
ing and  road  building  and  thus  became 
widely  and  favorably  known  throughout 
Southern  Indiana  as  a  man  of  great  force, 
character  and  influence.  An  intensely  par- 
tisan republican,  he  dared  unearth  and  se- 
cure the  conviction  of  "repeaters"  at 
election,  sending  them  to  the  penitentiary, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2281 


in  the  face  of  bold  threats  upon  his  life. 
Yet  he  was  loved  and  admired  by  his  po- 
litical enemies,  and  his  strong  hold  upon 
the  general  public  caused  him  to  be  sent 
several  times  as  representative  from  his 
county  to  the  Indiana  Legislature.  He 
was  an  enthusiatstic  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity  and  was  equally  active  in 
church  affairs  and  prominent  in  religious 
counsels.  Mr.  Wynn  married  Margaret 
Barbour,  who  was  one  of  the  early  grad- 
uates of  Oxford  College,  and  a  classmate 
of  Caroline  Scott,  wko  later  became  the 
first  lady  of  the  land  as  Mrs.  Benjamin 
Harrison.  Mrs.  Wynn  was  a  woman  of 
exceptional  intelligence,  great  moral  force 
and  spiritual  convictions  and  for  her  day 
was  gifted  as  a  musician.  Her  ancestry 
led  back  to  very  sturdy  Scotch-Irish  stock. 
They  contended  for  religious  liberty  in 
Cromwell's  time,  as  did  their  descendants 
in  the  New  World  for  political  and  re- 
ligious freedom.  The  paternal  grand- 
mother of  Mrs.  Wynn,  Ann  (Warren) 
Barbour,  was  an  aunt  of  Gen.  Joseph  War- 
ren, the  hero  of  Bunker  Hill.  On  the  ma- 
ternal side,  her  grandfather,  Richard  Mc- 
Clure,  married  Rebecca  Calhoun,  aunt  of 
John  C.  Calhoun,  the  American  statesman. 
To  John  and  Ann  (Warren)  Barbour  were 
born  seven  sons  and  three  daughters.  The 
youngest  son,  Samuel,  was  born  March  4, 
1782.  He  married  Mary  McClure  and  they 
came  to  America  in  1819,  settling  at  Brook- 
ville,  Indiana.  In  a  family  of  five  sons  and 
five  daughters,  Margaret,  who  became  the 
mother  of  Dr.  Frank  B.  Wynn,  was  the 
youngest. 

Francis  Barbour  Wynn  had  ideal  train- 
ing in  a  beautiful  country  home.  Good 
fortune  gave  him  country  school  teachers 
of  unusual  ability,  one  of  them  afterwards 
attaining  national  distinction  as  a  member 
of  Congress.  He  graduated  from  De 
Pauw  University  in  1883  and  after  taking 
the  medical  courses  at  the  University  of 
Cincinnati  (Ohio  Medical  College)  served 
successively  as  house  physician  in  the  Good 
Samaritan  Hospital  of  that  city  and  as  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  Northern 
Hospital  for  Insane  at  Logansport,  Indiana. 
Two  years  were  then  devoted  to  post- 
graduate work  in  New  York,  Berlin,  Vienna 
and  London,  after  which  he  commenced 
practice  in  the  City  of  Indianapolis,  which 
has  since  been  his  home. 

Doctor  Wynn's  professional  career  may 


be  briefly  summarized  as  follows:  He  be- 
came the  first  city  sanitarian  of  Indianap- 
olis in  1895.  He  soon  became  identified 
with  the  faculty  of  the  Indiana  Medical 
College,  now  the  Indiana  University  School 
of  Medicine,  in  which  his  present  title  is 
professor  of  medicine.  He  has  contributed 
many  papers  and  addresses  to  medical  jour- 
nals, and  medical  societies — local,  state  and 
national.  His  most  conspicuous  service  in 
this  connection  has  been  the  founding  of 
the  scientific  exhibit  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  of  which  he  was  director 
for  seventeen  years.  In  recognition  of  this 
service  the  association  presented  him  with 
a  loving  cup  at  the  meeting  held  in  the 
Harvard  University  buildings  in  1906. 

The  activities  of  Doctor  Wynn  other  than 
professional  have  been  varied  in  character. 
He  was  for  a  number  of  years  chairman  of 
the  Civic  Improvement  Committee  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  Indianapolis,  in 
which  were  inaugurated  numerous  move- 
ments for  civic  betterment.  Some  of  these 
have  become  statewide  in  their  influence. 
One  of  importance  was  the  initiation  of  a 
plan  for  an  adequate  and  appropriate  cen- 
tennial celebration  of  Indiana's  admission 
to  the  Union.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
first  Centennial  Committee  which  published 
a  very  elaborate  report,  making  strong 
argument  for  a  plan  which  should  be  edu- 
cational and  historical  rather  than  commer- 
cial in  scope.  Following  the  general  lines 
of  these  suggestions  the  Indiana  Legisla- 
ture passed  a  law  creating  the  Historical 
Commission  one  of  the  chief  functions  of 
which  was  to  have  supervision  of  Indiana 's 
Centennial  celebrations  in  1916.  The  gov- 
ernor was  elected  president  of  the  commis- 
sion, and  Doctor  Wynn,  vice  president  and 
acting  chairman  of  the  work.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  plan  was  so  satisfactory  that 
Illinois  adopted  the  same  scheme  two  years 
later. 

It  was  through  the  initiative  of  Doctor 
Wynn  that  the  State  Historical  Commis- 
sion fathered  the  movement  for  state  parks, 
as  a  Centennial  memorial.  Money  was  ap- 
propriated to  carry  on  a  campaign  for 
public  subscriptions  for  the  purchase  of 
Turkey  Run — one  of  the  most  beautiful 
scenic  spots  of  the  Central  West,  which  was 
threatened  with  destruction.  Through  the 
activity  of  a  special  committee,  not  only 
were  the  wonderful  trees  and  gorges  of 
Turkev  Run  saved  from  the  vandalism  of 


2282 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


commercialism,  but  state  parks  have  be- 
come a  popular  reality.  In  recognition 
of  past  service  in  connection,  with  this 
work,  the  present  governor  has  made  Doc- 
tor Wynn  chairman  of  the  State  Park 
Board.  His  intimate  relationship  with  dif- 
ferent civic  activities  has  led  naturally  to 
frequent  demands  upon  him  for  addresses 
before  clubs,  public  bodies  and  graduating 
classes  at  colleges.  No  Hoosier  is  a  more 
ardent  lover  of  the  outdoors  than  is  Doctor 
Wynn.  He  is  president  of  the  Indiana  Na- 
ture Study  Club.  His  greatest  passion  is 
for  mountain  climbing  which  he  charac- 
terized in  a  recent  magazine  article  as 
"The  Sport  Royal."  '  He  is  the  author  of 
a  poem  entitled  "The  Mountain  King," 
dedicated  to  the  Mazama  Club  of  Portland, 
Oregon,  at  the  time  the  members  of  that 
club  made  the  ascent  of  Mount  Rainier 
over  the  difficult  Winthrop  Glacier.  To 
him  the  out-doors  is  like  the  elixir  of  per- 
petual youth ;  renewing  strength  for  the 
daily  tasks  of  busy  professional  life,  and 
giving  larger  vision  of  service  to  the  com- 
munity and  to  his  fellowman. 

Doctor  "Wynn  is  very  popular  with  the 
student  body  at  the  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine,  where  he  has  been  a 
member  of  the  faculty  since  1895,  having 
been  successively  professor  of  physiology, 
professor  of  pathology  and  professor  of 
medicine.  In  1915  he  was  honored  by  elec- 
tion to  the  presidency  of  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society.  In  addition  to  his  other 
activities  he  is  a  member  of  the  advisory 
board  of  the  Indianapolis  Public  Library, 
and  also  holds  membership  in  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  the  Indianapolis  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  the  Columbia  Club,  the  Indiana 
Academy  of  Science,  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society  and  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  and 
Mazama  Mountain  clubs,  and  others.  His 
religious  convictions  are  those  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  While  he  is 
generally  rated  as  a  republican  he  is  not 
radical  in  his  views  and  is  inclined  to  vote 
for  the  man  instead  of  being  bound  by 
party  ties.  Doctor  Wynn  was  not  eligible 
for  service  in  the  great  war,  but  was  a 
member  of  the  Selective  Service  Board, 
state  chairman  of  the  Volunteer  Medical 
Service  Corps,  and  upon  invitation  of  the 
chairman  of  the  medical  section  of  the 
Council  of  National  Defense,  spent  part 
of  the  summer  of  1918  in  the  Council  of 


National  Defense  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
assisting  in  the  organization  particularly 
of  the  Volunteer  Medical  Service  Corps. 
The  latter  service  was  gladly  rendered  the 
Government  on  a  "  dollar-a-year "  salary. 
At  Dayton,  Ohio,  June  25,  1895,  Doctor 
Wynn  was  united  in  marriage  with  Carrie 
Louise  Arnold,  of  Dayton,  a  member  of  a 
New  England  family  who- traces  their  ante- 
cedents back  to  the  Revolutionary  patriots. 
To  this  union  there  was  born  one  son : 
Dr.  James  Arnold  Wynn,  a  practitioner  of 
medicine  at  Indianapolis. 

SAMUEL  M.  FOSTER  has  for  many  years 
been  prominently  identified  with  the  indus- 
trial life  of  Fort  Wayne,  a  leader  in  its 
financial,  manufacturing  and  social  life. 
He  was  born  in  Coldenham,  Orange 
County,  New  York,  December  12,  1851,  the 
youngest  of  seven  children  of  John  L.  and 
Harriet  (Scott)  Foster.  He  became  iden- 
tified with  the  dry  goods  business  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  in  New  York,  in  an  estab- 
lishment of  his  brothers,  but  three  years 
afterward  located  at  Troy,  New  York, 
where  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  his  brother,  the  late  A. 
Z.  Foster,  in  the  retail  dry  goods  business. 
The  Troy  venture  proved  profitable,  and 
two  years  later  Samuel  M.  Foster  found 
himself  financially  able  to  carry  out  a  plan 
to  secure  a  collegiate  education.  He  sold 
his  interest  in  the  Troy  establishment  and 
entered  Yale  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
and  while  carrying  on  his  studies  also 
found  time  to  serve  as  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Yale  Courant.  He  won  an  appoint- 
ment on  the  junior  exhibition,  earned  the 
high  honor  of  a  selection  as  one  of  the 
Townsend  men  from  a  competitive  class  of 
132,  and  was  named  by  the  faculty  as  one 
of  the  ten  to  represent  the  class  on  the 
platform  on  commencement  day.  He  grad- 
uated on  the  26th  of  June,  1879,  and  was 
given  his  Bachelor  of  Arts  degree. 

Mr.  Foster  came  to  Fort  Wayne  in  the 
fall  of  1879,  and  entered  the  law  office  of 
Robert  S.  Taylor,  but  a  short  time  after- 
ward, on  account  of  impaired  health,  he 
left  the  more  or  less  confining  work  of  the 
law  office  to  enter  journalism.  The  Satur- 
day Evening  Record  was  established  at 
Dayton,  Ohio,  with  Mr.  Foster  as  its  editor 
and  proprietor,  but  his  experience  there 
was  brief,  and  in  1880  he  returned  to  Fort 
Wayne  and  resumed  his  connection  with 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2283 


Foster  Brothers.  But  in  1882  the  firm 
was  dissolved,  and  Samuel  M.  Foster  suc^ 
ceeded  to  the  charse  o£  the  firm's  dry' 
goods  department.  It  was  while  encoun- 
tering reverses  in  the  business  world  that 
he  became  the  "father  of  the  shirt  waist," 
which  laid  the  foundation  of  his  fortune 
and  provided  the  women  of  the  world  with 
the  most  useful  and  the  most  universally 
worn  garment  ever  devised.  The  shirt 
waist  factory  of  the  F.  M.  Foster  Company 
is  now  one  of  Fort  Wayne's  leading  man- 
ufacturing institutions.  The  foundation 
of  the  Lincoln  National  Bank  in  1904,  with 
Mr.  Foster  as  its  president,  has  left  the 
conduct  of  the  manufacturing  business 
largely  to  his  associates,  while  his  personal 
attention  is  centered  more  closely  upon  the 
interests  of  the  bank. 

During  an  extended  period  also  Mr. 
Foster  was  president  of  one  of  the  city's 
most  important  manufacturing  interests, 
the  Wayne  Knitting  Mills,  and  he  is  now 
chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the 
institution.  He  is  one  of  the  owners  of  the 
plant  of  the  Western  Gas  Construction 
Company,  makers  of  gas  holders  and  gas 
making  apparatus,  also  holds  a  valuable 
interest  in  the  Fort  Wayne  Box  Company, 
makers  of  paper  boxes  and  cartons,  and  is 
also  president  of  the  Lincoln  Trust  Com- 
pany, a  state  institution  with  a  South  Side 
branch. 

Since  the  organization  of  the  Lincoln 
National  Life  Insurance  Company  in  1905, 
now  recognized  as  one  of  the  leading  in- 
stitutions of  its  kind  in  America,  Mr.  Fos- 
ter has  served  as  its  president.  But  what 
he  perhaps  considers  as'  the  most  important 
of  his  activities  as  it  bears  upon  the  public 
good  refers  to  an  incident  more  than, 
twenty  years  ago  when  he  precipitated  a 
fight  for  the  principle  that  interest  on  pub- 
lic funds  should  not  pass  into  the  hands  of 
the  official  in  charge  of  the  public's  busi- 
ness, but  should  belong  to  the  people  and 
be  used  for  their  benefit.  On  this  issue  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Fort  Wayne 
Board  of  School  Trustees.  His  fight  re- 
sulted in  the  present  Depository  Law, 
which  requires  that  interest  on  all  public 
funds  is  to  be  turned  back  to  the  public. 
Mr.  Foster  served  one  term  as  school  trus- 
tee, and  with  the  interest  received  during 
that  time,  together  with  his  salary  as  trus- 
tee, the  site  of  the  present  public  library 
was  purchased  in  1895.  In  1913  Mr.  Foster 


was  offered  by  President  Woodrow  Wilson 
the  position  of  ambassador  to  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  but  he  declined  the  honor. 

In  June,  1881,  Mr.  Foster  was  married 
to  Margaret  Harrison,  of  Fort  Wayne. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Alice  Harrison, 
the  wife  of  Fred  H.  McCulloch,  grandson 
of  Hugh  McCulloch,  the  first  controller  of 
the  currency  of  the  United.  States  and  the 
secretarj'  of  the  treasury  under  three  pres- 
idents. Mr.  Foster  is  a  thirty-second  de- 
gree Scottish  Rite  Mason,  an  Elk,  a  Moose, 
a  member  of  the  Fortnightly  Club,  and  is 
affiliated  with  other  important  movements. 
In  1911  Governor  Marshall  appointed  him 
a  trustee  of  Purdue  University,  and  in 
1916,  by  Governor  Ralston,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  Indiana  Centen- 
nial Commission,  having  in  charge  the 
state-wide  celebration  of  the  one  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  admission  of 
Indiana  to  the  Union.  He  has  also  been 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Roosevelt 
Memorial  Committee  of  Indiana.  During 
recent  years  Mr.  Foster  has  devoted  much 
time  to  the  subject  of  taxation,  and  it  is 
through  his  efforts  that  the  attention  of  the 
people  of  Indiana  is  called  to  many  unjust 
features  of  the  present  statutes. 

In  1909,  in  connection  with  his  brother, 
David  N.  Foster,  he  gave  to  the  city  of 
Fort  Wayne  the  largest  and  in  some  re- 
spects the  finest  of  the  public  parks,  Foster 
Park.  This  public  benefaction  will  pre- 
serve forever  the  name  of  the  brothers,  who 
also  in  many  other  ways  have  given  the 
best  of  their  abilities  and  efforts  to  the 
upbuilding  and  maintenance  of  their  home 
city  of  Fort  Wayne. 

LEW  M.  O'BANNON.  Harrison  County 
has  enrolled  among  her  native  sons  Lew 
McClellan  O'Bannon,  who  was  born  at 
Corydon  on  the  18th  of  August,  1864.  He 
is  descended  from  sterling  old  pioneer  an- 
cestry, and  the  family  have  distinguished 
themselves  both  in  military  and  civil  life. 
His  paternal  grandfather  was  William 
O'Bannon,  of  Breckinridge  County,  Ken- 
tucky. One  of  his  brothers  surveyed  the 
first  lots  of  the  City  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, while  another  brother,  Presley  Ne- 
ville O'Bannon,  then  of  Virginia,  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  lieutenant  of  marines 
in  the  war  with  Tripoli  in  1805,  and  a  rec- 
ord of  his  services  is  recorded  in  a  printed 
volume  in  the  United  States  Navy  depart- 


2284 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


ment  in  General  Eaton's  report  of  the 
campaign  in  Africa  against  Tripoli.  The 
maternal  grandfather,  Jacob  Ferree,  was 
killed  in  the  raid  of  General  John  Morgan 
and  his  Confederate  army  on  Corydon, 
Indiana,  on  July  9,  1863.  His  father,  Joel 
Ferree,  died  near  Zanesville  while  serving 
as  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812.  He  was 
a  resident  of  Pennsylvania.  Jacob  Ferree 
and  his  brother  rode  on  horseback  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Harrison  County,  Indiana, 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  between 
1800  and  1825.  The  maternal  grand- 
mother, Madame  Ferree  came  from  France 
to  Pennsylvania  with  her  six  children  and 
many  distinguished  Americans  trace  their 
ancestry  to  this  family,  one  of  whom  was 
Admiral  Schley  of  Spanish-American  war 
•fame. 

Presley  Neville  O'Bannon,  the  father  of 
Lew  M.,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  July  29, 
1824,  and  died  in  Harrison  County,  In- 
diana, January  25,  1881.  He  married 
Christiana  Ferree,  who  was  born  in  Harri- 
son County,  Indiana,  February  1,  1830. 
She  died  in  the  County  of  her  birth  on 
the  16th  of  February,  1911,  when  she  liad 
reached  the  age  of  eighty-one  years  and 
fifteen  days. 

The  educational  training  of  Lew  M. 
O'Bannon  was  received  in  the  public 
schools  of  Harrison  County,  and  as  a  boy 
he  assisted  his  father  on  the  farm  and  also 
in  the  manufacture  of  shingles.  When  he 
reached  the  age  of  seventeen  he  began 
teaching  school,  following  that  vocation 
nine  terms  in  the  country  schools  of  Taylor 
Township,  Harrison  County.  He  has  been 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Corydon 
since  1895.  Since  reaching  mature  years 
he  has  identified  himself  prominently  with 
the  public  life  of  Harrison  County.  Dur- 
ing three  years,  1887  to  1890,  he  served  the 
county  as  its  surveyor,  and  was  county  re- 
corder one  term,  1890  to  1894.  It  might  be 
further  stated  that  he  was  first  appointed 
county  surveyor  by  the  county  commis- 
sioners in  1887,  and  was  elected  in  1888 
to  serve  two  years.  Mr.  O'Bannon  was  a 
director  for  many  years  of  the  Savings 
and  Loan  Association  of  Corydon,  and 
since  1909  has  served  that  institution  as 
its  secretary  and  attorney.  He  is  also  a 
stockholder  in  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Corydon.  A  democrat  in  his  political  sen- 
timent, he  has  served  the  party  actively 
for  more  than  twenty-five  years.  He  was 
private  secretary  to  the  late  Congressman 


William  Taylor  Zenor  from  the  Third  In- 
diana Congressional  District,  during  his 
ten  years'  service  in  Congress,  1897  to  1907. 
He  held  all  the  offices  of  the  Indiana  Dem- 
ocratic Editorial  Association,  being  pres- 
ident in  1915,  which  year  the  association 
and  its  democratic  friends  took  a  summer 
trip  from  Indianapolis  to  South  Bend, 
Hammond,  Chicago  and  Benton  Harbor. 
Since  the  1st  of  January,  1907,  Mr.  0  'Ban- 
non  has  been  the  owner  and  editor  of  the 
Corydon  Democrat.  He  belongs  to  the 
Democratic  Club  of  Indianapolis,  also  to  the 
Commercial  Club  of  Corydon,  and  is  a 
member  of  Corydon  Lodge  No.  79  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  fraternity  since  1891,  and  has 
represented  Corydon  Lodge  in  the  Grand 
Lodge,  Knights  of  Pythias,  at  Indianapolis. 

Mr.  O'Bannon  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
diana Centennial  Commission  which  had 
charge  of  Indiana's  centennial  celebra- 
tions ia  1916.  He  was  also  active  for  seven 
years  in  the  campaign  to  have  Indiana  pur- 
chase the  Old  State  Capitol  and  grounds, 
which  was  successful  in  1917  when  the 
Indiana  Legislature  passed  a  law  author- 
izing the  state  to  pay  Harrison  County 
$50,000  for  the  state's  birthplace. 

On  the  27th  of  October,  1897,  at  Cory- 
don, Mr.  O'Bannon  was  married  to  Miss 
Lillian  Keller,  a  daughter  of  Leonard  and 
Christina  Keller,  both  of  whom  came  to 
this  country  from  Germany  when  young. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  O'Bannon  have  three  chil- 
dren :  Robert  Presley,  born  September  10, 
1898 ;  Lewis  Keller,  born  December  18, 
1901;  and  Lillian  E.,  born  May  2,  1905. 
Mr.  O'Bannon  is  a  member  of  the  Cory- 
don Christian  church,  and  he  has  served 
as  president  of  the  church  board  and  for 
many  years  has  been  a  teacher  in  a  boy's 
class  in  the  Sunday  school. 

WILLIAM  F.  BOCKHOFF,  for  a  long  period 
of  years  connected  with  the  National  Cash 
Register  Company  at  Dayton,  on  resigning 
from  that  company  took  over  and  reorgan- 
ized the  National  Automatic  Tool  Com- 
pany of  that  city.  A  year  later  the  com- 
pany and  factory  removed  to  Richmond, 
Indiana,  where,  it  is  now  one  of  the  most 
successful  of  the  many  industries  of  the 
city. 

Mr.  Bockhoff  was  born  at  Cincinnati 
May  18,  1861,  son  of  Henry  and  Mary 
(Hawekotte)  Bockhoff.  His  father,  a  na- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2285 


tive  of  Germany,  came  to  America  and 
settled  at  Cincinnati  when  seventeen  years 
of  age.  William  Bockhoff  was  the  second 
in  a  family  of  four  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters. He  only  had  an  opportunity  to  at- 
tend school  until  he  was  about  twelve 
years  of  age.  Later  at  the  age  of  nineteen 
years  he  attended  business  college  for  six 
months.  Lewis,  a  younger  brother,  is  as- 
sociated with  William  F.  in  the  National 
Automatic  Tool  Company.  Minnie  A.,  a 
sister,  is  conducting  a  ladies'  wearing  ap- 
parel business  in  Richmond,  and  while 
past  sixty  years  of  age  is  able  and  active. 

In  1872  William  F.  Bockhoff  came  to 
Richmond  and  thereafter  for  several  years 
was  an  apt  pupil  in  the  school  of  expe- 
rience. He  worked  at  odd  jobs  in  grocery 
and  dry  goods  stores  and  went  out  with  dif- 
ferent lines  of  specialties.  This  selling 
experience  paved  the  way  for  his  success 
later  in  cash  registers  and  other  fixtures. 
Finally  out  of  his  savings  he  capitalized  a 
small  grocery  business  of  his  own  in  1883. 
In  this  store  which  was  located  at  llth  and 
South  D  Street,  Mr.  Bockhoff 's  interest 
represented  $350,  $300  of  which  was  bor- 
rowed money.  Five  months  later  he  bor- 
rowed money  and  purchased  his  partner's 
interest.  He  kept  and  operated  this  store 
for  six  years.  During  his  last  year  in  the 
grocery  business  he  purchased  two  Hop- 
kins and  Robinsons  cash  registers  made  at 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  for  which  he  was 
given  the  state  agency.  He  sold  these  ma- 
chines when  his  grocery  business  would 
permit,  and,  owing  to  the  fact  that  he  was 
a  hustler  and  possessed  keen  selling  ability 
he  was  offered  a  position  with  the  National 
Cash  Register  Company  of  Dayton,  Ohio. 
The  position  was  accepted  and  he  served 
the  above  company  for  twenty  years,  first, 
as  salesman,  and  later  as  sales  agent.  In 
August,  1899,  he  left  the  company  and 
later  invented  what  is  known  as  the  Mul- 
tiple Drawer  Cash  Register.  The  follow- 
ing year  the  National  Cash  Register  Com- 
pany contracted  to  handle  same  on  a  roy- 
alty basis  and  again  he  entered  their  em- 
ploy as  district  manager.  Mr.  Bockhoff 
took  charge  of  the  invention  department 
from  a  commercial  standpoint.  He  also 
conducted  the  school  of  salesmanship  for 
the  company. 

On  resigning  from  the  National  Cash 
Register  Company  in  1909  Mr.  Bockhoff 
bought  all  the  stock  in  the,  then,  defunct 
National  Automatic  Tool  Company  of  Day- 


ton, Ohio,  and  in  May,  1910,  moved  the 
plant  to  Richmond,  Indiana.  He  is  presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  company 
and  keeps  in  close  touch  with  all  details 
in  all  departments  of  the  business.  The 
principal  products  of  the  business  are  the 
Natco  Multi-Drillers  and  Tappers,  which 
are  machines  of  world-wide  use.  They  are 
employed  for  drilling  a  large  number  of 
holes  at  the  same  time.  For  instance,  with 
possibly  a  few  exceptions,  all  multi-drillers 
used  in  Liberty  motors  were  Natcos.  The 
business  is  now  a  most  flourishing  en- 
terprise with  250  employes  and  with  a 
splendid  personnel  of  executive  officers. 
Mr.  Bockhoff  is  president  of  the  com- 
pany. His  son,  Harry  W.,  is  vice  presi- 
dent and  manager,  and  Howard  C.  Hunt 
is  secretary  and  treasurer. 

In  1883'  Mr.  Bockhoff  married  Julia  C. 
Kloecker,  daughter  of  William  and  Anna 
J.  (Moellering)  Kloecker  of  Richmond. 
Mr.  Bockhoff  gives  much  of  the  credit  for 
his  success  to  the  co-operation  of  his  wife. 
They  have  made  it  a  practice  to  talk  over 
business  matters  and  Mrs.  Bockhoff  is  now 
first  vice  president  of  the  National  Auto- 
matic Tool  Company  and  keeps  informed 
as  to  the  progress  of  the  business.  Of  their 
children,  Mary  is  the  wife  of  J.  H.  McCrea 
of  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  and  has 
one  child,  Allen  Bockhoff  McCrea ;  Camilla 
lives  at  Colorado  Springs,  and  Erma  is  the 
wife  of  Howard  C.  Hunt  of  Richmond. 
Haiyy  W.  Bockhoff  has  been  identified 
with  his  father's  business  since  he  left 
college  in  1917  and  now  handles  most  of 
the  technical  end  of  the  company's  affairs. 
He  is  a  graduate  of  the  Richmond  High 
School  and  attended  the  universities  of  Il- 
linois and  Cornell  as  a  student  of  mechani- 
cal engineering.  He  married  Miss  Harriet 
Ellen  Luscomb,  daughter  of  W.  D.  Lus- 
comb,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Bockhoff  is  well  known  in 
mechanical  and  business  circles,  being  a 
member  of  the  National  and  State  Manu- 
facturers' Association,  the  National  and 
State  Chambers  of  Commerce,  the  National 
Machine  Tool  Builders'  Association,  and 
many  civic  organizations.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Commercial  Club,  the  Rotary  Club, 
is  an  Elk,  a  Shriner,  and  a  thirty-second 
degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 

DR.  RYELL  T.  MILLER.  South  Bend  and 
St.  Joseph  County  have  received  many  im- 
pressions upon  their  development  and  his- 


2286 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


tory  from  members  of  the  Miller  family, 
prominent  here  since  earliest  pioneer  times. 
One  prominent  representative  of  the  fam- 
ily today  is  Dr.  Ryell  T.  Miller.  He  is  al- 
ways known  as  Doctor  Miller  though  he 
retired  from  the  practice  of  dentistry  sev- 
eral years  ago.  While  he  has  never  been 
at  any  pains  to  build  up  a  law  practice,  he 
is  an  acknowledged  lawyer  of  ability  and 
of  thorough  training,  and  is  a  former  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Joseph  County  Bar  Asso- 
ciation. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  South  Bend, 
March  1, 1853,  a  son  of  Daniel  II.  and  Mary 
O.  (Price)  Miller.  His  great-grandfather 
in  the  paternal  line  was  Elder  Jacob  Mil- 
ler, Sr.,  a  pioneer  minister  of  the  Brethren 
Church.  He  was  born  of  German  parents 
in  Franklin  •  County,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1735.  He  joined  the  church  and  became 
a  preacher  when  little  more  than  a  boy, 
and  in  1765  he  moved  to  Southern  Vir- 
ginia, where  his  son,  David,  grandfather 
of  Doctor  Miller,  was  born.  In  1800  El- 
der Jacob  Miller  moved  to  Ohio  on  the 
great  Miami  River  south  of  Dayton.  From 
there  he  came  to  Indiana,  locating  on  the 
Four  Mile  Creek,  and  in  1809  organized 
the  First  Brethren  Church  there.  Elder 
Jacob  Miller  was  the  father  of  nine  sons 
and  three  daughters,  all  of  whom  were 
members  of  the  church  and  staunch  defend- 
ers of  the  faith  ad  several  of  the  sons 
were  ordained  as  ministers.  When  Elder 
Jacob  Miller  died  in  1819  there  were  over 
100  grandchildren,  who  carried  on  into 
the  next  generation  the  sturdy  faith,  the 
sound  character  and  the  industry  which 
have  been  generally  characteristic  of  this 
interesting  family.  An  appropriate  stone 
marks  the  last  resting  place  of  Elder  Jacob 
Miller  near  Lower  Miami  Church  where 
his  last  labors  were  finished. 

In  the  spring  of  1830  Elder  David  Mil- 
ler, Sr.,  grandfather  of  Doctor  Miller,  with 
three  other  brothers  and  their  families, 
and  a  great  number  of  other  relatives,  came 
to  St.  Joseph  County  and  took  up  Gov- 
ernment land  in  the  present  German  Town- 
ship. Elder  David  Miller  and  his  brother 
Aaron  were  appointed  county  commission- 
ers and  helped  organize  St.  Joseph  County 
as  well  as  Elkhart  County.  Their  names 
appear  in  this  connection  in  all  the  his- 
tories of  those  counties.  Elder  David  Mil- 
ler's thirteen  children  included  Daniel  H. 
Miller,  who  for  many  years  was  a  pros- 


perous and  enterprising  farmer  in  St. 
Joseph  County.  The  wife  of  Daniel  H. 
Miller,  Mary  0.  Price,  was  a  daughter  of 
Joshua  Madison  Price,  a  descendant  of 
Christopher  Price  who  leased  to  Lord  Bal- 
timore for  ninety-nine  years  large  tracts 
of  land  where  the  City  of  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, is  now  located.  More  recent  des- 
cendants settled  in  Kentucky  with  Daniel 
Boone  and  later  in  Virginia,  where  Joshua 
Madison  Price  was  born.  He  came  to  St. 
Joseph  County  in  1830,  his  worldly  pos- 
sessions at  that  time  consisting  of  a  home- 
spun suit  and  an  axe.  He  went  through 
all  the  hardships  of  a  pioneer  and  in  time 
was  rated  as  one  of  the  successful  and  pros- 
perous farmers  of  St.  Joseph  County.  He 
married  Frances  Houston. 

Dr.  Ryell  T.  Miller  spent  his  early  life 
in  the  country  near  South  Bend  and  at- 
tended the  district  schools,  also  the  South 
Bend  High  School,  and  in  1872  before 
dental  graduates  and  colleges  of  dentistry 
were  in  vogue  he  took  up  the  study  of 
dentistry  with  Dr.  D.  E.  Cummins.  When 
well  qualified  for  the  work  of  his  profes- 
sion he  moved  out  to  Stuart,  Iowa,  in  1874. 
At  that  time  there  was  no  other  dentist 
within  forty  miles.  In  1877  that  section  of 
Iowa  was  devastated  by  the  grasshopper 
plague.  People  had  little  money  to  buy 
the  actual  necessities  and  in  that  situation 
Doctor  Miller  returned  to  South  Bend  and 
opened  an  office  on  South  Michigan  Street. 
He  continued  his  practice  until  1888  when 
his  eyesight  and  general  health  failed  and 
he  was  obliged  to  discontinue  his  chosen 
profession.  He  then  gathered  together  an. 
historical  exposition  representing  all  phases 
of  prehistoric  and  Indian  life  and  traveled 
exhibiting  it  for  several  years. 

In  the  meantime  he  was  studying  law, 
and  in  1895  received  his  LL.  B.  degree 
from  the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  The 
following  year  he  took  a  post-graduate 
course,  receiving  his  LL.  M.  degree.  Thus 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  has  been  a 
member  of  the  St.  Joseph  County  Bar.  By 
1894  his  real  estate  interests  had  acquired 
an  importance  that  demanded  most  of  his 
energy  and  time.  He  platted  a  large  tract 
of  land  in  the  north  part  of  South  Bend, 
known  as  the  Shetterley  place,  which  has 
become  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  im- 
portant additions  to  the  city.  In  connec- 
tion with  other  business  enterprises  he  has 
operated  the  Miller  Sash  and  Screen  fac- 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2287 


tory  of  South  Bend.  This  is  the  largest 
factory  specializing  in  that  line  of  work 
in  Northern  Indiana. 

Doctor  Miller  has  never  held  a  public 
office,  though  in  1889  he  was  democratic 
candidate  for  mayor  of  South  Bend.  Party 
success  has  meant  less  to  him  than  the  se- 
lection of  candidates  with  proper  capabili- 
ties for  the  offices  they  aspired  to.  In  mat- 
ters of  religion  Doctor  Miller  holds  no 
church  membership,  is  a  liberal  independ- 
ent thinker,  giving  credit  to  all  churches 
in  their  work  of  elevating  the  moral  condi- 
tions of  mankind.  For  many  years  he  has 
been  a  close  bible  student.  His  study  and 
thought  have  led  him  to  emphasize  the  work 
of  Christ  as  of  greater  benefit  and  impor- 
tance than  his  death. 

March  18,  1882,  Doctor  Miller  joined 
the  Odd  Fellows  and  has  been  in  close  com- 
munion with  the  order  for  over  thirty-five 
years  and  is  one  of  the  most  prominent 
members  of  the  order  in  Northern  Indi- 
ana. He  belongs  to  all  branches,  and  holds 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  retired,  in 
the  Patriarch  Militant  Branch.  He  is  a 
member  of  and  director  in  the  St.  Joseph 
County  Historical  Society. 

June  30,  1885,  Doctor  Miller  married 
Annie  P.  Shetterley,  the  sweetheart  and 
associate  of  his  school  days.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  John  and  Christina  (Adams) 
Shetterley.  Her  mother  was  a  descendant 
of  the  historic  New  England  Adams  fami- 
lies. Mrs.  Miller  is  widely  known  in  South 
Bend.  She  was  a  member  of  the  first  class 
graduated  from  the  high  school  of  that 
city  and  has  always  been  a  hard  working 
student.  She  is  a  member  of  the  Progress 
Club  of  South  Bend,  the  Daughters  of  Re- 
bekah,  the  Woman 's  Relief  Corps  and  other 
organizations.  Much  of  her  time  is  spent 
in  the  enjoyment  of  a  private  library  com- 
prising several  thousand  well-selected  vol- 
umes located  in  her  own  home.  Doctor 
and  Mrs.  Miller's  children  were:  Rex  T. 
Miller,  a  contracting  plumber;  Frank  Le- 
land  Miller,  who  died  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen; and  an  adopted  daughter,  Besse  A. 
Miller,  now  the  wife  of  Victor  E.  Paxon, 
assistant  cashier  of  the  Farmers  Trust 
Companv.  Doctor  Miller  has  a  grandson, 
Leland  Miller,  who  is  a  bright  and  prom- 
ising lad  of  fourteen  and  a  student  in  the 
South  Bend  High  School. 


WILL  J.  DAVIS,  former  president  of  the 
Indiana  Society  of  Chicago,  who  in  recent 
years  spent  much  of  his  time  in  his  country 
home  at  Willowdale  Farm  near  Crown 
Point,  spent  his  boyhood  days  at  Elkhart, 
and  his  service  as  a  Union  soldier  is  also 
credited  to  the  State  of  Indiana. 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  near  the  Village 
of  Chelsea  in  Washtenaw  County,  Michi- 
gan, February  8,  1844,  son  of  Thomas 
Gleason  and  Ann  Isabella  (McWhorter) 
Davis.  His  father  was  born  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1808  and  died  in  1883.  The  mother 
was  born  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1811  and 
died  in  1896.  Thomas  G.  Davis  early  be- 
came connected  with  woolen  mill  opera- 
tion in  New  York  State,  established  a  wool- 
en mill  at  Ann  Arbor  in  Washtenaw 
County,  Michigan,  and  from  that  entered 
the  railroad  contracting  business  with  the 
Michigan  Central  Company.  He  construc- 
ted many  miles  of  the  old  Michigan  South- 
ern and  Northern  Indiana  Railway,  now  the 
Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern,  and 
had  the  contract  for  construction  of  much 
of  this  line  across  Northern  Indiana  and 
around  the  southern  bend  of  Lake  Mich- 
igan through  the  swamps  into  Chicago. 
Thomas  G.  Davis  took  the  first  engine  and 
train  of  cars  that  ran  into  Chicago  from 
the  east  over  this  newly  completed  road 
in  1852.  He  also  built  the  Three  Rivers 
Branch,  the  Jackson  Branch,  and  the  Air 
Line  Division  from  Goshen  to  Toledo. 
After  the  failure  of  the  Railroad  Company 
in  1857  he  was  for  several  years  a  hard- 
ware merchant  at  Elkhart.  During  the 
Civil  war  he  built  railways  in  the  State 
of  Tennessee,  and  after  the  war  con- 
structed a  coal  road  in  southern  Illinois. 
Thomas  G.  Davis  organized  at  Elkhart  the 
first  Masonic  Lodge  of  the  town  and  was 
its  first  Worshipful  Master. 

The  Davis  family  moved  to  Elkhart  in 
1852  when  Will  J.  Davis  was  eight  years 
old.  He  went  to  school  there  and  had  as 
school  mates  some  of  the  men  of  that  town 
who  afterwards  attained  prominence  both 
there  and  elsewhere.  In  1862  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  tried  to  get  his  services 
enlisted  in  a  local  company,  but  was  not 
accepted.  Later  in  the  same  year  he  went 
to  Baltimore  and  volunteered  in  the  United 
States  Navy,  being  assigned  to  duty  on  the 
Mortar  Schooner  Racer  of  the  North  Atlan- 
tic Squadron.  For  three  months  he  served 


2288 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


as  steward  for  Paymaster  C.  >H.  Kirken- 
dall  and  eventually  was  transferred  with 
Paymaster  Kirkendall  to  the  Blackhawk, 
the  flagship  of  Admiral  Porter  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi Squadron.  During  the  remainder 
of  the  war  he  had  the  honor  of  serving 
under  that  great  naval  commander,  whose 
achievements  form  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing and  thrilling  chapters  of  the  Civil  con- 
flict. He  was  in  the  Red  River  campai 
and  at  times  came  up  into  the  Ohio  River. 
When  the  Blackhawk  was  in  action  he 
was  assigned  duty  in  superintending  the 
passing  of  ammunition  from  the  hold  of 
the  gunboat  to  the  guns  on  the  main  and 
upper  decks.  After  the  Blackhawk  was 
burned  in  April,  1865,  Mr.  Davis  was  de- 
tailed to  go  to  Washington  and  make  a  final 
report  of  the  vessel's  accounts.  He  re- 
ceived his  honorable  discharge  in  October 
1865. 

Soon  after  returning  to  Elkhart  he  joined 
another  young  man  in  establishing  a  groc- 
ery store  at  Warsaw,  Indiana.  In  that  way 
he  formed  business  acquaintances  in  Chi- 
cago, and  was  connected  with  a  broker- 
age firm  in  that  city  iintil  1869.  He  was 
then  appointed  as  first  assistant  to  C.  H. 
Kirkendall  in  the  Internal  Revenue  Service 
and  took  up  his  residence  at  Natchez,  Mis- 
sissippi. He  remained  in  that  city  until 
May,  1873.  While  there  he  assisted  in 
producing  the  first  republican  newspaper 
in  Mississippi,  named  the  New  South.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  few  passengers  taken 
aboard  the  famous  steamboat  Robert  E. 
Lee  when  in  an  exciting  race  she  defeated 
the  steamboat  Natchez  in  a  run  from  New 
Orleans  to  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Davis  wrote 
an  account  of  this  boat  race  for  one  of 
the  southern  newspapers. 

On  returning  to  Chicago  in  1873  Mr. 
Davis  became  connected  with  the  passenger 
department  of  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan 
Southern  Railway.  These  duties  brought 
him  into  association  with  theatrical  and 
circus  managers,  among  them  being  W.  W. 
Cole  of  the  Cole  Circus.  Mr.  Cole  induced 
him  in  1875  to  take  charge  of  the  ticket 
office  of  the  Adelphi  Theater,  which  had 
been  rebuilt  on  the  ruins  of  the  old  post- 
office  and  occupied  the  present  site  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Chicago.  Mr.  Davis 
soon  took  charge  of  the  Adelphi  as  manager 
and  that  was  the  beginning  of  a  long  and 
notable  career  as  a  theatrical  manager  and 
owner.  He  remained  there  until  Mr.  Cole 


sold  the  theater  in  1876  and  then  took 
the  original  Georgia  Minstrels  to  California 
for  Colonel  Jack  Haverly.  While  in  San 
Francisco  Mr.  Davis  became  acquainted 
with  Mr.  T.  H.  Goodwin,  general  passenger 
agent  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  This  ac- 
quaintance led  to  him  returning  to  the 
railroad  business.  At  Chicago  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  general  passenger  agent 

r  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad.  In  1878  several  American  rail- 
roads and  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Com- 
pany effected  an  agreement  to  provide  a 
through  route  transportation  schedule 
around  practically  half  the  Globe.  As  a 
representative  of  this  transportation  syndi- 
cate Mr.  Davis  went  to  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  to  give  publicity  to  the  American 
routes  from  those  countries  to  Europe.  In 
all  his  varied  career  Mr.  Davis  found  more 
interest  in  this  experience  than  in  any 
other. 

He  returned  to  Chicago  in  1878.  In  the 
meantime  Jack  Haverly  had  taken  over 
the  Colonel  Mapleson  Grand  Opera  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Davis  handled  the  transporta- 
tion of  this  organization  for  Mr»  Haverly 
and  subsequently  took  over  the  old  Haverly 
Theater  and  became  its  manager.  Later 
he  went  across  the  street  and  managed 
the  Columbia  Theater  and  for  a  time  was 
on  the  road.  Along  about  this  time  the 
Haymarket  Theater  on  the  west  side  was 
projected,  and  Mr.  Davis  took  hold  of  this 
enterprise  with  the  financial  backing  of 
Mr.  Cole.  He  completed  this  beautifiul 
theater,  managed  it,  and  from  1890  to  1900 
leased  and  managed  the  Columbia  theater. 
In  the  Columbia  deal  the  firm  of  Hayman 
and  Davis  was  originated,  and  in  1900  after 
the  burning  of  the  Columbia,  built  and 
owned  the  present  Illinois  Theater.  Mr. 
Davis  was  also  one  of  the  owners  and  build- 
ers of  the  ill-fated  Iroquois  Theater,  and 
was  one  of  its  managers  at  the  time  it  was 
burned.  This  was  one  of  the  heart-break- 
ing experiences  of  his  life.  He  also  became 
interested  in  Powers  Theater,  and  though 
in  recent  years  he  retired  from  active 
theatrical  management  he  still  retained  ex- 
tensive financial  interests  in  Chicago  play- 
houses. 

Mr.  Davis  conducted  the  only  tours  of 
America  made  by  the  famous  actor  Lester 
Wallack.  It  was  on  one  of  these  tours 
that  he  learned  of  the  formation  of  the 
Chicago  Church  Choir  Pinafore  Company, 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


2280 


which  he  induced  Mr.  Haverly  to  finance 
and  book  all  over  the  country.  His  judg- 
ment was  correct,  as  no  company  ever 
achieved  greater  musical  success.  His  con- 
ueclion  with  that  company  had  a  special 
personal  interest  for  Mr.  Davis.  It  was 
then  that  he  met  Jessie  Bartlett,  who  was 
the  ' '  Buttercup ' '  of  the  company.  He  and 
Miss  Bartlett  were  marritd  March  31,  1880. 
Jessie  Bartlett  Davis,  who  died  May  14, 
1905,  was  well  known  to  a  whole  generation 
of  theater  goers  as  both  a  Grand  and  light 
opera  singer.  Her  debut  in  Grand  Opera 
was  with  the  Mapleson  Company  in  the 
role  of  Siebel  in  Faust  to  the  Marguerite 
of  Mme.  Adelina  Patti.  Her  greatest  suc- 
cess in  English  Opera  was  with  the  well 
known  "Bostonians. "  She  was  principal 
contralto  of  this  company  for  more  than 
ten  years.  Her  singing  of  the  popular  song 
"Oh,  Promise  Me,"  in  the  opera  Robin 
Hood  gave  her  a  vote  never  equalled  by 
any  American  singer.  She  was  born  in 
Morris,  Illinois,  and  started  on  her  musical 
career  as  a  soloist  in  a  Chicago  Church. 

In  1889  Mr.  Davis  acquired  an  eighty 
acre  farm  adjoining  the  city  of  Crown 
Point  in  Lake  County.  This  farm  has  since 
been  considerably  enlarged  and  is  widely 
known  as  Willowdale.  One  of  its  features 
is  the  noted  Crown  Point  race  track.  Some 
very  fine  trotting  horses  have  been  bred  at 
Willowdale,  and  altogether  the  Davis  fam- 
ily own  -about  eleven  hundred  acres  at 
Crown  Point,  divided  into  four  different 
farms.  Mr.  Davis  was  a  member  of  the 
Union  League,  Chicago  Athletic,  Fellow- 
ship, the  Green  Boom,  South  Shore  Coun- 
try, Indiana  Society,  and  the  Strollers 
clubs.  He  was  also  a  member  of  George 
H.  Thomas  Post  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, and  of  the  Farragut  Navy  Veterans. 
By  his  first  wife  Mr.  Davis  had  two 
sons,  one  dying  in  infancy.  June  12,  1907, 
he  married  Mary  Ellen  O'Hagan.  The 
Davis  residence  is  one  of  the  rare  and  in- 
teresting homes  of  Chicago  at  4740  Grand 
Boulevard.  In  his  city  residence  he  had 
surrounded  himself  with  many  things  that 
wealth  and  taste  can  afford,  and  spent 
much  of  his  time  and  perhaps  found  his 
chief  pleasure  in  his  collection  of  books, 
having  many  rare  and  old  editions.  In  the 
Davis  collection  of  rare  and  exquisite  Per- 
sian and  Turkish  rugs,  are  some  among 
the  most  famous  known  to  rug  connoisseurs. 


WALTER  CARLETON  WOODWARD  who  was 
director  of  the  Indiana  State  Centennial 
celebration  in  1915-16,  through  appointment 
of  the  State  Historical  Commission,  is  one 
of  the  most  prominent  leaders  in  the 
Friends  Church  of  Indiana,  and  is  a  former 
Professor  of  History  in  Earlham  College 
at  Richmond. 

He  was  born  near  Mooresville,  Indiana, 
November  28,  1878  a  son  of  Ezra  H.  and 
Amanda  (Morris)  Woodward.  The  family 
moved  to  Oregon  in  1880,  where  Mr.  Wood- 
ward's  father  for  thirty  years  has  edited 
and  published  the  Newberg  Graphic  at 
Newberg,  Oregon.  He  has  also  served  as 
a  member  of  the  Oregon  Legislature  and  is 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Paci- 
fic College. 

Walter  C.  Woodward  though  a  native  of 
Indiana  grew  up  in  the  northwest,  and  was 
graduated  from  Pacific  College  at  New- 
berg with  the  A.  B.  degree  in  1898.  He 
then  returned  to  Richmond  and  received 
his  degree  Bachelor  of  Literature  from 
Earlham  College  in  1899,  and  did  post- 
graduate work  later  in  the  University  of 
California  at  Berkeley,  from  which  he  has 
the  Doctor  of  Philosophy  degree  awarded 
in  1910. 

Mr.  Woodward  was  at  one  time  associate 
editor  of  his  father's  paper  the  Newberg 
Graphic.  During  1906-07  he  was  Professor 
of  History  and  Political  Science  in  Pacific 
College,  and  held  the  chair  of  History  and 
Political  Science  in  Earlham  College  from 
1910  to  1915.  Mr.  Woodward  is  at  present 
General  Secretary  of  "The  Five  Years 
Meeting  of  the  Friends  in  America"  and  is 
editor  of  The  American  Friend  at  Rich- 
mond. He  is  author  of  the  book  "The 
Rise  and  Development  of  Political  Parties 
in  Oregon."  He  has  an  active  part  in 
Earlham  College,  being  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees. 

September  10,  1912,  at  Remington,  In- 
diana, Mr.  Woodward  married  Catherine 
Hartman,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H. 
R.  Hartman.  Mrs.  Woodward  graduated 
from  Earlham  College  in  1911.  She  is  of 
Mayflower  stock,  a  descendant  of  John  and 
Priscilla  Alden.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Woodward 
have  two  small  daughters,  Bernice  Louise 
and  Mary  Ellen. 

JACOB  PIATT  DUNN,  the  author  of  "In- 
diana and  Indianans, "  is  a  native  of  In- 


2290 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


diana,  born  at  Lawrenceburg,  April  12, 
1855.  Both  oJ  his  parents  were  also  natives 
of  Indiana,  and  of  Lawrenceburg.  His 
father,  Jacob  Piatt  Dunn,  Sr.,  born  June 
24,  18.11,  was  a  son  of  Judge  Isaac  Dunn, 
who  was  born  in  Middlesex  County,  New 
Jersey,  September  27,  1783,  and  was  one 
of  the  earliest  emigrants  to  the  Whitewater 
Valley.  His  father,  Hugh  Dunn,  came 
west  in  1788,  arriving  with  his  family  at 
Fort  Miami  in  December,  and  moving  over 
into  the  Whitewater  Valley  as  soon  as  Gen- 
eral Wayne's  defeat  of  the  Indians  at  the 
Fallen  Timbers  made  it  at  all  safe.  The 
Dunns  of  Middlesex  were  descendants  of 
Hugh  Dunn,  an  Irish  Baptist  exhorter, 
who  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Baptist 
Church  of  Piscataway  Township  in  1689, 
and  who  left  to  his  family  a  legacy  of  Bible 
names.  There  were  twenty-three  Dunns  in 
the  New  Jersey  Revolutionary  troops  from 
Middlesex,  eight  commissioned  officers  and 
fifteen  privates,  and  every  one  of  them  had 
a  Bible  name  except  Capt.  Hugh  Dunn. 
The  family  tradition  is  that  Hugh  Dunn, 
the  father  of  Judge  Isaac  Dunn,  emigrated 
from  Ireland,  and  married  his  cousin, 
Mercy  Dunn,  of  the  Midlesex  family. 

On  November  22,  1804,  Judge  Dunn  mar- 
ried Frances  Piatt,  also  of  a  New  Jersey 
Revolutionary  family,  her  father,  Jacob 
Piatt,  and  her  uncles,  Daniel  and  William 
Piatt,  being  officers  in  the  Continental  Line, 
and  members  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincin- 
nati. The  New  Jersey  Piatts  were  descend- 
ants of  John  Piatt  (or  Pyatt),  son  of  a 
French  Huguenot  who  took  refuge  in  Hol- 
land after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes.  John  Piatt  emigrated  to  New 
Jersey  prior  to  1760,  and  settled  in  Middle- 
sex County.  He  left  five  sons,  of  whom 
Jacob  was  the  youngest. 

On  November  28,  1837,  Jacob  Piatt 
Dunn,  Sr.,  married  Harriet  Louisa  Tate, 
a  daughter  of  William  Tate,  who  came  from 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  Lawrenceburg, 
and  there,  on  March  27, 1816,  married  Anna 
Kincaid,  daughter  of  Warren  Kincaid,  a 
Revolutionary  soldier  from  New  York. 
Jacob  Piatt  Dunn,  Sr.,  was  a  "Forty- 
Niner"  in  California,  and  in  1861  located 
in  Indianapolis,  where  he  was  a  well  known 
business  man  till  his  death  on  November  21, 
1890.  His  four  surviving  children,  Mrs. 
Louisa  M.  Tutewiler,  Catherine  Dunn,  Dr. 
Isaac  Dunn,  and  Jacob  Piatt  Dunn,  are  all 
residents  of  Indianapolis. 


After  several  years  in  private  schools 
Jacob  Piatt  Dunn  entered  the  public  schools 
of  Indianapolis  in  1867,  and  after  four 
years  entered  Earlham  College,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  the  scientific  department 
in  1874.  He  was  graduated  in  law  at  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1876,  and  pur- 
sued his  studies  in  the  office  of  McDonald 
&  Butler,  after  which  he  entered  into  prac- 
tice. He  went  to  Colorado  in  the  Leadville 
excitement  of  1879  as  a  prospector,  and 
drifted  into  the  newspaper  business,  serv- 
ing on  the  Maysville  Democrat,  Rocky 
Mountain  News,  Denver  Tribune,  Leadville 
Chronicle  and  Denver  Republican.  Return- 
ing to  Indianapolis  in  1884  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law,  but  took  up  newspaper 
work  again  on  the  Journal  in  1888.  In  the 
fall  of  that  year  he  was  put  in  charge  of 
the  literary  bureau  of  the  Democratic  State 
Central  Committee,  and  in  1889  was  elected 
state  librarian  by  the  Legislature  and  re- 
elected  in  1891.  During  his  term  he  wrote 
regularly  for  the  Sentinel,  and  at  its  close, 
in  1893,  he  took  a  position  as  editorial 
writer  on  that  paper.  This  he  retained 
until  1904,  with  the  exception  of  three 
months  in  1901,  when  he  filled  the  unex- 
pired  term  of  Eudorus  M.  Johnson  as  city 
controller,  under  Mayor  Taggart.  In  1903 
he  was  appointed  city  controller  by  Mayor 
Holtzman,  and  served  through  his  term  to 
January  1,  1906.  He  then  acted  as  auditor 
for  Winona  Assembly  for  six  months,  and 
as  an  editorial  writer  for  the  Indianapolis 
Star  for  a  year  and  a  half.  For  the  next 
two  years  he  was  engaged  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  "Greater  Indianapolis,"  and  in 
special  work  on  the  Miami  language  for 
the  United  States  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 
On  January  1, 1910,  he  was  appointed  chief 
deputy  by  County  Treasurer  Fishback,  and 
served  until  1912 :  and  was  again  city  con- 
troller in  1914-1916. 

On  November  23,  1892,  Mr.  Dunn  w.as 
united  in  marriage  with  Charlotte  Elliott 
Jones,  daughter  of  Aquilla  Jones  and  Flora 
C.  (Elliott)  Jones.  Her  father  was  the 
son  of  Elisha  P.  Jones,  the  oldest  of  sis 
brothers,  of  Welsh  descent,  sons  of  Benja- 
min and  Mary  Jones,  who  emigrated  in 
1831  from  Stokes  (now  Forsyth)  County, 
North  Carolina,  to  Columbus.  Tml'ann. 
whither  Elisha  P.  had  preceded  them. 
Elisha  P.  Jones  married  Harriet  Hinkson, 
Daughter  of  a  Revolutionary  soldier  from 
Pennsylvania.  Aquilla  lost  his  father  when 


INDIANA  AND  INDIANANS 


22IU 


two  years  old,  and,  growing  up,  entered 
the  store  of  his  uncle,  Aquilla,  Sr.,  at  Co- 
lumbus. In  1857,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one, 
he  came  to  Indianapolis  as  a  partner  of 
Aquilla,  Sr.,  in  the  shoe  business.  Later 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Joseph  Vin- 
nedge,  and  still  later  with  E.  L.  and  R.  S. 
.McJvee,  forming  the  wholesale  firm  of  Jones, 
McKee  &  Company,  which  continued  till 
his  death  on  January  10, 1888.  On  October 
14,  1868,  Mr.  Jones  married  Flora  C.  El- 
liott, daughter  of  Gen.  W.  J.  Elliott, 
who  came  to  Indianapolis  from  Hamilton 
County,  Ohio,  in  1848,  and  was  for  a  num 
ber  of  years  the  leading  hotel  keeper  of 
the  city.  The  other  surviving  children  of 
Aquilla  Jones  and  wife  are  Robert  S.  Jones. 
•  one  of  the  proprietors  and  publishers  of 
the  Asheville  (North  Carolina)  Citizen,  and 
Florence  L.  Jones  in  charge  of  the  Refer- 
ence Department  of  the  Indianapolis  Pub- 
lic Library.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dunn  have  two 
children,  Caroline  and  Eleanor. 

Mr.  Dunn  has  written  a  number  of  books, 
including:  "Massacres  of  the  Mountains; 
a  History  of  the  Indian  Wars  of  the  Far 
West"  (Harpers  1886);  "Indiana,  a  Re- 
demption from  Slavery"  (Am.  Common- 
wealth Series,  1888,  revised  edition,  1904)  ; 


"True  Indian  Stories"  (Indianapolis, 
1908)  ;  the  "History  of  Indianapolis"  and 
"The  Unknown  God"  (1914).  He  is  also 
author  of  several  pamphlets  and  magazine 
articles  on  historical  and  economical  topics, 
among  which  are  "Manual  of  the  Election 
Law  of  Indiana"  (1888),  prepared  by 
order  of  the  State  Legislature,  and  used 
until  the  state  was  familiar  with  the  Aus- 
tralian ballot  law;  "The  Mortgage  Evil" 
(Journal  of  Political  Economy,  1888)  ; 
' '  The  Tax  Law  of  Indiana,  and  the  Science 
of  Taxation ' '  ( 1891 )  ; "  The  Libraries  of  In- 
diana" (1892),  prepared  for  The  World's 
Fair  Commission ;  ' '  The  World 's  Silver 
Question"  (1894),  a  plea  for  international 
bimetalism:  and  "The  Negro  Question" 
(1904),  a  protest  against  the  proposal  to 
partially  disfranchise  the  states  that  had 
adopted  an  educational  qualification  for 
suffrage,  which  was  widely  circulated  and 
was  instrumental  in  killing  that  proposal. 
He  has  been  secretary  of  the  Indiana  His- 
sterical  Society  since  reorganization  in 
1886,  and  has  contributed  several  numbers 
to  its  publications.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Public  Library  Commission  of  Indiapa 
from  its  organization  in  1899  until  1919. 


Vol.  V—  25 


FI3H 


